CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont CA 91711 Crossosoma Vol. 11 , No. 1 Issue Editors: A1 Romspert and C. Eugene Jones Managing Editor: C. Eugene Jones January, 1985 SOME WEEDS CALLED ESCAPED EXOTICS IN CALIFORNIA Elizabeth McClintock* Research Associate, Herbarium University of California, Berkeley The question of what is a weed has many answers. Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary defines it as: Any plant growing in cultivated ground to the detriment of the crop or to the disfigure- ment of the place, an economically useless or unsightly plant. Other less formal definitions are: a plant out of place; a plant growing where it is not needed, wanted or appreciated; a plant that interferes with man's use of land wanted for a specific pur- pose. To these I would addt a plant that grows on land disturbed by maui and disseminated through the actions of man, intentionally or more often unintentionally. Weeds may be divided into two groups: 1. those introduced unintentionally through agricultural practices, sometimes by their seeds, as contaminants of crop plants, in feed for domestic animals or carried by the animals themselves; and 2. those introduced inten tionally, mostly for use as ornamentals in the urban landscape or for other purposes as soil stabilization and erosion control or for food. Weeds introduced intentionally, mostly as ornamentals, sometimes are referred to as escaped exotics. Although this may not be the best term for these weedy plants, in California most ornamentals are exotics , that is , brought into the state from other regions and a few "escape" from their cultivated areas. Because most escaped exotics were orginally planted in gardens, parks and similar sites of cities and towns, their distribution is largely concentrated in urban areas. A few, however, have spread aggres- sively and have invaded native vegetation. The California Native Plant Society (CNPS) , dedicated to the preservation of the state's native plants, began to realize several ♦Mailing address: 1335 Union Street, San Francisco, CA 94109 years ago that in many parts of the state habitats of native plants were being invaded and the plants threatened by those non-native alien or exotic weeds here discussed as escaped exotics. In order to better understand the threat to and the impact of these escapes on the native flora, CNPS in 1977 established the Escaped Exotics Committee. At that time the committee was charged with the prepara- tion of a list of the ten most invasive and damaging escaped exotics. In mid-1984 in order to deal with the question of how to control the most invasive escapes the co mm ittee was further directed to consider research and recommendations on control. From observations and information received from CNPS members since becoming chairman of the Escaped Exotics Committee in 1979 I have proposed a list of fifteen invasive escapes that are widespread and damaging in different parts of the state. These are discussed in this paper. It would be helpful and much appreciated if members of the Southern California Botanists who are interested in this group of weedy plants and have observations and information on their distribution and control could pass along their comments to me. From California's floristic literature I have compiled a list of about three hundred escaped exotics. These may be roughly divided into three groups according to where they occur and the problems they create. GROUP I. Benign weeds remain within their urban areas where they do not increase greatly in numbers and cause_.no 'problems or at most only unimportant ones. Examples: Bellia perennia, English daisy Lobularia maritima , sweet alyssum? Tropaeolum maju8, garden nasturtium Centranthua ruber, Jupiter's beard. GROUP II. Minor weeds spread beyond the borders of urban areas but remain in disturbed situations in the vicinity of old home sites, abandoned fields and pastures, per- haps reaching the edge of native vegetation but not damaging to these areas by competing with native plants. Examples: Niootiana glauca, tree tobacco? Rioinua oommunia , castor bean; Zantedeachia aethiopiea, calla; Robinia pseudoaoaoia , black locust. GROUP III. Major weeds are the most troublesome, by aggressively spreading outside of dis- turbed urban and borders of urban areas, invading undisturbed native vegetation where they present serious or major problems as competi- tors of native plants. Once established in an area of native vege- tation they are difficult or impossible to eradicate and control. Examples: Cortederia jubata , Andean pampas grass, Cytisus monspes- sulanua, French broom; Cytisue aooparius , Scotch broom, Ulex euro - paeu8, gorse. Not all escaped exotics, however, fall neatly into the three groups. A few fall into more than one group and others are borderline. About two-thirds of the escaped exotics in California are rare in occurrence and known from only a single or a few localities in one 2 or perhaps two counties. Approximately a hundred are known from three or more counties and of these about twenty-five are found in two or more counties. Fifteen of the twenty-five occur in fifteen or more counties; these are the most widespread and make up Group III. Notes on these follow. AiZanthua aZtiaaima, tree -of -heaven, a deciduous tree, was probably the only tree introduced into California during the days of the gold rush. According to W. L. Jepson Chinese miners brought seeds of it from their homeland to mining camps in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. Since that time the tree has been planted for shade and ornament, is often seen as an escape and in some localities is very invasive. AmmophiZa arenaria , European beach grass or marram, is a large, perennial, stout, clumping grass up to four feet tall, with far- creeping rhizomes. Its spike-like flowering stalks stand above the dense clump of leaves. Native to the coastal, dunes of northern Europe, it was brought to California probably first to San Francisco, about a hundred years ago, to help stabilize the dunes of Golden Gate Park. Since that time it has spread extensively and is now estab- lished in dune areas of coastal California, where it crowds out native vegetation. Carpobrotua eduZ'ta ( Meaembryanthemum eduZe) , Hottentot fig, is one of the perennial ice plants grown frequently as an ornamental ground cover and soil stabilizer. Within recent years it has been much used along freeways. A succulent vigorous grower, it has escaped from planted areas, particularly along the immediate coast in sand dunes, where it has become naturalized and is crowding out native dune vegetation. It produces few, if any, seeds, but spreads vegetatively. An early report of it as an escape was at Playa ,del Rey in 1918. The woody somewhat angular stems of the Hottentot fig have thick, fleshy, opposite, 3-sided leaves, 3 to 4 inches long and large showy, yellow to rose-pink flowers. It is sometimes confused with Carpobrotua ahiZenai-a , said to be native to the coastal dunes of California, which has slender leaves about 2 inches long and rose- pink flowers. Chrysanthemum aoronarium 3 garland chrysanthemum or crown daisy , is an annual with showy, bright yellow, daisy-like flower heads. It was first noted in 1919 in San Diego along railroad tracks and else- where. During recent years, especially the last ten, it has spread locally in San Diego County and today it is common in coastal areas. Since its initial introduction into San Diego County it has spread northward as far as Del Norte County . Cortederia jubata, Andean pampas grass, is a large conspicuous grass with a dense clump of long basal leaves from the center of 3 which arise showy plumose flowering stems. A very aggressive weed, it has spread throughout the state from Humboldt County south to San Diego. It closely resembles Cortederia 8elloana y pampas grass, native of Argentina and southern Brazil, which has been cultivated as an ornamental in California since the 1870s. C . jubata 3 also from South America, is native of the Andes of Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador at elevations of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, and was probably also first introduced into California as an ornamental but at a much later date than C. selloana. These two large clumping grasses may be dis- tinguished by their growth habits when in flowers. The ornamental C. selloana has flowering stalks that are about the same height as the clump of leaves and the flowering plumes stand very shortly above the leaves. In the weedy C . jubata the flowering stalks are about twice as tall as the clump of leaves; therefore, the plumes stand a considerable distance above the leaves. Plants of Cortederia jubata are apomictic? that is, fertilization is not necessary for seed pro- duction. A single plant with its countless flowers may produce large numbers of small, easily dispersed seeds. In some areas new plants are produced so abundantly that masses of clumps are formed. Once established such clumps are almost impossible to eradicate. Cynodon daotylon , Bermuda grass, is a perennial that is dissem- inated by seeds as well as by rootstocks. Its introduction into California may date from 1858 when it was being sold by a San Fran- cisco nurseryman. Today it is widely distributed throughout the warmer parts of California, and, although a grass with many uses, it has become one of the state's most troublesome weeds. Cytisus monepessulanus , Mediterranean broom or French broom; Cytiaua acopariue , Scotch broom; Spartium junceum, Spanish broom; and Ulex europaeus 3 gorse, whin or furse are closely related jshrubs of the Legume Family, which were introduced into California as orna- mentals during the 1850s to 1870s. Of the four, the two brooms and gorse are very troublesome and aggressive in northern and central California, Spanish broom is less troublesome. However, little information is available at present regarding the distribution and associated problems of the four in southern California. Because the French a pH scotch brooms and gorse are so troublesome in the northern part of the state and Spanish broom is occasionally seen in southern California, the four should be watched in southern California and not allowed to spread. Eucalyptus camaldulensis 3 river red gum, and E . globulus , blue gum, have been widely planted in California since the 1860s and 1870s. In some areas they have become naturalized, and particularly the blue gum in northern and central California has invaded areas of native vegetation. More information is needed regarding the 4 extent of their spread and their attendant problems in southern California. 0xali8 pes-caprae, Bermuda buttercup, is a showy, stemless perennial with bright yellow flowers and attractive foliage. It produces no seeds but spreads vegetatively by large numbers of small bulbs that are easily moved about making the plant difficult or impossible to eradicate and control. It occurs mostly in culti- vated fields and other similar disturbed sites. So far as known it has not spread into native plant habitats. The common name is misleading, because the plant is not a buttercup and comes from South Africa, not Bermuda. Senecio mikanoidea , German ivy, a semi-woody climber with leaves similar in shape to those of English ivy, has been in Cali- fornia since the end of the last century. It occurs from northern to southern California and in some localities has moved into areas of native vegetation, particularly in coastal canyons and gullies, where it vigorously climbs over trees and shrubs eventually almost or entirely smothering them. Apparently it produces no seeds but spreads by vegetative means. It is a native of South Africa. Tamarix ramoaiaaima , tamarisk or salt cedar, is a shrub or small tree native to dry regions of southern Russia and parts of Asia. T. ramoaiaaima appears to be the correct name for the tamar- isk of the California deserts, which in the past has been called incorrectly T. gallica and T. pentandra and is sometimes mistaken for T. chinenaia , also cultivated and sometimes an invader of native vegetation. However, T . ramoaiaaima is more halophilous, less widely cultivated, more widely naturalized and more invasive than T. chinen - sia. Tamarix ramoaiaaima is the most widespread and damaging escape in the desert regions of southeastern California as well as in other southwestern desert areas. It grows densely in intermittent streams, often becoming very troublesome, sometimes forming extensive thickets that completely fill the stream channels. Plants have slender branch- lets with minute scale-like leaves, superficially resembling those of some cedars, and numerous small pink to whitish flowers that are mostly seen in late spring and summer in showy panicles. Vinca major, periwinkle or myrtle, is a perennial that has been cultivated as a ground cover. It apparently does not produce seeds but spreads vegetatively by underground stems. It has spread from plantings around old, often abandoned garden sites, mostly in areas with underground sources of moisture. Where conditions are particu- larly favorable it becomes naturalized and competes with native plants. 5 Editor's Note: As Elizabeth McClintock indicated in the California Native Plant Society Bulletin Volume 15(1), "This list is not intend- ed as the 'last word' and [anyone] wishing to add others should feel free to do so." Elizabeth is considering doing a publication on the most damaging exotics and good color photos are desired. Also infor- mation on control measures for these exotics is sought. Write Eliza- beth at 1335 Union Street, San Francisco, CA 94109. CNPS ORANGE COUNTY CHAPTER SEEKING SLIDES OF RARE ORANGE COUNTY PLANTS The Orange County Chapter of California Native Plant Society requests the help of SCB members in the assembly of a slide collec- tion of Orange County's rare and endangered plant species. The collection will be used as a master reference file available for copy by educational institutions, parks interpretive programs and news- papers and other publications. Existing copyright and photographer credit will be given for those slides which are published or used for exhibits. We need initially to know who has photographed what , and we'll get in touch with individual photographers for reproduction arrange- ments (at our cost) later. We are seeking closeup, aspect and habi- tat shots for each county species designated as endangered, rare or rare in California according to the CNPS 1980 or 1984 Inventory . Photos need not be taken in Orange County, though in -county pictures would be preferable. If you have some good quality 35 mm slides that you would be willing to share with us, please contact the chapter rare plant coordinator, Karlin Marsh, P.O. Box 404, Silverado, CA 92676; phone (days) 649-2027. Thanks for your help! SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE Nineteen eighty four saw the continuation of a successful program by the Southern California Botanists. Through the continued efforts of one of our past presidents, Marvin Chesebro, we now have tax-exempt status. This will enable us to obtain our own bulk mail- ing permit in addition to allowing us other budgetary advantages, including not having to pay income taxes. The spring plant sale was held at Fullerton Community College this year. The results were not as good as when it was held at Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden. We also held a fall sale at Ful- 6 lerton after concentrating more on publicity with again a less than desired result. Director Geoff Smith's efforts in obtaining the greatest selection of prime condition native plants yet seen at our plant sales made this doubly disappointing. We will be having only one plant sale in 1985, which will be held at Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden on April 13, so mark it on your calendar now. Once again, Geoff will have an excellent selection of native plants. The potluck held at beautiful Descanso Gardens, while not well attended, provided the opportunity for the members who were there to become better acquainted as they sampled the varied culinary delights. We again had a superb speaker in Jim Dice from the Huntington Gardens, whose Mexico expeditions slides provided an exciting finale to a perfect evening. Our symposium last year, entitled Changing Climates and Endem- ism in Southwestern Deserts , drew approximately 150 people. The five speakers presented excellent talks on a variety of subjects pertaining to our theme, with the introduction of several new techniques used to interpret climates and dispersal modes in the past. We plan to host this year's symposium again at UCI to take advantage of the excellent facilities as well as the support provided by the Coopera- tive Outdoor Program through Peter Bowler. The field trip program has continued to provide opportunities for members to visit interesting localities with leaders knowledge- able of the local flora. Thanks to the several leaders and especi- ally Walt Wright, who coordinated and led many of the trips, are in order. Our field trips in 1985 will be more closely coordinated with the new chapters of the California Native Plant Society here in Southern California. This will allow us to provide an even greater variety of field trips for our members. Membership in the Southern California Botanists has remained at approximately 400 members the last two years. We hope to increase our membership this year, so please join with me in sharing with friends the periodic membership forms published in our journal. Through the dedication of our managing editor of Crossosoma, Gene Jones, our publication has been getting to the members on schedule and the contents have improved. We still need articles, though, so any submitted will be greatly appreciated. It has been a pleasure serving as president for the last two years, and I wish to thank all those who have helped and supported the SCB during my tenure. I hope you continue in your support of the new officers and directors so that we will continue to be an important organization in the protection of our increasingly fragile environment, not only here in Southern California, but the entire world. Al Roms pert 7 SOUTHWESTERN BOTANICAL SYSTEMATICS SYMPOSIUM 24-25 May, 1985 Trends in Systematic and Evolutionary Botany The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden will sponsor and host a symposium on Trends in Systematic and Evolutionary Botany on May 24th and 25th, 1985, at the Garden in Claremont, California. The purpose of this symposium is to examine current trends, and, if possible, sug- gest needs for and identify promising trends in systematic and evolu- tionary botany in the coming decade. Invited papers will be presented on pollination biology (H. Baker) , chemical systematics (T. Swain) , morphology (J. Skvarla) , cladistics (M. Donoghue) , physiological ecol- ogy (P. Rundel) , aspects of modem floristics and traditional system- atics (G. Prance) , and research in botanical gardens (P.H. Raven) . This will be the first of an annual series of symposia planned at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and is intended to provide a forum primarily for botanists in the southwestern United States and adjacent regions of Mexico. On Friday evening (6:00-9:00 p.m.), an informal social occasion for all participants and speakers will be held in the home demonstra- tion garden at the Botanic Garden. Invited papers will be presented on Saturday, May 25th, in the auditorium in the main building complex. Library and herbarium facilities will be available during this meeting. Low-cost housing will be available at nearby Pomona College. Further information will be sent to registrants. Unfortunately, space is limited to 125. REGISTRATION FORM Yes, I plan to attend the symposium. Enclosed is my $30.00 registra- tion fee ($20.00 for students). NAME PROFESSIONAL ADDRESS Spouses and other guests may attend the Friday social event and Saturday meals for $30.00 ($20.00 for students). A cash bar will be available on Saturday evening prior to dinner. Please make checks payable to Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. Return this form to Botanical Systematics Symposium Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden 1500 North College Avenue Claremont, California 91711 □ Check this box if you are interested in a cost-sharing, one-day field trip on Sunday, May 26th. 8 D0_ SOMETHING MILD ! The wildlife tax checkoff has come to California! Legislation for the checkoff was intro- duced by Assemblyman Robert Campbell of Rich- mond , a member of the Assembly Committee on Water, Parks and Wildlife. It was signed by the governor in late October. Unlike many of the other states, Califor- nia's legislation will provide money only for endangered or rare species of fish, wildlife and plants. The mechanics of it work this way: under terras of the act, California income tax payers can enter any amount as their contribution to endangered wildlife, and they can contribute by way of the tax form on line 36 of the short form or line 90 on the long form. Also, the donation can be made either from the amount to be refunded or by adding an amount to the tax payment. Although the contribution will not be deductible on the state income tax form the following year, it is deductible on the fed- eral income tax form. Conservation organizations from all over California supported the legislation and at times provided the motivation to keep it on track at the Legislature. ^ "What impressed me," says Assemblyman Campbell, "was the diversity of conservation organizations involved in this legislation. We received help and supportive mail from fishing organizations, big national con- servation organizations and relatively small but active single purpose organizations from a single location." Action to promote the checkoff among the California population at large has already begun. Plans include radio and television public service announcements, special letters to tax preparers, even special newspaper ads where possible. Many of our fellow conservationists will be participating in the campaign by working with local broadcasters and press and through speaking engagements with local organizations. What kind of success can we expect with the California Endangered Species Checkoff? The state of New York, operating a non-specific wildlife checkoff, collected $1,700,000 the first year in spite of some political difficulties and the inability to penetrate New York City's television market. SHARE YOUR TAX RETURN Form 540 - Lino 90 Form 540 A - U no 30 9 FIELD TRIPS February 16, Saturday Fungus Foray , 10:00 a.m. Greg and Walt Wright of the L.A. Mycological Society will lead this field trip to Arroyo Trabuco, Orange County, to look for edible and poisonous fungi. Meet at 9:30 a.m. in the Day Use Park- ing Area of O’Neil Park. Besides a fungal foray, this trip will include a national history tour of this area which is not yet open to the public. Please call D. Bramlet at (714) 549-0647 or (714) 855-0222, Walt Wright at (714) 529-4134 or Shirley Van Der Sluis at (714) 990-9092 for further details. February 23, Saturday Laguna Hills, 10:30 a.m . Karlin Marsh will lead this Orange County CNPS chapter field trip to the San Joaquin Hills above Laguna Beach. We will be look- ing for Dudley a stolonif era, D. multioaulio and many other interest- ing species. Take Hwy 1 to South Laguna and meet in the parking lot across from the Treasure Island trailer park. February 24, Sunday Pushawalla Palms, 9:00 a.m. John Stewart of the Living Desert Reserve will lead this Riverside CNPS chapter field trip to the Pushawalla Palm oasis. Take Interstate 10 to Palm Springs and take the Washington Street exit. Meet at the parking lot of the Motel 6. Call Andy Sanders (714) 787-3601. March 9, Saturday Santa Margarita River, 9:30 a.m. This is a joint trip with the Orange County CNPS chapter. This trip will examine the Stewart Mesa area for vernal pools. % We will then explore the riparian habitat found at the junction of DeLuz Creek and the Santa Margarita River. Take Interstate 5 to Vandegriff Road and meet at the entrance to Camp Pendleton. Reservations by March 8 are a must, as clearances from the Marine Corps have yet to be received. Please call D. Bramlet (714) 855-0222 days or (714) 549-0647 evenings. March 24, Sunday Rare Plants of the Salton Basin, 7:00 a.m. John Stewart of the Living Desert Reserve will lead this Riverside CNPS field trip. The trip will search for Ditaxis adenophora, D. calif ornicum, Machaeranthera capoda, M. orcuttii and Pilosty les thurberi. Take HOE past Palm Springs to the Ramona/ Bob Hope Dr. exit on the Palm Desert Hwy 111. Go 2-3 miles to Portola Ave. and turn right on Portola. Go about 1-1/2 miles to the Living Desert Reserve. We will meet in the parking lot. Call Andy Sanders (714)787-3601 for details. 10 March 30 - April 7 Easter week trip to Baja California Walt Wright will lead a trip to southern Baja California over Easter week. Call Walt Wright at (714)529-4134 for details of the trip. Call as soon as possible! March 30 3 Saturday Chino Hills State Park 3 9:00 a.m. An Orange County CNPS trip to see the grasslands and walnut woodlands. Call D. Bramlet (714) 855-0222 or (714) 549-0647 for details. COMING 1985 EVENTS April 13 April 20-21 April 27 May 4 May 1 1 May 18-19 May 25 June 22 SCB Plant Sale Mojave Desert with CNPS Riverside Chapter Palms to Pines Trip 3 SCB Chiquito Basin Otay Mtn . Antelope Valley Mesa del Burro San Bernardino Mtns. FIELD TRIP LEADERS NEEDED As your new field trip chairman, I need your help in locating qualified leaders for field trips. If you would like to volunteer or know of someone I could contact, please call me at (714) 855-0222 or 549-0647. Dave Bramlet BACK ISSUES OF CR0SS0S0MA Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available at six (6) dollars per volume plus one dollar for postage and handling. Inquiries should be addressed to: Editor— CROSSOSOMA, Department of Biologi- cal Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Please state the volumes desired and include payment in your order. Checks should be made to Southern California Botanists. CROSSOSOMA is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Southern California Botanists, a non-profit association. Dues are on a calendar year basis. Regular $6.00. Students and Retirees $4.00. Groups $10.00. We thank all those who promptly remitted their 1985 dues. All others, please send your checks. This Journal can only be sent to members whose dues are current. 11 SCB COMING EVENTS February 16 February 23 February 24 March 9 March 24 March 30-April 7 March 30 April 13 April 20-21 April 27 May 4 May 11 May 18-19 May 2 5 June 22 Fungus Foray, Arroyo Trabuco, Orange County Laguna Hills Pushawalla Palms Santa Margarita River Rare Plants of the Salton Basin Baja California Chino Hills State Park SCB Plant Sale, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Mojave Desert Palms to Pines Trip Chiquito Basin Otay Mtn. Antelope Valley Mesa del Burro San Bernardino Mtns. 0^ § c- 0*. -c p’ o H cr. l -C f 0 & n OQ (I) i -C: | £ & l O -* oT cr» §1 o o r> 3 O 3" >9 CD = ■ CD , CO "■J CD H > < 3 CO 03 O M o x SP 3 D Z Qj n “ Tl □3 O o 3 S' z 1- > £> o c/> ■H CO I ^ o y FEB 1 5 19B5 BOTAisi ^mRDEN Xfi .RTf v V r*<> ^ CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont CA 91711 Crossosoma Vol. 11, No. 2 Issue Editors: Mona Myatt and Marvin Chesebro Managing Editor: C. Eugene Jones April, 1985 A CENSUS 0_F BEE POLLINATORS IN_ LARGE ANO SMALL POPULATIONS OF THE CAMPHOR WEED ( TR ICHOSTEMA LANCEOLATUM ) George F. Howe Division of Natural Science and Mathematics Los Angeles Baptist College P. O. Box 878 Newhall, CA 91322 Trioho8tema lanceolatum Benth. , commonly known as camphor weed or vinegar weed, is one of the western North American species of Trichostema , a genus of plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae) . T. lanceolatum grows on dry plains and low hills from cismontane California to Washington. Its common name arises from the pungent aroma of compounds secreted by the numerous glands covering its stem and leaves. ^ The flowers of T. lanceolatum have an S-rshaped floral tube with the anthers and pistil protruding above the petals as described by Howe (in press). The petals serve as a landing site for bees and other pollinators. The weight of the pollinator on these petals and the thrust of sucking mouth parts into the nectar tube cause the anther and style mechanism to flex rapidly downward and strike the back of the insect. Such an arrangement warrants a deeper under- standing of the types and numbers of pollinators which visit these fascinating flowers. T. Spira (1978) found T . lanceolatum to have the highest nectar production of all the insect pollinated species of Trichostema. Thus pollinator frequencies for this plant would likewise be of interest from the standpoint of honey production. The rate and type of nectar production, percentage of seed set., and other floral characteristics for the western North American species of Trichostema were estimated by T. Spira (1978, 1980, 1981). Although he analyzed the distribution of pollen on the bodies of bees collected in Trichostema fields, Spira did not determine the relative T numbers of pollinator bees present in these same populations. Evi- dently there has been no such study of pollinator frequencies in Trichostema lanceolatum fields as Spira's papers are the only ones that have dealt with pollination in these plants. In the present study I have attempted to determine the differ- ences in pollinator frequencies between seven small populations of T. lanceolatum and one large one. While such study has academic importance, the behavior of domestic and wild bees in fields of wild plants has been shown to have profound influence on pollination and seed set in fields of crop plants nearby (Anonymous, 1976). One of the small populations in this study consisted of 16 plants growing in a cluster 5 m. in diameter in a vacant lot, 30 meters west of Apple Street, Newhall, California. There were no other populations of T. lanceolatum near this small one but other species blooming in that same study area 'included Braasica geniculata (Desf.) J. Ball., Eremocarpus setigerua (Hook.) Benth. , and Stephano- meria virgata Benth. Adjoining this field to the west was a small chaparral stand composed of Adenostoma fasciculatum H. & A. , Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth., Quercua agri folia Nee, Q. dumosa Nutt. , Q, lobata Nee and Sambucus sp. Pollinator counts in this Apple Street population were taken over 10 minute intervals either by counting bees on all 16 plants at once or by watching only one very large plant. A tally was kept of each pollinator bee that visited the plant (s) and triggered the pollen mechanism of at least one flower during that time interval. Although quite simple, such observation and counting provided direct information concerning the numbers and kinds of bees triggering the flowers of T . lanceolatum. The 10 minute observational periods spanned seven days from 22 July to 22 August 1983, at various times ranging from 07:20 to 16:30. There were 19 such trials, a total of 190 minutes at Apple Street. The data are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Total numbers of various bees observed pollinating flowers In one large and several small populations of T_;_ lanceolatum near Newhall, California. Pollinator Apis melllfera L. Anthophora urbana c reason Bombus sonorus say Population Population Site Number of Pollinator Visits Total Visits 1 Percentage of Total Apple St. Small 3 74 4 Me Be an Parkway Small 1 35 3 Pico Canyon Rd . Large 189 51? 