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	BEQUEST OF
REV.	OANON SCADDING,	D.	D.
	TORONTO. 1907.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2007 with funding from

Microsoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/cornishseeandcatOOtruruoft

He.c<^lB.

Cl?e (CornisJ? See & Catl)ebmL

^►•^»

HISTORICAL & ARCHITECTURAL NOTES.

Published by the authority of the Dean and Chapter of Truro.

HEARD AND SONS, TRURO.

HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO., LONDON.

•%

i^'^J^loU

^xttatz.

ft^HE special circumstances of the Cornish See and Cathedral seem to ^© demand some particular notice and record. The revival of an ancient Bishopric, merged and absorbed into another for 830 years, and the building of a new Cathedral, are events for which it is not easy to find parallels m the history of " this Church and Realm." The Consecration of the Cathedral at Truro on November 3rd, 1887, is the first instance of the kind in England since the Reformation. There was the consecration of St. Paul's, rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren after the destruction of '* Old St. Paul's" in the great fire of Tondon in 1666. There have been built in Scotland, Ireland, and the Colonies, Cathedrals of varying size and magnificence during the last quarter of a century ; but in recent times no such event as the consecration of a newly-founded Cathedral has taken place in the Church of England ; in that body which historically and ecclesiastically is one with the ancient Church of the Kingdom of England — the Church that was founded for the English by St. Augustine of Canterbury — that drew to itself the Cornish and Welsh remnants of still earlier Churches, as well as the fruits of the labours of Scottish and Irish missionaries in the northern and central regions of this country.

If we go back beyond the Reformation we find the last instance of a newly-built and consecrated Cathedral at Salisbury (that lovely and well-nigh perfect model of a Christian Church), dedicated in 1258. But here there was but the moving of the Cathedral Body from the site at Old Sarum to the new spot at SaUsbury, where they built their Cathedral. Indeed, tor a similar instance to that of Truro, we are carried back to the tenth, eleventh, or twelfth centuries, when new Cathedrals like Wells (909), Norwich (1096), Ely (1109), Carlisle (1133), were founded, in some cases absorbing portions of earher monastic and parish Churches, much in the same way that Truro Cathedral has taken into itself the Parish Church of St. Mary.

It is thought, therefore, that a small handbook like the present one may be useful to visitors to Cornwall and others who desire information about the See and Cathedral of this county. It aims at giving within a small compass such facts as are necessary for the purpose, without attempting anything like a technical or scientific description. Its unambitious character may, perhaps, spare it any great severity of criticism.

The Editor desires to thanlc Mr. J. L. Pearson, R.A., the architect, Mr. E. A. Freeman, Regius Professor of Modern History, Oxford, Lord Grim- thorpe, and the Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma, Vicar of Newlyn St. Peter, for important architectural and historical assistance; the Editor of the "Truro Diocesan Kalendar," lor permission to reprint the Bishop of Chester's valuable account of the Cornish Bishopric ; the proprietors of the " West Briton," for permission to make use of former numbers of their paper, and Messrs. Heard and Sons, lor the generous co-operation by which it has been possible to give so many and such excellent illustrations. There remain many^ others whom it would occupy too large a space to name, such as those who have executed the various "ornamenta" of the Cathedral, and who have kindly assisted the Editor in making the description of the details complete, and are now asked to accept this acknowledgment of their kindness.

iFntiel

Aisle, South q. u ic :io ?i

Aisles, Choir 9,^ '4, 1 5, 3©, 3'.

Altar, Cathedral 26*

Altar, St. Mary's g/

Altar, candlesticks, cross, frontals, plate, standards, )

rails, vases | 26, 29, 58, 59.

Ambulatory 29.

BeufanYchimes ' -" -' -" ." ." .' m iaS'o' ^°' ^'

Benson, Bishop ^ I 112?

„ On " The Cathedral" - - . . 8. ' *

Bishop's Throne 2^.

Bishopric of Cornwall i— ■^.

Bishops of Cornwall and Crediton ... 3.

„ Exeter 4'

„ Truro 4.

Bodmin, Archdeaconry of 5. S3.

,, Bishops at - - - . - . •>' *

Bubb, Mr. 15.

Canonries, Residentiary 5^*7^

„ Honorary 6*, 60.

Canons' stalls ---.... 6 22 60

Carlyon, Mr. E. 5* ' *

» Miss jQ

Cathedrals, old and new foundation - - . 7/

Cathedral, Truro 8 t? ^^n

Central Tower - ,' fl^^*^*

Chalices . !§' ij*

Chair, Bishop's Confirmation - - . . ^q ^^'

Chancellor, Schools of 61*

Choir, The jVseq

Chapter, Greater ----... 7.

„ Residentiary y[

Chapter House Jl

Clock in iA -jn

^^- : : : : : : : ^^^

Colours, Liturgical - . - _ . . 26 27

Committee, Ladies' 11' i;^!

„ General 3 'A

Cornish Saints ^2 seq i 1

Cornwall, Archdeaconry of "i '-. ^'' * '^*

„ Bishopric of j.^-^'

„ Bishops of - - - . . . ,

Duke of g]

Cross, Altar 28.

Cross, Viscount i ^ '

Crypt ..,,-. 30.

VI. iitbEyL.

Dean and Chapter of Exeter - . - - 7.

Dean and Chapter of Truro ... - - 7.

Deaneries, Rural - - - . - - 5f "^^t S3*

Design of Cathedral 18.

Dimensions of Cathedral - - - - - 13, 16.

East End of Cathedral (Exterior) - - - 15.

„ „ (Interior) - - - 24, 30, 31.

Exeter, Bishops of - . . - . - 4.

Exeter, Dean and Chapter of - - - - 7.

Exterior of Cathedral 14.

Font 17.

Font Cover ..---.. 17.

Fortescue Arms, &c. 22.

Foundation Stones, Laying 8.

Frontals 27, 28.

Frontal Box 28.

German's, St., Bishop at 3.

Gifts to Cathedral 54 — ^7.

Glass, Stained 9, 16, 17, 18, 29, 30,

44, seq.

Harvey, Canon 8, 11.

Heraldry, Canting 22.

History of Bishopric of Cornwall ... i seq.

History of Cornish Saints 32 seq., i, 3.

Interior of Cathedral 16.

Internal Fittings Fund ii» 53.

Internal Fittings, List of 54 — 57.

Lectern _.----.. 21.

Litany Desk .-.-._. 23.

Martyn, Henry - - 14, 16, 50, 51, 52.

Monuments . - - - - - - 19, 20.

Mount Edgcumbe, Earl of . - - - - 8,11.

Nave, design for 13.

„ Foundation stone in 9.

Nix, Mr. A. P. 14.

Organ, Cathedral 18, 19.

„ Parish 10, 29.

Ornaments S4» 59-

Parish of St. Mary 7> 8, 9, 19, 29, 30.

Patens 58, 59.

Pavement, Baptistery 17.

„ Choir 21.

„ Retro-choir 30.

„ South Aisle 29.

Pearson, J. L., R.A. 8, 58, 59.

Pendarves, Monument of 20.

Phillpotts, Bishop 5> 23.

,, Canon 14.

Plate, Altar - - . ... 58, 59.

Pole-Carew, Arms ...... 22.

Porch, South 16.

Pulpit 20.

INDEX. ' VII

Reredos - - 24 seq.

Robartes, John, Monument of - - - - 19.

„ Lord, Gift of 21.

„ Arms of ----- - 22.

Rolle, Lady 5.

Saints, Cornish - 32 seq., i, 3.

Saints in Reredos 25, 26.

Saints in Stained Glass ----- 45 seq.

Scholae Cancellarii - 61.

Screens, Iron 22.

„ Side 25.

South Aisle I4> IS> 29, 30.

„ Porch 14.

„ Transept 17.

South-East Transept 21.

Stained glass, scheme for 44 seq.

„ in east windows - - . . 16,17.

„ in North Transept - - - 18.

„ in South Aisle . . - - 9, 29, 30.

„ in South Transept - - - 16, 17.

Stones of Cathedral 15.

„ precious -...-- 58.

Swam, Robert - - 13.

Temple, Bishop - 4, 5 23.

Throne, Bishop's ------ 23.

Transept, Great 17.

„ Choir ------ 21 .

Tremayne, Mrs. Arthur 12.

Truro Bishopric Act, 1877 - - - - 3, 5.

„ Chapter Act, 1878 6.

„ Bishopric & Chapter Acts Amendment, 1887 7.

„ Cathedral of 8 seq.

„ Dean and Chapter of - - . - 7.

„ Diocese of 3, 5.

„ old Church of 9.

Rectors of - - - - - - - 10, 11.

Vestries ..-.--.- 30.

Vivian, family monument of - - - - 20.

Wilkinson, Bishop - - - - - - 4>ii»

Wise, Canon 14, 20.

©ioceee of Zxnto^

HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT BISHOPRIC IN CORNWALL. By the Right Rev. William Stubbs, Lord Bishop of Chester,

AND FORMERLY ReGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HiSTORY,

Oxford, and Canon of S. Paul's.

ftpjHE history of the early Church in Cornwall is very obscure. Consider- {^ ations of race, of geographical relations, and historical probability, would lead us to connect it with Ireland, Brittany and Wales ; and such is the general inference from the legends of the Saints of the four regions : Irish hermits found homes in Cornwall ; the sons of Cornish princes appear among the Breton Saints ; a Cornish king becomes a monk at S. David's ; and in some cases the dedications of churches point to a common early history.

The existence of Roman Christian inscriptions in Cornwall may imply that Christian Truth was within the reach of Cornish men as early as the 4th century. The ancient tradition of S . German's refers the conversion of the people to a Saint of that name, sent by Pope Gregory the Great ; but there can be no doubt that the S. German in question was the famous Bishop of Auxerre, who lived a century and a half before S. Gregory the Great, and paid two visits to Britain to confute the Pelagian Heresy. The tradition, then, would rather point to the fact that there was already a Christian Church in Cornwall, which had become infected with Pelagianism. If this be granted, it may be inferred, without reference to the merely legendary histories of martjn-s and hermits, such as S. Melor, or MeUor, who is said to have suffered in Cornwall in A.D. 411, and Saints Fingar, Piala, and others, companions of S. Patrick, who were martyred about A.D. 450, that Cornwall had become to a great extent Christianised before the Romans left Britain.

At or about AD. 450, occurred the great migration from Britain to Armorica, which gave to the latter country the name of Britannia Minor, or Brittany. This was one result of the Saxon invasion of Britain ; the fugitives were British Christians, and the affinity of the Cornish and Breton languages leads to the conclusion that the emigrants were from that part of Britain which was pressed by the invaders engaged in founding the West Saxon state ; that is from Hampshire, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire. Cornwall and Western Devonshire, known by the name of Damnonia, retained their independence under British princes, and their Christianity, in much the same form as it had possessed when the departure of the Romans broke the communication between the British Churches and Western Christendom. In the time of Gildas the prince ot Damnonia was named Constantine or Custeint ; he be- came a monk at S. David's in A.D. 589 Gerein or Gerran, according to the legend, was prince when S. Teilo, in 596, returned from Armorica. About 705, S. Aldhelm, afterwards Bishop of Sherborne, wrote to another Gerein, Geruntius, or Gereint, prince of Damnonia, urging him to adopt the custom of keeping Easter approved by the rest of the Churches of the West. The

2 DIOCESE OF TRtJRO.

parts of Damnouia which were subject to Wessex accepted the change, but the Cornish men retained their independence, and probably their custom upon the point in question.

During this period we have no historical list of Cornish bishops. But we know from the fact that British Bishops, who could scarcely have come from any other region, assisted in the consecration of S. Chad, in 604, A.D., that the Churches had proper superintendence, and legend has preserved some few names of bishops, as S. Rumon, the patron of Tavistock, S, Conoglas, who was buried at Glastonbury, S. Pieran, S. Carantoc, S. Withinoc, S, Barnic, S. Elidius, and S. Hildren, whose names are preserved in Cornish Kalendars, but who may have equally belonged to Ireland or Britany.

In the year 813 Egbert, the king of Wessex, overran Cornwall, but did not formally annex it, as he seems to have annexed Devonshire, to the West Saxon kingdom ; for a king of Cornwall, Dumgarth, is found as late as the year 875. Athelstan finally reduced Cornwall to subjection in the year 926, and the Cornish Church must now have become isolated, Egbert and the West Saxon kings were in the closest alliance with the See of Canterbury, and prudence, as well as the hope of maintaining an ecclesiastical system, must have led the Cornish Church to submit to the See of Augustine. There is at Canterbury a copy of a letter written by Kenstec or ivenstet, bishop elect of the Cornish people, in which he professes his obedience to the Church of Canterbury, and declares his faith to Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury, A.D. 833 to 870; this may have been drawn up soon after Egbert's visit to Cornwall. King Alfred had property in Cornwall, in Triconshire or Trigg, which is mentioned in his will. The spiritual superintendence of these domains and his dependencies in Devonshire he placed in the hands of Asser, a Briton of S. David's, afterwards bishop of Sherborne. The influence of Asser in Cornwall may have either strengthened or supplanted that of the earlier episcopate. In the year 909 Edward the Elder founded a bishopric for Devonshire, with its See at Crediton, annexed to it three towns in Corn- wall, Pawton, Callington, and Lawhitton, to be missionary centres from which Eadulf, the newly-appointed bishop, might annually visit the Cornish people, who still persisted in their opposition to the English and Roman discipline. The mission of Eadulf and the arms of Athelstan finally incorporated the Cornish with the English Church. Conan, the native Cornish bishop, appears as a member of Athelstan's witenagemot from A.D. 931, and Cornwall was thenceforward an Enghsh Diocese.

The names of Conan's successors are fairly well ascertained ; a bishop named Comoere was contemporary with King Edward, as was also Wulfsige, who must have been an Englishman, and whose name is attached to charters from A D. 967 to 980. His successors were Ealdred, from A.D. 993 to about 1002 ; and Burhwold, who flourished in A.D. 1018. Living, the nephew of Burhwold and abbot of Tavistock, became bishop of Crediton in 1027, and of Worcester in 1038, and on Burhwold's death, held Cornwall with Crediton. Under Leofric, the successor of Living, who became bishop of Crediton and Cornwall in 1046, the See of the now united dioceses was iixed at Exeter.

It is not now known where the See was originally fixed. In the Irish and Welsh churches the system of territorial dioceses was very imperfecily developed ; in the West Saxon churches, until the very eve of the Norman conquest, the dioceses coincided with the shires; in other words, in the Celtic period the bishops were bi.shops of churches, with dioceses very uncertainly dtfiued ; in the West Saxon times they were bishops of dioceses, ihc Sees of which were not permanently fixed : the Bishop of Wiltshire and Berkshire,

DIOCESE OF TRURO. ^

for instance, fixed his See for the one county at Sunning, and for the other at Ramsbury, having a cathedral at neither : somewhat later Dorset, with its See of Sherborne, was annexed, and after an attempt to fix the See at Malmesbury, it was finally settled at Salisbury. Something of the kind may have taken place in Cornwall and Devon.

The See of Bishop Kenstec, in the ninth century, was fixed in the Monastery called Dinnurrin; possibly, Dingerein, the city of King Gerein, now Gerrans, or S. Gerran's. If this was the regular seat of the bishopric, it had very soon to give way either to S. German's or to Bodmin.

1. S. German's was the See of Bishop Burhwold ; and there also the historian, Florence of Worcester, places the episcopal See of Cornwall: S. German's is believed to have borne the earlier name of Lanaledh, and might also be Dinnurrin ; for the name is very indistinctly written in the Canterbury M.S., and in fact it requires little more strain on the letter of the M.S. to connect it with Germanus than with Gerein.

2. The church of S. Petrock, at Bodmin, was a frequent residence of the Cornish bishops ; there were granted the manumissions of serfs, the best ascertained of their acts ; S. Petrock, co-ordinately with S. German, was a patron saint of Cornwall ; and William of Malmesbury, who was well acquainted with West Saxon traditions, was unable to decide at which of the two places the bishops had sat. S. Petrock's-stow was destroyed by the Danes in A.D. 981 ; and possibly the See was then transferred to S. German's.

It is quite possible that these two churches had equal cl lims to be the See of the bishop under the West Saxon rule of diocesan episcopacy ; or that it was transferred from one to the other, in consequence ol the ravages of the Danes, just as the See of Leicester was tranferred . to Dorchester. Earlier, native bishops may have ruled, each from his own monastery, and Kenstec have been bishop of S. Gerrans.

Under the bishops of Exeter Cornwall was formed into an archdeaconry, probably before the close of the eleventh century. It was re-constituted as a diocese, with its See at Truro, in the year 1876, by the Act 39 and 40 Victoria, c. 54, and the first bishop, Dr. Edward White Benson, was consecrated at S. Paul's Cathedral, on the Festival of S. Mark, 1877, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the assisting bishops of London, Winchester, Hereford, Lincoln, Salisbury, Exeter, Ely, and the Suffragan Bishops of Nottingham, and Dover.

	Bishops of
Cornwall		Crediton.
Kenstec (Dinurrin) Conan (S. German's) Comoere (Bodmin) Wulfsige (Bodmin) Ealdred (Bodmin) Aethelred Burhwold (S. German's)	c. 865 .. 931 c. 960 .. 967 •• 993 . . lOOI .. IOI8	Eadulf . . Aethelgeard I. Elfwold Sideman Elfric .. Elfwold Eadnoth	..909 .. 934 .. 953 .. 973 ;: :: ^l .. 1012
	Cornwall and Crediton.
Lyfing	1027	1 Leofric	, 1046

DtOCESfe OF TRtfRO.

	Bishops of
	Exeter.
T^fric	. 1046	John Veysey (restored)
Osbern	• 1073	James Turberville William Alley . .
William Warelwast .. c	. 1107
Robert Chichester	. 1138	William Bradbridge
Robert Warelwast	• "55	John Woolton
Bartholomew	. 1161	Gevase Babington
John Fitze-duke .. Henry Marshall ..	. 1 186	William Cotton . .
• "94	Valentine Gary . .
Simon de Apulia	. 1214	Joseph Hall Balph Brownrigg . .
William Briwere, or Bruere	. 1224
Richard Blondy . .	• 1245	John Gauden SethWard
Walter Bronescombe	. 1258
Peter Quivil	. 1280	Anthony Sparrow
Thomas De Bji;ton	. 1292	Thomas Lamplugh
Walter De Stapledon	• 1308	Jonathan Trelawny
.'ames Barkley ..	• 1327	Ofspring Blackall
John De Grandisson	• 1327	Launcelot Blackburn
Thomas De Brantyngham . .	• 1370	Stephen Weston . .
Edmund Stafford .	• 1395	Nicholas Clagett
John Catterick Edmund Lacy (Jeorge Nevylle . .	• 1419	George Lavington
. 1420	Federick Keppel
. 1458	John Ross William Buller . .
JohnBothe Peter Courtenay . .	• 1465
. 1478	Henry Reginald Courtenay
Richard Fox	• 1487	John Fisher
Oliver King	• 1493	George Pelham . .
Richard Redmayne	• 1495	William Carey . .
,lohn Arundell !lugh Oldham ..	. 1502	Christopher Bethell Henry Phillpotts
• 1504
John Veysey Miles Coverdale ..	• 1519	Frederick Temple
. 1551
	Tr	URO.
Edward y	iVhite Be	nson . . 1877
George H	[oward V	/ilkinson .. 1883

I5S3 1555 1560 1571.2 1578 1595 1598 1621 1627 1642 1660 1662 1667 1676 1688 1707 1716 1724 1742 1746

1763 1778 1792 1797 1803 1807 1820 1830 1831 1869

THE RESTORATION OF THE CORNISH BISHOPRIC.

7(rvHE work of restoration is generally slow, and so it was with the revival \3f of the ancient See of Cornwall. As long ago as 1847 (thirty years before the fiist Bishop of the restored See was consecrated a Bill for the formation of three new Sees (including one for Cornwall) was introduced into Parliament by Lord John Russell, but it failed to pass. Seven years later, 1854, an offer was made by Dr. Walker, Rector of S. Columb Major, of the advowson and Rector's house of that parish, as a nucleus for the endowment of a Cornish Bishropric, and shortly afterwards, 1855, Bishop Phillpotts generously declared himself willing to relinquish ;^5oo a year of his income, as well as his Cornish patronage. The Ecclesiastical and Cathedral Commissioners were all along in favour of the scheme. In 1859 a deputation, representing 1,433 l«iymen and 230 clergy, went up to Lord Palmerston, praying for the introduction of a Bill to establish a Bishropric in Cornwall, to be endowed from funds derived from Cathedral or capitular property now in the hands of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners (Prebendary Kinsman wrote and published a valuable letter, calling attention to these funds), but still no action was taken.

DIOCESE OF TRURO. 5

The matter was, in 1863, made the subject of a petition from both Houses of Convocation to the Crown, and was warmly supported by Arch- bishop Longley, who personally visited Cornsvall to judge for himself. In 1867 Lord Lyttleton succeeded in passing through the House of Lords a Bill for the erection of three Sees (including Cornwall), but it failed to pass the House of Commons. All this delay was very disappointing, but the subject was not allowed to drop, even after the death of two of its most earnest advocates. Bishop Phillpotts in 1869, and Prebendary Tatham in 1874; and in 1875, at a great meeting called by Mr. Edmund Carlyon, of S. Austell, it was announced that Bishop Temple had offered to surrender ;^8oo of his income and his patronage in Cornwall. He also advocated the giving up to Cornwall of the fifth Canonry of Exeter (retained, it is believed, tlirough the influence of Bishop Phillpotts, when the Cathedral Commission was cutting down almost everywhere the number of endowed Canonries to four in each Cathedral).

