CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont CA 91711 Crossosoma Vol- 10, No. 1 Issue Editor: Alan Romspert and C. Eugene Jones Managing Editor: C. Eugene Jones February, 1984 This issue of Cvossosoma includes a partial listing of botanical books available to SCB members at a 10% discount. Please note, when you order your books, that you are a member of SCB. V L T Gardner Horticultural & Botanical Books 30026 Avenida Celestial Rancho Palos Verdes. CA 90274 Telephone orders: 213-541-1372 Author Title To order above books call or write address above. Please send a deposit of at least half the price of the book. Include CA sales tax 6%% and $2.00 shipping. Name Address Phone The following list represents less than half the books currently in stock. There are also out of print books. Please inquire about any particular book not listed and I will search for it. Also I will be happy to special order as well. AUSTRALIA Elliot, W.R.iJones, D.L. Encyclopaedia of Aus t ra 1 i an Plants "Suitable for cultivation'* introductory Volirne 1 in scries, history, selection and cultivation of Aust. plants, pests, dis- eases, propagation, plant use lists S40.00 Elliot, W.R. & Jones, David L. Encyclopedia of Austral ian Plants Volume 2 in series covers genera from A to Ca and 2100 species from 300 genera in 44 families. "Suitable for cultivation." Line drawings and color photos. $59.95 Lord. Ernest E. & Willis, J.H. Shrubs & Trees for Aus t ra 1 ian Gardens Extensive list of illustrations, descriptive list of trees and shrubs for various climate zones , uses, climbing plants and garden planning. 5th ed. $59.95 BAJA Coyle, Jeanette 4 Roberts, Norrran ^ Field Guide to Plants of Baja CA Includes descriptions of over 250 oiants, most wo^y .some few conmon annuals 189 color photos, key to 64 families, Span- ish and botanical glossary. Bibl io. $11.00 Coyle, Jeannette and Roberts ,Nonmn A Field Guide to Plants of Baja Over 250 plants are described mostly woody, some common annuals includ- ing 189 color photos, key to 64 families, Spanish 4 botanical glossary .Bibl io $8.50 Hutphrey, Robert R. The Boojun and its Home Idria columaris and its environ- ment climate, soil topography and its re- lation to other vegetation, associated life fonns. Baja background. 90 photos. $8.95 BAMBOO Takana, Siinj i ,Minakaroi , Tsutcmu The Vforld of Bairboo Magnificent oversize full page photos of bamboo in many phases, sprouts, roots, snow covered. Bacb^ crafts, associated cere- monies. structiiral uses, varieties. $75.00 Cell, Paul Flowers f rcm A Painter's Garden 66 striking watercolors with connentary by the artist and botanical notes by Ronald King. Painted direct froc nattire,a per- sonal style with Qiinese influence. $25.00 BOTANICAL ILLUSTRATION Ridgway, John L. Scientific I lltistration Thorough discussion of all types of illus- tration, rmterials, drawing, drafting, pos- ing specimens, photographs, lettering, landscape, plans, reproduct ion, plus! $15.00 BOTANY Carlquist. Sherwin Ecological Strategies of Xylem Evolution An effort to construct an evolutionary synthesis of structure, function and ecol- ogy. Correlations of ecological observa- tions with plant anatomy. Biblio. $30.00 Cronquisl, Arthur Integrated Sys . of Class . /Flowering Plants A brief description of each division, class subclass, order and fa-mi ly and their basic features. Illus. 200 plates. Classical morphological characters 4 others. $120. Esau. Katherine Anatomy of Seed Plants Revision of 1960 edi t ion.plant anatomy textbook including new infonnation in the field since first edition, new references, expanded glossary. $35.95 Fahn, A. Plant Anatonry Third edition of plant anatomy textbook revised to bring up to date research to early 1981. Glossary, author index, subject index. $27.00 Jones, C.E. , 4 Little, R.J. Handbook /Experimental Pollination Biology Expanding the 1980 So. CA Botanists Syrrposium to 35 contributors, top research biologists who explain* and evaluate a var — iety of pollination interactions. $46.50 Stone, Doris M. The Lives of Plants Seeds, geimi nation, foim and function of leaves, roots and stems, "green factory" sexual encounters, survival, nutrition and 21 simple experiments. $15.95 CA NATIVES FOR GARDENS Saratoga Horticultural Foundation Sel . CA Native Plants w. Ccnmercial Sources Users Guide includes descriptions and cult- ural preferences of oz>st used natives. 54 ccnmercial sources of natives, master list with sources I's. List/publication. $3.35 Labadie, Emile L. Native Plants for Use in CA Landscape Excellent line drawings illustrate the encyclopedic listing of 100 plants. In- cludes a key to the tree, shrt^s and grounds covers included. Detailed. $9.95 Saratoga Horticultural Foundation Selected CA Native Plants in Color Color photos of selected natives, brief descriptions, arranged by Latin name. Ccmron name index. Cultural chart includes habit, tolerances, zonal preferences. S7.95 2 CACTUS AND SUCCULENTS Anderson, Edward F. Peyote the Divine Cac tus History of this cult hallucino- gen of the sixties, experiences of users, phanmcologic actions, botany, lengthy bibliography. $6.95 Dawson, £. Yale The Cact i of Cal i fomia California Natural History Guides #18. Illustrated with 25 line drawings and center section with color plates. $2.65 Gentry, Ho\vard Scott Agaves of Continental No. Am. Detailed account of 136 species in twenty generic groups. Drawings, photographs, economic uses, geo- $49.50 CA NATIVES Audubon Society Field Guide to No. Am. Wildf lowers Western 725 identification full color photos of wildflowers in their habi tats. Sinplified key groups flowers by color and shape. In- cludes vines shrubs and trees. $12.50 Evans, Doris Saguaro Striking photographs of this most distinctive cacti in many settings with its friends, associated birds, insects animals. Special photos. $8.00 Lanis, Edgar and Brian Colorful Cacti of American Deserts 140 full color {holographs, pocket size book, fantastic variety of cacti and succulents in natural habitat. Soil condi- tions. 'How to grow indoors. $5.95 Benson, Lyrmn The Cact i of Arizona Revised third edition , illustra- tions. photos. drawings , naps. Clas- sification, geographical distribution, key to genera, culture & care. $12.50 Benson, Lyrran The Cact i of the US ^ Canada An exhaustive taxoncoiic study drawing upon 50 years of study in field and herbarium, keys. 152 species, 65 tables 194 color of 977 photos. Refemces. $85.00 Subik, Rudolf Decorative Cacti Illustrated by Jirina Kaplicka, full page paintings opposite text on 30 cacti and 25 succulents. $14.50 Strawberry Press ed. The Euthorbia Jouma 1 First in a series of journal -monographs. 150 superb color photos, articles by lead- ing experts. 75 page corrpendiun of listed descrir^t ions. Unique, first rate. S32.50 Collins, Barbara J. Key to Wi Idf lowers of the Deserts of So. CA 270 snail bl tr w. dwgs. For the non- prof- essional. Sinplified easy to use key to flowers. Teminology by Munz. Map of area covered. Widely used successfully. $8.50 Collins, Barbara J. Key to the Trees Jfc Shrubs /Deserts of SoCA Includes an essay on the biology of the desert and Cacti. Key is prinarily vegeta tive with flowers in addition. Bibliography indexes for the non professional. $8.50 Collins, Barbara J. Key ^ Trees ^ Wi Idf lowers of Mtns. of So.CA A sinplified key to identify the more com- mon, small black & white dwgs. for each species. Area map, includes gynnosperms. index and plants list^ by family. $8.50 Collins, Barbara J. Key /Coastal jt Oiaparral Flowering Plants Key for advanced auateur. Bibliography, sinplified terminology, lists ouseuns, na- ture centers, botanic gardens, glossary. Area map,'srrall black k white dwgs.. $8. 50 Cbmel 1, Ralph D. Conspicuous Cal i fomia Plants Award winning posthunus reprint of 1938 ed. Trees, chaparral, desert disctissed and illus. with superb photos by the author' (So. CA. premier landscape archit.) $11.50' Haskin, Leslie L. Wi Id Flowers of the Pacific Coast Reprint of 1949 edit ion of original 1934 wx>rk. 182 full page photos, arranged by plant families. iVritten for the layman lists name changes, history.botanv. $5.00 3 Head, Winfield Scott The Ca 1 i fornia Chapa rra 1 , an elfin forest Narrative includes shrubs, trees, .flowers, mamrals, birds, rept i les.canping and con- serving the chaparral. Based on the authors exp>erience. Line dwgs. Good introl $3.95 Munz, Philip A. Cali fomia Spring Wi Idf lowers 96 color photographs* 173 line drawings. Arranged by color for quick identification by the layman. Accurate descriptions. One of 4 in series. $4.95 Munz , Phi I ip A. Shore Wi Idf lowers of CA, CR WA Arranged by flower color, 96 fair color photos j 177 line drawings. 4th of series. Inexpensive for novice -color helpful in identifying. $4.95 Munz , F^i 1 ip A. Cali fomia Desert Wi Idf lowers 96 color photos, 172 line drawings. Arranged by color for the layrran - helpful for identification. One of a series of 4. $4.95 Munz, Philip A. Cal i fomia Mountain Wildf lowers W color photos, 180 line drawings. Arranged by color for quick identification by the laynan. Ohe of a series of four. Accurate brief descriptions. $4.95 Parsons, Mary Elizabeth Wi Id Flowers of California Unabridged reprint of 1907 edition. New naixKS table for this edition. 251 plates- line engravings and 666 descriptions, ar- ranged by blossom color* A classic. $6.95 Raven, Peter H. . Native Shrubs of So. Cal ifomia California Natural History Guide # 15. color paintings and black and white draw- ings. Pocket book, brief key, accurate scientific descriptions -for layman. $3.95 Rowntree, Lester Hardy Cali fomians Reprint 1936 edition with new introduc- tion and updated plant names. A classic work by pioneering free lady who roamed the state collecting ft describing. $8.95 Weeden, Norman F. A Sierra Nevada Flora A practical key and field guide. Includes the edibility of identified plant under genus descript io . Names agree with Munz. Bibliography, line dwgs. glossary. $9.95 COMPOST Appelhof. Mary Vterms Eat My Garbage How to vermicorrpost-making black nutrient- rich hums by using earthworms and micro- organisms to convert organic waste, How to set up and maintain the system. $5.95 Koopowitz, Dr. Harold ft Kaye, Hilary Plant Extinction;A Global Crisis 11 lustrated global case studies, docunents the most misunderstood threat to our planet plant potential, history ft inpl ications of extinction, some pra^ratic solutions $16.95 Benson, Lyman and Darrow, Egbert A. Trees ^ Shrubs /So. western Deserts Revised and expanded edition featuring 95 color plates, 424 photos and drawings, 252 imps, lO’cmnual. definitive reference. $49.50 ECOLOGY Barbour, Burk ft Pitts Terrestrial Plant Ecology History and developnent,autecology, synecol ogy, role of 1 ight , tenperature, fire , soil ft water. Vegetation of No. Am. in relation to the above. References. $25.95 EDIBLES Creasy, Rosalind Conplete Book of Edible Landscaping Good line drawings for most of the encyclo- pedia of edibles, includes recipes. The first half discusses the design, planting, naintenance for amll hone garden. $14.95 Chrispeels, Maarten J. ft Sadava, David Plants, Food and People "A conprehensive appraisal of the role of plants in huran nutrition.” Includes es- sentials of nutrition, plant biology, and agricultural practice. $11.95 Fi tz, Frank! in H. Cardener 's Guide to Propagat ing Food Plants How to propagate more than 130 cemron food plants. Seed viability, hardiness zones, best methods, budding, grafting. Save mon- ey on seeds and propaeules. $11.95 4 Heiser, Qiarles B. Jr. Seed to Civi 1 ization-Storv of Food Lloyd, Robert M. & Mitchell, Richard S. Flora of the te Mountains of CA 8t NE 2nd edition traces the development of agri- Includes key based on Munz & AbramsT culture, domestication of food plants and discussion of plant comrunities, phytogeo- animals, patterns of food use and distri- grapjhy fc comparative floristics, geology, bution. relative to world hunger. $10.95 Geol. references, index. $12.95 Herklots, G.A.C. VEGETABLES IN South-East Asia Primarily cabbages,cucurbits, spinaches, legunes. 159 excellent line drawings, Chin- ese ideograms with Cantonese equivalents. Cultivation, uses, nutrition. $22.50 Kirk, Donald R. Wi Id Edible Plants of Western No. Am. Color plates of 64 species. Line drawings by Janice Kirk. 2000 species in 307 genera preparation and uses, habit and distribu- tion, description. Bibl iog. index. $5.95 Nyerges,Christopher, Fryl ing, Janice ILLus. Guide to Wi Id Foods Descriptive line drawings help identify most ccmnon wild food plants. Character- istics, beneficial and detrimental proper- ties joC each plant discussed. $8.95 Popenoe, Wilson Nfanual of Tropical k Subtropical Fruits Facsimile of the 19?0 edition. Classic unique source of background information for todays tropical pomologist. Practical info on propagation and culture. $23.95 Sweet, Muriel Conmon Edible ^ Useful Plants of the West Short list of most interesting edible plant used by the Indians as food and medicine. Water plants, ferns, trees, shrubs, vines, herbs. Index to coonon names. $2.50 Ihccrpson, Steven $ Mary Wi Id Food Plants of the Sierra Drawings of most corrmon plants and writing done in the Sierras, recipes for canpers. Index and bibliography. $4.95 FLORAS Hoover, Etobert F. Vascular Plants of San Luis Obispo Co. CA 1287 native species and 29^ intrcxluced with keys to ID. Map & glossary, discusses topography, cliimte, precipitation, life zones, describes plant ccmruni t ies . $29.50 McDougal 1 , W.B. Seed Plants of Northern Arizona Su(pl ies the detailed descriptions of plant species supplemental to the "Arizona Flora" by Kearney fc Peebles of 5 northern Arizona coimties. Keys, glossary. $15.00 Munz , Phi I ip A. A Flora of Southern California The most recent cooplete and authoritative flora of S.C.4000 species described, 600 line drawings. Keys for I.O. of all taxa. Alphabetically/ family, genus, specie $28.50 Sharsmith, Helen K. Flora of the Mt . Hami 1 ton Range CA Doctoral thesis (1941) 761 species included. Geological, edaphic & climatice factors discussed. Index cross referenced to newer Munz names, $5.95 FLOWER ARRANGEMENT Ebbertson, Jane Pods :Wi IdHowers and Weeds/ in Final Beauty Fielci guide to TSO sp^ies of wildf lower pods and weed pods;. 450 full color {hotos showing floeer in bloom, its pod and a dried arrangement. Glossary k index $13.95 GARDEN DESCRIPTION Wiiten, Faith and Geoff The Chelsea Flower Show The Royal Horticultural Society’s spectacular shew. Photos B&W and color of this massive spectacle. $19.95 Malins, Edward & Bowe, Patrick Irish Gardens and Demesnes frero 1830 Survey of developments in IRish Gardens over the last hundred years. Draw- ings, 150 Victorian photos, present day and lost gardens, formal and infonml. $15.95 Perenyi, Eleanor Green Thoughts Delightful thoughts on horticulture arr. alphabetically - Annuals, Artichokes, ashes -a writers personal experiences, anecdotes practical, entertaining. $5.95 5 Sackvi I le-West,Vita V. Sackv i 1 1 e-Wes t ' s Garden Book An anthology of garden articles written for an English newspaper and edited by the au- thors daughter-in-law wi th color i I lust, of authors garden - Sissinghurst $9.95 Hyams, E. and MacQuitty, Wn. Great Botanical Gardens /World A tour through more than fifty great botanical gardens of the world Illustrated with 288 pages full page color photos. $80.00 Savi 1 le, Diana Walled Gardens their plant ing 4^ design Practical info on design»choice of plants and building of wotl ls,hec%es. Mostly plants for different clinates» aspects 4 design roles. Selected successful gardens. $42.00 GENERAL Sunset Editors Sunset New Western Garden Book The most ccnprehensive plant encyclopedia devoted to the Western states. 1200 plant identification drawings* zoned for Western climatVs* 6000 plant listings. $12.95 HAWAII Abemathy*J.F. 4 Time S.C. Nfade in Hawaii Hawaiian techniques and crafts using traditional plants and native oater- iais. For children and adults* concise instructions and illustrations. $5.95 Bird* A.J., Goldsberry*S.4Bird,J.P.K. Craft of Hawaiian Lauhala Weaving Guide to locating* preparing* weaving the leaves of the hala tree into useful articles. Step by step directiOTS for fans* placanats and baskets. $12.95 Carlquist* Sherwin Hawaii A Natural History Local botany professor kno^ for his brilliant photographs undertakes his* tory of Hawaii's geology .clinate. native flora and fauna. References, 2nd ed $19.95 Haselwood tMotter. Rev. Hirano* R.T. I^ndbook of Hawaiian Weeds Identifies the principal weeds of Hawaii. Updates 1966 edition names and adds 79 plant species that are recent pests. Corrmoh narres. sources and origin. $17.50 University of Hawaii At las of Hawai i 2nd ed. Reference maps, natural . cultural , and social environment. Statistical tables including 1980 census infomation. Biblio- graphy. gazetteer.photos and dwgs. $29.95 HERBS Blunt. Wilfred. 4 Raphael. Sandra The Illustrated Herbal Stxxiy of the development of manuscript herbals and printed herbals. their botani- cal and medicinal interest and illustration 64 color plates. 80 black 4 white. $18.50 Buchman, Dian Dincin Herbal Medicine Herb remedies for ccmnon osiladies. Line drawings. List of herb resources, hterbs for preventative medicine. $4.98 Daisley. Gilda The Illustrated Book of Herbs History of horticulture and herbs Illustrations by Ingrid Jacob including 30 in color. Brphasis on h^rbs grown easily and have a variety of uses. $12.95 Foster* G.B.4Louden*R.F. Park's Success wi th Herbs More than 100 herbs photographed in color* includes cultural infomration* hist- ory* recipes. An introductory chapter and paragraph on each herb. 1 $9.95 Gordon, Lesley A Country Herbal Alphabetical listing of herbs by coomon name* illustrations from historical herbals. history azphasized. Dye plants* teas, perfiinery* cosmetics.r^ipes. $14.95 Kondor* M.M. 4 Wilson* C.B. Field 4^ Garden Guide to Herbs Identification and application of 200 No. Anerican herbs, gatl^ring* growing, harvest ing* drying and storing. Foraging, cooking' recipes for teas* cosmetics 4 dyes. $19.95 Lathrop, Norma Jean ferbs Color photos and descriptions of more than 200 varieties. How to plant, grow, harvest and make herb teas, butters, vinegars, cos- metic, soaps, candles 4 stationary. $7.95 6 Stevenson, Violet ed. A Modem Herba 1 Most corrmon herbs illustratd with drawings and large color photos from Bri- tain. Includes recipes, brief description and history and plant crafts. $9.95 Powell, J.A. &Hogue, C.L. Ca 1 i fomia Insects Field guide to 600 characteristic insects, includes appearance, biology, geo- graphical distribution in surrmary and illustration. For non specialist. $7.95 Stobart, Tcm Herbs , Spices ^ Flavorings 400 alf^betical entries, native uses origins, history, rragical, medicinal & sci* entific uses. Names given in Fr. Ger. It. Sp.& Latin. II lust. bl&w. & color. $15.95 Stuart, Malcolm ed. VNR Color Dictionary of Herbs ^ Herba 1 i sm 425 herbsjdescriptions, habitats, cultiva- tion, chemical ccrrposit ion, uses. 300 color photos, line drawings, glossary, conversion tables, organizations, bibliography $12.95 Ihcnpson, Wn.A. M.O. Herbs that Heal Case histories suggest that herbs deserve nx>re serious attention from medical estab- lisment. For aH who are concerned with controlled iise of natural resources $4.95 Andrecht, Venus Catherine The Outrageous Herb Lady How the outrage^is herb lady learned about narketing, built a successful business, found customers, recruited and educated distributors, humorous anecdotes. $6.95 HORTICULTURE Smus, Robert Cali fomia Gardening Excellent color photos ,*A Ehractical Guide to Growing Flowers, Trees,Vegetables, and Fruits”%>acious. layout, includes unusual plant imterials. $25.00 INSECTS Fabre, Jean Henri Insects From Nature Classics series, edited by David Black,beautiful ly illustrated by Stephen Lee. Both retraced the steps of Fabre. Includes extracts by Fabre. $6.50 Orsak, Larry J. Butterflies of Orange County A first! General discussion, how to use key, species accounts, checklist, rreps, associated plants, classification, habitats larval food plant index, plates b&w $10.00 Westcott, Cynthia The Gardener's Bug Book 4thed The definitive handbook of pests and their control to 1973. Illustrated black and white drawings and color . Life cycles, synptoms and treatment. $7.25 MONOGRAPHS Rauh, Vtemer Bromel iads English translation of 2 volvme German woric (1973). 