TN

Technical Note N-1023

CORROSION OF MATERIALS IN SURFACE SEA WATER AFTER 6 MONTHS

OF EXPOSURE
By
Fred M. Reinhart

March 1969

This document has been approved for public release
and sale; its distribution is unlimited.

NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Port Hueneme, California 93041

-|o25

CORROSION OF MATERIALS IN SURFACE SEA WATER AFTER 6 MONTHS
OF EXPOSURE

Technical Note N-1023

YF 38.535.005.01.004

By

Fred M. Reinhart

ABSTRACT

A total of 880 specimens of 215 different alloys were completely
immersed in surface sea water for six months to obtain data for compari-
son with deep ocean corrosion data.

Corrosion rates, types of corrosion, pit depths, and changes in
mechanical properties were determined.

The highly alloyed nickel alloys, titanium alloys, silicon cast
irons, specialty stainless steels, columbium, tantalum and tantalum-
tungsten alloy were uncorroded both at the surface and at depth.

The corrosion rates of the copper base alloys, nickel base alloys,
steels, and cast irons decreased as the concentration of oxygen in sea
water decreased.

The copper base alloys, steels, cast irons, molybdenum, tungsten,
leads and lead-tin solder corroded uniformly.

All the aluminum alloys were attacked by pitting and crevice
corrosion and sea water was more aggressive at depth than at the sur-
face. The effect of the oxygen concentration of sea water on the
corrosion of aluminum alloys was inconsistent.

The stainless steels were attacked by crevice, pitting, edge and
tunnel corrosion except types 310, 317 and 329, 20Cb, 20Cb-3 and AM350
on which there was only incipient crevice corrosion. Crevice corrosion
was more severe in surface waters than at depth.

This document has been approved for public release
and sale; its distribution is unlimited.

PREFACE

The Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory is conducting a research
program to determine the effects of deep ocean environments on mater-
ials. It is expected that this research will establish the best mater-
ials to be used in deep ocean construction.

A Submersible Test Unit (STU) was designed, on which many test
specimens can be mounted. The STU can be lowered to the ocean floor
and remain there for long periods of exposure.

Thus far, exposures have been made at two deep-ocean test sites
and at a surface sea water site in the Pacific Ocean. Six STUs have
been exposed and recovered. Test Site I (nominal depth of 6,000 feet)
is approximately 81 nautical miles west-southwest of Port Hueneme,
California, latitude 33°44'N and longitude 120°945'W. Test Site II
(nominal depth of 2,500 feet) is 75 nautical miles west of Port
Hueneme, California, latitude 34°06'N and longitude 120°42'W. A sur-
face sea water exposure site (V) was established at Point Mugu,
California, (latitude 34°06'N and longitude 119°07'W) to obtain sur-
face immersion data for comparison purposes.

This report presents the results of the evaluation of the different
alloys exposed at the surface immersion site for a period of 6 months.

CC

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INTRODUCTION

The development of deep diving vehicles which can stay submerged
for long periods of time has focused attention on the deep ocean as an
operating environment. This has created a need for information concern-
ing the behavior of both common and potential materials of construction
at depths in the ocean.

To study the problems of construction in the deep ocean, project
"Deep Ocean Studies" was established. Fundamental to the design, con-
struction and operation of structures, and their related facilities is
information with regard to the deterioration of materials in deep ocean
environments. This portion of the project is concerned with determin-
ing the effects of these environments on the corrosion of metals and
alloys.

In order to determine the differences between the corrosiveness of
sea water at depths and at the surface it is desirable to compare deep
ocean corrosion data with surface immersion data. Since surface data
was not available in the literature for many of the alloys exposed at
depths in the Pacific Ocean, it was decided to establish a surface
exposure site to obtain this information. Therefore, a third site
designated as Site V was established at Point Mugu, California,
latitude 34°06'N and longitude 119°07'W.

The locations of the three test sites, two deep ocean sites and
the surface site, are shown in Figure 1. The specific geographical
locations of the test sites and the average characteristics of the sea
water at these sites are given in Table l.

Reports pertaining to the performance of alloys in the deep ocean
environments are given in References 1 through 7.

This report presents a discussion of the results obtained of the
corrosion of various alloys exposed at the surface, site V, for a per-
iod of 6 months.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The results presented and discussed herein also include the cor-
rosion data for the alloys exposed at the surface for the International
Nickel Co., Inc. Permission for their use has been granted by
Dr. T. Pio May, Reterence’ 8:

The deep ocean data from depths of 2,500 and 6,000 feet after
comparable periods of exposure are included for comparison purposes.

ALUMINUM ALLOYS

The chemical compositions of the aluminum alloys are given in
Table 2, their corrosion rates and types of corrosion in Table 3, and
changes in their mechanical properties after exposure in Table 4.

The corrosion rates of alloys 1100-H14, Alclad 3003, and 5052-0
were lower in the surface waters than at depths of 2,500 and 6,000 feet;
those of 3003, and 5456-H321 were lower at the surface than at the
2,500 foot depth; those of 2024-0, were lower at the surface than at
the 6,000 foot depth. The corrosion rates of the following alloys were
higher at the surface than at depth: 2024-0 than at 2,500 feet;
2219-T6 than at both 2,500 and 6,000 feet; 3003 than at 6,000 feet;
5086-H34 than at both 2,500 and 6,000 feet; 5456-H321 than at 6,000
feet; 6061-T6 than at 6,000 feet. The corrosion rates of all the alloys,
except 2024-0 and 2219-T81, immersed at the surface varied from 0.9 to
1.4 MPY with the average being 1.1 MPY. Those of 2024-0 and 2219-T81
were 3.8 and 3.5 MPY, respectively.

Pitting corrosion during the 6 months of immersion was insignifi-
cant except on alloys 2024-0, 2219-T81, 3003-H14 and 5456-H321. The
maximum depths of the pits were deeper for surface waters than at
depth for comparable periods of exposure for the following alloys:
2024-0 at both depths, 2,500 and 6,000 feet; 2219-T81 at 6,000 feet;
3003-H14 at 6,000 feet; 5086-H34 at 6,000 feet; and 5456-H321 at 6,000
feet. The maximum pit depths were deeper at depth than at the surface
for the following alloys: 1100-H14 at 6,000 feet; 2219-T81 at 2,500
feet; 3003-H14 at 2,500 feet; Alclad 3003-H12 at both 2,500 and 6,000
feet; 5086-H34 at 2,500 feet; 5456-H321 at 2,500 feet; and 6061-T6 at
2,500 feet.

Except for the 2024-0 alloy, crevice corrosion was more severe at
depth than at the surface.

Intergranular corrosion was present in alloys 2219-T81, 5083-H113,
5086-H32, 5086-H34 and 6061-T6.