Early in 1876 the magnificent gift of _;^40,ooo by Lady Rolle (though the donor's name was not divulged at the time) encouraged the Committee formed at the Exeter Diocesan Conference, 1875, ^^ carry on the strenuous efforts already being made to raise subscriptions throughout Devon and Cornwall. So successfully was this done, that on August 11, 1876, a Bill, intro- duced by Mr. Cross, Home Secretary (afterwards Viscount Cross), passed into law, authorising the foundation of the Bishopric. The additional Home Bishoprics' Endowment Fund made noble grants, first of ;^i,ooo and after- wards of ;^2,ooo ; and the income required by ParHament being now secured, an order in Council, dated December 15th, 1876, declared the Bishopric of Truro to be founded.

On April 25th, S. Mark's Day, 1877, Dr. Edward White Benson, late Chancellor and Canon Residentiary of Lincoln Cathedral, 1872 — 77, and formerly Head Master of Wellington College, 1859— 1872, was consecrated the first Bishop of the restored See, at S. Paul's Cathedral, by the Arch- bishop of Canterbury (Dr. Tait), assisted by the Bishops of London, Win- chester, Hereford, Lincoln, SaUsbury, Exeter, Ely, and the Suffragan Bishops of Nottingham and Dover.

The new Bishop was installed and enthroned in S. Mary's Church, Truro, on May 1st, 1877, that Church having by the Truro Bishopric Act, 1876, been constituted the Cathedral Church of the Diocese. It has been usual, at least in later days, for those towns that are the seats of Bishoprics to be dignified with the rank and title of city. For instance, when Henry VIII. founded a Bishopric in Gloucester, he also gave it a new charter, constituting it a city. I ruro, in like manner, was raised to the style and dignity of a city after the foundation of the Bishopric, and letters patent were signed to that effect on August 17th, 1877.

THE DIOCESE OF TRURO.

O^HE Diocese includes the County of Cornwall and five parishes of Devon, \g) The Population (according to the census of 1881) is 333,441. Its area 1,359 square miles. It is divided into two Archdeaconries, the ancient one, that of Cornwall, dating from the close of the eleventh century, having been sub-divided by the creation of the new Archdeaconry of Bodmin, in 1877, In the Diocese there are 12 Rural Deaneries, 236 Benefices, 231 Incumbents, Assistant Curates, 83; other Clergy, 495 Parsonage Houses, 210.

DIOCESE OF TRURO.

THE CATHEDRAL CHAPTER.

^S'HE Act of Parliament of 1876, authorising the foundation of the \2/ Bishopric, gave, as in the case of other new Sees, power to the Bishop to appoint twenty-four Honorary Canons.

The First Bishop, Dr. Benson, anxious to link the newly-formed See with the ancient memories of the Early Cornish Church, attached to each stall of the Honorary Canons the name of some early ^Missionary Bishop or other renowned saint from the Old Celtic Kalendars, or from among those who, ir early ages, gave their names to numerous villages or " Churchtowns " in Cornwall. •

These selected names, given below, will be found inscribed on the several stalls, together with the Latin titles of the Psalms, which, in accordance with the ancient custom of Cathedrals of the old foundation, are recited daily in private by each of the Canons. In this way the whole Psalter, of 150 Psalms, is repeated every day by the Chapter, including the Bishop and Canons, Residen- tiar)' and Honorary.

In the appendix will be found a brief account of the saints whose names are attached to the Canons' stalls : —

STALL OF PSALMS.

(S. Neot) Domine^ probasti. Eripe me. D amine clamavi. Voce inea.

(S. Corentin) . .Quam bonus Israel. Ut quid, Deus.

(S. Aldhelm) . .Confitemini. Super Jluinina. C^n/itebor tibi.

(S. German) Conjitebimur tibi. Notus in ludaea. Voce mea.

(S. Piran) A ttendite, popule.

(S. Buriena) Deus stetit. Deus guts. Quam dilecta. Benedixisti.

(S. Carantoc) — Deusyvenerunt. Qui regis. Exultate Deo.

(S. Petroc) Cantate Domino. Dominus regnavit. lubilate Deo. Misericordiam

et indicium. (S. Columb) Confitemini Domino. Ad Dominum. Levavi oculos. Laetatus sum.

Ad te levavi oculos meos.

(S. Uni) Misericordias Domini.

{?>. Ger^oc) Deus ultionum. Venite exultemus. Cantate. Dominus regnavit.

(S. CoNSTANTiN).Z)fl>«/«^, cxaudi. Benedic, anima mea.

(S. Paul) Benedic, anima mea. Domino : Domitie.

(S. Samson) ... .Con/itemini Domino, et invocate.

(S. Breaca) ... Domine, re/ugium. Qui habitat. Bonumest. Dominus regnavit.

(S. Conan) Lauda, anima mea. Laudate Dominum. Laudate Dominum.

is. Nectan) Confitemine Domino. Paratum cor meum. S. Cybi) Confitemini Dojuino, quoniam.

(S. Teilo) Deus laudum. Di.tit Dominus. Confitebor tibi. Beatus vir.

(S. I A.) I nclina, Domine. Fundamcnta eius. Domine Deus.

{^. KuwEHHf^ ..Laudate, pueri. In exitu Israel. Non nobis. Dilexi quoniam. Laudate

Dominum (S. WiNWOLOc)...A''w/ quia Dominus. Qui confidunt. In convcrtendo. Nisi Dominus.

Beati omnes. Saepe expu^naverunt. De profundis (S. Meriadoc)..Z)<7;«/«^, non est. Memento Domine. luce quam bonum. Ecce nunc.

Laudate nomen. (S. Rlmon) Domine Ex audi. Benedictus Dominus. Exaltabo tc, Deus.

In 1878 was passed the Truro Chapter Act, authorising the foundation and endowment of Residentiary Canonries, to be in the patronage of the Bishop ; and in 1882 the fifth Canonry, originally belonginjj to Exeter Cathedral, was transferred to the new Diocese. Out of the income arising from this source were founded, by order in Council, dated March loth, 1885, two Residentiary Canonries, which were allotted by the present Bishop to the offices of Precentor and Chancellor of Truro Cathedral.

DIOCESE OF TRURO. 7

In Cathedral Chapters of the old foundation * there were usually four principal officers, in the following order of dignity, Precentor, Chancellor, Treasurer, Sub-dean. It was the object of the first Bishop of Truro to model (as far as circumstances would allow) his new Cathedral on the lines of the Cathedrals of the " old foundation." In the first years of the newly-formed Diocese the Chapter, as has been stated above, consisted of Honorary Canons, of whom the senior. Canon Thynne (who, already Prebendary of Exeter, elected to be transferred to the new Cathedral Body) was appointed to act as Treasurer; Canon Whitaker, Chancellor, with charge of the Scholse Cancellarii, or Theological Schools for the training of candidates for Holy Orders ; Canon Phillpotts, President of Honorary Canons ; Canon Mason, Missioner — the latter well known in Cornwall for his mission work throughout the Diocese. Truro has now (1887) its endowed stalls for Precentor and Chancellor. In addition to this, by an Act of Parliament which passed in June, 1887, the Cathedral Chapter has been legally recognised as a body corporate, capable of holding property and endowments, and to it are to be transferred the patronage in Cornwall at present held by the Dean and Chapter of Exeter. The Bishop is constituted the Dean, and the Residen- tiary Chapter is composed of the two above-named endowed Residentiaries, together with the Sub-dean, who, by the Act, will also be always the Rector of the Parish of S. Mary, and one or more of the Honorary Canons holding the offices of Missioner, Treasurer, or President of Honorary Canons, who will. act as Residentiaries until two or more stalls are endowed. The Canons Residentiary and Honorary Canons form together, under the Dean (at present the Bishop), the Greater Chapter, which, as distinguished from the Residen- tiary Chapter, in the Cathedrals of the " old foundation," usually excercised the right to elect a Proctor to represent it in Convocation, and also the right to elect the Bishop under the conge d* elire.

Truro, therefore, is a Cathedral of somewhat mixed character; it is literally of '* new foundation,*' it has honorary Canons instead of non- residentiary Prebendaries, but its residentiary Chapter is formed on the model of Cathedrals of the "old foundation," and its statutes (at present only in draft) are of a corresponding character.

Below are given the names of the present Members of the Residentiary Chapter : —

Dean — The Lord Bishop of Truro.

Residentiary Canons :

A. B. Donaldson, M.A., Precentor. A. J. Worlledge, M.A., Chancellor. J. H. Moore, M.A., Sub-dean (Rector of Truro). F. E. Carter, M.A., Missioner.

* The Cathedrals of the "old foundation," which consisted of secular Canons, not of Monastic or Canons regular, are York, Hereford, Lichfield, Salisbury, Exeter, Wells, Lincoln, Chichestei, S. Paul's, S. David's, Bangor, S. Asaph, Llandaff. Their statutes and organisation remain substantially unchanged from the Pre-Reformation times. Those of the "new foundation " are either those which had been, previously to the Reformation, monastic, and were then changed to secular establishments, namely Canterbury, Winchester, Durham, Ely, Norwich, Worcester, Carlisle, Rochester ; or Cathedrals newly created, as Gloucester, Peter- borough, Chester, Oxford, Bristol, in the reign of Henry VHL, pr of still latei date, such as Manchester, Ripon, in the present century. S. Alban's, Southwell, Newcastle, Liverpool are simple parish Churches, though the two former have magnificent histories as monastic Churches.

8 DIOCESE OF TRURO.

Beyond the income secured for the two above-named Canons, Truro has at present (1887) no endo\vraent for its Cathedral, the maintenance of Divine worship and repairs of the fabric, payment of choir, organist, and other officials. But an attempt has been made, with good promise of success, to procure powers from ParUament to enable the Ecclesiastical Commissioners to make a grant out of the large funds in their hands, derived from ancient capitiJar and Cathedral property in Cornwall, for these necessary objects.

THE FIRST STEPS.

92f HE first Bishop of Truro felt at once the paramount importance of a \§/ Cathedral for his new Diocese, as a centre of Church life and worship, from which the whole Diocese would receive quickening influences. His views are embodied in an interesting volume, entitled — **The Cathedral: its necessary place in the life and work of the Church" (Murray, 1879^. At the first Diocesan Conference, held in October, 1877, a committee was appointed for the purpose of considering what steps should be taken to provide a suitable Cathedral. And in April, 1878, a County Meeting, under the presidency of the Lord-Lieutenant — Lord Mount Edgcumbe — was called to further this object. It was decided, after some alternative sites had been discussed, to erect the New Cathedral on the site of St. Mary's Church, and, to facilitate this plan, the Rector andpatron, the Rev. C. F. Harvey, now Vicar of Probus, and Hon. Canon of Truro, generously placed in the hands of the Bishop the advowson of the Rectory. The parishioners of St Mary's and others had collected a sum of ;^3,ooo or ;<r4,ooo towards the restoration of the Parish Church, this was also readily given towards the scheme. A sum of ^Ti 5,000 was collected in the room, and subscriptions flowed in. In August, 1878, J. L. Pearson, Esq., R.A., was selected as architect, and in the following year his plans were presented, and accepted. A sum of ;^io,ooo was spent on the purchase of the site and the adjacent property, and building operations were now commenced.

LAYING OF THE FOUNDATION STONES.

SHIS event, which may be fairly considered of historic interest, took place in the presence of a great multitude, with very imposing ceremonies. There were present the Bishops of Truro, Exeter, and Madagascar, and a great body of the Clergy of the Diocese, including the Archdeacons, Canons of the Cathedral, and the Rural Deans. Of the laity, there assisted at the ceremony the Lord Lieutenant, the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, the Lord Mayor of London, the Mayor and Corporation of Truro, and the municijial authorities of various boroughs in Devonshire and Cornwall, together with a vast concourse of men and women of all ranks and stations. The Prince and Princess of Wales, accompanied by their sons, Princes Albert Victor and George, were the guests of Viscount Falmouth, at Tregothnan, and drove

OLD ST. MAKY'S church.

TRURO CATHEDRAL. 9

thence to the city, where they were received with great state by the civic and other authorities.

The stones were laid by the Prince (Duke of Cornwall), one at the N.E. corner of the exterior of the choir, and another in the nave, with full masonic as well as ecclesiastical ceremonies. The Gr ind Officers of England and the Provincial Officers of Cornwall assisted the Prinje in the former part of the ceremony; while the benediction of the si ones by the Bishop cf the Diocese was made solemn by the singing of hymns and chanting of Psalms by a choir gathered from various parts of the Diocese. The day was observed as a great County holiday and day of rejoicing ; and the event was annually commemo- rated by special services either in the wooden Church, or out of doors, at the foundation stones, and within the newly-erected building, so far as it was possible, from time to time.

OLD St. MARY'S CHURCH.

IN the Autumn of 1880 the demolition of St. Mary's Church was com- menced, to make way for the new edifice, the Parishioners, by a resolution

passed in Vestry, January, 1880, having accepted as their future Parish Church the south aisle of their old Church, which has been incorporated by the Architect with much skill and taste into the new building. The following history and description of the old Church will be interesting to many: —

The Church wasbuilton the site of two successive and more ancient edifices, in the early part of the i6th century. The South and East fronts, which are richly decorated, belong in style to the reign of Henry VII., and a d'^ed has been preserved, dated the 19th year of that King (1504), by which Sir John Arundell grants permission to the inhabitants of Truro to dig for stone at his manor at Truro-vean, for the purpose of " byldynge of the new Church and of a new toure." The date of 1518, the earliest inscribed in the Church, is painted on the glass in one of the windows of the present south aisle of the Cathedral. The West and North fronts, as well as the interior, were in a very different and less ornamental style, and were finished at a later period. Hals says that " the Church was built at the proper costs and charges of the inhabitants and other pious benefactors," and that the arms of Tregian, Trenoweth, Carmenow, Edgcombe and others, were in his time to be seen in the windows, and that on the North window were the arms of John, Earl of Cornwall, together with the badge and motto of the Dukes of Cornwall. The greater part of the painted glass was remove i, as well as a quantity of fragments and ornaments, during the repairs eflFected towards the middle of the i8th century. Judging from the few fragments that have been preserved, this act of the so-called "restorer" is deeply to be regretted.

The Church consisted of a nave and south aisle, of eight bays, and of a smaller North aisle, of five bays. The length of the Church, measured intern- ally, was 114 feet, its greatest width, 38 feet. The height from floor to roof was 24 ■ feet. The roof was, until the recent alteration, covered with a plastered ceiling, dating from the first half of the last century. The Altar, still preserved and used as the Parish Altar in the South aisle of the Cathedral, is of oak, with the following inscription in Greek uncials, i.e., "He that eateth My Flesh and drinketh My Blood hath eternal life, and I will raise hirn up at the last day"- John vi. 54. Ihis altar was the gift of George Phippen, Rector from 1624 to 1648 (?). The monuments originally in the

10 TRURO CATHEDRAL.

old Church are now in the N. Transept of the Cathedral, and are described in their proper place later on.

The oigan was built in 1750, by By field, and was enlargecf at a later date, and again altered in 1887, when it was planed in its position in the south aisle. It is said to have been originally built for one of the Chapels Royal, but was not found suitable for its intended situation, and was bought by Mr. Lemon, and presented by him to the Church.

The steeple of old St. Mary's was a quasi classic structure, completed in 1769, and at a cost to the Corporation of nearly /900. Previously to that date there was nothing but a bell-cote, with a single bell. The tenor bell was given by Lord Falmouth, and bears the date. — The smaller bell was purchased by the Parish.

Some years ago a clock with chimes was presented to the Parish by Miss Carlyon These, together with the bells, have been placed in the ne^v campanile or clock-tower.

LIST OF THE RECTORS OF TRURO.

Extracted from Exeter Records by Mr. Arthur Burch, Registrar.

1278. Dominus NiCHOLAUS DE Castello, Capellanus. Instituted to the

Church or Chapel of S. Mary of Triueru, by Bp. Bronescombe, at

Teynton, on Monday next after Epiphany. 1339. Dominus Galfridus in Venella de Tadelawe, Presbiter.

Instituted to the Church of Treureu, by Bp. Grandison, at Clist, on

Aug. 22. Patron, Thos. Prideaux. 1349. Dominus Radulphus de Polwyl, Presbiter. Instituted to the

Church of Truru, by Bp. Grandison, at Clist, on Sept. 20. Patron,

John of Mountnyrom. 1362. Johannes Decoy de Trewythenek, Clericus. Instituted to the

Church of Trufru, by Bp. Grandison, at Chudleigh, on Sep. 15.

Patron, Robert Prideaux, of Nyweham. No date. Thomas Wille. 1412. Nicholas Treberveth. Instituted to the Church of the Blessed

Mary of Treureu, on March 18. Patron, Robert Hull. Died

Rector. 1450. Dominus Simon Kestell, Capellanus. Instituted to the Church of

Truru, by Bp. Lacy, at Chudleigh, on May 12. Patron, Henry

Bodrugan. Died Rector. 1461— 2. Dominus Rfginaldus Thomas, Capellanus. Instituted to the

Church of the Bltssed Mary of Truru, by Bp. Neville's Vicar, at

Exeter, March 10. Died Rector. 1499. D )minus Thomas Baslegh. Presbiter. Instituted to the Church of

Fiuru, by Bp. Redwayn's Vicar, on Sep. 10. Peter Eggecomb,

patron. Resigned. 1513. Dominus Thomas Colcot, Capellanus. Instituted to the Church of

Trewro, by Bp. Oh I ham's Vicar, on Sep. I. Died Rector. 1522. Dominus John Ovkrowe, Capellanus. Instituted to Church of

Frew. 00, by Bp. Vcsey's Vicar, on Apr. 12. Resigned. 1533. Magister Waltkr Burgayne. Instituted by surrogate of B[).

Vesey's Vicar- Genera), on May lo, to the Church of Truro.

Resigned,

TRURO CATHEDRAL. II

1 54 1. Thomas FFUYeHErGlericusr- Instituted Jiy,Bp,3iresey, on Sep. i,

to the Church of Truroo. Patron, Richard Edgecombe. Resigned. 1546. Dominus Nccholas Wenmouthe, Priest. Instituted by Bp. Vesey's

Vicar-General, on Dec. 20, to the Church of Truroo. 1558. Dominus Richardus Ffossr, Clericus, Collated (by lapse) by

Bishop Turbervile to the Church of Truro, IM^y 12, 1558. William Dawson {histitutton not recorded). Died Rector. 1624. George Phippen. Instituted by Bp. Cary, at London, on Dec. 17,

to the Church of Truroe. Patron, Hugh Boscawen. {Apparently

he was deprived by the Puritans). No date. JosiAS Hall. Died Rector. - ,

1666—7. Samuel Thomas. Patron, Richard Edgecomb. Died Rector.

Instituted March 22.

1692. Robert Bowbeare. Instituted March 25. Patron, Pearse

Edgcumbe. Ceded.

1693. Simon Pagett. Instituted Nov. 8.

1711. Joseph Jane, B.A. Instituted by Bp. Blackall. (By lapse). Died

Rector. Instituted May 29, 1746. St. John Eliot, B.A. Collated (by lapse) June 3. {Also Rector of

Ladock). Died Rector. 1761. Charles Pye, B.A. Instituted July 9. Patron, George, Lord

Edgcumbe. Died Rector. 1803. Thomas Carlyon, M..\. Instituted May 3. Patror, Right Hon.

Richard, Earl of Mount Edgcombe. {Also Vicar of Pr bus). Died

Rector. 1826. Thomas Stackhouse Carlyon, M. A. Instituted July 10. Ceded. 1833. Edward Dix, M.A. Instituted Dec. 12. Ceded. (Afterwards

Vicdr of Newlyn). 1839, William WooDis Harvey, M.A. Instituted March i. {Prebendary

of Exeter). Patron, the same Earl. (While Rector, himself

became Patron) . Resigned. i860. Edmund George Harvey, B.A. Instituted July 7. Ceded.

(Afterwards Vicar of Mullion). 1865. Henry Bawden Bullocke, M.A. Instituted June i. 1875. Clement Fox Hakvey, M.A. Instituted Apr, 30. {Honorary

Canon of Truro). Ceded . Afterwards Vicar of Probus. 1885. James Henry Moore, M.A. Collated Oct. 7, by thr Patron,

George, Lord Bishop of Truro. {Honorary Canon of Truro and

Sub-dean of Truro Cathedral).

INTERNAL FITTINGS FUND.

ftJ^'HE translation of Dr. Benson to the Primacy in 1883 left the See of ^© Truro vacant, and, to the great satisfaction of Cornish Churciimei), his own Examining Chaplain, the Rev. G. H. Wilkinson, Vicar ol S. Peter's, Eaton Square, and Hon. Canon of Truro, was seltcted as his suj- cessor.

This appointment not only gave that fresh impetus to the mising of funds for the building of the Cathedral which eventually resulted in the erection of the transepts (the southern one as a memorial to Dr. Benson, first Bishop of Truro), but was instrumental in helping on the effort to build the first stage

12 TRURO CATHEDRAL.

of the central tower and the clock tower. It was, moreover, soon followed by a new and interesting movement. This was the Ladies' Association for providing the internal fittings for the Cathedral.

