CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS CALCULATED ON A WORLD WIDE BASIS BETWEEN OBSERVED SECCHI DEPTHS AND OTHER SIMULTANEOUSLY MEASURED STANDARD OCEANOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS Patrick Joseph Brown SCHNft. S3"-™ ****• CALIFORNIA 93943 ;:':;.: r% IB i; I ;! ilUUL ■ ■ 5 ^ ■ ■§■ -.- T i. . ■_-.- ■' ■ CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS CALCULATED ON A WORLD WIDE BASIS BETWEEN OBSERVED SECCHI DEPTHS AND OTHER SIMULTANEOUSLY MEASURED STANDARD OCEANOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS by Patrick Joseph Brown S. P. Tucker March 1973 T 156422 k\ipn.ov(Xkd " V bdd ■ ss ■ j£ (yi - v2 MS = SS/df rdf = q RSS " add " bdd RMS = RSS/rdf F = RMS/MS where : n = total number of samples q = number of variables involved df = residual degrees of freedom SS = sum of squares, residual MS = residual mean square rdf = regression degrees of freedom RSS = regression sum of squares 20 RMS = regression mean square th vaiue or tne independent variable x "d X, , = the k ' value of the independent variable X,, X, = the mean value of the independent variable Xd th y. = the i value of the dependent variable Y. = the i value of the least squares approximation of the dependent variable As indicated by the above equations, a higher F value shows that a higher degree of confidence may be placed in the presented regression equation. Generally speaking the F value means little until compared with other similarly determined values. The user may also indicate specific numerical values of F which act as limits to allow or prevent the variables from entering the regression equation. Appen- dix A shows the first two steps of a BIOMED 02R regression analysis output. Boolean case selection available in BIOMED 02D is not a feature in BIOMED 02R. Therefore, it was neces- sary externally to screen rough data prior to calling upon BIOMED 02R for regression analysis (see Appendix A). At each step in the procedure the multiple correlation coeffi- cient R serves as an indication of how well the regression equation fits the data. With R = ± 1.0, a perfect correlation is indicated. A widely used measure of data fit is the square of the multiple correlation coefficient (R ). Another option which can be included in the BIOMED 02R output are plots of the residuals (computed Secchi depth minus actual Secchi depth) against the independent variables in the equation. 21 Analysis of these plots aids in the determination of closer data fits. A wide selection of transgenerations is available to alter data sets (or subsets) to more desirable forms before inclusion in the analysis. 22 III. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS A. DATA SURVEY Table I shows the data breakdown for Marsden Squares 1 through 571. Frederick (1970) surveyed Secchi disc data and reported that a great deal of the available data were from Japanese waters. This is apparent in Table I which shows large concentrations of data in Marsden Squares 9^—97 and 129-132. Figure 1 and Table I, however, indicate rnid-oceanic data to be sparse. Since a study such as the present one must consider all variables affecting transparency measurements, mid-oceanic data would be valuable since the additional dynamic coastal processes tend to complicate matters. If a consistent relationship between an oceanic parameter and Secchi depth is to be found, it would probably be most appar- ent away from seasonal coastal effects such as fresh water runoff and upwelling. Thus, the lack of mid-oceanic data reported to date is unfortunate. Secchi measurements are also rare in the polar Marsden squares, and for that reason data are tabulated only through Marsden Square 571. Table IV presents parameter means by area. B. CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS AND LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS Tabulated results of BIOMED 02D correlation analyses for the 44 areas appear in Table III and for some areas are plotted 23 in Figure 2. Table V is a summary of the regression analysis results (BIOMED 02R) . Area delineations were made according to Figure 1 and Table II. Figures 3 through 44 are examples of the BIOMED 02D graphical output. Alpha-numeric data density codes are translated in Table VI. A correlation coefficient of ± 1.0 indicates perfect correlations, while a value of 0 signifies no correlation at all (Table III). Correlations between Secchi depths and each parameter will be discussed separately. 