There was an overall increase in the corrosion rates of alloys
1100-H14, 5052-0, 3003, Alclad 3003, 6061-T6 and 5456-H321 with a de-
crease in the concentration of the oxygen content of sea water as
shown in Figure 2. There was an overall decrease in the corrosion
rates of alloys 2024-0, 2219-T81 and 5086-H34 with a decrease in the
concentration of the oxygen content of sea water as shown in Figure 3.

The changes in the mechanical properties due to exposure after
surface immersion for 6 months in the Pacific Ocean are given in Table
4. Only the mechanical properties of alloy 2219-T81 were impaired.

Analyses of the corrosion data and mechanical property data sup-
ports the conclusion that, in general, sea water at depths of 2,500
and 6,000 feet in the Pacific Ocean is more aggressive than at the
surface after 6 months of exposure.

COPPER ALLOYS

The chemical compositions of the copper alloys are given in Table
5, their corrosion rates in Table 6 and the effect of exposure on
their mechanical properties in Table 7.

The corrosion rates of the majority of the alloys (28 of 33) were
higher for surface waters than at both depths, 2,500 and 6,000 feet.
The corrosion rates of nickel brass, 90-10 cupro-nickel (CDA706) and
nickel silver (CDA752) were higher for surface waters than at the 2,500
foot depth but were lower than at the 6,000 foot depth. The corrosion
rates of cast nickel-manganese bronze and 70-30 cupro-nickel containing
0.5 percent iron were lower at the surface than at both depths.

The corrosion rates of most of the copper alloys increased as the
concentration of the dissolved oxygen of the sea water increased. The
average, maximum and minimum corrosion rates of 26 of the alloys are
plotted against the dissolved oxygen contents at the three depths
(Table 1) in Figure 4. The corrosion rates of nickel brass, leaded
tin bronze, 90-10 cupro-nickel, nickel silver and 55-45 cupro-nickel
decreased as the concentration of oxygen in the sea water decreased.
However, the corrosion rates of nickel brass, 90-10 cupro-nickel and
nickel silver were higher at the intermediate concentration of oxygen,
1.3 ml/1 (6,000 foot depth) than at the higher concentration of oxygen,
5.25 ml/1 (surface) while those of leaded tin bronze and 55-45 cupro-
nickel were lower at the intermediate concentration of oxygen than at
the higher concentration of oxygen. The corrosion rates of 70-30
cupro-nickel containing 0.5 percent iron and cast nickel-manganese
bronze increased with decreasing concentration of oxygen in sea water.

Slight dezincification was found on red brass at the surface
whereas none was found at depth; dezincification of Muntz metal was
more severe at the surface than at depth; and dezincification of man-
ganese bronze A and cast nickel-manganese bronze were about the same
in severity at the surface as at depth.

Aluminum bronze, 7%, CDA No. 614 was dealuminified at the surface,
slightly dealuminified at the 6,000 foot depth but there was no such
attack at the 2,500 foot depth. Aluminum bronze, 10% was moderately
dealuminified at the surface and at the 2,500 foot depth but only
slightly dealuminified at the 6,000 foot depth. Dealuminification
decreased from severe to moderate to very slight as the depth increased
in 13% aluminum bronze.

Crevice corrosion was found on only three alloys, copper, nickel-
aluminum bronze No. 2 and 70-30 cupro-nickel with 5% iron at the sur-
face while none was encountered at depth. Pitting also was found at
the surface while none was found at depth on alloys, copper, P bronze
A, Ni-Vee bronzes A and B, and 70-30 cupro-nickel containing 5% iron.

The percent change in the mechanical properties of the copper
base alloys after exposure are shown in Table 7. The mechanical pro-
perties were adversely affected slightly by exposure at the surface

while there were no significant effects at depth for comparable periods
of exposure.

NICKEL ALLOYS

The chemical compositions of the nickel alloys are given in
Table 8, their corrosion rates and types of corrosion in Table 9 and
the effect of exposure on their mechanical properties in Table 10.

Corrosion

The corrosion rates, maximum and average pit depths, depth of cre-
vice corrosion and types of corrosion are given in Table 9.

There was no visible corrosion on 14 of the alloys and their
corrosion rates were less than 0.1 MPY (mils penetration per year).
These alloys were: nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys No. 3 and 625;
nickel-cobalt-chromium alloy 700; nickel-chromium-iron alloy No. 718;
nickel-iron-chromium alloys No. 800, 804, 825, 825 sensitized (heated
1 hour at 1200°F), 825 Cb and 901; nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum
alloys No. F, G and X; and nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy No. C.

The corrosion rates of 23 of the other 24 alloys were higher at
the surface than at both depths, 2,500 and 6,000 feet. The corrosion
rate of the other alloy, cast nickel-copper 505, was higher at the
surface than at the 2,500 foot depth but lower than at the 6,000 foot
depth. The corrosion rates of 14 of the alloys decreased as the depth
increased as shown in Figure 5. The averages of the corrosion rates of
the 14 alloys at the three depths along with the maximum and minimum
corrosion rates at each depth are plotted in Figure 5. However, for 10
of the alloys the corrosion rates were lower at the 2,500 foot depth
than at the 6,000 foot depth and the latter were lower than the corrosion
rates at the surface. The curves of the averages of the corrosion rates
of the 10 alloys at each depth in addition to the curves of the maximum
and minimum values are shown in Figure 6.

Five of the alloys which were corroded during the surface exposure
were not attacked by crevice corrosion: nickel alloy 301; cast nickel-
copper alloy 505; nickel-copper alloy 55-45; nickel-molybdenum-iron
alloy B; and nickel-molybdenum alloy 2. There was crevice corrosion on
21 alloys which varied in intensity from a depth of 12 mils to perfor-
ation of 50 mil thick specimens. There was crevice corrosion on nickel-
iron-chromium alloy 825, whose corrosion rate was less than 0.1 MPY to
a depth of 33 mils at an intentional crevice and to a depth of 44 mils
underneath barnacles.

The effect of the concentration of oxygen in sea water on the
corrosion of nickel alloys is shown in Figures 7 and 8. The corrosion
rates of 12 nickel alloys decreased as the concentration of oxygen in
the sea water decreased. The averages, and maximum and minimum cor-
rosion rates of these 12 alloys are shown in Figure 7. The decrease in

corrosion rate is almost linear with the decrease in the concentration
of oxygen. The decrease of the average corrosion rates, and the maxi-
mum and minimum rates of 10 other alloys with decreasing concentration
of oxygen in the sea water are shown in Figure 8. In the case of these
10 alloys, the average corrosion rate at 1.3 ml/1l of oxygen was slightly
lower than at 0.4 ml/1 oxygen but there was an overall decrease in cor-
roSion rates as the concentration of oxygen decreased from 5.25 to 0.4
ml/1.