37 Apple St. Small 57 74 77 McBean Parkway Small 7 35 20 Pico Canyon Rd . Large 79 512 15 Apple St. Small 14 74 19 McBean Parkway Small 27 35 ft Pico Canyon Rd. Large 244 512 l Total visits by all bee pollinators in that population. 2 On 22 August, 1983, between 15:00 and 17:00 an additional 90 minutes were spent making similar 10 minute pollinator counts in six other small populations of T. lanceolatum scattered along a grassy ridge about 300 meters north of Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital, McBean Parkway, Newhall, California. Data from these six additional small populations are also reported in Table 1. The one large T . lanceolatum population of this study grew on the north side of Pica Canyon Rd., Newhall, California, in the stubble of oat plants that had been cut and harvested earlier. Here camphor weed plants were so numerous that pollinator counts could be made most effectively by walking into the field and recording all the pollinating bees visible within an estimated radius of seven meters while the observer was turning slowly through a complete circle in a time period of 60 seconds. After one such tally, 10 paces were taken further into this large population and the process repeated. A total of 63 such circular, one minute surveys was made on four different dates — 13, 16, 21, and 22 August, 1983, between 09:00 to 10:00 or 14:00 to 16:00. These data likewise appear in Table 1. In all eight populations of T. lanceolatum the following bees were present: Anthophora urbana Cresson, mason bees; Apis mellifera L. , honeybees; and Bombua sonorus Say, bumblebees. Only one individ- ual carpenter bee ( Xylocopa sp.) was seen visiting flowers, whereas Spira (1980) reported Xylocopa individuals as being prominent polli- nators during one of the two seasons he studied T. lanceolatum in central California. Occasionally I observed moths such as the woodland skipper ( 0chlode8 sylvanoides sylvanoid.es , Boisduval) and the field skipper ( Atalopedes campestris , Boisduval) pollinating camphor weed plants but no numerical record was kept of these moth visits. The most frequent bee pollinator of T. lanceolatum in the Apple Street (small) population was A . urbana (77% of all visits) , with B. sonorus second (19%), and A. mellifera last (4%) — see Table 1. In the six other small populations (near McBean Parkway) B. sonorus had the highest visitation rate (77%) followed by A. urbana (20%) , and A. mellifera (3%). Thus either the mason bee or the bumblebee figured as the lead pollinator in these small populations and in each case honeybees avoided camphor weeds. In the one large field of T. lanceolatum at Pico Canyon Road, however, the honeybee foragers showed widespread acceptance of cam- phor weed plants (37% of all visits) , although here the bumblebees had the highest visitation rate (48%) and mason bees were lowest (15%) . Thus in the seven populations where T. lanceolatum was low in numbers, honeybees avoided them in favor of other nearby plants but in one very large camphor weed population honeybees were a 3 significant pollination vector. Such behavior may be explained to some extent in terms of flower specialty habits of the bees and their foraging strategies. Butler (1974,. p. 190) wrote that "... as long as there is an abundance of rich syrup, or nectar, available at a given place honeybees that have found this source of food will confine their attention to it for many hours and even for days together." Minder - hout (1931) also noted that honeybees in a large population of plants were constant not only to that one plant species but also to a cer- tain small number of those plants in a foraging area that averaged only 10 m 2 within the much larger field. A pattern of constancy like Minderhout described may have prevailed at Pico Canyon Road where the honeybees were presented with a large number of Trichostema lanaeolatum plants in close proximity and perhaps had specialized on camphor weed even though they were found to avoid the same plant at other locations. The low level of A, mellifera participation in pollination of T. lanaeolatum at all the seven small populations (Apple Street and McBean Parkway) cannot be attributed to reduced numbers of honeybees, since many of these bees were observed actively working flowers of other plant species at these same locations. At the Apple Street site, for example, honeybees showed a consistent preference for nearby Braasica genioulata and Stephanomeria virgata plants as opposed to the 16 individuals of T. lanaeolatum . Perhaps the honey- bees had already specialized on B. genioulata or S. virgata elsewhere as these species have a much wider overall spatial distribution than T, lanaeolatum in the Newhall vicinity. The neglect of small camphor weed populations by honeybees may have thus depended on the small size and spare ity of these camphor weed populations. Additionally, such avoidance of camphor weed by honeybees may have resulted from relatively low nectar yields. Although T. Spira showed that camphor weeds have the highest production of nectar among the western species of Triohoatema, nectar production in T . lanaeo- latum may possibly be lower than that of B. genioulata or other pre- ferred species. The neglect of small camphor weed populations by honeybees may have further depended on color, odor, and/or floral morphology. Camphor weed secretes some highly aromatic compounds which may be mildly offensive to honeybees. Butler (1974) reported that the odor of solvents from his bee-marking procedures could disorient a treated bee for several minutes. Heinrich (1983) found that bumblebees dis- tinguished between flowers that are difficult to handle and those that require no skill to manipulate. Perhaps honeybees specialize more readily on simpler flowers like mustard or Stephanomeria than on the more complex flowers of Trichostema. At any rate, it was obvious 4 that honeybees made more frequent visits to, mustard flowers than to Triahostema lanaeolatum. Linsley and MacSwain (1947) also found a distinct preference for mustard among honeybees such that the per- centage of honeybees working alfalfa for pollen was increased when nearby mustard fields were cut. Individual bumblebees ( Bombus sonorus) moved between flowers of different species. Clements and Long (1923) found that only 49% of pollen loads carried by Bombus individuals were purer 51% mixed, whereas Grant (1950, p. 380) reported that "... species of bumble- bees are relatively inconstant..." Henrich (1983) concluded that bumblebees routinely major on one species of flower while minor ing on others. Thus the apparent "inconstancy" of bumblebees in this present study evidently stemmed from their majoring on one of the species present while minoring on two or three others. Heinrich (1983) further indicates that since bunblebees have neither scouts nor hive communication systems, the bees are best served by a pattern of sampling among their major and minor species. He reported that the bumblebees can change a minor to a major on one foraging trip and can thus more readily maximize foraging efficiency. Concerning the mason bee, Spira (1980, p. 279) had noted that A. urbana was an important pollinating agent in T. lanaeolatum popu- lations during both years of his study in central California, although census data were not provided. Reports on the degree of specialization or flower constancy of several species of mason bees are varied. Linsley and MacSwain (1942) found a rigid specialization of A. linsleyi in collecting pollen from Salvia aarduaea Benth. in the Mohave Desert where the bees by-passed other plants to obtain sage pollen even though ^this necessitated flying more than a mile from their nest. Bennett (1874) found that in a mixed field of Lamium album and L. purpureum , Anthophora retusa bees visited only the L. album . By way of con- contrast, however. Grant (1950) reprinted data from studies in Colo- rado to show that only 20% of the pollen loads carried by Anthophora bees were pure loads. In this present study, mason bees were the major species polli- nating camphor weeds at the Apple Street site and they played a sig- nificant role at all of the other locations as well. I found A. urbana to have a high degree of specialization in that individual mason bees were not observed to visit several species in succession. In this locality, camphor weed plants grow and flower from late May through August or September. Since this is well after the har- vest of grains such as oats, it might prove feasible to sow T. lanaeo - latum seed along with the oats. After oat harvest, the camphor weeds would grow and provide valuable nectar forage for honeybees, as 5 occurred here in the Pica Canyon Road oat field. There may be other species of native California plants which could be raised in conjunc- tion with grain production for their nectar yield. Camphor weed seems especially suited since its entire growing season follows grain harvest and it does not persist as a pernicious weed like mus- tard. In conclusion, I found the solitary mason bee, Anthophora urbana, and the social bumblebee, Bombus sonorus , to be of major importance in the pollination of T. lanceolatum plants in both large and small plant populations. Honeybees, however, played an active part in camphor weed pollination only in the one large population studied. While some aspects of this behavior are understandable, more infor- mation is necessary to account for honeybees avoiding the camphor weeds in the small populations while visiting them in large popula- tions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Roy Snelling of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History for identifying each of the bees mentioned in this paper and Julian Donahue of that same institution for identifying the two moths. LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 1976. Agricultural Handbook No. 496. Agr. Resh. Serv. , US DA. Bennett, A. W. 1874. On the fertilisation of certain Labia tae. Nature 10:92-93. Betts, A. D. 1920. The constancy of the pollen-collecting bee. Bee World 2:10-11. Butler, C. G. 1974. The world of the honeybee. Collins, London. Clements, F. E. and F. L. Long. 1923. Experimental pollination. An outline of the ecology of flowers and insects. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Pbl. 336. Frisch, K. von. 1953. The dancing bees. Harcourt Brace and World, Inc., N.Y. Grant, V. 1950. The flower constancy of bees. Bot. Rev. 16-379-398. Heinrich, B. 1983. Insect foraging energetics. In C. E. Jones and R. J. Little, Handbook of experimental pollination biology. Scientific and Academic Editions, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc. New York. pp. 187-214. Howe, G. F. in press. A note on the trigger pollination mechanism in the camphor weed [Triohos tema lanceolatum) as related to pollinator weight and behavior. Bulletin of The Southern California Academy of Sciences. Linsley, E. G. and J. W. McSwain. 1942. The parasites, predators, and inquiline associates of Anthophora linsley i . Am. Mid. Nat. 27:402-417. . 1947. Factors influencing the effectiveness of insect pollinators of alfalfa in California. Jour. Econ. Ent. 40;349-3 j7 6 Minderhout, A. 1931. Ubersuchungen dber das Betragen der Honig- biene als Bliitenst&uberin. Gartenblarwiss 4:343-362. Spira, T. 1978. Floral parameters associated with breeding system and pollinator type in Triahostema (Labiatae) . Master of Arts Thesis, Cal. State Univ. Chico. . 1980. Floral parameters, breeding system and pollinator type in Triahostema (Labiatae) . Amer. J. Bot. 67 (3) : 278-284 . r - 1981. Nectar-sugars and pollinator types in California Trichos tema (Labiatae). Madrono 28:44. WHALE - WATCHING EXPEDITION TO SAN IGNACIO LAGOON , BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR , MEXICO Robert F. Thorne Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Claremont, California 91711 January 30, 1985, Dr. Kenneth Stager, Emeritus Curator of Ornithology and Mammology at the Los Angeles Museum of Natural His- tory, and I, Curator of the Herbarium at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, left Fisherman's Landing at San Diego on the large fishing cruiser, Qualifier 105, as the two naturalists on an eight-day, whale- watching cruise along the Pacific Coast of Baja California to the Laguna San Ignacio in. Baja California Sur, Mexico, south of the Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon's Lagoon) . The crew of six hoped to show the 30 Coloradoans on tour with Ports o' Call, based in Denver, numerous gray whales, elephant seals, California sea-lions, dolphins, and other sea mammals , many aquatic birds and numerous flowering plants at the Laguna and also en route on the Islas San Benito del Oeste, Cedros, and San Martin. After a day and night of cruising, we arrived on the morning of January 31 west of Isla Cedros at Isla San Benito del Oeste, a dry, rocky island about one square mile in area (2.5 for all three San Benito islands) and rising in the center to a height of about 600 feet. Aside from the island plants, the main attractions of the West Island are the harems of elephant seals, carefully guarded by the huge, battle-scarred beachmasters ready to challenge all male comers, the small Cassin's awklets then nesting in their burrows, the friendly feral burros, and perhaps ten pairs of ospreys nesting along the shores. The three skiffs from the Qualifier were quickly launched and used to transport the 32 tourists and naturalists to the presently all-but-deserted fishing village at the east end of the island. The flora of the three San Benito islands is sparse, some 40 natives, including 15 ephermerals, and 5 introduced weeds, presenting an open cover of maritime desert scrub, well supplied with cacti and agaves. 7 We managed to photograph, collect, or otherwise observe four weeds and 28 native plants on San Benito del Oeste. Especially exciting for me were the four endemics or near -endemics, Dudley a linearis (Greene) Britt. & Rose, Hemizonia streetsii A. Gray, Mammillaria neopalmeri Craig, and Lavatera venosa S. Wats. The reported Cryptantha patula Greene was not found, but in the effort to collect it, I amassed eight sheets of the similar and abundant Cryptantha maritima (Greene) Greene. We found only one colony of the Dudley a and most of the Hemizonia was not yet flowering. Aside from the showy Lavatera most of the color on the island was supplied by the yellow ray-flowers of Encelia California Nutt., blue-violet flowers of Dichelostemma pulchellum (Salisb.) Heller, blue-dicks, orange petals of Eschscholzia ramosa Greene, the abundant island California-poppy, the white-bracted cyathea of Euphorbia misera Benth., and the white ray-flowers of Perityle emoryi Torr. , a tiny daisy. Abundant also were Agave sebastiana Greene, not yet in bloom, Frankenia palmeri S. Wats., with tiny, white star-flowers, the obnox- ious Opuntia prolifera Engelm. , which was unduly familiar with the lady tourists and one careless botanist, the thorny Lycium califor- nicum Nutt, ex A. Gray, the yellowish flowered Atriplex barclayana (Benth.) D. Dietr. ssp. dilatata (Greene) Hall & Clem., and the delightful and abundant colonies of nipplewort, Mammillaria , just opening up small white blossoms. Below tide line the surf -grass, probably Phy'llospadix torreyi S. Wats, (not flowering) was most prolific. After climbing to the deserted lighthouse on the north end of the island at about 300 feet, we consumed our box-lunches and circled the central hill to return to the village in the early afternoon. Transported back to our ship, we broke out the fishing rods aftd quickly filled a barrel with highly edible Pacific white fish, returning to the deep many more smaller fish not deemed keepers by the crew. Needless to relate, we ate high off the hog and fisheries on our trip, having fantastic meals of fish, sushi, bouillabaisse, chowder, lobster tails, clams, scallops, etc. Coffee, tea, cold drinks, cookies, and candy were always available for snacks, and a happy hour late each afternoon before supper kept the passengers in good spirits. We crossed the bar at Laguna San Ignacio next morning, Feb. 1, to spend three days here studying the numerous whales, sea birds, mangrove thickets, salinas (salt-flats) , clam and scallop beds among the eel-grass, Zostera marina L., shell beaches, and rolling dunes. The weather was often cool, windy, and sometimes rainy so that the whales, though abundant and busy with their calves or amorous acti- vities, were not enthusiastic about lolling on the surface to be petted or scratched. That would come with warmer weather. 