1. Color It is to be noticed, first of all, that Forel color code seems consistently to correlate better than other parameters, as indicated by higher coefficients in Figure 2 and Table III. It is seen that these coefficients are usually negative, signifying lower transparencies for higher color code. A similar pattern was reported by Visser (1967). Figures 3 through 9 show this inverse trend for seven areas, where Forel color is plotted against Secchi depth. An inverse, possibly exponential, trend is unmistakable in Figures 3 through 8; however in Figure 9 for area 35 (Eastern coast of the United States) it is evident this trend is interrupted near colors 7 through 11. Figure 1 shows area 35 to be an area of high fresh water runoff as well as an area of high industrial activity, which accounts for possibly high terrigenous and chemical influences on water color measurements. Several attempts at regression equations were made to relate color code and Secchi depth. These equations 24 are presented by ocean area in Table V. Figure 3 shows two regression equations for area 7 graphically. Notice that the first approximation (Curve A) achieved a multiple regression coefficient of 0.65, while for the second there is a coeffi- cient of 0.72. Since data density in area 7 (Shikoku Basin) was high, numerous other regressions were attempted as shown in Table V. One of the most successful of these resulted from noticing the apparent exponential nature of the color- Secchi depth graphs. The results were the equations: Step 1 In (Z ) = 3.73 - 0.24 (Color) (R = 0.70) Step 2 In (Z ) = 5.05 - 0.17 (Color) - 0.3 (Oxygen[ml/l]) (R = 0.76) with the multiple regression coefficients listed. Table III shows that higher multiple regression coefficients did result from this study; however, none were as consistently high as those for color code. 2. Sea Surface Temperature Examination of Table III yields no obvious trends in correlations between sea surface temperature and Secchi depth; however, several interesting cases were encountered. Figures 10 through 12 give several of these. Figure 10 shows tempera- ture and Secchi depth plotted for area 35 (Eastern coast of United States). Notice the large temperature range (25°C) 25 as compared to Figure 11 for area 12 (Western Pacific Ocean). Figure 1 shows area 35 to be a coastal area, affected by the coastal influences discussed previously for Figure 9. Area 12, on the other hand, is seen to be more oceanic with a resulting smaller temperature range (10°C). A regression line is plotted in Figure 10 on the temperature data from area 35, resulting in a somewhat low multiple regression coefficient of O.36. 3. Salinity Nearly all the hk areas analyzed were coastal areas, subject to localized salinity variations caused by fresh water runoff. This effect can be seen in Figures 13 through 19. In each case, the lower salinity water is associated with decreased transparency. This result is not surprising considering the high levels of terrigenous suspensoids in river waters. Figures 20 and 21 are included for comparison, since they represent somewhat oceanic areas (9 and 12), away from land drainage. The observations are reasonable in that the high salinity variation is not present, and the data are therefore more closely grouped. Figure 22 shows the salinity and Secchi disc data for area 30 (Peruvian coast). Note that both disc visibility and salinity data variances are small. Plotted in Figure 23 are Mediterranean Sea data which display the very high salinities characteristic of that area. No significant data correlations resulted for the area. 26 Superimposed on Figure 18 is the regression line attempted for area 36 (Labrador Sea). This line depicts the equation: Zg = 2.18+ .01 (Salinity [°/oo])2 which results in a multiple regression coefficient equal to 0.85. Due to the extremely local nature of the fresh water runoff, this result would, of course, be of little significance in other coastal areas. *l . Bottom Depth Bottom depth is closely related to water transparency. As deeper water is encountered away from the coast, three depth-related influences play contributing roles. First, shallow water transparency is determined to a great extent by bottom agitation. The absence of stirred-up bottom sedi- ments in deep oceanic areas cause water transparency to in- crease. Secondly, the coastal effect of river runoff causes decreased water transparency since these rivers carry large quantities of both suspended and dissolved materials. These suspensoids and solutes may then be carried hundreds of miles by coastal currents and cause great increases in coastal water turbidity. Finally, coastal regions which lie at the eastern extremities of oceans tend to be upwelling areas. In these areas, nutrients from deeper water are carried to the surface and a reduction of Secchi depth results with enhanced phytoplankton growth. 27 These influences of water depth on Secchi depth can be seen in Figure 2 and Table III, where nearly always a positive correlation coefficient results between bottom depth and water transparency. This indicates an increase in bottom depth is accompanied by an increase in Secchi depth, an anticipated outcome in view of the factors discussed above. The results of this line of reasoning can be seen graphically in Figures 2 4 through 28, where data from five areas show this direct relationship. Figure 27 shows a regression equation plotted for area 13 (Bay of Bengal), for which a high multiple regression coefficient was attained Although this trend between bottom depth and Secchi depth was prevalent, it was not always the case as can be seen in Figure 23, where an upwelling area (Equadorian coast) is depicted with bottom depth and water transparency apparently unrelated. 5. Density No real trend is evident in the sigma-t results presented in Figure 2 and Table III. Figure 29 through 31 are graphs of three coastal areas where the data distribution looks similar to salinity plots given in Figures 13 through 19. Fresh water runoff is postulated as the reason for this in all cases. 