The effect of exposure on the mechanical properties of the nickel
alloys is given in Table 10. The mechanical properties of four of the
alloys were not affected by exposure at the surface for 181 days, at a
depth of 2,500 feet for 197 days, and at a depth of 6,000 feet for 123
days. The elongation of nickel-iron-chromium alloy 902 was adversely
affected during 181 days of exposure in surface water immersion.

STEELS

The chemical compositions of the steels are given in Table 11,
their corrosion rates in Table 12, and changes in mechanical properties
due to exposure in the ocean in Table 13.

The corrosion rates of all the steels were higher in surface waters
than at both depths of 2,500 feet and 6,000 feet, Table 12. The cor-
rosion rates at the 6,000 foot depth were greater than at the 2,500
foot depth. The effect of depth on the corrosion rates of the steels
is shown in Figure 9. The corrosion rates of the steels at each depth
were averaged to obtain an average corrosion rate for any one depth. It
is these average values which are plotted in Figure 9. Also shown in
Figure 9 are the maximum and minimum corrosion rates for each depth to
indicate the spread in the values.

The average corrosion rates and, the maximum and minimum corrosion
rates were also plotted against the concentration of oxygen in sea
water from Table 1 to show the effect of oxygen on the corrosion rates
of steels. This is shown in Figure 10 where it is clearly evident that
the corrosion rates of the steels decrease with decreasing concentration
of oxygen in sea water. The average corrosion rate at the surface is
5 times greater than at a depth of 2,500 feet and 2.7 times greater than
at a depth of 6,000 feet.

The effect of exposure at the surface and at depths of 2,500 and
6,000 feet on the mechanical properties of some of the steels are
given in Table 13. The mechanical properties were not affected.

CAST IRONS

The chemical compositions of the cast irons are given in Table 14;
their corrosion rates in Table 15 and the effect of exposure on their
mechanical properties in Table 16.

The silicon and silicon-molybdenum cast irons were uncorroded

after 6 months of exposure at the surface except for slight etching
of the silicon cast iron; their corrosion rates were less than 0.1
MPY. These two alloys also were uncorroded at depths of 2,500 and
6,000 feet after comparable periods of exposure.

The other cast irons and austenitic cast irons corroded at higher
rates at the surface than at either depth. Also, their corrosion rates
were lower at the 2,500 foot depth than at the 6,000 foot depth. The
corrosion rates of the high nickel alloy austenitic cast irons were
lower than those of the other cast irons except the silicon and silicon-
molybdenum cast irons which were uncorroded.

The corrosion rates of the ordinary and low alloy cast irons were
treated as a group while the high nickel austenitic cast irons were
treated as another group. The corrosion rates of each group were
averaged to obtain representative curves. These average curves and
the maximum and minimum values are plotted in Figures 11 and 12 to
show the effects of depth and concentration of oxygen in sea water on
the corrosion rates.

It is shown in Figure 11 that the corrosion rates of the cast
irons are higher at the surface than at both depths and that the cor-
rosion rates at the 6,000 foot depth are higher than those at the 2,500
foot depth. Also the corrosion rates of the nickel, nickel-chromium
and ductile cast irons are higher than those of the high nickel
austenitic cast irons.

The corrosion rates of the cast irons also decreased with decreas-
ing concentration of oxygen in sea water as shown in Figure 12. The
corrosion rates of the nickel, nickel-chromium and ductile cast irons
were higher than those of the austenitic cast irons and they decreased
at a greater rate with decreasing concentration of oxygen than did
those of the austenitic cast irons. At the lowest oxygen concentration,
0.4 ml/1, the corrosion rates of the two groups were comparable.

In Figure 13 are shown the average corrosion rate curves for the
steels; nickel, nickel-chromium and ductile cast irons and; the aus-
tenitic cast irons. The corrosion rates for the steels and the group
containing the nickel, nickel-chromium and ductile cast irons are com-
parable and for all practical purposes it can be concluded that their
corrosion behavior is essentially the same. The corrosion rate curve
for the austenitic cast irons is much lower than the other two and re-
flects the effect of the high nickel contents in reducing the corrosion
rates of cast irons.

The effects of exposure in surface sea water on the mechanical
properties of two of the austenitic cast irons are given in Table 16.
The mechanical properties of Type 4 austenitic cast iron were not
affected while those of Type D-2C were adversely affected. Metallo-
graphic examinations of polished cross sections of Type D-2C showed
that it had been attacked by interdendritic corrosion which would
explain the decrease in mechanical properties.

STAINLESS STEELS

The chemical compositions of the stainless steels are given in
Table 17; their corrosion rates and types of corrosion in Table 18 and
the effects of exposure on their mechanical properties in Table 19.

The alloys which were least corroded were AISI Types 310, 317 and
329; 20Cb; 20Cb-3 and; AM350. They were not entirely uncorroded in
that there was incipient crevice corrosion evident on all of them even
though their corrosion rates were less than 0.1 mils per year.

All the other alloys were attacked by pitting, crevice, edge or
the tunnel types of corrosion or combinations of these types. The
crevice and tunnel types of corrosion were the most prevalent and they
are also the most insidious types.

Crevice corrosion occurs in the small space between two contacting
surfaces and usually its severity is not evident from visual examination
unless there is perforation of the alloy: generally the mating sur-
faces must be separated from each other to evaluate the degree of
severity.

The tunnel type of corrosion usually appears as a tiny pin hole on
the surface or on the edge of the material. However, once corrosion
penetrates the surface it spreads out in a tunnel like configuration
extending for a considerable distance underneath the surfaces of the
material.

In general. the Type 300 stainless steels were less corroded than
either the 200 or 400 Type alloys. The precipitation hardening stain-
less steels, except AM350, were severely attacked by the edge and the
tunnel types of corrosion and were judged to be about as corrosion re-
sistant as the 200 and “00 Type alloys. The precipitation hardening
stainless steels are: PH14-8Mo, PH15-7Mo, 17-7PH, 17-4PH, 17Cr-14Ni-
Cu-Mo, 18Cr-14Mn, AM350 and 17Cr-7Ni.

In general, crevice corrosion was more severe after 181 days of
exposure at the surface than after comparable periods of exposure at
depths of 2,500 and 6,000 feet.

The effects of exposure in sea water on the mechanical properties
of some of the stainless steels are given in Table 19. The mechanical
properties of the alloys were not adversely affected.

TITANIUM ALLOYS

The chemcial compositions of the titanium alloys are given in
Table 20, their corrosion rates in Table 21 and the effect of exposure
in sea water on their mechanical properties in Table 22.

