: . 3 4 RR 0 es a ee ree a FEV OP ewe Sig ere etre ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY NEW YorK STATE COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE AND HoME EcoNomIcs AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY ‘Ornell University Library “TT Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http:/Awww.archive.org/details/cu31924000021109 EASTERN NORTH. AMERICA WATER BIRDS PART I KEY: TO THE FAMILIES AND SPECIES ae rice ace Ata i ‘i ‘ i ' a . eS ; se 2 - Gurator of Department oF Ukinithology in the ‘Field Caluinbian, Museum SPECIAL BDITION PRINTED FOR THE ‘FI ELD si i oi MUSEUM ARTIFICIAL KEY TO DISTINGUISH THE LAND BIRDS AND WATER BIRDS. All birds having toes more or less webbed and no feathers on the tarsus (all intergradations between figures A and B), except the Vultures,* and also all birds having the bill more than three inches long, whether the toes are webbed or not, are Water Birds. ‘There are also a few Water Birds which do not agree with the above description, which may be described as A follows :— Gullinules, Rails. Least Bitterns and Small Herons. SHORE Birps. —'The majority of the Shore Birds either have the toes with small web, or the bill over three inches long. Those which do not may be recognized by the following characters: hind toe, when present, elevated above level of front toes: bill, rather soft; nos- tril, a shit; lower portion of tibia (upper part of leg), not feathered; first primary, about equal to second. GALLINULES. — Rail-like birds, inhabiting marshy places; forehead, covered by a horny plate or shield. RAILS. — Wing, rather short and rounded; toes, long; hind toe, on level with front toes (true Rails); first primary, much shorter than second. LEAST BITTERNS AND SMALL Herons. — Toes, four; lores, bare; inner side of middle toe nail, with comb-like edge. All other birds are called Land Birds. * Several Land Birds have the toes partly webbed, such as the Goatsuckers, Caprimulgidw, the Vultures, Cathartide, and a few others; but all have the tarsus more or less feathered, except the Vultures, the only Land Birds which have webbed toes, and no feathers on the tarsus. My TARE BIRDS OF EASTERN NorTH AMERICA KNOWN TO OCCUR EAST OF THE NINETIETH MERIDIAN WATER BIRDS PART J KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND SPECIES BY CHARLES B. CORY Curator of the Department of Ornithology in the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, Vice-President of the American Ornithologists’ Union; Fellow of the Linnean and Zovlogical Societies of London ; Member of the British Ornithologi ts’ Union; Honorary Member of the California Academy af Sciences; Cor, Member New York Academy of Sciences, etc , etc. AUTHOR OF “THE BEAUTIFUL AND CurRIoUS BIRDS OF THE WoRrLD,” “TAME Bikbs OF THE BAHAMA IsLaNbs,” “Tue Brrps oF Hart AND SAN Dominco,” “ THE Birps oF tie West INDIES,” «©A NATURALIST IN THE MAGDALEN IsLANbs,” ‘ HUNTING AND FISHING IN FLoripa,” “Key To THE Water Birps oF Fioripa,” How To KNOW THE SHORE Birps oF NorruH America,” ‘ Wow To KNOW THE Ducks, GEESE, AND SWANS,” ETC., ETC. SPECIAL EDITION PRINTED FOR THE FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM, CHICAGO, ILL. 1899 PREFACE OrnitHoLoey is the science of birds (Gr., dpvibos, ornithos, of a bird; Adyos, logos, a discourse), and to become an expert ornithologist requires years of hard work, com- bined with a love for the study itself; but there are many students of nature who would like to know the birds about them, but do not have the time nor desire to go deeply into the subject. To meet such a want, the present ‘‘ keys” have been pre- pared, in which the species are grouped according to size, and it is believed they will enable the novice to accurately identify any of our birds. Careful comparison of large series of birds has shown that while adult birds of the same species differ considerably in length, the wing measure is very constant, the variation in a large number of specimens being so small that, allowing for possible extremes, we may safely arrange our birds in groups according to length of wing. A Song Sparrow may vary slightly in size, but the largest Song Sparrow is never as large as the smallest adult Robin, and vice versa. By grouping the various birds from the Humming Bird to the Eagle and Albatross, according to the length of wing (allow- ing, of course, for unusual extremes), the identification of any species then becomes a comparatively simple matter, as usually the birds contained in each group are so few in number that characteristic differences in each species are easily indicated. Let us, for example, assume we have a bird before us which we wish to identify ; we first should find out to which family it belongs. Turning to the Key to Families, page 10, we find this an easy matter (as the families are few and the illustrated differ- ences in the bills and feet very characteristic), we discover our bird to be a duck. Having ascertained the family to which our bird belongs, we turn to the Key to Species. We have, of course, measured the wing and found it to be 5.90 inches long, measured from the carpus (bend of wing) to tip. (See illustration, ‘‘ How to Measure a Bird,” on page 8.) We now turn to the Ducks, and discover they are divided into subfamilies, the Bay and Sea Ducks having a flap or lobe on the hind toe, and the fresh-water ducks, or River and Pond Ducks, have no large flap on the hind toe. Our bird has a flap on its hind toe, and is evidently a salt-water duck, belonging to the subfamily Fuliguline. This subfamily, we find, contains two sections. Section 1 having the tail feathers (iii) iv BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. not stiff and pointed, and Section 2, tail feathers stiff and pointed. Our duck has stiff, pointed tail feathers, and therefore belongs in Section 2. Section 2 contains two species; one having whole front of head and cheeks black, the other, with sides of head more or less white. As our duck has a patch of white on the side of the head, it must, therefore, be the Ruddy Duck, Erismatura jamaicensis. All measurements of birds are given in inches and fractions of an inch. The diagrams on page 8 will illustrate how a bird should be measured, and the chart (pages vili and ix) will be useful to the young student of ornithology who may not be familiar with the technical terms used in describing birds. Such terms as primaries and axillars should be learned at once. It is customary to indicate the sexes by the signs of Mars and Venus; the male, of course, being given that of Mars, ¢, and the female, Venus, 9. In preparing the Key, a very large number of birds were examined and measured. In addition to the large collection of North American birds contained in the Field Columbian Museum, by courtesy of my friends, Dr. J. A. Allen and Prof. Robert Ridgway, the collections of the Smithsonian Institution and the American Museum of Natural History were always open to me, as well as the splendid private collection of Mr. William Brewster, at Cambridge, Mass. A few species which occur in Greenland, but which have not been observed else- where in North America, and rare exotic stragglers have been excluded from the Key, but are given in their proper place in the body of the work. The larger portion of the illustrations are original and are the work of Mr. Edward Knobel, of Boston. Numerous cuts are also included by arrangement with Messrs. Little, Brown & Co., of Boston, which are taken from Baird, Brewer & Ridgway’s Nortn American Birps. i \ Jugulum -- PPR SS aoa _Fiump Carpal Joint -- a Lesser Wing Coverts ~ < Middle Wing Coverts -~~ Sige “\ Onder Tail Coverte or Crissum Nasal Tubes aad Onguis w Nail a A) cas JNA Hind Toe TOPOGRAPHY OF A PLOVER. seat np bie AS Si po Wes INTRODUCTION. A BIRD Is a feathered vertebrate animal; or, to describe it more fully, it is an air-breathing, warm-blooded, feathered, oviparous (egg-laying), vertebrate animal, having a four- chambered heart, and a complete double circulation. Birds occupy a place in nature intermediate between the mammals and the reptiles, and many naturalists consider a bird to be merely a modified reptile. Be that as it may; we are morally certain that thousands of years ago there existed on the earth huge, lizard-like birds, of many of which we know nothing. The oldest known form of whiclt we have any actual knowledge is the celebrated Archwopterya, a fossil found by Andreas Wagner, in the Oélitic slate of Solenhofer, Bavaria, in 1861. This reptile bird had a lizard-like tail bordered with feathers, and jaws armed with teeth. ; Of late years, many important osteological discoveries have been made, and from Dodo. Ostrich. Moa. the reconstructed skeletons we are able to form some idea of the size and shape of a few of the many huge and strange birds which lived and died in the forgotten past. The Harpagornis, an immense raptorial bird, or some similar monster, may have orig- inated the stories of the Roc of nursery lore. Still later, we have the Dodo of Mauri- tius, and the Moa of New Zealand, the latter a giant bird, much larger than the 2 BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. largest Ostrich, which, it is claimed, was still in existence at the beginning of the present century, and a few of the older natives claim to have heard their fathers talk of seeing it alive. We know of several species which have become extinct during the past fifty years, notably the Great Auk and the Labrador Duck, Camptole:mus labra- dorius. In the West Indies we have numerous instances of the recent disappearance of insular forms. The Jamaica Petrel, Aestreluta caribaea, is now supposed to have been exterminated by the Mongoose (Herpestes), which animal was introduced into the island some years ago for the purpose of killing the rats. Wallace, in his ‘*‘ Distri- bution of Animals,” states that no less than six species of Parrots were said to have been formerly found in Guadaloupe and Martinique, but at the present time no Parrots are known to exist on either of those islands. Ledru, in his ‘* Voyage aux iles Teneriffe,” published in Paris, in 1810, men- tions several birds which are now unknown, among them a green pigeon from St. Thomas. ; While many species have become extinct, others have extended their range, and, accommodating themselves to changed conditions and environment, have in the course of time developed new forms. Birds showing decided and constant differences are recognized as species, whereas if the differences in color or size are not very great and intermediate forms occur showing an intergradation from one to the other, they are called races or subspecies. Races are really species in process of development and are caused by difference in climate, food, ete. Insular forms which are sufficiently removed from the parent stock to warrant the belief that their isolation is complete, are generally recognized as species even though the differences would hardly be worthy of specific recognition if the two forms occurred in close proximity on the main land. It should be borne in mind, however, that the line of demarkation between a species and a subspecies is a purely arbitrary one and is largely a matter of individual opinion. Subspecies are distinguished by a third name; for example, Dendroica paimarum hypochrysea is a race or subspecies of Dendroica palmarum. Having learned something as to what a bird is, let us take up in order the more important external parts, such as the wing, tail, bill, and feet. As an aid to identification, the wing characters are most important. wing coverts, primaries, INTRODUCTION, THE WING. secondaries, axillars, etc., The terms are constantly used in describing birds, and the student should learn to recognize them ata glance. The Remiges are the flight feathers of the wing, and the Tectrices are the small feathers coy- ering the upper part of the wing or shoulder (see illustration), and are usually called cov- erts. The Remiges are divided into pri-= maries, secondaries, and tertials, accord- ing to the location in the wing. The Primaries are the feathers growing from the outer section of the wing ; shonnet ranging from 9 to 10 (and rarely 11) in various families. yj ie oe ose l da, DD ‘ ae ¢ oy \ ‘primar TS D ining the aN R2guerts that is to say, from the outer bend of the wing (carpus) to tip, C to D, the At first, it is not always easy to distinguish the last primary from the first secondary ; but experience is the best teacher, and the point can always be settled by exam- roots of the feathers. The Secondaries are the remiges at- tached to, the wna or forearm, B to C (see illustration) ; they number from than 40. 6 to 40 in the various families; the Humming-bird having the smallest number, and the Albatross more The Tertials are the few remaining remiges which grow from the humerus, A to B. The Tectrices, or Wing Coverts, are small feathers covering the larger wing feathers; the feathers lining the edge of the under surface of the wing are called under wing coverts. The outer wing coverts are divided and deseribed as greater wing coverts, middle wing coverts, and lesser wing coverts, respectively. (See illustration. ) 4 BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. The Speculum. A term used to indicate a patch or band on the wing (usually of different color from the rest of the feathers), formed by the terminal portion of the secondaries, very noticeable inthe Ducks. (See illustration, Topography of a Duck, page 8.) Onder Primary, Coverts Primartes my -Axillars or Axillary Plumes Under Surface of Wing. The Axillary Plumes, or Axillars, are an important aid in the identification of many species; these are several rather elongated feathers growing from the arm- pit (avilla), at the junction of the wing and body. THE TAIL. The Rectices, or Tail Feathers, proper, number from 8 to 24, and in some very few cases even more. By far the greater number of birds, however, have 12 rectices. Rounded tail Pointed or cuneate tail Forked tail Graduated tail The small feathers overlapping the rectices are called upper tail coverts, while those below are the under tail coverts or crissum., (For illustration of tail coverts and crissum, see Topography of a Bird.) INTRODUCTION. 5 THE LEG AND FOOT. A bird’s leg may be briefly described as having only the knee downward exposed ; the true thigh is concealed, but may be felt under the skin on the side of the body. The true knee is close to the body just under the skin. apparently the knee, but which bends back- ward, is really the heel. (See illustration.) The bird does not walk on the foot (from the heel downward), but merely walks on his toes. The first exposed joint which is Booted Tarsus Scutellate Tarsus The Tarsus, which is measured from the bend of the leg (end of tibia) to the roots of the toes (C to D in illustration), is an important factor in the identification of many species. ?The feet are very variable in shape and arrangement of the toes. These variations are of the greatest importance, representing generic and, often, family differences. Types of Feet. — Water Birds. 6 BIRDS OF EASTFRN NORTH AMERICA. The Toes are sometimes three or four (the Ostrich has but two), sometimes two in front and two behind; two in front and one behind; or, in one family (not North America), all four turned forward. Some families have the toes joined or fused together for part of their length, as in the Kingfisher. Some species have webbed feet, others have the toes armed with curved talons, and so on; but the various differences with which we wish to become familiar can better be illustrated than described. Foot of Owl Foot of three-toed Woodpecker Types of Feet.— Land Birds. . THE BILL. The Bill consists of an upper and a lower mandible, both of which are movable. ‘The shape is of great assistance in determining the family to which the species belong. Four principal types are recognized : — 1. Epignathous. Upper mandible longer than lower; the tip bent or hooked over the end of lower mandible. (Examples : Hawks, Gulls, Petrels, Parrots. ) 2. Hypognathous. Lower mandible, longer than upper mandible. (Examples : 3lack Skimmers, Rhynchops.) Paragnathous. Both mandibles of about equal length. Metagnathous, Mandibles crossed. (Example: Crossbill. Zoid.) INTRODUCTION. a The shape and size of the bill vary greatly, as will be seen by the following illustrations representing fifteen of the principal types among our birds : — ey Bill of Humming-bird Bill of Song Sparrow Bill of Least Bittern Bill of Duck ~ a Bill of Warbler N h \ s , wth \ H My . " »> E& Bill of Sparrow oes “ Bill of Woodpecker . aay Bill of Heron Cere. A membrane (usually hard), which covers the base of the upper mandible. (Hawks, Parrots, Jagers.) Nasal Fossa, or Nasal Groove. Groove in which the nostrils open. Gonys. Lower outline (middle) of the under mandible, A to B. Culmen. The ridge of the upper mandible. Unguis. The nail on the end of the upper mandible. Very pronounced in some families of Water Birds, — Ducks, Pelicans, and Petrels. Mandibles. — Some authors use the word maxilla for the upper half of the bill, and mandible, for the lower. I prefer, however, to describe the two halves of the bill as upper and lower mandible. BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD. Length Tarsus... Tail For description see page 9, HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD. ite) HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD. See Illustration, page 8. Wing. — Distance from carpal joint C (bend of wing) to the tip of the longest primary D. See cut on page 8. Length. — Distance in a straight line from the end of the bill to the tip of the longest tail feather. (Occasionally the middle feathers are much elong- ated, as in the Old Squaw and Pintail Duck, and in other families of birds, such as Phethon and Stercorarius. -In such cases it is well to give the length from bill to longest tail feather, and also to end of outer tail feather.) Tail. — Distance from the tip of the longest tail feather to its base (the point where it enters the body). Bill. — The distance in a straight line from where the bill (upper mandible) joins the skin of the forehead (A) to the tip (B). (There are a few excep- tions to this rule, in other families, such as birds with frontal plate, etc. Some curved bills are measured along the curve of the culmen, and at times it is advisable to measure from the nostril to the tip of the bill, but in such cases it should always be so stated.) Tarsus. — Distance in front of the leg from what appears to be the knee joint (end of tibia) to the root of the middle toe. All measurements are given in inches and fractions of an inch. INDEX TO KEY TO: FAMILIES. WATER BIRDS. Toes, four, with lobate web or web on sides of toes. Group 1. See page 11. Group 2. Toes, four; front toes, palmate (full webbed); hind toe, not connected with front ones by web. See page 12. Group 3. Toes, four; toto-palmate (all toes full webbed); hind toe, connected with front ones by web. See page 15. Toes, four, not full webbed; small web between toes at base, or toes Group 4. entirely without web; hind toe, sometimes very small. See page 17. Section 1. Hind toe, raised above level of front toes. See page 17. Section 2. Hind toe, on same level with front toes. See page 19. Group 5. Toes, three, full webbed; no hind toe. See page 21. Group 6. Toes, three, not full webbed; a small web between toes at base, or toes entirely without web. See page 23. (10) KEY TO FAMILIES. WATER BIRDS. GROUP 1. Toes, four, with lobate webs, or webs on sides of toes. Bill, pointed; feet, placed far back, near tail; underparts, silvery white ; tail, very short. Family PODICIPIDAE. Grebes. See page 26. Forehead, with bare shield; bill, rather short; general color, slaty gray; toes, with lobate webs. Family RALLIDAZ. Subfamily FULICINAE. Coots. See page 100. L2 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Hind toe, elevated above the level of the others; bill, slender; nostrils, opening through slits; sides of toes, webbed. Family PHALAROPODID4E. Phalaropes. See page 104. GROUP 2. Toes, four; front toes, palmate (full webbed); hind toe, not connected with front ones by web. Bill, straight and pointed; tarsus, flat- tened; hind toe, with flap or lobe; feet, ' placed far back near the tail; tail, very =~ short. : Family GAVIIDAE. Loons. See page 28. Very large wing, over 19 inches long; upper mandible, j curved near tip, forming a hook, the end (unguis) enlarged; { nostrils, separate and tubular; hind toe, rudimentary, often f apparently wanting. Family DIOMEDEIDAE. Albatrosses, See page 46. Nostrils, tubular, united in one double-barrelled tube; front toes, palmate (full webbed) ; hind toe, very small, and in some cases entirely absent: upper mandible, curved near tip} wing, less than 19 inches long. Family PROCELLARIID4E. Shearwaters, Petrels, and Fulmars. See page 46. KEY TO FAMILIES. — WATER BIRDS. 13 Nostrils, separate not tubular; bill, with cere (a horny or skin-like covering on base of upper mandible) ; hind toe, sometimes very small; end of upper mandible (unguis), swollen and somewhat rounded; back and wings, always dark, sometimes sooty, sometimes barred with brown; tail, never white or gray, usually very dark; middle tail feathers, longest, but only very long in adult birds, sometimes only slightly longer than rest of tail feathers in immature birds; in brown plumages, the axillars (feathers extending from armpit) are heavily barred, brown and white; in other plumages, the axillars and under wing coverts are sooty brown or dark slaty brown. Family STERCORARIIDAE. Skuas and Jaegers. See page 34. <> Nostrils, separate not tubular; bill, without cere ; hind toe, sometimes very small; upper mandible, curved; unguis (end of bill), not swollen; middle tail feathers, about equal in length to the others; tail, rarely dark, although sometimes tipped with black or brown; axillars and under wing coverts, white or gray, sometimes with narrow gray lines or faint wavy bars. Family LARIDAE. Subfamily LARINAZ. Gulls. See page 36. Nostrils, separate not tubular; hind toe, sometimes very small; upper mandible, nearly straight, not hooked or decidedly rounded near tip; outer tail feathers, usually longer than middle feathers. Family LARIDAZ. Subfamily STERNINAE. Terns. See page 41. —— Bill, Tike blade ‘ofa knife, the mee mandible the longer; plumage, black above, white below. Family RHYNCHOPID4. Skimmers. See page 45. 14 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Bill, very much bent, with tooth-like serrations on edge. Large, tall birds with long necks and legs, usually red or pink. Family PHGENICOPTERIDE. Flamingoes. , See page 85. Bill, long and narrow, having tooth-like serrations on edges; toes, four, the front ones, full webbed; hind toe, with flap. : Family ANATIDAE. Subfamily MERGINAE. Mergansers. See page 61. 2 At >> (6 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Head, cinnamon brown; upper breast and back, ashy gray, not barred; speculum, white (female); very similar to female Barrow’s Golden Tye, but slightly smaller. much more common than the next species, on the Atlantic coast. Glaucionctta elangula americana. American Golden Eye. Whistler. See No. 108. Head, cinnamon brown; upper breast and back, ashy gray, not barred; speculum, white (female); very similar to preceding species, but slightly larger. Glaucionetta islundica. Barrow’s Golden Eye. See No. 109. ye Head, rufous brown; crown, blackish; breast, black ; oe lower back, ashy white, finely lined with black (maie) 3; Dill, very f different from that of Red-head. (See cut.) Aythya vallisneria. Canvas=back Duck. See No. 104. a Aythya vallisneria, Head, neck, and upper breast, dull cinnamon brown, palest. on throat; lower back, dull brown, barred with fine, wavy, white lines (female); easily distinguished by shape of bill. (See cut.) Aythya vallisneria. Canvas=back Duck. See No. 104. Head, reddish brown; crown, not blackish; breast, black; Lp ( lower back, grayish, finely lined with black (male); Dill, very differ- ent from that of Canvas-back. (See cut.) == Aythya americana. Red-headed Duck. SS See No. 103. Aythya americana, Section 3. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe or flap; belly, not white; more or less white, or gray= ish white, on head. General plumage, black ; a patch of white on front of crown and nape; bill, large, marked with orange, red, black, and white; no white on wings (mule). Oidemia perspicillatu. Surf Scoter. Skunk-head Coot. Panes See No. 121. General plumage, brown; top of head and wings, darks; 2 spot of dull white at base of bill and behind eye; no white on wings (female). Oidemia perspicillata, Surf Scoter. Skunk-=head Coot. See No. 121. Top and sides of head, white; a patch of greenish in front of eye; throat, black; all wing coverts, white (inale). Huiconetta stelleri. Stellers’ Duck. Stellers’ Eider. See No. 114. FAMILY ANATID.. — DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. 77 Section 4. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe or flap; belly, not white; no white on head. Axillars, brown; secondaries, white, forming a white wing patch; upper parts, dark brown; underparts, sometimes brown, sometimes grayish (female). Oidemia deglandi. White=winged Scoter. White-winged Coot. See No. 120. * Group 5. Wing, 10 to 14 inches long. Section 1. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe or flap; head, with more or less white, or Brtayish white; belly, black. General plumage, black; speculum, white; spot under eye, white; axillars, black; bill, orange at base (male). Oidemia deglandi. White=-winged Scoter. White-winged Coot. See No. 120. Oidemia deglandi. General plumage, black; head, black, with patch of white on crown and nape; no white on wing ; axillars, black; bill, orange, black, and white (male). Oidemia perspicillata. Surf Scoter. Skunk-head Coot. bee No. 121. / / / / { i L st & Dresser’s Kider Duck. Northern Eider Duck. Somateria dresseri. Somateria borealis. Top of head, black, divided on crown; more or less green on head ; throat, white; axillars, white; bill, culmen, divided and rounded at base (male). (See cut of bill.) Somateria dresseri. American Eider Duck. see No. 116. * For directions for measurement, see page 9, 78 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Labrador or Pied Ducks, Camptolemus labradorius. Formerly not uncommon on the Atlantic coast. Probably now extinct. See No. 113. FAMILY ANATIDA. — DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. 79 Top of head, black, divided on crown; more or less green on head; throat, white; axillars, white; culmen, divided and pointed at base (male). (See cut of bill.) Somateria boreatis. Greenland Eider Duck. See No. 115. Top of head, slate color; cheeks, greeuish; throat, white, with large, black, V-shaped mark (male). Somateria spectabilis. King Eider Duck. See No. 117. Section 2. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe or flap; no white on head; belly, black. General plumage, black ; axillars, black; no white on wing ; bill, orange at base; feathers on bill, more than one half inch from nostril (male). Oidemia americana. American Scoter. Black Coot. Butter-bill Coot. See No. 118. Section 3. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe or flap; head, marked with more or less white, or grayish white; belly, mottled brown, or grayish brown, or slaty. General plumage, brownish ; no white on wing; feathers on bill, more than one half inch from nostril (female and im- miuture). Oidemia americana. American Scoter. Butter=-bill Coot. See No. 118. Oidemia americana, General plumage, grayish brown ; speculum, white ; feathers on bill, less than one half inch from nostril (female and immature). Oidemia deglundi. White-winged Scoter. White-winged Coot. See No. 120. General plumage, grayish brown ; fenthers extending on upper part of bill more than on the sides; no white on wing; feathers on bill, less than one half inch from nostril (female). Oidemia perspicillata. Surf Scoter. Skunk-head Coot. See No. 121. 80 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Section 4. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe or flap; no white on head; belly, mottled brown, or grayish brown. General plumage, brownish; no white on wings; axillars, black ; feathers on the bill, more than one half inch from nostril (female). Oidemia americana. American Scoter. Butter=bill Coot. Gray Coot. See No. 118. Head, dark brown or black; feathers on bill, less than one half inch from nostril; axillars, black; no white on wings (immature male). Oidemia perspicillata. Surf Scoter. Skunk-head Coot, See No. 121. A patch of white on the wings; back and upper parts, dark brown; feathers on the base of bill, extending to within one half inch of nostril (female). Oidemia degiandi. White-winged Scoter. See No. 120. Head, tawny, streaked with brown; axillars, white, or grayish white; throut, streaked ; feathers on bill, within one fourth inch from nostril; decided difference in bill from next species (female). (See cut.) Eastern North America. Somateria dresseri. American Eider Duck. See No. 116. Head, tawny, streaked with brown; axillurs, white, or grayish white; throat, streaked; feathers ou bill, within one fourth inch from nostril; decided difference in bill from preceding species (female). (See cut.) Eastern North America. Somateria borealis. Northern Eider Duck. See No. 115. Head, tawny, streaked with brown; axillars, white, or grayish white; throat, not streaked ; feathers on bill, more than one fourth inch from nostril (female). Somuterta spectabilis. King Eider Duck. See No. 117. FAMILY ANATID.E. — DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. 81 SUBFAMILY ANSERINAE. Geese. Lores, feathered ; tarsus, reticulate. *Group 1. Wing, 12 to 14 inches long. Bill and feet black; head and neck, black; sides of neck (not front), mottled with white ; no speculum; lower breast, grayish; no white on head. Branta bernicla. Brant. See No. 132. Head and neck, black; front and sides of neck, mottled with white; no speculum; lower breast, dark, not pale gray; no white on head. Branta nigricans. Black Brant. See No. 133. A patch of white on side of head, extending to throat; rest of head and neck, black. Western United States, rarely to Wisconsin. Bernicla canadensis minima. Cackling Goose. i See No. 131. *Group 2. Wing, from 14 to 20 inches long. Section 1. Head and neck, black or blackish, marked with more or less white; bill and feet, black. Head and neck, black; a patch of white on each cheek, extending to upper throat; no white on neck. Branta cunadensis and races, Canada Goose. See Nos. 129, 130. Head and neck, black; side (not front) of neck, speckled with white; upper belly, whitish. Common on Atlantic coast. Branta bernicla. Brant. See No. 132. Head and neck, black; side and front of neck, speckled with white; upper belly, grayish brown. Rare on Atlantic coast. Branta nigricans. Black Brant. See No. 133. Face and upper breast, white; lores, black; back of head, black. European species occasionally found on our coast. Brantu leucopsis. Barnacle Goose. See No. 134. * For directions for measurement, see page ‘). 82 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. LAMPE ala Snow Goose. Brant. Black Brant. White-fronted Goose. FAMILY ANATID-E. — DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. 83 Section 2. Bill and feet, pink or flesh color in life; head, white, sometimes tinged with brownish orange. Entire plumage, white; primaries, black; smaller than C. h. nivalis ; bill, over 1.90; tarsus, over 2.80; middle toe, over 2.10 (adult). Chiefly Pacific coast to Mississippi Valley, rare on Atlantic coast. Chen hyperborea. Lesser Snow Goose. See No, 124. Entire plumage, white; primaries, black; resembles preceding species but is larger (adult). Eastern North America, south in winter on Atlantic coast to Florida and Cuba. Chen hyperborea nivalis. Greater Snow Goose. See No. 125. Back, slaty brown; belly and rump, gray ; the feathers, not barred; terminal half of tail, not white (adult). - Chen cerulescens. Blue Goose. see No. 126. Section 3. Bill, pinkish; feet, yellow or pink; head, brownish or grayish, sometimes marked with white. Forehead and feathers at base of bill, white; nail of bill (unguis), whitish; bill, yellowish in dried skin; breast, grayish, more or less marked or spotted with black (adult). Anser albifrons gambeli. American White Fronted Goose. 4 see No. 128. No white on forehead or hase of bill; bill, yellowish in dried skin; nail of bill (unguis), dusky ; rump, slaty brown; wing coverts, edged with white (immature). Anser albifrons gambeli. American White Fronted Goose. see No. 128. General plumage, grayish; rump, white; smaller than C. h. nivalis; bill, over 1.90; tarsus, over 2.80; middle toe, over 2.10 (immature). Chiefly Pacific coast to Mississippi Valley ; Chen hyperborea. Lesser Snow Goose. see No. 124. rare on Atlantic coast. General plumage, grayish; rump, white; larger than nivalis, (immature). Eastern North America, south in winter to Florida and Cuba. Chen hyperborea nivalis Greater Snow Goose. See No. 125. Head, brownish gray ; chin, white; rump, gray; unguis (nail of bill), yellow; wing coverts, grayish, showing very little white on the edge of the feathers (immature). Chen cerulescens. Blue Goose. See No. 126. o) rs KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. SUBFAMILY CYGNINA. Swans. Bare skin, between the bill and eye; tarsus, reticulate; neck, very long; wing, over 19 inches long. General plumage, white; bill, black with yellow spot (adult); distance from tip of bill to nostril, less than distance from nostril to eye (immature bird3 are gray or brownish gray). Common on some parts of the coast. Olor columbianus. Whistling Swan. See No. 136. General plumage, white; bill, black, showing no yellow; distance from tip of bill to nostril, more than distance from nostril to eye. Chiefly found in the interior of North America; not common on the coast. . Olor buccinator. Trumpeter Swan, See No. 137. Olor columbianus. General plumage, gray, or brownish gray; birds of this description may be the young of either of the above species, the difference in the distance from the bill to the eye being characteristic us in the old birds. ; FAMILY PHC:NICOPTERIDA. — FLAMINGOES. 85 FAMILY PHCENICOPTERID-E. Flamingoes. Large, tall birds, usually red or pink; bill, very much bent, with tooth- like serrations on edge. Wing, over 17 inches long (carpus to tip). General plumage, red or pink: neck and legs, long ; bill, much bent with tooth-like serra- Phenicopterus ruber. Flamingo. See No. 138. A few Flamingoes are still found in extreme southern Florida. ‘The species is common in tions on edge. the Bahama Islands. 86 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, FAMILY PLATALEID-®. Spoonbills. Bill, wide and flat at the end; toes, four, all on same level. Wing, 13 to 17 inches long. Bill, flat, widened and rounded at tip; general plumage, pink and white. Ajaja ajaja. Roseate Spoonbill. See No. 139. The Spoonbill may be readily recognized by its peculiar bill. Although by no means common, it still occurs in some numbers in the swamps of southern Florida. FAMILY IBIDIDA. — IBISES. 87 FAMILY IBIDID-E. Ibises. Bill, long, rather slender, and decidedly curved downward; tarsus, always less than five inches long; toes, four, all on the same level, no comb- like edge on side of middle toe nail; wing, from 8.50 to 13 inches long. Wing, less than 10.50 inches long. General plumage, purplish chestnut, showing purplish reflections on head, and greenish on wings; axillars and under wing coverts, purplish bronze; feathers, bordering base of bill, whitish. Plegadis guarauna. White-faced Glossy Ibis. General plumage, dark chestnut; feathers, at base of bill, not white. Plegadis untumualis. Glossy Ibis. see No. 142. General plumage. white; primaries, blackish (adult). tuara alba. White Ibis. See No. 140. General plumage, brownish or grayish, often more or less mixed brown, gray and white ; rump, white (immature). Guara alba. White Ibis. See No. 140. General plumage, scarlet. Th» young Searlet This somewhat resembles the young White Ibis. but differs in having the rump not white. Guara rubra. Scarlet ibis. See No. 141. 