6. Oxygen Figure 2 shows a negative correlation nearly always resulted when measured values of oxygen level and Secchi depths were compared; however, no consistent relationship 28 was developed. Figures 32 and 33 are graphs of oxygen level and Secchi depth. A regression equation for area 34 (Sar- gasso Sea) is plotted on Figure 29 yielding a somewhat high multiple correlation coefficient of 0.7*1. Figure 30 shows the high variability of oxygen data from coastal area 7 (Shikoku Basin). Time variations in oxygen level can be expected due to river runoff and photosynthesis-respiration cycles. 7. Total Phosphorus Since phosphorus is basic to the growth of phyto- plankton in the sea, seasonal and geographic variations of phosphorus level in the coastal areas analyzed can be expected. As phosphorus is returned to the sea upon the death of plants or organisms, it would possibly serve to increase light scattering and thereby lessen penetration depths. This resultant decreasing effect on Secchi depth measurements is evident in Table III and Figure 2, where nearly all correla- tion coefficients are negative. No consistent correlation level was observed since, in most areas, data were too sparse to permit analysis. Figure 3^ shows total phosphorus data plotted. 8. Silicate Silicate level can be expected to be generally higher in coastal waters due to the effect of land drainage. Although silicate measurements are somewhat sparse, negative correla- tions did prevail in the areas analyzed as shown in Table III and Figure 2. 29 Figure 35 shows silicate data for area 28 (Northwestern coast of United States), in the vicinity of the Columbia River discharge. There is an apparent exponential decrease in transparency level as the silicate level increases. Super- imposed on Figure 35 is a plot of the equation which was obtained from regression analysis. 9. Nitrate, Nitrite and Phosphate Figures 36 through 38 are graphs of nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate data, respectively. Without exception, data were too sparse to permit any form of accurate correlation or regression analysis. This lack of data is shown in the breakdown of data, Table I. 10. Cloud Cover No correlation was noted between the amount of cloud cover and Secchi depth for any of the 44 areas analyzed. Figure 39 shows cloud cover data for area 26 (Gulf of Alaska). 1 1 . Latitude and Longitude Analysis of Secchi depth data as it varied with latitude and longitude yielded no significant correlations or regression results; however, at times the graphical re- sults were of interest. An example is Figure 40 (Black Sea), where latitude and Secchi depth data are plotted. The in- fluence of river discharge in the northern Black Sea is clearly apparent as water transparency decreases significantly. On the other hand, Figures 41 and 42 show that for the two up- welling areas (both South American coastal areas), transparency is somewhat independent of latitude changes. Figure 43 30 shows the variation of water transparency with longitude for area 13 on the western extremity of the Indian Ocean. As longitude is increased, greater influence from coastal effects, such as bottom stirring, upwelling, and land drain, are to be anticipated. The data distribution in Figure 43 was therefore, not surprising. In contrast, Figure 44 is a typical data distribution for an area where water trans- parency is independent of longitude; accordingly, Figure 1 shows area 24 (Aleutian Islands) to be away from these coastal influences. C. MONTHLY AVERAGES Monthly Secchi depth averages were plotted in Figure 45 for areas 13 (Bay of Bengal) and 35 (U.S. East Coast). Figure 46 shows Secchi depth averages for upwelling areas 28 (Northwestern coast of United States) and 29 (Peruvian coast) 31 IV. CONCLUSIONS Secchi depth readings are influenced by many sea water parameters; among them are sea surface temperature, salinity, density, water depth, color, oxygen, phosphorus level and silicate level. The exact nature of these relationships cannot be determined on the basis of the present study; however, analysis of correlation coefficients yields general trends. Of particular consistency are the high correlation coefficients relating Secchi depth and Forel-Ule color code. Several of the parameters analyzed yielded consistently negative or positive correlation coefficients. The data survey reveals that water chemistry records in most areas of the world are too sparse for linear regression analysis techniques. Among these are nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate measurements. Coastal areas under the influence of land drainage present wide ranges of temperature, salinity, density and chemistry readings. 32 V. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Work should continue to provide better worldwide coverage of Secchi disc measurements and of the other parameters normally sampled. The scope of this project was limited to sea surface measurement analysis because of computer storage requirements Further analysis should continue to analyze subsurface parameters and their possible correlation to Secchi disc measurements. The Secchi disc and procedures for its use should all be standardized to eliminate possible variations in future data due to differing disc dimensions and measurement practices. As mid-ocean data become available, other studies such as this should be made, since correlations determined free from coastal influences may yield results which can be simply and accurately extrapolated to other open ocean areas. There exists in use a package program similar to, but superior to, the BIOMED programs. 