In the Spring of 1884, when upwards of ^^90,000 had been subscribed for the building of the Cathedral, and a Guarantee Fund of ^^10,000 was about to be raised 10 complete the work contemplated, the Cathedral Building Committee requested the architect to give them an estimate of the sum nec- essary for providing temporary internal fittings to enable the services to be carried on when the Cathedral was consecrated. These were to be of the simplest and cheapest character; but it seemed even then that ;^i,630 would be required. This, however, did not suit the Bishop's ideas — as he sai.l, quoting King David's words — speaking (in I. Chron. xxii. 5) of the Jewi-;h temple, *' The House that is builded for the Lord must be very magnifical." He did not think these temporary internal fittings worthy of the beau:ilul Cathedral, and then the happy thought occurs to him, no doubt an answer to earnest prayer — "Why should not this be entrusted to the Women of Corn- wall, and so give them a share in the great work ?" On the 29ih of August, 1884, he summoned a meeting of Cornish ladies (160 were present), and all went to the temporary Cathedra' and received the Holy Communion together, and then the Bishop, not only in his sermon, but in the addresses he delivered afterwards in the Council Chamber of the Town Hall, showed what a sacred charge had been gladly undertaken, all present humbly believing that God himself had entrusted it to them. The Diocese was divided, ac- cording to the Rural Deaneries, into twelve divisions, each of which had its own Lady President and Secretary, and Local Committees and workers were appointed in almost every parish, under the superintendence of Miss Selina Thornton, the Honoiary Secretary.

A few of the smaller fittings had previously bi'cn promised, but an ap- parently hopeless list of the more costly requirements remained to be provided. But "One and AH" set to work. One Deaneiy guaranteed to raise money for one object, one for another, and private individuals availed themselves of this opportunity of making some special ofTering. Remembering the Bishop's instructions — "That workers were not to relax thtir efibrts until they were able to report to him that every woman in Cornwall had been told of this great enterprise, and had had an opportunity of contributing towards its accom- plishment"— collectors were appointed, and it was found that when the move- ment was clearly explained to them, none were more willing to give than the poor, and that they liked to be asked to take their share of the work. In a very few months more than fifteen thousand pounds were raised, and Mr. Pearson was instructed to prepare designs for the various internal fittings, worthy of the beautiful building which was to contain them.

Mrs. Arthur Tremayne eventually took Miss S. Thornton's place as General Secretary, and to her energy and zeal are to be attributed in no little degree the success of the movement.

In the appendix will be given the list of the Ladies' Committee and Offic rs, together with the detailed account of the various articles provided through their efforts.

SOUTH-EAST VIEW OF CATHEDRAL, SHOWING^OLD ST. MARY'S AISLE.

From Photo by Ellery, Truro.

TRtJRO CATHEDRAL. I3

THE DESIGN OF THE CATHEDRAL.

^PEAKING generally of the design and plan of the Cathedral, it may be 7j said to exhibit a wise combination of fidelity to ancient standards of •^ English architecture of the best and purest models, with a singular freedom from servile imitation and commonplace adherence to the letter rather than to the spirii of early art.

There may be traced both in the general plan and design, as well as in many of the details, great versatility of a' tistic skill, adaptation to local and practical requirements, and a bold and free use of varying forms.

Students of the architecture of our old English Cathedrals will now and again be met, as they walk through or round Truro Cathedral, with some feature that reminds them of Lincoln, or Westminster, or some other noble ancient minster ; but it will be like the features of children of the same family, born of the same noble parents, Religion and Art, and not mere dead mechanical copies, without life or meaning.

The aim of the architect has evidently been to realise a true Cathedral, not a merely enlarged Parochial Church ; to make every part of the building and every detail of the ornamentation combine to produce a Christian temple, full of almost endless variety in detail, without ceasing to be one lovely, har- monious whole ; a type, it may be fairly said, of the Church — one Holy Catholic and Apostolic, with infinitely varying forms of life, work, and holiness, in the members that together make up the Body of Christ.

The architecture of the Cathedral is early English, with characteristics of buildings of the early part of the 13th century.

The general external features of the building, when completed, will be a grand central and two western towers, some deeply recessed doorways and windows of plain character, yet graceful lines. The entire length of the building from east to west will be about 300 feet. The interior of the choir is 115 ft. The nave will be 165 feet long and about 76 feet wide. From floor to roof the height of the interior is 70 feet. The central tower will be the highest point of the building : from the floor-line to the weather-cock it will be about 224 feet high. The towers at the western end will be about 204 feet high. Of these three towers nothing is yet built but that portion of the central tower which rises to the level of the ridge of the roof. The energy of the zealous Clerk of the Works, Mr. Robert Swain, warmly supported by other friends of the Church, was mainly instrumental in raising funds to erect this portion of the tower. The design for the completion of the central tower shows two stages above the level of the roof, with three double-Hghted windows in each, the final stage being ornamented with an elevated parapet and pinnacles at the corners.

The design for the nave and aisles shows a series of aisle windows, ei^ht in number, simple lancets, in couplets, divided by buttresses, and the clerestory windows consist of two broad lancet-shaped lights, with a trefoil in the head.

The design for the west front is very imposing. In the centre are two large doorways, deeply recessed, embracing the whole of the front between the towers. These doorways are flanked with buttresses and pinnacles, and are enriched with sculpture in the spandrils and arches. Above there is a rose window, with two double-lancet windows beneath. These windows, including the rose, are deeply recessed from the arch which supports the gable of the nave, and which is enriched with panel-work and sculpture, on each side being two turret?, combining staircases and finial pinnacles. The towers, one on each side, stand back from the line of the west front a few

14 TRURO CATHEDRAL.

feet. They are in four stages, the lowest having a one-light window ; the second, two lancets, which are on a line with the lancet windows of the west front ; the third and fourth stages are composed of two double windows each, those in the upper stages being very lofty.

Of the nave, with its western towers, nothing is at present erected save a portion of the two bays on each side. A rough stone wall and lean-to roof closes in the western opening of the great tower and the transepts.

DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING. Exterior.

ft^HE best approach io view the external features of the Cathedral is through \g) Cathedral lane (the old Church lane). The eye is attracted by the south . transept and its richly decorated porch, which form a very marked feature on the south side of the building. The doorway is composed of three small arcades, separated by detached pillars, the double doorway itself being deeply recessed. It is flanked by pinnacles. Ihe decoration (sculptured or other- wise) of this porch, which is the gift of Canon Phillpotts, of Porthgwidden, has not yet been finally decided upon, and the empty wall spaces and tym- panum over the door seem to demand suitable ornamentation. Above the porch rises the gable end of the trau'^ept, composed of three lancet windows in the lower portion, immediately over the porch, and a large rose window above, the window and the gable being enriched with panel work of an early character.

To the west of the transept is seen the circular roof, the tapering pin- nacles and open parapet and narrow lancet windows of the Baptistery. This portion of the building not only gives variety and character to the architec- tural design, but, from the fact of its being a memorial to Henry Martyn, the devoted missionary, a native of Truro, will always recall and link the Cathedral with sacred memories of the missionary work of the Church. The Baptistery will be more particularly described when the interior is visited.

Westward of the transept rises the Clock Tower, and beyond it the portion of the old Church of St. Mary's, Truro. These two form together that portion of the building which alone has been retained, by the generosity of the Rector and Churchwardens, as the legal Parish Church. This arrange- ment has received the sanction of Parhament, by an Act passed June, 1887.

The Clock Tower or Campanile rises to a height of 135 feet, in four stages, terminating in a spire covered with Cornish copper, and crowned by a gilt vane, the gift of A. P. Nix, Esq., who placed it in situ with his own hands. The funds for the building of the Clock Tower were raised, to a great extent, by the zeal and generosity of inhabitants of Truro and the immediate neighbourhood, assisted by gifts from more distant quarters. In this tower are placed the Pari<-h bells and clock. The present dial faces of the clock, which are new, are the gift of Canon Wise, of Ladock, a generous benefactor of the Cathedral. The old and somewhat unique front of the present south aisle deserves careful study. It is a rich piec^i of perpendicular work ; and when the plans of the Cathedral were being prepared, many lovers of ancient buildings in the Diocese and elsewhere earnestly desired that this distinctive feature should be preserved. The way in which the old portion has been united with the new is deserving of all praise. 'Ihe whole of the

TRURO CATHEDRAL. 1 5

Clock Tower has been designed with the purpose of linking the old and new together ; and the richer character of the south transept prevents there being too violent a contrast between the severity of the early English architecture of the newer building and the more florid ornamentation of the older fragment of the 1 6th century work. There are, including that at the base of the clock tower, seven windows of perpendicular style ; there is much carving on the parapet and south wall, of a character similar to that seen at S. Mary Magdalene, Launceston, and other Cornish churches of the same period.

Passing round the east end of the south aisle, the visitor will observe the lemains of rich Tudor work in three niches, one canopied and surmounted by a coat of arms, now too mutilated to decipher. Nor must he omit to observe the flying buttresses of the choir and the gables and turrets of the choir transept.

Standing at the east end of the building, the spectator looks up at a circular window in the gable, the two tiers of windows of the choir, of three lancets each, the lower tier being shorter, and below them the smaller windows that light the crypt. Passing round the north side, ne will observe the much more severe aspect of this part of the building, and the solid buttresses that strengthen and support the walls, and the exterior of the organ chamber and the north transept, with its magnificent rose window. At the north east corner of this transept will hereafter stand the Chapter House, which is designed to be octagonal in plan, and to be approached by a porch, with flights of steps leading from the exterior, as also from the transept, and from the cloister court- yard, which will extend from the eastern wall of the rorth transept almost to the western end of the north nave aisle.

Before entering the Cathedral it may be interesting to note the various materials of which this noble building has been constructed. When the Cathed- ral was about to be erected a strong feeling was expressed that local stone should, as far as possible, be employed, and the Clerk of the Works, Mr. Bubb, whose death, in i88i, was grea^ly felt by all connected with the Cathedral, visited a great number of quarries in Cornwall for this purpose. Externally the walls are of local stone, faced with ashlar work, and buttress coins of Mabe granite ; the dressings are of Bath stone, of various kinds. Internally the walls are faced with ashlar work of St. Stephen's china-clay stone, a species of inferior granite, with dressings of Bath stone. Doulting stone has been partially used, but was neither found so economical and good as the Corsham stone, which has been mostly employed.

The detached shafts are of Polyphant stone, Duporth stone, Hamhill stone, and a reddish or orange tinted stone from the neighbourhood of Northampton. The vaulting and groining are of Bath stone.

It will be interesting to make some comparison of the dimensions of Truro Cathedral, as designed to be completed, with those of some of the best known Cathedrals in England.

In the following table * are given instances of some of the various classes of Cathedrals, from the largest, among which are numbered York, St. Paul's, Lincoln, Winchester, &c., ranging from upwards of 50,000 sq. feet of area, to upwards of 60,000 sq. feet ; or what may roughly be called those of a second class, ranging from upwards of 30,000 sq. feet to upwards of 40,000 sq. feet, including Worcester, Gloucester, &c.; or a third class, including

* Compiled (by permission) from a very full list of English and foreign Churches, and their dimensions, given in "A. Bo9k on Building," by Lord Grimthorpe. London : Crosby, Lockwood, and Co., i88o. (Second editiohi)

i6

TRURO CATSEDRAL.

Exeter, Hereford, Ripon, &c., from upwards of 25,000 scj. feet to 30,000 sq. feet; and the fourth class, ranging from 20,000 to 25,000, including Rochester, Bristol, &c. Truro takes'its place among these last, and while smaller, as a whole, than Rochester Cathedral or Tewkesbury Abbey, is larger than^Bristol, St. David's, St. Patrick's, Dubhn, or the new Cathedral at Edinburgh.'

At present, of course, the design is but partially reahsed, and it remains for the generosity of Churchmen of the nineteenth century to vie with the noble and lavish expenditure of past ages in completing for Cornwall what will be a worthy sister of the glorious and noble sanctuaries raised for the worship of Almighty God throughout England, whose names that appear in the following table will recal to our readers splendid visions of glorious architeo- ture and holy associations of lofty worship.

Long. Wide. High,

In.sideDimensions.Area,sq.ft.

St. Paul's 59,700

Lincoln 57>200

Ely 46,000

Salisbury 43,Si5

Gloucester 30,600

Exeter 29,600

Hereford 26,856

Rochester 23,300

Bristol 22,556

St. David's 21,950

Edinburgh 21,160

Dublin, \

St. Patrick's / ^^

Truro 23,200

'ah	^ , , Trans. Na. 1 All.	Mid.	Trans. 1 Vlt. I
460	240 182 ! 94	42	94	88
481	(223W \ I7ie.	-5! {^30.	39	|6iw. ( 36e.	82n. 74c.
517	i«S	230	7«	34	74	72
450	|206w I i95e.	195	82	32	|57w. l34e.	84
408	142	180	«3	35	35	67
3«3	140	140	72	34	27	69
325	\^	130	74	30	54	70
313	122	126	65	28	30	55
284	113	125	69	31	29	52
298	129		70	29	27	46
242	112	i3«	68i	33	68^
300	72	—	63	—	—	85
300	109	131	62	29	58	70

— S

Steeple. 356 D. 262 C.

206 W2.

215 w. 1.404 C. 225 C.

I40N.«feS

144 c. 156 c. 133 c. 124 c. 300 c.

225 c. ( 250 c.

) 200 W2.

THE INTERIOR.

rSSING southwards along the High Cross, or from Boscawen Street through Cathedral Lane, the visitor will do well to enter the South or Phillpotts Porch. The external carving of the finials, the dog-tooth ornament in the arches and groining are worthy of careful examination. The steps at the entrance are formed of fine large blocks of Cornish granite. The blank spaces on the wall and over the door seem to cry out for some decoration, which, it is to be hoped, will not be long in forthcoming. As the visitor enters the door and looks to the right, he wOl see in the arcading on the wall some shafts of fine Cornish porphyry, the gift of the late Colonel Cocks, who interested himself greatly in the choice of building materials for the Cathedral, and whose memorial is to be seen in the stained glass of the lancet windows close at hand in the south transept over head. Turning to the left the visitor should pass between the light and elegant clustered columns of polyphant and bath stone into the Baptistery or Henry Martyn memorial. This is quite an architectural gem, and consists of a circular building, with a groined roof, richly carved, supported by shafts of Bath stone and polyphant, with an arcading resting on carefully selected shafts of Cornish serpentine.

VIEW OF SOUTH PORCH.

TRURO CATHEDRAL. 1 7

THE FONT.

ftJ5*HE Font is circular in plan, and stands four feet five inches above the {^ Mosaic paving of the Baptistery, which is formed of varied foreign marbles of different tints, having two solid marble steps. The bottom one is seven feet six inches in diameter, of dark rich Fossil Marble ; the second step is five feet eight inches in diameter, of selected Red Marble. At the same level with these is a fine circular step of Vert des Alpes, four feet four inches in diameter, and upon which is fixed the foot-pace and lower plinth to the Font, of a fine sample of pale Giallo Antico, forming, as it were, a platform for the Font. In the centre of this stands the massive moulded plinth, in fine selected Breccia Rosso Antico, and on this is fixed the stem or centre shaft, of Griolte d' Itahe, with base of Breccia Rosso Antico, around which are solid moulded and carved bases of the same marble, upon which stands eight columns, which, with the centre stem, support the elaborate and massive bowl (three feet nine inches in diameter and one foot eight inches deep), of a beautiful and unique specimen of Breccia Rosso Antico, worked to circular form, and having the eight capitals to the columns elaborately carved out of the solid, the top rim being also elegantly moulded and carved with a flowing ornament. All the surfaces, including the carving, have been polished. The Font has been executed by Mr. Robert Davison, Marylebone Road, London, and is the gift of the Sunday School children of the Diocese.

The flooring is the gift of the Deanery of St. Austell.

The Font Cover is executed in oak, with circular base, rising to an octagon. There are two tiers of gables, with carved crockets and finials, supported by flying buttresses, with perforated tracing in the panels. The spire is crocketed with enrichments on the top, and there are groined roofs to each tier of gables.

The Cover is the gift of the Students of the Truro Diocesan Training College for Schoolmistresses, and is the work of Robinson, of Broad Street, London.

THE TRANSEPT.

FASSING out of the Baptistery the visitor should take his stand under the central tower, and,lookingupwards, take note of the fine proportions of this portion of the building. The massive piers and finely conceived arches, with their rich carving of dog-tooth ornament, the handsome arcading of the first stage of the tower, from which will eventually spring a groined roof, are sufficient to make the spectator long for the completion of this noble feature of the Cathedral. Looking eastward a view of the lofty Choir is now obtained, which for dignity, strength, and hghtness, will bear favourable comparison with some of the noblest choirs in England. But before proceeding to examine the choir in detail, attention must be paid to the Transept north and south. The Southern Transept is a memorial to Dr. Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury, first Bishop of Truro, erected in recognition of his great work in organising the newly constituted or revived Diocese of Cornwall, and his six years' labours as its first Chief Pastor. The transept is lighted by three lancet windows, with fine arcading in the triforium level, resting on detached shafts, and with a noble rose window above ; the stained glass filling the latter is the gift of the Masters and Boys of WelUngton College, of which great school Dr. Benson was head- master from 1859 to 1872. The subject depicted is the out-pouring of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles at Pentecost. In the three lower lights are subjects conaected with the Spirit's work in the Church, A fuller account of

18

TRURO CATHEDRAL.

these subjects will be found in the Appendix where the whole series of windows in the Cathedral is explained. The tnree lower windows form a memorial to the late Col. Cocks. The stained glass is of the richly toned kind character- istic of the thirteenth centur}% and was executed by Clayton and Bell. It recals the colouring and style observable in stained glass at Lincoln, York, Bourges, and Chartres. The triforium of the transept aisles is formed of fine segmental arches, with pierced quatre foils and double arcading ; the clerestory of double lancet windows, with quatre foil head opening. The whole is groined in bath stone.

The North Transept is longer than the South by about lo feet, and is hghted by three double lancet windows with cinque foil head openings. Above these is a large rose window, the tracery of which was the gift of Miss Gumey, whose father, Sir Goldsworthy Gurney, was the well-known improver of the steam engine.

It is filled with stained glass, representing the genealogy of our Lord, after the manner of old '* Jesse" windows (see Appendix). This window is the gift of the Deanery of Penwith.

In this transept there is a fine gallery, with open parapet resting on groined arches, supported by fine columns. Through the triforium on the east side of the transept can be seen the organ chamber, which is formed from the two western bays on the north side of the choir, and runs to the full height of the clerestory.

In this spacious chamber is placed

THE ORGAN.

JpjHIS is a magnificent instrument, by Willis, of London, and consists oi ^§) Four Manual Organs, viz.. Solo, Swell, Great, and Choir. These Organs range each from CC to A (58 notes), and the Pedal from CCC to F (30 notes).

The Pedal.

metal

Double Diapason, open wood 32 feet Open Diapason, ,, 16 ,,

Octave 8 „

4. Violone, open metal m

front 16 feet

5. Violoncello 8 „

6. Ophicleide 16 „

The Choir Organ.

Gamba, metal 8 feet

Dulciana, ,, 8 ,,

Hohl Flote, open wood .... 8 ,, LiebUch Gedact from Tenor . C, metal 8 „

5. Gemshom 4 fee t

6. Lieblich Flote, metal throughout 4 „

7. Piccolo (harmonic) metal 2 „

8. Como di Bassetto 8 „

The Great Organ.

1. Double Diapason, open metal 16 feet

2. Open Diapason, „ 8 ,,

3. Open Diapason, „ 8 „

4. Claribel, new form, open wood 8 ,,

5. Principal, metal 4 ,,

6. Flfite Harmonique 4 ,,

7. Twelfth 3 „

8. Fifteenth 2 feet

9. Mixture, three ranks ....

10. Double Trumpet, metal

and zinc 16 ,,

11. Tromba 8 ,,

12. Clarion 4 „

VIEW OF BAPTISTERY.

TRURO CATHEDRAL.

19

The Swell.

1. Geigen Principal, metal .... 1 6 feet

2. Open Diapason 8 „

3. Lieblich Gedact, metal and

wood

4. Echo Gamba

5. Vox Angelica, undulating

with No. 4 by double wind- age, lower octave derived from No. 4

1. Harmonic Flute, open metal 8 feet

2. Concert Flute 4 „

Orchestral Oboe 8

6. Geigen Principal • 4 feet

7. Flageolet • 2 „

8. Mixture, three ranks

9. Contra Oboe, metal & zinc

10. Cornopean 8 „

1 1. Hautboy

12. Clarion 4 ,,

13. Vox Humana 8 „

The Solo.

4. Clarionet 8 feet

5. Tuba 8 „

The Couplers.

6. Solo to Pedals.

7. Swell to Pedals.

Great to Pedals. Choir to Pedals.

1. Swell to Organ, sub-octave.

2. Swell to Great, unison.

3. Swell to Great, super-octave.

4. Choir to Great.

5. Solo to Great.

The instrument is fitted with pneumatic pistons, and complete tubular pneumatic system for the pedals. It is blown by two hydraulic engines, placed in the triforium on the east side of the north transept. The pipes are chiefly made of fine spotted metal.

It is intended hereafter, should funds be forthcoming, to provide the organ with a handsome case in oak ; the present external arrangements being of a temporary character.

The organ is the gift of the Deaneries of Cammarth and St. Austell, supplemented by other contributions.

THE MONUMENTS.

IN the North Transept are placed monuments formerly situated in the old Parish Church of Truro.

Conspicuous among them on the North wall is that of John Robarts and his wife. It is a fine specimen of Renaissance monumental art of the Jacobean period ; the general design is a semi-circular pediment, supported on an entablature vidth columns, decorated with emblematic figures, such as Time, Death and the like, surmounted by the family coat of arms ; the whole is of fine alabaster and marbles of different colours. There are semi-recumbent effigies in the costume of the day of John Robarts and his wife, with the following inscription :

" Heare lyeth inclosed ye Body of John Robarts, Esq., the sonne of Richard Robarts, late of Truro, Esq., deceased. He married Phillipe one of ye daughters of John Gavrigan, of Gavrigan, in ye countie of Cornwall, Esquire, by whom he had issue Sir Richard Robarts, Knight, his son and Heire, late High Sheriffe of the County of Cornwall, and NoE More. IJe was in all liis life tiine a true lover of virtue in word and deed, plain^

20 TRURO CATHEDRAL.

uprighte, faithfuU, and constant, and most just in perfonninge ye same and evermore, in all his actions reputed grave, honest, and very discret. He deceased ye twenty-first day of March, in ye year of our Redemption 1614, and of his age 70, or thereabouts."

