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Aine traci tao a he Hen Ay, Apap, reine ¥ MN Oe Ua sim Uo MY Neate yey Ir te MYsctes tate Mails lem ily SU lr Nn Sle Ms 2 thm srw imety tere sty be Gatien thn Yin ge : Ne se x balks ty Mote 4000 Hein 19 Morin Dane Ne ty ty wats he Nhe thle Ye Mn ty Mn inte he Moin a Me Meh te See Mestad es Reni ¥ , 2 Bae He Mba tate 1% 5 4 ag Ia rene et marina cra ston NAM in nate A uate betoninee babes abisenin ‘tn “treats wae eke a Mone tation _ Neen thay tan hem Me tthe wpe Nin ih Abeta So th on ae G0 Mee nti Foi «heen te fi tie Bn ig he 4,0 Aho tty lant te He so sn Pim ts tow nla ep she Dowiedte Te Fon in ia Be Sow ign am mie the in oar Bialtn maton igen eh at Bp Ws Ne Menton oy cee he Nohate Sethe te Matin Maer Me eA Rm bee em nes Pm eg Emit re me Mame tan Hi Aes mn ena Th CPU Rn Nine git one a ns a ten Mehm valgn tomb tn ehh lant l seietclaciapnaae [ FRoM THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ScrENcE, Vou. XXVIII, Juny, 1884.] Art. [X.—Crustacea of the Albatross Dredgings in 1883; by SmipNey I. Sir. Very little has yet been published in regard to the zoolog- ical results of the deep sea explorations carried on during the summer of 1883, by the United States Fish Commission, although the dredgings were among the most important yet made. Some of the remarkable forms of fishes discovered have been described by Drs. Gill and Ryder, but the writer’s report on the decapod crustacea (80 pages of text with 10 plates), recently putin type for the Fish Commission Report for 1882, is the first detailed report on the zoological collection made by the Albatross, and affords an opportunity for a brief review of the results of the study of the higher crustacea, which is here published by permission of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. The dredgings of the Albatross extended from off Cape Hat- teras to the region of George’s Banks. The number of dredg- ing stations was 116, of which 30 were in less than 100 fathoms, 35 between 100 and 500 fathoms, 19 between 500 and 1000 fathoms, 27 between 1000 and 2000 fathoms, and 5 below 2000 fathoms. The whole number of species of Decapoda deter- mined from these stations is 72, but of these at least 15 are true shallow-water species. Of the remaining 57 species, 40 were taken below 500 fathoms, 29 below 1000 fathoms, 13 below 2000 fathoms, and 6 at a single haul in 2949 fathoms. Of the 29 species taken below 1000 fathoms, 21 are Caridea or true shrimp, and the 8 higher species distributed as follows: 2 Hryontidz, 3 Galatheids, 1 Paguroid, 1 Lithodes, and 1 Bra- chyuran belonging to the Dorippide. It is interesting to com- pare these results with the lists of the fauna of the North Atlan- tic below 1000 fathoms, given by the Rev. Dr. Norman in the presidential address to the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, published last year. In Dr. Norman’s lists only 12 species of Decapoda are recorded, nene of them from as great a depth as 2000 fathoms, and of these 12 species, 7 were known only from the Blake dredgings of 1880. The following are some of the more interesting new forms: a new genus of Brachyura allied to Hthusa, 1496. to-1735 fath- oms; an Anomuran belonging to A. Milne-Hdwards’ new genus Galacantha, 1479 fathoms; two species of Pentacheles (a genus of Hryontide allied to Willemesia), between 843 and 1917 fath- oms; a stout Palzemonid (Notostomus), six inches long and intense dark crimson in color, 1809 to 1555 fathoms; a gigantic Pasyphaé, eight and one-half inches long, 1842 fath- iC 54S. L. Smith—Crustacea of the Albatross Dredgings. oms; three species of a remarkable new genus allied to Pasiphaé, and also to Hymenodora and some other genera of Palemonidie, which shows that Pasphaéd is closely allied to the Paleemonide ; a large Peneeid,.a foot in length, referred to the little known genus Avrzsteus; and a large Sergestes three inches in length. The great size of some of these new species of shrimp is remarkable, but is far exceeded by two of the previously described crabs. Geryon quinquedens, from 105 to 588 fathoms, is one of the largest Brachyurans