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AREA ENCOMPASSED 1 Marsden Square 201 2 Marsden Square 200 3 Marsden Square 199 M Marsden Square 167 5 Marsden Square 165 6 Latitude: 3 ^4 ° _ 3 8 ° (N) Longitude: 123°~127° (E) 7 Latitude: 30°-35° (N) Longitude: 135°-l40° (E) Also included area bounded by: Latitude: 35°~36° (N) Longitude: 139°-1^0° (E) 8 Marsden Square 130 9 . Marsden Square 129 10 Marsden Square 97 11 Marsden Square 96 12 Marsden Square 95 13 Marsden Squares 63 and 27 ll4 Marsden Square 62 15 Marsden Square 6l 16 Marsden Square 60 17 Marsden Square 59 45 AREA NO. AREA ENCOMPASSED 18 Marsden Square 2 4 19 Marsden Square 23 20 Marsden Square 22 21 Marsden Squares 36O-36I Marsden Squares 396-397 22 Latitude: 60°~65° (N) Longitude: l60°-l80° (W) 23 Marsden Square 198 24 Marsden Square 197 25 Marsden Square 196 26 Latitude: 49°-51° (N) Longitude: 14 4° -146° (W) 27 Marsden Square 193 Latitude: 50°-55° (N) Longitude: 130°-13^° (W) 28 Latitude: 44°~48° (N) Longitude: 120°-126° (W) 29 Latitude: 0°-10° (S) Longitude: 70°-85° (W) 30 Marsden Square 34 3 31 Marsden Squares 4l3~4l4 Marsden Squares 449-450 Latitude: 50°-55° (S) Longitude: 60°-70° (W) 32 Marsden Square 43 TABLE II (Cont'd) AREA DELINEATION TABLE 46 AREA NO. AREA ENCOMPASSED 33 Marsden Square 80 34 Marsden Square 115 35 Marsden Square 152 36 Marsden Square 186 37 Marsden Square 216 38 Marsden Squares 214,215,250 Latitude: 60°-65° (N) Longitude: 15°-20° (E) 39 Latitude: lio°-45° (N) Longitude: 15°-20° (E) 40 Latitude: ij0°-^5° (N) Longitude: 270--45° (E) 41 Marsden Squares 142-14 3 42 Marsden Square 68 43 Latitude: 10°-20° (S) Longitude: 30°-48° (E) 44 Marsden Squares 327-328 TABLE II (Cont'd) AREA DELINEATION TABLE 47 _J o r— H UN o r— O o t — On H CM rH CM CD ~t "LA "LA O °9 r— ■"" .' o- rH ■LT, u NO nO UN, "LT. LA On O- CA "LA On CM CO sO o CA "LA 1 - rH fA CO rH u i i i t 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 (0 H cc _+ CO ~~ CO J fA fA VA U\ "LA r^ CN o r- H CO yS — i CM CO CM rH rH CM Q " — UN rH CO On CM -r CA CA y CM 1 • o rH U I i CM 1 o 1 H CM CM NO t H rH CA o ! O rH < fA "IA CA in NO nO -o fA NO O On l^t -=r H On CM O _^f OJ r '. O o CO r>- CM "LA CM o CO —^ rH CM fA CA . On r— t rH rH -3 O NO CA CM CA rH H L^- O O CA O CA CM _J 1 1 1 » 1 1 1 ! 1 i 1 1 t i c? H fA fA fA r- CM r>- NO o C— CM rH "LA O On CA o "LA On On Os cc a. -zr CJ> c-- _zt fA H XA IA o r-- IA "LA co Co o rH rH fA H rH rH O CM -=1 -3 nO O rH O • «—— • ft S • ft • • 9 ft • « C 6 • • 0 I/) i t \ 1 1 1 1 1 E 1 1 ! - rH V0 o CA _rj fA _Zj -Cf CO CM O CM CM i — { "LA rH .Z • t I o 1 • 1 ft 1 e 1 • 1 ft 1 C\i C\J CM H rH o rH o CM CM CA P— -t O -d — ^T ia On CM fA "IA un r~- CA o —^ O CO o NO H H i— 1 fA o H o -^J r-1 CNJ r- o ft • » ft z. 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 t) CO CM CM rH CM On nO UN CO CO O qT « 1 • 1 « 1 f? XA r^\ _. CA o fA o o CA rH CO Os rH C— O On co CM "LA 1TN OC la — cf OJ LA rH C\ ^O "LA CO C— o "LA CM Cn rH i — i u H cA rH l — ! 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LT> J f— CvJ • H • 1 CO @ t— H- o U r — i ■ Jf rH + P 1 ^~> \ vo ^-^ ■amete lange cd l< ^ bO P- S o H CO cr> o x + 8 rH o c— O o CVI it 1 Q-t Lf> oo 1 0~) tr\ on 1 C\J CXI 1 rH 1 co in 1 o vo oo ~ 1 it H l Cvl co o s ° Co OO t— ^r Cvl oo •H 6 CO o oo n to CO oo CvJ S ft o vo -^ H II to CO OJ CO II to CO o 1 ' 1 JP vo CO K • Cq it t— rH CO * — cd 1 — 1 rH i hi 1 U rH \ CvJ i0] H 1 rH ^^ CD -P CD ■a 1 ^ I t ft o CVJ s £ o •~N M CO O 1 CO CC ST oo ft o it oo 55 w VO o o CvJ H P-i i o in 1 rH H + + CvJ 1 o o 1 o -^d* rH rH CV1 ^r rH • o -pr to- CO • U\ ^r C S oo g o o ^ C\J o oo Ln 1 o H o on • •^ o H CU 1 O • 1 CvJ 1 i it • o 1 + o 1 o + ■=]• !m Ln • l>- (Dt? e VO IT • —r • -P -P0) O CvJ a • t- CO CD-P < • < CvJ o\ 'pr t- ■H cocd fc £jrH cdQj o o H [h II rH 1 CO H H II CO M II CO K II CO P-iCO co to CO to ..: CO o CO a> £ H rH on oo o 1 K CO 1 H 1 rH 1 LO o rH tS] Fh (D cd -9 -H '-' i GO rH o> ON d & 4- - in OO -=r VO i PO cc 0) co g'T- CM CvJ oo it oo co rH CO CO M CO O H co co i;! a I to' ■p o o > s I 62 -^T VO on K ^=r CO -_j" + CM CO , rH ■"3 ' <> + CO 1 — c c c> + rH 1 co U 1 — O QJ 0 •~N CM 1 1 ,, — N 1 1 -P CD 1 — EH O P-I ON P-< on Q) LQ C\i v— ' • rH K rH W GO LP CM -=r + lp m Q rH 00 s rH | 1 rH CM 1 CM | 1 CM Ph CM rH 1 Eh CM rH O CO -=r O CO CO + w + C\J H 0 • ON t~- O t— T3 fH u o^ . 