This monumeat has been carefully restored at the cost of the present Lord Robartes.

On the west wall will be seen a monument of slate, with alabaster mouldings, erected to the memory of Richard Pendarves (ancestor of the present Pendafves, of Pendarves), date, 27th of December, 1667.

In the adjoining space of the west wall is a group of marble tablets, with medallions and bust, to various members of the Vivian family. Prominent, with its bust and weeping cherubs, is the monument of Lieutenant-General Lord Vivian, who commanded a Cavalry Brigade at Waterloo with great gallantry and success. On either side are grouped memorials of John and Thomas Vivian ; Eliza, \vife of Sir Richard Henry Vivian, and daughter of Phihp Champion Crespigny ; John Henry Vivian, M.P. for Swansea ; Betsy, wife of John Vivian. These monuments form hnks between the new Cathedral and the history of the past, some of whose worthies are thus commemorated within its walls.

THE PULPIT.

^SfpT the north comer of the entrance to the choir stands the Pulpit, a J53L noble offering to the Cathedral, by a donor who has enriched the building by his generosity in other ways. Canon Wise, of Ladock.

It is designed in the Decorated Style, and is constructed generally of polished Hopton Wood stone from the quarries near Wirksworth, Notts. Its moulded plinth is of Frosterley marble, in continuation of the Chancel step of the same material.

The ground plan of the lower portion is that of an irregular heptagon, with bases, shafts, and caps supporting moulded groins, which work within the heptagon and against an acute-angled pier supporting the central portion of the pulpit. This pier is emphasised with a column at each angle, extending the whole height of the pulpit, the central one supporting the book-board.

At the floor of the pulpit the plan becomes circular.

Above the floor are six richly-carved niches, separated by diapered buttresses with pinnacles. In these niches are placed the seated figures of Noah, Moses, Elijah, St. John Baptist, our Lord, and St. Paul, Great Preachers of righteousness to the sons of men.

In the spaces above the niches are small shields inscribed with emblems and monograms referring to the figures below. They are the dove with the olive branch and the rainbow, the ark of bulrushes and the burning bush, the Altar with sacrifice and fire descending, and the chariot of fire, the sword in

Eale with a label and the words "vox clamantis" and the Agnus bearing the anner, IHS and XPC, the initial letter P. with the swords in saltire, and the battle-axe in pale.

The finials of the niches and of the pinnacles run up into the cornice, which is enriched between^them with carved paterae.

CHOIK — LOOKING EAST.

TRURO CATHEDRAL. 21

THE LECTERN.

fij^HE Lectern, with the steps leading thereto, is of brass or ♦* latten '* metal. ^g) It consists of a central column or shaft, supporting an Eagle, the out- stretched wings of which carry the Holy Bible (richly bound and ornamented.) The Eagle is represented as trampling on a -'basihsk," or dragon, and symbolises the Word of God and the power of the Gospel over- coming the "wicked one." Four buttresses serve to support the central shaft ; on these buttresses are statuettes of the four Evangelists, each bearing his Gospel. There are two richly floriated branches springing from the central •* annulus," or ring of the shaft, which support candles to light the book. The base of the Lectern rests on four crouching lions, as is usually seen in ancient examples.

The whole lectern and steps were executed by Messrs. Cox, Sons, Buckley, and Co., and are the gift of Miss Harriet Lanyon.

THE CHOm..

JpfHE visitor will now enter the choir, passing up the splendid steps which, \g) like the rest in the choir and the entrance to the choir aisles, are of Frosterly marble and serpentine alternately. The mosaic panel between the two highest of these first steps is formed of varied Devonshire marbles, with the exception of the small green squares, which are of Vert Antique. The pavement in the centre of the choir is formed of various designs in dark red (Gretenstein), dark green (Vert des Alpes), with large red squares (Rouge Royal), the cream coloured bordering being of Jura marble.

Between the next steps are two long panels on the North side, with light red slabs (Rouge de Veronne), dark red (Rouge Royal), dark green (Vert des Alpes) ; on the South side, light green slabs (Cippolino), and dark red (Rouge Royal). The next level is laid with red marble (Gretenstein), green (Cippolino), and cream coloured (HauteviUe). The lovely veined steps of the Sanctuary are of Pavonazza marble, and the mosaic of dark red (Rosso Antico), Hght red (Rouge Jasper), dark green (Vert Antique), and hght green (Irish). In the panel, between steps i and 2, is a bright blue circle in the centre, of Lapis Lazuli.

These marbles are gifts from various individuals (see appendix), and are the work of the same artists as executed the marble work of the font and baptistery.

Speaking generally of the architecture of the choir, it is of lofty and grace- ful construction, with aisles and vaulted roof, a handsome double arcaded triforium and clerestory of light but noble proportions. The groining is formed of delicate richly carved ribs resting on clustered shafts.

There is a fine retro-choir communicating with the aisles, forming a spacious ambulatory round the whole choir.

There are two Eastern or choir transepts, treated with varied grouping of features.

In the South the windows are arranged in four tall lancets, with a wheel window above ; on the North there are two divisions of lights, each subdivided again, giving eight lancets with quartre foils above.

The Northern bays of the Choir are the gift of Lord Robartes, in memory of the late Lord Robartes and his wife, who was a member of the Pole Carew

ii TRtJRO CAtltEDRAt.

family. The coats of arms of the two families are carved in stone, that of the Robartes is emblazoned : — Azure, three estoils and a chief wavy or. That of the Pole Carew : — Quarterly ist and 4th Carew; or, three lions passant in pale sable. 2nd and 3rd Pole :— Azure, Sem6e of fleurs-de-lis or, a lion rampant argent. The mottoes of the two families are "Quae Supra" and " Pollet virtus." The legend in Enghsh, which extends along the string-course, combines and expands the meaning of the mottoes in these words, "The path of the just is as the shining light, that shineth more and more unto the perfect day."

On the opposite side the bays are a gift of the Fortescue family, as a memorial of the late Hon. George Fortescue, and bear the coat of the Fortescue family, and the motto " Forte Scutum Salus Ducum." A warlike sentiment expanded into the nobler and higher meaning of the words of the Psalmist, ** The Lord is my strength and my shield." *

Between the columns on either side are elegant screens of delicate hammered iron, that for design and execution are worthy of comparison with some of the finest work of ancient handicraftsmen. In front are the Canons' stalls and seats for the choir, with the Bishop's tlirone on the south side.

In accordance with ancient precedent, the stalls are arranged so as to place the chief dignitaries east and west of the members of the assembled Chapter. On the right, as the choir is entered, is the Bishop's seat as a member of the Cathedral Body. Next to him sits the Dean, then the Archdeacon of Cornwall, and beyond him the Sub-Dean. The Precentor's stall is on the left of the choir entrance, on his left the Missioner's, next the Missioner's that of the Archdeacon of Bodmin, and beyond him one for the Chancellor of the Diocese. The easternmost stall of the right range belongs to the Chancellor of the Cathedral Church, next the Throne, which has two seats for chaplains or dignities, one on either side of the Bishop. Westward from the Chancellor's stall. Canons in order.

Opposite the Chancellor the Treasurer of the Church has his stall at the east extremity of the left range, and westward therefrom Canons as on the right range.

Priest -Vicars and other officials occupy the lower ranges, or "Forma Secunda," where also provision is made for Prebendaries of Endellion Collegiate Church and students of the Scholae Cancellarii.

The stalls and other seats are worked in finely grained Burmese teak, and are of simple but dignified design. The arcaded panel work in front is of the Decorated period of art, an era when the best of existing woodwork in our Cathedrals was executed. In Cornwall, as a rule, the fine woodwork so frequently met with is of a later date, and somewhat more florid in style. The stalls were executed by Messrs. Shillitoe and Sons, the Builders and Contractors for the Cathedral.

* The Latin motto is an instonce of what b called "canting heraldry," when a pun or rebus is indicated either by the motto or the armorial bearing. Instances of the latter niay be seen on the tombs of Abbot Wheathampstede, with the Wheat sheaf, and Abbot Ramrigge with the Ram in S. Alban's Abbey (now a Cathedral); specimens of the former may be found in the motto of the Scudamore family, "Scutum amons divini," or of the Vere, "vero nil verius," or of the Vernon, " Ver non semper virct," or of the Fairfax, " Fare, fac."

bishop's thuone.

TRURO CATHEDRAL. 23

THE BISHOP'S THRONE.

555?HIS is made in Burmese teak, and is a superb structure, with central seat %^ for tlie Bishop, and Chaplains' seats on either side. The book front of the Bishop's seat has sculptured figures of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Benson, giving the Benediction ; the Bishop of London, Dr. Temple ; and the Bishop of Truro, Dr. Wilkinson. These figures, which are sculptured out of the solid, are in canopied and crocketed niches under the Bishop's book- board. The fronts to the Chaplains' seats are traceried, canopied, and crocketed.

The divisional ends between the book-front of the Bishop and the Chaplains' terminate with poppy heads, with very richly-sculptured figures representing the four great Doctors of the Western Church — St. Gregory the Great, St. Jerome, St. Augustine, and St. Ambrose. Below the poppy heads on the same ends are sculptured a winged beast and a Pehcan, symbols of might and love.

The two ends of the fronts to the Chaplains' book-fronts are traceried, and terminate with sculptured poppy heads of animals entwined in each other in combat.

The seats are Misereres, and divided as stalls, with beautifully-sculptured canopies over. That to the Bishop's seat is supported on clustered columns. The back of the seat is traceried and sculptured, the central panel having the Archbishop's mitre and a shield under, with the arms of the Archbishopric of Canterbury quartered with those of the present Archbishop, Dr. Benson. The panel on the eastern side contains the mitre and arms of the Bishopric of London, quartered with those of Dr. Temple, the present Bishop of London and late Bishop of Exeter, out of which See the See of Truro was formed ; and the panel on the western side contains the mitre and arms of the Bishopric of Truro quartered with those of Dr. Wilkinson, the present Bishop of Truro. The ends to the Chaplains' seats which run up and support the richly-groined canopies have on their fronts sculptured representations of the Archangels St. Raphael and St. Michael — St. Raphael in armour, on the eastern side, with a flaming word in his hand, and St. Michael on the western side in armour, striking a dragon at his feet with a sword.

The seats are surmounted by elaborate groined canopies, of varied design, and terminating over the Bishop's seat with a crocketed spire, round which cluster a forest of pinnacles with flying buttresses.

The whole work is sculptured out of the solid wood, and was executed in its entirety by Messrs. Luscombe and Son, of Exeter. It is a splendid memorial of the long and able Episcopate of Bishop Phillpotts, well known as "Henry of Exeter" in the Church hisiory of tne first bait of the nineteenth century.

The Litany desk or faldstool is of teak. There are finely carved poppy heads. Math emblems of the four EvangeKsts and other figures, in panels on the ends. The front is arcaded with mouldings, and is further ornamented with crockets and finials, supported by columns. The front of the bookboard is enriched with carving. This is the gift of Mrs. Archer, and was executed by the same maker as the font cover.

TRURO CAtHE±>RAt.

THE REREDOS.

£f TANDING below the Sanctuary steps, which are of lovely ItaUan marble, jy delicately veined, we look up at the magnificent Reredos, of richly carved •^ Bath stone. The general idea of the sculpture is " the one great sacrifice of our Blessed Lord," made with bloodshedding on the cross, represented in the " Crucifixion," immediately above the altar, and as pleaded continually in heaven, represented in the "Majesty" which fills the upper part of the central portion of the reredos ; while on either side are typical subjects of the older Covenant, representing the great foreshadowing of Sacrifice for sin, of the gift of Life, of Communion with God, and of self-oblation.

Examining the Reredos in detail, it will be observed that the whole is designed in three great sections, a central and two side ones ; each subdivided into separate portions, by tiers of recessed and richly canopied niches, the composition forming, with its splendid groups of sculptured figures, not only a work of beautiful symbolic art, but a most effective mstrument of devotional and sacramental teaching.

In the central section our attention is first of all directed to the offering of the great High Priest of the ** one oblation of Himself once offered on the Cross." The Sculptor has succeeded in combining that which it is so difficult to do, the true pathos of human suffering with the dignity of the Divine Personahty of the holy Victim.

All the details of the great and awful event are treated historically and yet devotionally. On either side of the Crucified Son of God are the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. John ; at the foot of the cross Mary Magdalene embraces the sacred Feet ; the other Mary offers consolation to the sorrowful Mother. The purpose of the Saviour's passion includes Jew and Gentile, and so are seen in the group Hebrew Rabbis, the Roman Centurion wdth his soldiers, and a man of the people holding a lantern ; that the event is one that concerns not earth only but the unseen world, is shown by the presence of ministering Angels, whose nine-fold choirs are also indicated in the nine small niches immediately above the altar, and in the adoring representatives of the heavenly hosts in the eight pairs of niches on each side of the central section. Below these angehc figures on either side close to the altar are the figures of the four EvangeUsts, in the pages of whose writings are recorded with such emphatic fullness all the details of the Saviour's Cross and Passion.

Then above, in the upper division of the Central Section, we see the figure of the same Jesus, "Who, for the joy that was set before Him, endured the cross, despised the shame, and is now set on the right hand of the Majesty on high." There is the great High "Priest upon His Throne," crowned and robed, holding the Book of Life, "ever living to make intercession," "appearing before God for us," surrounded by angels, and amidst the glory of the "Redeemed from among men," lifting His Hands in blessing upon His Church as at the Ascension.

Then on either side are the great historical preludes of this mighty mystery.

I. — Righteous Abel and his sacrifice of faith looking forward to the sprinkling of that Blood "which speaketh better things" than that of the first witness slain for God's truth.

2. — Noah, who walked with God and offered his oblation of thanksgiving for redemption from the punisliment that overtook the ungodly.

•rktrko CATHEbkAt. i5

3. — The Tree of Life — the Sacrament of Life in Paradise — emblem of the Living Sacrament of Life in the Church on earth, and of the bliss of Eternal Communion in Heaven.

4. — The Sacrifice of Isaac — faint type of the gift of an Eternal Father, "Who spared not His own Son."

5. — The Brazen Serpent — type of the uplifting of the Son of Man on the Cross to redeem mankind from the curse of sin.

6. — Feasting on the Paschal Lamb — the figure of Him that was to be *' the very Paschal Lamb, that taketh away the sin of the world," and Whose Flesh is " meat indeed " for His people.

7. — The Shew Bread — the emblem and the memorial of the self-oblation and

the consecration of the 12 tribes, and of mystic communion with God in

His Sanctuary, to be realised in a far deeper sense and meaning in the

Eucharistic feast, where Christians feed on the Bread of Life, and

" offer themselves, their souls and bodies as a living sacrifice" to God,

their reconciled Father. 8. — The gathering of the first fruits — fulfilled in the Resurrection of the Son

of God, " the first fruits of them that slept," in the Sanctification of the

Church as " akind of first fruits of His creatures," and in the consecration to

God in this present world now, and hereafter at the great harvest, of

all the best gifts of spirit, soul and body that man possesses, redeemed

and made " fit for the Master's use."

In the outer ders of niches are seen the figures of the prophets who spoke beforehand of all this ; Isaiah, the EvangeHcal prophet; and David, the Psalmist of the Passion ; Amos, the shepherd prophet of the Church's glory ; Zachariah, the prophet of the Priesthood ; Jeremiah, the prophet of mercy and judgment ; and Joel, the prophet of penitence ; Malachi, who foretold the oblation of the pure offering of the Eucharist.

And then the Apostles and martyred Saints of the Christian Church.

The twelve great "Foundations" of the Church grouped in the lower sub-divisions of the two side sections, and in the tiers of niches representatives of later saints of varied rank and station and time.

St. Edmund, the English Christian King, shot to death by heathen Danes.

St. Polycarp, the Holy Bishop and Martyr of Smyrna.

St. CeciUa, the sweet singer and Virgin Martyr.

St. Alban, Proto-martyr of Britain.

St. George, the saintly soldier-martyr of Cappadocia, Patron of England.

St. Catherine, the cultured Virgin Martyr, patroness of philosophy and learning.

St. Lawrence, the holy Archdeacon of Rome and Martyr.

St. Vincent, the martyred Deacon of Spain, who, with St. Lawrence, bore witness with his blood in the great persecution under Diocletian.

This magnificent reredos is the gift of the Deanery of Powder, and is the work of Mr. N. Hitch, of Kennington.

The Sanctuary is enclosed on the North and South sides by richly carved stone screens. The Northern one contains a seat for the Bishop and assistant Clergy. It is the gift of the Deanery of West.

The Southern screen contains the Piscina, credence table, and Sedilia for Celebrant, Epistoler, and Gospeller, with decorated canopies, and are the gift of the Deanery of Stratton and other donors.

26

TRURO CATHEDRAL.

In the side screens are five buttresses on each side, and a series of sculptured figures, representing the following Saints in order, commencing from the South side : —

1. S. Stephen. 4. S. David. 7. S. Benedict.

2. S. Martin. 5. S. Chad. 8. S. Dunstan.

3. S. Blaise. b. S. Hilary. 9. S. Bede.

10. S. Alphege. 13. S. Giles.

11. S.Agatha. 14. S.Nicolas. [5. S. Valentine.

12. S. Swithin. On the North side : —

16. S. Remigius.

17. S. Lambert.

18. S. Agnes.

25. S. Edward.

26. S. Jerome.

27. S. Augustine.

19. 20. 21.

S. Crispin. S. Boniface.

22.

23-

24.

S. Etheldreda. S. Gregory. S. Ambrose.

S. Margaret.

28. S. John Baptist

29. S. Anne.

30. S. Mary Magdalene.

With Archbishops Becket and Laud in the Bishop's seat.

These saints, taken with those on the reredos, form the noble Company of the Saints commemorated in the Kalendar of the English Church, both on the " Black letter days " (as they are called) and the "red letter days," or days of "obligation," appointed in the Prayer Book in the "table of all the feasts that are to be observed in the Church of England throughout the year;" or at least included in the comprehensive festival of All Saints, within the octave of which Feast the consecration of the Cathedral took place November 3rd, 1887.

In the sculpture of the panels are represented : —

1. The Resurrection. Entering the Sepulchre.

2. Christ reveaUng Himself to Mary.

3. On the road to Emmaus.

4. The Supper.

5. Appearance to the Apostles.

6. The appearance to S. Thomas.

7. Moses striking the rock.

8. Gathering the manna, r 9. The draught of fishes. \io.

These all give a representation of the Lord's Risen Life, and such types and events as illustrate the power and strength of that Risen Life manifested in His Church. The sculpture is the work of Mr. N. Hitch, of Kennington.

THE ALTAR AND ITS FURNITURE. 55JHE Altar is a beautiful work of art ; it is of rich mahogany, carved and ^® decorated in gold and colours, with figures of angels and other emblems. The altar is the gift of the late Miss Nankivell. There will be a complete set of beautiful altar frontals, of four colours, white, red, purple, and blue.* These colours are those found in the descrip- tion of the tabernacle in the book Exodus, and are believed on good authority to have been used, not only in the early English Church, but also very

•For information on these colours see "Liturgical colours," by Clapton Rolfe, an ingenious and learned dissertation.

TRURO CATHEDRAL. 27

generally in this country during the middle ages, up to and including the 2nd year of King Edward the Sixth, the date referred to by the famous ** ornaments" rubric" in the Book of Common Prayer as the standard of reference for the Church of England in these matters. Inventories of vestments existing at that date in churches throughout England for the altar as well as for officiating clergy include all these colours.

The colours in the Sarum rite were briefly as follows : — White. — Eastertide, and probably Christmastide. Feasts of the Blessed Virgin,

St. Michael, St. John, Virgins' Days, Dedication festival. Red.— All Sundays (not in Eastertide) and Martyrs' Days. Ash Wednesday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday. Yellow. — Confessors. Blue was used very frequently, probably as a ferial colour, as were also purple,

broMOi, grey, green, &,c.

At Exeter a somewhat different use was introduced by Bishop Grandison, and agreed more nearly with the sequence of colours used in the present Roman Cathohc Church, and adopted in some churches of the AngUcan Communion at the present day.

THE ALTAR FRONTALS.

I. — The White Frontal is of the richest cream white damask and golden velvet, covered with highly-raised embroidery, with "bosses" of amber set in portions of the work. The flowers on this frontal are those which are S}mbolical of the Incarnation of the Son of God, born of the Blessed Virgin Mary, such as the rose, lily, pomegranate, and marigold. There are four exquisitely-embroidered figures of Cherubim, crowned vvdth asphodel, on the golden satin orphreys. A great portion of the beautiful needlework has been wrought by the hands of the donors. Lady Shaftesbury and Mrs. Lewis.

II. The Red Frontal (for Pentecost.) — The red Whitsuntide frontal is of a rich red satin brocade. The centrepiece of the design being an Agnus Dei, richly embroidered, and standing in a golden green mound, flov^dng from which are the four typical rivers. The whole back-ground is powdered with gold stars, and a canopy of blue and gold overarches the entire centre. On either side of the Agnus Dei are two panels, each containing a beautifully embroidered Angel, worshipping and swinging a censer. The two Angels nearest the centrepiece have their heads bowed in worship ; those at the ends with their heads upUfted in praise. The ground of these panels is also powdered with gold stars, and each has a canopy of blue and gold. There are four orphreys of dark blue damask, richly worked with gold fylfot crosses and embroidery.

The Super-frontal is of red silk velvet, with a massive design of roses, embroidered in colours, and stems of raised gold. The whole was worked by the Sisters of S. Mary the Virgin, Wantage, and is the gift of the Deanery of Bodmin.