88 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY CICONIIDE. Storks and Wood Ibises. Greater part°of plumage, white; bill, rounded and somewhat curved, very thick and strong; tarsus, always over 5 inches long; toes, four, all on same level; no comb-like edge on inner side of middle toe nail. ‘Wing, 17 to 19 inches long. i ar General plumage, white; the wings and tail, more or less black; adult birds have the head bare. Tantalus leucolator. Wood Ibis. See No. 144. FAMILY ARDEIDA. — HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS. 89 FAMILY ARDEID-. Herons, Egrets, and Bitterns. Bill, nearly straight and sharply pointed; inner side of middle toe nail, with distinct comb-like edge; toes, four, all on same level. Bitterns, tail with ten feathers. Herons, tail with twelve feathers. *Group 1. Wing, less than 6 inches long. Least Bittern. Underparts and sides of the head and throat, buff white; a black patch on sides of the breast. Ardetia exilis. Least Bittern. See No. 146. Underparts and sides of the head and throat, rufous chestnut; under tail coverts, dull black. Ardetta neorena. Cory’s Least Bittern. See No. 147. * For directions for measurement, see page 9. 90 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. * Group 2. Wing, 6 to 7.50 inches long. Crown, greenish or greenish black; legs, orange yellow in life. : 5 legs, sey Ardea virescens. Green Heron, See No. 158. * Group 3. Wing, 8.50 to 11 inches long. Greater part of plumage, slaty blue; belly, slaty blue; head, tinged with purplish brown (adult). Ardea ceruea, Little Blue Heron. See No. 157. * For directions for measurement, see page 9. Le} pa FAMILY ARDEIDA.— HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS. General plumage, white; tips of primaries, tinged with slaty blue; legs, yellowish olive (immature). Ardea cerulca. Little Blue Heron. See No. 157. General plumage, white; ends of prima- ries, not tiaged with slaty blue; legs, black ; feet, yellow. Ardea candidissima. Snowy Heron. Snowy Egret. See No. 154. Louisiana Heron. Back, ashy gray; primaries, slaty gray; belly and sides, white. Ardea tricolor ruficollis. Louisiana Heron. See No. 156. 92 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF FASTERN NORTH AMERICA. General plumage, tawny brown, mottled and streaked with dark brown; upper surface of primaries, blackish. Botaurus lentiginosus. American Bittern. See No. 145. Bill, large; top of head, black; back, green (adult). Nycticoras nycticoras nevius. Night Heron. See No. 159. Bill, large ; top of head, white or whit- ish ; back, not green (adult). Nycticorar violacers, Yellow-crowned Night Heron. See No. 160. Bill, large; general plumage, mottled, and streaked brown and white; outer edge of primaries, reddish brown (immature). Nycticorar nycticorar nevius, Night Heron. See No. 159. Bill, large; genersl plumage, mottled and streaked brown and white; primaries, slity brown (immature). Nycticorax violaceus. Yellow-crowned Night Heron. See No. 160. Night Heron. FAMILY ARDEIDZ.—— HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS. 92 * Group 4. Wing, 11 to 15 inches long. Bill, stout; top of the head, black; back, dark green (adult). Nycticorax nycticorar wevius. Night Heron, See No. 159. Bill, stout; top of head, white or whitish; back, not green (adult). Nycticorax violaceus. Yellow-crowned Night Heron. See No. 160. Bill, stout; general plumage, mottled and streaked brown and’ white: outer edge of primaries, reddish brown (immature). Nycticorax, nycticoraxs wevius. Night Heron. See No. 159. Biil, stout; general plumage, mottled and streaked grayish brown and white; primaries, slaty brown (immature). Nycticorax violaceus. Yellow=crowned Night Heron. See No. 160. General plumage, white; bill, yellow ; Jegs, black. Ardea eqretta. American Egret. See No. 153. General plumage, white; legs, durk olive; terminal half of bill, black; basal half, flesh color (white phase). Ardea rufescens. Reddish Egret. See No, 155. Head and neck, rufous chestnut; rest of plumage, slate color, or slaty gray. Ardea rufescens. Reddish Egret. See No. 155. General plumage, yellow brown, mottled and streaked with dark brown; upper surface of primaries, blackish. Botaurus lentiginosus. pingnicam, Bittern. See No. 145. * For directions for measurement, see page 9. 94 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. * Group 5. Wing, over 15 inches long. Plumage, entirely white; wing, over 17 inches; bill, over 5.50; tarsus, over 7.25. Ardea occiuentalis. Great White Heron. See No. 148. Plumage, entirely white; wing, less than 17 inches long; Dill, under 5.50; tarsus, under 7.25. Ardea egretta. American Egret. See No. 153. Greater part of upper plumage, bluish gray or slaty gray; adults in breeding have middle of crown and throat, white; bill, less than 6.25; immature birds have the top of the head, black. Ardea herodias. Great Blue Heron. See No. 151. Similar to Great Blue Heron, but larger; bill, over 6.25. Occurs only in Florida. Ardea wardi. Ward’s Heron. See No. 150. Top of head and sometimes greater portion of head, white; wings and back, bluish gray, or slaty gray; general appearance of Ward's Heron except color of head. Occurs only in Florida; probably a color phase of Ardea occidentalis. Ardea wuerdemanni. Wuerdeman’s Heron. See No. 149. * For directions for measurement, see page 9. FAMILY GRUID. — CRANES. 95 ORDER PALUDECOL-€. Cranes, Rails, Courlans. FAMILY GRUIDA. Cranes. Bill, over 3 inches long; wing, over 16 inches; tarsus, over 7 inches; toes, four, no comb-like edge on inner side of middle toe nail; hind toe, elevated above level of front toes. General plumage, white ; primaries, black; wing, over 20 inches long (carpus to tip); immature birds are more or less buff. Grus americana. Whooping Crane. See No. 161. x : — i General plumage, slaty gray; bare skin, on head of adult; red, in life; immature birds are brownish; wing, from 15 to 22 inches long. Grus mexicana. Sandhill Crane. see No. 163. Whooping Crane. 96 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, FAMILY ARAMIDE. Courlans. Limpkins. Bill, over 3 inches long; tarsus, under 7; wing, under 16; toes, four, no comb-like edge on inner side of middle toe nail; hind toe, raised above level of front toes. General plumage, dark olive brown, streaked and marked with pure white; tail, purplish brown, showing metallic gloss when held in the light; feathers of the back, breast, and Wing coverts, brown, with white stripe in middle of each feather; tip of lower mandible often slightly twisted. Occurs in Atlantic States only in Florida. Aramus giganteus. Limpkin. See No. 164, FAMILY RALLIDA. — RAILS. 94 FAMILY RALLIDA:. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots. SUBFAMILY RALLIN-AE. Rails. Birds which frequent marshy places. Toes, long; wings, short and rounded ; bill, shorter than middle toe and claw together. * Group |. Wing, less than 3.75 inches long. Black Rail. Throat, breast, and sides of head, slaty gray ; primaries, with more or less white spots. Frequents marshes. Porzana jamaicensis. Black Rail, See No. 173. Yellow Rail. Throat, breast, and sides of the head, tawny brown, no white spots on primaries. ; Porzana noveboracensis. Yellow Rail. See No. 172. * For directions for measurement, see page 9. 9F KEY TO TIE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. * Group 2. Wing, from 3.75 to 4.75 inches long. Virginia Rail. Back, black or fuscous, the feathers edged with brownish or grayish olive; underparts, cinnamon rufous, whitish ou the throat; bill, slightly curved. Rallus virginianus. Virginia Rail. See No. 169. Back, with more or less white streaks ; breast, gray or tawny, according to age; lower belly, dull white. Porzana carolina. Carolina Rail or Sora. See No. 171. * For directions for measurement, see page 9. FAMILY RALLIDA. — RAILS: 9 * Group 3. Wing, 4.75 to 6.50 inches long. Feathers on back, dark olive, edged with gray ; cheeks and ear coverts, pale cinna- mon rufous, sometimes blackish in young birds; bill, over 1.25 inches long. Usually found near fresh water. ~allus elegans. King Rail. See No. 165. Feathers on the back, black, edged with grayish olive; cheeks and ear coverts, gray. Prefers salt-water marshes. Rallus longirostris crepitans and varieties. Clapper Rail. See No. 166. * For directions for measurement, see page 9. 100 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. * Group 4. Wing, over 6.50 inches long. SP aR geet OO Virginia Rail. King Rail. Black Rail. Sora Rail. Breast, tinged with rufous checks; rufous throat, whitish; back, streaked; Dill, long and slightly curved. : Raillus elegans. King Rail. See No. 165. SUBFAMILY FULICINA. Coots. Bill, short and pointed; forehead, with more or less of a shield; toes, with large lobate webs; head, blackish; back, dark slaty gray; underparts, dark ash gray, whitish, on abdomen. Fulica americana. American Coot. [ud Hen. Blue Peter. See No. 178. * For directions for measurement, see page 9. FAMILY RALLIDA. — RAILS. 101 SUBFAMILY GALLINULINA:. Gallinules. Toes, not webbed; no white on sides of body; head and breast, purplish blue; back, greenish. Tonornis martinica. Purple Gallinule. See No. 175. TIead, smoky black; breast, dark gray; toes, not webbed; more or less white on sides of body. Gallinula galcatu. Florida Gallinule. See No. 179. Coot. Gallinule. 102 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. ORDER LIMICOLA4. SHORE BIRDS. Hinp TOE, WHEN PRESENT, ALWAYS ELEVATED ABOVE LEVEL OF FRONT TOES. FAMILY PHALAROPIDAS. PHALAROPES. SIDES OF TOES WITH ROUNDED LOBES OR NARROW WEBS. See page 104. FAMILY RECURVIROSTRID/E. AVOCETS AND STILTS. Tors, MORE OR LESS WEBBED (NOT LOBATE); TARSUS, OVER 3.90; BILL CURVED ? ’ 3 UPWARD OR STRAIGHT. See page 106, FAMILY SCOLOPACID. SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, WOODCOCK, GODWITS, WILLETS, ETC. Tarsus, LESS THAN 3.50 INCHES LONG; SIDES OF TOES, WITHOUT LOBATE WEBS}; TOES, FOUR (ONE EXCEPTION, THE SANDERLING ). Grour 1. Birds having wings from 3.25 to 3.75 inches long. See page 107. Group 2. Birds having wings from 3.75 to 4.50 inches long. See page 108. Section 1. Toes, four, with small web (not lobate at base). See page 108. Section 2. Toes, four, without web. See page 109. Section 3. Toes, three; bill, over .75. See page 109. Grour 3. Birds having wings from 4.50 to 5.50 inches long. See page 109. Section 1. ‘Toes, four, a small web between toes; bill, less than .75. See page 109. Section 2. Toes, four, a small web between outer and middle toes; bill, over 1.75. . See page 110. Section 3. ‘Toes, four, without web; bill, over 2 inches long. See page 110. Section 4. Toes, four, without web; bill, over 1.10 and less than 1.90. See page 112. Section 5. Toes, four, without web; bill, under 1.10. See page 114. Section 6. Toes, three; bill, over .60 inch long. See page 115. Group 4, Birds having wings from 5.50 to 6.75 inches long. See page 116. Section 1. Toes, four, a small web between outer and middle toes; bill, over 1.80. See page 116. Section 2. Toes, four, a small web between outer and middle toe; bill, under 1.80. See page 116. Section 3. ‘l'oes, four, without web; bill, over 2 inches long. See page 117. Section 4. Toes, four, without web; bill, under 2. See page 118. Group 5. Birds having wings from 6.75 to 9 inches long. See page 119. Section 1. Toes, four. with more or less web; bill, curved upwards or straight ; bill, over 2.60 inches. See page 119. ORDER LIMICOLA.— SHORE BIRDS. 1038 Section 2. Toes four, without web; bill, nearly straight; bill, over 2 inches long. See page 120. Section 3. ‘Toes, four, with small web; bill, slightly curved upward or straight; bill, under 2.60 and over 1.50 inches long. See page 121. Section 4. ‘Toes, four, with small web; bill, nearly straight; bill, less than 1.50 inches long. See page 121. Section 5. Toes, four, with small web; bill, curved downward ; bill, over 2 inches long. See page 122. Group 6. Birds having wings from 9 to 12 inches long. See page 123. Section 1. Toes, four; bill curved downward. See page 123. Section 2. Toes, four; bill, curved upward or nearly straight. See page 123. FAMILY CHARADRIID/E. PLOVERS. Togs, THREE (ONE EXCEPTION, BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER) ; BILL, COMPARATIVELY SHORT AND THICK. Group 1. Wing, 3.75 to 4.50 inches long ; toes, three, no hind toe. See page 124. section 1. Bill, under .60 inch long. See page 124. Section 2. Bill, over .60 inch long. See page 125. Group 2. Wing, 4.50 to 5.50 inches long; toes, three, no hind toe. See page 125. Section 1. Bill, over .60 inch long. See page 125. Section 2, Bill, under .G0 inch long. See page 125. Group 3. Wing, 5.50 to 6.75 inches long; toes, three, no hind toe. See page 128. Group 4. Wing, over 6.75 inches long. See page 128. Section 1. Toes, three, no hind toe. See page 128. Section 2. Toes, four. See page 128. FAMILY APHRIZIDA. TURNSTONES. Tors, FOUR; LOWER BACK AND RUMP, WHITE WITH BLACK BAND. See page 129, FAMILY H#MATOPODIDA. OYSTER-CATCHERS. Tors, THREE; BILL, OVER 2.50) INCHES LONG. Section i. Toes, three; bill, red. See page 130. i94 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, ORDER LIMICOL-Z. Snipes, Plovers, Sandpipers, Curlews, Phalaropes, etc. Hind toe, when present, always elevated above level of front toes. FAMILY PHALAROPID-AE. Phalaropes. Sides of toes, with lobes or narrow webs. ce | ae 3 Wilson’s Phalarope. Red Phalarope. Winter plumage. FAMILY PHALAROPIDA:. — PHALAROPES. 105 Crymophilus fulicarius. Back, heavily streaked with black and tawny; belly, reddish brown, showing more or less white; toes, with small lobate web; wing, 5.20 to 5.50. Crymophilus fulicarius. Red Phalarope. See No. 179. Phalaropus lobatus. Back, grayish, streaked with tawny; belly, white; toes, partly webbed; bill, under 1.05; turstis, under 1; wing, 4 to 4.50. Phalaropus lobatus. Northern Phalarope. See No. 180. Phalaropus tricolor. Back, grayish, marked with chestnut brown; belly, white; bill, over 1.05; tarsus, over 1; toes, with narrow web on sides; wing, 5.10 to 5.40 (female). Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson’s Phalarope. see No. 181. Back, grayish, mottled with dusky or whitish; bill, over 1.05; tarsus, over 1 inch; toes, with narrow web on sides; wing, 4.75 to 4.95 (male). Phalaropus tricolor. Wilson's Phalarope. See No. 183. 106 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY RECURVIROSTRID2Z. Avocets and Stilts. Tarsus over 3.50 inches ; bill, curved upward or straight. Avocet. Stilt. Head and neck, pale rufcus (sum- mer); white or grayish (winter) ; back and tail, white; axillars, whites belly, white; first primary, dark with dark shaft; bill, curved up- ward; toes, four. Recurvirostra americana. American Avocet. See No. 182. Recurvirostra wnerieana, FAMILY SCOLOPACIDA. — SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. 107 Top of head and nape, black; general upper plumage, glossy black; front of head and front of neck, rump, and underparts, white; axillars, white ; first primary, dark, with dark shaft ; legs, very long, rose pink in life; bill, nearly straight ; toes, three. Himantopus mexicanus. Black-necked Stilt. See No. 183. Himantopus mexicanus. FAMILY SCOLOPACID-E. Snipe, Sandpipers, Curlews, etc. Tarsus, less than 3.50 inches; toes, four (one exception, Sanderling Sandpiper). Tringa minutilla. i Tringa minutilla. Least Sandpiper. o web between toes; belly, white. Tringa minu ; si , a See No. 196. * For directions for measurement, bee page f- 108 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Toes, with small web; bill, usually under .85. Ercunetes pusillus. Semipalmated Sandpiper. See No. 200. , Ereunetes pusillus. al (Foot.) Toes, with small web; bill, usually over .85. Evreunetes occidentalis. Western Sandpiper. See No. 201. * Group 2. Wing, 3.75 to 4.50 inches long. Section 1. Toes, four, with small web (not lobate) at base. Bill, under .85; back, not greenish olive; bill, entirely black. Ereunetes pusillus. Semipalmated Sandpiper. See No. 200. Ereunetes pusillus. Bill, over .853 back, not greenish olive; bill, black; no while patch on inner web of third primary. Ereunetes occidentalis. Western Sandpiper. See No. 201. Small web between outer and middle toe; bill, over .85; back, greenish olive, sometimes banded ; under mandible, pale yellow (in life); third primary and inner primaries with patch of white on inner web. Actites macularit. Spotted Sandpiper. See No. 216. * For directions for measurement, see page ), FAMILY SCOLOPACIDA: — SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. 104 Section 2. Toes, four, without web. Belly, white; bill, black. Tringa minutilla. Least Sandpiper. See No. 196. Tringa minutilla Section 3. Toes, three; bill, over .75 inches long. a = sp asuaruoare = Belly, white; basal half of outer webs of inner primaries, white; hack, mixed rufous, black and white, or grayish brown, or entirely black (breeding), according to season; bill, about one inch long. Calidris arenaria. Sanderling Sandpiper. See No. 202. * Group 3. Wing, 4.50 to 5.50 inches long. Section 1. Toes, four, a small web between toes; bill, under 1.75. Bill, under 1.75; tarsus, over 1.30. Al] other species in this section have the tarsus less than 1.30. ’ Micropalama himantopus. Stilt Sandpiper. See No. 190. Farsus, under 1.303 back, dark olive spotted with white, or hrownish gray spotted with dull white, according to season. Axillars, heavily barred; 1 small web between the onter and middle toe, : Axillars. Totanus solitarius. Solitary Sandpiper. Totauus solitarius. See No. 209. * For directions for measurement, see parse 9 110 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTI AMERICA. Back, greenish olive, sometimes barred with black; axillars, white, without bars. At some seasons underparts with round black spots; a small web between the outer and middle toe. Actitis macularia. Spotted Sandpiper. See No. 216. 4 PO . ee ee bs Dee saerRe Summer. Spotted Sandpipers. Winter. Section 2. Toes, four, a small web between outer and middle toes; bill, over 1.75. Macrorhamphus griseus. Macrorhamphus griseus. Bill, over 1.753 axillars, white, barred with dark brown; rump and tail, white, spotted and banded with black. Macrorhamphus griscus. Dowitcher, Red-breasted Snipe. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus. Long=billed Dowitcher. See Nos. 188 and 189. Section 3. Toes, four, without web; bill, over 2 inches long. Axillars, rufous brown, without bars; belly, buff color. Philohela minor. Woodcock. See No. 185. Axillars, barred black and white; belly, white; upper tail coverts and tail, tawny, more or less marked with black. Gallinago delicata. Wilson’s Snipe. Jack Snipe. See No. 187. Gallinago delicata. ACIDAs. — SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. 111 FAMILY SCOLOP Woodcock. 112 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Section 4. Toes, four, without web; bill, over 1.10; and less than 1.90. Winter. > Bill, decurved near tip; one or more of inner secondaries, Le SCT. almost entirely white 3 upper tril coverts, not white, barred with black ; *s legs and feet, black. Spring birds have black on the belly, and back, rufous brown and black. Fall birds have the belly white and back gray. Tringa alpina pacijica. Red-backed Sandpiper. : American Dunlin. See No. 198. Tringa alpina pacifica. FAMILY SCOLOPACIDE. — SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. 114 a ; a ry Curlew Sandpiper. Bill, decurved near the tip: upper tail coverts, white, banded with black or dark brown. Tringa ferruginea. Curiew Sandpiper. See No. 199. Tringa ferruginea. Tail and upper tail coverts. 114 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. wee $$ Fa Bilder. Py. ew. mE I: Aes Pectoral Sandpiper. Bill, nearly straight; back, marked with tawny and black ; breast with numerous narrow, brown streaks ; none of inner secondarics almost entircly white; lower rump and upper tail coverts, black; the feather: ae more or less tipped with bufl ; two middle Se tail feathers longer than the others. Tringa maculata. Pectoral Sandpiper. Tringa maculata. Tringa maculata. Grass Bird. ae Tail and upper tail coverts See No. 193. Bill, nearly straigut; back, dark; . feathers, edged with ashy or buff; breast, grayish, without brown streaks; one or more of inner secondaries almost entirely white; legs and feet, yellow in life, pale brown in dried skin. Tringa maritima. Purple Sandpiper. See No. 192. Purple Sandpiper. Section 5. Toes, four, without web; bill, under 1.10. Upper tail coverts, white 5 inner webs of primaries, not speckled. Tringa fuscicollis, White-rumped Sandpiper. See No. 194. Tringa fuscicollis. Tringa fuscicollis. FAMILY SCOLOPACIDE. — SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. 115 Middle upper tail coverts, smoky or dusky, often tipped with buff; inner webs of primaries not speckled; sides, white; middle toe and claw, less than .95; legs and bill, blackish. Tringa bairdii. Baird’s Sandpiper. See No. 195. Tringa bairdii. Tail and upper tail coverts. Middle upper tail coverts, black, often narrowly tipped with brownish buff; inner webs of primaries, not speckled; middle toe and claw, over .95; middle tail feathers decidedly longer than the rest; legs, yellowish olive; base of bill, dull olive; tip, black. Tringa maculata. Pectoral Sandpiper. Grass Bird. Tringa maculata. See No. 193. Tail and upper tail coverts. Inner web of primaries speckled. Tryngites subruficollis. Buff-breasted Sandpiper. pe See No. 215. Tryngites subruficollis. First primary. Buff-preasted Sandpiper. Section 6.. Toes, three; bill, over .60 inch. Bill, black; shoulder (lesser and middle wing coverts), brown; no web between toes; legs, black. Calidris arenaria. Sanderling Sandpiper. See No, 202. Calidris arenaria, 116 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. * Group 4. Wing, 5.50 to 6.75 inches long. Section 1. Toes, four, a small web between outer and middle toe; bill, over 1.80. Upper tail coverts and axillars, white, spotted or barred with dusky; bill, nearly straight. Macrorhamphus griseus. Red-breasted Snipe, or Dowitcher. See No. 188. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus. Western Red-breasted Snipe, or Long-billed Dowitcher. . See No. 189. Macrorhamphus griseus. Section 2. Toes, four, a small web between outer and middle toe; bill, under 1.80. Tarsus and middle toe together, more than 2.60 inches long; outer primary, slate brown, without bars; rump and upper tail coverts, white, more or less barred with brown; legs, yellow. Totanus tvipes. Summer Yellow-leg. See No. 208. Totanus flavipes. Stilt Sandpiper. Tarsus ind middle toe, together, less than 2.603 upper tail coverts, white, or white barred with black ; outer primary, slate brown, without bars. Micropalama himantopus. Stilt Sandpiper. See No, 190. * For directions for measurement, sce page 9 FAMILY SCOLOPACIDA. SNIPE, SANDPiPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. 1i7 Upland Plover. Outer primary, whitish, barred with dark brown. Bartramia longicauda. Bartramian Sandpiper. Upland Plover. See No. 214. Section 3. Toes, four, without web; bill, over 2 inches long. Lower belly, whitish or white; «xillars, barred black and white. Gailinayo delicata. Wilson’s Snipe. Jack Snipe. See No. 187. Gallinago delicata, 118 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Belly, buff color; axillars, rufous brown. Philohela minor. Woodcock. See No. 185. Philohela minor. Section 4. Toes, four, without web; bill, under 2 inches long. Rump, gray ; upper tail coverts, whitish, banded or marked with black; inner webs or primaries not speckled. Tringa canutus. Knot. See No. 191. Tringa canutus. Rump, blackish ; middle upper tail coverts, black (not ‘anded) ; inner web of primaries not speckled. Tringa maculata. Pectoral Sandpiper. Grass Bird. See No. 193. Tringa maculata. Inner webs of primaries, speckled. Trynyites subruficollis. Buff-breasted Santipiper. See No. 215. Tryngites subruficollis, FAMILY SCOLOPACIDA. —— SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. 119 * Group 5. Wing, 675 to 9 inches long. Section {. Toes, four, with more or less web; bill, curved upwards or straight; bill, over 2.60. Symphemia semipalmata. Axillars, smoky black ; belly, white; termi- nal third of outer primary, black; the rest, white; bill, nearly straight. Symphemia semipalmata. Willet. Symphemia semipalmata ‘nornata. Western Willet. See Nos. 211 and 212. Willet. Axillars, dark gray, or sooty gray; belly, grayish white; first primary, dark slaty brown with white shaft; bill, curved upward; upper tail coverts mostly white. Limosa hemastica. k Hudsenian Godwit. See No. 204. 2 ee F * For directions for measurement, see page 9. Hudsonian Godwit. 120 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Axillars, rufous brown; upper tail coverts, not white; belly, buff, sometimes barred with dark brown; primaries, pale rufous brown with numerous dark dots; shaft of primaries, white; bill, curved upward. Limosa fedoa. Marbled Godwit. See No. 203. Limosa fedoa. Section 2. Toes, four, without web; bill, nearly straight; bill, over 2.60. Axillars, banded with white and grayish brown; belly, pale brown, banded with dark brown; primaries, grayish brown; outer web, banded with pale brown or rufous brown; shaft of primaries, dark; bill, nearly straight. Scolopax rusticola. European Woodcock, See No. 184. FAMILY SCOLOPACID. — SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWS, ETC. 121 Section 3. Toes, four (with small web); bill, slightly curved upward or straight; bill, under 2.60 and over 1.50. Axillars, smoky black; belly, white; outer primary ter- minal third, black, rest white; rump, gray; upper tail coverts, white. Symphemia semipalmata. Willet. See No. 211. Axillars, white, with few light brown dots near the ends; belly, white; outer primary dark, with shaft, white; rump, white without bars; upper tail coverts, white, without bars; legs, olive green. Totanus nebularius. Greenshank. See No. 206. Axillars, white, banded with brown; belly, white; outer primary, black; shaft, white; rump, grayish brown; feathers, tipped with white; upper tail coverts, white, more or less barred with dark brown; fegs, bright yellow. Totanus melanoleucus. Winter Yellowlegs. Greater Yellowlegs. See No. 207. Section 4. Toes, four, with small web; bill, nearly straight ; bill, under 1.50. i ie i he an te 2 ee Upland Plover. Axillars, white, banded with brown; first primary, brown, with white bars on inner Bartramia longicauda. Bartramian Sandpiper. Upland Plover. b; tip, dark. web, tip, See No. 214. - 122 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Section 5. Toes, four, with small web; bill, curved down-= ward; bill, over 2 inches long. Primaries, barred; axillars barred. Numenius hudsonicus. Hudsonian Curlew. Jack Curlew. See No. 218. Axillars. Numenius hudsonicus. eae Primaries, without bars; axillars, ae barred. Numenius borealis. Esquimaux Curlew. Dough Bird. See No. 219. Axillars. Numenius borealis. _ First primary. Curlews FAMILY SCOLOPACID&. — SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, CURLEWs, ETC. 123 * Group 6. Wing, 9 to 12 inches long. Section 1. Toes, four; bill, curved downward. SS Axillars, reddish brown with narrow black marks; belly, buff; bill, usually over four inches. Numenius longirostris. Long=billed Curlew. Sickle-bill Curlew ag See No. 217. Axillars, banded with slaty brown and dull white); belly, whitish; bill, under four inches. Jack Curlew. Hudsonian Curlew. See No. 218. First primary. Hudsonian Curlew. Axillars. Section 2. Toes, four; bill, curved upward, or nearly straight. Axillars, rufous; primaries, rufous, dotted with black. Limosa fedoa. Marbled Godwit. See No. 203. Limosa fedoa. * For directions for measurement, see page 9. 124 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY CHARADRIID-E. Plovers. Toes, three, no hind toe. The Plovers are a cosmopolitan family, numbering something less than one hundred species, fifteen of which occur in North America, includiug exotic stragglers. As a rule they have but three toes, although two genera, Squatarola and Vanellus, have four. ‘The tarsus is reticulate and the toes are purtly webbed. LS aes al 5 ie AOS Ries Hee ea ee 5d : i Wabebaa ania Sv Black-bellied Plover (Winter) Piping Plover. Semipalmated Plover. * Group |. Wing, 3.75 to 4.50 inches long. Section 1. Bill, under .60. Bill, orange at base, the tip, black; legs, dull flesh color; a black stripe from bill passing under eye. Aegialitis semipalmata. Semipalmated Plover. See No. 226. Aegialitis semi palmata. * For directions for measurement, see page Y. FAMILY CHARADRIIDA. — PLOVERS. 125 Bill, orange at base, the tip, black; legs, orange yellow; two middle tail feathers, tipped with white; no black stripe from bill to eye;, black breast band not confluent. Species not found west of the Rocky Mountains. Aegialitis meloda. Piping Plover. See No. 228. Bill, orange at base, the tip, black; legs, orange yellow; middle tail feathers, tipped with white; no black stripe from bill to eye; a continuous black band on breast. Species not found west of Rocky Mountains. egialitis meloda cireumcincta. Belted Piping Plover. See No. 229. Bill, entirely black; legs, slate color; two outer tail feathers, entirely white; two middle feathers, not tipped with white; no black stripe from bill to eye. Ranges from Texas and Kansas west to the Pacific Ocean ; casual in Western Florida and Cuba; not known to occur on the Atlantic Coast. Aegialitis nivosa. Snowy Plover. See No. 229a. Aegialitis nivosa. Section 2. Bill, over .60 inch long. A very small web between outer and middle toes; bill, large and thick; — a band of black (male) or brown (female) on breast. Aegialitis wilsonia. Wilson’s Plover. Aegialitis wilsonia. See No. 230. * Group 2. Wing, 4.50 to 5.50 inches long; toes, three, no hind toe. Section 1. Bill, over .60 inch long. Bill, thick; shoulder (lesser and middle wing coverts), ashy gray; legs, dull flesh color; «2 small web between toes. ——— Aegialitis wilsonia. Wilson’s Plover. iy See No. 230. Aegialitis wilsonia. Section 2. Bill, under .60 inch long. Bill, orange at base, the tip, black; legs, dull flesh color; a black stripe from bill passing under eye. Aegialitis semipalmata. Semipalmated Plover. Ring Neck. See No. 226. - Aegialitis semipalmata. * For directions for measurement, see page 9. 126 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, Bill, orange at base, the tip, black; legs, orange yellow: no black stripe from bill to eye; black breast band, not confluent; two middle tail feathers, tipped with white. Eastern species not found west of Rocky Mountains. Aegialitis meloda. Piping Plover. See No. 228. Bill, orange at base, the tip, black; legs, orange yellow; no black stripe from bill to eye; breast band, continuous and not broken in the middle; two middle tail feathers, tipped with white. Eastern species not found west of Rocky Mountains. _ Aegialitis m«loda circumcincta. Belted Piping Plover. : See No. 229. Snowy Plover. j Aegialitis nivosa. Bill, entirely black; legs, slate color; uo black stripe from bill to eye; two middle tail feathers, not tipped with white; two outer tail feathers, white. Western species ranges from ‘Texas and Kansas, west, to the Pacific Ocean. Accidental in Florida. Aegialitis nivosa. Snowy Plover. See No. 2294, * Group 3. Wing, 5.50 to 6.75 inches long; toes, three, no hind toe. Breast, with two black bands; underparts, white: rufhp and upper tail coverts, orange brown. yialitis vocifera. Killdeer Plover. See No. 225. No black baud on breast; back, brownish gray; rump, not orange brown. Western species of casual occurrence in Florida. Hygialitis montana. Mountain Plover. See No. 231. * For directions for measurement, see page FAMILY CHARADRIIDZ. — PLOVERS. 127 Killdeer Plover. Ring-neck Plover. Piping Plover. ae x _ " 4 Se ja va Wilson’s Plover. Snowy Plover. 128 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. * Group 4. Wing, over 6.75 inches long. Section 1. Toes, three. Gray axillars of Golden Plover. Axillars, gray; rump, not orauge brown. Charadrius duminicus. Golden Plover. See No. 224. Charadrius dominicus. Axillars, smoky black; rump and upper tail coverts, not orange brown. o] ’ ? ] | 5S Charadrius squatarola. Black=bellied Plover. See No. 222. This species has four toes (the hind toe being so small that it often escapes notice), and properly belongs in Group 5, Section 3, but owing to the fact that it is constantly looked for among the three-toed species it is included in both sections. Rump, orange brown; underparts, white, with two black bands on the breast; axillars, - pure white. Egialitis vocifera. Killdeer Plover. See No. 225. No black bands on breast; shaft of first primary, white; back, brownish gray; ayxillars, white. A Western species of casual occurrence in Florida; not recorded elsewhere on Atlantic coast. Egialitis montana. Mountain Plover. See No. 231. | a Section 2. Toes, four. yi Axillars, smoky black; tarsus, over 1.70; hind toe, very small. Charadrius squatarola. Black=bellied Plover. See No. 222. * For directions for measurement, see page 9. FAMILY APHRIZID.— SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. 129 FAMILY APHRIZIDAE. Surf Birds and Turnstones. SUBFAMILY ARENARIINA. Turnstones. Toes, four; lower back and rump, white | with black band. = Summer. Turnstone. Winter. Adult in summer: General upper parts, mottled and variegated with black, white, rufous, and tawny; throat and breast, black and white; rest of underparts, white; tail, with subter- minal band of black, tipped with white. Adult in winter: Above, light, streaked and dashed with dark brown; an imperfect band of dark brown on the jugulum; chin and upper part of the throat, white ; sides of breast, like the back; rest of the underparts, white; a distinct white band on the wing; rump, white, but with a broad patch of black on the upper tail coverts; tail, dark brown, the tips and basal half of the inner feathers, and nearly two thirds of the outer feathers, white; legs, reddish orange; bill, black. Length, 8.65; wing, 5.70; tail, 2.60; tarsus, 1; bill, .95. Arenaria interpres. Turnstone. = See No. 232. 