1 found 8 the botanizing excellent and the engineer generous in placing my presses in the warm engine room to avoid mildew. Besides being the best whaling lagoon in Baja California, San Ignacio is the northern- most station on the Pacific, coast for the two mangroves, Rhizophora mangle L., the red mangrove, and Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f., the white mangrove of the Combretaceae. Here the mangroves, however, are hardly more than shrubs, forming extensive but low thickets, below and at the tide line along with marshes of the salt- water cord grass, Spartina foliosa Trin. Abundant behind these tidal plant communities in the low salinas were numerous halophytes of the genera Allenrolf ea , Anthrocnemum , Atriplex , Batis , Monantho- chloe, Salicornia , Sesuvium , Sporobolus , and Suaeda . Most exciting to me on the salt-flats, dunes, and coquina rock ridges were south- ern or local species not seen in northern Baja California, especially Atriplex frankenioides R. Moran,- Sesuvium portulacastrum L., Sporo- bolus virginiaus (L. ) Kunth, Enoelia laciniata Vasey & Rose, E. pal - meri Vasey & Rose, E . ventorum Brandegee, Astragalus magdalenae Greene, Cryptantha angelica Jtn. , Chaenactis lacera Greene, Drymaria viscosa S. Wats., Porophyllum maritimum Brandegee, and an unknown, succulent Camissonia . On the higher coquina ridges a few of the Vizcaino Desert species were observed, especially Fouquieria diquetii (Van Tiegh.) I. M. Jtn., with brilliant red, tubular flowers, Jatropha cinerea (C. G. Ortega) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Capparis atamis- quea (Miers) 0. Ktze. , Pachycereus pringlei (S. Wats.) Britt & Rose, Yucca valida Brandegee, Stenocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Gibson, Opuntia cholla Weber, Lophocereus schottii (Engelm) Britt. & Rose, and Sarcostemma arenarium Decne. Great quantities of sand-dollars , bivalves, and other shells were gathered by this and other beachcombers. Also the ornitholo- gists among us were delighted to see many birds new to our life- lists: reddish egret, black brant, surf scoter, greater yellowlegs, dunlin, long-billed dowitcher, western sandpiper, Bonaparte gull, royal tern, mangrove warbler, savannah sparrow, along with great numbers of more familiar herons, egrets, white ibis, shore birds, gulls, raptors, owls, warblers, etc. After crossing the Laguna bar, another bout of fabulous fishing over a secret fishing hold off Punta Abreojos quickly filled another fish barrel on the afternoon of our third day. Then we headed north to Isla Cedros, which we reached on the morning of Feb. 4. While spending some time in the skiffs observing the elephant seal and sea- lion harems under the firm control of the beachmasters and playing with the yearling sea-lions cavorting in the clear water around us, we had the good fortune to observe a vicious battle between two elephant-seal harem bulls. The aggressive challenger, a huge, scarred veteran, was soundly thrashed and driven into the water 9 bleeding profusely from a bad head wound. He thus lost his entire harem and was seen later hauled out on another beach somewhat to the north. Other, younger bulls, not yet ready to challenge the beach- masters, also lay among the sea-lions, apparently on good terms with these smaller mammals. With the mammalian photography out of the way, we headed far- ther north to a small village near the north end of Cedros, where the skiffs landed the hikers. Most of the tourists preferred to skirt the coast north to the lighthouse, but nine hardy hikers joined me to climb up the old copper mine canyon (Canada de la Mina) , with three of them persevering with me to the pine ridge above the mine. For our efforts, we four were thoroughly soaked by a rainstorm that came over the Pacific ridge to terminate our warm, sunny day of hiking and botanizing. Despite the difficult climb and miserable rain, we managed to haul back to the skiffs about 60 numbers of exciting plants, many of them endemic to Isla Cedros or at least originally named from island collections. Above the mine we collect- ed the endemic pine, Pinus radiata D. Don ssp. cedrosenaia (J. T. Howell) Nemo and the California juniper, Juniperua calif ornica Carr., after which the island is named, along with such exciting endemics as Dudley a pachyphytum Moran & Benedict, not described until 1980, and a marvelous, thick-leaved, glaucous rosette plant, Senecio cedroaeneia Greene, Eriogonum molle Greene and its hybrid with E. faacicu latum Benth. , E . wrightii Torr. ex. Benth. ssp. taxifolium (Greene) Stokes, Teucrium glanduloaum Kell., Lotua nudatua (Greene) Greene, L. cedroaenaia Greene, and Haplopappua venetus (H.B.K.) S. F. Blake ssp. tridentatua (Greene) Hall. On the rocky slopes down the canyon toward its mouth and below the old mine, we collected other special plants like the white-\ Monocots. Part II From Juncaceae to Orchidaceae, "A man- ual for rhe identification of plants cultivated in Europe, out of doors and under glass." Descriptive keys, dia- grams, gloss, citat./illus . $59.50 FLOWER ARRANGEMENT Embertson, Jane Pods: Wild flowers and Weeds/ in Final Beauty Field guide to 150 species of wild- flower pods and weed pods, 450 full color photos showing flower in bloom, its pod and a dried arrangement. Glos- sary and index. $13.95 GARDEN DESIGN Saville, Diana Walled Gardens — Their Planting & Design Practical information on design, choice of plants and building of walls, hedges, Mostly plants for different climates, aspects and design roles. Selected successful gardens. $42.00 GARDEN ESSAYS Perenyi, Eleanor Green Thoughts Delightful thoughts on horticulture arr. alphabetically. 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For non-specialist. $7.95 MONOGRAPHS Ruah, Werner Brome liads English translation of two volume German work (1973) . 134 color plates, 315 black and white, 90 line drawings. Botany, collecting, propagation, accli- matizing. Landmark book. $25.00 Eliovson, Sima Proteas for pleasure 99 close-up color photos in this 6th edition. Names, cultivation, propaga- tion, selection, landscaping and cut- ting proteas by South Africa's leading garden writer.* $19.95 Stover, Hermine The Sanseveria Book Humorous account? Many new and old species described and photographed, normal and dwarf, cultural information, sources, drawings, propagation. $12.95 Moir, W.W.G. & Moir, M.A. Breeding Variegata Oncidiums Experiences of 30 years' work breeding Oncidiums. The dominances and reces- siveness of species including avoiding obstacles and pitfalls. $12.00 Moir, W.W.G. & Moir, M.A. Creating Oncidiinae Intergeherics Making hybrids of combinations of the Oncidiinae. How to add genera to crosses in proper sequence, influence of chromosomes, maintaining proper environments. $12.00 Moir, W.W.G. & Moir, M.A. Laeliinae Intergenerios Lists and describes all the crosses in this group. Breeding information, full color photos and personal anec- dotes. Observations, records and environment. $12.00 PLANT EXPLORERS Black, David Carl Linnaeus Travels Extracts from Linnaeus journals, obser- vations from three expeditions through Sweden. Illustrated with paintings by Stephen Lee, an artist of the 1970's. $4.75 PLANT MATERIALS California State Department of Water Resources Plants of California Landscapes "A catalogue of drought tolerant plants." Lists include botanical and common name, growing zones, plant type and general notes. Lists demonstration gardens. $2.50 Duf field, Mary R. & Jones, Warren D. Plants for Dry Climates 500 color photos. Complete descriptions of 300 species including low maintenance and drought-resistant. Uses, soil, sun, water and temperature requirements. $7.95 Hoyt, Roland Stewart Ornamental Plants for Subtropical Regions Classic work written in 1930's in San Diego. Lists: Plant type, structural form, cultur- al aspects, purpose adaptation, ornamental characters-, alphabetical genus description. $13.95 Labadie , Emi le L. Ground Covers in the Landscape 125 ground covers alphabetically arranged by Latin genus name, text page opposite full page line drawing. Keys to woody and herbaceous ground covers, characteristics and uses list. $12.95 Labadie, Emile L. Ground Covers in the Landscape Excellent line drawings face over 100 listings of woody and herbaceous ground covers. Key to plants described. Lists of plants by color and uses afterward. $10.95 Labadie, Emile L. Ornamental Shrubs for Western Landscapes Excellent line drawings illustrate encyclopedic listing of 125 selected broad- leaf shrubs. Includes a key to the shrubs described. Habit & cultivation. $10.95 Mathias, Mildred E. Flowering Plants in the Landscape Previously issued as "Color for the Land- scape: Flowering Plants for Subtropical Climates." Spectacular color photqp and description of extraordinary plants. Paperback* $10.95 Mathias, Mildred E. , Ed. Flowering Plants in the Landscape Previously issued as "Color for the Land- scape: Flowering Plants for Subtropical Climates." Spectacular color photos and description of extraordinary plants. Hardbound. $16.95 Perry , Bob Trees & Shrubs for Dry CA Landscapes "Plants for water conservation" charts by climate zone, 490 quality color photos, plant compendium by generic name, special lists, planting guidelines. $32.50 Perry, Frances & Hay, Roy Field Guide to Tropical & Subtropical Plants Trees, shrubs, climbers, vines, waterside plants, low growing and creeping plants arranged alphabetically by Latin name. Color photos of 200 entries. $6.95 - 9 - PLANTS IN LITERATURE Chancellor, John Flowers and Fruits of the Bible Illustrated by original watercolors of W.H. McCheane, a retired British officer painting in the 1880's, opposite botany , symbolism# mythology of plants $14.95 Zohary, Michael Plants of the Bible 200 photos and 5 maps in full color. Accurate historical and scientific descriptions. Plants in their natural habitat, grouped by plant type. $16.95 SEEDS Plants of the Southwest Plants of the Southwest Informative catalogue of seeds especial- ly suited to growing in the southwest. Includes wildf lowers, grasses, trees, shrubs, cactus and vegetables. $2.25 TAXONOMY Harrington, H.D. How to Identify Grasses & Grasslike Plants 500 drawings and illustrated glossary. Based on the author's work with thou- sands of students in identification of grasses. List of sources. Basic mor- phology and equipment necessary. $8.95 Smith, J.P. Vascular Plant Families "An introduction to the families of vascular plants native to North Ameri- ca." Excellent line drawings by K.E. Simpson. For the beginning taxonomy student. Flower formulas. $10.35 TREES & SHRUBS Peterson, P.V. & Peterson, Jr. P.V. Native Trees of the Sierra Nevada Color paintings and black and white drawings. Key and scientifically accu- rate descriptions. California Natural History Guide #36. $1.95 Thomas, J.H. Parnel, D.K. Native Shrubs of the Sierra Nevada California Natural History Guide #34. Line drawings and color photos of Sierra shrubs. Includes key to idenitfy the common shrubs. Accurate description. $1.95 Arnold, Henry F. Trees in Urban Design Principles of design, choice of type, exemplary views, tree care systems, growth characteristics, soil volume requirements, adaptive capabilities of trees. $14.95 WEEDS Parker, Kittie F. Arizona Weeds 159 full page black and white drawings, classification, prohibited and restricted weed seed, weed names and identification, glossary, bibliography, glossary, index. $8.50 - 10 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF SCB OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS Sherry Schmidt, Secretary, S.C.B. I was born in Northridge , California, and moved to Yorba Linda in 1969. At that time Yorba Linda was dominated by rolling hills and Orange County still had orange groves. How quickly things change I I used to love to walk in the hills between Yorba Linda and Carbon Canyon. My early interest in plants began on those walks as I tried to identify the edible plants of the area. However, I was often dis- appointed by the taste of the so-called edibles that the edible plant books raved about. So much for being a vegetarian. I presently live in Silverado Canyon and I still take walks in the hills. I have given up on edible plants though. My favorite outdoor activity is backpacking. I spend as much time as possible during the summer months in the Sierra Nevada moun- tain range. My interest in biology stemmed from a curiosity about the animals and plants I encountered there. I pursued that interest by attending Fullerton College, which offered a number of field courses in biology and field botany. I received my first formal introduction to the plants of Southern California in those courses. I continued my education at University of Montana where I re- ceived my B.A. When I returned to California, I found that a B.A. did not guarantee a job, especially when one lacks practical experience. I decided to pursue a master's degree at California State University, Fullerton, which I finally completed last May. My research was con- ducted in the Cottonwood Basin of the Sierra Nevada on the ecology of two species of shooting star, Dodecatheon jeffreyi and Dodecatheon redolens . It was a perfect excuse to spend two summers in the back- country 1 ^ Although the emphasis of my graduate degree was in Botany, I consider myself more of a general biologist than a botanist. Pres- ently, I am a part-time instructor at CSUF and Mt. San Antonio College. As a "freeway flier" I have had a chance to teach a number of courses including human anatomy and physiology, health science and general botany. I hope to have a full-time teaching position in the future. I also hope to have a chance to initiate a series of field courses which would enable students to learn about the natural history of local areas and perhaps develop an environmental awareness. 