0 & I g t>- H t^- s i II W CO H CO II CO txl 5, CO li CO tO c— ■ 1 ,,. K C\J 00 CM ' CO CM • 1 — 1 rH + rH C + O | c • | ^^ k 0 CM 1 — 1 + rH I 1 — 1 1-3 co 0 s 0) &H 0 P-. cd ffi 0 0) £) rH cn CM O 0 |H 1 — 1 £3 Q co 1 -. bi) 1 1 on VO O U^ O") • CM o> CO O CM vo rH CM l f *N rH • O O on cu 0 + co 1 CM + CM 1 CM f 1 r-\ O CM rH On cn + CD O £"■' CO 1 — { O rH VO VO rH Ti M 1 1 CO 1 £ M p. K o S II § II PI II 00 II o H [rj P-I 0 CD si co Lh CO w CO >-Lh CO CO tS3 to 0 CO Pj tsi co. vo in 00 ^3- K 0~) CO on -T rH 1 CM c 0 ^-^ r~ 1 rH 6 ^ * — * OJ P-. \ 0 CD CM En s — 1. w ^ 40 R • 1 1 co Q - • 1 • CM • 1 + Ph H + CM • + 1 on + CM On CM rH •=*■ (D d -P JP 4: fe rH CM CM O CO O CM 1 n 1 — - •h cd r- cd K 11 II £ II m p II co to H 3 CO CO 1 co IS] 0 CO to Q_i J£L. CD S LO^ 0 VO 1 CM 1 CO rH 1 CO cn ■ K CO 1 rH 1 CM 1 rH 1 CM tsi u 0 cd • Xj Pifi on LP LP co g cdp LP LP VO CM ^3 0/' CM CM t>- CM I^H rH — LP VO co o> 13 «3 cn cn on on CO CO co M CO o M CO CO C3 ■p g a 63 ■=3" U-N — K •=3" ^ J V~' 1 — 1 J vo U H O cn 3°* m I X P-. l 0 O cn 0 ^r rH O O rH rH £ ^ § & II w to O rH 0 k ■=r vo 1 — 1 1 rH ^— s r — 1 ^-^ £h \ 1-3 ^"N rH C5 0) 0) oO 1 1 8 £ ^ 0 H H CO c3§ -=J- CO 0 1 1 C\J CM™ c^ 1 O 1 1 o^ LPv 1 CM rn °' P 1 & O rH ^ -^r • C-- rH 'S t^- CM ' c ►p» »-y 0 i II 0 II 0 C5 e < •Si CO Cn) x IS3 — 0 0 vo 1— 1 LO in K VD rH 1 cn H J O SH 1 O rH (D -=X /■ — v O CO -s & co CO LO O Cu Co 1 m -=T ■ CM rH U^ C\J en 1 -=r 1 • • rH O 1 P-, \o 1 . $ CM. CO .=3- CM CM • >H cn 0 LT\ CM ■=3" +1 4^ d H • -=r -P CM W CJ -W H 1 1 « 1 SH £ C •h 3d ft 11 a 11 g II cd a (-3 w 0 CO C5 W < tS3 0 LNl H to PhCT. CO c/) & s bp^ CM ■ .=1- CM cn 1 CL. w 1 OJ 1 cn 1 -3- to U cu cd ^3P K C\] LT\ co g (i4- C\J -3- rH 3 Q P a\ 2; ~ iU gj en (E — 5 1-1 CM -=3 CO I CO I I CO >H -! '■I :■: < ) i i CO i Xi -P <-' o o g 64 TABLE VI GRAPH DATA DENSITY CODE This following table shows the symbol representations used in plotting frequencies of data in BIOMED 02D graphical output NO. POINTS SYMBOL NO. POINTS SYMBOL 1 1 21 L 2 2 22 H 3 3 23 N l\ 4 24 0 5 5 25 P 6 6 26 Q 7 7 27 R 8 8 28 S 9 9 29 T 10 A 30 U 11 B 31 V 12 C 32 w 13 D 33 X 14 E 3^ Y 15 F 35 Z 16 G 36-41 - 17 H 42-47 + (&) 18 I 48-54 # 19 J 55-62 $ 20 K 63+ / CD *< n to •H a o "i c o 66 4 O -4 Hi in a o| < m! prJ I-? 1 r c* o| < Pni IS' pi i W Eh CO . e CO J. O: O C\J, + 0\ CO II CO to a CO o ~* I V 1 0 D r j -O -r , ' «— 4 in m in / t— * rn O* i~4 *° -f .-4 <\l ^j- C / »-* CM - o •z/ in m ■tf N y^C r- — ( »— 1 v^^y 9 in .-< 0" s^*X- C (M 1 in tt cr (D : . •H ft, 67 UJ at < o Q o M O < A-. 5= o X I- I IN J- in .1 r re CC o in i_.pt, -» in (D CN CO U 0 1 o o 1 o o CO en Q < E-< UJ M C£ § < £5 B Eh CO 3 H cr; o a o CO o IT) i r^> 4 3 O CO Q. UJ D^ CO u •H ::c o O 04 o UJ 72 — :l 1 1 i - i 1 "~ M i 1 wAw* — f-f.— " i 1 e-4 rvi _< ]— < f-« - ! — < — < -- fl .n "i C7< c o j r-« r— -^ >-< < \< I — mo — "ccco — rsl — c c < •- H"> (\i j Is. (Ni — « .-< iTi CN. IT> ^y ! f"> •— r\, r\' — < • ^ CM - uu" ir> vCiiniitv — • in l-lr-< — (^ ^•-•^■— <— .co r^ vjivr^CT'li-^-Cvin O CN O d o o CN o CO o o d (00) d IAI 3 J. o W •H O o o Suj 0) 73 - ! — ' fM (V — « h m-J-OCOojfMSCrri .-^^j_i r\J— <—< —< '— • — •<■ ;0 ^v— >.*- J- -O— 'f\J- < — r~-<",>"''iirNfV(sjr'"i<"\i—< —• r -J" e-1 -n (\i (nj — < ^-i <-\ -N^r- u-\ o> ,- a _ -v ,c l/> — • vj- rvj v}- ^ (\i — i _i « r"l o X> Os^ O sj- IT. O u"\ vj- -C jN r g >,+ >r r-- xf ra r- IM ro — < r-j (\i — « .""! r— ro rg O fN q CN o in Do) d W 3 I EH VD o CO I oo DQ tNl UJ w co g o E-i CO .X O &* Ul Oh J-. 3 •i-i 3u U u in n CO CO a m < cr: LU o ££ £ < 3 «-l <\) —< rj --<•--< rj •-« t-i — f\! — ' !M IT fi —" .w - rvj -"rt-iNr, •—(V t\i ir> clj z o cc-- tc < sj- f\i rs, ^ — -r (\i t-4 f\! — r^(\cT'^ — rsJ — — (VMfV Omo— '~< — > I I M~ < O, j ( coro<\) rH I rH I .< CO t- + CM CO to ^u. u. -jxcr f\ r; ^ i i u-. cc v<5xi r- —i «— . r" ir> < < r~- c cc cc -c -c (\ ^ rv fM^vf — i r- N f: LU H co o CO o *~ Q. Ill rH e •H ■ma f^i o o UJ CO Q CO °%)' o CN f o O i : 76 r\1 — | crcoj CM -4 •— CXfO U. — , m— i ~!r\l <\J ««M i i ; Of | <' fa LU < I ! r---- i i o d ! i (°%) A 1! HI IV s E j» Dl LLI Q . H § •H re o o LU 78 i r h- o o CJ o M < M o UJ £ C£ < E-i CO lT>u"i — < <\J — < •A-}- ~« _i _i < "- in -o ~ 1 — < — < CO < T 'MIA —< <\l — ' ~-l »-:o-t— >~i — < — • i-M-i .-. 71 -J '-I. C* f> — <— i— i— < ""M "M -\| -- < — < —>-* ^'^J — « —*C} ~-i—i—i *r> ~» . o sj- ~j — ' — « »- s* —i — « -j -o, _i-^„< -j „i _i ~"> — ic\| — <—i_i-g ^^j—ci „j — < -^ --< rT — ( -^^ J "sj r~ r\ ^" /> " — -J *x> ' 3 T> ~> ~1 .""1 "^ —i -v|— < nT ^-~ -r ~1^'5 — — ••j< J L J I I I L o o od o o (°%) A1INI1 VS Q. LJU £ t •H o o Hi 79 i r 30 CM § o o UJ 3 < & ■o E —i^NJrj J- LU a <\J m <"vJ m ITi °*J — < IA ' i J • (sj m.-i —» -*r\j .-i<\) -*.-< | —) 1 i i i i 1 1 w-A i i i i I 1 i ; , i 1 ; _<_i(\j _,. i ; 1—4 «-l rjj.-i.~t 1. I 1 ■ i ' :- : ;- ' i • ; j I i I 1 ' + 1 ! :, ! | . , ! I1 1 ' o E X flL rH }- -> rsi -4 in rOvOCOQOCO r*- < h- vj- ,<\j r*1 — < ,-t iin,'—^ •-I CO (TiC sT <) |_L IT* r- r<"\ I r-K^wT' v.*" O C CO IA C> tf"> f"VC\i in •-< —< .- < rWr uju_-of-i.j-m ,-!<,-< | ^ iNfrxr-mccoom^r^ mrnro«Tf^iri m r^ r- in %J r\j «r co-o -J- in— < • I rs; o nJ ^ — < »-i - I -j-i I — < r\j— i. — ' — < l*" < tf\ c T5 iA -O (M iM . -J>fCii. \T\ -J ] r^ f\| roiAKOaN or :i r co <\i vj- «r r«1rorn -.rf.r-ip^ -«\J i. fNJfSJ -ph : o irt o O H M Oi < I 1 a W LU (°%) A i I f\i I 1 V S o o, GL Hi o H CM W •H fin o LU CO 8-4 -< O £ od < -I r\ Hh fsjl .'Cl<\ T — .r\j nJ-— i — ir\. f\l t>.— ■f\f- rJ ■-" f\ »r «-■ (\ •O |'~OCU'<-' c^r-i Nrrq^oa-crnivj-vT— «r<~ (Mm J 111 n iri in 3 (°%) A i !'N I 1 \/S 'J* m c .... 1 a °UJ t^x/J c C\J CsJ CD U H t •H O m a o CO 85 FT" T o 6 H - 1 «* r-" -" 1^ r\i : *^$"i LU 4 | H i I i ! T ! P%) o o CO ^> in n A X i t4 I I v b o o I o. Q ™ •H o a o UJ 86 I O 9 87 wii Hid3G wonoa 88 I ! 