130 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY HAEMATOPODID =. Oyster-catchers. Toes, three; bill, over 2.50 inches long. Section 1. Toes, three; bill, red. Head and neck, blackish, or very dark brown; back, = brown; upper tail coverts, white; bill, red; bill, over =~ 2.50 inches long; wing, about ten inches long; lower Sere ere Be ™ preast and belly, white. Hematopus palliatus. American Oyster-catcher. Hematopus palliatus. See No. 234 American Oyster-catcher. ORDER PYGOPODES. Divine Birps. SuzporDER PODICIPIDES. Greses. Famity PODICIPIDA. Grepss. Six species of Grebes occur in North America. Their toes are lobe webbed and the legs are placed far back, rendering walking difficult. They feed principally on fish. About thirty-two species are known throughout the world. Genus COLYMBUS Linn. Supcenus COLYMBUS Linn. [RSS a ott a aN TT RE RE TN EIEN RE a Holboell’s Grebe. Pied-billed Grebe. (131) 132 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. COLYMBUS HOLBOELLII ( Rezwi.). Holboell’s Grebe. Sp. char. Summer: Crown, nape, and back of the neck, black; back, dull black or blackish; throat, belly, and sides of the head, silvery white; front and sides of neck, rufous brown, gradually shading lighter on breast ; sides of body, more or less rufous. Adult in winter: Upper plumage, sooty brown; throat and under- parts, silvery white; neck, more or less tinged with rufous. Immature birds have the throat and sides tinged with gray. Length, 18 to 20; wing, 7.60; tarsus, 2.15; bill, 1.80 to 2. Distribution: North America at large, including Greenland (A. 0.U.) : south in winter to North Carolina and Middle States of the interior; breeds from Minnesota and Dakota northwards. Nest and eggs: The nest is usually composed of grass and reeds, often floating. The eggs are soiled white or pale greenish white, from three to five in number, and measure 2.20 x 1.35. Holboell’s Grebe is the largest of the family in Eastern North America. It is not uncommon on the Atlantic coast during the winter months. Like others of its family it is an expert diver, and rarely takes wing when pursued, usually disappearing beneath the water with an ease and quickness which has won for it the sobriquet of Hell Diver. When frightened it often swims under’ water with only a small portion of the head and bill exposed. Suncenus DYTES Kaur. COLYMBUS AURITUS Zinu. Horned Grebe. Water Witch. Adult in summer: Upper parts, including back, wings, top of the head and back of the neck, glossy black; throat, black 5 front of the neck, breast, and sides of the body, rufous chest- nut; rest of underparts, white; wings, dusky black; secon- daries, white; lores, dull chestnut; the two small tufts of feathers at the sides of the occiput, brownish buff. Adult in winter and immature: Head and back, grayish; underparts, white, usually tinged with gray on the breast and lower throat; no tufts on sides of the head in winter plumage. Length: 13.40; wing, 5.403 tarsus, 1.703 bill, .85 to .95. Distribution: Northern Hemisphere, breeding from the United States northward (4A. O. U.), migrating south in winter to Florida and the Gulf States. Nest and eggs: The nest is a mass of floating grass or weeds or aimat of grass on a partly submerged marsh; the eggs are four to seven, dull white or yellowish white, or soiled brownish white, and measure 1.75 x 1.16. FAMILY PODICIPID. — G1.EBES. 133 The Horned Grebe is sometimes confounded with the Pied-billed Grebe in winter dress, but the former species has a more pointed and slightly longer bill and tarsus. Both this and the next species are known to gunners by various hames, among the most common being, Water Witch, Hell Diver, and Die Dipper. No. 38. The American Eared Grebe, C. nigricollis californicus, has been taken in Ilinois. (Ridgway.) Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson. PODILYMBUS PODICEPS (Liyv.). Pied=billed Grebe. Hell Diver. Sp. char. Adult in summer: Above, glossy dark brown or brownish black; throat, black, and a black band on the bill; front of neck and sides of neck and body, tinged with pale brown; belly, silvery white. Adult in winter: Similar, but lacking the black throat and without the black band on the bill; lower belly, tinged with gray. Length: 13.50; wing, 5; tarsus, 1.45; bill, .90. Distribution: British Provinces, south- ward to Brazil, Argentine Republic, and Chili, including West Indies and Bermuda, breeding i nearly throughout its range (A. O. U.); win- ters from New Jersey southward. Nest and eggs: The nest is composed of a 8 mass of floating vegetation or a mat of grass 4 on slightly submerged marshes. The eggs are yellowish white or dirty white, usually from three to eight, and measure about 1.70 x 1.20. Famity GAVIIDA. Loons. Restricted to five known species. The toes are four, full webbed in front; the hind toe, separate, with small flap or lobe; the tarsus is flattened. The legs ave set far back, rendering walking difficult. Their food consists principally of fish, which they catch with great dex- terity, being expert swimmers and divers. 134 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Genus GAVIA. Forster. GAVIA IMBER (Guny). Loon. Common Loon. Bia Loon. Nortuern Diver. Adult in summer: Head and neck black, showing green in some lights ; a patch of white, streaked with black on the throat and sides of the neck ; under- parts, white; back and wings, black, streaked and spotted with white ; where the white spots occur there are usually two spots near the end of each feather; sides of breast, streaked with black. Adult in winter and immature: Mead, grayish; back, grayish brown or dusky brown, without spots ; under- parts, white; throat, often tinged with gray; primaries, dark; tail feathers, tipped with gray. Length: 30 to 36; wing, 12 to 14.50; bill, 2.60 to 3.10; height of bill at nostril, about .80; tarsus, 3 to 3.60. Distribution: Northern portion of Northern Hemisphere, ranging south in winter to Gulf of Mexico and Lower California. Breeds from Northern United States northward. Nest and eqgs: Nest, a mass of grass or weeds and leaves, close to water, more commonly on islets or “>=. shores of some pond or lake. ‘Two — eggs, grayish brown or greenish brown, heavily blotched with -dark brown, and measure 3.50 x 2.25. Although less numerous than formerly, Loons are common on the Atlantic coast during migrations, and the wild, laugh-like note is a well-known sound on shore and lake. FAMILY GAVIIDA. — LOONS. 135 Winter. Summer. Loons. A, Actitis macularia Egialitis meloda i cireumcincta montana niyosa . semipalmata vocifera wilsonia é ZEstrelata hasitata . Aix sponsa Ajaja ajaja . Albatrosses Yellow-nosed Alca torda . Alcidee Alcineze Alle alle. Allin . Anas americana boschas carolinensis . cyanoptera discors fulvigula . obscura strepera Anatide . Anatine. . . . Anhinga anhinga Anhingidze Anous stolidus Anser albifrons gambeli Anseres . Anserinz Aphrizide . Aramid : Aramus giganteus . Ardea cerulea candidissima egretta . herodias occidentalis . rufescens . . tricolor ruficollis . virescens . wardi . ..-« wuerdemanni INDEX. PAGE . 108, 110 . 125, 126 . 125, 126 . 126, 128 . 125, 126 - . 124 . 126, 128 125 a 48 64, 65 86 12, 46 : 46 31, 32 21, 29, 30 21, 30 29 22, 30 65, 66 66 64 64 63 66 ees ne 66 at tar Be oes it BO ,566' 14, 15, 59, 61, 63, 71, 81 14, 59, 63 3 61 15, 60, 81 17, 103, 129 18, 96 . 96 90, 91 a = Ot atta 93, 94 ee ye OA 94 93 91 RD ical ago 290 Siigh Manele oe ind 94 AVGCIGR: og. ey ce 308 Ardetta exilis neoxena . Arenaria interpres Arenarine . Avocets . American Auks . Little Razor-billed Aythya aflinis americana collaris marila . : ee nearctica . vallisneria . . Baldpate Bartramia long auda Bird, Diving . Dough . Grass . Man-of-war . : Red-billed Tropic Shore eke se Snake A MORE eae uate TROPIG@ 4 So ge 2h Se Yellow-billed Tropic Bitterns . American Cory’s Least Least Blue-bill Blue Peter . : Booby, Blue-faced Red-foote.l Botaurus lentiginosus Brant. Black Branta bernicla . canadensis Jeucopsis . nigricans . nade Broad-bill. . . ... (137) Bernicla canadensis minima . PAGE ; 19, 89 i hear OU ) 129 129 17, 102, 106 106 21, 22, 29, 80, 31, 32 22, 29, 80 31, 32 71, 72, 73 74, 76 72, 73 72, 73, 74 72, 74 76 65, 66 117, 121 81 131 Jeetue se 199 114, 115, 118 16, 58 50 102 16, 53 129 15, 50 . 50 19, 39 92, 93 89 89 71, 72, 73, 74 . . . 100 51 51 92, 93 15, $1, 82 81, 82 81 138 THE Cc. Calidrisarenaria ...... Camptolemus labradorius Cepphusgrylle. .... mandtii ..... Charadriide ........ Charadrius dominicus . . . . squatarola ....... Charitonetta albeola. . . . . Chen cerulescens . hyperborea . . . es nivalis . Ciconiide . ‘ Clangula hyemalis . Colymbus auritus . holboelli eke nigricollis californicus Cooter. a as Bl a American Black . . Butter-bill Gray “2 Skunk-head . White-winged . Cormorants Common Double crested Florida Mexican . Courlans Cranes ‘ Sandhill Whooping ‘ Crymophilus fulicarius . Curlews . ‘ Esquimaux . Hudsonian . Sa arial SACK aver Wau ho. Fed nee oe eo bs Long-billed . : Sickle-bill .. . . Cygnine Dafila acuta Darters . Diomedeide Diver, Northern. . . . Dowitcher, Long-billed . Dovekies P Ducks ge ae American Golden.eye . Bay . Pa ar er ne Parrow’s Golden-eye . Black Black-head Blue.-hill at eet Buflle-headed . . . . BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. PAGE . «28, 107, 109, 115 anctawa peeks 18 or) . 29,31 18, 24, 103, 124 else Bee 198 % so 3 18;198 71, 72 83 88 =) 88 20, 88 73, T4 131 . «25, 132 25, 182 ede 188 . 11, 97, 100 . . 100 . 79 79, 80 ee 380 76, 77, 79, SO 71,79 16, 50, 54 54, 55 54, 55 . 54 64, 55 18, 95, 96 18, 95 95 95 a 105 . 17, 102, 104, 107 : 122 . . . 15, 60, 84 64, 65, 66 . 16, 53 12, 22, 46 134 . 110, 116 22, 29, 30 . 59, 61 69, 73, 74, 76 . 59, 71 69, 74, 76 . 66, 67 . 73, 74 . 71, 72, 73, 74 69, 71, 72 Ducks — Continued. Canvas-back Creek ... Dipper... Dusky .... Eider, American . ts Dresser’s . “Greenland “King. & Northern ef Steller’s Florida Black . ae Dusky . Harlequin Labrador . Long-tailed . Mallard Masked Old Squaw Pied. Pintail . Pond Redhead . Ring-necked River : Ruddy... . Scaup, American . a Greater ee Lesser . Scoter, American ss Surf. PAGE oie ce 68, 76 . . 65 Boh: See ten sesh tote ees EL . I 70, 77, 80 + 70,79, 80 . + 70,77, 80 eet te oe 1 16 oe + 6 66, 67 69, 72, 78, 75 B - 8 . . 73, 74 - + . 70,71 Le 69 . 72,73, 74 69, 71, 72, 73 iMod Sle 10 . 1 270,76 “ White-winged. . . 2... 2...) 670 Sea Shoveller . Steller’s Summer Whistler . Wood Dunlin, American . Dytes. Egrets American Reddish Snowy . Eniconetta stelleri Ereunetes occidentalis . pusillus ... . Erismatura jamaicensis Flamingocs Fratercula arctica . Fraterculine . Fregata aquila Fregatide . 14, 59, 71 ‘ . 64, 68 69, 72, 73, 76 E. F, + . . 21,30 INDEX. . PAGE Gulls — Continued. Frigate Birds Neue Aare each oe. teed ren 3516708 Kittiwake . 2... 2... Fulicaamericana . . .......... «100 Kumlien’s PMNS ck on ode | we Ne eae Ye a eee 11, 100 Laughing Fuliguline.s ss $5 Gow & 4S Ss 1459/71 Mandt’s Fulmars . de er as eo ee ee TB SOG Ring-hilled Fulmarus glacialis . Fe RON id eae EE, eeWietioat eevee LAB) Sabine’s G. H. Gadwall . : 65, 66, 67 Haglet : Gallinago delicata fd: ee ee es LOT Hematopodide . Gallinulagaleata . . . . ........ «101 Hematopus palliatus Gallinules @ = 2). S542 @ ke hog 97, 101 Hell Diver Florida ...... 19, 101 Hen, Mud . Purple. 19, 101 Herons . Gallinulinze STAR pCR NON, eoseay Aten eee AAO Great White Gannete.s. 6) ee fen es Fee ee 0; 5 “Blue Booby... eth hy See er al tee DD Green Blue-faced Booby Cae er a ere a ie | Little Blue Gayiaarcticus: < sq, os 2s eee ee sk 27, 29 Louisiana AID OTe oes war wonterwrs waar aecviay ate ed cae Tag OL Night Tamme ees) ho Gs er ee at eel ee a DTH DD. Snowy . Gaviidem. 2. 6 6 6 ee . . 12, 27, 28, 133 Ward’s . Geese. . . ee . 15, 59, 60, 61, 81 Wuerdeman’s . Gelochelidon nilolica, Fab are Petit aren ae (248 Yellow-crowned Night Glaucionetta clangula americana . . . . 73, 74, 76 Himantopus mexicanus IslandiGa: 2, ence hee See ee ee IE Histrionicus histrionicus GOO WAG rie cae fon eae Mee how eet meas Cavett der car ae LO) Mydrochelidon nigra surinamensis Mudsonian. 35 os.) ee coc nd oe ner ee ALY Marbled ie aes NG GM BS « 120, 123 I Goose . . Lee NE hee eel . American White. ro a he ae ee es} Ibidide . Barnaclevs. ssa te A > se hs OSI Thises . Bluey cae ee a eee 88 Glossy . Cackling . : 81 Scarlet . oh 18, aan es Canada . a er he ee ae ene Neer eae ne} | White... oes: ae GreaterSnow. . .........s 83 White-faced Glossy . Lesser Snow 83 Wood nar Snow 82 TIonornis martinica Grebes ae Sp eteh ian ts ei 25, 26, 131 Holboell’s ....... 6 . 25, 131, 132 Horned : . 25, 26, 132 J. Pied-billed . . : 25, 26, 131, 133 Jegers Greenshank fey Swe eh a Be Aca Sa - 121 Long. tailed . Gruide . SS SARs ca cect ase a ae . 18, 95 ATan Cee Grus americana. ee ee ee 95 Pomarine MEXICANA. 6 6k we Se ee ww 8s 95 Guaraalaia 2.4 eS ee ee Sead Sh A ABT BUDE. so-so Wee val ese oe ene ES ST, K, Guillemots. . 2... 6 ee eee ee eo OI, 80 ee BAGH a ho ha char heel hake Be ee. 29 Kittiwake Gull Gulls . 13, 35, 36, 37 Knot . American Herring t 38, 39, 40 Black Guillemot... . 6. 6. ee ee 29 Te Bonaparte’ss 2 « 6 s+ 4 s ¥ Se ee SBOE Mraniclin’s:. > d E z ] breast, distinctly streaked or spotted. See page 248. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long. See page 251. More or less of either red, blue, yellow, or green on the underparts. See page 251. No red, blue, yellow, or green on the underparts. See page 254. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches lopg. See page 257. More or less red on the underparts. See page 257. More or less yellow, orange, or green on the underparts. See page 258. No red, yellow, orange, or green on the underparts. See page 259. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long. See page 261. 3D) fo) 5 228 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE. Sparrows, Finches, Crossbills, etc. First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as second or third; bill, stout and conical; nostrils, high, near the culmen; pri- maries, 9; tarsus, flattened behind. Group 1. Wing, 1.75 to 2.13 inches long. Top of head, blackish, with tawny stripe in middle, and tawny stripe over each eye. Leconte’s Sparrow. Ammodramus leconteti. See No. 413. Ammod:amus leconteii. Ammodramus caudacutus. (Coturniculus) henslowi. FAMILY FRINGILLIDA. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 229 Top of head and nape, pale olive green, mixed with black; no tawny stripe over eye. Henslow’s Sparrow. Ammodramus henslowiti. See No. 412. Top of head, brownish and slate color; a tawny stripe over each eye; no tawny stripe on middle of crown. Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Sharp-etailed Finch. Ammodram us caudacutus aud races. See No. 414. Back and rump, olive green; throat or sides of neck, black (male), or gray (female). West Indian species, accidental on Florida keys. Black-faced Finch or Grassquit. Luetheia bicolor. See No. 449. Phompara bicolor. Back and rump, olive green; sides of neck, yellow (male), or throat, chestnut brown (female). West Indian species accidental on Florida Keys. Cuban Finch, or Melodious Grassquit. Euetheia canora. See No. 450. 230 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Group 2. Wing, 2.13 to 2.37 inches long. Part 1. The following species have the breast more or less streaked ; carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow: — Bill, dark; sides of head, tuwny buff enclosing a patch of gray behind the eye; heavy tawny buff superciliary stripe. Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Ammodramus caudacutus, and varieties, See No. 414. Ammodramus maritimus. Bill, dark; a small spot of yellow in front of the eye; no tawny superciliary stripe. Sea-side Sparrow. Ammodramus maritimus, and varieties. See No. 417. FAMILY FRINGILLIDZ. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 231 Bill, dark ; back, black; underparts, white, streaked sharply with black. Occurs in Eastern Florida only. Dusky Sea-side Sparrow. Ammodramus nigrescens. See No. 419. Bill, pale horn color ; sides of head and nape, tinged with olive green. Henslow’s Sparrow. Ammodramus henslowwti. See No. 412. Part 2. The following species have the breast more or less streaked ; carpal joint (bend of wing), not yellow : Breast, very faintly streaked; middle tail feathers, rufous brown, with black stripe in middle, includ- ing the shaft; wing coverts and secondaries, edged with rufous brown. Swamp Sparrow. Melospiza georgiana. See No. 438. Breast, sharply streaked with black; shafts of tail feathers, not black. Lincoln’s Sparrow. Melospiza lincolnii. See No. 437. Melospiza lincolnii. Part 3. The following species have the breast not streaked (in the adult*); carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow : — Top of head, black with tawny stripe in centre; an orange brown spot over, and somewhat in front of, the eye. : y Yellow-winged Sparrow. Grasshopper Sparrow. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus. See No. 411. * In several species, very young birds in first plumage have the breast streaked. 232 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Top of head and back, chestnut ana black; sides, sometimes with black spots. Occurs only as far as known in Florida and Southern Georgia. Pine-woods Sparrow. Peucae estivalis. See No, 434. Top of head and back, rufous brown with more or less gray on feathers; sides, without spots. Bachman’s Sparrow. Peucae estivalis bachmanti. See No. 435. Part 4. The following species have the breast not streaked (in the adult); carpal joint (bend of wing), not edged with yellow : — Wing coverts and secondaries, edged with rufous brown; flanks, brownish olive. Swamp Sparrow. Melospiza georgiana, See No. 438. Wing coverts and secondaries, edged with pale tawny buff; tail feathers, brown, narrowly edged with brownish white; flanks, pale buffy white. Field Sparrow. Spizella pallida. See No. 426. 4 Spizella pallida. FAMILY FRINGILLIDZ. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 233 Group 3. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long. loao N -402 ‘ The following species have the throat or underparts more or less marked with either blue, red, dull green, or bright yellow :— 400 Part 1. Underparts, entirely yellow (male), or throat, yellow; underparts, dull olive gray (female); wings and tail, black, marked with white; yellow on under- parts varies much, according to age and season. Yellowbird. American Goldfinch. Spinus tristis. See No. 400. Underparts, bright red, or tinged with red; back, green; crown, blue. Nonpareil Painted Bunting. Passerina crris (male). See No. 448. Underparts, greenish; back, green. Painted Bunting. Passerina ciris (female). See No. 448. 234 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Underparts, blue; general plumage, blue; wings and tail, black, edged with blue. Indigo Bird. Indigo Bunting. Passerina cyanea (male). See No. 446. Underpurts, more or less blotched with blue. Indigo Bird. Passerina cyanea (immature). See No. 446. Part 2. The following species have the underparts not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green; breast, distinctly streaked; carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow :— Breast and flanks, tawny ; a tawny stripe over the eye; outer tail feathers, decidedly shorter than middle ones. Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Ammodramus caudactus, and varieties. See No. 414. Breast, white, heavily streaked with black; back, black, the feathers edged with olive and gray; outer tail feathers, shortest. Occurs only in Florida. Dusky Seaside Sparrow. Ammodramus nigrescens. See No. 419. FAMILY FRINGILLIDZ. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 235 Breast and flanks, grayish (sometimes faintly tinged with buff); a small yellow spot in front of the eye; no tawny stripe over the eye; rump, grayish Olive; undertail coverts, not white; outer tail feathers, shortest. Seaside Sparrow. Ammodramus maritimus, and varieties. See No. 417. Seaside Sparrow. Breast and flanks, white streaked with brown; a yellow spot in front of eye (absent in some plumages) ; rump, pale brown, marked with dark brown; outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones; under tail coverts, white. Savanna Sparrow. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna. See No. 410. 236 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 3. ‘The following species have the underparts not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green; breast, distinctly streaked; carpal joint (bend of wing), not edged with yellow :— Forehead, reddish brown; crown, brown, with imperfect gray streak in middle, and blackish dots; no yellow in front of eye; breast, white, heavily streaked with dark brown; outer tail feathers, shortest. Song Sparrow. Melospiza fasciata. See No. 436. Crown, brown, streaked with black; breast, buff, streaked with black; back, streaked; outer tail feathers, shortest. Lincoln’s Sparrow. Melospiza lincolnii. See No. 437. Crown, black, streaked with pale brown ; a yellow spot in front of eye (want- ing in some plumages); breast, white, streaked with dark brown; back, streaked ; outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones. Savanna Sparrow. zlmmodramus sandwichensis savanna. See No. 410. Wings and tail, dark brown, more or less margined with yellow; the bases of the feathers, pale yellow; under- parts, heavily streaked with brownish black; crown and back, brownish olive, heavily streaked with black. Pine Finch. Spinus spinis. See No. 402. FAMILY FRINGILLIDA. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ITC. 237 Crown and back, brown without streaks; underparts, pale buff brown, faintly streaked on breast and sides. Indigo Bunting. Passerina cyanea (female). See No. 446. Part 4. The following species have the underparts not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green, and the breast not distinctly streaked, but have the carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow : — Crown, black, with pale tawny buff stripe on middle; ear coverts, tawny buff; middle back, blackish; feathers, edged with buff; tail feathers, very pointed ; tail, less than 2.25 long. Grasshopper Sparrow. Yellow-winged Sparrow. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus. See No. 411. Crown, grayish, without tawny stripe in middle; ear coverts, gray; back, olive and gray; a distinct superciliary stripe of buff or yellowish. Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Ammodramus caudacutus, and races. See No. 414. Crown and back, rufous brown, the feathers, more or less marked with black, and edged with gray; not tawny stripe on middle of crown; tail feathers, not pointed; tail, over 2.25 long. Pine-woods Sparrow. Peucea estivalis, and races. See No. 434. 238 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 5. The following species have the underparts not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green; the breast, not distinctly streaked, and no yellow on the carpus (bend of the wing): — Crown and back, the same color, brown without streaks. Indigo Bunting. Passerina cyanea (female). See No. 446. Crown and back, bright olive green, without streaks. Painted Bunting. Passerina ciris (female). See No. 448. Back, streaked with black; rump, olive brown, streaked with black; wing coverts and secondaries, broadly edged with rufous brown; sides of body, clear olive brown ; middle of belly, whitish. Swamp Sparrow. Melospiza georgiana. Bill, black or dark brown; back, streaked with black; rump, slate gray; adult birds have the crown rufous. Chipping Sparrow. Spizella socialis. See No. 425. Bill, reddish brown; crown and back, rufous brown; back, streaked with black; rump, pale grayish brown, Field Sparrow. Spizella pusilla. See No. 428. Bill, pale brown (not reddish browu); underparts, dull white (not grayish on sides as in socialis) ; crown and back, pale grayish brown, streaked with black ; rump, grayish brown (not slate gray as in socialis). Clay-colored Sparrow. Spizella pallida. See No. 426, FAMILY FRINGILLID/. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 239 Group 4. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long. S (O NY 392 n 410 440 389 : 396 Part 1. The following species have the throat, or underparts, more or less red, blue, green or yellow : — Mandibles, crossed ; general plumage, dull red; wings, brownish; no white on wings (male). American Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra minor. See No. 392. 240 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Mandibles, crossed; no white on wings; underparts, greenish. American Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra minor (female). See No. 392. Mandibles, crossed; more or less red on underparts, head, and back; wing bars, white. White-winged Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera (male). See No. 393. Mandibles, crossed; wing bars, white; underparts, greenish. White-winged Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera (female). See No. 393. Mandibles, not crossed; breast and crown, rose red; back, brown, tinged with red; chin, not black. Purple Finch. Carpodacus purpureus male). See No. 389. Mandibles, not crossed; chin, blackish; breast, rose red; front crown, metallic red; rump, streaked. Red-poll. Acanthis linaria, and races. See No. 396. Mandibles, not crossed; chin, blackish; underpart, whitish, with faint tinge of pink on breast; rump, white, without streaks, sometimes tinged with rose color. Greenland Red-poll. Acanthis hornemanntt, and races. See No. 394. FAMILY FRINGILLIDZ. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 241 Mandibles, not crossed; underparts, yellow; back, yellow; wings and tail, black, marked with white. American Goldfinch. Yellowbird. Spinus tristis (male). See No. 400. Mandibles, not crossed; throat, yellow; rest of underparts, grayish olive; tail and wings, black, marked with white. American Goldfinch. Yellowbird. Spinus tristis (female). See No. 400. Mandibles, not crossed; chin, white ; throat, black; breast, yellow; belly, white ; back, streaked with black , shoulder, chestnut. Dickcissel. Black-throated Bunting. Spiza americana. See No. 451. 242 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Mandibles, not crossed; underparts, red; crown ard sides of head, blue; back, green. Nonpareil. Painted Bunting. Passerina ciris (male). See No. 448. Mandibles, not crossed; underparts, tinged with red; upper parts, bright olive green; no white on wings or tail. Painted Bunting. Passerina ciris (young male). See No. 448. Mandibles, not crossed; underparts, greenish yellow; upper plumage, bright olive green; no white on wings or tail. Painted Bunting. Passerina ciris ( female). See No. 448. Mandibles, not crossed; general plumage, blue, with black wings and tail, edged with blue. Indigo Bunting. Indigo Bird. Passerina cyanea (adult male). See No. 446. Mandibles, not crossed; general plumage, brownish, blotched with blue. Indigo Bunting. Indigo Bird. Passerina cynanea (young male). See No. 446. FAMILY FRINGILLIDAZ. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 243 Part 2. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on the underparts; more or less of the throat, black (sometimes only the chin); breast and sides, not distinctly streaked : — Head, back, throat, and upper breast, black ; sides of body, rufous brown ; wings and tail, black, marked with white; bill, dark. Towhee Bunting. Pipilo erythrophthaimus (male), and races. See No. 440. Throat, black; crown, gray; malar region, white; occiput, chestnut brown; rump, olive gray; bill, black. English Sparrow. Passer domesticus (male). See No. 390. Chin, black; throat, white, slightly tinged with tawny; rest of under- parts, white; crown, fiery red; rump, white, not streaked. Greenland Red-poll. Acanthis hornemannit. See No. 394. 244 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Throat, smoky gray; belly, white; back and rump, grayish brown; bill, pale; outer tail feather, entirely white. Snow Bird. Junco. Junco hyemalis. See No. 430. Part 3. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow, on the underparts; throat or chin, not black; and the breast or sides, not distinctly streaked; tail feathers, marked with more or less white: Throat, grayish brown; sides of body, deep rufous brown; back, not streaked ; belly, white; bill, black. Towhee. Towhee Bunting. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. See No. 440. Throat, gray ; belly, white; back and rump, grayish brown; back, not streaked. Snow Bird. Junco. Junco hyemalis, and races. See No. 430. FAMILY FRINGILLID. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 245 Throat, white ; crown, brown, with whitish stripe through middle; back, streaked ; tail feathers, broadly tipped with white. Lark Finch. Chondestes grammacus. See No. 420. Throat, ashy white; belly. white, tinged with pale buff on sides; crown, bright rufous ; tail feathers, very narrowly edged with white; upper mandible, black- ish; lower mandible, pale yellowish white, with dark tip; back, streaked. Tree Sparrow. Spizella monticola. See No. 424. Throat and underparts, pale buffy white or ashy white; crown and back, dull brown; back, streaked with blackish; tail, very narrowly edged with buffy white; bill, reddish brown; rump, brownish. Field Sparrow. Spizella pusilla. See No. 428. Throat, white; crown, rufous; « white stripe over the eye; outer tail feather, very narrowly edged with whitish on inner web; bill, black; back, streaked ; rump, slaty gray. Chipping Sparrow. Spizella socialis. See No. 425. Part 4. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on the underparts; throat or chin, not black, and the breast or sides, not distinctly streaked; no white on the tail feathers : — Crown, green, like back; throat and underparts, pale buff; back, green, without streaks. Nonpareil. Painted Bunting. Passerina ciris (immature). See No. 448. 246 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown, brown, like back; throat and underparts, pale brown; whitish on belly; breast, usually with indistinct streaks; back, brown, without streaks. Indigo Bird. Indigo Bunting. Passerina cyanea (female). See No. 446. Crown, black, with white stripe in centre; stripe over eye, white; usually more or less yellow in front of eye; throat, white; breast, grayish; carpal joint (bend of wing), pale yellow; back, streaked. White-throated Sparrow. Lonotrichia albicollis. See No. 423. Crown, black, with white stripe in centre; no distinct white patch on throat; carpal joint (bend of wing), not yellow; back, streaked. White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys- See No. 422. Crown, brown, with grayish brown centre; nape, gray; bill, reddish brown ; back, streaked; wing coverts, tipped with white. White-crowned Sparrow. Zonotrichia leucophrys (immature) See No. 422. Crown, light chestnut brown (streaked with black iu young birds); rump, slaty gray; bill, black; back, streaked. Young birds in fall have the bill brownish. Chipping Sparrow. Spizella socialis. See No. 425. Crown, rufous brown; rump, pale olive brown; upper mandible, black ; under mandible, pale, with dark tip; back, streaked. Tree Sparrow. Spizella monticola. See No. 424. FAMILY FRINGILLIDE. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 247 Crown, pale chestnut brown; rump, olive brown; bill, reddish brown; back, streaked. Field Sparrow. Spizella pusilla, and races. See No. 428. Part 5. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on the underparts; throat, more or less (sometimes only chin) black, and the breast or sides distinctly streaked : A black spot on the chin; crown, with more or less metallic red; rump, streaked ; bill, yellowish, with dark tip. Common on Atlantic coast. Red=poll. Acanthis linaria, and races. See No. 396. A black spot on the chin; crown, with more or less metallic red; rump, white, usually without streaks; bill, yellowish, with dark tip; plumage, much whiter than linaria. Rarely occurs south of Labrador. Greenland Red-poll. Acanthis hornemannii, and races, See No. 394. 245 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 6. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow on the underparts; throat or chin, not black, and the breast, distinctly streaked or spotted : Crown feathers, blackish, narrowly edged with light brown; an imperfect buff white line through centre of crown; tail, usually under 2.20; wing, usually under 2.90 (more or less yellow over and in front of eye in some plumages); outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones; «a black streak on sides of upper throat; back, streaked; breast, streaked with dark brown; outer web of outer tail feather, edged with dull white. Savanna Sparrow. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna. See No. 410. Rump and upper surface of tail feathers, rufous brown. Fox Sparrow. Passerella iliaca. See No. 439. Wing, usually over 2.90; tail, usually over 2.20; breast, streaked with pale brown; crown feathers, with small black centres edged with buff and gray; outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones; no black streak on sides of upper throat; back, pale brown, tinged with gray and more or less streaked; very little or no white on outer tail feathers, Ipswich Sparrow. Ammodramus princeps. See No. 409. FAMILY FRINGILLIDZ. — SPARKOWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 249 Bill, large; depth of Dill at base, about equal to length of culmen; crown and_ back, brownish olive, streaked with blackish; throat, streaked dark olive brown, not black ; outer tail feathers, not shorter than middle ones. Purple Finch. Carpodacus purpureus ( female) See No. 389. Outer tail feathers, decidedly shorter than middle ones; crown, dull rufous brown, streaked with black and showing a grayish stripe in the centre; under- parts, white; the breast, heavily streaked with black; carpal joint, not edged with yellow; outer tail feathers, not half white (the breast and sides, often faintly tinged with tawny and black striping on breast, often mixed with more or less rufous brown); back, streaked. Song Sparrow. Melospiza fasciata. See No. 436. 250 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Shoulder (lesser wing coverts), rufous brown; at least half of outer tail feathers, white; back, streaked. Vesper Sparrow. Poocetes gramineus. See No. 408. Back, tinged with rufous brown, and streaked with black ; carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with pale yellow; tail, over 2.50; usually an indication of yellow in front of the eye; no white on tail feathers. White-throated Sparrow. Zonotrichia albicollis. See No. 423. Bill, sharp; tail, under 2 inches; entire upper plumage, olive buff, streaked with black; under plumage, buffy white, or ashy white, heavily streaked with black; more or less yellow on edge and base of wing feathers, and base of tail feathers. Pine Siskin. Pine Finch. Spinus pinus. See No. 402. Crown and back, dull brown, without streaks ; underparts, brownish, whitish on belly; breast streaks, not very pro- nounced, often indistinct (female). Indigo Bird. Indigo Bunting. Pine Finch. Passerina cyanea. See No. 446. FAMILY FRINGILLIDE. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 251 Group 5. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long. Part 1. The following species have more or less of either red, blue, yellow, or green on the underparts* : — General plumage, red; crown and underparts, bright red; crown, with crest ; throat, black ; wings, not black (male). Cardinal Grosbeak. Cardinalis cardinalis. See No. 442. (Oo General plumage, red; back, streaked; belly, whitish (male). Purple Finch. Carpodacus purpureus. See No. 389. *If bird is red or olive green, with wing measuring between 3.35 and 4 inches long (carpus to tip), and cannot be found in this section, see Family Tanagridie. The bill of a Tanager somewhat resembles that of a Finch. 252 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown, rump, and underparts, rose red; more or less white on wing; man- dibles, crossed. White-winged Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera (male). See No. 393. Crown, rump, and greater part of under plu- mage, dull red; no white on the wing; mandibles, crossed. American Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra minor (male). See No. 392. Wings, with more or less white; general plumage, grayish olive, or olive green, more or less strongly tinged with yellowish green on rump; mandi- bles, crossed. White-winged Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera (female). See No. 392. Underparts, tinged with green, or olive green; yellowish green on rump; no white on wings: mandibles, crossed. American Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra minor (female). See No. 392. rf > = Fi r rf Z Z a —_ e ES o & RD fc) > . z oO = nn cS | Z a = 5 he Q a fs) if D = SI o oe es 3 iS bo t oo Crown, olive gray; chin, white; throat, black; breast, yellow; belly, white; shoulder (wing coverts), chestnut brown; back, streaked with black; more or less yellow over the eye. Black-throated Bunting. Dickcissel. Spiza americana. See No. 451. Underparts, dull buffy yellow; more or jess black streaks on sides; crown, black- ish, with tawny buff stripe through centre; back, heavily streaked with black; tail feathers, very pointed. (This bird belongs in Section 8, as it is nota Tanager or a Finch, but the bill might appear Fringilline to beginners.) Bobolink. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (female). See No. 370. General plumage, more or less blue. Blue Grosbeak. Guiraca cerulea. See No. 445, Underparts, brownish white, tinged with blue on the breast; head, rump, and lesser wing coverts, usually tinged with blue. Blue Grosbeak. Guiraca cerulea (female). See No. 445. 