Crossosoma Journal of the Southern California Botanists , Inc. Volume 34, Number 1 Spring-Summer 2008 Southern California Botanists, Inc. — Founded 1927 — CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published twice a year by Southern California Botanists, Inc., a California nonprofit organization of individuals devoted to the study, preservation and conservation of the native plants and plant communities of southern California. SCB Board of Directors for 2008 President Vice President Secretary Treasurer Webmaster Editor of Crossosoma Editor of Leaflets Directors-at-large Ex officio Board Members Gary Wallace Naomi Fraga Linda Prince Alan P. Romspert Naomi Fraga Denise Knapp Kerry Myers David Bramlet Sara Baguskas Terry Daubert Elizabeth Delk Michael Floner Charlie Hohn Carrie Kiel Diane Menuz Orlando Mistretta Bart O'Brien Fred Roberts Darren Sandquist Susan Schenk Allan A. Schoenherr Paul Schwartz Sula Vanderplank (Past President) Articles, book reviews, or other items for submission to CROSSOSOMA can be sent to the incoming editor Michael Honer. at mihonerfeearthlink.net or 874 Fortuna Lane, Isla Vista, California 93117, USA. Electronic submission is preferred. Please see our website, www.socalbot.org, for format guidelines. Notices of a time-dated nature (field trips, workshops, symposia, etc.) to be included in the newsletter Leaflets should be submitted to Kerry Myers, Editor of Leaflets , 215 North Fifth St., Redlands, California 92374, USA. Views published in CROSSOSOMA are those of the contributing author) s) and are not necessarily those of the editors, the membership of Southern California Botanists Inc., or the SCB Board of Directors, unless explicitly stated. Copyright © 2008 by Southern California Botanists, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission to reproduce items in CROSSOSOMA. in whole or in part, should be requested from the current Editor. Volume 34, Number 1 Spring-Summer 2008 CONTENTS Preliminary morphometric analysis of Eriastrum densifolium (Polemoniaceae) populations from Lytle Creek and La Cadena Avenue, Santa Ana River watershed Sarah J. De Groot 1 New California records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi Jana Kocourkova, Kerry Knudsen, James C. Lendemer, and Alan M. Fryday 19 Plant succession in the eastern Mojave Desert; An example from Lake Mead National Recreation Area, southern Nevada (revised) Scott R. Abella, Alice C. Newton, and Dianne N. Bangle 25 Noteworthy Collections: New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from California Kerry Knudsen and Jana Kocourkova 37 Book Review: Introduction to the geology' of southern California and its native plants by Clarence A. Hall, Jr. (2007) 40 red 9 a 7DD9 Cover: Eriastrum densifolium, photographed by Sarah De Groot http://www.socalbot.org Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from BHL-SIL-FEDLINK https://archive.org/details/crossosoma3412sout Crossosoma 34( 1 ), Spring-Summer 2008 1 PRELIMINARY MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ERIASTRUM DENS1 FOLIUM (POLEMONIACEAE) POPULATIONS FROM LYTLE CREEK AND LA CADENA AVENUE, SANTA ANA RIVER WATERSHED Sarah J. De Groot Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and Claremont Graduate University 1500 N. College Ave. Claremont, CA 91711 sarah . degroot@cgu.edu ABSTRACT: Plants of E. densifolium growing at Lytle Creek and the La Cadena Avenue crossing of the Santa Ana River have been suggested to be hybrids involving E. densifolium subsp. sanctorum, a federally endangered subspecies. Using multivariate analysis of morphological characters, relative warp analysis, and elliptic Fourier functions, these two populations were found to be morphologically intermediate between subsp. sanctorum and a group containing samples of subspp. elongatum and austromontanum . These results could be explained by a hybrid origin of each population, or the populations may be simply intermediate forms. E. densifolium is a highly variable species that appears to be composed of a number of ecological races, which are not well characterized and warrant further study. KEYWORDS: Eriastrum densifolium, E. densifolium subsp. sanctorum, hybrid, intermediate. La Cadena Avenue, Lytle Creek, morphology, Santa Ana River INTRODUCTION Gilia densifolia subsp. sanctora was first described by Milliken in 1904 (p. 39), and later transferred to Eriastrum densifolium by Mason (1945: 75). It was distinguished from typical E. densifolium by the size of the corolla, “...fourteen to fifteen lines long [about 30 mm] and proportionately ample” (Milliken 1904: 39; type specimen [UC 52454] has corollas >25 mm). These characters seem to hold fairly well, because subsp. sanctorum generally has been recognized as distinct from other subspecies by the vast majority of authors who have treated it (e.g., Craig 1934; Jepson 1943; Mason 1945; Harrison 1972). Plants usually occur on higher floodplains above washes, in sandy alluvial soils (Zembal and Kramer 1984). The only range or locality information listed in the protologue was “Santa Ana River near Riverside...” However, from field notes and herbarium specimens, it is apparent that the type collection was made at the Spanishtown Crossing of the Santa Ana River, which today is where Riverside Ave. /Main St. crosses the river. Plants of subsp. sanctorum occurred from the foot of the San Bernardino Mountains all the way down into Orange County. For example, J.T. Howell 2985, collected in Santa Ana Canyon in 1927 (RSA), has corollas 27-29.5 mm long, and was cited by Craig (1934: 390) as typical sanctorum. More recent surveys and collections have shown that the present distribution of this subspecies has become restricted to the upper portions of the Santa Ana River drainage in the San Bernardino Valley, namely, the area near Highland, Mentone, and Redlands in San Bernardino County, California (Zembal and Kramer 1984; California Natural Diversity Database [CNDDB]). A few plants have been reported near Colton and Riverside (CNDDB), and although plants had been collected in the Santa Ana River 2 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 Canyon in Orange County, all Orange County populations by now are probably extirpated (Zembal and Kramer 1984; Marsh 1988). Outside of the Santa Ana River bed, plants have been reported from Plunge Creek, Cajon Wash, Lytle Creek, and several other localities (CNDDB; Zembal and Kramer 1984). A shrinking range and loss of suitable habitat were reasons cited for its listing as endangered by the federal government (Kramer 1987). Almost since the time they were first collected, the plants at Lytle Creek have been suspected hybrids. Craig (1934) cited them as intermediate between subsp. sanctorum and subsp. elongatum. Subsequent authors have reiterated this (Wheeler 1988; Burk et al. 1989). However, little quantitative study has been done involving these plants. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service continues to recognize them as the endangered subsp. sanctorum. At another site of purported hybrids along Cajon Wash, a number of corollas were measured and many were found to be intermediate in length between subsp. sanctorum and subsp. elongatum (La Pre and Pendleton 1988). More recently, plants found near the La Cadena Avenue crossing of the Santa Ana River also appeared to be intermediates between subsp. sanctorum and possibly subsp. austromontanum. Although five subspecies of E. densifolium have been recognized by most taxonomists (e.g., Craig 1934; Mason 1945; Harrison 1972), the species is remarkably variable and some authors have found it difficult to define precisely the circumscriptions of the subspecies (e.g. Craig 1934; Bninell and Whitkus 1997, 1999a, 1999b). Identification also has been problematic. For example, the RSA herbarium has two sheets of Swinney 2294, one identified as subsp. elongatum, and the other identified as austromontanum (det. by O. Mistretta, Oct. 2005). It does not appear to be a mixed collection. A sampling of the morphological diversity in corolla shape and size is illustrated in Figures 1-5, and some leaves are shown later in the paper, in Figure 8. Geometric mo phometric data has been used successfully to distinguish plant species or hybrid populations (Premolil996; Olsson et al. 2000; Dickinson et al. 1987; Shipunov and Bateman 2005). McLellan and Endler (1998) classified leaves based on landmarks and elliptic Fourier functions. In a study of two species of Acer and their hybrid, Jensen et al. (2002) used traditional measurements, elliptic Fourier coefficients, and relative warp scores to demonstrate that the hybrids were morphologically intermediate between the parent species. Thus, quantitative morphological data can be informative in studies of potential hybrid populations. This paper reports preliminary findings of a morphometric study involving the Lytle Creek population, the La Cadena Avenue population, and a population each of subsp. sanctorum, subsp. elongatum, and subsp. austromontanum, for reference. The main goal was to see how each intermediate population was related to each of the three subspecies and, in particular, to the endangered subsp. sanctorum. METHODS Fifteen flowering individuals per population were selected arbitrarily and sampled from one population each of E. densifolium subsp. sanctorum, subsp. elongatum, and subsp. austromontanum, along with two intermediate populations: one at Lytle Creek just south of Interstate 210, and one at the La Cadena Avenue crossing of the Santa Ana River (Table 1; Figure 6). Populations of the subspecies were chosen based on their resemblance to type material and proximity to type localities. Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 3 Figures 1-5 (top to bottom). Sample dissected corollas of Eriastriim densifolium subspecies, with landmarks used in this analysis. 1 . Subsp. auslromontanum (Mormon Rocks). 2. Subsp. elongatum (Vineyard Cyn B). 3. Subsp. sanctorum (Alabama St). 4. Intermediate from Lytle Creek. 5. Intermediate from La Cadena Ave. Scale (in mm) is the same for all photos. Table 1. Summary of localities sampled. Subspecies Population Name County (California) Latitude N Longitude W Elevation (m) sanctorum Alabama Street San Bernardino 34.09694 117.20972 347 elongatum Vineyard Cyn B Monterey 35.83702 120.62572 336 auslromontanum Mormon Rocks San Bernardino 34.31639 117.49333 988 intermediate La Cadena San Bernardino 34.04590 1 17.32332 889 intermediate Lytle Creek San Bernardino 34.13264 117.35462 1284 An open corolla from each of fifteen individuals per population was chosen arbitrarily. It was dissected open by removing the petal to the lower left (when the flower was viewed from the front), and photographed along with a metric rule at lOx through an Olympus SZH stereo microscope, using a SPOT RT Color 2.2.1 digital camera and SPOT software (version 4.1.1, © 1997-2004 Diagnostic Instruments, Inc.). Forty-four landmarks and semi-landmarks were placed on the same two petals and three stamens in each image (those in the center after the removal of one petal), with TpsDIG ( 1 .40, Rohlf 2004). Landmarks were placed at presumably homologous points, such as bi- or trifurcations of 33*54 ’0"N 34 WN 34 WN 34*1201* 4 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 Figure 6. Map of Eriastrum densifolium sites sampled in this study. Main map shows the upper Santa Ana River drainage area, mitigation land and sites sampled in this study. Top inset shows the location of the Vineyard Canyon B (elongatum) population. Bottom inset shows the general location of the five populations in southern California (created with ArcMap® 9.1). Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 5 veins, anastomoses, sinuses, filament divergence points, and where veins met the margins of the corolla. Semi-landmarks were placed along the veins or margins of the corolla, to capture more general aspects of the form (Figure 7). Landmarks were rescaled from pixels to millimeters in CoordGen6 (part of the Integrated Morphometries Package [IMP], Sheets 2002), and saved in X1Y1...CS format. A matrix of 95 measurements in a modified truss pattern was calculated from these landmarks with tMorphGen6c (Sheets 2002; Strauss and Bookstein 1982; Figure 7). The measurements were ln-tansformed and used in a principal components analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation (StatView version 5.0.1 Power PC version ©1992-98 SAS Institute, Inc.) and a discriminant analysis (DA) with all variables entered simultaneously, and classification cross-validated by leaving out each successive observation to test functions created by the other samples (SPSS version 15.0 for Windows® ©2006 SPSS Inc.). * 20. 22. 23. 25 W here lateral main vems of di&a.'KC along margin from 20 to ! I. c*c. 5 fork in middle vein I Stnu*cs > S Point of tilamcm divergence (Hair of distal part Figure 7. Diagram of interlandmark measurements (white lines) for the corollas. Numbered dots and notes refer to landmarks. To obtain a more visual idea of how the corolla shapes differ among the populations, the original landmark files were concatenated and used in a relative warp (RW) analysis using the program tpsRelw (1.46, Rohlf 2008; Rohlf 1993), with landmarks for the filaments removed because of artificial variation. Settings were default: Alpha=0, uniform component complement, scale aligned (centroid size)= 1, projection= orthogonal. This analysis superimposed point configurations for each specimen, then calculated singular values based on the shape differences between configurations (Rohlf 1993). Since the number and position of lobes on the leaves was too variable to permit the placement of homologous landmarks (Figure 8), a boundary analysis was used instead. One mature leaf, i.e. below the inflorescence but part of the current year’s growth, was chosen arbitrarily from each individual and scanned on a Hewlett-Packard ScanJet 3970 or G3010 flatbed scanner at 400 dpi in grayscale, using HP Scanning (version 2.2.1 © 1996-2003 Hewlett-Packard Co.). Individual images were converted to black and white in Adobe® Photoshop® (CS2 Version 9.0 ©1990-2005 Adobe Systems, Inc.). Outlines were captured with TpsDIG ( 1 .40, Rohlf 2004), and 40 elliptic Fourier (EF) harmonics 6 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 Figure 8. Sample outlines of leaves for each population: a=subsp. austromontanum e=elongatum s=sanctonim int.=intermediate were calculated with the program EFA (Rohlf and Ferson 1993; Kuhl and Giardina 1982), although only the first eight harmonics showed variation (see Figure 13) and were used in the analysis. This program was set to be invariant to size (by dividing all points by the square root of the area of the first harmonic) and translation (by subtracting the coordinates of the centroid from each pair of points on the outline), but allowed to vary w ith rotation aid starting position of points. Corrections to make the analysis invariant to rotation and starting position of points both rotate the object so that its major axis is parallel to the x-axis, meaning that final (rotated) position is dependent on the shape of the object. Since this can introduce an artifact into the analysis if there is wide variation among shapes, the corrections for rotation and starting position were not applied (Rohlf and Ferson 1993). In this analysis, all leaves were oriented with the apex up and points were started in approximately the same place. The matrix of EF coefficients was analyzed with PCA (StatView; Al-8, Bl-8, CO-8, Dl-8) and discriminant analysis, with variables entered simultaneously (SPSS; Al-8, Bl-8, CO-8, Dl-8). RESULTS Principal components analysis of the corolla measurements showed some differentiation among populations (Figure 9). Although 47 components were recovered in the analysis, components 13-47 each explained less than 1% of the variance (not shown). The first axis accounted for 52.6% of the total variation (Table 2), and because nearly all characters had high (>0.5), positive loadings on it, probably referred to corolla size. The Alabama Street population was distinguished from the other populations by PC 1 , although there was also Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 7 PC 3 PC 5 PC 7 + La Cadena □ Vineyard CB ° Mormon R * Alabama St * Lytle Cr Figure 9. Ordinations of scores of individuals on principal components 1-8, based on corolla measurement data. Note that axes are not necessarily isometric. (La Cadena and Lytle Creek= intermediates. Vineyard CB= subsp. elongatum. Mormon R= austromonianum. Alabama St= sanctorum.) some separation of the two intermediate populations from a group containing the Vineyard Canyon B and Mormon Rocks populations. PC 2, which was concerned with the distance from the sinus to the filament divergence point, also separated La Cadena and Lytle Creek from Vineyard Canyon B and Mormon Rocks, but with overlap. PC 4 also had high (>0.3) loadings for measurements of the distances from the sinus to the filament divergence point, along with corolla lobe length, and partially distinguished the La Cadena and Lytle Creek populations. Vineyard Canyon B and Mormon Rocks were not readily distinguished by PCA, although PC 6 may show partial differentiation. 8 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 Table 2. Eigenvalues, percent variance explained, and some characters described by each axis (based on high loadings) from a PCA of 95 corolla measurements. PC Eigenvalue Variance explained Characters described 1 49.986 52.6% Size (loadings >0.5 for all but 15 variables); variables associated with tube length have highest loadings (gen. >0.8) 2 8.122 8.5 Distance from sinus to filament divergence point (loadings >0.5) 3 6.735 7.1 Trifurcation position, throat position (loadings generallv >0.4) 4 3.867 4.1 Distance from sinus to filament divergence point, anastomoses position (loadings >0.3) 5 3.606 3.8 Shape of the nps of the lobes (loadings >0.4) 6 2.730 2.9 Curvature asymmetry of corolla lobes and filament lengths 1. 2 (loadings >0.3) 7 2.213 2.3 Possibly corolla asymmetry (loadings >0.3 or <-0.3) 8 1.935 2.0 Width of middle of corolla lobes (loadings >0.4) 9 1.671 1.8 Filament lengths or exsemon lobe width at base and tip (loadings >0.3 or <-0.3 ) 10 1.596 1.7 Position of middle sinus and overlap between lobes (loadings >0.3) 11 1.226 1.3 Base of corolla (-.303 ). np of right lobe (-0.314) 12 1.006 1.1 Position of trifurcation on left petaL throat (loadings >0.2 or <-0.2) In contrast to the PCA. the discriminant analysis was able to discriminate all five populations, with an original correct classification rate of 96.0% and a cross-validated rate of 73.3% (random cross-validated data was 20.0% correct: Figure 10, Table 3). All populations had several misclassifications. except for Alabama Street ( sanctorum ). which had 100% correct classification in the cross-validation. Lytle Creek had the worst classification (8 of 15 correct). Function 1 described overall corolla size, and separated the populations fairly neatly into three groups: (1) Alabama Street, (2) La Cadena and Lytle Creek, and (3) Vineyard Canyon B and Mormon Rocks. Function 2 further separated the intermediate populations from Vineyard Canyon B and Mormon Rocks, based on the positions of the sinuses and filament div ergence points. Vineyard Canyon B and Mormon Rocks w ere distinguished by function 3, which referred to the w idth of the corolla lobes and the position of the midvein trifurcation. La Cadena and Lytle Creek were discriminated by function 3 in combination with function 4. which describes the distance from the throat to the sinuses. Bartlett's Test indicated that all the functions showed significant discrimination between groups (Table 4: Zelditch et al. 2004). The results of the relative w arp analysis largely concurred with the PCA and DA (Figures 11, 12, Table 5). Relative w arp 1 distinguished Alabama Street from Vineyard Canyon B and Mormon Rocks, with the La Cadena and Lytle Creek populations in between. Relative warp 2 differentiated the intermediate populations from the others. Vineyard Canyon B and Mormon Rocks were slightly separated on RW 3 and RW 4, while RW 5 partially discriminated La Cadena from Lytle Creek. Relative size of the tube versus the lobes seemed to play a role for RW 1, while characters represented by RW 2 included sinus position and corolla lobe shape (Figure 12). Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 9 ° e Figure 10. Ordination of scores for individuals on discriminant functions, based on corolla measurement data. Centroids are also plotted. Note that axes are not isometric. 0*0 °+ * i 0^0 0 OF 3 © Mormon Rocks (a) ♦ MR centronJ □ Vineyard Cvn B (e) + VCB centroid L Alabama St (s) + ALB centro d + La Cadena (ms ♦ LCD centre id * Lytle Creek (int) ♦ LTC centroid Table 3. Summary of discriminant functions and characters described, from a discriminant analysis using 95 corolla measurements. Function Eigenvalue % of Variance Canonical Correlation Characters described (correlations with discriminant functions >0.3 unless noted) 1 14.135 53.2 0.966 Corolla size (length and width characters) 2 9.126 34.4 0.949 Sinus and filament divergence positions 3 2.067 7.8 0.821 Corolla lobe width, position of trifurcation (correlations <-0.2) 4 1.236 4.7 0.743 Distance from throat to sinus or furcation Table 4. Results of Bartlett’s Test for discriminant functions. Function(s) Wilks’ Lambda Chi-square DF P 1 through 4 0.001 389.618 124 0.000 2 through 4 0.014 237.467 90 0.000 3 through 4 0.146 107.821 58 0.000 4 0.447 45.060 28 0.022 RW6 RW2 10 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 Figure 11. Ordinations of scores of individuals on relative warps 1-8, based on corolla landmark data. Axes are not necessarily isometric. C onscnsus • * 1 . • • * • L.a C adcna and Lytle Creek (ini.) c C--; f > ; Mormon Rocks (a) and Vineyard ( yn B (e) * — ■ ust i J g * • • , t * * + • A * ' “ " " ’ 8 • Alabama St (s) ‘ \ • *■ f ' . .2 - » 1 * a* ° ■' > , - f* ’ • ♦ * c ^ ' ■*» ■ y .. • * 0 (JOE 0? C‘.5 02 Figure 12. Vector deformations associated with relative warps 1 and 2. The consensus was the average configuration and would correspond to the configuration at the origin of the plot (0,0). The other vector plots show the deformations associated with moving from the consensus shape to the approximate centroid of each of the three main groupings of points in the ordination. Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 11 Table 5. Singular values and percent variance explained for the first 20 relative warps, based on 38 corolla landmarks. There were 72 relative warps in total, but warps 21-72 each accounted for less than 0.2% of the variance (not shown). warp Singular value % Variance Cum. % warp Singular value % Variance Cum. % i 0.57479 46.13 46.13 ii 0.07329 0.75 94.52 2 0.36031 18.12 64.25 12 0.06989 0.68 95.20 3 0.26584 9.87 74.12 13 0.06463 0.58 95.78 4 0.22737 7.22 81.33 14 0.06391 0.57 96.35 5 0.1718 4.12 85.45 15 0.05424 0.41 96.76 6 0.14471 2.92 88.38 16 0.05148 0.37 97.13 7 0.11038 1.70 90.08 17 0.05063 0.36 97.49 8 0.10357 1.50 91.58 18 0.04641 0.30 97.79 9 0.09415 1.24 92.81 19 0.04359 0.27 98.06 10 0.08264 0.95 93.77 20 0.03813 0.20 98.26 The first eight elliptic Fourier functions of the leaves appeared to capture most of the variation, and thus only these were used in statistical analyses (Fig. 13). Principal components analysis of the EF coefficients of the leaves showed little differentiation among populations (Figure 14). Component 1 accounted for 21.2% of the variance, PC 2 for 14.9 %, PC 3 for 1 1.0%, PC 4 for 9.0%, PC 5 for 8.7%, PC 6 for 5.5%, PC 7 for 4.8% and PC 8 for 3.6%. However, the DA distinguished the populations fairly well (Figure 15; Table 6). The original classification rate was 82.7% correct, although the cross- validated rate was 32.0% correct (random cross-validated data was 22.7% correctly classified). While each group had misclassifications in the other four groups, Alabama Street ( sanctorum ) had the highest number of individuals correctly assigned (7 of 15), and Mormon Rocks ( austromontanum ) had the lowest (3 of 15). Function 1 separated Vineyard Canyon B and Mormon Rocks from the other three populations. Function 2 discriminated the intermediates from Alabama Street. Vineyard Canyon B and Mormon Rocks were mostly separated by function 3, and La Cadena and Lytle Creek were distinguished (but with a little overlap) by function 4. Although some discrimination was apparent for all four functions, Wilks’ Lambda was significant for only the first function (Table 7; Zelditch et al. 2004). DISCUSSION La Cadena and Lytle Creek as hybrid populations Both corolla and leaf data point to the La Cadena and Lytle Creek populations as morphologically intermediate between subsp. sanctorum and the group of subspp. elongatum and austromontanum, based on the first axis of PCA and DA of both data sets. While morphological intermediacy is not conclusive proof that these populations are of hybrid origin, many hybrids are morphologically intermediate between parents, at least initially (McDade 2000, and citations therein; Jensen et al. 2002). However, it is also very possible that these populations are stable entities, and just as old as the other subspecies, and are simply morphologically intermediate between described subspecies. That the intermediates are of hybrid origin, or that they are not, cannot be shown with these data. PC 6 PC 2 12 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 1.00 0.50 0.60 0.40 -0.20 -0.40 -0.60 -0.S0 -1.00 VineyardCB (e) MormonR (a) ■ AlatamaSt (s) s LytleCr ( mt) • • ar * CJvOiNCO 40iOloDfO'OGCC fT(h 1A w N M Oi ^Pr1(3UHfNrMMfn t h n n (h i/i *3 h ^ rsi cm ro Q Q a O D Figure 13. Graph showing the amplitudes of each elliptic Fourier coefficient, averaged across each population. 4 x 3 □ A A _ * *> + *3 °0 2 1 CD o o a. -1 o+ c 7W% . *P -2 x X X X O A -3 □ + -4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 PC 5 PC 7 + La Cadena □ Vineyard CB O Mormon R A Alabama St X Lytle Cr Figure 14. Ordinations of scores of individuals on principal components 1-8, based on elliptic Fourier coefficients for the leaves. Note that axes are not necessarily isometric. (La Cadena and Lytle Creek= intermediates. Vineyard CB= subsp. elongatum. Mormon R= austromontanum. Alabama St= sanctorum.) Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 13 DF 1 DF 3 Figure 15. Ordinations of scores of individuals on discriminant functions 1-4, based on elliptic Fourier coefficients for the leaves. Note that axes are not necessarily isometric. Group centroids are also plotted. Table 6. Summary of discriminant functions for elliptic Fourier coefficients. Function Eigenvalue % of Variance Canonical Correlation 1 2.521 47.6 0.846 2 1.335 25.2 0.756 3 0.754 14.3 0.656 4 0.681 12.9 0.637 Table 7. Results of Bartlett’s Test for discriminant functions. Function(s) Wilks' Lambda Chi-square DF P 1 through 4 0.041 175.377 132 0.007 2 through 4 0.145 106.141 96 0.225 3 through 4 0.339 59.496 62 0.567 4 0.595 28.576 30 0.540 It appears that there is little or no reproductive barrier to forming hybrids between subspecies of E. densifolium. Brunell and Whitkus (1999a) found that “...populations have not diverged sufficiently to cause a reduction in crossing efficiency with other populations” (250; Brunell and Whitkus 1997). While their results were somewhat inconsistent between years and not all possible crosses were attempted, they did find that many crosses between subspecies produced seed, including crosses between subsp. sanctorum and austromontanum and crosses between sanctorum and elongatum (Brunell and Whitkus 1999a). Neither intermediate population groups well with either subspp. sanctorum, austromontanum, or elongatum, suggesting that plants at the Lytle Creek and La Cadena sites do not fit well into any of these subspecies. However, given that the intermediate populations fall in between subsp. sanctorum and the other two subspecies in multivariate 14 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 analyses, it seems likely that any hybridization events involved subsp. sanctorum for both populations, along with subspp. elongatum, austromontanum , both, or other subspecies that were not sampled in this study. How different are the intermediates from the other subspecies? While plants growing at the Lytle Creek and La Cadena sites can be distinguished, they are morphologically more similar to each other than to subspp. sanctorum, austromontanum, or elongatum. In all analyses, subsp. sanctorum and the intermediates as a group were more readily differentiated from each other and from other subspecies than subsp. elongatum is from subsp. austromontanum. Teasing apart the two hybrid populations, however, was as difficult as discriminating subsp. elongatum from subsp. austromontanum. Further sampling of additional populations of E. densifolium would be necessary to determine more precisely the relationships of the La Cadena and Lytle Creek populations to these and other subspecies (in progress). Eriastrum densifolium seems to fit well into a model of ecological races, such as those described for North American Achillea millefolium (Ramsey et al. 2008). In that study, five non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) showed little structure among populations, leading the authors to conclude that while A. millifolium rapidly diversified, it had also expanded its range. Similarly, very little structure was found among populations of E. densifolium in Brunell and Whitkus’ (1997) study using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs). However, the species is remarkably morphologically diverse, and occurs in a great diversity of habitats, from coastal sand dunes to deserts to montane forests. Morphological adaptations to particular environments may occur at a more rapid rate than molecular evolution or speciation (e.g., Bhagat et al. 2006). Thus, as difficult as ecological races may be to tease apart with molecular techniques, they may be morphologically distinct (Ramsey et al. 2008). How can these populations be distinguished? For the populations studied here, corolla size and relative proportions seemed to be the main defining characters (Figures 16, 17). Corollas of the intermediate populations were intermediate in size between subsp. sanctorum and the group of subspp. austromontanum and elongatum (see also La Pre and Pendleton 1988). In the Jepson Manual key (Hickman 1993), the intermediates are likely to lie right in between the corolla lengths described in couplet 4 (<20mm vs. 25-30 mm). For the populations in this study, the total corolla lengths ranged from 1 1.0 - 18.0 mm in subspp. austromontanum and elongatum, and from 22.5 - 30.0 mm in subsp. sanctorum. The corollas of the intermediates were 13.0 - 21.5 mm long. The La Cadena population had more within-population variation than the Lytle Creek site, based on the sum of ranked (662 vs. 466) or raw (117.1 vs. 37.5) variances calculated for each corolla measurement. The broader range of variation in corolla size is illustrated in Figure 16. The intermediates also appeared to have a shorter distance between the divergence points of the filaments and the sinuses (Figure 17). Proportionally, these distances were very similar to subsp. sanctorum, but the actual distances were smaller because the corollas were smaller (Vineyard Cyn B 0.6 - 1.7 mm; Mormon Rocks 0.3 - 1.7 mm; Alabama St 0.2 -1.8 mm; Lytle Creek 0.1 - 0.6 mm; La Cadena 0.2 - 0.8 mm). The intermediate Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 15 35 0 30 0 - 25 0 C £ i 200 j 150 f | £ 100 50 GO Vineyard Mormon Alabama _ybe Canyon B Rocks Street Creek © i i La Sadera eo Cl * 1 60 S 1 40 > 1 20 c 1 00 | jg 0 80 2 ~ 0 60 | 0 40 I 020 % 0 00 © Vineyard Mormon Bahama Lytle La Canyon B Rocks Street Creek Cadena Figure 16-17. Graphs showing mean (squares) and range (bars) of two distinguishing morphological characters. 16. Petal length. 17. Distance from sinus to filament divergence point. Kruskal-Wallis tests on petal lengths and sinus to filament divergence point distances showed significant differences (petal 1: chi-square 47.873, df 4, p<0.001; petal 2: chi-square 47.916, df 4, pc.OOl; sinus to divergence 1: chi-square 44.736, df 4, p<0.001; sinus to divergence 2: chi-square 47.825, df 4, p<0.001; sinus to divergence 3: chi-square 42.980, df 4, p<0.001). Both Bonferroni and Dunnett T3 post-hoc tests consistently recorded significant differences between Alabama St (sanctorum) and the other populations based on petal length (p<0.001), and between the intermediates and Mormon Rocks (austromontanum) and Vineyard Canyon B (elongatum) based on the distance from the sinus to the filament divergence point (p<0.001). populations themselves were partially differentiated by the distance from the base of the throat to the sinuses, and by the lengths of the corolla lobes. The positions of midvein trifurcations and the width of the corolla lobes appear to differ somewhat between subspp. austromontanum and elongatum , but with overlap. The EF analysis of leaf outlines was harder to interpret biologically (Rohlf and Archie 1984), but the results corroborated the results from the analysis of the corollas. Although PC 1 and DF 1 in the analysis of corollas were associated with size, that was not the case for the leaves, since the leaf outlines were corrected to be invariant to size. Instead, DF 1 may be related to the width of the leaf or rachis, and DF 2 may be related to the amount of lobing near the tip of the leaf. If this is the case, then subsp. sanctorum and the intermediate populations would tend to have wider leaves and/or rachi than subspp. elongatum or austromontanum, and that the intermediates would tend to have more lobes in the distal half of the leaf than does subsp. sanctorum. However, leaves are highly variable, and these characters may be difficult to determine in the field. In conclusion, plants at the La Cadena and Lytle Creek sites did not fit readily into subspp. sanctorum, elongatum, or austromontanum, but instead appeared intermediate between subsp. sanctorum and a group containing subspp. elongatum and austromontanum. The morphological intermediacy suggested that both populations could hybrids (Wheeler 1988; McDade 2000) and, if so, that any or all of these subspecies were likely one of the parents. However, they also could be stable entities as old or older than the other subspecies, that are morphologically intermediate and do not fit into any described subspecies. While each population may be distinguished at least to a degree by one or more morphological characters, molecular evolution has not kept pace with 16 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 morphological divergence (Brunell and Whitkus 1997), and additional samples must be added to a larger morphological analysis in order to obtain a more complete picture of the pattern of diversification and adaptation within E. densifolium. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to David Lovell and the San Bernardino County Flood Control District for access to E. densifolium subsp. sanctorum sites (Alabama St.) on mitigation land, and to Youssef Atallah (CSU Fullerton) and J. Mark Porter (Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden) for assistance in locating and sampling the La Cadena and Mormon Rocks sites, respectively. Scott White, Richard Jensen, and an anonymous reviewer provided helpful discussion and valuable comments on the manuscript. Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 17 LITERATURE CITED Bhagat, Y., M. G. Fox and M. T. Ferreira. 2006. Morphological differentiation in introduced pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (L.) occupying different habitat zones in Portuguese reservoirs. Journal of Fish Biology 69 (Suppl. C): 79-94. Brunell, M. S. and R. Whitkus. 1997. RAPD marker variation in Eriastrum densifolium (Polemoniaceae): implications for subspecific delimitation and conservation. Systematic Botany 22(3): 543-553. , and . 1999a. Analysis of cross-compatibility in Eriastrum densifolium (Polemoniaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 215: 241-254. , and . 1999b. Assessment of morphological variation in Eriastrum densifolium (Polemoniaceae): Implications for subspecific delimitation and conservation. Systematic Botany 23(3): 351-368. Burk, J. H., C. E. Jones, and J. Wheeler. 1989. New information on the rare Santa Ana River Woolly-Star. Fremontia 17(3): 20-21. Craig, T. 1934. A revision of the subgenus Hugelia of the genus Gilia (Polemoniaceae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 61: 385-397, 41 1-428. Dickinson, T. A., W. H. Parker and R. E. Strauss. 1987. Another approach to leaf shape comparisons. Tax on 36(1): 1-20. Harrison, H. K. 1972. Contributions to the study of the genus Eriastrum. II. Notes concerning the type specimens and descriptions of the species. Brigham Young University’ Science Bulletin 1 6(4): 7. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: higher plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1400 p. Jensen, R. J., K. M. Ciofani and L. C. Miramontes. 2002. Lines, outlines, ind landmarks: morphometric analyses of leaves of Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum (Aceraceae) and their hybrid. Taxon 5 1 : 475-492. Jepson, W. L. 1943. Hugelia. Pp. 160-168 in A Flora of California, Vol. 3 Part II. University of California, Berkeley, California. Kramer, K. J. 1987. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; endangered status for Eriastrum densifolium ssp. Sanctorum (Santa Ana River Woolly-Star) and Centrostegia leptoceras (Slender-horned Spineflower). Federal Register 52(187): 36265-36270. Kuhl, F. P. and C. R. Giardina. 1982. Elliptic Fourier features of a closed contour. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 18: 236-258. La Pre, L. and M. H. Pendleton. 1988. Biological assessment of the proposed Glen Helen Sheriff's Training Facility Site. Unpublished report prepared by Tierra Madre Consultants, Inc. and submitted to San Bernardino County Sheriffs Department, San Bernardino, California. Marsh, K. G. 1988. Regional biogeography of disjunct plant species in the Santa Ana River canyon area. Crossosoma 14(2): 1-13. Mason, H. L. 1945. The genus Eriastrum and the influence of Bentham and Gray upon the problem of generic confusion in Polemoniaceae. Madrono 8(3): 65-91 . McDade, L. A. 2000. Hybridization and phylogenetics: special insights from morphology. In Morphological data in phylogenetic analysis: Recent progress and unresolved problems, ed. J. Weins, 146-164. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. McLellan, T. and J. A. Endler. 1998. The relative success of some methods for measuring and describing the shape of complex objects. Systematic Biology > 47(2): 264-281. Milliken, J. 1904. A review of Californian Polemoniaceae. University of California Publications in Botany 2: 1-71. 18 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 Olsson, A., H. Nybom and H. C. Prentice. 2000. Relationships between Nordic dogroses (Rosa L. sect. Caninae, Rosaceae) assessed by RAPDs and Elliptic Fourier analysis of leaflet shape. Systematic Botany 25(3): 511-521. Premoli, A. C. 1996. Leaf architecture of South American Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae) using traditional and new methods in morphometries. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 121: 25-40. Ramsey, J., A. Robertson, and B. Husband. 2008. Rapid adaptive divergence in New World Achillea, an autopolyploid complex of ecological races. Evolution 62(3): 639- 653. Rohlf, F. J. 1993. Relative warp analysis and an example of its application to mosquito wings. In Contributions to Morphometries. Museo Nacionale de Ciencias Naturales, eds. L.F. Marcus, E. Bello, and A. Garcia-Valdecasas, 131-159. Madrid, Spain. . 2004. TpsDIG, version 1.40. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY. http://life/bio. sunysb.edu/morph/. . 2008. TpsRelw, version 1.46. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY. http://life/bio. sunysb.edu/morph/. , and J. W. Archie. 1984. A comparison of Fourier methods for the description of wing shape in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Systematic Zoology ■ 33(3): 302-317. , and S. Ferson. 1993. Elliptic Fourier Analysis (software). Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794. 10/24/92. www.sunysb.edu. Sheets, H. D. 2002. IMP (Integrated Morphometries Package) Suite. Dept, of Physics, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY 14208. http://www2.canisius.edu/--sheets/morphsoft.html, or http://www2.canisius.edu/~sheets/moremorph.html. CoordGen6h ©2001 HD. Sheets. TMorphGen6c ©2000 H.D. Sheets Compiled 2005. Shipunov, A. B. and R. M. Bateman. 2005. Geometric morphometries as a tool for understandng Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) diversity in European Russia. Biological Journal of 'he Linnean Society' 85: 1-12. Strauss, R. E. and F. L. Bookstein. 1982. The Truss: body form reconstructions in morphome rics. Syst. Zool. 31(2): 113-135. Wheeler, J. 1988. Recent ecological investigations and present status of the endangered Santa Ana River Woolly-Star, Eriastrum densifolium ssp. sanctorum (Milliken) Mason. Crossosoma 14(3): 1-17. Zelditch, M. L., D. L. Swiderski, H. D. Sheets, and W. L. Fink. 2004. Geometric morphometries for biologists: a primer. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, California. 443 p. Zembal, R. and K. J. Kramer. 1984. The known limited distribution and unknown future of Santa Ana River Wooly-Star (Eriastrum). Crossosoma 10(5): 1-8. Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 19 NEW CALIFORNIA RECORDS OF LICHENS AND LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI Jana Kocourkova National Museum, Department of Mycology, Vaclavske nam. 68, 115 79 Praha 1, Czech Republic jana_kocourkova@nm.cz Kerry Knudsen The Herbarium, Dept, of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 kk999@msn.com James C. Lendemer Cryptogamic Herbarium, Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA jlendemer@nybg.org -and- Alan M. Fryday Herbarium, Dept, of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824- 1312 fryday@msu.edu ABSTRACT: Six species of lichens and three species of lichenicolous fungi are reported as new for California: Anisomeridium polypori, Arthonia macounii, Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa, Botryolepraria lesdainii, Clauzadea monticola, Lecania arizonica, Lepraria lecanorica, Marchandiomyces corallinus, and Roselliniella cladoniae. Sphaerellothecium reticulatum is verified as occurring in California. KEYWORDS: Channel Islands, Channel Islands National Park, coast redwoods. Limekiln State Park, Mojave Desert, San Jacinto Mountains, Sequoia sempervirens. INTRODUCTION In 2006, the checklist of lichens, lichenicolous fungi, and allied fungi of California contained 1575 taxa, thirty-six percent of all taxa reported for North America north of Mexico (Tucker & Ryan 2006). This is of course a snapshot in time that is already obsolete with the publication of the final volume of the Sonoran lichen flora which covers southern California north to Santa Barbara County (excluding only the Mojave Desert). Most of the state has been unexplored by lichenologists. Lichens that are new to the state or new to science are still regularly discovered in California. Even in areas that have been surveyed, like Marin County by the California Lichen Society or the Channel Islands by Charis Bratt and the Sonoran lichen project, new taxa can be discovered. In this paper we report six new lichen species and three species of lichenicolous fungi for California. An additional species is verified as occurring in California. Five of the six lichens reported in this paper were collected in Limekiln State Park near Big Sur in Monterey County in a coast redwood ( Sequoia semper\'irens) forest. Two of those species were calciphiles, occurring on limestone: Botryolepraria lesdainii and 20 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 Clauzadea monticola. The sixth lichen species we report, Lecania arizonica, was collected m the Mojave Desert. Lichenicolous fungi are under-collected in California. The three lichenicolous fungi reported were collected on Santa Rosa Island, with one, Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa, also collected in Marin County on the recent International Association for Lichenology (IAL) excursion. Seven of the species reported new to California are part of the temperate lichen biota of the northern hemisphere. This flora is especially well-represented in the mountains of Arizona and in California, though individual species may be more abundant in the Pacific Northwest or eastern North America, or Europe. For instance, we have recently collected second records for California of Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arnold ( Knudsen 9955. 1 <& Kocourkova, UCR, PRM) and Hertelidea botryosa (Fr.) Printzen & Kantvilas on redwood bark in Limekiln State Park ( Knudsen 99 74 & Kocourkova, NY, UCR) and Calicium corynellum (Ach.) Ach. on granite in the San Jacinto Mountains ( Knudsen 10000 & Kocourkova, UCR; Kocourkova & Knudsen, PRM). These three species are more common elsewhere in their temperate distribution, but rare in California. The remaining two species we report, Lecania arizonica and Lepraria lecanorica, are currently considered endemic to Arizona and California. They were recently described and may be more widespread. The publication of new state and North American records as well as the results of floristic surveys in such journals as The Bulletin of the California Lichen Society and Evansia,, and the deposi:ion of the collections in public herbaria, are important contributions to the eventual publication of a new North America lichen flora. The Species Anisomeridium polypori (Ellis & Everh.) M. E. Barr is a cosmopolitan crustose lichen with a Trentepohlia photobiont reported from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America (Aptroot 1999). It occurs on numerous substrates, including a variety of trees and wood, dead liverworts and polypores, and even brick. It prefers shade and high humidity. Fittingly, it is reported new to California from a grove of coastal redwoods in deep shade along a perennial stream on the old bark of the Pacific maple (Acer macrophyllum). Usually A. polypori is sterile and is easily recognized by its conical pycnidia with long necks which exude packets of conidia in persistent gelatinous gobs. Both microconidia and ascospores were found in the California specimen. Cited Specimen: Monterey County: Limekiln State Park, Hare Creek, 36° 00' 38” N, 121° 31' 00” W, 30 m, July 21 2008, Kocourkova & Knudsen (PRM) & Knudsen 9955.2 & Kocourkova with Mike Walgren & Lisa Andreano (UCR). Arthonia macounii G. Merr., Ottawa Naturalist 28: 36 (1914). Holotype: Macoun, Sidney, on young firs (FH!) Arthothelium macounii (G. Merr.) W. Noble, Mycotaxon 28 (1): 91 (1987). Arthonia macounii is a crustose lichen with a Trentepohlia photobiont. It was collected on the small branches of the California Bay tree (Umbellaria califomica) in the understory of a coast redwood forest with Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr. The species Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 21 is distinguished by hyaline ascospores 20-38 x 10-14 pm, clavate in maturity and darkening, with an enlarged, undivided end cell and 4-6 transverse septa divided by 1-2 longitudinal septa. The hypothecium is pale and the epihymenium is brownish-violet with granules becoming orange-red to magenta when the slide is flooded with potassium hydroxide (K). Arthothelium reagens Coppins & P. James, collected in Scotland, appears to be a synonym but the holotype was not examined. It is now recognized that both transverse-septate ascospores and muriform ascospores both occur in Arthonia s. str. Species described in Arthothelium are being transferred to Arthonia as they are studied (Grube 2007) and we thus recognize this taxon as Arthonia macounii rather than Arthothelium macounii. Cited Specimen: Monterey County: Limekiln State Park, Hare Creek, 36° 00' 38” N 121° 31' 00” W, 30 m, July 21 2008, Knudsen 9960 & Kocourkova with Mike Walgren & Lisa Andreano (UCR). Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa R.Sant. & Tonsberg is a lichenicolous fungus parasitic on Cladonia species, especially Cladonia coniocraea, usually infecting the squamules (Santesson & Tonsberg 1994). It turns the host Cladonia a blue color that is quite distinctive, ultimately depleting the algal layer of the host. It can be determined from the color of the infection. It produces apothecia with acicular hyaline ascospores 80-120 x 2.5-5pm with 12-28 septa or pycnidia but they are found only occasionally. It was originally described from Norway, western Scotland, and coastal Washington and Oregon. The new reports from California extend its range south along the coast of western North America. The Marin County specimen was fertile. Cited Specimens'. Marin County: Golden Gate National Park, West Ridgecrest Blvd., west of Rock Springs, on Cladonia species, July 1 1 2008, Kocourkova & Knudsen. IAL Excursion (PRM); Santa Barbara County: Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park, north slope of Black Mountain, first canyon west of truck trail, 267 m, 33° 58' 58" N 120° 4' 4" W, on Cladonia pyxidata, July 18 2007, Kocourkova and Knudsen (PRM, UCR). Botryolepraria lesdainii (Hue) Canals, Her. -Mar., Gomez-Bolea & Llimona is a pale lime-green or olive-green leprariod lichen forming thick cottony sterile patches on limestone and concrete in shade with high relative humidity. It is spot-test negative, containing only terpenoids. It has been reported from Africa (Canary Islands), Asia, Europe and North America (Tonsberg 2007b). It was collected in California in a redwood forest on limestone. It is recently reported as being common in eastern North America on suitable calcareous habitat ( Lendemer in press). It is a beautiful lichen and easily recognized in the field. Cited Specimen: Monterey County: Limekiln State Park, 36° 00' 54" N 121° 31' 15" W, 36 m, July 21 2008, on limestone and decayed concrete, Knudsen 9973 & Kocourkova with Mike Walgren & Lisa Andreano(NY, PRM, UCR). Clauzadea monticola (Ach. ex Schaer.) Hafellner & Bellem. has smal lecideine apothecia with a thin whitish thallus discoloring the substrate, a Porpidia ascus stain, simple hyaline ascospores 6.5-12 * 3.5-7 pm, dark hypothecium, and is spot test negative. It looks like a Sarcogyne. It is a calciphile and is common in limestone quarries in the Czech Republic, for instance, and occurs from Europe, through Greenland and 22 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 eastern North America to Alaska (Thomson 1997). It was abundant on hard limestone at Limekiln State Park in a redwood forest. Cited Specimen: Monterey County: Limekiln State Park, 36° 00' 54" N, 121° 3T 15” W, 36 m, July 21 2008, on limestone and decayed concrete, Knudsen & Kocourkova 9970 with Mike Walgren & Lisa Andreano (UCR). Lecania arizonica B.D. Ryan & van den Boom was described from the Sonoran desert in Arizona (van den Boom & Ryan 2004). It is a crustose lichen with numerous small dark red apothecia with a whitish margin and occurs on sandstone and granite. The one-septate hyaline ascospores are 10-20 * 4-6 um. It is reported new to California from the UC Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center in the Mojave Desert, where it is rare. Cited Specimen: San Bernardino County: Granite Mountains, near lower Sibyl Allanson trail, 34° 47’ 01" N, 115° 39' 43" W, 1333 m, on decaying granite outcrop above wash, June 7 2008, Knudsen 9704 (UCR). Lepraria lecanorica Tonsberg is a leprose lichen described and reported from montane Arizona (Tons berg 2004b). It was collected on basic rock in a shady, humid redwood forest above a perennial creek. It contains lecanoric acid and is KC+ reddish pink. Cited Specimen: Monterey County: Limekiln State Park, Hare Creek, 36° 00' 38” N, 121° 3T 00” W, 30 m, July 21 2008, Knudsen 9941 & Kocourkova with Mike Walgren & Lisa Andreano (UCR, NY). Marchandiomyces corallinus (Roberge) Diederich & D. Hawksw. is a lichenicolous fungus and an anamorphic basidiomycete occurring on a wide variety of lichens, with abundant bright reddish or pink red sclerotia emerging from the host. It is common and widespread in Europe with scattered reports from North America (Diederich 2003). We have been looking for it in southern and central California for several years, where it appears to be rare. Specimen cited: Santa Barbara County: Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park, along Burma Road, 33° 56' 40" N, 120° 7' 4" W, 462 m, on Teloschistes chrysophthalmus on branches of Bacchris pilularis, among old Quercus tomentella, July 20 2007, Kocourkova & Knudsen (PRM 90966 1 , UCR). Roselliniella cladoniae (Anzi) Matzer & Hafellner is a lichenicolous fungus on the squamules of Cladonia with black ascomata, 4-spored asci, mostly simple large ascospores (with occasional 1-septate ascospores) 35-50 x 12-15 um, becoming brown at maturity. It is known from Europe and South America. This is the fifth report from North America (Diederich 2003). It is probably frequent in California. Specimen cited: Santa Barbara County, Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park, south side above the pacific on eastern part of Sierra Pablo Ridge, 33° 56' 47" N, 120° O' 37" W, 219 m, on undescribed Cladonia of C. cervicornis group on soil, July 19 2007, Kocourkova & Knudsen (PRM 909680, UCR). Sphaerellothecium reticulatum (Zopf) Etayo, originally named Echinothecium reticulatum Zopf, is a lichenicolous fungus that is found on Parmelia s. str. It forms a Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 23 thin hyphal net and can be confused with Lichenostigma species but differs especially by the pseudothecia with setae (hair-like appendages) and the lack of spherical cells in the hamathecium. A previous report from California was doubtful because the host was a Hypogymnia (Tucker & Ryan 2006). This collection verifies its occurrence in California. Cited Specimen: Riverside County: San Jacinto Mountains, San Bernardino National Forest, north fork of San Jacinto River, 33° 47' 56" N, 116° 44' 06" W, 1700 m, on Parmelia saxatalis on shaded granite outcrop, July 28, 2008, Kocourkova & Knudsen (PRM, UCR). Acknowledgments We thank Brendan Hodkinson (DUKE) and Caleb Morse (KANU) for reviewing this manuscript. The first two authors thank the California State Parks for supporting the survey of Limekiln State Park and district ecologists Mike Walgren and Lisa Andreano, who gave us shelter and joined us in the field; Kate Kramer, district botanist of the San Bernardino National Forest, for tacos, margaritas, and good talk after a day collecting in the San Jacinto Mountains; and Channel Islands National Park ecologist Sarah Chaney for guiding us on our survey of Santa Rosa Island. We thank Michaela Schmull of FH for supplying type of Arthonia macounii for verification. The work of J. Kocourkova was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (MK0000237201). The work of Kerry Knudsen was supported in part by the San Simeon District of California State Parks and a grant from the Mediterranean Research Learning Center. Aptroot, A. 1999. Notes on taxonomy, distribution and ecology of Anisomeridium polypori. Lichenologist 31(6): 641-642. Diederich, P. 2003. New species and new records of American lichenicolous fungi [Neue Arten und neue Funde von amerkanischen lichenicolen Pilzen], Herzogia 16: 41-90. Grube, M. 2007 (2008). Arthonia. In Lichen flora of the greater Sonoran Desert region, Vol. 3, eds. T.H. Nash, III, C. Gries, and F. Bungartz, 39-61. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Lendemer, J. C. in press. New and interesting records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Evansia. Santesson, R. & T. Tonsberg. 1994: Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa and A. olivaceae, two new lichenicolous fungi. Lichenologist 26(3): 295-299. Thomson, J.W. 1997. American arctic lichens. 2. The Microlichens. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. 675 pp. Tonsberg, T. 2004. Lepraria. In Lichen flora of the greater Sonoran Desert region, Vol. 2, eds. T. H. Nash III, B. D. Ryan, P. Diederich, C. Gries and F. Bungartz, 322-329. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Tonsberg, T. 2007 (2008). Botryolepraria. In Lichen flora of the greater Sonoran Desert region, Vol. 3, eds. T.H. Nash, HI, C. Gries, and F. Bungartz, 112-113. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Tucker, S. and B. Ryan. 2006. Revised catalog of lichens, lichenicoles, and allied fungi in California. Constancea 84: 1-275 + 1-52. van den Boom, P.P.G and B.D. Ryan. 2004. Lecania In Lichen flora of the greater Sonoran Desert region, Vol. 2, eds. T. H. Nash III, B. D. Ryan, P. Diederich, C. Gries and F. Bungartz, 143-171. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 25 Note: Due to an error on the editor’s part, an unrevised version of the following article was inadvertently printed in Crossosoma 33(2). The correct version follows. The editor deeply regrets the error. PLANT SUCCESSION IN THE EASTERN MOJAVE DESERT: AN EXAMPLE FROM LAKE MEAD NATIONAL RECREATION AREA, SOUTHERN NEVADA (revised) Scott R. Abella Public Lands Institute and School of Life Sciences University of Nevada Las Vegas 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Las Vegas, NV 89154-2040 scott.abella@unlv.edu Alice C. Newton National Park Service Lake Mead National Recreation Area 601 Nevada Way Boulder City, NV 89005 -and- Dianne N. Bangle Public Lands Institute University of Nevada Las Vegas 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Las Vegas, NV 89154-2040 ABSTRACT: Plant succession remains a poorly understood process in the Mojave Desert, yet knowledge is needed in this area where increasing human populations may amplify disturbance frequencies and intensities. In a retrospective study, we examined plant communities on two pipeline corridors, one cleared in 1998 and one in 1968 to supply water to metropolitan Las Vegas, Nevada. We also evaluated the effectiveness of restoration treatments (raking soil surfaces, spreading artificial desert varnish, and planting four species of native shrubs) applied by the National Park Service on the 1998 corridor to enhance recovery of Larrea tridentata communities. Plant cover was sparse (< 5%) on the untreated 1998 corridor eight years after clearing, with a mean shrub density of only 99/ha. On the restoration-treated area, however, L. tridentata established at a density of 300/ha, 36% of the density of an adjacent control area. Restoration treatments also made the corridor less visually distinct from surrounding L. tridentata communities. Even 38 years after clearing, the older corridor was dominated by species such as Stephanomeria pauciflora and Encelia farinosa, which are classified as early colonizers in the Mojave Desert. Our findings concur with long recovery estimates after vegetation- removing disturbances given in the literature, but suggest that ecological restoration has potential for manipulating the speed and trajectory of plant succession in the Mojave Desert. KEYWORDS: disturbance, ecological restoration, Encelia farinosa, Hymenoclea salsola, Larrea tridentata, Stephanomeria pauciflora, vegetation. 26 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 INTRODUCTION Mining, military activities, off-road vehicles, agriculture, livestock grazing, and land clearing for linear corridors (e.g., roads, power lines) are some of the many types of human disturbances impacting Mojave Desert ecosystems (Lovich and Bainbridge 1999). Plant succession (rate and species composition) following these disturbances can vary with disturbance type (Webb et al. 1987), disturbance size (Hunter et al. 1987), precipitation (Brum et al. 1983), time since disturbance (Carpenter et al. 1986), and also with other less-documented factors such as soil type (Lathrop and Archbold 1980). Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov. communities, which are a dominant vegetation type in the Mojave Desert, have generally taken decades to more than centuries to approximate pre- disturbance plant composition (Lovich and Bainbridge 1999). Vasek (1979/1980) documented plant succession in the southeastern Mojave Desert nine years after land clearing for a highway borrow pit in southern California. He found that early colonizers included Ambrosia dumosa (A. Gray) Payne, Encelia frutescens (A. Gray) A. Gray, Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torrey) Nelson, and Porophyllum gracile Benth. These species exhibited 19-177 times greater densities in the disturbed pit bottom than in adjacent Larrea tridentata communities. Vasek (1983) further classified Mojave Desert perennial species into three main successional categories: early colonizers that respond strongly and positively to disturbance and have short individual life spans (e.g., Hymenoclea salsola A. Gray, 5. pauciflora, Encelia spp.), long-lived opportunistic species important in older communities but also exhibiting pioneering ability (e.g., A. dumosa, Opuntia bigelovii Engelm.), and long-lived perennials that recover slowly from disturbance (e.g., L. tridentata). Vasek (1983) also noted that many early colonizers after human disturbance are abundant in frequently disturbed “natural” habitats such as washes, and that annual plants occur in both early and late-successional communities. Specific questions about succession, such as factors affecting its rate and trajectory, remain poorly understood in the Mojave Desert, and in deserts in general (Bolling and Walker 2000). This hinders ecological management in deserts, where increasing human populations may intensify disturbance levels (Kemp and Brooks 1998; Lovich and Bainbridge 1999). In a retrospective study in the eastern Mojave Desert, we assessed plant community and soil characteristics on two water pipeline corridors cleared of surface soil and vegetation eight (1998) and thirty-eight (1968) years before this study. The National Park Service also applied restoration treatments designed to speed recovery of Larrea tridentata communities on part of the 1998 corridor. Both corridors cross National Park Service land (Lake Mead National Recreation Area [LMNRA]) and were constructed to supply water to the metropolitan Las Vegas Valley. Since further water developments are planned to occur within LMNRA, this study was intended to evaluate potential for natural succession and ecological restoration of these disturbances. Additionally, our study adds site-specific successional data needed to build general theories of succession for the Mojave Desert. We sought to answer the following questions at this site: (1) What is species composition, shrub density, and species richness on corridors cleared in 1998 and 1968 relative to adjacent L. tridentata communities? (2) On the 1998 corridor, do soil properties differ among treatments and below L. tridentata compared to interspaces between shrubs? (3) How does species composition on this site after disturbance compare with other successional sequences described for the Mojave Desert? Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 27 METHODS Study Area and Pipeline Treatments This study was conducted in LMNRA, Clark County, Nevada, 30 km east of the city of Las Vegas at an elevation of 400 m (UTM 696000 m E, 3993000 m N; zone 11; NAD83). The study area consisted of a 0.21 -ha area in each of four adjacent locations, a 1998 corridor receiving no restoration treatments (hereafter untreated 1998 corridor), an adjacent section of the same corridor that received restoration treatments (hereafter treated 1998 corridor), an adjacent Larrea tridentata community off the corridor that served as a control, and a corridor cleared in 1968 adjacent to the 1998 corridor (Figure 1). This study of a pre-existing disturbance and an operational management activity is limited by a lack of replication; however, the study area comprises one landform (an alluvial fan) and one soil association (Camzo-Carrizo-Riverbend, primarily consisting of Typic Torriorthents; Lato 2006). This supports an assumption that potential differences among the four areas primarily result from their successional age or the restoration treatments, rather than from pre-existing environmental differences. Both the treated and the untreated 1998 corridor were cleared by blading with heavy equipment, with the upper 20 cm of soil stockpiled and reapplied after construction. The 20-cm depth may have varied slightly depending on rockiness or other factors. The 1968 corridor also was cleared by mechanical blading, but topsoil was not replaced (David Connally, Southern Nevada Water Authority, personal communication). Restoration treatments applied by the National Park Service in January-February 1999 to the 1998 corridor included hand-raking the soil surface after soil replacement to re-spread rocks, applying artificial desert varnish (product name = permeon, Soil-Tech, Inc., Las Vegas, NV) evenly to the soil surface for color restoration, and planting Larrea tridentata (96 plants), Ambrosia dumosa (12 plants), Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & J. Bigelow (9 plants), and Acacia greggii A. Gray (2 plants). Desert varnish is a brown-black coat given its color by iron and manganese oxides. This varnish commonly forms on stable surfaces on volcanic rock, a process that is hastened by the chemical application of artificial desert varnish (Moore and Elvidge 1982). The planting treatment is detailed in Newton (2001). By 2001, no planted A. greggii or A. dumosa were alive, but survival was 92% for L. tridentata and 100% for O basilaris (Newton 2001). Annual precipitation from 1999-2005 after clearing of the 1998 corridor averaged 105% of the long-term (32 yr) mean (14 cm/yr), measured at Willow Beach, A Z, 26 km south of the study site (Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, NV). As is typical of the Mojave Desert, however, precipitation ranged widely from 27% (2002) to 205% (2004) of the long-term mean among years. Field Sampling Between 31 August and 25 October 2006, we delineated a 30 x 70 m section in the centers of each of the four areas. Within these sections, we randomly established a 10 x 70 m transect divided into seven 10 x 10 m (0.01 ha) plots. Using simple random sampling, we selected three plots in each section for sampling. Within each plot, we established six 1 x 1 m subplots per plot located at the plot comers and at the midpoints (5 m) of southern and northern plot lines. We visually estimated areal percent cover of each plant species rooted in subplots using a l-m: frame divided into 25, 0.04 m: 28 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 1(a) 1(b) ■5 . r Kd) - ■ . ' * " . - - , — 1 . -"V* '■ ¥* *&>• c» * — ' - V - - - * Figure 1. Views of (a) bladed 1998 water pipeline corridor that received no restoration except for soil replacement: (b) the same corridor that received the restoration treatments of raking the soil surface, applying artificial desert varnish, and planting four species of native shrubs in addition to soil replacement: (c) 1968 water pipeline comdor; and (d) control area (note the intact desert pavement) adjacent to the corridors. Lake Mead National Recreation Area, southern Nevada. Photos by S.R. Abella. 8 October 2007. compartments. We also surveyed whole plots on a presence absence basis for species not occurring in subplots. Our sampling time in late summer and fall was not designed to capture live annuals, but we recorded standing dead annuals in subplot and plot sampling. Live shrubs, including seedlings, were counted on each plot. Nomenclature and native exotic species classifications follow Baldwin et al. (2002). To compare soils among the control and the treated and untreated 1998 corridor, we collected a 0-10 cm soil sample in an interspace (> 1 m away from any shrub) at the northwestern and southeastern comers of each plot and composited these samples on a plot basis. We also selected a dominant Larrea trideniata on each plot on the control and on the treated 1998 corridor (the untreated corridor contained no L. tridentata) and collected four, 0-10 cm soil samples (composited on a plot basis) halfw ay between the main stem and the canopy edge. Laboratory and Data Analysis Air dried < 2 mm fractions of soil samples were analyzed for pH (saturated paste), total P and K (Olsen NaHC03 method), total C and N (Leco C/N analyzer), and texture (hydrometer method). We compared mean (n = 3 for each area) species richness and total mean shrub density among the control, treated and untreated 1998 corridor, and the 1968 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 29 corridor using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test in JMP (SAS Institute 2004). Analysis of variance also was used to compare interspace soils among the control and 1998 corridor areas. For the control and the treated 1998 corridor, we used paired t tests to compare soil properties between interspaces and below Larrea tridentata. Statistical results should not be extrapolated to other sites since treatments were not replicated, but mean comparisons are presented as interpretational aids. RESULTS 1998 Corridor Exotic species richness/m: was similar between treated and untreated areas in the 1998 corridor but was greater than in the control (Figure 2). Total species richness/ 100m‘ was similar among treatments, ranging from 8-9.3 species. The exotic annual grasses Schismus spp. exhibited the highest relative cover on the 1998 corridor compared to the control, but total absolute cover for all species on the corridor was only 5-6% (Figure 3). Relative cover of the native annual PI ant ago ovata Forsskal was highest in the control, intermediate in the treated corridor, and lowest in the untreated corridor. Perennial forbs and grasses were sparse or absent from all treatments. Shrub density was eight times higher in the control than in the untreated corridor, which contained no Larrea tridentata (Figure 4). Ambrosia dumosa and Encelia farinosa Torrey & A. Gray were the only shrubs inhabiting the untreated corridor, and these species did not occupy plots on the treated corridor or on the control. Larrea tridentata exhibited a density of 300/ha on the treated corridor, which was 36% of the density on the control. In interspaces, soil properties were similar among the treated, untreated, and control areas except for K, which was significantly greater on the untreated corridor than on the control (Table 1). Sand concentration was 10% higher and silt 9% lower on the untreated corridor compared to the control, but all soils were still sandy loams. P and K both tended to be greater below Larrea tridentata than in interspaces for the treated corridor and the control, but the only difference that was statistically significant (p < 0.05) was for P for the control. 