III. The Red Frontal (for Martyrs.)— This frontal is designed after Van

28 TRUllO CATHEDRAL.

Eyck's Adoration of the Lamb (in Ghent Cathedral). The centre figure, representing the " Lamb as it had been slain," on the altar on the fair hill of Sion, and the two figures on either side, St. Mary and St. John Baptist, are copied from his picture ; while the two outside figures represent two Cornish Evangelists — St. Piran, wearing the robes and ornaments of his age, is copied from a figure of a Celtic Bishop on the West Front of Rheims Cathedral. The breastplate worn at that time by Cornish Bishops is composed of the twelve stones mentioned in the Revelation of St. John, in their order The mitre is of the distinctive Cornish type, as is also the staff of silver. St. Buriena wears the undyed wool of the Welsh sheep, covered with her royal mantle of Irish yellow. The " Powdering " are sketches fiom the picture; the whole being meant to represent the worship of the Blessed. The somewhat stiff treatment is due to Van Eyck's style, and the use of pure colours, mixed tints being in his day unknown, was adopted in order to give dignity and boldness to a work which will be seen from far. This frontal was worked by Sister Clara, of St. James' Home, Kilkhampton, and Mrs. Carnsew.

IV. — The Blue Frontal is of rich damask silk, embroidered with medallions. There are four orphreys of liUes treated conventionally. The Super-frontal is of blue velvet, with embroidered Fleurs de Lys. The whole was designed by Mr. Pearson, and worked and presented by Mrs. Lewis Foster, the Misses Tatham, and Miss Penrose.

THE FRONTAL BOX.

y2?HE press for altar frontals, which stands in the retro-choir, is con- \3/ structed of Burmese Teak, with an internal Iming of cedar.

The front is elaborately sculptured with traceried and foliated arcading and crocketed gablets. The lid is hung with four massive wrought iron hinges, Dolted to the woodwork, and fastened with wrought iron padlocks.

It was made and sculptured by the same firm that executed the Bishop's throne, and is the gift of the parish of Lawhitton.

THE ALTAR CROSS.

ft^HIS beautiful ornament is of pure silver gilt, set with various precious ^g) stones. It stands two feet in height, and is all wrought and chased by " hammer and hand." It is a very beautiful example of the gold- smith's art. The design includes at the four terminations of the cross Angels, with censers chased in bas-rehef, while a choir of adoring angehc ministrants are seen in high relief in a series of arcaded niches in the boss under the shaft of the cross. The base at the foot is octagonal, and is also nicely chased and ♦♦ bossed." In the centre of the cross is shown the figure of the "Agnus Dei," most exquisitely wrought in "repousse" work. The whole cross was designed by the architect, and executed by Messrs. Cox, Sons, Buckley, and Co. It is the gift of Lady Magheramore.

The Altar Candlesticks and Vases are of handsome design, and harmonise well with the cross. They are the work of Hart, Peard, and Co., London, and the gifts ef the Misses Roberts and Miss Pennant,

TRURO CATHEDRAL. ^9

THE SANCTUARY STANDARD LIGHTS.

rE two Sanctuary Standards are of polished brass, and have each 57 lights, a centre circular stem rises to a height of about 1 1 feet from a solid base, 2 feet in diameter, which rests upon four legs of simple design, and these are attached by interlacing scroll-work to the centre stem, which is banded at intervals. At the height of 7 feet 6 inches four ornamental brackets spring from it, and support the lower circle, of 24 lights. Above this is a second and smaller circle, of 16 lights, supported from the lower one by upright, fringed with delicate scroll work. Each of these circles is attached by open scroll-work to the centre stem, which terminates in a tapering cluster of 17 lights. These standards have been made by Messrs. White and Sons, of 207, Oxford-street, London,

THE ALTAR RAILS.

SHE Altar Rails are also of polished brass, each 8 feet 2 inches long, and 2 feet 3 inches high, divided into three panels by four square pillars, and filled in with ornamental scroll-work, surmounted with a brass rail at top. The rails are by same artists as the standards.

THE SOUTH AISLE.

ftJjjHE visitor, now leaving the choir by the iron gate that leads into the ^® south aisle of the choir, can proceed to visit the parochial portion of the building, first noticing the beautiful proportions of the groined roof and arches of the choir aisle. In addition to this aisle, there is a passage or ambulatory between the southern aisle of the choir and the Parish Church, which deserves some attentive inspection ; the architect had a somewhat difficult problem to overcome in the junction of two buildings dissimilar in architectural character as well as in height and strength. The needful strength for buttresses to resist the thrust and weight has been successfully secured, while the rich geometric panelled work in the space above the arches prepares the eye for the later perpendicular style of the building we are now entering. The south aisle of the old Parish Church now forms a complete Chvu-ch in itself, and is set apart for parochial use, and has secured to it all the legal rights and privileges of a Parish Church, by the Act of Parliament referred to on page 9. It contains the old parish altar described on page 9, to the south of which is a modern piscina, with credence table of stone ; behind the altar is a handsome dossal.

The sanctuary is paved with tiles that were taken from the old Church, the rest of the aisle with plain tiles and wood block pavement. The seats for the clergy are made from old woodwork. The organ on the south side is the one referred to on page 9, re-airanged and repaired; the curved and waggon-shaped roof is formed of a portion of that found beneath the plaster ceiling described on page 9. The east window is filled with stained glass of a decorative character, containing emblems of the four evangelists, and escutcheons bearing the instruments of the Passion and various scriptural texts referring to the same subject.

There are memorial windows to members of families closely connected

30 TRURO CATHEDRAL.

with Tiuro — Harvey, Willyaras, Daubuz. The subjects of the glass that fills these windows include events in the life and work of our Blessed Lord, His parables and miracles, as follows :

Lazarus raised to life. The Good Samaritan. Christ blessing Httle children.

The Deposition. The Entombment. The Resurrection. The Ascension. The Supper at Bethany. Works of mercy.

Jairus's daughter.

The Publican and Pharisee.

Christ's Entry into Jerusalem.

The date of this glass is the early half of the nineteeenth century :—

In the three windows nearest the west-end are preserved some interesting fragments of stained glass of the 1 6th century, referred to on page 9.

In the tower, which is approached by a circular staircase from the west end of the aisle, are the clock and bells alluded to on p. 10.

THE CRYPT.

nS ETURNING eastwards through the ambulatory, the visitor would do well J|*jk to pass down the staircase immediately in front of him, when he will find ^^ himself in the Crypt. This is a very fine feature of the building, though its general effect and grand proportions are at present somewhat marred and obscured, through its being divided by partition walls into various chambers. This, however, was necessary, that provision might be made for vestry and other similar accommodation. These chambers include on the eastern side a temporary chapter-room and a small vestry for the Bishop ; on the western side a vestry for the clergy and a large room for choir vestry and practising school. The vaulted roof of the Crypt is supported on solid pillars, of a substantial character, and when seen, as it was before it was divided, and, as it was designed to be, entirely open from end to end, it presented a beautiful appearance. It is hoped that some day, when a chapter-house and vestries are erected, that the partitions will be removed, and the fair proportions of the Crypt made visible once more. The Crypt is heated with hot water, and the Cathedral also by hot air (Grundy's patent apparatus), the furnace chamber being situate under the Northern Transept. Passing along the central passage of the Crypt, the visitor should ascend the Northern Staircase, and will find himself in the north aisle of the choir ; he should pass behind the leredos and examine the beautiful detached shafts and arches of

THE RETRO-CHOIR.

ft^HE flooring of the Retro-choir, as well of the choir aisles and transepts, ft) is made of a species of concrete, composed of minute fragments of ^■^ different marbles, mixed with coloured cements and laid in simple patterns. The whole forms a thoroughly solid mass, presenting a perfectly smooth surface, of beautiful grain and tint.

The arcading round the eastern end of the choir and choir aisles is designed with considerable variety of detail, and is decorated with elegant carving.

Here it will be well to c^U attention to th^ stained glass of tl^e e^(

TRURO CATHEDRAL. 3 1

windows of the choir. They form the centre and climax of a very full and elaborate scheme, that is intended to be carried out hereafter throughout the whole Cathedral. (See appendix for fuller details.) The east windows repre- sent our Lord in His humiliation and in His glory. In the three lower lights are given the details of His life and death of humility ; in the upper His glory and majesty with His saints and angels. These windows are the gift of the Deanery of East. The rich colouring of the glass is very characteristic of the period of the architecture of the Cathedral, and gives a fane tone and solemn "dim religious light" to the choir and the whole building. Taken in combination with the pure tones of the delicately sculptured stone work, the quiet tints of the different materials used in the construction of the building, the rich but subdued patterns of the flooring, the dark wood carving, and the polished metal of the ornaments, there is a splendid and harmonious effect of variously contributing details not to be surpassed in any modern building.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

IN conclusion, it may be said, without exaggeration, that Truro Cathedral is a public witness to the living faith of the An ghcan Branch of the Catholic Church. In this prosaic and utilitarian age, men and women have given nobly and generously to raise a splendid temple, " exceeding magnificil," as a ♦* House of God " and a " House of Prayer for all people " of the Diocese. It has called forth all the noblest energies of architect, builder, sculptor, painter, artificer in stone and wood and metal and glass, the delicate skill of the embroiderer and of the worker in fine linen. Materials from its native Corn- wall, together with choice marbles from distant lands, have been used to rear its walls and clothe them with beauty. It has all the " instrumenta " of Divine worship richly provided — plate, silver and gold, vessels of brass, books bound in fairly wrought covers, a magnificent organ. What shall be the issue of all this costly expenditure of thought and skill, art and mateiial, energy and money.'' Not, it is hoped, the mere election of a lovely building to which the tourist and the lover of art shall come to satisfy a passing curiosity or a shallow asthetic taste ; but a sanctuary for the highest of purposes— the woiship of the Almighty, '• the High and Lofty One that inhabiteth eternity, whose name is Holy ;" the worship of the Father " in spirit and in truth." And again, shall it not become a centre of life and love for the children of God .'' To it may go up "the tribes of the Lord" as to a spiritual "Jerusalem, builded as a ciiy that is compact together," " to give thanks unto the name of the Lord." In Cornwall, with its twelve Deaneries, there is a likeness to Israel of old, and the Cathedral may be to them a centre of unity and of life. To it the people were invited to come day after day from their 12 deaneiies in the octave of the consecration, with clergy and choirs, churchworkers, lay people, men and women, and to realise their oneness in the body of Christ, and to claim the Cathedral as their own Mother Church. Let this be often done, and the Cathedral be made a place of meeting for all the various societies of the Diocese— confrater- nities, guilds, organisations for spiritual, educational, and moral work, for puriiy, temperance, home missions, foreign missions— and it will then be doing the work that its first founders hoped and prayed for. Let this be done, ana Truro Cathedral will become what it is desired that the Mother Church of the Diocese should always be — "A city set upon a hill," "A praise m the earth."

®ppenbi;c^

THE CORNISH SAINTS TO WHOM THE STALLS IN TRURO CATHEDRAL ARE DEDICATED.

By the Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma, M.A., Vicar of Newly n, St. PeUr.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

IN the following pages will be found a short statement of the histoiy of the twenty-four Cornish Saints after whom the stalls in Truro Cathedral are

named. They are arranged alphabetically for convenience of reference, so that anyone desiring to know about a particular saint or stall can find what is said easily by referring to the name under its letter.

It may be noticed that the account of some of the saints is very brief, the fact being that only the main outlines of their history is known. At the same time all fair and candid persons must reject the theory that any of the Cornish Saints are mythical — the main particulars of their lives are as well authenticated as we can expect. The improbable legends which are related about several of them have been omitted, but may be readily found in books easy of access.

I.— St. ADWENNA.

rr T. ADWENNA was a Welsh princess, daughter of King Brychan. She 2J is held to have been the founder of the parish of Advent, and possibly also of Ludgvan (which has been supposed to have been originally Lan- Dwynwen, or Lan-Adwenna, e.c, the Church of Adwenna).* She was held to be the ** Patron Saint of Lovers," and there is a curious legend also that on Ludgvan well she bestowed the blessing, that no one baptized in that well should be hanged.

About her family there is a strange story, i.e.^ that her father, King Brychan, had 24 children, whose devotion to the Church caused them to be canonized by the early British Christians. This improbable story may probably be understood, that the Brychan Family being of great influence and wealth, produced several eminent persons, distinguished for their devotion to religion, /.<?., Bishops, hermits, abbesses, or founders of religious houses, and that some of these were sons and daughters, some grandsons and grandaughters of the good king Brychan.

II.— St. ALDHELM.

rf T. ALDHELM, unlike the majority of the Cornish Saints in the Cathedral, 2J was a Saxon and not a Briton, and an ecclesiastic of the English, •^and not of the Brito-Celtic Church. Aldhelm was son of Kenter, a scion of the royal family of the West Saxons, and thus descended from Cerdic, and probably a collateral ancestor of her Majesty Queen Victoria, and of the present Royal Family of England. He was educated by an Irish scholar, Maidulf, at Malmesbury — so, though of Saxon blood, his earlier education was Celtic. He is said to have been a man of much learning for his age and country, studying

* S«e Borlase, " The Age of the Saints," p. 89, 90.

CORNISH SAINTS. 33

Greek and even Hebrew at Canterbury, in the school of the great Theodore, the Archbishop. About 670 he was made abbot of Malmesbury. He founded Frome and Bedford inonasteries, and had a share in restoring Glastonbury, He is said to have been the first EngUshman who studied Latin metres.

The letter of Aldhelm to king Gerontius is of great interest, as showing the efforts made at that time to bring the Cornish Church into union with the English and with ihe rest of Latin Christendom. It would seem that the Cornish clergy and laity refused all friendly intercourse with the English clergy, and even destroyed the vessels from which they had eaten, as polluted. Aid- helm was very anxious to bring the Cornish church into communion with the see of Canterbury, and used very strong language on the subject. The great diocese of Wessex being divided, he was made first bishop of Sherborne, and thus, in some sense, may be regarded as a predecessor of the English bishops of Cornwall, i.e.., of St. Germans and Bodmin, as, certainly, by his energy and ability, he had a great influence in the religious history ot the western portion of the kingdom of Wessex, and paved the way for the absorption of the Church of Cornwall into that of England as his cousin (or uncle, as Fabricius affirms), king Ina did for the absorption of the kingdom of Cornwall into that of England.

A goodly number of the writings of Aldhelm are still extant in prose and poetry. They are quaint, but show learning, and are interesting, as revealing the prevalent ideas of an age in which England has but few hterary relics. He may be regarded, with St. Columb, the greatest author of the 24 saints to whom these stalls are dedicated.

in.— St. BREACA.

^T. BREA.CA was an Irish Princess, possibly sister of King and Saint X^ Germoe. She accompanied the expedition of S.S. la, Uni, Sininus, •^ Elwyn, Maman, Crewenna (Crowan), Wynnerus (Gwinear), and Germochus to St. Ives Bay about, A.D. 450. She was born in East Meath, on the borders of Leinster and Munster. She was probably a friend of St. Brigid before leaving Ireland, and the Magh Breagh, or '* field of Bieaca," between the Liffey and Boyne, is said to be named after her. She is said by Butler to have been a disciple of St. Patrick. When she arrived into Cornwall she appears to have escaped the ferocity of Tewdar and the Pagans, and to have settled on the range of hiUs over the east of Mount's Bay, where St. Breage Church now stands. Here she was a neighbour of St. Germoe (possibly her brother), hence the Cornish saying,

Germoe mather, — Germoe a king.

Breaga lavethes. — Breage a midwife.

Thus Breaca may be counted one of the first "nursing sisters" of old Cornwall.

IV.— St. BURIENA.— (the Virgin.)

J?T. BURIENA was probably (as Mr. W. C. Borlase supposes) the same as 2J Bruinsech, the slender princess of Donegal, " the daughter of a king of •^ that part of Ireland." Bruinsech was celebrated for her beauty, indeed, was one of the most famous beauties of Ireland. She was converted

34 CORNlSEt SAINTS.

to Christianity (by S. Kieran, or S. Piran, as he is called in Cornwall) and, it

appears, became a nun. She could not, however, escape her suitors, and was

abducted by one of them from her cell. She escaped, however, it appears to

Cornwall, where St. Piran ministered so successfully. She is especially

remembered at Buriaa, which was said by old writers to be dedicated to " S.

Burien the Virgin." Here was erected by Athelstan the famous collegiate

church and deanery of Burian, which remained a Royal Peculiar until our

own times. The deans of Burian had singular rights and privileges. They

appear long to have been independent of the Bishops of Exeter, and bad a

probate court of their own, ■with power to prove wills. Some of the mediaeval

deans were men of eminence. The privileges of Burian were like those of

Westminster Abbey and S. George's, Windsor. In recent times, however,

the deanery has been abolished, and the rectories of Burian, S. Levan, and

Sennen formed out of it.

The romantic legend of S. Burian has been worked out into a tale in the Cornish Magazine for 1886.

V.~St. CARANTOC, or CRANTOCK.

#*^T. CARANTOC, or Caimech, is placed in the legends as early as J% the fifth century, i.e., long before either St. Augustine of Canterbury •^ or St. Gregory were bom. He is said to have come from Cornwall, and have assisted S. Patrick in drawing up the Brehon Laws. In an Irish manu- script of Century VIII., i.e., the Feiline of .^Engus, he is said to have been a Comishman by birth, but this is doubtful. Like St. Piran he appears to have carried his altar with him. 1 his altar is said to have beenlanded at Carran or Crantock, near wnere now Crantock Church is built. Legend says that here was reared the mythic city of Lancarrow, which was notorious for its luxury, and was swept away by the sea as a punishment for its wickedness— (See Hunt's " Drolls.") A collegiate church of Crantock was established here nearly 1,000 years ago, and is recorded in Exeter Domesday Book (1087). It had its Canons, who held a manor of Langorroc. St. Caran toe is counted as one of the links between the Irish, Welsh, and Cornish Saints, for in some sense he might be claimed by each country, i.e., Ireland, Wales, and Cornwall.

VI.— St. COLUMB OR COLUMBANUS.

^OLUMBANUS (who is probably the Cornish St. Columb) was bom in wl Leinster in 543. He was educated at the Irish monastery of Bangor, w under St. Comgall, and became a monk there. When about 40 years of age he started as a Missionary, and, with twelve companions, in memory of the twelve Apostles, went to Britain, and probably to Cornwall, where he is commemorated at St. Columb Major and Minor. He went to the Vosges and founded some famous monasteries. He was among the most celebrated of the ancient Irish missionaries to the continent of Europe.

CORNISH SAINTS. 35

VII.— St. CONAN.

^R^HE first English bishop of St. German's in the days of King Athelstan. \g) It seems that Kenstec, of Dingerin (or St. Gerrans), had formerly been a bishop under the authority of the archiepiscopal See of Canterbury, but, as far as we can understand the history of the EngUsh bishopric of Cornwall, Conan was the first Bishop of the Cornish who commenced the line of Bishops under the dominion of Canterbury, which Hne closed with Leofric, the famous founder of the See of Exeter. Bishop Conan was thus founder of the bishopric of St. German's in much the same sense as Archbishop Benson was of Truro, nearly one thousand years after.

There is little known of Bishop Conan ; but several signatures of his are extant, and there can be no doubt, even to the most hypercritical historian, of his existence and his episcopate in Cornwall. His name is Celtic, and he was probably a Comishman, or at least a Briton. Conan is a well known Armorican name, and is linked in the legend of the "Beunans Meriasek " with the memory of the king of Brittany, who offered his daughter, the princess, in marriage to Meriasek before his mission into Cornwall.

VIII.— St. CONSTANTINE.

rjT. CONSTANTINE was a King of CornwaU, and is, therefore, one of Jiy the Royal Cornish SaiHts. He is said to have been a descendant of the •^ Emperor Constantine the Great and of the Empress Helena, but this, probably, is a mere after- thought, derived from the resemblance or identity of their names.

Constantine appears in his earlier days to have been of by no means a saintly character. He was son of King Padain, and, therefore, a Prince of Cernwall by his own right. He was a harsh man in his younger days, and is called by Gildas "The tyrranous whelp of the filthy honess of Damnonia." To obtain the erown he appears to have killed two royal children (probably bis nephews) who stood in the way of his kingship. He also is said to have divorced his wife, and (in another narrative) to have been much grieved at her death afterwards. Probably, it was for this reason, and with the qualms of conscience, that he was induced to give up the monarchy and to retire into St. David's Monastery in Wales, from whence he went into " a foreign land," and there founded another rehgious house (probably in the west of Scotland). Here he died in A.D. 576, after living an exemplary life of repentance.

Although the earlier life of King Constantine does not seem at all suited to his position in Cornish and Welsh hagiology, yet it should be remembered that even in Holy Writ King David is spoken of with commendation, in spite of his sins, and also that St. Augustine, of Hippo, and many other eminent saints were guilty of many sins in their early days. The temptations of his position as Prince in a barbarous age form some excuse for Constantine's faults in his earlier career. He was in his way a great man, and probably in time became a good man.

Constantine gives the name to an important parish near Falmouth. The name of ** Constantine " is famiHar in old Cornish legend, and the story of the Emperor Constantine the Great forms a part of the M.S. of the Beunans Meriasek, under the head of the Life of St. Sylvester.

There is another St. Constantine, it appears, in Cornish legend, who was a chieftain of North CornwaD, converted by S. Petrock.

3^ CORNtSit SAiKtS.