11 RANCHO S^ISTTA^ JLNJl BOTANIC C3r -A. R IDE 1ST CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA ei'7’11 TELEPHONE (Vl-i) QSQ-3S2S Aliso is an important journal of systematic and evolutionary botany which began in 1948. During the last 36 years, this publi- cation has contained numerous major works by such widely regarded scientists as Philip Munz, Verne Grant, Sherwin Carlquist, Lee Lenz , Richard Benjamin, Robert Thorne, and Ron Scogin. But now Aliso is changing! Beginning in 1985, we will increase the number of pages and issues printed each year, enlarge the size to improve the quality of reproduction of plates, and open our jour- nal to a larger number of non-staff contributors. Two issues con- taining about 300-400 pages will be published each year rather than a single issue. This will provide new opportunities for publishing outstanding contributions from botanists. If you are interested in learning more about the submission of manuscripts to Aliso plesae request a set of instructions for contributors from: R. K. Benjamin, Editor Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden 1500 North College Avenue Claremont, CA 91711 Aliso is a journal devoted to the publication of original papers dealing with botanical systematics and evolution. However, botanical studies relating to cytology, ecology, genetics, geography, morphology, and physiology will be welcomed for consideration by the Editorial Board. Pre-Publication Announcement A FLORA OF SAN. DIEGO COUNTY This publication is an annotated distributional listing of native and adventive exotic plant species known to occur in San Diego County, California. Each taxon will be given with known collection sites, the elevational range within San Diego County, associated plant community and region, published chromosome count, as well as synonomy as it relates to San Diego County collections of that taxon. Diagnostic keys will aid in determination of species but no species descriptions will be included, except for those taxa described since 1974. An introductory chapter will address vegetation and floristic associations within San Diego County, as well as the history of botanical collecting in that region. A vegetation map of San Diego 12 County, prepared by Thomas A. Oberbauer, will be included as part of the publication. The book is expected to involve over 250 pages. Over 2000 plant taxa occur within San Diego County. Pre-publication purchases are needed to support publication costs. Purchases are to be made by check made out to R. Mitchel Beauchamp. Pre-publication cost per copy is $18. Send orders to Pacific Southwest Biological Services, Post Office Box 985, National City, California 92050. FIELD TRIPS AND EVENTS June 1 San Mateo Marsh , 9:30 a.m. Celia Kutcher of the Orange County CNPS will lead this trip into this fresh water marsh. We will explore the marsh in the morning, then lunch on the beach. In the afternoon we will examine coastal strand and riparian habitat. Take 1-5 to San Clemente, then turn off at. Cristianitos Road. Turn left and park along El Camino Real. Meet in front of the bike path. Bring lunch and water; be prepared for poison oak and some cross country hiking. June 7-9 San Pedro Martir By reservation only. Send SASE to guarantee reservation. Call Dave Bramlet at (714) 549-0647 for details. June 22-23 San Bernardino Mountains Andy Sanders will lead this Riverside/San Bernardino - Santa Monica CNPS Chapters field trip. Meet at the Mill Creek Ranger Station at 9:30 a.m. Be prepared for overnight camping in Forest Service Campgrounds. Call Andy Sanders (787-3601) for details. (For information on July and August field trips 3 call Dave Bramlet.) PLANT SALE A SUCCESS \ \ The SCB Plant and Book Sale held at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden on Saturday, April 13, 1985, was a big success. A special THANKS to Geoff Smith and all the volunteers who made this event run so smoothly. GREAT JOB ! 13 BOARD OF DIRECTORS SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BQTAN I STS - - 1 98 5 Mona Myatt (Pres.) 6421 N. Golden West Ave. Temple City, 91780 (818)302-1466 (W) (818)447-0755 (H) Barry Prigge (1st VP) Herb & Bot. Garden UCLA, Los Angeles, 90024 (213)825-3620 (W) DIRECTORS : James Bauml 1140 E. Orange Grove Blvd. Pasadena, 91104 (213)702-2504 Jack Burk Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-3678 (W) (714)993-3419 (H) Marvin Chesebro 510 West Sixth St. , #523 Los Angeles, 90014 (213)627-4878 (W) (213)939-3081 (H) Don Coughlin 5061 Bushnell Street Riverside, 92505 (714)351-1959 (H) (714)780-3571 (W) David Bramlet (2nd VP) 1691 Mesa Dr. , Apt. A-2 Santa Ana, 92707 (714)855-0222 (W) (714)549-0647 (H) Sherry Schmidt (Sec.) P.0. Box 771 Silverado, 92676 (714)649-2283 Suzanne Granger 3269 N. Summit Ave. Altadena, 91001 (213)791-3393 C. Eugene Jones Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-3548 (W) (714)528-1705 (H) R. John Little 18141 Theodora Drive Tustin, 92680 (714)662-4042 (W) (714)832-8841 (H) Andy Sanders 422 Campus View Drive Riverside, 92507 (714)787-3601 Alan Romspert (Tr/Mem) Dept, of Biological Sci CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-2428 (W) (714)870-0946 (H) Leo Song Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-2766 (W) (714)538-6316 (H) Robert Thorne Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. 1500 North College Ave. Claremont, 91711 (714)625-8767 (W) (714)624-7191 (H) David L. Walkington Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-2460 (W) Geoff Smith 270 West Valencia Mesa Dr. Fullerton, 92632 (714)771-8000, ext. 371 (W) (714)441-1049 (H) BACK ISSUES 0£ CROSSQSOMA Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available at six (6) dollars per volume plus one dollar for postage and handling. Inquiries should be addressed to: Editor — CROSSOSOMA , Department of Biologi- cal Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Please state the volumes desired and include payment in your order. Checks should be made to Southern California Botanists. CROSSOSOMA is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit corporation exempt from taxes under Sec. 501(C)3 of the Internal Revenue Code. Dues are on a calendar year basis. Regular $6.00. Students and Retirees $4.00. Groups $10.00. We thank all those who promptly remitted their 1985 dues. All others, please send your checks. This Journal can only be sent to members whose dues are current. 14 - PLEASE HELP RECRUIT SCB MEMBERS The Board of Directors of the Southern California Botanists has a problem facing us this year. We will either have to raise our membership dues or increase our membership number. Please pass the membership form (below) on to a friend who might be interested in the Southern California Botanists. The total membership on our mailing list at this time numbers 423. The paid membership at this time is 292. Please check your mailing label for the status of your membership. The number to the right of your mailing label indicates the year through which your dues are paid. Thank you for your past support in our program of field trips, student grants, symposia, pot lucks and especially our publication, Crossosoma. I know we can look forward to an even better year. Alan Romspert Membership-Treasurer The purpose of the SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS is the study, preservation and conservation of the native plants of California and the education of the public to the value of the native flora and its habitats. It is a non-profit association formed in 1927. Membership benefits include: Various field trips throughout the state led by competent field botanists and biologists? a yearly plant sale featuring native California species; an annual symposium on various aspects of the California vegetation; the SCB journal, CROSSOSOMA; discounts on botanical and natural history books. Dues are for a calendar year. NEW members joining from May through September, please deduct $1.00 from your dues. Those join- ing in October through December are credited with the following* year ' dues. Membership categories are: / / Student or retired* $ 4.00 / / New member / / Individual* $ 6.00 / / Renewal / / Group or organization $10.00 * Includes membership for the rest of the family. Name Date Address City Zip Phone ( ) In addition, I want to give $ to help SCB. Make check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Mail to Allen Romspert, SCB, Dept, of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. SC B COMING EVENTS June 1 San Mateo Marsh June 7-9 San Pedro Martir June 22-23 San Bernardino Mountains td fcs t-* i-5 O H* o £ cr a n ' O n K a o h* rr o P 4*3 Ln h- CO O p M O &> Qi Q 3 H-* V£> 00 £* I 00 U1 o -* 5T cn §| ° ? D O r- 3 o = r >? ^ (D CD 3 33 55 cj O l| o x c n 3 § 2 r4 _ QJ O S’ l « -n CD O o 33 ® P s a. > § I (/) — H C/3 ./W v.H CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont CA 91711 Crossosoma Vol. 11, No. 4 Issue Editors: Geoff Smith and R. John Little Managing Editor: C. Eugene Jones August, 1985 HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN ENCELIA FARINOSA GRAY EX TORR. AND E. CALIFORNICA NUTT. (ASTERACEAE) Cynthia Lee Ann Troyer 1 Department of Biological Science California State University, Fullerton INTRODUCTION The introduction of interspecific hybridization has long been studied, notably by Anderson (1948, 1949, 1951), Epiing (1947), and Heiser (1947) . Of more specific interest to this study are the works of Kyhos (1967) involving hybridization between Encelia and Geraea , and the hybrid origin of E . laoiniata (Kyhos et al . , 1981). Bjeldanes and Geissman (1971) investigated chemical constituents in what they considered an Fi hybrid population of Encelia farinosa X E . calif ornica , but the morphological characteristics of naturally occurring hybrids were not examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of a group of putative hybrids between E . fari- nosa and E . calif ornica by comparing traditional methods of hybrid analysis (Anderson, 1949) with multivariate analysis. Pimentel (1981) compared several methods of multivariate analysis using data from putative hybrids of Abronia (sand verbena) . A similar compari- son of traditional and multivariate analyses has been presented by Adams (1982) for artificial crosses of sunfish ( Lepomis ) and putative hybrids of Juniperu3 . Morphology and Distribution . A revision of the genus Encelia was presented by Blake (1913) and the following discussion is based on that revision. Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr. was first described by Gray (Emory, 1848) and is readily recognized by its dome-like shape, silvery-green leaves, and panicled heads with chrome-yellow ray and disk flowers. It is prevalent in the deserts of the South- west. 157 Pammy Way, Grass Valley, CA 95949. Enoelia oalifornioa Nutt, was described by Nuttall (1841), and is easily recognized by its bushy habit, green leaves (as opposed to silvery-green) , and solitary heads with yellow ray flowers and purple-brown disks. It is found in both Coastal Sage Scrub and Chap- arral communities throughout southern California. Figure 1 illus- trates the ranges of E. farinosa and E. oalifornioa in southern California. Enoelia farinosa spreads into western Riverside and San Bernardino .counties through low passes in the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges. MATERIALS AND METHODS Population Samples. Field studies were conducted from April through June in 1980 and 1981. Five populations from three geographic locations were selected. Detailed location-s are given in Troyer (1983) . The locations of these sites, with respect to species dis- tribution, are shown in Fig. 1. Herbarium specimens were examined at the Faye MacFadden Herbarium of California State University, Fullerton (MACF) and the Herbarium of Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California (RSA) to aid in determining the ranges of E. farinosa and E. oalifornioa. The Orange County site represented an allopatric population of E. oalifornioa . This area was part of a typical Coastal Sage Scrub Community. Well-established, mature plants were found on a west— facing slope near , but not noticeably disturbed by, the road cut. The allopatric E. farinosa site was located near the Whitewater River in Riverside County. Enoelia farinosa was grow- ing in abundance on the rocky, east-facing slopes as well as adjacent to the riverbed. An area of sympatry was found bordering the southern edge of Lake Mathews, the terminus of the Colorado River Aqueduct. Population samples were collected at this site of what appeared to be E . farinosa, E. oalifornioa and putative hybrids. The general area was a natural depression surrounded by low hills. Enoelia farinosa was found growing on flats and slopes surrounding the lake on all but the west side. Enoelia oalifornioa seemed to be limited to an area south of the lake where the putative hybrids were discovered. This area was a disturbed habitat (housing developments within 1800 m) with Enoelia as the dominant taxon. The surrounding vegetation was distinctly different. Mature plants of both parental species and putative hybrids were found here, along with smaller (younger) exam- ples of parental forms. Occasionally, a putative hybrid was found, growing between both parental types. Similarly, E . farinosa could be found growing adjacent to E. oalifornioa , the inflorescences in close proximity, often intertwined. Herbarium specimens of the -50 plants sampled are deposited by collection numbers in the Faye MacFadden Herbarium of California State University, Fullerton (MACF) . 2 % E. farinosa E. californica Study sites: Orange County * Whitewater • Lake Mathews Figure 1. Distribution of Enaelia farinosa and E. oalifornioa in southern California, by topography (A) and county (B) . Ranges, determined from Munz (1974) , herbarium specimens, and personal observations. Comparative Morphology . The two species are easily distin- guished in the field. A count was done at the Lake Mathews site to determine the relative frequency of parental forms and putative hybrids. Samples from all five populations were collected and returned to the lab for qualitative and quantitative analysis. These analyses included pollen viability, seed viability and ultra- violet analysis. Experimental Crosses. Compatibility tests were conducted in the field to corroborate evidence found in the literature that species are self-incompatible (Kyhos, 1967; Hyhos et al . , 1981). Andersonian Methods of Analysis . Following the methodology of Anderson (1949) , the five populations were analyzed using hybrid indices and pictorialized scatter diagrams. 3 Morphometric Analysis . The above methods of hybrid analysis allow a quick summarization of available data, but they only help differentiate organisms into groups (e .g . , parental species and puta- tive hybrids) , and do not give quantifiable distances between groups Adams (1982) . Anderson was aware of these limitations but, at the time, conventional biometric methods were "laborious and ineffi- cient" (Anderson, 1949) . We used the multivariate analysis (DISANAL) written by Dr. Richard A. Pimentel, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, and implemented on the Cyber 730/760, California State University Central Cyber System. The main purpose is ordina- tion, i.e. r the placement of individuals into multidimensional space while presenting the resulting relationships in reduced dimensional space ( e.g ., two or three dimensions) for easier visualization. In statistical terms, ordination presents the maximum amount of infor- mation in such a way that relationships can be viewed from a single diagram in reduced dimensions. DISANAL included Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA) . Detailed methodology for these analyses are discussed in Pimentel (1979) . A discussion of all of the above analyses with respect to this study is in Troyer (1983) . RESULTS Analysis of Population Samples. In both allopatric species populations fell within the morphological species boundaries. At the sympatric site a frequency count was taken. Out of 208 mature plants counted and grouped based on qualitative characters at Lake Mathews, 54% (113 plants) were putative hybrids, 24% (49 plants) were E. farinosa, and 22% (46 plants) were E. calif ornica. Comparative Morphology . Individuals of Encelia farinosa and E. calif ornica were readily distinguished in the field. A comparison of all five populations with respect to characteristics is given in Table 1. Some of the most discerning features included leaf charac- teristics. Leaves of E. farinosa were markedly lighter in color, as a result of being covered with soft, thick, white hairs and were, on the average, larger in size than the green, less pubescent leaves of E. calif ornica. Inflorescence type was also useful for distinguishing the two species. In Encelia calif ornica, heads were borne solitary at the ends of pubescent peduncles. Heads were presented in cymose panicles on peduncles which were tan in color and nearly glabrous in