known, the carapax in some specimens being five inches long and six broad, while one spe- cimen of the great spiny Jvthodes Agassizvi measures seven inches in length and six in breadth of carapax, and the out- stretched legs over three feet in extent. Among the Schizopoda there are two large species of Gnath- ophausa, one over four inches in length, and a Lophogaster, all from below 2000 fathoms. One of the most interesting Schiz- opods is a small 7hysanoessa (a genus of Huphausidze) from 398 to 1067 fathoms, of which one female was found carrying eggs. The eggs are carried in an elongated and flattened mass beneath the cephalothorax, are apparently held together by some glu- tinous secretion, and are attached principally to the third pair of perzeopods (antepenultimate cephalothoracic appendages). This apparently confirms Bell’s statement in regard to the ege- carrying of Thysanopoda Couch, which is, as far as I know, the only published observation of egg-carrying in any of the. Kuphauside. The Amphipoda from deep water are comparatively few in number and have not yet been carefully examined, but among them is one specimen of the gigantic Aurythenes gryllus Boeck (Lysianassa Magellanica Milne-Edwards), probably the Jargest of all known Amphipoda. This specimen, which is over four and a half inches long, and very stout in proportion, was taken in 1917 fathoms, north lat. 37° 56’ 20”, west long. 70° 57’ 30”. The few previously known specimens came from Cape Horn, Greenland, and Finmark, and have apparently all been taken from the stomachs of fishes. This species and its occurrence in the extreme arctic and antarctic seas, has been much discussed and is the subject of a long memoir by Lilljeborg, but the apparently anomalous distribution is explained by its discov- ery in deep water off our middle Atlantic coast. The great differences in depth through which some of the ‘species range is worthy of notice, several species ranging more than 2000 fathoms, as shown in the list, given further on, of species taken below 2000 fathoms. I have not yet noticed distinct varietal differences due to depth in any species, though there is often a very marked change in the associating species. S. I. Smith— Crustacea of the Albatross Dredgings. 5B A very remarkable case is that of Parapagurus pilosimanus, which was taken at fifteen stations and in 250 to 640 fathoms by the Fish Hawk and Blake in 1880-81-’82, and in great abundance at one station, in 819 fathoms, where nearly four hundred large specimens were taken at once. All these earlier specimens were inhabiting carcincecia of Hpizoanthus paguri- philus. In the dredgings last summer the Parapagurus was taken at seven stations ranging in depth from 1781 to 2221 fathoms, but none of the specimens were associated with the same species of Hpizoanthus, some being in a very different species of Hpizoanthus, others ia naked gastropod shells, and still others in an actinian polyp. A striking characteristic of the deep-sea crustacea is their red or reddish color. A few species are apparently nearly colorless, -but the great majority are some shade of red or orange, and I have seen no evidence of any other bright color. A few species from between 100 and 300 fathoms are conspicuously marked with scarlet or vermilion, but such bright markings were not noticed in any species from below 1000 fathoms. Below this depth, orange red of varying intensity is apparently the most common color, although in several species, very notably in the Notostomus already referred to, the color was an exceedingly intense dark crimson. The eyes of these abyssal species are even more remarkable than their colors, as the following list of the Decapoda and larger Schizopoda taken below 2000 fathoms by the Albatross, with the notes which follow, will show: 1. Parapagurus pilosimanus.--- 1731 to 2221 fathoms. 2. Pontophilus abyssi --------- 1917 to 2221 3. Nematocarcinus ensiferus -.. 588 to 2030 4, Acanthephyra Agassizii -- -- . 105 to 2949 Fee NCANu Memo yca ASPs. 253 a 2 2929 6. Gen. allied to Acanthephyra_ 1395 to 2929 7. Hymenodora glacialis-_-. --- §88 to 2030 8. Parapasiphaé suleatifrons ... 