134 color plates, 315 bl 4 w. 90 line dwgs. Botany, collecting, propaga- tion, accl iiTBtizing. Landrark book. $52.50 Eliovson, Sirra Proteas for pleasure 99 close up color photos in this 6th cd. names, cultivation, propagation, selection, landscaping, and cutting proteas by So.rAiricas leading garden writer $19.95 ORCHIDS Ntoir, W.W.G. 4 Moir, M.A. Breeding Variegata Oncidiurs Experiences of 30 years wprk breeding Oncidiums. Ihe dominances and recessiveness of species including avoiding obstacles and pitfalls. $12.00 Moir, W.W.G. tttoir, M.A. Creating Oncidiinae Xntergenerics Making hybrids of cenhinations of the Oncidiinae. How to add genera to cros- ses in proper sequence, influence of chrem- osomes,naintaining proper environs. $12.00 Moir.W.W.G. IM>ir,M.A. Lael i inae Intergenerics Lists and describes all the crosses in this group. Breeding information, full color photos and personal anecdotes. Observations, records and environ. $12.00 Stewart, J.4Hennessy,E.F. i I lust. Orchids of Africa Review of African orchids south of the Sahara, structure and habit, list of genera and fifty selected species in full color detailed paintings. $22.95 7 PLANT EXPLORERS PLANTS IN J.IT Black, David Qiancellor, Jofm Carl Linnaeus Travels Flo>»ers and Frui ts of the Bible Extracts from Linnaeus journals. Illustrated by original watcrcolors observations from three expeditions through of W.H. McQieanc, a retired British of- S^eden. Illustrated by paintings by ficcr painting in the 1880s, opposite bot- Stephen Lee an artist of the 1970's 4.25 any,synix>I ism, mythology of plants $14/95 PLANT MATERIALS California State Dept, of Wkter Resources Plants of California Landscapes "A catalogue oi drought tolerant plants." Lists inclixle botanical and c omno n name, growing zones, plant type and general notes lists demonstration gardens. $2.50 Duffield, Mary R. It Jones, V^rren D. Plants for Dry Cl imates 500 color photos. Conplete descriptions of 300 species including low naintenance and drought^resistant. Uses, soil, sun vwiter, tenperatiu-e requirements. $7.95 Labadie, Emile L. Ornamental Shrubs for Western Landscapes Excellent line drawings illustrate encyclopedic listing of 125 selected broad- leaf shrubs. Includes a key to the shrubs described. Habit ft cultivation. $10.95 Labadie, Ebile L. Ground Covers in the Landscape Excellent line drawings face over 100 listings of woody and herbaceous ground covers. Key to plants described. Lists of plants by color and uses afterward. $10.95 Mathias, Mildred E. Q3. Flowering Plants in the Landscape Previously issued as Color for the Land- scape: Flowering Plants for Subtrc^ical Cliirates. Spectacular color photos ft des- cription of extraordinary plants. $16.95 Perry, Bob Trees ^ Shrubs for Dry CA Landscapes "Plants for water conservation" charts by climate zone. 490 quality color photos, plant conpendiim by generic name, special 1 ists .planting guide! ines. $28.50 Perry, Frances ft Hay, Roy Field Guide to Trop i ca 1 ftSubtropical Plants Trees, Shrubs, Cl inters. Vines, V^hterside plants, low growing and creeping plants arranged alphabetically by Latin name. Color photos of 200 entries. $6.95 Zohary, Michael Plants of the Bible 200 photos and 5 maps in full color. Accurate historical and scientific descrip- tions. Plants in their natural habitat, grouped by plant type. $16.95 SEEDS Plants of the Southwest Plants of the Southwest Informative catalogue of seeds especially suited to growing in the soutlwest. In- cludes wi Idf lowers, grasses, trees, shrubs, cac tus • ftvege tabl es . $2,25 TAXONOMY Harrington, H.D. How to Identify Grasses £ Grass I ike Plants 500 drawings and illustrate glossary in Based on the authors work with thousands of students in Id. of grasses. List of sources Basic 'morphology and equipment nec. $6.95 Smith, J.P. Vascular Plant Faroi lies "An introduction to the Families of vascu- lar plants native to No.An. * excellent line dwgs. by K. E. Sinpson. For the beginning taxonomy student. FIoN«r fomiilas. $10.35 Sni th. Phi 1 ip M. Chemo t axonony of Plants Q)emosysteoBtics:a- body of chemical evidence and the classifications in which it is aiployed. An effort to integrate tax onomic principles with chem. facts. $28.50 TREES AND SHRUBS Macoboy, Stirling Trees for Fruit and Fol iage Australia’s best selling garden author, 300 clear color photos taken world wide by author, includes more pertinent for So, CA. 430 sp>ecies in dictionary format. $9.95 Macoboy, Stirling Trees for Flower and Fragrance Austral ias best-selling garden writer des- cribes 331 species with 250 new color photo arr. alphab. by Latin namei. Pertinent to So CA. many subtropical tress. $9.95 8 Peterson, P.V. & Peterson, Jr. P.V. Native Trees of the Sierra Nevada Color paintings and black and white dv«^s. Key and scientifically accurate descrip- tions. California Natural History Guide #36 $1.95 Thoncts. J.H. Pamell» D.K. Native Shrubs of the Sierra Nevada California Natural History Guide #34 Line drawings and color photos of Sierra shrubs. Includes key to identify the com- mon shrubs. Accurate description. $1.95 Arnold, Henry F. Trees in Urban Design Principles of design, choice of type , exenplary views, tree care systems, growth characteristics, soil volune requirements adaptive capabilities of trees. $14.95 WEEDS Parker, Kittie F. Arizona Weeds 159 full page black and white drawings, classification, prohibited and restricted weed seed, weed names and ID , glossary , bibliography, glossary, index. $8.50 PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE FOR 1983 by Alan Romspert The year of eighty-three for the Southern California Botanists contained many successes and improvements. Our publication, CROSSOSOMA, has improved. Lead articles have addressed subjects such as pleuit succession, effects of prescribed burning, pollination ecology, effects of off -road vehicles in the California deserts, and how to put together an article for CROSSOSOMA. The publication of bio-sketches of the SCB officers and board members and critiques of the board meetings has helped inform our members of whom they have elected and what we are doing. Our field trips have not all been well attended, but were enjoyed immensely by those who participated. We provided plant lists for the areas visited on some of the field trips and hopefully we will eventually be able to provide these lists for all the field trips. We were not inundated by people at the annual October potluck, but those who came were treated to an excellent slide presentation on pollination systems among the flowering plants, as well as the always abundant and tasty dishes provided by the participants- We look for- ward to the 1984 potluck to see old acquaintances, to share the good food, good company, and to catch up on past occurrences. Five student grants were awarded in 1983 as opposed to only two in 1982. We have already published the results compiled by one of the recipients in the October issue of CROSSOSOMA, and expect to publish papers from the remaining four students in 1984. In our support of preservation of important ecological communi- ties and the environment, the board voted to contribute $250 to sup- port the King Clone Preserve, $25 to the Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. to help them in legal battles to strengthen the EPA, and an additional $25 to this group to help them in their Acid Rain Action Project. The SCB gave $25 to the Mono Lake Committee, $60 to 9 the Hawaii Chapter of the Nature Conservancy to help preserve 5,000 acres on Maui and $25 to the Planning and Conservation League for projects in California. A $100 award was also presented to Mr. Chris Kearney for the best botanical paper presented at the South- ern California Academy of Science meetings in May. A paper on the completed project will be published in CROSSOSOMA in 1984. The 1983 SCB Symposium on "Baja California" in November at UCI was a complete success. We had over two hundred people attend, many who had not seen each other in many years. The program was very informative and progressed smoothly due to the help from many of our members in addition to board members and officers. Our plant sale in April produced a profit in excess of those received in the past. This was gratifying since these profits in addition to membership fees are the main sources of revenue for supporting our program of field trips, grants, awards, contributions and the publication of CROSSOSOMA. The Southern California Botanists membership has surpassed 400 and we hope to see this increase. As our membership grows, the potential for better progrcuns to serve our members increases as well as our ability to attain our goals of supporting environmental issues. We look forward to another rewarding year in our efforts to serve our members and make then aware of the beauty and fragility of the many plant communities in Southern California and adjacent areas. We thank you for your past support and look forward to its continuance in the future. Many non-members are in that status only because they are not provided with the information on how to join or the multitude of benefits available with membership, such as the discount on books. Please pass on membership applications to friends that might be interested in joining our organization. There's one in this issue of CROSSOSOMA. Feel free to photocopy it if you need more than one. EARTHWATCH Volunteer and pay your own way, but in the process visit unusual areas and help a scientist unravel the wonders of nature! Volunteers joining Earthwatch teams in the field pay a share of the costs and participate in some of the most exciting research being conducted anywhere in the world- Several trips available in North America, the Atlantic and Caribbean, Central America, South America, Europe, Near East, Africa, Asia/Malaysia, Australia, and the Pacific on topics ranging from archaeology to zoology- For further informa- tion on how to become involved, write: Earthwatch, 10 Juniper Rd. , Box 127, Belmont, MA 02178, or call (617) 489-3030. 10 A CALL FOR BOTANICAL PAPERS TO BE PRESENTED at the SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY ^ SCIENCES ANNUAL MEETING May n-12, 1984 University of Southern California Natural History Museum, of L.A. County Two full days of symposia and contri buted-paper sessions! Professional and student papers, in all branches of the natural and social sciences, are solicited for presentation. Abstracts of the papers to be presented are due to the Program Chairman by March 1 . AWARDS OF $100.00 EACH FOR THE BEST STUDENT PAt^ERS! There are seven: The Durham Award in Vertebrate Zoology The Southern California Botanists' Award The Atlantic Richfield Environmental Science Award Four CSAS Awards--each a first prize in categories to be determined, (Note: Student papers qualifying for the awards must have only one author. Co-authored papers are welcomed for presentation on the program, but only single authored papers will be judged.) CALL FOR ABSTRACTS--DUE MARCH 1, 1984 For the format of your abstract, see sample. Abstracts, and the other information requested on that page, are due by March 1 to the Program Chairman: Dr. Camm C. Swift, Natural History Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007. Tel: (213) 744-3375 (or, for messages, the Academy Office, 744-3384). SAMPLE ABSTRACT Follow this form in typing your abstract, within 6" x 4” space on white bond paper. (You may outline the form in light blue pencil or nonreproduci bl e ink, or simply measure the space on another sheet and use that as backing.) Use a good typewriter, 12-pitch type, with carbon ribbon in good condition. All of this is so that your abstract can be reproduced photographically exactly as you send it i n . Along with your abstract, please submit--on a 3" x 5" file card- -the following: 1. Your name, affiliation, mailing address, and telephone number. 2. Whether student or professional. 3. Title of your paper. 11 4. The section in which you wish to present it (the subject field). 5. The time required (maximally, 20 minutes). 6. Audio-visual equipment needed, if any. SUBMIT BOTH OF THESE BY MARCH 1, 1984, to the PROGRAM CHAIRMAN: Dr. Carara C. Swift, Natural History Museum of L.A. County, 900 Exposition Blvd. , Los Angeles, CA 90007. (The deadline for submission of abstracts will be strictly enforced.) Title of Your Paper (Capital and lower cases letters, except where capitals are standard. Underscore the title.) J. S. AUTHOR, Affiliation. City, State, Zip. {Your name in caps. affiliation and address in caps and lower case.) For SECOND AUTHOR (if any), follow same style. Drop down two lines (from whatever is your last line above) and type your abstract, keeping it to 150 words if possible, but not more than the maximum length indicated below.* If needed, neatly drawn-in symbols or Greek letters are acceptable, but use India ink. Remember that your abstract is to be reproduced photographically from the copy that you send in, so be sure it is both accurate and neat. And, when you have finished, mail it flat. Abstracts, along with the in- formation requested above, are due by March 1 , 1984, t.o the Program Chairman. *(If needed, abstract may run to this line but please, no further!) (This sample abstract was typed with 12-pitch type in a 4" X 6" space and then reduced in printing.) imiMIHMMMMtlllWIinillflttlltltttfnTItttrrt— — NATIVE SEEDS / S.E.A.R.C.H. Native Seeds/S .E. A. R.C.H. is a non-profit organization which offers a large selection of native crop seedstocks from the Greater Southwest. These ancient crop varieties are non-hybrid, open polli- nated seed, some having remarkable levels of tolerance to drought, heat, salinity, root knot nematodes and some pathogens, and higher protein and mineral contents than related hybrids. The seed has often been acclimatized to and selected for a specific area. Planting times and watering may have to be adapted to suit a specific climate. Information about choosing and growing varieties is available. All proceeds from sales of seeds go toward the conservation of native crops and their wild relatives in the U.S. Southwest and Northwest Mexico. Send for a catalog of available seed to; NATIVE SEEDS/S. E. A. R.C.H. 3950 West New York Drive Tucson, Arizona 85745 12 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS GRANTS AVAILABLE SCB announces its annual program of grants to support student research in field botany, e.g., floristics, taxonomy, ecology. Both graduates and undergraduates are encouraged to apply. The amount of an award varies but cannot exceed $200.00. A limited number of pro- posals can be funded. Grants may cover expendable items (gasoline, film, etc.) not otherwise available to the student. Proposals containing the following information will be con- sidered: 1. Title page- 2. Description of proposed research, primary objectives, and rela- tionship of the research to the student's goals (two page limit). 3. Timetable for research: anticipated commencement and completion dates. 4. Budget, with justifications, and statement regarding availability of funds from other sources. 5. Brief resume stating current position, education, affiliations, qualifications and anticipated position and address at comple- tion of research. 6. A letter of recommendation from a faculty member (may be sent sepcurately to the Student Research Grants Committee) . Three copies of the proposal should be submitted before March 15, 1984 to Student Research Grants Committee, Southern California Botanists, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. SCB will publish the results of the research in CROSSOSOMA. Awardees will provide SCB a formal report of the research completed, in a format suitable for publication, by not later than one year following receipt of the grant. BACK ISSUES ^ CROSSOSOMA Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available at two (2) dollars per issue plus one dollar for postage and handling. Inquiries should be addressed to: Editor— CROSSOSOMA, Department of Bio- logical Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Please state the volumes desired and include payment in your order. Checks should be made to Southern California Botanists. CR0SS0S0I4A is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Southern California Botanists, a non-profit association. Dues are on a calendar year basis. Regular $6.00. Students and Retirees $4.00. Groups $10.00. We thank all those who promptly remitted their 1984 dues. All others, please send your checks. This Journal can only be sent to members whose dues are current. 13 FIELD TRIPS AND EVENTS February 12 (Saturday) Walking Tour of Huntington Botanical Gardens San Marino. Jim Ba\iml, (213) 446-8251, will guide this morning tour (9:00 to 12:00). Meet at the south end of the parking lot near the new entrance building. February 28^20 ( Sat^Mon) Caflon de Guadalupe, Baga Calif. Meet Satur- day morning at 11:00 at the junction of the graded dirt road which runs down the west side of Laguna Salada and Mex. 2. See AAA Baja California map. Bob Thorne will lead this trip. For additional information or questions call evenings, (714) 624-7191. February 26 (Saturday) Fungus Foray SCB/LAMS/CNPS, San Dimas Canyon Park, Meet at 10:00 a.n. at the south parking lot of the park. To reach the park, take St. 30 and 66 east from curve in 1-210, exit on San Dimas Ave*, go north to Baseline Road, turn right (east) on Baseline to San Dinas Canyon Road, turn left (north) on San Dimas and proceed to park. March 4 (Sunday) Santa Monica Mountains, Meet at the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Headquarters in Woodland Hills (off Highway 101) at 9:00 a.ra. March 24 (Saturday) Plant Sale, 9 a.n. to 3 p.m. Fullerton Community College. From 91 Freeway take Lemon St. north, approximately one mile past Chapman Ave. Turn right on Berkeley. Go east approx. 200 yards and follow signs to horticulture parking lot. The sale will feature native and horticultural materials suitable for land- scape fiind garden. For further information, call Geoff Smith even- ings at (714) 998-0518. March 31-April 1 ( Sat-Sun) Trip to northern Channel Islands. For further details send a SASE to Walt Wright, 326 Redwood Ave., Brea, CA 92621. April 8 (Sunday) Annual Anza-Borrego Desert Gardens Walk, 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. The 16th Annual Desert Gardens Walk, sponsored by the Anza- Borrego Committee of the Anza-Borrego Foundation will be held at Blair Valley. Blair Valley is on Highway S2 a few miles south of Scissors Crossing (where Highway 78 and S2 cross) . There will be plenty of parking. Restrooms available. For full enjoyment, wear good walking shoes and a sun-shade hat. Take lunch, water (for hikes) camera and binoculars. Information available at park office (619) 767-5311. Walks are free. No reservations needed. Park rangers and other specialists will give interpretative walks on early man, geology, bird and mammals, Indian occupation and native plants . April 14-22, Baja California, Mexico. Meet in Ensenada, 12 noon Satur- day, April 14, along Blvd. Lazaro Ccurdenas at the Plaza Civica (the plaza with the large gold heads of Mexican heroes) . This is near the sportfishing piers. Bob Thorne (evenings at 714-624-7191) will lead this trip looking at vernal pools, a relic stand of Bishop pines and other areas needed for his flora of northern Baja. We will go as far south as San Quintin, time permitting. April 28, Pine to Palms Trip. 8 a.m. to dusk. Meet at the S.E. corner of Ramona Expressway and US-215 (formerly US-395) south of Riverside (approx. 3 miles south of March Air Force Base) . Caravan from Hemet through the San Jacinto Mountains on Hwy. 74 with stops at several plant ccmmunities. Bring a sack lunch and comfortable walking shoes. For further information, contact Geoff Smith evenings at (714) 998- 0158 or 929-5248. May 5 or 6. Vernal Pools, Santa Rosa Plateau. See next CROSSOSOMA for details. May 22-12 (Fri-Sat) Southern California Academy Meetings at DSC. See announcement, page 11, for details. 14 MEMBERSHIP We need to increase our membership. You can help! Please give this membership application to a friend who you think could benefit from membership in the Southern California Botanists. Feel free to photocopy this membership application if more are needed. Editor. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS The purpose of the SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS is the study, preservation and conservation of the native plants of California; and the education of the public to the value of the native flora and its habitats. It is a non-profit association formed in 1927. Membership benefits include: Various field trips throughout the state led by competent field biologists and botanists. A yearly plant sale featuring native California species. An annual symposium on various aspects of the California vegetation. The SCB Journal, CROSSOSOMA. Discounts on botanical and natural history books. Dues are for a calendcu: year. New members joining from May through September, please deduct $1.00 from your dues. Those join- ing in October through December are credited with the following year' dues. Membership categories are: cn Student or retired* * $ 4.00 / / New Member / 7 Individual* $ 6.00 / / Renewal / 7 Group or organization $10.00 *This includes membership for the rest of the family. Date Ncune Address City Zip Code Phone { ) In addition, I want to give $ to help support SCB. Make check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS. Mail check and form to: Trudy R. Ericson Southern California Botanists Department of Biological Science California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 COMING 1 984 EVENTS ( Details within ) February 11 February 18-20 February 25 March 4 March 24 March 31 -Apr. 1 April 8 April 14-22 May 5 or 6 May 11-12 Walking Tour of Huntington Botanical Gardens Cafion de Guadalupe, Baja California Fungus Foray, San Dimas Canyon Park Santa Monica Mountains Plant Sale Northern Channel Islands Anza-Borrego Desert Gardens Walk Baja California Vernal Pools, Santa Rosa Plateau Southern California Academy Meetings at USC X m JO z Q -* 33 CO cn S O S §o C 3 O D* o z o 3 O C/> o =* S > o » n o > > — k ® QJ “ CO TJ ^ ® 03 O g < Q> Z 3 O- > ® O 5 Q> O N CO H CO CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont CA 91711 Crossosoma Vol. 10, No. 2 Issue Editors: Geoff Smith and Walt Wright Managing Editor: C. Eugene Jones April, 1984 Distribution Patterns of Native Prickly Pear Cactus ( Opuntia ) i n Cismontane Southern California Geoff Smith Department of Horticulture Fullerton College Fullerton, CA 92633 Introduation Populations of native Opuntia which occur in the foothills, valleys and coastal plains of cismontane southern California, most notably between Ventura County and the Baja California border, display a highly complex pattern of morphological variation and apparent hybrid swarm characteristics (Benson 1982) . In the April 1983 CROSSOSOMA this author reviewed the current hypothesis concerning the status of the suberect "0. oaaidentalia” variants (Smith, 1933) , which are believed to be hybrids resulting from the outcrossing of the introduced mission cactus 0. ficua-indica with low-growing varieties of the native 0. lit- toralie (Benson and Walkington 1965) . Analysis of the distribution patterns of Opuntia variants at eleven sites in Orange County revealed that the "occidentalis" segregates had a widespread distribution through- out the area, and were typically growing in association with one or more varieties of 0, littovalis (0. tittovalis tittovalis^ 0. littoralis vaseyis 0. littoralis austroaaZiforniaa, Smith 1983). These results, combined with a discrepancy of chromosome number between the putative parents 0. fiaus-indiaa (n=44) x 0, littoralis (n— 33) (Pinkava and McLeod 1971) , indicated that more information was needed in order to clarify the position of the "occidentalis" variants within the total spectrum of prickly pear cacti in southern California. Procedure During March-June 1983 the distribution patterns of native Opuntia variants were assessed at 100 sites throughout southern California, between the Pacific coastline and the Transverse-Peninsula mountain ranges, from Los Angeles County (Glendora) south to San Diego County (Encinitas) . (Fig. 1) . Most of the sites occur at elevations below r ^ ¥ .s/ SB Co. 1 Figure 1. Map of the study area. Morphotypes A 'A AS/A11 sites (100%) + — ■ OR/Orange Co. (45%) SD/San Diego Co. (25%) RV/Riverside Co. (18%) LA/Los Angeles Co. (10%) SB/San Bernardino Co. (2%) Figure 2. Relative frequencies of occurrence of selected native Opuntia taxa in southern California, broken out by county. 500m, in grassland or coastal sage scrub habitats. One insular site was included in the study (Toyon Bay area, Catalina Island) , plus two desert-transition zone locations (both occuring in San Felipe Valley, San Diego County) . Results In terms of habitat preferences, the following generalizations can be made regarding distribution of the Opuntia variants: 1. Morphotypes that prefer silty or clayey soils, and inhabit mostly gentle slopes or flats in association with grasses and annuals include: 0. ocddentalts C (occ C) , 0. oaciden- tatis D (occ D) , 0, littovalis austrooaliforniaa (aus) , 0. phaeaaantha diaaata (pha) (inland sites) 2. Morphotypes tolerant of drier sandy, gravely or rocky soils, that often inhabit steep slopes in association with woody perennial species of coastal sage scrub vegetation include: 0. littovalis littoralis (lit) , £?. littoralis vaseyi (vas) , 0. oriaota (ori) , 0. phaeaaantha disaata (pha) (coastal sites) , 0. 