254 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 2. The following species have no red, blue, yellow, or green on the underparts : — Underparts, brownish white; crown and back, brownish gray, usually tinged with more or less blue on the head, rump, and lesser wing coverts; middle wing coverts, edged with rufous brown. Blue Grosbeak. Guiraca cerulea (immature). See No. 445. Towhee Bunting. Crown and back, black ; throat, black; sides of body, rufous brown; belly, white. Towhee Bunting. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (male). See No. 440. Head and entire underparts, black; a tawny white patch on the back of the neck; back, black; rump, whitish. (This species belongs in the family Icteridz (see Section 8), but to the uninitiated the Dill has a slight re- semblance to birds in this class.) Bobolink. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. See No. 370. Crown, black, mixed with buffy white; a nuchal collar (back of neck), chestnut ; back, streaked; breast, more or less marked with black; belly, white; hind toe nail, long. Lapland Longspur. Calcarius lapponicus. See No. 404. Top and sides of the head, black; ear coverts and superciliary stripe, white; back, streaked; un-= derparts, buff; hind toe nail, long. Smith’s Longspur. Calcarius pictus. See No. 405. Top of head, black; wing coverts, heavily marked with chestnut; throat and belly, white; a large patch of black on the breast; most of the tail feathers, white, tipped with dark brown. McCown’s Longspur. LRhynchophanes mecownit. See No. 407. Crown, chestnut, with stripe of white in centre (male), or dull olive, streaked with blackish (female) ; back, streaked; underparts, white (pale brownish olive on sides of body); a short streak of dark brown or black on each side of white throat; tail feathers, tipped with white. Lark Sparrow. Lark Finch, Chondestes grammacus. See No. 420. 256 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown, black, with white stripe in middle; underparts, ashy, shading to pale buff on the flanks; no white on tail feathers. White-crowned Sparrow. Zonotrichia leucophrys. See No. 422. Crown and back, grayish or buffy, streaked with black; shoulder (lesser wing coverts), rufous brown; breast, streaked; greater part of outer tail feather, including outer web, white. Vesper Sparrow. Bay-winged Bunting. Grass Finch. Poocetes gramineus. See No. 408. Crown and back, slaty brown, or dull rufous brown; rump, and upper sur- face of tail feathers, light rufous brown; underparts, white, heavily streaked and spotted on breast and sides with rufous brown. Fox Sparrow. Passerella iliaca. See No. 439. FAMILY FRINGILLIDZ.— SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 257 Crown and back, dark brown, with indistinct streaks; no white on tail; under- parts, white, with numerous brown spots or streaks (female). Purple Finch. Carpodacus purpureus. Crown, with crest of red feathers; back, olive; underparts, tawny, shading to olive on the sides; under surface of wing, red (female). Cardinal Grosbeak. Cardinalis cardinatlis. See No. 442. Crown, with fiery red patch; 2 black spot on the chin; belly, white; rump, white. Greenland Redpoll. Acanthis hornemannti. See No. 394. Group 6. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long. Part 1. The following species have more or less red on the under- parts * : — General plumage, rose red, usually mixed with more or less gray; wing coverts, edged with pinkish white. Pine Grosbeak. Pinicola enucleator, See No. 388. Throat and base of bill, black; general plumage, red; crown, with more or less of a crest; wings and tail, not black (male). Cardinal Grosbeak. Cardinalis cardinalis. See No. 442. * Tf bird ig red or olive green, with wing between 3.35 and 4 inches long (bend of wing to tip), see Family Tanagridx. The bill of a Tanager somewhat resembles that of a Finch. 258 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Head and back, black 3 breast and under wing coverts, rose red; belly, white (male). Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Hahia ludoviciana. See No. 443. Part 2. The following species have more or less yellow, orange, or green on the underparts : — Forehead, yellow; crown, black; rump, greenish yellow; tertials, heavily marked with white; under- parts, dark olive yellow on belly (male). Evening Grosbeak. Coccothraustes respertinus. See No. 387. Underparts, gray, faintly tinged with greenish yellow; back, gray, more or less tinged with green; wings and tail, black, marked with white. Crown and sides of head and chin, black; underparts, orange brown, or pale orange chestnut; middle of belly and under wing coverts, bright yellow; wings and tail, black, marked with white (male). Black-headed Grosbeak. Habia melanocephala. See No. 444. Underparts, pale tawny yellow, more or less streaked with black on sides of body; crown, black, with brownish buff stripe in centre; tail feathers, sharp pointed. [This species belongs in Family Icteridie, but might be looked for under this section (female). ] Bobolink. Dolochonyx oryzivorus. See No. 370. FAMILY FRINGILLID.E. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 259 Part 3, The following species have no red, yellow, orange, or green on the underparts :— Underparts, gray; upper parts, gray, tinged with green; wings and tail, black, heavily marked with white ; bill, yellowish. Evening Grosbeak. Coccothraustes vespertinus (female). See No. 387. General plumage, gray; crown and rump, tinged with yellowish green; bill, dark; no white on tail feathers ; - wing coverts and tertials, edged with ; white. Pine Grosbeak. Pinecola enucleator (female). See No. 388. Crown, brownish black, with whitish streak in centre; un- der wing coverts, orange yellow; breast, streaked with dark brown. Rose=breasted Grosbeak. Habia ludoviciana (female). See No. 443. Head and entire underparts, black; back of neck, tawny buff; back, black, mixed with buff; rump, gray; tail feathers, very pointed. (‘This species belongs in Family Icterida (Section 9), but might be looked for under this section.) Bobolink. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (male). See No. 370. 260 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Head and throat, dull chocolate brown; rest of plumage, greenish black; no white on wings or tail. (See Section 9, Family Icteridw, where it belongs. ) Cow Bird. Molothrus ater (male). See No. 371. General plumage, brownish gray; no white on wing coverts or tail feathers. (This species belongs in Family Icteridw, but the bill is somewhat Finch-like in appearance, and the bird might be looked for under this section.) Cow Bird. Molothrus ater (female). See No. 371. Head, with crest; breast, grayish buft or light tawny ; back, olive gray, without streaks; rump and upper surface of tail, uot rufous brown. Cardinal. Cardinales cardinalis (female). See No. 442. Crown, brown, with white stripe in middle; a black stripe on each side of throat; underparts, soiled white; tail feathers, broadly tipped with white; rump and upper surface of tail, not rufous brown. Lark Sparrow. Lark Finch. Chondestes grammicus. See No. 420. Rump and upper surface of tail feathers, rufous brown; underparts, white, more or less spotted or streaked with brown. Fox Sparrow. Passerella iliaca. See No. 439. Entire head and back, brown or black; belly, white; sides of body, bright, rufous brown. Towhee Bunting. . Pipilo erythrophthaimus. oN See No. 440. Underparts, white, often tinged with light brown on the breast; greater part of outer tail feathers, white. Snow Bunting. Snow Flake, Plectrophenax nivalis. See No. 403. Snow Bunting. FAMILY FRINGILLIDA. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 261 Group 7. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long. ; First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as second or third ; bill, stout and conical; nostrils, high, near the culmen; primaries, nine ; tarsus, flattened behind. Throat, brownish olive, shading to yellowish green on the belly ; wing, black, with patch of white; bill, yel- lowish ; forehead, yellow ; crown, black (male); forehead and crown, grayish (female). Evening Grosbeak. Coccothraustes vespertinus. See No. 387. General plumage of body, rose red, more or less mixed with gray; tail, dark brown; wings, brown, the cov- erts and tertials, edged with white. Pine Grosbeak. Pinicola enucleator (mute) See No. 388. General plumage, gray; the crown and rump, tinged with yellowish olive; wings, dark brown; the coverts and secondaries, edged with white. Pine Grosbeak. Pinicola enucleator (female). See No. 388. 262 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Underparts, white; breast, usually more or less tinged with pale brown in winter. Snow Bunting. Snowflake. Plectrophenax ntvalis. See No. 403. Head, chocolate brown; rest of plu- mage, greenish black (male); general plumage, gray, palest on the throat; no white on wing coverts; crown and rump, like back (female). ‘This species belongs in Section 10, under Family Icteridw, but might be looked for under this family by mistake. Cow Bird. Molothrus ater. See No. 371. Cow Bird. Sce Family Icteride. FAMILY TANAGRIDX. — TANAGERS. 263 FAMILY TANAGRID-. Tanagers. Bill, somewhat fringilline, but having a small “tooth” near the middle of the edge of upper mandible; primaries, 9; tarsus, scutellate; males, bright colored. Group 1. Wing, 3.25 to 4.25 inches long. Part 1. The following species have more or less of either red, blue, yellow, or green on the underparts : — Louisiana ‘anager. Head and throat, orange red; bright red on crown; rest of underparts, bright yellow; back, wings, and tail, black; rump, yellow (male). _ Louisiana Tanager. » Piranga ludoviciana. See No. 453. 264 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH. AMERICA. General plumage. scarlet red; wings and tail, black ; throat, not black (inale). Scarlet Tanager. Piranga erythromelas See No. 454. General plumage, red; no black on throat; wings and tail, not black; back, not streaked ; belly, not whitish (male). Summer Tanager. Piranga rubra. See No. 455. Underparts, yellowish green, or greenish yellow; back, grayish; greater wing coverts and tertials, edged with dull white, or yellowish white; mandibles, not crossed (female). i Louisiana Tanager. Piranga ludoviciana. See No. 453. Underparts, yellowish green, or greenish yellow; back, light olive green; no white on wing coverts; wings and tail, fuscous brown (female); wings and tail, black (young male); inner webs of inner primaries and secondaries, edged with white; mandibles, not crossed (female). Scarlet Tanager. Piranga erythromelas. See No. 454, No white on wing coverts; underparts, pale orange yellow; upper parts, olive green, with faint tinge of orange; mandibles, not crossed (female). Summer Tanager. Piranga rubra. See No. 455. Underparts, bright yellow ; throat, reddish orange; crown and sides of head, orange red; back, wings, and tail, black; rump, yellow (male). Louisiana Tanager. Piranga ludoviciana. See No. 453. FAMILY HIRUNDINIDA. — SWALLOWS. 265 FAMILY HIRUNDINID AE. Swallows. Bill, small and flattened, somewhat triangular in shape; gape, very wide; wings, long, usually extending beyond the tail. Group 1. Wing, 3 25 to 4.75 inches long. Bank Swallow. Throat and belly, white; a band of grayish brown on the breast; upper plumage, brownish gray. oo - Bank Swallow. Clavicola riparia. See No. 463. Underparts, brownish gray, shading into whit- ish on the belly; upper parts, grayish brown ; no distinct breast band. Rough-winged Swallow. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. See No. 464. bo D a KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERIWA. Tree Swallow. Entire underparts, white; upper plumage, metallic steel blue; young birds have the upper plumage brownish gray, but the under plumage is pure white. White-bellied Swallow. Tree Swallow. Tachycineta bicolor. See No. 462. Upper throat and sides of the head, chestnut brown; belly, whitish; forehead, whitish; crown and back, dark steel blue; upper tail coverts, pale rufous brown. Cliff Swallow. Petrochelidon lunifrons. See No. 458. Throat, chestnut; belly, pale brown; entire upper plumage, steel blue; tail, forked; upper tail coverts, steel blue. Barn Swallow. Chelidon erythrogastra. See page 461. FAMILY HIRUNDINIDA. — SWALLOWS. 207 Group 2. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long. Male: General plumage (including belly), bluish black, or dark steel blue, Female: Back, like male; underparts, grayish brown, shading into dull white on the belly. Immature birds have the upper plumage, brownish; under- parts, brownish on the breast; dull white on the belly. Purple Martin. Progne subis. See No. 456. Back, steel blue; belly, white. Tree Swallow. White-bellied Swallow. Tachycineta bicolor. See No. 462. N oC io a KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Back, steel blue; underparts, cinnamon brown; tail, very deeply forked. Barn Swallow. Chelidon erythrogastra. See No. 461. General plumage, sooty brown; showing a faint greenish tinge on the upper parts; throat, ashy white; tail feathers, with sharp spines, or points formed by the shafts of the feathers, extending beyond the webs. The swifts belong to the Family Micropodidz and are widely sepa- rated generically from the swallows; but persons unfamiliar with birds might look for them under the same family. Chimney Swift. Chetura pelagica. See No. 340. FAMILY AMPELIDZ. -— WAXWINGS AND CEDAR BIRDS. 969 FAMILY AMPELIDZ. Waxwings and Cedar Birds. Bill, without notch; head, with crest; primaries, ten; tarsus, shorter than middle toe and claw; a black stripe from forehead through the eye; inner primaries and tail feathers, often tipped with little hard red bits, like minute drops of sealing wax. ' Upper parts, grayish ' brown; crown and breast, pale choco= late brown; a black streak in front of eye; tail, tipped with yellow; belly, yellowish; wing, less than 4.20 inches long. Cedar Waxwing. Cedar Bird. Cherry Bird. Ampelis cedorum. See No. 466. i hi Cedar Bird. General plumage, pale chocolate brown; forehead, tinged with rufous; chin, black; under tail coverts, rufous ; tail, tipped with yellow ; wing, over 4.20 inches long. Bohemian Waxwing. Ampelis yarrulus. See No. 465. 270 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY LANIIDAE. Shrikes. Bill, strong, notched near the end, and decidedly hooked; tarsus, scutellate; tail, rounded. But two species occur with us, both grayish birds with blackish wings and tail and a stripe through the eye. Crown and back, gray; underparts, white; a patch of black on the sides of the head; wing less than 4.15 inches long. Loggerhead Shrike. Lanius ludovicianus, See No. 468. Upper plum- age, ash gray or gray tinged with buff; une derparts, ashy white, the feathers show- ing numerous faint narrow black bars 3 a black streak from bill through the eye; wing, more than 4.15 inches long. Northern Shrike Lanius borealis. See No. 467. FAMILY VIREONIDA. — VIREOS. 271 FAMILY VIREONIDA. Vireos. Upper mandible, with very small hook at tip; first primary, very short in some species, in others nearly as long as second; toes, joined at base. Plain colored birds, usually greenish or grayish, but often showing a faint wash of yellow on underparts; tail, always without white spots. Group 1. Wing, less than 2.37 inches long. Crown, grayish; orbital ring and lores, dull white. Rarely occurs east of Illinois. Bell’s Vireo. Vireo bellii. See No. 480. Crown, grayish, often tinged with olive; orbital ring and lores, yellow. é White-eyed Vireo. 478 Vireo noveboracensis, and races. See No. 478. 272 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Group 2. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long. First primary, very short; lores and eye ring, whitish; throat, whitish; breast and sides, faintly tinged with yellow; no wing bars. Warbling Vireo. Vireo gilvus. See No. 473. First primary, short, but longer than in V. gilvus; lores and eye ring, yellow ; back, olive; wing coverts, edged with white. White-eyed Vireo. Vireo noveboracensis, and races. See No. 478. First primary, not short; lores and eye ring, dull white; underparts, washed with very pale greenish yellow; no wing bars. Philadelphia Vireo. Vireo philadelphicus. See No. 472. FAMILY VIREONID&. — VIREOS. 273 Group 3. Wing, from 2.75 to 3.25 inches long. Bill, with small but distinct hook; no streaks on back or breast; breast or throat, never spotted. First primary, longer than fourth; back and rump, olive; crown, plumbeous gray, or bluish gray; no dusky streak from base of bill on sides of throat ; underparts, white, tinged with pale yellowish green on sides of body. Red-eyed Vireo. Vireo olivaceus. See No. 470. Similar to Vireo olivaceus, but having a dusky streak or line extending from base of lower mandible on side of throat. Black-whiskered Vireo. Vireo calidris barbatulus. See No. 469. First primary, very short and narrow; crown and back, grayish olive; under- parts, dull white, faintly tinged with olive, or yellowish on sides; no white wing bars. Warbling Vireo. Vireo gilvus. See No. 473. 274 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. First primary, short; crown, gray; back, olive; rump, olive green; throat and belly, white; sides of body, greenish yellow; lores, white; sides of head, gray; wing bars, white. Solitary Vireo. Vireo solitarius, and races. See No. 475 First primary, not short; lores and eye ring, yellow; throat and breast, yel- low ; belly, white; wing bars, white. Yellow-throated Vireo. Vireo flavifrons. See No. 474. First primary, equal to fifth; lores and orbital ring, dull white; upper plu- mage, light olive, tinged with ashy on the crown; underparts, washed with very pale yellow ; no white wing bars. Philadelphia Vireo. Vireo philadelphicus. See No. 472. FAMILY CCEREBIDA. Honey Creepers. Bill, curved; wing, about 2.50; length, about 4.50. Throat, white; lower breast, yellow; rump, yellow; crown and _ back, slaty black. .A Bahama Island species of rare and accidental occurrence in Florida, not re- corded elsewhere in the United States. Bahama Honey Creeper. Cereba bahamensis. See No. 481. GROUP 1. Part J. Part 2. Part 3. Part 4. Part 5. Part 6. Part 7. Part 8. Part 9. Part 10. GROUP 2. Part 1. Part 2. Part 3. Part 4. Part 5. Part 6. Part 7. Part 8. FAMILY MNIOTILTIV.E. — WARBLERS. 275 FAMILY MNIOTILTIDZ. WARBLERS. Wing, less than 2.37 inches long. See page 277. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; some tail feathers, marked with white. See page 278. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; no white on tail feathers. See page 278. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; some tail feathers, marked with white. See page 279. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; no white on tail feathers. See page 279. Throat, yellow; belly, not yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white. See page 280. Throat, yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on tail feathers. See page 281. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; no white on tail feathers. See page 281. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; more or less white on tail feathers. See page 281. No yellow on throat or belly; no white on tail feathers. See page 282. No yellow on throat or belly; more or less white on tail feathers. See page 282. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long. See page 284. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; some tail feathers marked with more or less white. See page 284. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; no white on tail feathers. See page 286. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; some tail feathers marked with more or less white. See page 287. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; no white on the tail feathers. See page 289. Throat, vellow; belly, not yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white. See page 290. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; no white on tail feathers. See page 292. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers. See page 292. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on the tail feathers; breast, streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 294. 276 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 9. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on the tail feathers; breast, not Part 10. Part 11. GROUP 3. Part 1. Part. 2. Part 3. Part 4. Part 5. Part 6. Part 7. Part 8. Part 9. Part 10. Part 11. GROUP 4. streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 294. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers; sides of breast and body, with distinct black or blackish streaks. See page 295. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers ; sides of breast and body, not marked with numerous distinct black streaks. See page 297. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long. See page 300. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; some tail feathers, marked with white. See page 300. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; no white on the tail feathers. See page 303. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; more or less white on the tail feathers. See page 303. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; no white on the tail feathers. See page 303. Throat, yellow; belly, not yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white. See page 304. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; no white on the tail feathers. See page 305. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers. See page 306. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on the tail feathers; breast, not streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 306. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on the tail feathers; breast, streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 307. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers ; sides of breast and body, marked with numerous distinct black or blackish streaks. See page 307. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers ; breast and sides of the body, not marked with distinct black streaks. See page 308. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long. See page 310. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDAS). — WARBLERS. 277 FAMILY MNIOTILTIDZE © Warblers. First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as third, and often nearly the same length; bill, slender and pointed; back of tarsus, thin and sharp, not rounded as in front; hind toe and claw, not longer than middle toe and claw. Group 1. Wing, less than 2.37 inches long. Dendroica. ll 515 \ 525 Seiurus. Sylvania. = = 491 5 498 Helminthophila. Dendroica. N Helmitherus. Geothly pis. Sylvania, Setophaga. 278 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 1. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; some tail feathers, marked with white: — | : [ Wing coverts, broadly bordered with yellow; under surface of wing, yellow; white on tail feathers, extending to tip of inner web; crown, not chestnut brown. Prairie Warbler. Dendroica discolor. See No. 514. Wing coverts, not bordered with yeilow ; undertail coverts, yellow. i ih ; Dendroica palmarum. Mh i : Paim Warbler. SIN See No. 512. SU Wing coverts, showing much white; under surface of wing, white; tail, with band of white, no white at tip; rump, yellow. Black and Yellow Warb'‘er. Dendroica maculosa. See No. 500. Dendroica maculosa. Part 2. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow; oreast, with more or less streaks; no white on tail feathers: — More or less yellow, on inner webs of primaries and tail feathers. Summer Warbler. Dendroica cestiva. See No. 496. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDZ. — WARBLEBRS. 279 Part 3. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow without streaks; some tail feathers marked with white: Crown and sides of head, grayish or slate color; no yellow on forehead; adult birds have patch of chestnut on crown; some tail feathers very narrowly edged with white; under wing coverts, yellow; no black streaks on sides of body. Nashville Warbler. Helminthophila rujicapilla. See No. 491. Wing bars, white; under wing coverts, white; some tail feathers with much white on inner webs; adult birds have forehead and more or less of crown yel- low; immature birds have crown yellowish green. Blue-winged Warbler, Helmninthophila pinus. See No. 487. No wing bars; under wing coverts, yellow; tail feathers, showing considerable white; throat, more or less black, according to age and season; crown, slaty gray; adult birds have yellow forehead and gray crown, marked with black. Bachman’s Warbler. Helminthophila bachmanit. See No. 486. Wing bars, yellowish; sides of body, more or less streaked with black. Prairie Warbler. Dendroica discolor. See No. 514. Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow without streaks; no white on tail feathers : — Crown and back, greenish yellow; more or less yellow on inner webs of pri- maries and tail feathers; crown, yellowish green. Summer Warbler. Dendroica cestiva (female or immature) , See No. 496. Crown, slate color with patch of chestnut in some plumages; sides of head, slate color; wing, longer than tail; lower belly, tinged with white; rump and uvper tail coverts, bright yellowish green. Nashville Warbler. Helminthophila ruficapilla. See No. 491, 280 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown, dull olive; throat, bright yellow; belly, much paler, often whitish; tail, brownish olive, without yellow; wing, not longer than tail; males have black patch on face (forehead and sides of head) which is lacking in females. Maryland Yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas. See No. 522. Throat and belly, nearly the same color; crown, glossy black (male), or olive green like back (female); tail feathers, slaty brown faintly washed with olive on outer webs; numerous small black bristles at base of bill. Wilson’s Warbler. Wilson’s Blackcap. Sylvania pusilla. See No. 526. Entire underparts, yellow; brightest on the belly; wing, longer than tail ; crown, grayish; back and rump, dull olive; tail feathers, not marked with yellow. Mourning Warbler. Geothlypis philadelphia (young female). See No. 521. Part 5. The following species have the throat, yellow; belly, not yel- low ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : — Back, black or dark; tail, black, with broad band of white; rump, yellow. Black and Yellow Warbler. Dendroica maculosa. See No. 500. Back, slaty blue, often showing yellowish olive; rump, slate color; sides of head, grayish or slaty blue. Parula Warbler. Blue, Yellowbacked Warbler. Compsothlypis americana. See No. 494. Back, dull green; throat, faintly washed with greenish yellow; rump, green; sides, not streaked. Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila peregrina. See No. 493. Back, greenish; rump, greenish; cheeks, yellowish; sides, showing more or less dark streaks. Black-throated Green Warbler. Dendroica virens. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDZ. — WARBLERS. 281 Part 6. The following species have the throat yellow; belly, not yel- low ; no white on tail feathers : — Throat, bright yellow; shading to whitish or olive on belly; forehead and sides of head, black (male); no black on head (female) ; wing, not longer than tail. Maryland Yellowthroat. Heothlypis trichas. See No. 522. Throat, showing faint tinge of greenish yellow; throat and sides of body, nearly same color; wing, considerably longer than tail. Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila peregrina. See No. 493. Part 7. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, yellow ; and no white on the tail feathers : — Legs, dark; throat, whitish; belly, faintly tinged with yellow; under tail cov= erts, whitish; tail feathers, slaty brown. Bachman’s Warbler. Helminthophila bachmanii (immature in fall). See No. 486. Head, grayish; back, olive green; belly, bright yellow; throat, blackish (male) ; throat, grayish (female); legs, pale; tail feathers, olive green; under tail coverts, yellow. Mourning Warbler. Geothlypis philadelphia. See No. 521. Back, grayish brown; belly, faintly tinged with yellow; under tail coverts, yellow. Palm Warbler. Dendroica palmarum. Part 8, The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : — Throat, usually with more or less black (sometimes without trace of black), ac- cording to age and season; forehead, yellow; top of head, grayish, showing more or less black; back, green. Bachman’s Warbler. Helminthophila bachmanii. See No. 486. 282 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 9. The following species have no yellow on throat cr belly, and no white on the tail feathers : — Wing, less than 2.25; underparts, whitish, tinged with olive on sides; throat, with faint wash of yellowish buff, almost white; crown, dull olive; tail, entirely olive green. Maryland Yellowthroat. Geothlypis trichas (youny bird in fall). See No. 522. Wing, over 2.25; entire underparts, whitish or slightly olive; crown, slaty ; back, green; no yellow or orange on tail feathers. Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila peregrina. See No. 493. Entire underparts, dull olive or olive green; crown, with partially concealed patch of orange brown (sometimes wanting); no yellow or orange on tail feathers. Orange-crowned Warbler. Helminthophila celata. See No. 462. End of tail, brown; basal portion of tail feathers, reddish orange (male), or pale yellow (female) ; more or less black bristles at base of bill. Redstart. Setophaga rusticilla. See No. 528. Part 10. The following species have no yellow on the throat or belly, and more or less white on the tail feathers : — Wing coverts, broadly edged with yellow; crown, greenish yellow; back, tinged with slate color; tail feathers, marked with white to the tips of inner webs. Golden=-winged Warbler. Helminthophila chrysoptera. See No. 488. Wing coverts, not yellow; crown, grayish or greenish; back, yellowish green; some tail feathers, narrowly edged with white near tips of inner webs. Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila peregrina. See No. 493. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDZ. — WARBLERS. 283 Bachman’s Warbler (male). Mourning Warbler (male). Kentucky Warbler (male). Maryland Yellow Throat. Parula Warbler. W Chestnut-sided Warbler (male). Hooded Warbler (male). Black-poll Warbler (male)- 284 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Grovp 2. Wing, from 2.37 to 2.75 inches long. Helminthophila. Seiurus. Part 1. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; some tail feathers, marked with more or less white : — Underpurts, yellow; breast, streaked with brown; under tail coverts, yel- low ; crown, chestnut; back, dull olive; rump, olive greer. Yeltuw Palm Warbler. Yeliow Redpoil Warbler. Dendroica palnavim Nypochsysea Underparts, pale yellow; sides of brezst, stveaked with black; under tail coverts, white; crown, grayish; back and rump, ashy, streaked with black. : Kirtland’s Warbler. Dendroica hirilandi. see No, 510. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDZ. — WARBLERS. 285 Underparts, yellow; sides of breast, streaked with olive; under tail coverts, ashy ; crown, back, and rump, olive green. Pine-creeping Warbler. Dendroica vigorsii. See No. 511. Head and tail, Black and Yellow Warbler. Underparcs, bright yellow; breast, heavily streaked with black ; under tail coverts, white; crown, slaty; back, black; rump, yellow. Black and Yellow Warbler. Dendroica maculosa. See No. 500. Underparts, very pale yellowish, almost yellowish white, faintly streaked with black ; under tail coverts, white; crown, back, and rump, olive, streaked with black. Black-poll Warbler. Dendroica striata (female). See No. 504. Head and tail, Blackburnian Warbler. Throat and breast, orange; belly, pale yellow; sides of breast streaked with black; crown, black, streaked with dull white; rump, black; undertail coverts, white. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica blackburnie. See No. 505. 286 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERIOA. Underparts, yellow; throat, sometimes marked with rufous brown; breast, streaked with black; crown, black or olive gray; back, olive green, marked with black; rump, yellow; undertail coverts, yellowish white. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina. See No. 495. Underparts, very pale yellow, streaked with dark brown; undertail coverts, yellowish white; crown, back, and rump, dark olive. Water Thrush, Water Warbler. Seiurus noveboracensis. See No. 516. Part 2. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow ; breast, more or less streaked; no white on tail feathers: Breast, streaked with rufous brown; major portion of inner webs of tail feathers, yellow. Summer Warbler. Yellow Warbler. Dendroica estiva. See No. 496. Breast, with black or dusky streaks; tail feath- ers, entirely dull brown. Canadian Warbler. Sylvania canadensis. See No. 527. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDA. — WARBLERS. 28 a Part 3. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; some tail feathers marked with more or less white : — Throat and underparts, yellow; lower throat, tinged with black; forehead, yellowish ; crown, gray ; back and rump, olive green; more or less yellow about eyes; tail feath- ers, showing considerable white. Bachman’s Warbler. Helminthophila bachmanti. See No. 486. Throat and underparts, yellow; under tail coverts, yellow; crown, gray; no yellow about eyes; sides of head, gray; back and rump, olive green ; outer tail feathers, very narrowly edged with white (male has a chestnut brown patch on crown). Nashville Warbler. Helminthophila rujicapilla. See No. 491. Head and tail, Black and Yellow Warbler. Crown, dull gray; back, olive green; rump and belly, yellow; tail feathers, with white spots in the middle. Black and Yellow Warbler. Dendroica maculosa. See No. 500. Underparts, bright yellow; crown, yellow; back and rump, bright olive green; a narrow black streak from bill to eye. Blue-winged Warbler. Helminthophila pinus (male). See No. 487. 288 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown, olive green (sometimes with forehead yellow) ; underparts, greenish yellow; back and rump, olive green; terminal third of inner webs of outer tail feathers, white. Blue=-winged Warbler. Helminthophila pinus (female and immature). See No. 487. Underparts, tinged with greenish yellow; undertail coverts, white; crown, back, and rump, olive green ; outer tail feathers very narrowly edged with white (entirely absent in some specimens). Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila peregrina (female in fall and immature). See No. 493. Underparts, yellow, washed with olive on sides; sides of head and lores, yellow ; crown, olive green; back and vamp, olive green: nodertail eoverts, pale yellow. Hooded Warbler. Sylvania mitraia (female and immature in fall). see No. ! ee Kirtland’s Warbier. Underparts, yellow; sides, streaked with black; crown, slaty gray; back and rump, ashy, streaked with black; lores, bluick. Kirtland’s Warbler. Dendroica kirtlandit. See No. 510. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDZ. — WARBLERS. 28 [to Crown, greenish blue ; wing coverts, edged with white; back, greenish blue, without streaks; under tail coverts, whitish ; underparts, tinged with pale yellow. Cerulean Warbler. Dendroica cerulea ( female and immature). See No. 501. Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks, and no white on the tail feathers :— Crown, slate color, with patch of chestnut (male), or crown, Olive gray (female) ; rump and upper. tail coverts, yellowish green; auricular region (sides of head), grayish; under tail coverts, yellow. Nashville Warbler. Helminthophila ruficap*la. See No. 491. Underparts, faintly washed with yellow, or yellowish white; crown, grayish olive; back and rump, olive green; under tail coverts, white; no yellow on tail feathers. Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila peregrina (female in fall). See No. 493. Crown, back, and rump, yellowish green; major part of inner webs of tail feathers, yellow. Summer Warbler. Yellow Warbler. Dendroica estiva (female). See No. 496. Sides of head, yellowish; crown, glossy black (male); crown, bright olive green, like back (female); back and rump, bright olive green; under tail coverts, yellow. Wilson’s Warbler. Sylvania pusilla. See No. 526. Crown, grayish; back and rump, dull olive green; entire underparts, yel- low, palest on throat; no yellow on tail feathers; chin, not whitish ; no buff white stripe over eye. Mourning Warbler. Geothlypis philadelphia (young female). =o oe See No. 521. 290 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown, grayish; back and rump, green; underparts, pale yellow; chin, whitish; a buffwhite stripe over the eye. (This bird belongs in Section 4, but might be mistaken for a warbler by the novice.) Philadelphia Vireo. Vireo philadelphius. See No. 472. Crown and sides of head, with more or less black; a yellow superciliary stripe ; back and rump, olive green. Kentucky Warbler. Geothlypis formosa. See No. 519. Underparts, yellowish olive; crown, with partly concealed orange brown spot; under tail coverts, greenish yellow. Orange=-crowned Warbler. Helminthophila celata. See No. 492. Part 5. The following species have the throat, yellow ; belly, not yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : — Back, green, streaked with black; outer web of outer tail feather, not edged with white; no yellow stripe over eye; chin, whitish; sides of breast and body, streaked. Black-poll Warbler. Dendroica striata (female). See No. 504. Crown, black, with patch of orange yellow in centre; back and rump, black, with more or less white; throat, orange; sides, streaked with black. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica blackburnia (adult male). See No. 505. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDZ. — WARBLERS. 29] Throat, yellow; sides of breast, streaked with blackish; crown, olive, dotted with blackish ; back and rump, olive gray, streaked with black ; usually a trace of yellow in middle of crown; basal portion of narrow outer web of outer tail feather, edged with white. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica blackburnice (female, and immature). See No. 505. Crown, ash gray; forehead, blackish; throat, yellow; bordered by black; sides of breast, streaked with black; back and rump, slaty gray, not streaked ; no white on outer web of outer tail feather. Yellow-throated Warbler. Dendroica duminica, and races. See No. 506. Crown, slaty blue; back, tinged with greenish yellow; rump, like crown; no black streaks on sides of throat, back, or underparts. Blue Yellow-backed Warbler. Parula Warbler. Compsothlypis americana. See No. 494. Crown, back, and rump, green (tinged with gray), without streaks; two outer tail feathers with oblique white spots; lores, yellow. Pine Warbler. Dendroica vigorsti. See No. 511. Crown, back, and rump, green; sides of head, yellowish; outer web of tail feather, edged with white; sides more or less faintly streaked; rump, same color as back. Black-throated Green Warbler. Dendroica virens (female and fall plumage). See No. 508. Crown, olive; more or less speckled with black; back, olive; rump, yellow or greenish yellow; breast with numerous streaks; no white on outer web of outer tail feathers ; sides of head and neck, more or less tinged with yellow. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina (female and immature at some seasons). See No. 495. 999 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 6. The following species have the throat not yellow; belly, yellow, and no white on the tail feathers : — Throat, grayish or brownish; eye ring, white; back, olive green. Connecticut Warbler. Geothlypis agilis. See No. 520. Throat, grayish or ashy, changing to black in adult male birds; no white eye ring. Mourning Warbler. Geothlypis philadelphia. See No. 521. Part 7. The following species have the throat not yellow; belly yellow, and more or less white on tail feathers : — Upper throat, chestnut; breast, streaked with black; back, greenish; rump, yellow; much white on wing coverts. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina (adult male). See No. 495. 293 FAMILY MNIOTILTIDX. — WARBLERS. Chin, yellow; throat and upper breast, black ; forehead, yellow, bordered by black; rest of crown and nape, gray. Bachman’s Warbler. Helminthophila bachmanti (adult mate). See No. 486. and sides of head, Throat, black; forehead yellow ; crown, black. Hooded Warbler. Sylvania mitrata. See No. 525. hye Nt tl MHA WINTAN HW \ ih mi Ws yt SS i! NU qu i TN ns Throat, dull white; breast, faintly streaked; under tail coverts, yellow; wing coverts, tipped with brownish; crown, often marked with more or less Palm Warbler. Red-poll Warbler. Dendroica palmarum. rufous brown. See No. 512. Crown, bluish green; wing coverts, tipped with white; under tail cov- erts, whitish; underparts, pale yellowish white. Cerulean Warbler. Dendroica cerulea ( female or immature). See No. 501. 294 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 8. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow, and no white on the tail feathers; breast, streaked, or spotted with black, or dark brown: — Crown, brownish orange ; back, olive green; bill, pale. Oven Bird. Golden-crowned Thrush. Seiurus aurocapillus. See No. 515. Crown and back, olive brown; Jill, dark. Water Thrush. Seiurus noveboracensis, and races. See No. 516. Part 9. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow, and no white on the tail feathers; breast, not streaked, or spotted with black, or dark brown : — Crown, with stripe of tawny buff, bor- dered by black stripes; a black stripe through the eye; underparts, buffy white ; olive on sides. Wormeeating Warbler. Helmitherus vermivorus. See No. 485. Crown and back, black; throat, black; a patch of orange on sides of breast. Redstart. Setophaga ruticilla (male). See No. 528. FAMILY MNIOTILTID.— WARBLERS. 295 Crown, slaty olive ; back, dull olive; uuderparts, white; a patch of yellow on sides of breast; outer tail feathers, yellow, tipped with brown. Redstart. Setophaga ruticilla (female). See No. 528. Crown, grayish olive, usually with partly concealed orange brown spot; no yellow on tail feathers; underparts, yellowish green. Orange-crowned Warbler. Helminthophila celata. See No. 492. Part 10. The following species have the throat not yellow; belly, not yellow, and more or less white on tail feathers; sides of breast and body with numerous distinct black or blackish streaks: Throat, bright orange; crown, black, streaked with white. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica blackburniw (adult male). See No. 505. Crown, back, and rump, bright olive green; sides of head, yellowish; throat, usually with more or less indications of black in most specimens; inner webs of two outer tail feathers, white. Black-throated Green Warbler. Dendroica virens (fall and tmmuture ). See No. 508. Crown, black; back, grayish olive, streaked with black; rump, like back. Black-poll Warbler. Dendroica striata. See No. 504. 296 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown and back, blue; the back, streaked with black; rump, slaty blue. Cerulean Warbler. Dendroica cerulea. See No. 501. Crown, dull olive green, dotted with black; back, grayish olive, streaked with black; rump, like back. Dendroica striata (fall and immature). See No. 504. Middle of crown, rump, and sides of the breast, with more or less yellow. Myrtle Warbler. Yellow-=rumped Warbler. Dendroica coronata. See No. 498. Crown, black, with white stripe in middle; entire plumage, black and white. Black and White Warbler. Black and White Creeper. Mniotilta varia. See No. 482. Crown and back, grayish olive; rump, yellowish; « patch of white near the tips of outer tail feathers on the inner webs. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina (immature female). See No. 495. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDA. — WARBLERS. 297 Part 11. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow, and more or less white on the tail feathers; the sides of breast and body, not marked with numerous distinct black streaks : — Throat, black ; crown, olive green; sides of head, yellow; wing bands, white. Black-throated Green Warbler. Dendroica virens (adult male). See No. 508. Throat, black; ear coverts, black; crown, yellowish; wing bands, yellow. Golden=-winged Warbler. Helminthophila chrysoptera (male). See No. 488. Throat, black; crown, dull blue; sides of breast, bluish black: a patch of white at base of primaries. Black-throated Blue Warbler. Dendroica ceerulescens (adult malic). See No. 497. 998 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Throat and sides, chestnut; crown, chestnut. Bay-breasted Warbler. Dendroica castanea (adult). See No. 503. Throat and sides, more or less marked with chestnut; crown, olive green, streaked with black; back, grayish olive, streaked with black; (crown, with indications of chestnut;) belly, cream white. Bay-breasted Warbler. Dendroica castanea (female). See No. 503. Throat and underparts, cream white, shading into pale buff; white on flanks; crown and back, green, indistinctly streaked with black; wing bars, white. Bay=breasted Warbler. Dendroica castanea (immature). See No. 503. Throat and underparts, pale yellowish white; crown and back, green, indis- tinctly streaked; wing bars, white; often very difficult to distinguish from immature specimen of D. castanea. Black=poll Warbler. Dendroica striata (immature). See No. 504. Throat and underparts, white; ashy on the sides; crown, slaty gray; back, green; under tail coverts, white. Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila peregrina (adult male). See No. 493. Throat and underparts, white; wing bars, yellow; crown and back, bright green, Chestnut-sided Warbler. Dendroica pennsylvanica (invmature). See No. 502. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDA. — WARBLERS. 299 Throat and underparts, white; sides, more or less marked with chestnut; crown, greenish yellow; back, greenish, streaked with black; wing bars, yellowish. Chestnut-sided Warbler. Dendroica pennsylvanica. See No. 502. Ki S Throat and underparts, cream white; crown and back, greenish blue; rump, like back; wing coverts, edged with white; under tail coverts, whitish. Cerulean Warbler. Dendroica cerulea (female). See No. 501. Throat and underparts, dull white; crown and back, grayish olive; wing bars, white; an oblique white spot on inner webs of two outer tail feathers ; rest of tail feathers, without white; under tail coverts, whitish. Pine Warbler. Dendroica vigorsti (fall and immature). See No. 511. ily ih i Wh ‘i it {ts Throat and underparts, whitish, faintly tinged with yellow; breast, with rather indistinct dusky streaks; crown, grayish olive, usually with at least an indication of chestnut; back, grayish olive; rump, olive green; under tail coverts, yellow. Palm Warbler. Red=poll Warbler. Dendroica palmarum. See No. 512. 300 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Throat and underparts, dull yellowish green; crown, green, with partly concealed orange brown patch in centre (wanting in young birds); outer tail feathers, narrowly edged with white on inner web; rest of tail feathers, without white; no white spot at base of primaries. Orange-crowned Warbler. Helminthophila celata. See No. 492. Throat and underparts, buffy white; crown and back, olive green; bases of primaries, white, forming a small spot on wing (female). Black-throated Blue Warbler. Dendroica ceerulescens. See No. 497. Throat, gray; belly, white (breast, often washed with yellow); crown, yel- lowish green; wing coverts, broadly tipped with yellow (female). Golden-winged Warbler. Helminthophila chrysoptera. See No. 488. Group 3. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long. = Ss = = =f 615 \ Part 1. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yel- FAMILY MNIOTILTIDA. — WARBLERS. 301 low; the breast, more or less streaked; some tail feathers, marked with white : — Underparts, pale yellow; sides of breast, more or less streaked with black; under tail coverts, white; crown, grayish; back and rump, ashy gray, streaked with black. Kirtland’s Warbler. Dendroica kirtlandi. See No. 510. Throat and breast, orange; belly, pale yellow; sides of breast, streaked with black; crown, black, with orange spot in centre; back, black, streaked with whitish; rump, black; under tail coverts, white. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica blackburnie. See No, 505. 302 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Underparts, very pale yellowish, almost yellowish white, faintly streaked with black; under tail coverts, white; crown, back, and rump, olive green, streaked with black. Black=poll Warbler. Dendroica striata (female). See No. 504. Underparts, yellow; sides of breast, streaked with olive; under tail cov- erts, ashy; crown, back, and rump, olive green (not streaked). Pine Warbler. Dendroica vigorsit. See No. 511. Underparts, yellow; breast, streaked with brown; crown, chestnut; back, dull olive; rump, olive green; under tail coverts, yellow. Yellow Red-poll Warbler. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea. See No. 513. Underparts, yellow; ear coverts, rufous; breast, streaked with black; crown, black, or olive gray; back, olive green, marked with black; rump, yellow; under tail coverts, yellowish white; a patch of white on wing coverts, Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina. See No. 495. Underparts, very pale yellow, streaked with dark brown; under tail coverts, yellowish white; crown, back, and rump, dark olive. Water Thrush. Seiurus noveboracensis. See No. 516. FAMILY MNIOTILTID4. — WARBLERS. 3038 Part 2. The following species has the throat, breast, and belly, yel- low; breast, more or less streaked, and no white on the tail feathers: — Breast, with black or dusky streaks; tail, dull brown. Canadian Warbler. Sylvania canadensis. See No. 527. Part 3. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yel- low, without streaks, and more or less white on the tail feathers : — Head, neck, and underparts, bright orange yellow; palest on the belly; back, olive green; rump, gray. Prothonotary Warbler. Protonotaria citrea. See No. 483. Crown, brownish; underparts, white, faintly tinged with pale yellow; sides, grayish; back and rump, olive brown or grayish brown; a white stripe over the eye. Swainson’s Warbler. Helinaia swainsonit. See No. 484. Underparts, yellow; sides, streaked with black; crown, slaty gray; back and rump, ashy, streaked with black; lores, black. Kirtland’s Warbler. Dendroica kirtlandi. See No. 510. Underparts, yellow, washed with olive on the sides; sides of head and lores, yellow; crown, olive green; back and rump, olive green; under tail coverts, pale yellow. Hooded Warbler. Sylvania mitrata. See No. 525. Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; no white on the tail feathers : — Crown and sides of head, with more or less black; a yellow stripe over the eye; back und rump, olive green. Kentucky Warbler. Geothlypis formosa. See No. 519. 304 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 5, The following species have the throat, yellow; belly, not yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : — Back, green, streaked with black; outer web of outer tail feather, not edged with white; no yellow stripe over eye; chin, whitish; sides of breast and body, streaked. Black=poll Warbler. Dendroica striata (immature). See No. 504. Crown, black, with patch of orange yellow in centre; back and rump, black, with more or less white; throat, orange; sides, streaked with black. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica blackburniev (adult male). See No. 505. Throat, yellow; sides of breast, streaked with blackish; crown, olive, dotted with dull black, and usually showing a trace of yellow in centre; back and rump, olive gray, streaked with black; basal portion of narrow outer web of outer tail feather, edged with white. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica blackburnie (female and immature). See No. 505. Crown, ash gray; forehead, blackish; throat, yellow, bordered by black; sides of breast, streaked with black; back and rump, slaty gray, not streaked; no white on outer web of outer tail feather. Yellow-throated Warbler. Dendroica dominica. See No. 506. Crown, back, and rump, green (tinged with gray), without streaks; two outer tail feathers, with oblique white spots; lores, yellow. Pine Warbler. Dendroica vigorsti. See No. 511. Crown, olive, more or less speckled with black; back, olive; rump, yellow, or greenish yellow; breast, with numerous streaks; no white on outer web of outer tail feather; sides of head and neck, more or less tinged with yellow. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina (immature). See No. 495. FAMILY MNIOTILTID.. — WARBLERS. 305 Throat and breast, bright yellow; lower belly, white; crown and back, olive green; lores and eye ring, white; tail, over 2.50 inches long. Yellow-breasted Chat. Icteria virens. See No. 524. Upperparts, gray, streaked with black on the back; crown, rump, upper throat, and sides of breast, yellow; breast, grayish, or blackish. Western species are twice recorded from eastern United States. Audubon’s Warbler. Dendroica audubont. See No. 499. Part 6. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, yellow, and no white on the tail feathers : — Throat. grayish or brownish; eye ring, white; back, olive green. Connecticut Warbler. Geothlypis agilis. See No. 520. 306 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - Part 7. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, yellow, and more or less white on the tail feathers : — Throat, black; forehead and sides of head, yellow; crown, black. Hooded Warbler. Sylvania mitrata. See No. 525. Upper throat, chestnut; breast, streaked with black; back, greenish; rump, yellow; wing coverts, showing much white. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina (adult male). See No. 495. Part 8. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow, and no white on the tail feathers; breast, not streaked or spotted with black or dark brown: — Crown, with stripe of tawny buff, bor- dered by black stripe; a hlack stripe through the eye. Worm Eating Warbler. Helmitherus vermivorus. See No. 485. Crown, dull cinnamon brown; a white stripe over the eye; underparts, white, faintly tinged with yellow; sides, tinged with grayish olive. Swainson’s Warbler. Helinaia swainsonit. See No. 484, FAMILY MNIOTILTID. — WARBLERS. 307 Part 9. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow, and no white on the tail feathers; breast, streaked or spotted with black or dark brown : — Crown and back, olive brown; bill, dark; underparts, white, tinged with yellow, and streaked with black (including throat). Water Thrush. Seiurus noveboracensis, and races. See No. 516. Crown and back, olive brown; underparts, white, tinged with buff, and streaked with black; throat, not streaked. Louisiana Water Thrush, Seiurus motacidla, See No. 518. Crown, brownish orange; back, olive green; bill, pale. Oven Bird. Golden-crowned Thrush. Seturus aurocapillus. See No. 515. Part 10. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers; sides of breast, and body, marked with numerous distinct black or blackish streaks. Crown, black, with white stripe in the middle; entire plumage, black and white. ; Black and White Warbler. Mniotilta varia. See No. 482. 308 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown and back, grayish olive; rump, yellowish; 2 patch of white near the tips of outer tail feathers on the inner webs. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina (immature female). See No. 495. Middle of crown, rump, and sides of the breast, more or less yellow. Myrtle Warbler. Yellow-rumped Warbler. Dendroica coronata. See No. 498. Crown, back, and rump, dull olive or brownish olive; underparts, buffy or gray- ish, streaked with brown on breast and sides; outer tail feathers, mostly white, including the outer web; hind toe nail, as long as the toe. (This species is not a Warbler, and belongs in Family 8, but it might be mistaken for one by the uninitiated.) American Pipit. Titlark. Anthus pensylvanicus. See No. 530. Crown, dull olive green, dotted with black; back, grayish olive, streaked with black; rump, like back; outer tail feather, with patch of white on inner webs. Black-poll Warbler. Dendroica striata (female). See No. 504. Throat, bright orange; a patch of orange on the crown. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica blackburnie (adult male). See No. 505. Part 11. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers; breast and sides of body, not marked with numerous distinct black streaks : — Throat and sides, chestnut; crown, chestnut. Bay-breasted Warbler. Dendroica castanea. See No. 503. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDA. — WARBLERS. 309 Throat and sides, more or less chestnut; crown, olive, streaked with black (usually with trace of chestnut); back, grayish olive, streaked with black. Bay-breasted Warbler. Dendroica castanea (female) , See No. 503. Throat and underparts, cream white, shading to pale buff white on flanks; crown and back, green, indistinctly streaked with black; wing bars, white. (Often difficult to distinguish from female of Black-poll Warbler, D. striata, which resembles it very closely in immature plumage, but has the underparts, usually yellowish.) Bay-breasted Warbler. Dendroica castanea (immature) See No. 503. Throat and underparts, dull white; crown and back, grayish olive; wing bars, white; an oblique white spot on inner webs of two outer tail feathers, rest of tail feathers, without white; under tail coverts, whitish. Pine Warbler. Dendroica vigorsti (fall, and tnmature) See No. 511. Throat and underparts, whitish, faintly tinged with yellow; breast, with rather indistinctly dusky streaks; crown, grayish olive, usually with an indication of chestnut; back, grayish olive; rump, olive green; under tail coverts, yellow. Palm Warbler. Red-poll Warbler. Dendroica palmarum. See No. 512. 310 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Group 4. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long. Underparts, white, faintly yellowish, streaked, with brownish black; throat, showing more or less dots or streaks; no white on tail feathers. Grinnell’s Water-Thrush. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis. See No. 517. Throat, white; underparts, white, faintly tinged with tawny; breast and sides of body, streaked with dark brown; throat, not streaked; no white on tail feathers. Louisiana Water-Thrush. Seiurus motacilla. See No. 518. Underparts, grayish white or buffy white, more or less streaked with dark brown; greater portion of outer tail feathers, white; hind toe, with claw longer than middle toe, with claw. Belongs in Family Motacillidz, and is very differ- ent from a Warbler, but might be mistaken for one by the novice. American Pipit. Titlark. Anthus pensilvanicus. See No. 530. Throat, faintly yellow ; underparts, not streaked 3 more or less black on cheeks and breast; hind toe nail, straight and long. This species belongs in Family Alaudidee, but is included here as well as in its proper place for the benefit of persons unfamiliar with birds, who might look for it under this section. Prairie Shore Lark, Otocoris pratincola, See No. 358, FAMILY MOTACILLIDZ. — PIPITS AND WAGTAILS. . 311 FAMILY MOTACILLID-E. Pipits and Wagtails. Bill, slender; first primary, not short, the first, second, and third, being about equal in length; hind toe and claw, longer than middle toe and claw; hind toe nail, long, in this somewhat resembling larks, but no tufts of hair-like feathers over nostrils. Crown, back, and rump, dull olive, or brownish olive; underparts, buffy, or grayish, streaked with brown on throat and sides; outer tail feather, mostly white, including the outer web; much less white on second feather; hind toe nail, usually as long as the toe. American Pipit. Titlark. Anthus pensilvanicus. See No. 530. 312 BEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY TROGLODYTID-. Wrens and Thrashers. First primary, less than two thirds as long as third; outer tail feathers, decidedly shorter than middle ones, varying from one eighth to one half inch or more shorter in different species. Group |. Wing, less than 3.25 inches long. SUBFAMILY TROGLODYTIN-E. Wrens. Small, brownish, plain colored birds. Part 1. The following species have the crown or back without white streaks or dots: y : Li” Outer tail feathers, tipped and marked with grayish white; primaries, not barred. Bewick’s Wren. Thryothorus bewickit. See No. 538. Underparts, grayish; belly, grayish, not speckled; outer tail feathers, not broadly tipped with grayish white; tail, over 1.25 inches long; primaries, showing narrow bars. House Wren. Troglodytes aédon, and races. See No. 539, 2 FAMILY TROGLODYTIDA.— WRENS AND THRASHERS. 313 Underparts, distinctly brownish, dotted and speckled with brown on flanks and abdomen; tail, 1.25 or less; primaries, with narrow bars. Winter Wren. Troglodytes hiemalis. See No. 541. Part 2. The following species have the crown or back showing more or less white streaks or dots: — Rump and upper tail coverts, barred with black ; bill, shorter than middle toe (without claw). Short-billed Marsh Wren, Cistothorus stellaris. See No. 542. Rump and tail coverts, without black bars ; bill, longer than middle toe (without claws). Long-billed Marsh Wren. Cistothorus palustris and varieties. See No. 543. 9 314 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORK1H AMERICA, Back, chestnut brown; concealed white spots on rump. Carolina Wren. Thryothorus ludovicianus, and races. FAMILY TROGLODYTIDA. — WRENS AND THRASHERS. 315 Group 2. Wing, from 3.25 to 5.50 inches long. SUBFAMILY MIMINA&. Thrashers, Cat-birds, Mocking=birds, etc. Cat-bird. Mocking-bird. General plumage, dark slaty gray; underparts, slaty gray; under tail coverts, dark chestnut brown; crown, blackish; first primary, short. Cat-bird. Galeoscoptes carolinensis. See No. 534. 316 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Upper plumage, ashy gray; basal portion of primaries, white, forming a white wing patch; underparts, ashy white, without streaks. Mocking=bird. Mimus polyglottos. See No. 533. Entire upper plumage, rufous brown; underparts, buffy white, streaked with dark brown; wing coverts, tipped with white; tail, more than four inches long. Brown Thrush. Brown Thrasher. Harporhynchus rufous. See No. 535. Brown Thrush. FAMILY CERTHIIDE. Creepers. Bill, slender and decurved; tail feathers, stiff and pointed; nostrils, exposed; tarsus, scutellate; first primary, very short. But one species occurs in Eastern North America—a small bird; wing, less than three inches; length, less than six inches. Tail feathers, stiff and pointed; bill, curved; upper parts, streaked; under- parts, white; rump, dull rufous brown. Brown Creeper. Certhia familiaris americana. See No. 546. FAMILY PARIDZ. — NUTHATCHES, TITMICE, ETC 317 FAMILY PARID A. Nuthatches, Titmice, etc. SUBFAMILY SITTINAE. Nuthatches. Bill, as illustrated ; nostrils, concealed by bristly tufts; tarsus, scutellate; first primary, very short; tail feathers, not stiff and pointed. The white-bellied Nuthatch is sometimes mis- taken by the novice for a small Woodpecker. If tail feathers are stiff and pointed, look for the bird under Family Picidz. Crown, black; back, gray, without white; wings, not heavily spotted with white; tail feathers, not stiff or pointed ; toes, four, three in front, one behind; wing, 3.50 to 3.75 inches long. White-breasted Nuthatch. Sitta carolinensis, and races. See No. 547. J yj, Bill, more than three eighths inch long; underparts, pale rufous brown; crown, black (male); crown, bluish gray (fe- male); wing, 2.60 to 2.85 inches long. dd Red-breasted Nuthatch. = Yip Sitta canadensis. WU NyhlUff' See No. 549. Bill, more than three eighths inch long; crown, grayish brown; underparts, dull grayish white; wing, 2.40 to 2.70 inches long. Brown-headed Nuthatch. Sitta pusilla. See No. 550. 318 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. SUBFATILY PARINA. Titmice and Chickadees. Small birds, less than 6.50 inches long; wing, less than 3.50 in the y largest; first primary, very short and small; bill, short and stout : (as illustrated); nostrils, concealed by bristly feathers; throat, 552 black; crown, black; wing, less than 3 inches long (Chickadee), or forehead, black; sides, with rufous brown; wing, over 3 inches long (Titmouse). Group 1. Wing, less than 3 inches long. es Bill, less than three eighths inch long; crown and throat, black; greater wing coverts, edged with white ; breast, white; beliy and sides, pale buff. Chickadee. Black-capped Titmouse. Parus atricapillus. See No. 552. FAMILY PARIDZ. — NUTHATCHES, TITMICE, ETC. 319 Bill, less than three eighths inch long; crown and throat, black; greater wing coverts, not edged with white; breast, white; belly and sides, pale buff. Carolina Chickadee. Parus carolinensis. See No. 583. Throat, black; sides of body, chestnut brown. Hudsonian Chickadee. Parus hudsonicus. See No. 554. Group 2. Wing over 3 inches long. Throat and underparts, dull white; sides of body, tinged with rufous brown; crown, gray, with more or less of a crest; forehead, black, in adults. Tufted Titmouse. Paris bicolor. See No. 551. 320 KEY To THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY SYLVIIDE. Kinglets and Gnatcatchers. Size, small; length, less than 4.75 inches; wing, less than 2.50 inches ; first primary, very short. Gnateatcher. Kinglet. Back, bluish gray; outer tail feathers, mostly white. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Polioptila cerulea. See No. 557. Back, olive; no white patch on tail; crown, with patch of bright red (male); crown, olive (female). Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Regulus calendula. See No. 556. Back, olive; no white patch on tail; crown, with patch of orange edged with yellow and black ( male) ; crown, with yellow patch edged with black (female). Golden-crowned Kinglet. Regulus satrapa. See No. 555. FAMILY TURDIDZ. — THRUSHES AND BLUE—BIRDS. 321 FAMILY TURDIDA. Thrushes and Blue=birds. First primary, very short; tarsus, booted (no scales showing, except near the toes); bill, shorter than head. Group |. Wing, from 3.25 to 4.75 inches long. Part 1. The following species have the underparts more or less streaked or spotted : — Thrush. Back, rump, and upper tail coverts, olive, about the same color; eye ring, cheeks, and lores, pale buff; no white on wing coverts. Olive-backed Thrush. Turdus ustulatus swainsoni. See No. 564. 329 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Upper plumage, brownish olive; ends of upper tail coverts and tail, rufous brown, much more rufous than the back; no white on tail; first primary, very small and narrow. Hermit Thrush. Turdus aonalaschke pallasii. See No. 565. Back, rump, and upper tail coverts, olive, about the same color; eye ring and lores, white, sometimes faintly tinged with buff, but the eye ring never decidedly buff, as in swainsoni ; no white on wing coverts. Gray-cheeked Thrush. Turdus alicie, and races. See No. 562. Crown and back, dull cinnamon brown, shading to brownish olive on the upper tail coverts; breast and belly, marked with round brownish black spots; no white on wing coverts. Wood Thrush. Turdus mustelinus. See No. 559. FAMILY TURDID.— THRUSHES AND BLUE-BIRDS. 323 Crown, back, and upper tail coverts, pale cinnamon brown, nearly uni- form in color; breast and sides of throat, tawny brown, marked with small cinnamon brown spots and streaks; belly, whitish, without spots; no white on wing coverts. Wilson's Thrush. Turdus fuscescens. See No. 560. Wings and tail, tinged more or less with blue (immature). Blue-bird. Sialia sialis. See No. 570. Part 2.. The following species have no streaks or spots on the under- parts: — EN Co Blue bird. Upper plumage, blue; breast and sides of body, ciunamon rufous; belly, white (male). Blue-bird. Sialia sialis. See No. 570. Upper plumage, ashy gray, with bluish tinge, shading to blue on rump, tail, and wings; breast and sides, pale cinnamon brown; belly, white (female). Blue-bird. Sialia sialis. See No. 570. 324 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Wheatear. Upper plumage, grayish buff; underparts, pale buff; basal two thirds of tail feathers, except middle pair. white; the rest, black; upper tail coverts, white; tail, under three inches long. The Wheatear is an Old World species which occurs in Greenland and Labrador. Stragglers have been taken in Nova Scotia, Maine, and Long Island. Wheatear. Stone Chat. Saxicola cnanthe. See No. 569. Group 2. Wing, from 4.75 to 5.50 inches long. Opper plumage, grayish olive; throat, white, streaked with black; rest of underparts (ex- cept lower belly), pale chestnut rufous; young birds have the underparts spotted. Robin. American Robin. Merula migratoria: See No. 567. A Lise OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. As Os U. 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4 (6) 5 (7) WATER BIRDS. ORDER PYGOPODES. Diving Birds. Suborder PODICIPIDES. Grebes. Genus COLYMBUS. Liyy. COLYMBUS HOLBOELLII. (reinu.) Holboell’s Grebe. General, North America; breeds north of the United States. SupGrenus DYTES. Kaur. COLYMBUS AURITUS. (Liyn.) Horned Grebe. ‘¢ Northern Hemisphere ; breeds from northern United States northward.” (A. O. UL) COLYMBUS NIGRICOLLIS CALIFORNICUS. (HtEru.) American Eared Grebe. Ranges from Mississippi Valley, westward. Does not occur in the Atlantic States. (Illinois, Rrp@way.) Genus PODILYMBUS. Less. PODILYMBUS PODICEPS. (Liyn.) Pied-billed Grebe. General, North America; West Indies in winter; breeds throughout range. Suborder CEPPHI. Loons and Auks. FAMILY GAVIIDAE. Loons. Genus GAVIA. Forster. GAVIA IMBER. (GuNN.) Loon. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere ; south in winter to Gulf of Mexico. (325 ) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. GAVIA ARCTICA. (Liny.) Black-throated Loon. Northern species rare, or casual on northern Atlantic coast of United States in winter. GAVIA LUMME. (Gunn.) Red-throated Loon. North America; south, in winter, to Gulf of Mexico. FAMILY ALCIDZAE. Auks, Murres, and Puffins. 326 ALO. U NO. 6 (9) 7 (1) 8 (12) 9 (13) 10 (13) It (27) 12 (28) 13 (30) 14 (31) 15 (32) 16 (33) Subfamily FRATERCULINA&. Puffins. Genus LUNDA. Pattas. LUNDA CIRRATA. Pati. Tufted Puffin. Pacific species, claimed by Audubon to have once been taken on coast of Maine; no other record. Genus FRATERCULA. Briss. FRATERCULA ARCTICA. Puffin. North Atlantic coast, breeding from Bay of Fundy northward; casual to Long Island, in winter. Fratercula arctica glacialis. (Yenmm.) Large-billed Puttin. A race of the common Puttin, which occurs in the Arctic Ocean, Spitz- bergen to Greenland. It is larger, but otherwise similar. Genus CEPPHUS. Pattas. CEPPHUS GRYLLE. (Lryy.) Black Guillemot. Coast of Maine, Labrador, and Newfoundland; south, in winter, to Long Island. CEPPHUS MANDTII. Licut. Mandt’s Guillemot. Arctic regions; south in winter to Massachusetts. Subfamily ALCIN. Genus URIA,. Briss. URIA TROILE. (Linn.) Maurre. Northern North America; south in winter to New England. URIA LOMVIA. (Linn.) Brunnich’s Murre. North Atlantic coast to Arctic Ocean; south in winter to New Jersey. Genus ALCA. Linn. ALCA TORDA. Linn. Razor-billed Auk. North Atlantic coast; in winter to Long Island; accidental as far south as North Carolina. Genus PLAUTUS. Bruny. PLAUTUS IMPENNIS. Great Auk. Formerly North Atlantic coast, now extant. A. O. U. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 327 Subfamily ALLINAE. Dovekies. Genus ALLE. Linx. NO, 17 (384) ALLE ALLE. (Linn.) Dovekie. Little Auk. 18 21 22 23 24 25 26 Coast of North Atlantic from eastern Arctic Ocean; south in winter to Long Island. ORDER LONGIPENNES. Long-winged Swimmers. FAMILY STERCORARIIDAE. Skuas and Jegers. (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) Genus MEGALESTRIS. Bonar. MEGALESTRIS SKUA. (BRinn.) Skua. North Atlantic ; south to Carolina; rare on Atlantic coast of United States. Genus STERCORARIUS. Briss. STERCORARIUS POMARINUS. (TEmMM.) Pomarine Jeger. North America. STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS. (inn.) Parasitic Jeger. North America; ranges in winter to South America. STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDUS. (VirtLu.) Long-tailed Jeger. North America; south in winter to Gulf of Mexico. FAMILY LARIDE. Gulls and Terns. Subfamily LARINAE. Gulls. Grnus PAGOPHILA. Kavpe. PAGOPHILA ALBA. (GUNN.) Ivory Gull, Rare winter visitant to New Brunswick and probably northern New England. Genus RISSA. SrTepuH. RISSA TRIDACTYLA. (Lriyy.) Kittiwake Gull. Arctic regions ; south in winter to Middle States. Genus LARUS. Liyy. LARUS GLAUCUS. Brinn. Glaucous Gull. Arctic regions ; south to Long Island in winter. LARUS LEUCOPTERUS. Faber. Iceland Gull. Arctic Regions; south to southern New England in winter. LARUS KUMLIENI. Brewsr. Kumlien’s Gull. Northern species; south in winter to New England and casually to Middle States. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 (59) (60) (60a) (61) (62) (63) (64) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. LARUS MARINUS. Linn. Great Black-backed Gull. North Atlantic Ocean; south in winter to Middle States ; accidental in Florida. LARUS UFFINUS. RernH. Siberian Gull. Old world species; recorded from Greenland. LARUS ARGENTATUS. Brinn. Herring Gull. European species; accidental on Atlantic coast of North America. Larus argentutus smithsonianus. Cours. American Herring Gull. North America; generally south to Cuba in winter; the common species of our bays and coast; breeds from Maine northward. LARUS DELAWARENSIS. Orp. Ring-billed Gull. General, North America; south to Gulf of Mexico in winter. LARUS CANUS. Linn.. Mew Gull. European species recorded from Labrador (one record). LARUS ATRICILLA. Linn. Laughing Gull. Atlantic coast of United States; north in summer to Maine and Nova Scotia; in winter, southern United States, West Indies, and northern South America. LARUS FRANKLINII. Sw. anp Ricw. Franklin's Gull. Not common east of the Mississippi River; not found on the Atlantic coast. LARUS PHILADELPHIA. (ORpv.) Bonaparte’s Gull. North America; generally breeds north of United States. LARUS MINUTUS. Pa.v. Little Gull. European species ; only once taken on our coast. Genus RHODOSTETHIA. Macau. RHODOSTETHIA ROSEA. (MacaiL.) Ross’s Gull. Arctic species; recorded from Alaska and Greenland. Genus XEMA. Leacu. XEMA SABINII. (San.) Sabine’s Gull. Arctic regions ; south in winter to Long Island ; rare. Subfamily STERNINAE. Terns. Genus GELOCHELIDON. Brenm. GELOCHELIDON NILOTICA. (HassELq.) Gull-billed Tern. Throughout North America; summer, north to southern New England, winter, south to Brazil. Genus STERNA. Linn. SunGEnus THALASSEUS. Bore. STERNA CASPIA. Pavuas. Caspian Tern. Whole of North America; cosmopolitan species ; breeds on middle Atlantic coast; also Pacific coast and interior. Al 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 51 52 (68) (69) (70) (74) (75) (76) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 329 Suspcenus ACTOCHELIDON. Kavp. STERNA MAXIMA. Bopp. Royal Tern. Southern Atlantic coast, Georgia, Florida, and the Gulf States; casual in sammer, north to Massachusetts. STERNA SANDVICENSIS ACUFLAVIDA. (Capot.) Cabot’s Tern. Southern coast of United States, West Indies, and Central America, north to North Carolina in summer; accidental in New England. STERNA TRUDEAUI. Avup. Trudeau’s Tern. South American species; stragglers have been taken on the Atlantic coast of United States. : STERNA FORSTERI. Nutt. Forster’s Tern. North America, in general; in winter to West Indies and South America ; breeds from Virginia to Manitoba. STERNA HIRUNDO. Linn. Common Tern. ‘Mackerel Gull.’’ Throughout eastern North America; breeds nearly throughout its range, from Arctic Ocean to Florida; winters from Virginia southward. STERNA PARADIS/EA. Brinn. Arctic Tern. North America from Arctic Ocean to North Carolina; breeds from Massa- cbusetts northward. STERNA DOUGALLI. Montac. Roseate Tern. Southern coast of United States; north in summer to New England; acci- dental in Nova Scotia. Suscenus STERNULA. Bore. STERNA ANTILLARUM. (LeEss.) Least Tern, Southern coast of United States and northern South America; in summer north to New England; accidental in Labrador; breeds throughout its, range. SuBGENUS ONICHOPRION. WaAGLER. STERNA FULIGINOSA. GME. Sooty Tern. Semi-tropical species, common in the West Indies; in summer north to North Carolina; accidental in New England. STERNA ANAETHETUS. Scop. Bridled Tern. Tropical species, accidental on Florida coast ; South Carolina, one record. Genus HYDROCHELIDON. Bore. HYDROCHELIDON NIGRA SURINAMENSIS. (GMEL.) Black Tern. North America; breeds from Middle States in the interior northward to the fur countries. HYDROCHELIDON LEUCOPTERA. (MEISN. AND SCHINZ.) White-winged Black Tern. European species, of accidental occurrence in the United States; Wis- consin, one record. 330 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. ALO. UL Genus ANOUS. SreEpPHENS. 53 (79) ANOUS STOLIDUS. (Linn.) Noddy. South Atlantic States of United States; common in the West Indies. FAMILY RHYNCHOPIDAZ. Skimmers. Genus RHYNCHOPS. Livy. 54 (80) RHYNCHOPS NIGRA. Liyy. Black Skimmer. Coasts of the United States south of Virginia; casual to New England. ORDER TUBINARES. Tube=nosed Swimmers. FAMILY DIOMEDEID4:. Albatrosses. Genus DIOMEDEA. Liyy. 55 (81) DIOMEDEA EXULANS. Linn. Wandering Albatross. Species common to southern seas; claimed to have been seen at Tampa Bay, Florida. Genus THALASSOGERON. (Gotxp) 56 (83) THALASSOGERON CULMINATUS. (GouLp) Yellow-nosed Albatross. South Pacific species, accidental in eastern North America. St. Lawrence River, one record. FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE. Fulmars and Shearwaters. Subfamily FULMARINAE. Cougs. Genus FULMARUS. Srtepa. 57 (86) FULMARUS GLACIALIS. (Lriyn.) Fulmar. North Atlantic Ocean, south on coast of United States to Long Island. 58 (86a) Fulmarus glacialis minor, Kiarepaiiinc. Lesser Fulmar. A small race differing from Glacialis only in size; range about the same. Subfamily PUFFININZ. Genus PUFFINUS. Brisson. 59 (88) PUFFINUS BOREALIS. Cory. Cory’s Shearwater. Known to occur only on coast of Massachusetts and Long Island; winter and breeding range unknown.* 60 (89) PUFFINUS MAJOR. FapBer. Greater Shearwater. Atlantic Ocean, coasts of both North and South America. * By some authors supposed to be similar to 7, kuhklii, but borealis is larger and the feet in life differently colored, A. 0. U NO. 6 (90) 62 (92) 63 (94) 64 (98) 65 (99) 66 (101) 67 (104) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 331 PUFFINUS PUFFINUS. (Briinn.) Manx Shearwater. European species; accidental on the Atlantic coast. PUFFINUS AUDUBONI. FinscH. Audubon’s Shearwater. Tropical species ; common in West Indies; casual on Florida coast; acci- dental as far north as New Jersey. PUFFINUS FULIGINOSUS. Strick. Sooty Shearwater. Haglet. South Atlantic species ; ranging in summer north to coast of United States ; New England; common. Genus AESTRELATA. Bonar. AESTRELATA HASITATA. (KuuL.) Black-capped Petrel. Tropical and semi-tropical portions of the Atlantic Ocean; accidental in the United States; numerous records. AESTRELATA SCALARIS Brewst. Scaled Petrel. Rare straggler; habitat unknown; one specimen known, taken in western New York. Genus BULWERIA. Bonap. BULWERIA BULWERI. (JarpD. AND SELBY.) Bulwer’s Petrel. Old world species ; accidental in Greenland. Subfamily PROCELLARIINAE. Coues. Genus PROCELLARIA. Luiny. PROCELLARIA PELAGICA. Linn. Stormy Petrel. Atlantic ocean; Newfoundland banks not uncommon, but rarely seen near land. Genus OCEANODROMA. ReicuEeNBACH. 67a (1062) OCEANODROMA CRYPTOLEUCA. (RipGcw.) Hawaiian Petrel. 68 (106) 69 (109) 70 (110) 71 (111) Pacific species ; accidental in United States ; Washington, D.C., one record. OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA. (VixrILL.) Leach’s Petrel. Northern portions of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; breeding on Atlantic coast from Maine northward ; in winter, south to Virginia. Subfamily OCEANITINAE. Coues. Genus OCEANITES. Keys. anp Brasits. OCEANITES OCEANICUS. (KuHL.) Wilson’s Petrel. Atlantic Ocean ; common off coast of United States in summer. Genus CYMODROMA. Ripew. CYMODROMA GRALLARIA. (VIEILL.) White-bellied Petrel. Tropical species; once taken near St. Marks, Florida. Genus PELAGODROMA. Rercu. PELAGODROMA MARINA. (LatH.) White-faced Petrel. South Atlantic species ; accidental off coast of Massachusetts. 332 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. ORDER STEGANOPODES. Totopalmate Swimmers. FAMILY PHAETHONTID. Tropic Birds. A. 0. U. Genus PHAETHON. Liyy. NO. 72 (112) PHAETHON AMERICANUS. Grant. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird. Common in West Indies, where it breeds off Florida coast in summer ; accidental in New York (one record). 73 (113) PHAETHON 4ETHEREUS. Linn. Red-billed Tropic Bird. Accidental on Newfoundland Banks. FAMILY SULIDAE. Gannets. Genus SULA. Briss. 74 (114) SULA CYANOPS. Sunp. Blue-faced Booby. Accideutal on Florida coast; not uncommon in West Indies. 75 (115) SULA SULA. (Linn.) Booby. Tropical species; common in West Indies; coast of Florida, in summer; accidental, north to Long Island. 76 (116) SULA PISCATOR. (Linn.) Red-footed Booby. Tropical species ; accidental on Florida coast. Supcenus DYSPORUS. ILLIGER. 77 (117) SULA BASSANA. (Liyn.) Gannet. Coasts of North Atlantic Qcean; south, in winter, to Florida and Gulf of Mexico; breeds from shores of Nova Scotia and Gulf of St. Lawrence, northward. FAMILY ANHINGID-Z. Darters, Genus ANHINGA. Briss. 78 (118) ANHINGA ANHINGA. (Liny.) Anhinga. Tropical America; common in Florida; casual, north to South Carolina ; accidental in Illinois. FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDAE. Cormorants. Genus PHALACROCORAX. Briss. 79 (119) PHALACROCORAX CARBO. (Linn.) Cormorant. North Atlantic; south to Carolinas, in winter; at one time bred from Massachusetts, northward; now becoming much less numerous, and breeding range restricted to few localities. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 333 A. O. U. NO. 80 (120) PHALACROCORAX DILOPHUS. (Sw. anv Ricu.) Double-crested Cormorant. Eastern North America; south, in winter, to Georgia and northern Florida ; breeds from Bay of Fundy, northward. 81 (120a) Phalacrocoraz dilophus floridanus. (Aup.) Florida Cormorant. A small race of the preceding species, inhabiting Southern States ; common in Florida and Gulf States; north in Mississippi Valley to Illinois. 82 (121) PHALACROCORAX MEXICANUS. (BranpT.) Mexican Cormorant. Southern species; casual in Mississippi Valley to Illinois; not uncommon in Cuba, and is claimed to occur on west coast of Florida. FAMILY PELECANIDZE. Pelicans. Genus PELECANUS. Linn. 83 (125) PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS, Gmuev. American White Pelican. Gulf coast of United States; breeds in the interior from Minnesota, north- ward; rare on Atlantic coast, except Florida, where it still occurs in some numbers ; accidental in New England. 84 (126) PELECANUS FUSCUS. Liyn. Brown Pelican. Abundant in Florida and portions of Gulf coast; north in summer to the Carolinas ; accidental in New England and Illinois. FAMILY FREGATIDAE. Man-o’=-War Birds. Genus FREGATA. Briss. 85 (128) FREGATA AQUILA. (Liyy.) Man-o’-War Bird. Tropical and sub-tropical seas; common on coast of Florida ; accidental north to New England; Nova Scotia (one record). ORDER ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers. FAMILY ANATIDE. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. Subfamily MERGIN4E. Mergansers. Genus MERGANSER. Briss. 86 (129) MERGANSER AMERICANUS. (Cass.) American Merganser. Sheldrake. General North America; breeds south to Pennsylvania; casual in Florida in winter. 87 (130) MERGANSER SERRATOR. (Lixn.) Red-breasted Merganser. Sheldrake. General, North America; south in winter to the Gulf States and Cuba. 334 A. O. U. NO. 88 (131) 89 (132) 90 (133) 91 (134) 92 (135) 93 (136) 94 (137) 95 (138) 96 (139) 97 (140) 98 (141) 99 (142) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Grnus LOPHODYTES. Rercu. LOPHODYTES CUCULLATUS. (Linn.) Hooded Merganser. General, North America; south in winter to Gulf States and Cuba; breeds throughout its range. Subfamily ANATIN4Z. River Ducks. Genus ANAS. Linn. ANAS BOSCHAS. Liyyn. Mallard Duck. Northern North America; south in winter to Gulf Coast, Florida, and Cuba. ANAS OBSCURA. GweL. Black Duck. Eastern North America, from Mississippi Valley to Labrador; breeds from northern border of United States northward; south in winter to Florida and Gulf coast. ANAS FULVIGULA. Ripve@w. Florida Duck. Florida Black Duck. Florida and Gulf coast, west to Louisiana. Supcenus CHAULELASMUS. Bonap. ANAS STREPERA. Linn. Gadwall. Widely distributed species occurring in Europe and Africa; throughout North America; breeds in interior of United States. SuBGENUS MARECCA. STEPH. ANAS PENELOPE. Linn. Widgeon. European Widgeon. European species; often taken on our coast. ANAS AMERICANA. GMEL. American Widgeon. Baldpate. Throughout North America, from Arctic Ocean to Gulf coast ; breeds north of United States. SupGENus NETTION. Kaur. ANAS CRECCA. Linn. European Teal. Accidental in eastern North America; New England, several records. ANAS CAROLINENSIS. GMEL. Green-winged Teal. North America; south in winter to Central America and Cuba; breeds north of United States. SuBGENUS QUERQUEDULA. StTepuH. ANAS DISCORS. Linn. Blue-winged Teal. Throughout eastern North America; West Indies and South America in winter; breeds as a rule in interior from Illinois northward. ANAS CYANOPTERA. VIEILL. Cinnamon Teal. Western species, which occasionally occurs in Mississippi Valley and Western Florida. Genus SPATULA. Botr. SPATULA CLYPEATA. (Linn.) Shoveller Duck. Broad-bill. North America; abundant in winter in Southern States. 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 (144) (145) (146) (147) (148) (149) (150) (151) (152) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 335 Genus DAFILA. Srepu. DAFILA ACUTA. Linn. Pintail Duck. Sprigtail. North America; breeding from northern portions of northern States northward ; south in winter to Cuba. Genus AIX. Bortz. AIX SPONSA. (Linn.) Wood Duck. Summer Duck. Temperate North America; south in winter to Cuba; breeds throughout its range. Subfamily FULIGULINAE. Sea Ducks, Genus NETTA. Kavp. NETTA RUFINA. (Patt.) Rufous-crested Duck. European species; New York, one record. Genus AYTHYA. Bots. AYTHYA AMERICANA. (Eyt.) Red-head Duck. North America in general; breeds from northern portions of United States northward. AYTHYA VALLISNERIA. (Wits.) Canvas-back Duck. North America in general; breeds from Minnesota north and west to Alaska; not common on New England coast, but abundant about Chesapeake Bay and Carolina coasts; casual, south in winter to Florida and Cuba. SusGEnus FULIGULA. STEPH. AYTHYA MARILA. (Linn.) American Scaup Duck. Blue-bill or Black- head. Throughout North America; breeds north of United States. AYTHYA AFFINIS. (Eyt.) Lesser Scaup Duck. Blue-bill or Black-head. Ranges throughout North America; south in winter to West Indies ; abundant in Florida. AYTHYA COLLARIS. (Donoy.) Ring-necked Duck. Throughout North America; in winter south to West Indies; breeds far north. Genus GLAUCIONETTIA. Sreun. GLAUCIONETTA CLANGULA AMERICANA. (Bonap.) American Goldene eye Duck. Whistler. North America; breeding from northera New England northward; south in winter to the Gulf coast and Cuba. GLAUCIONETTA ISLANDICA. (GMEL.) Barrow’s Golden-eye Duck. Northern North America; breeding from Gulf of St. Lawrence north- ward; south in winter to New York; not common on New England coast. 336 110 111 112 113 114 H5 116 117 118 119 (154) (155) (156) (157) (159) (160) (162) (163) (164) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA Genus CHARITONETTA. Sresn. CHARITONETTA ALBEOLA. (Linn.) Buffle-head Duck. Dipper. North America; south in winter to Florida and Cuba; breeds from Maine northward. Genus CLANGULA. Leacu. CLANGULA HYEMALIS. (Linn.) Old Squaw. Long-tailed Duck. Northern portion of North America; breeding far north; south in winter to Middle States; casual in Florida. Genus HISTRIONICUS. Less. HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS. (Linn.) Harlequin Duck. Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland, northward; in winter, south to Middle States; accidental in Florida. Genus CAMPTOLAEMUS. Gray. CAMPTOLAEMUS LABRADORIUS. (GmMEL.) Labrador Duck. Probably extinct; formerly, North Atlantic coast, breeding from Lab- rador, northward. Genus ENICONETTA. Gray. ENICONETTA STELLERI. (PALL.) Steller’s Duck. Arctic species, which occurs in Greenland. Genus SOMATERIA. Leacu. SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA BOREALIS. (BrREHM.) Northern Eider Duck. Northeastern North America; south, in winter, to Massachusetts. SOMATERIA DRESSERI. SuHarpe. American Eider Duck. Atlantic coast of North America; south, in winter, to Delaware; breeds from Maine, northward. SupcEenus ERIONETTA. Cougs. SOMATERIA SPECTABILIS. (Linn.) King Eider Duck. Northern species; in winter, south to New England; accidental as far south as Georgia; breeds in the far north. Genus OIDEMIA. Femina. OIDEMIA AMERICANA. Sw. anpRicu. American Scoter Duck. Velvet Scoter. Butter-bill Coot. Breeds from Labrador, northward; occurs both on coast and inland lakes; south to Florida, in winter. One of the Coots of New England gunners. OIDEMIA FUSCA. (Liny.) Black Scoter. European species, recorded from Greenland. 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 (166) (167) (168) (169) (1692) (1691) (171) (171a) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 337 SupGenus MELANITTA. Bots. OIDEMIA DEGLANDI. Bonar. White-winged Scoter Duck. White- winged Coot. Northern North America, breeding from Labrador, northward; south, in winter, to North Carolina; common on New England coast during migrations. OIDEMIA PERSPICILLATA. (Linn.) Surf Scoter Duck. Skunk-head Coot. Northern North America, on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and interior lakes; breeds far north; south, in winter, to Florida; accidental in Cuba and Jamaica; a common Coot of New England gunners. Genus ERISMATURA. Bonar. ERISMATURA JAMAICENSIS. (GMEL.) Ruddy Duck. Ranges throughout North America, breeding nearly throughout its range; winters in the Southern States and along Gulf; common in Florida; also in West Indies, and northern South America. Genus NOMONYX. Rivew. NOMONYX DOMINICUS. (Tainn.) Masked Duck. Tropical species ; accidental in eastern United States; specimens have been taken in New York, Wisconsin, and Massachusetts. Subfamily ANSERIN4E. Geese. Genus CHEN. Bor. CHEN HYPERBOREA. (PALL.) Lesser Snow Goose. Rare in eastern United States; accidental on New England coast; occurs in Illinois; common on Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska. Chen hyperborea nivalis. (Forst.) Greater Snow Goose. Eastern race of preceding species, the principal difference being in size ; exact breeding range unknown; winters on Atlantic coast from Virginia to Cuba. CHEN CQCERULESCENS. (Linn.) Blue Goose. Little known species, breeding about Hudson Bay, migrating south in winter, through Mississippi Valley to Gulf coast ; apparently not common anywhere. Genus ANSER. Briss. ANSER ALBIFRONS. (GMEL.) White-fronted Goose. European species ; recorded from Greenland. Anser albifrons gambeli. (Harti.) American White-fronted Goose. Larger than European species; occurs throughout North America; breeding far north and ranging, winter, south to Mexico and Cuba. 338 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 (172a) (172c) (179) (180) (181) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Genus BRANTA. Scopott. BRANTA CANADENSIS. Linn. Canada Goose. Temperate North America; breeding in Northern United States and British Provinces; ranges in winter as far south as Mexico and Jamaica; winters in great numbers on Atlantic coast, south of Virginia. Branta canadensis hutchinsii. (Sw. AND Ricu.) Hutchins’s Goose. Similar to the Canada Goose, but smaller; wing usually less than 16 inches long (carpus to tip); western species rare, east of Missis- sippi Valley. Branta canadensis minima. Riwew. Cackling Goose. A still smaller race ; wing, rarely over 14.50 ; underparts darker, having the breast and upper belly tinged with brownish; Pacific species casual as far east as Wisconsin; not recorded farther east than Illinois. BRANTA BERNICLA. (Lrixn.) Brant. From Arctic Circle where it breeds; south in eastern North America to Georgia; accidental in Florida. BRANTA NIGRICANS. (Lawr.) Black Brant. Western species, occasionally taken on Atlantic coast. BRANTA LEUCOPSIS. (Brcust.) Barnacle Goose. The European Barnacle Goose occurs in Greenland ; it is rare on Atlantic coast of United States. The white on forehead and sides of head and chin will always distinguish it from American species. Subfamily CYGNINAE. Swans. Genus OLOR. Wactrr. OLOR CYGNUS. (Linn.) Whooping Swan. Old world species which occurs in Greenland, but not elsewhere in North America. It has the base of the mandible and bare loral skin yellow. OLOR COLUMBIANUS. (Orv.) Whistling Swan. Whole of North America; breeding far north; common on coast of . Vir- ginia and Carolinas in winter. OLOR BUCCINATOR. (Ricu.) Trumpeter Swan. Western species ; rare on Atlantic coast of United States ; Illinois. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 339 ORDER ODONTOGLOSS~. Lamellirostral Grallatores. FAMILY PHCENICOPTERIDAE. Flamingoes. A. O. U. Gexus PHCENICOPTERUS. Liyy. NO. 138 (182) PHQENICOPTERUS RUBER. (Liny.) American Flamingo. 139 140 141 142 143 144 (183) (184) (185) (186) (187) Tropical species ; a small colony exists in southern Florida. ORDER HERODIONES. Herons, Ibises, Spoonbills, etc. Suborder IBIDES. Spoonbills and Ibises. FAMILY PLATALEIDAE. Spoonbills. Genus AJAJA. Reicu. AJAJA AJAJA. (LiINN.) Roseate Spoonbill. Tropical species; ranges throughout South America; resident in Gulf States and Florida. FAMILY IBIDIDAE. Ibises. Genus GUARA. Rercu. GUARA ALBA. (LiNN.) White Ibis. South Atlantic and Gulf States; south throughout West Indies te northern South America; accidental in New England and Illinois. GUARA RUBRA. (Lryyn.) Scarlet Ibis. A tropical species; no evidence of its recent occurrence in North America. Genus PLEGADIS. Kavp. PLEGADIS AUTUMNALIS. (HasseEra.) Glossy Ibis. Tropical species ; casual in United States; New England, Illinois. PLEGADIS GUARAUNA. (Ltyy.) White-faced Glossy Ibis. Western species ; once recorded from Florida. Suborder CICONL4. Storks, etc. FAMILY CICONIIDAE. Storks and Wood Ibises. (188) Subfamily TANTALINAE. Wood Ibises. Grexus TANTALUS. Livy. TANTALUS LOCULATOR. Linn. Wood Ibis. Southwestern species common and resident in Florida, where it breeds in colonies ; accidental north to New York. 340 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Suborder HERODII. Herons, Egrets, Bitterns, etc. FAMILY ARDEIDZAE. Herons, Bitterns, etc. Subfamily BOTAURIN. Bitterns. A. 0. Ue Genus BOTAURUS. Hermann. (190) BOTAURUS LENTIGINOSUS. (MontaG.) American Bittern. Temperate North America; common in eastern United States; south in winter to Cuba. Genus ARDETTA. Gray. (191) ARDETTA EXILIS. (Gmev.) Least Bittern. ‘*Temperate North America; north to the British Provinces and south to the West Indies and Brazil” (A. O. U.); breeds nearly throughout its range. (1911) ARDETTA NEOXENA. Cory. Cory’s Least Bittern. Southern Florida; stragglers have been taken in various widely sepa- rated localties ; Ontario, Michigan. Subfamily ARDEINAE. Herons and Egrets. Genus ARDEA. Linn. (192) ARDEA OCCIDENTALIS. Avup. Great White Heron. Resident in Florida; breeds in December on the keys; has been taken in Illinois. ARDEA WUERDEMANNI. Barrp. Wuerdemann’s Heron, Southern Florida; probably a colored phase of A. occidentalis, or an abnormally colored specimen of Ardea wardi. (193) ARDEA WARDI. Ripaw. Ward’s Heron. Florida. (194) ARDEA HERODIAS. Linn. Great Blue Heron. The common large Heron of the Atlantic coast (except Florida) ; ranges from Arctic regions to northern South America. (195) ARDEA CINEREA. Linn. European Blue Heron. European species, recorded from Greenland. Supcenus HERODIAS. Bots. (196) ARDEA EGRETTA. GmeL. American Egret. Southern United States to South America; casual north to New Eng- land ; accidental in Nova Scotia; breeds in colonies in Southern States in February ; abundant in parts of Florida. SuBGENus GARZETTA. Kaur. (197) ARDEA CANDIDISSIMA, GwMEu. Snowy Heron. Tropical and semi-tropical species, not uncommon on Gulf coast; breeds in Florida in May; accidental in New England and Illinois. A. 0. U NO. 155 (198) 156 (199) 157 (200) 158 (201) 159 (202) 160 (203) 161 (204) 162 (205) 163 (206) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 341 SuBGENUs DICROMANASSA. Ripew. ARDEA RUFESCENS. GMev. Reddish Egret. Gulf States; apparently not abundant anywhere in United States; casual north to Illinois; breeds in southern Florida, West Indies, and Mexico. SuspcENuUs HYDRANASSA. Bairp. ARDEA TRICOLOR RUFICOLLIS. (Gossr.) Louisiana Heron. Gulf States; common in Florida; breeds occasionally north to New England and Llinois. SUBGENUS FLORIDA. Linn. ARDEA CCERULEA. Tiny. Little Blue Heron. Eastern United States; common on Gulf coast and Florida, where it breeds in summer; casual to New England and Illinois. SusGencs BUTORIDES. Buiyrtu. ARDEA VIRESCENS. Linn. Green Heron. Temperate North America; Canada to Gulf States, and West Indies ; breeds nearly throughout its range. Genus NYCTICORAX. Stepru. NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX NEVIUS. (Bopv.) Black-crowned Night Heron. North and South America; breeds in West Indies; common in New England. NYCTICORAX VIOLACEUS. (Linn.) Yellow-crowned Night Heron. Warmer portions of North America; Gulf States to Carolinas; casual in New England and Illinois; common in Florida. ORDER PALUDICOL. Cranes, Rails, etc. Suborder GRUES. Cranes. FAMILY GRUIDAE. Cranes. Genus GRUS. Pattas. GRUS AMERICANA. (Liny.) Whooping Crane. Interior of North America; rare on Atlantic coast; accidental in New England ; casual in Florida. GRUS CANADENSIS. (Linn.) Little Brown Crane. Western species; two records east of Mississippi River. GRUS MEXICANA. (Miu.) Sandhill Crane. Warmer parts of North America; common in parts of Georgia and Florida, where it breeds; accidental in New England and Illinois. 342 164 165 166 167 167a 168 169 170 171 172 A. O. U. NO. (207) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Suborder RALLI. Rails, Gallinules, Coots, etc. FAMILY ARAMIDZE. Courlans. Genus ARAMUS. Viert. ARAMUS GIGANTEUS. (Bonap.) Limpkin. Tropical species ; resident and breeds in Florida. FAMILY RALLIDAE. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots. (208) (211) (2114) C=) (2110) (212) (213) (214) (215) Subfamily RALLIN. Rails. Genus RALLUS. Liyy. RALLUS ELEGANS. os 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 A, O. Ue NO (243) (243a) (244) (246) (247) (248) (249) (251) (253) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. SubGEenus PELIDNA. CUVIER. TRINGA ALPINA. Linn. Dunlin. European species, accidental in North America. Tringa alpina pacifica. (Cours.) Red-backed Sandpiper. American Dunlin. North America; breeds in high latitudes; winters from Florida and Gulf States southward ; New England and Illinois during migrations. Supcenus ANCYLOCHILUS,. Kaup. TRINGA FERRUGINEA. Brinn. Curlew Sandpiper. European species; of rare occurrence in eastern North America; New England. Genus EREUNETES. I:1icer. EREUNETES PUSILLUS. (Liny.) Semipalmated Sandpiper. Breeds north of United States; winters in West Indies and South America; common on Atlantic coast during migrations ; Illinois. EREUNETES OCCIDENTALIS. Lawr. Western Sandpiper. Western species; breeding in high latitudes and ranging in winter to South America; not uncommon on Atlantic coast during migrations. Genus CALIDRIS. Covier. CALIDRIS ARENARIA. (Linn.) Sanderling. Sandpiper. Bull Peep. Cosmopolitan species; breeds in far north; south in wint2r to South America; common on Atlantic coast during migrations; New England, Florida, Illinois. Genus LIMOSA. Briss. LIMOSA FEDOA. (LLinn.) Marbled Godwit. North America, chiefly west; breeds from Nebraska northward, migrat- ing in winter to Central America; not common on Atlantic coast ; New England, casual; Florida, Illinois. LAMOSA H/AEMASTICA. (Liyn.) Hudsonian Godwit. Goose Bird. Eastern North America; south in winter to South America; breeds far north; atone time abundant on Atlantic coast during migrations, now less common; New England, Florida, Illinois. LIMOSA LIMOSA. (Liny.) Black-tailed Godwit. European species, which occurs in Greenland. Genus TOTANUS. Becu. TOTANUS NEBULARIUS. (GuNN.) Green-shank. Old world species ; accidental in Florida; no recent records, A. O. U NO, 207) «(254) 208 (255) 209 (256) 211 (258) 212 (258a) 213 (260) 214 (261) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 347 SupGENnus GLOTTIS. Kocu. TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS. (GmMEL.) Greater Yellow-legs. Winter Yellow-legs. North America; breeding from northern Illinois northward; in winter, south to South America (Chili); common during migrations on Atlantic coast. TOTANUS FLAVIPES. (GMEL.) Yellow-legs. Summer Yellow-legs. North America; breeding from northern Illinois northward; south in winter to South America; abundant during migrations on Atlantic coast. Genus HELODROMUS. Katp. HELODROMUS SOLITARIUS. (Wits.) Solitary Sandpiper. North America; breeding from northern United States northward; in winter, south to South America; New England, Florida, Illinois. HELODROMUS OCHROPUS. (Lixn.) Green Sandpiper. European species ; once recorded from Nova Scotia. Genus SYMPHEMIA. Rarinesque. SYMPHEMIA SEMIPALMATA. (GMEL.) Willit. Eastern North America, from Florida to New England; breeding occa- sionally as far north as Maine; south in winter to South America. Symphemia semipalmata tnornata. Brewst. Western Willet. A western race of the Willet, which occurs in Florida and on Gulf coast inwinter, and perhaps occasionally farther north; its true habitat is from Mexico to Manitoba; it differs from the eastern Willet in being larger, and in summer the middle tail feathers lack the black bars and the back marking is less pronounced; in winter the two forms differ little, except in size. Genus PAVONCELLA. Leaca. PAVONCELLA PUGNAX. (Linn.) Ruff. European species; accidental in United States; several New England records. Genus BARTRAMIA., Lesson. BARTRAMIA LONGICAUDA, (Becust.) Bartramian Sandpiper. Up- land Plover. North America; in winter to South America; breeds nearly throughout its range; once abundant on Atlantic coast, now less common; Illinois common. 348 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 (263) (264) (265) (266) (267) (269) (270) (271) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Genus TRYNGITES, Casay. TRYNGITES SUBRUFICOLLIS. (ViEILL.) Buff-breasted Sandpiper. North America; more commonly in interior ; breeds north of United States; south in winter to South America; not common on Atlantic coast. Genus ACTITIS. I ricer. ACTITIS MACULARIA. (Linn.) Spotted Sandpiper. The common Sandpiper of our ponds and streams occurs in North and South America; breeds throughout temperate North America. Genus NUMENIUS. Briss. NUMENIUS LONGIROSTRIS. Wits. Long-billed Curlew. Sickle~bill Curlew. Temperate North America; south to Central America and the West Indies; breeds in southern Atlantic States, and in interior to Canada; not common on Atlantic coast. NUMENIUS HUDSONICUS. Latu. Hudsonian Curlew. Jack Curlew. Throughout North America; breeding in Arctic regions; in winter to Gulf States and South America; common on Atlantic coast during migrations. NUMENIUS BOREALIS. (Forst.) Eskimo Curlew. Dough Bird. Ranges from the Arctic regions where it breeds to South America; in winter more common in the interior than on the coast; prefers the fields to the beaches, being often found in company with Golden Plover. NUMENIUS PHAEOPUS. (Liny.) Whimbrel. Not recorded from United States; it has been taken in Greenland. FAMILY CHARADRIIDAE. Plovers. Genus VANELLUS. Briss. VANELLUS VANELLUS. (Linn.) Lapwing. European species; occurs in Greenland; one record for eastern United States. Genus CHARADRIUS. Luinyy. Suspcenus SQUATAROLA. CUVIER. CHARADRIUS SQUATAROLA. (Linn.) Black-bellied Plover. Beetle Head. Ranges from Arctic regions to South America; breeds in the far north; common on Atlantic coast during migrations. Supcenus CHARADRIUS. Linn. CHARADRIUS APRICARIUS. Linn. Golden Plover. European species, which occurs in Greenland. 224 (272) 225 (273) 226 (274) 227. (275) 228 (277) 229 =(277a) 229a (278) 230 (280) 231 (281) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 349 CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS. Mit. American Golden Plover. Green Plover. Ranges from Arctic regions, where it breeds, to South America ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations; prefers the fields to the marshes. Genus AEGIALITIS. Bote. AEGIALITIS VOCIFERA. (Linn.) Kildeer Plover. Ranges from Newfoundland and Manitoba, breeding throughout its range; common in winter from Gulf States and Carolinas to the West Indies and South America; as a rule not common on New England coast, but in November, 1888, a great flight occurred on shores of Massachusetts, and hundreds were killed and offered for sale in the Boston markets. AEGIALITIS SEMIPALMATA. Bonar. Semipalmated Plover. Ranges from Arctic regions to South America; breeding from Labrador northward ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations. AEGIALITIS HIATICULA. (Liyn.) Ring Plover. Old world species ; not recorded from United States; it occurs in Green- land. AEGIALITIS MELODA. (Orp.) Piping Plover. From Labrador to the West Indies and South America, being a familiar bird on our shores; breeds from Virginia to Labrador and New- foundland. Eigialitis meloda circumcinecta. Ripaw. Belted Piping Plover. Is similar to a meloda but differs in having an unbroken black band on the neck forming a complete collar; breeds from northern Illinois northward ; migrates in winter to Gulf of Mexico. AEGIALITIS NIVOSA. Cass. Snowy Plover. Western species; not uncommon in winter on the northwest coast of Florida. SuspGENuS OCHTHODROMUS. ReEIcH. AEGIALITIS WILSONIA. (ORD.) Wilson’s Plover. Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America; on the Atlantic side from Long Island to the West Indies and South America; breeds from Virginia; southern stragglers have been taken as far north as Nova Scotia. SUBGENUS PODASOCYS. Cougs. AEGIALITIS MONTANA. (Towns.) Mountain Plover. Western species; accidental or casual in Florida. 350 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY APHRIZIDAE. Surf Birds and Turnstones. Subfamily ARENARIINAE. Turnstones. A. 0. U. Genus ARENARIA. Briss. NO. 232 (283) ARENARIA INTERPRES. (Lixn.) Turnstone. Both coasts of North America, and in the interior on the larger lakes and rivérs; breeds in the Arctic regions; in winter to South America. FAMILY HAEMATOPODIDAE. Oyster Catchers. Genus HAEMATOPUS. Linn. 233 (285) HAEMATOPUS OSTRALEGUS. Linn. Oyster Catcher. European species, which occurs in Greenland. 