IX.— St. CORENTIN. %g? BRETON Bishop of the 5th Century, and, therefore, anterior to St. XX Augustine of Canterbury. He was consecrated by the great St. Martin, of Tours. St. Martin's legend of his dividing his cloak with the beggar is familiar to all students of mediaeval Christian art, as often depicted in fresco and stained windows, and after whom the oldest parish Church in England, now used as such, is named, i.e., St Martin, at Canterbury. St. Corentin founded the Diocese of Quimper, in Brittany, which is situated in the French Cornu-gallia or Comouaille. He was a popular Cornish Saint, and St. Cury Parish is named after him. He was possibly one of the first missionaries from Armorica who laboured in Cornwall.

X.— St. CUBY or CYBY.

£y T. CUBY was a Prince of Cornwall, son of Solomon, King of Cornwall, JIJ and grandson of King or Saint Gen ans. He was bom between the Lynher •^ and Nottar, i.e., near Callington. When a young man he went to Gaul, and was a disciple of the famous St. Hilary, of Poictiers, who afterwards consecrated him Bishop. He was thus another case of a great chieftain giving up secular power to receive the Episcopate. He appears, like so many Brito- Celtic Bishops, to have travelled much, visiting Wales and Ireland, and, legend adds, even making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. A number of legends and miracles are related in the Vita Sancti Kehii (republished by Mr. Rees), of this eminent Comishman, but they are improbable, and not very interesting. Amon^ them we have a story, like that told of St. Neot, of a she-goat fleeing for refuge to St. Cuby from the hunters. He gave her safety, and obtained from the King the ground on which the hounds had run. The King gave up his castle to Cuby, who there died in great honour, eminent alike as prelate and as Prince. It seems this occured in Anglesey, where he founded a monastery. He is patron of Cuby parish, and also of Duloe, and was much regarded in Wales, where many Churches are called after him.

XI.— St. GERMAN OR GERMANUS.

rE Great St. Germanus, or Gennain, was bom at Auxerre, in France, hence he is called by the French *' St. Germain Auxerrois." His parents are said to have been Rusticus and Germanilla, who both were Christians, and he was baptised as a child. He was educated, probably, at Lyons, and thence went to Rome, where he studied at the Bar, and practised as a barrister at the prefect's tribunal. On his return home he married a lady called Eustachia, and became one of the six "Dukes of Gaul." In his leisure time Germanus was a great huntsman, and offended the Bishop Amator of Auxerre by his hanging the heads of his game on a pear tree, which the Bishop thought looked very like the pagan votive offerings to the heathen gods. The Bi^hop cut down the pear tree. Germanus, furious, threatened Amator's life, who, struck by the resolute conduct of his adversary, thought he would make a good head of the diocese. Amator summoned his clergy and laity to the Church, and bade the latter disarm themselves. Germanus, with the other laymen, obeyed. Then the Bishop, almost by force, induced Germanus to receive holy orders. Soon afterwards the Bishop

CORNISH SAINTS. 37

was taken ill, and he pursuaded the people to elect Germanus. Amator was taken to the Church, and there, on the Episcopal throne, he expired. Germanus was elected to the office ol Bishop of Auxerre, but he became an utterly changed man. He gave up his property to the poor, and was a com- plete ascetic. Still he was very hospitable, and gave good meals to his guests, though he did not partake of them hii self.

At this time, ?.<?., A.D. 431, Pelagianism (which denied original sin) was common in Britain. A synod was assembled in Gaul, where the com- plaint of the British Bishops was heard, and Germanus, now Bishop of Auxerre (his native town), and Lupus, Bishop of Troyes, were deputed to go on a mission to Britain to correct these errors. On his road, when near Paris, Germanus called St. Genevieve to devote herself to the religious life. The passage of the Channel was very rough, and it seems that Germanus was carried to the East Cornish coast, and, tradition says, landed near St. German's Hut, and the monastery and parish of St. German's (at one time the seat of the Cornish Bishopric, and the centre of religious life in East Cornwall) were founded in his memory near his landing place. It is said, however, that the great struggle with Pelagianism took place at Verulam or St. Albans, where the Pelagians were refuted by Germanus. It is curious to note this historic link between the two new Sees of Truro and St. Albans. In 1447 he made a second expedition to Britain, in company of Severus, Bishop of Treves. There are many Welsh traditions of German's doings in their country, and in other parts of Britain. He founded several colleges (of which, possibly, our Cornish St. German's may have been one.) The latter history of St. German belongs rather to the history of France than of Cornwall, e.g.^ his courageous dealing with the Alapi, his mission to Ravenna, his death in Italy, and the great funeral he had at Auxerre.

The Cornish mediaeval Church had a special service in memory of St. German, who seems always to have been as much respected in Cornwall as in France. One of the finest Churches in Paris, St. Germain Auxerrois, is dedicated to his honour, as well as the handsome Church of St. German's, in Cornwall, erected on the site of Cornwall's ancient Cathedral; also St. German's Cathedral at Peel, in the Isle of Man.

XII.— St. GERMOC.

ftJ^jHE history of St. Germochus, or Germocor Germoe(as he is called in modem ^g) times), is one of the most interesting and suggestive in Cornish hagiology. He is said to have been an Irish King or regulus of the fifth century, converted to Christianity by the preaching, probably, of St. Patrick (to judge by the date.) About A.D. 450 he gave up his kingdom, and was consecrated Bishop. He is called by the old writers both " King " and "Bishop," e.g., by Leland (temp. Henry VIII.) he is mentioned as a King, in which local tradition agrees in the ancient Cornish saying, *' Germo Mather, Breaca lavethas." Germoe,aKing; Breaca, a midwife; and byWilliam of Wor- cester (temp. Edward IV.), as a Bishop. He was almost certainly both. He went with the expedition of St. la (of which we shall speak) to St. Ives Bay, and landed in Cornwall, but when the heathen tyrant Tewdar murdered some of the party, he appears to have been spared by him (possibly for prudential reasons, as his quondam Irish subjects might have avenged the murder of their ex-King, even though hehad become a Christian andbeen consecrated a Bishop.)

38 CORNISH SAINTS.

Germoe appears to have been allowed to live and die in peace, on the eastern shores of Mount's Bay, where the interesting Church of St. Germoe, and "St. Germoe's Chair," testify to its work, and, it may be, the tradition of his kingship.

The legend of St. Germoe may be said to have some similarity to the famous Indian legend of Gautama Buddha, which has had such an influence on the religious thought of Asia, but is by no means improbable in itself. There is nothing so wonderful in an Irish King yielding his difficult post and office, and, in the fervour of religious enthusiasm, giving up all for Christ, and becoming a missionary Bishop among the as yet partly heathen Cornish people.

XIII.-^St. IA.

ifr. IA was an Irish Princess, who, with St. Germoe, sailed to St. Ives Bay J^ about A.D. 450 on a missionary expedition. They are said to have •^ "landed in Cornwall at a place called Heal (=Hayle) ; thence they went to a village called Conotconia," or Conerton — probably near the modem Connor Downs. By Leland's account, however, she is said to have landed at Pendinas, " the peninsula or rock where now the town of St. les (=Ives) standeth." The difference is not great, for St. Ives is scarcely 3 miles from Hayle.

It is said that she by some means gained great influence with a local chieftain, " one Dinas, a lord of that country," and induced him to build a Church.

This raised the wrath of the heathen King, Tewdar, who (to judge by Cornish legend) was really a Welsh chieftain, who had come over the Bristol Channel and settled with bis heathen followers at Hayle, or rather Riviere, on the spot where the Hayle Towans now stand.

Tewdar resolved on St. la's death. According to tradition, he had already slain St. Gwithian or Gothian, who was thus the proto-martyr of Corn- wall, in whose memory, or by whom the ancient church or oratory of St. Gwithian, in the Gwithian sands (probably the oldest Christian Church in England) was reared. It appears that Tewdar and the heathens seized St. la and some of her followers, and killed them at Conerton, or Connor Downs, near Gwithian.

XIV.— St. MERIADOC.

ftJ^'HE story of St. Meriadoc was probably the most familiar of all the ^W Cornish saint legends to mediaeval Comishmen, and of the greatest interest to modem students, for it was the subject of the most famous drama in the Cornish language — the last discovered of the few relics we have of that extinct tongue, i.e., the Beunans Meriasek, or "Life of Meiiasek." This curious work was discovered in 1869 among the Hengwert MSS. in Wales, and has, since then, been translated and published by Mr. Whitley Stokes.

St. Meriadoc, or Meriasek, was a Breton noble of a branch of the Royal Family of Armorica. He is represented in the drama to have been from childhood a youth of exemplary piety. His relative, King Conan wished him

CORNISH SAINTS. 39

to marry his cousin, the Princess of Brittany, who was the heiress of great estates and manors, as well as a Royal Princess. But Meriadoc strenuously rejected the proposal, and fled the country (as the drama asserts, into Corn- wall), being ordained in Brittany. From the Meneage, where he landed, he is said to have gone to Camborne, and there established an oratory and hermitage. Here he devoted himself to Christianizing the rude population of Camborne and the neighbourhood of Cam Brea. He appears, from the drama, to have been through hfe a strict teetotaler, and thus may be regarded as the first founder and patron of Cornish temperance societies. His energetic work in Camborne raised the bitterness of the heathen tribes about Hayle, and he was threatened with death. It would seem that Meriadoc did not aspire to the martyr's crown, and so, finding the opposition strong against him, he fled from Camborne and from Cornwall, and, taking ship, embarked for his native Brittany. Here he was warmly received ; and when the Bishop of Vannes died he was elected to be his successor, and consecrated Bishop. In his episcopate in Brittany he was self-denying and earnest, and devoted himself to his duties. He ultimately died in quiet possession of his see, and in the odour of sanctity.

The Church of Camborne, in the middle ages, greatly venerated the memory of the Breton Meriadoc, and the drama of his Hfe was written (at least, the copy now extant) in 1504. The drama was probably enacted in that neighbourhood at the Plan-an-guares. There is still a vestige of the venera- tion of Camborne folk for Meriasek, or Meriadoc, in their colloquial soubriquet of " Merrygleks."

XV.— St. NECTAN.

£7t. NECTAN was a Prince of Wales in the fifth century, son of the good 7% King Brychan, or Brechan, and, therefore, brother of St. Adwenna, of •^ whom we have already spoken. He seems to have given up all for Christ, and settled in Cornwall. Here he was distinguished as a hermit of singular piety and holiness, as Hals calls him. It appears that he ultimately obtained the crown of martyrdom, for Leland speaks of him as a " martyr buried at Hartland," He is remembered both there and at St. Nighton Chapel, in St. Winnow.

XVI.— St. NEOT.

rrT. NEOT was another Royal saint, commemorated both at St. Neot, in A/ Cornwall (where his church, famed for its splendid and curious stained windows, is among the most famous ecclesiological curiosities of the county), and also at St. Neot, in Huntingdonshire. He is said to have been not a Cornishman, but a Saxon, a relative of King Alfred the Great. In his youth he entered Glastonbury Abbey as a monk, and became there one of the most learned ecclesiastics of his age. He was there ordained deacon and priest, St. Neot was alarmed by his own successes, and, fearing the temptation of vanity, retired to St. Guevirs, in Cornwall, which is now called St. Neot, a wild spot near the Bodmin Moors. In this hermitage he dwelt for seven years, in seclusion and meditation, and is said by hagiologists to have been favoured with many visions. It is also said that King Alfred sent to and even visited

40 CORNISH SAINTS.

the hermit Neot (the former statement is more probable than the latter) to consult him on affairs of State, as he had a very high opinion of his cousin's wisdom and discretion. It is said by Butler and others that Neot advised Alfred to form the University of Oxford, and formed the scheme for that university. This statement, of course, would be rejected by those who deny that King Alfred founded Oxford University.

It is said that Neot suiFered from fistula, and died in 877. Many lives of the great St. Neot have been published.

XVn»— St. PAUL, OR POL-DE-LEON.

^I^HE Cornish saint " Paul " was not the great apostle of the Gentiles — ^® though, possibly, baptised in that name after him — but a famous Breton or Cornish bishop of the sixth century. He is more familiar in modern times as the Bishop St. Pol-de-Leon, after whom the Cathedral and city of St. Pol-de-Leon, in Brittany, is named.

St. Paul-de-Leon is called a " Breton from Cornwall and cousin of St. Samson." It is probable also that he was related to St. Padarn, of the neighbouring parish of Madron. He went, in his early days, to the convent of St. Iltutus, where he studied. He laboured among the fishing folk on the west shore of Mount's Bay, and established there the Church of St. Paul, which is called after him. He afterwards went to Brittany, and was the founder of the See of Leon there, in Cornouaille, called after him St. Pol-de-Leon.

XVin.— St. PETROC, or PETROCUS—" CAPTAIN OF THE

CORNISH SAINTS."

rf T. PETROC is said by Leland to have been " by birth, a Camber ; 3J studied 20 years in Ireland, returned to his monastery in Cornwall, and •^died there." This represents what was beHeved to have been, in the reign of Henry VIIL, the main outlines^ot Petroc's history, and probably it is quite correct. He was a very popular Brito-Celtic saint. He had no less than four churches dedicated to his memory in Cornwall, i.e., Bodmin, Little Petherick (or Petroc), Trevalga, and Padstow ^Petrochstow) ; eight in Devon, one in France, and two in Wales. He is said by some authorities to have been a Cornish Prince, by others to have been (as Leland thought) a Welshman, and an uncle of St. Cadoc.

It appears he first settled at Padstow, and there established his monastery. Among the legends of St. Petroc is the following, which may be a variant of the Cornish legend of St. Cuby and of St. Neot. A stag, pressed by the hunters, fled to Petrock's cell. The servants reported the story to their master (Constantine), a harsh heathen chieftain. Constantine hurried to the spot and tried to smite Petroc, who turned his body rigid, and thereby con- verted him to Christianity.

The monastery of St. Petroc at Bodmin (whither it was removed from Padstow because of the danger of pirates) was at one time, at least, a seat of the Cornish Bishopric and the centre of religious life in the county.

Alban Butler says he died at Bodmin in 564. The value of St. Petroc's

CORNISH SAINTS. 4I

legend is shown by the contest for his relics, which in 11 78 were carried secretly to Meen in Brittany, but afterwards were restored to Bodmin. It appears that Petrock was both Bishop and Abbot, as was not unusual in the Bnti-Celtic Church.

Although so famous in tradition little is known of the details of St. Petroc's life.

XIX.— St. PIRAN OK PERRAN.

tfr. PIRAN or Perran, in mediaeval Latin called St. Piranus, was almost 2J to a certainty the same as the great Irish prelate St. Kieran or Ciaran. •^ This resemblance of the names is not manifest at first sight, but there are a great number of cases where tht Irish ** K " became " P " in Cornish, and this mutation is according to the aceepted laws ol philology. St. Piran was the patron and, probably, founder of three parishes in Cornwall, i.e., (i) Perran- zabuloe, where his memory is especially preserved ; (2) Perranarworthal ; and (3) Perranuthnoe. He is also known in the Irish form of his name at St. Keverne, and the legends about the Cornish St. Keverne probably relate to him.

St. Piran was " the firstborn of the saints of Ireland," and was descended from the princes of Ossory. His father was Lugneus, and his mother was called Liadem. He is a little later than the earlier groups of Irish Saints, e.g., SS. la, Germoe, Breage, Uni, and is said to have been consecrated bishop inA.D. 538. Thus supposing the oratory of St. Gwithian (disinterred from the Gwithian sands), was really erected by the proto-martyr of Cornwall, it woidd be the oldest Christian Church in England, for St. Martin's, Canterbury, even in its oldest part, would be more than a century later, and the famous Church of Perranzabuloe about 80 years later.

It appears that St. Piran lived as a hermit in a lonely spot called Hele, in Ireland, and that he founded the monastery of Saighir. Here he established the bishopric of Ossory. It would appear that from Ireland he went to Cornwall and died, after a successsul ministry among the Cornish, near Padstow, on the north coast, or more probably at his own little Church of Perranzabuloe, which is very well suited, by its position and date, to have been the Irish prelate's last place of devotion and prayer. Probably in all England there is no place more suited for a hermit of the retiring and ascetic character of St. Piran than Perranzabuloe, and the place well suits the historic records of the character of the man.

The discovery of the "buried church " of Perranzabuloe in modern times has given rise to a literature of its own, and the name of St. Piran, or Perran, is almost as well known in our nineteenth century as in his own time. The Church is interesting, as being one of the oldest Christian Churches (as we have seen) in England, or, indeed, in western Europe, preserved singularly well by the sand, but in danger, alas, from modem tourists.

St. Piran was in themiddle ages regarded the patron of the Cornish miners. That he ministered to the " old men " of the tin mines of Perranzabuloe is not improbable, for there are mine works quite near the ancient Perran Church.

42 CORNISH SAINTS.

XX.— St. RUMON.

ffl. RUMON" was a Scoto-Irish Bishop of the sixth century. He is said in 5J the records of Tavistock Abbey, which Leland examined, to have been •^ ♦* Geneve Scottis Hibemiensis." He came over from Ireland to Cornwall and established in a forest in the Meneage, near the Lizard promontory, a hermitage. This forest abounded at that time with wild beasts, and here St. Rumon lived and prayed. He is called in history Ronan, Renon, andRuan, as well as Rumon. The forest in which he lived was Nemoean, or Nevet. St. Ronan's well, in Sir Walter Scott's well-known romance, was probably named after him.

He was a popular Cornish saint in the middle ages. Not only St. Ruan Major and St. Ruan Minor, in the Meneage, probably originally erected and consecrated by him in the region of his solitary hermitage, but also Ruan Lanyhorne and the ancient chapelry of St. Rumon, in Redruth, were dedicated to him in Cornwall, as well as Rumonsleigh, in Devonshire. In Brittany, also, there are places called after him.

XXI.— St. SAMSON.

f^T. SAMSON was a Cornish Bishop, cousin of St. Paul. He is also /J connected in history with another cousin, St. Machutus, or St. Malo •^ (after whom St. Mawes is called), and several other of the Cornish saints appear to have had dealings with him as relatives or friends. He was a pupil of St. Iltutus, in Glamorganshire, and was ordained priest by St. Dubritius. He laboured in Wales, Ireland, Cornwall, and Brittany. In the latter country he converted many heathen, and founded the Abbey and Bishopric of Dol there. His signature to the Council of Paris in 557 is thus put, "I, Samson, a sinner, bishop, have consented and subscribed." He died about 564.

XXII.— St. TEILO.

r?T. TEILO was one of the " three blessed visitors of Britain," the other 5j two being St. David, the famous patron of Wales, and St. Padarn, •^ whose visit to Cornwall and ministry there Comishmen commemorate in St. Madron Church.

He was Bishop of LandafFin the sixth century, and is said to have travelled with SS. David and Padarn to Brittany, and thence to have made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem (the latter statement we must take cum grano salt's). He is said, with his nephew, Oudoceus, and a party of missionaries, to have visited Cornwall, and landed at the port of Dingerreim (probably tke modern St. Gerrans, near Falmouth). Thence he went to visit King Gerrenius of Cornwall, who was then dying.

XXIII.— St. UNI.

fTT. UNI, or UNY, was an Irish noble, brother of St. la, of whom we Z/ have already spoken. He was an Irishman of good family, probably a •^ chieftain, or regulus, in the fifth century. He came about A.D, 450 to St. Ives Bay with his sister, St. 1^, as we n^ve seen before, and with SS.

CORNISH SAINTS. 43

Breaca (Breage), Seninus (Sennen), Elwyn (or Elwyn, of Hayle), Maman, Germock, or Germo, Crewenna (Crowan), Helena, Ethan, Wynnerus, or Gwinnear. Very little is known of Uni, except that he was martyred by the tyrant Teudar, the heathen chief of Hayle. He was a popular saint in the middle ages, as not only St. Uuy Lelant (where he was buried) was dedicated to him, but also Redruth Church, and there is a chapel to him in Sancreed,viz; Chapel Uny.

It has been suggested, though the subject is obscure, that the pillar, or menhir, recently discovered built in Gulval Church (probably as base to a cross) may be to his memory.

XXIV.— St. WINWALOE.

jfx. WINWALOE, or Winwaloei, was a British Prince, who fled before 2^ the victorious Saxons into Armoria, or Brittany. Here he appears to •^ have been a disciple of the famous St. Martin, of Tours. He founded there the celebrated monastery of Landeveck, over which he presided as Abbot. In Cornwall he is remembered as patron of Landewednack, and also of Gunwallo (which in a corrupted form bears his name). He was com- memorated on March 3rd, or the Sunday nearest to it, and was buried in his monastery ol Landevench, where his shrine still exists.

There was a cousin of St. Winwaloei, whose name is very like his, and who may be confounded with him, i.e., St. Winwaloe.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE STALLS OF TRURO CATHEDRAL.

1. St. Adwenna Welsh Princess,

2. St. Aldhelm English Bishop. '

3. St* Breaca Irish Princess.

4. St. Bunena Irish Princess.

5. St. Carantoc Cornish Bishop.

6. St. Columb Irish Bishop and Missionary.

7. St. Conan Cornish and English ... Bishop.

8. St. Constantine Cornish King.

9. St. Corentin Breton Bishop.

10. St. Cuby or Cyby .... Cornish Prince and Bishop.

11. St. German Gallic Bishop.

12. St. Germoe Irish King.

13. St. la Irish Virgin Martyr.

14. St . Meriadoc Breton Bishop.

15. St Nectan Welsh « Martyr.

16. St. Neot English Prince and Hermit.

17. St. Paul Breton Bishop.

18. St. Petroc Cornish or Welsh Bishop.

19. St. Piran Irish Bishop.

20. St. Rumon Irish Bishop.

21. St. Samson Cornish or Breton .... Bishop.

22. St. Teilo Welsh Bishop.

23. St. Uni Irish Martyr.

24. St, Winwaloe Breton Prince ^nd Abbot.

44 THE STAINED WINDOWS.

Cfje Staineti aEmtrotos.

ftJj'HE scheme of subjects for the above, which has been carefully prepared, {^ and which it is hoped will some day be carried out in its completeness, is designed to illustrate the dealings of God with man from the beginning of creation until the consummation of all things, through His Eternal Word and Holy Spirit, manifested in the lives and characters of all His servants, both of the Old and New Covenant.