'emissa’ (dem) Within the most extensive populations the low-growing variants (lit, vas, aus, pha) were sympatric with the larger sub-erect variants (occ C, occ D, ori, dem), although the occurrence of any particular combination of morphotypes varied with each site. At only 5% of the sites was 0. fiaus-ind-taa growing in close proximity to the native prickly pear cacti; the mission cacti have historically had widespread distribution, however, throughout southern California due to domestic cultivation practices. Thus in terms of being potential pollen donors these cultivars must be considered to have had a possible influence upon the total gene pool of native populations. Distribution patterns (expressed as % frequency) for the total population, as shown in Fig. 1, demonstrated that some variants are more prevalent throughout the total region than others. The variants were ranked for their frequency of occurrence as follows: high (67-100%> - lit (70%); moderate ( Z4-6 6% ) — pha (52%) , aus (46%) , occ C (40%) , ori (36%) , occ D (35%) ; low (0-Z3%) - vas (20%) , dem (16%) . Some of the morphotypes were geographically isolated (therefore having little chance of interbreeding): occ C, occ D, vas, and aus were absent from San Diego County, present in Orange and Los Angeles counties, whereas the reverse occurs for dem- Additionally, compari- son of distribution frequencies for any given morphotype on a county- by-county basis (Fig. 1) showed considerable variation. This supports field observations which strongly indicated that the different 3 Figure 3. Frequency of co-occurrence of 0. occidental i s C and other native Q p u n t i a taxa, with frequency of occurrence of county. C D Morphotyp«t Counties Figure 4. Frequency of co-occurrence of 0_. occidental i s D and other native Opuntia taxa, with frequency of occurrence by county. morphotypes preferred certain habitats, and that these habitats were influenced to varying degrees by local climate patterns. When fre- quency values for the two counties showing the highest % frequency of occurrence for a given morphotype are combined, a clearer assessment of the distribution of any given morphotype within the total popula- tion can be made. Results are displayed in Figs. 2-9, and indicate these distribution patterns: 1. occ C - occurs in 40% of all sites, located mostly in Orange and Los Angeles counties (95%) , lower foothills and valleys 2. occ D - occurs in 35% of all sites, located mostly in Orange and Los Angeles counties (97%) , lower foothills and valleys 3. lit - occurs in 70% of all sites, located mostly in Orange and San Diego counties (90%) , mostly coastal foot- hills and valleys 4. vas - occurs in 20% of all sites, located mostly in Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties (83%) , lower foothills and valleys 5. aus - occurs in 46% of all sites, located mainly in Orange and Riverside counties (83%) , frequent in Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties, gentle grassy slopes or flats 6. ori - occurs in 36% of all sites, located mostly in Orange and San Diego counties (97%) , coastal foothills and valleys 7. pha - occurs in 52% of all sites, located mainly in River- side and San Diego counties (63%) , frequent in south Orange County, grassy slopes or flats 8. dem - occurs in 16% of all sites, located entirely within San Diego County (100%) , lower foothills and valleys near coast In a paired-distributional analysis each Opuntia variant was cor- related with all other variants throughout the 100-site study. Results (Figs. 3-10 and Table 1) can be used to better understand affinities among the morphotypes when comparing morphological characters and attempting controlled-pollination studies. In view of the widespread cultivation of the introduced 0, fiaus- indica throughout southern California, the results of this distribu- tional analysis raise new questions regarding the actual degree of genetic influence brought about by the mission cacti, due to their proposed outcrossing with the native 0, tittoratis variants. Why, for example, are the occ C and D variants not present in Riverside county, where 0, littoratis austrocatifovniaa occurs? Why, also, are the occ C and D variants absent from San Diego county, where 0. littoralia littoralis is present? Distribution of the occ C and D 5 Figure 5. Frequency of co-occurrence of 0. 1 i ttoral i s 1 i ttoral i s and other native 0 p u n t i a taxa, with frequency of occurrence by county. Morpho types Counties Figure 6. Frequency of co-occurrence of 0. 1 i ttoral i s vasey i and other native O punti a taxa, with frequency of occurrence by county. Morphotypes Counties Figure 7. Frequency of co-occurrence of 0. 1 i ttoral i s aus t rocal i forn 1 ca and other native 0punt1a~ taxa, with frequency of occurrence by county. C D Morphotypes Counties Figure 8. Frequency of co-occurrence of 0^. o r 1 c o 1 a and other native Q punti a taxa, with frequency of occurrence by county. > o o & Figure 9. Frequency of co-occurrence of 0. phaeacantha di s cata and other native Opunti a t a x a , with Triq^TeTTcy of occurrence by county. C 0 Morphotypes Counties Figure 10. Frequency of co-occurrence of 0. ' demi s sa * and other native Opunti a taxa, with frequency of occurrence by county. Table 1. Correlation of paired Opuntia variant distributional frequencies (expressed as % frequency). Morphotype High Correlation Moderate Correlation Low Correlation (67-100%) (34-66%) (0-33%) occ C lit (90) vas (35) pha (30) aus (83) occ D (78) ori (35) dem (.03) occ D aus (94) ■vas (46) pha (29) occ C (89) ori (26) lit (86) dem (0) lit occ C (51) vas (24) ori (49) dem (20) pha (44) occ D (43) aus (43) vas lit (85) ori (20) aus (85) pha (10) occ D (80) occ C (70) dem (5) aus occ C (72) lit (65) ori (20) occ D (72) pha (41) vas (37) dem (0) ori lit (94) pha (47) occ D (25) occ C (39) aus (25) dem (25) vas (11) pha lit (60) ori (33) aus (37) occ C (23) occ D (19) dem (17) vas (-04) dem lit (85) ori (56) occ C (.06) pha (56) vas (.06) occ D (0) aus (0) variants is strongly aligned to the sympatry of 0. littoralis t'Cttovatts and 0. ZittOTalis which occurs mostly in Orange County. It is hoped that further distributional analyses, combined with data from controlled breeding experiments (in progress) of 0, fious- indioa x native Opuntia will establish the proper relationships of the suberect "occidentalis C and D" variants within the populations of prickly pear cacti in southern California. LITERATURE CITED Benson, L. 1982. Cacti of the United States and Canada. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Cal. Benson, L. and D. L. Walkington 1965. The southern Californian prickly pears invasion, adulteration and trial by fire. Ann. Miss. Bot. Card. Vol. 52(3): 262-273. 9 Pinkava, D. and M. McLeod 1971. Chromosome numbers of some cacti of western North America. Brittonia Vol. 23(2): 171-176- Smith, G. 1983. Some observations of the 'Occidentalis * segregates of prickly pear cactus {Opuntia) occurring in Orange County. Crossosoma Vol. 9(2): 1-4. A Review of the Invol vement of Call ose and CaT 1 ose Hydrolase i n the Spread of Vi ruses i n Plants Christopher Kearney, Graduate Student* Department of Biological Science California State Polytechnic University Pomona, CA 91768 Callose is a minor polysaccharide which is formed in plants in response to wounding (6) and during the plant's hypersensitive reac- tion to pathogens, including fungi (1) and viruses (31) . In viral infection of a hypersensitive resistant host, the virus does not move and replicate as much as it would in a susceptible host. Instead, virus particles are restricted to a small necrotic local lesion which forms around the point of initial infection. Callose may act as a seal which .surrounds the perimeter and underside of these local lesions and blocks plasmodesmata to prevent the movement of virus particles out of the local lesion (8) • Since callose may inhibit viral movement, callose hydrolases might facilitate viral movement by dissolving cal- lose deposits. A more virulent virus might induce a greater production of callose hydrolase by the host in order to aid its colonization of the host. S-1, 3-glucanase is thought to be a callose hydrolase, since callose is usually thought to be a 3-1,3-glucan. These proposed roles of callose and $-1 , 3-glucanase in the localization or spread of viral infection are examined here by reviewing studies either supporting or opposing these roles. Catloae Esau (8) originally proposed that callose may serve to restrict the spread of virions by blocking the plasmodesmata of cells surround- ing local lesions. Wu et al. (31) have provided evidence for this proposal by inoculating attached primary leaves of Phaaeolus vulgaria cv, Pinto with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and later dipping the leaves in a 50®C water bath. The resulting lesions are larger than normal (indicating a greater aonount of viral spread) and are associated with a thinner peripheral callose wall. Large lesions and weak callose deposits are also produced by dark treatment (31) and ultraviolet *Christopher Kearney is now a graduate student in the Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. 10 light treatment (32) of Pinto bean leaves infected with TMV, and in Niootiana glutinoea plants infected with TMV and given a 30®C incuba- tion (30) . Abnormally small lesions of TMV on other bean varieties are induced to form by treatment with eosin Y (24) and boron (22) solutions. Thick deposits of callose are associated with this restriction of viral spread. Other studies show that virus particles occur. only inside the local lesxon and not outside of the callose wall in Red Kidney bean infected with potato virus M (11) and in Gomphrena globoea infected with potato virus X (2) • Viral localization by callose has been supported by other studies as well (9,23). Contrary to these studies, in many plant/virus systems, callose does not seem to restrict viral movement. Callose deposition is weak and scattered and appears late in the development of local lesions of tomato bushy stunt virus (3) and Cymbidium ringspot virus (20) in the host Gomphrena globoea^ Nonecrotic local lesions form in cucumber cotyledons inoculated with TMV. The growth of these lesions ceases 5 days after inoculation even though little or no callose is present around the lesion (5) . Many studies have investigated phenomena other than callose deposition as agents of viral localization in plants (10, 14, 15, 21). The role of callose in viral localization is still controversial. Z~g“iuoanaBe 3-1,3-glucanase may have a variety of roles in the physiology and pathology of plants. Investigations have centered on pollen maturation (26), cell growth by wall loosening (12,-27, 29, 34), and pathogenesis by fungi (7, 18, 19, 28, 33). Another potential role for 3-1,3-glucanase is the degradation of callose. Though the proper methods of chemical identification are not completed in most studies, callose substances are usually considered to be 3-1, 3-glucans (25) and therefore subject to degradation by 3~1# 3-glucanase. The role of 3-1,3-glucanase as a callose hydrolase has been studied with the phloem of Yitis (4) and also with the callose barriers of viral local lesions (13) . There was initial evidence that 3*lr 3~glucanase activity facil- itated the spread of viruses, for it was shown to increase greatly in Hiaotiana glutinoea infected with TMV (16) , a system which produces lesions which are larger and more spreading than lesions of other systems. However, N, glutinoea plants infected with either the small lesion forming VM strain of TMV or the large lesion forming U1 strain did not differ in 3-1,3-glucanase activity. Also, Phaeeolue vulgaris cv. Pinto leaves inoculated with TMV, excised, and incubated under different nutrient regimes produced lesions of different size, but the larger lesions were not associated with higher activities of 3-1,3-glucanase (Kearney and Wu, unpublished). The VM strain of TMV 11 produces local lesions in Niaot^lana sylvestris which the Ul strain produces a quickly spreading systemic symptom in the saune host. The higher 0-1, 3-glucanase activity is associated with the local lesion symptoms rather than the systemic symptom (13). High 0-1,3-glucanase activities h^ve been associated with systemic rather than localized viral symptoms in other experimental systems as well (13, 16). 6-1,3-glucanase activity does not seem to facilitate viral spread in these systems mentioned. Conotua'ion Callose deposition is one of many hypotheses to explain viral localization in local lesion systems. Callose deposition may be a generalized hypersensitive response which is effective in some plant/ virus systems but not in others. 6-1 # 3-glucanase , however, does not appear to be involved in facilitating viral spread in any of the experimental systems examined so far. Callose may be something other than a 6-l#3-glucan in some plant/virus systems and therefore by an improper substrate for 6-1# 3-glucanase. Callose and 0-1,3-glucanase may also be physically separated in the cell, for in Niaotiana glutinosa, callose is a wall component, while 6-l#3-glucanase was not detected in the cell wall (17) , The levels of callose deposi- tion and 6-1# 3-glucanase activity could then be unrelated. LITERATURE CITED 1. Aist, J. R. 1976. Papillae and related wound plugs of plant cells. Ann.. Rev. Phytopath. 14:145-163. 2. Allison, A. V., and T. A. Shalla. 1974. The ultrastructure of local lesions induced by PVX: A sequence of cytological events in the course of infection- Phytopathology 64:784-793. 3. Appiano, A., G- D'Agostino, P. Redolfi, and S. Pennazio. 1981. Sequence of cytological events during the process of local lesion formation in the tomato bushy stunt virus -Gomp/zrena gtoboaa hypersensitive system. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 76:173- 180. 4. Clark, A- E., and B. A. Stone. 1962. 6-1,3-glucan hydrolases from the grape vine {Vitis vinifera) and other plants. Phytochemistry 1: 175-188 . 5. Cohen, J., and G.-Lobenstein. 1975. An electron microscope study of starch lesions in cucumber cotyledons infected with TMV. Phytopathology 65:32-39- 6. Currier, H. B. 1957. Callose substance in plant cells. Am. J. Botany 44:478-489. 7. Dickerson, A. G-, and C. M. D. Pollard. 1982. Observations on the location of a 6-glucanase and an associated 6-glucosidase in Ctaviceps puppuvca during its development on rye. Physiol. Plant Pathol- 21:179-191. 8. Esau, K. 1967. Anatomy of plant virus' infections. Ann. Rev, Phyto- path. 5:45-76, 9. Favali, M. A., G. G. Conti, and M- Bassi. 1978. Modifications of vascular bundle ultrastructure in the "resistant zone" around necrotic lesions induced by TMV, Physiol. Plant Pathol, 13:247-251. 12 10. Gianinazzi, S. 1982. Antiviral agents and inducers of viral resis* tance: Analogies with interferon. In: Active defense mechan- isms in plants, ed. R. K. S. Wood. Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 275-298. 11. Hir\xki, C., and J. C. Tu. 1972. Light and electron microscopy of potato virus M lesions and marginal tissue in red kidney bean. Phytopathology 62:77-85. 12. Huber, D. J., and D. J. Nevins. 1982. Exoglucanases from Zea mays L. seedlings: their role in 3-D-glucan hydrolysis and their potential role in extension growth. Planta 155:467-472. 13. Kearney, C. M. 1983. The involvement of 3-1, 3-glucanase with the necrotic local lesions of tobacco mosaic virus infection. Masters Thesis, California State Polytechnic Univ. , Pomona. 14. Lobenstein, G. 1972. Localization and induced resistance in virus-infected plants. Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 10:177-202. 15. Lobenstein, S. Spiegel, and A. Gera. 1982. Localized resistance and barrier substemces. In: Active defense mechanisms in pleuits, ed. R. K. S. Wood. Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 211-231. 16. Moore, A. E., and B. A. Stone. 1972*. Effect of infection with TMV and other viruses on the level of a 6-1,3-glucan hydro- lase in leaves of Hiaotiana glutinoaa. Virology 50:791-798. 17. Moore, A- E., and B. A. Stone. 1972. Effect of senescence and hormonal treatment on the activity of a 3-1,3-glucan hydro- lase in Niootiana glutinoaa leaves. Planta 104:93-109. 18. Netzer, D-, G. Kritzman, and I. Chet. 1979. 3-1, 3-glucanase activity and quantity of fungus in relation to Fusarium wilt in resistant and susceptible near-isogenic lines of muskxnelon. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 14:47-55. 19. Rabenantoandro, Y., P. Auriol, and A. Touze. 1976. Implication of 3-(l-3) glucanase in melon anthracnose. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 8:313-324. 20. Russo, M- , and G. P. Martelli. 1981. The fine structure of Cymbidium ringspot virus in host tissues II. Light and electron microscopy of localized infections. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 77:105-118, 21. Sela, I, 1981. Plant-virus interactions related to resistance and localization of viral infections. Adv. Virus Res, 26:201- 237. 22. Shimomura, T. 1982. Effects of boron on the formation of local lesions and accumulation of callose in French bean and Sam- sun NN tobacco leaves inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 20:257-262. 23. Shimomura, T-, and J. Dijkstra. 1975- The occurrence of callose during the process of local lesion formation. Netherl. J. Plant Path. 81:107-121. 24. Shimomura, T., and J. Dijkstra. 1976. The effect of Eosin Y on the formation of local lesions and on the accumulation of callose in "Samsun NN" tobacco and French bean leaves inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus. Netherl. J. Plant Path. 82:109-118. 25. Smith, M. M. , and M, E. McCully. 1978. A critical evaluation of the specificity of aniline blue induced fluorescence. Protoplasma 95:229-254, 26. Stieglitz, H- 1977. Role of 3-1 , 3-glucanase in postmeiotic micro- spore release. Devel. Biol. 57:87-97. 27. Tanimoto, E., and Y. Masuda. 1968. Effect of auxin on cell wall degrading enzymes. Physiol. Plant. 21:820-826. 13 28. Wargo, P. M. 1975, Lysis of the cell wall of AvmitXavia mellea by enzymes from forest trees. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 5:99- 105. 29. Wong, Y. S., and G. A. Haclachlan. 1980. 1,3-6-D-glucanases from Pisum sativum seedlings III. Development and distribution of endogenous substrates. Plant Physiol. 65:222-228. 30. Wu, J. H. 1973. Wound-healing as a factor in limiting the size of lesions in Niootiana glutinoaa leaves infected by the very mild strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-VM) . Virology 51: 474-484. 31. Wu, J. H., L. M. Blakely, and J. E- Dimitman. 1969. Inactiva- tion of a host resistance mechanism as an explanation for heat activation of TMV-infected bean leaves. Virology 37: 658-666. 32. Wu, J. H., and J. E. Dimitman. 1970. Leaf structure and callose formation as determinants of TMV movement in bean leaves as revealed by UV irradiation studies. Virology 40:820-827. 33. Young, D. H., and G. F. Pegg. 1982. The action of tomato and VeTtiGillium albo-atpum glycosidases on the hyphal wall of 7. albo~atvum • Physiol. Plant Pathol. 21:411-423. 34. Yamamoto, R., N. Sakurai, K. Shibata, and Y. Masuda. 1980. Effects of auxin on the structure of heraicelluloses of Avena coleoptiles- Plant Cell Physiol. 21:373-381. Piokevingia montana ssp. tomentoaa in the Santa Ana Mountains Celia Kutcher Curator /Taxonomist Fullerton Arboretum I have found a new location for Piakeringia montana Nutt. ssp. tomentosa (Abrams) Abrams (Chaparral Pea) in the Santa Ana Mountains. The new site is southwest of Sugarloaf Peak on the west side of the old jeep road/San Juan Trail, approximately 37 33' 30" N 117 29' 30" W (Sitton Peak Quadrangle) , at an elevation of about 2640 ft. According to Lathrop and Thorne (1978) , the only previously known site for PiakeTingia in the Santa Anas is about 40 miles away at the north end of the range, on a ridge above Coal Canyon. The Piokevingia is growing on a gentle slope in a relatively flat area, which is bounded on the northeast by Sugarloaf Peak, on the north by an unnamed peak of elevation 3326 ft., on the south by San Juan Canyon, and on the west by Hot Springs Canyon. The predominant vegetation is chamise chaparral. Stgvax officinale L. ssp. (Eastw.) Beauchamp ex Thorne (Snowdrop Bush) is scattered along the old jeep road — both down in ravines and cimong the chaparral. The Piakeringia consists of a clump with about five main stems. According to Munz (1974), Piokevingia montana rarely sets seed but spreads by underground stems after fire. Thus this stand could be a clone and/or a group of individuals. The site does look as if it 14 has not been burned in a long time; it is south of the extent of the big fire in 1980. A voucher specimen is on file at the Faye A. McFadden Herbarium at California State University, Fullerton. The San Juan Trail, which once Followed the route of the jeep road indicated on the Sitton PeaUc Quadrangle, has been rerouted to follow the bases of Sugarloaf and the unnamed peak. The Piakeringia site is easily visible from the new trail, but would now require some brush'Whacking to reach. The divergence of the old trail from the new trail has been somewhat obscured by new growth of brush, and will probably be completely invisible in a couple of years. The site is about a two hour hike from either end of the San Juan Trail. REFERENCES CITED Lathrop, E. W. , and R. F. Thorne, 1978. A flora of the Santa Ana Mountains, California. Aliso 9 (2) ; 197-278 . Munz, P. A., 1974. A flora of Southern California, University of California Press. 1086 pp. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF S^ OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Geof f Smith , D ir ec tor It appears that Orange County just can't be rid of me I I was born in Santa Ana and grew up in a rural environment in the foothills east of Orange, which was (in thoae days) mostly native vegetation and citrus groves. Having been raised in an oldtime ranching family, plants always were an important part of my developing lifestyle— even though no formal botanical training was gained until I entered college. Degrees in biological science (B.A. in 1967, M.A. in 1973) were ob- tained from California State University, Fullerton, with emphasis on plant biosystematics. While pursuing my higher education I became involved with horticultural practices by doing nursery work and land- scaping to pay the bills. This combination of academic pursuits and pragmatic experiences helped develop my interests in native plants and the value of their unaltered habitats. Since 1974 I have been an instructor at Fullerton College, teach- ing a variety of courses in botany and ornamental horticulture. Pres- ently my wife Judy (the better biologist in our fcunily) and I reside in the Hemet area, where we can enjoy the natural surroundings and our kitties I Hobbies include Sierra Nevada backpacking, desert trips, trout fishing and nature photography. Current botanical pursuits in- volve the development of drought-tolerant landscapes , and the never- ending saga of trying to understand the native Opuntia (prickly pear) populations . 