1 o o in Eh to < o o CO w Eh < CO < IJLJ Eh M & E-< CO E-< S3 "M ■H.-irvj •— ' r—tr~t'—tf\J r~i — • .">J— ' (\J— I • ts»r-i rjrj i-«(^ — < rvj -H<'o f\. r^j "-~ j- o u. ~< — ' fv. "si —>r~>^ — i 1— ir-ir. u. — * — * 1,-. <—!—(—« —4*" — *X | — 1 -1 — I — Id— I'J | <\; ro "J(N; (Ivi I r\,— '(MU I 1 I «f-> — I t~- O O o n o o m (tu) Hld3Q LaJOHOa m CL a lu Qsoe C\J o pi o LU m 89 1 , i 1 i i i i i i i o W) Hid 3d !A!Gl±Oe 90 r Q < LU 3 S A. — *-* ■ — <<\. —> I .-< M rt> -1 — <—<<\ —i — « [ I I I J L f\l <\J f\; rvj ^ -- ^-< eg (\i .-« <\j n — ' —I C\i r n rsjb-> i O o o o o o •J- I i o o o rs (tis) Hid 3Q !/J0110a a. Q oo CM •H o o UJ 91 I i I i ! o i ! o a —> _ ■-«.-.. C\J rsjC-CO — ' rsioivO r\i_i ^.v* < - X(\i — '(M — «•■%: -j- .— *: — 'N/r^oJT-c. '-3lT* — if- O -♦'C- < Ci O -ooia — :a vr rjaru. c_ 'jfioo l —• c ->_o r I I l V. ~- Z y ~5 — ~ i_ l l ~. Cu. lt-7t-J|l" MhLl. | I I | C — l X— I £-. I > I i/^o- a I l I | ( i | < | Z". X <■. — < • >- — a: o >M -L > I I X^ I I '■lit <-c a > i hi- r x g: r- •3-- i :* -r •..■'! ~ ~^ - — r " | r. u. o« O 7» <\. —J < c *: I — rr O rv « i •rt-a-l.^-C^cc-r — «\ _^ — u. cr- u~- <: »r — I — 0 U (_• fj. f- t,~-i— ft\r^ !, -4 -- i i i I Q 0\ V LM 0 I S 92 ! ' i 1 1 - 1 — < -4 —i i i i 1 _ ■ . i i i i i IT) ■ I ; ; ! j CN i ; I 1 i ™ i i i i —> ; id H i ■ • -1 c^« -i I 1 < ^ - i W- ft, i p 1 < g n"* B - i ' N ! „_ ! If! i v - - ! i " . 1 1 . "• ~4 j i - ! 1 i • . i ^f t-<~* —i i i i _ • , 1 ! i : i i i ir _ t-(si~ r— r— t-i i : i i 1 i i r> L n- ** T i i i i i 1 1 j i 1 — — : rs<\ -1 ! 1 1 i i i • I i 1 1 1 ' 1 i i i r m CN CN a. LU a o en e B o o LU CN * - V IN -0 i 3 93 J I ■o — I ..* Eh CO O to w Eh <^ C"H CO CO | CM B uj I <| s Eh O 55 9 M O 0-. — « 'N. i\| ilr | f\ j .-• —« ^T\ ~J- rvj ^-« r— • .r»cr. " fi r»i fi O ■; i_> f J n -J- — i ' ."> -C •- .• ~ v* !*"» -' J .'■fr''.rC''" — < c»i OiT.^C c. ^ -}• ^"•'^ >J-— ""J ,--.-» : r -j a ^.-.-xr-.-.rv-v -< -*r — iC ?•-:;;-— ^u"', — — '— > —i^-i—i — « — •», 7 c"^r"'J' 0.-j'j~v<"> >— 'CM —i — ■ ~-< r J — ■ - J _/--. <"■■> 'M -0 *N -J f " — * ^T — < -J- -t — < -4" t - *\J -C n . r"l HiC-'-ih CM *-V!A!D!S o 9^ I I I - i I — < I <-4 1 _j.-i^-t4r\j{\j ' -«l O E x CL CM CD U w o o UJ (f) o f-' o o in {!(„■) N39AX0 95 'r5 10 < 3 m " 1 I —» 0 f\ fo^r ^j-vO cc>r f\i<\i (NJ 0 .-< _l .-i —< - r-> —<.- i_i— 'on— ilPipcmuu. o-^ mcoLPiULjcoc^co''- — ' — •— 'rsjsj-sO-iCjiriu- <— _ic; o ipo lp lp ci v* o .-< .— rp r— <-p en oi_: co i_>lp <•-< o f^ fM * _< _ „i ,0 rp >j- C* f\i j- (s; «j <^~i.~i N»-sjr- £T il.U-'"-< CO >C CO T«Ja:C-<^C\; *-<■-•« _ ^^r^f ON?frf -l<\J —<.-!— <(\| 4 t-< ,^<\j.-^ CM,— iCsjoOcsj ^-c\,.- .-^ ■icm —i — 1(\. bO O O 00 i-lfNJ —«_i ~< CM CM .-I CM ,«— I.— ,-< r-> l-l *->„< — I — 1 CM .-.-< o CO o o o CM 0/iD-6n) snaondsond 97 00 < LU E-« to < o o co B ^-^ ^ <* H Eh CO cc O C— W o Eh o M • B + § o W • EH o CO B It Ec iH E- t en ^-~s o w S3 M ^ ~i>-\JJ- ^-i^-.(\(\ir-<-J- *4 — 1 .-< - —4 (Ni ■-• f — •~4 1 "* .-i ~0 — « C^ •M r^ r^i r-i fvj ~4 -\; OJ i^i •— 4 ~* < vJ" rj rvj tn o-- f^ «fr rM . - t<\ cc —* o IT> r- «t — lT> CM ■-' r- - — * —t rj r\- ■f ~ •—4 —* —1 ^* pj ,-« —4 -^ »■-■» r-v ^ (X, —< - — » ::. ~ ro %! •~i r~4 -» jh rj —4 f\l — ( — i V* vf -■ «— t N — « .-< t—J - --* - -H lT> f \ f I | I 1 j 1 1 H Q. UJ Q . On e b •H X o o LU CO 00 •o (N (sq^us^) sanoio 102 i I M r \ ^<-f n i CO i (M- — < (NJ- 4 (M<\i (M t\!^4. -~< —4 -3r r\j. — (N^i re rx — > r<^ — ^ r\.r\, — .,<% nt — r~ — < _ i |r\j »h r\' "w— <<\,tM<^,(■\,-v.-.— l^,<^.«J■ ~>4 <%.— — — r- r\) IN. (N. L — ' (N — r\.r\. N I >r rvi —. (N i— 1 lO — r* •T t\. — C\. — r- — fS _ r\,rr~ i»l i-l<\^ — <, •— (N. IX (N ~i>j u> -^ O (X <" .\N|"\ — ^ — < »-* <•%,(— ■* (D ■♦-» E. X CO a 3 X o o LU (Bop) 1 v 1 S 104 ~T G> E-t rn CJ <3j o o < % UJ M q: £ Ph —t — < f\J rs. ^ —if — -rirsj i— < -< 1-^ fvj —1.^ m — to— ■ tr.m .-.fN 4 _i (MINI |T IMi C\|- iTilNl fNIN -£- ■4- CO _ «rg ^ih r"\ <-„— i — i — < (N 3 9) O 1 b ^X °QL X IN | -" IN o Nfr' ._.t_ q £ •O LU to "^ e pi fcO •H o X o o oCfi CM l&op) 1 V 1 'S 105 r •— 1 CNJt-^CVU- -H»^ro — 1— < — «-*"Mc\J 1 — < r^l — « --« >-4r\J 1 ^1 ! 05 D1 Q. UJ Q o CD U O PJ o o if) 106 i i I o o rsj —4 —i «t CO (M d CO < l-l ILJ cr M <£ 3 (\~i J(N —i r\i (\j I — ' '-< f\l x H Du UJ Q . e 0 bO ___ *H X o o UJ CO L uJ _± (Bop) D NO"! *M 107 108 50 -j— p j , , j -j— j -^ r 40 X30 EL LU Figure M6. Monthly Secchi Depth Averages -20 u O - LU 10 AREA 29 I » » 1 ifti L J FMAMJ JASOND 109 < CVi o <. o a: X a. 1— i o -zr ZT LU LU UJ (X a: a. o <. oO < H- < Q 00 UJ 00 o Q 'UQi |~nh- — O^OQ -J sa u_ uj *— < — tujUJO'-' >.»— « :ooiu q:'-^uI h-ar < 2: »o1li<< OO— 1OO0DQ xxluu: _j 00 1— < i u o t u _ J < Q LU 1 Lf IJji-Ur>slol— 3 UlUJcr'UJ H- O0_| xooo-jox -r II- UJZ> 0.0 < »-i c?-o t- Xm > -OO ►o -*-- -»o-^n OlPiOQ OOO^ LT\ — LT> •■ OOO-^ S "l-O >-. -^OO — OLOMJ OOi/)>-< mw —in ~00-«. Qv:oo >- -tno •"^OLs^ oo_j— OL^~ -v. 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EH !=> O C\J O o fM w o M W P-. < r J >-x r- »c at m co • —> rg < CO O t-H fiUJ O •-■-J • win #-< UJ < o C£>-< o a: o U-<* • U> —4 v- • ow _j> <-4r-*Nj-(\jrr'*cor^c\jNo^'f>J~nj r\j (\j *$-*$■ co -r- h-^s .*( sj- f cof~-c\jl-<"tc\i.~«^c\i —<<\jci>co,; », „ t *v>tO(Mn-'H ^.