E. fari- nosa. The same was true of the- sympatric species, but the putative hybrids had inflorescences which were either solitary or panicled on canescent to glabrous peduncles. Four of the variants sampled had both solitary heads and cymose panicles. A distinguishing qualitative character of the inflorescences was the color of the disk flower 4 corollas. Enoelia calif ornica disks were brown in color, whereas E. farinosa had yellow disks. The disk flowers mature centripetally , and at any stage of maturity, E. calif ornica disks are all brown, and E . farinosa disks are all yellow. In the putative hybrids, the dis- tinction was clear cut in all but two individuals. Intermediates had brown disks with the exception of plants 135 and 139. In these indiv- iduals, examined mid-way through disk flower bloom, outer flowers were yellow and inner flowers were brown. Another identifying feature of the inflorescence of the two species was the diameter of the disk. Encelia califovnica disks were larger. Not only were the disks larg- er, but also the number of ray flowers per head was greater in 5 E. calif ornica . Overall, the inflorescences in E. calif ornica were larger, including the height of the involucre. Pollen Viability . The ranges and averages for percent pollen viability for all five populations are given in Table 1. In all cases, the average pollen viability was well above 80%. Heiser (1947) and Hyhos (1967) consider pollen viability a good measure of male fertility. The putative hybrids ranged in pollen viability from 68.5 to 94.8%, indicating that they are relatively fertile, as are both allopatric and sympatric parents. Seed Viability . As with pollen viability for male fertility, seed viability provides an estimation of female fertility. Average seed viability was lower in the putative hybrids than in the other four populations, but still above 50% viable. Ultraviolet Analysis. Analysis of heads for all 50 individuals clearly showed that E. farinosa was completely UV absorptive and E. calif ornica possessed UV reflective ray flowers and UV absorptive disks to generate the "bull's-eye” pattern. Of the ten putative hy- brids, seven were all absorptive, with one of those seven not quite as dark in color. Of the remainder, three were patterned ("bull's- eye" type) , though the pattern on one of them was not as distinct. An all UV absorptive flower normally is genetically dominant over a UV patterned flower (head) (C. E. Jones, unpublished data) . Since this is the case, one would expect all Fi hybrids to be UV absorptive. Therefore, the three putative hybrids having UV patterns indicate backcrossing to E. calif ornica , the parent with the "bull's-eye" pat- tern. Figure 2 shows the differences in appearance of the inflor- escences in visible and UV light (two second exposure) . Photographs (A) show allopatric E\ farinosa and E . calif ornica with plants 137 and 143 in the visible spectrum. There is relatively little. differ- ence other than in size. Photographs (B) , taken in UV, show a differ- ence, however. Encelia farinosa now becomes less distinct (more uni- form) because of its UV absorptance. Encelia calif ornica takes on a different appearance with UV reflective ray flowers and UV absorptive disks. For the bees, this "new look" simply enhances the visible color difference that is perceived by humans. Note that the inter- mediates differ. Plant 137 displays the "bull's-eye" pattern, whereas plant 143 is all absorptive, even though in visible light both have brown disks. Experimental Crosses . The results of the experimental crosses done in the field are inconclusive due to small sample size and diffi- culties encountered in the field ( e .g ., plants destroyed by bulldozers). The preliminary findings seemed to indicate some self -compatibility , but overall, outcrossing produced the highest percentage of fruit set in all five populations. 6 Figure 2. Visible (A) and ultraviolet (B) photographs of allopatric Enoelia farinosa (EF) and E. calif ornica with plants 137 and 143. See text for further discussion. Andersonian Methods of Analysis . Using the morphological hybrid index techniques of Anderson (1949) , frequency versus hybrid index value was plotted. The histogram shown in Fig. 3 compares the hybrid index values for allopatric (A) and sympa.tr ic ( B ) populations and the putative hybrids. When compared with the allopatric populations, the variants show intermediacy with respect to the characters used to determine the index value (see Table 2) . There seems to be a trend on the part of the putative hybrids to be more like E. oalifornioa. In the sympatric populations, the values for both parents reflect a 7 10 H * 1 I I M l' T 1 2 3 4 5 *7 TTT 10 11 12 • 9 Hybrid l»d«x Vain* Hybrid l»d« Val*« ® i- farinoo 3 Hybrid □ E . calHomica Figure 3. Hybrid index values for allopatric (A) and sympatric (B) populations of Encelia favinosa, E .. calif orniaa and putative hybrids. TABLE 2. CHARACTERS USED AND VALUES ASSIGNED TO THEM IN CONSTRUCTING THE MORPHOLOGICAL HYBRID INDEX. Hybrid index value Character O' 1 2 Leaf Color Leaf pubescence Disk flower color Inflorescence type Peduncle pubescence Ultraviolet analysis* white tomentulose yellow cymose panicl glabrous absorbant white to green intermediate yellow-brown .e intermediate intermediate intermediate green not tomentulose brown solitary canescent "bull ' s-eye" pattern 0 represents E. farinosa' ; 2 represents E. calif ornica. 8 greater degree of variability. Again, the putative hybrids are intermediate. Plant 139, whose hybrid index value is 11, is rather interesting in that it is closer to E. californioa than to the major- ity of the other intermediates. Table 3 lists the symbols used in the pictorialized scatter diagram (Fig. 4) . Allopatric E . farinosa and E . californioa are plotted with the putative hybrids in Fig. 4. Most of the individuals are intermediate not only with respect to leaf width and involucre height, but also with respect to qualitative characters. Plant 139 is indicated by a circle. Once again, it is closely alligned with E. californioa. Other scatter diagrams (Troyer, 1983) . indicate that the putative hybrids are larger than the sympatric E . farinosa and E. californioa populations. This simply may be the results of the effects of heterosis (hybrid vigor) as discussed by Davis and Heywood (1963) . TABLE 3. KEY TO SYMBOLS USED IN PICTORIALIZED SCATTER DIAGRAM (FIG. 4) . Key to Symbols leaf coler Disk color • white ° glabrous o yellow ° intermediate -o intermediate 9 intermediate o green -o canescent 9 brown Leaf pubescence Inflorescence type * "Hypothetical 0 tementnlose o cymose panicle hybrid* 6 intermediate O- intermediate & not tomentulosc O- solitary Principal Component Analysis . The results of principal component analysis are given in Table 4 and Fig. 5. Since component scores are uncorrelated, each eigenvector represents an independent pattern of variation. With respect to the data presented here, the first com- ponent accounts for 69.0% of the total variation. Size affects the second component, where leaf length and width, and petiole length account for the greatest variation (97.96, 64.83, and 60.90%, respec- tively) . The first four components explain 94.2% of the total varia- tion. Loading of components continues to the fourteenth component, but 99.1% of the total variation is explained by the ninth component. Several qualitative characteristics, especially leaf pubescence (65.69%), disk color (49,42%), and inflorescence type (44.95%), con- tribute to loading in the fourth component. Table 5 represents a key to the symbols used in the following ordinations. Figure 5 plots all individuals in all groups, with each group centroid boxed. With respect to the centroids, there are 9 Leal width (cm) Involucre height (cm) Figure 4. Pictorialized scatter diagram for allopatric populations of Encelia favinosa 3 E . calif ovnica and putative hybrids. See Table 3 for explanation of symbols. distinct groups. As in the pictorialized scatter diagrams, pj.ant 139 is highlighted by a circle. Only the ordination of 1 x 2 is shown. In 1 x 3, all individuals lie close to the first axis. Plant 139 is more closely alligned with E. calif ovnica than with either the other putative hybrids or E. f avinosa. The ordination shown in Fig. 5 is explained by basically four eigenvectors: leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, and number of ray flowers. On the first axis, the number of ray flowers has the largest effect on group dispersion, pushing E. calif ovnica to the left, thus indicating a greater number of ray flowers. This is upheld by actual counts (see Table 1) . Along the second axis, leaf size and shape. greatly influence the spread of the five groups. Again, size contributes much to the overall outcome of principal component analysis, and in fact, E . favinosa- tends to have larger leaves than the remaining groups. Along the third axis, involucre height pushes the groups away from the first axis, or contributes 10 _J -3 cs a < < < <_! Z c- z o — < — O — to z e e to — O cs > u CL Vi a. O — O Ui cs — u; to < — LU fr— H z z cc — u: s ^ r» r- o — ■» -* M3 » — ® to to cs — O to t- t- u; a u = - a — V! K) » — — -a — _;s.cc TABLE 5. KEY TO SYMBOLS USED IN COMPONENT GRAPH FROM PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (Fig. ANALYSIS (Fig. 6) . 5) AND CANONICAL GRAPH FROM DISCRIMINANT Key to Symbols o allooatric E. californica j ♦ svmDatric E. californica ■ putative hybrids * sympatric E. farinosa • a 1 1 o pa trie E. farinosa 11 Figure 5. Component graph from Principal Component Analysis showing group dispersions on 1 x 2 axes. Group centroids are boxed. to the vertical spread when viewed in three dimensions. To a lesser degree, leaf width also has an effect. Principal component analysis, with its sensitivity to size, gives a generalized view of shape along with insights into overall variation. Discriminant analysis deals with discriminant space and thus the influence of overall size is reduced. TABLE 6. SUMMARY OF GEISSER CLASSIFICATION PROBABILITIES. NUMBERS REPRESENT PERCENTAGE "HITS", I.E., NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS ACTUALLY "BELONGING" TO A GIVEN GROUP. Actual group Predicted group 1 2 3 4 5 Allopatric E. calif ornica (1)* 80 20 0 0 0 Sympatric E. calif ornica (2) 20 80 0 0 0 Putative hybrid (3) 0 0 100 0 0 Sympatric E. farinosa ( 4) 0 0 0 90 10 Allopatric E. farinosa (5) 0 0 0 0 100 *Numbers in parentheses correspond . to predicted group numbers. Discriminant Analy sis’. A summary of the Geisser Classification Probabilities is given in Table 6. AS shown, 80% of the allopatric E. calif ornica individuals are classified with their own group. The remaining 20% are classified with the sympatric E. calif ornica indiv- iduals. The same is true for the sympatrics (80% hits, 20% misses) . This classification is most reasonably explained by variation within a species. From PCA ordinations, one might expect plant 139 to be 12 classified with E. calif ornioa • There is some discrepancy in group loyalty among the sympatric E. farinosa population. Ninety percent of the individuals classify to that group, whereas 10% do not and instead classify to allopatric E. farinosa . Allopatric E. farinosa are 100% loyal to their group. Table 7 gives the standardized z-scores for each variable in the first three canonical axes. Here, 98.27% of the total variation is accounted for in the first canonical axes. Ten of the 14 variables contribute 80% or above of their individual variances in the first canonical axis. Leaf length, petiole length, and ray flower length greatly contribute to the variation between groups, thereby helping to segregate them. Qualitative characters now have a larger part in 13 Figure 6. Canonical graph from Discriminant Analysis showing group dispersic on 1 x 2 axes. Group centroids are boxed. See Table 5 for explanation of symbols. the variation in the first canonical axis ( e.g leaf pubescence (99.93%), leaf color (99.87%)), whereas in PCA these do not contrib- ute significantly to the total variation until the fourth axis. By the third canonical axis, 99.83% of the total variation is explained. Symbols for Fig. 6 are explained in Table 5. Figure 6 represents canonical ordinations for all individuals and group centroids. As would be expected, allopatric and sympatric E . calif ornica overlap, as do allopatric and sympatric E-. farinosa. The putative hybrids are not as tightly grouped, with plant 139 (circled) an outlier. The spread of the groups in Fig. 6 may be explained as follows. With respect to the first canonical axis, leaf pubescence and disk color have the greatest effect in separating the groups. Cypsela length has a major effect along the second axis, as does peduncle pubescence and, to a lesser degree, leaf length, leaf width, .petiole length, and ultraviolet analysis. Disk diameter and inflorescence type act on both the first and second axes. With respect to the first and third canonical axes and their vectors, cypsela length affects the spread within groups more than between groups along the third axis. Leaf width and ray flower length also affect the spread along the third axis. Disk color is a strong separator along the first axis. In addition^ petiole length, disk diameter, leaf color, and inflorescence type also have effects along the first axis. Leaf length and ray flower length have effects along both axes. (Discussion and Conclusions will appear in the next issue of CROSSOSOMA.) 14 Biographical Sketches of SCB Officers and- Director s : DAVID BRAMLET , SECOND VICE PRESIDENT I was born in 1954- and grew up in Lynwood, California, a typical suburban community of Los Angeles. However, I was fortunate to be involved in a scouting program which did a lot of backpacking in the local mountains and the Sierra Nevadas. My first interest in botany was trying to identify the plants I observed on these many backpack- ing trips. I decided upon biology as a career goal but was uncertain where to specialize. I obtained a bachelor's degree from Cal Poly, Pomona in vertebrate zoology, thinking I could obtain employment with a gov- ernment agency. When I couldn't find a job, I started graduate school at Cal Poly in entomology, where I thought there were more jobs! About this time my botany courses paid off when I found occasional jobs describing vegetation for EIR's. Eventually I abandoned school and obtained a seasonal job at a consulting firm in Orange County. The job involved analyzing plant communities for baseline studies for mining projects in some of the most spectacular areas in the West: southeast Alaska, Utah, north- east Oregon, Colorado and even California! So, a lot of my practical knowledge of plants came from the identification of plants and com- munities required for these projects. Presently, I am a staff biologist at Harmsworth Associates, a consulting firm in Laguna Hills. Most of our current projects, for local IER's, are much smaller and involve more "armchair" work, although I still feel the job is interesting and challenging. One of my more enjoyable outdoor activities is participating in the SCB field trips. I feel that the field activities are the real "backbone" of SCB. These field trips allow me to explore* new areas, learn new plant taxa and meet some of the "interesting" SCB members. I encourage everyone to make the effort and attend as many field trips as possible. It's worth the effort! STUDENT GRANTS AWARDED The SCB Board of Directors has awarded $350.00 to help fund three student research projects. Recipients include: Gary Sampson, CSUF, for a project entitled "Flora of Chino Hills State Park’' ; Heather Hollis, CSULB, for a study entitled "Santa Catalina Island Floral Composition"; and Mike Cummings, CSUF, for a project entitled "Carbon Balance in Hybrid Oaks." We wish all grant recipients well in their research efforts. 