15 DO SOMETHING WILD! The wildlife tax checkoff has come to California! Legislation for the checkoff was intro- duced by Assemblyman Robert Campbell of Rich- mond, a member of the Assembly Committee on Water, Parks and Wildlife. It was signed by the governor in late October. Unlike many of the other states, Califor- nia's legislation will provide money only for endangered or rare species of fish, wildlife and plants. The mechanics of it work this way: under terms of the act, California income tax payers can enter any amount as their contribution to endangered wildlife, and they can contribute by way of the tax form on line 36 of the short form or line 90 on the long form. Also, the donation can be made either from the amount to be refunded or by adding an amount to the tax payment. Although the contribution will not be deductible on the state income tax form the following year, it is deductible on the fed- eral income tax form. Conservation organizations from all over California supported the legislation and at times provided the motivation to keep it on track at the Legislature. "What impressed me," says Assemblyman Campbell, "was the diversity of conservation organizations involved in this legislation. We received help and supportive mail from fishing organizations, big national con- servation organizations and relatively small but active single purpose organizations from a single location." Action to promote the checkoff among the California population at large has already begun. Plans include radio and television public service announcements, special letters to tax preparers, even special newspaper ads where possible. Many of our fellow conservationists will be participating in the campaign by working with local broadcasters and press and through speaking engagements with local organizations. What kind of success can we expect with the California Endangered Species Checkoff? The state of New York, operating a non-specific wildlife checkoff, collected $1,700,000 the first year in spite of some political difficulties and the inability to penetrate New York City's television market. SHARE YOUR TAX RETURN Form 540 * Lino 90 Form 540A - Lino 36 16 FIELD TRIPS AND EVENTS April 8 (Sunday) Annual Anza-Borrego Desert Gardens Walk. 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. The 16th Annual Desert Gardens Walk, sponsored by the Anza- Borrego Committee of the Anza-Borrego Foundation will be held at Blair Valley- Blair Valley is on Highway S2 a few miles south of Scissors Crossing (where Highway 78 and S2 cross) . There will be plenty of parking. Restrooms available. For full enjoyment, wear good walking shoes and a sun-shade hat. Take lunch, water (for hikes) c^unera and binoculars. Information availsible at park office (619) 767-5311. Walks are free. No reservations needed. Park rangers and other specialists will give interpretative walks on early man, geology, bird and mammals, Indian occupation and native plants. April 14-22, Baja California, Mexico. Meet in Ensenada, 12 noon Satur- day, April 14, along Blvd. Lazaro Cardenas at the Plaza Civica (the plaza with the large gold heads of Mexican heroes) . This is near the sportfishing piers. Bob Thorne (evenings at 714-624-7191) will lead this trip looking at vernal pools, a relic stand of Bishop pines and other areas needed for his flora of northern Baja. We will go as far south as San Quintin, time permitting. April 28, Pine to Palma Trip. 8 a.m. to dusk. Meet at the S.E. corner of Ramona Expressway and US-215 (formerly US-395) south of Riverside (approx. 3 miles south of March Air Force Base) . Caravan from Hemet through the San Jacinto Mountains on Hwy. 74 with stops at several plant communities. Bring a sack lunch and comfortable walking shoes. For further information, contact (3eoff Smith evenings at (714) 998- 0158 or 929-5248. May 5 or 6. Vernal Pools, Santa Rosa Plateau. Cancelled. May 9. Identification of Grasses (and other things). 7:00 p.m. Bowers Museum, on North Main St., Santa Ana. Bring your hand lens, Munz or other grassbook, and any unknown grass or other weed. May 11-12. Southern California Academy of Science. See last issue of Crossosoma for details. May 19, San Mateo Marsh, southern coastal Orange County. Orange Co. CNPS- Call Dave Bramlet (714-851-5200 or 549-0647) for details and to confirm. May 26, Mt. Baldy to look for the rare Clatonia lanceolate pearsoni , 9:00 Baldy Ranger Station- Tim Krantz (714-866-3024) leading. Call Andy Sanders (714-787-3601) for details and to confirm. June 1-2. Colorado River Canoe Trip. SSAE or call Walt Wright by May 10 to reserve canoe (326 Redwood Ave., Brea, CA 92621; phone: 714- 261-8820, days; 529-4134 or 990-9092, evenings). June 9-10. New York Mountains. Andy Sanders and another co-leader; call Andy at 714-787-3601 to confirm. June 23. Tecate Cypress, north end of Santa Ana Mts . Call Dave Bramlet to confirm. June 20, James Preserve/Black Mountain. Call Andy Sanders or Mike Hamilton at 714-787-5601. BOARD MEETING MINUTES 1? Nov 1982, esUF 1. A charge of $2.00 was instituted for the purchase of back issues of Crossosoma. 2. Motion passed to send $100.00 to Orange County Chapter of CNPS as a gesture of appreciation for their support in the Baja Cali- fornia symposium. 17 3 . The 1984 Potluck will be held on October 6 at 6 p.m. , preceded by a Board meeting at 5 p.ia. 4. Present officers renominated for a second term. Granger, Smith, Bauml, Chesebro renominated for Board Members. 16 Jan 1984j L,A, County Arboretum 1. Board members are to receive a copy of the current mailing list. 2. Motion passed that no free advertisements for commercial ventures will be mentioned in CROSSOSOMA. 3. Geoff Smith is putting a flyer together for SCB plant sale. 4. Donate $20.00 to Natural Resources Defense Council to assist Plant Conservancy Project. 16 February 1984, RSA Botanic Garden 1. Membership paid to date is 251. 2. A. Romspert, T. Ericson, C. Clark volunteered to serve as reviewers of the 1984 student grant requests. 3. Motion passed to limit amount of money for 1984 student grants to $600.00 4. SCB Plant Sale will be held on March 24 at Fullerton Community College. Volunteers are needed. 5. Motion made at 16 Jan 1984 meeting not to allow mention of commercial field trips rescinded. Motion passed- to allow their mention pending approval of majority of the Board. 6. A complete, bound set of CROSSOSOMA will be presented to Marv Chesebro in appreciation of his tenure as President of SCB and for his help as legal advisor. YOUR BOARD MEETINGS : (All members welcome I) 1. April 19 (Thursday) meeting will be held at CSUF at 7:30 p.m. 2. May 17 (Thursday) meeting will be held at L.A. County Arboretum at 7:30 p.m. 3. June 21 (Thursday) meeting will be held at Rancho Santa Ana Botemic Garden at 7:30 p.m. For further information on these, call Trudy Ericson at 714-773-3614. Golden West College Science Museum presents : NATIVE PLANTS CALIFORNIA Includes: ★ Rare and Endangered Plants ★ Plant Communities of Southern California ★ Edible and Poisonous Plants ★ Uses of Native Plants ★ Live Animals ★ Fossils of Orange County Contact Candace Brenner (Mon. 8:30-10:30 a.m. or Thurs. 2:30-3:30 p.m. at 714-895-8184 to arrange tours. BOARD OF DIRECTORS SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS - 1984 Alan Romspert/ President Desert Studies Consortium Dept, of Biological Science California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 Phone: 714-773-2428 (or 3614) C. Eugene Jones, 1st Vice Pres. Dept, of Biological Science California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 Phone: 714-773-3548 (or 3614) Robert F. Thorne, 2nd Vice Pres. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden 1500 N. College Ave. Claremont, CA 91711 Phone: 714-626-3922 DIRECTORS ; James A. Bauml 1140 E. Orange Grove Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91104 Phone: 213-792-2504 Curtis Clark Dept, of Biological Sciences Calif. State Polytechnic Univ. Pomona, CA 91768 Phone: 714-598-0215 Marvin Chesebro 510 West Sixth St., Suite 523 Los Angeles, CA 90014 Phone: 213-627-4878 Eric Hansen 2358 W. 236th Place Torrance, CA 90501 Phone: 213-530-7375 R. John Little, Secretary 18141 Theodora Drive Tustin, CA 92680 Phone: 714-662-4042 Trudy R. Ericson, Treasurer- Membership Dept, of Biological Science California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 Phone: 714-773-3614 Walt Wright, Past President 326 Redwood Avenue Brea, CA 92621 Phone: 714-261-8820 (work) 714-529-4134 or 990-9092 (home) Mona Myatt 6421 N. Golden West Avenue Temple City, CA 91780 Phone: 213-572-1466 (office) 213-447-0755 Barry Prigge Herbarium and Botanic Garden University of California, L.A. Los Angeles, CA 90024 Phone: 213-825-3620 Suzanne L. Granger 3269 N. Summit Avenue Altadena, CA 91001 Phone: 213-791-3393 Geoff Smith 18976 Mesa Drive Villa Park, CA 92667 Phone: 714-998-0518 or 929-5248 714-871-8000 BACK ISSUES Qf_ CROSSOSOHA Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are availed^le at two (2) dollars per volume plus one dollar for postage and handling. Inquiries should be addressed to: Editor — CROSSOSOMA, Depcirtment of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Please state the volumes desired and include payment in your order. Checks should be made to Southern California Botanists. CROSSOSOMA is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Southern California Botanists, a non-profit association. Dues are on a calendar year basis. Regular $6.00. Students and Retirees $4.00. Groups $10.00. We thank all those who promptly remitted their 1984 dues. All others, please send your checks. This Journal can only be sent to members whose dues are current. 19 COMING 1984 EVENTS ( Details within ) April 8 April 14-22 April 28 May 9 May 11-12 May 19 May 26 June 1-3 June 9-10 June 23 June 30 Anza-Borrego Desert Gardens Walk Baja California, Mexico Pine to Palms Trip Identification of Grasses Southern California Academy of Science San Mateo Marsh Mt. Baldy Colorado River Canoe Trip New York Mountains Tecate Cypress, Santa Ana Mountains James Preserve/Black Mountain n -* S’ i§ I? :x >? CO 7 ^■8 3 W Q) O o X c/) 5 Q3 M “ 2 a O « -n 0 O m Z a CD a. a Z3 C/1 CD O H > Z cz o u c > to r- to 13 7^ CO 4^ D m c CD 13 -< CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont CA 91711 Crossosoma Vol. 10, No. 3 Issue Editors: Robert F. Thorne and Barry Prigge Managing Editor: C. Eugene Jones June, 1984 Floral Morphology and Pollination i n Agave desevtt Engelm . by Robert Fulton Pollination by bats (chiropterophily) is primarily a tropical phenomenon; however, two groups of chiropterophilous plants are found in our southwestern deserts and adjacent Mexico, the columnar cacti and paniculate Agave species. Two genera of derived nectar and pollen feeding bats, Cheoronycte-ris and Leptonyoteris , are known to pollinate these plants, but recent investigations indicate that populations of these bats have experienced drastic declines in the northern portion of their ranges where these plants exist (Koopman, 1981; Howell and Roth, 1981) . Agave deserti is an acaulescent, semi-succulent xerophyte, whose floral characteristics are consistent with the syndrome of chiropterophily (Table 1) . The greenish-yellow, tubular funnelform flowers are borne on 12-16 laterals along the upper 1/3-1/5 of a robust scape, 3-6m high. Each lateral terminates in an elliptical cluster of 60-100 flowers. The flowers are strongly protanderous (Table 2) , and although a particular flower stage may dominate a lateral, clusters commonly contain both pollen donor (stage D) and receptive pistillate (stages P and P+1) flowers (pers. observ.). Individual plants are monocarpic, flowering after 15-25 years of vegetative growth, apparently after significant carbohydrate and water reserves necessary for panicle growth and maintenance have been accumulated (Noble, 1977) . Gentry (1978) recognizes three subspecies of A. deserti, found in scattered populations along the western edge of the Colorado desert and adjacent pinyon- juniper woodland in California and Baja California, Mexico, in the southwestern portion of the Colorado desert in Arizona, and in the Granite and Providence mountains of California's eastern Mojave desert. The bat Ch oeronyateris mexiaana T FLOWERS BATS 1) Peculiar position outside the foliage; f lagellif lory or cauliflory sonar system less developed flying inside foliage unpracticable 2) large mouthed and strong single flowers; often strong inflor- escence of small flowers large animals clinging with thumb claws * 3) large amounts of pollen; large or many anthers pollen as a major source of protein 4) drab color; white, cream, greenish or some light reflecting shade color blind, but good eye- sight for near orientation 5) nocturnal anthesis, and pollen presentation nocturnally active 6) stale, "batty," or fruity odor good olfaction for far orientation **7) copious amounts of nectar high metabolic demands * uniquely high protein content (Howell, 1972) ^♦relatively dilute sugar concentration to supply significant water demands (Howell, 1972) TABLE 1. Characteristics in the syndrome of chiropterophily (after Faegri and van der Fiji, 1979). STAGE EVENING DESCRIPTION PD 1 buds open late afternoon/early even- ing; filaments exserted, stigma below tepals D 2 anthers dehisce throughout evening; stigma about midway between perianth and anthers D+1 3 anthers empty- and just beginning to nod on wilting filaments; stigma about equal height with anthers P 4 filaments wilted inward toward peri- anth; tripartite stigma opens and becomes receptive P+1 5 stigma still open and viscid, may show some wilting; perianth begins to wilt and draw inward P+2 6 stigma dry and style wilted; perianth continues to dry ♦ Stages are as follows: PD = predehiscent? D = dehiscent; D + 1 =* post dehiscent; P = pistillate; P + 1 = pistillate, day 2; D + 2 = pistillate, day 3. TABLE 2. Flower stages of Agave desevti. 2 Fig. I FIGURE 1. Study site locations and range of Choeronyoteris mexiaana, is the only anthophilous species whose known range includes popula- tions of A. deserti, those in Baja California and extreme southern California. The purpose of this study was to assess the status of pollination in three populations of A. deserti (see Figure 1) con- taining two subspecies. Agave deserti deserti was observed in two populations — one in California, along highway 74, on and adjacent 3 to Agave Hill in the Philip Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Research Center of the University of California and another (San Matias) adjacent to km 115 of Mexico highway 16 in Baja California. Both these sites are in Colorado desert communities. The third site (Los Aleimos) was a population of A. deserti pringlei , located adjacent to km 83 of Mexico highway 16, in pinyon- juniper woodland. Only the California site is beyond the documented range of ChoevonyoteTis (Figure 1) . Observations were made during flowering from May to July at Agave Hill in 1979 and 1981-82, at San Matias in 1981-82, and at Los Alamos in 1982-83. During the course of this study, no pollinating bats were observed at any of the sties. Nocturnal visitors to the flowers consisted of various species of moths and ants. The positioning of dehiscent anthers and receptive stigma well above the perianth pro- vides an efficient morphology for pollen transfer by the probing muzzle of a bat, but the smaller bodied moths and ants were able to reach nectar by entering the flowers laterally, between the spreading tepals, completely avoiding the sexual structures. The same situa- tion existed for most of the diurnal flower visitors observed. The common honeybee. Apis melliferaf ranked as the most frequent visitor at all three sites, and also accessed the nectar by crawling between the tepals, thus avoiding a receptive stigma. Pollen was collected by Apis while hovering over an anther and scraping it onto its hind- leg pollen baskets. Hummingbirds were occasionally observed at San Matias and Los Alamos, but they probed the peripheral flowers of a lateral, sliding their bills between the tepals and avoiding stig- matic contact. Other common visitors included species of leaf-cutter bees {Megaohile sp.), which collected pollen in a manner similar to Apis, but placed it on the ventral surface of the abdomen, and a host of other small bodied solitary bees, wasps and flies, none of which was observed affecting pollen transfer to receptive stigmas. The only flower visitor observed contacting receptive stigmas was the large bodied (30-35mm long, 12-14mm high) carpenter bee, Xytoaopa aatif arnica arizonensis , which was present only at Los Alamos. This bee was closely associated with A, deserti pringlei at this site, making its nests in old Agave flowering stalks and pro- visioning its cells with Agave pollen. Xytoaopa ranked a close second in visitation frequency behind Apis in this population, and captured specimens commonly carried heavy loads of Agave pollen on their hir- sute bodies. Pollination of A. deserti pringlei by Xytoaopa was enhanced by its unique floral morphology as compared to the A, deserti deserti populations studied. Several measurements of flower morphology were taken on 100 flowers from each site, evenly divided between stage D and stage P flowers (Figure 2) . Mean values were then used to create floral ideographs illustrating the juxtaposition of anthers, stigma and tepals (Figure 3) . It is important to point out that the relative 4 PERIANTH WIDTH FIG. 2 Figure 2. Measurements taken on flowers. Filaments measured on stage D flowers; stigma height taken on stage P flowers (see Table 2) . Drawing approximately l-3/4x. positions of anther (at filament height) and receptive stigma shown in Figure 3 are temporarily separate in a single flower. However, the presence of both stage D and P flowers on the same lateral cluster allows ample opportunity for an appropriately sized visitor to receive and deposit pollen in a single visit. As Xylocopa works over a lateral, its body is too large to fit easily between tepals, so it crawls over the flowers at tepal height while collecting pollen or probling for nectar. The shorter filaments and style of A, d. pringlei at Los Alamos easily allowed pollen transfer by Xyloaopa to receptive stage stigmas. Furthermore, Xyloaopa was observed to move from the lateral of one plant to a lateral on another plant about 75% of the time, affecting cross pollination. The effectiveness of Xyloaopa pollination would seem to be supported by the relatively high seed set seen at Los Alamos (56.9%), as compared to 4. deserti deserti at Agave Hill and San Matias (5.1% and 514% respectively) . The retention of the elongated filaments and styles characteris- tic of other chiropterophilous Agave in A. deserti deserti f would seem to discourage pollination by visitors of Xyloaopa size, if they were present. Of interest here is whether or not the reduced fila- ment and style lengths in 4. d. pringlei are derived characters resulting from selective forces imposed by Xyloaopa in the absence of bat pollinators or are general characteristics of the subspecies 5 regardless of the presence of Xytoaopa. A. desevti pringlei is thought to be a hybrid between 4. desevti desevti and 4. movanii and/or 4. oevulata (Gentry, 1978). If one compared the filament length and insertion level, tepal height and style height of the putative parental taxa, these measures are comparable to or exceed those seen in those 4. desevti desevti studied (Gentry, 1978) . Even between different populations of 4. desevti pvinglei, the above characters are not homogenous. A population of 4. desevti pvingZei in San Matias Pass (approximately 3 km south of the 4. desevti desevti population studied at San Matias proper) show floral mor- phology virtually the same as 4. desevti desevti, with the exception of a slightly deeper tube (Gentry, 1978 and pers. observ,). Indeed, Gentry's (1978) subspecies designations are derived primarily from vegetative characters. Initial indications, then, are that the morphological characters promoting Xytoaopa pollination in 4. desevti STIGMA a STYLE- V FILAMENT- TEPAL- TUBE— ^ d. desert! Agave Hill di deserti San Matias FIG. 3 20-1 ^ di prinoiei Los Alamos FIGURE 3. Floral ideographs. 6 pringlei are unique to the Los Alamos population studied. This would further suggest that, even facing declines in or the absence of co- evolved bat pollinators, highly specialized chiropterophilous agaves may adopt alternative pollen vectors. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Southern California Botanists for partial funding of this project. This work is part of a larger study on A. deserts reproduction completed as a Master's thesis in biology, California State University, Fullerton. LITERATURE CITED Faegri, K- and L, van der Fiji. 1979. The principles of pollination ecology. Third edition. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 291 pp. Gentry, H. S. 1978, The agaves of Baja California. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, number 130. 119 pp. Howell, D. J. 1972. Physiological adaptations in the syndrome of chiropterophily. Ph.D. Dissertation- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. Howell, D. J. and B. S. Roth. 1981- Sexual reproduction in agaves: the cost of semelparous advertising- Ecology 62:1-7. Koopman, K. G. 1981. The distributional patterns of New World nectar-feeding bats. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 68:352-369. Nobel, P. S. 1977. Water relations of flowering Agave deserti. Botanical Gazette 138(1) :l-6. Some Ecological Consequences of Pollen Tube Competition Mitch Cruzan Ecology and Evolution Dept., SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794 Plants produce pollen in large quantities but much of it is lost during transfer or is used as food by pollinators. Depending on the type of pollinator, a relatively small proportion of the pollen produced may reach conspecific stigmas. A pollen grain which arrives on a stigma is not necessarily insured of fertilizing an ovule to produce a seed. Between the stigma and the ovules lies the tissue of the style. Pollen on the stigma must germinate and produce a tube which grows through the stylar tissue to the ovary where it releases two sperm for the fertilization of an ovule. The fertilized ovule will then develop into a seed which will be 7 dispersed and germinate if it lands in a favorable environment. Pollen tube growth is an important link in the life cycle of flowering plants. Processes which take place after pollination and before fertilization may have profound effects on the seedlings pro- duced. Because of the processes of meiosis and genetic recombina- tion, each pollen grain produced by a plant carries a portion of that plant’s genes but in a different combination than the other pollen grains produced. This variability in pollen grains is prob- ably responsible for the large amount of variation in pollen tube growth rates. There are usually many more pollen grains deposited on a stigma than there are ovules to be fertilized- This may result in competition among pollen for ovules so that an individual pollen grain's chcuices of fertilizing an ovule will depend upon how fast it can grow relative to the others present. One of the effects that differences in pollen tube growth rates has on plants was first noticed in the early part of this century (see Jones 1928) . Mixtiires of pollen carrying different alleles (genes) coding for different characters (e.g. flower color) occa- sionally produced different ratios of characters than expected. It was found that different rates of pollen tube growth associated with the different alleles were responsible for this phenomenon. More recently it has been suggested that this "selective fertilization" may be more common than originally thought (Mulcahy and Kaplan 1979) . The effects of individual alleles may be masked by the presence of many alleles which contribute to differences in pollen tube growth rates. Pollen tube growth rates can also have effects on the vigor of seedlings produced, when pollen competition was intensified by either increasing the number of pollen grains (Mulcahy 1974, Ter Avanesian 1978) or by increasing the distance they must grow (Mulcahy and Mulcahy 1975, McKenna and Mulcahy 1983), the seedlings produced grew faster than seedlings from low competition pollinations. It is thought that the increase in the number of pollen grains allows for selection among more genotypes. The increase in the growth distance of pollen tubes may allow the differences in the gene combinations present to be more fully expressed. The increased vigor of these seedlings has also been shown to make them competitively superior to seedlings from low competition pollinations (McKenna and Mulcahy 1983) . The cause of this phenomenon may be related to those genes which are expressed in both pollen and growing seedJ.d.ngs, As much as 60% of the genes expressed during pollen tube growth are also expressed during seedling growth (Tanksley fit (^7 1983) . It may not be unexpected that selection at one of these stages would produce a similar response at the other. So far I have indicated that the rate of pollen tube growth may be affected by the genetic constitution of the pollen grains, 8 but the female parent may also have a large part in determining which pollen tube fertilizes its ovules. Flowering plants often have incompatibility systems which prevent them from mating with themselves thereby enforcing outbreeding. An individual's own pollen or pollen from another individual of the same incompatibility type will either fail to germinate or will cease growth at an early stage. In compatible pollinations there may be more subtle inter- actions between a pollen tube and the style within which it is growing- Hogenboom (1975) recognized that apparently compatible crosses may be of different genetic "congruities" which affects the pollen's ability to fertilize the ovules. During growth, a pollen tube must obtain nutrients and possibly other chemical stimuli for continued development. Several experiments have found that pollen tube growth rate may be dependent upon the congruity of a particular cross. While making crosses between several strains of corn, Pfahler (1965, 1967) found that pollen from the same source grew at different rates in the styles of plants from different strains- Johnson and Mulcahy (1978) , also working with corn, found that an increase in pollen tube growth rate following self-pollination was associated with increased inbreeding within a strain. This result is similar to that of Smith (1970) who found that pollen tube growth rate in crosses between several interfertile species of the genus Haptopappus was increased when more closely related species were used- The opposite trend was found by Levin (1975) for several cultivated var- ieties of Phlox dvumundvi-. In this case outcross pollen always had an advantage over self-pollen when a mixture of pollen was used for pollinations- These differences in pollen tube growth may be a re- sult of different nutritional or chemical environments present in the styles of different individuals- Thus when mixtures of pollen from several individuals is deposited on a stigma, pollen from cer- tain individuals may be better adapted to the stylar environment. This may give the pollen from these more "congruous" sources an advemtage which would allow them to fertilize a greater proportion of the ovules - Plants occurring in natural populations may receive pollen in various amounts and from several sources. Insect and bird pollina- tors may be carrying pollen from several different plants at any one time. The quantity and sources of pollen that a plant receives is largely dependent upon the behavior of its pollinators. Once pollen is deposited on a plant's stigmas# the processes described above may affect which pollen grains will be successful at fertilizing the ovules. Unfortunately the effects that pollen tube competition have on the ecology and evolution of plant populations is virtually un- known- A plant's reproductive success may depend upon the cimount and the quality of the pollen it receives and how successful its pollen is at fertilizing other plant's ovules. In some cases it has 9 been found that fruit-set is limited by the quantity of pollen re- ceived (Bierzychudek 1981) or the source of the pollen (Bertin 1982) . The work of Price and Waser (1979) suggests that significant differences in the congruity of crosses may occur on a relatively local scale within herbaceous plant populations. For Delphinium nelsoni they found that seed-set was highest for crosses when the distance between plants was intermediate (around 10m) and was reduced for crosses when the distance between plants was shorter or greater than this. The effects that pollen quantity and source might have on the survival of seedlings in these populations is not yet known. Differences in pollen tube growth rate may also affect the breeding structure of populations. If genetic relatedness is cor- related with the distance between individuals then pollen tube growth rates may differ for pollen from different distances. For a population of Siootiana glauca it was found that pollen tube growth rates after self-pollination were faster than after cross-pollinations from either a nearby individual or an individual from a more distant population (Cruzan 1983) , This type of pattern may produce a greater amount of inbreeding than what would be expected based solely upon the movement of pollen in these populations. If differences in pol- len tube growth rates among nearby individuals is great enough it may affect which individuals mate with each other and how successful an individual is at producing offspring via its pollen. In 1932 J. B. S. Haldane exclaimed that "Clearly a higher plant is at the mercy of its pollen grains." This may not be entirely true. Although a plant is ultimately limited by the amount and sources of the pollen it receives, there may be considerable discrim- ination among this pollen. Much more work needs to be done to deter- mine how important pollen tube competition is in natural populations and to what extent it affects their ecology and evolution. REFERENCES Bertin, R. I, 1982. Paternity and fruit production in triimpet creeper {Campsis radiaans) , Amer. Natur. 119:694-709. Bierzychudeck, P. 1981. Pollinator limitation of plant reproductive effort. Amer. Natur, 117:838-840. Cruzan, M. 1983. The effect of stigmatic position, pollen density and source on pollen germination and pollen tube growth in Uiaotiana glauoa. Masters thesis, California State University, Fullerton. Haldane, J. B. S. 1932. The Causes of Evolution. Harper and Brothers, London. Hogenboom, N, G. 1975. Incompatibility and incongruity: two differ- ent mechanisms for the non-functioning of intimate partner rela- tionships. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 188:361-375. Johnson, C. M. and D. L. Mulcahy. 1978. Male gametophyte in maize: II. Pollen vigor in inbred plants. Theor. Appl. Genet. 51:211- 215. 10 Jones, D. F. 1928. Selective Fertilization. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. Levin, D, A. 1975. Gametophytic selection in Phlox, In: D. L. Mulcahy (ed.). Gamete Competition in Plants and Animals. Am. Elsevier Pub. Co., Inc-, N. Y. McKenna, M. and D. L. Mulcahy. 1983.- Ecological aspects of game- tophytic competition in Dianthus ahinensis. In: D. L. Mulcahy and E. Ottaviano (eds.). Pollen: Biology and Implications for Plant Breeding. Elsevier Biomed. , N. Y. Mulcahy, D. L. 1974. Correlation between speed of pollen tube growth and seedling height in Zea mays L. Nature 249:491-493. Mulcahy, D. L. and S. M. Kaplan. 1979. Hendelian ratios despite nonrandom fertilization. Amer. Natur. 113:419-425. Mulcahy, D. L. and G. B- Mulcahy. 1975. The influence of gameto- phytic competition on sporophytic- quality in Diranthus ahinensis . Theor, Appl- Genet. 46:277-280. Pf abler, P. L. 1965. Fertilization ability of maize pollen grains. X. Pollen sources. Genetics 52:513-520. Pfahler, P. L. 1967. Fertilization ability of maize pollen grains. II. Pollen genotype, female sporophyte, and pollen storage interactions. Genetics 57:513-521. Price, M. V. and N. M. Waser. 1979. Pollen dispersal and optimal outcrossing in Delphinzum nelsoni. Nature 277:294-297. Smith, E. B. 1970. Pollen competition and relatedness in Haplo^ pappus section Isopappus (Compositae) . II. Amer. J. Bot. 57:874-880. Tanksley, S. C., D. Zamir, and C. M. Rick, 1981. Evidence for extensive overlap of sporophytic and gametophytic gene expres- sion in Lyaopers'Caon eeoulentum. Science 213:453-455. Ter Avanesian, D. V. 1978. Significance of pollen amount for fertilization. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 105:2-8. A Flora -of Northwestern Baja Cal i forni a , Mexico Robert F . Thorne Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Claremont, California 91711 When Dr. Reid Moran retired in 1982 from his position as Cura- tor of Botany at the San Diego Museum of Natural History, the future looked rather bleak for his projected flora of northwestern Baja California, specifically the Californian Botanical Region of that Mexican state. However, in 1983 Dr. Barry Prigge of U.C.L.A and I agreed to adopt this flora project and ultimately with Reid Moran *s assistance to publish the flora. Much field work remains to be done to complete the exploration of the area and to obtain a better understanding of the plant communities of MW Baja California. It is hoped that the Southern California Botanists can assist in this venture, expecially in the exploratory phase, and to that end, several field trips have been scheduled by the society during 1984 to northern Baja California. In February of this year a very 11 successful trip to the Caflon de Guadalupe on the east slope of the Sierra de Juarez was enjoyed by about 20 SCB members. It will be described elsewhere in this or the next issue. To make this project more understandable and the exploratory efforts more desirable some description of the region to be explored is necessary. As now projected, the boundaries of the Californian Botanical Region of Baja California extend from the San Diego County border approximately to the Rio del Rosario, where vegetation char- acteristic of the Vizcaino Region of the Sonoran Desert assumes dominance, and from the eastern crest of the Sierras de Juarez and San Pedro Martir to the Pacific Ocean. Included also are the on- shore islands from Islas de Los Coronados to Isla San Martin and the oceanic Isla Guadalupe, which likewise have a Californian-type flora. The eastern slopes of the sierras will not be included in the flora because they have a Sonoran Desert vegetation and thus belong to a quite different botanical region. The Californian Botanical Region of northern Baja California has basically the same flora and vegetation found in the cismontane regions of southern Alta California, especially in Safi Diego County. The major plant communities thus include along the coast the surf- weed and marine meadow, coastal dune psammophytic, coastal salt marsh, freshwater aquatic, vernal pool ephemeral, and various sage scrub communities. Farther inland are chaparral, oak woodland, riparian woodland, and scattered patches of closed-cone coniferous woodland (found also along the coast) . The montane slopes of the two sierras are clad with montane chaparral, montane meadow, and various coniferous forests, including Coulter pine, Jeffrey pine, white fir-sugar pine, and lodgepole pine forests. On the eastern and southern fringes of the area, especially west of the Paso de San Matias in the Valle de Trinidad, Sonoran Desert vegetation transgresses our boundaries and is represented by pinyon- juniper woodland, desert transition chaparral, mixed desert scrub, desert microphyll woodland, and desert oasis woodland. The islands have coastal vegetation with some insular versions of oak woodland and closed-cone coniferous woodland and rather barren, goat- or rabbit- degraded grassland of introduced Mediterranean annual grasses and other weeds. To date we have recorded a total flora of approximately 1,800 species in the above-defined area, 1,550 indigenous species, includ- ing 236 monocots, and 243 introduced species, either fully natural- ized, surviving without cultivation, or merely spontaneous and probably not persisting. Included are 36 ferns, 17 gymnosperms, and 107 angiospermous families, including 5 introduced. Approxi- mately 1,400 of the native species of NW Baja California are found also in southern California. One might, therefore, ask why a sep- arate flora of NW Baja California is necessary. One hundred 12 thirty-seven species and 17 additional subspecies or varieties, however, are endemic in Baja California and another 13 species and 3 additional subspecies occur in Arizona, Sonora, or else- where but not in Alta California. Thus 150 species and 20 addi- tional infraspecific entities cannot be identified in California floras. In 1980 Dr. Ira Wiggins produced the first comprehensive "Flora of Baja California" with excellent drawings and keys to the species and infraspecific entities, totaling 2,958 \inits, includ- ing 2,705 species, for the whole peninsula. Thus the 1,934 entities of the NW Baja California flora make up more than 65% of the total flora of the whole peninsula, as now recorded. However, 216 species and 25 subspecies, varieties, and hybrids now known from NW Baja California are not included in the Wiggins flora, and certainly more remain to be discovered in the area being surveyed botanically. Many of the 216 omitted species are endemic in Baja California and have not been included in any flora. Thus, they have fallen through the floristic cracks and currently are botanical orphans. We believe that a flora with good keys is needed to identify all the species found without cultivation in the Californian Botanical area of north- ern Baja California. The exclusion of more than 1,000 extraterritor- ial entities listed in the Wiggins flora would greatly simplify iden- tification of the nearly 2,000 plants found in our area. CROSSOSOMATACEAE Since our Journal is named for one genus of this family, it seems appropriate, at least for our newer members, to summarize current information. The Crossosomataceae now include three genera, Croasoaoma, Apaoheria and Fovaelteaia. The genus Cvoasosoma has two species. One is C, oaliforniaat which is found on Santa Catalina and San Clemente Islands off the coast of southern California and Guadalupe Island off Baja Califor- nia. On December 5, 1977, one of our members, James Henrickson, found two shrubs of this species, 6* to 10 ' high, on Palos Verdes Peninsula on the Los Angeles County coast. They were at an eleva- tion of 620 feet on the margin of an escarpment in Coastal Sage Scrub. Interestingly, this peninsula was once an island and is about 20 miles from Santa Catalina Island. C. higelovii ! the other species of this genus, ranges from western Nevada and Arizona through the western Colorado desert to southern California and Baja California. 13 On Catalina Island, C. Qatifornioa is a gray-green shrub with white flowers. It is called there Catalina Wild-Apple. It has been seen on our field trips to that island. C. b-igelovH was seen on our trip to Deep Canyon, near Palm Desert in Riverside County and can also be seen in Whitewater and Morongo Canyons in San Bernar- dino County. The genus Apaaheria was described in 1975 from the Chiricahua Mts. of southeastern Arizona, and was observed on our field trip there in September 1977, A drawing of Apaoheria appears in the fall 1977 issue of CROSSOSOMA, together with an account of this field trip. It is 8 to 10 inches in height and grows on steep cliffs. Since then the species has been found elsewhere in east- ern Arizona and New Mexico. Recently the third genus, Forsellesiat hitherto included in the Celastraceae, was discovered by the Rancho Santa Ana Garden botanists to belong to "our" family and has been duly transferred to the Crossosomataceae, Three papers bearing upon this genus and the Crossosomataceae appear in the 1978 number of Aliso. SCB ob- served this genus on our field trip to the New York Mountains in San Bernardino County; also July 1983 in the Panaroint Mts. of Inyo Co. Many botanical names have been used for titles of publications: Fremontia, Madrono, Castanea, Rhodora, Aliso and many others. The name Crossosoma was chosen because this genus is rather character- istic of southern California and because the family is restricted in range to the North American West. Much of this article first appeared in Crossosoma, Vol. 6, No. 1, February, 1980, and is rerun here to help clarify numerous questions that have surfaced about the ncune of the SCB journal. FIELD TRIPS AND EVENTS June 9~10 (Sat-Sun) Flora of the New York Mountains. 9:00 a.m. This is a joint field trip with CNPS and SCB, led by Andy Sanders, The eastern Mojave is botanically very interesting. The New York Mtns, rising over 7500 feet, are the center of this area. Take 1-15 northeast from San Bernardino, past Bar- stow and Baker, to the Cima Rd. exit (with Stuckey's), then south past Cima to Cedar Canyon Road, left there, turn right in a few miles when you get to Black Canyon Road and then watch for the marked turnoff to Midhills Campground. Meet Sat. morning at the entrance to the campground. There are BLM signs pointing the way to Midhills beginning at the Cedar Can- yon/Cima Road intersection. If you're confused, get the AAA San Bernardino Co, map. The temperature will probably by in the 90 's— bring plenty of water. If you plan to go, call Andy at 714-787-3601 (work) or 684-0448 (home), June 23 (Sat) Teoate Cypreea, north end of Santa Ana Mts. Call Walt Wright to confirm that you are going: 714-261-8820 days; 529-4134 or 990-9092 evenings. 14 June 20 (Sat) James Reserve and Blaok Mountain, The leader is Mike Hamilton of the Riverside Chapter of CNPS. The James Reserve is a U.C. biological research station and Black Mtn. is a 7800 ft. peak that overlooks it. After lunch a short drive to the top of the mountain will show many species of the upper eleva- tions. Meet at the Fulmor parking lot on Hwy 243, 14.5 miles south of I-IO at Banning. Call Mike at 714-659-3811. July 28 (Sat) San Joaquin Marsh (freshwater marsh) and Upper Newport Bay (salt marsh) ^ Orange County. Meet at 9:00 a.m. in the park- ing lot adjacent to the U. C. Irvine Botanic Garden and Green- houses. Exit 1-405 (San Diego Fwy.) at Jamboree Blvd. Go south- west to Campus Drive, turn left (SE) and go 3/4 block. Turn right (SW) into parking area. AAA map booklet: Southern Orange County area, p. 9, N-26, marsh is labeled State Wildlife Pre- serve. For more information call Walt Wright at 714-529-4134 or 261-8820. September 1,2^2 (Labor Day Weekend) White Mountains (Bristle Cone Pines) and vicinity. Meet at 9:00 a.m. in the Big Pine, Triangle Campground, jet. St. 395 and St.. 168. Drive up on Friday, Aug. 31 and motel or camp. Fill up with gas before meeting. Bring: water , food, camping gear, etc. AAA maps: Inyo County, Guide to Eastern Sierra and Guide to Death Valley. For more information, call Walt Wright. October IZ (Sat) Annual Pot Luck Dinner. This year’s dinner will be held at Descanso Gardens. Dinner will begin at 6 p.m. Mark this date on your calendar NOWI This is always a great event. Plan to be there. Details will follow in a later issue of CROSSOSOMA . SCB PLANT SALE REPORT You probably missed the great SCB plant sale on 24 March at Fullerton Community College. There was a tremendous variety of natives available at excellent prices. Be sure to watch for infor- mation on our next sale which will be appearing in CROSSOSOMA. BACK ISSUES ^ CROSSOSOMA Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available at two (2) dollars per volume plus one dollar for postage and handling. Inquiries should be addressed to; Editor— CROSSOSOMA, Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Please state the volumes desired and include payment in your order. Checks should be made to Southern California Botanists. CROSSOSOMA is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Southern California Botanists, a non-profit association. Dues are on a calendar year basis. Regular $6.00. Students and Retirees $4.00. Groups $10.00. We thank all those who promptly remitted their 1984 dues. All others, please send your checks. This Journal can only be sent to members whose dues are current. 15 COMING 1984 EVENTS ( Details within ) June 9-10 June 23 June 30 July 28 September 1-3 October 13 Flora of the New York Mountains. Tecate Cypress, north end of Santa Ana Mts. James Reserve and Black Mountain. San Joaquin Marsh and Upper Newport Bay. White Mountains and vicinity. Annual Pot Luck Dinner at Descanso Gardens O 5* 3 o n 3 * . 