1968 Corridor Exotic species richness was lowest in the 1968 corridor relative to the control or the 1998 corridor, and total richness/ 100 nr was comparable to both the 1998 corridor and the control (Figure 2). Similar to the 1998 corridor, Plantago ovata was a major contributor to relative cover, although Stephanomeria pauciflora exhibited the highest relative cover. Total shrub density averaged 3134/ha, 31 times more than the untreated 1998 corridor, nine times more than the treated 1998 corridor, and four times more than the control. Stephanomeria pauciflora and Hymenoclea salsola contributed 76% of the total shrub density. Relative cover (%) No. species No. species 30 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 Figure 2. Mean plant species richness at (a) 1 m" and (b) 100 m' scales among water pipeline corridors and a control area, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, southern Nevada. Error bars are 1 SD for total mean richness. In comparisons within native or exotic categories, only exotic species per nr and per 100 m~ differed significantly (p < 0.05) among the four areas. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 5 1998 untreated corridor 1998 treated corridor 5 19 S Other BSTEPAU ■ SCHSPP CPLAOVA KLARTRI CERIDEF OCRYSPP ISCHASPP '12ya?/////A 1968 corridor Control Figure 3. Relative cover of dominant plant species and genera among water pipeline corridors and a control area, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, southern Nevada. CHASPP = Chamaesyce spp., CRYSPP = Cryplanlha spp., ERIDEF = Eriogonum deflexum , LARTRI = Larrea tridentata, PLAOVA = Plantago ovala , SCHSPP = Schismus spp., and STEPAU = Siephanomeria pauciflora. Numbers at the top of each bar represent total mean absolute % cover. Shrubs/ha Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 31 Table 1. Comparison of 0-10 cm soil properties among treatments and between interspaces and below Larrea tridentata within treatments on an eight-year-old (1998) water pipeline corridor. Lake Mead National Recreation Area, southern Nevada. Property Untreated corridor Treated corridor1 Control Interspace Larrea Interspace Larrea Interspace Larrea PH 8.1±0.15 3 8.1±0.2 8.1±0.1 8.1±0.1 7.9±0.1 P (mg/kg) 4.0±1.2 — 3.5±0.7 3.7±0.8 4.1±1.6 1 1.5±2.9 K (mg/kg) 555±13a — 491±62ab 575±204 400±61b 552±42 C (mg/kg) 942±35 — 716±1 18 954±107 686±180 736±90 N (mg/kg) 27±5 — 37±14 43±8 SI ±21 50±15 Sand (% wt.) 70±2a — 65±3b 67±4 60±lb 66±6 Silt (% wt.) 24±lb — 29±3a 27±3 33±2a 28±5 Clay (% wt.) 6±2 — 6±0 6±1 7±1 6±2 1 Restoration treatments included raking the soil surface, applying artificial desert varnish, and planting four species of native shrubs. : Vales are mean ± SD (n = 3 within each treatment and canopy combination). Letters within a row compare means among treatments for interspaces only. Values in bold denote significant differences at p < 0.05 between interspaces and below Larrea tridentata within treatments. 1 Not measured because L. tridentata did not occur in this treatment. a □ Stephanomenn pai/aftoia 4500 □ Opuntu Da&lans ■ Larrea indent at a 4000 B Hymonodou salsoia D Enceho fannosa 3500 Z Beobia jvncea C Ambrosia dv.rtosa 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1998 untreated corridor 1998 treated corridor 1 968 corridor Figure 4. Shrub densities among water pipeline corridors and a control area. Lake Mead National Recreation Area, southern Nevada. Error bars are 1 SD for total mean density. Means without shared letters differ at p < 0.05 for total density. 32 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 DISCUSSION Although this assessment of an existing disturbance and an unreplicated operational management activity supported only limited statistical inference, our findings represent a case study of succession after land clearing in the eastern Mojave Desert, and how a particular set of restoration treatments may influence succession. Effects of individual restoration treatments cannot be discerned in this study, but the set of treatments including surface raking, applying artificial desert varnish, and planting of shrubs, appeared to make shrub composition on the treated 1998 corridor converge with that of the control (Figure 4). Although our study was not designed to track survival of individual plants in the planting, we found that Larrea tridentata established on the treated 1998 corridor at a density 36% of that of the control. No L. tridentata established on the untreated 1998 corridor. Previous studies of L. tridentata outplanting have produced widely differing results, ranging from complete mortality (Graves et al. 1978) or < 2% survival (Brum et al. 1983), to > 90% survival (Wallace et al. 1980; Clary and Slayback 1984; Newton 2001). In our view, the restoration treatments also made the 1998 corridor appear more similar to surrounding L. tridentata communities, an important consideration on National Park Service lands (Figure 1). This visual blending resulted from the L. tridentata establishment and also probably from the artificial desert varnish. Potential ecological effects of this darkening varnish remain unclear, but it could result in warmer soil temperatures or other effects. One of the largest aesthetic differences between the treated and untreated 1998 corridor and the control was that the control contained desert pavement. Pavement can require millennia to form (Elvidge and Iverson 1 983), and it is unclear whether the raking portion of the restoration suite had an effect or will have an effect on surface layers such as desert pavement. The approximately 20 cm of upper soil was salvaged, stockpiled, and reapplied after blading on both the treated and untreated 1 998 corridor. Although salvage operations add logistical challenges and expense to projects, ecological effects of soil salvage are not well known in the Mojave Desert and require further study. Soil salvage effects cannot be evaluated in this study of an operational project because this would have required areas on the 1998 corridor that were bladed but did not have soil replaced. The effects of soil salvage and replacement after disturbance may depend on several factors, such as soil type, depth of salvage, and length of time soil is stored (Bainbridge et al. 1998). Effects also hinge on whether or not nutrients and seed banks are diluted upon reapplication by mixing upper and lower soil layers (Nelson and Chew 1977). Based on soil seed bank sampling in the northern Mojave Desert, Guo et al. (1998) reported that 91% of the total seeds were in the upper 2 cm of soil and only 9% occurred from 2-10 cm. Using these data and assuming that the 20 cm of salvaged soil in our study was evenly mixed during salvage operations, the upper 2 cm (likely the germination zone) of the salvaged soil would contain only 10% of the original seeds. Further reductions in viable seeds may occur during topsoil handling or storage. However, it is possible that soil salvage could result in nutrient retention. For example, Rundel and Gibson (1996) reported that total N below shrubs in the northern Mojave Desert was approximately two or more times more concentrated in the upper 5-9 cm of soil than in deeper layers. Shrub species composition on the 38-year-old 1968 corridor is largely consistent with Vasek’s (1983) classification of the successional status of species on an abandoned borrow pit in the Sacramento Mountains in the southeastern Mojave Desert. Three ( Stephanomeria pauciflora, Hymenoclea salsola, and Encelia farinosa) of the five shrub species on plots within the 1968 corridor in our study were classified as “pioneer Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 33 perennials” by Vasek (1983). A fourth species, Ambrosia dumosa, was classified by Vasek (1983) as a long-lived opportunistic species that can be both an early and late- successional species. The last species, Bebbia juncea (Benth.) Greene, was not abundant in Vasek’s (1983) study and was the least abundant of the five shrub colonizers of the 1968 corridor in our study. Bebbia juncea also was uncommon in a study of abandoned roads in Lake Mead National Recreation Area (Bolling and Walker 2000) and in a study of abandoned military camps in the eastern Mojave Desert (Prose et al. 1987). This species does appear capable of colonizing disturbed areas at low densities, however. Also similar to Vasek’s (1983) classification, Larrea tridentata, categorized as a late- successional, long-lived perennial, was uncommon even after 38 years on the 1968 corridor. Our findings on both the 1968 and the 1998 corridors concur with the long time scales reported in the literature for Mojave Desert plant succession (Lovich and Bainbridge 1999). For example, Webb and Wilshire (1980) found that perennial species composition on dirt roads abandoned 51 years previously still sharply differed from adjacent control areas at the Wahmonie ghost town site in the northern Mojave Desert. However, these early successional shrub communities are not necessarily “bad,” depending on ecological management objectives. In fact, in our study, plant species richness in early successional shrub communities on the 1968 corridor was similar to the control, and exotic richness was actually lower (Figure 2). Plant assemblages similar to those on this corridor also characterize natural washes in this region (Wells 1961). Based on minimal colonization on the untreated 1998 corridor, however, these shrub communities take more than eight years to develop under the climatic and site conditions characterizing our study. It is possible that the direct planting of Larrea tridentata seedlings on the treated corridor bypassed the development of an early successional shrub stage. The planting allowed the late-succesional L. tridentata to circumvent high-mortality germination and early seedling phases that make natural regeneration an infrequent event (Barbour 1968). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Stacey Provencal, Mike Boyles, and Mark Sappington with the National Park Service for facilitating our research permit for this study; the Southern Nevada Water Authority for enabling sampling on their right-of-way; David Connally (Southern Nevada Water Authority) for providing the disturbance history of the 1968 corridor; Utah State Analytical Laboratories for analyzing soil samples; Sharon Altman (University of Nevada Las Vegas) for creating Figure 2; and Jill Craig, Jef Jaeger, Denise Knapp, and three anonymous reviewers for reviewing the manuscript. Funding was provided by the National Park Service through a cooperative agreement with the University of Nevada Las Vegas. LITERATURE CITED Bainbridge, D., R. MacAller, M. Fidelibus, A.C. Newton, A.C. Williams, L. Lippitt, and R. Franson. 1998. A beginner’s guide to desert restoration. 2nd edition. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 35 pp. Baldwin, B.G., S. Boyd, B.J. Enter, R.W. Patterson, T.J. Rosatti, and D.H. Wilken (eds.). 2002. The Jepson desert manual: vascular plants of southeastern California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 624 pp. Barbour, M.G. 1968. Germination requirements of the desert shrub Larrea divaricata. Ecology 49:915-923. 34 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 Bolling, J.D., and L.R. Walker. 2000. Plant and soil recovery along a series of abandoned desert roads. Journal of Arid Environments 46: 1-24. Brum, G.D., R.S. Boyd, and S.M. Carter. 1983. Recovery rates and rehabilitation of powerline corridors. In Environmental effects of off-road vehicles, eds. R.H. Webb and H.G. Wilshire, 303-314. Springer-Verlag, New York. Carpenter, D.E., M.G. Barbour, and C.J. Bahre. 1986. Old field succession in Mojave desert scrub. Madrono 33:1 1 1-122. Clary, R.F., and R.D. Slayback. 1984. Revegetation in the Mojave Desert using native woody plants. In Proceedings of the native plant revegetation symposium, eds. J.P. Rieger and B.A. Steele, 42-47. California Native Plant Society, San Diego, CA. Elvidge, C.D., and R.M. Iverson. 1983. Regeneration of desert pavement and varnish. Pp. 225-243 in Environmental effects of off-road vehicles, eds. R.H. Webb and H.G. Wilshire, 225-243. Springer-Verlag, New York. Graves, W.L., B.L. Kay, and W.A. Williams. 1978. Revegetation of disturbed sites in the Mojave Desert with native shrubs. California Agriculture 32:4-5. Guo, Q., P.W. Rundel, and D.W. Goodall. 1998. Horizontal and vertical distribution of desert seed banks: patterns, causes, and implications. Journal of Arid Environments 38:465-478. Hunter, R., F.B. Turner, R.G. Lindberg, and K.B. Hunter. 1987. Effects of land clearing on bordering winter annual populations in the Mohave Desert. Great Basin Naturalist 47:234-238. Kemp, P.R., and M.L. Brooks. 1998. Exotic species of California deserts. Fremontia 26:30-34. Lathrop, E.W., and E.F. Archbold. 1980. Plant responses to utility right of way construction in the Mojave Desert. Environmental Management 4:2 1 5-226. Lato, L.J. 2006. Soil survey > of Clark County area, Nevada. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1801 pp. Lovich, J.E., and D. Bambridge. 1999. Anthropogenic degradation of the southern California desert ecosystem and prospects for natural recovery and restoration. Environmental Management 24:309-326. Moore, C.B., and C. Elvidge. 1982. Desert varnish. In Reference handbook on the deserts of North America, ed. G.L. Bender, 527-536. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT. Nelson, J.F., and R.M. Chew. 1977. Factors affecting seed reserves in the soil of a Mojave Desert ecosystem. Rock Valley, Nye County, Nevada. American Midland Naturalist 97:300-320. Newton, A.C. 2001. DRiWATER: an alternative to hand-watering transplants in a desert environment (Nevada). Ecological Restoration 19:259-260. Prose, D.V., S.K. Metzger, and H.G. Wilshire. 1987. Effects of substrate disturbance on secondary plant succession: Mojave Desert, California. Journal of Applied Ecology 24:305-313. Rundel, P.W., and A.C. Gibson. 1996. Ecological communities and processes in a Mojave Desert ecosystem: Rock Valley, Nevada. Cambridge University Press, New York. 369 pp. SAS Institute. 2004. JMP user’s guide. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. 402 pp. Vasek, F.C. 1979/80. Early successional stages in Mojave Desert scrub vegetation. Israel Journal of Botany 28:133-148. Vasek, F.C. 1983. Plant succession in the Mojave Desert. Crossosoma 9:1-23. Wallace, A., E.M. Romney, and R.B. Hunter. 1980. The challenge of a desert: revegetation of disturbed desert lands. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 4:2 lb- 225 . Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 35 Webb, R.H., and H.G. Wilshire. 1980. Recovery of soils and vegetation in a Mojave Desert ghost town, Nevada, U.S.A. Journal of Arid Environments 3:291-303. Webb, R.H., J.W. Steiger, and R.M. Turner. 1987. Dynamics of Mojave Desert assemblages in the Panamint Mountains, California. Ecology 68:478-490. Wells, P.V. 1961. Succession in desert vegetation on streets of a Nevada ghost town. Science 134:670-671. Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 37 NOTEWORTHY COLLECTIONS New Records of Lichen and Lichenicolous Fungi from California ARTHON1A VAR1ANS (Davies) Nyl., San Diego County: Cuyamaca Mountains, Cuyamaca State Park, Fire Lookout Road, top of Cuyamaca Peak, 32° 56’ 55” N 116° 36’ 18” W, 1949 m, on apothecia of Lecanora rupicola on large granite boulders, 10 Oct. 2007, Knudsen 9138 (UCR). Previous knowledge. Arthonia varians, a lichenicolous fungus, has been previously reported from North America from Arizona (Gila, Santa Cruz, and Coconino Counties) and Baja California (Guadalupe Island) (as Arthonia glaucomaria (Nyl.) Nyl., a synonym, Triebel et al. 1991; Grube 2007). Opegrapha glaucomaria (Nyl.) Kallsten ex Hafellner also occurs on Lecanora rupicola and has not yet been reported from California (Ertz & Egea 2007). The ascospores of the two species are similar but easily distinguished: A. varians is characterized by ascospores 3-septate, usually constricted at septa, narrowly obovate, 13-18 x 4—7 pm, persistently hyaline (Grube 2007), while ascospores of O. glaucomaria are ovoid-oblong, sometimes ellipsoid or clavate, straight, hyaline, 3-4— septate, not or slightly constricted at the septa, larger, 1 8— 26(— 29) x 6.5-9 pm, and becoming dark when mature (Ertz & Egea 2007). Significance. Arthonia varians is reported new to California, and is expected to be frequent. The host Lecanora rupicola and the related host L. bicinta are common lichens in montane habitats, esp. above 1500 m. Opegrapha glaucomaria is also expected. BACIDIA BAGLIETTOANA (A. Massal. & De Not. ex A. Massal.) Jatta. Santa Barbara County: Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park, near Smith Highway between Lobo and Cow Canyons, 34° 0’ 18” N 120° 5’ 30” W, 150 m, on uplifted slabs of the Beecher Bay formation with Niebla homalea, 16 Oct 2006, Knudsen 7545.1 w / Sara Baguskus (UCR). Previous knowledge. Bacidia bagliettoana is a crustose lichen with a granular thallus and usually black apothecia, with a blue-green epihymenium, hyaline ascospores with 3 to 9 septa, 33-56 x 2-3 pm, and an orange-brown hypothecium. It occurs on bryophytes, decaying vegetation, plant debris, decaying lichens and calcareous soil, as well as occasionally on the bark of tree bases covered with bryophytes. It is known from Africa, Europe, North America, and New Zealand (Ekman 2004). It is locally common in eastern North America ( pers . comm., J.C. Lendemer, NY). Significance. Bacidia bagliettoana is reported new for California and Channel Islands National Park on outcrops of the Beecher Formation. In western North America it has been reported as infrequent in the mountains of Arizona (Ekman 2004). BUELLIA SCHAERERI De Not. San Diego County: Point Loma Ecological Reserve, on Navy land near water treatment plant on hillside, 32° 41’ 0” N, 117° 14’ 51” W, 51 m, on Euphorbia misera, 25 Jan. 2006, Knudsen 4984 w/ Andrea Compton (UCR); Point Loma, Cabrillo National Monument, coastal slope above second parking lot on Gatchell Road, 32° 40’ 13” N, 117° 14’ 23” W, 128 m, on Euphorbia misera, 15 May 2007, Knudsen 8427.1 (UCR). Previous knowledge. Buellia schaereri is a widespread lichen species on bark and occasionally on wood, but is either rare or infrequently collected. It has small ascomata 0.2-0. 4 mm with dark one-septate ascospores, mostly 7-9 x 3-4.5 pm (Bungartz et al. 2007). The ascospores are not constricted at the septum and have a narrow septum not thickening during spore ontogeny. Significance. Buellia schaereri is reported new for California. It is expected to be frequent and under-collected or mis-identified as Buellia punctata.. 38 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 Note\ The first author (K.K.) collected extensively off Euphorbia misera, cutting branches for specimens with pruning shears. He got small amounts of sap on his hands. This was transferred to his eyes after sap dried causing drying out tear ducts then corrosive action on eye surface and severe pain. He ended up in emergency and had to have eyes flushed. He was fine by next day and his eyes had no permanent damage. ENDOCOCCUS INCRASSATUS Etayo & Bruess. San Diego County: Henderson Canyon, Anza Borrego State Park, north-facing slope, 33° 18' 35" N, 116° 25' 21" W, 427 m, on Placidiopsis cineraseens on soil over granite, March 15, 2008, Knudsen 9538 w/ Tom Chester & Wayne P. Armstrong (PRM , UCR). Previous knowledge. Endococcus incrassatus, a lichenicolous fungus, was only known from its type locality on the lower slopes of Cerro los Enjambress ca. 2 km WNW of Laguna Chapala in Baja California (Etayo & Breuss 2001). The species is distinguished by the superficial ascomata with thickening around the ostiole and dark one-septate ascospores 10.5-14 x 6-8 pm as well as its host, Placidiopsis cineraseens. Significance. Endococcus incrassatus is reported new to California and the continental United States. This represents only the second collection of this species. The host Placidiopsis cineraseens is rare in California and E. incrassatus is also expected to be rare. LICHENOSTIGMA R.4DICANS Calatayud & Barreno. Santa Barbara County: Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park, Lopez Road above Jolla Veija Canyon, 33° 54’ 55” N, 120° 4’ 40” W, 66 m, on Aspicilia pacifica, 15 Aug. 2007, Knudsen 8778.2 w / Sarah Chaney & Silke Werth (UCR, PRM). Previous knowledge. Lichenostigma radicans, a lichenicolous fungus, was previously known only from holotype collection from Spain on a vagrant Aspicilia (Calatayud & Barreno 2003). Significance. Lichenostigma radicans is only the second known collection of this species and it is reported new to California and North America. The specimens match the original description as well as photographs of type. The determination of the host is tentative because ascospores were rare, conidia not found, stictic acid levels were low or non- existent, and only a small amount of norstictic acid was found in medulla. Lichenostigma radicans may be infrequent, nonetheless it can easily be overlooked and if ascomata are not ripe, impossible to determine. LICHENOSTIGMA RUGOSUM Thor. Orange County: Santa Ana Mountains, Fremont Canyon, south ridge, above main truck trail, 33° 47’ 24” N, 117° 41’ 33” W, 490 m, locally abundant on Diploschistes species on decomposing sandstone slabs in shade above main truck trail, Dec. 3, 2007, Knudsen 9279 (PRM, UCR). Previous knowledge. Lichenostigma rugosum belongs to the subgenus Lichenostigma with the ascomata not connected by superficial vegetative hyphae. The species is cosmopolitan in distribution and known from nine species of Diploschistes. It has been reported from the Middle East (Iran and Saudi Arabia), Australia, Europe, and North Africa. In North America it has been reported from Arizona, British Columbia, Colorado, Utah as well as Greenland (Alstrup and Cole 1998; Alstrup and Hawksworth 1990; Calatayud et al. 2004; Thor 1985 & 1995; Triebel et al. 1991). For detailed distribution see Kocourkova (2000). Significance. The species is reported new for California. It appears to be rare or infrequent in southern California, although it is a common lichenicolous fungus in other parts of its range such as the Czech Republic (Kocourkova 2000). Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 39 Kerry Knudsen, Lichen Curator, UCR Herbarium, Dept, of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 h'midsenlwiicr. edu Jana Kocourkova, Lichen Curator, National Museum, Department of Mycology, Vaclavske nam. 68, 115 79 Praha 1, Czech Republic iana kocottrkovaiu-nm.cz Acknowledgements Special thanks to Kim Marsden (California State Parks), Mary Ann Hawke and the Plant Atlas Program at the San Diego Natural History Museum, Sarah Chaney (Channel Islands National Park), Andrea Compton (Cabrillo National Monument) and Trish Smith (The Nature Conservancy). We thank Shirley Tucker for reviewing this paper. The work of J. Kocourkova was financially supported by a grant from Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (MK0000237201). Cited Literature Alstrup, V. and M.S. Cole. 1998. Lichenicolous fungi of British Columbia. The Bryologist 1 0 1(2):22 1-229. Alstrup, V. and D.L. Hawksworth. 1990. The lichenicolous fungi of Greenland. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience 31: 1-90. Bungartz, F., A. Nordin, and A. Grube. 2007 (2008). Buelllia. In Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Pol. 3, eds. T.H. Nash III, C. Gries, and F. Bungartz, 113-179. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Calatayud, V. and E. Barreno. 2003. A new Lichenostigma on vagrant Aspicilia species. Lichenologist 35(4):279-285. Calatayud, V., J. Hafellner, and P. Navarro-Rosines. 2004. Lichenostigma. In Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 2, eds. T.H. Nash III., B.D. Ryan, P. Diederich, C. Gries, and F. Bungartz, 664—669. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Ekman, S. 2004. Bacidia. In Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 2, eds. T.H. Nash III., B.D. Ryan, P. Diederich, C. Gries, and F. Bungartz, 18-28. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Ertz, D. and J.M. Egea. 2007 (2008). Opegrapha In Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 3, eds. T.H. Nash III, C. Gries, and F. Bungartz, 255-266. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Etayo, J. and O. Breuss. 2001. Endococcus incrassatus, a new lichenicolous fungus (Dothideales). Osterreichische Zeitschrift fiir Pilzkunde 10: 315-317. Grube, M. 2007 (2008). Arthonia In Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 3, eds. T.H. Nash III, C. Gries, and F. Bungartz, 39-61. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Kocourkova, J. 2000. Lichenicolous fungi of the Czech Republic (the first commented checklist). Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Serie B, Historia Naturalis (1999): 59-169. Thor, G. 1985. A new species of Lichenostigma, a lichenicolous ascomycete. Lichenologist 17: 269-272. Thor, G. 1995. Additional lichen records from Australia. 21. Lichenostigma rugosa Thor in Australia. Australasian Lichenological Newsletter 36: 20. Triebel, D., G. Rambold, and T.H. Nash, III. 1991. On lichenicolous fungi from continental North America. Mycotaxon 42: 263-296. 40 Crossosoma 34(1), Spring-Summer 2008 BOOK REVIEWS Introduction to the Geology of Southern California and its Native Plants by Clarence A. Hall, Jr. 2007. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 493 pp. $75.00. UC Press has essentially cornered the market on massive treatises on the natural history of California. Introduction to the Geology of Southern California and its Native Plants is their latest hit, but it is more a ground-rule double than a homerun. When I first opened the book, I unconsciously expected it to be a Southern California version of Hall’s classic Natural History of the White-Inyo Range (Hall was the editor and wrote the section on geology), but Hall’s most recent contribution is a different kind of book and a very different read. Introduction to the Geology’ of Southern California and its Native Plants includes an absolutely massive amount of information. There are 69 tables, 32 plates of color photos, and more than 70 figures. There are two glossaries, there are both a species and subject index, and there are more than 350 cited references. The book contains five sections and 21 chapters. It begins with a short overview, and then proceeds to a three-chapter section devoted to geologic concepts, a five-chapter section on geologic history in Southern California, a nine-chapter section covering the major geomorphic provinces, and then two chapters treating basic botany and the major Southern California plant families. Although I originally anticipated that Introduction to the Geology of Southern California and its Native Plants might be a sort of geobotanical tour through Southern California, it never really succeeds in combining the two stated subjects, and personally I found the book somewhat schizophrenic. In this reviewer’s opinion, Introduction to the Geology’ of Southern California and its Native Plants is chiefly valuable as a compendium of information on the geology of the southern half of the State. There is really only a smattering of interesting but disjointed botanical info, and the botany and plant family chapters are almost gratuitous. Many of the tables in the book are simply very long lists (some of these run 16-19 pages!) of selected plant taxa from different geomorphic provinces that Hall apparently assembled from different floras or from his field work. The lists do not include grasses or sedges (with one exception), and there is no information as to why certain species may have been selected for inclusion and others not. Indeed, it is not at all clear what purpose the lists serve. If you want to know something about Southern California geology, you are likely to read about it in this book, if you can find it! Hall’s book is confoundingly difficult to read (the syntax is awkward and complex and there are long digressions), confusingly organized, and - even with two glossaries! - undefined terms surface everywhere. For example, in the section devoted to a summary of the Ordovician Period in Southern California, Hall writes: “The sequence is composed of a relatively conformable succession of genetically related strata bounded at its top and base by unconformities or their correlative conformities, strata! surfaces, or bedding planes. The sequence boundary is an unconformity and correlative conformity marking a significant basinward shift in facies patterns. A depositional sequence is composed of sequence tracts. A sequence tract is a linkage of contemporaneous depositional systems. Each highland, lowland, or transgressive tract is defined by characteristic parasequence stacking patterns and each is interpreted to be associated with a specific part of the eustatic sea-level cycle. Parasequences are a relatively Crossosoma 34( 1 ), Spring-Summer 2008 41 conformable succession of genetically related, shoaling-upwards beds bounded by marine-flooding surfaces and their correlative surfaces. These depositional sequences have a time-stratigraphic or chronostratigraphic significance in that all of the strata within a parasequence were deposited in a given broad interval of time.” (italics mine) None of the italicized terms in the above selection have entries in the glossaries (although, to be fair, some of them have a quick explanation of the term in parentheses hidden somewhere in the main text). The Introduction suggests the book is written for undergraduate-level students with no geology background, but there is some really dense stuff in here, and in this reviewer’s humble opinion the layperson will find him/herself quickly lost. Introduction to the Geology of Southern California and its Native Plants is apparently meant to serve both as library resource and field guide, although it is too big to easily carry in the field, and it simply isn’t organized like a field guide ought to be. Typically, the geology of an area will be thoroughly (if confusingly) covered, then a very short paragraph will draw attention to a long list of plant species provided in an adjoining table. In a few cases some tidbits on plant ecology of an area are provided. I only found one road log-type entry, in the first chapter of the geomorphic provinces section (“Peninsular Ranges and Colorado Desert”), and it was confusingly done, with a very difficult map to understand. It almost appears as if the author intended to carry this through the other chapters, but ran out of time, patience, or interest. In summary. Introduction to the Geology of Southern California and its Native Plants could have used a heavy dose of old-fashioned editing. Hall’s intentions are admirable, and his book is a veritable bible of geological information, but as with the Bible itself, this book will require a translation to the vernacular before it becomes really useful to the common man. Hugh D. Sajford, USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, 1323 Club Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592, and Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, l Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616. hughsajford@fs.fed. us. Become a Member of Southern California Botanists Today! □ Individual (family) $15.00 □ New Member □ Organization $25.00 □ Renewal Name Address 1 Address 2 City State Zip code Phone (optional) E-mail address In addition, I would like to give $ to help support SCB. Make checks payable to Southern California Botanists and mail to: Alan P. Romspert Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92834 !ftNIHl7lSlMnfail!!i.Cal Garden Librai 3 5185 00268 0302 Southern California Botanists, Inc. — Founded 1927 — Memberships, Subscriptions, and Back Issues Individual and Family Memberships in SCB are $15 per calendar year domestic, and $20 per year to foreign addresses. Membership includes two issues of CROSSOSOMA , and 5 or 6 issues of Leaflets , the newsletter of SCB. Leaflets provides time-dated information on activities and events that may be of interest to our membership. A subscription to CROSSOSOMA is available to libraries and institutions at the domestic rate of $25 per calendar year, and $30 to foreign institutions. Back issues (Volumes 18-present) are available for $5 each, or $10 for the volume, postpaid. Prior to Volume 18, CROSSOSOMA included time-dated notices to the membership and was published six times a year. These back issues of Volumes 1-17 are $1 each, or $6 per volume, postpaid. Some back issues that are out of stock may be provided as photocopies. Available SCB Special Publications No. 1 A Flora of the Santa Rosa Plateau, by Earl W. Lathrop and Robert F. Thome, 39 pp $7.00 No. 3 Endangered Plant Communities of Southern California, Proceedings of the 15th Annual SCB Symposium, edited by Allan A. Schoenherr, 1 14 pp $12.00 No. 4 Flora and Ecology of the Santa Monica Mountains, 194 pp $40.00 By request, the following article has been reprinted separately, with covers, and is available for plant collecting workshops: Herbarium specimens as documents: purposes and general collecting techniques, by T.S. Ross [from crossosoma 22(l):3-39, 1996] $3.95 each; 10 for $22.50 Prices include California state sales tax, handling, and domestic postage. Applications for membership, requests for purchases of Special Publications and back issues, name or address corrections, and requests for replacement of lost or damaged CROSSOSOMA issues should be sent to Alan Romspert, Treasurer Southern California Botanists, Inc., Department of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA. Consult the website for current email contact information. Make your check or money order payable to Southern California Botanists , or SCB. http://socalbot.org c/) , ^ ■tC rn 55 oo (N QJ O' (0 > ‘c P c 2 ■£ S ■£ cn 0 ■g c E 2 | | fl3 n u £ oo o O ixi Q QJ O) C 03 H o o3 _l 03 O CD £ c CM CD 03 LO o CD DO H 9 CD o CD C O') o > >- LU $ z 13 <1> _J Z X CD 0 CROSSOSOMA Journal of the Southern California Botanists , Inc. Volume 34, Number 2 Fall-Winter 2008 Southern California Botanists, Inc. -Founded 1927 - http://www.socaIbot.org CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published twice a year by Southern Cali- fornia Botanists, Inc., a California nonprofit organization of individuals devoted to the study, conservation, and preservation of the native plants and plant com- munities of southern California. SCB Board of Directors for 2008 President Gary Wallace Vice President Naomi Fraga Secretary Linda Prince Treasurer. Alan P. Romspert Webmaster Naomi Fraga Editors of Crossosoma Scott D. White and Michael Honer Editor of Leaflets Kerry Myers Directors-at-large David Bramblet Orlando Mistretta Sara Baguskas Bart O'Brien Terry Daubert Fred Roberts Elizabeth Delk Darren Sandquist Charlie Hohn Susan Schenk Carrie Kiel Allan A. Schoenherr Diane Menuz Paul Schwartz Ex officio Board Members Sula Vanderplank (Past President) Articles, book reviews, or other items for submission to CROSSOSOMA can be sent to the editor Scott White (scottbioservices@verizon.net) or 201 N. First Ave., #102, Upland, CA., USA, 91786. Electronic submission is preferred. Please see our website, www. socalbot.org, for format guidelines. Notices of a time-dated nature (field trips, work- shops, symposia, etc.) to be included in the newsletter Leaflets should be submitted to Kerry Myers, Editor of Leaflets, kerrymyers@fs.fed.us, or mail to: Kerry Myers, Botanist, SBNF Mountaintop Ranger Dist., 42300 North Shore Dr., Fawnskin, CA 92333-04004. Views published in CROSSOSOMA are those of the contributing author(s) and are not necessarily those of the editors, the membership of Southern California Botanists, Inc., or the SCB Board of Directors, unless specifically stated. Copyright © 2008 by Southern California Botanists, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission to reproduce items in CROSSOSOMA, in whole or part, should be requested from the Editor. Crossosoma Volume 34, Number 2 CONTENTS EDITORIAL: A Plea to Professionals Scott D. White Fall-Winter 2008 Published September 2009 i <0% .42 DEDICATION: Oscar F. Clarke Andrew C. Sanders, Gina Richmond, and Scott D While. .44 4 Conservation Status of Mimulus shevockii Heckard & Bacig. (Phrymaceae) Naomi S. Fraga 50 The Lichens on San Miguel Island, Channel Islands National Park, California: A Preliminary Checklist. Kerry Knudsen 57 Noteworthy Collections Justin M. Wood and Scott D White 76 LuESi.. o LIu.aARY NUV i 9 Hioq NFWYORk gp'TA Cover: Mimulus shevockii with a potential pollinator. Trichochrous sp. (softwing flower beetle) EDITORS’ NOTES We accepted the task of editing Crossosoma this winter, following Denise Knapp's six-year term in this role. We thank Denise for her excellent work and hope that we can maintain her standards. As always, Crossosoma seeks to publish articles and short notes on ail regional botanical topics, including floristic compilations, plant ecology, horticulture, anatomy, physiology, revegetation, rare plants, invasive plants, noteworthy collections, book reviews, and historical notes. We encourage submissions from academic, professional, and amateur authors. We sincerely believe that everyone interested in this field has some meaningful botanical observation or insight that warrants sharing. These bits of information are invaluable, yet they are at risk of permanent loss if they go unrecorded. We offer Crossosoma as a venue to pass them along. Please contact the editors to submit pieces for publication or to share ideas for possible articles. Finally, we wish to acknowledge the contributions of 14 manuscript reviewers for their work on Crossosoma Volume 34 and their thoughtful effort on our behalf. -Scott White and Michael Honer Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 42 EDITORIAL: A PLEA TO PROFESSIONALS Historically, careers in botany were limited largely to academics and agricultural or pharmaceutical applications. Many other people practiced (and continue to practice) botany as an avocation rather than a career. In the United States, and especially in southern California, certain botanical subdisciplines offer a relatively new career path to botanists: documenting site-specific floras as baseline data for environmental impact analyses. This profession requires special expertise in floristics and ecological relationships. Like any profession, it requires a sound background and adherence to professional standards. Yet professional botanists increasingly seem willing to rely on unverified online photographs to make the plant determinations that comprise their floristic projects. I recently reviewed a short botanical survey report in which the author cited CalFlora as a source for identifications, and reported Slreptantlms bernardinus (CNPS List 4) on a project site. The report included a photograph of Caulanthus major (a locally common plant with no special status), mis-labeled as S. bernardinus. I looked up S. bernardinus on CalFlora and found a similar mislabeled photo. I believe that the report’s author is unfamiliar with the local flora, did not make the effort to properly identify' plants on the project site, and relied instead on unverified photographs. Plant identifications are made by careful reference to the floristic literature and often by side-by-side comparison of vouchers with herbarium specimens. In southern California, we are fortunate to have several first-rate technical identification manuals; a variety of illustrated field guides; university libraries holding a body of published literature dating back hundreds of years; numerous publicly-accessible herbaria housing specimens identified and annotated by specialists; and access to leading plant systematists. by phone, mail, or email, or in person. All of these sources have limitations. Keys contain errors or ambiguities; field guides are incomplete and provide only first-guesses at plant identifications; monographs may be out of date or difficult to find; herbarium specimens may be misidentified or may not represent the phenological stale or geographic form of a given sample: experts may be unresponsive. As professionals, we must do our best to use these resources in any combination needed to identify' our specimens. When the identity of a specimen may affect land use decisions, we must be tenacious in tracking down data needed for an accurate determination. Illustrated field guides are the weakest of the resources listed above. They avoid technical detail and rely instead on superficial picture-matching and flow er color. 43 Crossosoma 34(2). Fall-Winter 2008 Yet they are extremely useful to confirm or disconfirm tentative determinations, or to quickly seek similar plants at the level of family or genus. Good field guides (we have many for southern California) are written, illustrated, reviewed, and edited by experts. While they may contain some errors, these are scarce. Still, the effective use of a field guide necessitates an understanding of its strengths and weaknesses. As with any approach to plant detenu inations, effective field guide use requires an occasional skeptical step backwards, even when an identification is seemingly correct. CalFlora is an online field guide written, illustrated, and edited by volunteers. It has the strengths and weaknesses of any volunteer project. As a volunteer online resource, it is comparable to Wikipedia. It is a fine resource for casual overview. But neither CalFlora nor Wikipedia meet standards for stand-alone professional research. None of us would trust a surgeon or airline pilot who used Wikipedia alone to diagnose medical conditions or flight anomalies. CalFlora offers many photographs, some of them verified, some not. Some of the photographs are remarkable. Others are simply wrong. Used alone, it is not a reliable resource. Used carefully, with an understanding its strengths and weaknesses, and with an occasional step backwards, CalFlora can be extremely useful. - Scott D. White Crossosoina 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 44 DEDICATION Oscar F. Clarke Oscar F. Clarke is a lifelong naturalist, the first curator of the UC Riverside Herbarium, and an important mentor to numerous botanists and naturalists in southern California. He is the principal author of Flora of the Santa Ana River and Environs (Heyday Press 2007), a user-friendly and botanically sound work that sets a standard for botanical field guides. Oscar was born in Colton, California in 1919. As a pre-teen, he was interested in insects, perhaps due to myopia which limited his vision at distance yet allowed him to focus closely on fine detail. The Clarke family struggled through the Great Depression, during Oscar's teenage years. Their troubles were compounded by the death of his father when Oscar was only 13. Beyond high school. Oscar had Oscar Clarke at Edmund Yeager's "Palaver,’' c. 1960s limited formal education. As a young man. he attended San Bernardino Valley Junior College but he learned biology mainly from various mentors and from self-guided study at the Colton Public Library. His early focus on small insects and their smaller structures has continued throughout his life and links to his work with plants. He has always emphasized the importance of small details of plant structure in recognizing relationships among species and populations. 45 Crossosoma 34(2). Fall-Winter 2008 Wilson C. Hanna (1883-1982) was a neighbor and an early mentor to Oscar. Hanna was a chemist for the Colton Portland Cement Company by vocation, but an avid amateur ornithologist and oologist (egg collector) by avocation. Hanna was a major figure in Southern California ornithology in the first half of the 20th century. A great deal of what we know today about bird biology in the field (e.g.. clutch sizes, nesting dates, nest parasitism, and historic breeding distributions) is based on the work of the old-time egg collectors (see W.L. Dawson's masterful "The Birds of California ' [South Moulton Co., 1923] as an example of the oologists' contributions). Hanna's well-documented egg and nest collections are an important baseline for modem ornithology and conservation biology, representing a major part of the historical record of the local avifauna. As a teenager, Oscar helped Hanna with his egg collections, particularly serving as his tree climber, but also building and installing nest boxes for cavity-nesting species, and processing the eggs as they arrived from the field. Fresh eggs had to be drilled, their contents drained, and labeled with a fine brush, in ink, with the species' American Ornithologists Union checklist number and number of eggs in the original set. Oscar worked at this processing in the evenings after school. He developed an early interest in botany as he studied the plant materials from which various birds made their nests. Hanna's egg specimens now comprise the bulk of the San Bernardino County- Museum's oology collection, the 5th largest such collection in the world. The Museum's collection was curated through the 1990s by another of Hanna's informal students, Oscar’s friend and younger contemporary, Eugene A. Cardiff. Edmund Jaeger (1 887-1983) was another important early mentor, who Oscar met when Jaeger brought some bird specimens to Hanna for identification. Jaeger was a charismatic naturalist, best known for his books on natural history of the California deserts and for the annual "Palavers" (field trip/seminar/camp-outs) he organized, and which continue to the present. Oscar participated in many Palavers, frequently as a keynote naturalist or as leader for botanical activities. Jaeger introduced Oscar to Dr. Howard Fawcett (1877-1948), plant pathology professor at the University of California’s Citrus Experiment Station in Riverside (which became UCR in 1 954), who hired Oscar as a lab technician in 1941. Among many other tasks, he worked with the botanical collection Fawcett had assembled to aid in plant identification for the Station's research work. Oscar's work at UCR was interrupted within a year when he was drafted into the US Army where he served in the Medical Corps from 1942-1946. While in the army, stationed in Medford, Oregon, he met and married Joanne Riesch (1919-1996), a teacher. The couple had four children. Oscar returned to the Citrus Experiment Station in 1946, again working as a Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 46 technician in the Plant Pathology Department. Beginning in the late 1940s, he worked under Dr. Richard Baines (1905-1979), researching parasitic nematodes that damaged regional citrus production. He discovered a new nematode, Haplolaimus clarkeae, named in his honor. He also became known as the Experiment Station's unofficial botanist, routinely answering the public’s questions about plants. During this period he guided Dr. Carl Epling of UCLA, the expert on taxonomy of the mint family, to sites on the Experiment Station grounds where Salvia apiana and S. mellifera hybrids were found. Also about this time he published his first paper -on the identification of Amaranthus (pigweed) in southern California orchards. In 1966 Professor Frank C. Vasek selected Oscar to manage and improve the small Biology Department herbarium. Dr. Vasek had begun the herbarium in about 1956, shortly after his arrival at UCR. but it was staffed only part time by students. Oscar lacked a university education but was the recognized expert in the local flora and thus became the herbarium’s first