p Volume 20, Number 1 May, 1994 CONTENTS Changes in Owens Valley Vegetation Due To Groundwater Pumping and Six Years of Drought ^ Sara J. Manning 1 Synonymized List of Vascular Plant Species in Kern County ^ L. M. Moe 17 Letters to the Editor 45 Southern California Botanists, Inc., 1993 Finances inside back cover JUL 1 2 1994 NEW YORK TjA^'IGAL garden Crossosoma Journal of the Southern California Botanists Crossosoma Curtis Clark, Editor Biological Sciences California State Polytechnic University Pomona CA 91768 (909) 869-4062 Crossosoma (ISSN 0891-9100) is published twice a year (May, November) by Southern California Botanists, Inc., a California nonprofit corporation. Subscription rate, $15 per calendar year ($8 for individual members). Back issues are available for $5 an issue or $10 a volume, postpaid (prior to Vol. 18, Crossosoma was published bimonthly; back issues are $2 each, $10 per volume). Manuscripts should be submitted to the editor. Applications for membership, requests for subscriptions or back issues should be sent to Alan Romspert, Treasurer, Department of Biology, California State University, Fullerton CA 92634. Southern California Botanists , Inc . Officers for 1993 President Joy Nishida Terry Daubert Julie Greene Past President First Vice President Second Vice President Annette Ross Treasurer Alan P. Romspert Judi Bogdanoff-Lord Gery Allan, Henry Bante, Vince Coleman, Allan A. Schoenherr, Mark Porter Secretary Board of Directors Copyright © 1994 by Southern California Botanists, Inc. Changes in Owens Valley Vegetation Due To Groundwater Pumping and Six Years of Drought1 Sara J. Manning Inyo County Water Department 163 May Street Bishop, California 93514 Abstract — The City of Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and the County of Inyo have formulated a management agreement under which ground water will not be pumped for export from the Owens Valley if it is shown to cause long term adverse effects on vegetation. Between 1984 and 1987 a map and quantitative database of Owens Valley vegetation “parcels” were produced to serve as the baseline against which vegetation conditions could be assessed. During 1992, the sixth consecutive year of drought, cover and species composition in a subsample of the parcels — located both inside and outside the drawdown range of pumps — were re-inventoried. Results indicated that perennial vegetation cover declined more in pumped areas than in areas affected by drought alone. Drought appeared to cause a decline in cover in scrub communities to a greater degree than in meadows, which experienced no net loss of vegetation cover during the drought. Annual exotic species increased in both pumped and non-pumped areas. Potentially adverse changes in species composition occurred to a greater extent in pumped areas. A series of wet years will be necessary to evaluate persistence of the degraded conditions in the pumped areas. Groundwater pumping in the Owens Valley has been managed since the late 1980’s according to a management agreement between the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) and the County of Inyo. The goal of management is to provide a reliable supply of water for export to the City of Los Angeles, but to limit pumping if it has an adverse effect on the Owens Valley environment (City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power, and County of Inyo 1990). Based on a paper presented at the Southern California Botanists Eighteenth Annual Symposium, “The Drought: Effects on Native Plants”. Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 1 To meet the goal of the water management agreement, vegetation is to be monitored for significant adverse changes. From 1984-87, LADWP inventoried its lands within the Owens Valley and produced vegetation maps and an accompanying database. It was agreed that this vegetation database would serve as the baseline against which changes would be measured (City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power, and County of Inyo 1990). In 1987, when the management agreement and monitoring program were still in the planning stages, snowmelt runoff to the Owens Valley was significantly below average due to below-average precipitation the preceding winter. As a result, to maintain a relatively frill allotment of water delivery to Los Angeles, LADWP and Inyo agreed to a groundwater pumping program that allowed LADWP to pump the largest amount of water ever pumped from the valley (City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power, and County of Inyo 1990). Similarly in 1988, when precipitation was again below average, a heavy groundwater pumping program was approved. By 1989, it was realized that California was experiencing a third consecutive year of drought, and groundwater pumping was substantially reduced in this and all subsequent drought years (i.e., through 1992). In a preliminary effort in 1991, and in a more intensive effort in 1992, Inyo County implemented a program to monitor vegetation change. One objective of this program was to assess vegetation conditions during the drought and, in particular, to compare changes in vegetation in the well fields to changes in vegetation in non-pumped areas. By monitoring vegetation responses to pumping, it is hoped that groundwater pumping may be managed according to the goal of the management agreement. The Drought in the Owens Valley The Owens Valley lies between the Sierra Nevada and White/Inyo Mountains (see Figure 1). The valley floor is approximately 190 km long and the elevation ranges from 1,100 to 1,250 m. Because the valley lies in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada, the climate is arid; however, runoff from mountain snowmelt recharges typically shallow groundwater tables which provide water to the native phreatophytic vegetation (Sorenson et al. 1991). Average rainfall by hydrologic year (October-September) in Independence, a town located near the geographic center of the Owens Valley, is 129 mm, as shown in Figure 2. However, it is rare to have an average year. The median precipitation is 104 mm, meaning that there 2 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 are more below-average years than average or above-average years. Figure 1. Map of California showing the location of the Owens Valley (modified from Barbour and Major 1977). Long term average annual precipitation in Bishop, in the northern part of the Owens Valley, is 142 mm (NOAA 1991). On average, 84% of the annual precipitation falls during the colder months of October-April (NOAA 1991). Part of this precipitation percolates into the soil where it remains until the plants leaf out and begin transpiring as temperatures increase in spring. Near Bishop, the long term average pre-growing season precipitation is 120 mm (Figure 3). The first dry winter of the drought period was 1986-87, and the average winter precipitation through 1991-92 was only 64 mm, or 53% of average (Figure 3). Thus in terms of average precipitation, the Owens Valley experienced six years of ‘‘drought”, even though prolonged periods of below average precipitation are not unusual. Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 3 Methods 1984-87 Vegetation Database Field work for the LADWP vegetation mapping of the valley was performed between 1984-87 with the bulk of it carried out in 1986. Thus the 1984-87 database provides a pre-drought view of vegetation conditions. hydro year Figure 2. Average precipitation (in mm) by hydrologic year, which runs Oct 1 through Sep 30, for Independence, a town located near the geographic center of the Owens Valley. Average precipitation for the years shown between 1866-67 and 1991-92 is 129 mm; median precipitation is 104 mm. Data are missing for 1875-1891 (**) and 1897-98 (*). To map the entire Owens Valley (92,000 ha = 227,000 acres), LADWP first used aerial photos to divide the valley into “parcels.” Parcel delineation was based on observations of plant cover that looked the same, such that parcels were assumed to be composed of the same plant community. Over 2,000 parcels of various sizes and spanning 16 USGS 7.5' topographic quadrangles resulted. Quantitative data were collected in the field by running line-point transects in the parcels. The data were tabulated, and the plant community , based on a modification 4 Crossosoma20(l), May 1994 of the Holland (1986) system, was determined. The end result was a comprehensive quantified description of the vegetation on LADWP land within the valley. To date, the vegetation database generated in these efforts has proved useful for many purposes, although it contains a few discrepancies (Manning 1992). 200 150 B 100 TO '5. o £ Q. 91-92 86-87 87-88 88-89 89-90 pre growing season 90-91 Figure 3. Total precipitation falling prior to the growing season — from Oct 1 through April 30 for the years indicated — for Bishop, a town in the northern Owens Valley. The long term average total precipitation for these months is 120 mm; the average during the six drought years was 64 mm. Monitoring for Vegetation Change In 1992, Inyo County initiated an intensive effort to re-inventory a subset of the LADWP vegetation parcels. Parcel selection was based on plant community, size, location, and quality of 1984-87 data. Parcels were selected from both well field and control locations. In this context, “well field” means that the parcel is presumed to have had the water table beneath it drawn down by groundwater pumping at some time between 1986 and 1992. In contrast, control parcels are away from the effects of groundwater pumping; these parcels are either located far from wells or across a barrier beyond which the pumped aquifer does not extend, such as the Owens River, the Los Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 5 Angeles aqueduct, or some other water conveyance. (a) Laws, 1985-90 (b) Poleta Canyon, 1987-92 Figure 4. Examples of computer generated contour maps showing the change in depth to water table (a) between 1985 and 1990 in the Laws well field and (b) between 1987 and 1992 in the Poleta Canyon control area. Contour lines are labelled in feet of change. The + symbols indicate locations of test wells, which are identified by the number above the symbol. See text for further information. Pump affected parcels were distinguished from control parcels using depth-to-water measurements from the 800 observation wells puncturing the valley from south to north. These measurements were used by Inyo County’s hydrologists to generate 7.5' map overlays consisting of water table depth contour lines (Zdon and Jackson 1991). The overlays can be used to illustrate water table depths in a particular location at a specific time or changes in depth to water that have occurred between specified time periods. Figure 4a shows the map produced for change in depth to water table from 1985 to 1990 under the Laws well field in the northern part of the 6 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 valley. Note, for example, that the water table under the area southeast of the town of Laws was drawn down 12 ft (3.7 m) between 1985 and 1990. The extent of drawdown was greatest to the north of Laws, near two large LADWP pumps around which the concentric circles form. As much as 36 ft (1 1 m) of drawdown occurred here between 1985 and 1990. It had generally been believed that the Owens River would serve as a barrier across which the pumping cone of depression did not extend, but that has not always held true (Figure 4). Figure 4b shows the Poleta Canyon USGS quad overlay for an area southeast of the town of Bishop. Here, the change in depth to water between 1987 and 1992 is mapped. No major LADWP pumps are located on this quad, and changes in depth to water during the period were minimal or nonexistent. Note that the most prevalent contour is the 0 line. On the west side of the quad, there is a decrease of 2 feet during the drought. Thus the drought alone had little if any effect on water tables in areas not affected by groundwater pumping. Vegetation parcel maps were overlaid on the drawdown contour maps to determine whether parcels were in well field or control areas. Because there are more observation wells in well fields, depth to water information for well field parcels was typically easy to obtain from the contour overlays. However, there are fewer observation wells in presumed control areas, so there were gaps in the assessments of water table changes under some parcels. In 1992, 96 parcels were re-inventoried. Each selected parcel was traced from its outline on the management maps (scale = 1 :24,000) and enlarged to fit over a 1991 aerial photo (scale = 1:12,000). Using graph paper and computer-generated random numbers, the coordinates of transect start points were derived, then plotted onto a transparency that fit over the aerial photo. Researchers used the aerial photo in the field to orient themselves and locate the starting point of the transect. A random number between 0-359 determined the compass direction in which to run the transect. Next, they laid out a 50 m transect, using a measuring tape attached to aluminum poles with vice grips. One researcher took a reading every 0.5 m, calling out the species of the top layer of living plant cover, while the other researcher recorded the hits. During 1992, transects were run from mid-May through mid-September. This timing encompassed the peak of the growing season; for valley floor vegetation, peak leaf area has been determined to occur on or about the summer solstice (Inyo County, data on file). Crossosoma20(l), May 1994 7 Data Analysis Data from both the LADWP 1984-87 database and from the 1992 transects were compared. For each parcel, the change in percent cover between the 1984-87 and 1992 time periods was calculated, relative to the baseline 1984-87 cover value. The percent changes in parcel cover were then sorted into appropriate groupings, for example, well field and control, for further analysis. Both Student’s /-test (null hypothesis = zero change) and the Wilcoxon test were used to determine if the average changes in percent cover were statistically significant. Analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences between well field and control groups. Change in the relative cover of annuals within each parcel was computed between the two time periods. Annuals primarily included Salsola tragus, Bassia hyssopifolia, and other non-native, invasive species. Changes in dominant species, that is, the one species with the most cover, between 1984-87 and 1992 were also examined, and the nature of the change, either positive or negative, was determined. Three types of changes in dominant species were determined to be benign or positive changes. They include: • A change from one perennial grass species to another. Two grass species are by far the most common in Owens Valley Alkali Meadows, Distichlis spicata (saltgrass) and Sporobolus airoides (alkali sacaton), and it is common to see both together. • A change from one native shrub to another native shrub. Generally three shrub species dominate the valley floor: Atriplex lentiformis ssp. torreyi (Nevada saltbush), Chrysothamnus nauseosus (rubber rabbitbrush), and Sarcobatus vermiculatus (greasewood). • A change from a native shrub as dominant to a native perennial grass as dominant. The two negative changes in dominant species were: • A grass-dominated parcel becoming a shrub-dominated parcel. Some authors regard this as a component of the process of desertification (Schlesinger et al. 1990, Hannan et al. 1991) • A parcel dominated by a native species becoming dominated by a non-native weed species. 8 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Results and Discussion Changes in Percent Perennial Cover All parcels — The average change in perennial vegetation cover for the 47 well field parcels re-inventoried was -42%. For the 49 control parcels, the average percent change in cover did not differ significantly from zero (+1.5%, see Figure 5); therefore, there was a measurable decline in perennial cover in the well fields between 1984-87 and 1992, but no net change in control areas. Even though the Owens Valley had received lower than average precipitation for six consecutive years, vegetation cover in control parcels showed no significant decline. Vegetation cover in these parcels also did not increase with time. These findings suggest that phreatophytic cover on the valley floor can at least be maintained by shallow ground water. Effects of precipitation on these communities remain more obscure. Perhaps higher than average precipitation would stimulate additional growth, but given that most land in the Owens Valley is grazed by livestock, measurable increases in cover would probably not be maintained. Groundwater pumping in well fields lowered water tables, thus decreasing the amount of water available for plant growth. Although a decline in vegetation cover was measured in the well fields, the long-term combined effects of pumping and drought remain to be determined. The data do not distinguish between dead plants and those that have simply reduced leaf area. Perhaps if precipitation and runoff resume more natural patterns and water tables return to natural depths, cover will return to levels measured during the 1984-87 inventory. By plant community — Parcels were divided into plant communities to examine whether some communities responded differently to pumping and drought. During the 1984-87 inventory, three meadow communities were identified in the Owens Valley: Alkali Meadow, Nevada Saltbush Meadow, and Rabbitbrush Meadow. All three occur in alkaline soils, but the latter two were segregated from the Holland (1986) Alkali Meadow community because they were dominated by one shrub or the other. In terms of representation in the Owens Valley, over 20% of the parcels inventoried during 1984-87 were designated as Alkali Meadow, while a total of 3% were designated as either Nevada Saltbush or Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 9 Rabbitbrush Meadow. During the 1992 re-inventory, emphasis was placed on these phreatophyte-dominated communities, such that 43% of the parcels re-inventoried were Alkali Meadow, 10% were Nevada Saltbush Meadow, and 7% were Rabbitbrush Meadow. Perennial cover in well field Alkali Meadow parcels declined from 1984-87 conditions significantly more than cover in control AJkali Meadow parcels. Average change in the 22 AJkali Meadow well field parcels was -41%, while in the 19 control parcels there was no measurable change in perennial cover (Figure 5). There was a statistically significant difference between well field and control groups. Among the Nevada Saltbush Meadow well field parcels re-inventoried, a -37% change in perennial cover was measured in 1992 (Figure 5). The change in Nevada Saltbush Meadow parcels in control areas was -21%, also a statistically significant change. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference in perennial cover between well field and control groups. There were no statistically significant changes in cover in either the well field or control Rabbitbrush Meadow parcels (Figure 5). AJthough the trends observed for this community are similar to other communities, with well field parcel cover declining more than control parcel cover, the small sample size of three well field and four control parcels rendered them indistinguishable with the statistical tests applied. Transects were run in two scrub communities dominated by phreatophytic species: Nevada Saltbush Scrub and Rabbitbrush Scrub. Nevada Saltbush Scrub occurs on alkaline soil, is dominated by Nevada saltbush, and may have a sparse grass cover. It is believed that this community resulted from unspecified past disturbances to grass-dominated communities (Inyo County and City of Los Angeles 1990). Rabbitbrush Scrub also typically results from disturbance, as many of the parcels occur on abandoned farmland that has subsequently revegetated on its own (Inyo County and City of Los Angeles 1990). The vegetation characteristics of these areas prior to farming are unknown. In the 1984-87 inventory, Nevada Saltbush Scrub parcels accounted for 4% of the data base, and Rabbitbrush Scrub also accounted for 4%. During the re-inventory, they accounted for 21% and 19% of the selected parcels, respectively. For the Nevada Saltbush Scrub parcels re-inventoried during 1992, well field parcels showed a greater decline in perennial cover than control parcels (Figure 5). There was a change in perennial cover of -39% in the well fields, while the control parcels showed no significant 10 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 change. The difference between well field and control groups was significant for this community. Rabbitbrush Scrub parcels in both well field and in control areas declined in perennial cover, with -44% and -21% changes, respectively (Figure 5). There was no significant difference between the two groups. 70 50 30 w 0 > O o 10 c a) o> J-io o £ -30 -50 -70 far] wf | |ctl Figure 5. Average relative change in percent perennial cover in well field and control parcels between 1984-87 and 1992. At left, the change in all 47 well field parcels compared to all 49 control parcels re-inventoried is shown. These results were then divided into the various plant communities sampled, as shown to the right of the line. The communities are: Nevada Saltbush Meadow, Rabbitbrush Meadow, Alkali Meadow, Nevada Saltbush Scrub, and Rabbitbrush Scrub. Asterisks indicate that the change is significantly different from zero according to the /- tests. As noted in these results, control parcels in two communities, Nevada Saltbush Meadow and Rabbitbrush Scrub, showed measurable declines in cover during the drought. In four of the five Nevada Saltbush Meadow control parcels, both Nevada saltbush and the grasses declined in cover. It is difficult to account for the responses observed in these communities given the trend observed in the other communities, but it may be that water tables did decline somewhat in these parcels. As Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 11 mentioned earlier, depth to water in some control parcels was impossible to determine from the contour maps. Besides pumping, water tables could decline due to drought-caused changes in depth to water or to changes in surface water management such as reduced quantities of irrigation tailwater or lower water levels in nearby canals. Rabbitbrush Scrub control parcels also declined in perennial cover. Although perennial cover did not decline from baseline conditions in all of the 1 1 parcels in this category, the cover of rabbitbrush did tend to decline. Nearly half of these 1 1 parcels showed a change in dominant species, typically from rabbitbrush to a saltbush species. Because these are believed to be successional communities (Inyo County and City of Los Angeles 1990), and because Chrysothamnus nauseosus is believed to have ruderal tendencies (Cody 1978), the life span of the rabbitbrush in these parcels may have been foreshortened by six years of drought. Future monitoring of these communities will allow a clearer picture of the processes taking place. g]wf | | ctl Figure 6. Average change in the relative cover of annual plants between 1984-87 and 1992 in the parcels re-inventoried. See Figure 5 legend for explanation of abbreviations and symbols. 