The corrosion rates and types of corrosion of the titanium alloys
are given in Table 21. There was neither any significant weight losses
nor visible corrosion on any of the welded or unwelded alloys except
stress corrosion cracking of the 13V-11Cr-3Al alloy containing a
circular weld.

The welded titanium alloys were exposed in the "as welded" con-
dition. That is, the stresses imposed in the specimens by the welding
operation were not relieved by annealing prior to exposure. The pro-
cess of placing a circular weld in a specimen imposes very high
residual stresses in the specimen. Such circular welds simulate multi-
axial stresses imposed in structures or parts fabricated by welding.
Unrelieved circular welds will cause stress corrosion cracking if the
residual stresses are high enough and if the environment is appropriate.

The specimen of titanium alloy 13V-11Cr-3Al with a circular weld
cracked radially across the weld during 181 days of exposure at the
surface of the sea water as shown in Figure 14, companion specimens
exposed at depths of 2,500 and 6,000 feet for comparable periods of
exposure did not fail by stress corrosion cracking. This indicates
that sea water at depths is not as aggressive for promoting stress
corrosion cracking of this alloy as is surface sea water.

The effects of exposure in sea water on the mechanical properties
of titanium alloys are given in Table 22. The mechanical properties
were unaffected by exposure both at the surface and at depth in sea
water.

MISCELLANEOUS ALLOYS

The chemical compositions of the alloys are given in Table 23,
their corrosion rates in Table 24, and the effect of exposure in sur-
face sea water on the mechanical properties of some of the alloys in
Table 25.

The corrosion rates and types of corrosion of the miscellaneous
alloys are given in Table 24. The iron-nickel-chromium-molybdenum
alloys, columbium, tantalum and Ta-60 alloy were uncorroded after 6
months of exposure. The iron-nickel-chromium alloys were attacked by
crevice corrosion to depths of from 18 to 20 mils at the surface but
were practically uncorroded at depths of 2,500 and 6,000 feet after
equivalent periods of exposure.

Chemical lead, antimonial lead and tellurium lead corroded uniform-
ly with their corrosion rates being lower at the 2,500 foot depth than
at the surface and at the 6,000 foot depth. Chemical lead, in general,
was more corrosion resistant than the other two alloys.

Magnesium alloy AZ31B was practically disintegrated within 6 months
of exposure both in surface sea water and at depths of 2,500 and 6,000
Leet.

Tin, zinc and lead-tin solder corroded at appreciable rates in sea
water, those at the surface being higher than those at depth except
zinc after 123 days at 6,000 feet. Tin and zinc were pitted while the
lead-tin solder corroded uniformly.

Molybdenum and tungsten corroded at low rates and the type of
attack was uniform.

The effects of exposure in surface sea water for 6 months on the
mechanical properties for some of the alloys are given in Table 25.

The mechanical properties of columbium, molybdenum and tantalum were
not impaired.

SUMMARY

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of
surface sea water on the corrosion of different types of alloys
(aluminum alloys, copper alloys, nickel alloys, steels, cast irons,
stainless steels, titanium alloys and miscellaneous alloys) for compari-
son with deep ocean corrosion behavior. To accomplish this 880 speci-
mens of 215 different alloys were exposed 5 feet below the lowest tide
level in the Pacific Ocean at Point Mugu, California (Site V) for a
period of 6 months.

Aluminum Alloys

The corrosion rates of the various aluminum alloys were not con-
sistently higher or lower at the surface than at depth in the Pacific
Ocean: those of 2219-T6 and 5086-H34 were higher at the surface while
those of 1100-H14, Alclad 3003 and 5052-0 were lower. The corrosion
rates of 3003, 5456-H321, 2024-0 and 6061-T6 were inconsistent in
that they were higher at one depth than at the surface and lower than
at the surface than at the other depth.

Pitting corrosion was significant after six months of surface sea
water immersion on alloys 2024-0, 2219-T81, 3003-H14 and 5456-H321.
The maximum pit depths were deeper on more alloys at depth in the
Pacific Ocean than at the surface.

Crevice corrosion was more severe at depth than at the surface for
all alloys except 2024-0.

Alloys 2219-T81, 5083-H113, 5083-H32. 5086-H34 and 6061-T6 were
attacked by intergranular corrosion.

There was an overall increase in the corrosion rates of alloys
1100-H14, 3003, Alclad 3003, 5052-0, 5456-H321 and 6061-T6 with de-
creasing concentration of oxygen in sea water while those of 2024-0,
2219-T81, and 5086-H34 decreased with decreasing concentration of
oxygen after approximately 6 months of exposure.

The mechanical properties of alloy 2219-T81 were impaired after
surface exposure in the sea water for 6 months.

Copper Alloys

The corrosion rates of the copper base alloys except cast nickel-
manganese bronze and 70-30 copper-nickel containing 0.5 percent iron
were higher at the surface than at depthsof 2,500 and 6,000 feet in the
Pacific Ocean.

The corrosion rates of the copper alloys except cast nickel-
manganese bronze and 70-30 copper-nickel containing 0.5 percent iron

decreased as the concentration of oxygen in sea water decreased.

Red brass, Muntz metal, and manganese bronze A were dezincified
after 6 months of surface exposure in sea water. There was no de-
zincification of red brass at depth; that of Muntz metal was more
severe than at depth and; it was the same at depth as at the surface
on manganese bronze A and cast nickel-manganese bronze.

Dealuminification was present on 7, 10 and 13 percent aluminum
bronzes, being more severe at the surface than at depth.

There was slight crevice corrosion and pitting of some of the
alloys at the surface but none at depth.

The mechanical properties were slightly lowered by exposure at
the surface but were unaffected at depth.

Nickel Alloys

Fourteen (14) of the nickel base alloys were uncorroded: nickel-
chromium-molybdenum alloys No. 3 and 625; nickel-cobalt-chromium alloy
700; nickel-chromium-iron alloy 718; nickel-iron-chromium alloys No.
800, 804, 825, 825 (sensitized), 825 Cb and 901; nickel-chromium-iron-
molybdenum alloys No. F, G and X; and nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy
Ce

The corrosion rates of the other nickel base alloys were higher at
the surface than at depth in the Pacific Ocean.

All except five of the corroded alloys were attacked by crevice
corrosion.

The corrosion rates of the corroded alloys decreased as the con-
centration of oxygen in sea water decreased.

The elongation of nickel-iron-chromium alloy 902 was lowered con-
siderably after six months of exposure at the surface.

Steels

The corrosion rates of the steels were higher at the surface than
at depths of 2,500 and 6,000 feet in the Pacific Ocean.