0) p S. § z cn H cn CD O H > Z o > r~ O > :xi a m z fT; < < -C' c X cx CO < p 0 H h: CJ o }-»rt OO tn H- 00 O & 0 n 01 o VO CO I CO tn o 5" OI 'I 3 O ^ a >g -a ^ o o 3 C « 3D CO CD O O X g* 3 3 i S' o » -n OD O § I i- > O S tt w 3- ^ 5 I CO LIBRARY AUG 3 1984 i L V J' vJ K K botanical garden V 10 od.5 CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont CA 91711 Crossosoma Vol. 10, No. 5 Issue Editors: Eric Hansen and R. John Little Managing Editor: C. Eugene Jones October, 1984 THE KNOWN LIMITED DISTRIBUTION AND UNKNOWN FUTURE OF SANTA ANA RIVER WOOLY-STAR (FRIASTBUMJ Richard Zembal and Karla J. Kramer U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2400 Avila Road Laguna Niguel, California 92677 During a recent biological survey in the Santa Ana River Can- yon at the base of the San Bernardino Mountains, we came upon a small stand of the Santa Ana River Woo-ly-star (Eriastrum densifolium subsp. sanatorum) . The bright blue flowers were relatively large, to over 30 mm long, and occurred in heads of about 20 blossoms. The inflorescences contrasted markedly with the white sandy substrate and the plants were conspicuous even at great distances. Individu- als of this subspecies, a perennial, grow to nearly Imtall (Fig- Subsequent attempts to deter- mine the significance of our find left us wondering if the Santa Ana River Wooly-star was a very rare species whose plight had not received the full atte;ition warranted. There were few collections to refer to at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, and all of them were quite old. A fairly recent flora of the Santa Ana Mountains included the Santa Ana River bottomlands in Orange County (the lower elevational edge of the known historic range of this sub- species) , but referred to 1927 col- lections by Howell and offered no . , . recent sightings (Lathrop and Thorne Figure 1. Erzastrum densz- fotzum subsp. sanctoTum 1978) . Additionally, the biologists ure 1) . we contacted who were familiar with the lands encompassing the limited range of this plant offered mostly negative information on current distribution. They reported a total of only two known stands. The relative scarcity of current observations was particu- larly alarming, considering our recent experience with the conspic- uousness of this beautiful .perennial. The results of our initial inquiries prompted us to investigate and report herein on the plant's known historic range and current distributional limits, habitat characteristics of sites where the plant now occurs, and land use patterns that appear to have resulted in the decline of this floodplain endemic. PAST AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION The Santa Ana River Wooly-star, as might be guessed from the common name, is endemic to the Santa Ana River drainage. The his- toric range often cited was along the river, its tributaries, and bordering plains from Rancho Santa Ana in Orange County, at an ele- vation of 500 ft (152 m) , to the vicinity of Highland in San Bernar- dino County, at an elevation of about 1,500 ft (457 m) (Craig 1934, Mason 1945) . The type locality was Spanishtown Crossing above Riverside in Riverside County. An examination of all of the specimens available at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and review of recent reports uncovered two observations that may document a slightly expanded elevational range. A 1952 collection was- of a specimen from 2,000 ft (610 m) , apparently along Lytle Creek, well to the east of the city of Highland. Unfor- tunately, the data with this specimen are too confused to pinpoint the collection site, rendering even the elevation suspect- On the lower end of the range, plants were observed along the river below Esperanza, at about 300 ft (91 m) elevation (Marsh and Abbott 1972) . We were quite familiar with the terrain along this lower-most end of the range, having just completed studies for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Corps of Engineers in the Prado Basin and adjacent river- During the late spring of 1984, we checked the other boundaries of the known historic range, and points beyond and between, including all of the localities decipherable from collec- tion data. The southern portion of our quest was disheartening. No suitable habitat remains in Orange County and the plant has certain- ly been extirpated there. Very limited habitat remains in northern Riverside County, but it is quite marginal, and no plants were loca- ted. The subspecies most probably no longer occurs in Riverside County either. Our search was somewhat more rewarding in San Bernar- dino County, where many, usually isolated stands were found, a few of several hundred plants each. 2 The past and present distributions of the species are illus- trated in Figure 2. The outlying occupied sites that we found included: the Santa Ana Canyon, just above the canyon mouth at an elevation of about 1,900 ft (579 m) ; off Greenspot Road, about 0.75 - 1 mile (1.2 - 1.6 Km) below the point where Morton Canyon 3 joins the Santa Ana wash at an elevational range of aUbout 1,720 - 1,800 ft (524 - 549 m) ; along City Creek at about 1,280 ft (390 m) on both sides of Boulder Avenue, just south of Baseline Road; along the edge of the landfill and gravel mining operation in the center of the floodplain, about 1.15 mile (0.24 Km) west of Orange Street at an elevation of about 1,240 ft (378 m) ; on the southern edge of the floodplain just west of Orange Street at elevation 1,280 ft (390 m) ; and on the west side of the Lytle Creek wash, just south of Highland Avenue at elevation 1,250 - 1,300 ft (381 - 396 m) . Small, scattered patches of Eriaetvum were found between the major stands just below the mouth of the Santa Ana Canyon and the stands centered about Orange Street. A cursory check revealed no plants, however, in the . approximately 12 mile stretch of floodplain between the stands near Orange Street and the Lytle Creek plants. Little suitable h 2 d)itat remains along this stretch and it is doubtful that any plants occur there. The historic range spanned a total of approximately 60 river miles (96.6 Km) (measured with a Minerva map measurer from a map with a scale of 1 in « 4.5 miles) , including the stretch along Lytle Creek. The distance between confirmed sites today is only about 18 river miles (29 Km), a reduction Of about 70%. Actually, there is must less habitat remaining than this figure implies (see the final section of this paper) . HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS Santa Ana River Wooly-star was very easy to find, both because of its conspicuousness and. because suitable habitat was easily recog- nized. Plants were located above the main watercourses, on fluvial deposits where flooding and scour have been infrequent enough to allow the persistence of open shrublands in the floodplain. In a few higher dry washes and side scour channels on the margins of broad floodplains, Ervastrum infrequently occurred alone or was one of very few other perennial species. Each of the occupied sites was characterized by sandy soil, usually by a broken surface crust, and by very little low herbaceous cover, compared to directly adjacent unoccupied habitat. Additionally, perennial plant cover appeared to be lower in areas with Wooly-star. Suitable habitat was patchy; boulder fields, rock mounds, gravelly soils, and/or heavily vege- tated sites with moderate to dense low ground cover comprised usually of annual grasses were interspersed between widely spaced stands of Erias trum» Vegetational composition was analyzed to quantify the abundance of Wooly-star and the perennial plants that occurred in association with the Wooly-star. Twenty-eight transects were run through stands of the plants for a total transect length of 1010.9m. The 2m-wide 4 transects used for density estimates varied from 17.6 m to 50.0 m in length (totalling 2021.8 square m) . Line intercept was used for measuring shrub cover. The total plant cover contributed by all perennials including Eriastrum varied from about 21% to 71% and several species were locally dominant along individual transects. When the data were pooled for each of six localities, the extremes in percent cover were smoothed somewhat (Table 1) . Only two of the 28 transects yielded cover values greater than 50%, the extreme cited above and another of 51%. Typical total cover was less than 50% and averaged 35.2% for all data pooled. We tested for the significance of our observation that areas with more Wooly-star appeared to have lower perennial plant cover than in adjacent habitat. The transects were divided into two groups, those with greater than average amounts of Eriastrum and those with less than average. The student's t-test was used to determine if there was a significant difference in the total peren- nial cover between these two groups. A total cover of 32.1% for areas with greater proportions of Epiastrum was indeed somewhat less than that of 38.8% for areas with lesser proportions (t*l,6775 , p < .12, 12df) • If the transects had been of equal lengths, so that more area with no Wooly-star was included in the analyses, the results might have been significant. Total shrub densities averaged 171.2 plants per 100 m^ (1,843/100 square ft) and varied from 97 (1,044/100 square ft) to 371.9 (4,003/100 square ft) plants per 100 m^ with the data pooled for the six areas. Wooly-star comprised 55.2% of all plants counted along the transects, and varied from 11.4% to 63.2% of all plants with the data pooled. Eriastrum cover comprised 35% of the total cover along all transects combined, varying from 915% in a small stand in the Santa Ana Canyon, to 46.5% when the data were pooled for much denser stands.. Seventeen species of perennial plants were found growing in close association with Eriastrum along the transects. No strong correlation was detected between the abundance of Wooly-star and the relative abundance of the other associated perennials. Eriaatrum simply appeared to occur in the open shrublands of the floodplain with most of the other species that are regular there in sandy soil. The most commonly associated local dominants included California buckwheat (Eriogonum faacioulatum) ^ Yerba santa (Eviodictyon triaho- calyx) a California croton (Croton catifornicua) , and Scale-broom (Lepidoapartum squamatum) . Dead perennials are common in this hcib- itat and were also found abundantly with Wooly-star. One negative association was observed, but not well quantified. Although Brittlebush (Encelia farinoaa) is very abundant locally. 5 LH O xo ot o 00 »o ^ m (M o o I (/) K) O) K> ■ ^ r- o I *1 f-i I • I I I I a» ^ K> r** sO »© K5 o I K) \D I I I I I o o > •H *o r* K> ^ to OO KJ ^ r>4 m cNj m m o •-t \0 CO I ^ ^ 1 M«M •M S e o vo 00 \C oo I (S I C4 CM 1 fMOCOI ItOlv^l I i I I I I t O >s ot 5T r^. > . ... O O ^ ^ CM CM O ^ VKM E C O CQ O o> eo >o ^ ^ f-l lA ^ O K> K} \0 to lA ^ lA M" to CM •«a- to o o .H O I MYM V E e o lA CM LA to vO to to o» ^o \o to ot \o CM CM o ^ o o CM to o o & i ** ctt CS 4.* E (9 e S .C C.) 9 4.* *H .H ,0 • I - § ^ «> e U .H e e • o ^ >x fl» » 9 u •M *0 O .H O. O b: 00*9 O *9 «> O O O 4.» ..H .H 9 ~ .H *W *H O O. *•> o 9 ^ t I 9 Xm .H ■ >H 9 > 4.* cd cu M M e M-l Q. CL 9 9 ^ cn tH o *H cu Q. 00 .H u X a. o w O M § 9 U e «-• 9 >S «4 9 9 &. Lt * c« CL U £ f e Cd 1-4 .H C .H .*4 4-» I B X ^ CL 9 cd 9 .H >4 9 and a dominant over large sections of the floodplain, no Eriastrum could be found where Brittlebush was dominant. Also, just five small Encelias were observed along the transects. Brittlebush is commonly found in rocky areas (Munz 1974) , as was often the case in our study area. Conversely, Wooly-star was never observed in very rocky substrate. 6 PAST DECLINE AND FUTURE PROSPECTS Santa Ana River Wooly-star is currently distributed over an elevational range of about 1,240 to 1,900 ft (378 - 579 m) in the floodplain of a single watershed. Historically the subspecies extended all the way down to about 500 ft (152 m) . Several histor- ic sites have been totally destroyed and potential hed>itat has been reduced by at least 80%, but more likely in excess of 90%. This estimate of habitat reduction takes into account a measurable 70% reduction in linear range along the drainage, as well as an esti- mated, but quite obvious, shrinkage in the width of the floodplain due to human use. Additionally, the habitat between the disjunct Lytle Creek stand and the stands east of Norton Air Force Base appears mostly, if not totally unsuitable. The city of San Bernar- dino is located there, for example. Generally intensive use of the floodplain margins has resulted in greatly altered to totally unsuitable habitat over most of the range of the Wooly-star. In Orange County, for example, although only about 2 miles of the original 8 miles of floodplain are chan- nelized, the unchannelized portion contains virtually no suitable habitat. Past intensive grazing has resulted in the proliferation of unsuitably heavy weed cover over the narrow remaining floodplain fringe and the historic floodplain has been reduced and narrowly confined. It now contains a manicured park, a major freeway and other roads, orange groves, a golf course, horse stables, and sev- eral other structures. The nearby site of Howell's 1927 collection is now under the Prado Dam and reservoir. The problems are similar over the entire range of the plant. Past intensive uses took. a heavy toll and continue to do so. Flood control activities, groundwater recharge facilities, grazing, sand and gravel mining, farming, and general confinement of the flood- plain continue to encroach upon the one remaining stronghold for Wooly-star in San Bernardino County. Lands administered by the county government are under a type of floodplain zoning that pro- hibits the construction of habitable structures but allowed the building of shooting ranges, storage sheds, horse stables, etc. on lands that probably supported Sriastrum not long ago (as indicated by directly adjacent stands). Furthermore, certain potential fea- tures of the Corps of Engineers, Santa Ana River Flood Control Project would probably result in the relaxation of the already weak zoning laws, and so, more intensive use of the floodplain. Currently, no truly meaningful protection exists for the Santa Ana River Wooly-star. Review of the status of this subspecies and preparation of a listing package has been scheduled for next year by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The first steps for the determination of this subspecies' suitability for listing as 7 threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act is only a beginning. Study of the autecology of the plant, protection of the little remaining habitat, and monitoring of existing stands are measures sorely needed that could take years to accomplish even with the plant listed. Actions that might guarantee the future existence of the EriaatTum cannot be taken too soon, but years from now could easily be too late to be effective. In the past, higher terraces and the upper fringe of the broad floodplain undoubtedly provided refuges for plants and seeds during those infrequent years when massive flood events occurred. The open shrublands on those past refuges, however, have been replaced with orcinge groves, houses, pastures, etc. One of the big gambles in delaying actions for Wooly-star is that a flood event could occur that is large enough to scour the entire remaining floodplain, removing all of the plants and transporting the seed reserves down- stream, out of the only remaining suitable habitat- Any subsequent management actions would most likely then be too late. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Ray Bransfield for help with some of the field work, Steve Boyd cind Tim Krcintz for sharing their field observations, and Sandy Wilbur and Jim Bartel for reviewing the manuscript- Jim Bartel suggested the common name used in this paper. The original sighting of Wooly-star occurred during studies for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Corps of Engineers, as part of ongoing investigations concerning potential new features of the Santa Ana River Flood Con- trol Project. LITERATURE CITED Craig, T. 1934. A revision of the subgenus Hugelia of the genus Cilia (Polemoniaceae) . Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 61:385-396. Lathrop, E, W., and R. F- Thorne. 1978. A flora of the Santa Ana Mountains. Aliso 9 (2) : 197-278 . Marsh, G. A., and K. D. Abbott. 1972. Plants and animals of the Santa Ana River in Orange County. Orange County Flood Control District, Santa Ana, Calif. Public. No. 17. 134pp. Mason, H. L. 1945. - The genus EriastriLm and the influence of Bentham and Gray upon the problems of generic confusion in Polemoniaceae. Madrono 8:65-91. Munz, P. A. 1974. A flora of southern California. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1,086pp. 8 ANNOUNCEMENT OF COMING SCB SYMPOSIUM The Southern California Botanists will again present their annual symposium this year in the Heritage Room of the UCI Center at the University of California, Irvine. The success of last year's symposium on Baja California was in part due to the help and support of our cosponsors, the Orange County Chapter of the California Native Plant Society, the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at UCI and especially the Cooperative Outdoor Program at UCI. We will again have the aid of these cosponsors in this year's symposium, entitled "Changing Climates and Endemism in Southwestern Deserts," to be held on Saturday, November 17, 1984. The list of speakers for this year's symposium will address a variety of topics concerning the effect of climate and time on the flora and fauna of the southwestern deserts from the Great Basin to the Chihuahua. Dr. Philip Wells from the University of Kansas will talk on vegetational changes of the flora indicated by such diverse sources as pack rat* midden interpretation. Mr. Tom Oberbaur's title will be "The Effect of Climate Change on Endemic Plants and Vegeta- tion in the San Diego County Region." Dr. Al^ul Schoenherr, from Fullerton College, will address the impact of time and climatic change on the fish fauna of the southwestern deserts. Dr. Ron Niel- son from Tucson, Arizona, will address the effect of climatic changes on the oak species, Queroua qamhelii, and Dr. Robert Webb, also from the Tucson area, will talk on work he has been doing in the Death Valley region. Again we will publish a special program issue of CROSSOSOMA containing the schedule for the symposium and abstracts of the talks. But put the date, November 17, 1984, on your calendar now as we can be assured that this symposium will provide another enlightening and informative day. I hope to see all of you there. Alan P. Romspert SCB President Biographical Sketches of SCB Officers and Directors : MONA HYATT . DIRECTOR Writing a biography rather than a resume-like summary I find difficult. What I want to tell the readers of CROSSOSOMA is who I am rather than where I came from or what I've done; but, what you'll get, or course, is the latter. Like many Californians, I'm not a native. I was raised in a small midwestern town of 5400 people on the eastern shores of the Mississippi which I feel, with a certain amount of hind-sight nostalgia-colored glasses as a pretty good way to grow up. Walking 9 the hills of southern Illinois is probably where I got an interest in biology although my early interests were fairly evenly divided between the artistic and the scientific. Like many students, my career goals never really jelled until I was midway through my undergraduate degree at. Southern Illinois University. Through ele- mentary schools, my main goal was to get the benefits that being at the top of my class in a small town can bring. Luckily, I got a good enough and broad enough education so that when I finally made the decision for degree major I was satisfied that what I had chosen was right for me. I can’t remember the moment when I decided on biology, specifi- cally a degree in Environmental Studies, but I do remember feeling that Ecology was an area where I could integrate interests from a wide range of specialties . After getting a double Masters Degree in Biological Sciences and Botany doing a thesis on a disjunct popula- tion of Queraus prinus (chestnut oak) in southern Illinois, I worked on fire modeling in Glacier National Park. It paid next to nothing but I loved every minute. Also while working on that project I inter- viewed with the Research and Development Organization of Southern California Edison. I was hired by SCE to model the impacts of trans- mission line routing for the Kaiparowitts project. If you haven't heard of that project, it's because it died a month 'after I started with the company. Luckily my job didn't die too, and I went on to develop a cumputerized geographic information system as a tool for siting of company facilities and biological impact analysis. That has been my prime professional interest since starting with SCE in 1976. On July 23 -of this year I became the supervisor of the Terres- trial Natural Resources Protection section of SCE's R & D Environ- mental Systems Group. This section is responsible for all company terrestrial/freshwater biological research and technical support. Besides enjoying plants, I also enjoy the activities associated with observing plants, i.e. hiking or backpacking and photography. My one serious sport is downhill skiing, and I spend a lot of time organizing trips and activities for the SCE Ski Club. That's prob- ably because I love to travel and try new activities in new placees. With luck. I'll stay that way the rest of my life. Hope to see you on an SCB field trip. . . Mona CROSSOSOMA is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Southern California Botanists, a non-profit association. Dues are on a calendar year basis. Regular $6.00. Students and Retirees $4.00. Groups $10.00 We thank all those who promptly remitted their 1984 dues. All others, please send your checks. This Journal can only be sent to members whose dues are current. 10 FIELD TRIPS AND EVENTS October 6 (Saturday) Living Desert Annual Fall Cactus and Succulent Sale. Annual sale featuring plants native to southwestern deserts and other deserts of the world. Barrel cactus, aloes, teddy- bear cholla, blue cereus, agave, beavertail, euphorbias, among others. All plants especially adapted to survive adverse con- ditions; little care needed. Care sheets will be distributed; plant books on sale. 