12 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Change in Annuals Annuals, predominantly invasive, exotic species, have increased relative to other species within both well field and control areas since the drought began (Figure 6). During the 1984-87 inventory, annuals accounted for 7.4% of the live cover in the well field parcels and 2.0% of the cover in the control parcels that were selected for re-inventory in 1992. In these well field parcels, annual composition increased 8.7% (to 16.1% of the parcel cover) on average, while in control parcels, the increase was 5.5% (to 7.5% of the cover). Thus, annuals now account for a higher proportion of the species composition than they did before the drought began. Categorizing by plant community, the only statistically significant increase in the proportion of annuals was observed in Rabbitbrush Scrub control parcels. Annuals increased to a greater extent in parcels in the northern part of the valley than in the southern part, as the two northernmost well field areas showed statistically significant average increases in proportion of annuals (data not shown). It is likely that this regional difference is due to the fact that in 1984-87, annuals were already prolific in the southern part of the valley. The southern well fields had been pumped heavily in the past, including during the late 1970’s. The vegetation inventory performed from 1984-87 recorded well field conditions after this pumping and after at least three years of above average precipitation, conditions that were likely to have caused the annual invasive species to proliferate. It is of concern that invasive plants have continued to increase during the drought. Their success during relatively dry years may give them an even greater advantage during subsequent wet years. Furthermore, if native species have died or died back, space may be available for unprecedented weed cover in the future. Changes in Dominant Species Approximately 35% of the well field and 45% of the control parcels showed a change in dominant species (Figure 7). AJthough a higher proportion of control parcels showed a change in dominant species, few of the changes were “negative.” In contrast, a much higher proportion of adverse changes occurred in well field parcels. Of the well field parcels in which the dominant species changed, most of the changes (65%) were negative changes, with 29% of them Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 13 becoming more “desertified” from grass to shrub and 35% of them being taken over by non-native weeds (Figure 7). Of the control parcels in which there was a change in dominant species, there were fewer negative changes (27%). Changes from grass to grass, shrub to shrub, or shrub to grass accounted for 73% of the changes, and only 1 8% changed from grass to shrub. Only two control parcels (9%) changed from being dominated by a native to being dominated by an exotic species. type of change [Zlctl Figure 7. The percentage of re-inventoried parcels that exhibited changes in dominant species between 1984-87 and 1992. Bars at left show the percentage of well field versus control parcels that changed in dominant species. Lines across the bars indicate the proportion of negative (below) and positive or benign (above the line) changes in each group. Positive/benign changes are: native perennial grass to another native perennial grass species; native shrub to another native shrub species; and native shrub to native perennial grass. Negative changes include: native perennial grass to native shrub and native species to exotic species. Conclusion On average, six years of drought had no measurable detrimental effect on vegetation cover in phreatophytic plant communities in the 14 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Owens Valley when water tables remained relatively unchanged. Many of these control area communities maintained perennial cover at levels measured prior to the drought despite benign changes in dominant species. Groundwater pumping during the drought, however, did result in a statistically significant decline in perennial plant cover in phreatophytic plant communities located in well fields. In addition, some of these communities showed potentially adverse changes in dominant species. In general, all Owens Valley communities, both pumped and non-pumped, experienced relative increases in non-native, invasive annual species. Future monitoring efforts will evaluate the permanence of these measured changes. Acknowledgments Staff at the LADWP helped with study design and selection of parcels for re-inventorying. Office assistance and field work were performed by Denise Waterbury, Derik Olson, Brian Stange, Eric Turner, and Brian Cashore. Irene Yamashita assisted with preparation of the manuscript. References Cited Barbour, M. G. and J. Major (eds.) 1977. Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley & Sons, New York. City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power, and County of Inyo. 1990. Water from the Owens Valley to supply the second Los Angeles Aqueduct, 1970 to 1990, 1990 onward, pursuant to a long term groundwater management plan. Draft Environmental Impact Report, SCH # 89080705. Cody, M. L. 1978. Distribution of Haplopappus and Chrysothamnus in the Mojave Desert. I. Niche position and niche shifts on north-facing granitic slopes. Amer. J. Bot. 65 (10) : 1107-1 116. Hannan, N. P., Y. Prevost, A. Diouf and O. Diallo. 1991. Assessment of desertification around deep wells in the Sahel using satellite imagery. J. Appl. Ecol. 28 : 173-186. Holland R. F. 1986. Preliminary descriptions of terrestrial natural communities of California. State of California Department of Fish and Game, unpubl. ms. 156 p. Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 15 Inyo County and City of Los Angeles. 1990. Green book for the long-term groundwater management plan for the Owens Valley and Inyo County, unpubl. ms. 176 p. Manning, S. J. 1992. Describing and managing Owens Valley vegetation according to water use. pp. 156-170 in: C. A. Hall, V. Doyle-Jones and B. Widawski (eds.) The history of water: Eastern Sierra, Owens Valley, White-Inyo Mountains. White Mountain Research Station Symposium volume 4. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 1991. Local climatological data: annual summary with comparative data. Bishop, California. Schlesinger W. H., J. F. Reynolds, G. L. Cunningham, L. F. Huenneke, W. M. Jarrell, R. A. Virginia and W. G. Whitford. 1990. Biological feedbacks in global desertification. Science. 247 : 1043-1048. Sorenson S. K., P. D. Dileanis and F. A. Branson. 1991. Soil water and vegetation responses to precipitation and changes in depth to ground water in Owens Valley, California. Chapter G in: Hydrology and soil-water-plant relations in Owens Valley, California. U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2370 Zdon, A. and R. Jackson. 1991. Shallow ground water levels in the Owens Valley - 1985 to 1991 : a general overview. Inyo County Water Department report 91-3. 16 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Synonymized List of Vascular Plant Species in Kern County L. M. Moe Department of Biology California State University, Bakersfield Bakersfield, California 93311-1099 This list of vascular plant species of Kern County is based on Twisselmann's treatment of the plants of Kern County (Twisselmann 1967). It has been extensively revised to include new species collected in Kern County since Twisselmann's publication, as well as incorporate name changes adopted in the newly published Jepson Manual (Hickman 1993). Names in Twisselmann’s Flora appear in alphabetical order by family and by genus within each family. Those which have been changed or are not accepted in the Jepson Manual are printed in normal type; those accepted in the Jepson Manual are printed in boldface type. Authorities are not included here, but can be found in the Jepson Manual. Species recorded to be in Kern County since Twisselmann's publication are indicated with general locations. Voucher specimens for the new documentations by Shevock and Twisselmann are at CAS, the others are at RSA or in the herbarium at California State University, Bakersfield. Notations or additions in Polygonaceae are based on Reveal (1989). References Hickman, J. C. (ed.). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Reveal, J. L. (1989). The Eriogonoid flora of California (Polygonaceae: Eriogonoideae). Phytologia . 66(4): 295-414. Twisselmann, E. C. 1967. A flora of Kern County, California. The Wasmann Journal of Biology. 25(1 and 2): 1-395. Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 17 ACERACEAE Acer A. glabrum var. torreyi (Inspiration Point Botanical Area) var. diffusum (Sierra crest so. to Mt. Jenkins) A. macrophyllum A. negundo var. californicum AIZOACEAE Glinus (=MOLLUGINACEAE) G. lotoides Mesembryanthemum M. crystalinum (Buena Vista Lake) M. nodiflorum (Lokem) Mollugo (=MOLLUGINACEAE) M. verticillata Sesuvium S. verrucosum. Trianthema T. portulacastrum ALISMATACEAE Alisma A. triviale (=A. plantago-aquatica) Tidestromia T. oblongifolia (Red Rock Canyon) Damasomium D. californicum Echinodorus E. berteroi Sagittaria S. calycina (=S. montevidensis ssp. calycina) S. latifolia S. longiloba AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus A. albus A. californicus A. graecizans (=A. blitoides) A. palmeri A. powellii A. retroflexus ANACARDIACEAE Rhus R. diversiloba (=Toxicodendron diversilobum) R. trilobata Schinus S. molle APIACEAE (Umbelliferae) Angelica A. callii (Shirley Creek) A. lineariloba Apiastrum A. angustifolium Apium A. graveolens A. leptophyllum (=Ciclospermum leptophyllum) Berula B. erecta Bowlesia B. incana Caucalis C. microcarpa (=Yabea microcarpa) C. leptophyllum (lawn weed) Cicuta C. douglasii Conium C. maculatum Cymopterus C. deserticola (Edwards AFB) C. panamintensis Daucus D. pusillus D. carota Eryngium E. spinosepalum Foeniculum F. vulgare Hydrocotyle H. ranunculoides (shady areas, Kern Canyon) H. verticillata Lomatium L. californicum L. caruifolium L. dasycarpum ssp dasycarpum ssp. tomentosum L. dissectum L. macrocarpum L. mohavensis L. nevadense L. nudicaule L. shevockii (Owens Peak, Mt. Jenkins) L. utriculatum L. vaseyi (=L. utriculatum) Oenanthe O. sarmentosa Oreonana O. dementis Osmorhiza O. brachypoda O. chilensis Oxypolis O. occidentalis Perideridia P. bolanderi P. parishii P. pringlei Sanicula S. bipinnata S. bipinnatifida S. crassicaulis S. graveolens S. tuberosa Sphenosciadium S. capitellatum Tauschia T. hartwegii T. parishii 18 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 APOCYNACEAE Apocynum A. medium floribundum (=A. androsaemifolium) A. cannabinum var. glaberrimum (not recognized) Vinca V. major ARECACEAE (Palmae) Washingtonia W. filifera ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias A. californica A. cordifolia A. eriocarpa A. erosa A. fascicularis A. vestita ASTERACEAE (Compositae) Acamptopappus A. sphaerocephaius var. hirtellus Achillea all taxa (=A. millefolium) Achyrachaena A. mollis Acroptilon (see Centaurea) Ageratina (see Eupatorium) Agoseris A. glauca var. dasycephala (=var. monticola) A. grandiflora A. heterophylla A. retrorsa Ambrosia (see Franseria) Ancistrocarpus (see Stylocline) Anisocoma A. acaulis Antennaria A. dimorpha Anthemis A. cotula Arnica A. chamissonis ssp. foliosa A. cordifolia (Greenhorn Mtns.) Artemisia A. californica A. douglasiana A. dracunculus A. ludoviciana A. spinescens A. tridentata ssp. tridentata Aster A. adscendens (=A. ascendens) A. bernardinus A. chilensis A. eatonii A. exilis (=A. subulatus var. ligulatus) A. frondosus A. hesperius (=A. lanceolatus ssp. hesperius) A. intricatus (=Machaeranthera carnosa) A. pauciflorus Baccharis B. douglasii B. emoryi B. glutinosa (=B. salicifolia) B. sergiloides B. viminea (=B. salicifolia) Balsamorhiza B. deltoidea B. sagittata Bebbia B. juncea var.aspera Bidens B. cernua var. cernua B. frondosa Blennosperma B. nanum var. nanum (clay soils near Woody) Blepharizonia B. plumosa ssp. viscida Brickellia B. californica B. desertorum B. microphylla B. multiflora B. nevinii Calycadenia C. hispida forma albiflora (=C. multiglandulosa) C. spicata Calycoseris C. parryi Carthamus C. tinctorius Centaurea C. cyanus C. melitensis C. repens (=Acroptilon repens) C. solstitialis Chaenactis C. carphoclinia var. attenuata (=var. carphoclina) C. fremontii C. glabriuscula var. curta (=var. glabriuscula) var. lanosa var. megacephala C. macrantha C. rubricaulis (=C. douglasii var. douglasii) C. santolinoides C. stevioides var. brachypappa (not recognized) C. xantiana Chaetopappa C. fragilis (=Pentachaeta fragilis) Chamomilla (see Matricaria) Crossosoma20(l), May 1994 19 Chrysopsis C. breweri (=Aster breweri) C. oregona var. scaberrima (=Heterotheca oregona var. scaberrima) C. villosa (=Heterotheca sessiliflora) var. echioides (not recognized) var. fastigiata (=H. s. ssp. fastigiata) Chrysothamnus C. nauseosus ssp. ceruminosus ssp. consimilus ssp. hololeucus ssp. mohavensis ssp. occidentalis (=ssp. albicaulis) ssp. viscosus (=ssp. hololeucus) C. paniculatus C. parryi ssp. vulcanicus C. teretifolius C. viscidiflorus ssp. pumilus (not recognized) Cichorium C. intybus Cirsium C. andersonii C. califomicum (=C. occidentale var califomicum) C. crassicaule C. cymosum C. foliosum (=C. scariosum) C. occidentale var. occidentale C. proteanum (=C. occidentale var. venustum) C. vulgare Cnicus C. benedictus Conyza C. bonariensis C. canadensis C. coulteri Coreopsis C. bigelovii C. californica var. californica C. calliopsidea Corethrogyne C. filaginifolia. (=Lessingia filaginifolia) all vars. (=var. filaginifolia) Cotula C. australis C. coronopifolia Crepis C. acuminata C. occidentalis var. occidentalis (not recognized) var. pumila (not recognized) Crocidium C. multicaule Dicoria D. canescens ssp. hispidula (not recognized) Dimorphotheca C. sinuata Eastwoodia E. elegans Eatonella E. congdonii (=Lembertia congdonii) Eclipta E. alba (=E. prostrata) Encelia E. farinosa (Edwards AFB) E. virginensis ssp. actoni (=E. actoni) Ericameria (see Haplopappus) Erigeron E. aequifolius E. compositus E. divergens E. foliosus var. foliosus var. covillei (=E. breweri var. covillei) var. hartwegii var. stenophyllus (not recognized) E. multiceps E. philadelphicus Eriophyllum E. ambiguum var ambiguum var. paleaceum E. confertiflorum E. lanatum var. hallii var. obovatum E. pringlei E. wallacei Eupatorium E. occidentale (=Ageratina occidentalis) Euthamia (see Solidago) Evax E. acaulis (=Hesperevax acaulis) E. caulescens var. humilis (=H. caulescens) Filago F. californica F. depressa F. gallica Franseria F. acanthicarpa (=Ambrosia acanthicarpa) F. dumosa (=A. dumosa) Gaillardia G. aristata Glyptopleura G. setulosa (=G. marginata) Gnaphalium G. beneolens (=G. canescens ssp. beneolens) G. califomicum 20 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 G. chilense (=G. stramineum) G. luteo-album G. microcephalum (=G. canescens ssp. microcephalum) G. palustre G. thermale (=G. canescens ssp. thermale) Grindelia G. camporum var. australis (=var bracteosum) G. procera (=G. c. var. camporum) G. robusta (=G. c. var. camporum) Gutierrezia G. bracteata (=G. californica) G. microcephala G. sarothrae Haplopappus H. acradenius (=Isocoma acradenia) ssp. acradenius (=1. a. var. acradenia) ssp. bracteosus (=1. a. var. bracteosa) H. arborescens (=Ericameria arborescens) H. bloomeri (=Ericameria bloomeri) H. cooperi (=Ericameria cooperi) H. cuneatus (=Ericameria cuneata) H. gilmanii (=Ericameria gilmanii) H. linearifolius (=Ericameria linearifolia) var. interior (not recognized) H. palmeri ssp. pachylepis (=Ericameria palmeri var. pachylepis) H. racemosus ssp. glomeratus (=Pyrrocoma racemosa var. paniculata) H. squarrosus ssp. obtusus (=Hazardia squarrosa var. obtusa) H. squarrosus ssp. stenolepis (=Hazardia stenolepis) H. whitneyi (=Hazardia whitneyi var. whitneyi) Hazardia (see Haplopappus) Helenium H. bigelovii H. puberulum Helianthella H. californica var. nevadensis Helianthus H. annuus H. gracilentus Hemizonia H. arida H. fitchii H. heermanii (=Holocarpha heermanii) H. kelloggii H. obconica (=Holocarpha obconica) H. pallida H. pungens ssp. pungens Hesperevax (see Evax) Heterotheca H. grandiflora H. sessiliflora ssp. echioides (South Fork Valley) Hieracium H. albiflorum H. horridum Holocarpha (see Hemizonoa) Hulsea H. heterochroma (east crest of Sierra) Hymenoclea H. salsola var. salsola Hypochaeris H. glabra Isocoma (see Haplopappus) Iva I. axillaris var. pubescens (=ssp. robustior) Lactuca L. serriola var. integrata (not recognized) Lagophylla L. glandulosa L. ramosissima Lasthenia L. chrysantha L. chrysostoma (=L. californica) L. debilis L. ferrisiae L. fremontii L. glabrata ssp. coulteri L. microglossa L. minor Layia L. glandulosa L. heterotricha L. leucopappa L. munzii L. pentachaeta var. albida var. pentachaeta L. platyglossa ssp. campestris (not recognizes) Lembertia (see Eatonella) Lepidospartum L. squamatum Lessingia L. germanorum (=L. lemmonii) var. lemmonii var. peirsonii var. ramulosissima Crossosoma20(l), May 1994 21 var. tenuipes (=L. glandulifera var glandulifera) var. vallicola (=L. glandulifera var. glandulifera) L. leptoclada L. nana L. nemaclada var. albiflora (not recognized) L. tenuis Lygodesmia L. exigua (=PrenantheIla exigua) Machaeranthera M. canescens M. tortifolia (=Xylorhiza tortifolia var. tortifolia) Madia M. densifolia (=M. elegans ssp. densifolia) M. elegans var. elegans (=ssp. elegans) var. vemalis (=ssp. vernalis) M. wheeleri (=M. elegans ssp wheeleri)) M. exigua M. gracilis M. minima M. radiata Malacothrix M. altissima (=M. saxatilis var. altissima) M. californica M. clevelandii M. coulteri M. floccifera M. glabrata M. sonchoides (Red Rock Canyon) Matricaria M. matricarioides (=Chamomilla suaveolens) M. occidentals (=ChamomilIa occidentalis) Micropus M. californicus Microseris M. campestris M. douglasii M. elegans M. heterocarpa (=Stebbinsoseris heterocarpa) M. linearifolia (=Uropappus lindleyi) M. montana (=M. sylvatica) M. sylvatica Monolopia M. lanceolata M. stricta Monoptilon M. bellidiforme Nicolletia N. occidentalis Orochaenactis O. thysanocarpha Perityle P. emoryi Peucephyllum P. schottii (Red Rock Canyon) Pluchea P. purpurascens (=P. odorata) P. sericea Psathyrotes P. annua Pseudobahia P. heermannii P. peirsonii Psilocarphus P. brevissimus P. tenellus var. tenuis (=P. t. var. globiferus) Pyrrocoma (see Haplopappus) Rafinesquia R. californica R. neomexicana Raillardella R. muirii (=Raillardiopsis muirii) Rigiopappus R. leptocladus Senecio S. astephanus S. breweri S. californicus S. clarkianus S. douglasii (=S. flaccidus) var. monoensis var. tularensis (=var. douglasii) S. ionophyllus S. pseudaureus S. serra S. vulgaris Silybum S. marianum Solidago S. californica S. canadensis ssp. elongata S. occidentalis (=Euthamia occidentalis) S. spectabilis Soliva S. sessilis (lawn weed, Bakersfield) Sonchus S. asper ssp. asper S. oleraceus Stebbinsoseris (see Microseris) Stephanomeria S. cichoriacea S. exigua ssp. exigua S. parryi S. pauciflora var. pauciflora S. virgata ssp. virgata Stylocline S. filaginea (=Ancistrocarphus filagineus) S. gnaphalioides 22 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 S. micropoides Syntrichopappus S. fremontii Taraxacum T. laevigatum (=T. officinale) T. officinale Tetradymia T. canescens T. glabrata T. spinosa var. longi spina (=T. axillaris var. longispina) T. stenolepis Tragopogon T. pratensis Uropappus (see Microseris) Wyethia W. invenusta W. ovata Xanthium X. spinosum X. strumarium var. canadense (not recognized) Xylorhiza (see Machaeranthera) AZOLLACEAE (see Salviniaceae) BERBERIDACEAE Berberis B. dictyota (=B. aquifolium var. dictyota) BETULACEAE Alnus A. rhombifolia BIGNONIACEAE Catalpa C. bignonioides BLECHNACEAE Woodwardia W. fimbriata BORAGINACEAE Allocarya A. acanthocarpa (=Plagiobothrys acanthocarpus) A. bracteata (=Plagiobothrys bracteatus) A. hispidula (=PIagiobothrys hispidulus) A. leptoclada (=Plagiobothrys leptocladus) Amsinckia A. douglasiana A. intermedia var. eastwoodae (=A. eastwoodae) A. intermedia (=A. menziesii var. intermedia) A. menziesii var. menziesii A. tessellata A. vernicosa Coldenia C. nuttallii (=TiquiIia nuttallii) C. plicata (=Tiquilia plicata) Cryptantha C. affinis C. angustifolia C. barbigera C. circumscissa var. hispida (not recognized) C. confertiflora (Mt. Laura, Piute Mtns.) C. decipiens var. corollata (not recognized) C. dumetorum C. echinella C. flaccida C. incana C. intermedia C. micrantha var. lepida (not recognized) C. microstachys C. mohavensis C. muricata var. denticulata (not recognized) var. jonesii (not recognized) C. nemaclada C. nevadensis var. rigida (not recognized) C. oxygona C. pterocarya var. cycloptera (not recognized) var. purpusii (not recognized) C. similis (=C. circumscissa) C. simulans C. sparsiflora (=C. flaccida) C. torreyana C. utahensis Cynoglossum C. occidental Hackelia H. velutina Heliotropium H. curassavicum var. oculatum (not recognized) Myosotis M. laxa Pectocarya P. heterocarpa P. linearis var. ferocula (=ssp. ferocula) P. penicillata P. platycarpa (Red Rock Canyon) P. pusilla P. recurvata P. setosa Plagiobothrys P. arizonicus P. canescens Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 23 P. infectivus P. jonesii P. nothofulvus P. tenellus P. torreyi Tequilia (see Coldenia) BRASSICACEAE (Cruciferae) Arabidopsis A. thaliana Arabis A. davidsonii (Spanish Needle & Owens Peak) A. glabra A. inyoensis (Owens Peak) A. platysperma A. pulchra A. repanda A. sparsiflora var. arcuata Athysanus A. pusillus Barbarea B. orthoceras Brassica B. geniculata (=Hirschfeldia incana) B. kaber (=Sinapsis arvensis) B. tournefortii (Edwards AFB) Capsella C. bursa-pastoris Cardamine (see Dentaria) Cardaria C. draba C. pubescens Caulanthus C. amplexicaulis C. californicus C. cooperi C. coulteri C. inflatus C. lemmonii (=C. coulteri var. lemmonii) C. pilosus (Spanish Needle) Chorispora C. tenella (weed, Edison) Coronopus C. didymus (sidewalk weed) Dentaria D. califomica (=Cardamine californica var. californica) Descurainia D. pinnata ssp. glabra ssp. menziesii D. richardsonii (=D. incana) ssp. viscosa (not recognized) D. sophia Dithyrea D. californica Draba D. cuneifolia (Erskine Creek Canyon) D. verna Eruca E. sativa (=E. vesica ria ssp. sativa) Erysimum E. argillosum (=E. capitatum ssp. capitatum) E. moniliforme (=E. capitatum ssp. capitatum) E. perenne (=E. capitatum ssp. perenne) Guillenia (see