-i—i o -o • >o in in r- .10 . O • O 115 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Arsen'yev, V.S. , and Voytov, V.I., "Relative Transparency and Color of Bering Sea Water", Oceanology 3(1), 1968. 2. Atkins, W.R.G., Jenkins, P.G., and V/arren, F.J., "The Suspended Matter in Sea Water and its Seasonal Changes as Affecting the Visual Range of the Secchi Disc," J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K. , Vol. 33, -pp. 497-508, 1954. 3. Boden, B.P., Kampa, E.M., and Snodgrass, J.M., "Under- water Daylight Measurements in the Bay of Biscay," J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K. , Vol. 39, pp. 227-238, i960. 4. Bumpus, D.P. and Clarke, A.H., Hydrography of the Western Atlantic: Transparency of the Coastal and Oceanic Waters of the Western Atlantic, V/oods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report 10, 1947. 5. Cialdi, A. and Secchi, P. A., "On the Transparency of the Sea," Translation by Professor Albert Collier, Limnology and Oceanography, 13, 391-394, 1968. 6. Daniel, C. and Wood, P.S., Fitting Equations to Data, pp. 20-24, Wiley, 1971. 7. Dixon, W.J.j Biomedical Computer Programs, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1971. 8 . Fre de r i c k , M . A . , An Atlas of Secchi Disc Transparency Measurements and Forelule Color Codes for the Oceans of the World, M.S. Thesis, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 1970. 9. Gall, M.H.W., "Measurements to Determine Extinction Coefficients and Temperature Gradients in the North Sea and English Channel," J. Mar Biol. Assoc. U. K. , Vol. 28, pp. 757-780, 19^9." 10. Graham, J.J., "Secchi Disc Observations and Extinction Coefficients in the Central and Eastern North Pacific Ocean," Limnology and Oceanography, 11(2), 184-190, 1966. 11. Holmes, R.W. , "The Secchi Disc," Martek Mariner, 2(1), 1-4, 1970. 12. Holmes, R.W. , "The Secchi Disc in Turbid Coastal Waters," Limnology and Oceanography, 15(5), 6 8 8-6 9 '1, 1970. 116 13. Jerlov, N. G. , Optical Oceanography, Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York , 194 p. , 1968. 14. Kampa, E.K., "Underwater Daylight Measurements in the Sea of Cortex," Deep-Sea Research, 17, 271-280, 1970. 15. Kampa, E.M., and Eowden, B.P., "Light Generation in a Sonic-Scattering Layer," Deep-Sea Research, 4, 13-92, 1957. 16. Murphy, G.I., "Effect of VJater Clarity on Albacore Catches," Limnology and Oceanography, Hi) 9 86-93, 1959. 17. Nie, N.H., Bent, D.H., and Hull, H.C., Statistical Package for Social Sciences, McGraw-Hill, Inc., San Francisco, 1970. 18. Poole, H.H., and Atkins, W.R.G., "Photoelectric Measure- ment of Submarine Illumination throughout the Year," Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 16, 297-324, 1929. 19. Russell, H.D., and Clarke, G.L., The Transparency of East Indian Waters and Adjacent Areas, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report 2, 1944a. 20. Russell, H.D., and Clarke, G.L., The Transparency of Icelandic, North and Central American, West Indian, Hawaiian Te rritory, and Fiji Isl and Waters , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Fieport 3, 1944b. 21. Ryther, J.H., "Photosynthesis and Fish Production in the Sea," Science, 166, 72-76, 1969. 22. Tyler, J.E., "The Secchi Disc," Limnology and Oceanography, 13.(1), 1-6, 1968. 23. Uda, M. , "Oceanography of the Subarctic Pacific Ocean," Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 20(1), 119-179, 1963. 24. Visser, M.P., "Secchi Disc and Sea Colour Observations in the North Atlantic Ocean during the Navado III Cruise, 1964-1965, Aboard H. Neth. M.S. 'Snellius' (Royal Netherlands Navy)," Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 3 ( ^ ) , 553-563, 1967'. 25. Visser, M.P., "The Turbidity of the Southern North Sea," Deutschen Hydrographischen Zeitschrift, 3.(3) > 97-117, 1969. 26. Voitov, V.I.,, and Dement 'yeva, M.G., "Relative Transparency of the Indian Ocean," Okeanologiya 10(1), 48-50, 1971. 117 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST No. Copies 1. Defense Documentation Center 2 Cameron Station Alexandria, Virginia 22314 2. Library, Code 0212 2 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 3. Department of Oceanography 3 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 4. Officer in Charge 1 Fleet Numerical Weather Facility Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 9 3940 5. Commanding Officer and Director 1 Naval Undersea Research & Development Center 'Attn: Code 2230 San Diego, California 92152 6. Director, Naval Research Laboratory 1 Attn: Tech. Services Info. Officer Washington, D.C. 20390 7. Office of Naval Research, Code 4800 1 Department of the Navy Washington, D.C. 20360 8. Oceanographer of the Navy 1 The Madison Building 732 N. Washington Street Alexandria, Virginia 22 314 9. Naval Oceanographic Office 1 Attn: Library Washington, D.C. 2C390 10. Dr. Robert S. Andrews 1 Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 11. Mr. Roswell W. Austin 1 Visibility Laboratory Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92037 118 12. Dr. Hasong Pak Department of Oceanography Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 13. Dr. Wayne V. Burt Department of Oceanography Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 