516 to 2929 9. Parapasiphaé compta ---.--- 2369 10. Amalopenzeus elegans -----.- 640 to 2369 IIe Aristeus ie tridems) 2) 2) oo. 843 to 2221 12. Hepomadus tener.-_--.------ 2949 ls. Sergestes mollis 072 22. 20. 373 to 2949 14. Gnathophausa, sp. .------- .- 858 to 2038 15. Gnathophausa, sp... 2-.22-—- 959 to 2949 liGealnophooasterm sp). 0). 2228 1022 to 2949 In every one of these sixteen species the eyes are present, in the normal position, aid distinctly faceted. In Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 11 and 12 the eyes are well developed, black, and while some- what smaller than in the average Palemonide and Penzids, 56S. L. Smith—Crustacea of the Albatross Dredgings. are not conspicuously smaller than in many allied shallow- water forms. In 1 the eyes are black but conspicuously smaller than in the allied shallow-water species. In 13 the eyes are black and of moderate size. In 9 they are apparently black or nearly black and small. In 2 they are nearly color- less in alcoholic specimens and rather larger than usual in the genus, but considerably smaller than in Pontophilus gracilis, a very closely allied species found in 200 to 500 fathoms. In 7 and 8 they are small and light colored. In 10 they are rather small and dark brown. In 14, 15 and 16 they are not con- spicuously different in size from those of allied shallow-water species and are dark brown. However strong may be the arguments of the physicists against the possibility of lght penetrating the depths from which these animals come, the color and the structure of their eyes, aS compared with blind cave-dwelling species, show con- clusively that the darkness beneath two-thousand fathoms of sea-water is very different from that of ordinary caverns. While it may be possible that this modification of the darkness of the ocean abysses is due to phosphorescence of the animals themselves, it does not seem probable that it is wholly due to this cause. The large size of the eggs 1s a marked feature in many of the deep-water Decapoda. The eggs of Hupagurus politus from 50 to 500 fathoms, are more than eight times the volume of those of the closely allied and larger & bernhardus from shal- low water, and in Sabinea princeps, from 400 to 900 fathoms, they are more than fifteen times as large as in S. septemcarinata from 25 to 150 fathoms. The most remarkable cases are among the deep-water genera. Galacantha rostrata and G. Bardi, from between 1000 and 1500 fathoms, have eggs 3™™ in diameter in alcoholic specimens, while in the vastly larger lobster they are less than 2™™. The largest crustacean eggs known to me are those of Parapasiphaé sulcatifrons, a slender shrimp less than three inches long, taken between 1000 and 3000 fathoms. Alcoholic specimens of these eggs are fully 4 by 5™™ in shorter and longer diameter, fully ten times the volume of the eggs.of Pasiphaé tarda from 100 to 200 fathoms, more than three hundred and fifty times the volume of those of a much larger shallow-water Palwmon, and each one more than a hundredth of the volume of the largest individual of the species. From the peculiar environment of deep-water. species it seems probable that many of them pass through an abbreviated metamorphosis within the egg, like many fresh- water and terrestrial species, and these latge eggs are apparently — adapted to producing young of large size, in an advanced stage of development, and specially fitted to live under conditions similar to those environing the adults. nTeA f Hi } ; I : - he : % } t , ‘ | yf ea ti - ; iNet — > : i x : 7 ? ‘ ; " f Me Ah % onl f > oy ale ae : ‘ 7 . _ é : ; : ¥ J Ay 4 NSTITUTION LIBRARIES I z <= z oO 77) x = = oie T ey ee SE Re etre Se ay Se ees Nang ee rate susere aaa tee GS RAN oes 1b a bb ataen ngs eo, meee pees ee ony ace noe : : ; Que wy : : ‘ : : ; Hawpeeren \ . ‘ : sco ; one wire rt RSPR <3 '6 - : yoy ‘ a : : : ~ pet Sh eee ip aad eet See se A ae aT LP GT ers ie hh ee eee ES Ny, i Testes E f g ate i Be he . 4 Aue Eye we Pwe ee ak - ttn shila j ONE Rd eg pa SL i sv eb oar A pi ie ey Re a Re Wn 4 ; oe case 4 ane i ie i x a chit teeth et ek en et Re TENE eR HL Re