paid curator. Dr. Vasek himself is best known for his work on Clarkia evolution, juniper taxonomy, and the discovery of the ancient creosote rings of the Mojave Desert. As the herbarium curator, Oscar first began to think of himself as a professional botanist. He became an expert on agricultural weeds; he gave public lectures and classes on horticulture and wild edible plants; and collected specimens for the herbarium and for botany courses. He curated the herbarium from 1966-1979, when he retired. He increased the size of the UCR Herbarium by some 10,000 specimens from all over the world but especially from southern California. In the 1970s he was a familiar figure around the UCR campus and especially the Biology Department, where he often was seen running, earn ing bundled plant material for botany classes. In the late 1960s and through the 1970s he led or participated in several botanical trips to Mexico, beginning in 1967 with a trip to Chiapas, accompanying Earl Lathrop, Professor of Plant Ecology at Loma Linda University and Robert Thorne of Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden. Oscar collected over 850 specimens in Mexico under his own name, and assisted others (e.g., Thorne, A. Sanders, A. Gomez-Pompa, and others) with the collection of many more. He has had a long interest in both weeds and cultivated plants and has made specimens of nearly a thousand plants in each category. Among Oscar’s important collections was the first, and still only, specimen of Helianlhella duraiigensis Turner, a plant he found in the mountains of Durango, Mexico in 1969. On the same trip he rediscovered Trichocoryne connala , a species that had not been seen since it was described from an unknown locality somewhere in the state of Durango in the late 1800s. 47 Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 Oscar knew many of the active botanists in southern California during the 20lh century', including Peter Raven. Phil Munz, Robert Thorne, Dennis Breedlove. Mildred Mathias, Annetta Carter. Dieter Wilken. Carl Epling, John B. Feudge, Dave Verity, and many others. Oscar knew Munz well and periodically took specimens to him for identification. He remembers that when he was still fairly inexperienced in the ways of botanists, probably in the mid 1950s shortly after he:d first met Munz, he took a large bouquet of wildflowers to RSA for help with identifications. Munz patiently but pointedly explained that those who work in herbaria prefer to identify- pressed specimens. Oscar is well known for his iconoclastic independence and wide-ranging interests. Coming of age during the Depression, he decided to be as self-sufficient as possible. In about 1947. w-ith help from friends and hired labor, he constructed his own large house, including a full basement, on Spruce St. in Riverside. Over the years he learned to build and repair things, make use of cast-off materials, grow his own food, and keep bees, among many other skills and avocations. For years he kept a milk cow on the back "pasture" behind the Spruce St. house. At a recent 90th birthday celebration, his children recalled their unconventional childhoods, growing com instead of lawn in the front yard and riding in a then unheard-of VW microbus. It w-as an economical and utilitarian substitute for Detroit's typical family car of the day, but an embarrassment to the socially-conscious teens. Since his retirement in 1979, Oscar has traveled and collected plants in many countries around the world, including 3 months in Europe and Africa in 1982- 83 (particularly in Kenya and South Africa), 12 months traveling throughout Australia in 1986-87, 6 months traveling in the U.S. and Canada in 1989-90. and 6 months in Chile and Argentina in 1990-91. Most recently Oscar and his second wife Marsia Alexander-Clarke visited Thailand with Greg Ballmer of the UCR Entomology Dept, in 1998. These travels have sustained Oscar's interest and enjoy ment of botany and generated a great many specimens for study by others. The trip to Chile and Argentina alone produced over 740 plant collections, plus many duplicates. The first set of these South American collections is housed in the UCR Herbarium that Oscar ran for so many years. His African and Australian collections are mostly at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden Herbarium in Claremont. Also following his retirement, Oscar purchased a large parcel of rough and rocky land near Bisbee, Arizona on which he constructed a small campsite and which he used for a number of years as botanical field station. He subsequently conveyed it to a conservation organization and it is now- a nature reserve. Many collections were made from this site in the 1980s. Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 48 Besides his work with museum specimen collection, Oscar has long had an even greater interest in living collections and gardens. His own yard has always been a sort of living collection of any and all plants that caught his attention, including odd or unusual weeds. For decades he has routinely gathered seeds and other propagules of anything new or unusual that he saw on his travels in California or beyond. He has long practiced horticultural selection in the old-fashioned manner - growing numerous seedlings, or tolerating volunteers, and then rogueing out all but the best few. By this means he developed two noteworthy varieties, one unfortunately now lost. The lost variety' was a peach he called "Thanksgiving" because of its extraordinarily late time of ripening - when few other peaches are available locally. It was selected out of the progeny of "Miller's Late" but unfortunately was infected with a virus to which it was resistant, but which made grafting impossible because its infected scions killed the rootstocks they were grafted to. Advanced tissue culture propagation techniques were considered, but never done. More successful was a mulberry now called the "Oscar" which is considered superior in flavor and which is both in (limited) commercial production as fresh fruit and in the nursery trade for home production. See for example: htlp://www. rainlreenursery.com/catalog/prodiictdelails.cfm7ProductID-D430 Throughout his career and his retirement, Oscar has been a mentor to younger botanists and naturalists. Charlotte Bringle Clarke (no relation) dedicated her book. Edible and Useful Plants of California (UC Press 1977) to him. Charlotte was a participant on two of Oscar's trips to Mexico in 1967, along with Fred B. Essig, who is now a professor of Botany in Florida and an expert on palms and Clematis. Margriet Wetherwax (now of the UC Berkeley Herbarium) got her start by learning from Oscar when she was a student at UCR. Likewise, Andrew Sanders, who has run the UCR Herbarium since Oscar retired, was greatly influenced by Oscar both as a student and in the beginning of his curatorial days. And several thousand people have participated in UC Extension natural history classes, Sierra Club Nature Knowledge Workshops. Jaeger Palavers, CNPS Field Trips and other activities led by Oscar. At 90 Oscar is still actively involved with botany and horticulture and has not stopped his explorations of plants, especially those in his diverse garden. His international travels seem to have ended, but he still "travels widely in New Haven." following the practice of Thoreau in continuing to investigate his own neighborhood. 49 Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 Southern California Botanists dedicates Crossosoma Volume 34 to Oscar F. Clarke in recognition of his role as an author and mentor to many and indirect mentor to many more. -Contributed by Andrew C. Sanders. Gina Richmond, and Scott D. White. Crossosotna 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 50 CONSERVATION STATUS OF MIMULUS SHEVOCK/I HECKARD & BACIG. (PHRYIVIACEAE) Naomi S. Fraga Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and Claremont Graduate University 1 500 N. College Avenue, Claremont. California 91711 naomi.fraga@cgu.edu ABSTRACT: Miimtlus shevockii is a minute annual herb endemic to Kern County, California. Several disturbance factors threaten it, including housing development, cattle grazing, and off road vehicle activity. Additionally, at least one population may have been extirpated when Lake Isabella was filled in 1953. This review reports two new occurrences and reevaluates conservation strategies recommended in an earlier Conservation Plan (Fraga 2007). KEYWORDS: Kern County, Mimulus , Miimtlus shevockii, Mojave Desert, Phrymaceae, rare plants, southern Sierra Nevada. Figure 1. Growth habit of Mimulus shevockii shown w ith a toothpick and linger for scale. 51 Crossosoma 34(2). Fall-Winter 2008 Lake Isabella Sequoia National Forest Piute Mountains Bright Star Wilderness Kiavah Wilderness Scodie Mountains £011 >£010 OE09 Legend Land Ownership [~ | Forest Service | | Private | i Bureau of Land Management Fraga #1992' ' Fraga #1990 O 5 Miles i i— J Figure 2. Distribution of Minuilus shevockii. Element occurrence (EO) numbers are indicated adjacent to points (CNDDB 2009). E08 may be extirpated. All extant occurrences have been recently verified by Fraga (created with ESRI k ArcMap™ 9. 1 ). Cmssosoina 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 52 INTRODUCTION Mimulus shevockii Heckard & Bacig. (Phrymaceae, formerly placed in Scrophulariaceae) is a diminutive winter annual (Fig. 1 ) commonly known as the Kelso Creek monkeyflower that was described by Heckard & Bacigalupi ( 1986). It has a narrow distribution: it is limited to a 70 sq mi region in the southern Sierra Nevada in Kern County. California. I became acquainted with M. shevockii while working on my master's degree at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. As a part of the Garden's graduate curriculum. I took a course on plant conservation planning. As part of the course, students conduct research and write a comprehensive document for a selected rare plant species in California. I chose to work on M shevockii. an ideal candidate due to its limited distribution and known threats to its long-term survival. My conservation plan for M. shevockii (Fraga 2007) synthesized all available data as of 2007 including biological and ecological information, documents threats, and outlines conservation goals and objectives. Since publication, much has been learned about M. shevockii. providing insight into possible conservation actions that should be taken. Here I review the status of M. shevockii. update knowledge on its distribution, and provide conservation recommendations based on current information. CONSERVATION STATUS Mimulus shevockii is known from ten extant occurrences and possibly one extirpated occurrence (Fig. 2) (California Natural Diversity Database 2009). It is not listed as threatened or endangered under California or Federal Endangered Species Acts. It is on the California Native Plant Society's List of rare plants as IB. 2, i.e., it is “fairly endangered” in California and meets the requirements for listing under the California Endangered Species Act (CNPS 2009). The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) manages M. shevockii as a sensitive plant, designating it for special management consideration. The California Department of Fish and Game has designated M. shevockii as a special plant, and is therefore inventoried by the California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB 2009). In addition, the Natural Diversity Data Base assigns M. shevockii a Global Ranking of G I and a State Ranking of SI. 2, indicating that its distribution and numbers are very limited and that the taxon is threatened (CDFG 2008). M. shevockii was proposed for federal listing as endangered (USFWS 1994). However, the proposal was withdrawn, in part due to the paucity of available information available on the species range, and the determination that threats to warrant listing had not been identified (USFWS 1998). There is currently no federal status for M. shevockii. The creation of Lake Isabella may have caused extirpation of one historic Mimulus shevockii occurrence. Bangsberg collected M. shevockii in 1932 at “Kernville.” 53 Crossosoma 34(2). Fall-Winter 2008 That locality is too vague to attribute the specimen to known occurrences, such as nearby Cyrus Canyon, or an otherwise undocumented locality that may have been inundated by Lake Isabella, or eliminated by surrounding land development. The occurrence is reported as EO 8 in the CNDDB (2009). Newly documented occurrences In 2008, two previously unknown Mimulus she\'ockii occurrences were documented ( Fraga 1990 & Fraga 1992; to be deposited at RSA). These occurrences extend the range of M. shevockii seven miles to the south. Both are on private property adjacent to BLM land managed by the Ridgecrest Office (Fig. 2) . Cattle grazing and off road vehicle use are threats to these newly documented occurrences. There are several areas that have been identified as potential habitat in the Kelso Valley region, and it is likely that additional populations are awaiting detection (Fraga 2007). Threats Mimulus shevockii occurrences are threatened or potentially threatened by several factors. These include land use conversions for agriculture and development of homes; cattle grazing, off road vehicle use. presence and abundance of invasive exotic plant species, and road maintenance. At least one of these threats has been documented at all knowm M. shevockii occurrences. One occurrence documented by Bangsberg in 1932 (Bangsburg s.n., 1~ Apr 1932). may have been extirpated due to the creation of Lake Isabella in 1953. CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations outlined in the conservation plan (Fraga 2007) include: 1) Maintain all existing occurrences. 2) Preserve existing habitat of M. shevockii. 3) Limit impacts from disturbance (e.g., residential development, OHV use, and cattle grazing). 4) Establish an ex-situ maternal line seed collection(s). 5) Survey additional areas with potential habitat for additional occurrences. 6) Assess the genetic diversity of the species to identify' meta-population dynamics. 7) Identify' any specific research needs at each occurrence. Additional conservation recommendations are provided below. Mimulus she\'Ockii is vulnerable to local extirpation due to several underlying factors. Abundance of individual plants and areas and numbers of sites they occupy vary widely from year to year, presumably due to fluctuations in rainfall and other climatic variables. Thus, it is difficult to assess population size and Crossosoma 34(2), Fall- Winter 2008 54 extent, except during the best years. Surveys for presence/absence of M shevockii should only be undertaken when M. shevockii can be reliably found by Held botanists, as confirmed by visiting known reference locations. Surveys conducted in poor years, or out of season, may lead to a false conclusion that M. shevockii is absent from a given project site. Land use decisions and subsequent development based on such surveys could lead to extirpation of undocumented M. shevockii occurrences. The majority of Mimulus shevockii's known occurrences are within ca. one mile of each other, in Kelso Creek Valley (Fraga 2007). Prior to development within the Kelso Creek Valley region, gene flow may have been frequent between proximal populations. Mimulus shevockii is likely pollinated by small insects that travel relatively short distances. Small soft wing flower beetles ( Trichoclirous ) have been observed visiting flowers. The flight path of small insects such as Trichochrous may be impeded by the construction of roads and houses among populations. Habitat fragmentation may therefore be inhibiting gene flow, leaving populations isolated and vulnerable to genetic impoverishment. However, little is known regarding inter-population pollinator movements, and flight capabilities remain poorly understood for most pollinators (Pasquet et al. 2008). About half of the known occurrences of M. shevockii are found wholly or partly on private property; these occurrences are at greatest risk due to potential development or other land use changes. Several populations have been fragmented due to their proximity to developed areas. One large population (in terms of area of occupancy and number of individuals; E03) occupies an area entirely on private property that is proposed for development of homes (CNDDB 2009, Fraga 2007). When the conservation plan (Fraga 2007) was published, it made no recommendations to list this species as threatened or endangered under California or Federal Endangered Species Acts. In fact, it suggested that listing should only be considered after further investigation. Upon conducting additional Held work, and reviewing land ownership patterns and threats, additional conservation measures seem necessary. I recommend that State and federal listing be considered to aid in conservation of this species, and that efforts to list M. shevockii under the California Endangered Species Act be prioritized due to threats to its occurrences on private property. Currently BLM is managing for this species in a manner that would not likely change appreciably under Federal listing. Crossosoma 34(2). Fall-Winter 2008 55 FUTURE DIRECTIONS Through my dissertation research at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, I hope to learn more about Al shevockiiXo aid in its conservation. My research objectives are to characterize gene flow (pollen and seed movement) among populations, genetic diversity, and population genetic structure. Surveys of known populations and potential habitat will continue with the goal of better understanding Al. she\'ockii’s population dynamics and distribution. In addition, pollinator observations, and seed banking efforts will continue. A detailed understanding of this species' population biology will inform future conservation actions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Duncan Bell. Bimme Kean. Denis Kearns, and Tim Thomas for assistance and useful discussion: Shelley Ellis, and Allison Sheehey. provided location information for the two newly documented localities; Elizabeth Friar. Steve Boyd. Lucinda McDade, and Gary Wallace who have provided guidance throughout the project: Scott White and two anonymous reviewers who greatly enhanced this manuscript, and Southern California Botanists. California Native Plant Society, and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation who provided funding. LITERATURE CITED California Department of Fish and Game. 2009. Special Vascular Plants, Bryophytes and Lichen List, http : -www.dfg.ca.goY biogeodata cnddh pdfs SPPlants.pdf { accessed 06 Apr 2009) California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB). 2009. Vers. 3.1.1 (01 31 2009). California Department of Fish and Game. California Native Plant Society (CNPS). 2009. Inventory of rare and endangered plants, http: www.cnps.org im’entorv (accessed 05 Feb 2009). Fraga, N.S. 2007. A Conservation Plan for Afimnlus shevockii Heckard & Bacig. (Phrymaceae). Rancho Santa Ana Occasional Publications #7. 22p. Heckard. L. R. and R. Bacigalupi. 1986. Mhmdus shevockii (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from desert habitat in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. Madrono 33:271-277. Pasquet. S.R., A. Peltier. M.B. Huffird. E. Oudin, J. Saulnier. L. Paul. J.T. Knudsen. H.R. Herren. P. Gepts. 2008. Long-distance pollen flow assessment through evaluation of pollinator foraging range suggests transgene escape distances. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105: 13456-13461. Cwssosoma 34(2), Fall- Winter 2008 56 USFWS (United Stales Fish and Wildlife Service). 1994. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; proposed endangered or threatened status for 10 plants from the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. Federal Register 659; 191. USFWS (United States Fish and Wildlife Service). 1998. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; withdrawal of proposed listing of two plants as endangered, and four plants as threatened from the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. Federal Register 63: 177. 57 Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 THE LICHENS ON SAN MIGUEL ISLAND, CHANNEL ISLANDS N ATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA: A PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST. Kerry Knudsen The Herbarium, Department of Botany & Plant Sciences. University of California. Riverside, CA 9252 1 -0 1 24.. kk999@msn.com ABSTRACT: 141 lichens are reported from San Miguel Island. Channel Islands National Park. Santa Barbara County’, California. KEY'WORDS: Biological crusts, caliche, calcareous lichens, Dudleya, grazing, terricolous lichens. INTRODUCTION San Miguel Island in Channel Islands National Park is the most northern and westerly of the Channel Islands. It is about 10 km (6 miles) long with a total area of 34 km (14 square miles). The island is a plateau with two rounded hills, Green Mountain and San Miguel Hill, rising to 244 m (800 feet) in the center. Dense fog and strong winds are frequent. The average temperature is a cool 14° C (59° F) though rarely temperatures can reach 32° C (90° F) (Schoenherr et al. 1999). San Miguel was heavily impacted by sheep ranching, which started in the 1850s, though the island has had over forty’ years to recover since the last animals were exterminated in 1966 (Roberts 1991). San Miguel probably once supported island chaparral, maybe even Quercus pcicifica based on the lichens found there, but the dominant shrub is Baccharis pilularis now. There are large areas of grassland and dunes. Caliche is plentiful, supporting many calcareous lichens, and there are deposits of volcanic rock and dacite on the island (Weigand 1998). Harris Point. Lester Point, and lower Willow Canyon support diverse communities of maritime lichens. My survey of the lichens lasted seven days in June. 2006. and concentrated mainly on sites from Green Mountain to Caldwell Point and lower Willow Canyon. I did not attempt to cover the whole island. The surveys were qualitative and intuitive and concentrated on species diversity rather than distribution. Collections by the author are deposited in the University' of California Riverside Herbarium (UCR). More detailed information is available online (http://sanders5.ucr.edu/ lichensflatindex.php). I spent three days at the Arizona State University Lichen Herbarium (ASU) examining San Miguel Island collections made by Janet Marsh Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 58 in June, 1995 and by Thomas H. Nash in March, 1998. In the Lichen Herbarium at the Santa Barbara Botanical Garden (SBBG), I examined and revised a small selection of Charis Bratt’s collections from San Miguel Island of species not collected by Nash. Marsh, or myself and the verified material is included in the checklist presented here. Bratt did not collect extensively on San Miguel Island, although she made several visits. Overall, the collections from the Channel Islands at SBBG have been poorly annotated, with many mis-determinations, and often have outdated names that need to be revised. This task extends far beyond what I had funds to achieve during this study but should be undertaken in the future because it is especially important for the study of the lichen flora of Santa Cruz Island where Bratt collected extensively. The checklist presented here is preliminary and will be revised as a lichen flora of Channel Islands National Park is developed. As a general rule 1 have excluded any previous reports of species that have not been published in the three volumes of the Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region (Nash et al. 2002, 2004, 2007) because the identifications based on out-dated taxomomy are unreliable. I only include them when earlier reports have been confirmed in recent scientific literature or where 1 have personally confirmed them. Lichenicolous fungi have not been extensively collected or studied on San Miguel Island. A few species are mentioned under their main hosts. Corticolous lichens occur on bark or wood, even fence posts, and can be specific to certain vascular genera. Saxicolous lichens occur on various rock substrates and some species specifically occur on calcareous or acidic substrates. Terricolous lichens occur on soil. More information can be found on most species in the three volumes of the Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region which has excellent coverage of the Channel Islands (Nash 2002, 2004, 2007) or in the cited literature. Lecanora carneolutescens on San Miguel Island. Photo: J. C. Lendemer 59 Crossosoma 34(2). Fall-Winter 2008 PRELIMINNARY CHECKLIST OFTHE LICHENS OF SAN MIGUEL ISLAND Acarospora socialis H. Magn. - Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Marsh 8047, Nash 41383 (ASU); Devil's Knoll. Marsh 7880 (ASU). Adelolecia sonorae Hertel - Saxicolous. Hertel (2004) described this new species from two specimens. The holotype was from Baja California. The paratype was collected by Nash on Green Mountain. The types could not be located and may be lost or misfiled at ASU or have not been returned by Hertel. I did not collect any specimens of A. sonorae. But I have collected it on Santa Rosa Island on the bluff between Lobos Canyon and Cow Canyon. Bacidia coruscans S. Ekman - Corticolous. On dead trunk of Coreopsis gigantea , trail to Lester Point, Knudsen 6810 (UCR). Type locality is the sand dunes of the east end where it was collected on the dead stems of Lupinus albifrons. Bacidina calif arnica S. Ekman - Corticolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6798, 6694.2. (UCR). Bacidina ramea S. Ekman - Corticolous. Nidever Canyon, Bratt 9030 (SBBG). Buellia species -Terricolous. Cuyler Harbor. Knudsen 6895 (UCR). Undescribed terricolous taxon (see Bungatrtz et al. 2007) listed as Buellia species 2 and reported from two Nash collections from Santa Rosa Island. More collections are needed of this taxon before it can be described. It would have been a component of calcareous biological soil crusts. Buellia alboatra (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. - Usually Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6678 (UCR), Nash 4 1 226 (ASU); Cuyler Harbor, Knudsen 6892 (UCR); side canyon SE of Willow Canyon. Nash 41302 (ASU); the Gangplank, Nash 41097 (ASU); along trail to Harris Point, Nash 41 125 (ASU). Buellia capitis-regum W.A. Weber — Saxicolous. Green Mountain Nash 41226 (ASU), Marsh 7981 (ASU) ; side canyon SE of Willow Canyon, Nash 41252 (ASU); lower Willow Canyon, Nash 41321 (ASU); Harris Point, Nash 41156 (ASU); Lester Point, Nash 41134; Marsh 792 1 , 79 1 1 , 79 1 8 (ASU). Buellia christophii Bungartz — Saxicolous. Harris Point. Nash 41181, 41174 (ASU). Crossosoina 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 60 Buellia lialonia (Ach ) Tuck. - Saxicolous. Slope near Fish, Knudsen 6930 (UCR ); lower Willow Canyon, Nash 4 1 322 (ASU); along ridge crest of ridge extending W of Green Mountain. Nash 41246, 41434 (ASU); side canyon of Willow Canyon, Nash 41253 (ASU). Buellia oiilalea (Nyl.) Tuck. - Corticolous. Campground area below' ranger's station, Nash 41118. 