The series begins with the

WEST WINDOW.

Where, in the Rose, vnM be depicted the symbol of the Creator Spirit, and in the four 1 ghts, the Creation and the Fall

(i.) The Creation of Light, Herbs and Trees, Sun and Moon.

(2.) Whales, Fowl, Beasts.

(3.) Creation of Adam, the Naming of the Creatures, the formation of Eve.

(4.) The temptation of Eve, the Judgment on Fallen Man, the Expul- sion from Eden.

At the sides, St. Michael and St. Gabriel, the Archangel leadeis of the Heavenly Hosts, ministering to the race of men.

The series is continued in the Clerestory, where, in the 32 lights of the nave, will be seen : —

Adam and Eve, Abel and Enoch,

Noah and Shem, Melchisedech and Abraham,

Sarah and Isaac, Rebekah and Jacob,

Leah and Judah, Rachel and Joseph,

Moses and Miriam Aaron and Phinehas,

Joshua and Rahab, Deborah and Barak,

Gideon and Jephthah, Samson and Eli.

Ruth and Samuel, Elijah and Elisha.

In the Transepts : —

South. North.

David and Solomon, Abiathar and Zadok,

Hezekiah and Eliakim, Jehoiada and Zachariah his

Josiah and Zerubbabel, son,

Nehemiah and Esther. Azariah and Hilkiah,

Joshua (son of Josedech)

and Ezra, Simon (son of Onias) and Judas Maccaboeus.

THE CHOIR. The four greater Prophets. The twelve lesser Prophets.

South East Transept. North East Transept.

Baruch and Tobit. Job and Agur.

Susanna and the Mother of Author of " Wi<5dom " and

the Seven Martyrs. Jesus Sou of Sirach,

Ttt£ STAINED WINDOWS. 45

RETRO-CHOIR. Simeon and Anna. Zacharias and Elizabeth.

ORGAN CHAMBER. Jubal. Asaph.

The Great Rose Window of the

I^ORTH TRANSEPT

Forms the link between the Church's life in the Old and New Testament, and represents the genealogy of the Second Adam, the Incarnate Son of God, depicted as Born of the Virgin Mary in the centre, sprung from the first Adam, according to the Flesh, through

(i.) Adam, Seth, Enoch, Noah.

(2.) Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob.

(3.) Judah, Salmon, Boaz, Jesse.

(4.) David, Solomon, Asa, Jehoshaphat,

(5.) Joash, Hezekiah, Manasseh, Josiah.

(6.) Salathiel, Zerubbabel, Matthat, Joachim.

The series is now continued in the Great Window of the NORTH EAST TRANSEPT, Where, in the four Upper Lights, are given —

(I.) TYPES OF THE INCARNATION.

Burning Bush, Gideon's Fleece, Elisha stretching himself on the child, Jacob's Ladder.

(2.) TYPES OF THE ATONEMENT.

Sacrifice of Isaac, Passover, Brazen Serpent, Smitten Rock. (3.) TYPES OF THE RESURRECTION.

Daniel coming out of the den of lions, Jonah, Joseph, Samson and Gates of Gaza.

(4.} TYPES OF THE ASCENSION.

Elijah, Entry of Ark into Jerusalem, David's return after slaughter of Goliatn, The Great Day of Atonement.

In THE LOWER LIGHTS ARE

(I.) TYPES OF THE CHURCH.

Formation of Eve, Aaron's Rod, Moses laying his hands on Joshua.

(2.) TYPES OF HOLY BAPTISM.

Noah's Ark, Coming up from the Red Sea, Naaman in Jordan.

(3.) TYPES OF THE HOLY EUCHARIST.

Melchizedek, The Manna, The Grapes of Eschol.

(4.) TYPES OF THE CHURCH.

The Sceptre held out to Esther, The Seven branched Candlestick, The

Building of the Temple. The centre and climax of the whole series is in

THE GREAT EAST WINDOW, Where is represented the fulfilment of all these types in the Person and Work of the Incarnate Son of God, our Lord Jesus Christ.

46 THE STAINED WINDOWS.

IN THE THREE LOWER LIGHTS

Are represented three Great mysteries — The Incarnation, the Passion, the Resurrection, manifesting our Lord in His Humiliation, passing onwards by the transition of the Resurrection Life to His Glory.

ON THE LEFT—
	(l.)	The Annunciation.
	(2.)	The Visitation.
	(3-)	The Announcement to the Shepherds.
	(4-)	The Adoration of the Magi.
IN THE CENTRE-
	(I.)	The Last Supper.
	(2.)	The Agony.
	(3-)	The Ecce Homo.
	(4-)	The Crucifixion.
ON THE RIGHT—
	(I.)	The dead Christ on His Mother's knees.
	(2.)	The Burial.
	I3-)	The Resurrection.
	(4-)	The Ascension.

IN THE THREE UPPER LIGHTS.

The Lord in glory, surrounded by "Angels and Archangels and all the company of Heaven," and Saints gathered from among men of either covenant, and of all nations, and kindreds, and tongues, before the Throne and before the Lamb. The fulfilment of St. Paul's words in Philipians ii.,

5—12.

IN THE CENTRAL LIGHT Is seen above, the Glorified Redeemer, at His feet, three mighty Archangels, below, the Blessed Mother of the Incarnate Son of God, with the Holy Innocents, and in the lowest compartment the adoration of the Lamb. — Rev. V.

IN THE NORTHERN LIGHT

Are the patriarchs from Adam to Jacob, below them angels and then Six Apostles, with St. Paul ; again come Angels, and further still a company of Martyrs, most of whom are chosen as having Cornish Churches dedicated to them — St. Denys, St. Blaise, St. Alphege, St. Alban, St. Faith, St. Agnes, St. Juhtta, St. Margaret, and in the lowest compartment, the Glory of the Word of God as depicted in Rev. xix., ii.

IN THE SOUTHERN LIGHT.

Above are the Prophets from Moses to St. John the Baptist, then Angels, and below Six Apostles, vrith St. Barnabas; then again more Angels, and further still the four Greek and four Latin Doctors of the Church. In the lowest compartment, the glory of the New Jerusalem, the Bride, the Lamb's Wife. — Rev. xxii.

In the great window of the

SOUTH-EAST TRANSEPT

will be events of the thirty-three years' life and ministry.

(I.) The Appearance of the Angel to the Shepherds. The Adoration of the Magi.

THfi STAINED WINDOWS. 47

(2.) The Flight into Egypt, the Finding in the Temple, the Home at

Nazareth, the Baptism.

(3.) The Temptation, the first Miracle, the Sermon on the Mount, the Transfiguration.

The link between the Person and Work of the Great Head of the Church and the Saints of the New Testament is given in the window of the

GREAT SOUTH TRANSEPT,

"Where, in the Rose, is depicted the mystery of Pentecost, the Descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles ; all of whom are represented in the twelve compartments, with their respective emblems.

In the three Hghts below are depicted various manifestations of the work- ing of that Divine Spirit in the various great crises in the Church's History, through which it has been guided by the abiding presence of the Holy Ghost since His first descent on the day of Pentecost.

(i.) The work of Stephen, the Baptism of Cornelius, St. Paul at Athens.

(2.) The Council of Jerusalem, the Council of Nice, and figures of great leaders of the Councils of the Church, St. James, St. Cyprian, and St.

Athanasius.

(3.) St. LaAvrence displaying the poor as being the treasures of ihe Church, the Conversion of Censtantine, St. Augustine preaching at Canter- bury.

The whole of the windows in the aisles is devoted to a great series of Saints and worthies of the Catholic Church, and of the English Branch of it, ranging from the earliest days since Pentecost down to the present day.

AT THE END OF THE NORTH AISLE

Is seen St. Stephen, the great Deacon and Proto-Martyr.

AT THE END OF THE SOUTH AISLE.

St. John the Divine, two types of saintly character, the one of eager zealous work, the other of patient waiting contemplation, both sanctified by suffering, martyrdom, and confessorship ; two eminent manifestations of the Life of the Incarnate God, the Glorified Redeemer, "glorified in His saints."

Below the figure of St. Stephen are the scenes of his testimony before the Sanhedrim and his death.

Below that of St. John are the scenes of his leading the Blessed Virgin Mary from Calvary, and of his teaching in his old age at Ephesus.

AISLES.

IN THE RETRO-CHOIR

Will be Apostles, or companions and contemporaries of the same, mentioned in the Apostolic writings.

ON THE SOUTH SIDE.

(I.) St. Peter, with St. James and St. Mark.

(2.) St. James, the brother of our Lord, St. Matthew, St. Thomas.

THE STAINED WtNDOWS.

ON THE NORTH SIDE.

(I.) St; Paul, with St. Luke and St. Mary Magdalene. (2.) St. Timothy, with St. Denys and Onesimus.

The series is continued with Apostolic Saints and Mart)^^ from the close of the first century, with typical martyrs, missionaries, doctors, confessors of East and West, Britain, England, and Cornwall, carrying us through Primitive times, the days of Celtic Christianity, the conversion of the English, the mediaeval ages of the Church, the reformation period, representing the missionary labours of modern times, the worthies of the latter English Church, poets, apologists, evangelists, missionaries, pastors, concluding with the figure of Edward White Benson, first Bishop of the restored See, and founder of the Cathedral.

Taking them in order we have in

NORTH AISLE OF THE CHOIR.

Light. Scene.

(St. Clement )

St. Ignatius J The martyrdom of St. Polycarp.

St, Polycarp )

/ ^ ( o!' ?^^*-*°TSLf,,v ) St. Pantaenus embarking on his

'^'lil:&^'^ 1 Mission to India^

( St. Cyprian >

(3) J St. Perpetua and her babe [ Beheading of St. Cyprian. ( St. Lawrence j

I St. Alban .

(4) J St. Catharine f St. Alban before the judge.

St. Pancras / X I c!* :^^^.f^^^^"^ ) Athanasius assailed in church,

<5' |-?."^.„.ton, Feb.9,A.D.356.

St. Chrysostom St. Monnica <

(6) j St. Ambrose I St. Austin's conversion.

St. Austin

St. Benedict \ St. Benet founding his monastery

(7) { St. Anthony Un the Temple of Apollo at Monte St. Scholastica j Cassino. St. Jerome j

(8) \ St. Ephraim Syrus > St. Jerome translating.

St. Leo

St. Phan )

(9) { St. German > L^he "Alleluia" battle.

St. Petroc St. Gregory

(lo) \ St. Martin \ St. Gregory and the English boys.

' St. Patrick

THE STAINED WINDOWS.

49

AISLES.

In the NORTH TRANSEPT, Saints of England.

Light. Scene.

St. Greorge, St. George and the Dragon.

St. Joseph of Arimathaea, St. Augustine of Canterbury.

In the NAVE, the odd numbers on the North side, and the even on the South .

Light.

{Theodore of Tarsus St. Wilfrid St. Aidan ( St. Hilda (2) { St. Giles

( St. Etheldreda

(The Venerable Bede St. John Damascene Alcuin

(Charles the Great Alfred St. Olave (St. Boniface St. Columban St. Methodius (St. Edward the Confessor St. Neot St. Aldhehn (St. Bernard St. Francis St. Dominic !St. Louis St. Elizabeth of Hungary St. Alexander Newsky I St. Anselm (9) s Duns Scotus

\ St. Thomas Aquinas

{Stephen Langton St. Thomas of Canterbury St. Hugh of Lincoln {St. Katherine of Siena Dante Fra Angelico {Thomas a Kempis Bishop Ken St. Theresa 1 Bishop Fisher, Savonarola Erasmus /Archbishop Cranmer (14) < John Trevisa (Bishop Andrewes

Scene. Council of Hatfield.

St. Hilda teaching at Whitby.

Bede dying, dictating the trans- lation of St. John's Gospel.

Founding of Schools.

St. Boniface cutting down the oak. ' Edward and his Queen enthroning

Leofric, first Bishop of Exeter. St. Bernard preaching the Crusade.

Death of St. Louis.

St. Anselm confronting William the Red King.

Magna Charta.

St. Katherine warning the Pope at Avignon.

Thomas a Kempis meditating in the field.

Martyrdom of Fisher Martyrdom of Cranmer.

50 THE STAINED WINDOWS.

/ St. Carlo Borromeo

/ bt. carlo tJorromeo \

(15) ^ Archbishop Laud K St. Carlo tending the sick.

(St. Vincent de Paul j

/St. Francis Xavier \

(16) .^ Las Casas l Xavier preaching m Japan.

{Margaret Godolphin "J

Bishop Trelawny > Margaret Godolphin leaving court.

Sir Bevil Grenville J

{Bishop Butler )

Pascal V Butler composing the Analogy.

Newton '

{George Herbert )

Cowper > George Herbert's last Sunday.

Keble )

OPPOSITE THE SOUTH PORCH.

{John Wesley )

Charles Wesley > Wesley preaching in Gwennap Pit.

Samuel Walker, of Truro i

(The first Bishop of Truro \ l?rSar)".«ended'by Foundation of Truro CathedraL Faith and Hope /

THE BAPTISTERY,

/jIrECTED in memory of Henry Martyn, contains three lights, which will W be filled with scenes from the life of St. John the Baptist. The four ^ hghts of the apse contain the figures of four native Cornish saints and missionaries — St. Paul, St. Cybi, St. Constantine, and St. Winnow. Beneath are scenes from the Ufe of Henry Martyn —

(I.) Martyn at School at Truro.

(2.) Praying by Lamorran Creek.

(3.) Sailing from Falmouth.

(4.) First sight of heathen worship. (5.) Preachmg at Cawnpore.

(6.) Translating the Scriptures. (7.) Disputing with Persian doctors. (8.) Burial by the Armenians at Tokat.

This long and comprehensive series has been designed in the hope that some day the windows of the Cathedral of Cornwall may contain, in noble form and colour, a consecutive outline of the Church's history, and serve not only to give rich colouring and brightness to a completed building, but as a perpetual means of instruction to God's people, and a memorial of God's Saints, whose lives and heroic achievements are the perpetual witness through the ages of the presence, in His Church, of the Eternal Son. in the power of "the Spirit, dividing to every man equally as He will." It will have the further advantage of suggesting subjects to future donors of memorial windows. In many of our older Cathedrals, to say nothing of Parish Churches, the windows are often disfigured, not only by inferior glass, but incongruous subjects ; while in other cases, where the material and execution are good, there is a total lack of sequence of thought, and an absence of clear and defiiiite meaning in the glass that has, perhaps, cost very large sums of money.

HENRY MARTYN. 5 1

52*HIS devoted and accomplished servant of God and of His Church was \^ born at Truro, February i8th, 1781. He was the third son of John Marty n, miner, of Gwennap, who, by his industry and enterprise, raised himself in the social scale, and became clerk to a merchant of Truro. His son Henry was born in a house situated on the spot where the Miners' Bank now stands. At the age of seven he was sent to Truro Grammar School, under the head-master of that day, Dr Cardew. H-; was a bright boy and made good progress in his studies, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to gain a scholarship at Oxford, entered St. John's College, Cambridge, October, 1797, the former University losing the noble alumnits that the latter gained.

Here he was most successful, being first of his year in the College Exami- nation of 1800, and senior wrangler 1801, while still under 20. His spiritual awakening and development was mainly owing to intercourse with Mr. Simeon, for whom he ever afterwards entertained the deepest feelings of gratitude. He was elected Fellow of St. John's, 1802, and obtained other University and College distinctions. His mind was directed to the foreign mission work of the Church, partly by the teaching of Simeon and partly by the example of self devotion given by Dr. Carey in India and David Brannerd among the North American Indians. Henry Martin was led to offer himself to the missionary organisation afterwards known as the Church Missionary Society. But it was not till 1804, when a great temporal loss was the occasion of his determining to go abroad, that he began to reahse the idea thus formed. In 1803 he was ordained Deacon at Ely, and served as Curate of Holy Trinity, Cambridge, under Mr Simeon. A year later he offered himself as a candidate for an Indian chaplaincy, and in 1805 received a sudden summons to leave England in ten days. He was ordained Priest on February i8th (his birthday) and left Cambridge. The circumstances of his farewell to England, his agony at parting from friends and his beloved Cornwall, form a most touching narrative. His ardent love for souls made him " constant in season and out of season " on board ship during his voyage out to India in " preaching Tesus Christ,'* both by earnest word and a holy and sweet example. His labours among his own countrymen in Calcutta, and among the Hindus and Mahommedans at Dinapore, Cawnpore, and elsewhere, cannot be dwelt upon here. He made a long journey into Armenia and Persia for the purpose of making thorough and complete translations of the Bible into the languages of these countries, and, after severe fatigue and privations, fell a victim to fever at Tocat, October i6th, 1812. His sweetness of character greatly endeared him to the native Christians, and even the Mohammedans of those countries, and he was buried with aU respect ; Dean Stanley goes so far as to say, with aU "the honours due to an Archbishop." His remains were afterwards translated to a new cemetery, and an obelisk placed over them, bearing an inscription in English, Armenian, Persian, and Turkish, in memory of one who " was known in the East as a man of God." It lies " on a broad terrace overlooking the whole city, and shaded by walnut and other fruit trees and by weeping willows." The foUov/ing words of Henry Martyn deserve to be noted and made known among his fellow Cornishmen : — "Even if I never should see a native converted, God may design, by my patience and con- tinuance in the work, to encourage future missionaries."

52 HENRY MARTYN.

For fuller particulars of Henry Martyn's life, character, and labours, the reader is referred to " Life and letters of the Rev. Henry Martyn," by the Rev. John Sargent, rector of Lavington, and to a very interesting and instruc- tive article on "Henry Martyn," in the Church Quarterly Review, October, l88i, by Canon Mason.

It is most devoutly to be wished that the memorial baptistery may be not only a perpetual monument of the life and labours of a holy man, who, in a age when Englishmen of education and talent rarely, if ever, thought of devoting their gifts to the mission work of the church, led the way for others who have since followed the same noble career, but also an incentive and example to our own day. Cornwall has in recent times given a missionary Bishop to Madagascar in the person of Dr. Kestell Cornish, son of a venerated vicar of Kenwyn and friend of Keble ; and other men and women from the diocese have gone to distant fields of work in Japan and elsewhere. May the number of these be greatly enlarged.

THE CATHEDRAL COMMITTEE. 53

?r{je CatljftJral Committer.

Clergy : — The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury* ; The Archdeacons ; The Canons and Hon. Canons ; The Rural Deans ; The Proctors in Convocation ; The Rector of Truro* ; Canon Scott-Holland ; Revs. Hon. J. T. Boscawen, St. A. H. M. St. Aubyn, R. M. Blaldston, C. W. Carlyon, G. E. Hermon, Sir V. D. Vyvyan, Bart., G. L. Woollcombe ; Canon Cornish* {Sec.\

Laymen : — The Earl of Mt. Edgcunibe* {Lord Lieut.), D. Collins {High Sheriff), Earl of St. Germans*, Viscount Falmouth*. Lord Robartes*. Earl of Devon, Lord Clinton; Lord St. Levan, C. T. D. Acland, M.P., A. Archer, W. Barrett, G. L. Basset, E. B. Beauchamp, R. G. Bennet, W. G. Cavendish-Bentinck, M.P., W. Boger, W. BoHtho*, W. C. Borlase, M.P., A. R. Boucher*, E. S. Cams- Wilson, J. G. Chilcott, T. Chirgwin,* C. A. V. Conybeare, M.P., L. Courtney, M.P., J. C. Daubuz*, T. A. Dorrien-Smith, F. G. Enys, R. Foster, T. R. Foster, C. Davies Gilbert, R. Glanville, C. Gumey, H. M. Harvey, F. Hearle-Cock. Sir J. McG. Hogg, Bart., M.P., R. Kitto, R. Marrack, A. Mills, A. P. Nix* {Treas.), Sir W. W. R. Onslow, Bart., Capt. F. Townley Parker, Major Parkyn, R. M. Paul*, W. C. Pendarves, W. H. Pole-Carew, T. R. Polwhele*, C. G. Prideaux- Brune, Sir C. Rashleigh, Bart., J. Rashleigh, Sir C. B. Graves- Sawle, Bart., S. SerpeU, P. C. Smith, C. E. Treflfry, Col. Tremayne*, J. Treraayne, H. Tresawna, W. Trethewy, A. P. Vivian, Su- H. H. Vivian, Bart., M.P., M. H. Williams, A. C. Willyams, E. W. B. WHlyams; E. Carlyon* {Sec.)

[*Meinbers of Executive Committee ; also Canons Donaldson, Hockin, Phillpotts, Thynne, Whitaker, Wise, and Worlledge.]

iLatrtes* Committefv

(For Providing Internal Fittings.)

President— H.K.'H.. The Princess of Wales (Duchess of Cornwall).

Vice-President — Mrs. Benson. Treasurer — A. P. Nix, Esq., Tjuro.

Gen. Secretary — Mrs. Arthur Tremayne, Carclew, Perran-ar-Worthal.

Ruridecanal. Presidents. Secretaries.

Archdeaconry of Cornwall. St. Austell— Mrs. Williams, Old Vicarage, S. Miss J. Coode, Pond Dhu, St. Austell.

Austell. Cammarth— Mrs. Peter, Pendower, Gram- Miss Peter, Pendower, Grampound Road.

pound Road. Kerrier— Mrs. J. J. Rogers, Lamorva, Fal- Miss Hill, Penhillis, Helston.

mouth. Penwith— Lady St. Levan, S. Michael's Mt., Mrs. W. H. Borlase, Alverton House, Pen-

Marazion. zance.