Thelypodium) Heterodraba H. unilateralis Hirschfeldia (see Brassica) Hutchinsia H. procumbens Idahoa I. scapigera Lepidium L. campestre L. densiflorum L. dictyotum var. acutidens var. dictyotum L. flavum L. fremontii L. lasiocarpum L. nitidum var. insigne (not recognized) var. howellii var. nitidum var. oreganum L. perfoliatum L. strictum L. virginicum var. pubescens Matthiola M. bicornis Nasturtium N. officinale (=Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum) Raphanus R. sativus Rorippa R. curvisiliqua R. islandica var. occidentalis (=R. palustris var. occidentalis) Sinapsis (see Brassica) Sisymbrium S. altissimum S. irio S. orientate Stanleya S. pinnata Streptanthella S. longirostris var. derelicta (not recognized) Streptanthus S. cordatus var. piutensis S. farnsworthianus Thelypodium T. integrifolium 24 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 T. lasiophyllum (=Guillenia lasiophylla) T. lemmonii (=GuilIenia lemmonii) Thysanocarpus T. curvipes T. laciniatus Tropidocarpum T. gracile CACTACEAE Echinocactus E. polyancistrus (=Sclerocactus polyancistrus) E. polycephalus Opuntia O. basilaris var. basilaris O. echinocarpa O. ramosissima O. treleasei (=0. basilaris var. treleasei) Sclerocactus (see Echinocactus) CALLITRICHACEAE Callitriche C. heterophylla var. bolanderi C. marginata CAMPANULACEAE (includes Lobeliaceae) Downingia D. bella D. cuspidata D. pulchella Githopsis G. specularioides G. tenella (Greenhorn Mtns.) Heterocodon H. rariflorum Nemacladus N. capillaris N. glanduliferus var. orientalis N. gracilis N. interior N. rubescens N. secundiflorus N. sigmoideus N. twisselmannii Porterella P. carnosula CANNABACEAE (see Moraceae) CAPPARACEAE (Capparidaceae) Cleomella C. obtusifoiia C. parviflora Isomeris I. arborea var. angustata (not recognized) var. globosa (not recognized) Wislizenia W. refracta ssp. californica CAPRIFOLIACEAE Lonicera L. interrupta L. johnstonii (=L. subspicata var. denudata) Sambucus S. caerulea (=S. mexicana) S. mexicana Symphoricarpos S. acutus (=S. mollis) S. parishii (=S. rotundifolius va:. parishii) S. rivularis (=S. albus var. laevigatus) CARYOPHYLLACEAE Arenaria A. californica (=Minuartia californica) A. douglasii (=Minuartia douglasii) A. macradenia var. arcuifolia var. ferrisiae var. macradenia var. parishiorum (not recognized) A. pusilla (=Minuartia pusilla) Cerastium C. glomeratum Herniaria H. cinerea (=H. hirsuta ssp. cinerea) Loeflingia L. pusilla (=L. squarrosa var. squarrosa) L. squarrosa var. artemisiarum (SE Kern Co.) var. squarrosa Minuartia (see Arenaria) Polycarpon P. tetraphyllum (weed, Bakersfield) Pseudostellaria (see Stellaria) Sagina S. apetala S. decumbens ssp. occidentals (Red Rock Canyon) S. saginoides Silene S. antirrhina S. californica S. gallica S. lemmonii S. montana (=S. bernardina) ssp. bernardina (not recognized) var. sierrae (not recognized) S. verecunda ssp. platyota Spergularia S. atrosperma S. bocconii S. macrotheca var. leucantha S. marina Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 25 S. rubra Stellaria S. crispa S. jamesiana (=Pseudostellaria jamesiana) S. iongipes S. media S. nitens S. sitchana var. bongardiana (=S. borealis ssp. sitchana) CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum C. demersum CHENOPODIACEAE Allenrolfea A. occidentalis Atriplex A. argentea A. breweri (=A. lentiformis ssp. lentiformis) A. canescens A. confertifolia A. cordulata A. coronata A. hastata (=A. triangularis) A. hymenelytra A. lentiformis ssp. lentiformis ssp. parishii (western Mojave?) ssp. parryi (Edwards AFB) ssp. torreyi (Edwards AFB) A. parishii A. parryi A. phyllostegia A. polycarpa A. rosea A. semibaccata A. serenana A. spinifera A. torreyi (=A. lentiformis ssp. torreyi) A. tularensis A. vallicola Bassia B. hyssopifolia Beta B. vulgaris Chenopodium C. album C. ambrosioides C. berlandieri C. botrys C. californicum C. desiccatum C. fremontii C. incognitum C. murale C. rubrum C. strictum var. glaucophyllum C. vulvaria Eurotia E. lanata (=Krascheninnikovia lanata) Grayia G. spinosa Kochia K. californica Krascheninnikovia (see Eurotia) Monolepis M. nuttalliana Nitrophila N. occidentalis Salicornia S. depressa (=S. europaea) S. subterminalis Salsola S. kali var. tenuifolia (=S. tragus) S. paulsenii (Red Rock Canyon) Sarcobatus S. vermiculatus (Edwards AFB) Suaeda S. fruiticosa (=S. moquinii) S. torreyana (=S. moquinii) Compositae (see ASTERACEAE) CONVOLVULACEAE Calystegia (see Convolvulus) Convolvulus C. arvensis C. fiilcratus var. deltiodes (=Calystegia occidentalis ssp. fulcratus) C. Iongipes (=Calystegia Iongipes) C. malacophyllus ssp. pedicellatus (=Calystegia malacophylla ssp. pedicellata) C. simulans C. tomentellus (=Calystegia occidentalis ssp. occidentalis) Cressa C. truxillensis var. vallicola (not recognized) Cuscuta (in CUSCUTACEAE) C. californica var. californica C. campestris (=C. pentagona) C. ceanothi (=C. subinclusa) C. denticulata C. salina C. suksdorfii var. subpedicellata (=C. californica var. breviflora) Ipomoea I. hederacea (=1. nil) 26 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 I. purpurea CORNACEAE Cornus C. glabrata C. nuttallii C. stolonifera (=C. sericea ssp. sericea) CRASSULACEAE Crassula (see Tilleaea) Dudleya D. calcicola (Kemville-Isabella area) D. cymosa D. lanceolata Parvisedum P. congdoni Sedum S. spathuiifolium var. anomalum (not recognized) Tillaea T. aquatica (=Crassula aquatica) T. erecta (=Crassula erecta) CROSSOSOMATACEAE Glossopetaion G. spinescens (Kemville-Lake Isabella) Cruciferae (see BRASSICACEAE) CUCURBITACEAE Citrullus C. lanatus (=C. colocynthis var. lanatus) Cucumis C. melo var. dudaim Cucurbita C. foetidissima C. palmata Marah M. fabaceus var. agrestis (not recognized) M. horridus CUPRESSACEAE Calocedrus C. decurrens Cupressus C. nevadensis (=C. arizonicus ssp. nevadensis) Juniperus J. californica J. occidentalis CUSCUTACEAE (see Convolvulaceae) CYPERACEAE Carex C. alma C. amplifolia C. angustior (=C. echinata) C. athrostachya C. barbarae C. bolanderi C. brainerdii C. densa C. douglasii C. feta C. fracta C. gracilior C. jonesii C. kelloggii (=C. lenticularis var. lipocarpa) C. lanuginosa C. lemmonii C. mariposana C. multicaulis C. nebrascensis C. paucicostata (=C. lenticularis var. impressa) C. praegracilis C. rossii (Owens Peak, Kern Plateau) C. sartwelliana C. senta C. serratodens C. simulata C. subfusca C. teneraeformis (=C. subfusca) C. vicaria (=C. densa) Cyperus C. aristatus (=C. squarrosus) C. difformis C. eragrostis C. erythrorhizos C. esculentus C. ferax (=C. odoratus) C. laevigatus C. niger Eleocharis E. acicularis var. acicularis E. bella (=E. acicularis var. bella) E. macrostachya E. montevidensis E. parishii E. pauciflora var. bemardina (not recognized) E. radicans E. rostellata Fimbristylis F. thermalis F. vahlii Hemicarpha H. occidentalis (=Lipocarpha occidentalis) Lipocarpha (see Hemicarpha) Scirpus S. acutus var. occidentalis S. americanus S. californicus S. paludosus (=S. maritimus) S. tuberosus (=S. maritimus) S. microcarpus S. olneyi (=S. americanus) S. saximontanus Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 27 DATISCACEAE Datisca D. glomerata DENNSTAEDITACEAE (see Polypodiaceae) DIPSACACEAE Dipsacus D. fullonum (Petit Meadow, Greenhorns) DRYOPTERIDACEAE (see Polypodiaceae) ELAEAGNACEAE Shepherdia S. argentea ELATINACEAE Bergia B. texana Elatine E. brachysperma EPHEDRACEAE Ephedra E. californica E. nevadensis E. viridis EQUISETACEAE Equisetum E. arvense E. hyemale var. robustum E. laevigatum ERICACEAE (see Pyrolaceae) Arctostaphylos A. glauca var. puberula (not recognized) A. mariposa (=A. viscida ssp. mariposa) A. nevadensis A. parryana A. patula A. pungens A. viscida Rhododendron R. occidentale EUPHORBIACEAE Chamaesyce (see Euphorbia) Croton C. californicus var. mohavensis (not recognized) Eremocarpus E. setigerus Euphorbia E. albomarginata (=Chamaesyce albomarginata) E. lathyris E. maculata (=Chamaesyce maculata) E. ocellata (=Chamaesyce ocellata) E. peplus E. serpyllifolia (=Chamaesyce serpyllifolia) E. spathulata E. vallis-mortae (=Chamaesyce vallis-mortae) Ricinus R. communis Stillingia S. paucidentata FABACEAE (Leguminosae) Alhagi A. camelorum (= A. pseudoalhagi) Astragalus A. acutirostris A. asymmetricus A. didymocarpus var. didymocarpus var. dispermus A. douglassii A. ertterae (Walker Pass) A. gambelianus A. hornii A. layneae A. lentiginosus. var. albifolius var. idriensis var. kernensis var. nigricalycis var. variabilis A. macrodon A. oxyphysus A. pachypus var. pachypus A. purshii var. tinctus A. subvestitus A. trichopodus var. phoxus A. whitneyi Caesalpinia (see Poinciana) Cassia C. armata (=Senna armata) Cercis C. occidentalis Dalea D. fremontii var. saundersii (=Psorothamnus fremontii) Glycyrrhiza G. glabra G. lepidota Hoffmannseggia H. densiflora (=H. glauca) Lathyrus L. laetiflorus (=L. vestitus) L. latifolius L. pauciflorus ssp. brownii (=L. brownii) L. sulphureus Lotus L. argophyllus var. decorus (not recognized) L. corniculatus L. crassifolius L. davidsonii (=L. nevadensis var. davidsonii) L. grandiflorus L. humistratus 28 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 L. micranthus L. nevadensis var. nevadensis L. oblongifolius L. procumbens var. jepsonii var. procumbens L. purshianus L. salsuginosus var. brevivexillus var. salsuginosus L. scoparius var. brevialatus L. strigosus var. hirtellus (not recognized) L. subpinnatus (=L. wrangelianus) L. tomentellus (=L. strigosus) Lupinus L. adsurgens var. undulatus (not recognized) L. albicaulis var. shastensis (not recognized) L. albifrons L. andersonii L. arbustus L. benthamii L. bicolor L. breweri var. breweri var. bryoides var. grandiflorus L. concinnus var. orcuttii (not recognized) L. confertus (=L. lepidus var. confertus) L. densiflorus L. elatus L. excubitus var. austromontanus var. exubitus L. formosus var. formosus var. robustus L. grayi L. horizontalis var. horizontalis (=L. microcarpus var. horizontalis) var. platypetalus (not recognized) L. latifolius var. columbianus var. parishii L. nanus ssp. menkerae (not recognized) L. odoratus L. polyphyllus var. supurbus (=var. burkei) L. ruber (=L. microcarpus var. microcarpus) L. shockleyi L. stiversii (Greenhorn Mtns.) L. subvexus (=L. microcarpus var. microcarpus) L. succulentus L. vallicola (=L. nanus) Medicago M. hispida (=M. polymorpha) M. lupulina M. sativa Melilotus M. albus (=M. alba) M. indicus (=M. indica) M. officinalis Parkinsonia P. aculeata Pediomelum (see Psoralea) Pisum P. sativum Poinciana P. gilliesii (=Caesalpinia gilliesii) Prosopis P. juliflora var. torreyana (=P. glandulosa var. torreyana) Psoralea P. califomica (=Pediomelum californicum) Psorothamnus (see Dalea) P. arborescens var. minutifolius (Red Rock Canyon) Robinia R. pseudoacacia Spartium S. junceum (Kern Canyon) Sphaerophysa S. salsula Trifolium T. albopurpureum var albopurpureum T. ciliolatum T. cyathiferum T. dedeckerae (=T. macilentum var. dedeckerae) T. depauperatum var. depauperatum T. fragiferum T. gracilentum T. hirtum T. microcephalum T. monanthum var. monanthum T. obtusiflorum T. olivaceum (=T. albopurpureum var. olivaceum T. pratense T. repens T. stenophyllum (=T. depauperatum var. amplectens T. tridentatum (=T. willdenovii) T. variegatum var. melananthum (not recognized) var. pauciflorum (not recognized) T. wormskioldii Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 29 Vicia V. americana ssp. oregana (=var. americana) V. califomica (=V. americana var. americana) V. exigua (=V. ludoviciana var. ludoviciana) V. faba V. villosa FAGACEAE Castanopsis C. sempervirens (=Chrysolepis sempervirens) Chrysolepis (see Castanopsis) Quercus Q. agrifolia Q. alvordiana Q. chrysolepis Q. douglasii Q. dumosa (=Q. berberidifolia) Q. garryana var. breweri Q. kelloggii Q. lobata Q. moreha (not recognized) Q. turbinella (=Q. john-tuckeri) Q. wislizenii var. fructescens FRANKENIACEAE Frankenia F. grandifolia (=F. salina) Fumariaceae (see PAPAVERACEAE) GARRYACEAE Garrya G. flavescens var. pallida (not recognized) GENTIANACEAE Centaurium C. exaltatum C. venustum var. abramsii (not recognized) Frasera F. neglecta (=Swertia neglecta) F. tubulosa (=Swertia tubulosa) Gentiana G. simplex (=Gentianopsis simplex) Swertia (see Frasera) GERANIACEAE Erodium E. botrys E. cicutarium E. macrophyllum E. moschatum E. obtusiplicatum (=E. brachycarpum) E. texanum Geranium G. californicum G. carolinianum G. dissectum Gramineae (see POACEAE) GROSSULARIACEAE (see Saxifragaceae) Guttiferae (see HYPERICACEAE) HALORAGACEAE (Haloragidaceae) Myriophyllum M. hippurioides HIPPOCASTANACEAE Aesculus A. californica HYDROCHARITACEAE (includes Najadaceae) Elodea E. canadensis Najas N. marina HYDROPHYLLACEAE Emmenanthe E. penduliflora var. penduliflora var. rosea Eriodictyon E. californicum E. crassifolium var. denudatum (=var. nigrescens) var. nigrescens E. tomentosum Eucrypta E. chrysanthemifolia var. bipinnatifida var. chrysanthemifolia E. micrantha Hesperochiron H. pumilus Hydrophyllum H. occidental Lemmonia L. califomica (=Nama californicum) Nama N. demissum var. demissum var. deserti (not recognized) Nemophila N. maculata N. menziesii var. integrifolia var. menziesii N. parviflora var. parviflora var. quercifolia N. pedunculata N. pulchella var. fremontii var. gracilis var. pulchella 30 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 N. spatulata Phacelia P. affinis P. austromontana P. bicolor P. cicutaria P. ciliata P. congdonii P. crenulata P. curvipes P. davidsonii P. distans P. douglasii P. egena P. fremontii P. humilis var. dudleyi P. mohavensis P. mutabilis P. nashiana P. novenmillensis (Spanish Needle to Owens Peak) P. pachyphylla P. purpusii P. ramosissima var. suffrutescens (=var. latifolia) P. rotundifolia P. stimulans (=P. imbricata var. imbricata) P. tanacetifolia P. vallis-mortae var. heliophila (not recognized) Pholistoma P. auritum var. auritum P. membranaceum Tricardia T. watsonii Turricula T. parryi HYPERICACEAE (Guttiferae) Hypericum H. anagalloides H. perforatum H. scouleri (=H. formosum var. scouleri) IRIDACEAE Iris I. hartwegii var. hartwegii I. missouriensis I. pseudacorus Sisyrinchium S. bellum S. elmeri (Tiger Flat, Greenhorn Mtns.) S. halophilum S. idahoensis var. idahoense ISOETACEAE Isoetes I. nuttallii JUGLANDACEAE Juglans J. nigra JUNCACEAE Juncus J. balticus J. bufonius var. bufonius J. dubius J. effusus J. ensifolius J. kelloggii J. macrandrus J. macrophyllus J. mexicanus J. nevadensis J. orthophyllus J. oxymeris J. rugulosus J. sphaerocarpus (=J. bufonius var. occidentalis) J. tenuis J. torreyi J. xiphioides Luzula L. comosa JUNCAGINACEAE (includes Lilaeaceae) Lilaea L. scillioides Triglochin T. concinna var. debilis Labiatae (see LAMIACEAE) LAM1ACEAE (Labiatae) Agastache A. urticifolia Lamium L. amplexicaule Lycopus L. americanus Marrubium M. vulgare Mentha M. arvensis M. citrata (=M. Xpiperita) M. rotundifolia (=M. suaveolens) M. spicata var. spicata Monardella M. beneolens M. breweri M. candicans M. exilis M. lanceolata M. linioides ssp linioides ssp. oblonga M. odoratissima ssp. parvifolia (=M. glauca) Pogogyne P. douglasii Salazaria S. mexicana Salvia S. carduacea S. columbariae S. dorrii var. pilosa S. leucophylla S. mellifera S. pachyphylla (Scodie Mtns.) Scutellaria S. austinae (=S. siphocampyloides) Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 31 S. bolanderi ssp. bolanderi S. tuberosa Stachys S. albens Trichostema T. austromontanum T. lanceolatum T. oblongum T. ovatum LAURACEAE Umbellularia U. californica LEMNACEAE Lemna L. gibba L. minima (=L. minuscula) L. valdiviana Spirodela S. polyrrhiza Wolffiella W. lingulata LENNOACEAE Pholisma P. arenarium Lilaeaceae (see. JUNCAGINACEAE) LILIACEAE Allium A. burlewii A. campanulatum A. cratericola (Piute Mt.) A. crispum A. davisae (=A. lacunosum var. davisae) A. fimbriatum var. denticulatum (-A. denticulatum) var. fimbriatum var. mohavense A. howellii var. howellii A. hyalinum A. lacunosum var. kernensis (western Mojave) A. peninsulare var. peninsulare A. shevockii (Spanish Needle Pk.) A. tribracteatum (=A. obtusum var. obtusum) A. validum (Tiger Flat) Asparagus A. officinalis Bloomeria B. crocea var. aurea (not recognized) var. montana (not recognized) Brodiaea B. coronaria var. kernensis (=B. terrestris ssp. kernensis) B. laxa (=Triteleia laxa) B. lutea (=Triteleia ixioides) var. analina (=ssp. analina) var. lutea (=ssp. ixioides) var. scabra (=ssp. scabra) B. pulchella (=Dichelostemma congestum) B. volulilis (=DicheIostemma volubile) Calochortus C. amoenus C. clavatus ssp. pallidus C. coeruleus var. westoni (=C. westonii) C. invenustus C. kennedyi var. kennedyi C. luteus C. palmeri var. palmeri C. panamintensis (Owens Peak) C. striatus C. supurbus C. venustus C. vestae Chlorogalum C. pomeridianum Dichelostemma (see Brodiaea) Fritillaria F. agrestis F. brandegei F. pinetorum F. striata Lilium L. kelleyanum Muilla M. coronata M. maritima Nolina N. parryi ssp. wolfii (not recognized) Smilacina S. racemosa (Shirley Meadows) S. stellata Triteleia (see Brodiaea) Veratrum V. californicum var. californicum Yucca Y. brevifolia var. brevifolia (not recognized) var. herbertii (not recognized) Y. whipplei ssp. caespitosa (not recognized) Zigadenus Z. brevibracteatus Z. exaltatus Z. venenosus LIMNANTHACEAE Limnanthes L. montana LINACEAE Hesperolinon (see Linum) Linum L. lewisii var. lewisii 32 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 L. micranthum (=Hesperolinon micranthum) LOASACEAE Eucnide E. urens Mentzelia M. affinis M. albicaulis M. congesta M. dispersa M. eremophila (Red Rock Canyon) var. obtusa (not recognized) M. graciienta M. involucrata M. laevicaulis M. montana M. nitens var. eremophila (not recognized) M. pectinata M. tricuspis (Red Rock Canyon) M. tricuspis var. brevicomuta (=M. tridentata) M. veatchiana Petalonyx P. thurberi ssp. thurberi Lobeliaceae (see CAMPANULACEAE) Loranthaceae (see VISCACEAE) LYTHRACEAE Ammannia A. coccinea Lythrum L. californicum L. hyssopifolia L. salicaria (Southfork Valley) MALVACEAE Alcea (see Althaea) Althaea A. rosea (=Alcea rosea) Eremalche E. exilis E. kemensis (=E. parryi ssp. kernensis) E. parryi ssp parryi E. rotundifolia Gossypium G. hirsutum Malacothamnus M. marrubioides M. orbiculatus (=M. fremontii) Malva M. neglecta M. parviflora Malvella (see Sida) Sida S. hederacea (=Malvella leprosa) Sidalcea S. malvaeflora ssp. sparsifolia S. ranunculacea Sphaeralcea S. ambigua var. ambigua var. monticola (not recognized) MARSILIACEAE Marsilea M. vestita MARTYNIACEAE Proboscidea P. louisianica MELIACEAE Melia M. azedarach MOLLUGINACEAE (see Aizoaceae) MORACEAE Cannabis (in CANNABACEAE) C. sativa Ficus F. carica Maclura M. pomifera Morus M. alba Najadaceae (see HYDROCHARITACEAE) NYCTAGINACEAE Abronia A. pogonantha A. turbinata A. villosa Mirabilis M. bigelovii var. aspera (not recognized) var. bigelovii var. retrorsa M. froebelii (=M. multiflora var. pubescens) M. laevis (=M. californica) OLEACEAE Forestiera F. neomexicana (=F. pubescens) Fraxinus F. latifolia ONAGRACEAE Boisduvalia B. densiflora (=Epilobium densiflorum) B. glabella (=Epilobium pygmaeum) B. stricta (=Epilobium torreyi) Camissonia C. boothii ssp. decorticans ssp. desertorum C. californica C. campestris ssp. campestris C. claviformis ssp. claviformis C. contorta Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 33 C. dentata (=C. strigulosa) C. graciliflora C. hirtella C. kernensis ssp. gilmanii (Red Rock Canyon) ssp. kernensis C. micrantha C. pallida C. palmeri C. parvula C. refracta Circaea C. alpina ssp. pacifica Clarkia C. cylindrica C. dudleyana C. exilis C. purpurea ssp. viminea C. rhomboidea C. speciosa ssp. polyantha C. tembloriensis ssp. calientensis (Caliente Hills) ssp. temblorensis C. unguiculata C. xantiana Epilobium E. adenocaulon (=E. ciliatum ssp. ciliatum) var. holoseriseum (not recognized) var. parishii (not recognized) E. brevistylum (=E. ciliatum ssp. glandulosum) E. glaberrimum E. oregonense E. paniculatum (=E. brachycarpum) Gayophytum G. decipiens G. diffusum ssp. parviflorum G. eriospermum G. heterozygum G. humile G. racemosum Heterogaura H. heterandra (=Clarkia heterandra) Ludwigia L. peploides L. palustris Oenothera O. deltoides ssp. cognata ssp. deltoides O. hookeri ssp. angustifolia (=0. elata ssp. hirsutissima) O. primiveris ssp. primiveris Zauschneria Z. califomica (=Epilobium canum ssp. canum) Z. latifolia (=Epilobium canum ssp.latifolium) Z. viscosa (=Epilobium canum ssp.latifolium) OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Botrychium B. multifidum B. simplex ORCHIDACEAE Corallorhiza C. maculata Epipactis E. gigantea Habenaria H. leucostachys (=Platanthera leucostachys) H. sparsiflora (=Platanthera sparciflora) H. unalascensis (=Piperia unalascensis) Listera L. convallarioides (Tiger Flat) Piperia (see Habenaria) Platanthera (see Habenaria) OROBANCHACEAE Boschniakia B. strobilacea (Spring Canyon, Scodie Mtns.) Orobanche O. califomica var. parishii (=0. parishii ssp. parishii) O. corymbosa O. fasciculata O. grayana var. feudgei (=0. califomica ssp. feudgei) O. uniflora ssp. occidentalis (not recognized) OXALIDACEAE Oxalis O. corniculata O. pes-caprae PAPAVERACEAE (includes Fumariaceae) Argemone A. munita ssp. rotundata (not recognized) Canbya C. Candida Dendromecon D. rigida Eschscholzia E. caespitosa ssp. kernensis (=E. lemmonii ssp. kernensis) E. califomica E. glyptosperma E. hypecoides E. lemmonii ssp. lemmonii E. lobbii E. minutiflora var. rutaefolia (not recognized) E. parishii (=E. minutiflora ssp. twisselmannii) 34 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 E. procera (=E. californica) Hesperomecon H. linearis (=Meconella linearis) Meconella M. californica Papaver P. hybridum (=P. rhoeas) Platystemon P. californicus Stylomecon S. heterophylla PINACEAE Abies A. concolor A. magnifica var. magnifica Pinus P. flexilis P. jeffreyi P. lambertiana P. monophylla P. murrayana (=P. contorta ssp. murrayana) P. ponderosa P. sabiniana Pseudotsuga P. macrocarpa PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago P. bigelovii ssp. californica (=P. elongata) P. elongata ssp. pentasperma (not recognized) P. hookeriana var. californica (=P. erecta) P. insularis (=P. ovata) var. fastigiata (not recognized) var. insularis (not recognized) var. scariosa (not recognized) P. lanceolata P. major PLATANACEAE Platanus P. racemosa POACEAE (Gramlneae) Achnatherum (see Oryzopsis and Stipa) Agropyron A. desertorum A. elongatum (=Elytrigia elongata) A. intermedium (=Elytrigia intermedia) A. parishii var. laeve (=E!ymus stebbinsii) A. subsecundum (=Elymus trachycaulis ssp. subsecundus) A. trachycaulum (=Elymus trachycaulis ssp. trachycaulis) A. trichophorum (=Elytrigia intermedia) Agrostis A. alba (=A. stolonifera) A. diegoensis (=A. pallens) A. exarata var. pacifica (not recognized) A. idahoensis A. lepida (=A. pallens) A. scabra A. semiverticillata (=A. viridis) A. stolonifera Alopecurus A. aequalis A. saccatus Aristida A. divaricata Arundo A. donax Avena A. barbata A. fatua A. sativa Bromus B. arenarius B. arizonicus B. breviaristatus (=B. carinatus) B. carinatus B. commutatus (=B. japonicus) B. diandrus B. madritensis B. marginatus (=B. carinatus) B. mollis (=B. carinatus) B. orcuttianus B. pseudolaevipes (=B. laevipes) B. rubens (=B. madritensis ssp. rubens) B. tectorum var. glabratus (not recognized) B. trinii B. unioloides (=B. catharticus) B. wildenovii (=B. catharticus) Cenchrus C. longispinus Chloris C. gayana C. virgata Crypsis (see Heleochloa) Cynodon C. dactylon Dactylis D. glomerata Deschampsia D. caespitosa D. danthonioides D. elongata Digitaria D. sanguinalis Distichlis D. spicata Echinochloa E. colonum (=E. colona) E. crusgalli Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 35 Eleusine E. indica Elymus (see Agropyron and Sitanion) E. cinereus (=Leymus cinereus) E. glaucus E. triticoides ssp. multiflorus (=Leymus x multiflorus) ssp. triticoides (=Leymus triticoides) Elytrigia (see Agropyron) Eragrostis E. cilianensis E. diffusa (=E. pectinacea var. pectinacea) E. mexicana ssp. mexicana E. orcuttiana (=E. mexicana ssp. virescens) Eriochloa E. gracilis (=E. acuminata) Festuca F. arundinacea F. confusa (=Vulpia microstachys var. confusa) F. dertonensis (=Vulpia bromoides) F. eastwoodae (=Vulpia microstachys var. ciliata) F. grayi (=Vulpia microstachys var. ciliata) F. megalura (=VuIpia myuros var. hirsuta) F. microstachys var. microstachys (=Vulpia microstachys var. microstachys) var. simulans (=Vulpia microstachys var. pauciflora) F. myuros (=Vulpia myuros var. myuros) F. occidentals F. octoflora (=Vulpia octoflora) F. pacifica (=Vulpia microstachys var. pauciflora) F. pratensis F. reflexa (=Vulpia microstachys var. pauciflora) F. rubra F. tracyi (=Vulpia microstachys var. confusa) Glyceria G. elata G. erecta (=Torreyochloa erecta) G. pauciflora (=TorreyochIoa pallida var. pauciflora) Heleochloa H. schoenoides (=Crypsis schoenoides) Holcus H. lanatus Hordeum H. brachyantherum ssp. brachyantherum H. califomicum (=H. brachyantherum ssp. califomicum) H. depressum H. geniculatum (=H. marinum ssp. gussoneanum) H. glaucum (=H. murinum ssp. glaucum) H. jubatum H. leporinum (=H. murinum ssp. leporinum) H. vulgare Imperata I. brevifolia Koeleria K. cristata (=K. macrantha) K. phleoides Lamarckia L. aurea Leptochloa L. fascicularis L. uninervia L. viscida Leymus (see Elymus) Lolium L. multiflorum L. perenne Melica M. aristata M. californica var. nevadensis (not recognized) M. imperfecta M. stricta Muhlenbergia M. asperifolia M. filiformis M. microsperma M. richardsonis M. rigens Nassella (see Stipa) Oryza O. sativa Oiyzopsis O. hymenoides (=Achnatherum hymenoides) O. miliacea (=Piptatherum miliaceum) Panicum P. capillare P. dichotomiflorum P. miliaceum P. occidental (=P. acuminatum) Paspalum P. dilatatum P. distichum Pennisetum P. setaceum (garden escape, Bakersfield) Phalaris P. canariensis P. lemmonii 36 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 P. minor P. paradoxa P. stenoptera (=P. aquatica) Piptatherum (see Oryzopsis) Phleum P. pratense Phragmites P. communis var. berlandieri (=P. australis) Poa P. annua P. bigelovii P. bolanderi P. bulbosa P. compressa P. howellii P. incurva (=P. secunda ssp. secunda) P. longiligula (=P. fendleriana ssp. longiligula) P. nevadensis (=P. secunda ssp. juncifolia) P. pratensis P. scabrella (=P. secunda ssp. secunda) Polypogon P. interruptus P. monspeliensis Puccinellia P. grandis (=P. nutkaensis) P. simplex Schismus S. arabicus S. barbatus Scribneria S. bolanderi Secale S. cereale Setaria S. geniculata (=S. gracilis) S. lutescens (=S. pumila) S. sphaceolata S. verticillata S. viridis Sitanion S. hansenii (=Elymus glaucus X E. elymoides) S. hystrix (=Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides) S. jubatum (=Elymus multisetus) Sorghum S. bicolor S. halepense S. sudanense (=S. bicolor) Sporobolus S. airoides Stipa S. califomica (=Achnatherum occidentalis ssp. californicum) S. cemua (=Nassella cernua) S. coronata (=Achnatherum coronatum) S. elmeri (=Achnatherum occidentalis ssp. pubescens) S. latiglumis (=Achnatherum latiglumis) S. lemmonii (=Achnatherum lemmonii) S. nevadensis (=Achnatherum nevadensis) S. occidentalis (=Achnatherum occidentalis ssp. occidentalis) S. speciosa (=Achnatherum speciosum) Torryochloa (see Glyceria) Trisetum T. cernuum Triticum T. aestivum Vulpia (see Festuca) POLEMONIACEAE Allophyllum A. divaricatum A. gilioides ssp. gilioides A. integrifolium A. violaceum (=A. gilioides ssp. violaceum) Collomia C. grandiflora C. heterophylla C. linearis Eriastrum E. densifolium ssp. austromontanum ssp. elongatum ssp. mohavense E. eremicum E. hooveri E. pluriflorum ssp. sherman-hoytae (not recognized) E. sapphirinum E. sparsiflorum Gilia G. achilleafolia ssp. multicaulis G. aliquanta G. brecciarum ssp. argusana (=ssp. neglecta) ssp. brecciarum ssp. neglecta G. cana ssp. speciosa G. capillaris G. capitata ssp. abrotanifolia G. clivorum G. filiformis G. hutchinsifolia G. interior G. inyoensis G. jacens (=G. brecciarum ssp jacens) G. latiflora ssp. cuyamensis ssp. davyi ssp. elongata Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 37 ssp. latiflora ssp. excellans (=ssp. davyi) G. latifolia G. leptantha ssp. pinetorum ssp. purpusii ssp. vivida (=G. ochroleuca ssp. vivida) G. leptomeria G. malior G. micromeria G. minor G. ochroleuca ssp. bizonata ssp. ochroleuca G. scopulorum G. sinuata G. stellata G. tenuiflora ssp. amplifaucalis ssp. tenuiflora G. tetrabreccia (=G. modocensis) G. transmontana G. tricolor ssp. diffusa Ipomopsis I. aggregata ssp. bridgesii. Langloisia L. flaviflora (=Loeseliastrum schottii) L. matthewsii (=Loeseliastrum matthewsii) L. schottii (=Loeseliastrum schottii) Leptodactylon L. pungens ssp. hallii (not recognized) ssp. pulchriflorum (not recognized) Linanthus L. aureus L. bicolor L. bigelovii L. ciliatus L. dichotomus L. filipes L. liniflorus ssp. phamaceoides (not recognized) L. montanus L. nudatus L. nuttallii L. parryae L. parviflorus L. pygmaeus L. serrulatus Loeseliastrum (see Langloisia) Navarretia N. divaricata N. intertexta N. mitracarpa (=N. pubescens) N. nigellaeformis N. penninsularis N. pubescens N. setiloba Phlox P. gracilis P. diffusa ssp. subcarinata (=P. austromontana) Polemonium P. micranthum POLYGONACEAE Centrostegia (see Chorizanthe) Chorizanthe C. brevicornu ssp. brevicornu C. clevelandii C. coriacea (=Lastarriaea coriacea) C. membranacea C. perfoliata (=Mucronea perfoliata) C. rigida C. spinosa C. thurberi (=Centrostegia thurberi) C. uniaristata C. watsonii C. xanti Eriogonum E. angulosum E. bailey i var. baileyi E. baratum (=E. deflexum var. baratum) E. brachyanthum E. brachypodum E. breedlovei var. breedlovei var. shevockii (granite rock, Kern Plateau) E. cithariforme (sandy soil, SW Kem Co.) E. covilleanum E. elatum var. elatum E. elongatum E. fasciculatum ssp. foliolosum (=var. foliolosum) ssp. polifolium (=var. polifolium) E. gossypinum E. gracillimum E. heermannii var. heermannii E. hirtiflorum E. inerme var. hispidulum (not recognized) E. inflatum var. inflatum E. kennedyi ssp. austromontanum (=var. austromontanum) var. kennedyi (Mt. Pinos) var. pinicola (1400- 1800m, western Sierra) var. purpusii (Indian Wells Canyon) E. latifolium ssp. auriculatum (=E. nudum var. auriculatum) ssp. nudum (=E. nudum var. nudum) ssp. pauciflorum (=E. nudum var. pauciflorum) ssp. saxicola (=E. nudum var. pubiflorum) 38 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 ssp. westoni (=E. nudum var. westoni) E. maculatum E. microthecum var. laxiflorum var. panamintensis (Erskine Creek Canyon) E. mohavense E. mole stum var. davidsonii (=E. davidsonii) E. nidularium E. ordii E. plumatella E. pusilium E. reniforme E. roseum var. leucocladon (=E. gracile var. gracile)) E. saxatile E. spergulinum var. reddingianum var. spergulinum E. temblorense E. thomasii E. trichopes var. trichopes E. umbellatum var. bahiiforme var. chlorothamnus (sagebrush, eastern Sierra) var. furcosum (sand or gravel. Sierra) var. munzii (rocky areas, Transverse Ranges) var. nevadense (Jeffrey pines, eastern Sierra) var. subaridum (sagebrush, Tehachapi to Transverse Ranges) E. viridescens E. wrightii ssp. subscaposum (=var. subscaposum) ssp. trachygonum (=var. trachygonum) Goodmania (see Oxytheca) Hollisteria H. lanata Lastarriaea (see Chorizanthe) Mucronea (see Chorizanthe) Oxytheca O. luteola (=Goodmania luteola) O. perfoliata Polygonum P. arenastrum P. argyrocoleon P. bistortoides P. coccineum (=P. amphibium var. emersum) P. douglasii var. douglasii (=ssp. douglasii) var. latifolium (not recognized) P. kelloggii (=P. polygaloides ssp. kelloggii) P. lapathifolium P. mexicanum P. persicaria P. punctatum P. sawatchense (=P. douglasii ssp. johnstonii) Pterostegia P. drymarioides (shade, lower Kern Canyon) Rumex R. acetosella R. califomicus (=R. salicifolius var. denticulatus) R. conglomeratus R. crispus R. hymenosepalus R. obtusifolius (wet areas, SJ Valley) R. salicifolius var. salicifolius R. transitorius (=R. salicifolius var. transitorius) R. violacens POLYPODIACEAE Athyrium (in DRY OPTERID ACE AE) A. felix-femina var. califomicum (=var. cyclosorum) Cheilanthes (in PTERIDACEAE) C. califomica (=Aspidotis californica) C. covillei C. intertexta C. siliquosa (=Aspidotis densa) C. viscida Cystopteris (in DRY OPTERID ACEAE) C. fragilis Dryopteris (in DRY OPTERIDACEAE) D. arguta Notholaena (in PTERIDACEAE) N. jonesii (=Argyrochosma jonesii) Pellaea (in PTERIDACEAE) P. andromedaefolia P. mucronata var. californica Pityrogramma (in PTERIDACEAE) P. triangularis var. pallida (=Pentagramma pallida) P. triangularis var. triangularis (Pentagramma triangularis) Polypodium P. califomicum (=P. calirhiza) Pteridium (in DENNSTAEDITACEAE) P. aquilinum var. pubescens Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 39 PONTEDERIACEAE Eichornia E. crassipes PORTULACACEAE Calandrinia C. ciliata var. menziesii (not recognized) Calyptridium C. monandrum C. parryi C. umbellatum Claytonia (see Montia) Lewisia L. disepala L. rediviva var. minor (not recognized) Montia M. chamissoi M. fontana M. gypsophiloides (=Claytonia gypsophiloides) M. perfoliata (=Claytonia perfoliata) M. spathulata var. exigua (=Claytonia exigua var. exigua) var. viridis (=Claytonia parviflora var. viridis) Portulaca P. oleracea POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton P. crispus P. diversifolius (Vernal pools, Lynn's Valley) P. foliosus P. nodosus P. pectinatus P. pusillus Ruppia R. maritima PRIMULACEAE Anagallis A. arvensis Androsace A. elongata ssp. acuta Dodecatheon D. clevelandii ssp. patulum D. hansenii (=D. hendersonii) Pyrolaceae (=ERICACEAE) Allotropa A. virgata (Tiger Flat, Greenhorn Mtns.) Chimaphila C. menziesii (Tiger Flat, Greenhorn Mtns.) Hemitomes H. congestum (fir trees, Sunday Peak) Pterospora P. andromedea Pyrola P. aphylla (=P. picta) P. picta ssp. dentata (not recognized) Sarcodes S. sanguinea RANUNCULACEAE Aconitum A. columbianum Aquilegia A. formosa var. pauciflora (not recognized) var. tnmcata (not recognized) Clematis C. ligusticifolia Delphinium D. gracilentum D. gypsophilum D. hanseni ssp. ewanianum (Sierra foothills) ssp. kernensis (Tehachapis) D. hesperium ssp. pallescens D. inopinum D. parishii ssp. parishii ssp. purpureum (=D. parryi ssp. purpureum) D. parryi ssp. parryi ssp. seditiosum (not recognized) D. patens ssp.greenii (=D. gracilentum) ssp. montanum D. purpusii D. recurvatum Isopyrum I. occidental Myosurus M. minimus var. filiformis (not recognized) Ranunculus R. aquatilis var. capillaceus var. hispidulus R. californicus R. canus var. ludovicianus (not recognized) R. cymbalaria var. saximontanus R. hebecarpus R. occidentalis var. eisenii (not recognized) R. testicularis (Alder Creek, Greenhorns) Thalictrum T. polycarpum (=T. fendleri var. polycarpum) RESEDACEAE Oligomeris O. linifolia RHAMNACEAE Ceanothus C. cordulatus 40 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 C. cuneatus var. cuneatus C. diversifolius C. integerrimus var. califomicus (not recognized) var. puberulus (not recognized) C. leucodermis C. vestitus (=C. greggii var. vestitus) Rhamnus R. califomica ssp. cuspidata (=R. tomentella ssp. cuspidata) ssp. tomentella (=R. tomentella ssp. tomentella) R. crocea R. ilicifolia ROSACEAE Adenostoma A. fasciculatum Alchemilla A. occidentals (=Aphanes occidentalis) Amelanchier A. pallida (=A. utahensis) Aphanes (see Alchemilla) Cercocarpus C. betuloides var. betuloides C. intricatus C. ledifolius var. intermontanus Chamaebatia C. foliolosa Coleogyne C. ramosissima Geum G. macrophyllum Heteromeles (see Photinia) Holodiscus H. boursieri (=H. discolor) Photinia P. arbutifolia (=Heteromeles arbutifolia) Potentilla P. biennis P. bolanderi var. parryi (=Horkelia bolanderi var. parryi) P. glandulosa P. gracilis ssp. nuttallii (=var. fastigiata) P. pectinisecta (=P. gracilis var. elmeri) P. purpurascens (=Ivesia purpurascens) P. millegrana (=P. rivalis var. millegrana) P. santolinoides (=Ivesia santolinioides) P. saxosa (=Ivesia saxosa) ssp. sierrae (not recognized) P. wheeleri (Mack Meadow, Piute Mtns.) Prunus P. andersonii P. demissa (=P. virginiana var. demissa) P. emarginata P. fasciculata P. ilicifolia P. subcordata Purshia P. glandulosa (=P. tridentata var. glandulosa) P. tridentata var. tridentata Rosa R . californica R. aldersonii (=R. californica) R. eglanteria R. pinetorum R. woodsii var. ultramontana Rubus R. glaucifolius R. leucodermis R. parviflorus R. procerus (=R. discolor) R. ursinus R. vitifolius var. titanus (=R. ursinus) RUBIACEAE Cephalanthus C. occidentalis var. californicus Galium G. andrewsii G. angustifolium ssp. angustifolium var. ony cense (=ssp. onycense) G. aparine G. bifolium G. bolanderi G. hallii G. matthewsii G. nuttallii G. parisiense G. trifidum var. subbiflorum (not recognized) Ruppiaceae (=POTAMO- GETONACEAE) SALICACEAE Populus P. accuminata (=P. angustifolia) P. fremontii ssp. fremontii P. trichocarpa (=P. balsaminifera ssp. trichocarpa) Salix S. exigua S. geyeriana var. argentea S. gooddingii S. hindsiana (=S. exiguaO S. laevigata S. lasiandra (=S. lucida ssp. lasiandra) S. lasiolepis Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 41 var. bracelinae (not recognized) S. lemmonii S. lutea S. melanopsis S. scouleriana Salviniaceae (=AZOLLACEAE) Azolla A. filiculoides SANTALACEAE Comandra C. pallida (=C. umbellata ssp. californica) SAURURACEAE Anemopsis A. californica SAXIFRAGACEAE Heuchera H. caespitosa H. rubescens var. albicola Lithophragma L. bolanderi L. cymbalaria L. parviflorum Ribes (in GROSSULARLACEAE) R. californicum var. californicum R. cereum R. malvaceum R. menziesii var. ixoderme (not recognized) R. nevadense R. quercetorum R. roezlii R. velutinum var. glanduliferum (not recognized) R. viscosissimum Saxifraga S. californica SCROPHULARIACEAE Antirrhinum A. cornu turn var. leptaleum (=A. leptaleum) A. filipes (Short Canyon, eastern Sierra) A. multiflorum (Zenda mine, Caliente Canyon) Bacopa B. eisenii Castilleja C. appelgatei ssp. appelgatei C. breweri (=C. appelgatei ssp. pallida) C. chromosa (=C. angustifolia) C. disticha (=C. appelgatei ssp. disticha) C. foliolosa C. jepsoni (=C. subinclusa) C. linearifolia C. miniata C. plagiotoma C. roseana (=C. appelgatei ssp. martinii) C. stenantha (=C. minor ssp. spiralis) Collinsia C. bartsiifolia var. davidsonii C. callosa C. childii C. heterophylla C. parviflora C. tinctoria C. torreyi var. torreyi C. wrightii (=C. torreyi var. wrightii) Cordylanthus C. compactus (=C. rigidus ssp. brevibracteatus) C. eremicus ssp. kernensis (Spanish Needle Peak) C. ferrisianus (=C. rigidus ssp. rigidus) C. hispidus (=C. mollis ssp. hispidus) C. nevinii C. rigidus ssp. brevibracteatus Diplacus D. calycinus (=Mimulus aurantiacus) Gratiola G. ebracteata Howelliella H. ovata (=Antirrhinum ovatum) Keckiella (see Penstemon) Limosella L. aquatica Linaria L. dalmatica (=L. genistifolia ssp. dalmatica) Lindernia L. anagallidea (=L. dubia var. anagallidea) Mimulus M. androsaceus M. barbatus (=M. montioides) M. bigelovii M. bolanderi M. breweri M. cardinalis M. congdonii M. constrictus M. douglasii M. dudleyi (=M. floribundus) M. floribundus M. fremontii M. guttatus M. inconspicuous M. johnstonii M. kelloggii M. mephiticus (sand, Owens Peak) M. montioides M. moschatus M. palmeri 42 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 M. parishii M. pictus M. pilosus M. primuloides var. pilosellus (not recognized) M. shevockii (Kelso Creek & Cyrus Canyon) M. tricholor M. viscidus M. whitneyi Mohavea M. breviflora Orthocarpus O. attenuatus (=Castilleja attenuata) O. erianthus var. erianthus (=Triphysaria eriantha ssp. eriantha) var. micranthus (=Triphysaria micrantha) O. hispidus (=Castilleja tenuis) O. iinearilobus (=Castilleja lineariloba) O. purpurascens var. omatus (=Castilleja exserta ssp. venusta) var.purpurascens (=Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta) Pedicularis P. densiflora P. semibarbata Penstemon P. breviflorus (=Keckiella breviflora) P. bridgesii (=P. rostriflorus) P. caesius P. centranthifolius P. grinnellii ssp. scrophularioides (=var. scrophularioides) P. heterophyllus P. incertus P. labrosus P. laetus P. newberryi P. rothrockii (=KeckielIa rothrockii) P. speciosus var. piliferus (not recognized) P. tematus ssp. septentrionalis (=Keckiella ternata var. septentrionalis) Scrophularia S. californica var. desertorum (=S. desertorum) var. floribunda (=ssp. floribunda) Triphysaria (see Orthocarpus) Verbascum V. thapsus V. virgatum Veronica V. americana V. anagallis-aquatica (Kern River) V. arvensis V. peregrina var. xalapensis (=ssp. xalapensis) V. persica V. serpyllifolia var. humifusa (=ssp. humifusa) SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella S. asprella S. bigelovii S. watsonii (Pinyon Peak, Scodie Mtns.) SIMARUBACEAE Ailanthus A. altissima SOLANACEAE Datura D. meteloides (=D. wrightii) D. stramonium var. tatula (not recognized) Lycium L. andersonii var. deserticola (not recognized) L. cooperi Lycopersicon L. esculentum Nicotiana N. attenuata N. bigelovii (=N. quadrivalvis) N. glauca Physalis P. acutifolia P. lanceifolia (=P. lancifolia) Solanum S. califomicum (=S. umbelliferum) S. eleagnifolium S. nodiflorum (=S. americanum) S. sarrachoides S. triflorum S. tuberosum S. xanti var. intermedium (not recognized) var. montan um (not recognized) Sparganiaceae (=TYPHACEAE) Sparganium S. eurycarpum STERCULIACEAE Fremontodendron F. califomicum TAMARICACEAE Tamarix T. aphylla T. pentandra (=T. ramosissima) T. tentandra (=T. parviflora) Crossosoma20(l), May 1994 43 TYPHACEAE Typha T. domingensis T. latifolia ULMACEAE Celtis C. douglasii (=C. reticulata) Ulmus U. parvifolia U. procera (=U. munor) U. pumila Umbelliferae (see APIACEAE) URTICACEAE Hesperocnide H. tenella Parietaria P. floridana (=P. hespera var. californica) Urtica U. holosericea (=U. dioica ssp. holosericea) U. urens VALERIANACEAE Plectritis P. ciliosa var. ciliosa (=ssp. ciliosa) var. insignis (=ssp. insignis) P. macrocera P. macroptera var. patelliformis (=P. ciliosa ssp. insignis) VERBENACEAE Lippia L. nodiflora var. rosea (=Phyla nodiflora var. nodiflora) Phyla P. nodiflora var. incisa (Lokem) Verbena V. bracteata V. lasiostachys V. abramsii (=V. lasiostachys var. lasiostachys) V. robusta (=V. lasiostachys var. scabrida) V. tenuisecta Vitex V. agnus-castus VIOLACEAE Viola V. aurea ssp. mohavensis (=V. purpurea ssp. mohavensis) V. douglasii V. glabella V. macloskeyi V. purpurea ssp. purpurea ssp. xerophyta (=V. pinetorum ssp. grisea) V. quercetorum (=V. purpurea ssp. quercetorum) V. sheltonii VISCACEAE Arceuthobium A. abietinum A. californicum A. campylopodum A. cyanocarpum A. divaricatum A. occidentale Phoradendron P. bolleanum var. densum var. pauciflorum P. flavescens var. macrophyllum var. villosum P. juniperinum var. libocedri VITACEAE Parthenocissus P. insertus (=P. vitacea) Vitis V. californica V. girdiana V. vinifera ZANNICHELLIACEAE Zannichellia Z. palustris ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Larrea L. divaricata (=L. tridentata) Tribulus T. terrestris Zygophyllum Z. fabago var. brachycarpum (not recognized) 44 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Letters to the Editor I wish to take this opportunity to respond to your editorial titled “Who Owns California Botany?” in Crossosoma 19(2), November 1993, on two counts. I am President of the California Native Plant Society (CNPS), a long-term member of Southern California Botanists, and a botanical consultant. While I appreciate your praise of our new product, I am disappointed that you failed to contact CNPS representatives before putting your views in print. Your editorial covers several topics that only peripherally apply to CNPS; a clearer separation of the issues you raised would have minimized potential unintended interpretations and implications to CNPS. Let me take this opportunity to correct factual errors you made and then explain the CNPS rare plant inventory program. First, you state that this “program would be of great value to botanists” but complain about the stated $750 price tag. This is a contradiction. If something is of great value then it should be worth a great deal, and $750 is a bargain for what you will get. (Note: CNPS decided to sell this tool for under $200, not $750.) You state that the program was “not inherently expensive to produce” and “[t]he data already exist.” You are incorrect on both counts. CNPS contracted with a programmer to develop a highly sophisticated program, referred to as the Electronic Inventory, to make the data contained in the 5th edition of CNPS’s Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California easy to use. While a lot of the data for the Inventory was obtained from voluntary submittals, thousands of paid staff hours over the last several years were used to update the Inventory and the 5th edition. We are also preparing a detailed user’s manual. Countless hours of our paid botanist and assistant botanist, not to mention the time of numerous volunteers who have worked on this project, have been dedicated to it, making it very expensive. Certainly, if volunteer contributors were paid for the data they submitted, the expense for CNPS, or anyone else, to produce the rare plant inventory database would be much higher, probably prohibitively so. You are correct that most of the data on California’s rare plants are submitted by a wide variety of botanists, some of whom are consultants; however, these data must be compiled and managed in a way that is useful for those who are in need of the data. You tried to compare the CNPS program with the Department of Fish and Game’s RAREFIND, at a cost of $2500 annually to obtain the Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 45 database and program; however, there is no direct comparison except that both deal with California’s rare plants. If RAREFIND and the CNPS Electronic Inventory were the same, we wouldn’t be doing this project. RAREFIND provides data on know occurrences of rare plants, animals, and natural communities. The CNPS Electronic Inventory provides much more data on the rare plants of California but does not give precise locations for them. RAREFIND does not include every plant listed in the CNPS Inventory. RAREFIND does not allow the user to perform cross-tabular queries of the database. RAREFIND and the Electronic Inventory will complement each other; little data crossover will occur. I conceived of this project several years ago after being frustrated about the amount of time it took me to manually search the CNPS Inventory for each project. I though that it would be much more efficient if the data in the Inventory were put in a database for more efficient retrieval. I discussed this idea with a number of CNPS members and the project was adopted by the CNPS Rare Plant Scientific Advisory Committee. This project has evolved considerably from its conception into a high-powered database program that will be useful to many users, consultants included. While CNPS considered a selling price of $750 for this program, we decided to sell it for under $200. What must be considered when establishing the selling price for any commodity is the cost to produce it and what the market demand will be for the product. You assumed that the “high” price was targeted to entice only developers; but would making it cheaper leave developer’s consultants out of the picture? Of course not! CNPS would love to be able to give this program away; however, we must pay our staff and associated bills on this project just to create this powerful tool. The user will also be given technical support from the programmer, included in the price. Frankly, $750 is not an unusually high price for a program of this sort, in fact, it is probably low (some potential users have stated that they would be willing to spend considerably more for this tool). There are just not that many people in California who will even want this program. Our market is relatively small when compared to other computer database programs. Any profits realized from this project will be used to further our rare plant program and general conservation efforts. A worthy cause and a good use of any profits made. Your basic statement that consultants who will buy the Electronic Inventory are paid by developers who want to destroy plants is incorrect. First, the Electronic Inventory is a tool to be used, I hope, by all lead 46 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 agencies (state, county, city, etc.), conservationists, and consultants hired to implement the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). I also hope that developers, or their consultants, will use this tool to determine the best sites for their project that will avoid rare plant populations. Consultants (large and small) could conceivably charge their clients for generating project-related reports, thus recouping their expenses. As a botanist for a large consulting firm, I have clients of all types, including developers, county planning agencies, federal and state agencies, and city and other local governments. While some clients may not share my, nor CNPS’s, perspectives on the need to preserve native plants, their goal is not to destroy rare plants but to build their projects. The role of the consultant is to assist the client with the environmental review process and permitting requirements. Most consulting botanists in California are members of CNPS and Southern California Botanists and have high ethical standards they do their best to maintain, not as you imply in your editorial. Remember, all CEQA documents are prepared by a lead agency, often contracted out to a consultant. That is, the CEQA lead agency is ultimately responsible for the adequacy of any documents prepared for CEQA review. If a consultant prepares an inadequate document, the lead agency is responsible and puts itself at risk by approving it. I totally agree with the manner in which you dealt with the consulting zoologist who wanted you to identify her plants; the consultant should have knowledgeable staff working on each discipline. At least she asked someone who has knowledge of the flora, but apparently wasn’t willing to pay for it. However, this has nothing to do with the CNPS Electronic Inventory and the price we decide to set for it. Your comparison of CNPS and the Jepson Manual people is illogical and is incomprehensible. The Jepson Manual Project consisted of voluntary contributors preparing taxonomic treatments on the California flora to be compile into a usable reference tool. This tool was then offered to the general public for a price, $65, that was set based on the cost to produce it and make the University of California Press (UC Press) some money. By the way, the UC Press owns the data as presented in that publication. Furthermore, any profits made by CNPS will be used to protect and conserve California’s native flora. The Jepson Manual Project does not have the same mission as CNPS and should not logically be used for comparison. Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 47 I thank you for the opportunity to respond to your editorial. I hope that in the future, we will communicate more before putting views to print in this scholarly journal. David L. Magney President, California Native Plant Society Response — I regret that I assumed the demonstration I observed had the sanction of CNPS, and thus never sought to verify the information I received there. Nevertheless, my editorial was not intended as a condemnation of CNPS, but rather to voice my concern that botanical information has become a commodity. Mr. Magney inadvertently provides further evidence to support my concern by his assertion that I contradict myself when I say that the Electronic Inventory is of great value, but that it is overpriced at $750. “Value” can have different meanings to different people. I’m sure he would agree that the data making up some substantial portion of the Inventory that were contributed by volunteers are of great value. Fortunately, CNPS never had to pay what might have amounted to millions of dollars to obtain the same information from salaried employees. Not every native plant society can afford to pay for all its rare plant data. Not every botanist can afford to pay for an expensive rare plant database, no matter how valuable it might be. Whatever the ultimate price of the Electronic Inventory, I believe we should all work to make California botany more inclusive, rather than exclusive. 48 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Southern California Botai 1993 Source and Use of Funds New York Botanical Garden Library 3 5185 00268 0492 Bank Balances at December 31, 1992: Money Market Account Checking Account Total (outstanding checks 1992, #1305/$ 4.35 = total $ 4.35) 24,186.85 2,932.82 27,119.67 RECEIPTS FOR YEAR: Membership Dues 2,455 Book Sales 617.7 Plant Sales 620.2 Symposium 1,606.17 Interest Income 681.38 Donations 127 Sales Tax 21.58 Shipping & Handling 25.94 Petty Cash 300 Other Income 2,887.5 9,342.47 Total Available 6,462.14 EXPENSES FOR YEAR: Mailing 225 Printing 1,389.32 Postage 98.45 Symposium 592.74 Plant Sales 437.4 Grants 786.16 Supplies 52.06 Typing 0 1991 Sales Tax 46 Petty Cash 300 Donations 1,100 Miscellaneous Expenses 2,863 7,890.13 Balance at December 31, 1993 28,572.01 BANK BALANCES AT DECEMBER 31, 1993: Money Market Account 25,134.07 Checking Account 3,610.67 Total 28,744.74 (outstanding checks 1993: #1342/$172,73 = total $172.73) ffl r z ro G cr £ 3 1 x a> < ■■= 1 Q zU < I CO w ^00 0 1 rr 4^ :-«• u- CH =1= 3 CO :•— • s-8- 1 m n 01 ry 5-5- «" m or x a; n i it a S; 0 3 3 lO 0 O m n •43 4^ ? n E_ cu U £ rD ° ~ -7-1 C 3 o- § i- g £ vo c? NJ ° r- u> -T 3. < ~o a> 3 fD D D- rD n r-t fcj O ~ |I O “ 2< o ST 3 CD* r-+ cn A V 2? Crossosoma Volume 20, Number 2 November, 1994 CONTENTS ,^Some Results and Implications of the 1947-1951 Drought Near Los Angeles Don P. Mullally 49 Exotic Plants in Mediterranean Climate Wetlands — Orange County: A Case Study Peter A. Bowler and Adrian Wolf 75 Book Review inside back cover LIBkaRY MAR - 1 1995 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of the Southern California Botanists Crossosoma Associate Editors J. Mark Porter Curtis Clark Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Biological Sciences California State Polytechnic 1500 N College A ve University, Pomona Claremont CA 9171 1 Pomona CA 91768 (909) 625-8767 (909) 869-4062 Crossosoma (ISSN 0891-9100) is published twice a year (May, November) by Southern California Botanists, Inc., a California nonprofit corporation. Subscription rate, $15 per calendar year ($8 for individual members). Back issues are available for $3 an issue or $6 a volume, postpaid (prior to Vol. 18, Crossosoma was published bimonthly; back issues are $1 each, $6 per volume). Manuscripts should be submitted to J. Mark Porter at the address above. Applications for membership, requests for subscriptions or back issues should be sent to Alan Romspert, Treasurer, Department of Biology, California State University, Fullerton CA 92634. Southern California Botanists , Inc. Officers for 1994 Joy Nishida Terry Daubert Julie Greene Annette Ross Alan P. Romspert Judi Bogdanoff-Lord Gery Allan, Henry Bante, Vince Coleman, Allan A. Schoenherr, Mark Porter President Past President First Vice President Second Vice President Treasurer Secretary Board of Directors Copyright © 1994, 1995 by Southern California Botanists, Inc. Some Results and Implications of the 1947-1951 Drought Near Los Angeles Don P. Mullally 10418 Gothic Ave Granada Hills CA 91344 This study presents the effects of the 1947-1951 drought upon some of the vegetation in Los Angeles County, California. The study also examines subsequent changes and certain aspects of desert chaparral, plant distribution, and possible changes in the vegetation resulting from a greenhouse effect. Predictions have been made of pronounced greenhouse effects commencing within one to four decades. Probabilities range from fair to good that this change of climate will cause generally drier conditions in southern California. In such even, terrestrial vegetation will be severely affected. An understanding of the possible nature of these changes is desirable. Study of the effects of present-day droughts in the icgion may provide indications. Southern California experienced and unusually severe drought from the spring of 1947 through the spring of 1951. The period between July 1, 1945, and June 31, 1946, was also dry; however, the fall season of 1946 was wet. Because the unbroken drought lasted from 1947 to 1951, the climatic conditions of this interval are considered to have been responsible for most of the effects on vegetation noted in this paper. Considerable plant mortality was already noted by the summer of 195 1 . Weather stations on the coastal slopes of the major Transverse Ranges of Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties received 45-57% of average rainfall expected for the entire period. Weather stations in the cities of San Fernando, Newhall (Santa Clarita), and Palmdale and the site of Sandburg near Gorman on the Ridge Route (currently Interstate Highway 5) represent the study area. For the drought period they received precipitations, respectively, of 45.0%, 43.5%, 36.1%, and 33.1% of averages computed from earlier weather records (U.S. Weather Bureau, 1964). Average yearly precipitations for these stations, with the exception of Palmdale in the desert, are on the order of 38.0-43.2 cm. Crossosoma20(l), May 1994 49 Methods The data were gathered during 1952 for reasons of general interest when the writer had available time while in the U. S. Army. Heavy mortality was noted among certain species of shrubs and sub-shrubs, especially those existing in mountain passes between the northern San Fernando Valley and the Antelope and San Joaquin valleys. Drought-affected species which are frequently dominant in the vegetation types were selected for study. The decision was made to basically study chamise (. Adenostoma fasciculatum). Pure stands and heavily dominated stands were selected for study. In 1952, this species was predominant in the region. Due to recurrent wildfires and land developments, its abundance is now diminished along all routes used in the study. A small set of data was gathered concerning subshrubs within coastal sage scrub. Several species are prevalent within nearly all plant communities in the study area and occur beyond it to the ocean and into the desert, the most notable ones being California buckwheat ( Eriogonum fasciculatum ) and chaparral yucca ( Yucca whipplei). The effects of drought upon coastal scrub was not a major topic of the study. Other species of shrubs are frequent in the study area and could have been the subjects of further work. These include mountain mahogany {Cer cocarpus betuloides) and Ceanothus spp. Recognition of a pre-drought baseline of shrub mortality was gained from many years of recreational use of the region and herpetological field work. Previous to the drought, chaparral and coastal sage scrub in the study area were as green and healthy as similar types of vegetation located in climatically more favorable areas. Mortality was not abnormally high: roughly 5% of chamise, for example. Unusually high precipitation during the period of 1936-1944 created excellent growing conditions for vegetation throughout this part of southern California. The Ridge Route (formerly U. S. Highway 99, now Interstate Highway 5), Sierra Highway in Mint Canyon (formerly U. S. Highway 6), and Agua Dulce Canyon Road were used as transects for observation and location of quadrats for determining mortalities and shrub species composition. Quadrats of 15 by 15 feet (about 21 m2) were created at 16 locations to determine drought damage and the density of mature stands. Neither the least nor most altered stands of vegetation were selected. Quadrats were paced off, staked at the comers, and roped off. All shrubs over 3 dm in height were tallied and categorized by visual inspection of 50 Crossosoma20(l), May 1994 above-ground parts as predominantly alive, half or more dead, and completely dead. Only the shrubs that were rooted in the quadrats or on the transect lines were counted. Counts did not include annuals, herbaceous perennials, or shrub seedlings. Sizable stands of shrubs were walked through, and shrubs were categorized as above. Since the appearance of aerial parts is no sure criterion of life, stems of seemingly dead shrubs were frequently opened and roots uncovered in search of living tissues. It was found that if all branches were dead, below-ground tissues were also usually dead. This was confirmed by observations months later. Observations from May through July were simpler, since all living branches have green foliage at that time. Since the 1952 season had unusually heavy precipitation, conditions for growth were excellent. Data regarding absolute mortality are more reliable than related information concerning plants which are partially living. It was often a matter of opinion whether a shrub should be classified as being alive or dead. Notes were also made near the quadrats of other vegetation types, the general condition of vegetation, and variations in vegetation from slope exposure and topography. Unless noted otherwise, analyses and descriptions of vegetation made beside highways applies only to vegetation within 300 m of them. Vegetation types frequently change with distance. Similar work was not conducted in the Santa Monica and other portions of the San Gabriel Mountains because observed samples of mixed chaparral and coastal sage scrub communities had reduced mortality. Some mortality of Ceanothus spp. (estimated at 10-25%), was noted in widely spaced stands of mixed dense chaparral of the Santa Monica Mountains between Coldwater and Sepulveda Canyons. However, higher mortalities reportedly occurred in larger stands of chaparral in some western areas of the Santa Monica Mountains within Los Angeles County (Scott Franklin, retired County Fire Captain, oral communication). In September, 1992, the study area north of San Fernando Valley was reexamined in an effort to make comparisons to 1952 and ascertain directions of change in vegetation. The vegetation of certain areas such as Whitaker Summit was further examined. A few observations pertain to the El Nifio climatic event of the early 1990s . Crossosoma20(l), May 1994 51 Results City of San Fernando and Environs Relatively few data were gathered in the southern foothills of the Santa Susana and San Gabriel Mountains north of the communities of San Fernando and Sylmar; areas with obvious drought-related plant mortality were scarce. Two sets of data were collected in the foothills of the Santa Susana Mountains bordering San Fernando Road between Balboa Blvd. and State Highway 14 (Table 2). As is typical of this part of the Santa Susana Mountains, coastal sage scrub, non-native grasslands, and woodlands of coast live oak ( Quercus agrifolia ) and California black walnut ( Juglans californica) predominate; Adenostoma fasciculatum is rare and is confined to a few isolated locations some distance from the road. One and a half miles to the north near Beale’s Cut on the south side of Newhall Pass at 524 m, a community composed of coastal sage scrub and chaparral was examined. At this location, Artemisia californica and black sage (Salvia mellifera ) were alive and normal in appearance. Thirty percent of Adenostoma fasciculatum were dead. On other aspects, less than 10% were dead. Noteworthy drought-induced mortality was not observed among coast live oak existing in these areas. North of the city of San Fernando, alluvial slopes and hills east of the wash in Pacoima Canyon were dominated by Adenostoma chaparral. Drought had seriously affected this community (Table 1). Although this area is only 100-125 m lower in elevation than Beale’s Cut, it is not within a mountain pass. Santa Clarita Valley For the purpose of this investigation, Santa Clarita Valley extends 1 1.3 km along Sierra Highway from San Fernando (Newhall) Pass north to its intersection with Soledad Canyon Road. This intersection was known as Solemint. On the north facing slope of San Fernando Pass at 524 m, Adenostoma survived the drought with little apparent mortality. Associated chaparral and oak woodlands survived equally well. Within the rain shadow on the north side of the pass, mortalities were as high as 87% (Table 1). The effects of this rain shadow were most severe within 2 km north and south of San Fernando Road at the bottom of the grade. Above 488 m, mortality rates decreased on the rolling hills and north slopes midway between Newhall and Solemint. A field of Adenostoma 52 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Table 1 . Mortality of Adenostoma fasciculatum im 1952 following the drought of 1947-1951 . Numbers represent mature plants per quadrat. Location Site# Aspect Quadrat? n % dead* % 54 dead % alive Mint 1 N yes 17 71 29 0 Canyon 1 SW yes 16 44 56 0 2 E no 88 40 30 30 3 S no 41 24 37 39 4 S no 83 48 24 28 5 N yes 21 57 38 5 6 N yes 10 40 20 40 6 S yes 14 93 7 0 7 w yes 18 56 0 44 8 s no 68 31 53 16 9 w no 87 63 32 5 10 s no 92 41 30 29 11 s no 95 36 22 42 12 - no 95 38 24 38 Soledad 1 s no 73 32 42 26 Canyon 2 w no 71 24 31 45 3 s no 76 42 21 37 4 s no 68 59 28 13 4 s yes 18 67 16 17 5 s yes 12 75 25 0 6 s no 81 74 24 2 7 E no 72 44 41 15 Santa 1 s yes 22 5 18 77 Clarita 2 N no 46 29 55 16 Valley 2 s yes 30 87 13 0 3 w no 49 18 41 41 4 N yes 36 1 21 78 5 w no 52 21 46 33 Ridge 1 SW yes 32 25 25 50 Route 2 s yes 12 21 72 7 3 s yes 14 33 25 42 4 s yes 11 18 64 18 * See text for explanation of the categories Crossosoma20(l), May 1994 53 in this area which burned circa 1950-51 was successfully recovering by crown-sprouting and seemed scarcely damaged by the drought. Excluding the healthy vegetation of San Fernando Pass, Adenostoma in Santa Clarita Valley averaged 43% living, 30% half or more dead, and 25% dead. Within the rain shadow of San Fernando Pass, a stand of Ceanothus sp. was 29% living (1 1 plants), 45% half dead (17 plants), and 26% dead (10 plants). Unusual mortality of Quercus agrifolia was not evident. The few big cone Douglas firs ( Pseudotsuga macrocarpa ) located immediately east and southeast of San Fernando Pass and Newhall also survived the drought. Soledad Canyon The study area extended eastward up Soledad Canyon from Solemint to the junction with Agua Dulce Canyon Road, a distance of 12.5 km. Since the wide riverbed of the Santa Clara River is situated to the south, all data were gathered on the north side of Soledad Canyon Road (Table 1). The effects of the drought were similar in lower Agua Dulce Canyon, and studies were continued up this canyon (north) for 3.2 km above the junction. With further elevation gain in Agua Dulce, vegetation types on NW-NE slopes changed from chamise-dominated (Adenostoma fasciculatum) to chamise-juniper (Juniperus californica)- Tucker’s oak (Quercus john- tucker i)- scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia)-Eriogonum fasciculatum. Chamise mortality decreased with gain in elevation. Data in Table 1 indicate an eastward increase in mortality of Adenostoma fasciculatum in Soledad Canyon. Since the axis of the San Gabriel Mountains located to the south also increases in elevation in an eastward direction, increasing mortality probably reflects an increasingly effective rain shadow. Considering the entire length of Soledad Canyon and the lower 3.2 km of Aqua Dulce Canyon, Adenostoma averaged 19.4% alive, 29.0% half or more dead, and 52.1% dead. Adenostoma survival was much higher in canyons and draws receiving runoff during strong storms. Canyons were not necessarily be large. Some supported at least 90% survival. This increased survival in drainage channels was noted throughout the entire study area. In the drier eastern half of Soledad Canyon, quadrats were necessarily established on the lower parts of the hills and at the bases of hills. Upper hillsides and ridge crests higher (60-90 m) in elevation had very few chamise shrubs and were dominated by Eriogonum fasciculatum , Yucca whipplei and grasses. 54 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Data on the mortalities of species of subshrubs composing communities of coastal sage scrub are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Drought-induced mortality in coastal sage scrub. Species Location* Slope n % dead* % V2 dead % alive Artemisia 1 N 23 45 39 13 calif ornica 5 S ?? ~10 ~90 8 S 16 56 44 8 N 23 13 87 Eriogonum 1 S 4 100 fasciculatum 1 N 15 47 20 33 2 S 15 54 13 33 3 E 8 100 4 S 32 100 Salvia 1 S 22 48 32 20 mellifera 3 E 2 50 50 5 S ?? ~10 ~90 6 S ?? 100 7 W 14 64 36 * Key to locations 1. Junction of Sierra Highway and Soledad Canyon Road 2. Junction of Soledad and Agua Dulce Canyon roads 3. Castaic, west side 4. Vincent Summit, between Acton and Palmdale 5. Newhall (San Fernando) Pass, between Fernando and Santa Clarita 6. Whitaker Summit, north of Castaic 7. Frenchman’s Flat, north of Whitaker Summit 8. 0.5 km north of junction of San Fernando Road and Balboa Blvd, San Fernando Mint Canyon In Mint Canyon the quadrat study area followed Sierra Highway north and northeast from Solemint Junction to the junction with the northern terminus of Agua Dulce Canyon Road, a distance of 18.9 km. General observations were made along Sierra Highway between Aqua Dulce and within 1 .8 km of Vincent Summit. Data from a coastal sage Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 55 scrub community existing in 1952 at Solemint Junction were included with data from Soledad Canyon. The data for Mint Canyon suggest that survival rates for Adenostoma fasciculatum were lower in the lower half of the canyon than in the upper. In fact, at the first stop located 2.1 km north of Solemint, no plants more than half alive in aerial structure were found on either the north or south facing slopes. Survival improved within 3.2 km, due perhaps to subsurface drainage patterns. Thereafter survival lessened again up to a location with springs known as The Oaks. Proceeding north and northeast, survival increased again over 4.8 km with a rise in elevation from 728-838 m. This rise ends near the junction with Aqua Dulce Canyon Rd. Woodlands and desert chaparral were predominant on cooler slopes above 792 m, composed o iJuniperus calif ornica, Adenostoma fasciculatum , Tucker’s oak ( Quercus john-tuckeri) and hollyleaf cherry ( Prunus ilicifolia). Although the mortality of Adenostoma was considerable in and adjacent to woodlands, unusual mortality was not evident among the other listed species. A field of Eriogonum fasciculatum was examined beside Sierra Highway 4 km west of Vincent Summit (north of Acton and south of Palmdale) on a 10° south slope. A quadrat held 32 mid-sized dead plants (Table 2). In a roadside drainage channel, nearly all of the Eriogonum were alive. Scattered Juniperus californica and jumping cholla cactus (< Opuntia sp.) existed in the general area. A few creosote bushes ( Larrea tridentata ) were located on adjacent steeper south facing slopes. Eriogonum fasciculatum , an extremely drought tolerant plant, is very common throughout the study area. Its extirpation on the slope was unexpected. Considering the entire length of the Mint Canyon transect, Adenostoma averaged 22.6% alive, 28.7% half or more dead, and 48.7% dead. U. S. Highway 1-5 (Ridge Route) The study area originally followed U. S. Highway 99 (the Old Ridge Route) northward from Castaic to a point 1 .6 km north of the present Smoky The Bear Rd. The present distance on 1-5 from Castaic to the off-ramp is 30.2 km. The first data were collected west of Castaic and the highway. A quadrat held 12 Adenostoma, 8 Eriogonum fasciculatum and 2 Salvia mellifera (Tables 1 and 2). The mortality of Adenostoma was noted to be greater on the steep slopes of low hills to the west. 56 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 At the time of the study, Adenostoma was scarce in the 10.5 km distance between Castaic and the 732 m level on Violin Summit. Coastal sage scrub was usually the dominant vegetation. Adenostoma dominated chaparral prevailed above this elevation. Dominant species of coastal sage scrub were Artemisia californica , purple sage {Salvia leucophylla ), Salvia mellifera , Eriogonum fasciculatum , and Yucca whipplei. During the summer of 1992, a fire burned much of this scrub. Whitaker Summit (914 m) is located on a remaining section of Highway 99 3.2 km north of Violin Summit and the Templeton Highway exit. The summit and its ridge create a rain shadow affecting Frenchman’s Flat to the north on Piru Creek (625 m). On a south slope at Whitaker Summit a quadrat contained 17 Adenostoma fasciculatum and five Salvia mellifera. One of the Adenostoma and none of the Salvia were dead. Because mortalities were negligible, the data are not included in Tables 1 and 2. Partially shaded sites were dominated by scrub oak {Quercus Berber idif olid), Adenostoma , toyon ( Heteromeles arbutifolia ), bigberry manzanita {Arctostaphylos glauca) and hairy-leaved ceanothus ( Ceanothus oliganthus). No mortality from drought was evident among these species. Adenostoma was scarce at Frenchman’s Flat. A west facing quadrat with a dense stand of young shrubs contained 32 Adenostoma , 14 Salvia mellifera and nine Cercocarpus betuloides (Tables 1 and 2). The vegetation represented a successional stage following a fire. None of the Cercocarpus were completely dead, but 67% were half or more dead. An inspection of Frenchman’s Flat on February 2, 1986, showed that Adenostoma shrubs were then 2-3 m tall, and that an area the size of a quadrat held only a few of these large shrubs. Another location 6.4 km north on The Old Road is presently under the waters of Pyramid Lake. In 1952, a south facing quadrat of Adenostoma 2 m tall contained only one healthy live shrub, and 21% were dead. Apparently the rain shadow at this location was almost as effective here as at Frenchman Flat. The vegetation also included desert chaparral indicated by widely scattered Juniperus californica , Arctostaphylos glauca , and Quercus john-tuckeri. Other observations were made near the north end of the present Pyramid Lake. Adenostoma fasciculatum , Yucca whipplei , Eriogonum fasciculatum , and Arctostaphylos glauca were prevalent on southerly slopes. North slopes were dominated by Juniperus californicus , Quercus john-tuckeri and Pinus monophylla. Subdominants included redberry (Rhammus ilicifolia ), honeysuckle {Lonicera sp.). Ephedra sp., Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 57 and Ceanothus cuneatus. With the exception of Adenostoma occurring on south facing slopes, these species seemed to be relatively unaffected in this area by the drought. Data in Table 1 at stop #4 indicate that Adenostoma was moderately affected on a south slope near the present junction of Smoky The Bear Road and 1-5. Eighteen percent were dead. However, Adenostoma on north slopes at this location were generally healthy in appearance. Abundance and the number of pure stands of Adenostoma were reduced by the prevalence of other north slope species. For the region north of Whitaker Summit, Adenostoma fasciculatum averaged 33.4% alive, 42.0% half or more dead and 24.4% dead. Regional Observations During 1951-52, numerous observations were made of vegetation throughout the region. In the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, the lower half of the montane coniferous forest located below an elevation of approximately 2,134 m was more seriously affected than the upper half. Pinus ponderosa , Pinus jeffreyi , Pinus lambertiana and Abies concolor died in large numbers in some locations. Several forest rangers stated to the author that they considered the drought to be a factor leading to a beetle problem. By the end of the drought, many Quercus agrifolia had died in the Santa Monica Mountains and at various localities throughout the coastal basin. Montane chaparral associated with coniferous forests above 1,520 m in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains was not obviously harmed by the drought. In the subalpine zone of these mountains, no drought induced mortality was apparent among Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana or Pinus flexilis. Chamise Quadrats A mean of 18.75 Adenostoma fasciculatum shrubs were located in each 15 by 15 foot quadrat, giving a density of 0.88 chamise/m2. Counts included all plants living and recently dead. Shrubs which had died before the drought were more decomposed and excluded from the data. Young Adenostoma created the highest population densities. Thirty or more shrubs in a quadrat indicate relatively young shrubs. Removing from the list the three quadrats which had 30 or more plants results in a mean of 15.50 chamise per quadrat, or 0.73 plant/m2. These numbers probably portray the density of mature chamise better than the higher ones based upon all data. In stands of unusually large (circa 2-2.5 m 58 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 tall) and well spaced Adenostoma , fewer than 10 shrubs occasionally occupy a quadrat. Since mortalities on the transects of the study area ranged from 24.4% to 52. 1%, it is evident that the size and density of populations of Adenostoma fasciculatum were reduced considerably from the approximate pre-drought density of 0.88 shrub/m2. After the drought, the density of living shrubs of large size was 0.35 to 0.55 plant/m2 depending on the location. These figures do not apply to relatively healthy vegetation near the bottoms of canyons and draws which conduct runoff. Mortality of Adenostoma fasciculatum and Slope Exposure Mortality of Adenostoma fasciculatum was usually higher on south and west facing slopes than on north and east slopes (however, most of the data were gathered on south and west slopes). In Pacoima Canyon a north slope had a mortality of 38% and the south slope 52%. In the rain shadow of San Fernando Pass, 16% were dead on the north slope and 87% on the south. In Mint Canyon at stop six, the mortality was 40% on the north slope and 93% on the south slope. Mortalities were higher on north slopes at a few locations. At stop one in Mint Canyon, mortalities for Adenostoma were 71% on the north slope and 44% on the south. Stops four and five were close to each other, and mortalities were 57% on the north slope and 48% on the south. For the five sites involved an average of 44.4% of Adenostoma fasciculatum on north slopes were dead, versus 64.8% on south and west facing slopes. These averages rarely apply to any one site. Mortalities of Sub-shrubs Composing Coastal Sage Scrub Few data were recorded from stands of sage scrub (Table 2). However, those available and general observations concerning Salvia me ll if era, Artemisia calif or nica, and Eriogonum fasciculatum have caused me to conclude that in interior locations these species have very high mortalities after several years of severe drought. Recorded mortalities at drought effected sites were usually 47-64%. A few were 90-100%. These percentages are higher than the mean mortality of Adenostoma fasciculatum of 37.1%. However, at a few sites Adenostoma mortalities exceeded 70%. Thus the available preliminary data do not justify concluding that some species within sage scrub are more susceptible to drought than Adenostoma in arid, interior areas. Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 59 Stands of some species of scrub in interior locations may die relatively quickly near the end of prolonged severe drought. In the first two years of the 1947-195 1 drought, Artemisia californica was a frequent species in the eastern half of Soledad Canyon and along Sierra Highway 2 km SW of its junction with Agua Dulce Canyon Road. By 1952, the species was infrequent. At least 90% of the plants may have died. An entire stand of Eriogonum fasciculatum perished on a south slope 2.9 km SW of Vincent Summit and the edge of the desert (the southernmost stands of Larrea tridentata). Stands of some species of sage scrub in interior locations quickly reestablish following the return of equable conditions. During 1992, Artemisia californica was infrequent along the Sierra Highway near its junction with Agua Dulce Canyon Road. The scarcity was attributed to the drought of 1986-1990. By March, 1994, the species was again frequent and important in some roadside communities. Development of the population is attributed to the usually wet and warm winters associated with the El Nifio climatic event of 1991-1993. Healthy mixed stands of this species and Salvia mellifera were also noted 2 km further to the northeast than previously noted on the basal south slopes of the Sierra Pelona Mountains. A similar distance to the east along the Sierra Highway, Artemisia was also important in a canyon. Apparently the sizes of populations and the densities of stands fluctuate in response to short-term cycles of climate. Reexamination of Vegetation in 1992 The area of study in 1952 was re-examined during September, 1992. Much of the vegetation existing in 1952 had been altered or destroyed by fires and developments: A sizable town exists at Solemint Junction, and the towns of Castaic and Agua Dulce have greatly enlarged. From the junction of Sierra Highway and Davenport Road, the area is grass covered hills. Formerly these hills were mantled by Adenostoma and coastal sage scrub. Fire has consumed most of the pifion-juniper woodlands on the Ridge Route north of the Smoky The Bear Road junction. Nearly all of the study area in Soledad Canyon has burned as have many slopes north of Castaic. In a few locations Adenostoma has aged and enlarged resulting in lower density. Juniper woodlands in upper Mint Canyon which were burned in 1991 had widely spaced seedlings. In the study area the drought of 1986-1990 did not cause as much damage or mortality to chaparral and coastal sage scrub types as was 60 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 caused by the drought of 1947-195 1 . However, considerable drought stress was apparent in Adenostoma , Ceanothus sp. and Salvia mellifera. In Santa Clarita Valley, Mint Canyon, Castaic and on the Ridge Route above Pyramid Lake, dead plants and branches were evident. If the heavy precipitation associated with El Nifto of 1991-1993 had not occurred, it is likely that massive die-offs would have occurred during those years. Above normal precipitation not only saved the life of much of this vegetation but resulted in unusually large seed crops on Quercus spp., Arctostaphylos glauca , Juniperus californica, and Prunus ilicifolia. A few Adenostoma shrubs were noted on small undeveloped sites at Solemint Junction. Given sufficient time, the species may have replaced the coastal sage scrub communities prevalent there in 1952. On Sierra Highway, Adenostoma fasciculatum does not form large pure stands east of the Agua Dulce junction. Juniper woodlands are prevalent in the valleys. However, between 2.5 and 8.0 km further to the east at 823-1036 m, it is important in desert chaparral. This vegetation type occurs on the north slopes of hills. It also occurs in upper Agua Dulce Canyon, along Escondido Canyon Road east of Highway 14 near Vasquez County Park and on the Ridge Route north of Pyramid Lake. Desert chaparral exists on Sierra Highway to within 5 km of the western-most population of Larrea tridentata at similar elevation. In the 5 km gap, juniper woodland dominates in the valleys, but unusually dense populations of Yucca whipplei and Opuntia sp occur on the south slopes of several hills. Prunus ilicifolia occurs in the arid interior adjacent to desert chaparral, juniper woodland, and stands of chamise and coastal sage, sometimes as almost pure narrow stands. Favorable habitats are located on the bases of hills and in canyons and washes. Cherry exists in vegetation with a relatively high biomass compared with that on higher and drier slopes. Unusually large specimens were noted on the west side of the freeway in Castaic, on the north side of the town of Agua Dulce and further east on Sierra Highway. In 1992, the trees were spectacular with masses of cherries. Since then, many of these trees have been destroyed. Aridity increases to the northwest and northeast of Santa Clarita Valley despite concurrent increases in elevation. Along the roads which were used, coastal species of shrubs and subshrubs also individually attain local interior limits of distribution (in order of termination): 1 . Ceanothus megacarpus and C. crassifolius 2. Quercus berberidifolia Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 61 3. Artemisia californica. Salvia leucophylla , Rhus ovata 4. Salvia mellifera , Salvia apiana 5. Adenostoma fasciculatum , Arctostaphylos glauca, Cercocarpus betuloides, Prunus ilicifolia, Ceanothus cuneatus Without great change of elevation, all of these plants gradually decrease in frequency over a distance of several kilometers before their distributions terminate. In the study area Juniperus californica frequently coexist in areas with the deepest interior populations of Artemisia californica , Salvia mellifera , Salvia apiana, Ceanothus cuneatus , Adenostoma fasciculatum , Arctostaphylos glauca , Rhus ovata , and Cercocarpus betuloides . Quercus john-tuckeri frequently coexists with all of the above except Ceanothus crassifolius and C. megacarpus. Aridity is considered to be the principal factor limiting the interior distributions of these species at the low elevations characteristic of the passes. North of the section of Soledad Canyon between Solemint and Aqua Dulce Canyon, Ceanothus megacarpus and C. crassifolius have not been found along the roads of the study area. Great-basin sagebrush {Artemisia tridentata ) is commonly an important or dominant species in broad, flat bottomed canyons and valleys from Santa Clarita to Acton. Artemisia tridentata competes with A. californica in these habitats and is particularly successful in the more arid and higher interior areas which are dominated by juniper woodlands and desert chaparral. Artemisia californica ceases dominance 14.5 km north of Castaic at an elevation of 732 m. It is infrequent thereafter. The last such plants were observed on a steep south slope at 851 m, 2.8 km past Liebre Gulch above and east of Pyramid Lake. The species occurs again on warm sites in the canyon bottom below Pyramid Lake Dam (661 m). Though Artemisia californica was scarce from 1986 to 1992 along Sierra Highway near the Agua Dulce junction, by March, 1994, the species was an important element in this area in some coastal sage communities. Along a creek which seldom flows, Artemisia californica reappears along Sierra Highway 2 km east of the Sierra Highway-Agua Dulce junction. This is most easterly location of the species on the highway. Evidently it requires the additional moisture of a creek to exist in this dry area. Where the two species are sympatric, as on 1-5, the distribution of Salvia leucophylla is rather similar to that of Artemisia californica. Purple sage is slightly less tolerant of interior aridity. Before a recent 62 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 fire beside 1-5 north of Castaic, it was a co-dominant with A. calif ornica. Salvia leucophylla is frequent at Big Oak Flat, Oak Flat and Whitaker Summit. It lives in cold grassy openings in woodlands and seems to be more cold-tolerant than the sagebrush. North of the Templeton Highway junction, its abundance gradually decreases. The last plants were seen 2.9 km north of Liebre Gulch and at Frenchman’s Flat. Apparently because of edaphic factors. Salvia leucophylla is not found in the study area along Sierra Highway or Soledad Canyon north or east of the junction of Sierra Highway and Soledad Canyon Road. Rhus ovata is rare or absent in the area of Mint-Soledad Canyons. However, it occurs in chaparral bordering Pyramid Lake at least as far north as Liebre Gulch. In the warmer climates of Banning and Cabezon located in San Gorgonio Pass, Rhus ovata and Salvia apiana occur in washes also frequented by Larrea tridentata and Prosopis spp. These areas are ecotones, or areas of overlap, between coastal and desert vegetation. On U. S. Highway 5, Salvia mellifera is a co-dominant on warm dry cismontane slopes from Castaic to Whitaker Summit. It persists as a co-dominant up to 4.8 km north of the Templeton Highwav junction. The plants were last observed 1-2 km north of the termination of Salvia leucophylla and Artemisia californica. On Sierra Highway, Salvia mellifera ceases as a significant species near the Agua Dulce Canyon Road junction. At this location many of the plants died during the drought or lost many stems. Juniper woodland is predominant eastward. The sage reappears to the north and northeast 120 m higher on the basal slopes of the Sierra Pelona Mountains. Salvia apiana is rarely dominant north of the Santa Clarita Valley and it becomes scarce in Mint Canyon above 732 m. However, as a subdominant it occurs discontinuously as far as the interior limits of Salvia mellifera. The most arid chaparral, a phase of desert chaparral, is dominated by Juniperus californica and Quercus john-tuckeri , but also includes Adenostoma fasciculatum, Arctostaphylos glauca, Cercocarpus betuloides, and Rhammus ilicifolia. Species of Artemisia and Salvia which are characteristic of coastal sage scrub are not present. It is most readily seen on Sierra Highway 5 km west (coastward) of the western- most stands of Larrea. On U. S. Highway 5, desert chaparral commences about 1.6 km south of the Hungry Valley Road off-ramp and continues northward 4.4 km to a canyon having a stand of Yucca brevifolia var. herberti on the Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 63 canyon bottom. However, this chaparral is disrupted by several factors: destructive fires have occurred north of Hungry Valley Road. For another, the south slopes are usually too arid to support chamise. Juniperus californica, Arctostaphylos glauca, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Yucca whipplei, and Quercus john-tuckeri usually dominate southern slopes at sites near the Joshua trees. In the areas with important piflon pines or Joshua trees, north slopes are sufficiently moist to support Adenostoma , as demonstrated by relatively low mortalities during the drought. However, these slopes, at 914-1006 m, are densely vegetated and dominated by Pinus monophylla, Quercus john-tuckeri , Juniperus , and Arctostaphylos glauca , and by hybrids of Q. john-tuckeri and Q. berberidifolia and Q. douglasii. Competition is evident, and Adenostoma is a minor element in the vegetation and unevenly distributed. A few miles to the north the arid hills behind Gorman support herbs and shrubs characteristic of this high southwestern area of the Mojave Desert. Adenostoma does not occur near the junction of U S. Highway 1-5 with State Highway 138 or in the intervening space to Gorman at 1,219 m. Aridity on south, west and relatively level slopes seems to be the limiting factor. On the south slope of Mt. Hillyer in the San Gabriel Mountains, Adenostoma fasciculatum exists up to 1,768 m. Thus minimum temperatures are evidently not as important as limiting factors. The canyon with the Joshua trees ( Yucca brevifolia var. herberti) is on 1-5 near State Highway 138 and the crossing of the West Branch of the California Aqueduct. It is important in several respects. These Joshua trees seem to be very near the western limit of distribution of the species. Vegetation types in the canyon indicate that the area is transitional from desert to juniper-pifton and chaparral vegetation types. The desert component may be relictual from the Xerothermic Period. The canyon may be the sole location having both Joshua trees and chamise. Another rare juxtaposition is the overlap of communities of Joshua tree and foothill yucca. Whitaker Summit has two