15 FIELD TRIPS AND EVENTS August 15 (Thursday ) Plant Communities of Northern Baja> Slide Talk On August 15 Dave Charlton will be presenting a slide show at 7:30 p.m. on the plant communities of Northern Baja. It will be held in the conference room of the herbarium located in the UCR Botanical Garden. Park in parking lot #13. August 17 (Saturday) Fuller Ridge Trail Field trip from Fuller Ridge Trail to Deer Springs. It is a moderately strenuous hike through sub-alpine vegetation, including lemon lilies and western azalea. Meet at Lake Fulmar parking lot at 9 a.m. Leader will be Mike Hamilton. Take 1-10, get off at 14*5 Street to Hwy. 243. For further information, call Dave Bramlet. August 25 (Sunday) Mt. Baldy Trip The San Gabriel Mountains CNPS chapter will have a field trip to the sub-alpine habitat of Mt. Baldy Notch on Sunday, August 25 at 9 a.m. The group will meet at the Mt. Baldy ski lift parking lot. From there the group will ride the ski life ($5) to the notch. At this point we will investigate many of the unusual plants in this area. To reach the meeting place take the San Bernardino Freeway east to Euclid (in Upland), to San Antonio Rd. past Baldy Village to the ski lift parking lot. Call Dave Bramlet (714) 549-0647 for details. September 28 (Saturday ) San Bernardino Mountains Trip 8 a.m. A fall trip with the Riverside/San Bernardino CNPS chapter to the aspen grove on Fish Creek in the San Bernardino Mts. The trip will be led by Tim Krantz and should provide some spectacu- lar fall colors. To reach the area go east on the San Bernardino freeway and then north on Orange Ave. (Hwy. 30) , then go right (east) on Hwy. 38. Take Hwy. 38 up into the San Bernardino Mts. We will meet at the entrance to the Hart Bar campground. Call Andy Sanders (714-787-3601) for details. . October 19 (Saturday ) Annual Potluck Dinner See details, page 17. Nobember 17 (Saturday) Annual SCB Symposium See details, page 17. 16 DATES FOR YOUR CALENDAR : This year's potluck will be at the Fullerton College Horticul- ture Department on Saturday, October 19. This will allow us to take advantage of an outdoor setting if the weather permits. Our speaker for this occasion will be one of our Directors, Geoff Smith. He will have slides from his upcoming trip to British Columbia and Alaska. Knowing Geoff, these will be of great beauty and interest. The annual SCB Symposium this year will be on Saturday, November 17, 1985. It will be at a new location. We have the opportunity to use the new auditorium at the Fred L. Hartley Research Center of Union Oil Co. in Brea for free. The theme for this Symposium will be "Plants and Pollution. " More information will be in the next issue of CROSSOSOMA, which will be the program issue. Get this date on your calendar now as the speakers will have some excellent presenta- tions this year. The purpose of the SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS is the study, preservation and conservation of the native plants of California and the education of the public to the value of the native flora and its habitats. It is a non-profit association formed in 1927. Membership benefits include: Various field trips throughout the state led by competent field botanists and biologists; a yearly plant sale featuring native California species; an annual symposium on various aspects of the California vegetation; the SCB journal, CROSSOSOMA; discounts on botanical and natural history books. Dues are for a calendar year. NEW members joining from May_ through September please deduct $1.00 from your dues. Those join- ing in October through December are credited with the following year's dues. Membership categories are: / / Student or retired* * $ 4.00 / / New member / / Individual* $ 6.00 /"' / Renewal / 7 Group or organization $10.00 *Includes membership for the rest of the family. Name Date Address City Zip Phone ( ) In addition, I want to give $ to help SCB. Make, check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS. Mail to Allen Romspert, SCB, Dept, of Biological Science, CSUF, Fullerton, CA 92634. 17 BOARD OF DIRECTORS SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTAN I STS-- 1985 Mona Myatt (Pres.) 6421 N. Golden West Ave. Temple City, 91780 (818)302-1466 (W) (818)447-0755 (H) Barry Prigge (1st VP) Herb & Bot. Garden UCLA, Los Angeles, 90024 (213)825-3620 (W) DIRECTORS : James Bauml 1140 E. Orange Grove Blvd. Pasadena, 91104 (213)702-2504 Jack Burk Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-3678 (W) (714)993-3419 (H) Marvin Chesebro 510 West Sixth St., # 523 Los Angeles, 90014 (213)627-4878 (W) (213)939-3081 (H) Don Coughlin 5061 Bushnell Street Riverside, 92505 (714)351-1959 (H) (714)780-3571 (W) David Bramlet (2nd VP) 1691 Mesa Dr., Apt. A-2 Santa Ana, 92707 (714)855-0222 (W) (714)549-0647 (H) Sherry Schmidt (Sec.) P.0. Box 771 Silverado, 92676 (714)649-2283 Suzanne Granger 3269 N. Sunni t Ave. Altadena, 91001 (213)791-3393 C. Eugene Jones Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 714) Z73- 3548 (W) 714)528-1705 (H) R. John Little 18141 Theodora Drive Tustin, 92680 (714)662-4042 (W) (714)832-8841 (H) Andy Sanders 422 Campus View Drive Riverside, 92507 (714)787-3601 Alan Roms pert (Tr/Mem) Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-2428 (W) (714)870-0946 (H) Leo Song Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 714)773-2766 (W) 714)538-6316 (H) Robert Thorne Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. 1500 North College Ave. Claremont, 91711 (714)625-8767 (W) (714)624-7191 (H) David L. Walkington Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-2460 (W) Geoff Smith 270 West Valencia Mesa Dr. Fullerton, 92632 (714)771-8000, ext. 371 (W) (714)441-1049 (H) BACK ISSUES 0_F CR0SS0S0MA Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available at six (6) dollars per volume plus one dollar for postage and handling. Inquiries should be addressed to: Editor — CROSSOSOMA, Department of Biologi- cal Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Please state the volumes desired and include payment in your order. Checks should be made to Southern California Botanists. CROSSOSOMA is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit corporation exempt from taxes under Sec. 501(0 3 of the Internal Revenue Code. Dues are on a calendar year basis. Regular $6.00. Students and Retirees $4.00. Groups $10.00. We thank all those who promptly remitted their 1985 dues. All others, please send your checks. This Journal can only be sent to members whose dues are current. 18 SCB COMING EVENTS August 15 August 17 August 25 September 28 October 19 November 17 Plant Communities of Northern Baja, Slide Talk Fuller Ridge Trail Mt. Baldy Trip San Bernardino Mountains Trip Annual Potluck Dinner Annual SCB Symposium to *1 (D O £ 3 X t-* H- tr CD y< O 21 X* K W O H»Ct* O CD 4*3 Ul H- OO O CD »-• o CD D- (D 3 H* vo 00 4 * 1 00 U1 o — 5" u 1 I § § ? Q ^ *5= ^<8 H > < © 3 C © 33 W © o II O x cn 5 Ql JO 3 Z « O 3 C ® -n 03 O o 33 o ^ a g Qi O 3. £ ft) H C/3 library SEP - 9 1985 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ►a z n G G 0 G G cn z M PJ • ►a »a £ H > 0 Z O M O ►a O Z O cn M *• H H H* n O O > W ?o Cl CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont CA 91711 Crossosoma Vol. 11, No. 5 Issue Editors: David Bramlett and David Walkington Managing Editor: C. Eugene Jones October, 1984 PROGRAM ISSUE Poll uti-on Effects on Southern Cali f orn i a Plants Saturday, November 16, 1985 Fred L. Hartley Research Center Uni on Oil Co . , Brea , CA Our eleventh annual symposium features five speakers who will address the topic of pollution, i.e. byproducts of human activities and natural processes that are judged to contaminate or reduce con- ditions to less than pristine, and its effects on plants and vegeta- tion types under the environmental conditions found in Southern California. All five speakers are currently from Southern California. Some are employed by universities while others are associated with utility company research. Our symposium, as well as addressing the terrestrial impacts, will also present marine vegetational effects. Registration will begin at 8:00 a.m. with the closing remarks at 3:40 p.m. Admission will be $7.00 for current SCB members. -If you wish to renew your membership for 1986 and register for the sym- posium, the price will be $15.00 (1986 membership rates will be $8.00 for individuals). For non-members who wish to attend, the rate will be $16.00, but a 1986 membership which includes December, 1985 will be automatically included. The location of this year's SCB symposium is the auditorium of the Fred L. Hartley Research Center in Brea at the intersection of Imperial Highway and Placentia Avenue. One may reach the center by exiting off the 57 Freeway on Imperial Highway and traveling east to the center. Ample parking is available and can be reached by exiting off Placentia Avenue into the center and following the signs. Light refreshments will be available outside the auditorium during the registration period and during the morning and afternoon breaks. A list of lunch places in the area will be provided at the registration desk outside the auditorium. Although each presentation is scheduled to have a question and answer period, you may wish to join the speakers at their lunch spot and query them directly. 2 FRED L. HARTLEY RESEARCH CENTER I hope you will attend and inform non-SCB members who would be interested about this symposium. This topic is of general interest to many considering the growing reaction of the public and the media to pollution and its potential for affecting all our lives. See you there . Mona M. Myatt SCB President SCHEDULE 8:00 Registration $7.00 SCB members $16.00 Others $8.00 SCB membership 8:45 Introduction Mona Myatt, SCB President 9:00 Steven N. Murray, Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton: "Seaweed Communities of Pertur- bated Southern California Environments" It is widely recognized that high levels of perturbation result in alterations in species composition and reductions in overall community diversity. For rocky intertidal seaweed communities, historical records strongly suggest the occurrence of such changes along the Southern California coastline during the past 80 years, a period of dramatic growth in the human population. However, until recently our understanding of the changes in the local seaweed flora was limited to floristic considerations. During the past decade, a number of ecological studies have been performed on seaweed communities inhabiting perturbated Southern California environments. These studies have focused on sewage -polluted habitats, as well as intertidal environments subjected to sand-scouring and the movements of 3 unstable cobbles and boulders, and have generated data on seasonal fluctuations in seaweed standing stocks and patterns of succession. Hence, we now have greater knowledge of the ecological effects of perturbation on local intertidal seaweeds assemblages. This paper will provide a review of the suggested historical changes in the Southern California seaweed flora and describe the results of the more recent ecological research on perturbated intertidal habitats. Specifically, the kinds of seaweeds dominating perturbated intertidal systems will be addressed, using as examples studies performed on a sewage- polluted environment at San Clemente Island, and at historically important Whites Point. 9:50 Carl A. Fox, Senior Research Scientist, Research & Development, Southern California Edison Company, Rosemead, CA: "Effects of Acidic Deposition on Vegetation in Southern California" Deposition of acidic precipitation, particles, and gases has been associated with the acidification of aquatic ecosystems, reduced forest and crop productivity, increased leaching of soils, and deterioration of manmade materials. Studies examin- ing these effects have largely focused on regions in the north- eastern United States and eastern Canada where wet deposition is decidedly acidic (pH < 5.0). However, recent data collected in the Los Angeles basin have shown that wet deposition (e.g. rain, fog, mist) is often equally as acidic. Observation of the direct effects of acidic deposition on vegetation is limited to "simulated" rain experiments usually under laboratory conditions. These experiments have shown that exposure to acidic rain (pH < 3.0) can result in leaf necrosis, premature leaf abscission, increased foliar leaching, chloro- phyll degradation, accelerated weathering of epicuticular wax, and a reduction in plant growth. Sensitivity to injury from acidic rain is species specific and appears to depend upon physical and morphological characteristics of the plant which influence leaf wettability, permeability, and surface water retention. Effects of acidic fog on vegetation are much less known. Researchers in the early 1950's noted that certain fogs occur- ring at the same time as heavy air pollution episodes were followed by plant responses which differed from that of gaseous pollutants alone. Studies by Thomas et al . showed that injury to endive, alfalfa, beet, and spinach occurred following fog conditions of pH 3.0 or less. More recent work in California by Granett and Musselman indicates that lettuce is injured 4 when exposed to fog of pH < 2.5. In summary, acid rain as it now occurs in southern Cali- fornia does not appear to be of major concern relative to effects on vegetation given that reported pH values generally exceed 4.0. Measurements of acid fog, however, have been reported as low as 2.15 and may be within the range of potentially causing injury to vegetation. However, there are no reported observations of injury to vegetation attributable to acid fog in the Los Angeles basin. 10:40 BREAK 11:10 Dr. Philip Riggan, USDA, Forest Service, Riverside Fire Labora- tory, Riverside, CA: "Interactions of air pollution with Wild- land Processes in the Chaparral of the San Gabriel Mountains" Chronic air pollution and deposition of emission products in the chaparral of southern California have serious conse- quences for ecosystem function and human health. Nitrogen deposition in the San Gabriel Mountains, predom- inantly in dry form, has elevated streamwater nitrate concentra- tions by one to three orders of magnitude with respect to nearby, relatively unpolluted watersheds and may contribute significantly to existing groundwater nitrate pollution. Accumulated compounds are mobilized after severe fires, which can raise nitrate concen- trations above the federal water quality standard. Within the last year the Ceanothus chaparral in portions of the San Gabriel, Santa Monica, and Santa Ana Mountains has suf- fered a severe dieback that may be linked to a combination of drought stress and air pollution. An explosive fire hazard has been created across an area of 200,000 acres. We are working to elucidate the cause and extent of the dieback and test mech- anisms whereby pollution may reduce the capacity of the chaparral to control its internal water relations. Wildfires periodically ravage large expanses of the chapar- ral in southern California, often during meteorological condi- tions that degrade air quality. Land management agencies are developing prescribed burning to manage fire and fire effects. Since fires produce substantial amounts of hydrocarbons, fine particulates, NO x , CO, and reduced compounds such as NH 3 and HCN , at rates depending on fire severity and accumulated air pollutants, air quality should be a prime criterion for chapar- ral management. 12:00 LUNCH 5 1:30 David M. Olszyk, Head, Plant Sciences Section, Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside, CA: "Effects of Air Pollution on Annuals and Perennials of the Mojave Desert" Continued rapid urbanization and industrialization of southern California has raised the potential for injury from air pollutants to native plants. Plants of the Mojave Desert could be especially vulnerable to photochemical smog (primarily O 3 ) being transported from the Los Angeles area through mountain passes, or to S 0 2 being generated by industries in the desert itself. The response of desert species to air pollutants is largely unknown. However, the growth patterns and physiology of desert plants suggest that they would respond to air pollu- tants differently from crop plants or trees. Thus, scientists at the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center at the University of California, Riverside, have investi- gated the effects of 0 3 and S0 2 on winter and summer annuals, as well as perennials of the Mojave Desert. The studies have been part of a research program supported by the Southern California Edison Company. Experiments have been conducted primarily at a unique field exposure facility using plots of vegetation near Daggett, California. These studies have indi- cated that desert plants differ widely in their sensitivity to air pollutants, with Camissonia alaviformis , Camissonia hir- tella and Cryptantha nevademes being the most sensitive annual species, and Larrea tridenta being the most resistant species. The species may be useful bioindicators of the presence of high concentrations of O 3 or S0 2 in the desert. In addition to injury responses. University scientists have been investigating the effects of O 3 and S0 2 on important metabolic properties of desert plants including water budget, photosynthesis, and nutri- ent uptake. The Mojave Desert studies have provided both important information as to the injury from air pollutants to key species of plants, and background information as to the possible long term effects of air pollutants on plant adaptation to their environment. 2:20 BREAK 2:50 Ahmed A. Elseewi, Research and Development, Southern California Edison Company, Rosemead, CA: "Trace Element Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion and Their Effects on Native and Agronomic Plants" Fossil fuels (coal and oil) contain virtually all naturally occuring elements which, upon combustion, are mobilized in sig- nificant quantities into the various segments of the environment 6 For most elements, the amount mobilized from coal combustion in power generation greatly exceeds that from the combustion of oil. This paper describes pathways of several inorganic elements released from coal combustion in power generation, examines their fate in the soil-plant-water system, and eval- uates associated potential adverse and/or beneficial effects on plants. Elements mobilized from coal combustion are released either in an atmospheric form or in ash residue form which is collected by various emission control devices. The relative proportions of these forms depend on a number of factors such as the content in coal, the element in question, as well as a number of power plant operating conditions. For example, ele- ments which are easily volatilized at the prevailing tempera- ture of combustion such as sulfur, mercury, selenium, etc. are released mainly in an atmospheric form, unless otherwise cap- tured by additional emission control systems. Fine particles (< 5um) are also released to the atmosphere and they usually contain trace elements at concentrations which are inversely related to particle size. Deposition of atmospherically-derived element on land is difficult to measure due to the variable patterns of deposition, the small amounts deposited and background noise. Modeling efforts, however, indicate that over the lifetime of a coal- fired power plant, the amounts of most trace elements deposited in the vicinity of the power plant is negligible. Fly ash, bottom ash, and scrubber sludge residues are, however, produced annually in great quantities and present disposal and management problems. Trace elements of special concern in these residues include boron, molybdenum, and sele^ nium. These residues also contain excessive amounts of soluble salts and are highly alkaline (pH = 12) . When incorporated in soil at low to moderate amounts , however, they were observed to produce beneficial effects on a number of agronomic and native plant species. These effects are believed to be due to increased availability of sulfur and other plant nutrients from the residues, and to improved physical properties of the recip- ient soils. High application rates, however, were associated with reduced growth due to increased salinity in treated soils. Additionally, residue-treated plants were found to accumulate boron, molybdenum and selenium generally in proportion to the amount of residue in soil. The levels of molybdenum and sele- nium in forage plants were, however, successively reduced as the number of clippings was increased. The results suggest that residues from coal combustion can be recycled in agriculture as soil amendments for sodic 7 soils reclamation, as liming agents and as fertilizer substi- tutes. Care should, however, be exercised to safeguard against potential buildup of certain hamful constituents such as boron, molybdenum and selenium. 3:40 CLOSING REMARKS FIELD TRIPS AND EVENTS October 19 (Saturday ) Annual Potluck Dinner This year's potluck dinner will be at the Fullerton College Horticulture Department on Saturday, October 19. This will allow us to take advantage of an outdoor setting if the weather permits. Our speaker for this occasion will be one of our Dir- ectors, Geoff Smith. He will have slides from his trip to British Columbia and Alaska. Knowing Geoff, these will be of great beauty and interest - The dinner will begin at 6:00. The October board meeting will precede the dinner at 5:15. See page 11 for details and reservation information. October 19 and 20 (Saturday and Sunday) California Botanical Society Graduate Student Meetings The California Botanical Society Tenth Graduate Student Meetings will be held at the University of California, Santa Barbara, on October 19 and 20. Your assistance in circulating this informa- tion to graduate students in botanically related fields would be greatly appreciated. Saturday evening's events include a ban- quet which will be followed by the keynote address. Fieldtrips to Santa Cruz Island or to a chaparral burn site and the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden are planned for Sunday. For further in- formation, write Kathy Rindlaub, Department of Biological "Sci- ences, UCSB , Santa Barbara, CA 93106 or leave a message at (805) 961-2508. November 16 3 1985 Annual SCB Symposium 3 Fred L. Hartley Research Center 3 Union Oil Co. 3 Brea 3 CA See details, first page. December 7 (Saturday ) Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Family Day 3 Claremont, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m . The theme of this event will be "A Celebration of Trees." Activities and games such as scavenger hunts, self-guided discovery walks, and craft activities will be sponsored through- out the day on the Garden grounds. Videos and movies about trees will be shown in the auditorium of the administration building. Light refreshments will be available. Visitors from toddler age to senior citizen status are guaranteed a day full of fun and learning about the unique trees found in the state of Cali- fornia. The event is free and open to the public. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, located off Foothill Boulevard in Claremont, is an 86-acre garden devoted to native California plants. The Garden offers community education classes on a broad range of topics relating to botany, horticulture and the natural history of California. For information: 714-626-1917. 8 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Southern California Botanists was founded in 1927 and presently has over 400 members. Our membership includes not only professional botanists, college and universities, arboreta, herbaria and museums, but also many interested laypersons. Our activities include an active program of field trips throughout the year, an annual symposi- um, lecture series and a potluck dinner. Southern California Botan- ists book sales offer members hundreds of quality books at substan- tial discounts. Many books not held in regular stock may be special- ordered. Southern California Botanists supports conservation efforts of many worthwhile groups and organizations. Crossosoma is the journal of the Southern California Botanists and contains articles of both scientific and general interest. Among the purposes of this journal is the promotion of contemporary issues of conservation, especially in relation to botanical resources. All members are encouraged to submit articles for publication in Crosso- soma. We are eager to have quality articles on botany in Southern California, and articles, notes and notices of interest to our mem- bers. Please submit these to Editor, Crossosoma , Dept, of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Authors of botanical articles published receive ten extra copies of the issue APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP Those joining SCB in October through December, 1985, are credited with dues paid in full for 1986. Their memberships are effective immediately, they will receive the December, 1985, issue of Crossosoma and will be entitled to discounts on books and admis- sion to the Symposium, etc. Membership categories are: Individual (incl. the family) $ 8.00 Group or organization 15.00 NAME DATE ADDRESS CITY ZIP PHONE ( ) Make check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Mail check and this form or your letter to: Membership Chairman, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS, Dept, of Biological Science, Cali- fornia State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Cynthia Lee Ann Troyer ' s article "Hybridization Between Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torr. and E. calif ornioa Nutt. (Asteraceae) " , begun in the last issue of Crossosoma, will be continued in the December issue. - 9 - BOARD OF DIRECTORS SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS- - - 1985 Mona Myatt (Pres.) 6421 N. Golden West Ave. Temple City, 91780 (818)302-1466 (W) (818)447-0755 (H) Barry Prigge (1st VP) Herb & Bot. Garden UCLA, Los Angeles, 90024 (213)825-3620 (W) DIRECTORS : James Bauml 1140 E. Orange Grove Blvd. Pasadena, 91104 (213)702-2504 Jack Burk Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-3678 (W) (714)993-3419 (H) Marvin Chesebro 510 West Sixth St. , #523 Los Angeles, 90014 (213)627-4878 (W) (213)939-3081 (H) Don Coughlin 5061 Bushnell Street Riverside, 92505 (714)351-1959 (H) (714)780-3571 (W) David Bramlet (2nd VP) 1691 Mesa Dr. , Apt. A-2 Santa Ana, 92707 (714)855-0222 (W) (714)549-0647 (H) Sherry Schmidt (Sec.) P.0. Box 771 Silverado, 92676 (714)649-2283 Suzanne Granger 3269 N. Summit Ave. Altadena, 91001 (213)791-3393 C. Eugene Jones Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-3548 (W) (714)528-1705 (H) R. John Little 18141 Theodora Drive Tustin, 92680 (714)662-4042 (W) (714)832-8841 (H) Andy Sanders 422 Campus View Drive Riverside, 92507 (714)787-3601 Alan Romspert (Tr/Mem) Dept, of Biological Sci CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-2428 (W) (714)870-0946 (H) Leo Song Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-2766 (W) (714)538-6316 (H) Robert Thorne Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Gard. 1500 North College Ave. Claremont, 91711 (714)625-8767 (W) (714)624-7191 (H) David L. Walkington Dept, of Biological Sci. CSUF, Fullerton, 92634 (714)773-2460 (W) Geoff Smith 270 West Valencia Mesa Dr. Fullerton, 92632 (714)771-8000, ext. 371 (W) (714)441-1049 (H) BACK ISSUES 0 £ CR0SS0S0MA Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available at eight (8) dollars per volume plus one dollar for postage and handling. Inquiries should be addressed to: Editor-CROSSOSOMA , Department of Biologi- cal Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634. Please state the volumes desired and include payment in your order. Checks should be made to Southern California Botanists. CROSSOSOMA is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October and December) by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit corporation exempt from taxes under Sec. 501(C)3 of the Internal Revenue Code. Dues are on a calendar year basis. Regular $8.00. Groups $15.00. We thank all those who promptly remitted their 1985 dues. All others, please send your checks. This Journal can only be sent to members whose dues are current. 10 bring enough of'the specified dish to serve eight people: A-I, main dish; J-P, dessert; 0-Z, side dish (vegetable, salad, etc.). Be sure to bring your own table service. The October board ,^®^J]9 S?L 5 ‘ 15 D.m.) will precede the dinner. Call Mona Myatt at (818)302-1466 or (818)447-0755 or return the reservation form below if you are planning to attend. REMEMBER : OCTOBER 19.1 rfuPp / At •MLLErotJ- : 0 UjeRt^P ( Cb, U&VKi J -y wlojst^ a S' (^c. CTM} n £ -*+■ 371 ) ffcwo ^ 41 & 1 *(eO -fr kty&W j 0^ V’f ^ *e- oJerte j» ; /. /^r *> ^eGgO c^rtV fkO£: ’ (jW "V'^ i $Aup t -Ctet*fcJ=r, fter** i*fc*-*J October 19 October 19-20 November 16 December 7 SCB COMING EVENTS SCB Annual Potluck Dinner California Botanical Society Graduate Student Meetings SCB Symposium Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Family Day * 0 ^ 05 2- r h- ft cr 0 * -n >c ?» -i •* o < -< 05 o r* ty 3 H- n v—* CD 0> n a ft o V* o .£* CD o — 5* cji i§ o z 3 O O 3 " >? CD = -J CD CD 3 C CD 3 CD 0) O 1 1 o x W 5 t» o 3 C. *n w O O 3 a' Z O 3 CL > § I C/) H CD X£ A'7^ / u vt, ' CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont CA 91711 Crossosoma Vol. 11, No. 6 Issue Editors: James Bauml and Suzanne Granger Managing Editor: C. Eugene Jones December, 1985 HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN ENCELIA FARINOSA GRAY EX TORR. AND E. OALIFORNICA NUTT. (ASTERACEAE) Cynthia Lee Ann Troyer Department of Biological Science California State University, Fullerton (Editor's Note: This is the remainder of the article on hybridiza- tion in Enoelia, the first part of which appeared in the August, 1985, issue of Crossosoma. ) Since Enoelia calif ornioa and E. farinosa were first described by Nuttall (1841) and Gray (Emory, 1848), respectively, the two species have been treated as distinct entities in such works as Blake's revision (1913) and Munz ' s flora (1974). These two species have distinct ranges in southern California, E . oalifornica being cismontane and E. farinosa being transmontane, except for a narrow band of sympatry which occurs where E. farinosa makes its way through the low mountain passes along the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges. Chemical evidence of hybridization between E. oalifornica and E. farinosa has been demonstrated by Bjeldanes and Geissman (1971) . Other researchers have found evidence for hybridization in the genus Enoelia, both interspecific (Clark and Kyhos, 1980; Kyhos et al ., 1981) and intergeneric (Kyhos, 1967) . During the course of this study, several morphological charac- teristics were used to delimit the two species. Differences in leaf characters consistently separated the taxa. Leaves of E . oalifornica were found to be smaller, less pubescent and therefore darker green in color. Allopatric E . farinosa leaves were larger, densely pubes- cent and silvery-green. In the field, these differences were striking. Both sympatric populations tended to have smaller leaves than their allopatric counterparts. In E. calif ornioa t this may be due to the more xeric habitat found at Lake Mathews, in comparison to the majority DISCUSSION 157 Pammy Way, Grass Valley, CA 95949. 3 £ 5“ m S> O 3 §n C §2° = § o (0 3 £§.5 z > n “ Q »!§■ £ cD CD 03 O ^ >S 5 < Q) Z ® o 3 Q3 w H cn *o K *0 a G z o F & cn z 1 M W • »o i-3 so •o so ►€ > »o o Z O M o *3 Q z o cn H ■-3 I-* o > o O > w 50 cn O