Powder— Mrs Arthur Tremayne, Carclew, Miss Glynn Grylls, Glynngarth, Truro.

Perran-ar-Worthal. Pydar— Hon. Mrs. Prideaux-Brune, Prideaux Mrs. Mann, Vicarage, S. Issey, r.s.o.

Place, Padstow.

Archdeaconry of Bodmin.

Bodmin-Lady Robartes, Lanhydrock, Bodmin. Mrs. Foster, Lanwithan, Lostwithiel.

East— Countess of S. German's, Port Eliot, S. Lady Ernestine Edgcumbe, Mount Edg-

German's. cumbe, Devonport.

Stratton— Mrs. Thynne, Penstowe, Kilkhamp- Sister Clara Maria, S. James' Home, Kilk-

ton. hampton.

Trigg Major— Mrs. C. Cowlard, S.John's, Miss DuBoulay, Lawhitton, Launceston.

Launceston.

Trigg Minor-Mrs.Cann,Davidstow,Camelford. Miss Hawker, Penally, Boscastle.

West— Lady Trelawny, Trelawne, Duloe, r.s.o. Mrs. Boucber, Trenean, S. German's.

S4

INTERNAL FITTINGS.

Internal jFtttinsia;.

	GIFT.	VALUE.	DONOR.
I .	. The Altar	200 ..	Miss E.N.
2 .	. Altar Rails	50 ..	, Pa»ishofNewlynEast.
3 •	. Candlesticks	50 ..	Miss C. and Miss H. Roberts.
4 •	. Communion Plate (a) Chalice &Paten, "In..
	memoriam," Flagon . .	500 .,	. Per Rev. R. Roe.
	(^) Chalice and Paten ..		, Prebendary Kinsman.
	(^)ChaUce	50 ..	. Miss Franks
	{d) Paten	10 . ,	. Mr. Edmunds.
	{e) Chalice		, By Jewellery given Bishop of Tmro for Cathedral.
	(/) Paten	40 .	. By Mrs. Parker's friend.
	(^) Silver Bread Dish .. . Book Stand	20 .	. Lady St. Levan.
5 .		. Mrs. Clement Hoey.
6 .	. Books (Altar Services 4)..
	White		. Mrs. Paige.
	Red		. Lady Vyvyan.
	Violet		. Messrs. Heard.
	Bke
7 .	. Hassocks	10 .	. Lady Ernestine Edgcumbe
8 .	, Klneehng Mats and . .
	Cushions	35 .	. Messrs. Criddle and Smith.
9 .	. Linen		. [See separate List.' . [ Do.
lo .	. Frontals
II .	. A Cross for Altar		. Lady Magheramome.
12 .	. Vases do.		. Hon. E. Douglas Pennant.
13 .	, . The Bishop's Throne . .	350 .	. In Mem. Bishop Phillpotts.
14 .	,. Sedilia	200 .	. Mrs. Rogers and Family, in Mem. ( Mrs. Coles, Mrs. Gibbons, Mrs.
	Credence Table	30 .	. < Glencross, Mrs. Hermon, and ( Mrs. Rendle.
	Bishop's Chair	140 .	. By Hon. E. Thesiger.
15 ,	.. Pulpit	350 .	. Canon Wise.
16 ,	. . Chairs for Transept	1,000 .	. Collected by Mrs. Benney.
17	. . Litany Stool	50 .	. Mrs. Archer.
18 ,	. . Font	250 .	. Sunday School Children.
19	. . Font Cover	200 .	. Diocesan Training College.
20 ,	. . Brass Ewer		. The Misses Chilcott.
21 ,	.. Books	100 .	. Women of Padstow.
22	. . Markers		. [See separate List^ . . [See separate List' .
23	. . Alms Bags
24	. . An Alms Dish	100 .	. Canon Phillpotts.
25	. . Alms Boxes (2)	10 ,	, . Brixton C.F.S. Members.
26	. . Vestry Fittings	^37 .	. Deanery of Pydar.
27	. . Lectern		. Miss Harriet Lanyon.
28	. . 1 ,000 Kneelers	30
29	, . Organ	409 .	. Miss C. Wilkinson.
	Choir	267 .	. Various.

INTERNAL FITTINGS.

55

Great . . 548

Swell . . 564

Pedal . . 708

Solo . . 297

Couplers . , 55

Accessories . . 142

Pneumatic Lever . . 160

Pedal TubularNeumatic . . 80

Carnmarth Deanery. St. Austell Deanery.

Various.

2 Hydraulic Engines . .	150	. . Mr. Sinclair.
32 feet Diapason Open . .	250	. . Various.
30 . . Reredos	2,023	. . Deanery of Powder.
31 .. Stalls for Choir
I, Bishop's	60	. . Parish of St. Columb Major.
2, Precentor's	60	. . Lady Robartes.
3, Archd. of Cornwall. .	30	. . Parish of St. Gluvias.
4, Archd. of Bodmin . .	30	. . Parish of Bodmin.
5, Canon's	30 .	,. Parish of BHsland.
6, Do.	30 ■	, . Parish of Egloshayle.
7, Do.	30 •	, . Parish of St. Kew.
8, Do.	30 ■	, . Parish of St. Winnow.
9, Do.	30 .	. Parish of Lostwithiel.
10, Do.	30 •	. Parish of North Hill.
II, Do.	30 •	. Parish of Lawhitton.
12, Do.	30 •	. Parish of Launceston.
13, Do.	30 •	. Parish of Launceston.
14, Do.	30 •	. Parish of N. Petherwin.
-+ I5» Do.	30 .	. . Deanery of Trigg Major.
16, Do.	30 .	Do.
17, Do.	30 •	Do.
18, Do.	30 .	. Parish of Minster and Forrabury.
19, Do.	30 .	. Parish of Fowey.
20, Do.	30 .	. Parish of Tywardreath.
21, Do.	30 .	. Parish of St. Breock.
22, Do.	30 •	. Parish of St. Petrock.
23, Do.	30 .	. In Mem. Bishop Phillpotts, by his family. . In Mem. Rev. A. A. Vawdrey.
24, Do.	30 .
25, Do.	30 .	. By Andrew Hichens, Esq.
26, Do.	30 .	. By Mr. Stephens.
27, Do.	30 .	. By Miss Lloyd.
28, Do.	30 .	. By Mrs. Brydges Willyams.
29, Do.	30 ..	By Mrs. Thornton.
30, Do.	30 .,	, By Mrs. Phyllis Pearce.
Still to be Erected—
I.	30 •■	, Trigg Major Deanery.
2.	30	Do.
3-	30	Do.
4.	30 ..	Trigg Minor Deanery,
k ;:	30 .. 30 .,	Do. Do.

•+ E-Cf Lohk,

£^V^l_^

^ Zo

S6

INTERNAL FTTTINGS.

	GIFT. VALUE.	DONOR.
	Choirmen*s Seats	138 .	. Mrs. and Miss Enys, and surplus money from 3 Deaneries.
	Choir Boys' Seats	100 .	. St. Peter's, Eaton Square.
32 .	. Altar Standard Lights . .	250 .	. Mrs. Hambly (the late).
33 •	. Side Screen	590 .	. Deanery of West.
	South Side Screen	590 •	. Deanery of Stratton.
34 •	. Painted Windows
	East Upper Tier . . ]	[,000 .	. Deanery of East.
	East Lower Tier	500 .	Do.
	Rose Window, N.T. . .	650 .	, . Deanery of Penwith.
	Rose Window, S.T. . .	500 .	, . In Memoriam. , . In Mem. Col. Cocks. . . By Lady Rowe, in Mem.
	Baptistery Window	40	. . Deanery of Penwith.
	Do.	40	Do.
	Do.	40	. . Mrs. Mary Rogers.
	Do.	40	. . The Misses Pedlar.
35 .	. Marble Floor and Steps. .
	for Sanctuary	600	. . Deanery of Pydar.
36 .	. Three Steps nearest . .
	Sanctuary	70	. . Church Society, per Mrs. Benney.
37 .	, . Carving and Serpentine . . etc.,etc.,inBaptistery . .
	and East End	325	. . Deanery of Kinder.
38 .	, . Flooring W. of Sane- . .
	tuary	362	. . Deanery of Bodmin.
39	. . Flooring of Baptistery ..	133	. . Deanery of St. Austell.
40	. . Box for Frontals	38	.. Parish of Lawhitton.
41	.. Steps and Stand for..
	Lectern	100	. . John James, Esq.
42	... Mats, Dusters, &c.		.. Various.
	ALTAR LINEN, &c.

GIFT.

Fair Linen Cloth— Festival

Ordinary

Purificators Chalice Veil (White)

Chalice Veil (Whitsuntide, Red) Frontals, White

„ Red (Whitsuntide)

„ Red (Martyrs)

„ Blue

DONOR.

Mrs. Boucher. Miss Street (the late). Lady Shaftesbury. Miss A. WilUams. Miss Grylls. Mrs. Palmes. John Shelley, Esq.

i Some Communicants, St. Peter's,

( Eaton Square.

E.C., per Miss Wilkinson. Mrs. Bird.

Lady Shaftesbury and Mrs. Lewis. Deanery of Bodmin. Sister Clara and Mrs. Camsew. Mrs. L. Foster and MissTatham,

INTERNAL SITTINGS. 57

GIFT. DONOR.

(Miss E. St. Aubyn, Miss Peel, Miss Peter, and ;^5 towards Markers from Mrs. E. Baring. fi. Miss Franks, Mrs. Handcock,

I Miss Plympton, Miss Du Boulay, Miss Heaton, Miss E. Macnaghten, Alms Bags (3 or 4 sets) each bag £i,, ■{ Miss Richards, Miss Tagert, Miss

I Williams, Miss_yiijvle.i, Countess I of St. Germans, Lady Trelawny, I Miss Foster, and Miss Penrose.

The chairs with which the Cathedral is seated were supplied by Messrs. Gill and Son, at cost price, the amount of which was collected by Mrs. Benney.

N.B. —Every effort has been made to make this list complete and accurate, but it is probable that there are errors and omissions, whicn the Editor trusts may be pardoned.

S8 THE EUCHARISTIC VESSELS.

Efje lEucfjaristic Fessete.

7(5vHE gold set comprises Chalice, Paten, and Flagon, and is a gift "In Vs/ Memoriam," per Rev. R. Roe.

The Chalice measures eight inches in height, the bowl is quite plain, its weighs about 29 ozs. troy. The base is cinque-foiled and ornamented with five repouss6 placques, viz., the Crucifixion and Evangelistic symbols mentioned in the Apocalypse, and with delicately beaten foUated work in panels and margins. The Knop is massive and enriched by an arcade of Tabernacle work, beneath the ten niches of which Angels issue atter the manner of Corbels, bearing scrolls inscribed with the word "Holy." The upper and lower shafts are decagonal and panelled with a vine leaf in the same conventional treatment adopted in the other parts. Beneath the Bowl a shell or cup of richly embossed work springs from the upper shaft and gives support to the Bowl.

The Paten is 6f ins. diam., and weighs 7 ozs. troy. Its centre is sunk to fit the top of the Bowl of Chalice, and is without ornamentation.

The Flagon weighs about 35 ozs. troy. The bulbous portion is enriched with four placques, representing the Crucifixion, the Agony in the Garden, the Institution of the Last Supper, and the Miracle of Cana in Galilee — in bold relief, surrounded with foliage in repousse of a conventional vine-leaf type. The Foot is cinque-foiled, with a foliage wrought on the necking next to the body. The Handle is attached to the body by a cluster of scrolls, and the Lid — also repouss^ — is surmounted by the double cross fleur^, the whole forming fine examples of the Goldsmith's Art, have been carried out from the designs, and under the direction of J. L. Pearson, Esq., R.A., by Hart, Son, Peard, and Co., of 168, Regent-street, London.

The Bishop's Chalice has its Bowl of Gold and the other parts of silver gilt ; it measures 7 ins. in height, and takes its form and treatment of orna- mentation mainly from the number and kind of articles which have been incorporated in it. The inscription beneath the foot is as follows : —

" 1887. All Saints' Day. This sacred vessel is a memorial before God of the spirit of devotion which in these latter days He has quickened in the Church of England. The Gold and " Precious Stones for Beauty " are the gifts of a large number of persons, who have severally offered that which they most value for the Glory of God and the service of His Holy Table."

The precious metals of the gifts have been used in the vessel itself, and the gems — some of them in their original settings— numbering in all over three hundred, have been distributed over the Knop and Foot, forming here centres for panels of rich filagree work, and there terminations to the scrolls. The cup or shell supporting the Bowl is also enriched with filagree, but without jewels. Undesignedlythereare"twelvekindsofpreciousstones," viz., Diamonds, Rubies, Sapphire, Emeralds, Opals, Carbuncles, Topazes, Amethysts, Pearls, Corals, Turquoise, and Chrysoprasus ; and about the Knop are twelve groups in their original settings — six hoop rings mounted on its foiled band, and six roses on its upper lobes. It is altogether an interesting piece of work, felicitious in expressing its donative origin, unique in design, excellent in workmanship, and of very considerable intrinsic value.

The Paten for use with this Chalice is of the same size as the gold Paten. It has a centre of gold, enriched by an engraved geometrical design, and a band, inscribed with the words, " This is my Body, which is given for you," and a rirn

THE EUCHARISTIC VESSELS. 59

of Silver gilt, with repousse foliage ornament and seven MedaUions, on which are Angels bearing Shields, which display emblems of the Passion, viz., crown of thorns, nails, seamless coat, lantern, dice, thirty pieces of silver, ladder, and sponge, while the foliage is richly set with garnets, chrysolites, jacinths, amethysts, coral and turquoise. These have also been executed by Hart, Son, Peard, and Co.

The Credence Paten, or Bread Plate, is 8|- ins. diam., of Silver gilt, stand- ing on a six-foil foot, and has jewels, as last mentioned, both in its knop and upon the rim, and which is also enriched by boldly wrought fohage in repousse. It is the gift of Lady St. Levan.

Another Chalice is of Silver gilt, and stands 7| ins. heigh ; on its well- splayed five-foiled foot are six medalhons, containing Angels in repousse, with garnets alternating between them. The Knop is boldly moulded and set with twelve stones, and beneath the Bowl is a cupping of richly embossed fohage.

The Paten en suite has in its centre the Agnus in repousse surrounded by a ribbon, and beyond engraved foliage. Its rim has seven medallions, whereon are displayed the Greek form of our Lord's monogram between a border of fohage in repousse of conventional vine leaf type. These were also made by Hart, Son, Peard and Co.

aitar JFurniture*

•sjtf S standing on the re-table, and not strictly for sacred use, the following J5J^ articles have not been manufactured in the precious metals, but of metal gilt ; both in design and workmanship, however, they partake of the same general characteristics as the plate.

Candlesticks. — These are 23 inches in height, and start from a triangular base, richly fohated ; the shafts are boldly diapered, the divisions being marked by pearl beading with a button in each lozenge ; the knops are moulded and enriched with repousse ornament, as also are the broad spreading pans. The base, knop, and two bosses of each are enriched with topazes, amethysts, carbuncles, chrysoprases, and carnehan. They are the gift of Misses C. and H. Roberts.

Flower Vases.— These are of two sizes, one pair being nine inches high and the other pair eight inches. They are quatrefoil in plan, richly ribbed and moulded, with handles alternating in their detail the Oak and the Lily. In a medaUion at the front of each respectively is a representation of St. Mary, St. Agnes, St. Catherine, and St. Cecilia, and in the other three medalhons of each are representations in repousse of the Lily, the Rose, the Passion Flower, and the Pomegranate— emblems of Purity, Love, Suffering, and The Resurrection. These are the gift of the Hon. E. Douglas Pennant.

Altar Book Desk. — This is of brass, but finished in colour to corre- spond with the candlesticks and vases. The plate is richly engraved, having in the centre of a quatrefoil the figure of St. Mary. At the two sides are bands of Oakleaf fohage, and geometrical forms take up the oblong shape of the plate. It is the gift of Mrs. Clement Hoey.

These articles have also been made from Mr. Pearson's designs, by Hart, Son, Peard, and Co«

6o

THE bishop's confirmation CHAIR.

JTIje Bisfjop's Confirmation CJjatr

Is constructed of hard wood, and covered entirely with bullocks' hide, the surface of which is enriched with conventional ornament deeply embossed in the leather, the edges and joinings of which are secured to the wood framing by closely-studded bronzed nails. The terminal knobs at arms and back are silvered and lacquered on the wood. In the centre of the leather splat forming the back of chair is embossed a Bishop's mitre, and the intersection of the lower framing xmder the seat is marked on the front and back by pro- jecting leather-covered shields bearing the arms of the diocese. The seat is upholstered in rich crimson silk velvet.

The chair was made by Mr. Robert Christie, 102, George-street, Portman-square, London, W.

(iIatJ)etiral Stalls.

In addition to those occupied by the Canons Residentiary, the stalls in the Cathedral are assigned as follows : —

W. J. Phillpotts, M.A., Archdeacon of Cornwall. R. HoBHOUES, M.A., Archdeacon of Bodmin.

»(i.) A.

R.

^(2.) T.

R.

S. J.

c.

A.

R. T. R.

C. Thynne, M.A. (St.

Neot.) Martin, M.A. (St. Coren-

tin.) PhiUpotts, M.A. (St. Aid- helm.) Vautier,M.A. (St. German.) Rogers, M.A. (St. Piran.)

R. Cornish, M.A. (St.

Buriena.)

F. Harvey, M.A. (St.

Carantoc.)

J. Mason, M.A. (St.

Petroc.) F.Wise, M.A. (St.Columb.) B. Coulson, M.A. (S. Uni.)

H. K. Buck, M.A. (St.

Germoc.)

(St.

*{3.)

W. P. Chappel, M.A.

Constantin.) P. Bush, M.A. (St. Paul.) H. H. Du Boulay, B.A. (St.

Samson.) F. V. Thornton, M.A. (St.

Breaca.) F. Hockin, M.A. (St. Conan.) A.P.Moor,M.A. (St. Nectan.)

F. E. Carter, M.A. (St. Cybi.) J. H. Moore, M.A. (St.Teilo.) J. S. Tyacke, M.A. (St. la.)

G. H. Whitaker (St. Adwenna.) (Vacant) (St. Winwoloc.)

„ (St. Meriadoc.) „ (St. Rumon.)

Performing duties of (i) Treasurer ; (2) President; (3) Missioner.

The following have a place in the Forma Secunda : —

F.H. O. Whittingstall, M.A., Vice-Chancellor. E. F. Taylor, M.A., Diocesan Inspector. J. Agar Ellis, B.A., Sacrist.

CATHEDRAL SCHOOL OF DIVINITY. 6 1

Catijetrral Srfjool of ©tftmitg

("SCHOLM CANCELLARII ' ),

Truro.

Visitor : The Lord Bishop of the Diocese.

Chancellor of the Cathedral Church and Principal : The Rev. Canon Worlledge, M.A.

Vice- Chancellor of the Cathedral ^ Tutor :

The Rev. H. O. Fearnly-Whittingstall, M.A..,

New College, Oxford.

Occasional Lecturers : The Rev. Canon Moor, M.A. The Rev. Canon Carter, M.A.

I.— Object of the School. In the Cathedrals of the Old Foundation it was the duty of a Canon, named the Chancellor, to conduct Schools of Divinity, in which men were trained for Holy Orders. This School, founded in accordance with this ancient custom in October, 1877, is open both to Graduates and Non- Graduates.

II.— Qualifications for Admission. Non-Graduates will be examined in (i) The Greek ©f one of the Gospels ; (2) a Latin author ; (3) Knowledge of the principal facts in the Old and New Testaments ; (4) The Church Catechism. There is no entrance examination for Graduates.

III. Period of Residence. Graduates of the Universities reside for one year. Non-Graduates com- plete their ordinary course of training in two years, and reside in the Hostel, or in lodgings approved by the authorities.

The year is divided into three terms, of about ten weeks each, beginning about January 20th, May ist, and October 6th.

Students are left entirely free in their choice of the Diocese and Parish which they may prefer for their Ordination and first Curacy, except those elected to Bursaries, who undertake to serve for three years in the Diocese of Truro.

IV. Course of Study. (i) The subjects usually required by the Bishops for their Ordination Exam- inations, and the special subjects appointed for " the Preliminary Examination of Candidates for Holy Orders." The results of this Examination are recognised by the Bishop of Truro for his Ordination.

(2) There is an Examination at the end of each Term, and occasional papers

are also set on one or more of the subjects.

(3) Students are also practised in the composition and delivery of sermons.

V» Practical Training. (i) Each Student in turn reads the Lessons at daily Matins. (2) Opportunity is offered for obtaining experience in Parochial and Missiou work, under the Clergy of Truro or the neighbourhood,

62 CATHEDRAL SCHOOL OF DIVINITY.

VI. Payments. (i) Tuition Fees, ;^io a term (paid in advance).

(2) Board and Lodging in the Hostel, about ^ 19 a Term.

(3) Cassock, Surplice, Cap, and Gown, cost about £^. Books from _^5

upwards. All necessary furniture is provided for residents in the Hostel, except bedroom linen.

Vn. Bursaries.

A Bursary of j^6o, tenable for two years, is offered annually to Students who are in bona fide need of assistance.

Candidates are examined in (i) General knowledge of Holy Scripture; ^2) Greek Grammar, and Translation of the Greek Testament ; (3) A Latin Ecclesiastical Author ; (4) The Church Catechism.

The next Bursary will be given ia the Autumn of 1888.

*^ Any further information may be obtained on application to the Rev, Canon Worlledge^ 4, Strangways Terrace^ Truro*

HEARD AND SONS, STEAM PRESS, TRURO,

9

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