42085 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 41356, 41366 (ASU). Buellia maritima (A. Massal.) Bagl. - Saxicolous. Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6955.2, 6957, 6965 (UCR), Nash 41272 (ASU); between Caldwell Point and Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6901 (UCR); Green Mountain, Knudsen 6784 (UCR), Nash 41222, 41398, 41201 (ASU); lower end of Willow Canyon. Nash 41323. 41294 (ASU); Lester Point. Nash 41 137A (ASU); the Gangplank. Nash 41092, 41100 (ASU); top of bluff E side of Willow Canyon. Nash 41270 (ASU); along trail to Harris Point. Nash 41126 (ASU); E end of Cardwell Point. Marsh 8002 (ASU). Buellia prospersa (Nyl.) Riddle - Saxicolous. Lower part of Willow Canyon, Nash 41312 (ASU). Buellia pullala Tuck. - Saxicolous. Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6956 (UCR ); west of trail to Caldwell Point, Knudsen 6742 (UCR); the Gangplank. Nash 41099 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 41249, 41227 (ASU); lower part of Willow Canyon, Nash 41 3 1 1 . 4 13 14 (ASU). Buellia punctata (Hoffm.)A. Massal. - Corticolous. Slope above SE beach. Nash 41101 (ASU). Buellia ryanii Bungartz - Saxicolous. Upper Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6952 (UCR). Buellia sequax (Nyl.) Zahlbr. - Saxicolous. Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6810.2 (UCR); Green Mountain. Nash 41423, 41392 (ASU). Buellia tesserata Korb. - Saxicolous. Lower Willow Canyon. Nash 41327B (ASU). Buellia venusta (Korb.) Lettau - Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6800 (UCR); San Miguel Hill, Nash 41 185 (ASU); China Point, Nash 41214 (ASU). 61 Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 Caloplaca bolacina (Tuck.) Herre - Saxicolous. Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6810.3, 6958 (UCR); lower Willow Canyon, Nash 41296, 41298, 41324 (ASU); Harris Point, Nash 41 157, 41 123 (ASU); Lester Point, Nash 41135 (ASU); Bay Point, Nash 41344 (SU); Green Mountain, Nash 41394, 41384, 41199, 41228 (ASU); San Miguel Hill, Marsh 7942 (ASU); the Gangplank, Nash 41093 (ASU). The lichenicolous fungus Stigmidiuin epistigmellum fNyl. ex Vouaux) Kocourk. & K. Knudsen is often found on the apothecia and thallus of this species as well as on C. ludificans, C. luteominia var. luteominia , and C. rosei (Kocourkova and Knudsen 2009) as well as on West Anacapa Island on C. iinpolita (pers. comm., Kocourkova). Caloplaca brattiae W.A. Weber — Saxicolous. Lower Willow Canyon, Nash 41325, 41297 (ASU). Caloplaca coralloides (Tuck.) Hutting - Saxicolous. Harris Point, Nash 41158 (ASU); Lester Point, Marsh 7913 (ASU); Bay Point, Nash 41 345 (ASU); seashore rocks within Willow Canyon, Nash 41342 (ASU); Willow Canyon, Marsh 8026 (ASLI); Cardwell Point, Marsh 8010 (ASU). Caloplaca liolocarpa (Hoffm. ex Ach.) A.E. Wade - Corticolous. Lower Willow Canyon, Nash 41291 (ASU). Caloplaca ludificans Arup — Saxicolous. San Miguel Hill, Knudsen 6783 (UCR); Caliche Forest, Marsh 7952 (ASU). Caloplaca luteominia (Tuck.) Zahlbr. - Saxicolous. San Miguel Hill, Knudsen 6784 (UCR), Nash 41184 (ASU); Green Mountain, Knudsen 6677 (UCR). Caloplaca marina (Wedd.) Zahlbr. ssp. americana Arup - Saxicolous. Harris Point, Nash 41124 (ASLI); Green Mountain, Nash 41221 (ASU). Caloplaca marmoruta (Bag!.) Jatta - Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6767 (UCR); Caliche Forest, Marsh 7955 (ASU). Caloplaca rosei Hasse- Saxicolous. Bay Point, Nash 41 346 (ASU); lower Willow Canyon, Nash 41326 (ASU); Harris Point, Nash 41159 (ASU). Caloplaca stanfordensis H. Magn. - Corticolous. Lower Willow Canyon, Nash 41286 (ASU). Caloplaca stantonii W.A. Weber ex Arup - Saxicolous. Near Nidever Canyon, Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 62 Marsh 8044 (ASU); China Point, Nash 41208 (ASU). Culoplaca stipitata Wetm. - Corticolous. Cuvier Harbor. Knudsen 6893 (UCR); Green Mountain, Knudsen 6785.2, 6686 (UCR), Nash 41435, 41396A, 41395 (ASU); San Miguel Hill, Knudsen 6761 (UCR); side canyon SE of Willow Canyon, Nash 41250, 41255, 41254 (ASU); the Gangplank, Nash 41082 (ASU): DeviFs Knoll, Marsh 7906 (ASU); China Point, Nash 41212 (ASU). This species was originally described from San Miguel Island. Candelariella inirellit (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. - Usually saxicolous, sometimes on wood. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6791.3 (UCR), Nash 41220 (ASU); China Point, Nash 41213 (ASU). Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Mull. Arg. - Saxicolous. San Miguel Hill, Nash 42081 (ASU). Candelariella xanthostigma (Ach.) Lettau - Corticolous. Green Mountain. Nash 41358, 41467 (ASU); slope above SE beach, Nash 41102 (ASU); the Gangplank. Nash 41083 (ASU). Chrysothrix candeluris (L.) J.R. Laundon - Corticolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41359 (ASU). Chrysothrix granulosa G. Thor - Corticolous. Unknown location, Marsh 7937 (ASU). Cladonia nashii Aht'i- Terricolous. One site on slope of Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6944, 6945(UCR). Cliostomu m grifjith ii (Sin.) Coppins- Corticolous. Green Mountain, Nash 4 1 360 (ASU); Collema coceophorum Tuck. - Terricolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6759. 6691 (UCR). Collema cristatum (L.) F. H. Wigg. - Terricolous. Upper Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6940 (UCR); lower part of Willow Canyon, Nash 41299 (ASU). Dendrographa leucophaeu (Tuck.) Darb. - Corticolous, saxicolous. Cuyler Harbor, Knudsen 6896 (UCR); Green Mountain, Nash 41397, 41328 (ASU); Lester Point, Nash 41149, 41139 ( ASLJ); Willow Canyon, Nash 41255 (ASU); 63 Crossosoina 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 Harris Point, Nash 41160 (ASU); Bay Point, Nash 41348 (ASU). Dimelaena californica (H. Magn.) Sheard - Parasitic, saxicolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41229 (ASU). Dimelaena railiata (Tuck.) Mull. Arg. - Saxicolous. Lester Point. Nash 41 137B, 41136 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 41461. 41396, 41401. 41230 (ASU); lower end of Willow Canyon, Nash 41327A (ASU); Willow Canyon, Nash 41256 (ASU); Harris Point, Nash 41175 (ASU); Devil's Knoll, Marsh 7879 (ASU); the Gangplank, Nash 41094 (ASU). Dimelaena weberi Sheard — Saxicolous. The Gangplank. Nash 4 1 095 (ASU). The specimen is poor and I am not entirely convinced about the determination but it is a rare species expected on the Channel Islands. Diploicia canescens (Dickson) A. Massal. - Corticolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6750. 6694.1 (UCR) Nash 41361 (ASU); lower part of Willow Canyon Nash 4 1 30 1, 413 13 (ASU); the Gangplank, Nash 41084 (ASU). Diploscliisles nnisconim (Scop.) R. Sant. - Parasitic on Cladonia , Leprocaulon. and Lepraria xerophila. Becoming independent, terricolous. Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6966 (UCR). Dirina catalinariae Hasse - Saxicolous. SE of Willow Canyon, Nash 41257 (ASU); Lester Point. Marsh 7910, Nash 41138 (ASU); lower end of Willow Canyon, Nash 41329. 41340 (ASU); Willow Canyon, Marsh 8018 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 41437 (ASU). Endocarpon loscosii Mull. Arg. - Terricolous. Upper Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6950. 6951 (UCR). Endocarpon pnsillum Hedw. - Terricolous. San Miguel Hill, Knudsen 6701. 6757 (UCR); along airstrip edge near ranger's station. Knudsen 6720 (UCR); Green Mountain, Knudsen 6690 (UCR); Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6967 (UCR). Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. - Corticolous. Upper Willow Canyon near fox kennels. Knudsen 6725 (UCR); Green Mountain, Nash 41476 (ASU); lower part of Willow Canyon, Nash 41293 (ASU); San Miguel Hill. Nash 41 190 (ASU). Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale — Corticolous. Slope above SE beach, Nash 4 1 1 03 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 4 1 382, 41479, Marsh 7996 (ASU). Crossosoma 34(2), Fall- Winter 2008 64 Flavopunctelia flaventior (Sill.) Hale - Coilicolous. San Miguel Hill, Bratt 9035 (SBBG). Heterodermia leuconielu (L.) Poelt - Coilicolous. Nidever Canyon, Knudsen 6817 (UCR); campground below ranger’s station, Nash 41 1 19 (ASU); San Miguel Hill, Nash 41 193 (ASU). Heterodermia nanuupianu Brusse - Corticolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6749 (UCR); Willow Canyon, Knudsen 68 10. 1 (UCR); top of bluff above Harford Canyon, Marsh 7995 (ASU): Devil’s Knoll, Marsh 7905 (ASU); NW of Green Mountain, Marsh 7974 (ASU). llubbsia parishii (Hasse) Tehler, Lohtander, Myllys & Sundin - Saxicolous. Harris Point, Benedict L-4773 1 (ASU); San Miguel Island, Crayton (ASU); Willow Canyon, Marsh 8030 (ASU); lower end of Willow Canyon, Nash 41339 (ASU); Lester Point, Nash 41150 (ASU); Bay Point, Nash 41353 (ASU). Lecanactis calif arnica Tuck. - Corticolous. San Miguel Island, Nash 42082 (ASU); lower end of Willow Canyon, Nash 41315 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 41411 (ASU). Lecanactis salicina Zahlbr. - Coilicolous. Slope of San Miguel Hill, s/e of ranger's station, Knudsen 6712 (UCR). Lecania brunonis (Tuck.) Herre - Saxicolous. Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6886, 6914 (UCR); trail to Caldwell Point, Knudsen 6900 (UCR); the Gangplanks, Nash 41096 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 41403, 41402, 41386, 41234, 41483 (ASU). Lecania dudleyi Herre - Terricolous. Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6674 (UCR); Green Mountain, Knudsen 6674 (UCR), Nash 41202 (ASU); San Miguel Hill, Nash 4 1 1 87, 4 1 1 1 3 (ASU); Harris Point, Nash 41176 (ASU); along trail to Harris Point, Nash 41127 (ASU); top of bluff east side of Willow Canyon, Nash 41282 (ASU). The lichenicolous fungus Tuninia subtalpnm v.d. Boom occurs on L. dudleyi on Santa Rosa Island and in Baja and is expected on San Miguel Island. Toninia subdispersa (Nyl. ex Hasse) K. Knudsen also occurs on L. dudleyi. Lecania fructigena Zahlbr. - Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6693 (UCR), Nash 4 1 232, 41421 (ASU); Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6960. 1 , 6969 (UCR), Marsh 80 1 7 (ASU) ; Nidever Canyon, Knudsen 6877 (UCR); Harris Point, Nash 41170, 41 161, 41421, (ASU); on bluff east of Willow Canyon, Nash 41282 (ASU); long 65 Crossosoma 34(2). Fall-Winter 2008 crest of ridge extending W of Green Mountain (ASU); S side of Green Mountain Nash (ASU). Lecania immdata (Hepp ex Korb.) M. Mayrhofer - Saxicolous. Along trail to Harris Point. Nash 41128 (ASU). Lecania naegelii (Hepp) Diederich & v.d. Boom - Corticolous. Lower Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6915 (UCR). Lecania franciscana (Tuck.) K. Knudsen & Lendemer - Saxicolous. Near ranger's station. Knudsen 6723 (ASU): Nidever Canyon. Knudsen 6820. 6821 (UCR); Green Mountain, Knudsen 6769 (UCR); trail to Caldwell Point, Knudsen 6727 (UCR): Lester Point, Nash 41141 (ASU); along trail to Harris Point. Nash 41132 (ASU). The lichenicolous fungus Tuninia subdispersa (Nyl. ex Hasse) K. Knudsen. syn. T. talprnm Timdal. is often found on Lecania species. (Knudsen & Lendemer 2007). Lecania ryanianu v. d. Boom - Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6791.1 (UCR); on trail to Caldwell Point. Knudsen 6732 (UCR). Described from Sandy Point on Santa Rosa Island. Lecania toninioides Zahlbr. - Terricolous, Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41458. 41454, 41459 (ASU). Lecania tnricensis (Me pp) Midi. Arg. - Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Nash 4 1 207 (ASU); China Point, Nash 41216 (ASU). Lecanographa dimelaenoides (Egea & Torrente) Egea & Torrente - Saxicolous. Green Mountain. Nash 41427. 41165. 41182 (ASU); Bay Point, Nash 41354 (ASU): Willow Canyon, Nash 41266 (ASU); Lester Point, Nash 41148 (ASU ). Lecanographa hypothallina (Zahlbr.) Egea & Torrente - Saxicolous. Nidever Canyon, Knudsen 6921 (UCR): Lester Point, Nash 41140 (ASU); Harris Point. Nash 4 1162 (ASU). Lecunora caesiornhella Ach. - Corticolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41362 (ASU); campground below ranger's station, Nash 41116 (ASU). Lecunora calif arnica Brodo - Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Nash 4 1 235. 41387, 41400, 41439, Marsh 7967 (ASU); Willow Canyon, Nash 41259 (ASU); Devil's Knoll. Marsh 7884 (ASU). Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 66 Lecanora confusa Alinb. - Corticolous. Campground below ranger’s station. Nash 41117 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 4 1 380(ASU). Lecanora carneolutescens Nyl. - Corticolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6745, 6778 (UCR); San Miguel Hill, Knudsen 6710, 6715 (UCR). This is a sorediate species, often sterile. Lecanora demosthenesii Lumbsch & Messuti - Corticolous, saxicolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41299 (ASU). Lecanora dispersa (Pers.) Sominerf. - Saxicolous. China Point. Nash 41215 (ASU): Green Mountain, Nash 41236 (ASU); lower Willow Canyon Nash 41304 (ASU). Lecanora liagenii (Ach.) Ach. - Usually saxicolous. Green Mountain. Knudsen 6766, 6772. 6680, 6772, 6992 (UCR). Silvva (2007) identified a specimen from Sandy Point on Santa Rosa Island as Lecanora crenulata Hook, and it is expected on caliche on San Miguel Island. Lecanora Itorizu (Ach.) Linds. - Corticolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41384 (ASU); San Miguel Hill, Nash 42084 (ASU). Lecanora pacifica Tuck. - Corticolous. Unknown location, Nash 42683 (ASU). Lecanora zosterae (Ach.) Nyl. - Corticolous. On driftwood, Cuyler Harbor. Knudsen 6894 (UCR). Lecidea laboriosa Midi. Arg. - Saxicolous. Upper W illow Canyon, Knudsen 6953 (UCR). Lecidella asenia (Nyl.) Knoph & Hertel - Saxicolous, terricolous. Side canyon SE ofWillow Canyon, Nash 41261 (ASU). Lecidella elaeocltroma (Ach.) M. Choisy - Corticolous. Green Mountain. Nash 41367 (ASU). Lepraria xeropliila Tonsberg - Terricolous. Trail to Lester Point, Knudsen 6807 (UCR); Nidever Canyon, Knudsen 6807 (UCR), Marsh 8046 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 41388. 41453, 41481, 41480 (ASU); San Miguel Hill, Nash 41114 (ASU); lower part ofWillow Canyon Nash 41306 (ASU); Harris Point. Nash 41 178. 41 177 (ASU). 67 Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 Leprocaulon microscopicum (Vill.) Gams ex D. Hawksw. - Terricolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41480 (ASU). Mobergia angelica (Stizenb.) 1 1. Mayrhofer & Sheard - Saxicolous, terricolous. Green Mountain. Knudsen 6781. 6801 (UCR), Nash 41420 (ASU); Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6964 (UCR); lower Willow Canyon. Nash 41300 (ASU). Niebla cephalota (Tuck.) Rundel & Bowler - Corticolous. Near ranger’s station, Knudsen 6934.2 (UCR); Green Mountain Nash 41428. 41469, 4147A. Marsh 7985, 7983, 7970 (ASU); Caliche Forest, Marsh 7957. (ASU); Bay Point. Marsh 8037 (ASU); Devil's Knoll. Marsh 7890 (ASU); Lester Point. Marsh 7924 (ASU). Niebla cerucltis Rundel & Bowler — Corticolous. Near ranger's station. Knudsen 6934.1 (UCR); near fox kennels by Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6884 (UCR); Caliche Forest. Marsh 7958 (ASU); lower part of Willow Canyon. Nash 41288. 41316 (ASU); slope above SE beach. Nash 41106 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 41407B. Marsh 7998 (ASU); Lester Point, Nash 41145 (ASU); Cardwell Point. Marsh 8013 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 41429 (ASU). Niebla ceruchoides (Nyl.) Rundel & Bowler - Saxicolous. Willow Canyon, Knudsen 691 1 (UCR) Green Mountain. Marsh 7978, Nash 41406, 41444 (ASU). Niebla combeoides (Nyl.) Rundel & Bowler - Saxicolous. Nidever Canyon. Knudsen 6819. 1 (UCR); Harris Point, Nash 41163 (ASU); Bay Point, Nash 41350 (ASU); Green Mountain. Nash 41441 (ASU); lower end Willow Canyon. Nash 41332 (ASU). Niebla Iwmalea (Ach.) Rundel & Bow ler-Usually saxicolous. Between Caldwell Point and Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6905 (UCR);Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6910 (UCR), Nash 41262. 41274 (ASU); lower Willow Canyon Nash 41334, 41333 (ASU); side canyon SE of Willow Canyon; Green Mountain Nash 41442. 41433. 41389. 41405, 41462B (ASU); Devil's Knoll. Marsh 7900 (ASU); Lester Point. Nash 41 142 (ASU); 1.6 km S of Bay Point. Grigarick L-53655 (ASU); Harris Point. Nash 41 171 (ASU). Niebla laevigata Bowler & Rundel - Saxicolous. Lester Point. Nash 41144 (ASU); Willow Canyon, Marsh 8020 (ASU); Harris Point, Nash 41173 (ASU). Niebla proceru Rundel & Bowler - Saxicolous. Willow Canyon, Marsh 8024. 8028 (ASU); Devil's Knoll. Marsh 7893, 7895, 7885. 7898 (ASU): Lester Point. Marsh 7927, 7922. 7920. 7892, 7917. 7919. Nash 41143 (ASU); Harris Point, Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 68 Nash 41172 (ASU); Green Mountain, Marsh 7079 (ASU). Nieblu robusta (R. Howe) Rundel - Saxicolous. Devil’s Knoll, Marsh 7901 (ASU); Willow Canyon, Marsh 8032 (ASU); Bay Point, Marsh 8035 (ASU). Opegrapha atra Pers. — Corticolous. Lower end of Willow Canyon, Nash 41289, 41317 (ASU). Opegrapha brattiae Egea & Ertz - Saxicolous. Beach near mouth of Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6920.1 (UCR); N side of Harris Point, Nash 41164 (ASU). Opegrapha herbarium Mont. - Corticolous, Saxicolous. Near ranger’s station, Knudsen 6714 (UCR); Cuvier Harbor, Knudsen 6895 (UCR); Nidever Canyon, Knudsen 6891 (UCR). Parmotrema hypoleucinum (J. Steiner) Hale - Corticolous. Campground below ranger's station, Nash 41120 (ASU). Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) M. Choisy, syn P. chinense Hale - Corticolous. San Miguel Hill, Knudsen 6784 (UCR), Nash 41 191, 41390, 41 109 (ASU); near ranger’s station, Knudsen 6711 (UCR); Green Mountain, Nash 41471, 41470 (ASU). Pertusaria brattiae Lumbsch & T.H. Nash - Saxicolous. Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6913 (UCR); Nidever Canyon, Knudsen 6819 (UCR); side canyon SE of Willow Canyon, Nash 41263 (ASU): Green Mountain, Nash 41408, 41240 (ASU); Lester Point, Nash 41 146 (ASU). Pertusaria chiodectonoides Bagl. ex A. Massal. - Saxicolous. Between Caldwell Point and Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6904 (UCR). Pertusaria fiavicunda Tuck. - Saxicolous. Green Mountain. Nash 4 14 10 (ASU). Pertusaria islandica Bratt, Lumbsch & Schmitt - Saxicolous. Trail between Caldwell Point & Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6906 (UCR); lower Willow Canyon, Nash 41307, 41330 (ASU). (Schmitt, Lumbsch, Bratt 2006). Pertusaria occidentaiis Bratt, Lumbsch & Schmitt - Saxicolous. San Miguel Hill, Knudsen 6787 (UCR). (Schmitt, Lumbsch, Bratt 2006). Pliaeophyscia liirsuta (Mereschk.) Essl. - Corticolous, saxicolous. Green 69 Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 Mountain, Knudsen 6780 (UCR). Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC. — Corticolous. Green Mountain. Nash 41472, 41412 (ASU): slope above SE beach. Nash 41 107 (ASU); the Gangplanks, Nash 41086 (ASU). Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt - Corticolous, saxicolous. Lower Willow Canyon. Nash 41308 (ASU). Physconia isidiigera (Zahlbr. ex Hasse) Essl. - Corticolous, saxicolous. Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6955. 1 (UCR). Pyrrhospora quernea (Dickson) Korb. - Corticolous. Slope above SE beach. Nash 41108 (ASU). The lichenicolous fungus Skyttea tavaresiae R. Sant, occurs on this host (Diederich & Etayo 2004). Ramalina canariensis J. Steiner- Corticolous. Green Mountain. Nash 41430. 4 1 205. Marsh 7994 (ASU); campground below ranger station. Nash 41121, Marsh 7930, 7933 (ASU); Willow Canyon, Marsh 8021 (ASU); (ASU); San Miguel Island, Marsh 7961 (ASU); Bay Point, Marsh 8038 (ASU); Willow Canyon, Nash 41279. Marsh 8021 (ASU). Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. - Corticolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41374. Marsh 7966. 7997 (ASU); the Gangplanks Nash 41087 (ASU); San Miguel Island. Marsh 7960 (ASU). Ramalina leptocarplia Tuck. - Corticolous. Lower Willow Canyon, Nash 4 1 290, 41320 (ASU). Ramalina suhleplocarpha Rundel & Bowler - Corticolous. Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6947, 6970 (UCR); San Miguel Island. Grigarick L-53656 (ASU); Green Mountain, Nash 4 1 432 (ASU); the Gangplanks, Nash 4 1 088 (ASU ). Rinodina bolanderi H. Magn. - Saxicolous, terricolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41417 (ASU). Rinodina griseosorali/era Coppins - Corticolous. (Sheard 2004). Sarcogyne regularis Korb. — Saxicolous. Green Mountain. Knudsen bill (UCR). Schizopelte californica Th. Fr. - Saxicolous. Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6927 Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 70 (UCR); Willow Canyon, Marsh 8027 (ASU); lower end of Willow Canyon, Nash 41338 ASU); Lester Point, Marsh 7926, 7914, Nash 41 151 (ASU); Bay Point, Nash 41355 Marsh 8036 (ASU); Harris Point, 41166 (ASU); Harris Point, Benedict 54B (ASU). Seirophora californica (Sipman) Froden - Corticolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6785.1 (UCR). Telosch isles flavicuns (Sw. ) Norman - Corticolous. Trail between Green Mountain and San Miguel Hill. Bratt 9024 (SBBG). Tephromela nashii Kalb - Saxicolous. Lower Willow Canyon, Nash 41337 (ASU). Thelomma mammosum (Hepp in Hartung) A. Massal. - Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41243 (ASU); Willow Canyon, Nash 41267 (ASU). Thelomma santessonii Tibell - Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Nash 4 1 242 (ASU). Toitinia aromatica (Sm.) A. Massal. — Terricolous, saxicolous. San Miguel Hill, Knudsen 6698, 6763 (UCR ), Nash 4 1 1 1 5, 4 1 1 89, 4 1 223 (ASU); Green Mountain, Knudsen 6676, 6776, (UCR); upper Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6908 (UCR); between Caldwell Point & Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6894 (UCR); China Point, Nash 41210 (ASU); bluff east side of Willow Canyon Nash 4 1273, 4 1283 (ASU); Harris Point, Nash 41167 (ASU); Harris Point, Nash 41130 (ASU); Lester Point, Bratt 10458B (ASU). Toninia nashii Timdal - Parasitic or saxicolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41464 (ASU). This species was described from San Miguel Island based on a single specimen collected by Nash (Timdal 2002). The holotype was missing from ASU and was proabaly not returned to ASU by Timdal. Though described as a crustose lichen, it is possible it is a lichenicolous fungus. I have been unable to collect on any of the islands any specimens that could be identified as this species yet. Toninia sedifolia (Scop.) Timdal - Terricolous. Green Mountain, Knudsen 6675, 6684 (UCR). Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P. James - Corticolous and on dead wood. Green Mountain, Nash 41376 (ASU). Vsnea dasaea Still. - Corticolous. San Miguel Hill, Nash 41 194 (ASU). 71 Crossosotna 34(2). Fall-Winter 2008 Usnea esperantiana Clerc - Corticolous. Green Mountain, Nash 4 1 206 ( ASU). Usiiea flavocardia Rasanen - Corticolous. San Miguel Hill, Knudsen 6708 (UCR); Green Mountain. Knudsen 6713 (UCR); upper Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6726.1 (UCR). Usnea lapponica Vain. - Corticolous. San Miguel Hill, Knudsen 6703. 6753 (UCR); near ranger's station, Knudsen 6935 (UCR); upper Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6726.2 (UCR); Green Mountain, Knudsen 6695 (UCR). Usnea ruhicunda Stirton - Coticolous. Near ranger’s station. Knudsen 6713 (UCR); San Miguel Hill. Knudsen 6786.1 (UCR), Nash 1195 (ASU). I errucaria calkinsiana Servlt-Saxicolous. Green Mountain. Nash 41448 (ASU). Verrucaria cetera Breuss - Saxicolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41414 (ASU). J errucaria floerkeana Dalla Torre & Sarnth - Saxicolous. The Gangplanks, Nash 41098 (ASU). Verrucaria furfuracea (B. de Lesd.) Breuss - Saxicolous. Between San Miguel Hill and Green Mountain, Knudsen 6702(UCR); Green Mountain, Knudsen 6790, 6791.2 (UCR); trail to Caldwell Point. Knudsen 6728 (UCR). This species is common on caliche, isidiate and rarely fertile Verrucaria mimicrans Servit - Saxicolous. Near Willow Canyon. Knudsen 6883 (UCR); San Miguel Hill. Knudsen 6755 (UCR); along trail to Harris Point, Nash 41131 (ASU). Verrucaria muralis Ach. - Saxicolous. Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6968 (UCR); Green Mountain. Knudsen 6752 (UCR), Nash 41450 (ASU); San Miguel Hill, Knudsen 6699 (UCR). Verrucaria papillosa Ach. - Saxicolous. Near ranger’s station. Knudsen 6724 (UCR); Nidever Canyon, Knudsen 6879 (UCR); Green Mountain, Nash 41204. 41203 (ASU). Verrucaria subdivisa Breuss - Saxicolous. Nidever Canyon, Knudsen 6891 (UCR); Willow Canyon, Knudsen 6990.2. 6962, 6963 (UCR); Green Mountain, Knudsen 6785 (UCR); trail to Caldwell Point, Knudsen 6743 (UCR); Lester Point. Nash 41 152 (ASU). Crossosoina 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 72 Xanthomendoza oregana (Gyeln.) Sochting, Karnefelt & Kondr. - Corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41475 (ASU). Xanthoria ascendens S. Kondr. - Corticolous. Green Mountain, Nash 41378 (ASU); the Gangplanks, Nash 41091 (ASU). Xanthoria Candelaria (L.) Th. Fries - Corticolous, saxicolous. Trail to Caldwell Point, Knudsen 6729 (UCR); Green Mountain, Knudsen 6687 (UCR), Nash 414I5B (ASU); Harris Point Nash 4 1 1 69 A (ASU); S side of Prince Island, Crayton (ASU). Xanthoria pollinarioides L. Lindblom & D M. Wright - Corticolous. Caliche Forest, Marsh 7959B (ASU); San Miguel Hill, Nash 4 1 197 (ASU). CONCLUSIONS The total diversity number of 141 lichen species is fewer than should be expected, representing less than 10 per cent of the total taxa currently reported from California (Tucker & Ryan 2006). The fog and maritime conditions of the Channel Islands, creating high relative humidity, are ideal for many species of lichen. Though further field work and herbarium studies will increase these numbers, I believe the total number will still be fewer than occurred on San Miguel Island before sheep ranching began in the I 850s. The sheep ranchers probably depleted the island of large chaparral shrubs by using them for firewood, and sheep grazing would have destroyed many shrub seedlings. Junak et al. (1995) described similar loss of woody vegetation on neighboring Santa Rosa Island due to combined effects of fires and grazing. These effects would have reduced or eliminated shrub substrates and may even have caused the extirpation of some shrubs. This habitat loss is reflected in the subsistence of some lichen species, such as several Leccmora , only on fence posts, though they normally occur on the wood of maritime chaparral and oaks. The same habitat loss would have caused the disappearance of some corticolous species and many others are relatively rare now. Due to depleted seed banks, soil loss, and other long-term effects of grazing, the maritime chaparral will probably never come back. We are not even sure what species and genera were there before the I 850s. The stripping of the island’s vegetation and destruction of biological crusts by sheep eventually led to serious wind erosion. This would have caused the extirpation 73 Crossosoma 34(2). Fall-Winter 2008 of terricolous lichen species, for instance, possibly Aspicilia glaucopsina (N\l. ex Hasse) Hue. Aspicilia praecrencita (Nyl. ex Hasse) Hue. Texosporium sancti- jacobi (Tuck.)Nadv. ex Tibell & Hofsten as w ell as the new l\ -described Caloplaca obaniae K. Knudsen from Santa Rosa Island (Knudsen 2009). With the removal of the sheep over forty years ago. some of the native biota on San Miguel Island is recovering. For instance, according to Stephen McCabe (pers. comm.) when Reid Moran visited San Miguel Island in the 1950s. he saw no Dudley a. Now Dudley a greenei are almost everywhere around the base of San Miguel Hill and I saw populations scattered all over the areas I surveyed. With the resurgence of Dudleya species on San Miguel Island there is evidence of the renewed development of biological soil crusts consisting mainly of lichens and cyanobacteria. But the diversity of lichens in biological crusts appears to be low compared to those in undisturbed areas. For example. Cladonia nashii is a terricolous lichen described from Santa Rosa Island w here it occurs across the island and pioneers road cuts and covers soil areas w here it cannot be trampled by the remaining feral deer and elk. It has w ide ecological amplitude and can even be found as far inland in California as the west slope of the San Jacinto Mountains. It is endemic to California from San Simeon to Baja. During my survey I found a single population of Cladonia nashii consisting of five small individual patches on a steep slope of deep soil in upper Willow- Canyon. No other Cladonia species were found. At least one other Cladonia species occurred on the San Miguel Island in the recent past, voucherd by a single Nash collection from Green Mountain that was too scant for positive ID to species (ASU). Based on work at coastal sites in southern California such as Torrey Pines and Point Foma and a continuing studies of Santa Rosa Island and West Anacapa Island, there should be at least four to five species of Cladonia on San Miguel Island, including the California endemics Cladonia hammeri Ahti and Cladonia maritima K. Knudsen & Lendemer (Knudsen & Lendemer 2009). I have no doubt that the terricolous lichens will continue to recover but I believe that they will be less diverse then they were prior to grazing. These rather depressing conclusions should not blind us to the beauty of San Miguel's remaining lichens. Or that the island we see now w ill be very different in a hundred years after we are dead and buried thanks to the policies of the National Park Service to protect and conserve the island's natural resources. Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 74 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank J.C. Lendemer (NY) and J. Kocourkova (PRM) for reviewing an earlier draft of this checklist. This study was funded by the Mediterranean Fund through a co-operative agreement between National Park Service and the University of California at Riverside. I thank Kate Faulkner and botanist Sarah Chaney of the Channel Islands National Park for their unfailing help. I thank Dr. J. Giles Waines, director of the UCR Herbarium and Botanical Garden, for his constant support of my work. For special help during this study I thank J.C. Lendemer (NY) for performing thin-layer chromatography on selected specimens. I thank Shirley Tucker for her comments on the original report made to the National Park Service. CITED LITERATURE Bungartz, F, A. Nordin, and U. Grube. 2007 (2008). Buellia In: Nash III, T.H., C. Gries, F. Bungartz (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 3. I l3-l79,Tempe, Arizona: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. Diederich. P. and J. Etayo. 2004. Sky t tea. In: In: Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan. P. Diederich, C. Gries, F. Bungartz (eds.) Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 2, 693-695, Tempe. Arizona: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. Hertel, H. 2004. Aclelolecia. In: Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan. P. Diederich, C. Gries, F. Bungartz (eds.) Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Region, Vol. 2, 17-18, Tempe, Arizona: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. Junak, S.. T. Ayers, R. Scott, D. Wilken, and D. Young. 1995. A Flora of Santa Cruz Island. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, California and California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, California. 397 pp. Knudsen, K. 2009. Caloplaca ohamae , a new species from Santa Rosa Island, California. Opuscula Philolichenum 6: 37-40. Knudsen, K. and J.C. Lendemer. 2007. Studies in lichens and lichenicolous fungi: notes on some North American taxa. Mycotaxon 101: 8 1-87. Knudsen, K. and J.C. Lendemer. 2009. Cladonia maritima, a new species in the C. cervicornis group from western North America. Opuscula Philolichenum 6: 121-124. Kocourkova, J. and K. Knudsen. 2009. Stigmidium epistigmellum (Mycosphaerellaceae), a lichenicolous fungus from maritime Caloplaca in North America. The Btyologist 112 (3), 578-583. 75 Crossosoma 34(2). Fall-Winter 2008 Nash III. T.H.. B.D. Ryan. C. Cries. F. Bungartz (eds.). 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. I, Tempe, Arizona: Lichens Unlimited. Arizona State University, 532 pp. Nash III. T.H.. C. Gries, F. Bungartz (eds.) 2007 (2008). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 3. Tempe, Arizona: Lichens Unlimited. Arizona State University, 567 pp. Roberts. L.J. 1991. San Miguel Island. Carmel. California: Cal Rim Books, 2 1 6 pp. Schmitt. I., T.H. Lumbsch, C. Bratt. 2006. Two new brown-spored species of Pertusaria from southwestern North America. Lichenologist 38 (5): 411-416. Schoenherr, A. A., C.R. Feldmeth, and M.J. Emerson. 1999. Natural History - of the Islands of California. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 491 pp. Silvva, L. 2007. A Revision of the Lecanora dispersa Complex in North America. Polish Botanical Journal 52 (1): 1-70. Sheard, J.W. 2004. Rinodina. In: Nash III, T.H., B.D. Ryan. P. Diederich, C. Gries, F. Bungartz (eds.) Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran desert Region, Vol. 2. 467-502, Tempe. Arizona: Lichens Unlimited. Arizona State University. Timdal. E. 2002. Toninia. In: Nash III, T.H.. B.D. Ryan, C. Gries. F. Bungartz (eds.) Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. 1 . 488- 501. Tempe, Arizona: Lichens LInlimited. Arizona State University. Tucker, S.C. & B.D. Ryan. 2006. Constancea 84: Revised Catalog of Lichens, Lichenicoles, and Allied Fungi in California (http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/ constancea/84 ). Acccessed May. 2008. Weigand, P.W. 1998. Contributions to the Geology of the Northern Channel Islands, Southern California. Bakersfield, California: Pacific Section. American Association of Petroleum Geologists. 196 pp. Crossosoma 34(2), Fall- Winter 2008 76 NOTEWORTHY COLLECTIONS Culochortus weedii Alph. Wood var. intermedins F. Ownbey (LILIACEAE) - San Bernardino County: Chino Hills, Chino Hills State Park, Southern California Edison powerline corridor east of Bane Canyon Rd. on Pomona Trail, 7.5' USGS Prado Dam Quad (33°56’25”N, 1 17°4E50"W; T3S, R8W, W/2 S2), elev. 360 m. (1175 ft.), 22 May 2008, Scott D. White & Justin M. Wood 12027 (RSA). Los Angeles County: Brea Canyon, east of 57 Freeway, south of Diamond Bar on Southern California Edison access road, 7.5' USGS Yorba Linda Quad (33°57’36"N, 1 1 7°50'59''W; T2S, R9W, NW/4 of S32), elev. 256 m (840 ft.). 28 May 2008, Justin M. Wood 4 (RSA); San Jose Hills, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 7.5' USGS San Dimas Quad (34°03,33,‘N, 1 1 7C49’43"W; T1S, R9W, S28), elev. 283-289 m. (930-950 ft.), 28 May 2008, Justin M Wood 5 (RSA); Puente Hills, east of Rose Hills Memorial Park, 7.5' USGS El Monte Quad (34°00'19"N, I18°00’32”W: T2S, RilW, Sll), elev. 314-320 m. (1030- 1050 ft.), 4 Jun 2008, Scott D. White & Justin M Wood 12049 (RSA); Puente Hills, between Turnbull Cyn Rd. and Skyline Dr. on Southern California Edison access road, 7.5’ USGS Whittier Quad (33°59’50”N, 1 1 8°00’20"W; T2S, R1 1 W, SI 4), elev. 345 m (1140 ft.), 4 Jun 2008, Scott D. White & Justin M. Wood 12056 (RSA); Puente Hills, east of Hacienda Blvd. on Skyline Dr., 7.5’ USGS La Habra Quad (33°58’24’’N, 1 1 7°57’07.5”W; T2S, R10W, S29), elev. 384 m. (1260 ft.), 4 Jun 2008, Scott D. White & Justin M. Wood 12053 (RSA). Previous knowledge. Calochortus weedii var. intermedins (intermediate mariposa lily) is on California Native Plant Society’s List IB. 2. It occurs in coastal sage scrub, grassland, and chaparral, generally in openings in shrublands and steep exposed areas of conglomerate sandstone and siltstone. It occurs throughout the lower elevations of the Santa Ana Mountains and the Chino Hills primarily in Orange County, but extending into Riverside County. It has been reported in Los Angeles County (California Native Plant Society On-Line Inventory, http:// northcoustcnps.org/cgi-hin/inv/inventory.cgi , site accessed 26 Apr 2009) but apparently is unvouchered there (Consortium of California Herbaria, http:// ucjeps.herkeley.edu/consortium/, site accessed 26 Apr 2009). Significance. First record for San Bernardino County' and a significant expansion of range and number of occurrences in Los Angeles County. We note that Culochortus weedii varieties apparently intergrade with C. plummerae in some parts of their ranges. The specimens reported here were identified by petal color in living material (darker purple than C. plummerae which generally are pink or lavender); fringed petal margins; and yellow hairs surrounding the nectaries. 77 Crossosoma 34(2). Fall- Winter 2008 Ehrhnrta longiflora Sm. (POACEAE) - Los Angeles County, Puente Hills, City of Hacienda Heights. Southern California Edison powerline corridor near Skyline Dr. and east of Hacienda Blvd., USGS 7.5’ La Habra Quad (33°58'N. 1 1 7°57'30"W; T2S. R 1 0W. NE/4 S30), elev. 320 m ( 1 050 ft.). 8 May 2008, Scott D. White & Justin M. Wood 11943 (RSA). Previous knowledge. Ehrharta longiflora (longflovvered veldtgrass) is an invasive annual native to southern Africa. The first California collections were made in San Diego Co. in the early 1990s and in Riverside Co. in 2001. Tom Chester provides photographs; background on local invasions and eradication efforts: and an identification guide online at http://tchester.org plants analysis/ ehrharta/ longiflora. hlntl (site accessed 18 Apr 2009). Significance. First record for Los Angeles County, and about 90 km north of the nearest known occurrence, at Santa Margarita Ecological Preserve. Riverside Co. This occurrence was discovered and identified by Ed Kentner. Erharta longiflora was abundant in localized patches along Skyline Dr. between Hacienda Blvd. and Punta del Este Dr. Our collection was along a short access road to a powerline tower, just north of Skyline Dr. Most of the plants had dropped their seeds and turned brown, but intact green specimens were common on north exposures along the road. It was most common on roadsides and open places, partially beneath the canopies of native oaks and ornamental eucalyptus woodland, and also was spreading into the adjacent shrublands. The plants were robust, with stems approaching about 2 m tall. Based on the many plants which had already dropped seeds, it must have produced a copious seed crop, and it is likely to disperse farther via w ind, vehicles, or animals. Euphorbia graminea Jacq. (EUPHORBIACEAE) - Los Angeles County, San Gabriel Valley, City of Monrovia, private residence on El Nido Ave., USGS 7.5' Mt. Wilson Quad (34°09‘ 13’"N, I I8°00'48"W; TIN. RIIW. SE/4 S22), elev. 171 m (560 ft.). 3 Jan 2009, Justin M. Wood 281 (RSA), determined by Victor Steinmann. Previous Knowledge. Euphorbia graminea (grassleaf spurge) is a facultative annual or perennial herb, native from northern Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela, ft has spread widely from its native range to numerous locations, including Florida, Louisiana, and very recently, California (Victor Steinmann, pers. comm ). To date, the only two California collections we are aware of w ere made in 2004 and 2005, in San Diego County (Consortium of California I ferbaria. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/, site accessed 31 May 2009). Crossosoma 34(2), Fall-Winter 2008 78 Significance. First record for Los Angeles County, the third record for the state of California, and the northern-most known occurrence. The specimen was collected in an unirrigated area of a yard and was also seen in adjacent yards. The property owner indicated that this occurrence has been persisting there for several years. Based on this collection and descriptions of prior collections in California, Euphorbia graminea may be spreading via potted nursery stock. It is probably more common than presently know but may be confined to landscaped areas. Hemizonia mohuvensis Keck (ASTERACEAE) - Riverside County. Scott D. White 8/20 (RSA) and 8123 (RSA, SD), 22 Aug 2000; Scott D. White 8/36 (RSA, UCR), 20 Oct 2000; Scott D. White 8142 (RSA), 24 Oct 2000; Scott D. White 11300 (RSA), 27 Apr 2006; Scott D. White and Justin Wood 11643 (RSA, UCR), 13 Sep 2006. All collected south of Hemet at and around “Gibbel Flat” in the Santa Rosa Hills. USGS Hemet 7.5' quad, ca. 33°42.5’ N, II6°56’ W; T5S, RIW, Sect. 25, 1800 - 2200 ft. elev. Site topography is rolling hills with scattered granitic outcrops; vegetation is coastal sage scrub, annual grassland, and open riparian shrubland along ephemeral channels. Hundreds of plants, in scattered microhabitat patches mostly along ephemeral channels, often with riparian herbs incl. Mimulus cardinalis, Stachys ajugoides, Urtica hotosericea, and Muhlenbergia rigens. Not found in perennial seeps, but often downstream from seeps where no surface water was present during summer and fall field visits. Absent or uncommon in seemingly suitable habitat where alien grasses and mustards occurred at high density. Previous knowledge. Synonymous with Deinandra mohavensis (Keck) Baldwin (Baldwin 1999. Novon 9: 462-471) and treated under that name in the California Department of Fish and Game (2009, Special vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens list http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/SPPlants.pdf) and in the California Native Plant Society Inventory {op. c/7.) where it is ranked on List IB. 3. Peninsular ranges. Riverside and San Diego cos. (San Jacinto Mtns., Anza Bench, Palomar Mtns.); historically from northern base of San Bernardino Mtns., San Bernardino Co. Elevational range ca. 2900 - 5200 ft, habitat and distribution summarized by Sanders et al. (1997, Madrono 44: 197-203). Also disjunct to southern Sierra Nevada (Kern Co.; Consortium of California Herbaria, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/ , site accessed 31 May 2009). State-listed endangered since 1981. Presumed extinct until rediscovery in 1994. Significance. Extends elevational range about 800 feet downward, into areas surrounded by coastal sage scrub rather than the chaparral, oak woodland, or pine forests as otherwise known. Due to its late phenology, Hemizonia mohavensis is unlikely to be found during most botanical surveys conducted for compliance with 19 Crossosoma 34(2). Fall-Winter 2008 environmental legislation. The late season surveys on this site were recommended on the basis of the habitat description in Sanders el aL (op. c/7.) and known occurrences higher in the watershed. Linmanthes gracilis Howell subsp. parishii (Jepson) Beauch. (LIMNANTHACEAE) — Riverside Co.. San Jacinto Mountains, K Flat Meadow, USGS 7.5' Idyllwild Quad (33o41'30”N. 1 16°40' I9.5"W; T5S. R3E, SE/4 S33). elev. 1438 m (4718 ft.). 18 Jun 2008. Scott D. White & Justin M. Wood 1 22 IS (RSA); May Valley near Fleming Ranch, north of Bonita Vista Rd. and east of Herkey Creek. USGS Idyllwild Quad (33°42'50”N. 1 16°40’ 15”W; T5S, R3E. NE/4 S 28), elev. 1550 m (5085 ft.). 20 Jun 2008, Andrew C. Sunders 31 -Founded 1927 - http.V/www.socalbot. org Membership, Subscriptions, and Back Issues Individual and Family Memberships in SCB are $ 1 5 per calendar year domes- tic, and S20 per year to foreign addresses. Membership includes two issues of CROSSOSOMA, and 5 or 6 issues of Leaflets , the newsletter of SCB. Leaflets provides time-dated information on activities and events that may be of interest to our membership. A subscription to CROSSOSOMA is available to libraries and institutions at the domestic rate of $25 per calendar year, and $30 to foriegn insti- tutions. Back issues (Volume 18 - present) are available for $5 each, or $10 for the volume, postpaid. Prior to Volume 18, CROSSOSOMA included time-dated notices to the membership and was published six times a year. These back issues of Volumes 1 - 17 are $1 each, or $6 per volume, postpaid. Some back issues that are out of stock may be provided as photocopies. 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