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Presale for Living Desert members, Oct, 5, 5 p.m, to 8 p.m. Proceeds benefit plant propagation at the botanical garden and animal park. 47-900 South Portola Ave., Palm Desert, CA (619)346-5694, October 6 and 7 (Saturday and Sunday) American Horticulture Society 4th Western Regional Conference , Entitled "Urban Horticulture and the Sensible Gardener," the conference will be held at the Fullerton Arboretum from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. each day. For registration forms and further infor- mation, please call the Office of Extended Education, CSUF, at (714)773-2611. October 13 (Saturday) Annual Pot Luck Dinner ^ Descanso Gardens Jim Dice, Curator of the Desert Garden at the Huntington Botanic Garden will be giving a slide talk at 7:30 p.m, entitled, "High- lights of Some Recent Huntington Botanic Garden Expeditions to Northwest Mexico." It should be an excellent talk and will fea- ture lots of interesting succulents. As usual, the beverage and bread will be provided by SCB. It is suggested that if your name begins with the following letters you should bring enough of the specified dish to serve six peo- ple: A-I, side dish (vegetaOble, salad, etc,); J-P main dish; 0-Z, dessert. Be sure to bring your own tcible service. The October board meeting (at 5:15 p.m.) will precede the dinner. Call Mona Myatt at (818)302-1466 or (818)447-0755 or Trudy Ericson at (714)773-3614 if you're planning to attend. See centerfold of this CROSSOSOMA for more details. October 27 (Saturday ) Plant Sale 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Fullerton Community College, From 91 Free- way take Lemon St. north, approximately one mile past Chapman ^Ave. Turn right on Berkeley. Go east approx. 200 yards and follow signs to horticulture parking lot. The sale will fea- ture native and horticultural materials suitable for landscape and garden. See centerfold for more information or call Geoff Smith evenings at (714) .*>‘^8-0518 . November ? (Wednesday) Slide Show, ^'Some Interesting Plants and Plant Communities of Baja California” Presented by Walt Wright, the show will be held at 8 p.m. at the Santa Monica Public Library. November 15 (Thursday) Native Plant Revegetation Symposium To be held at the Holiday Inn at the Embarcadero, 1335 N. Harbor Dr., San Diego, this interesting symposium will last from 8 a.m. until 5 p.m. Registration is $25.00 per person. Contact John Reiger at (619) 237-6754 or Bobbie Steele at (619) 237-6079 for. further details. November 17 (Saturday) Annual SCB Symposium, "Changing Climates and Endemism in Southwestern Deserts" See page 9 for details. November 22-25 (Thanksgiving Weekend) Baja. California Trip Call Walt Wright at (714) 529-4134 for details and confirmation. COMING 1984 EVENTS (DETAILS WITHIN ) October 6 October 6-7 October 13 October 27 November 7 November 15 November 17 November 22-25 Living Desert Cactus and Succulent Sale American Horticulture Society Conference Annual Pot Luck Dinner, Descanso Gardens Plant Sale Slide Show on Baja California Native Plant Revegetation Symposium Annual SCB Symposium, Univ, of Calif-, Irvine Baja California Trip w O H- Q tf y. r*> - 0 ^ X 0 S’ C71 3 S 1 ? § f 9 3 C (D J3 OO fl> o O X 3 3 Z S? o 3 C » -n 00 Q O 30 3 o' O tt B. CD 3 CO Cd O 0 H* fi" O P L,fE r?A UT H- 00 O NOY 2 19S4 o p cu (T) QARDtH KO CO I 00 U1 i > “o • I P 5 a S S5 I' CROSSOSOMA libi^ary Carden ®V 3 0 1984 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont CA 91711 Crossosoma Vol. 10, No. 6 Editor: C, Eugene Jones November, 1984 PROGRAM ISSUE Changi nq Cl imates and Endemism i n Southwestern Deserts Saturday, November 17, 1984 University of California, Irvine For our tenth annual symposium, the Southern California Botanists in conjunction with other supporting groups will present an array of speakers who will address the subject of climate over various periods of time and its action in creating isolated islands of endemic organisms. The cosponsoring organizations this year are again the Cooperative Outdoor Program and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of the University of California. The five speakers for this symposium come to us from as far away as the University of Kansas (Dr. Philip Wells) to as close as Fullerton Community College (Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr) . We will be exposed to new ideas such as microplate tectonics and high resolu- tion climatic analysis. The underlying theme of vegetational change with climatic fluctuation will put into focus the great difference? in plcuit communities which we see in our southwestern deserts today from what occurred in the past. The symposium will be held in the Heritage Room of the Univer- sity Center at the University of California, Irvine, on November 17, 1984. Registration will begin at 8^:00 am with the closing remarks at 3:40 pm. General admission will be $5.00 for SCB members and $10.00 for non-members. In the interest of acquiring new members, SCB will be accepting new memberships, allowing students and senior citizens to attend the symposium and attain membership in the South- ern California Botanists for only $9.00 and regular members only $ 11 . 00 . Parking will be in Lot P4 at the unmeteved spaces with Lot P5 being used for overflow (see map, next page) . Approved parking stickers will be provided at registration. The following is a schedule of the symposium with abstracts submitted by the five speakers. Maps for the local places lunch may be acquired will be 4 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA available at the symposium. I hope everyone will place this event on their calendars, and T will see you all there. Alan P. Romspert SCB President SCHEDULE 8:00 Registration $5.00 SCB members $10.00 Others $6.00 SCB membership 8:45 Introduction Alan Romspert, SCB President California State University, Fullerton 9:00 Ronald P. Neilson, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Route 9, Box 900, Tucson, Arizona 85743: "Climatic Variability and Desert Biogeography" While discussing speciation, Stebbins (1952) proposed a hypothesis of "Aridity as a stimulus to evolution. " This has been difficult to test since both spatial and temporal pat- terns of aridity have proven difficult to characterize. However, new techniques in "high resolution climatic analysis" now allow the characterization of high frequency climatic variability. On a global scale, the last 150 years contained three distinct clim'atic regimes of duration several decades, the pre-1900 end of the "Little Ice Age," a 1900-1940 global warming trend and a 1941-1972 global cooling* trend. Each of the three historical climatic regimes exhibited a distinct high frequency pattern of spatial and temporal climatic vari- ability, presumably favoring the establishment of quite differ- ent plant communities in the southwest. Based on atmospheric physics, these three periods have been taken as analogies of the Wisconsin glacial maximum, early Holocene warming and late Holocene cooling, respectively. The recent glacial-interglacial cycle is assumed to be representative of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations in general. As air mass boundaries fluctuate across the landscape (in a deterministic manner), any given region fluctuates between relatively arid and relatively mesic conditions. The rate and extent of these fluctuations can determine episodes of fragmentation and coalescence of popula- tions, producing periods of genetic isolation alternating with periods of high gene flow. This should result in high rates of evolution, biogeographic complexity and endemism. I will discuss these concepts in the context of oak biogeography and recent and Holocene patterns of desertification in the south- west. 3 9:50 Alan A. Schoenherr, Fullerton College, Fullerton, California 92632: "Palms, Pines, and Pupfishes" Isolation, specialization, and endemism are associated with ecologic islands. Palms, pines, fishes and salamanders have in common that they are not truly desert organisms, but they are inhabitants of islands within a sea of drought. A summary of geology, paleohydrography , and paleoclimatology in association with modern distribution of water dependent organ- isms can help to illustrate major trends that relate to all life forms. Paleontology, pollen analysis, and the study of fossil pack-rat middens have told us much of the history of south- western deserts. To those kinds of information we now add the contributions from geology that demonstrate how remarkably dynamic are terrains of western North America. Studies of microplate tectonics, paleomagnetism, erosion and deposition rates indicate that relatively small land masses are twisting, elevating, subsiding, and becoming transported over long dis- tances. Activity along the San Andreas fault has displaced since Miocene, portions of the southwest desert along with its biota as far as 400 km. However, Western land masses are not homogeneous in origin or age, some limestone fragments having been displaced from the southern hemisphere near Central American since Cretaceous. Fragments of land have become attached to our western border as if they were massive ferries carrying a cargo of aliens. The fish fauna reflects origins parallel to the flora. It is not surprising that the number of native fish families and species is small and that many taxa are closely related, but unique. Fishes such as minnows (Cyprinidae) and suckers (Castostomidae) show affinities with northern or Arctotertiary biota. Perhaps more remarkable are those with southern or Madrotertiary relationships. As is the case with desert pines and desert palms, pupfishes (Cyprinodontidae) and topminnows (Poeciliidae) represent northern relicts of a Mexican biota that have become isolated on ecologic islands in the desert. 10:40 BREAK 11:10 Philip V. Wells, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045: "Late Quaternary Paleoecology of the Great Basin, Mohave, and Sonoran Deserts and Possible Effects on Endemism in the Modern Floras" During the last glacial, as recently as 10,000 to 20,000 years ago, the northern Great Basin was radically different in vegetation and environment from its modern condition. Abundant 4 macrofossil evidence strongly indicates monotonously subalpine coniferous vegetation down to basal elevations not flooded by the great pluvial lakes. In the generally lower and warmer southern sector of the Great Basin (Mohave Desert) , however, the full-glacial vegetational zonation was more concordant with the modern situation, apart from the drastic elevational displacement that virtually obliterated the basal desert scrub zones. The Mohavean lowlands were occupied by pluvial wood- lands of pinyon pines, junipers, Joshua trees, and other xero- phytes, including a rich assortment of semidesert of "cold desert" flora, indicating, a climate much warmer and drier than the northern Great Basin and yet not too dry for woodland coni- fers. Similar macrofossil records have been obtained from late-Pleistocene cave deposits in the northern Sonoran Desert and much of the Chihuahuan Desert as well. There is a much greater degree of endemism in the floras of the Mohave cuid Sonoran deserts, compared to the northerly Great Basin flora, and this is especially marked at the generic and even family level. The rich detail of the modern floras independently suggests prolonged survival of unique desert ele- ments in the south throughout the Pleistocene. On the other hand, narrowly endemic alpine or subalpine species (neoendemics?) are most concentrated gn the high and isolated Spring Range (Charlestons) of the souther Great Basin (southern Nevada), and the macrofossil evidence indicates prolonged isolation in the late Quaternary. 12:00 LUNCH 1:30 Tom Oberbaurer, Department of Planning and Land Use, County of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123: "The Effect of Climatic Change on Endemic Plants and Vegetation in the San Diego County Region" Vegetation patterns in the San Diego County region have generally been affected by climate, altitude soils emd slope aspect. Existing vegetation around San Diego County consists of a mosaic of Mediterranean, drought tolerant species on coastal slopes with islands of mesic forests in the mountains and xeric, desert species east of the mountains. Analysis of disjunct plant populations and vegetation communities as well as soil and geologic indicators of past climates and animal fossils indicates that past vegetation patterns were quite dif- ferent from those at present. Available information can be used to create hypothetical patterns of the prehistoric vege- tation in San Diego County. Evidence suggests that during the Pleistocene pluvial periods, San Diego County may have supported much more mesic vegetation including conifers in the - 5 - coastal regions, subalpine forest in the mountains and open woodland in the deserts. Vegetation communities in the xero- thermanl period consisted of dry adapted species in most areas, but species adapted to summer rain in the deserts. Mountains were also influenced by the dry conditions but seasonal rain- fal was augmented by summer rain. 2:20 BREAK 2:50 Robert H. Webb, U.S. Geological Survey, 301 W. Congress St. FB-44, Tucson, AZ 85701, and John W. Steiger, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721: "Succession in Desert Plant Assemblages in Death Valley" Succession in plant assemblages on ancient debris flows, alluvial terraces, and five abandoned townsites was studied in the Panamint and Black Mountains of Death Valley National Monument. Comparison of plant assemblages on debris flows of different geologic age revealed a sequential and directional change in the species composition of a Coleogyne ramosissima- dominated assemblage. The plant species colonizing Skidoo and Harrisburg townsites 64-74 years after abandonment are the same type of species found on young debris flows. Similarly, succession in Lavvea ti*t n “ Q o > > ^ ? 3 !Z -“o “ -n o 00 O z:>s 5 < Q) Z (0 3^ 3 O’ > CD O 2 0) Q S- 5^ 3 I (/> Q D) I Oi - 0) M VO I CO .bk I CO ui xc .Rl^ \j \o CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont CA 91711 Crossosoma Vol.l^?, No. 7 Issue Editors: Marvin Chesebro and Geoff Smith Managing Editor; C. Eugene Jones December, 1984 DISTRIBUTION OF, FORSELLESIA NEVADENSIS (CROSSOSOHATACEAE) Ijl HU SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA OF KERN COUNTY , CALIFORNIA James R. Shevock Department of Botany California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, CA 94118 Introduction Forseilesia nevadensis (Gray) Greene, a member of the Crosso- somataceae (Thorne & Scogin 1978) , is primarily lithospecif ic to limestones throughout its range. It has been reported from Nevada and Arizona westward into the Mojave Desert in the Death Valley region, the Inyo Mountains, and the north base of the San Bernardino Mountains (Munz & Keck 1959 and Munz 1974) , According to several floras (Abrams 1951, Munz & Keck 1959, Munz 1974, and Twisselmann 1967) , Forsellesia is not known to occur in the southern Sierra Nevada nor in Kern County, California. Despite the distribution mentioned in the major floras, Forsellesia nevadensis was first collected on Laura Peak (Mt. Laura) in the Piute Mountains in the southern Sierra Nevada of Kern County (figure 1) by the German botanist Carl A. Purpus in May 1897. Discussion Why was the Purpus collection of Forsellesia from Kern County overlooked by so many prominent botanists? The collection from Mt. Laura was first cited by Jepson (1923:610) as Glossopetalon spinescens Gray, but Jepson did not indicate that the specimen was collected in Kern County. From the way the citation is worded, one would assume that Mt. Laura was in the White Mountains of Inyo County. Purpus did in fact collect Forsellesia nevadensis from the White Mountains (Ensign 1942, Lloyd & Mitchell 1973) . In his Flora of California, Jepson (1936) further defined the Purpus collection from Mt. Laura near Erskine Creek, Kern County. Review of the Purpus collection at UC reveals that the specimen has no reference to county on the label, but Jepson evidently knew that Erskine Creek was in Kern County. Since that time, however, the Purpus collection had been incorrectly attributed to Inyo County. Ensign (1942) cited the Purpus collection from Mt. Laura as occurring in Inyo County. This error has been perpetuated in several floras (Abrams 1951, McMinn 1959, Munz & Keck 1959 and Munz 1974). This author came across the citation of the Purpus collection while obtaining from Jepsons’ flora a checklist of historical records of plants occurring in the southern Sierra Nevada. In addition to the FovselXesva specimen attributed to Mt. Laura, OTBoocLTya aonferti. flora was obtained by Purpus at the same local- ity. This species also was overlooked by Twisselmann (1967) as occurring in Kern County, During the spring of 1981, the author set out to explore the * limestone* outcrops in the Piute Mountains of Kern County. During that field season, five populations of Forsellesia nevadeneis were discovered with the largest number of plants on Laura Peak (figure 2) . Representative specimens from Kern County are: Laura Peak, T27S, R33E, S19, 5000 ft. (1524 m) , Apr-Sep 1897, Purpus 5520 (GH, UC, US) and 12 Mar 1981, Shevoak 8070 (CAS); Erskine Creek Cyn. , T27S, R33E, S22, 4300 ft. (1311 m) , 18 Apr 1981, Shevock 8272 (CAS, MO, RSA) and 22 May 1983, Shevoak 10424 (CAS, RSA) ; Bodfish- Erskine Creek, divide, T27S, R33E, S8, 3560 ft. (1113 m) , 17 Apr 1981, Figure 1. The large limestone outcrop on the summit of Laura Peak, Erskine Creek, Piute Mountains, Kern County. The lower slopes of Laura Peak are comprised of metamorphic rocks dominated by stands of chaparral. 2 Figure 2. Dense colonies of Forsettesia nevadensts shrubs domi- nate the foreground on the limestone slopes of Laura Peak. Associated with the Forseltesia in the photograph include: Ephedra vi.ridis , yucca whipplei subsp. oaesitosat Fremontodendron catiforniaum and Stipa speciosa, Shevoak 8260 (CAS, LOB, MO, RSA) and 26 Apr 1981 Shevock 8335 (CAS, MO, RSA); Goat Ranch Peak, T26S, R34E, S32, 3700 ft. (1128 m) , 28 Feb 1981, Shevock 8047 (CAS) ; and NW ridge of Heald Peak, Sequoia Nat'l Forest, T27S, R34E, S3, 4800 ft. (1463 m) , 14 Mar 1981, Shevock 8074 (CAS) . Associated species found with Forseltesia nevadensis in the Piute Mountains include; Selaginelta asprella, Cheilanthes 3 covillei t Cheilanthes visaida^ Nothotaena jonesii, Pinus monophylta, Pinus sabinianaj Juniperus calif orniaa. Ephedra viridis, Arabia sparsiftora var. arcuata, Ceanothus leucodermis , Delphinium purpusii, Draba aunei folia (also a new record for Kern County), Dudleya calci- cola (Bartel & Shevock 1983), Eriogonum fasciculatum var. polifolium, Eriogonum aaxatile , EriophylZum confertiflorum, Fremontodendron oaliforniaum, Garrya flavescens var. pallida, Haplopappus lineari- folius, Oreocarya conferti flora, Stephanomeria pauai flora, Stipa speciosa, and Yucca whipplei subsp. caespitosa. Several limestone-quartzite outcrops were also surveyed north of the Piute Mountains along the Kern River Canyon and Kern Plateau of Tulare County- These areas included River Kern, Packsaddle Cave, Brin Canyon, and the Rincon Fault area from Cherry Hill Road to Durrwood Creek ranging from 25-35 air miles north of Laura Peak. Surprisingly, no Forsellesia nevadensis shrubs were located on these limestone outcrops, although they shared all of the associated species found in the Piute Mountains except Cheilanthes viscida. Cone lusion Even though botanists have been collecting plants in California for over 100 years, there is still a considerable amount of field work needed to complete the gaps in the geographical distribution of most native species. In the past five years there has been a strong effort to document the distribution of rare and endangered species occurring in California. Efforts are needed for more common species as well. It behooves writers of local floras and checklists to search out old herbarium records, correct mis-identif ications , and try to resolve some of the errors that have been perpetuated in the botanical literature. Literature Cited Abrams, L. 1951. Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States, Vol. 3. Geraniums to Figworts, Stanford Univ. Press, Palo Alto, CA. 866 p. Bartel, J. & J. Shevock, 1983. Dudleya calcioola (Crassulaceae) a new species from the Southern Sierra Nevada. Madrono 30:210—216 Ensign, M. 1942. A Revision of the Celastraceous Genus Forsellesia {Glossopetalon) . Amer. Midi. Natur. 27:501-511. Jepson, W. 1923. Manual of the Flowering Plants of California. Univ. of Calif., Berkeley. 684 p. Jepson, W. 1936- A Flora of California, Vol. 2. Univ. of Calif. , Berkeley. 684 p. Lloyd, R. & R. Mitchell, 1973. A Flora of the White Mountains, California and Nevada. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley. 202 p. McMinn, H. 1959. An Illustrated Manual of California Shrubs. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley. 663 p. Munz, P. & D. Keck, 1959. A California Flora. Univ. of Calif. Press Berkeley. 1681 p. 4 Munz, P. 1973. A Flora of Southern California. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley. 1086 p. Thorne R. & R. Scogin, 1978. Fovsellesia Greene [Glossopetaton Gray), a Third Genus in the Crossosomataceae , Rosineae, Rosales. Aliso 9:171-178. Twisselraann, E. 1967. A Flora of Kern County, California. Wasmann Journal of Biol. 25:1-395. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ^ IHE. VEGETATION OF M UPLAND GRASSLAND ( stipa pulohra ) RANGE SITE CUYAMACA RANCHO STATE PARK , SAN DIEGO COUNTY , CALIFORNIA Doris Garcia and Earl W. Lathrop Department of Biology Loma Linda University Loma Linda, CA 92350 The purpose of this project was to use manipulated-association experiments to detect possible combinations of treatments which might contribute to a plan to renovate degraded grasslands of Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, eastern San Diego County, California. Prior to becoming a State Park, the grasslands here were severely overgrazed and run down. Grassland renovation projects have been conducted in other regions of the country, but such experiments in southern California are relatively new. There are sufficiently significant areas of similar grassland in Riverside and San Diego Counties to warrant an experiment of this type to be conducted here in southern Cali- fornia. The managers of Cuyamaca Rancho State Park were particularly interested in two plant species to be involved in this experiment; a native bunch grass, Stipa pulchra Hitchc. (purple needle grass) and Eriogonum wrightii Torr. ex Benth. ssp. membranaaeum Strokes, a low matted shrub, considered to be an invader in upland (Stipa) grassland. The grass species was to be harvested for seed as part of the renovation experiment and the shrub was considered because the park wanted to find a feasible means of controlling the unwanted spread of this low matted shrub into the upland grassland. With this view in mind, the authors and park managers developed an experimental design in the fall of 1979 and implemented it at the field plots in the park the following spring and summer of 1980. The treatment or treatment combinations in the experiment included: 1) seeding? 