additional species of oak tree: Interior live oak ( Quercus wislizenii) and canyon oak ( Quercus chrysolepis). The trees exist on the north side of the pass west of the highway. Another manzanita was also found there, Eastwood manzanita {Arctostaphylos glandulosa). The populations of these two oaks at Whitaker Summit are not large but very significant. A total of seven species of oaks occur in the 8 km long area between Templeton Highway and Frenchman’s Flat. These are 64 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 valley oak ( Quercus lobata ), blue oak ( Q . douglasii), coast live oak ( Q . agrifolia ), canyon oak ( Q . chrysolepis ), interior live oak ( Q . wislizenii), scrub oak ( Q . berberidifolia ), and Tucker’s oak ( Q. john-tuckeri ). The occurrence of seven species of oak in one area is unusual, and the area deserves special protection. Unfortunately Big Oak Flat near the Templeton Highway is private property, and the valley and blue oaks could be destroyed. Otherwise the area may be secure as part of Angeles National Forest. Discussion Between 1952 and 1992, no widespread, major changes are evident in the distribution or composition of the major vegetation types occurring in the study area. Local areas have temporarily changed as a result of droughts and numerous brush fires; successional stages abound. After the drought, Adenostoma fasciculatum occurring in the study area was determined to have an overall mortality of 37.1%. Of the remaining living plants 32.4% were one half or more dead, and 29.6% were relatively unscathed. Plant mortalities from severe drought on the scale of those reported in this investigation have been recorded in other vegetation types in western North America. In Idaho a series of dry years and one extremely dry one (1934) resulted in a 38.3% decline of perennial grasses, a 75.0% decline of perennial herbs, and a 53.2% decrease in density of shrubs due to the death of portions of crowns and entire plants (Pechanec, Pickford and Stewart, 1937). Similar drought conditions existed near Miles City, Montana, resulting in yellowing foliage and dead pine and juniper trees. On transects, 50 to 95% of Artemisia tridentata and 70 to 97% of Artemisia cana were found to be more than half dead (Ellison and Woolfolk, 1937). Drought damage was greatest on dry, raised sites. Relatively healthy sagebrush survived on moister sites. Improved survival of chamise and other species in draws and on other relatively moist sites was also noted in the present study. The drought of 1932-1939 resulted in 80% bare ground in short grass prairie in the central Great Plains (Tomanek and Hulett, 1970). In a desert portion of Joshua Tree National Monument, California, the drought years of 1948-1953 resulted in dead and dying Larrea , Dalea spinosa , Juniperus , Franseria dumosa and Hymenoclea sp. (Juhren, Went and Phillips, 1956). During severe drought it is evident that many species of shrubs and sub-shrubs characteristic of chaparral and desert lose a substantial Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 65 number of stems. It is questionable whether these losses constitute an adaptation enabling survival of plants through periods of drought, or instead indicate a stage in the death of shrubs. In growth habit, Ceanothus shrubs of advanced age seem to be similar to Pinus aristata and P. flexilis by having much dead stem tissue and supporting strips of living stem tissue and a sparse canopy of living branches (Keeley, 1975). Judging from the severe mortalities noted in this investigation, it seems evident that for some species death of major portions of aerial structure represent stages leading to complete death. Shrubs exhibited all degrees of death of aerial parts, including specimens with only one small living stem. However, in this arid region, the occasional loss of a major stem may well be an adaptation to survival during years or periods of “average” precipitation. During dry seasons or conditions reductions of transpiring and photosynthetic tissues are common among perennials existing in arid climates. Physiological work has demonstrated that several woody perennials of southern oak woodland and chaparral maintained higher stem water potentials on south slopes than on north slopes (Syvertson, 1974; Poole and Miller, 1975). Syvertson attributed these results to xeric acclimation or selectively improved drought resistance for plants on south slopes. Maximum selection for drought resistance seems to occur during the most severe droughts. Extremely high mortality rates on particularly dry slopes suggest that natural selection likely occurs during droughts. Random patterns of survival on uniform slopes indicate that genetic factors are involved. In the mixed pifion-juniper woodland and desert chaparral vegetation near Gorman on 1-5, the survival of Adenostoma was much higher on north slopes. Important limiting factors may be the high degree of insolation on south slopes at this elevation and prevalent low minimum soil temperatures on north slopes which conserve soil moisture. Except for the area of rain shadow near Frenchman’s Flat, mortalities for Adenostoma were lower on the Ridge Route than in Mint and Soledad Canyons. The Ridge Route is situated further to the north and west than the two canyons and may have received somewhat higher precipitation during the drought. The interior vegetation type characterized in this study primarily by Juniperus californica, Adenostoma fasciculatum, Quercus john-tuckeri, Arctostaphylos glauca and Cercocarpus betuloides has been summarized under the heading “desert chaparral” (Hanes, 1990). References cited by Hanes demonstrate that desert chaparral has been recognized since 1920. 66 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Since this vegetation includes Juniperus californica and Quercus john-tuckeri , it closely approximates California juniper woodlands as described by Vasek and Thome (1990). Chaparral elements include Adenostoma fasciculatum, Arctostaphylos glauca , Cercocarpus betuloides , and frequently Ceanothus cuneatus. Mesic phases of desert chaparral located closer to the coastal basins contain higher frequencies of sub-shrubs characteristic of coastal sage scrub. The presence of this sage scrub has been noted previously (Hanes, 1971). However, in the high desert of the study area, interior stands within a few km of outliers of desert vegetation including Larrea tridentata are depauperate in coastal sage with the exception of the ubiquitous Eriogonum fasciculatum and Yucca whipplei. Most of the woody shrubs and small trees dominating desert chaparral can be traced back to an origin in the Oak-Laurel forest of Miocene times. Review of literature indicates that they constituted a large share of the shrubby species in the Tehachapi and Mint Canyon Floras (Axelrod, 1939, 1940). Specifically, modem species with this affinity include Ceanothus cuneatus , Cercocarpus betuloides , Quercus john-tuckeri , Prunus ilicifolia , and Rhus ovata. By the late Tertiary, ancestral types of these species of Ceanothus , Cercocarpus and Rhus were represented in the central and northern Great Basin (Axelrod, 1950). Arctostaphylos glauca was in this assemblage. During the Pliocene, A. glauca also existed near the oak woodlands and conifer forests of the Mt. Eden Flora located near present day Beaumont, California (Axelrod, 1937). South of the Great Basin, in the present Mojave region, floras existing at that time included Cercocarpus betuloides , Quercus john-tuckeri , Rhamnus ilicifolia and Rhus ovata. During Lower Pliocene time, Juniperus californica existed in the central and southern Great Basin (Axelrod, 1950). According to Axelrod (1990) its Miocene origin was the interior of southern California. With the exception of Adenostoma fasciculatum , Yucca whipplei , and Eriogonum fasciculatum , the above account includes all of the dominant species presently found in xeric aspects of desert chaparral occurring in the study area. Since Yucca whipplei and Eriogonum fasciculatum are represented in many vegetation types, their significance in this matter is unknown and not emphasized. Adenostoma fasciculatum is not represented in floras from Miocene to Pleistocene time, and its present occurrence as a dominant in California is considered to be a new event (Axelrod, 1990). Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 67 It is evident that, with the exception of Adenostoma , the dominant species of desert chaparral adapted to interior conditions and considerable mid-Pliocene aridity in the Great Basin and Mojave. Lower temperatures in Late Pliocene time eliminated them from the Great Basin, and post-Pleistocene aridity eliminated them from the Mojave region (Axelrod, 1990). By this time, however, these species apparently had become adapted to interior drought and now form the community now referred to as desert chaparral. Considering its origins, perhaps this vegetation type should not be named a chaparral. Designations such as semi-desert woodland or juniper-desert scrub oak woodland may be more appropriate. The vegetation on sheltered sites and on the north slope of Whitaker Summit can be classified as Woodland Chaparral according to Horton’s system (1960). Chaparral which includes Quercus berberidifolia , Ceanothus megacarpus , and C. crassifolius exists on San Fernando Pass and in Placerita Canyon. Chaparral which includes these species occurs in areas receiving strong coastal influences and is not interior in type. The presence of an arid phase of desert chaparral in the Agua Dulce-Acton area indicates that expansion of this phase would occur should greenhouse warming occur without effective increase in precipitation. This conclusion is basically in concurrence with another study regarding expansion of juniper woodland (Botkin, Nisbet, Bicknell, Woodhouse, Bentley and Ferren, 1991) through their interpretation of the work of Westman and Malanson (1990). In the study area, future expansion of desert chaparral may well include all of Mint and Soledad Canyons and the area bordering 1-5 located to the north of Whitaker and Violin Summits. With the exception of Yucca whipplei and Eriogonum fasciculatum, subshrubs characteristic of coastal sage scrub would be extirpated as dominants from these areas. Should precipitation increase to balance increased evapotranspiration, important changes may not occur in the vegetation. Without an increase in precipitation during greenhouse warming, I anticipate that Larrea tridentata would spread westward to the town of Agua Dulce and southward in Soledad Canyon to the arid part located near the Agua Dulce Canyon Road junction. This study indicates that in the event of significant increase in aridity, coastal sage scrub involving Salvia apiana, A. leucophylla , and Artemisia californica probably will not encroach into the interior. The opposing viewpoint has also been given (Westman and Malanson, 1990). However, the ubiquitous dry-adapted community dominated by 68 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Eriogonum fasciculatum and Yucca whipplei would, I expect, expand throughout the study area. Concurrently, I would expect populations of Adenostoma fasciculatum and associated species of shrubs to diminish at lower elevations but increase up to around 2,000 m. Oak woodlands and mixed hardwood forests below this elevation would attenuate or be extirpated. Botkin et al. (1991) believed that woodlands would be confined to foothill watercourses. Aridities now characteristic of the major passes of the study area may expand and possibly involve interior parts of the coastal ranges and the cismontane slopes of lower elevations in central sections of the San Gabriel and adjacent mountain ranges. Chaparral would have reductions in density. During severe droughts, the mortalities of chaparral and coastal sage scrub in these areas may be similar to those described herein for the principal study area. Coastal sage scrub may expand in coverage throughout the Santa Monica Mountains and adjacent coast ranges. On particularly arid sites, existing stands of coastal sage scrub dominated by Artemisia californica and Salvia spp. may be frequently replaced by the Yucca whipplei-Eriogonum fasciculatum community. Coniferous forests at elevations above 2,100 m should among the most stable of local environments. However, increases in temperature may eventually eliminate subalpine communities. Summary 1. In 1952, data were gathered concerning the effect of the 1947-1951 drought in southern California upon vegetation in the low mountain passes between the towns of San Fernando, Gorman and Acton. Emphasis was placed on studying Adenostoma fasciculatum. The passes extend through the local Transverse Ranges. 2. After the drought, chamise ( Adenostoma fasciculatum) in the study area was determined to have an overall mortality of 37.1%. Of the remaining plants, 32.4% were one half or more dead in aerial structure (stems), and 29.6% were relatively unscathed. By areas, the Adenostoma in Santa Clarita Valley was 25% dead; Soledad Canyon, 52.1%; Mint Canyon, 48.7%; Ridge Route on U. S. Highways 99 and 1-5, 24.4%. Data on slope exposures from five locations indicate a mortality of 44.4% on north facing slopes and 64.8% on south slopes. 3. Data collected for purposes of studying the effects of the drought was used to determine the density of populations of Adenostoma Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 69 fasciculatum. Before the drought, quadrats 21.2 m2 in size held a mean of 15.50 mature Adenostoma or 0.73 shrub/m2. After the drought mortalities, the mean density was 0.46 shrub/m2. Minimum and maximum area density averages were 0.35 and 0.55 shrub/m2. 4. In interior parts of the study area, mortalities from the 1947-1951 drought for several subshrubs in coastal sage scrub approximated those for A denostoma fasciculatum. In several severely effected areas, mortalities were 47-64% for Salvia mellifera , Artemisia calif ornica, and Eriogonum fasciculatum. Near the coastal margin of the distribution of Larrea tridentata , Eriogonum fasciculatum had nearly total mortality on south slopes. Near the coastal margin of arid communities dominated by Juniperus californica and by desert chaparral, the mortality of Artemisia californica was estimated to be circa 90%. 5. Near the margin of arid communities dominated by Juniperus californica and by desert chaparral, the frequency of Artemisia californica has fluctuated from insignificant to important. Densities were noted to be very low following droughts and high after three years of an El Nifio climatic event. Apparently the warmer and wetter winters of the El Nifio created conditions suitable to recruitment and development. Particularly near their interior distributional limits, some species of subshrubs within coastal sage scrub may widely fluctuate in frequency in response to short climatic cycles. El Nifio climatic conditions also led to the establishment of major stands of Artemisia californica at least two km beyond the usual interior distributional limits of such stands. 6. Because of the severe drought, species populations and plant communities of Adenostoma fasciculatum and other shrubs and subshrubs located in the arid passes between mountain ranges suffered severe reductions in density. Reductions in density were less in cismontane central sections of mountain ranges located on both sides of the passes. The higher totals of rainfall characteristic of the windward or south slopes of high sections of mountain ranges may enhance the survival of plant communities during periods of drought. 7. During the drought of 1947-1951, survival of Adenostoma and other shrubs and sub-shrubs was greatly enhanced by canyons and draws, and roadside runoff channels. 8. The drought exerted its strongest effects upon populations of Adenostoma fasciculatum and other species of shrubs existing near 70 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 interior limits of distribution determined by scarcity of moisture. Mortality was not equal throughout a species area of distribution. 9. In major low mountain passes such as those within the study area, the percentage mortalities of certain species of shrubs may serve as indicators of the severity of a drought. Species include Adenostoma fasciculatum , Salvia mellifera , Salvia leucophylla , Artemisia californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum , and Ceanothus spp. 10. Adenostoma fasciculatum burned by wildfire early in the drought cycle crown-sprouted during the drought. Subsequently, very few of the burned shrubs succumbed to drought. If severe droughts can be detected in this early stage, burning may be a management technique for preserving the community. 1 1 . Aspects of presently existing coastal climates including lower temperatures and higher relative humidities are moderately effective at maintaining chaparral and coastal sage scrub during droughts. Mortalities were considerably reduced compared to interior locations in low valleys and passes. 12. Tentative evidence suggests that the higher the elevation, the less native vegetation is susceptible to dying from drought. In southern California, coniferous forests above 2,100 m are particularly resistant to the effects of droughts. 13. Twelve species of perennial shrubs and sub-shrubs, which are members of chaparral and coastal sage communities in the coastal mountain ranges, deeply penetrate the interior Transverse Ranges north of Los Angeles through low, semi-arid passes. These species are considered to have interior distributions limited by general aridity and occasional severe droughts. 14. The most arid and interior vegetation type having chamise {Adenostoma fasciculatum) as an important element is desert chaparral dominated by Juniperus californica, Quercus john-tuckeri, Adenostoma fasciculatum, Arctostaphylos glauca, and Eriogonum fasciculatum. Other important species in the plant community may be Ceanothus cuneatus, Cercocarpus betuloides, Eriogonum fasciculatum , Rhamnus ilicifolia , Prunus ilicifolia, Yucca w hippie i, and Ephedra spp. In the study area this vegetation type occurs at 821-1094 m. Artemisia californica , Salvia mellifera , and S. leucophylla are absent from the most interior stands of this community. In the study area, this vegetation type exists within 5 km of stands of creosote bush ( Larrea tridentata) at equivalent elevations. In one known location, it exists in a canyon having a large stand of Joshua trees {Yucca brevifolia var. herberti ) Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 71 and piflon-juniper woodland. These communities of desert vegetation occur on the southwestern margin of the Mojave Desert. 15. The importance of low mountain passes in the interior Transverse Ranges has been underestimated. San Fernando (Newhall) Pass (524-574 m) is only 105-168 m higher than the bottom of the grade to the north. The pass supports vegetation that was scarcely effected by the drought. A rain shadow exists north of this pass as indicated by high shrub mortalities. Whitaker Summit on U. S. Highway 5, (914 m) also supports vegetation scarcely effected by the drought. Mortalities of shrubs and sub-shrubs were high in the rain shadow to the north of this pass. 16. The area including Whitaker Pass, Big Oak Flat, Oak Flat and Frenchman’s Flat has an unusually large variety of species of oaks: Quercus lobata, Q. douglasii, Q. agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis , Q. wislizenii, Q. berberidifolia, and Q. john-tuckeri. 17. During September, 1992, the study area was examined for effects upon vegetation by the severe drought of 1986-1991. Vegetation was effected much less by this drought than the one of 1947-1951. However, on dry slopes recent drought stress was evident among Adenostoma fasciculatum and other species badly effected by the earlier drought. Stress was demonstrated by dead and half dead shrubs. Another year of drought may well have resulted in mortalities similar to those of 1947-1951 . Precipitation totals some 40-70% above average, associated with the El Nifio of January-April, 1992, interrupted this drought and prevented higher mortalities. 1 8. Should a major greenhouse effect commence, that part of the study area located to the north and east of the city of Santa Clarita may receive expansions of Creosote bush scrub, desert chaparral, juniper woodland, and the Eriogonum fasciculatum-Yucca whipplei community. Coastal sage scrub occurring near the coast may proliferate at the expense of chaparral and oak woodlands. Montane forests may persist above 2,100 m. Subalpine types of forest would probably diminish or be eradicated by rising temperatures. Acknowledgments The writer wishes to express appreciation to several helpful people: his wife, Mary Patterson, for typing the manuscript and questioning syntax; to Dr. Todd Keeler-Wolf for encouraging investigations related to the distribution of plant communities; Jon Keeley for examining the manuscript and providing useful comments; Henry Schultz for 72 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 correcting some computations. Though Dr. Raymond B. Cowles, Professor of Zoology at U.C.L.A., is deceased, the writer will always be indebted to him for worthy instruction and for encouraging research and making it interesting. Literature Cited Axelrod, D. I. 1937. A Pliocene flora from the Mount Eden beds, southern California. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 476, 111:125-183. . 1939. A Miocene flora from the western border of the Mojave Desert. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 516:1-128. . 1940. The Mint Canyon flora of southern California: a preliminary statement. Amer. J. Sci. 238:577-585. . 1950. Evolution of desert vegetation. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 590:215-306. . 1990. Outline history of California vegetation. In M. C. Barbour and J. Major (eds.). Terrestrial vegetation of California, new expanded edition. Calif. Native Plant Soc. Sp. Publ. No. 9:139-189. Botkin, D. B., R. A. Nisbet, S. Bicknell, C. Woodhouse, B. Bentley, and W. Ferren. 1991. Global climate change and California’s natural ecosystems 1991. In Knox and Scheuring (eds.). Global climate change and California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. Ellison, L., and E. J. Woolfolk. 1937. Effects of drought on vegetation near Miles City, Montana. Ecology 18:329-336. Hanes, T. L. 1971. Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecol. Monogr. 41:27-52. . 1990. California chaparral. In M. C. Barbour and J. Major (eds.). Terrestrial vegetation of California, new expanded edition. Calif. Native Plant Soc. Sp. Publ. No. 9. Horton, J. S., and C. J. Kraebel. 1960. Vegetation types of the San Bernardino Mountains. USDA Forest Service, Pac. S.W. Forest and Range Exp. St., Tech. Paper PSW-44. Berkeley, CA. 29 pp Juhren, M., F. W. Went, and E. Phillips. 