The mechanical properties of the steels were not affected by ex-
posure in sea water for a period of six months.

Cast Irons

The silicon and silicon-molybdenum cast irons were uncorroded at
the surface and at depth in the Pacific Ocean.

The corrosion rates of the other cast irons were higher at the
surface than at depth. The corrosion rates of the high nickel austen-
itic cast irons were lower than those of the other cast irons.

The corrosion rates of the cast irons decreased with decreasing
concentration of oxygen in sea water.

Type D-2C austenitic cast iron was attacked by interdendritic
corrosion.

10

The mechanical properties of Type D-2C austenitic cast iron were
adversely affected by exposure for six months immersion in surface sea
water.

Stainless Steels

All the stainless steels were attacked by crevice corrosion. Those
with only incipient crevice corrosion were AISI Types 310, 317 and 329;
20Cb, 20Cb-3 and AM350.

Other types of corrosion on the alloys were pitting, edge or
tunnel or combinations of these types.

The Type 300 stainless steels were less corroded than Type 200,
Type 400 and the precipitation hardening stainless steels.

Crevice corrosion was more severe at the surface than at depths
of 2,500 and 6,000 feet in the Pacific Ocean.

The mechanical properties of the alloys were not adversely affect-
ed.

Titanium Alloys

Titanium alloys unwelded, butt and circular welded titanium alloy
75A; unwelded, butt and circular welded titanium alloy 6A1-4V; butt and
circular welded titanium alloy 0.15 Pd; butt and circular welded titan-
ium alloy 5A1-2.5 Sn; butt and circular welded titanium alloy 7A1-2Cb-
1Ta; and butt welded titanium alloy 13V-11Cr-3Al were uncorroded after
six months of exposure at the surface and at depths of 2,500 and 6,000
feet.

Titanium alloy 13V-11Cr-3Al with an unrelieved circular weld
failed by stress corrosion cracking after six months of exposure at the
surface. There were no failures of companion specimens after comparable
periods of exposure at depths of 2,500 and 6,000 feet.

The mechanical properties were unimpaired by six months of expos-
ure either at the surface or at depth.

Miscellaneous Alloys

The iron-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, columbium, tantalum and
tantalum-tungsten alloy Ta-60 were uncorroded.

Molybdenum and tungsten corroded uniformly at low rates. Chemical
lead, antimonial lead and tellurium lead also corroded uniformly but at
higher rates than molybdenum and tungsten with chemical lead being the
most resistant to sea water.

Tin, zinc and lead-tin solder corroded at appreciable rates in
sea water with tin and zinc being pitted.

Magnesium alloy AZ31B was disintegrated by corrosion.

Iron-nickel-chromium alloys were attacked by crevice corrosion in
surface sea water exposure but were uncorroded at depth in sea water.

11

CONCLUS IONS

Sea water at depths of 2,500 and 6,000 feet in the Pacific Ocean
is more aggressive to aluminum alloys than is sea water at the surface.

Aluminum alloys, because of their susceptibility to pitting and
crevice types of corrosion must be protected for sea water applications
if reasonable service life is desired. In general, aluminum alloys
would not be recommended for deep sea applications for periods longer
than three years if protective maintenance cannot be performed.

Copper base alloys which are susceptible to dezincification and
dealuminification are not recommended for sea water service. The other
copper base alloys corroded uniformly and can be used in sea water
service where their corrosion rates can be tolerated.

The nickel base alloys which were uncorroded can be used in sea
water applications where their mechanical and physical properties ful-
fill the other requirements.

Because of the susceptibility of the other nickel base alloys to
crevice corrosion, their use in sea water applications would not be
recommended unless adequate precautions were taken to prevent this
type of attack.

Steels, cast irons and austenitic cast irons because of their uni-
form corrosion can be used for sea water applications especially if
adequate protective measures are employed.

The stainless steels because of their proneness to crevice cor-
rosion and different manifestations of pitting are not recommended for
sea water applications.

Titanium alloys, except welded 13V-11Cr-3Al alloy, are recommended
for sea water applications.

The iron-nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, columbium, tantalum
and Ta-60 alloy are recommended for sea water service.

Molybdenum, tungsten, chemical lead, antimonial lead and tellurium
lead, because of their low uniform corrosion, can be used in some sea
water applications.

Tin, zinc and lead-tin solder are not recommended for sea water
service. Zinc is used as a sacrificial anode when it is desired to use
it to protect more noble alloys.

Magnesium alloy AZ31B is unsatisfactory for sea water applications.

Because of crevice corrosion, iron-nickel-chromium alloys are not
recommended for sea water service.

12

REFERENCES

1. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. Technical Note N-781: Effect
of deep ocean environments on the corrosion of selected alloys,
by Fred M. Reinhart. Port Hueneme, Calif., Oct 1965.

Di . Technical Report R-504: Corrosion of materials
in hydrospace, by Fred M. Reinhart. Port Hueneme, Calif., Dec 1966.

3 _______=. +Technical Note N-900:; Corrosion of materials
in hydrospace - Part I - Irons, steels, cast irons and steel pro-
ducts, by Fred M. Reinhart. Port Hueneme, Calif., Jul 1967.

4. . Technical Note N-915: Corrosion of materials
in hydrospace - Part II - Nickel and nickel alloys, by Fred M.
Reinhart. Port Hueneme, Calif., Aug 1967.

3) 6 . Technical Note N-921: Corrosion of materials
in hydrospace - Part III - Titanium and titanium alloys, by Fred
M. Reinhart. Port Hueneme, Calif., Sep 1967.

6. . Technical Note N-961: Corrosion of materials
in hydrospace - Part IV - Copper and copper alloys, by Fred M.
Reinhart. Port Hueneme, Calif., Apr 1968.

De . Technical Note N- : Corrosion of materials
in hydrospace - Part V - Aluminum alloys, by Fred M. Reinhart.
Port Hueneme, Calif., being published.