14. Lt. Patrick J. Brown c/o M.E. Brown 125 Leidig Circle Monterey, California 939*10 15. Dr. Peyton Cunningham Department of Physics Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 939^0 16. Dr. Seibert Q. Duntley Visibility Laboratory Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92037 17. Mr. George Eck Naval Air Development Center Johnsville, Warminster, Pennsylvania 1897^ 18. Mr. Gus Griffin Code 14 Naval Undersea Center San Diego, California 19. Dr. R. C. Honey Stanford Research Institute Menlo Park, California 20. Mr. Kenneth V. Mackenzie Ocean Sciences Department Code D503 Naval Undersea Research & Development Center San Diego Division San Diego, California 92152 21. Dr. Robert E. Morrison Code 102 - OSC Office of Naval Research Arlington, Virginia 22217 22. Mr. Jerry Norton Oceanography Department Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 939^0 119 23. Mr. Larry Ott 3 Naval Air Development Center Johnsville, Warminster, Pennsylvania l897[J 24. Mr. Thomas J. Shoppie 1 Naval Air Development Center Johnsville, Warminster, Pennsylvania 1897*1 25. Dr. S. P. Tucker 10 Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 939^0 26. Mr. John E. Tyler 1 Visibility Laboratory Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92037 27. Mr. Lowell Van Billiard 1 Naval Ships Engineering Center Prince Georges Center Hyattsville, Maryland 20782 28. Mr. Alan Baldridge, Librarian 1 Hopkins Marine Station Pacific Grove, California 93950 29. Mr. Ted Pet z old 1 Visibility Laboratory Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92037 30. Mr. W. J. Stachnik - 1 Optical Systems U.S. Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory Fort Trumbull ■ New London, Connecticut 06320 31. Dr. Robert W. Holmes 1 Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106 32. Dr. Robert Andrews 1 Department of Oceanography, Code 58Ad Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 939^0 33. LT Margaret Anne Frederick, USN 1 Fleet Numerical Weather Central Monterey, California 939^0 120 3*1. Dr. R. R. Dickson Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Pood Fisheries Laboratory Lowestoft Suffolk, England 35. Dr. M. P. Visser Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute De Bilt, Netherlands 36. Mr. Henry Odum Oceanographers Services Branch National Oceanographic Data Center Washington, D.C. 20390 37. Dr. Ronald Zaneweld Department of Oceanography Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 38. Mr. David Norman W.R. Church Computer Center Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California . 93940 39. Dr. Robert Fe Stevenson ONR Scientific Liaison Office Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, CA 92037 *+0. Dr. Kendall Carder Marine Science Institute University of South Florida St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 121 Security Classificntun DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA -R&D Secure rl«.l«c.lion.ltlll.. bod, o< ^„ac, and In^lnj annotation must be .nf.r.d when ,h. „.r.ll repor, „ rUxHIed) ] jriCis* ting ACTIVITY (Xorporsle »ulhoft [aval Postgraduate School lonterey, California 939^0 2*. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION Unclassified 2b. GROUP REPORT TITLE Correlation Coefficients Calculated on a World Wide Basis Between pbserved Secchi Depths and Other Simultaneously Measured Standard Oceanographic Parameters descriptive notes ( Type ol report andjnclusive dates) toaster' s Thesis; March 1973 Tu THORiSi (First name, middle initial, luet name) Patrick Joseph Brovin REPOR T D A TE March 1973 CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. b. PROJEC T NO. 7a. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES 123 lb. NO. OF REFS 26 »«. ORIGINATOR'* REPORT NUMBER(S) Ob. OTHER r.EPoi~Y NOISI (Any other number* that may be oeeloned thle report) 0. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited I SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARV ACTIVITY Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 939^0 3. ABSTH AC T I The distributions of Secchi depths (i.e. water transparency) with simultaneously measured standard oceanographic Parameters on 1 the National Oceanographic Data Center are purveyed on a global basis. ,„ inventory of many of the oceanographic parameters 1S ,giyen lor aii Parsden squares. Correlation coefficients between Secchi depths and 1 eleven other Parameters are also tabulated. Linear regression o fo/some twenty-one selected ocean areas relating Secchi deoth and the other parameters are presented, and in some Case., dotted No simple and consistent relations between Secchi depth »nd oth^r parameters are evident; however, several trends are n^d Forel color and oxygen measurements show trends toward an inverse proportionality with Secchi depths while bottom depth data indicate a possible direct proportionality. DD ,Fr"..1473 S/N 010) -607-681 1 (PAGE 1) 122 "Security Cl.ttific.tion A-914C8 Security Classification KEY WORD J LINK B RO L E I WT ROL t | WT Secchi Depths Oceanographic Parameters Transparency Sea Water Transparency Linear Regression Analysis Secchi Depth Data Distribution Ocean Transparency Transparency of the World's Oceans Optical Properties of Sea Water DOLE ft T J DD ,Fr..1473