234 (286) HAEMATOPUS PALLIATUS. ‘Temm. American Oyster Catcher. Coasts of the warmer portions of America, from New Jersey to South America; accidental in New England; common in Florida, and breeds. LAND BIRDS. ORDER GALLIN-. Gallinaceous Birds. Suborder PHASIANI. Pheasants, Grouse, Partridges, Quail, etc. FAMILY TETRAONIDZE. Grouse, Partridges, etc. A. O. U. NO. 235 | (289) 236 (289«) 237° (298) 237a (——) 238 (300) 239 = (300a) 240 (301) Subfamily PERDICIN4E. Partridges and Quail. Genus COLINUS. Lesson. COLINUS VIRGINIANUS. (Linn.) Quail. Bob-white. Eastern United States; west to Kansas, Dakotah, and eastern Texas; breeds throughout range. Colinus virginianus floridanus. (Cours.) Florida Quail. A Florida race, smaller and darker than C. virginianus. Subfamily TETRAONINAE. Grouse, etc. Gexus CANACHITES. Sresn. CANACHITES CANADENSIS. (Linn.) Canada Grouse. Spruce Par- tridge. - Throughout British America; occurs in United States in northern New England, New York, Minnesota, and Michigan. Canachiles canadensis labradorius. Banas. Labrador Spruce Grouse. A Labrador race of the Canada Grouse; the males differ but slightly, but the females are described as being less buffy above the back, being nearly black and gray, and the underparts whiter. Gexus BONASA. Stern. BONASA UMBELLUS. (Linn.) Ruffed Grouse. Eastern United States and southern Canada; south to mountains of northern Georgia; west to Minnesota and Michigan. Bonasa umbellus togata. (LiNN.) Canadian Ruffed Grouse. The Canadian race of the Ruffed Grouse occurs throughout southern British America as far north as James Bay; it occurs in northern New York and northern New England; it is more gray on the upper parts, and the underparts are more distinctly barred. Genus LAGOPUS. Briss. LAGOPUS LAGOPUS. (Liny.) Willow Ptarmigan. Arctic species; accidental in New England. (351) 352 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 A. O. UL LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. NO. (801la) Lagopus lagopus allenit. Stesn. Allen’s Ptarmigan. (302) A race peculiar to Newfoundland; differs in having the shafts of the secondaries black. LAGOPUS RUPESTRIS. (GMEL.) Rock Ptarmigan. Arctic America, from southern Labrador to Alaska, Anticosti. (302a) Lagopus rupestris reinhardti. (BReam.) Reinhardt’s Ptarmigan. (303) (305) (305) A race inhabiting northern Labrador and Greenland; the female has the greater portion of the back, black, insummer; the male has the barring on the upper parts finer and more uneven. LAGOPUS WELCHI. Brews. Welch’s Ptarmigan. Peculiar to Newfoundland. Genus TYMPANUCHUS. GLoceEr. TYMPANUCHUS AMERICANUS. (REIcH.) Prairie Hen. Prairies of Mississippi Valley, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri; north and west to Manitoba, Dakotah, and Indian Territory; south to southwestern Louisiana, and Texas, where it is replaced by a paler and smaller race called T. a. attwatert. TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO. (Linn.) Heath Hen. Island of Martha’s Vineyard, Mass.; once abundant, now nearly extinct; resembles the Prairie Hen, but may be distinguished by its barred axillars, scapulars broadly tipped with buff, and tufts of feathers on the neck consisting of less than ten feathers. Gencs PEDICECETES. Barro. (308)) PEDIGECETES PHASIANELLUS CAMPESTRIS. Ripcw. Prairie (310) Sharp=-tailed Grouse. Western species, which sometimes occurs in Wisconsin and Illinois. FAMILY PHASIANIDAE. Pheasants, Turkeys, etc. Subfamily MELEAGRINAE. Turkeys. Genus MELEAGRIS. Linn. MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO. Linn. Wild Turkey. United States, from Chesapeake Bay to the Gulf coast, and west to the plains along wooded river valleys. (A. 0. U.) (310a) Meleagris gallopavo osceola. Scott. Florida Turkey. Differs in having the white bands on the primaries broken and uneven, and in being somewhat smaller; also other slight differences in color; inhabits southern Florida, where the northern Turkey does not occur. A. O. U. NO. 250 (314) 250a (—) 251 (315) 252 (316) 253 (317) 254 (319) 255 (320) 256 (322) 257 (322!) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 353 ORDER COLUMBé. Pigeons. FAMILY COLUMBID4E. Pigeons. Genus COLUMBA. Linn. COLUMBA LEUCOCEPHALA. ILinx. White-crowned Pigeon. West. Indian species; casual in southern Florida. COLUMBA CORENSIS. GmeL. Wood Pigeon. West Indian species; accidental at Key West, Fla. (Atkins, Auk, 1899, p. 272.) Genus ECTOPISTES. Swarns. ECTOPISTES MIGRATORIUS. (Linn.) Passenger Pigeon. Eastern North America; north to Hudson Bay; west to the plains; breeds in Canada and northern border of United States; now rare in localities where it was once very abundant. Genus ZENAIDURA. Bownap. ZENAIDURA MACROURA. (Linn.) Mourning Dove. Throughout United States and southern Canada, Central America, and West Indies; breeds throughout its range. Genus ZENAIDA. Bonar. ZENAIDA ZENAIDA. (Bonap.) Zenaida Dove. West Indies and Yucatan; accidental on Florida Keys. Genus MELOPELIA. Bonar. MELOPELIA LEUCOPTERA. (Linn.) White-winged Dove. Semi-tropical species ranging throughout southwestern United States, Central America, and West Indies; accidental in Florida. Genus COLUMBIGALLINA. Bote. COLUMBIGALLINA PASSERINA TERRESTRIS, CHapmMaAN. Ground Dove. Southern States of United States; breeds from South Carolina to Louisiana, West Indies, and northern South America. Genus GEOTRYGON. Goss. GEOTRYGON CHRYSEA. Gossr. Key West Quail-Dove. West Indian species; recorded from Florida Keys. GEOTRYGON MONTANA. (Linn.) Mountain Dove. West Indian species; once recorded from Key West, Fla. 354 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. ALO. U. Genus STARNGENAS. Bonar. NO. 258 (323) STARNCENAS CYANOCEPHALA. (Linn.) Blue-headed Quail-Dove. Cuban species; accidental on Florida Keys. ORDER RAPTORES. Birds of Prey. Suborder SARCORHAMPHI. American Vultures. FAMILY CATHARTID4E. American Vultures. Genus CATHARTES. I .iicer. 259 (325) CATHARTES AURA. (Linn.) Turkey Vulture. Turkey Buzzard. Greater part of North and South America; in eastern United States from New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico; abundant and resident in Southern States. Genus CATHARISTA. VreILt. 260 (326) CATHARISTA URUBU. VirILL. Black Vulture. Carrion Crow. Southern portion of North America, West Indies, and Central and South America; breeds in eastern United States from North Caro- lina and Illinois to the Gulf; accidental in New England Suborder FALCONES. Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, etc. FAMILY FALCONIDAE. Vultures. Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, etc. Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE. Kites, Hawks, Eagles, etc. Genus ELANOIDES. Viel. 261 (327) ELANOIDES FORFICATUS. (Linn.) Swallow-tailed Kite. Central and South America; in United States south of Carolina and Minnesota; accidental in New England; breeds commonly in some of Southern States; especially Florida. Genus ELANUS. Savieny. 262 (328) ELANUS LEUCURUS. (VinILL.) White-tailed Kite. Southern United States; from South Carolina and Southern Illinois, Central and South America; breeds in Southern States. Genus ICTINIA. Vierre. 263 (329) ICTINIA MISSISSIPPIENSIS. (W1Ls.) Mississippi Kite. Southern United States; from South Carolina, Gulf States to Central America. 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 (331) (332) (334) (335) (336) (337) (337a) (337b) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 355 Genus ROSTRHAMUS. Lesson. ROSTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS. (VrEILL.) Everglade Kite. Central America and eastern South Amerjca; common in South Florida where it breeds. Genus CIRCUS. Lactripr. CIRCUS HUDSONIUS. (Liyy.) Marsh Hawk. North and Central America; breeding throughout its range; one of the most common species in eastern United States; frequenting marshes. Genus ACCIPITER. Briss. SupGenus ACCIPITER. ACCIPITER VELOX. (Wits.) Sharp-shinned Hawk. North America; breeding throughout its range; in winter south to Mexico and Central America; common in eastern United States. ACCIPITER COOPERI. (Bonap.) Cooper’s Hawk. North America and Mexico; breeds throughout its range; common in eastern United States. SuspGenus ASTUR. Lac&prpeE. ACCIPITER ATRICAPILLUS. (Wits.) American Goshawk. Greater portion of North America, north of the Middle States; breeds from northern border of United States northward. Genus PARABUTEO. Ripew. PARABUTEO UNICINCTUS HARRISI. (Aupb.) Harris’s Hawk. Western species, which occurs in Louisiana. Genus BUTEO. Covirr. BUTEO BUTEO. (Lixn.) European Buzzard. European species; once taken in United States; Michigan, one record. BUTEO BOREALIS. (GMEL.) Red-tailed Hawk. Eastern North America and Canada; south to Mexico; breeds nearly throughout its range. Buteo borealis kriderit. Hoorrs. Krider’s Hawk. Western race, which occasionally occurs as far east as Illinois; differs in being much paler; more white in the plumage; underparts, faintly streaked. Buteo borealis calurus. (Cass.) Western Red-tail. This race has been recorded from Illinois; its true range is west of the Rocky Mountains; it differs in being much darker than borealis, and shows more dusky and rufous brown in the plumage; some specimens are almost entirely black, with breast dark reddish brown. 356 274 275 276 277 278 279 281 282 283 A.O.U. NO (338) (339) (339a) (342) (343) (344) (346) (3847a) (348) (349) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Buteo borealis harlani. (Avp.) Harlan’s Hawk. Differs from borealis in being somewhat heavier; the general plumage is dark sooty or black, showing more or less white streaks, the concealed portion of feathers being white; underparts, more or less white, with various markings; it occurs in Georgia and Florida, and the Gulf States to the Mississippi Valley; north to Illinois and Iowa, and casually to Pennsylvania. BUTEO LINEATUS. (GirEL.) Red-shouldered Hawk. Throughout eastern North America; breeding throughout its range. Buteo lineatus alleni. Ripaw. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk. Differs from lineatus in being smaller, and the adults have no rufous on the head; Gulf States, from Texas to the Carolinas; but most common in Florida and along the southern coast. SusGenus TACHYTRIORCHIS. Kaur. BUTEO SWAINSONI. Bonar. Swainson’s Hawk. Western species; occasionally occurring in eastern United States ; casual in Florida; recorded from Maine and Massachusetts. BUTEO LATISSIMUS. (Wits.) Broad-winged Hawk. Throughout eastern North America; from Canada to West Indies and South America; breeds throughout its range. SubGenus BUTEOLA. Bonap. BUTEO BRACHYURUS. VieEILL. Short-tailed Hawk. Black Hawk. Tropical species ; resident in Florida. Genus ASTURINA. VireILu. ASTURINA PLAGIATA. SCHLEGEL. Mexican Goshawk. Western species ; once observed in Illinois; no other record for eastern North America. GENUS ARCHIBUTEO. Brenm. ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS. (GMEL.) American Rough-legged Hawk. New England and Illinois. ARCHIBUTEO FERRUGINEUS. (Licut.) Ferruginous Rough-leg. North America; from Gulf States northward; breeds north of United States. Genus AQUILA. Briss. AQUILA CHRYSAETOS. (Liyn.) Golden Eagle. North America; breeding in mountains in unsettled localities through- out its range; much less common than the Bald Eagle on the Atlantic coast. 284 285 286 287 289 290 291 292 293 294 (352) (353) (354) (3544) (3540) (355) (356) (357) (358!) (3591) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 357 Genus HALIAETUS. Sayre. HALIAETUS ALBICILLA. (LINN.) Gray Sea Eagle. Occurs in Greenland, but has not been taken in the United States. HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS. (Liyy.) Bald Eagle. Throughout North America to northern Mexico; breeding throughout its range. Mr. C. H. Townsend has lately separated the northern and southern birds, giving the range of Haliaétus leucocephalus as practically restricted to the United States. To the bird which occurs in the British possessions west to Alaska, which is larger, he has given the name of Haliaétus leucocepha- lus alascanus, Northern Bald Eagle. Subfamily FALCONIN4E. Falcons. Genus FALCO. Linn. FALCO ISLANDUS. Brinn. White Gyrfalcon. Arctic America; south in winter to Labrador and northern Maine. FALCO RUSTICOLUS. Lynn. Gray Gyrfalcon. Arctic America; accidental in winter as far south as Maine. Falco rusticolus gyrfalco. (Linn.) Gyrfalcon. A grayish race with faintly barred back; occurs in Arctic America; accidental in winter in New England (Massachusetts and Rhode Island). Falco rusticolus obsoletus. (GmeL.) Black Gyrfalcon. A dark race with back dark slate; sometimes almost black and not barred; underparts dark; it occurs in Labrador; accidental in winter as far south as Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, and New York. FALCO MEXICANUS. ScHLEG. Prairie Falcon. Western species ; casual in Illinois ; breeds throughout its range. SuBGENUS RHYNCHODON. NITzscH. FALCO PEREGRINUS ANATUM. (Bonap.) Duck Hawk. Peregrine Falcon. North America and northern South America; breeds throughout its range. SuBGENUS AESALON. Kaup. FALCO COLUMBARIUS. Linn. Pigeon Hawk. North America, West Indies, and northern South America ; breeds from northern border of United States, northward. FALCO REGULUS. Pav. Merlin. European species ; recorded from Greenland. SuBGENUs TINNUNCULUS. LINN. FALCO TINNUNCULUS. Liyn. Kestrel. European species ; once taken in Massachusetts. 358 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. O. U. NO (360) FALCO SPARVERIUS. Linn. American Sparrow Hawk. ‘¢ North America; east of the Rocky Mountains and from Great Slave Lake, south to northern South America.” (A. O. U.) (361) FALCO SPARVERIOIDES. Vic. Cuban Sparrow Hawk. Cuban species ; accidental in Florida. GENus POLYBORUS. VIEILL. (862) POLYBORUS CHERIWAY. (JAcQ.) Audubon’s Caracara. Mexican Buzzard. Texas and Arizona to South America; occurs in eastern United States only in southern Florida where it breeds. Genus PANDION. Savic. (364) PANDION HALIAETUS CAROLINENSIS. (GmEL.) American Osprey. Fish Hawk. Greater portion of North America, the West Indies, and northern South America; common in many parts of eastern United States; breeds throughout its range. Suborder STRIGES. Owls. FAMILY STRIGIDAE. Barn Owls. Genus STRIX. Linn. (365) STRIX PRATINCOLA. Bonar. American Barn Owl. Throughout United States, Mexico, and northern West Indies; more common in the Southern States; breeds rarely as far north as lati- tude 40°. FAMILY BUBONIDZ. Horned Owls. Genus ASIO. Briss. (366) ASIO WILSONIANUS. (Less.) American Long-eared Owl. ‘Temperate North America to Mexico; breeds throughout its range. (367) ASIO ACCIPITRINUS. (PaLL.) Short-eared Owl. North America; breeds north of latitude 39°. Genus SYRNIUM. Savie. (368) SYRNiIUM NEBULOSUM. (Forst.) Barred Owl. Southern and eastern United States; north to Nova Scotia; breeds throughout its range. (368a) Syrnium nebulosum allent. Rivaw. Florida Barred Owl. A southern race of the Barred Owl, averaging somewhat smaller and darker, having the toes nearly bare of feathers; Gulf States; com- mon in Florida, 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 (376) (878) (378a) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 359 Genus SCOTIAPTEX. Swans. SCOTIAPTEX CINEREA. (GMEL.) Great Gray Owl. Arctic species, which occurs in winter as far south as New England and Illinois ; numerous records for Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, ete. Genus NYCTALA. Breum. NYCTALA TENGMALMI RICHARDSONI. (Bonar.) Richardson’s Owl. Arctic species; casual in winter in northern United States; New Eng- land, Illinois, etc.; breeds north of United States. NYCTALA ACADICA. (GMEL.) Saw-whet Owl. Acadian Owl. North America; breeds from middle United States northward. MEGASCOPS ASIO. (Lixn.) Screech Owl. Eastern North America; Canada to Georgia; breeds nearly throughout its range. ; . Megascops asio floridanus. (Ripaw.) Florida Sereech Owl. A rather small southern race of the Screech Owl, somewhat darker and the markings heavier; occurs in Gulf States from South Carolina to Louisiana. Genus BUBO. Dumert. BUBO VIRGINIANUS. (GMEL.) Great Horned Owl. Eastern North America; north to Labrador ; breeds throughout its range. Bubo virguianus arcticus. Swains. Arctic Horned Owl. Pale birds have occasionally been taken in northeastern North America which may be referable to this race. Bubo virginianus saturatus. Ripaw. Dusky Horned Owl. A dark race; ranging from Labrador and Hudson Bay westward to Alaska; south to Louisiana and Arizona; some Louisiana speci- mens are very dark. Genus NYCTEA. Srepru. NYCTEA NYCTEA. (Liny.) Snowy Owl. Northern North America; in winter, south to Middle States; breeds north of United States. Genus SYRNIA. Dumeriv. SURNIA ULULA CAPAROCH. (Mi Li.) American Hawk Owl. Arctic North America; south in winter to borders of United States ; New England and Illinois; breeds from New England northward. Genus SPEOTYTO. Gtocer. SPEOTYTO CUNICULARIA HYPOG4A. (Bonap.) Burrowing Owl. Western species ; one record from Massachusetts. Speotyto cunicularia floridana. Ripcw. Florida Burrowing Owl. Resident in southern Florida; a rather dark form, having the feet and legs (tarsus) almost without feathers ; breeds in a hole in the ground. 360 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. ORDER PSITTACI. Parrots, Paroquets, etc. FAMILY PSITTACID AE. Ac 0. Ue Genus CONURUS. Kuat. NO. 316 (382) CONURUS CAROLINENSIS. (LINN.) Carolina Paroquet. At one time not uncommon in many of our Southern States; at present occurs only in Florida, Arkansas, and Indian Territory; breeds in holes in trees. ORDER COCCYGES. Cuckoos. FAMILY CUCULIDE. Cuckoos, Anis, etc. Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE. Anis. Genus CROTOPHAGA. Linn. 317 (383) CROTOPHAGA ANI. Linn. Ani. West Indian species; recorded from Florida, Louisiana, and Pennsyl- vania; the bird is entirely black; the bill is not like that of a Cuckoo, being very thin and somewhat Parrot-like in shape. Subfamily COCCYZINAE. Cuckoos. Genus COCCYZUS. Viemt. 318 (386) COCCYZUS MINOR. (GMEL.) Mangrove Cuckoo. West Indian species ; casual in southern Florida. 319 (386a) Coceyzus minor maynardi. RipGw. Maynard’s Cuckoo. A Bahama race of C. minor; casual in southern Florida; it is much paler on the underparts, lacking the strong ‘tawny buff on the belly; the bill is slightly smaller. 320) (387) COCCYZUS AMERICANUS. (Linn.) Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Eastern North America; from the plains to the coast and Canada to Gulf of Mexico; breeding throughout its range; in winter to West Indies and Central America. 321 (388) COCCYZUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. (Wi1s.) Black-billed Cuckoo. Eastern North America; from Rocky Mountains to the coast; breeds United States to Labrador; south, in winter to West Indies and northern South America. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 361 Suborder ALCYONES. Kingfishers. FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE. Kingfishers. eae Genus CERYLE. Bots. 322 (390) CERYLE ALCYON. (Linn.) Belted Kingfisher. North America; at large from Arctic regions to the Gulf of Mexico; in winter, extends its range to West Indies and Central America; breeds from Gulf States throughout its northern range. ORDER PICI. Woodpeckers, etc. FAMILY PICIDAE. Woodpeckers. Genus CAMPEPHILUS. Gray. 323 (392) CAMPEPHILUS PRINCIPALIS. (Linn.) Ivory-billed Woodpecker. Florida ; some of the Gulf States to Mississippi Valley ; now rare except in parts of Florida. Genus DRYOBATES. Bote. 324 (393) DRYOBATES VILLOSUS. (Linn.) Hairy Woodpecker. Northern and middle portions of eastern United States. 325 (393b) Dryobates villosus audubonii. (Swatns.) Southern Hairy Woodpecker. Southern race; ranging from eastern Texas to South Carolina; it differs in being smaller and perhaps slightly darker. 326 (394) DRYOBATES PUBESCENS. (Linn.) Downy Woodpecker. Eastern North America; in winter, south to the Gulf of Mexico. Birds inhabiting the region north of North Carolina are larger than southern birds, and have been recognized as a race and named 324a Dryobates pubescens medianus. BREWSTER. 327 (395) DRYOBATES BOREALIS. (ViEILL.) Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Southeastern and southern United States from Carolina to Texas. Genus PICOIDES. Lacer. 328 (400) PICOIDES ARCTICUS. (Swarns.) Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. Northern North America; south to northern United States, New England, Michigan, etc. 329 (401) PICOIDES AMERICANUS. Breum. American Three-toed Woodpecker. Northern North America; south to northern border of United States ; Maine and northern New York. A. O. U. NO. 330 (402) 331 (405) 331a (405a) 332 (406) 333 (409) 334 (412) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Genus SPHYRAPICUS. Barrp. SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS. (Liyn.) Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Yellow- bellied Woodpecker. Eastern North America; south in winter to West Indies and Mexico; breeds in Massachusetts northward. Genus CEOPHLCEUS. Casay. CEOPHLCUS PILEATUS. (Liyn.) Pileated Woodpecker. Southern United States; from North Carolina southward; replaced farther north by the northern race. Ceophleus pileatus albieticola. Banas. Northern Pileated Woodpecker. A northern race; differing mainly in size. Genus MELANERPES. Swans. SusGENus MELANERPES. MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS. (Linn.) Red-headed Wood- pecker. Kastern United States; from Rocky Mountains to Florida, and north to about latitude 50°; casual east of Hudson River; not uncom- mon in fall in Massachusetts. Suscenus CENTURUS. Swarns. MELANERPES CAROLINUS. (Linn.) Red-bellied Woodpecker. Eastern and southern United States; frem New York and Michigan to the Gulf States; not numerous in northern part of its range. Genus COLAPTES. Swarns. COLAPTES AURATUS. (Linn.) Flicker. Golden-winged Woodpecker. Eastern North America; from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic; winters from latitude of Illinois southward; one of our most familiar birds, and known by many names, among which are High Hole, Yellowhammer, Harrywicket, etc. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 363 ORDER MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc. Suborder CAPRIMULGI. Goatsuckers. FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE. Goatsuckers. A. 0. U. Genus ANTROSTOMUS. Gov tp. 335 (416) ANTROSTOMUS CAROLINENSIS. (GMEL.) Chuck-will’s-widow. Southern United States; from Virginia to Mexico, and Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico; casual to southern Illinois; accidental in Massa- chusetts. 336 (417) ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS. (Wits.) Whip-poor-will. Eastern and southern North America; from about latitude 50° to Mexico and Porto Rico; a common species in localities in New England, Illinois, etc. Genus CHORDEILES. Swarnys. 337. (420) CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS. (GmMEL.) Nighthawk. Eastern North America; from the plains to the Atlantic, and from Labrador to the West Indies and South America; breeds from southern United States northward. 338 (420a) Chordeiles virginianus henryi. (Cass.) Western Nighthawk. Western race; once recorded from Illinois; it is paler, and the back is more gray and buff. 339 (420c) Chordeiles virginianus chapmani. (SrNNeETT.) Florida Nighthawk. A small southern race; vesident in Florida and along the Gulf coast ; it is somewhat paler in coloration, and decidedly smaller. Suborder CYPSELI. Swifts. FAMILY MICROPODIDA:. Swifts. Subfamily CHAETURINAE. Swifts. Genus CHAETURA. Srern. 340 (423) CH4ETURA PELAGICA. (Linn.) Chimney Swift. Eastern North America; north to Labrador, and in winter south to Mexico; breeds from the Gulf States northward. 364 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Suborder TROCHILI, Hummingbird. FAMILY TROCHILIDAE. Hummingbirds. Ae Ve Genus TROCHILUS. Linn. 341 (428) TROCHILUS COLUBRIS. Linn. Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Eastern North America; from the plains to the Atlantic, and from Labrador, or about latitude 52°, to the Gulf of Mexico; breeding throughout its range; south in winter to Cuba, Porto Rico, and Mexico. ORDER PASSERES. Perching Birds. Suborder CLAMATORES. Songless Birds. FAMILY TYRANNIDE. Tyrant a Genus MILVULUS. Swarns. 342 (442) MILVULUS TYRANNUS. (Linn.) Fork-tailed Flycatcher. South American species; occasionally taken in the United States; recorded from New Jersey and Mississippi. 343 (443) MILVULUS FORFICATUS. (GmMEL.) Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Western species; accidental in eastern United States, New England, Florida, ete. Genus TYRANNUS. Covirr. 344 (444) TYRANNUS TYRANNUS. (Liny.) Kingbird. Nearly the whole of North America; south in winter to ee and South America; a familiar species known by various names such as Bee Martin, Bee-bird, etc. 345 (445) TYRANNUS DOMINICENSIS. (GMEL.) Gray Kingbird. Semi-tropical species ; not uncommon in Florida; accidental in Georgia, South Carolina, and New England. 346 (447) TYRANNUS VERTICALIS. Say. Arkansas Kingbird. Western species; accidental east of the Mississippi; it has been taken in Maine, Massachusetts (Great Island), New York, New Jersey, District of Columbia, and Iowa. Genus MYIARCHUS. Casay. 347 (452) MYIARCHUS CRINITUS. (Linn.) Crested Flycatcher. Eastern United States; from the plains to the Atlantic, and southern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico; in winter Mexico and Central America; breeds from the Gulf States northward. 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 (459) (461) (463) (465) (467) (473) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 365 Genus SAYORNIS. Bonar. SAYORNIS PHBE. (LatuH.) Phebe. Ranges from Colorado and Texas to the Atlantic, and from Canada to Cuba and Mexico; breeds from the Carolinas, northward. SAYORNIS SAYA. (Bonap.) Say’s Phebe. Western species; only once recorded from New England; casual in Illinois and Wisconsin. Genus CONTOPUS. Casan. CONTOPUS BOREALIS. (Swarns.) Olive-sided Flycatcher. North America; breeding from Massachusetts, northward; south in winter to Central and South America. CONTOPUS VIRENS. (Linn.) Wood Pewee. Flycatcher. Eastern North America; from the plains to the Atlantic, and Canada to Florida and Mexico; breeds throughout eastern United States ; north to Newfoundland. Genus EMPIDONAX. Carpay. EMPIDONAX FLAVIVENTRIS. Barrp. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Eastern North America; breeds from northern United States, north- ward; south in winter to Central America. EMPIDONAX VIRESCENS. (VieILL.) Acadian Flycatcher. Eastern United States; from New York and Connecticut, southward, breeding as far south as Florida; winters in Mexico and Central America. EMPIDONAX TRAILLIT ALNORUM. Brewster. Alder Flycatcher. Eastern United States; from I]inois and Michigan to Atlantic; breeds from northern Illinois and northern New England, northward ; winters south to Central America. EMPIDONAX MINIMUS. Bartrp. Least Flycatcher. Eastern United States; from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Gulf of Mexico; south in winter to Central America; breeds from northern United States, northward, usually north of latitude 42°. Suborder OSCINES. Song Birds. FAMILY ALAUDIDE. Larks. Gents ALAUDA. Linn. ALAUDA ARVENSIS. Linn. European Skylark. Accidental in Greenland. 366 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. ALO. Ue Genus OTOCORIS. Bonar. (474) OTOCORIS ALPESTRIS. (Linn.) Horned Lark. Shore Lark. ‘‘ Northeastern North America, Greenland, and northern parts of the old world; in winter, south; in eastern United States to the Caro- linas, Illinois, etc.” (A. O.U.); breeds north of United States, Labrador, Hudson Bay, etc. (474b) Otocoris alpestris praticola. Hens. Prairie Horned Lark. The Mississippi Valley form of the Horned Lark; breeds as far east- ward as Massachusetts and New York; it differs in having the forehead and streak over the eye white instead of yellow; it is also somewhat smaller and paler. FAMILY CORVID4AE. Crows, Jays, and Magpies. Subfamily GARRULIN4AE. Magpies and Jays. Genus PICA. Briss. (475) PICA PICA HUDSONICA, (Sas.) American Magpie. A western species; stragglers have been recorded from Illinois and Montreal, Canada. Genus CYANOCITTA. Srricr. (477) CYANOCITTA CRISTATA. (Linn.) Blue Jay. ‘¢ Eastern North America to the plains and from the fur countries south to Florida and eastern Texas ” (A. O. U.); breeds nearly throughout its range. (4774) Cyanocitta cristata florincola. Cours. Florida Blue Jay. Southern race of the Blue Jay, which occurs in Florida and along the Gulf coast; it is smaller and grayer than the northern Blue Jay, but otherwise similar. Genus APHELOCCMA. Caran. (479) APHELOCOMA CYANBA. (ViriLL.) Florida Jay. Florida. Genus PERISOREUS. Bonar. (484) PERISOREUS CANADENSIS. (Liny.) Canada Jay. ‘* Northern New York, northern New England, and northern Michigan ; north to Arctic America.” (A. 0. U.) (4846) Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus. Ripaw. Labrador Jay. A Labrador race of the Canada Jay; somewhat darker and having the black of the head often extending in front of the eye; the breast is deep slate gray. 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 367 Subfamily CORVINAE. Crows. A. 0. U. Genus CORVUS. Linn. NO. (486a) CORVUS CORAX PRINCIPALIS. Ripaw. Northern Raven. Northern North America; from Illinois, Michigan, Maine, ete., north- ward; accidental as far south as North Carolina. (488) CORVUS AMERICANUS. Avup. American Crow. North America; from Hudson Bay to Gulf of Mexico; breeds nearly throughout its range. (488a) Corvus americanus pascuus. Cours. Florida Crow. Florida race of the Crow, which differs in having larger bill and feet. (490) CORVUS OSSIFRAGUS. Wits. Fish Crow. Eastern and southern United States; from Connecticut to Louisiana; accidental in Massachusetts ; abundant in Georgia and Florida. FAMILY STURNIDAE. Starlings. Genus STURNUS. Linn. (493) STURNUS VULGARIS. Linn. Starling. An old world species ; accidental in Greenland; some years ago it was introduced in New York, and is now not uncommon in Central Park. FAMLIY ICTERIDAE. Blackbirds, Orioles, etc. Genus DOLICHONYX. Swarns. (494) DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS. (Liyy.) Bobolink. Ranges in eastern North America; from Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic, and from Ontario to Gulf of Mexico; also occurs west of the Rocky Mountains; breeds north of Middle States; in winter West Indies and South America. Genus MOLOTHRUS. Swarns. (495) MOLOTHRUS ATER. (Bopp.) Cowbird. United States in general and part of Canada; south in winter to Mexico ; breeds throughout its summer range; the female deposits her egg in otber birds’ nests. Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS. Bonap. (497) XANTHOCEPHALUS XANTHOCEPHALUS. (Bonap.) Yellow-headed Blackbird. Western North America; from Illinois and Wisconsin to Pacific coast ; accidental in easteru United States, New England, Florida, etc. 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381° (4980) (501) (501) (502) (506) (507) (508) (509) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Genus AGELAIUS, Vier. AGELAIUS PHCENICEUS. (Linn.) Redewinged Blackbird. Common throughout North America; from about latitude 52° to the Gulf; replaced in southern Florida and Gulf coast of Louisiana by the following race. Agelaius pheniceus bryanti. Ripaw. Bahaman Red-winged Blackbird. A small race, having a more slender bill, which inhabits the Bahaman Islands, southern Florida, and portions of the Gulf coast to Louisiana; the females are not as heavily streaked on the under- parts. Genus STURNELLA. Vier. STURNELLA MAGNA. (Liny.) Meadow-lark. ‘¢ Eastern United States and southern Canada to the plains; breeds from the Gulf of Mexico northward.” (A. O. U.) Sturnella magna neglecta. (AuD.) Western Meadow-lark. Western race which occurs in Illinois and Wisconsin ; it differs in having the yellow of the throat extending upon the cheeks or malar region, also in having the lower under tail coverts white, or nearly white, not buff as in S. magna. Genus ICTERUS. Briss. ICTERUS ICTERUS. (Linn.) Troupial. South American species; recorded by Audubon from South Carolina; no subsequent records for eastern North America. SuBGENUs PENDULINUS. VIEILL. ICTERUS SPURIUS. (Linn.) Orchard Oriole. Eastern United States; from northern New England, Michigan, Ilinois, and Dakota, to the Gulf of Mexico; breeds throughout its summer range; winters as far south as northern South America. Subgenus YPHANTES. VIEILL. ICTERUS GALBULA. (Linn.) Baltimore Oriole. Eastern United States; from Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, and from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico; winters south to Mexico and South America. ICTERUS BULLOCKI. (Swarns.) Bullock’s Oriole. Western species ; only once recorded from our Eastern States; Bangor, Me., one record. Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS. Swarns. SCOLECOPHAGUS CAROLINUS. (MixLv.) Rusty Blackbird. Eastern and northern North America west to the plains; breeds from northern United States north to Labrador; winters from Virginia southward. 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 A. O. U~ NO (510) (511) (511a) (5116) (518) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 369 SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS. (WaGL.) Brewer’s Blackbird. A western species, which sometimes occurs in Illinois; stragglers have been killed in South Carolina and Louisiana. Genus QUISCALUS. Vismt. QUISCALUS QUISCULA. (Liny.) Purple Grackle. ‘¢ Northern Alabama, eastern Tennessee, and east of the Alleghanies from Georgia to Massachusetts” (A. O. U.); in winter south to the Gulf. Quiscalus quiscula agleus. (Batrp.) Florida Grackle. A smaller southern race; ranging from Virginia along the Atlantic coast and Gulf States to Texas. Quiscalus quiscula cneus. (RipGw.) Bronzed Grackle. Eastern North America; west of the Alleghanies; New England to Labrador and Hudson Bay; west to Rocky Mountaing, and south to the lower Mississippi Valley; this Grackle has the back a uni- form bronze or golden-olive, but not the various tints of blue- purple bronze, etc., as in true quiscula. QUISCALUS MAJOR. (VIEILL.) Boat-tailed Grackle. ‘« Coast region of Atlantic and Gulf States; from Virginia to Texas.” (A. 0. U.) FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE. Finches, Sparrows, etc. (514) (515) (517) eee Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES. Briss. COCCOTHRAUSTES VESPERTINA. (Coop.) Evening Grosbeak. Western species; casual in eastern United States; Hlinois, Michigan, New England, etc. Genus PINICOLA, VieILt. PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR. (Linn.) Pine Grosbeak. Northern North America; breeds from northern New England north- ward. Genus CARPODACUS. Kavp. CARPODACUS PURPUREUS. (GmeE-.) Purple Finch. ‘¢ Eastern North America; from the Atlantic coast to the plains; breeds from the Middle States northward.” (A. 0. U.) Genus PASSER. Luiyy. PASSER DOMESTICUS. (Linn.) English Sparrow. European species; introduced into United States. PASSER MONTANUS. European Tree Sparrow. European species ; introduced into United States. 370 392 393 394 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 (522) (527) (527a) (528) (528a) (528) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Genus LOXIA. Lunn. LOXIA CURVIROSTRA MINOR. (BREeHM.) American Crossbill. Northern North America; mainly north of United States; occurs irregularly in eastern United States, as far south as Maryland; accidental to South Carolina. LOXIA LEUCOPTERA. GMEL. White-winged Crossbill. ‘‘ Northern parts of North America; south into the United States in winter; breeds from northern New England northward.” (A. O. U.) Genus ACANTHIS. Becust. ACANTHIS HORNEMANNII. (Hovzs.) Greenland Redpoll. Northern Greenland; breeding from 69° to 73° north latitude, and eastern Arctic America; south to Labrador in winter.” (RipGw.) Acanthis hornemannii exilipes. (Cours.) Hoary Redpoll. A race differing in smaller size; length, less than 5.35; wing, less than 5.30; it inhabits the far north, but occurs in winter in the northern United States; casual in New England and Illinois. ACANTHIS LINARIA. (Linn.) Redpoll. Redpoll Lianet. Northern species, which occurs in winter as far south as Virginia and Illinois ; casual in New England. Acanthis linaria holbelliti. (Breum.) Holbell’s Redpoll. A somewhat larger bird than A. linaria, with somewhat longer bill; wing, less than 3.15; northern portion of both continents; casual in eastern North America; south in winter to New York and Massachusetts. Acanthis linaria rostrata. (Cours.) Greater Redpoll. Similar to linaria, but slightly larger, and the bill stouter; wing, over 3.15; southern Greenland and Labrador; south to New England and Illinois in winter. CARDUELIS CARDUELIS. Linn. European Goldfinch. Introduced in Massachusetts and New York. Genus ASTRAGALINUS. Cas. ASTRAGALINUS TRISTIS. (Linn.) American Goldfinch. Yellow Bird. North America; south of about latitude 54° to the Gulf States; breeding from about latitude 38° northward. ASTRAGALINUS NOTATUS. (DuBus.) Black-headed Goldfinch. Mexican species ; recorded by Audubon from Kentucky. ASTRAGALINUS PINUS. (Wirs.) Pine Siskin. Pine Finch. North America; breeds from northern border of United States, north- ward; winters south to Gulf of Mexico. 