8. Dr. T. P. May, unpublished data, International Nickel Co., Inc.
New York City, New York.

13

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Table 6. Corrosion of Copper Alloys in Sea Water

| Exposure | Corrosion
1 Dept Rate Corrosion
Alloy CDA NoS!) Days Feet py (2) Type (3) Source“)
Copper, O Free 1.4 c,P) NCEL
3 1.8 G Inca 8)
2340 0.8 U NCEL
2340 1.4 U rnco(8)
5640 1.6 U NCEL
5640 15) U rnco(8)
Be-Cu 5 0.1 U NCEL
Be-Cu,MIG Weld 5 0.1 U NCEL
Be-Cu, TIG Weld 5 0.1 ET NCEL
Be-Cu, Chain 5 0.1 U NCEL
Commercial Bronze 5 eal U tnco(8)
2340 0.3 U rnco(8)
5640 0.6 U rnco(8)
Red Brass 5) 1.8 SL DZ tnco(8)
2340 1.0 U rnco(8)
5640 13 U rnco(8)
As Admiralty 5) 1.3 U NCEL
5 1.8 G rnco(8)
2340 0.6 U NCEL
2340 1.0 U Inco(8)
5640 1.0 U NCEL
5640 ie U rnco(8)
Yellow Brass 5 Dei U Inco(8)
2340 0.9 U rnco(8)
5640 1.4 U rnco(8)
Muntz Metal 5 Aah DZ NCEL
5 3.4 SL DZ rnco(8)
2340 0.7 SL pz,P6®) NCEL
2340 0.7 U Inco(8)
5640 1.6 SL DZ NCEL
5640 Dil U rnco(8)
Mn Bronze A 5 4.8 S DZ Inco(8)
2340 12 S DZ Inco(8)
5640 2.9 S DZ rnco(8)
Ni-Mn Bronze, Cast 5 <0.1 SL DZ NCEL
2340 0.4 SL DZ NCEL
5640 0.5 SL DZ NCEL
Al Brass 5 0.8 @ rnco(8)
2340 0.5 U Inco(8)
5640 0.7° U Inco(8)
Ni Brass 5 Lesa U Inco(8 )
2340 0.8 U rnco(8)
5640 1.3 U rnco(8)
G Bronze 5 1/43 U Inco(8)
2340 0.2 U rnco(8)
5640 0.5 U rnco(8)
Modified G Bronze 5 eS} G tnco(8)
2340 0.3 U tnco(8)
5640 0.5 U tnco(8)

Alloy

M Bronze

Leaded Sn Bronze

P Bronze A

P Bronze D

Al Bronze, 5%

Al Bronze, 7%

Al Bronze, 10%

Al Bronze, 13%

Ni-Al Bronze #2

Si Bronze, 3%

Si Bronze, A

Ni-Vee Bronze A

Ni-Vee Bronze B

Table 6.

510

524

606

614

653

655

Corrosion of Copper Alloys in Sea Water (Cont'd)

Exposure

Depth,

181
197
123

181

5
2340
5640

5
2340
5640

Corrosion
Rate Corrosion J
mpy (2) Type Source (4)
1.6 G rnco (8)
0.4 U INCO
0.5 U tnco (8)
1.4 G tnco (8)
0.5 U tnco (8)
0.4 U tnco (8)
ileal U NCEL
1.6 Pp’) rnco (8)
0.3 U NCEL
0.4 U inco (8)
0.6 U NCEL
0.5 U tnco (8)
ihe NU tnco (8)
0.4 U tnco (8)
0.5 U tnco (8)
Teal G neo (8)
0.4 U tnco (8)
0.6 U nco (8)
2.9 NU,DA NCEL
0.8 G tnco(8)
0.3 U NCEL
0.3 U tnco (8)
0.5 SL DA NCEL
0.6 U tnco (8)
Dei MO DA nco (8)
0.3 MO DA tnco(8)
0.7 SL DA tnco(8)
Dea S DA inco(8)
0.4 MO DA tnco(8
0.5 VSL DA rnco(8)
1.0 c (8) tnco(8)
0.3 U tnco(8)
0.5 U tnco(8)
To? U tnco(8)
oil U tnco(8)
1.9) U inco(8)
1.8 U NCEL
1.6 G tnco(8)
0.9 U NCEL
Tel U tco(8)
laG U NCEL
1.4 U rnco(8)
2.0 p69) tnco(8)
0.6 U tnco(8
0.7 U tnco(8)
1.8 p(7) teo(8)
0.6 U tnco(8)
0.6 U tnco(8)

Table 6. Corrosion of Copper Alloys in Sea Water (Cont'd)

Depth, Rate Corrosion
Ni-Vee Bronze C - 181 5 U tnco(8)
197 U rnco(8)
123 U tnco(8)
Cu-Ni, 90-10 706 181 Heil NU NCEL
181 0.9 U Inco(8)
197 0.8 U NCEL
197 0.8 U tnco(8)
123 5640 1.6 U NCEL
123 5640 0.8 U rnco(8)
Cu-Ni,90-10,Cast = 181 5 lai U rnco(8)
Cu-Ni, 80-20 710 181 5 2.8 G rnco(8)
197 2340 0.7 U NCEL
197 2340 ihe tl U rnco(8)
123 5640 182 U rnco(8)
123 5640 1.9 U 1nco(8)
Cu-Ni,70-30,0.5 Fe 715 181 5 0.5 U NCEL
181 5 0.5 G tnco(8)
197 2340 2 Ost U NCEL
197 2340 0.9 U rnco(8)
123 5640 ave) U NCEL
123 5640 ikes} U mnco(8)
Cu-Ni,70-30,5.0 Fe 716 181 5 0.8 tp,c (10) NCEL
197 * 2340 0.1 U NCEL
123 5640 0.2 U NCEL
Cu-Ni, 55-45 = 181 5 1.8 U ; tnco(8)
197 2340 0.8 U inco(8>
123 5640 0.7 U rnco(8)
Nickel-Silver 752 181 5 el U rnco(8)
197 2340 1.0 U tnco(8)
123 5640 2.0 U rnco(8)
Cu-Ni-Zn-Pb = U rnco(8)
U tnco(8)
U tnco(8)

Copper Development Association Number.
MPY - mils penetration per year, calculated from weight loss.
Type of corrosion:

C = crevice

ING
a
ai

DA - dealuminification NU - non-uniform
DZ - dezincification Po-eprtting
ET - etched S - severe
G - general SL - slight
I - Incipient U - uniform
MO - moderate V - very

Numbers refer to references at end of paper.

Crevice corrosion to 5 mils maximum pit depth 22 mils.
Maximum pit depth 10 mils average 2.3 mils.

Maximum pit depth 4 mils.

Crevice corrosion to 8 mils.

Maximum pit depth 7 mils.