2) cultivation? 3) fumigation; 4) fertilization? 5) mulching? 6) burning; and 7) mowing, plus controls. The multiple treatment aspect of this project was perhaps somewhat unique for southern California, but this type of experiment is also subject to instant hazards (such as lack of rain when needed) compared to experiments 5 with fewer variables to test. Our project was no exception. However, even if only one or a few treatment combinations proved to be effective toward renovation, these data alone would be worth reporting. The negative data for the treatments which failed may also be useful information. METHODS Study area This study was conducted at an upland {Stipa) grassland site on East Mesa (elevation 1220-1524 m) in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park. Total annual precipitation for the period of the study was 163.3 cm, 62.2 cm and 142.1 cm for the years 1980, 1981, and 1982, respectively. More than 60 percent of the precipitation comes during the months of December through March. Yellow pine forest (Thorne 1976; Lathrop and Martin 1982) is the main plant community of the region, along with chaparral, riparian and extensive expanses of grassland. Upland grassland at the park is dominated by annual grasses such as Bromus teatorum L. and Vutpi-a myuros (L.) K, C,. Geml., along with perennial grasses, Stipa pulahraj Sitan-ion hystr-ix (Nutt.) J. G. Sm. , and Etymus glauous Buckl. Total foliage cover, or percentage of all foliage leaves cover- ing the ground surface, was measured for the study plot by the point- frame method (N=750 pts.) prior to application of treatments, in late spring, 1980. The total foliage cover was 66.7 percent. The highest individual value (20 percent) was the shrub Eriogonum wrightii . Of the remaining cover, Vulpda myuros was 15.9 percent, Bromus teatorum 11.1 percent and an aggregate of other grasses and forbs made up the remaining 19.7 percent. Soils of the upland grassland study site are well drained and coarse textured to gravel-sized composition. By comparison, soils of grassland meadows in the park are not well drained (with a bleached clay layer at the 60-76 cm depth) , and con- tain more organic matter compared to the upland soil. Sti,pa pulahra^ the dominant species of the pristine California grassland (Weaver and Clements 1938; Burcham 1957) , and the most common native bunchgrass in Northern California (White 1967) , along with several closely related species, is also widespread in the southern part of the state (Bartolome 1981) . The production of large quantities of viable seeds and the presence of twisting awns and pointed large seeds, ensure self-burial and enable the species to colonize disturbed areas. The rapid production of seeds by a young Stipa plant (about two years old) and the occurrence of vegetative reproduction by the breakage of the tufts, forming a clone after heavy defoliation, are also some of the ecological characteristics that make Stipa pulahra more abundant than other bunchgrasses (Bartolome 1981) . This plant species germinates and survives in 6 a wide variety of soil types, slopes, and habitats, including dis- turbed areas (Bartolome and Gemmill 1981) . In recent studies done by Bartolome and Gemmill, they concluded that Stipa pulohra is an opportunistic species with a few characteristics of a typical climax species . Plot s-lze and preparation Two 12.4 X 15 m plots were delineated on the ground with a 2 m buffer zone between the plots at the study site, and then subdivided into thirty 2 m X 2 m subplots with 0.6 m buffer zone between sub- plots. The terrain at each of the study sites varied from level to a 2® slope. The gradient was not appreciable; thus the experimental subplots did not have significant differences in runoff from rains. The seven treatments, mentioned previously, were applied, singly or in combination, to the thirty 4 subplots within each of the two side by side replicate plots. The assignment of the treatments and treatment combinations was identical for each plot. While there were thirty treatment combinations applied to each of the two plots, re- sults of only seven combinations showed potential for grassland reno- vation practices. Because of space limitations and practical results of the experiment, only these seven treatment combinations will be considered in the results section except for a brief discussion of negative data for treatments which were not effective. Treatment application The degree and/or concentrations of treatment preparations and seeding was finalized by the spring of 1980 and, with the help of Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, applications in the experimental 4 m^ subplots began immediately. The methods of applications of the treatments at the two replicate study plots were: 1) Seeding- broadcast seeding at the rate of 400 seeds/4 m^ subplot; 2) Mowing- Sickle-type (45.7) power mower with cutting a ground level; 3) Cultivation-5hp rototiller, to a depth of 15-20 cm.; 4) Fumigation- vapam applied to wet soil at the rate of 1 liter/10 ; 5) Fertili- zation-milorganic sewage sludge applied at the rate of 0.3 kg/4 m^; 6) Mulching- redwood chips to a depth of 6 cm; and 7) Burning-drip torch. No treatments were applied to subplots used for control. All treatments, except burning and seeding and/or mulching of burned subplots were performed at the field sites in time to take advantage of the late fall rains of 1980. Burning was delayed until April of 1981 in order to kill the competing annual grasses shortly after their growth had started. Stipa pulohra was selected for the seeding treatment, both because of the species adaptability and its availability as a seed source in several remote areas of the park. Seeds, for this purpose. 7 were harvested in the peurk by hand stripping of the flowering culms using a crew of students and park personnel. The seeds were sepa- rated from the chaff in the laboratory. Analysis of treatments The primary methods of analyzing the plant response to the various treatments included: 1) above-ground biomass (g/m^) of Stipa pulohra, forbs, annual grasses and the shrub Eriogonum wrightii^ and 2) density (no/4 m^) and basal area (%) of Stipa pulohra. The measurements were made during the peak period of growth , in late May and June of 1981 and repeated at the Scune time in 1982. Collection for biomass analysis was accomplished by clipping all shoot material inside a randomly-placed, one square meter quad- rat, at the ground surface (Bartolome et al. 1980) within each of the 2 m X 2 m sjbpl'ots at the study site. Care was taken not to clip the same square meter a second time in 1982. The plant material was collected in paper bags, marked and taken to the laboratory, where it was oven dried at 60 ^C. The material was sorted into the following habit categories: 1) annual grasses (including any sedges and rushes) ; 2) Stipa pulohra; 3) forbs (herbaceous vegetation other than grasses) ; and 4) the shrub Eriogonum wrightii. The dried mate- rial was weighted on a Sauter Model RL4 electronic balance with a resolution of 0.01 g. The weight was recorded for each Scimple as the number of grams per square meter (g/m^) . Basal area* (%) of Stipa pulohra, representing the percent of the ground covered by the species, was calculated from diameter measurements of the grass clumps within each of the 4 m^ subplots, making allowance for dead material within the clump (Brower and Zar 1977). Density (no/4 m^) of Stipa pulohra was determined from counts of Stipa clumps within the subplots. RESULTS The effect of seven treatments and treatment- combinations was significant for only one of the two replicate study plots and then only for the second growing season after treatment application. Thus the results reported here represent the effects of treatments applied to only one study plot, with seven subplots, two years (1982) after treatment applications in 1980, except that the effects on forbs are reported for the first years growth only, in 1981. The effect of treatments and treatment combinations on bi.omass of Stipa pulohra is graphically illustrated in Fig. 1. Comparea to the control, biomass increased for all treatments with seeding, and a combination of cultivation, fumigation, and fertilization receiving the highest values. Biomass of annual grasses increased in 8 five of the seven treatments (Fig. 2) . Forbs (Fig. 3) show a decrease in biomass except for the treatment fertilization. Biomass of the shrub Eriogonum wrightii (Fig, 4) was reduced, compared to the control, as a result of most of the treatments. Density (no/4 m^ subplot) of Stipa pulohra (Fig. 5) showed an increase for the treatments of seeding and mulching and for the combination of treatments mowing, mulching, and seeding. Fig. 6, percent basal area of Stipa pulchra, indicates an increase for all treatments except the combination of cultivation, fumigation, and fertilization. DISCUSSION and CONCLUSIONS The dominant plant community of Cuyamaca Rancho State Park is yellow pine forest. Grassland, however, is found in meadow and upland slopes in large clearings of the forest. Prior to becoming a state park, the grasslands were heavily overgrazed (Lathrop and Martin 1982) , depleting, to an extent, the native perennial grasses and creating conditions conducive to invasion by less desirable Mediterranean annual grasses. This project was envisioned as an experiment to test the feasibility of grassland renovation in the park. A possible contributing factor for the poor response of the treatments in the experimental subplots of the first year after application might have been the greatly reduced rainfall during that season (less than half the normal yearly rainfall). Normal rainfall occurred during the second year after the treatment appli- cations producing some positive responses which were absent during the first year. Another consideration is that the two replicate "side by side" study plots did not respond equally to equal treat- ments. This could possibly be due to the vagaries of soil texture (which reflect the amount of soil moisture retention) and the indi- vidual responses to the plants. Identical inferences, therefore, could not be drawn from the replicate plots. Because of this, the replicate plots (A and B) at the study site were treated separately and only the plot showing the more significant results was analyzed as a basis for this report (Plot A, Figs. 1-6) . Measurements were made once each year (1981 and 1982) on each of the subplots. Values of biomass, density, and basal area % were assessed for the growth response to the seven treatments and treat- ment combinations. This report contributes a few positive influences to the treatment applications as well as some negative responses. For example, the treatments which produced an overall increase in growth of Stipa pulohra also indicated an increase in exotic annual grasses. Since annual grasses compete with perennial grasses, these treatments may not be effective for restoration unless followed by other treatments. Seeding with Stipa pulohra along with fertiliza- 9 Key to Treatments;! Control 2 S e e d i n g dCultivation, Fumigation, Fertilization 4 Fertilization 5 Mulching 6 Burning, Seeding 7 Cultivation, Fertilization, Seeding 8 M owing, Mulching, Seeding ^ 200 - J 150- (/} (0 100 - < 50- An nual grosses (D "1“ 2 3 4 5 6 7 TREATMENTS 20 - 1C (/) UJ o S t i p a p u I chr 0 © T ^ 3 4 5 6 7 TREATMENTS 10 LIST OF FIGURES 1-6 1. Bar graph showing biomass of Stipa pulahra in control and treat- ment plots (see key to treatments) in upland grassland of Cuya- maca Rancho State Park. 2. Biomass of annual grasses in control and treatment plots. 3. Biomass of forbs in control and treatment plots. 4. Biomass of Er-iogonum wrightii in control and treatment plots. 5. Density of Stipa pulahra in control and treatment plots. 6. Basal area of Stipa pulahra in control and treatment plots. tion, for example, might be feasible if this treatment, applied in the fall season, was followed each of two or three years by early spring burning to eliminate the unwanted annual grasses and weedy forbs. Stipa pulahra, even the young bunches, can usually with- stand light-intensity burning because of their sense thick caudices with many adventitious buds which sprout after fires. Most of the treatments applied were effective in eliminating the unwanted shrub Eriogonum wrightii (Fig. 4) , a low-matted shrub which has a tendency to move into over-grazed drier parts of the upland grassland (per- sonal communication, Joe Agazino, former California State Park ecologist) . MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the results of this study, within its limitations, treatments recommended for future management practices at Cuyamaca Rancho State Park might be as follows: 1) Seeding-of native bunch- grasses (i.e. Stipa pulahra)', 2) Fertilization-while fertilization initially gave advantage to annual grasses and forbs, perennial grasses also responded the second year. If this treatment is fol- lowed by early spring burning, as explained above, it should be effective where perennial grasses are present; 3) Cultivation- recommended only where invader shrubs need to be removed; 4) Mulching- recommended in combination with seeding; 5) Fumigation-not recommended except as a means of ranoving weedy forbs; 6) Burning-following an initial treatment of fertilization and seeding of a perennial grass, early spring burning could be an effective method to reduce annual competition; and 7) Mowing-probably effective only to reduce shrub or form competition. LITERATURE CITED Bartolome, J. W. , M. C. Stroud, and H. F. Heady. 1980. Influence of natural mulch on forage production on differing California annual range sites. J. Range Manage, 33(1) :4-7. Bartolome, J. W. 1981. Stipa pulahra, a survivor from the pristine prairie, Fremontia 9(l):3-6. 11 Bartolome, J. W. and B. Gemmill. 1981. The ecological status of Stipa pulahra (Poaceae) in California. Madrono 28 ( 3) : 172-184 . Brower, J. E. and J. H. Zar. 1977. Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 194 pp. Burcham, L. T. 1957. California range land- An historico- ecological study of the range resources of California. Division of Forestry, Department of Natural Resources, State of California, Sacramento. 261 pp. Lathrop, E. W. and B. D. Martin. 1982. Fire ecology of deergrass {Muhtengerg-ia rigens) in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, California. Crossosoma 8 (5) :l-4 , 9, 10. Thorne, R. F. 1976. The vascular plant communities of California, pp. 1-31. In: Symposium Proceedings, Plant Communities of California. J- Latting (ed) . California Native Plant Society Special Publication No. 2. Riverside, California. Weaver, J. E. and F. E. Clements. 1938. Plant ecology. McGraw- Hill Book Company, Inc. N.Y. 601 pp. White, K. L. 1967, .Native bunchgrasses {Stipa pulahra) on Hasting Reservation, California. Ecology 48:949-955. miiMMMn » mn i tmtit i » i tm> i tittfrt i t i tttttitmtmtmtmt*t‘***t***‘*‘*‘***‘***“ **'*** * *‘* * *‘* * *** * *‘*****‘***‘*‘*‘******* * * * ***** * ***** * * * ***'***** * FIELD TRIPS January IZ, Saturday Torrey Sines State Park CNPS, Orange County Chapter trip. Call Dave Bramlet at (714) 851-5200 (work) or 549-0647 (home) for details. January 26^ Saturday Oak Canyon Nature Center CNPS, Orange County Chapter trip. Call Dave Bramlet at (714) 851-5200 (work) or 549-0647 (home) for details. BACK ISSUES qz CROSSOSOMA Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available at six (6) dollars per volume plus one dollar for postage and handling. Inquiries should be addressed to: Editor— CROSSOSOMA, Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Please state the volumes desired and include payment in your order. Checks should be made to Southern California Botanists, OM i miitw i imiHumtmtttttttttTtttirTr^*^' CROSSOSOMA is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Southern California Botanists, a non-profit association. Dues are on a calendar year basis. Regular $6.00. Students and Retirees $4.00. Groups $10.00. We thank all those who promptly remitted their 1984 dues. All others, please send your checks. This Journal can only be sent to members whose dues are current. 12 Bi’Ographi.oa'l Sketches of SCB Officers and Directors : MARVIN M. CHESEBRQ , DIRECTOR & PAST PRESIDENT I was born in San Pedro, California, quite some time ago. My father was the Judge there, but was shortly transferred to central Los Angeles. He rode the Big Red Cars for awhile, then we moved to Los Angeles. I attended and graduated from Harvard School, U.C.L.A., then U.S.C. Law School. This education emphasized economics, "political science" (science?) and law. Notably and regrettably absent were the biological sdiences, particularly botany, as well as geography, geology, etc. So, whence my fascination with nature and botany? I have always been devoted to the great outdoors. I probably should have been a dirt farmer, or some such. I experience a great feeling of awe and contentment to be any where any time that I am fully involved with wild nature. It makes no difference whether it's on the sea, in the surf, on the desert, a mountain or a swamp. To be fully involved with nature is most important and satisfying. From wonder about the details of what I saw and experienced, it was a short step to a serious interest in field botany and the discovery that the more one knows of nature, the greater the plea- sure and satisfaction. The next step was the shock of seeing man damage and destroy our marvelous natural inheritances. How can we ruin a river, a wilderness, a sand dune. Mono Lake? I The list of natural endow- ments which our civilization threatens is endless and there are constant new attacks. Sometimes it seems man has a masochistic compulsion to foul his own nest. My compelling ecological conscience does not allow me to^stand by silently. The Legislators and politicians hear from me frequently (one short letter confined to one project can be effective) . I join every conservation environmentalist group that surfaces. Fortunately there are many of them, some generalists and others trying to save just one resource. They all need our support and encouragement. I am especially devoted to The Nature Conservancy and The Audu- bon Society. They are dynamic, courageous and effective. They rep- resent very different approaches. The Conservancy is not confrontational. It negotiates and saves land by mutual agreement with owners. Its ingenuity and resourcefulness in satisfying owners, raising funds and saving sig- nificant natural areas is unique and impressive. The Audubon Society, on the other hand, readily goes to the courts when all else fails. They and the Sierra Club had the guts to sue the City of Los Angeles over Mono Lake. They not only won, but established a fabulous new doctrine that there is a public trust 13 in a natural resource' I urge each of you to join The Nature Conservancy (1880 No. Kent St., Arlington, Virginia 22209, dues $10.00 per year) and The Audubon Society (P.O. Box 2667, Boulder, Colorado 80321, dues $30.00 per year) . They publish beautiful magazines and they really do save natural resources from destruction. Send your checks today (all tax deductible) . NURSERY SOURCES FOR NATIVE PLANTS Gardening enthusiasts throughout the United States can create a garden of wild flowers and other plants native to their regions. The New England Wild Flower Society has published a 53-page guide to Nursery Sources , Native Plants and Wild Flowers , This booklet lists and supplies information cdsout 193 nurseries in every region of the country except Alaska and Hawaii. To order send $3.50 (includes postage/handling) to New England Wild Flower Society, D-pt. NS, Garden in the Woods, Hemenway Road, Framingham, MA 01701. PLANT AND BOOK SALE A SUCCESS The lastest SCB plant sale, v^hich was held on 27 October at Fullerton College was a success. If you missed the sale you really missed an opportunity to buy an outstanding variety of native Cali- fornia plants that are suitable for use in landscaping. The plants had been assembled by Geoff Smith. We'll be having another SCB native plant sale in the spring of 1985, so keep watching for the date and location, which will be announced in subsequent issues of Crossosoma. SCB POT LUCK DINNER This year's Annual Pot Luck, held at Descanso Gardens, was enjoyed immensely by the few people who attended. The food as usual was diverse and tasty, with the result that no one had to take home much in the way of leftovers. Genny Garner had her books for sale and Jim Dice from the Huntington Gardens gave a talk on some collect- ing trips he had made into northwestern Mexico. The unique areas he had visited and photographed provided a very entertaining presenta- tion. 14 BOARD OF DIRECTORS SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS - 1984 Alan Romspert, President Desert Studies Consortium Dept, of Biological Science California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 Phone: 714-773-2428 (or 3614) C. Eugene Jones, 1st Vice Pres. Dept, of Biological Science California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 Phone: 714-773-3548 (or 3614) Robert F. Thorne, 2nd Vice Pres. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden 1500 N. College Ave. Claremont, CA 91711 Phone: 714-626-3922 DIRECTORS : James A. Bauml 1140 E. Orange Grove Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91104 Phone: 213-702-2504 Curtis Clark Dept, of Biological Sciences Cali-f. State Polytechnic Univ. Pomona, CA 91768 Phone: 714-598-0215 Marvin Chesebro 510 West Sixth St., Suite 523 Los Angeles, CA 90014 Phone: 213-627-4878 Eric Hansen 2358 W. 236th Place Torrance, CA 90501 Phone: 213-530-7375 R. John Little, Secretary 18141 Theodora Drive Tustin, CA 92680 Phone : 714-662-4042 Trudy R. Ericson, Treasurer- Membership Dept, of Biological Science California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 Phone: 714-773-3614 Walt Wright, Past President 326 Redwood Avenue Brea, CA 92621 Phone: 714-261-8820 (work) 714-529-4134 (home) Mona Myatt 6421 N. Golden West Avenue Temple City, CA 91780 Phone: 818-302-1466 (office) 818-447-0755 (night) Barry Prigge Herbarium and Botanic Garden University of California, L.A. Los Angeles, CA 90024 Phone: 213-825-3620 Suzanne L. Granger 3269 N. Summit Avenue Altadena, CA 91001 Phone: 213-791-3393 Geoff Smith 18976 Mesa Drive ^ Villa Park, CA 92667 Phone: 714-998-0518 or 929-5248 714-871-8000 15 January 12, 1985 January 26, 1985 FIELD TRIPS Torrey Pines State Park, CNPS Oak Canyon Nature Center, CNPS o . • ^ M • > k: o o o . \i Ln H* LOO 0 1 ■;)* •-t M VO O') I 03 cn o -* ST '1 o Z 3 O OS' >? 3J CO Q) O -I O X CO Q ^ z ^ > < (D 3 C 2 . > a» ^ 00 o § I i- > CO H CO library DEC 2 8 r-L NEVs. i\jfxK BOTANICAL GARDEN