1956. Ecology of desert plants. IV. Combined field and laboratory work on germination Crossosoma20(l), May 1994 73 of annuals in the Joshua Tree National Monument, California. Ecology 37:318-330. Keeley, J. E. 1975. Longevity of nonsprouting Ceanothus. Amer. Midi. Nat. 93:504-507. Pechanec, J. F., G. O. Pickford, and G. Stewart. 1937. Effects of the 1934 drought on native vegetation of the Upper Snake River plains in Idaho. Ecology 18:490-505. Poole, D. K., and P. C. Miller. 1975. Water relations of selected species of chaparral and coastal sage communities. Ecology 56:1118-1128. Syvertson, J. P. 1974. Relative stem water potentials of three woody perennials in a southern oak woodland community. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 73:108-113. Tomanek, G. W., and G. K. Hulett. 1970. Effects of historical droughts on grassland vegetation in the central Great Plains. In Dart, W., jr., and J. K. Jones, jr. (eds.). Pleistocene and Recent environments in the central Great Plains, pp. 203-210. United States Weather Bureau. 1964. Climatic summary of the United States: California. Supplement for 1951 through 1960. No. 86-4. Washington, D. C. Vasek, F. C , and R. F. Thome. 1990. Transmontane coniferous vegetation. In M. C. Barbour and J. Major (eds.). Terrestrial vegetation of California, new expanded edition. Calif. Native Plant Soc. Sp. Publ. No. 9. Westman, W. E., and G. P. Malanson. 1990. Effects of climate change of Mediterranean -type ecosystems in California and Baja California. In Peters, R. (ed ). Consequences of the greenhouse effect on biodiversity. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. 74 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Exotic Plants in Mediterranean Climate Wetlands Orange County, California: A Case Study1 Peter A. Bowler Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine, California 92717 and Adrian Wolf 211 E. Balboa Blvd., No. 8 Balboa, California 92661 Abstract. The checklist of Orange County vascular plants (Roberts, 1988), published prior the Jepson Manual (Hickman, 1993) and thus not reflecting subsequent synonymies, includes 1,157 species and 99 subspecies or varieties for a total of 1 ,256 taxa. Of this total, excluding infraspecific taxa, 806 (72%) species are native and 351 (28%) species are non-natives; based on pre- Jepson Manual nomenclature, 406 species are U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National or Regional Wetland Indicators, of which 273 species (67%) are native and 133 species (33%) are exotics. In Orange County there are no wetland indicators among the Gymnosperms, 28 native species are indicators in the Pteridophyta and allies, and within the Angiosperms there are 176 native and 94 exotic dicotyledonous indicator species and 85 native and 39 introduced monocotyledonous wetland species. Families with the greatest number of wetland indicator species include the Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, and Apiaceae. Only 12 native and 7 exotic tree species are wetland indicators. Among the grasses a few more of the indicator taxa are perennial (59%) than annual, and there are a few more native than exotic grasses which are Based on a paper presented at the Southern California Botanists Nineteenth Annual Symposium, “Riparian and Freshwater Habitats: Impacts on Biodiversity”. Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 75 indicators. Overall, approximately 59% of the angiosperm wetland indicators are perennial; among dicots approximately 52% are perennial, and in the monocots perennials dominate (75%), in contrast to upland settings. Of the 178 vascular plants (89 natives; 89 exotics) known from the University of California Natural Reserve System’s San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Reserve, 85 species are USFWS national/regional wetland indicators (Bowler and Wolf, 1993). It appears that wetland indicators may have broader temperate zone distributions in North America than upland species, many of which, for example, are restricted to specific climatic, edaphic and exposure settings. The universal similarities of many wetlands appear to overcome the distribution restrictions characteristic of upland species in Mediterranean climates. In addition to the native floras, naturalized introduced species of vascular plants have received considerable study in regions with Mediterranean climates (see, for example, the recent anthology edited by Groves and Di Castri, 1991; Mack, 1992). The California flora comprises around 5862 species, of which 1023 are naturalized (Hickman, 1993; see Stebbins and Major, 1965; Raven and Axelrod, 1978; Munz and Keck, 1959; and Munz, 1968 for further discussion). Mediterranean climate plant communities have relatively large numbers of invasive non-native plant species, with California having “about 400 more than in the Fynbos Biome of southern Africa (Wells, 1991) and about 200 less than that of South Australia (Kloot, 1991)” (Rejmanek, et al., 1991; see also Rejm&nek and Randall, 1994). There has been little discussion comparing the numbers of species or abundance of non-natives in Mediterranean upland plant communities with those of wetlands within the Mediterranean climate regions. While non-native species are often identified in regional or habitat species lists, the relationship between exotics in upland and wetlands, or their fidelity or obligate status within these adjacent and intergrading habitats is not well known. In this paper we will examine the flora of Orange County, California, compare its taxonomic list with the catalog of National Wetland Indicator species, and discuss the differences between upland and wetland exotic floras. Do the similarities of wetland habitats override the selective stresses imposed upon Mediterranean climate upland communities? Southern California perennial wetlands are particularly interesting as a contrast to the xeric shrublands which are frequently the adjoining upland community, because many of the effects of Mediterranean climates are softened or erased, particularly in riparian woodlands. Microclimates in wetlands and the presence of water during what is 76 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 otherwise an extended summer drought make wetlands in Mediterranean climates an interesting situation for naturalized, non-native vascular plants. Mediterranean climate areas have a large number of non-native plant species, in part because of the disturbed conditions these areas often represent. Since the vascular plant community of Orange County is well known (Roberts, 1988), the County flora provides a good case study. The County floristic checklist compiled by Roberts (1988) was compared with National and Regional Wetland Indicator Species lists of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to gain an idea of the extent to which native and exotic species considered wetland indicators are present, and how they are distributed in orders and families. The County list of Wetland Indicators was then compared with the flora of the San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Reserve, one of the County’s largest coastal wetlands (Bowler and Wolf, 1993). Table 1 . Orange County wetland indicator taxa in major plant groups (based on the nomenclature in Roberts, 1988, and Reed, 1988a, b). Entire Orange County Flora Orange County Wetland Indicators Native Subsp. Exotic % Exotic Native Exotic Spp. & Vars. Spp. Spp. Pteridophyta and allies 28 2 0 0 12 0 Gymnosperms 6 0 2 33 0 0 Dicots 641 80 271 42 176 94 Monocots 132 17 77 58 85 39 Total 806 99 351 44 261 133 As indicated above, the vascular plant flora of Orange County includes 1,157 species plus 99 varieties or subspecific taxa, or a total of 1,256 taxa (Roberts, 1988). Only 64 (15.8%) of the wetland indicator species are limited to California. In Orange County there are no exotic species among the Pteridophyta and allies, while 43% (12 species) of the 28 native taxa are wetland indicators. None of the Gymnosperms are considered wetland indicators, and there are only five native and three non-native taxa in Orange County. Within the Angiosperms, dicotyledonous plants comprise by far the greatest number of both native and introduced Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 77 species, as well as being the group with the greatest representation of indicator species. The composition of the Orange County flora is complex. The Pteridophytes are represented by 1 1 families (30 native taxa; 12 native indicators); there are two families in the Gymnosperms (6 native taxa; 2 exotics; no indicators). Among the Angiosperms, there are 91 families of dicotyledonous plants represented (discussed above), and 32 of the families have no wetland indicators taxa reported in Orange County. There are 22 families of monocots, five of which have no wetland indicators in the County. Table 2. Among the wetland indicator species cited as restricted (as indicators) to Region 0 (California) , there are relatively few species. CA (only) Indicators Native Non-native Pteridophyta and allies 1 0 Gymnosperms 0 0 Dicots 25 1 Monocots 5 0 Totals: 31 1 All but one (crystalline iceplant) of the California-restricted indicators (Table 2) are natives, and many are endemic. California botanists would undoubtedly be puzzled by the absence of many wetland endemics or otherwise localized wetland-associated species. Probably their absence either reflects too fine-grained an approach (narrowly restricted endemics), or they will eventually be added to the USFWS list with future updates. Among indicator species with broader national distribution (as indicators) than just California there is considerable change from region to region in the degree to which a species is restricted to wetlands (obligately or facultatively associated) and other characters (Bowler, et al., 1995). In other words just because 751 Orange County checklist species are not included in the list of wetland indicator species does not necessarily mean that they are upland obligates. Indeed, there are 83 (49%) species in the San Joaquin Marsh which do not appear on the list of wetland indicator species. As Raven (1988) noted, 72% of the naturalized California flora has its origin in Eurasia and North Africa (see Remjanek, et al., 1991, 1994, for further discussion of biogeographic origins of exotics in California). 78 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Table 3. Of the 406 wetland indicator species in Orange County, 256 species (63%) are represented in ten families (all other families have less than 10 indicator species). Indicator Species Orange Co. Total Spp.1 Native Non-Native Native Non-native Total Dicots Apiaceae 8 3 23 6 29 Asteraceae 35 25 123 63 186 Brassicaceae 6 6 23 26 49 Chenopodiaceae 20 9 25 13 38 Fabaceae 11 11 46 38 84 Polygonaceae 7 5 26 8 34 Scrophulariaceae 8 2 34 7 41 Monocots Cyperaceae 28 2 30 1 31 Juncaeae 12 0 12 0 12 Poaceae 25 33 50 65 115 Total 160 96 392 227 619 1. Roberts, 1988; includes non-indicator and indicator species. What kinds of growth forms are most abundant among the native and exotic wetland indicator species? Habit is presented elsewhere (Reed, 1988b; Bowler et al., 1995) for all indicator taxa in Table 1, and life history is summarized in Table 4 for the ten families comprising a majority of indicator taxa. Very few trees are among the list of wetland indicator species in Orange County. There are 12 native taxa which are trees, including such common species as Populus fremontii , Platanus racemosa , and Salix gooddingii. There are seven non-native trees: Acer negundo , Schinus terebenthifolius , Robinia pseudo-acacia , Ailanthus altissima, Tamarix chinesis , and Tamarix ramosissima. Most of the indicators are grasses or are herbaceous as contrasted with shrubs and other woody species. The absence of the genus Avena and the scarcity of wetland indicator species among Bromus , Hordeum and Festuca is in marked contrast to upland habitats, where these genera are represented by numerous species and often very dense cover in coastal California. Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 79 Table 4. Life history characteristics of selected wetland indicator groups in Orange County. A few species were omitted because of a lack of consistent reporting of life history. In the cases where the Jepson Manual (Hickman, 1993) conflicted with the National List, the Jepson Manual was followed, and in the few cases of more than a single strategy, the first appearing was cited. Perennial Annual Biennial DICOTS Asteraceae Exotic 5 10 1 Native 23 20 1 Apiaceae Exotic 4 0 1 Native 4 2 0 Brassicaceae Exotic 1 4 1 Native 1 4 1 Chenopodiaceae Exotic 1 8 0 Native 11 9 0 Fabaceae Exotic 4 4 0 Native 8 3 0 Lamiaceae Exotic 2 0 0 Native 3 0 0 Polygonaceae Exotic 3 3 0 Native 3 2 0 Scrophulariaceae Exotic 0 1 0 Native 3 6 0 80 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 MONOCOTS Cyperaceae Exotic 2 0 0 Native 23 6 0 Poaceae Exotic 11 21 0 Native 21 3 0 Approximately 59% (233 species) of the angiosperm wetland indicators are perennial, while only 38% (148 species) are annuals. The remaining 3% comprise biennials and taxa with variable life histories. All of the Pteridophyte indicators are native and perennial, there 97 perennial/biennial dicot species (62 are annuals), and in the monocots there is a dominance of perennials among the natives (69 native perennials; only 10 are annuals). Not surprisingly, within the monocots the largest representation of wetland indicators is in the Poaceae (25 native and 33 non-native species). It should be clearly recognized that discussions of species richness are just that; the presence of a single invasive taxon such me Giant Reed Grass ( Arundo donax ), tamarisk (Tamar ix spp.), or German Ivy (Senecio mikanioides) can more profoundly alter natural wetland environments than the presence of many less dominant exotics (see Faber, et al., 1989, for further discussion). There is also a great site-specific variation in the degree and history of disturbance, as well as the type of wetland community present from wetland to wetland. As Faber, et al. (1989) note, there are “99 introduced vascular species in a checklist for the Prado Basin, Santa Ana River Canyon, and environs, 31.8 percent of the total species found, and 144 introduced vascular species, or 27.6 percent of the total species found for the Santa Margarita River watershed” (based on Zembal, 1984a, 1984b). Bowler (1990) reported that of 75 species in riparian/mixed wetland habitats in Laguna Canyon, 29 species (39%) were exotics, and that 35 (59%) of 59 species in the highly disturbed San Diego Creek flood control channel were exotics. Upland habitats near these sites have a broad range in the presence of non-native species, with coastal sage scrub having 32% exotics (of 120 species; UCI Ecology Preserve) and 21% non-natives (of 1 10 species; Laguna Canyon); disturbed grassland 43% introduced species (of 67 species; Quail Hill in Irvine, see Bowler, Roberts and Simon, 1990) and 38% exotic taxa (of 133 species; Laguna Canyon), 30% in southern oak woodland (of 122 species; Laguna Canyon), and Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 81 58% non-natives (of 91 species) in “ruderal habitats” in Laguna Canyon (Bowler, 1990). Variation from site to site can be expected both in species richness of the suite of exotics and also in their local dominance in terms of cover. Unfortunately there is no list of upland indicator species such as the USFWS wetland indicator listing, nor is there a list of upland exotics. Abundance and cover of non-natives is particularly important in upland communities such as grassland or coastal sage scrub, where nearly complete ground cover by non-native annual grasses, black mustard, or cardoon is common. Fiedler and Leidy (1987) reported 55.5% (north slope) and 84.6% (south slope) cover by introduced species in grassland habitat at the Ring Mountain Preserve in Marin County; introduced Festuca arundinacea and Car ex spp. composed 45.7% of the cover in a freshwater marsh on the same Preserve. Large monotypic stands of cardoon ( Cynara cardunculus) are also common in Orange County in overgrazed situations, where they exclude exotic grasses and herbs such as Erodium spp. Acknowledgments We thank Steve Tajari for designing formats for a number of complex tables, particularly that summarizing the wetland indicators, and to Michael Gagnet and Lorrie Bradley for assistance with data entry. Steve Weller and Curtis Clark provided helpful comments on early drafts of the manuscript. We are grateful to the University of California Natural Reserve System for permission to continue our use of the San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Reserve as a research site. Literature Cited Bowler, P.A. 1990. Riparian Woodland: An Endangered Habitat in Southern California, pp. 80-97. In: Schoenherr, A.A. (ed.). Endangered Plant Communities of Southern California. Southern California Botanists Special Publication No. 3. and A. Wolf. 1993. Vascular Plants of the San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Reserve: Angiosperms — Flowering Plants. Crossosoma 19(1): 9-30. , , and L. Bradley. 1995. A checklist of the wetland indicator species in Orange County, California. Crossosoma 21 (in press). 82 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Faber, P.M., E. Keller, A. Sands, and B.M. Massey. 1989. The Ecology of Riparian Habitats of the Southern California Region: A Community Profile. Biological Report 85(7.27). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. Fiedler, P.L. and R.A. Leidy. 1987. Plant Communities of Ring Mountain Preserve, Marin County, California. Madroflo 34: 173-192. Groves, R.H. and F. DiCastri (eds.). 1991. Biogeography of Mediterranean Invasions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain. Hickman, J.C. (ed.). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Kloot, P.M. 1991. Invasive plants of southern Australia, pp. 131-144. In Groves, R.H. and F. Di Castri (eds.). Biogeography of Mediterranean Invasions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain. Mack, R.N. 1992. Biotic Immigrants. Book Review. Science 256:1699. Munz, P.A. 1968. Supplement to A California Flora. University of California Press, Berkeley. Munz, P.A., and D.D. Keck. 1959. A California Flora. University of California Press, Berkeley. Raven, P.H. 1988. The California Flora, pp. 109-137. In Barbour, M.G. and J. Major (eds.). Terrestrial Vegetation of California (2nd Edition). California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, California. Raven, P.H. and D.I. Axelrod. 1978. Origin and relationships of the California flora. University of California Publications in Botany 72: 1-115. Reed, P.B., Jr. 1988a. National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: national summary. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 88(24). 244 pp. Reed, P.B., Jr. 1988b. National list of plant species that occur in wetlands. California (Region 0). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 88(26.10). 51 pp. Rejm&nek, M., C.D. Thomsen, and I D. Peters. 1991. Invasive vascular plants of California, pp. 81-101. In Groves, R.H., and F. Di Castri Crossosoma20(l), May 1994 83 (eds.). Biogeography of Mediterranean Invasions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain. Rejm&nek, M., and J.M. Randall. 1994. Invasive alien plants in California: 1993 summary and comparison with other areas in North America. Madroflo 4 1 (3): 1 6 1—1 77. Roberts, F.M., Jr. 1989. A checklist of the Vascular Plants of Orange County, California. Museum of Systematic Biology, University of California, Irvine, Research Series No. 6. Stebbins, G.L. and J. Major. 1965. Endemism and speciation in the California flora. Ecological Monographs 35:1-35. Wells, M.J. 1991. Introduced plants of the fynbos biome in South Africa, pp. 115-130. In Groves, R.H. and F. Di Castri (eds.). Biogeography of Mediterranean Invasions. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Great Britain. Zembal, R. 1984a. Survey of vegetative and vertebrate fauna of the Prado Basin and the Santa Ana River Canyon, CA. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles. Zembal, R. 1984b. Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Report, Santa Margarita River Project, San Diego County, CA. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Region, Boulder City, NV. Bio Op. 1-1-84-F-9. 84 Crossosoma 20(1), May 1994 Shrubs and Trees of the Southern California Deserts by Jim W. Dole and Betty B. Rose, 1994. 157 pages. Foot-loose Press, 15857 Vincennes St., North Hills, CA. 91343. Paper $12.50 + $1.25 shipping & handling. The complete title of this text is “An Amateur Botanist’s Identification Manual for the Shrubs and Trees of the Southern California Deserts”. This introductory statement to the title in conjunction with the more specific locality and the narrowing of plant species addressed by this book makes this an ideal text for those individuals that have a budding interest in the flora of the California deserts as well as those seasoned botanists who don’t want to wade through the extensive keys of Munz or Jepson. Plants included in this book occur in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts of California and their included mountain slopes up to an elevation of approximately 5,000 feet. The area included is bounded by the Colorado River to the east, the Mexican border to the south, and the northern borders of San Bernardino and Kern counties to me north. Over 210 species that are presented in this book are associated with seven desert plant communities. Range maps and line drawings of pertinent morphological structures for many of these species make it very easy to identify a questionable specimen in hand. Most of the tree and shrub species treated in this text have informatioi that include their description (morphology and reproductive period) and distribution, and notes which may include myths, folklore, physiological adaptations, and Indian medicinal uses. In some cases, related species, with their descriptions and distributions, are also provided. The index is well-stocked with both scientific as well as common names of the species represented in this publication. The wealth of information contained in this text about the plants species described and its easy to use key to their identifications can only make me wonder why a desert botanist or teacher who uses the California deserts as a classroom hasn’t made this informative book an addition to their library. Alan P. Romspert, Coordinator, California Desert Studies Consortium, Fullerton to r z ” ro O rr :> D 1 X Jb < ■- 1 0 -< “ Z ! 7T < ! 07 ro rB 0 ■£= a* Ul 0= II CO S-8- i in n ui PJ r-0 £* *- o - m cn X pJ n “ ” a & H3 D □ sD a m n a ? 0 C ft, So- § 1- 0 J. ^ ST br 4^ 5. < 0) u £ _ fD 2 ~"o 5 =r o n r-f ft, 0 E |l ° m 00 CD *< o S 3 tn* to