0. Crevice corrosion to 5 mils.

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Table 12. Corrosion of Steels in Sea Water

corrosion (13)
Depth, Rate Corrosion,
Days Feet mpy(13 Type

tnco(8)
tnco(8)
rnco(8)

Armco Iron

NCEL
NCEL
NCEL

Wrought Iron

NCEL
rnco(8)
NCEL
rnco(8)
NCEL
rnco(8)

AISI 1010

rnco(8)
rnco(8)
rnco(8)

Copper Steel

NCEL
NCEL
NCEL

ASTM A36

NCEL
NCEL
NCEL

usta #1°4)

NCEL
NCEL
NCEL

HSLA #2

tnco(8)
NCEL
1nco(8)
NCEL
tnco(8)

HSLA #4

NCEL
rnco(8)
NCEL

HSLA #5

Table 12. Corrosion of Steels in Sea Water (Cont'd)

Exposed Corrosion

Depth, Rate

HSLA #5 (Cont'd) : inco(8)
NCEL
rnco(8)

rnco(8)
tnco(8)
rnco(8)

HSLA #10 P tnco(8)
inco(8)
rnco(8)

HSLA #12 6 NCEL

us #1610) A NCEL

HS #2 5 NCEL

18% Ni, Maraging d 6 U eer)
INCO

18% Ni, Maraging,
heat treated

18% Ni, Maraging,
welded

1.5 Ni Steel

3 Ni Steel

5 Ni Steel

9 Ni Steel

Table 12. Corrosion of Steels in Sea Water (Cont'd)

Depth,
Alloy Days Feet

AISI Type 502 5

. MPY-Mils penetration per year calculated from weight loss.
Numbers refer to references at end of paper.
Crevice corrosion to 8 mils.
HSLA signifies a high strength -low alloy steel.
. Maximum pit depth 11 mils average 10.1
. Maximum pit depth 20 mils average 16.5.
Crevice corrosion to 9 mils.
Crevice corrosion to 4 mils.
. Maximum pit depth 12 mils average 10.6.
10. HS signifies high strength steel.
11. Only 1 pit 22 mils deep.
12. Broad pits.
13. Types of corrosion:

C - Crevice

G - General

IP - Incipient pitting

Pa Piteinye

U - Uniform
14. Maximum pit depth 18 mils average 15.4.
15. Maximum pit depth 20 mils average 16.3, crevice corrosion to 13 mils.
16. Maximum pit depth 23 mils average 18.2.

Corrosion
Rate
wpy(13

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mnco(8)
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Table 15. Corrosion of Cast Irons in Sea Water.

Corrosion
Depth, Rate Corrosion
Days | Feet py (1) Type (2)
Nickel 5
Ni-Cr #1
Ni-Cr #2
Ductile #1

Ductile #2

Silicon

Austenitic, Type 1

Austenitic, Type 2

Austenitic, Type 3

Table 15. (cont'd)

Corrosion
Depth, Rate Corrosion
Days Feet mpy (1) Type (2) Source (3)
Austenitic, 5 NCEL
rnco(8)

rnco(8)
tnco (8

Austenitic, rnco (8)
rnco(8)
rnco(8)

Austenitic, : tnco (8)
rnco (8)
tnco(8)

Austenitic, NCEL

Austenitic, : tnco (8)
rnco(8)
rnco(8)

Austenitic, tnco (8)
hardenable tnco(8)
tnco(8)

a

MPY - Mils penetration per year as calculated from weight losses.
2. Symbols signify the following:

E - Etched

G - General

NC - No visible corrosion

U - Uniform
3. Numbers signify references at end of paper.
4. Interdendictic corrosion.

Table 16. Effect of Exposure in Sea Water on the Mechanical
Properties of Cast Irons.

Original (1)
Ta eH

Austenitic, Type 4

Austenitic,
Type D2-C

1. TS - Tensile Strength, SKI
YS - Yield Strength, KSI
El - Elongation, percent in 2 inches

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Table 21. Corrosion of Titanium Alloys in Sea Water.

Exposure

Depth,
Days Feet

Corrosion
Rate
mpy (1)

Corrosion

Source (3)

Titanium

75A Circular
weld
75A, Butt weld 181

Ti-0.15 Pd, 181
Circular weld

Ti-0.15 Pa, 181 5 0.0
Butt weld
5A1-2.5 Sn, 181 5 0.0
Circular weld 197 2340 0.0
123) 5640 0.0
5A1.2.5 Sn, 181 5 0.0
Butt weld 197 2340 0.0
123 5640 0.0
6A1-4V 181 5 0.0
197 2340 0.0
123 5640 0.0
6A1-4V, Circular] 181 5 0.0
weld 197 2340 0.0
123 5640 0.0
6A1-4V, Butt 181 5 0.0
weld 197 2340 0.0
123 5640 0.0
7A1-2CB-1Ta, 0.0
Circular weld
7A1-2CB,1Ta,

Butt weld

13V-11Cr-3Al1,
Circular weld

13V-11Cr-3Al1,
Butt weld

1." MPY - Mils penetration per year calculated from weight loss.

2. Symbols signify types of corrosion:

NC - No visible corrosion

SCC - Stress corrosion cracking

Numbers refer to references at end of paper.

5. Stress corrosion cracks, radially across unrelieved circular
weld bead.

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Table 24. Corrosion of Miscellaneous Alloys in Sea Water.

Corrosion
Rate, Corrosi
mpy (1) Sate) Source (3)

Depth,
Days Feet
)

Fe-Ni-Cr, No.

Fe-Ni-Cr, No. cO) tnco (8)
IC rnco (8)

NC tnco (8)

Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo, NC tnco (8)
No. 1 NC tnco (8)

Nc rnco (8)

Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo, NC qnco (8)
No. 2 Nc tnco(8)

Nc 1nco (8)

Chemical Lead U qnco(8)
U rnco(8)

U rnco (8)

Antimonial Lead U tnco(8)
U rnco (8)

U tnco(8)

Tellurium Lead U rnco (8)
U tnco (8)

U neo (8)

Magnesium, U inco (8)
AZ31B DO qnco(8)

=o tco (8)

p(8) tneo 68)

c,P(9) tnco (8)

G rnco (8)

p(10) neo (8)

p(1l) tnco (8)

pil?) tnco‘®)

Solder, U qo (8)
67Pb-33Sn U tnco(8)

U tnco(8)

Columbium, No. 1
Columbium, No. 2

Molybdenum

Tantalum, No. l
Tantalum, No. 2
Ta-60

Tungsten

Table 24. (cont'd)

ag

‘MPY - Mils penetration per year calculated from weight loss.

Sumbols for type of corrosion:

C - Crevice
G - General
I - Incipient

NC - No visible corrosion

P = Pitting

U_ - Uniform

Numbers refer to references at end of paper.
Crevice corrosion to 20 mils deep.

Crevice corrosion to 18 mils deep.

95% corroded.

100% corroded.

Perforated, 30 mils.

Crevice corrosion and crater pits to 2 mils deep.
Maximum pit depth 5 mils.

Maximum pit depth 2 mils.

Maximum pit depth 13 mils.

Table 25. Effect of Exposure in Surface Sea Water for 6 Months
on the Mechanical Properties of Miscellaneous Alloys.

Columbium Misys? |) MOZsa |) W243}
Molybdenum 13.8 11.6 16.8
Tantalum 48.8 S36 6N i) 4 Sey

1. TS - Tensile strength, KSI

YS - Yield strength, KSI

El - Elongation, percent in 1 inch
2. TS - Tensile strength

YS - Yield strength

El - Elongation

Percent Change (2)
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Corrosion Rate (mpy)

O Average values
Z\ Maximum and minimum values

6 ALLOYS

Ni, electrolytic
Ni 200
Ni 201
Ni 211
Ni-Cu 402
5 Ni-Cu 406
Ni-Cu 410, cast
Ni-Cu K500
Ni-Cu 54-45
Ni-Cr-Fe 600
Ni-Cr-Fe X750
4 Ni-Cr-Fe 88
Ni-Cr 75
Ni-Cr 80

Oo

(0) 2 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Depth (ft)

Figure 5. Decrease in corrosion rates of nickel alloys with increase in depth in sea water.

Corrosion Rate (mpy)

O Average values
Z\ Maximum and minimum values

ALLOYS

Ni 210, cast

Ni 301

Ni-Cu 400

Ni-Cu 505, cast
Ni-Cr-Fe 610, cast

Ni-Mo-Fe B
Ni-Sn-Zn 23
Ni-Cr 65-35
Ni-Mo 2
Ni-Si D
Oo
4
Oo
4
fas
© a
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Depth (ft)

Figure 6. Effect of depth in sea water on corrosion rates of nickel alloys.

Corrosion Rate (mpy)

O Average values
& Maximum and minimum values

ALLOYS
Ni-Si D
Ni-Mo 2
Ni-Cr 65-35
Ni-Sn-Zn 23
Ni-Mo-Fe B
Ni-Cr-Fe 610, cast
Ni-Cu K500
Ni-Cu 406
Ni-Cu 400
Ni 301
Ni 210, cast
Ni 201

—

fas

&
1 2 3 4 5

Oxygen (ml/I)

Figure 7. Decrease of corrosion rates of nickel alloys with decrease in oxygen content of sea water.

Corrosion Rate (mpy)

O Average values
Q Maximum and minimum values

ALLOYS

Ni, electrolytic
Ni 200

Ni-Cu 402
Ni-Cu 410 cast
Ni-Cu 54-45
Ni-Cr -Fe 600
Ni-Cr-Fe X750
Ni-Cr-Fe 88
Ni-Cr 75

Ni-Cr 80

1 2 3 4 5
Oxygen (ml/I)

Figure 8. Effect of oxygen content of sea water on corrosion rates of nickel alloys.

Corrosion Rate (mpy)

O Average corrosion rates

X Maximum and minimum
corrosion rates

2,000 4,000 6,000
Depth (ft)

Figure 9. Effect of depth on the corrosion rates of steels.

8,000

Corrosion Rate (mpy)

O Average corrosion rates

>< Maximum and minimum
corrosion rates

Oxygen (mi/I)

Figure 10. Effect of oxygen concentration in sea water
on the corrosion rates of steels.

Corrosion Rate (mpy)

Ni, Ni-Cr and Ductile Cast Irons
O Average values

x Maximum and minimum values

Austenitic Cast Irons
@ Average values

QZ Maximum and minimum values

Ni, Ni-Cr, Ductile Cast Irons

Ss

>

CLE

SOS

Austenitic Cast Irons

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
Depth (ft)

Figure 11. Effect of depth in sea water on corrosion rates of cast irons.

6,000

Corrosion Rate (mpy)

10

Ni, Ni-Cr, Ductile
Cast Irons

Austenitic Cast Irons

Ni, Ni-Cr and Ductile Cast Irons
O Average values

x A > Maximum and minimum values

Austenitic Cast Irons
e @ Average values
LZ Maximum and minimum values

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Oxygen (mi/I)

Figure 12. Effect of oxygen in sea water on corrosion rates of cast irons.

Corrosion Rate (mpy)

© Steels

Q Ni, Ni-Cr, Ductile
Cast Irons

O Austenitic Cast Irons

1 2 3 4 5
Oxygen (mi/I)

Figure 13. Effect of oxygen concentration of sea water on the corrosion rates of steels and cast irons.

Figure 14. Stress corrosion cracks in circular
welded 13V-11Cr-3Al alloy after 181
days of exposure in surface sea water.

Unclassified

Security Classification

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA-R&D

(Security classification of title, body of abstract and indexiny annotation must be entered when the overall report in classified)

1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author) 2a. REPORT SECURITY CVC ASS!IFICATION

Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory Unclassified
Port Hueneme, California 93041

3. REPORT TITLE

CORROSION OF MATERIALS IN SURFACE SEA WATER AFTER SIX MONTHS OF EXPOSURE

4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and inclusive dates)

5. AUTHOR(S) (First name, middle initial, last name)

Fred M. Reinhart

March 1969 76 8

». CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. ~ ORIGINATOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S)
. PRovEcT NO. YF 38.535.005.01.004 TN-1023

- OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any other numbers that may be assigned
this report)

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution
is unlimited.

- SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY

Naval Facilities Engineering Command
Washington, D. C. 20390

. ABSTRACT

A total of 880 specimens of 215 different alloys were completely immersed in
surface sea water for six months to obtain data for comparison with deep ocean
corrosion data.

Corrosion rates, types of corrosion, pit depths, and changes in mechanical pro-
perties were determined.

The highly alloyed nickel alloys, titanium alloys, silicon cast irons, specialty
stainless steels, columbium, tantalum and tantalum-tungsten alloy were uncorroded
both at the surface and at depth.

The corrosion rates of the copper base alloys, nickel base alloys, steels, and
cast irons decreased as the concentration of oxygen in sea water decreased.

The copper base alloys, steels, cast irons, molybdenum, tungsten, leads and
lead-tin solder corroded uniformly.

All the aluminum alloys were attacked by pitting and crevice corrosion and sea
water was more aggressive at depth than at the surface. The effect of the oxygen
concentration of sea water on the corrosion of aluminum alloys was inconsistent.

The stainless steels were attacked by crevice, pitting, edge and tunnel corrosion
except types 310, 317 and 329, 20Cb, 20Cb-3 and AM350 on which there was only
incipient crevice corrosion. Crevice corrosion was more severe in surface waters
than at depth.

DD aoa 473 Cee i Unclassified

S/N 0101-807-6801 Security Classification

Unclassified
Security Classification

KEY WORDS

Corrosion

Types

Sea water

Nickel alloys
Titanium alloys
Steels

Cast iron
Stainless steels
Columbium
Tantalum alloys
Copper alloys
Molybdenum
Tungsten alloys
Lead alloys
Aluminum alloys
Oxygen in sea water

DD Afeecapey Ir: by he) (BACK) Unclassified

(PAGE 2) Security Classification

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