403 404 405 406 407 408 499 410 4\1 412 (536) (537) (538) (539) (540) (541) (542a) (546) (547) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 371 Genus PASSERINA. Vier. PASSERINA NIVALIS. (Liny.) Snowflake. Snow Bunting. Northern North America; breeds in high latitudes; south in winter to New England, Illinois, etc. ; accidental as far south as Florida. Genus CALCARIUS. Becus. CALCARIUS LAPPONICUS. (Linn.) Lapland Longspur. Northern North America; breeding in the far north; south in winter to Middle States ; common in the interior to Kansas and Colorado. CALCARIUS PICTUS. (Swarns.) Smith’s Longspur. ‘*Interior of North America; from the Arctic coast to Illinois and Texas ; breeding far north.” (A. 0. U.) CALCARIUS ORNATUS. (Towns.) Chestnut-collared Longspur. Western species ; accidental in Massachusetts and New York. Genus RHYNCHOPHANES. Bairv. RHYNCHOPHANES MCCOWNII. (LAWR ) McCown’s Longspur. Western species ; casual in Illinois. Genus POOCAETES. Barrv. POOCAETES GRAMINEUS. (GmeL.) Vesper Sparrow. Bay-winged Bunting. Eastern North America; from the plains to the Atlantic Ocean ; breeds from Virginia to Ontario. Genus AMMODRAMUS. Swarys. AMMODRAMUS PRINCEPS. (Mayn.) Ipswich Sparrow. ‘* Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia; south in winter to Georgia; breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia.” (A. 0. U.) AMMODRAMUS SANDWICHENSIS SAVANNA. (WILs.) Savanna Sparrow. ‘* Eastern North America; breeding from the northern United States to Labrador and Hudson Bay Territory.” (A. O. U.) SUBGENUS COTURNICULUS. Bownap. AMMODRAMUS SAVANNARUM PASSERINUS. (WILS.) Grasshop- per Sparrow. Yellow-winged Sparrow. ‘* Eastern United States and southern Canada; west to the plains ; south in winter to Florida, Cuba, Porto Rico, and Central America.” (A. 0. UL) AMMODRAMUS HENSLOWII. (Atp.) Henslow’s Sparrow. ‘‘Eastern United States; west to the plains; north to southern New England and Ontario.” (A. 0. U.) 372 ALO. U NO. 413 (548) 414 (549) 415 (549a) 416 (5490) 417 (550) 418 (550a) 4180 418) 419 (551) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. AMMODRAMUS LECONTEI!. (Aup.) * Leconte’s Sparrow. Great plains and more western prairies ; breeding from Dakota, Minne- sota, etc., to Manitoba; migrating southward and eastward in winter through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and Gulf States to Florida and Texas. AMMODRAMUS CAUDACUTUS. (GMmeEL.) Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Sharp-tailed Finch. Breast, pale buff with distinct dark streaks; breeds on salt marshes of the Atlantic coast from New England to Maryland ; south in winter to the Gulf States. AMMODRAMUS NELSONI. ALLEN. Nelson’s Sparrow. ‘Fresh water marshes of the interior; from northern Illinois, north- ward to North Dakota and Manitoba; south in winter to Texas; in migrations, visits Atlantic coast (New England and Lower Hudson Valley) to Charleston, S.C.” (A. 0. U.) Ammodramus nelsoni subvirgatus. (Dwicut.) Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Breast and sides, pale buff, not tawny or ochraceous buff as in nelsont. ‘¢Coast of southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island (and probably Nova Scotia), and southward in migration to South Carolina.” (A. 0. U.) AMMODRAMUS MARITIMUS. (Wits.) Seaside Sparrow. Seaside Finch. ‘* Salt ‘marshes of Atlantic coast; from Connecticut southward to Georgia; accidental in Massachusetts.” (A. O. U.) Ammodramus maritimus peninsule. ALLEN. Scott’s Seaside Sparrow. A dark race of maritimus which occurs from South Carolina to the northeast and northwest coast of Florida. Ammodramus maritimus fisheri. CuapmMaNn. Louisiana Seaside Sparrow. Coast of Louisiana to Texas. Ammodramus maritimus macgillivraii. (AupD.) Macgillivray’s Seaside Sparrow. Coast of South Carolina and Georgia. AMMODRAMUS NIGRESCENS. Ripew. Dusky Seaside Sparrow. Head of Indian River and Salt Lake; eastern Florida. Grnus CHONDESTES. Swaiys. CHONDESTES GRAMMACUS. (Say.) Lark Sparrow. Lark Finch. From Illinois and Michigan westward to the plains; not common on Atlantic coast. Genus ZONOTRICHIA. Swarns. ZONOTRICHIA QUERULA. (Nurr.) Harris’s Sparrow. Middle United States; Illinois to Kansas, and casually to Oregon; no New England record, 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 (558) (560) (561) (562) (563) (563a) (567) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 373 ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS. (Forst.) White-crowned Sparrow. ‘¢ North America at large; breeding chiefly in the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and northeast to Labrador; south in winter to the Valley of Mexico.” (A.0.U.) ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS. (GMEL.) White-throated Sparrow. Eastern North America; from the plains to the Atlantic Ocean; north to Labrador, and south to the Carolinas, and casually to Florida; breeds from northern New England and New York northward. Genus SPIZELLA. Bowapr. SPIZELLA MONTICOLA. (GMEL.) Tree Sparrow. Eastern North America; from Arctic Ocean to the Carolinas; breeds north of United States. SPIZELLA SOCIALIS. (Wits.) Chipping Sparrow. Eastern North America; from Rocky Mountains north to fur countries, and south to the Gulf; breeds nearly throughout its range. SPIZELLA PALLIDA. (Swains.) Clay-colored Sparrow. Middle North America; from Illinois to Rocky Mountains; breeds from Jowa northward; accidental on Atlantic coast (North Carolina). SPIZELLA BREWERI. Cass. Brewer’s Sparrow. Western species ; once taken in Massachusetts. SPIZELLA PUSILLA. (Wits.) Field Sparrow. Eastern United States; from the plains to the Atlantic; breeds from the Carolinas and Tlinois north to Canada. Spizella pusilla arenacea. Cuaps. Western Field Sparrow. This race is of accidental occurrence in southern Louisiana. Genus JUNCO. Wact. JUNCO HYEMALIS. (Liny.) Slate-colored Junco. Snowbird. New England, Florida, and Ilinois. Junco hyemalis shufeldti. Coare. Shufeldt’s Junco. Western race; accidental in Massachusetts, Illinois, and Maryland; it is browner on the back, and the sides are vinaceous brown. Junco hyemalis carolinensis. Brewsr. Carolina Junco. Rather larger than hyemalis; the back and breast slate color; not tinged with brown; Alleghany Mountains, from Virginia to the Carolinas. JUNCO MONTANUS. Ripew. Montana Junco. Northwestern species; ranging as far east as Illinois, and stragglers reaching the Atlantic coast. Genus PEUCAEA. Avp. PEUC4EA ZESTIVALIS. (Licut.) Pine-woods Sparrow. Southern Georgia and Florida. 374 A. O. UL NO. 435 (5751) 436 (581) 437 (583) 438 (584) 439 (585) 440 (587) 441 (587a) 442 (593) 442a (593d) 443 (595) 444 (596) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Peuceea cestivalis bachmanii. (Aub.) Bachman’s Sparrow. Coast States; from the Carolinas to Texas; north to Illinois in summer ; it is a darker bird than estivalis, the back being dark rufous brown, not light chestnut. Genus MELOSPIZA. Barrp. MELOSPIZA FASCIATA. (GMEL.) Song Sparrow. ‘¢ Eastern United States to the plains; breeding from Virginia and the southern portion of the Lake States northward to the fur countries.” (A. 0. U.) MELOSPIZA LINCOLNI. (Aup.) Lincoln’s Sparrow. Throughout North America; breeds from northern border of United States northward; south in winter to Central America. MELOSPIZA GEORGIANA. (LatTH.) Swamp Sparrow. Whole of eastern North America; from Labrador and Newfoundland to the Gulf of Mexico; breeds from the northern States northward. Genus PASSERELLA. Swains. PASSERELLA ILIACA. (MERR.) Fox Sparrow. Eastern North America; from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico, west to the plains; breeds north of the United States. Genus PIPILO. Vertu. PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. (Liyn.) Towhee. Eastern United States; from Canada to Georgia; breeds from Georgia northward ; common in New England. Pipilo erythrophthalmus allent. Cours. White-eyed Towhee. Florida race, which occurs as far north as South Carolina; it differs in having the iris white or yellowish, and only the two outer tail feath- ers are marked with white. Genus CARDINALIS. Bonar. CARDINALIS CARDINALIS. (Lryn.) Cardinal. Cardinal Grosbeak. Eastern United States; from New England (casual) to the Gulf of Mexico. Cardinalis cardinalis foridanus. Ripew. Florida Cardinal. Local race ; resident in Florida. Genus HABIA. Reich. HABIA LUDOVICIANA. (LINN.) Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Eastern United States; from the plains and from Canada to Central America; breeding from Carolinas northward. HABIA MELANOCEPHALA. (Swatns.) Black-headed Grosbeak. A western species, which has been taken in Michigan. 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 (603) (6031) (604) (605) (607) (608) (610) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 375 Genus GUIRACA. Swarns. GUIRACA C4ERULEA. (Linn.) Blue Grosbeak. Eastern United States; from Illinois and New England (not common) to the Gulf and Cuba. Genus CYANOSPIZA. Bairp. CYANOSPIZA CYANEA, (LiInN.) Indigo Bunting. Eastern United States; from the Canadian border to the Gulf and Central America. CYANOSPIZA VERSICOLOR. (Bonap.) Varied Bunting. Western species, which has been taken in Michigan. CYANOSPIZA CIRIS. (Linn.) Painted Bunting. Eastern United States; from Illinois and North Carolina south to the Gulf, and in winter to Central America. Genus EUETHEIA. Reicu. EUETHEIA BICOLOR. (Linn.) Grassquit. Black-faced Finch. West Indian species; recorded from Florida Keys. EUETHEIA CANORA. (GucEL.) Melodious Grassquit. Cuban Finch. Cuban species; recorded from Florida Keys. Genus SPIZA. Bonar. SPIZA AMERICANA. (GMEL.) Dickcissel. Black-throated Bunting. Eastern United States; from Rocky Mountains to the Alleghanies; and casual, or accidental to New England; breeding from Texas to the Canadian border; south in winter to Central and South America. Genus CALAMOSPIZA. Bonar. CALAMOSPIZA MELANOCORYS. Srresn. Lark Bunting. Western species; recorded from Massachusetts and Long Island. FAMILY TANAGRIDAE. Tanagers. Genus PIRANGA. Vier. PIRANGA LUDOVICIANA. (WiLs.) Louisiana Tanager. Western species; recorded from Massachusetts and New York. PIRANGA ERYTHROMELAS. VierrLi. Scarlet Tanager. Eastern United States; from the plains to the Atlantic, and Ontario to the West Indies, and South America; breeds from Illinois and Virginia northward. PIRANGA RUBRA. (Linn.) Summer Tanager. Eastern United States; but more southerly in its range than the Scar- let Tanager; rarely reaching southern New England, although stragglers occur as far north as New Brunswick ; breeds in Virginia (and occasionally still further north) to Florida. 376 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 ALO. U. NO. (611) (6111) (612) (613) (614) (616) (617) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY HIRUNDINIDAE. Swallows. Genus PROGNE. Borg. PROGNE SUBIS. (Liny.) Purple Martin. Eastern North America; from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico; south in winter to South America. PROGNE CRYPTOLEUCA. Bairp. Cuban Martin. Cuban species; casual in southern Florida. Genus PETROCHELIDON. Casay. PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS. (Say.) Cliff Swallow. North America; from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, and in winter to South America. PETROCHELIDON FULVA. (VierLu.) Cuban Cliff Swallow. West Indian species; accidental at Dry Tortugas, Fla. Genus CALLICHELIDON. Barrp. CALLICHELIDON CYANEOVIRIDIS. (Bryant.) Bahaman Swallow. Bahaman species ; accidental at Dry Tortugas, Fla. Genus HIRUNDO. (Liny.) HIRUNDO ERYTHROGASTER. Bopp. Barn Swallow. North America; breeding from the fur countries to the Gulf of Mexico ; south in winter in the West Indies and South America. Genus TACHYCINETA. Capan. TACHYCINETA BICOLOR. (VIEILL.) Tree Swallow. White-bellied Swallow. Throughout North America; from Labrador to the Gulf; breeds nearly throughout its range; winters from Middle States to West Indies and Central America. Genus CLIVICOLA. Forster. CLIVICOLA RIPARIA. (Linn.) Bank Swallow. North America in general; ranges in the eastern portion, from Labra- dor to the Gulf, and northern South America; breeds from Middle States northward. Genus STELGIDOPTERYX. Barrp. STELGIDOPTERYX SERRIPENNIS. (Aub.) Rough-winged Swallow. United States; from British Columbia to Mexico; breeds in United States throughout its range. A. O. U. No. 465 (618) 466 (619) 467 (621) 468 (622) 469 (623) 470 (624) 471 (625) 472 (626) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTIT AMERICA. 317 FAMILY AMPELIDAZ. Waxwings. Genus AMPELIS. Linn. AMPELIS GARRULUS. Linn. Bohemian Waxwing. Northern North America; breeding north of United States; casual in winter as far south as Illinois ; recorded from Pennsylvania. AMPELIS CEDRORUM. (VirEILL.) Cedar Waxwing. Cedar Bird. Cherry Bird. Throughout North America; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf and West Indias in winter; breeds from about latitude of Alleghanies north- ward; a familiar New England bird, usually seen in flocks. FAMILY LANDIL4E. Shrikes. Genus LANIUS. Linn. LANIUS BOREALIS. Viertt. Northern Shrike. Butcher Bird. Northern North America; ranging in winter south to Virginia, Illinois, Kansas, etc.; not uncommon in New England; breeds north of United States; known as Butcher Bird on account of habit of impaling small birds on thorns. LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS. Linn. Loggerhead Shrike. Eastern United States; from the plains to the Atlantic, and from Canada through the interior, including western New England, to the Gulf of Mexico; rare or casual north of Virginia on the coast. FAMILY VIREONID. Vireos. Genus VIREO. Vier. SuBGENUS VIREOSYLVIA. Bonar. VIREO CALIDRIS BARBATULUS. (Cas.) Black-whiskered Vireo. West Indian species ; accidental in southern Florida. VIREO OLIVACEUS. (Linn.) Red-eyed Vireo. Eastern North America; from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic ; north to the Arctic regions, and south to northern South America ; breeds nearly throughout its North American range; common in New England. SuBGENUs LANIVIREO, Barrp. VIREO FLAVOVIRIDIS. (Cass.) Yellow-green Vireo. Mexican species; once recorded from Province of Quebec. VIREO PHILADELPHICUS. (Cass.) Philadelphia Vireo. Eastern North America; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf; breeds from northern New England northward. 378 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. (627) VIREO GILVUS. (VIEILL.) Warbling Vireo. Throughout North America; breeding nearly throughout its range. (628) VIREO FLAVIFRONS. VieILL. Yellow-throated Vireo. Eastern United States; from the British Provinces to Florida; breeds throughout its range. (629) VIREO SOLITARIUS. (Wits.) Blue-headed Vireo. Eastern United States; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf and Central America in winter; breeds from southern New England and Illinois northward. (629b) Vireo solitarius plumbeus. (Cours.) Plumbeous Vireo. Western species; one record in New York State; its occurrence is purely accidental east of the Mississippi. (629c) Vireo solitarius alticola. Brewst. Mountain Solitary Vireo. Differs mainly in haying a larger bill and slate-blue back; ranges from the Alleghanies in the Carolinas; south in winter to Florida, Sugcenus VIREO. VIEILL. (631) VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS. (GMEL.) White-eyed Vireo. Eastern United States; from Rocky Mountains to the coast, and from southern New England and Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico; breeds throughout its United States range. (631a) VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS MAYNARDI. Brewst. Key West Vireo. A rather small, pale race, which is resident in southern Florida. (633) VIREO BELLI. (Aup.) Bell’s Vireo. Western species which occurs in the northern Mississippi Valley, Illinois, and Indiana, southwest to Mexico. FAMILY CCEREBIDAE. Honey Creepers. Genus CGEREBA. VIerLu. (635) CCEREBA BAHAMENSIS. (Reicu.) Bahama Honey Creeper. Bahaman species ; stragglers have been taken on the Florida Keys. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDAZ. Wood Warblers. Genus MNIOTILTA. Vier. (636) MNIOTILTA VARIA. (Linn.) Black and White Warbler. Eastern United States; south to West Indies and northern South America; breeds north of Virginia. Genus PROTONOTARIA. Barrp. (687) PROTONOTARIA CITREA. (Bopp.) Prothonotary Warbler. Eastern United States; from Illinois, Michigan, and New England to the Gulf, and in winter to South America; breeds throughout its range. 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 (639) (640) (641) (642) (645) (646) (647) (648) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 379 Genus HELINAIA. Avpuson. HELINAIA SWAINSONII. Aup. Swainson’s Warbler. Southeastern United States; from Virginia to Texas; accidental in Illinois. Genus HELMITHERUS. Rarinesqur. HELMITHERUS VERMIVORUS. (GmMEL.) Wormc-eating Warbler. Eastern United States; from southern New England to the Gulf; south in winter to South America. Genus HELMINTHOPHILA. Rupvew. HELMINTHOPHILA BACHMANI. (Aup.) Bachman’s Warbler. Cuba and Florida, north; casually as far as Virginia, and west to Louisiana. HELMINTHOPHILA PINUS. (Linn.) Blue-winged Warbler. Eastern United States ; from southern New England to the Gulf; south in winter to Mexico. HELMINTHOPHILA CHRYSOPTERA. (LINN.) Golden-winged Warbler. Eastern United States; Minnesota and southwestern Ontario to South America; breeds from New Jersey and Indiana, northward, and in the Alleghanies to South Carolina. HELMINTHOPHILA LAWRENCEI. (Herrick.) Lawrence’s Warbler. New Jersey, Connecticut, etc.; probably a hybrid between Hl. pinus and H. chrysoptera. HELMINTHOPHILA LEUCOBRONCHIALIS. (BrEwst.) Brewster’s Warbler. Southern New England, Michigan, etc.; probably a hybrid between H. pinus and H. chrysoptera. HELMINTHOPHILA RUFICAPILLA. (WiLs.) Nashville Warbler. Eastern United States ; from the plains to the Atlantic Ocean, and from British North America to Mexico; breeds from northern United States, northward. HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA. (Say.) Orange-crowned Warbler. Eastern North America; from the sub-arctic regions to the Gulf of Mexico; rare east of the Alleghany Mountains north of Virginia; breeds north of the United States, except in the Rocky Mountains. HELMINTHOPHILA PEREGRINA. (WiLs.) Tennessee Warbler. Eastern North America; from Hudson Bay to Central America; breeds from northern New England northward. COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA. (Linn.) Parula Warbler. ‘¢ South Atlantic and Gulf States, east of Texas; northward, near the Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia, and in the interior to Mt. Carmel, Il.” (BrewsTEr.) 380 A.O. U. NO. 4940 (48a) 495 (650) 496 (652) 497 (654) 497a (—) 498 (655) 499 (656) 500 (657) 501 (658) 502 (659) 503 (660) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Compsothlypis americana usnece. Brewst- Northern Parula Warbler. ‘¢ Averaging slightly larger, but with a shorter bill; adult male, with less yellow on the underparts and more black or blackish on the lores and malar region; the dark collar across the jugulum, black or blackish, broad and conspicuous; the chest mottled or spotted with rich brownish chestnut; breeding range, New England, New York, and westward, along the northern tier of States, northward, into the Maritime Provinces and Canada.” (BREWSTER.) DENDROICA TIGRINA. (GMEL.) Cape May Warbler. Kastern North America; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf States and the West Indies; breeds from northern New England northward. DENDROICA ZESTIVA. (GmEL.) Yellow Warbler. Throughout North America, except southwestern portion, where it is replaced by an allied form; south in winter to northern South America. DENDROICA CAERULESCENS. (GMEL.) Black-throated Blue Warbler. Eastern North America; from Labrador to the West Indies and Central America; breeds from northern New England northward. Dendroica cerulescens catrnsi. Cours. Cairn’s Warbler. A local race, ‘resident in the Alleghany Mountains, but dccurring in southeastern Atlantic States; differs in having the back darker, sometimes almost wholly black, and more white on the outer tail feathers. DENDROICA CORONATA, (Linn.) Yellow-rumped Warbler. Myrtle Warbler. Eastern North America, and casual to the Pacific; winters from south- ern New England to Central America; breeds from northern United States northward. DENDROICA AUDUBONI. (Towns.) Audubdon’s Warbler. A western species; stragglers have been taken in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. DENDROICA MACULOSA. (GmEL.) Magnolia Warbler. Black and Yellow Warbler. Eastern North America; from British Columbia to the West Indies ; breeds from northern New England northward. DENDROICA RARA. (Wits.) Cerulean Warbler. Eastern United States; from Ontario to the Gulf; rare east of the Alleghanies ; breeds from Virginia and Tennessee to Minnesota. DENDROICA PENNSYLVANICA. (Linn.) Chestnut-sided Warbler. Eastern North America; from southern Ontario to Central America and Bahamas; breeds from Ilinois and New York northward. DENDROICA CASTANEA. (Wits.) Bay-breasted Warbler. Kastern North America; breeding from Hudson Bay to New England ; south in winter to Central America. 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 (662) (663) (663a) (671) (672) (672) (673) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 381 DENDROICA STRIATA. (Forst.) Black-poll Warbler. Eastern North America; breeding from Labrador and Greenland to northern New England; south in winter to northern South America. DENDROICA BLACKBURN 48. (GmMeEL.) Blackburnian Warbler. Eastern North America; breeding from Massachusetts to Labrador; south in winter to South America. DENDROICA DOMINICA. (Linn.) Yellow-throated Warbler. Southeastern United States; from Virginia to West Indies. Dendroica dominica albilora. Barrp. Sycamore Warbler. A western form which occurs in Mississippi Valley westward; acci- dental or casual to North Carolina; differs in having the stripe in front of the eye white instead of yellow. DENDROICA VIRENS. (GMEL.) Black-throated Green Warbler. Eastern North America; from Hudson Bay to the West Indies; breeds southern New England and Illinois northward. DENDROICA TOWNSENDI. (Nourt.) Townsend’s Warbler. A western species; one record from Pennsylvania. DENDROICA KIRTLANDI. Bairp. Kirtland’s Warbler. Eastern United States and Bahamas ; little known as to its range; speci- mens have been taken in Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, Illinois, Minnesota, etc.; not uncommon in the Bahama Islands in winter. DENDROICA VIGORSII. (Avb.) Pine Warbler. Eastern United States; from Manitoba and Ontario to the Gulf and West Indies; breeds locally throughout its range. DENDROICA PALMARUM, (Gmev.) Palm Warbler. Redpoll Warbler. British America to the Gulf States and West Indies; mostly in the interior, but casual in New England and Atlantic coast States. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea. Rivcw. Yellow Palm Warbler. Atlantic States; from Hudson Bay to Gulf; common in Florida; in winter differs from palmarum, in having the underparts yellow, not white, or yellowish white. DENDROICA DISCOLOR. (VIEILL.) Prairie Warbler. Eastern United States; from Michigan and New England to Florida and West Indies; breeds throughout its eastern United States range. Genus SEIURUS. Swarys. SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS. (LiNN.) Ovenebird. Eastern North America; breeding from Virginia to Labrador; winters in Florida, West Indies, and Central America. SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS. (GMEL.) Water-thrush. Great part of eastern North America; breeds from northern New England northward; winters south to South America. 382 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 A. O. U. NO. (675a) (676) (677) (683) (684) (685) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis. (GRiNN.) Grinnell’s Water-thrush. Illinois, westward; occasionally east to Virginia and New Jersey; differs in being larger and the superciliary stripe whiter. SEIURUS MOTACILLA. (ViEILL.) Louisiana Water-thrush. Eastern United States; from southern New England to West Indies and Central America. Genus GEOTHLYPIS. Casan. GEOTHLYPIS FORMOSA. (Wis.) Kentucky Warbler. Eastern United States; from southern New England to the Gulf States and West Indies, and Central America in winter; breeds nearly throughout its United States range. GEOTHLYPIS AGILIS. (Wits.) Connecticut Warbler. Eastern North America; south in winter to South America; breeds north of United States. GEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA. (Wixs.) Mourning Warbler. Eastern North America; breeding from New England and Michigan, northward; South and Central America in winter. GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS. (Linn.) Maryland Yellow-throat. Eastern United States; from Labrador to the Gulf States, West Indies, and Central America in winter; breeds from Georgia to Massa- chusetts. Geothlypis trichas ignota. CHapMaNn. Florida Yellow-throat, Southern race, which is resident in southern Georgia and Florida; it differs in being deeper yellow below, the black mask of the male wider, and the upper parts browner. Genus ICTERIA. Vert. ICTERIA VIRENS. (Linn.) Yellow-breasted Chat. Eastern United States; from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico, in winter; breeds from southern New England northward. Genus WILSONIA. Bownap. SYLVANIA MITRATA. (GMEL.) Hooded Warbler. Eastern United States; from southern Ontario to the Gulf States, and west to plains; breeds nearly throughout its range; West Indies and Central America in winter. WILSONIA PUSILLA. (Wits.) Wilson’s Warbler. Eastern North America; from Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Ocean and Labrador, and Hudson Bay to Mexico; breeds from border of United States northward. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 383 527 (686) WILSONIA CANADENSIS. (Lixn.) Canadian Warbler. Eastern North America; from the great plains to the Atlantic Ocean, and Labrador to Central America; breeds from the mountains of southern New England and the Alleghanies northward. Genus SETOPHAGA. Swains. 528 (687) SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA. (Linn.) American Redstart. North America; breeds from about latitude of North Carolina north- ward; south in winter to southern South America. FAMILY MOTACILLID-E. Wagtails. Genus MOTACILLA. Luryy. 529 (694) MOTACILLA ALBA. (Linn.) White Wagtail. Old world species; accidental in Greenland. Genus ANTHUS. Becns. 530 (697) ANTHUS PENNSYLVANICUS. (Laru.) Titlark. American Pipit. Whole of North America; breeds from Labrador northward; south in winter to Gulf States and Central America. 531 (698) ANTHUS PRATENSIS. (Linn.) Meadow Pipit. European species; accidental in Greenland. 532 (700) ANTHUS SPRAGUEII. (Aup.) Sprague’s Pipit. Western species; Charleston, S. C., one record. FAMILY TROGLODYTIDZ. Wrens, Thrashers, etc. Subfamily MIMINZ. Thrashers Genus MIMUS. Bots. 533 (703) MIMUS POLYGLOTTOS. (Liny.) Mockingbird. ‘¢ United States; south into Mexico; rare and of irregular distribution ; from Maryland northward to Massachusetts.” (A. 0. U.) Genus GALEOSCOPTES. Casan. 534 (704) GALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS. (Linn.) Catbird. ‘ Eastern United States and British Provinces; breeds nearly throughout its North American range; winters in the Gulf States, Cuba, and Central America. Genus HARPORHYNCHUS. Casan. 535 (705) HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS. (Linn.) Brown Thrasher. Brown Thrush. Eastern United States and Ontario to the Gulf States; breeds nearly throughout its range. 384 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 (718a) (719) (721) (7210) (722) (724) (725) (725b) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Subfamily TROGLODYTINAE. Wrens. Genus THRYOTHORUS. Vier. THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS. (Latu.) Carolina Wren. Eastern United States; from Illinois and Connecticut to the Guif of Mexico; breeds nearly throughout its range. Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis. (Ripew.) Florida Wren. A Florida race, differing in being larger and darker. Genus THRYOMANES. Scrater. THRYOMANES BEWICKII. (Aub.) Bewick’s Wren. ‘¢ astern United States; rare and local east of the Alleghanies, and north of 40°; west to the edge of great plains; winters in more southern districts.”” (Ripeway. ) Genus TROGLODYTES. VieirLv. TROGLODYTES AEDON. Vinrtt. House Wren. ‘¢ Kastern United States and southern Ontario, west to Indiana and Louisiana; resident from middle districts, southward.” (A. 0O.U.) Troglodytes aédon aztecus. (Barrp.) Western House Wren. Western race, which occurs as far east as Illinois and Minnesota; it is higher colored and the back shows more or less bars. Genus ANORTHURA. Rennie. ANORTHURA HIEMALIS. Vir1_t. Winter Wren. Eastern North America; breeding in the Alleghany Mountains and from the northern border of the United States, northward; south in winter to Florida and the Gulf States. Genus CISTOTHORUS. Casan. CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS. (Licut.) Short-billed Marsh Wren. Eastern North America; from Ontario to the Gulf States. CISTOTHORUS PALUSTRIS. (Wits.) Long-billed Marsh Wren. Eastern North America; south from Ontario and Massachusetts to the Gulf; breeds throughout its range. Cistothorus palustris griseus. Brewst. Worthington’s Marsh Wren. Local race which occurs on coast of South Carolina and Georgia; it differs in having the sides grayish, not a decided brown, and the black of the upper parts duller. Cistothorus palustris mariance. (Scorr.) Marian’s Marsh Wren. Gulf coast of Florida; decidedly darker and having the under tail coverts spotted or barred. A, O. U. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 385 FAMILY CERTHIIDAE. Creepers. Genus CERTHIA. Lun. NO. 546 (726) CERTHIA FAMILIARIS AMERICANA. (Bonar.) Brown Creeper. 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 Whole of North America to the limit of large timber; breeds from northern border of United States, northward. FAMILY PARIDAZ. Nuthatches and Tits. (727) (727a) (728) (729) (731) (735) (736) (740) Subfamily SITTINAZ. Nuthatches. Genus SITTA. Linn. SITTA CAROLINENSIS. Latnu. White-breasted Nuthatch. Eastern United States; from Georgia north to the southern British Provinces, and west to the Rocky Mountains. Sitta carolinensis atkinsi. (Scott.) Florida White-breasted Nuthatch. South Carolina to Florida ; differs in being somewhat smaller; the wing coverts usually not tipped with white. SITTA CANADENSIS. Linn. Red-breasted Nuthatch. ‘Whole of North America; breeding chiefly north of the United States, except in western mountainous districts; eastern United States chiefly in winter.” RrpGway. SITTA PUSILLA. Latn. Brown-headed Nuthatch. ‘¢ South Atlantic and Gulf States; north to southern Maryland and (casually) Ohio, Missouri, ete.” (A. O. U.) Subfamily PARINAE. Titmice. Genus PARUS. Linn. SuspcEeNus LOPHOPHANES. Kaup. PASUS BICOLOR. (Linn.) Tufted Titmouse. Eastern United States; from New Jersey and southern New England to the Gulf. SupegENus PARUS. LINN. PARUS ATRICAPILLUS. (Linn.) Chickadee. ‘¢ Eastern North America, north of the Potomac and Ohio Valley. (A. 0. U.) PARUS CAROLINENSIS. Orv. Carolina Chickadee. ‘¢ Southeastern States; north to New Jersey and Illinois, west to Missouri.” (A. 0. U.) PARUS HUDSONICUS. Forsr. Hudsonian Chickadee. Northern North America; from Northern New England and Michigan, northward. ; ” 386 FAMILY A. O. U. NO. 555 (748) 556 (749) 557 (751) FAMILY 558 (754) §59 (755) 560 (756) 561 (756a) 562 (757) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. SYLVIID4E. Warblers, Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, Subfamily REGULIN-E. Kinglets. Genus REGULUS. Cuvier. REGULUS SATRAPA. Licut. Golden-crowned Kinglet. Fastern North America; breeding from higher northern boundary of the United States northward; winters as far south as Guatemala. REGULUS CALENDULA. (Liyy.) Ruby-crowned Kinglet. North America; from the fur countries to Central America; breeds north of the United States, except on high mountain ranges. Subfamily POLIOPTILINAE. Gnatcatchers. Genus POLIOPTILA. Sctrater. POLIOPTILA CA4ERULEA. (Linn.) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Southern portion of the United States; casual as far north as Massa- chusetts ; winters in the Gulf States, Cuba, and Central America. TURDID. Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Bluebirds, etc. Subfamily MYADESTIN4. Solitaires. Genus MYADESTES. Swains. MYADESTES TOWNSENDII. (AupD.) Townsend’s Solitaire. Western species; accidental in Illinois; one record. Subfamily TURDIN4E. Thrushes. Genus TURDUS. Linn. SusBGENUS HYLOCICHLA, Bairp. TURDUS MUSTELINUS. Gmet. Wood Thrush. Eastern United States; from Massachusetts south to the Gulf States and Central America; breeds from Virginia northward. TURDUS FUSCESCENS. SteryH. Wilson’s Thrush. Eastern North America; from Anticosti to the Gulf of Mexico; the greater portion winters south of the United States. Turdus fuscescens salicicola. (RipGw.) Willow Thrush. Western race, which occurs as far east as Illinois; it differs but little from fuscescens, the breast spots are slightly wider and the back somewhat darker. TURDUS ALICIAE. Barrp. Gray-cheeked Thrush. North America; from Labrador and Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico and Central America; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay north- ward. 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 (758a) (759b) (760) (761) (763) (765) (766) LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 387 Turdus alice bicknelli. (RipGw.) Bicknell’s Thrush. ‘* Mountainous part of the northeastern States (Catskills, White Moun- tains, etc.) and Nova Scotia; migrating south in winter.” (A. 0. U.) TURDUS USTULATUS SWAINSONII. (Cas.) Olive-backed Thrush. Eastern North America; from Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic; win- ters in Central and South America and the West Indies, breeds in the Alleghanies and mountains of southern New England, and farther north in western United States. TURDUS AONALASCHKAZ PALLASII. (Cas.) Hermit Thrush. Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts northward ; winters from Illinois and southern New York to the Gulf. SuBGENuUS TURDUS. LINN. TURDUS ILIACUS. Linn. Red-winged Thrush. European species ; accidental in Greenland. Genus MERULA. Leacu. MERULA MIGRATORIA. (Linn.) American Robin. ‘‘ Kastern North America to the Rocky Mountains, including eastern Mexico and Alaska; breeds from Virginia and Kansas northward to the Arctic coast; winters from southern Canada and northern United States southward” (A. O.U); occurs in great flocks at times in southern States during migrations. Genus HESPEROCICHLA. Batrp. HESPEROCICHLA NAEVIA. (GmMEL.) Varied Thrush. Pacitic coast species; stragglers have been taken in Massachusetts, Long Island, and New Jersey. Genus SAXICOLA. Becus. SAXICOLA GENANTHE. (Linn.) Wheatear. Old-world species, which occurs in Greenland and Labrador; stragglers have been taken in Nova Scotia, Maine, and Long Island. Genus SIALIA. Swainson. SIALIA SIALIS. (Liny.) Bluebird Eastern United States; from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic, north to the British Provinces, and south to Gulf of Mexico and Cuba; breeds from the Gulf States, northward; winters from southern Illinois and New Jersey, southward. ee: