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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 
181 


REVIEW 


OF 


AMERICAN BIRDS, 


IN THE MUSEUM OF THE 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 


PART I. 


th ee 
vse ie 
S. FY BAIRD. 


WASHINGTON: 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
1864—1872. 


QL 
68/ 
B/G 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


252626 


THE Review of American Birds, of which the present work, by 
Prof. Baird, constitutes the first part, is intended to serve as a 
descriptive catalogue, with critical commentaries, of the species of 
American Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution; 
giving, at the same time, a list of the specimens, their localities, 
and donors. As indicated by the date at the beginning of each 
signature, it was published, sheet by sheet, between June, 1864, 
and June, 1866, and has been extensively in use by ornithologists, 
although not regularly distributed to Libraries and Societies. It 
is now reissued for that purpose, and, for the first time, with the 
list of species described, and with an alphabetical index. 


JOSEPH HENRY, 
Secretary S. I. 


Wasurneron, D. C., 
Novemser 21, 1872. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
COLLINS, PRINTER. 


INTRODUCTION. 


® 

THE primary object in undertaking the present work was to 
furnish a list of American Birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian 
Tnstitution, with their localities and donors; and, as many of them 
are of considerable rarity, and others new to science, the opportu- 
nity has been embraced to give synoptical tables and descriptions 
of some of the genera and species. The signatures were distributed, 
as printed, to the leading ornithologists of the day, beginning June, 
1864, and ending June, 1866; and the “Review” has been exten- 
sively quoted by writers. 

It was at first proposed to confine the Review” to North and 
Middle America, but gradually the plan was extended until, in the 
later monographs, all procurable American species were included. 

The present part of the “Review” includes aJl the slender-billed 
Oscines, with the exception of the Cerebide, which would have 
been added but for the difficulty of presenting a satisfactory defi- 
nition of the genera, as compared with the allied forms. 

A second part of the “Review” will be published as soon as it 
can be prepared. 

SPENCER F. BAIRD, 


Assistant Secretary 8. I. 


Smrrasonian InstITUTION, 
NovemBer 20, 1872. 


1 The southern boundary of the United States, but also including the 
whole Peninsula of Lower California, is here taken as that of North America; 
while by Middle America is to be understood the region intervening between 
the United States and the southern end of the Isthmus of Darien, and em- 
bracing the whole West Indies, excepting Tobago and Trinidad. 


( iti) 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


ADVERTISEMENT ® . . 
INTRODUCTION . . . ° 


TURDIDE . : . . a 
TURDINE . 7 . . . 
Catharus, Bon. . . 
Catharus, Bon. . 
Malacocichla, Scl. . 
Turdus, Z. . S f 
Hylocichla, Baird . 
Planesticus, Bon. . 
Merula, Z. ‘ 
Hesperocichla, Bd. 
Platycichla, Bd. . . 
Semimerula, Sci. . é 
Mimocichla, Sel. . 
Ramphocinclus, Lafr. - 
Miminz . j 7 : . 
Margarops, Sel. 7 . 
Oreoscoptes, Bd. S . 
Harporhynchus, Cab. 
Mimus, Bote 
Galeoscoptes, Cab. 


Melanoptila, Scl. . 

Melanotis, Bon. ° 

Donacobius, Sw. . 
Cinchipz ‘ : e a 

Cinelus, Bechst. o . 
SaXIcoLIDz . J : . . 

Saxicola, Bechst. . ° 

Sialia, Sw. 3 r ‘ 
SYLvip” 


Regulus, Cuv. . P - 

Polioptila, Sel. . . 
CHAMZADZ2 . 5 - 

Chamzxa, Gambel_ . . 


e e e e e 

. i . e . 

PARIDE . % é 
PaRINzE 


Parus, Linn. 
Psaltriparus, Bon. 
Auriparus, Bd. 
Sirtinz . A 
Sitta, Linn. . 
CERTHIADE . ‘ . 
Certhia, Linn. . 
TROGLODYTIDE . 


Lophophanes, Kaup . 


Rhodinocincla, Harti. 


Heleodytes, Cab. 


Campylorhynchus, Spiz. . 


Salpinctes, Cab. 
Catherpes, Bd. 
Cinnicerthia, Less. 
Cyphorinus, Cab. 


Microcerculus, Scl. . 


Heterorhina, Bd. 


Thryothorus, Vieill. . 
Thryothorus, Vieill. 
Thryomanes, Scl. . 


Thryophilus, Bd. 


. 


Pheugopedius, Cab. . 
Troglodytes, Vieill. . 


Troglodytes, Vieill. 


Anorthura, Rennie . 


Cistothorus, Cab. 


Cistothorus, Cab. .« 


MorTAciLLip# x 
Motacilla, Linn. 


(+) 


Telmatodytes, Cub. 


vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Pre 7 Pace 
Anthus, Bechst. . . «152 Prone . + + © 271 
Anthus, Bechst. . - 153 Progne, Bote . - 272 
Neocorys, Sel. . , . 155 Pheoprogne, Bd. . 283 
Notiocorys, Bd. . 156 Petrochelidon, Cab. . . 286 
Pediocorys, Bd. . 157 Hirundo, Linn. . » 293 
SYLVICOLIDZ . ei P . 160 Hirundo, Linn. . 294 
SyLVIcoLINEZ . 7 . . 167 Tachycineta, Cab. . 296 
Mniotiltee . . . - 166 Callichelidon, Bryant 303 
Mniotilta, Vieill. . - 166 Atticora, Boie . . - 805 
Parula, Bon. . < . 168 Atticora, Boie « 805 
Vermivoree . . . . 166 Notiochelidon, Bd. 306 
Protonotaria, Bd. . . 173 Neochelidon, Scl. . 307 
Helminthophaga, Cab. . 173 Pygochelidon, Bd. . 308 
Helmitherus, Raf. . . 179 Stelgidopteryx, Bd. . . 312 
Sylvicolee . : 7 . 166 Cotyle, Bote . . . 318 
Perissoglossa, Bd. . - 180 | VirnzoniDz . * . . - 822 
Dendroica, Gray. . 182 Vireosylvia, Bon. . . 326 
GEOTHLYPINE . . ‘ . 214 Vireosylvia, Bon. . 327 
Seiureee A ‘ r . 166 Lanivireo, Baird . 345 
Seiurus, Sw. . . . 214 Vireo, Vieill. . 5 . 350 
Oporornis, Bd. » 218 Vireo, Vieill. . « 853 
Geothlypee . . . . 166 Vireonella, Baird . 369 
Geothlypis, Cab. . 210 Neochloe, Sci. . . . 371 
IcTERIANE ‘ 3 @ « 228 Hylophilus, Temm. . » 372 
Icteriee 4 3 3 . 166 Laletes, Sclater . - 682 
Icteria, Vieill . . » 228 Cyclorhis, Swains . - 384 
Granatellus, Dubus . . 230 Vireolanius, Dubus . - 395 
Teretristee . . - 166; AMPELIDZ . : . . - 400 
Teretristis, Cab. . ‘ . 233 Dounz . 5 ‘i ‘ - 401 
SETOPHAGINE . é : . 335 Dulus, Viedll. . . - 401 
Myiodioctes, Aud. . - 238) AMPELINE F i i - 403 
Basileuterus, Cab. . . 241 Ampelis, Zinn. - 403 
Basileuterus, Cab.. 241| Prmoconatine é * - 408 
Idiotes, Bd. . - 247 Ptilogonys, Sw. : - 410 
Myiothlypis, Cab. . 251 Ptilogonys, Sw. . 412 
Setophaga, Sw. . . =. 253 Sphenotelus, Bd. . 412 
Setophaga, Sw. . 256 Phenopepla, Scl. . . 415 
Myioborus, Bd... 257 MyIADEstTInz& : 2 . 417 
Euthlypis, Cab. . 262 Myiadestes, Sw. . . 418 
Cardellina, Dubus 2 . 263 Cichlopsis, Cab. é « 433 
Cardellina, Dubus . 263 Platycichla, Baird . . 436 
Ergaticus, Bd. - 264) Lanupz . ; - . 437 
HirunDINIpz + x 2 . 267 Collurio, Vig. . : . 437 
List of Species described P a ‘ i “ 


. . . - 451 


Alphabetical Index . e 465 


SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 
181 


REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS 


IN THE MUSEUM OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 


Bi 


8. F. BAIRD. 


PART I. 
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 


OSCINES. 
Famity TURDID.? 


Tur American Turdide, Saxicolide, and Cinclide are all closely 
related to each other by the presence of common characters, which 
distinguish them from the other allied American families of Oscines 


' The present work is intended as a catalogue of the birds of Northern and 
Middle America in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, with such 
critical notices of the same as appear to be called for, and a list of the speci- 
mens, or of such of them as best show the geographical distribution of the 
species. Species not in the Smithsonian collection, but which I have had 
the opportunity of personally examining and comparing, are also included. 
Species mentioned vy authors, but which I have not seen, will be mentioned 
at the end of the genera or families to which they are supposed to belong. 

As understood in the present work, the term “ North America” is intended 
to cover the region in and north of the valleys of the Rio Grande and Gila, or 
north of a line drawn from the mouth of the Rio Grande on the Gulf of Mexico, 
to that of the Yaqui, near Guaymas, on the east side of the Gulf of California, 
and embraces the peninsulas of Florida and of Lower California and Greenland. 
Middle America extends from the same line southward to the continental 
part of South America, including Mexico, Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaragua, 
Honduras, Costa Rica, the Isthmus of Panama and of Darien, and the whole 
of the West Indies, excepting Trinidad and perhaps Tobago. 

Any specimens which may serve to extend the list of the species enumerated 
as belonging to the Institution, or furnish additional material for investigation, 
will be thankfully received. 

2 For a synopsis of the American Turdidz, See Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1859. 

1‘ June, 1864, 


2 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. (PART Ty 


having uncovered nostrils and with ten primaries, the first of which 
is either spurious or much shorter than the second, agreeing in this 
respect with the Sylvicolide having nine primaries only. The most 
striking of these common characters is seen in the deeply cleft toes, 
of which the outer is united by the basal joint alone to the middle 
toe, while the inner is separated almost to the very base of its first 
joint.t. The frontal feathers extend, with rare exceptions, to the 
very nostrils. The bill is elongated and subulate, moderately 
slender, and usually notched at tip; the culmen moderately curved 
from the base, and the mouth well provided with bristles, except 
in a few cases. Usually the scutelle covering the front and sides 
of the tarsus are fused into one continuous plate, or else scarcely 
appreciable, except on the inner edge only; in the Mocking Thrushes 
they are, however, distinctly marked. The lateral toes are nearly 
equal, the outer rather the longer. With these as some of the prin- 
cipal characteristics, they may be distinguished from each other as 
follows :— 


A. Nostrils oval. Loral and frontal feathers with bristly points, or inter- 
spersed with bristles ; rictus with longer or shorter bristles. 


Saxicolidz. Wings very long and much pointed, reaching beyond the 
middle of the short square or emarginated tail, and one and a half 
times or more the length of the latter. The spurious primary very 
short, the second quill longer than the fourth. In the closed wing the 
outer secondary reaches only about two-thirds the length of longest 
primary. 

Turdidze. Wings moderate, more rounded, not reaching beyond middle 
of the often rounded tail, and not more than one and a third the 
latter, usually more nearly equal. Spurious primary sometimes half 
the length of second quill; the second quill shorter than the fourth. 
In the closed wing the outer secondary reaches three-fourths or more 
the length of longest primary. 


' In a perfectly fresh specimen of Turdus mustelinus, the basal half of the 
first phalanx of the inner toe is connected with the 1st joint of the middle toe 
by a membrane which stretches across to within two-fifths of the end of the 
latter; there appears however to be no ligamentous adhesion. The basal 
joint of the outer toe is entirely adherent, and a membrane extends from nearly 
the basal half of the second joint to the distal end of the first joint of the 
middle toe. When this connecting membrane becomes dried the division 
of the toes appears considerably greater. 

When the toes are all extended in line with the tarsus, the hind claw 
stretches a little beyond the lateral and scarcely reaches the base of the 
middle claw. 

The plates at the upper surface of the basal joints of the toes are quadran- 
gular and opposite each other. 


TURDIDA, 3 


B. Nostrils linear, in lower edge of nasal membrane. Loral and frontal 
feathers soft and downy, and no bristles or bristly points whatever 
about the mouth. 


Cinclidze. Body very short and broad. Wings short, rounded, and 
concave. 


The American Sylviadx are in some respects very closely related 
to the Saaxicolide, but may he distinguished by their much smaller 
size, more slender and depressed bill, more strongly bristled rictus, 
etc. ; on which account they are more strictly “ fly-catchers,” taking 
their prey in great part on the wing. 

Of the three families, the Turdidz contain a great variety of forms, 
and exhibit widely different characters, rendering it exceedingly diffi- 
cult to arrange them in any systematic or regular sequence, or to 
accurately define their boundaries. In my work on the Birds of North 
America, I placed the Mocking Thrushes among the Wrens, on ac- 
count of the distinct tarsal scutelle, and other characters. I am 
now, however, inclined to believe, with Dr. Sclater, that their place 
is with the recognized Turdidx ; and among other reasons, on the 
ground of their more deeply cleft toes, and greater extension forward 
of frontal feathers. On the other hand, I have included Donacobius 
among the Thrushes, on account of the deeply cleft toes; although, 
as in the Wrens, the open nostrils are considerably in advance of 
the frontal feathers. 

The following synopsis of such American forms of Turdide as I 
have had the opportunity of examining, may serve to determine the 
genera artificially, even though their natural affinities be somewhat 
violated. Nowhere is it more difficult than here to furnish in linear 
series, trenchant and positive characters which shall at the same 
time express and illustrate their true relationships. Cichlerminia 
and Cinclocerthia, which I have not seen, are placed by Dr. Sclater 
the one between Turdus and Margarops, the other between Rham- 
phocinclus and Harporhynchus. The primary division is into 
Turdine, or species with the tarsi ‘ booted,” that is, having all the 
scutelle fused into a continuous plate covering the front of the tarsus 
and extending half way round on the two sides; and Mimine, or 
those with this same anterior half of the tarsus covered by a suc- 
cession of imbricated overlapping scales, usually seven in number. 
In one species of Mimocichla, placed in the first section, the division 
of the scutelle are appreciable, although they are all fused into one 
plate ; while in the Cat-bird the scutelle, in some specimens (as No. 
20,396), are quite indistinguishable—the leg here being as much 
“booted” as in the true Thrushes; in others, however, they are per- 


4 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


fectly distinct. Even in the first section individuals, in nearly all 
the species, may be noted with indications of separate scutelle. 

The Turdus gigas of Fraser has been placed among the typical 
Thrushes, but really differs in many important points, as does still 
more the 7. aurantius of Jamaica, in shorter wings, much longer 
lst primary, very long tarsi, and other characters of ‘Mimocichia. 
I have accordingly been obliged to consider as a good genus the 
section Semimerula of Sclater, although I would prefer to consider 
aurantius as the type rather than gigas and its allies :— 


A. Turdinze.—Tarsus covered anteriorly with a continuous plate. 


1. Wings decidedly longer than the tail,' which is nearly 
even. Bill considerably shorter than the head. 
First quill one-half to one-third the second. Wings 
rounded. Tarsus longer than the head; out- ; 
stretched toes reaching beyond the tail . . Catharus. 
First quill usually not one-fourth the second. Wings 
pointed. Tarsus hardly the length of head, but 
yet longer than middle toe; outstretched toes 
falling short of tip of tail ‘ . - Turdus. 
Wings as in Turdus. Tarsus shorter than middle 
toe. Bill short and very broad; width greater 
than distance from nostril to tip . . Platycichla.2 
First quill more than one-third the second. Wings 
rounded. Tarsus considerably longer than 
head ; outstretched toes falling short of tip of 
tail. Billlengthened . a aca 5 . Semimerula. 
2. Wings about equal to the tail, whioh is somewhat 
graduated. Bill stout, nearly as long as the head. 
Tarsus lengthened, considerably longer than mid- 
dle toe and claw. 
First quill more than one-third the second. Rictal 
bristles very short . s B - 2 - Mimocichla. 
3. Wings longer than the tail, which is considerably 
rounded. Hill longer than the head, and slightly 
decurved. i 
First quill more than half the longest . 5 - Rhamphocinclus. 


B. Miminze.—Tarsi scutellate anteriorly ; scutelle seven. 
4, Wings decidedly longer than the tail, which is nearly 
even. Tarsus as long as the head. 
Tarsus hardly longer than middle toe and claw. 
Bill about equal to the head, decidedly notched ; 


' In the present work the length of the tail is measured from the coccyx, 
inside of the skin, and not, as usually the case, from the base of the quills at 
their insertion. The wings are measured from the carpal joint, with dividers. 

2 Possibly Cichlopsis, Cab., but differing much from his description. 


TURDID#. 5 


wings rounded; 1st quill more than half the 
second; 5th longest. Claws very strong and 
much curved. Rictal bristles very short . . Margarops. 
Bill decidedly shorter than the head, scarcely 
notched; wings pointed; 1st quill less than 
half the second; 3d and 4th longest. Claws 
not peculiar. Bristles prominent. Tarsus con- 
siderably longer than middle toe and claw . Oreoscoptes. 
5. Wings decidedly shorter than the tail, which is con- 
siderably graduated ; 1st quill half or more than 
half the second. 
Tail firm, the feathers moderately broad: the ex- 
terior with outer web near the end, less than 
one-third the inner. 
Bill lengthened ; sometimes much decurved; no 
notch at tip . . ‘i . . . Harporiynchus. 
Bill notched, shorter than head: straight. 
Scutelle very distinct . : . * - Mimus. 
Scutellz more or less obsolete . . Galeoscoptes. 
Tail rather soft: the feathers broad ; the exterior with 
outer web near the tip rather more than one- 
third the inner (except in Donacobius). 
Rictus without any bristles whatever . - Melanoptila. 
Rictus with well developed bristles . 2 - Melanotis. 
Divisions of tarsus mostly obsolete. Rictus well 
bristled. Lateral tail feathers scarcely more 
than half the central; width of its outer web 


half the inner . é é A # 3 . Donacobius. 


Of the family Turdide, as here given, the genera are all peculiar 
to America, with the exeeption of Turdus ; and even here our species 
belong to sections scarcely if at all represented in the Old World, 
except by stragglers from the American Continent. 

The sexes are all similar in the American species, except in some 
divisions of Turdus, in its most general sense. | 

A very remarkable peculiarity of form is observable in some of the 
species of Oreocincia, an Old World genus of Turdidex, consisting 
in the possession of more than twelve tail feathers, a character 
quite unique, I believe, among the land birds.t Sundevall, in a 
communication on the subject to Cabanis’ Journal fiir Ornithologie 
(1858, 159), gives O. varia and malayana as having fourteen tail 
feathers: the other species twelve. A specimen of O. varia, how- 
ever, in the Smithsonian collection, received from the Philadelphia 
Academy, and of uncertain locality, has fifteen tail feathers, and has 
probably lost a sixteenth. 


! See also Cabanis’ Museum Heineanum, I, 1850, 6. 


6 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


CATHARUS, Bonar. 


Catharus, Bonar. Consp. I, 1850, 278. (Type Catharus immaculatus, Bonar.) 
Malacocichla, Goutp, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1854, 285. (Type M. dryas, Goutp.) 


The genus Catharus has been made by Dr. Sclater to include two 
groups: Catharus proper, in which the species have a close re- 
semblance in coloration to the small American Thrushes, as 7. fus- 
cescens, etc., but without any spotting on the breast, and without 
crest; and Malacocichla of Gould, in which the upper parts, or at 
least the head, are black, and with the feathers of the head above and 
nape, moderately elongated, so as to form a bushy, rounded crest. 

The species of Catharus proper, as just stated, closely resemble 
such small Thrushes as Turdus fuscescens, nanus, etc. in coloration 
and external appearance. The bill is very similar, both in shape 
and character of bristles, which are perhaps not quite so long in 
some, longer in others. The plumage is, however, softer and 
fuller ; the tarsi appreciably longer, the tail shorter, the feathers nar- 
rower. The principal difference is in the wings, which are short, 
rounded, and concave. The Ist quill in C. melpomene is nearly or 
quite half the 2d, which about equals the 8th quill. In C. occiden- 
talis the wings are more pointed, the 1st quill about one-third the 
2d, which is between the 7th and 8th in size. Here the bristles are 
shorter; while in C. frantzii they are unusually long. C. occidentalis 
forms the transition to the smaller spotted Turdi. In C. (Malaco- 
cichla) maculatus the 1st primary is shorter. 

In all the skins I have seen the outstretched legs reach either 
very nearly to the tip of the tail or beyond it. 

In one specimen of C. melpomene, from Mr. Lawrence's collec- 
tion, the divisions of the tarsal scutelle are distinctly definable on 
the anterior face, while they are confluent on the sides. It is possible 
that at one stage of development the tarsi, which are covered with 
a “ boot,” or a continuous plate, are distinctly. scutellate—the scutelle 
melting subsequently into a single plate. The occasional persistence 
of this immature feature in an adult bird may thus be explained 
without invalidating the importance of the character as Kaup has 
endeavored to do in the case of Turdus migratorius. 

As Dr. Sclater has furnished an excellent synopsis of the species 
of American Turdide (Pr. Zool. Soc. 1859), it will not be necessary 
here to do the same. 


OATHARUS. v4 


Catharus. 
Catharus melpomene. 


Turdus melpomene, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 5 (Xalapa). —Catharus 
melpomene, Scu. P. Z. S. 1859, 323.—In. Cat. Am. Birds, 1861, 1, 
No. 1.—Casanis, Jour. 1860, 322.—Satyvin, Ibis, 1860, 29. 

Catharus aurantiirostris, ScLatER, P. Z. 8. 1856, 294 (not of Hartnavs). 


Hab. Mexico (Cordova, Orizaba, Oaxaca) ; Guatemala; Costa Rica. , 


Specimens vary somewhat in the shade of coloration and the in- 
tensity of the rufescence of tail and wings. The bill is generally 
(in the dried skin) bright yellow, sometimes orange, a little dusky 
towards the tip above; sometimes this latter shade encroaches on 
the culmen; in one specimen (No. 22,362) the whole upper mandible 
is light brownish, and in No. 2 of Mr. Lawrence’s Collection it is 
nearly as black as in C. occidentalis. Some specimens have a shade 
of grayish in the feathers of the chin; but in none is there any in- 
dication of the yellowish-brown of the jugulum of occidentalis. The 
legs are always yellowish, though varying in the shade of this color. 
The rump and tail are always more rufous than the back, as in 
Turdus pallasti and its allies, though the contrast is not so striking. 

A specimen (30,484) from Costa Rica, in imperfect plumage, 
differs in the prevalence of a grayish olive shade in the back, and a 
less intense shade of rufous on the rump and tail? It is not im- 
probable that this may be the true C. aurantiirostris of Hartlaub, 
which is said to differ in the more olive back. Although Hartlaub 
describes the whole upper parts as uniformly olivaceous, including 
the wings and tail, his figure represents the latter as being more 
rufous. 

If the species of Hartlaub and Cabanis should hereafter prove to 
be the same, it is somewhat of a question to which of their names 
the priority should be assigned. The date of the auwrantitrostris 
is March, 1850, exactly coeval with Bonaparte’s ‘“immaculatus.” 
The name ‘“ melpomene” appears on page 5, of sig. 1, of Museum 
Heineanum, but without any signature date affixed—this practice 
not having been introduced until the appearance of the fourteenth 
signaturé, where the date of Jan. 1851 is printed at the bottom of 
page 107. There is nothing whatever to show that even if the first 
signature was published in 1850, it appeared as early as March. 


' Turdus aurantiirostris, Hartuaus, Rev. Zool. March, 1850, 158 (Vene- 
guela); Is. Jard. Cont. Orn. 1851, 80, pl. Ixxii. Catharus aurantiirostris, 
Sciater, P. Z. S. 1859, 323. Catharus immaculatus, Bon. Consp. March, 1850, 
278 (Caraccas). 


8 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part L 


Nors.—Additional specimens received from Costa Rica—none in 
very perfect plumage—agree in being all rather grayer, with less con- 
trast of back and tail coverts than Mexican and Guatemalan. They, 
however, vary considerably among themselves—some being quite 
decidedly olivaceous on the back. The most olivaceous specimens 


have the most brightly orange-colored bills. 
the bill above is light horn color. 


large first primary—more than half the longest. 


List oF SPECIMENS. 


In some of the others 
No. 33,259 has an unusually 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex When 6 
sonian | tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
22,362 | 33,122 Cordova, Mex. Verreaux. |  — ..sese 
16,841 a Mexico. J.Gould, J] see 
29,201 68 Orizaba, Mex. Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof. Sumichrast. 
32,451 322 “e “ ‘“ 
32,453 68] .. Mt “ “ 
7,951 .. |Juy.| Guatemala. say J. Gould. 
13,661 oe te a ope Dr. Sclater. 
30,650 30 Pueiias, Guat. Sept. 1862.} O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 
30,482 11 San Jose, Costa ay Dr. Frantzius. J. Carniol. 
on 1 Mexico. [Rica. Cab. of G. N. Law-| D’Oca, 
os 2 Guatemala. £6 [rence.} —s_ ss 
33,258 109 fe Dr. Frantzius. | ...... 
33,256 110 rn (ne oer 
33,259 aie iy J.Carniol | 9 w....e 
33,255 an nn (ere 
33,257 “ nn a ee 


16,841. Upper mand. black ; rufous of wings very intense.—29,201, Bill orange red, in skin 
yellowish.—33,259. 1st primary very large. 


Catharus occidentalis. 
Catharus occidentalis, SchaTER, P. Z. 8. 1859, 323, 370.—In. Cat. Am. 
Birds, 1861, 1 (No. 2). 
Hab. Mexico (Oaxaca and Totontepec (Sclater) ; Orizaba). 


This species may readily be distinguished from C. melpomene by 
several characters. The general color above is much the same ; but 
while the rump, tail and wings are little, if at all more rufous than 
the back, the head above and nape are decidedly so. There is an 
indication of streaks on the jugulum and throat, the feathers being 
pale buff at base, broadly streaked centrally, and tipped with plum- 
beous; while in melpomene there is no indication of the buff, nor of 
streaks, the feathers being pure plumbeous, except where the whitish 
basal portion shows on the chin and throat. The legs are darker 
and more olivaceous. The bill is dark brown, almost. black, except 
the yellowish basal portion of lower jaw. The wings are longer and 
more pointed, the longest primary exceeding the 10th by .65 of an 
inch, instead of .85 to .40. The spurious primary is smaller and 
narrower, its exposed portion reaching over scarcely more than one- 


CATHARUS. o 


third of that of the 2d quill, instead of nearly or quite one-half. The 
bill is shorter and more slender (.36 or less from tip to nostril, instead 
of .42). The tarsi and toes are absolutely and relatively about the 
same length as in melpomene (tarsus 1.25, middle toe and claw .85 
in No. 22,3615 a little less in 29,202). 

It will be seen from the specimens indicated as from Orizaba, that 
this species is not confined to the west coast, as supposed. 


List or SPECIMENS. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. CG avnen a.| Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. me 

22,361 |40,760 | .. Mexico. ie: Verreaux, 

29,202| 202] .. Orizaba, Mex. eet Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof. Sumichrast. 

32,454; 202] .. “ a “ “ 

32,455 202 | .. ee wate if es 

32,456 202 | .. ie ied fe ee 

$2,457 202 | .. eo rete ce &f 

32,458 399 | .. bie oie ce se 


22,361. Not exactly like type. 


Catharus frantzii. 


Catharus frantzii, Cas. Jour. Orn. for Sept. 1860 (pub. Jan. 1861), 323 
(Costa Rica). 


Hab. Costa Rica. 


No. 30,482. First primary about half the 2d. Above rufescent 
olive, a little more rufous on the rump and tail, still more so on the 
head above and nape; the outer edge of primaries a little grayer 
than the back. Beneath plumbeous gray, darkest on the front and 
sides of the breast, under wing covers, and thighs. Edges of throat 
feathers perhaps a little lighter. Sides of head grayish. Flanks, 
middle of belly and anal regions white ; under tail coverts pale rusty, 
some of the feathers faintly edged with plumbeous. Upper mandible 
black; lower yellow, but rather brownish at tip; legs pale brown. 
Length, 7.60; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.20; bill, from nostril to tip, .41; 
tarsus, 1.36; middle toe and claw, 1.00; 5th or longest primary, 
.47, longer than the tenth. : 

Another specimen (No. 30,483), although quite different, appears 
to be a more immature stage of the same species. The upper parts 
are darker and tinged with a more brownish rufous; the breast and 
sides are also strongly marked with the same. 

The Catharus frantzii is intermediate between C. melpomene and 
occidentalis. 'The back is more olivaceous and darker than in the 
latter, the head of much the same color. Different from either, the 
outer webs of the primaries are grayer than the back, instead of 


© 


10 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


more rufous. There are no streaks on the throat as in occidentalis, 
or else they are very faintly indicated; and the plumbeous of the 
under parts is much darker than in melpomene. The bill and feet 
are colored as in occidentalis, the feet still darker than in the latter 
species. The bill is proportionally as large as in melpomene ; the 
bristles apparently very long. 


List or SPECIMENS. 


Smith- Collec Sex 
sonian| tor’s ' and Locality. ae Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. | 
30,482| 89 | Ad Costa Rica. wets Dr. Frantzius. Dr. Frantzius. 
33,254 90 ef ae aise Y a 
80,483} 148 | Juv. ee on ee 
Malacocichla. 


Catharus dryas. 
Malacocichla dryas, Govt, P. Z. 8. 1854, 285, pl. 79 (Guatemala).— 
ScratTer & Satviy, Ibis, 1859, 7.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 324. 


Hab. Guatemala. 


Above slaty olive-green ; the top and sides of the head, including 
lower jaw, continuous and deep black; beneath light ochry yellow, 
becoming yellowish-white on the belly and anal region; crissum 
tinged with brown; sides of body and inside of wings somewhat like 
the back ; small indistinct spots of olivaceous on the chin and throat, 
which become larger and more rounded on jugulum and breast. Bill 
and legs yellow. 

Length, 6.00; wing, 3.60; 1st primary, .96; tail, 2.75; bill from 
nostril, .40, from gape, .92; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe and claw, .96. 

This species is easily distinguished from C. maculatus' of Ecua- 
dor, by the much more olive back (not dark ash) and ochry yellow 
breast. The wings are longer and the tail shorter in proportion (in 
maculatus measuring respectively 3.50 and 3.00). 

I am indebted to Mr. Salvin for the opportunity of examining his 
cabinet specimen of this species, lent me for the purpose. (No. 31, 
Salvin coll. Tileman, Rio Potochic, Guatemala, Jan. 1861.) It does 


1 A specimen of Malacocichla, in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, from the Napo, 
with a general resemblance to a type Napo skin of J/. maculatus received from 
Mr. Verreaux, is in some respects more like J/. dryas. Thus the upper parts, 
instead of being grayish sooty, are more olive, the under parts more ochrace- 
ous yellow. The crissum, however, instead of being yellowish-white, like the 
anal region, is of a snuffy brown. The tail is much longer (3.30), 


TURDUS. ll 


not agree exactly with Mr. Gould’s description, but is probably the 
same species. 


Catharus mexicanus. 


Malacocichla mexicuna, Box. Comptes Rendus, XLII, Nov. 1856, 998 
(Xalapa).—Catharus mexicanus, ScuaTER, P. Z. 8. 1859, 324.—Is. 
Catal. 1861, 1, no. 4. 


Hab. S. Mexico; Guatemala. 


Above yellowish olive, with a tinge of rufous in the rump and 
base of tail. Top and sides of head black, this color not extending 
to sides of lower jaw, which are dark ash. Beneath ashy; the chin 
and throat whitish ; middle of belly and crissum white; breast and 
sides tinged with olive. Bill yellow; dusky along culmen; tip 
brownish yellow or very pale corneous. 

Length, 6.00; wing, 3.55; 1st primary, .90; tail, 2.80; bill, from 
nostril, .40, from gape, .90 ; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe and claw, .88. 

Specimen examined, No. 32 of Mr. Salvin’s collection, Rio Poto- 
chic, Tileman, Guatemala, Jan. 1861 (lent by Mr. Salvin). 

This species is easily distinguished by the combination of the yel- 
lowish olive back, black head, and absence of spots beneath. The 
olive has a more gamboge tinge than in dryas, and the black of the 
head does not extend over the lower jaw. There is nothing of the 
ochry yellow of the under parts, nor the spots of dryas. 


TURDUS, Liyny. 
Turdus, Lixy. Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, 1758, 168. ‘(Type T. viscivorus of Europe.) 


The genus Turdus is an exceedingly cosmopolitan one, embracing 
species from nearly all parts of the world excepting Australia. 
There are many minor variations in external anatomy and style of 
coloration ; but the transition is so gradual from one form to another 
as to render it exceedingly difficult to separate them generically to any 
considerable extent. They agree in the conical subulate bill, shorter 
than the head; the tip gently decurved and notched (except in 
Hesperocichla) ; the rictus with moderate bristles ; the wings rather 
long and pointed, with small Ist primary (less than one-fourth the 
second) ; considerably longer than the tail, which is firm, nearly even, 
with broad feathers. Tarsi variable, seldom as long as the skull, 
the scutelle fused into a continuous plate; only in rare individual 
instances showing indications of the lines of separation. 

The following arrangement of the genus is proposed as expressing, 
with some accuracy, the characters of the American species :— 


12 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Sexes similar. 

Hylocichla. Smallest species. Bill short, broad at base ; much depressed. 
Tarsi long and slender, longer than middle toe and claw by the additional 
length of the claw; outstretched legs reaching nearly to tip of tail. 
Body slender. Color: above olivaceous or reddish, beneath whitish ; 
breast spotted ; throat without spots. 

Turdus. Bill stouter and higher. Tarsi short, scarcely longer than middle 
toe and claw. Body stout, geperally whitish beneath and spotted. (2d 
quill longer than 5th ?). 

Planesticus. Similar to preceding. (2d quill shorter than 5th?). Beneath 
mostly unicolored ; unstreaked except the throat, which is whitish with 
dark streaks. 


Sexes dissimilar. - 


Merula. Similar to Turdus. Male usually more or less black, especially on 
the head ; females brownish, often with streaked throats. Bill distinctly 
notched. 


Hesperocichla. Similar to Turdus. Male reddish beneath, with a black 
collar. Bill without notch. 


Of the preceding sections into which I have divided Turdus, the 
first one is possibly entitled to full generic rank. It is intended to 
include the small North American species, with Turdus mustelinus, 
Gm., at the head as type, which are closely connected on the one side 
with Catharus, by their lengthened tarsi, and with Turdus by the 
shape of the wing. The bills are shorter, more depressed, and broader 
at base than in typical Turdus, so much so that. the species have 
frequently been described under Muscicapa. 

The section Turdus, as well as the entire genus itself, has as its 
type Turdus viscivorus of Europe. We have no native representa- 
tive of this group—one species only, Turdus iliacus, coming into 
the American fauna from its occurring in Greenland. 

Planesticus, first announced, as far as I can ascertain, by Bona- 
parte in his Notes on Delattre’s Collection, 1854, 27, appears to have 
as its type T. jamacensis (T. lereboulleti of Bonaparte, erroneously 
credited to Colombia instead of Jamaica). It is among these species 
that we find the closest relationships to the large European Thrushes, 
as viscivorus, etc. The legs are short and stout. In the best known 
species— T. migratorius—there is an occasional indication of sepa- 
rate scutella on the lower part of the tarsi, to which Kaup has 
called attention in the Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. I find the same 
feature in a specimen of T. viscivorus, No. 18,716, in 7. torquatus, 
18,944, and many other species, and consider it merely a condition 
of immaturity of development. 


TURDUS. 13 


The type of Merula (Leach, 1816) is Turdus merula of Europe. 
It differs from the American species I have seen in having the claws 
much longer and less curved. 

Turdus nevius should be removed from its position among the 
Planestict and placed either among Merula, or even assigned to a 
separate division. It agrees with Merula in the dissimilarity of color 
in the sexes; but differs from all the American true Thrushes in a 
much more subulate and slenderly conical bill, without any notch at 
the tip. The claws are longer and straighter than in 7. migratorius, 
more like typical 7. merula. In form it is perhaps nearer 7. tor- 
quatus than other species of Merula. 

It is somewhat of a question as to what name should be given to 
the section of Turdus, of which nzvius is the type. Bonaparte, 
in his Notes on Delattre, states that Turdus nevius, Gm., is the type 
of his new genus Ixoreus, and that it is not a Thrush at all, but a 
true Txniopterien. Dr. Sclater, to whom Bonaparte exhibited his 
supposed species, 7. nevius, states (Pr Zool. Soc. 1859, 331) that 
it proved to be the Teenioptera rufiventris, of South America, a 
bird of an entirely different order. Now, on the one hand, Turdus 
nevius, Gm., is positively stated by Bonaparte to be the type of his 
genus Izoreus. Dr. Sclater, however, explains Bonaparte’s errone- 
ous ideas of its affinities by showing that he had in view an entirely 
different species, a fact which only accidentally comes to light. 
Under these circumstances, if Zvoreus is not to be applied to nexvius, 
must it not be assigned to Txnioptera rufiventris, in case that 
species should need a new generic appellation; or should it be 
dropped altogether? On the whole I am inclined to adopt the latter 
view, and accordingly propose the name Hesperocichla. 

It will be understood, of course, that the preceding arrangement 
of Turdus is only provisional, and merely intended to hint at the 
affinities of the American species. Without a full series of the Old 
World Thrushes, I can only base my notices on the species I have 
‘before me. 


Hylocichia. 
Turdus mustelinus. 


Turdus mustelinus, Gauxuin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 817.—Avpuzon, Orn. 
Biog. I, 1832, 372, pl. 73.—Is. Birds Am. III, 1841, 24, pl. 144.— 
D’Oxs. La Sagra’s Cuba Ois. 1840, 49.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 
212.—Scnater, P. Z. S. 1856, 294, and 1859, 325.—Is. Catal. 1861, 
2, No. 6. 

Turdus melodus, Wits. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 35, pl. ii. 

Turdus densus, Bonar. Comptes Rendus, XXVIII, 1853, 2.—Is. Notes 
Delattre, 1854, 26 (Tabasco). 


14 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L 


Additional figures: Vierntor, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. lxii.—Wuitsow, Am. 
Orn. I, pl. ii. 
Hab. U.S. east of Missouri plains, south to Guatemala. Cuba, La Sacra; 
Honduras, Moors (Pr. Z. S. 1859, 55). 


This species varies less in its markings and shade of color than 
perhaps any of our small spotted Thrushes. In some there is a faint 
tinge of pale buff on the under parts, which are nearly pure white in 
others, with the wash of buff restricted to the breast. Some speci- 
mens appear more spotted beneath than others, but this is the case with 
Northern skins (as 1569, from Carlisle) equally with more Southern; 
in fact specimens from Guatemala and Mexico exhibit precisely the 
same variations in this respect. I am, therefore, not disposed to 
consider Turdus densus, of Bonaparte, as a good species, unless 
possessing distinctive characters not mentioned by that author, and 
other than that of being more thickly spotted beneath, with the spots 
larger and the bird smaller. 

The young Turdus mustelinus is like the adult, except in having 
rusty yellow triangular spots in the ends of the wing coverts. 

Dr. Sclater gives Jamaica as one of the winter localities of this 
Thrush. Mr. March has never met with it, and is of the opinion 
that the bird referred to by Gosse is the Mimus hiillit, at one time 
supposed by the Jamaican Ornithologists to be the 7. mustelinus. 


List or SPECIMENS. 


! 
Smith-|Collec-| Sex : | When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. i Received from Collected b: 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. y 
4,650 a .. | Fort Pierre, Neb. | May 3,1855.| Col. Vaughan. Dr. Hayden. 
8,390 96 | Q | Independence, Mo. | June 22,'57.) W. M. Magraw. Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
22,356 |34,414 ] .. Mexico. iia Verreaux, wave. sae 
7,947| . | Guatemala. | ace J. Gould. 
ae a ee re aie Cab. Lawrence. sierra 
20,392) 377) .. | Coban, Vera Paz. O. Salvin. Constancia. 


8,390. Iris brown. 


Turdus pallasii. 


Turdus pallasit, Capants, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1847 (1), 205.—Is. Jour- 
nal f. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba).—Baigp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 212,— 
Scuater, P. Z, S. 1859, 325.—Is. Catal. 1861, 2, No. 7. ¥ 

Turdus solitarius, Wiusox, Amer. Orn. V, 1812, 95 (not of Liryavs).— 
Scuater, P. Z. S. 1857, 212. 

Turdus minor, Box. Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 72. 

Turdus guttatus, Capanis, Tschudi, Fauna Peruviana, 1844, 187 (not 
Muscicapa guttata of Patuas). 


TURDUS. 15 


Additional figures: Aup. Birds Am. III, pl. cxlviiIs. Orn. Biog. I, 
pl. lviii. 
Hab. Eastern North America. Cuba, Cas. Mexico? 


A large series of specimens from the northern parts of the United 
States shows considerable variations in color, ete. In all, of course, 
the rump and tail are rufous, in decided contrast with the rest of the 
upper parts. The shade of color here varies considerably, however : 
generally it is of reddish olive, sometimes as bright and of the same 
shade as in 7’. fuscescens (as in 7591, Washington), though generally 
alittle less intense. In two specimens only does the back have the 
olive rather than reddish shade predominant (28,225, Washington ; 
29,649, Maine), as in T. swainsonii and nanus. These specimens are 
almost as small as nanus, but have the large bill and fulvous tinge 
of sides and crissum of.pallasiz. In many specimens there are vestiges 
of the lighter spots on the ends of the wing coverts. 

The under parts do not vary much, although sometimes the tinge 
of pale buff across the breast is more decided; sometimes nearly 
wanting. The size is pretty constant; the wing rarely exceeds 3.75, 
in one case only (2,092, Carlisle) measuring 3.85 ; in half the speci- 
mens it is about .20 less. The bill, too, is pretty constantly .40 
from tip to nostril. The tarsi measure about 1.15. 

A young bird has all the feathers of the head, back, and wing 
coverts streaked centrally with drop-shaped spots of rusty yellowish. 

I have seen no specimen of this bird from south of the limits of the 
United States. Mr. Sclater quotes one from Orizaba; but it may 
be the audubont, as Prof. Sumichrast has sent a specimen referable 
rather to the latter variety. 


List oF SPECIMENS. 


Smith-|Collec-] Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ; 
22,610 | 505 .. | Fort Simpson, B. A. sep! 6, 1860.) B. R. Ross. 
sts : .- | Fort, Peel’s River. Cc. P, Gaudet. 
fe oa Ft. Rae, Slave Lake. L. Clark, Jr. 
31,413 ie -. | Ft. Resolution, ‘“ J. Lockhart. 


Turdus nanus. 
Turdus nanus, Av. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 201, pl. cci.—Barrp, Birds N. A. 
1858, 213.—Scuater, P. Z. S. 1859.—In. Catal. 1861. 
? Turdus aonulaschka, Guuuin, 8. N. I, 1788, 808. 
?? Muscicapa guttata, Panuas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, 1811, 465. 


Hab. Western North America (south of Columbia R. ?) to Rocky Mountains, 
south to Cape St. Lucas. 


16 REVIEW OF AMERICAN. BIRDS. [PART L 


I have little to add to the remarks on this species in the Birds of 
North America, except that the predominant shade in the back is 
the olive of swainsonii rather than the reddish of fuscescens, as in 
T. pallasii. I have, however, not mentioned the difference in the 
bill, which, besides being smaller, is much more depressed, as in 
Anthus. The height of the bill at the base just back of the nostrils 
in pallasii is from .17 to .19 of an inch, while in nanus it is only .15. 
The distance from tip of bill to nostril is .85 or .86; the length of 
tarsus, 1.07 to 1.10; the wing, 3.30 to 3.48. The clear plumbeons 
cast of the flanks and thighs, and the white crissum of nanus, con- 
trast characteristically with the rufous tinge of the same parts in 
pallasti. The legs are rather darker and considerably more slender. 

Pallas, in his Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, I, 1831(?), 465, de- 
scribes a Muscicapa guttata from Kodiak, an island of the Russian 
American Archipelago, collected by Billings. This was, in all pro- 
bability, a young Thrush in the immature spotted plumage, and if 
any described North American species, may, from its size and colora- 
tion, be referred to Turdus nanus, rather than to any other Thrush. 
Should this be substantiated, the name guttatus must take prece- 
dence ; but as there is still some uncertainty on the subject, I prefer 
to make no change at present until young birds of the species can 
be procured. A young T. paliasii shows some rather marked differ- 
ences from Pallas’ description. 


List or SPECIMENS. 


Smith- Collec- Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b: 
No. No. | Age. Collected. 4 y 
8,168} .. -. | Sacramento Valley. ee Lt. Williamson. Dr. Newberry. 

16,143 | 353 Q | Fort Crook, Cal. May 20,’59.| J. Feilnmer. | 1... 

10,885 a8 od | Fort Bridger. April 29 C. Drexler, | = ...... 
8,170 Frontera, Tex. May 8. Major Emory. Chas. Wright. 


32'165|10,781| ¢ | San Gertrude Mt., 
Cape St. Lucas. | Jan. 1861. J. Xantus. 


Turdus auduboni. 


Turdus auduboni, Barrp. 

Merula silens, Swainson, Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 369 (not Turdus silens of 
Vieriuot, Encycl. Meth. II, 1823, 647, based on 7. mustelinus, WILS. 
=T. fuscescens).—Is. Fauna Bor.-Amer. II, 1831, 186.—Baigp, 
Birds N. Amer. 1858, 213, and 922.—Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1858, 325 
(La Parada), and 1859, 325 (Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 
2, no. 9. 


Hab. Rocky Mountains, from Fort Bridger south into Mexico. 


Since my article on the genus Turdus was published in the Birds 


TURDUS. 1% 


of North America, I have seen several other specimens of the large 
race of Turdus pallasit. The back is rather more olivaceous than 
in pallasti, the rump paler and less rufous, and the colors generally 
much as in nanus. In the largest specimen (10,886, from Fort 
Bridger) the wing is 4.18 inches; tail, 3.60; bill, from tip to nostril, 
.45; tarsus, 1.26. Other specimens from Mexico and Guatemala 
are a little smaller, but all exceed pallasii in size. 

This species or race appears to belong to the high table lands of 
North America; the skin collected by Mr. Drexler, at Fort Bridger, 
and that from Cantonment Burgwyn (both localities in the Rocky 
Mountains), being however the only specimens recorded from the 
United States. On the other hand, it seems to be rather common 
in Mexico and Guatemala. 

A specimen from Orizaba agrees with the others referred to in the 
grayer plumage above, although not larger than many of the true 
pallasit. It is probably the same variety that Dr. Sclater refers to 
as T. pallasit from Orizaba. 

Whether the present bird be specifically distinct from 7. pallasii 
or not, there is no doubt of its being a decidedly marked race, of 
larger size and grayer plumage above. While, as defined, the true 
T. pallasit is confined to eastern North America, possibly not mi- 
grating south of its limits, the 7. auduboni belongs to the central 
North American plateau, ranging from Fort Bridger to Orizaha. 

As the name of T. stlens is pre-occupied in the genus by Vieillot, 
I have ventured to affix the name of 7. audubonz to the present bird, 
basing the name upon the largest specimen from Fort Bridger 
(10,886). 


List oF SPECIMENS. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc oon, Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 5 


10,886 | 483 og | Fort Bridger? May 28, ’58.| C. Drexler. 

11,734 a3 .. | Cantonment Bur- its Dr. W. W. Ander- 
7,950 bea .. |Mexico. [gwyn,N.M. ates J. Gould. [son. 

13,579 sre ae Se aon “ 

13,580; .. ae ee ot ue 

32,4597| 355 .. |Orizaba, feel Prof. Sumichrast. 


10,886. Type. No. 11,734. 8; 11.25; 3.75. 


Turdus fuscescens. 


Turdus mustelinus, Wiisox, Am. Orn. V, 1812, 98, pl. 43 (not of Genin). 
Turdus fuscescens, SrepHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool. Birds, X, 1, 1817, 182. 
Cas. Jour. 1855, 470 (Cuba).—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 214.— 
Scrater, P. Z. S. 1859, 326.—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 2, no. 10. 
Turdus silens, Vietuu. Encyclop. Méth. II, 1823, 647 (based on 7. muste- 
linus, Wits.). 
2 June, 1864, 


18 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Turdus wilsonii, Box. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 73. 
Turdus minor, D’Ors. La Sagra’s Cuba Ois. 1840, 47, pl. v (Cuba). 


Hab, Eastern North America; Cuba; Panama (winter). 


There is not much variation in the color, and but little in the size 
of this species. The spots on the breast are sometimes more distinct 
than common, but less so than in 7. ustulatus, and they never extend 
so far back. 

It is a matter of some geographical interest that Mr. Drexler 
obtained the true 7. fuscescens at Fort Bridger, in the Rocky 
Mountains, instead of 7. ustulatus, its western representative. 

The collections of the Smithsonian Institution do not contain 
specimens of this species from any point north of Fort Garry, nor 
south of the limits of the United States, although Mr. Lawrence has 
a skin from the Isthmus of Panama. I do not find it quoted as from 
beyond the United States by recent authors. 


List of SPECIMENS. 


Smith- Collec- oer When 
sonian| tor’s | an Locality. Received from ollected b 
No. | No. | Age. ‘i Collected. Seer 
22,299| .. | .. | Halifax, N.S. on W. G. Winton. - 
18,683 16 .- | Portsmouth, N. H. iad E. Coues. 
13,132 a .. | Red River Settle- ‘ee Cc. S. Hubbard. 
18,522] 23 iis “* (ment, B.A. ae D. Gunn. 
13,698 os o& | Rainy Lake. May 29. R. Kennicott. 
4,713 wi +» | Mo. of Vermilion. sits Lt. Warren. 
10,881 a Q | Fort Bridger, Utah.| May 27,’58.| C. Drexler. 
- 8 Q | Panama. ares Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb. 


13,132. No. 2,256. Eggs. No. 8. Cabinet of G. N. Lawrence. 


Turdus ustulatus. 


Turdus ustulatus, Nurrauu, Man. I, 1840, 400 (Columbia River).—Barrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 215, pl. lxxxi, fig. 1.—Coopzr & Suckxey, P. R. 
Rep. XII, u, 1860, 171. 


Additional specimens of this bird, received since the publication 
of the “ Birds of North America,” have satisfied me of the validity 
of this species. Of the diagnostic characters there enumerated, I 
find that of the fulvous or yellowish brown of the axillars (and to 
some extent of the tibie), as compared with their purer ash in fus- 
cescens to be a constant one. The spots on the breast are much 
better defined, darker, and extend farther back on the breast. The 
sides are more of a yellowish-brown. The Dill is much darker 
being dark brown except at the base of the lower mandible, which is 
yellowish, and in marked contrast to the remainder ; while is Susces- 


TURDUS. 19 


cens the lower mandible is yellowish, only tinged with brownish 
(sometimes scarcely appreciable) towards the end. 

This species hitherto has not heen noted as found outside of the 
limits of Washington Territory and Northern Oregon, nor as far east 
as the Rocky Mountains—the most eastern point being Chiloweyuck 
Depot, of the Northwestern Boundary Survey (as 15,931, July 3, 
1859, Dr. Kennerly), where it was found breeding very abundantly. 
The eggs bear a close resemblance to those of 7. swainsoni, being 
thickly spotted, instead of being plain blue, as in its nearest relative, 
T. fuscescens. 


Turdus swainsonii. 


Turdus swainsonii, Cas. Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 188.—? Scra- 
TER & Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 6 (Guatemala).—Sctater, P. Z. 8. 1858, 
451 (Ecuador); 1859, 326.—Is. Catal. 1861, 2, no. 11.—Bairp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 216.—Guwpzacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba). 

Turdus minor, Guertin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 809 (in part). 

Turdus olivaceus, Giravp, Birds L. Island, 1843-44, 92 (not of Liny.). 

(?) Turdus minimus, LaFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool. 1848, 5.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 
1854, 111.—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1860, 226 (Bogota).— 
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1863. (Birds Panama, IV, no. 384.) 


Hab. Eastern North America; westward to Ft. Bridger and Upper Columbia, 
north to Arctic Ocean, south to Ecuador. 


There is not much difference in the color and size of specimens of 
this species from different parts of the United States. There is a 
strong fulvous tinge on the throat, breast, and side of head and neck, 
a tawny yellowish ring round the eye, and a decided line of the same 
extending from the nostrils to the eye. The upper parts are of uni- 
form olivaceous, and pretty constant in shade; sometimes a little 
grayer, sometimes with a faint tinge of rufous, though this is usually 
almost inappreciable. 

Sometimes the fulvous tinge of the breast is so slight as to induce 
a resemblance to 7. alicizx ; but here the persistence of the yellowish 
ring round the eye, and the line from eye to nostril, will generally 
determine the species. In a few instances the ring round the eye 
and loral line are very pale, but I have considered the distinct ex- 
istence of the latter as inclining the decision in favor of swainsonit. 
It is quite possible that some of these doubtful specimens may be 
hybrids of the two species, as they invariably come from the regions 
where both breed abundantly. 

The bill is generally rather small, on an average measuring .35 
from front of bill to nostril; in one or two specimens in the series, 
as 22,250, from Washington, it measures .40, or nearly as much as 


20 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


aliciz. One specimen (5,657) from Kansas, has the bill only .30 
from nostril to tip; the tarsi, .99; wing, 3.80; tail, 2.88. In an 
average specimen from Carlisle (2,639) the bill is .40; tarsus, 1.12; 
wing, 3.75; tail, 2.85. 

A specimen from Panama, belonging to Mr. Lawrence’s collection, 
and which he refers to the Turdus minimus of Lafresnaye, is smaller 
than the average of northern specimens, with shorter bill. Itisa 
very little less than the Kansas specimen, with the bill a little longer ; 
but several Carlisle and other northern specimens have the wings 
and tail still shorter. I am, therefore, disinclined to consider the 
specimen as anything more than 7. swainsont, perhaps a short 
billed variety to which the Kansas specimen may also belong. 

If the Turdus minimus of Lafresnaye be properly described, it 
would appear to be different from any of the varieties of 7. swain- 
sonit. 

This species has been found to occur farther to the west than was 
formerly supposed. Mr. Drexler obtained specimens at Fort Bridger, 
Dr. Cooper in the Bitterroot Mountains, and Dr. Kennerly, of the 
N. W. Boundary Survey, found it in Washington Territory. North- 
ward it reaches almost to the Arctic Ocean, along the Mackenzie, 
and across from there to Fort Yukon; in fact it occurs throughout 
the whole northern heavily wooded region. I have seen no speci- 
meus from Labrador, where, however, T. aliciz seems abundant. 

Having had the opportunity of examining the specimen from Bo- 
gota, which Dr. Bryant referred to the species of Lafresnaye (no. 92 
of Dr. Bryant’s collection), I am able to corroborate the remarks of 
the former relative to its peculiarities. The spots are larger than 
common in the North American birds, and appear to extend farther 
back on the breast and sides, where, in fact, they are as dark as those 
on the jugulum, instead of being fainter and grayer of tint. The 
flanks are darker, and colored like the back, instead of being much 
lighter. The line from bill to eye, and probably the ring round the 
eye, are of a much more brownish-yellow. 

I am, however, not ready to conclude that this specimen is specifi- 
cally distinct from Turdus swainsonii, as North American skins 
vary a good deal in their characters, some of them approaching 
it in one direction and some in another. The size is nearly equal to 
the average of swatnsonii, the skin being pressed up so as to seem 
shorter than it should be. It measures but 5.90, but should be at 
least 6.50; the wing is 3.80; the tail 2.95; bill to nostril, .36; 
tarsus, 1.04; all dimensions readily paralleled in the North American 
bird. The bill is fully as large. 


TURDUS,, 21 


The Turdus minimus of Mr. Lawrence, from Panama, is even 
more like typical North American birds. 

It is quite possible that neither of these specimens belongs to the 
true ZT. minimus of Lafresnaye, as this author speaks of his bird 
being of a smoky brown tinge above, “just as in Securus aquaticus 
(noveboracensis),” a decidedly different color. 


List oF SPECIMENS. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex Wh 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll ad Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. eee Rs 
23,622 aie .- | Moose Factory, H. sae J. Mackenzie. |  ...... 
20,616| 79 a a [Bay.|July 3, ’60.| C. Drexler. C. Deexler. 
20,614} 485 .. | Fort George. July 11,’60. t= ey th) “oo eianeraiens 
23,288 Se .. | St. Stephens, N. B. wots G. A. Boardman,}| ~—........ 
2,206 ate 3d | Carlisle, Pa. May 3,1845.; S. F. Baird. | =... 
22,250] 544 .. | Washington, efits D. W. Prentiss. 
27,189] 86 Q | Fort Yukon. June 20. Jas, Lockhart. 
27,182 |1,190 of a a R. Kennicott. 
23,221 .. | Fort Good Hope. ney R. W. M’Farlane. 
27,188 a4 2 | Fort Simpson. bees B. R. Ross. 
22,612| 649 .. | Big Island. iets 5S 
19,479 a .. | Fort Resolution. May 2. R. Kennicott. 
17,980 62 .. | Saskatchewan. 1859. ic nan || ae 
11,585 as -- | Red River Sett. seed D.Gunn, =| saaaaee 
5,818 on od | Black Hills. Sept. 18. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden. 
8,302 15 .. | Independence, Mo. |Mar. 27,'57.| W. M. Magraw. Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
6,993 a ¢ | St. Louis, Mo. May 15, ’57,| Lt. Bryan. W.S. Wood. 
4,324 ae +» | Caleasieu, La. 1854. G. Wurdemann. | a... 
12,199 we .. | Red Fork of Arkan- ais Dr. 8S. W. Wood- 
sas. House, | iahbg lg 
8,215] 147 .. | Fort Laramie. Sep. 10, ’57.| Dr. J.G. Cooper.|  —...... 
10,887 af & | Fort Bridger. May 27,°58.| ©. Drexler, | = ...... 
22,037 93 . | Bitter Root Valley. |Sep. 3, 60. | Dr. J.G.Cooper.| —...... 
21,916 | 549 og | Clark’s Fork of Col. ane A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly. 
21,917 | 538 2 [River. ik of ee 
13,577 ae Mexico. oor J.Gould, | sae 
7,948 8 tf tf ate ae ares 
13,578 a5 .. | Guatemala. citacs Ss VE tec 
20,393 a -. | Coban, Vera Paz. ee O.Salviny 9 bh 2 wseeee 
5 -. | Panama. 1862. Cab. Lawrence. M’Leannan. 


(2,206.) 7.40; 12.08; 4.08. (8,302.) Iris brown. 


Turdus aliciz. 


Turdus alici#z, Barkp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 217, pl. 81, fig. 2.—Coves, Pr. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Aug. 1861, 217 (Labrador) 


The validity of this species, first established in 1858, in the “ Birds 
of North America,” has since been substantiated, and its geographical 
distribution ascertained by numerous specimens in the Museum of 
the Smithsonian Institution. Labrador and the Lower Mackenzie 
River, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, and to the 
south, Costa Rica, have all been added to the regions known to be 
inhabited by it. It is, in fact, a very remarkable circumstance, that 
for two or three years past it has been more abundant around Wash- 


! Type of minimus of Lawrence. 


22 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. 


. ington than swainsonii itself. It certainly is much more common 
now than formerly, as none of the older collections embrace it among 
their species, while it is frequently met with at the present time. 

As originally described, it differs from swainsonti in larger size, 
longer bill, feet, and wings especially, straighter and narrower bill. 
The back is of a greener olive. The breast and sides of the head 
are entirely destitute of the buff tinge, or at best this is very faintly - 
indicated on the upper part of the breast. The most characteristic 
features are seen on the side of the head. Here there is no indica- 
tion whatever of the light line from-nostril to eye, and scarcely 
any of a light ring round the eye—the whole region being grayish- 
olive, relieved slightly by whitish shaft-streaks on the ear coverts. 
The sides of body, axillars, and tibie are olivaceous gray, without 
any of the fulvous tinge seen in swainsonti. The bill measures .40, 
from tip to nostril sometimes more; tarsi, 1.21; wing, 4.20; tail, 
3.10—total, about 7.50. Some specimens slightly exceed these 
dimensions; few, if any, fall short of them. 

At the time that this species was described, in 1858, the only 
known localities were Illinois and the line of the Missouri River 
along the mouths of the Vermilion and the James Rivers. Since 
that time its distribution has been found to be much more extensive. 
Although not yet found west of the Missouri, nor on it above Fort 
Union, it is abundant along the Lower Mackenzie, and especially 
about Fort Anderson, on Anderson River. Itis rare on the Youkon, 
as well as on Slave Lake, except perhaps at the western extremity. 
Mr. Coues found it abundant in Labrador. It is now particularly 
common in the spring about Washington, and a few specimens have 
been obtained about Philadelphia. South of this it has not been 
noticed with the single exception of the specimen recorded below. 
Dr. Bryant, however, thinks he has seen it in Dr. Gundlach’s Cuban 
collection. 

Tn a word, its distribution in North America, as at present known, 
is from the Missouri River and the Mackenzie on the west, to Wash- 


' Mr. J. A. Allen, in a paper on the Birds of Springfield, Mass. (Pr. Essex 
Institute, IV, 1864, 56), speaks of Turdus alicia as abundant about Springfield, 
and as grading so insensibly into the 7. swainsonii, as not to be entitled to 
consideration as even a strongly marked variety. I am inclined, however, to 
think, from the nature of his remarks and comparisons, that he has not seen 
what I oall 7. aliciz. 

During the many years I collected birds about Carlisle, and in the course 
of which I killed large numbers of 7. swainsonii, I never saw an alicie, although 
I observed the same variations in shade and color of the former referred to by 
Mr. Allen. 


TURDUS. 23 


ington and Philadelphia on the east, and northward to the shores 
of the Arctic Ocean, where, however, it is confined within narrow 


limits of longitude. 


Smith- Collec» ne When 
sonian| tor’s | an Locality. ; Received from Collected b: 

No. | No. |Age. y Collected. y 
27,328 |. 194 | Q | Fort Youkon. June30,’61.| J. Lockhart. |  _....-- 
27,203 | 1,420 | .. | La Pierre’s House. arate B R. Ross. J. Flett. 

is ae «. | Fort Anderson, aie R. Macfarlane. | — ...e-e 
22,607 ie Q | Fort Simpson. Sept. 10, ’60.| B. R. Ross. 
18,072 100 | do | Grosvater Bay, Lab. 1860. Elliot Coues. 

4,708 -» ‘| o& | Mo. of Vermilion. | May 8, 56. | Lt. Warren. Dr, Hayden. 
10,084 .» | W. Northfield, IL. ai R Kennicott. Allee Kennicott. 
22,288 Ohio. J.M. Wheaton, | — ....e 
22,246 oe Washington, D.C. C. Drexler, | — .....- 
30,485 91 San Jose, Costa Rica. Dr. A.v.Frantzius  —.....- 


(27,328.) 7.20; 12.10; 4.10. (10,084.) Type. 


Turdus iliacus. 
Turdus iliacus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 168, and of European 
authors.—REInHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland). 


The occurrence of this well known European species in Greenland 
brings it within the limits of the American Fauna. Two Greenland 
specimens are recorded by Dr. Reinhardt: one of them shot at 
Frederickshaab, Oct. 20, 1845.1 


Planesticus. 
Turdus jamaicensis. 
Turdus jamaicensis, Gurtin, S. N. I, 1788, 809.—Gossz, Birds Jam. 
1847, 142.—Bon. Consp. 1850, 271.—Manrca, Pr. A. N. S. 1863, 
292.—Scnatsr, P. Z. S. 1859, 327.—Is. Catal. 1861, 3, no. 13. 
Turdus capucinus, Hartuavs, Bp. Consp. 271. ‘ 
Turdus lereboulleti, Bp. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, Jan. 1854, 3. 


Hab. Jamaica. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. fe) event Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. i B 

22,144 -. | Spanish town, Jam. | W.T. March, | — ...... 


' This species is smaller than our Robin (7. migratorius), but of a similar 
grayish-olive above, including ‘the head. The under parts are white; the 
feathers of the lower throat and breast streaked with brown. The sides, 
axillars, and inner wing covert are reddish cinnamon. A conspicuous white 
streak over the eye and extending as far back as the nape. Bill black, yel- 
low at base of lower jaw. Legs pale-colored. Second quill longer than fifth. 
Length, about 8.25; wing, 4.64; tail, 3.45; bill, from gape, 1.07, from nostril, 
.44; tarsus, 1.16; middle toe and claw, 1.15. Specimen described; 18,718, 
%,, received from the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich. 


24 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L 


Turdus leucauchen. 
Turdus leucauchen, ScuaTeR, P. Z. 8, 1858, 447.—ScLaTER, Ibis, 1859, 
6.—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 3, no. 16. 


Hab. Guatemala. Mexico? 


Description of No. 30,647. (Compared with type.) Above black- 
ish ash, with tinge of olivaceous; wings and tail blackish brown, 
almost black. Beneath pale brownish ash; axillars and under wing 
coverts tinged with yellowish ; flanks rather darker ; middle of abdo- 
men and crissum white. Inner edges of the quills towards base not 
lighter than elsewhere, but brown. Chin and upper throat white, 
the feathers streaked centrally with black ; a conspicuous pure white 
patch at lower end of throat. Legs horn color; bill yellowish, 
tinged with brown along culmen towards the tip. 

Length, 9.25 (skin); wings, 4.80; tail, 4.20; bill, from nostril, .50; 
tarsus, 1.16; middle toe and claw, 1.10; longest primary (4th and 
5th), 1.10, longer than the shortest; 2d intermediate between 6th 
and 7th. 

Specimens from Costa Rica, compared with 30,647, are smaller; 
the back more olivaceous; the median line of the belly whiter; the 
crissal feathers longer and more edged with plumbeous; the bill 
more tinged with brown. A triangular yellowish spot in the larger 
coverts apparently indicates a slight immaturity. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
i 9 i When F 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. y 


22,360 |43,465 | .. ““Mexico.”" ais E. Verreaux. 
32,684 |43,468 | 9 ae aie ee 
20,688 | 1,452 | .. | Choctun, Vera Paz, | Jan. 1860. O. Salvin. 
30,647 | 3,011 | .. se [Guat. a es 
ae 7 | .. | Guatemala. dais Cab. of G. N. Law- 
33,263 23.| g¢ | Dota Mts., Costa Jan. 27,’64.| J. Carniol. [rence.| =... .. 
33,264 23) ¢ ne [Rica. ee ee ree eae WR Pe 


30,647. ‘‘Compared with type.’ 33,263. Length, 9; extent, 13. Iri llowish-| . 
33,264. Iris brown. ial ‘ chads a i a dean 
Turdus assimilis. 


Turdus assimilis, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 4.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 202; 
1859, 370 (eggs).—In. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 3, no. 15. 


Hab. Mexico (Vera Cruz, Orizaba, Oaxaca). Guatemala. 


No. 22,351. Upper parts uniformly yellowish-olive, very much 
as in the brighter varieties of Turdus swainsonti. Wing and tail 
feathers (concealed portions) brown, of similar shade, without the 


TURDUS. 25 


olive. Beneath pale grayish fulvous, rather darker on the flanks, 
where the color is much as on the back. Belly to crissum white. 
Chin white, the feathers streaked centrally with blackish brown; a 
whitish region posterior to the streaks. 

Axillars yellowish fulvous, as also to a rather less degree, the in- 
side of the wings, including the basal portion of inner webs of the 
quills. Bill and legs horn color, the under mandible paler. 

Length, 8.75; wing, 5.20; tail, 4.30; bill to nostril, .57; tarsus, 
1.20; middle toe and claw, 1.12; claw alone, .30; longest primary 
exceeds the shortest by 1.20; second quill intermediate between the 
6th and 7th (.16 longer than the latter). 

This specimen, in color of upper parts, wings and tail, is very 
similar to Turdus grayi, although readily distinguishable by the 
white abdomen, darker throat-streaks, ete. 

Turdus leucauchen is distinguishable at a glance from 7. ass¢mi- 
lis, by its colors, almost black above, not fulvous; light plumbeous 
ashy beneath, not pale fulvous; uniform brown of inner webs of 
quills, and dark axillars, not decidedly paler and fulvous; greater 
amount of white on the throat; yeltow bill; shorter and more 
rounded wings, etc. ; 

I have been thus detailed in showing the differences between what 
I consider characteristic specimens of assimilis and lewcauchen, to 
introduce a series of specimens exactly intermediate between the two, 
all labelled assimilis: 18,564 from Orizaba, by Dr. Sclater; 30,648 
from Guatemala, by Mr. Salvin; 22,357, Mexico, by Mr. Verreaux. 
In 22,351, the size, proportion, and color are more like leucauchen ; 
the wings and tail are nearly as dark; the back, however, is green- 
ish-olive; the under parts similar, but paler; the axillars with a 
little more fulvous; the bill is as yellow. In 18,564, the relation- 
ship to assimilis is shown by a still lighter tinge above, the axillars 
almost as fulvous as in assimilis. Some dark shaft spots and streaks 
in the feathers of the breast are indications of a certain degree of 
immaturity. 

The gradation of these specimens between assimilis, as described 
above, and leucauchen, is so perfect, that in coloration No. 18,564 
would, I think, be referred to the former, and 22,357 to the latter. 
With this, No. 30,648, from Guatemala, recently received from Mr. 
Salvin, also agrees quite closely—the axillars only being rather more 
fulvous. 

It is quite possible that these specimens referred to as intermedi- 
ate forms may, as labelled, all belong to Turdus assimilis ; while 
22,351 may be another species. In this case I must leave the 


26 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Pant I. 


question to be decided hereafter. Mr. Sclater evidently refers to 
this intermediate form in P. Z. S. 1859, 370. 


| 
Smith-|Collee-| Sex Whe 
| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 
me: i id 
22,351 140,790 | 9 Mexico. Bite Verreaux,. |  — -essee 
22,357 | 40,789 s aise nn (ee eo 
18,564 F as Orizaba, Mex. weed Dr. Selater. Botteri. 
30,648 12.) ns Duenas, Guat. 1860. O.Salvine | ws... 
wie 6 | ae Xalapa. seri Cab. Lawrence. D’0ca. 
| 


Turdus grayi. 


? Merula tristis, Swatns. Philos. Mag. 1827, 369.—Turdus tristis, ScLATER, 
P. Z. 8. 1856, 294; 1859, 330. 

Turdus grayi, Box. P. Z. 8. 1837, 118.—Is. Conspectus, 1850, 272,— 
Scrater & Sazviy, Ibis, I, 1859, 5 (eggs).—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 4, 
no. 22.—Casanis, Journ. for 1860, 323. 

? Planesticus luridus, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 4 (New 
Grenada). 

Turdus casius, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XLI, 1855, 657.—Turdus cesius, 
Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 330.—Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 326 
(Panama). 

Hab. Mexico (Xalapa, Cordova, Oaxaca) ; Guatemala (Vera Paz); Costa 
Rica. 


In a rather large series of specimens I find some differences in 
individuals, which, however, do not appear of specific value, espe- 
cially as the separation in one character does not correspond with that 
based on another; nor are there any appreciable geographical rela- 
tionships. The length of the wing, tarsus, and bill, as well as the color 
and width of the latter, vary in specimens from the same localities. 
In some the inner edges of the quills towards their bases are of the 
same light cinnamon as the inner coverts; this color sometimes 
sharply defined as a margin. In others, again, this is less distinct ; 
while in some these edges are only of a paler gray, with the faintest 
trace only of cinnamon, and no margin is traceable. 

In most specimens of this bird the edges of the inner webs of the 
quills towards the base are light cinnamon, like the axillars, forming 
a conspicuous and well defined edging. In No. 30,646, however 
(a female bird), this character is almost inappreciable. 

No. 30,559, from Acajutla, differs in being larger (length, 10.00; 
wing, 5.15; tail, 4.80; bill to nostril, .60; tarsus, 1.25). The colors 
are paler, upper parts more olive, and the inner edges of the quills 


TURDUS. 27 


only very slightly fulvous, without any well defined edging. This 
is also the case with some Costa Rica skins. 

Mexican specimens seem to have shorter bills than Guatemalan. 
In all there is a decided bare space behind the eye, less marked, 
however, especially around the eye, than in T. gymnophthalmus. 
The latter species is otherwise somewhat similar, differing mainly in 
the absence of the cinnamon tinge to the under parts of the body. 

Male and female specimens from Panama, in Mr. Lawrence’s col- 
lection, exhibit both extremes of coloration of the quills as referred 
to above. ~ 

I do not consider the evidence before me favorable to the separa- 
ration of 7. cesius from the original grayi; and therefore, for the 
present, prefer to unite the two species. Planesticus luridus, Bon. 
Notes Orn. Delattre, 28, New Grenada, probably, as suggested by 
Sclater, belongs here also. 

It is difficult to say to which of the Mexican Planestici the Turdus 
tristis of Swainson belongs. His description of “olive brown, be- 
neath whitish ; chin with black spots; under wing coverts pale fer- 
tuginous ; bill and legs brown,” really suits 7. leucauchen better 
than grayt, to which it has generally been referred, but is too far 
from the truth to admit of being identified with either. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. : 
13,664 one .. | Xalapa, Mex. eee P. L. Selater. 
33,570 | 165| .. | Mirador, Mex. Nov. 1863. | Dr. Sartorius. 
22,359 |40,793 4 ! ! Cordova? Mex. mia Verreaux. 
32,686 |14, 080 Mexico. late re 
ea -. | Jalapa. [Guat. Cab. Lawrence. 
20,394 | 1, ie .» | Tactic, Vera Paz, Jan. “1860. O. Salvin. 
30,646 3, 015 | 9 | Coban, “ [dor. 1861. 5 
30,859 - cd | Acajutla, San Salva- Angi 11,763.) Capt. J. M. Dow. 
30,481 17 | .. | San Jose, Costa Rica. Dr, v. Frantzius. 
33,260 oe rr ae a inle J. Carniol. 
33,262 | .. sts ee wis es . 
33,261 | 147] .. | es eae Dr. v. Frantzius. 
ay 8 Guatemala. mus Cab. Lawrence. 
11} @ : Panama. a 
ww} ¢ 1 
13,664. 4.80; 1.25; 1.05. Inner edges of quills cinnamon; sharply defined. 
33/570 “ “ rr a 
22,359. 470; 1.30; 1.10. ee se “ e 
9 4.70; 1.30; 1.13. Cinnamon ; not sharply defined. 
20,394. 460; 1.18; 1.15. sharply defined. 
80,646. 4 80: 1.25; 1.15. Paler, only a trace of cinnamon. 
30,859, 5.15; 1.30; 1.17. 7 tf “ 
30,481. 4.75: 1.20; 1.12. Cinnamon; sharply defined. 
8. 4.50; 1.22; 1.10. 6 se ss 
11. 4.40; 1.20; 1.05. Paler, not edyed with cinnamon. 
10. 4.85; 1.20; 1.10. a e ef 


1 7. casius, Lawr. 


28 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Turdus obsoletus. 
Turdus obsoletus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 1862 (%, Panama). 


Hab. Isthmus of Panama. 


Male: Second quill between 6th and 7th; 4th and 5th longest. 
Color above dark brownish olive, deepest on the head; beneath show- 
ing a considerably paler shade of the same, but darkest on the sides; 
throat similar, but with a grayish tinge, the centres of the feathers 
obsoletely darker. Region about the vent and under tail coverts 
pure white. Inner wing coverts, axillars, and inner edges of the 
quills cinnamon rufous. Greater coverts with a spot of cinnamon 
at the end (an indication of immaturity?). Bill and legs uniform 
brown. 

Length, 8.10; wing, 4.60; tail, 3.80; bill from gape, 1.15, from 
nostril, .58; tarsus, 1.17; middle toe and claw, 1.15. 

I owe the opportunity of examining this species to the kindness 
of Mr. Lawrence, the description being taken from his type speci- 
men No. 12, collected by Mr. M’Leannan in 1862. The peculiar 
dark lines crossing the feathers on the back, described by Mr. Law- 
rence, are purely optical in character, being similar to the watering 
of silks, etc. The under parts, too, are quite uniform, the edges of 
the feathers being possibly a little ferruginous. 

This species may be the female of one of the black species as 
suggested by Dr. Sclater, in a letter to Mr, Lawrence; but I am 
unable to assign it to any of those described, and the bird is marked 
as a male by Mr. M’Leannan. 


Turdus migratorius. 


Turdus migratorius, Linn. 8. N. 12th ed. 1766, 292.—Scuater, P. Z. S. 
1856, 294; 1859, 331.—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 4.Barrp, Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 218.—Coorer & Suckzey, P. R. R. R. XII, 1, 1859, 172. 

Figures: Viziuior, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. lx, lxii—Witson, Am. Orn. 
I, 1808, pl. ii—Doveury, Cab. N. H. I. 1830, pl. xii.—AvDUBoN, 
Birds Am. III, pl. 142; Orn. Biog. H, pl. 131. 


Hab. The whole of North America; Mexico (Oaxaca, Cordova); Cuba, very 
rare (Gundlach) ; Tobago (Kirk). 


In highly plumaged specimens from the east the feathers of the 
inter-scapular region are frequently, even generally, tinged with 
blackish in their centres, passing gradually into ash on the edges, 
and the black of the head ceases to be sharply defined. There is also 
usually a well defined whitish tip, half an inch long, to the outer tail 
feathers. 


TURDUS. 29 


In Rocky Mountain skins, the tail is either black except a very 
narrow whitish edge, or the white tips of eastern specimens are re- 
placed by a dull gray. The black of the head, too, is better defined, 
the interscapular feathers more uniformly ash, and the upper parts 
without the faint brownish wash so frequently seen in eastern speci- 
mens. ‘There are, however, some exceptions to these features, in the 
series from each locality. The eolors generally of western birds 
appear to be paler. 

It may be proper to state that, while in spring adult specimens 
the bill is yellow with the extreme tip dusky, in immature, and per- 
haps winter dress, there is every gradation from this to a uniformly 
dusky bill. The entire culmen is frequently tinged with brown. 

In none of the specimens before me is the head entirely destitute 
of its brown or blackish color, although the edges of the feathers 
are frequently so much tinged with ash as greatly to obscure this 
character. 

The bills vary considerably in length—the shortest measuring .50 
from tip to nostrils, the average being barely .60. 

A specimen from Mirador, Mex. (No. 23,908), agrees generally 
with skins from the United States, but the throat anteriorly is so 
closely streaked with black as to exceed the white in amount, this 
color being restricted principally to the chin. 

This species is found throughout the whole of North America, 
north to the Arctic Ocean, wherever collections have been made, 
and as far south as the latitude of Vera Cruz. No species are more 
generally distributed in North America than this bird and Dendreca 
zstiva. I find no mention of its occurrence south of Mexico. 

I mention only the extra limital specimens of the many skins in 
the Smithsonian collection. 


Smith-| Collec-| Sex : 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Beane: Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. 
7,949 Mexico. esi | J. Gould. Sires 
“ isiced : J. Taylor. 
13,581 . | . 
23,908 Mirador, Mex. nae i Dr. C. Sartorius.| ...... 


Turdus confinis. 
Turdus confinis, BarD, 0. 8. 
Hab. Todos Santos, Cape St. Lucas. 


No. 23,789. Entire upper parts and sides of head and neck uni- 
form grayish ash, with perhaps a faint tinge of olivaceous, less than 
in eastern specimens of 7. migratorius. The central portions of the 


30 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


feathers of the top of head are rather darker than the edges, though 
almost inappreciably so, and not imparting a general dusky appear- 
ance. The chin and throat are white, streaked with ashy brown. 
The jugulum and breast are pale yellowish buff; the axillars, inner 
wing coverts and sides of the breast similarly, but rather more de- 
cidedly colored. The belly and edges of the crissal feathers are 
white, the hinder parts of the flanks ashy. There is a distinct 
whitish stripe from the lores over, and a quarter of an inch behind 
the eye; the lower eyelid is also white. The tail feathers are 
worn, but there is an indication of a narrow white tip. The 
feathers of the jugulum, especially of the sides, are tipped with 
ashy like the back, as in immature specimens of T. migratorius. 
The greater wing coverts are tipped with dull white. The bill is 
yellowish ; the upper mandible and the tip of lower tinged with 
dusky. The feet are pale brown. 

The length cannot be given accurately, as the skin is much drawn 
up. The wing, however, measures 5.10 inches, its tip reaching 1.40 
beyond the longest secondary; tail, 4.10; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe 
and claw, 1.07; exposed portion of culmen, .92; from tip to open 
portion of nostrils, .60. 

The specimen with a general resemblance to an immature T. 
migratorius (especially the western variety), in the white superciliary 
streak and general markings, is much lighter beneath than in any of 
the many skins of Z. migratortus before me; there being none of 
the dark chestnut or cinnamon shade, but rather a light buff; the 
belly and flanks are much more purely white. The superciliary 
stripe extends farther behind the eye; indeed in most specimens of 
migratorius the white is nearly confined to the eyelids. The bill 
and wings are rather longer than usual in migratorius ; the middle 
toe, on the other hand, appears shorter. 

The specimen lacks entirely the reddish-brown back of 7. flavi- 
rostris, in which latter also the breast and sides are like those of 
migratorius. The white of the belly is even more extended. It 
has a whitish superciliary streak, entirely wanting in flavirostris. 
The upper part of the jugulum is not streaked. The wings are 
longer and more pointed, and the primaries extend considerably 
farther beyond the secondaries. The bills are of the same size ; the 
tarsus is 1.20, or longer than the middle toe and claw; while in flavi- 
rostris (although a larger bird) the tarsus is only 1.00, and shorter 
than the middle toe and claw (1.20). 

Upon ‘the whole, it may be that the specimen before me represents 
an abnormal plumage of 7. migratorius; but its rather different 


TURDUS. 31 


proportions, much paler ground color beneath, greater extent of 
white on the belly, absence of black or dusky on the head, etc., leads 
me to consider it as distinct. Its being a summer bird of Cape St. 
Lucas is also an additional argument for this view. It is decidedly 
not to be referred to T. flavirostris. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex Wh 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Galizecsa Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. i 

23,789 Todos Santos, C. 8. L.| Sum. of 1860. J. Xantus. J. Santus. 


Turdus flavirostris. 


Turdus flavirostris, Swainson, Philos. Mag. 1827, 369.—Scuater, P. Z. 
8. 1859, 332. 

Turdus rufopalliatus, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1840, 259 (erroneously quoted 
as from Monterey, Cal.). 

Turdus palliatus, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 272. 


Hab. Western Mexico. 


This species appears to be but little known to ornithologists at 
the present time, none having been obtained by Boucard, Salle, 
D’Oca, and other collectors. Mr. Xantus, however, procured nume- 
rous specimens, in 1863, about Colima, Mex., which would seem to be 
its centre of abundance. It appears to vary but little in color with 
sex and season, and may readily be identified by Sclater’s diagnosis. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
0 No. | Age Collected. 
12, 864 95 | of Ist. Tehuantepec. | May 17. T. C. Martin. A. J. Grayson. 
29,349 104] of Colema, Mex. Jan. 1863. J. Xantus. J. Xantus. 
“ “ e rr 
ae Ta | eke 7 : i 
99,352 | l0l| ¢ ie “ “ ue ie 
2 106 “ee “ce ce “a “ 
30 30 105 é is “ a“ i i 
30,134 | 103] ¢ i “ «“ ‘ Ht 
30,137 | _ 143] & ti “ Feb. 1863. “ “ 
31,818 | LZ | a “ Aug. 1863. “ he 
th, 8.50. Iris brown. 29,354. Iris brown, 
ned Pee aay: a weadlaln 30,134. Length, 8.50. Iris brown. 
297351. “brown. 30,137, * 9.95. & 
297352. ad 54 31,818. “oo 
29,353. ue at 
Merula. 


Turdus infuscatus. 
Merula infuscata, Larres. Rev. Zool. 1844, 41.—Turdus infuscatus, 
Scuatex & Sazvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 6.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 334, 
362.—Is. Catal. 1861, 5 (no. 33). 


Hab. Mexico (Xalapa, Oaxaca). Guatemala. 


32 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gennes Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. ‘ 

13, 657. ae a Xalapa. ‘see Dr. P. L. Selater. | D’Oca. 

30,649 | 4,440 | .. Vera Paz, Guat. xh | O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 


Turdus rufitorques. 
Turdus rufitorques, Hartuaus, Rev. Zool. 1844, 214.—Sciarer, P. Z. 8. 
1859, 334; Ibis, II, 1860, 29; Catal. 1861, 6, no. 35. 


Hab. Guatemala; Duefias. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When : 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No.- | No. | Age. 3 
20,391 | 401 | g | Duefas, Guat. | Aug. 3, 1859. O.Salvin | ween 
Hesperocichia. 


Turdus nevius. 
Turdus nevius, Gu. 8. N. I, 1788, 817.—Scrarter, P. Z. 8. 1857, 4; 1859, 
331.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 219.—Coorer & Suckuey, P. R. 
R. R. XII, 11, 1859, 172. 
Orpheus meruloides, Rica. F. B. A. II, 1831, 187, pl. xxxviii. 
Other figures: ViErutor, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, pl. lxvi.—Avp. Orn. 
Biog. IV, 1838, pl. 369, and 433.—Is. Birds Am. III, pl. 143. 


This species is not recorded as found elsewhere than on the north- 
west coast of America, from California northward to Russian America. 
Richardson obtained a single specimen on Great Bear Lake, described 
as Orpheus meruloides ; and Mr. Kennicott found another in the 
Rocky Mts., on Porcupine River (No. 27,221, August 28, 1861, col- 
lector’s number 1,612). 

It is proper to state that the specimen collected by Mr. Kennicott 
(of which only the head and wing were preserved) exhibits a decided 
notch in the bill. Nothing approximating to this character, how- 
ever, could be discerned in over fifty other specimens examined ; in 
all of which, if any indication of notch existed, it was of the most 
obsolete character, and was, in most instances, not to be found at all, 


PLATYCICHLA, Barrp. 
Platycichla, Barrp, n. g. (Type P. brevipes.') 


Among the South American Thrushes in the Museum of the 
Smithsonian Institution is one (No. 23,954) for which I am unable 


1 Platycichla brevipes, Barrp. The upper parts are greenish-olive, with an 
appearance of darker edges to the feathers of the head and back. The under 


PLATYCICHLA—-SEMIMERULA: 33 


to find a name generic or specific, and which differs so very con- 
siderably from any other I have met with as to be well entitled to 
a new generic appellation. It was obtained by Dr. G. R. Horner, 
U.S. N., during the cruise of the Delaware many years ago, on the 
coast of South America, probably in Brazil. Two specimens similar 
to it are in the Philadelphia Academy. This may possibly be the 
Cichlopsis leucogenys, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 54, or an allied species ; 
but I cannot reconcile it with the description of either genus or 
species by Cabanis. 

With the general appearance of a Planesticus, it differs markedly 
in having a short and very broad deeply cleft bill, much depressed 
at the base, and with moderate bristles. The diameter of the jaw 
across the base of lower mandible is .42, much greater than the 
length of gonys (.31), and at least equal to the distance from 
nostrils to end of bill, very different from what it isin Turdus migra- 
torius. The feet are weak. The tarsi are very short, being less 
than the middle toe and claw; they are booted, or without transverse 
divisions. The wings and tail are much as in Turdus migratorius. 

In external form this bird exhibits quite an approach to the Ampe- 
lide, especially to Myadestes, although evidently a Thrush; but its 
short broad bill and weak feet, with short tarsi, distinguish it from 
all others. 


SEMIMERULA, SciaTeER. 
Semimerula, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 332. (Type Turdus gigas.) 


Size large. Wings rather short and rounded, decidedly, but not 
considerably longer than the tail, which is slightly rounded. First 
quill in 7. gigas nearly one-half the 2d, in aurantius two-fifths ; 2d 
about equal to the 8th, or shorter than 7th; 5th longest. Bill large, 
in some specimens as long as the head. Legs stout and strong. 
Tarsi decidedly longer than the head. Color dusky all over. Sexes 
similar. 


parts are yellowish-olive ; crissum paler; the middle of belly and anal region 
whitish ash ; the throat feathers with shaft streaks and arrow spots of dusky, 
obscurely indicated on the jugulum; under wing coverts cinnamon; middle 
coverts with an occasional cinnamon spot. Total length, 8.40; wing, 4.45; 
tail, 3.80; exposed portion of first primary, .95; of second, 3.05; of longest 
(fourth, measured from exposed base of first primary), 3.30; bill: length 
from forehead, .80; from nostril, .43; along gape, .95; width of gape, .55 ; 
legs: tarsus, .95; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw alone, .29; hind toe and 
claw, .68; claw alone, .35. 
3 July, 1864. 


34 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Among the species of Turdus, of Dr. Sclater, I find in his section 
Semimerula a group which, in its characters, differs so widely from 
Turdus and Merula proper, that I cannot help considering it of 
generic rank. At one end of the section is Dr. Sclater’s type, 7. 
gigas of Ecuador, in which the wings differ most from Turdus in 
being broad and much rounded; the Ist primary very large, and 
almost half the 2d, which about equals the 8th—the 6th quill longest. 
The bill is shaped like that of Z. migratorius, but rather larger. 
The legs are stout and strong. In 7. aurantius the wings are rather 
more pointed, but considerably less so than in T. migratorius. The 
lengthened tarsi, considerably longer than the head, form a conspicu- 
ous feature. The general appearance of aurantius is very like that 
of Mimocichla, the principal apparent difference being in the shorter 
and less rounded tail. The style of coloration, too, is much the 
same. 

Mr. George R. Gray places Cichlopsis, of Cabanis, among the 
Thrushes, with T. aurantius as the type. The true type, however, 
is Turdus leucogenys, Licht. Berlin Mus., which is generically very 
different from the Turdus leucogenys, Latham (—T. aurantius, Gr.). 


Semimerula aurantia. 


Turdus aurantius, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 832.—Scuater, P. Z, S. 1859, 
333.—In. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 6, no. 37. (Semimerula.) 

Turdus leucogenys, Lataam, Ind. Orn. I, 341.—Gossz, ‘Birds Jam. 1847, 
136.—Is. Illust. no. 23. 


Hab. Jamaica. 


The sexes do not appear to differ in this species, although the bills 
vary greatly in size. Thus in 24,340, %, the bill measures .60 from 
tip to nostril; while in 22,142, 2, it measures .75, with the same 
width at base or even rather narrower. Thus, as in other large 
Thrushes, I find that the bill varies considerably in size, although 
the average in a large number of specimens may furnish good specific 
characters. 

A young bird exhibits nothing of the spotted plumage of the im- 
mature North American Thrushes, differing from the adult merely in 
a wash of ferruginous on the under side, as well as on the top of 
head and back. 

Measurement of 24,340, &: Length, 10.00; wing, 4.80; tail, 4.35; 
bill from head, 1.00, from nostril, .60, from gape, 1.20; Ist primary, 
1.10; 2d primary, 3.20; tarsus, 1.54; middle toe and claw, 1.28. 


MIMOCICHLA. 35 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex 


4 Be i ' When . 
seula tore a Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
13,670 | .. te Jamaica. ates Dr. Sclater. 
23,302 -- |o@Juv; Trelawney, Jam. |July 9, 59. a 
22,140 mye fof Spanishtown, Jam. eae W. Thos. March. 
29, 141]... “ oe “ 
22,142 | 2. g - tee “ 
22143 A sie «(Jam ve 


24,340 | 28 | Goshen, St. Annes,| Oct. 10, ’61. “ 


MIMOCICHLA, Scuarter. 
Mimocichla, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 336. (Type Turdus rubripes, TemM.) 


Form.—Bill large, about as long as the head, without apparent 
notch in some species. Rictal bristles inconspicuous, those near the 
angle of the mouth reaching scarcely more than half way to the 
nostrils. Tarsi lengthened, equal to the middle toe and two lengths 
of its claw, either entirely smooth (or ‘‘ booted’) anteriorly, or with 
obsolete indications of scutelle on the exterior face. Wing a little 
shorter than the tail, rather pointed; the lst primary large, broadly 
falcate, more or less obtuse, and contained from two and a half to 
three times in the 2d primary, which is nearly equal to the 8th quill; 
the 4th and 5th quills longest, the 3d and 6th little shorter. Tail 
somewhat graduated; the lateral feathers about three-quarters of an 
inch shorter. A naked ring round the eye. 

Cotor.—In the four species known to me the prevalent color is a 
uniform slaty or plumbeous, as in the Cat-bird (Jimus carolinensis). 
The extreme chin is white, the throat with a black patch, either uni- 
form or interrupted with white. The lores and space beneath the 
eye blackish. The lateral tail feathers have a terminal patch of 
white on their under surface for nearly half the exposed length, 
obscured on the outer web by a plumbeous tinge on the upper sur- 
face. All the feathers of wings and tail black, the former with the 
exposed or outer surface margined broadly with plumbeous in abrupt 
contrast (the black shows externally on the ends of the quills). First 
and 2d quills black, without external margin. Tail feathers margined 
at the base. 

The species may be thus distinguished :— 


Bill bldck; whole under parts, including vent and crissum, 


uniform slaty i : - plumbea. 
Bill reddish-black ; under parti niumbeens — vent and 
crissum, which are white . . . -  schistacea. 


‘Bill reddish-black ; beneath plumbeous ; ewes ehabtaen and 
thighs cinnamon red; crissum white. si . » rubripes. 


36° REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Bill yellow; breast light cinereous, shading into a white ab- 
domen and crissum; throat white, with narrow central 
streaks of black (in all others uniform black) is .  ardosiacea. 


This genus—a strongly marked one among the American Thrushes 
—is confined to the West India Islands, and may possibly include 
more species than those here enumerated. These have been in a 
state of much confusion until disentangled by the discovery, on the 
part of Dr. Bryant, of the true 7. plumbeus, of Linnezus, as shown 
by him in his paper presented to the Boston Society of Natural 
History. 


Mimocichla plumbea. 


Turdus plumbeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. X, 1758, 169, not of ed. XII, 1, 
294 (except reference to CarssBy), nor of GuEzin, 814, 12, which 
does not belong to the series at all, being a mixture of different 
forms. 

Mimus rubripes, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859, 114. (Blue Jay and 
Blue Thrasher of inhabitants.) 

Mimokitta plumbea, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. 18638. 

Turdus viscivorus plumbeus, Caressy, Carol. I, tab. xxx. 


Hab. Bahamas. 


Bill from base of skull about as long as the head. No indication of a ter- 
minal notch, or at best a very faint one. Commissural edge of upper jaw 
straight as far as the nostrils, then concave tothe tip. Bristles about gape 
very short and inconspicuous, those at the angle of the mouth extended for- 
ward, reaching only half way to the nostrils. A narrow membranous ring 
round the eye, with a small naked space behind. 

Tarsi lengthened, rather more than equal to one and a quarter times the 
length of middle toe and claw. Scutelle indistinctly evident, almost oblite- 
rated and fused together, most distinct on the external face, eight in number 
to the base of middle toe. Outer lateral toe and claw the longer, reaching to 
base of middle claw, about equal to the hind toe and claw. 

Tail graduated ; lateral feathers .60, shorter than the middle ones. Wings 
a little shorter than the tail, moderately rounded ; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 
3d and 6th little shorter; 2d intermediate between 7th and 8th, .45 shorter 
than the longest; Ist quill with its exposed surface one-third the length of 
the 2d, slightly falcate, broadest in the middle, but with the sides about 
parallel to the end, where it is obliquely truncate with the corners rounded. 

General color slaty gray (like that of Mimus carolinensis), including crissum, 
tibie, inner wing coverts, etc.; rather lighter beneath. Feathers of crown 
with concealed dark central streaks. Lores, space beneath the eye, fading 
out behind and a broad square patch on the chin and throat widening 
alittle behind, black, without any edging of white. Space between the rami 
of lower jaw, and a patch on its outer side white; the latter duller in color 
and continued beneath the eye, becoming more plumbeous, and forming an 
“ndistinct line of separation between the black of throat and that below the 


MIMOCICHLA. 37 


eye. Wings and tail black, the coverts and outer edges of the quills light 
hoary plumbeous, margining and abruptly contrasting with the general black 
(ist and 2d primaries not margined). Rather more than the terminal fourth 
(1.20 inches) of lateral tail feathers with a white patch, the portion on the 
outer web plumbeous; this patch diminishes in size on the others until on 
the two inner on each side it forms only a slight plumbeous tip. The bill is 
black; the legs reddish. 

Tarsus, 1.40; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw from base, .30; bill from 
base of head, 1.09, from nostrils, .61; commissure, 1.10; wing, 4.68; tail, 
5; 1st quill, 1.00 long, .20 wide. 


As shown by Dr. Bryant, this is the true Turdus plumbeus of. 
Linneus, based upon the Turdus viscivorus plumbeus of Catesby 
(I, pl. xxx), a Bahama bird not recognized by naturalists until the 
visit of Dr. Bryant to the Bahamas, in 1859. In the 10th edition 
Linnzus confines his citations entirely to Catesby ; in the 12th, he 
includes Brisson’s description of Merula americana cinerea, a differ- 
ent species. In their endeavors to find in Catesby’s bird one or 
other of tlie species belonging to the West Indies, authors found 
a great stumbling block in the black bill represented in his figure 
and description ; and Vieillot insists that Catesby must have been 
in error. This is, however, one of the most strongly marked 
characteristics of the species. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. c anon. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ‘ 


33,168 | 15 ge Nassau, N. P. Ap. £2, ’64.| Lt. Fitzgerald. | = ...... 
aA ea * Bee Cab. Dr. Bryant.| —........ 


33,168. Legs, inside of bill, and iris orange red; bill black. 


Mimocichla schistacea. 


Mimocichla schistacea, BarrD, 0. 8. 


(17,713.) Bill very large and stout, about as long as the head; commissure 
very nearly straight. Bill decidedly notched. Rictal bristles short; not 
reaching as far forward as the nostrils. Legs stout ; tarsi longer than middle 
toe and claw; no indication of scutellation anteriorly. Wings rather shorter 
than tail; 1st primary much developed, almost half the 2d, broad-falcate, 
rather pointed. Tail somewhat graduated ; lateral feathers .70 shorter than 
central. 

Color dark plumbeous, scarcely paler on the rump. Centres of feathers of 
head and back darker (concealed). Tibia plumbeous, vent and crissum 
white. A broad patch on throat extending to the jugulum, lores, and space 
beneath the eye, black; chin and short stripe along the side of lower jaw, 
with concealed basal edges of the throat feathers, white. Tail feathers with 
a terminal white patch, largest externally, and diminishing to the central 


38 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


ones. Wings and tail black. Outer edges of wing feathers, except Ist and 
2d primaries, and of tail feathers at the base, plumbeous. Bill in skin red- 
dish-black ; legs apparently reddish. Iris in life light brown. 

Length of skin, 10.50; wing, 5.00; tail, 5.10; longest quill, .50 longer than 
2d; Ist quill 1.55 long, .20 wide; 2d, 3.40; bill from forehead, 1.20, nostril, 
TL; commissure, 1.31; tarsns, 1.50; middle toe and claw, 1.21, claw alone, 


.30; hind toe and claw, .81. 


I have not been without a suspicion that this bird might be the 
MU. rubripes, without any reddish on the belly. In view, however, 
of the close resemblances among the West India species, and certain 
apparent differences of form, I am more inclined to the opinion that 
they are distinct. The size is about the same, but the bill is 
conspicuously larger and heavier ; middle and hind toes longer, with 
their claws longer; the lst primary longer. There is none of the 
cinnamon red of the belly; the plumbeous of the belly extends 
farther down to the vent, and includes the flanks and tibia. The 
general color of the body is much darker, and the rump is scarcely 
lighter than the back. 

It is, however, proper to state that, while two of the three speci- 
mens before me are as described, a third (No. 17,112) shows but 
little plumbeous on the thighs, which are of a dirty whitish. Both 
the Monte Verde birds, nevertheless, were killed in May, and are 
apparently in full plumage, and none were met with having cinnamon 
colored bellies. In a large collection of the true rubripes, from 
another part of Cuba, all the individuals were fully marked, as above 
indicated, with cinnamon red. 

One specimen of this bird is in the museum of the Philadelphia 
Academy. 


Smith-|Collec-} Sex 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc. Rta Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. - : 

17,112 on .. | Monte Verde, Cuba.| May 6. Chas. Wright. | ~~ ...... 

17,13 | .. Js “ Wee en | eee ‘ 


(17,112) Length, 10.25. (17,113) Length, 10.00. 


Mimocichla rubripes. 


Turdus rubripes, Temm. Pl. Col. 409.—Vicors, Zool. Jour. III, 1827, 439. 
—De ua Sacra, Cuba, Ois. 1839, 46, pl. iv.—Gunpuacu, Boston 
Jour. VI, 1853, 318.—Mimus rubripes, Bp. Consp. 276.— Galeoscop- 
tes rubripes, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 82.—Is, Journ. III, 1855, 
470.—Scuatsr, P. Z. 8. 1859, 336.—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 6, 
no. 40 (Mimocichla). 


Hab. Cuba. 


MIMOCICHLA. 39 


(31,978.) Bill from base of skull about as long as the head, with a distinct 
terminal notch. Rictal bristles short; those at the angle of mouth reaching 
scarcely more than half way to the nostril. A distinct membranous ring 
round the eye. 

Tarsi lengthened. No traces of scutelle in most specimens; the faintest 
possible (perhaps fallacious) indications in others. 

Wings rather rounded, shorter than the tail; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 
2d between 7th and 8th; Ist quill slightly falcate, rather obtuse at the end, 
contained a little more than two and a half times in the 2d quill. Tail 
moderately graduated ; lateral feathers .70 shorter than central. 

General color slaty or plumbeous gray, darker on the back and head. Lores, 
space beneath the eye and extending on the ears, and a large patch on the 
throat, black ; chin, and a short patch from the side of lower jaw as far back 
as its articulation, together with the concealed bases of the black throat 
feathers, white. Posterior part of belly and flanks, with,the tibia, light 
cinnamon red. Crissum and terminal half of exposed surface of tail white. 
Wing and tail feathers black, except as described, abruptly margined ex- 
ternally with plumbeous (in the latter on the concealed bases of the feathers). 
Legs apparently red in life, fading into yellowish. Bill in the dried skin 
dusky, possibly in life of a dark reddish color. 

Length, 10.20; wing, 5.00; tail, 5.20; longest quill, .60 longer than the 
2d; Ist 1.25 long, .21 wide; tarsi, 1.50; middle toe and claw, 1.12; claw 
alone, .28; bill from forehead, 1.08; nostrils, .65; gape, 1.25. 


In a considerable number of specimens before me I find quite a 
variation in size (No. 31,979 measuring 9.20, wing, 4.75), with but 
little in form; the lst primary is sometimes rather smaller in pro- 
portion than as described. The colors, too, are very constant. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gavel Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. i 


4 


1,816 Be a Cuba. wits 8. F. Baird. Dep.| —.... 
31,978 | .. sis se en J. Ashhurst. | = ...... 
31,979 | .. ois gi Weare =e as 


Mimocichla ardosiacea. 


Turdus plumbeus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. XII, I, 1766, 294 (not of 10th ed. 
excl. reference to CaTEsBy).—VIEILLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 2, 
pl. lviii.—Is. Nouv. Dict. XX, 1818, 242.—? Galeoscoptes plumbeus, 
Saute, Pr. Z. 8. 1857, 231.— Galeoscoptes (Mimocichla) plumbeus, 
Sciater, P. Z. S. 1859, 336. 

Turdus ardosiaceus, ViEILL. Encyclop. Méth. II, 1823, 648 (St. Domingo). 

Le Merle cendré d’ Amérique, Brisson, Ornithol. II, 1760, 288 (St. Do- 
mingo). 

Hab. St. Domingo. 


Bill from base of skull shorter than the head. Lower edges of upper jaw 
straight to the middle, and then scarcely curved to the tip where there is a 


40 REVIEW. OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I 


very slight notch. Bristles at base of bill very inconspicuous. But a slight 
indication of the conspicuous membranous ring round the eye of plumbea. 

Tarsi long, about one and a third times the length of middle toe and claw. 
Scutelle visible on the exterior side, but the edges there fused; seven observ- 
able to the base of the toes (one less than in plumbea). Outer lateral toe the 
longer. 

Tail graduated ; the feathers rather obtusely pointed ; the lateral about half 
an inch shorter than the central. Wings a little shorter than the tail, moder- 
ately rounded; 5th quill longer than 4th, 6th, and 3d; 2d between 7th and 
8th; 1st quill falcate, broadest in the middle, but pointed (not obtuse, as in 
plumbea) ; exposed portion 1.14 in length, .21 in breadth, contained three 
times (or one-third) in the length of the 2d. 

General color rather dark plumbeous gray above and on the inside of wings 
and axillars. Beneath with the jugulum, upper part of breast, and flanks light 
ashy gray, passing insensibly into the almost pure white of the middle of the 
belly, anal region, and crissum. Tibiz plumbeous. Throat and chin white, 
with narrow V-shaped streaks of black on the central third of the feathers, 
which extend a little into the ashy of the lower throat. Loral region and space 
beneath the eye dusky. An indication of a white streak from the side of 
lower jaw, margined helow by a rather continuous line of black. Wings 
black, with their upper exterior exposed surface abruptly like the back, but 
lighter, Tail black, with a terminal patch of white on the outer feather 
(about 1.20), becoming less on the others, the posterior edge nearly trans- 
verse; the upper surface on the outer webs dark plumbeous. Bill and feet 
apparently bright yellow, perhaps faded from red. 

Bill from base of skull, 1.14; from nostril, .70; gape, 1.34; tarsi, 1.55; 
middle toe and claw, 1.15; claw alone, .31; wings, 5.20; tail, 5.25. 


The only specimen I have seen of this species is in the museum 

of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where it is 
-labelled “ ZT. plumbeus, South America.” 

In form this speciés exhibits a close resemblance to ML. plumbea; 
but the colors are very different. The bill is yellow, not black, and in- 
stead of a uniform slaty gray over the whole body above and below, 
including the crissum, the middle of the belly, vent, and crissum are 
white. Instead of a uniform square black patch on the throat, this 
has white as its predominant color, with narrow central streaks of 
black. 

Vieillot figures and describes this bird quite accurately and un- 
mistakably, giving it as an inhabitant of the Antilles; but his 
accounts are evidently based on the species as observed in St. Do- 
mingo, and to which it may possibly be confined. The specimen 
belonging to the Academy has no indication of locality other than 
““ Amer.-Mérid.” 

Vieillot gives the bill and feet as red. 


RAMPHOCINCLUS—MARGAROPS. 41 


RAMPHOCINCLUS, Larresnaye. 
Ramphocinclus, Larr. R. Z. 1843, 66. (Type Turdus brachyurus, Vietu1.) 


Bill longer than the head, notched ; culmen and commissure considerably 
decurved from the base ; gonys slightly so. Rictus with short bristles. Tarsus 
lengthened, longer than the head or the middle toe; the scutelle fused into 
one plate, or faintly indicated. Wings rather pointed, longer than the tail; 
1st primary more than half the longest; 2d about equal to the 9th. Tail 
rounded, the lateral feather graduated ; the feathers generally rather narrow, 
with quite narrow outer web. 


This interesting genus is well marked among its fellows, and will 
readily be recognized The single species in pattern of coloration 
closely resembles Melanotis hypoleucus, and should perhaps be 
placed very near it, having sooty brown where the other has blue. 
It differs, however, in much more curved, and longer bill; shorter, 
narrower, and less rounded tail, with narrower outer webs, ete. 


Ramphocinclus brachyurus. 


Turdus brachyurus, Vietnt. Nouv. Dict. XX, 255.—Is. Encycl. Méth. 
1823, 655.—Ramphocynclus brachyurus, Lark. R. Z. 1843, 66.— 
Scrater, P. Z. S. 1859, 338.—Is. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 44.—Cinclo- 
certhia brachyura, ScuateER, P. Z. 8. 1855, 213. 

Zoothera cinclops, Br. Consp. 259. 


Total length, 8.00; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.50; graduation, .45; outer web of 
lateral feathers one-fourth the inner; exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.60; 
of 2d, 2.50; of longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 3.00; 
length of bill from forehead, 1.15, from nostril, .70 ; along gape, 1.34; tarsus, 
1.20; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw alone, .30; hind toe and claw, .72; 
claw alone, .37. 


7 

Smith- | Collec-| Sex 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Ps Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 

32,690 |46,887 | ~ Martinique. wees Ed. Verreaux. | ...... 


MARGAROPS, Scuater. 


Margarops, ScuateEr, P. Z. 8. 1859, 335. (Type Turdus fuscatus, V1Er1. ) 
Cichlalopia, Bon. R. Z. 1857, 205, not of C. R. 1854, XXXVIII, 1 (which 
was based on Turdus vulpinus, Hart. =: Rhodinocincla rosea). 


Bill very large and stout, with a distinct notch; longer than the head ; 
culmen curving gently from base, and more abruptly towards tip; commis- 
sural edge of upper jaw also much curved, so that the whole lower jaw, 
except at the base, falls inside of the chord connecting the two ends of the 
arc. Rictal bristles short, and scant; more so than in Mimocichla, 


42 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Wings rounded; the inner secondary quills apparently uncommonly long; 
4th quill longest, next 3d and 5th; 2d between the 6th and 7th; Ist quill 
more than half the 2d, broad and rather faleate ; 2d quill .70 shorter than 4th. 

Tail rather shorter than wings, rounded ; the lateral feathers half an inch 
shorter than the central ones. 

Legs short and stout; tarsus barely longer than middle toe and claw; dis- 
tinctly scutellate over anterior half of circumference, the plates well defined, 
and six or seven in number; claws all very stout and much curved, almost 
like those of a Woodpecker; hind toe ae claw decidediy longer than the 
lateral. 


Margarops fuscatus. 


Turdus fuscatus, Visiuuot, Ois Am. Sept. II, 1806, 1, pl. lvii, bis. —Iz. 
Encyclop. Méth. II, 1823, 639.— Cichlerminia fuscata, Newton, Ibis, 
1859, 141, eggs, pl. xii, fig. 8 (Sta Cruz).—Cassin, Pr. A. N. 8. 
1860, 376 (St. Thomas).—Margarops fuscatus, Scuater, Pr. Z. 8. 
1859, 335.—Is. Catal. 1861, 6, no. 38. 

Colluricincla fusca, GoutD, P. Z. 8. 1836, 6 (see Newron, Ibis, 1859, 142). 


Hab. St. Domingo and Porto Rico (Vieill.); St. Thomas; Santa Cruz 
(Newton). 


Length (of 30,405), 11.40; wing, 5.20; bill from head, 1.30; nostril, .78 ; 
gape, 1.50; tarsus, 1.41; middle toe and claw, 1.30; claw alone (chord), .35 ; 
hind toe and claw, .95. 

Iris pearly white ; bills varying much in size ; eggs blue (Newton). 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ene 
No. | No. | Age. ‘ 


Received from Collected by 


30,405 | .. a St. Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sciences. R. Swift. 
30,406 “6 “ ‘ 


14 as Cab. Lawrence. ee 


OREOSCOPTES, Bairp. 
Oreoscoptes, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 346. (Type Orpheus montanus, Towys.) 


Bill shorter than the head, without distinct notch. Bristles prominent, 
their tips reaching beyond the nostrils. Wings pointed, equal to, or a little 
longer than the tail. First quill not half the second, about two-fifths the 
longest ; 3d, 4th, and 5th quills equal and longest; 2d between 6th and 7th. 
Tail but slightly graduated ; the feathers narrow. Tarsus longer than middle 
toe and claw by an additional claw ; scutelle distinct anteriorly. 


Only one species is at present known of this genus. 


Oreoscoptes montanus. 


Orpheus montanus, TownsEnD, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII, 11, 1837, 
192.—Avp. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 194, pl. 139.—Turdus montanus, 
Avp. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 437, pl. 369, fig. 1.—Afimus montanus, 


HARPORHYNCHUS. 43 


Bonar. Consp. 1850, 276.—Oreoscoptes montanus, Bairp, Birds N. 
Amer. 1858, 347.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 340.—Is. Catal. 1861, 
8, no. 30. 


Hab. Rocky Mts. of United States, west to Pacific, south to Cape St. Lucas. 


Specimens from Cape St. Lucas, as usual, are smaller than more 
northern ones. 

A young bird from Ft. Bridger is precisely like the adult, differ- 
ing only in having the edges of the dorsal feathers lighter, causing 
a streaked appearance. The wings and tail are considerably darker 
than in an adult. 


Smith-|Collec- er ea When ti 
sonian| tor’s | an ocality. Received from Collected b: 
No. No, | Age. y Collected. 7 
8,251 | 218 a Fort Laramie. Sept. 28, ’57.| Dr. J.G. Cooper.| —..... 
8,821 es 9 Black Hills. we Lt. Warren. Dr, Hayden. 
11,070 ns ct Fort Bridger. Aprill8,’58.| C. Drexler, =| ...... 
19,226 21 Le Rattlesnake Hills. | May 16. Capt. Reynolds. Dr. Hayden. 
19,347 is oe Willow Springs. | May 14. se G. H. Trook, 
13,309 39 Kobe Valley, Utah.| May 22, 59. | Capt. Simpson. C. 8. M’Carthy. 
13,308 30 g 8. Fork of Hum- | May 19, *59. 4S ee 
12,446 os o Zuui Mts. [boldt.| Sept. 26, '57.| Capt. Sitgreaves. Dr. Woodhouse. 
11,531 68 o& | Lower Colorado. bea Lt. J. C, Ives, Mollhausen. 
11,532 48 cg Fort Yuma. aise fe te 
8,143 one @ | Los Angeles. aia Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann. 
8,129 is on te eae ss ee 
25,791 /3,348 og Cape St. Lucas. Nov. 5, 59. | John Xantus. | 3 ...... 
82,164 |2,429 of es Nov. 11, 759. en er 


11,531, Iris yellow. 32,164. Length, 8.60. Iris orange. 


HARPORHYNCHUS, Caszanis. 


Toxostoma, Wacuer, Isis, 1831, 528. (Type Z. vetula, Wacu., not 
Toxostoma, Rar. 1816.) 

Harpes, GAmBEL, Pr. A. N. 8. Phila. II, 1845, 264. (Type Harpes redi- 
vivus, GamB., not of GoupFuss, 1839.) 

Harporhynchus, Cazanis, Archiv f. Naturg. 1848, 1, 98. (Type Harpes 
redivivus, GAMB.) 


Bill from forehead as long as, or much longer than the head; becoming 
more and more decurved in both jaws as lengthened. No indication of a 
notch. Rictus with the bristles extending beyond the nostrils. Tarsus long 
and stout, appreciably exceeding the middle toe and claw, strongly scutellate 
anteriorly. Wings considerably shorter than tail, much rounded; the Ist 
quill more than half the 2d; 4th or 5th longest. Tail large, much graduated ; 
the feathers firm. 


There are few genera in Ornithology where the difference in the 
comparative length and shape of the bill is so great in the different 
species; and yet the transition from the short straight form in H. 
rufus to the very long and much decurved one in H. redivivus is 


44 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


so gentle that few persons would ever think of separating them 
generically. Even in individual specimens of the long billed species 
there is much difference in this respect, showing that so far from 
furnishing generic characters, it is not entirely available even for 


specific indications. 


Harporhynchus rufus. 


Turdus rufus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 169, based on Caressy, 
tab. 19.—Is. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 293.—Harporhynchus rufus, Cas. 
Mus. Hein. 1850, 82.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 353.—Scuarer, 
P. Z. 8. 1859, 340.—Is. Catal. 1861, 8, no. 48.—Mimus rufus, Pr, 
Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 180. 

Figures: Visriuot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. lix.—Wizsow, Am. Orn. II, pl. 
xiv.—Auvp. Orn. Biog. pl. exvi. 


Hab. United States, east of Rocky Mts., north to Lake Winnipeg. 


In the “ Birds of North America” I have called attention to the 
fact of the larger size, with disproportionately longer tails, and 
rather more curved bills of specimens from the high plains beyond 
the Missouri River. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When . 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. : 
1,377 fod Carlisle, Pa. April 22, ’44.| S. F. Baird. S. F. Baird. 
2,961] .. Q “ May 16, °45. “ “ 
12,182 ne foe Washington. May 1,59. |C. Drexler, |  ...... 
32,284 | .. fou Macon, Ga, March, 1848.| Prof. Jos. Leconte.| ss ...... 
6,948 me oa Ft. Garry, Red Riv. wate Donald Gunn. maleate 
32,392 -_ oe ee mee He ee ll. Saebiaaroy 
4,433 ayes a Quasquiton, Iowa. erat E.C.Bidwell.fson.|  —s...... 
13,311 8 age Fort Leavenworth. ne Capt. J. H. Simp- C. 8. M’Carthy. 
8,292 a a Independence, Mo. | May 26, ’57. | W. M. Magraw. Dr. Cooper. 
8,819 ai is Loup Forks. Aug. 6. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden. 
5,283 Sis fof Fort Lookout. June 22, '56. a ae 
5,652 | 357 a Republican Fork. | Sept. 26, ’56.| Lt. Bryan. W. S. Wood. 
19,346] .. ate Stinking R., Sage | June 13, '60.| Capt. Reynolds. G. H. Trook. 
(Creek. 


(1,377.) 11.20. (2,261.) 9.75, (8,292.) 12.75, Iris orange. (8,819.) 12.00, Iris yellow. 


Harporhynchus longirostris. 
Orpheus longirostris, Larr. R. Z. 1838, 55.—Is. Mag. de Zool. 1839, Ois. 
pl. i.—Toxostoma longirostre, Cas. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, 1, 207.— 
Mimus longirostris, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1856, 294 (Cordova).—Harpo- 
rhynchus longirostris, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 81.—Barrp, Birds N. 
Am. 1858, 352, pl. liiiScnarer, P. Z. S. 1859, 339.—Is. Catal. 
1861, 8, no. 47. 


Hab. Eastern Mexico; north to Rio Grande, Texas. 


Among the specimens before me is one (28,030) from Mirador, 
Mexico, which differs from the rest in rather deeper rufous above; 


HARPORHYNCHUS. 45 


the feathers of crissum rufous, edged with pale brownish-yellow 
(instead of their being dirty white). The bill is very different, 
being longer, slenderer, more pointed towards the end, and more 
gently decurved than that of H. curvirostris. Its dimensions are 
as follows: From forehead, 1.40; from gape, 1.52; from nostril, 
1.00, measured with dividers. In 4,016, from Brownsville, the 
measurements are: From forehead, 1.25; from gape, 1.32; from 
nostril, .83. 

Without more specimens to establish a permanent difference in 
these respects, I do not feel at liberty to suggest a difference of 
species, especially as the skin referred to belongs to the region in- 
habited by typical Z. longirostris. 


Smith- | Collec-| Sex Wh 
sonian | tor’s | and Locality. Coll Sad Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. OP PECoe 
4,016 ll ¢ Brownsville, Tex. cers Lt. D. N. Couch. | —....... 
8,139] .. ts Lower Rio Grande.) Sept. 1853. | Major Emory. A. Schott. 
22,390| 29,742 | of Mexico. 86 Verreaux, | wees 
32,460 93 | .. Ovizaba, Mex. ane Prof.Sumichrast.{| —...... 
? 28,030 30] .. El Mirador, Mex. aa Dr. C. Sartorius. | sss eee 
ae 20 Xalapa. aay Cab. Lawrence. D'0ca. 


(4,016.) 10.25. Eyes brownish-yellow. (28,030.) Long billed variety. 


Harporhynchus curvirostris. 


Orpheus curvirostris, Swarnson, Philos. Mag. 1827, 369 (eastern Mexico). 
—M’Catt, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1848, 63.—Mimus curvirostris, Gray, 
Genera, 1844-49. — Toxostoma curvirostris, BonaP. Conspectus, 1850, 
277.—Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1857, 212. —Harporhynchus curvirostris, 
Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 81.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 351, pl. 
li.imHezErmann, P. R. R. Rep. X, Parke’s Rep. 1859, 11.—Scuarter, 
P. Z. 8. 1859, 339.—Is. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 46. 

Pomatorhinus turdinus, Tamm. H. Col. 441, 

? Toxostoma vetula, WaAGLER, Isis, 1831, 528. 


Hab. Mexico, from the United States line, southward (Oaxaca, Cordova, 
Orizaba, Mirador) ; Mazatlan; Colima. 


Specimens from Mazatlan and Colima differ from those in the col- 
lection from eastern Mexico, in having heavier and thicker bills, and 
perhaps stouter legs. In 31,819, the height of the bill at the nostrils 
is .28 of an inch, while in 4,023 it is .26—both being females. The 
wing in 31,819 is longer and more pointed than usual, measuring 
4.50. I, however, cannot think that there is any specific difference : 
a large number of specimens from either side of Mexico probably 
exhibiting the same variations. 

The specimen, No. 8,128, mentioned on page 352 of the Report 


46 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


on Birds as differing from the others in the collection, still remains 
quite unique in reference to some characters. 


Smith-|Collee-| Sex 
sonian{ tor’s | and Locality. Peet er 
No. No. |Age. : 


4,023 24] 2 | Brownsville, Tex. | Feb. 1853. | Lt.D.N. Couch. | — ...... 


Received from Collected by 


7,200 a do | Ringgold Barracks, 
Tex. one Maj. W.H.Emory.| J. H. Clark. 

7,101 i .. | Eagle Pass, Tex. sae ee A. Schott. 

4.022 até 2 | Tamaulipas, Mex. 1853. Lt. Couch, =| ss aaeeee 
? 8,128 a .. | New Mexico. . Lt. J. G. Parke. Dr. Heermann. 
23,783 a .. | Mazatlan, Mex. 1861. J. Xantus. e ‘ 
31,819 | 1,001 | Q | Mts. of Colima. June, 1863. i 
18.568 os Eastern Mexico. oe P. L. Sclater. 
22,391 |17,363 a or Verreaux. 

is 19 Orizaba, Mex. ete Cab. Lawrence. 


(4,023. ) 10.00. (7,200.) 11.50. (4,022.) 10.00. Eyes yellow. (31,819.) 11.00. Iris orange. 


Harporhynchus cinereus. 


Harporhynchus cinereus, Xantus, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1859, 298.—Bairp, ib. 
303.—SciateR, Catal. 1661, 8, no. 49. 


12,960. Bill as long as the head ; all the lateral outlines gently decurved from 
the base. Bristles not very conspicuous, but reaching to the nostrils. Wings 
considerably shorter than the tail, much rounded. First primary broad, 
nearly half the length of the 2d; the 3d to the 7th quills nearly equal, their 
tips forming the outline of a gentle curve; the 2d quill shorter than the 9th. 
Tail considerably graduated, the lateral feathers more than an inch the 
shorter. Legs stout; tarsi longer than middle toe, distinctly scutellate, with 
seven scales. 

Above ashy brown, with perhaps a tinge of rusty on the rump; beneath 
fulvous white, more fulvous on the flanks, inside of wing, and crissum. Be- 
neath, except chin, throat, and from middle of abdomen to crissum, with well 
defined V-shaped spots of dark brown at the ends of the feathers, largest 
across the breast. lLoral region hoary. Wings with two narrow whitish 
bands across the tips of greater and middle coverts; the quills edged ex- 
ternally with paler. Outer three tail feathers with a rather obsolete white 
patch in the end of inner web, and across the tips of the outer. 

Spring specimens are of rather purer white beneath, with the spots more 
distinct than as described. 

Length of 12,960 (skin), 10.00; wing, 4.10; tail, 4.65; Ist primary, 1.60; 
2d, 2.50; bill from gape, 1.40, from above, 1.15, from nostril, .90; tarsus, 
1.26; middle‘toe and claw, 1.12; claw alone, .30. 


This species is curiously similar in coloration to Oreoscoptes mon- 
tanus, from which its much larger size, much longer and decurved 
bill, and the graduated tail, of course readily distinguish it. It 
agrees in some respects with H. rufus and longirostris, but it is 
smaller, the bill longer and more curved; the upper parts are 
ashy olivaceous brown instead of rufous, ete. 


HARPORHYNCHUS. 47 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor's | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. 

16,511 | 1,090 | 9? Cape St. Lucas, 1859. J.Xantus. [| ss... 

12,957 496 | hh ace en) (ere 

13,090 | 764] ¢ “ pres nn ne ee 

26,310 | 1,089 | ¢ “ Spring, '59. nn re 


(12,957.) 10.50. Iris orange, (13,090.) 11.00. Iris orange. 


Harporhynchus lecontei. 


Toxostoma lecontet, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V, Sept. 1851, 109 (Fort 
Yuma).—Harporhynchus lecontci, Bonar. C. R. XXVIII, 1854, 57.— 
Is. Notes Delattre, 39.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 350, pl. 1. 


Hab. Gila River; Fort Yuma. 


The specimen upon which the species was based by Mr. Lawrence, 
collected at Fort Yuma, by Dr. Leconte, still remains unique, and 
of H. crissalis a second specimen only has been obtained. It is not 
a little remarkable that two species so large and conspicuous should 
be both from the same region, and so very rare. With much the 
same shade of coloration, H. crissalis is a little darker, the under 
tail coverts deep chestnut instead of rusty fulvous; the bill is much 
longer and more slender, the tail also much longer. 

No. 53. Fort Yuma. Cab. of Geo. N. Lawrence. 


Harporhynchus crissalis. 
Harporhynchus crissalis, Henry, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1858.—Bairp, Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 350, pl. lxxxii. 
Hab. Region of the Gila River, to Rocky Mts. 


A second specimen (11,533) of this rare species is larger than the 
type, but otherwise agrees with it. Its dimensions are as follows :— 

Length before skinning, 12.50; of skin, 12.50; wing, 3.90; tail, 6.50; its 
graduation, 1.45; 1st quill, 1.50; 2d, .41; bill from forehead (chord of curve), 
1.65, from gape, 1.75, from nostril, 1.30; curve of culmen, 1.62; height of 
pill at nostril, .22; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe and claw, 1.12. 


The bill of this species, though not quite so long as in redivivus, 
when most developed, is almost as much curved, and much more 
stender—the depth at nostrils being but .22, instead of .26. The 
size of this specimen is equal to the largest of redivivus (3,932) ; the 
tail absolutely longer. The feet are, however, considerably smaller, 
the claws especially so; the tarsus measures but 1.30, instead of 
1.52; the middle claw .29, instead of .36. With these differences 
in form, however, it would be impossible to separate the two 
generically. 


48 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 7 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. end. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
8,127 a oe Mimbres. Dr. T. C. Henry. seeeee 
11,533 32 fof Fort Yuma, Cal. Lt. J. C. Ives. H. B. Millhausen. 


8,127. Type; now in museum Phila. Acad. (11,533.) 12.50. Iris yellow. 


Harporhynchus redivivus. 


Harpes rediviva, GampBet, Pr. A. N. S. II, Aug. 1845, 264.—Toxostoma 
rediviva, GamBeL, J. A. N. Sc. 2d ser. I, 1847, 42.—Cassin, Illust. 
I, 1855, 260, pl. xliiiHarporhynchus redivivus, Caspanis, Archiv 
Naturg. 1848, 98.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 349.—Scuater, 
P. Z. 8. 1859, 339. 


This species has hitherto only been found in the coast region of 
California, whence numerous specimens have been received by the 
Smithsonian Institution. 


MIMUS, Bortz. 


Mimus, Bors, Isis, Oct. 1826, 972. (Type Turdus polyglottus, Linn.) 
Orpheus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. III, 1827, 167. (Same type.) 


Bill not much more than half the length of the head; gently decurved from 
the base; notched at tip; commissure curved. Gonys straight, or slightly 
concave. Rictal bristles quite well developed. Wings rather shorter than 
the tail. First primary about equal to, or rather more than half the 2d; 3d, 
4th, and 5th quills nearly equal, 6th scarcely shorter. Tail considerably 
graduated ; the feathers stiff, rather narrow, especially the outer webs, lateral 
feathers about three-quarters of an inch the shorter inthe type. Tarsi longer 
than middle toe and claw by rather less than an additional claw; tarsi con- 
spicuously and strongly scutellate; broad plates seven. 


Mimus polyglottus. 


Turdus polyglottus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 169; 12th ed. 1766, 
293.—Mimus polyglottus, Boi, Isis, 1826, 972.—Scuater, P. Z. S. 
1856, 212.—Is. 1859, 340.— Is. Catal. 1861, 8, no. 51.— Barro, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 344. 
? Orpheus leucopterus, Vicors, Zool. Beechey, 1839. 
Figures: Witsoy, Am. Orn. II, 1810, pl. x, fig. 1.—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, 
1831, pl. xxi.—In. Birds Amer. II, 1841, pl. 137. 
Hab. North America, from about 40° (rare in Massachusetts, Samuels), south 
to Mexico. Said to occur in Cuba. 


No. 12,511. ‘The general proportions will best be illustrated by the table of 
measurements. The 3d and 4th quills are longest; the 2d equal to the 8th; 
the Ist more than half the 2d (in some specimens about half, iu others half 
the 3d, as in No. 614.) 


MIMUS. 49 


The upper parts are ashy, with a tinge of brown, the color purest on top of 
head. The lores are dusky. The under parts are white, purest on throat 
and middle of belly; a tinge of ashy across the breast, of yellowish-brown 
or faint fulvous on flanks and crissum. There are some obscure shaft streaky 
of brown on the flanks, mostly concealed under the wings. There is a slight 
indication of a dusky stripe on each side of the chin, caused by a range of short 
black bristles, the feathers themselves not appearing to be colored. 

The wings and tail are dark brown, not black; the large feathers edged 
externally with ashy. There are two bands of white on the wing on the tips 
of the greater and middle coverts ; the ends of the secondaries are also edged 
with white. In addition to this the basal portion of all the primaries is 
white, restricted to the extreme base in the outer ones, and encroaching suc- 
cessively in the rest until in the three innermost ones it occupies the basal 
two-thirds of the feather, or more, extending farthest forward on the inner 
web, the shafts remaining black. The small coverts overlying the bases of 
the primaries are also white, with a brown streak near the ends; this forms 
a conspicuous white patch on the outer surface of the wing. 

The outer tail feather is white, slightly mottled in one or two places with 
brown, especially along the shaft near~the end, and towards the base of the 
inner web. The next feather is white at the extreme base, and for about the 
terminal third of the inner web, and the end of the outer web. The third 
has a similar but much smaller patch of white along the middle of the inner 
web near the end; the fourth has no white. The bill and legs are black. 

The markings of the wings are as described in most specimens, although 
in some the amount of white is less. There is, however, considerable differ- 
ence in the white of the tail feathers. In a small proportion only of the 
whole number examined from eastern North America, is the outer feather 
pure white, and again sometimes the faint mottling on the inner web near the 
middle web becomes a conspicuous dusky patch. In several specimens the 
whole inner web of the second feather is white, with slight mottling along a 
portion of the inner edge (32,162). In 12,445 the white spot in the end of 
the 3d feather extends along the inner side of the shaft into a patch at the 
base. In this specimen the outer feather is entirely white; the whole inner 
web and the basal portion of the outer web of the second. .In all the speci- 
mens before me the outer web of the second tail feather is black, except at 
the extreme base and tip. In none is there any white on the fourth feather.' 

No. 12,511. Length, 9.00; wing, 4.10; tail, 4.90, its graduation, .70; Ist 
primary, 1.50; 2d primary, 2.70; bill from above, .63, from nostril, .50; 
tarsus, 1.25; middle toe and claw, 1.00; claw, .30. 


' Since writing the preceding description, I have met with one specimen 
(19,089, male, from Arkansas) which differs very considerably from any other 
I have seen in an unusual amount of white, which extends farther along 
the primaries so as to be very conspicuous. The two outer tail feathers are 
entirely white, except a slight edging at the end of the second; the third is 
white on the shaft and along the greater part of the inner web. The fourth 
has a small white patch on the end. The dimensions are: Length, 10.00; 
wing, 4.70; tail, 5.00. 

4 July, 1864, 


50 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


I have not had an opportunity of examining the supposed Jf 
polyglottus of Cuba. If, however, the description of Orpheus poly- 
glottus, in De la Sagra’s Cuba (Oiseaux, 53), be correctly drawn 
from a Cuban specimen, it may very readily be different, as the 
North American bird can certainly not be said to have the tail 
brown with a white spot towards the extremity of the lateral tail 
feathers, nor is there any white on the secondary quills. The rump 
cannot be called grayish-blue, in contrast with a pale grayish-brown 
of the remaining upper parts. 

Mr. Richard Hill, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Aca- 
demy, has suggested the idea that the name of polyglottus should 
be applied to the Jamaican rather than to the North American bird. 
The first citation of Linneus is to Sloane’s Jamaica, the second to 
Catesby, and the third to Kalm. As, however, the only locality 
given by Linneus is “‘ Virginia,” and no mention is made of Jamaica; 
and as his next species is the Jamaican orpheus, it will perhaps be 
no violation of the most rigid rules of nomenclature to pass over 
the citation of Sloane as irrelevant, and confine the reference strictly 
to the continental species. The Turdus orpheus, of Linneus, is 
based on the species of Brown and Edwards, both unmistakably the 
small Jamaican bird, and not the larger, MW. Ailliz, as intimated by 
Mr. Hill. 

In the “ Birds of North America” I have adverted to the peculi- 
arities of western specimens in having a longer tail than eastern. 
The tail is more graduated also, the lateral feathers being 1.25 
inches or more shorter than the central. The whole bird, in fact, is 
larger ; the wings being also longer, but the disproportionate length 
of the tail is quite decided. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc Re men Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. m 


12,443 es ¢ | Pennsylvania. ike Nat. Institute. Dr. G. Leib. 
“ 


12,545 ae co | Washington, D.C. ies J. F. Callan. 
19,089 57 o | Fort Cobb. May 24, ’60.| J. H. Clark, Cc. S. M’Carthy. 
19,091 | 141 +» | Adaline Creek June 18, *60, te re 
20,295 48 +» | Fort Stockton, Tex. | May 26,°60. | P. Duffy. 
20,296 4 . me Mar. 12, *60. ee 
11,530 61 -» | Big Cafion, Col. Riv. ists Lt. J. C. Ives. 
17,120 an -» | Cape St. Lucas, 1859. John Xantus. 
17,445 |8,317 fon fe Oct, 31, '59. ee 
23,750 ia -- | W. coast America, Sek Nat. Institute. 
23,913 28 -- | El Mirador, Mex. 
“ 


Dr. C. Sartorius. 
« 


* 33,570 | 153 | 9 Nov. 1863. 


19,089. Unusual amount of white on wings and tail. 


Mimus orpheus. 


Turdus orpheus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. I, 1758, 169.—Is. 12th ed. 
1766.—Vizituor, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 12, pl. lxviii.—Gossz, 


MIMUS. 51 


Birds Jam. 1846, 144.—Mimus orpheus, Scuatsr, P. Z. 5. 1859, 341. 
—lIs. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 9, no. 52.—Makcu, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 
290 (eggs). 

Mimus polyglottus, Huu, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1853, 304. 

Turdus sp. 2, Browne, Nat. Hist. Jam. 1756, 469 (Jamaica). 

Turdus cinereus minor, Epwarps, Av. Il, tab. lxxviii (Jamaica).—SEtic- 
many, IV, pl. li. 

? Turdus dominicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. I, 1766, 295 (based on 
Merula dominicensis, Brisson, St. Domingo). 


Hab. Jamaica; St. Domingo? 


(No. 22,159.) In form, size, and coloration this species is exceedingly similar 
to M. polyglottus; the only marked difference in shape being an apparently 
more graduated tail than in the eastern specimens of the latter—the differ- 
ences between the lateral and central feathers amounting to from one inch to 
one anda quarter. The differences in coloration between the two are much 
as if an additional tail feather entirely white had been provided for M. orpheus, 
the 2d, 3d, and 4th feathers being marked as the Ist, 2d, and 3d in MM. poly- 
glottus. There are the same variations in markings in the corresponding 
feathers of these two series in both species. The two outer feathers are usu- 
ally entirely white; the 2d sometimes a little streaked ; the 3d sometimes 
entirely white, always so on the inner web, generally partially so on the outer. 
The 4th has sometimes the whole inner web white ; sometimes this is restricted 
to a patch towards its end. There is a very small spot of white on the end 
of the fifth feather. 

The under parts are of a purer white than in polyglottus, and the ash of the 
breast is less distinct. The loral region also is conspicuously whiter. The 
two species can, however, at once be distinguished by the dusky outer web 
of the second tail feather in polyglottus, which is entirely white in orpheus. 

Length, 9.90; wing, 4.35; tail, 5.20; bill from nostril, 1.00; tarsus, 1.25. 


This species can hardly be considered as less in size than poly- 
glottus; indeed, the measurements of the specimen selected fcr de- 
scription are larger than those of the type of my description of the 
eastern variety of polyglottus. I have, in fact, not met with a 
skin so small as that described by Dr. Sclater. 

I have never seen a specimen of I. dominicus, from St. Domingo, 
and can express no opinion as to its relationships to MZ. orpheus. 
It is described as having the outer three tail feathers white as in 
orpheus. 


Smith-|Collec-] Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 

22,156 es .. |Spanishtown, Jam. Sas W. T. March. 

22,157 os fo BS oe ne 

22158 | .. | .. “ ae “ 

24,374 30 fol oe Oct. 10, 61. ee 

94,375 30 f°) “ce v7 “c 


52 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part 1 


Mimus bahamensis, Bryant. 
Mimus bahamensis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, Sept. 1859, 114. 


Bill shorter than head. Rictal bristles reaching rather beyond the nostrils. 
Curvature of commissure gentle from base to near the notched tip, where it is 
increased. First primary large, rather falcate, just half the 2d; 4th quill 
longest ; 3d and then 5th but little shorter ; 2a intermediate between 7th and 
8th, half an inch less than the longest. Tarsi distinctly scutellate ; plates 
seven. Tail moderately graduated (.70). 

Color above brownish-gray, each feather showing a brown centre, and gray- 
ish or ashy edges less distinct aud more soiled on the lower part of the back. 
Beneath soiled grayish-white, the breast more gray, the feathers being ashy 
with lighter tips. The feathers of under parts with brown shaft-streaks, want- 
ing on the throat and middle of the belly, partially concealed across the 
breast, more evident on the sides of belly, and broad and conspicuous under 
the wings, where the axillars are similarly streaked. Wing feathers brown, 
all margined with pale ashy; the greater and middle coverts with white, 
forming two bauds. Tail feathers ashy above, suffused with brownish towards 
the borders, and edged with whitish. All have a whitish patch at end, on 
the inner web, and on the extreme tip of outer. This white is about half an 
inch long on the outer feather, a little less on the rest. Bill and legs black. 

There is an obscure dusky line on each side of the throat; the ear coverts 
are dusky; the space between bill and eye is grayish-white. The whitish 
feathers of the cheeks are edged with dusky at the tips. 

Length, 11.00; wing, 4.80; tail, 5.70; graduation, .70; 1st quill, 1.70; 2d, 
3.28; bill above, 1.10; from nostril, .72; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe and claw, 
1.34: claw, .35; hind toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .50. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
c When - 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b: 
No. No. | Age. Collected. y 
13,505 | .. |. Bahama Key. | 1859. Dr. H. Bryant. | sees. 


13,505. Type. 


Mimus hillii. 
Mimus hillii, Marcu, Pr. A. N. Sc. Nov. 1863, 291 (Jamaica). 
Mimus orpheus, Huu, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 304. 


(No, 24,376.) General form and characters as in M]. bahamensis. Fifth 
quill longest; 4th and 6th a little shorter, then 3d; 2d shorter than 8th, 
about equal to the 9th, .65 shorter than the longest. Tail considerably 
graduated. 

In some specimens the 3d quill is a little longer than the 8th; in all it is 
shorter than the 7th. 

The colors are as described in M. bahamensis. The only appreciable differ- 
evce is in the purer white of the under parts, and especially across the breast, 
where the feathers are of the same soiled white to their plumbeous bases, or 
for half the length, instead of being ashy to the scarcely appreciable lighter 
edges. There are no faint dusky shaft streaks on the feathers in front of the 


MIMUS. 53 


jugulum, the shafts being white; on its sides alone are there indications of 
these, which on the sides of the breast and belly become more distinct than 
in M. bahamensis, owing to the purer white of the under parts. There is 
rather more white on the end of the tail feathers, this covering .70 in the 
outer one. 

An immature specimen (26,802) is similar to the adults, but has a little 
more white on the end of the tail, and the feathers of the breast and jugulum 
show triangular spots of brown at the ends. 

Length (of 24,376), 11.75; wing, 4.90; tail, 6.30; graduation, 1.00; Ist 
quill, 1.50; 2d quill, 3.00; bill from nostril, .70; tarsus, 1.51; middle toe 
and claw, 1.22; claw, .35. 

This species is very closely related to the I. bahamensis, but 
appears to differ in some appreciable features. The distinction in 
coloration has already been adverted to. It is a larger species, and 
the tail is more graduated—the difference in length between the 
lateral and middle feathers being 1.00 instead of .70. The wings 
are more rounded ; the 5th quill longest instead of the 4th; the 2d 
shorter than the 8th, instead of longer. 

A larger series of specimens of VM. bahamensis will perhaps be 
necessary fully to ascertain the relationships between the Bahaman 
and Jamaican birds, and prove whether they be really distinct or not. 
How they stand in reference to I. gundlachi, of Cuba, it is-even 
more difficult to determine, as our only guide is the brief comparison 
by Cabanis of his species with UZ. saturninus of Brazil. To this, 
however, there is very little resemblance on the part of the Jamaican 
and Bahaman birds, as shown by comparing them with a specimen 
presented by the Berlin Museum. Cabanis speaks of the white 
tip of the tail feathers being but 3-4 lines long in gundlachi ; in the 
others it is from one-half to three-quarters of an inch, 

Of the South American Mimi in the museum of the Smithsonian 
Institution, the relationship is closest to M. thenca, of Chile, much 
more than to saturninus. 

Mr. Hill thinks that this species is the Turdus orpheus of Linnzus. 
A careful examination, however, of the descriptions of Brown and 
Edwards, upon which the species was founded, will, I think, show 
conclusively that both authors had in view the small Mocking bird 
of Jamaica, rather than the large one. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Pater Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. : 


24,376 29 fou Port Henderson, Nov. 29, ’61.| W. T. March. 
24,377 29 9 (Jam. te Ct 
26,804 29 fof ss Oct. 1862. os 
26,802 29 |Juv.9)] G. Salt Pond, Jam.| Nov. 1, '62. ee 
26,803 oe og fe Oct. 31, ’62. ct ees 257.0 


54 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART 1 


Mimus gracilis. 


Mimus gracilis, Cananis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 83 (Honduras).—Scuarer & 
Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 5.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 343.—Is. Catal. 1861, 
9, no. 58.—Cas. Jour. 1860, 410 (Costa Rica).—Tayzor, Ibis, 1860, 
110 (Comayagua). 


Hab. Honduras, Guatemala; Costa Rica. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
30,651 | 43 .. |San Geronimo, Guat.| Dec. 1859. O.Salvine | — ..seee 


GALEOSCOPTES, Cazanis. 
Galeoscoptes, Cazanis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 82. (Type Muscicapa carolinensis, L.) 


Bill shorter than the head, rather broad at base. Rictal bristles moderately 
developed, reaching to the nostrils. Wings a little shorter than the tail, 
rounded ; secondaries well developed ; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 3d and 6th 
little shorter; Ist and 9th about equal, and about the length of secondaries ; 
Ist quill more than half the second, about half the 3d. Tail graduated; 
lateral feather about .70 shorter than the middle. Tarsi longer than middle 
toe and claw by about an additional half claw; scutellate anteriorly, more or 
less distinctly in different specimens ; scutelle about seven. 

The conspicuous naked membranous border round the eye of some Thrushes, 
with the bare space behind it; not appreciable. 


I find little difference in form between the single species of Galeo- 
scopies and Mimus polyglottus, beyond the less degree of definition 
of the tarsal plates; and but for the difference in coloration (uniform 
plumbeous instead of gray above and white beneath), would hardly 
be inclinéd to distinguish the two generically. 


Galeoscoptes carolinensis. 


Muscicapa carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 328.—Turdus caro- 
“linensis, Licut. Verz. 1823, 38.—D’Orsieny, La Sagra’s Cuba Ois. 
1840, 51.—Mimus carolinensis, Gray, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1859, 
346.— Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 82 (type 
of genus).—Is. Jour. Orn. 1855, 470 (Cuba). —Scuater, Catal. 
Birds, 1861, 6, no. 39. 

Figures: Avp. B. A. II, pl. 140.—In. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 28.—Vieiot, 
Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. lxvii.—Witson, Am. Orn. II, pl. xiv, f. 3. 


Hab. United States, north to Lake Winnipeg, west to head of Columbia, 
south to Panama R. R.; Cuba. 


In some specimens there is a tendency to obsolete narrow trans- 
verse bars at the ends of the outer tail feathers. The shade of colora- 


GALEOSCOPTES—MELANOPTILA. 55 


tion varies somewhat. Rocky Mountain specimens appear a little 
larger than others. The smallest is 29,222, from Orizaba; in this 
the wing measures 3.40, the tail 3.80. A female, 10,352, from 
Florida, is also very small. There is considerable difference in the 
length and thickness of the bill in different specimens. In some 
specimens the tarsal scutelle are perfectly well defined, in others 
indistinct on the sides of the tarsus. 


i 
Smith- Collec-| Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. y Collected, 
1,123 ais og |Carlisle. Pa, July 15, 43.) S. F. Baird. 

10,352 “ Q |Indian Key, Fla. Jan. 12, G. Wurdemann. 

11,888 eet Q |Tortugas, Fla. er Capt. Woodbury. 

13,137 6 o | Fort Garry, Red Riv. Seats Cc. A. Hubbard. 

18,506 32 os tS July 10. Donald Gunn. 

13,306 By .. |Leavenworth, Mo. | May 16. Capt. J. H. Simp- 

5,285 oe do | Ft.Lookout, Mo. Riv.| June 4, '56. | Lt. Warren. (son.| Dr. Hayden. 
22,045 | 120 .. |Cour d’Alene Mis'n. cies Dr. J.G.Cooper.| —..... 
21,960 | 481 o |Sinyakwateen De- 

pot, W. T. June 27, °60.! A. Campbell. 

21,961 | 566 od |Campon KootenayR.| July 28, ’60. ee 
21,962 | 567 | .. ee “ fe 
33,170 11 .. |Nassau, N. P. April 22,’64.| Lt. Fitzgerald. 
29,631 ds +. [Cuba. aia C. Wright. 
30,868 76 .. |El Mirador, Mex. on Dr. C. Sartorius. 
29,222 | 300 .. |Ovizaba, Mex. [jole. out Prof. Sumichrast. 
16,838 os .. |Panama R. R. Fri- cists J. M’Leannan. 

se 15 -. | Guatemala. ails Cab. Lawrence. 


(1,123.) 9; 11.60; 3.50, (10,352) 8.25. (11,888.) 8.50. (13,137.) With eggs, 2,258. (5,285.) 
Eyes brown. 


MELANOPTILA, ScuarTer. 
Melanoptila, Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1857, 275. (Type M. glabrirostris.) 


As there is but a single known species of this genus, I give the 
generic characters with the specific. 


Melanoptila glabrirostris. 


Melanoptila glabrirostris, ScuatEr, P. Z. 8. 1857, 275 (Omoa, Honduras, 
with figure of head and wing).—Is. 1859, 337.—Is. Catal. Am. 
Birds, 1861, 7, no. 41.—Scrarer & Sauviy, Ibis, I, 1859, 7. 


Hab. Honduras. 


Bill shorter than the head; quite similar in shape to that of Mimus caro- 
linensis, but apparently without any trace of rictal bristles (the specimen 
before me has the tip broken so that I am unable to speak as to the notch). 

Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe and claw, scutellate on the anterior 
half, though not very distinctly ; claws rather weak. 

Wings broad, much rounded, a little shorter than the tail; secondaries 
elongated, longer than the 2d quill; 5th and 6th quills longest, forming the 
middle of a gentle curve with the 3d and 4th on one side; the 7th and 8th 
on the other; 2d quill shorter than the 9th, and rather less than secondaries ; 


56 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [paRT I. 


Ist quill rather more than half the 2d. Tail rather broad, graduated; the 
lateral feather .60 shorter than the central; the feathers rather soft and 


broader than usual on the outer webs. 

Color glossy black; wings and tail with a greenish lustre; rest of body 
glossed with steel blue. Bill and legs black. 

Length, 7.60; wing, 3.55; tail, 3.90; gape, .87; tarsus, 1.05; middle toe 
and claw, .92. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex 
sonia tor's and Locality. When Received from Collected by 
Collected. 
No. No. | Age. 
30,652 | 33 -. | Half Moon Key, Br. | May 10, ’62. | O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 
(Honduras. 


MELANOTIS, Bonar. 
Melanotis, Bonar. Conspectus, I, 1850, 276. (Type Orpheus cexrulescens, Sw.) 


Bill elongated, rather slender, compressed, as long as the head. Commissure 
nearly straight to the decurved, notched tip. Rictal feathers moderate, 
reaching to the nostrils. 

Wings decidedly shorter than the tail; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 6th and 
7th a little shorter than the 3d; 2d shorter than the secondaries; nearly as 
much shorter than the 4th as it is longer than the lst; 1st quill two-thirds 
the 2d, half as long as the longest. Tail long, broad, and graduated; the 
feathers soft, with outer webs unusually broad, as in Melanoptila; lateral 
feathers 1.25 less than the central. 

Legs rather weak, but the tarsus longer than middle toe; distinctly scutel- 
late on anterior half, with seven broad scutelle. Claws strong, and well 
curved. 


The type of the genus is the Orpheus czrulescens of Swainson: 
The second assigned species, IM. hypoleucus, differs somewhat in 
form. The bill is shorter and less attenuated ; the wing apparently 
shorter and more concave; the legs and the claws are stouter, 
and the tarsus is but little longer than the middle toe and claw. 
Both species are slaty blue, with the side of the head black. In 
cxrulescens the blue extends over the inferior surface, which in 
hypoleucus is white with the exception of the blue crissum. 


Melanotis czrulescens. 


Orpheus cxrulescens, Swainson, Phil. Mag. 1827, 369 (Mexico).—Mimus 
cerulescens, Scuaver, P. Z. S. 1856, 294.—Melanotis cexrulescens, 
Bonar. Consp. 1850, 276.—Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1859, 337 (Cordova, 
370; Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 42. 

? Turdus erythrophthalmus, Licut. Preis-Verzeich. 1830, no. 83, 

Turdus melanotis, Tema. Pl. Col. 498. 


Hab. Mexico generally. 


MELANOTIS—DONACOBIUS. 57 


Measurement (26,374). Length, 10.75; wing, 4.80; tail, 5.40; bill from 
gape, 1.35; nostril, .70; tarsus, 1.18 ; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw alone, .30. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex Wh 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll ned Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ollecteds 
26,374 ee sie Xalapa. John Krider. D'Oca. 
29,554 |4,282 ids Mexico. Berlin Museum. . oa 
29,719 ie ae = De Saussure. 
28,031 35 is Mirador, Mex. sae Dr, C. Sartorius. 
29,355 99 fof Colima, Mex, Jan. 1863. | J. Xantus. 
30,135 } 151 oe a Feb. 1863. as 
34,013 | 183 ie) Mazatlan, June, 1862. | A. J. Grayson. 
34,014 | 184 of i ee 
+ 17 hs Xalapa. Cab. Lawrence. D’0ca 


(29,355.) Length, 10. Iris brown. (30,135.) Length, 10.40. Iris brown. 


Melanotis hypoleucus. 


Melanotis hypoleucus, Harruavs, R. Z. Oct. 1852, 460.—Is. Jour. f. 
Ornith. 1853, 30.—Sciarer & Saxviy, Ibis, I, 1859, 7 (eggs).—Is. 
II, 1860, 29.—Scuater, P. Z. S. 1859, 337.—Is. Catal. 1861, 7, no. 43. 


Hab. Guatemala. 


Total length, 10.00; wing, 4.00; tail, 4.90; difference of tail feathers, 1.25; 
exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.50; of 2d, 2.40; length of bill from forehead, 
1.15, from nostril, .68; along gape, 1.32; tarsus, 1.26; middle toe and claw, 
1.10; claw alone, .30; hind toe and claw, .75; claw alone, .37. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian; tor’s | and Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
No. No. Age. = 
20,395 | 373 Coban, Vera Paz. O.Salvine |  — ....ee 
16,843 +. Guatemala. J.Gould. faa eee 
eS 18 ‘ Cab. Lawrence. | ~~... 


DONACOBIUS, Swainson. 


Donacobius, Swainson, Class. Birds, II, 1831, 236. (Type D. vociferans, 
Sw. = Turdus atricapillus, L.) 


Bill as long as head, notched. Bristles distinct, reaching to nostrils. Nasal 
groove broad, filled by a plane, tense, naked, thin edged membrane; the 
nostrils pervious, occupying the anterior extremity of the groove, bordered 
behind only by membrane ; broadly oval, the axis rather oblique. A large, bare 
naked space on each side the neck. Wings shorter than the much graduated 
tail. First primary about half the longest (fifth); 2d shorter than the 
secondaries. Tail feathers broad ; outer webs of lateral feathers having their 
outer webs half as wide as the inner. Graduation excessive ; outey feather 
about half the middle. 

Tarsi little longer than middle toe and claw, with six scutelle anteriorly 
fused into a continuous ungrooved plate on the outer side. Claws lengthened, 
moderately curved. Inner toe cleft to base. 


58 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [paRT I. 


Total length, 8.00; wing, 3.30; tail, 4.20; graduation, 2.00; exposed por- 
tion of 1st primary, 1.27, of 2d, 1.90, of longest (measured from exposed base 
of 1st primary), 2.45; length of bill from forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .63; 
along gape, 1.26; tarsus, 1.32; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw alone, .37 ; 
hind toe and claw, .90; claw alone, .43. 

The genus Donacobius has been variously placed by authors, by 
some among the Thrushes, by others among the Wrens. The notched 
bill, the bristled rictus, and above all the deeply parted toes, with 
the general coloration, appear however decidedly opposed to the 
latter view of its affinities; and I have accordingly inserted it here. 
It is a very strongly marked genus, and the only one of the family 
without any representatives in Northern or Middle America.? 


Having thus enumerated the species of Turdidz from the region 
embraced in the present work, which I have had the opportunity of 
examining in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, or else- 
where, I proceed to mention the remaining species which have been 
given by other authors. The names used are generally those of Dr. 
Sclater’s Catalogue of American Birds, where the precise synonymy 
will be found :— 

Turdus pinicola, Sctarer, Catal. 1861, 6, no. 36. Xalapa. 


plebeius, Casanis, Jour. 1860, 323. Costa Rica. 
nigrescens, Cas. Jour. 1860, 325. Costa Rica. 


' Most authors admit of but one species in the genus Donacobius, placing 
the Bolivian D. albo-vittatus, of D’Orbigny, as a synonym of D. atricapillus. 
Specimens in the Smithsonian collection, however, seem to indicate a decided 
difference in the much larger size of the Bolivian bird (length, 9.00; wing, 
3.50; tail, 4.50—instead of 8.25; 3.20; 4.00). There is also a very con- 
spicuous and distinct white stripe from the upper edge of the eye along the 
side of the head to the nape. This stripe is only faintly indicated, generally 
not at all in the atricapillus. The synonomy will be as follows :— 


1. Donacobius atricapillus. Hab. Eastern South America. 


Turdus atricapillus, Linn. 8. N. I, 295.—Donacobius atricapillus, Bon. 
Consp. 277.—BourMzistER, Th. Bras. Aves, II, 129. 

Turdus and Donacobius brasiliensis, vociferans, etc. 

Fig.: Swainson, Zool. Ill. n. s. pl. xxvii. 


Specimens from Brazil. 


2. Donacobius albo-vittatus. Hab. Bolivia. 
Donacobius albo-vittatus, D’OrB. Mag. de Zool. 1837, 19. 
Donacobius albo-lineatus, D’OrB. Voyage, IX, Atlas Zoologique, 1847, 
pl. xii.—Bon. Notes Delattre, 1854, 40. 


Specimens Nos. 16,832, 16,833. Bolivia, W. Evans. 


‘ CINCLUS. 59 


Margarops densirostris (Vier. ), Scrarer, P. Z. 8. 1859, 336. Guada- 
loupe and Martinique. 
montanus (Larr.), Scu. P. Z. S. 1859, 336. Guadaloupe. 


Cichlerminia bonapartii (Larr.), Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1859, 335. 
Guadaloupe. 


Cinclocerthia ruficauda (Gouin), Scuatzr, Catal. 1861, 7, no. 45. 
Guadaloupe. 
gutturalis, Sciater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 358. Martinique. 


Mimus dominicus, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 341. St. Domingo. 
gunadlachi (Cas.), Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 342, Cuba. 


Harporhynchus ocellatus, Scuater, Catal. 1862, 358, no. 49. Oax- 
aca, Mex. 


The following species are mentioned as occurring in Tobago and 
Trinidad. All of them are in the collection of the Institution from 
South America :— 


Turdus phzopysgus, Sciarer, Catal, 1861,3. Tobago; Venezuela, etc. 
symnophthalmus (Caz.), Scr. Catal. 1861, 4. Tobago; 
Venezuela, etc. 
xanthoscelis, Jarpinz, Scu. Catal. 1861, 5. aba (Bogota, 
Verreauz). 


Mimus melanopterus, Lawn. Sct. Catal. 1861, 9. Trinidad ; Venezuela. 


Famity CINCLIDA. 


CINCLUS, Becusr. 


Cinclus, Becust. “Gemein. Naturg. 1802.” (Type Sturnus cinclus, L.) 
Hydrobata, Virtut. Analyse, 1816.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 229.! 


There are three well marked species of this genus in America: 
one entirely dusky (C. mexicanus); one dusky, with white head 


1 After a careful consideration of the subject I have come to the conclusion 
that as followers of the Linnzan binomial system of nomenclature, we are not 
authorized to adopt any genus which is not based by its author upon some 
particular object having a specific name avowedly used in the Linnzan bi- 
nomial sense. For this reason I begin my reference to the genera of Linnzus 
with the 10th edition (1758) of the Systema Nature (the first in which the 
binomial system is presented) ; not adopting a name from an earlier edition 
of the same author, where it would conflict with the one mentioned. This is 
substantially the rule of the British Association, which, however, selects the 


60 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


and throat, from Bolivia (C. leucocephalus, Tschudi); and one dusky, 
with white head, back, and under parts, from Ecuador and New 
Grenada (C. leuconotus, Scl.). Of these, specimens of leucocephalus 
are in the Smithsonian collection, from Bolivia; and Mr. Lawrence 
possesses C. leucanotus, from Ecuador. 


Cinclus mexicanus. 


Cinclus pallasii, Boy. Zool. Jour. II, 1827, 52 (not the Asiatic species). 
Cinclus mexicanus, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, 368.—ScLaTER, Catal. 1861, 10. 
—Hydrobata mexicana, Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 229.—CooPER 
& Sucnuey, Rep. P. R. R. XII, 17, 1859, 175 (nest). 
Cinclus americanus, Ricu. F. B, A. II, 1831, 273. 
Cinclus unicolor, Bon.; C. mortoni, Towns.; C. townsendii, “ Aup.” 
Towns. 
Figures: Bonaparte, Am. Orn. II, 1828, pl. xvi, fig. 1.—Aud. Orn. 
Biog. pl. 370, 435.—Is. Birds Amer. II, pl. 137. 
Hab. Found through the mountainous region of the central part of North 
America, from Fort Halkett south into Mexico. None received from the coast 
region of California. 


A Mexican specimen, from Xalapa, representing the species as 
established by Swainson, is rather darker below than skins from the 
United States, and the feathers exhibit none of those whitish edgings 
so common (but not universal) in the latter. The smoky brown of 
the head and neck is sharply defined against the plumbeous of the 
back, but below shades off insensibly in a wash over the breast. 
The bill is black; the legs dark brown. 

In a young bird from Chiloweyuck Depot, the chin and throat are 
of a dirty white, and the head is plumbeous without any of the 
smoky brown tinge. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex 


11,467 Fort Mass. N. M. Capt. Bowman. | —...... 


A : When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b; 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. ected. DY: 
31,119 | 800 -. | Fort Halkett, B. A. | Dec. 10, ’62. J. Lockhart. Mr. Brass. 
31,120 | 801 ee “ “ “ “ 
11,419 a «» | Frazer’s Riv. B. Col.| Mar. 1858. A. Campbell. Dr. Ki : 
11\806 | 215 | .. | Chiloweyuck. ant | uP ib aaa 
19,197 | 227 .. | Deer Creek, Neb. Jan. 4, ’60. | Capt. Raynolds. Dr. Hayden. 
1 


12th edition as the starting point, instead of the 10th, though without any 
apparent good reason. 

As Moehring is not a Linnean binomialist, only adopting the generic or uni- 
nomial idea, and not the binomial, I do not consider his names as tenable, 
snd consequently do not find that his use of the name Cinclus, in 1752, for 
another genus, is a pre-occupation, as rigidly understood. 


: SAXICOLA. 61 


Famity SAXICOLIDA. 


SAXICOLA, Becusrt. 


Sazcola, Becustein, “Gemein. Naturg. 1802.’’ (Type Motacilla enanthe, L.) 


Saxicola cenanthe. 


Motacilla enanthe, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1758, 186.—Sazicola enanthe, 
Becust. “Gemein. Naturg. 1802,” and of European authors.— 
HoxBéit, Orn. Groen. (Paulsen ed.), 1846, 23 (Greenland).—Barrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 220 (Europe).—Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 
28 (Bermuda).—Covss, Pr. A. N. 8. 1861, 218 (Labrador).—Rein- 
HaARDT, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland). 
?Sazxicolu ananthoides, Vicors, Zool. Blossom, 1839, 19 (N. W. Ame- 
rica).—Cassin, Ill. I, 1854, 208, pl. xxxiv (Nova Scotia). 
Hab. A European bird abundant in Greenland, found as an autumnal mi- 
grant in Labrador, Canada, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, etc. Occurs also in Behring 
Straits. I have not seen any from the United States. 


This species of late years has been frequently detected in the 
eastern portions of North America, and may be legitimately con- 
sidered as belonging to our Fauna. The specimens collected all 
appear to belong to the Greenland race (see Coues as above), which 
is considerably larger than that of central Europe, and it is most 
probable that they have reached North America by the Greenland 
route. J have never seen a full plumaged spring specimen, all being 
in autumnal livery, and it is not at all improbable that those hitherto 
detected in America are merely winter visitors from Greenland 
(where it is abundant), and to which they return to breed. The 
bird may, however, nest in Newfoundland and Labrador. 

The specimen described by Vigors, from the N. W. coast of 
America, is considerably smaller even than skins from central 
Europe, and may be distinct, as suggested by Mr. Coues. 


Smith-/|Collec-! Sex 
sonian| foris || and Locality. Bey: Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 


18,075 | 206 do |Grosvater Bay, Lab.| Aug. 24,’60.; Elliot Coues. |  ...... 
‘ete i .» | Quebec. [land. vets W. Couper. =| sg. 
20,551 43 . |Godthaab, Green- esha: WilliamsColl.Lyc.) —.. 


(18,075.) 7.00; 12.60; 4.30. 


62 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


SIALIA, Swarnson. 
Sialia, Swarnson, Zool. Jour. III, Sept. 1827,173. (Type Motacilla sialis, Linn.) 


Sialia sialis. 

Motacilla sialis, Linn. S. N. 1758, 187 (based. on Caressy, I, pl. 47).— 
Sialia sialis, Barry, Birds N. Am. 1858, 222.—BoarpMan, Pr. Bost. 
Soc. 1862, 124 (Calais, Me. ; very rare). 

Sialia wilsonii, Swatnson, Zool. Jour. III, 1827, 173.—Cas. Jour. 1858, 
120.—Gunpuacn, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324.—Jonzs, Nat. Bermuda, 
1859, 28, 66 (resident in Bermuda). 

Sylvia sialis, Lata. ; Ampelis sialis, Nort. ; Erythraca wilsonii, Sw. 

Figures: Vieruor, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. ci, cii, ciii.—Wits. I, pl. iii. 
—Auvp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. exiii.—lIs. B. A. I, pl. 134.—Doveury, 

Cab. I, pl. xii. 
Hab. Eastern United States ; resident in Bermuda; Cuba (rare), Gundlach. 


As far as the indications of the large number of specimens in the 
Smithsonian Museum extend, this species is confined to the eastern 
faunal region of the United States and the Provinces, not extending 
up the western tributaries of the Missouri into the region of the sterile 
plains, nor northward beyond Lake Winnipeg. It is a rare bird in 
the West Indies—Gundlach recording it as scarce in Cuba. It is 
resident in Bermuda, whence the eggs have been received by the 
Institution. 

From the fact of the rarity of this species as a winter migrant in 
the West Indies, and its not occurring at all on the western plains, 
T am inclined to believe that the difference in shade of color shows 
the Mexican and the Guatemalan species to be distinct from the 
North American, and entitle it to a specific appellation. 


Smith- Collec- Be ead When | | 
sonian| tor’s | an ocality. : Received from | Collected b: 
No. No. | Age. Collected. yr 
27,015 | .. | -. {Selkirk Settlement. ; ... | DonaldGunn, | _ ...... 
8,882 | 23 & | Loup Fork of Platte. | July 3. ! Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden. 
13,163 ae do |S8t. Joseph’s, Mo. | bla ; Lt. Mullan. J. Pearsall. 
6,560 | .. .. | Fort Riley, Kansas. ae i Dr. W. A. Ham- |! 
1,285 a .. | Carlisle, Pa. Mar. 9, °44.' §. F. Baird.[mond. 
3,865 | .. .. | Prairie Mer Rouge a fei | Jas. Fairie. 


Sialia azurea. 
Stalia azurea, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 369. 
Stalia wilsonit, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1856, 293 (Cordova).—In. 1858, 299 
(Oaxaca—high lands).—Is. 1859, 362 (Xalapa).—Scuarer, Ibis, 
1859, 8 (Guatemala).—Is. Catal. 1861, 11, no. 65.—Tayzor, Ibis, 
1860, 110 (Honduras).—Owen, Ibis, 1861, 60 (Guatemala), nest. 


Hab. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala. 


SIALIA. 63 


(28,021.) Similar to S. sialis, but differing in shade of blue, which is 
greenish, not purplish. Whole upper parts, with sides of head and lower 
jaw, greenish-blue ; beneath brownish-red, except abdomen to crissum, which 
are white. Female with the plumage duller, the outer web of second primary 
abruptly edged with white. 

Total length, 6.70; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.20; bill from nostril, .35; along 
_ gape, -80; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .84. 


I was not a little surprised, on comparing a series of four Mexican 
and Guatemalan Blue Birds with about fifty from the United States, 
to find certain uniform differences in coloration and form, warranting 
the specific separation that Swainson hints at in the reference cited 
above. The shade of blue is appreciably different: instead of being 
of the rich dark purplish pure blue of S. sialis, it is of almost 
the very shade of greenish-blue seen in S. arctica, without the 
purplish lustre of the latter. The abrupt white margin of the outer 
primary in female (?) specimens I have not noticed in the North 
American bird. Of about the same length of body and wing, the 
tail is decidedly longer, measuring in the type specimen 3.20, instead 
of 2.75 or 2.80, the usual length in S. siadis. 

Although Swainson did not describe this species in such manner 
as to entitle him to it, I have preferred to adopt his name rather 
than present a new one. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. | y 
28,021 11 on Mirador, Mex. sae Dr. C. Sartorius. 
28,022 11 oe ke aise & 
28,023 11 os fs “ita fs 
30,661 3a is Tactic, Vera Paz, | Nov. 5,59. | O. Salvin. 
[Guat. 


Sialia mexicana. 


Sialia mexicana, Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 202.—Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1856, 
293 (Cordova) ; 1857, 126 (California) ; 1859, 362 (Xalapa).—Is. 
Catal. 1861, 11, no. 66.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 223.—CoorER 
& Sucgtey, P. R. R. XII, 1, 1859, 173. 

Sialia occidentalis, Towns., Aup. ; Sialia czruleocollis, Viaors. 

Figures: Aup. B. A. II, pl. 135.—Is. Orn. Biog. V, pl. 393.—Vicors, 
Zool. Beechy Voy. 1839, pl. iii. 


Hab. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to Pacific. Not 
noticed on the Missouri plains, British America, or Cape St. Lucas. Found 
at Xalapa and Cordova, Mex. (Sclater). 


64 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Smith-/Collec-| Sex 

sonian| tor's | and Locality. c. hetel Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. i 

7,617 | 265 -. | Fort Steilacoom. Mar. 1856. Dr. Suckley. | — _-s---- 
1,930] .. go | Columbia Riv. Das S. F. Baird. J K. Townsend. 
4,903 © | San Diego, Cal. cae Lt. Parke. Dr. Heermann. 
7,633 26 .. | Gila River. Dec. 30, '54.| Major Emory. A. Schott. 

18,315 | 766 & | Hellgate, Idaho. 1860. Lt. Mullan. J. Pearsall. 

13,282) .. o | Sweet Water. Aug.19,’58.| Capt. J. H. Simp-] C.S. M’Carthy. 
5,051 as . | Fort Fillmore, N. M. a Capt. Pope. [son.| — «ss 
4,020 | .. .. | Saltillo, Mex. May, 1853. | Lt.CGouch., = = = | ewe eee 


Sialia arctica. 
Erythraca (Sialia) arctica, Swatns. F. B. A. H, 1831, 209, pl. 39.— 
Sialia arctica, Norraut, Man. II, 1832, 573.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 
1858, 224.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 11, no. 67. 
Sialia macroptera, Bairp, Stansbury’s Rept. 1852, 314 (larger race with 
longer wings). 

Hab. Central table lands of North America, east to mouth of Yeliowstone. 
One individual collected at Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake. Not common on 
the Pacific slope; the only specimens received coming from Simiahmoo, Fort 
Crook, and San Diego. Not recorded as found in Mexico. 


Smith-}Collec-| Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. Collected. 
1,875 ae o ; Fort Union, Neb. July 1, '43. S. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon. 
8,706 <2 od | Salt Lake City. Mar. 21, '51.| Capt. Stansbury. 


21,918 | 487 .. | Kootenay Riv. W.T. 


A. Campbell. 
Simiahmoo, W. T. se 


17,999 406 ue Fort Crook, Cal. nae John Feilner, 
28,131 | 207 | o a Mar. 10, °62.| D. F. Parkinson. 
4,425 ie San Diego, Cal. April, 1855. | Lt. Trowbridge. 


(3,706.) Type of S. macroptera, 


Famity SYLVIIDA. 


Bill slender, broad and depressed at the base, distinctly notched and de- 
curved at the tip. Culmen sharp-ridged at base. Frontal feathers reaching 
to the nostrils, which are oval, with membrane above, and overhung—not 
concealed—by a few bristles or by a feather. Rictal bristles extending 
beyond nostrils. Tarsi booted or scutellate. Basal joint of middle toe 
attached its whole length externally, half-way internally. Primaries ten: 
spurious primary about half the 2d, which is shorter than the 7th. Lateral 
toes equal. 


The birds of this family are readily distinguished from the Paridz, 


by the slender bill, notched and decurved at tip; much bristled 
gape, sharp-ridged culmen, exposed oval nostrils, less adherent toes, 


REGULUS. 65 


etc. They are much smaller than the Turdide and Saxicolide, 
with much more slender, depressed bill, longer rictal bristles, ete. 
The short outer primary, with the primaries ten in number, distin- 
guish them from the Sylvicolide. 

Of the two subfamilies, Reguline are more nearly related to the 
Saxicolide, and Polioptiline to the Paride; and have, by many 
authors, been respectively thus assigned. I agree with Cabanis, 
however, in uniting them into one family. They may thus be dis- 
tinguished :— 

Regulinz. Wings longer than the emarginate tail. Tarsi booted or with- 
out scutellar divisions. 


Polioptilinze. Wings about equal to the graduated tail. Tarsi with dis- 
tinct scutelle. 


REGULUS, Cov. 


Regulus, Cuv. “‘ Legons d’Anat. Comp. 1799-1800.” (Type Motacilla 
regulus, Linn.) 

Reguloides, Buytu. 1847. (Type “R. proregulus, Pat.,’’ GRay.) 

Phyllobasileus, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 33. (Type Motacilla calen- 
dula, Linn.) 


Regulus satrapa. 

Regulus satrapa, Licat. Verz. 1823, no. 410.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1859, 
227.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).—-BapExER, Cab. Jour. 
IV, 33, pl. 1, fig. 8 (eggs, from Labrador). — Pr. Max. Cab. Jour. 
1858, 111.— Cooper & Sucxuzy, P. R. R. R. XII, mu, 1859, 174 
(winters in W. Territory). 

Sylvia regulus, Wins. ; Regulus cristatus, VrEtu. ; R. tricolor, Nurt., Aub. 

Figures: Aun. B. A. II, pl. 132.—Is. Orn. Biog. H, pl. 183.—Visiun. 
Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. evi. 


Hab. United States and the Eastern Provinces. 


This species is found throughout the entire region of the United 
States and the Provinces, though hitherto not noticed in the fur 
countries. On the Pacific slope it is abundant from the Puget 
Sound country (where it is found in winter), south to Fort Crook; 
but no specimens are in the collection from more southern points, 
not even Fort Tejon, nor any from the middle table land or Rocky 
Mountain region anywhere. 

The western specimens are much brighter and more olivaceous 
above, especially on rump and tail, than the eastern, and may 
possibly constitute a different race, or variety olivaceus. Sciater 
records it as found at Orizaba, Mex. This may, however, prove to 
be a different species. 

Young birds, as with R. calendula, are without the colored crown. 

5 July, 1864. 


66 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PaRr I. 


| 

ae ee aa Locality. Betas Received from | Collected by 

No. No. | Age. ollected. 
10,237 ite wis Sherborn, Mass. bane 0.8. Babcock. Z 

"gas | 12 | G& | Carlisle, Pa. Oct. 22, '42, 8. . Baird. 
32,224 ae Liberty Co., Ga. rof. 5 sete 
11,801 } 200 g Siiabmao. w.'t. | Nov. 23. A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly. 

7,176 | 130 |Juv.} Steilacoom, ‘i Dr. Suckley. ve 
16,151 | 244 od Fort Crook, Cal. o/s Capt. J. Feilner. 


Regulus cuvieri. 
Regulus cuvieri, Avp. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 288, pl. 55, etc-—Bairp, Birds 
N. Am. 1859, 228. 
Hab. “Banks of Schuylkill River, Penn. June, 1812.” Aud. 


This species continues to be unknown, except from the description 
of Mr. Audubon, as quoted above. 


Regulus calendula. 

Motacilla calendula, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 337.—Regulus calendula, 
Licut. Verz. 1823, no. 408.—Bairp, Birds N. Amer. 1858, 226.— 
Scuater, P. Z. 8S. 1857, 202.—Is. 1858, 300 (mountains of Oaxaca). 
—Is. 1859, 362 (Xalapa). —Is. Ihis, I, 1859, 8 (Guatemala). — 
Cooper & Suckuey, P. R. R. XII, 1, 1859, 174.—Reinuarpyz, Ibis, 
1861, 5 (Greenland). 

Regulus rubineus, Viztuu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 49, pl. civ, ev. 

Other figures: Wits. Am. Orn. I, 1808, pl. v, fig. 3.—Doueury, Cab. II, 
pl. vi.—Auvp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 195.—Is. Birds Am. II, pl. 133. 


Hab. Greenland ; whole of North America, and south to Guatemala. 


This species of Regulus appears to lack the small feather which, 
in satrapa, overlies and conceals the nostrils, which was probably 
the reason with Cabanis & Blyth for placing it in a different genus. 
There is no other very apparent difference of form, however, although 
this furnishes a good character for distinguishing between young 
specimens of the two species. 


Smith- |Collec.| Sex When 
sonian} tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. : 
18,083 | 157 2 | Grosvater Bay, Lab.| Aug. 6,60. | Elliot Cones. | 2... c 
20,621 486 o | Fort George, H. B. | July1l, ’60.| C. Drexler, | = ...... 
19. 482 | 459 co | Fort Resolution. May 17. R. Kennicott. | 9 ...... 
27,222 | 1,339 at isis B.R Ross; |g see 
1,343 5 og | Carlisle, Pa, Aprill0,"44.| S. FP. Baird. | ae 
32,222 eA g Liberty County, Ga.| Mar. 1848. Prof. Leconte. | = ...... 
13,520 ; 295 Simiahmoo Bay. April 23,’59.| A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly. 
an a -» | Fort Tejon, Cal. as J: Meutus: |  sesare 
4,564 we +» | San Diego, Cal. wa Lt. Trowbridge. | oe 
7,172 . | .. | Espia, Mex. oi Major Emory. Dr. Kennerly. 
13,631 | |v | Guatemala, ae JeGouldy 0° Oil) Presa: 
\ 


POLIOPTILA. 67 


POLIOPTILA, Sciater. 
Polioptila, Scuartr, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 11. (Type Motacilla cerulea, L.) 


Since the note on this genus was published by Mr. Sclater, in 1855, 
enumerating four species, their number has greatly increased, as at 
the present time at least nine or ten may be considered as perfectly 
well established, possibly more. The species are very closely allied, 
and can only be readily distinguished by an examination of the 
males. In all the upper parts are plumbeous gray ; the under white, 
more or less tinged with plumbeous. The tail feathers black, with 
the outer three or four more or less varied with white; the quills 
black; the primaries edged with ashy, the secondaries with white. 
The males all have black on the head ; either the whole hood is black, 
or else gray, with a narrow line of black margining it above the eye, 
or a broad line through the eye. 

The following synopsis may aid in determining the males of the 
different species of American Polioptila :— 

Whole top of head above black. 
No white between eye and bill or above it. 

Outer tail feather black, except on outer web and extreme 

tip (about one-sixth or seventh). Hab. Rio Grande 

and Gila. . melanura. 
Outer tail feather white, aniepe pantie hidden by nities 

tail coverts. Second feather white for terminal third ; 

outline of white oblique, or along the fibres of the 

feather. Tarsus, .75; tail, 2.20. Hab. N. W. Mexico nigriceps. 
Outer tail feather black at base, but with more white than 

last; outlines of white directly transverse. Tarsus, 


.69; tail, 2.45. Hab. Brazil . . leucogastra. 
Outer tail feather entirely white; 2d and 3a aids nearly 
to base. Hab. Guiana and New Grenada : . buffoni. 


Lores white ; eyelids black. 
Outer tail feather black at the base. Hab. Central Amer. albiloris. 
Lores and short supra-ocular stripe white. 
Inner web of outer tail feather white almost to base; next 
with basal third black: this color extending little 
further on the inner than the outer web. Hab. Panama superciliaris. 
Inner web of outer tail feather black for basal third; next 
with basal half black: this color extending much 
more on inner than outer web. Size considerably 
larger. Hab. Carthagena . 5 5 ‘ : . bilineata. 


Sides of head black; top gray. 
Under parts plumbeous, lighter than back. Had. Eastern La 


Plata States c " ‘ ‘ : dumipalie. 
Under parts white, tinged vith pientenas: Hab. Bolivia . boliviana. 


68 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Top of head gray; sides whitish. 

A black frontal line extending backwards over the eye. Lateral 

tail feather white, except at the base. Tail slightly 

graduated. First primary much less than half the 

second. Hab. North America . ‘ . . ce#rulea. 
A black crescentic line beginning at ‘top of eye and pirdevine 

the ear coverts. Lateral tail feather black for basal 

half on inner web. Tail much graduated. First pri- 

mary more than half the second. Hab. Cuba . . lembeyii. 
A black line above the eye, not reaching the bill or ear coverts. 

Lateral tail feather black on nearly the whole of inner 

web. Tail moderately graduated. First primary more 

than half the second. Had. Arizona 5 . - plumbea. 


Polioptila melanura. 
Culicivora atricapilla, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V, Sept. 1851, 124 
(not of Swarnsow). 
Culicivora mexicana, Cassin, Illust. I, 1854, 164, pl. xxvii (not of Bow.). 
Polioptila melanura, Lawrences, Aun. N. Y. Lyc. VI, Dec. 1856, 168.— 
Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 382.—Herrmany, P. R. R. R. vol. X 
(Williamson), 1859, 39. 


Hab. San Diego to Fort Yuma and Cape St. Lucas. 


Specimens of this species from Cape St. Lucas differ from those 
of San Diego described in the P. R. R. Report (7191), in having 
the whole of the outer web of the outer tail feather white, and in a 
rather larger white tip. The colors beneath are a little less ashy, 
though not of a pure white. The ash of the back is rather lighter 
and purer. The lores are rather lighter. The 1st primary is a little 
larger and broader. 

It is possible that the -restriction of the white of the outer web 
of the exterior tail feather to the outer half only is an unusual 
circumstance, as both Mr. Cassin and Mr. Lawrence, in their de- 
scriptions, speak of the entire outer web being white—the second 
feather being of the former character. Under these circumstances 
there will be little specific difference between the tails of P. melanura 
and plumbea. The female bird will then be separated by the light 
superciliary line and much shorter tarsi of P. plumbea—the latter 
measuring .63, instead of nearly .70 of an inch. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
i ey i When 2 
ea lee sigia Collected. | Received from Collected by 


7,191 ox g San Diego, Cal. atts Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann 
ae “ ce v 


12)966 | 323 BA Cape St. Lucas. ie J. Xantus. 
16,961 |1,346 | 9 PeeaeBSr> YP caieg > |) ie ARARNOBE oS  ctteniaie 


POLIOPTILA. 69 


Polioptila nigriceps. 


Polioptila nigriceps, Barry, n. s. 


%,. Above clear pure light bluish gray ; beneath pure white, including the 
flanks. Entire top of the head and sides, including lower eyelids, lustrous 
black. A slight ashy tinge on the sides of the neck. Only a few feathers 
in the eyelids white. Outer tail feather white, except for the basal con- 
cealed third, as is also the outer web, except at the base, and the terminal 
fourth (or .65 of an inch) of the next. Third feather with the inner web 
tipped with white for about a quarter of an inch: perhaps in the unworn 
feather extending a little on the outer web. First primary broad, about half 
as long as the 2d. No white on secondaries, or else worn off in this specimen. 

Length, about 4.50 inches; wing, 1.95; tail, 2.15; bill above, .48; from 
gape, .32; tarsus, .75. 


Hab. Mazatlan. 


This interesting new species of Polioptila resembles P. melanura 
in general appearance, but will be readily distinguished by the white 
outer tail feather and much purer white of the under parts. The 
gray above is lighter and clearer ; the bill is larger (equal to that of 
cerulea), and the tarsi are longer. The black cap seems to extend 
farther down the side of the head, and along the nape. 

The species appears well characterized by the length of the tarsi, 
which exceed those of any other species known to me; the bill is 
not so stout as, and decidedly shorter than that of P. albiloris (32,556), 
and there is no trace of white in the lores, or between eye and bill. 
The tail is longer; the lst primary only half the 2d. 

From leucogastra it differs in the smaller size, shorter bill and 
longer tarsi, narrower tail feathers and less amount of white on the 
tail, as well as different geographical distribution. P. buffoni has 
the outer tail feather entirely white, and the 2d and 8d white almost 
to the base. The tail is considerably shorter. 


Smith-| Collec-| Sex F When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
Collected, 
No. No. | Age. 
23,781 294 s Mazatlan. July, 1861. Je Mantes | weed 
23,781. Type. 


Polioptila leucogastra. 


Sylvia leucogastra, Max. Beit. III, 1830, 710.—Polioptila leucogastra, 
Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1855, 12 (in part).—In. Cat. 1861, 12, no. 74.— 
Culicivora leucogastra, Burs. Th. Bras. Vé_el, 1856, 111. 

Culicivora atricapilla, Sw. Zool. Ill. N. 8. pl. lvii (not of Lawrence). 

Culicivora dumecola, Box. Consp. 1850, 316 (not of Viertuor). 


70 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PAST I. 


(No. 57, Mr. Lawrence’s collection, from Bahia.) Above lead gray, darker 
towards the rump; top of head and sides to lower edge of the eye glossy 
black. Beneath clear white, with a tinge of plumbeous across breast and 
sides. Quills black, edged like the back, the alula and inner secondaries 
broadly with white. Tail feathers glossy black, except the three exterior, 
of which the outermost is black on the basal half of the inner web (rather 
less on the outer) ; the next has the black extended nearly half as much more 
(on the basal two-thirds) ; the next is black, with the terminal fourth white. 


The shafts throughout are black. 
The length of the outer primary cannot be given, as the wings are not quite 


perfect. 
Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.00; tail, 2.35; bill from forehead, .57, from 
nostril, .35; along gape, .64; tarsus, .71; middle toe and claw, .45. 


Polioptila buffoni. 
Polioptila buffoni, ScuateEr, P. Z. 8. 1861, 127.—Is. Catal. 1861, 12, no. 73. 


This black-headed species I have not seen. It is said by Dr. 
Sclater to differ in a considerably smaller size (length, 4.00; wing, 
1.90; tail, 1.80; bill from gape, .60), a longer bill, and in having 
the outer tail feather entirely white, the second and third white 
almost to the base. In lewcogastra the black is much more extended, 
as will be seen above. 


Polioptila aibiloris. 
_Polioptila albiloris, Sanvin, P. Z. 8. 1860, 298 (Guatemala). 


“This species has the pileus black, the lores white; the outer three tail 
feathers tipped with white, decreasing gradually in amount (none entirely 
white). There does not appear to be a superciliary stripe. Length, 4.30; 
wing, 1.90; tail, 2.00.”—Salvin. 

Hab. West Coast Central America. 


In the collection before me are several skins from Central America 
which possess, to a certain extent, the characters of the specimen 
given above—the one coming nearest to it (32,556) having the back 
of a light gray color, the whole top and side of the head down to 
the lower edge of the eye black. There is a short white line from 
nostril towards, but not reaching the eye; the lores themselves are, 
however, black. ‘The outer tail feather is white, except on the con- 
cealed base of the inner web, which is black; the next has this black 
reaching beyond the middle of the feather; the third has an oblique 
white tip. The bill is long; the Ist primary is little more than half 
the 2d. Length, about 4.00; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.00; tarsus, .67; 
bill from nostril, .35. 

A second specimen (30,555) is very similar, but shows only the 


POLIOPTILA. T1 


slightest trace of the white near the bill—an occasional feather only 
being tipped with this color. 

A female referred to this species is similar in general character, 
but without the black head; the bill rather larger. The whole 
loral region to bill and the eyelids are white.’ 


Smith- Collee-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Geen Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. i 


32,556 | 2458 fof Grenada, Nicar. die! Acad. Nat.Sci | ~~ ...... 


30,555 ae oc | W. coast Cent. Am. os Capt. J.M. Dow.}| — ze 
30,554 asi 2 | Realejo, C. A. July 16, 63. et (eer 
34,101 | .. os “ Feb. 1864. | mares 


Polioptila superciliaris. 


Polioptila superciliaris, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 304, 322 
(Panama). 


First primary broad, and more than half the second, which is equal in 
length to outer secondaries. Color above light ashy (paler than in /euco- 
gastra) ; secondaries margined with white. The top of the head and nape 
are glossy black; the sides, however, are white, excepting a short black line 
from the eye backwards, running into the black of the nape. In other words, 
a conspicuous white line from the bill over the eye (which is situated about 
opposite its middle) and involving the whole loral region. The tail is glossy 
plack ; the outer tail feather is entirely white to the base; the next is white, 
except for the basal third; the next white for rather Jess than the terminal 
third; the fourth feather has a narrow white tip. The shafts of the white 
portions of the tail feathers are white. 


' Since the preceding article was written Mr. Salvin has kindly transmitted 
to me for examination his type specimens of P. albiloris, from Guatemala, and. 
skins labelled P. buffoni, from La Union, Salvador. The former agree very 
well with the first described specimen of “ albiloris,” except that the bill is 
not so large nor so much decurved at the end, the lores are more nearly 
white—there being only a few blackish feathers in front of the eye (more 
perhaps on one side than on the other) ; the white of the tail feathers extends a 
little farther towards the base. No. 34,101, also received recently, agrees with 
the type, except in having the larger bill. I can see very little difference 
between Mr. Salvin’s specimens of “albiloris” and of “ buffoni,” excepting in 
the color of the lores, and those described above, form two stages of inter- 
mediate gradation. I am, therefore, not disinclined to the impression that 
they all form one species. They all differ from P. buffoni, of Cayenne and 
Bogota, as first described by Dr. Sclater, in having nearly the basal third of 
the inner web of outer tail feather black, not white; the basal half of the 
jnner web of the second, and the basal three-fourths of that of the third 
feather black, instead of being white, almost to the base. 

The P. nigriceps differs from all these specimens in the longer tarsi and the 


oblique markings on the tail. 


72 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. 


The female resembles the male, except in having the black of head replaced 
by ash, like the remaining upper parts. The white on the side of the head 
is not so distinctly defined as in the male, but the short superciliary stripe is 
distinctly appreciable. 

Total length, 3.80; wing, 1.76; tail, 1.75; exposed portion of Ist primary, 
-63; of 2d, 1.15; of longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 
1.40; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .33; along gape, .55; 
tarsus, .57. 


Hab. Isthmus of Panama. 


This beautiful species, perhaps the least of the genus, is closely 
related to P. bilineata, from Carthagena. Sclater, however, describes 
this as having the tips of the outer lateral tail feather white, on 
which account Mr. Lawrence makes it distinct. As, however, Bona- 
parte, in his diagnosis of P. bilineata (Conspectus Avium, I, 1850, 
316), gives the outer tail feathers as white, the question remains to 
be decided by reference to the type in the Berlin Museum." 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When : 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. E 
3a hl -| o Isthmus Panama. fe Cab. Lawrence. | ...... 
oe 51 9 He PT en oc a 
34,097 ane fon o aaa Geo. N. Lawrence.| J. M’Leannan. 
51. Type. 


Polioptila bilineata ?? 


Culicivora bilineata, Br. Consp. 1850, 316 (type from Carthagena, in 
Berlin Museum).—Polioptila bilineata, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1855, 12; 
1860, 273.—Is. Catal. 1861, 13, no. 75. 


Hab. 8. America: Carthagena; Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Babahoyo, Sclater). 
A female specimen (No. 9,110) received from Mr. Verreaux, and 


referred to in the ‘Birds of North America,” 381, as possibly the 
bilineata, has the characters of the species in the white lores and 


1 Since writing the preceding I have been favored by Dr. W. Peters, Direc- 
tor of the Berlin Museum, with a diagram of the outer two tail feathers of 
the type specimen of P. bilineata, and of their markings. He states that 
“the two outer tait feathers are white except at the base, which is black, in 
such a manner that the black extends much more on the inner part at the 
vexillum than on the outer part.” The diagram represents much broader 
tail feathers than those of superciliaris, with considerably more black at the 
base ; this color on the inner web extending a quarter of an inch further than 
on the outer, in the first feather covering more than one-third, in the second 
about one half of the web. In superciliaris the amount of black is consider- 
ably less, and extends little more on the inner than on the outer web. 


POLIOPTILA. 73 


the superciliary stripe ; but the locality assigned, of ‘ Mexico,” is 
opposed to the idea of its being the true bilineata. It is much 
larger than the female of superciliaris, with the white on side of head 
much purer, though otherwise similar. The outer tail feather is 
entirely white, except at the concealed base; the next has basal 
half of inner web black, this color extending much beyond the black 
of outer web ; the third is white for the terminal fourth or fifth. The 
Ist quill is more than half the 2d. It is specifically distinct, with- 
out doubt, from superciliaris, and if not bilineata, and really from 
Mexico, probably indicates the existence of a third species with 
black head. Compared with a supposed female of P. albiloris, the 
bill is weaker, size larger, more white on the head and tail, etc.! 
Total length, 4.50; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.10; exposed portion of lst primary, 


-68, of 2d, 1.28, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.44; 
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .33 ; along gape, .60; tarsus, .70. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Pi beaey Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age 
9,110 | 31,390 | 4? **Mexico.” | sate Verreaux. | manene 


Polioptila dumicola. 


Sylvia dumicola, Vizi1u. Nouv. Dict. AI, 170.—Is. Encycl. Méth. II, 
1823, 433.—Polioptila dumicola, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1855, 12.— Culi- 
civora dumicola, Burm. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 473 (Montevideo 
and Parana). 

? Culicivora boliviana, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1852, 34, pl. 47 (Bolivia). 


Hab. La Plata States; Bolivia? 


I am by no means satisfied that the boliviana, of Sclater, is not 
a different species from dumicola, at least Smithsonian specimens 
from the two localities are readily distinguishable. The La Plata 
bird is nearly uniform lead gray below, including the lining of the 
wing; on the throat and breast not very much lighter than on the 
back, becoming paler posteriorly, but nowhere white. In the Bolivian 
the under parts may be called dull white, with a slight tinge of 
plumbeous on the throat, and a rather deeper shade of the same 
across the breast ; the cheeks below the black patch are quite clear 
white, and not dark plumbeous. The light edgings on the wings 
are more conspicuous. 


' The tail feathers are almost too much worn for comparison with the dia- 
gram furnished by Prof. Peters, but they do not appear materially different. 


T4 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 
ae | 
Smith-| Collee- ies 
sonian} tor’s | and | Locality. gaya Received from Collected by 
0. No. | Age. i 
12,376 8 fof ‘| Buenos Ayres. cea Capt. T. J. Page. 
12,372 8 “ ih 
16,338?| 54 Paraguay. June, 1839. 
16,336 54 Brazil. Oct, 1859. ss 
16,848 g | Bolivia. hea Walter Evans, 
16,847 a “ a 
12,376. Steamer Argentina. 12,372. Do, 16,338? Expl. of Parana. 16,336. Do. 


Polioptila plumbea. 


Polioptila plumbea, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. VII, June, 1854, 118.—Is. Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 382, pl. xxxiii, fig. 1. 


Hab. Arizona. 


The only specimens received additional to those mentioned in 
Birds N. A. are Nos. 11,541 and 11,542, collected at Fort Yuma, 
hy Lt. Ives. The species appears to be confined to Arizona. 


Polioptila caerulea. 


JMotacilla cerulea, Liyy. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 337 (based on Motacilla 
parva cezrulea, Epw. tab. 302).—Culicivora cerulea, Cas. Jour. 
1855, 471 (Cuba).—Polioptila cerulea, ScuateEr, P. Z. S. 1855, 11. 
—Is. Catal. 1861, 12, no. 70.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 380. 

Motacilla cana, Gu. 8. N. I, 1788, 973. 

?Culicivora mexicana, Bon. Consp. 1850, 316 (not of Cassty), female.— 
Polioptila mexicana, Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1859, 363, 373.—Is. Catal. 
1861, 12, no. 71. ! 

Figures: Visrut. Ois. I, pl. 88.—Wizsoy, Am. Orn. II, pl. xviii, fig. 3. 
—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 84.—Is. B. A. I, pl. 70. 


Hab. Middle region of U.S., from Atlantic to Pacific, and south to Guate- 


mala. 


Cuba, Gundlach and Bryant. 


A winter specimen, from near Cape St. Lucas, of P. cerulea, has 
the ash of the back washed with a brownish tinge. I have not seen 
this in any other specimens to anything like the same extent. 

After a careful examination of Mexican specimens, labelled P. 
mexicana by Mr. Verreaux, and of others received from Guatemala, 
I am unable to distinguish them from P. cerulea. One of these, 
No. 22,418 (38,658 of Verreaux), has the black frontal line, and the 
same pure bluish ash of northern specimens. The lores are perhaps 
a little whiter than usual, not more so than in specimens from 
Tamaulipas and Dlinois. 

All these specimens from the south agree with northern cerulea 
in the small, rather narrow, falcate first primary, scarcely two-thirds 


the exposed portion of the second. 


CHAMAADA, 


15 


In all the other species before 


me this primary is larger, broader, and as long as or longer than the 
remaining exposed portion of the second. 


Smith-|Collec-! Sex When 
sonian; tor’s | and Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ‘ 
504 ae on New York. SF. Baird. | ...... 
1,835 i Philadelphia. se ee 
615 o Washington, D.C. | April 5, 42. ee 
616 oy Q « “ “ 
29,483 | 1,164 | 9 ee April18,’61.| E. Coues. 
2,401 ais art Savannah, Ga. 1845, 8. F. Baird. 
8,671 of Indian Key, Fla. | Aug. 27,°57,| G. Wurdemann, 
10,213 a Union County, Ill. | April 20 R. Kennicott. 
10,214 o& | South Illinois. May 15. oes 
4,682 oe rod Bald Island, Neb. | April 25,’56.| Lt. Warren. 
5,641 15/ o East of Fort Riley. | June16,’56.} Lt. Bryan. W. 8S. Wood. 
7,188 he a Fort Thorn, N. M, a3 Dr.T.C. Henry. | ___...... 
7,193 is Organ Mts., Tex. Major Emory. J. H. Clark. 
4,593 34 ?| Colorado Riv., Cal. cals bas A. Schott. 
21,371 a -. | Yreka, Cal. May 26. W. Vuille. ‘ 
29,748 | 1,790 | ¢ Maryville, Cal. April 24,’63.| F. Gruber. 
13,742 2091 ¢ Fort Tejon, Cal. ok F.cmantus,.. |. axes 
31,888 on fof San Diego, Cal. Dec. 5, 61. | Geol. Surv. Cal. Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
16,960 | 5,249 | .. Cape St. Lucas. Oct. 10, 59. | J. Xantus. Seaver 
17,290 | 3,409 | .. tr abt ee 
3,985 a Zo Tamaulipas, Mex. 1853, Lt. Couch. 
31,8232} 1,656 | G | Colima, Mex. Aug. 1863. fe 
223 if ne Mexico. ais J. Gould. 
22,418 |38,658 | g¢ | Coban. Verreaux. 
9,222 is as Guatemala. J. Gould. 
9,223. ‘* P. mexicana.” 


Famity CHAMHAD A. 


Bill compressed, short, rather conical, not notched nor decurved. Culmen 


sharp-ridged. Nostrils linear, with an incumbent scale. Rictal bristles reach- 
ing beyond nostrils, which are scantily overhung by bristly feathers. Loral 
feathers bristly and directed forwards. Tarsi booted, or covered with a con- 
tinuous plate anteriorly, with faint indications of scutellz on the inner side. 
Basal joint of middle toe attached for about half its length on either side. 
Primaries ten; 6th quill longest. Plumage very lax. 


I have found it impossible to assign the genus Chama to any 
recognized family of American birds, and have accordingly been 
obliged to give it independent rank in this respect, although it may 
properly belong to some old world group with which I am not ac- 
quainted. In its general appearance it approaches the Paridex in 
loose plumage, bristly lores, want of notch to bill, ete. ; but differs 
in the very much bristled rictus, sharp-ridged culmen, linear nostrils, 
booted tarsi, less amount of adhesion of the toes, ete. It approaches 


76 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


the Sylvitde in the sharp-ridged culmen and bristly gape, bat is 
otherwise very different. The excessively rounded wing is a peculiar 
feature, the sixth primary being the longest. 

The family may, perhaps, be best placed between the Syluiide and 


Paride. 


CHAMZEA, GAmMBEL. 
Chama, GAMBEL, Pr. A. N. Se. III, 1847, 154. (Type Parus fasciatus.) 


Bill much shorter than head, conical compressed. Culmen much curved ; 
gonys less so. Nostrils linear, covered and nearly hidden by an incumbent 
scale, as in some Wrens. Wings much rounded, about two-thirds the tail ; 
the 6th primary longest; the 3d equal to the secondaries. Tail very long and 
much graduated, the lateral feathers not two-thirds the central ; feathers nar- 
row, with narrow outer webs. 


The genus, as far as known, embraces but a single species. 


Chamea fasciata. 


Parus fasciatus, GamBEL, Pr. A. N. Se. Aug. 1845, 265 (California).— 
Chameza fasciata, GamBEL, Pr. A. N. Sc. III, 1847, 154.—Is. J. A. 
N. Se. 2d series, I, 1847, 34, pl. viii, fig. 3.—Capanis, Wiegmann’s 
Archiv, 1848, I, 102.—Cassin, Illust. I, 1853, 39, pl. vii.—Batirp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 370. 


Hab, Coast region of California. 


(5,924, %, California.) Total length, 6.20; wing, 2.30; tail, 3.50, gradua- 
tion, 1.20; exposed portion of lst primary, .85. of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 6th 
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.80; length of bill from fore- 
head, .52, from nostril, .30; along gape, .60 ; tarsus, 1.05 ; middle toe and claw, 
-78; claw alone, .23; hind toe and claw, .55 ; claw alone, .39. 


Smith-|Collec-} Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b: 
No. | No. |Age. Collected. y 
3,339 wa -. | California. baie 8. F. Baird. Dr. Gambel. 
7,163 ar .. | Sacramento Valley. ate Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermaun. 
5,924 ae od | Sta. Clara, Cal. tia Dr. Cooper, |  — ...see 

25,369 | 607 do | Fort Tejon, Cal. Sept. 1857. John Xantus. | ~~ ...... 

31,890 | 699 .» | San Diego, Cal. Dec. 5, 61. | Geol. Surv. Cal. Dr. Cooper. 


3,339. Type specimen. (31,890) 6.60; 7.12; 2.25. ‘Iris white,” 


LOPHOPHANES. qT 


Famity PARIDA. 


Bill generally short, conical, not notched nor decurved at tip. Culmen broad 
and rounded, not sharp-ridged at base. Nostrils rounded, basal, and con- 
cealed by dense bristles or bristly feathers. Loral feathers rough and bristly, 
directed forwards. Tarsi distinctly scutellate; basal joints of anterior toes 
abbreviated, that of middle toe united about equally for three-fourths its 
length to the lateral: in Parine forming a kind of palm for grasping; outer 
lateral toe decidedly longer than the inner. Primaries ten: the lst much 
shorter than the 2d, Tail feathers with soft tips. 


With Cabanis I include the Nuthatches in the same family with 
the Titmice, and have prepared the above diagnosis to include both 
groups. They agree in having a’ conical biil, not notched nor de- 
curved, with much rounded culmen, and nearly straight commissure, 
and rounded nostrils covered with dense bristles. These characters 
will readily distinguish them, in connection with the ten primaries, 
and tarsi with scutelle on the anterior half only (as compared with 
Alaudidz), from any other American Oscines. 

The two subfamilies may be thus distinguished :— 


Parinz. Body compressed. Bill shorter than the head. Wings rounded, 
equal to, or shorter than the rounded tail. Second quill as short as the 
10th. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw, which are about 
equal to the hinder; soles of toes widened into a palm. Plumage rather 
soft and lax. 


Sittinze. Body depressed. Bill about equal to, or longer than the head. 
Wings much pointed, much longer than the nearly even tail. Tarsus 
shorter than the middle toe and claw, which are about equal to the 
hinder. Plumage more compact. 


Among the Paring are several extremes of form, but the American 
species are sufficiently allied to allow them to be united into one 
subfamily. 


Suspramity PARINA. 


LOPHOPHANES, Kaop. 
Lophophanes, Kaur, Entw. Gesch. Europ. Thierw. 1829. (Type Parus cristatus.) 
Bzolophus, Casanis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850-51, 91. (Type Parus bicolor, L.) 


Cabanis, as quoted above, makes a new genus for our Tufted Tit- 
mouse, on the ground of a difference in the crest, and in having 


78 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 
stouter bill and feet, and longer legs. As, however, our other species 
vary considerably in this respect, I can hardly consider these as 
more than specific differences. 


Lophophanes bicolor. 

Parus bicolor, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. I, 1766, 340 (based on Parus 
cristatus, Catessy, I, pl. 57).—Pr. Max. Cab. Jour, VI, 1858, 118.— 
Lophophanes bicolor, Bon. List Birds Europe, 1842.—Barrp, Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 384.—Scnatsr, Catal. 1661, 14, no. 87.—Bzolophus 
bicolor, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 91 (type of genus). 

Lophophanes missouriensis, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 384 (var. from 
Missouri River). . 

Figures: Wuson, Am. Orn. I, pl. viii, fig. 5.—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 301. 
—Is. Birds Am. II, pl. 125. 


Hab. United States, from Missouri valley eastward. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 

No. No. | Age. Collected. 
823 2 og |*Carlisle, Pa. Oct. 20, 42 8. F. Baird. 8. F. Baird. 

1,292 os io} ae May 11, °44. “ 

28,958 | 575 od | Washington, D.C. | Jan.16,’60. | Dr. E. Coues. 

29,956 a aus — Sept. 24,’60.| D. W. Prentiss. 

32,281 2 Liberty Co., Ga. ea Prof. J. Leconte. 

20,921 re Illinois. ies R. Kennicott. 


29,675 ae ii Springfield, Ill. rein P. M. Springer. 
4,730 se os Fort Leavenworth.| April 21,’54.} Lt. D. N. Couch. 
6,752 oie Ge a Jan. 20, °55. Ay 
4,731 aye ie St. Joseph, Mo. April 22,’56.| Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden. 


(823,) 6.25: 10; 3.17. (1,292.) 5.66; 9.66; 3.08. (28,958.) 6.30; 10.30; 3.20. (32,281.) 5.80; 
9.50; 3.00. 6,752. Type of var. missouriensis. 4,731. Eyes dark-brown. 


Lophophanes atricristatus. 


Parus atricristatus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. V, 1850, 103, pl. ii (Texas). 
Lophophanes atricristatus, Casstn, Ill. Birds Texas, etc. I, 1853, 18, 
pl. iii.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 385. 


Hab. Valley of Rio Grande, south. 


Smith-} Collec-| Sex When 
; . A 
poulen are as Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
12,107 a 3 San Antonio, Tex. | April13,’51.) Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse. 
6,756 ai on Fort Clarke, Tex. siete Lt. J. G. Parke. Dr. Heermann. 
3,974 96 New Leon, Mex. ee Lt. D. N. Couch. |... 
3,975 97 te on GTO E | Gaeta 
9,111 |29,713 | .. Mexico. eat Verreaux, | ...... 
22,416 | 29,856 | .. ws oes bien (ner 


Lophophanes inornatus. 


Parus inornatus; Gampet, Pr. A. N. Se. Phil. Aug. 1845, 265 (Upper. 
California),—I. J. A. N. Se. new ser. I, 1847, 35, pl. vii.—Lopho- 


PARUS. 79 


phanes inornatus, Cassin, Ill. 1853, 19.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 
386.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 88, 


Hab. Southern United States, from Rocky Mts. to Pacific. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex Whe 
sonian| tor’s ; and Locality. Coll ‘ea Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. cecten 
5,515 as o | Petaluma, Cal. wins E. Samuels. 
5,923 ore Se Santa Clara, Cal. mate Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
12,904 | 104 .. | Napa Valley, Cal. wate A. J. Grayson, 
4,951 18 as San Jose, Cal. eed ss 
25,354 |1,496 ¢ | Fort Tejon, Cal. Jan, 1858. | J. Xantus. : 
12,106 Be o& | San Fraucisco Mts. | Oct. 9. Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse. 
11,543 81 fon Fort Defiance, N. M. esas Lt. J. C. Ives. H. B. Millhausen. 
6,753 aie .. | Fort Thorn, N. M. ante Dr.T.C, Henry. | «eee 


Lophophanes wollweberi. 


Lophophanes wollweberi, Bon. C. R. XXXI, Sept. 1850, 478.—Wester- 
MANN, Bijdr. Dierkunde, III, 1851, 15, plate.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 
1858, 386, pl. liii, fig. 1.—Scnarer, P. Z. 8. 1858, 299 (Oaxaca, 
high lands).—Is. Catal. 1861, 14, no. 89. 

Parus annexus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Oct. 1850, 103, pl. i. 

Lophophanes galeatus, CaBANIS, Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 90. 

Hab. Southern Rocky Mountains of U. §., and along table lands through 
Mexico, to Oaxaca. 


No additional materials relative to this species have been received 
since 1898. 


i 

Smith- ;Collec-| Sex When 

sonian! tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by, 
no: No. | Age. : 
6,794 ° 3 Q | Copper Mines, N. M. eee Col. J.D. Graham.| J. H. Clark. 
6,797 |... .. | Fort Thorn, N, M. sine Dr.T.C. Henry. | —...... 
6,795 | 50 .. | Pueblo Creek, N, M.| Jan. 22, 54.) Lt. A.W. Whipple.| Dr, Kennerly. 
9,221 | ise -. | Mexico. ata Jou, gate 


PARUS, Livy. 
Parus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1735. (Type Parus major.)—Is. Fauna Suecica, 
238. (Type P. major.)—Is. Syst. Nat. 1758, 189. (Type Parus 
cristatus.) 


Parus septentrionalis. 
Parus septentrionalis, Harris, Pr. A. N. Sc. II, 1845, 300.—Cassrn, 
Illust. I, 1853, 17, 80, pl. xiv.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 389.— 
Scuarer, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 82.—Parus septentrionalis, var. 
albescens, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxvii. 
?Parus atricapillus, Pr. Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 119. 


Hub. Region of Missouri River to Rocky Mts. 


80 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. 


Thus far I have seen none of the common Black-capped Titmouse 
(P. atricapillus), from the line of the Missouri River and westward 
to the Rocky Mountains, that were not referable to the long tailed 
species. Specimens vary in amount of white on the wings and tail, 
but the real characters are pretty constant. The specimens at 
present in the collection, however, are not in sufficiently good con- 
dition, nor numerous enough, to exhibit the exact limitations of the 
two species. 

I have already referred (B. N. A. 389) to specimens from the 
southern Rocky Mountains (Fort Massachusetts), in which the 
white markings are of a plumbeous tinge. Some others, since re- 
ceived, exhibit this same character, and it is not impossible that it 
may indicate a specific form. The specimens, however, are not in 
sufficiently good condition to settle the question, but their general 
appearance is more that of Parus meridionalis, than the North 
American Black-caps. 


Smith- Collec-| Sex When 
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. ; 
19,557 | 147 Q | Ft. Simpson, H.B.T. | April 23,60 | B. R. Ross. 
20,266 | 254 oy of Oct. 19, 759. | R. Kennicott. 
19,558 , 306 -» | Fort Liard. Jan. 12, *60. ee 
13,700 ts .» | Lake Winnipeg. June 6, *59. et 
27,049 i -.» | Fort Garry. oe Donald Gunn. 
6,765 So .. | Fort Leavenworth. anes Lt. Couch. 
4,733 ae od | Mo. of Big Nemaha. | April 2, 56. | Lt. Warren. 
20,338 a .. | Fort Randall. eg Capt. J.P. M’Cown. 
5,873 a -. | Fort Riley. 1856. Jno. Xantus. 
13,175 89 -» | Near Fort Benton. iis Lt. Mullan. 
17,551 | 261 2 | Teton River. tase es * 
11,082 os .. | Fort Bridger. April10,°58.)C. Drexler, | ~~ ...... 
22.049 78 ++ | Hellgate, Idaho. Aug. 28,’60.; Dr. Cooper. | —...... 
8,828 aie -. | Black Hills. Sept. 15. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden. 
13,779 15 -. | Fort Massachusetts, eee Capt. A.W. Bow-| —....... 
13,780 a : ue [N. M. ais et {man}... 
11472} .. |. ‘fe nnd ee ts 
11,493 ka |) as “ aes a ene 
11,474 ae oe ee ee rn (ee 


(8,828.) 5.50; 2,75. (11,472.) Plumbeous variety, (11,473.) Do. (11,474.) Do. 


Parus atricapillus. 


Parus atricapillus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 341 (based on Parus atrica- 
pillus canadensis, Brisson, III, 553, tab. xxix, fig. 1).—Batrp, Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 390.—Scrarter, Catal. 1861, 13, no. 80.—Pacila atri- 
capilla, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230. 

Parus palustris, Nurr. Man. I, 1832, 79. 

Figured by AupuBon, Witson, etc. 


Hab. Eastern North America. 


PARUS. 81 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex wi 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll eet Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. oeerees 

18,694 ase Q | Portsmouth, N.H. | Jan. 8. Elliot Coues. 

12,851 te Brooklyn, N. Y. coe J. Akhurst. 

830 aig g Carlisle, Pa. Oct, 22,42. | S. F. Baird. . F 
29,6762)... .. | Springfield, Ill. wii P.M. Springer, | —- ee ee 
29,6687); .. .. | Temiscamingue, 

Can. [H. B. on Thos. Richards. | ~—.-..-s 
32,344 es .. | Moose Factory, 1862. J. Mackenzie. | ....-. 


(830.) 5.00; 7.75; 2.50. 


Parus occidentalis. 


Parus occidentalis, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 391 (W. Territory).— 
SciaTeER, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 82. 


Hab. Northwest coast region of the United States. 


No specimen of this species has been received for several years. 


Parus meridionalis. 


Parus meridionalis, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293 (El Jacale, Mex.).—Is. 
1857, 81; 1858, 299.—Is. Catal. 1861, 14, no. 83.—Barzp, Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 392, 
Not figured. 


\ 


Hab. Eastern Mexico. 


As already shown in Bifds N. Am., this bird is very different 
from the United States species in the absence of any lighter edgings 
on the greater wing coverts (seen in all the others), in the almost 
entire absence of whitish edging to the quills and tail, and in the 
ashy, instead of the rusty, flanks and crissum. The size is about that 
of the Parus atricapillus. 


Smith-|Collec-} Sex When ; 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. - 


10,203 ae ia Mexico. [region.) aaa Dr. P. L. Selater. 
32,470 392 Orizaba. (Alpine in Prof. F.Sumichrast. 
32,736 |44,730 | .. Mexico. ms Verreaux. 


Parus carolinensis. 


Parus carolinensis, Aup. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 474, pl. 160.—Is. Birds Am. 
II, 1841, 152, pl. 127.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 392.—SciatEr, 
Catal. 1861, 13, no. 81.—Pecila carolinensis, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230. 


Hab. South Atlantic and gulf region of U. 8. 
6 August, 1864. 


82 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex wh 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll Neca Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. olected: 
10,514 ae og | Cape May Co.,N. J. was J K. Townsend. 
607 g¢ | Washington, D.C. | Feb, 22, ’42.| W. M. Baird. 
706 aa fa April 5, ’42. es 
11,971 i 3 ce May 1, ’59. | C. Drexler. 
29,962 | 301 cae oot D. W. Prentiss. saraidors 
19,088 60 og | Fort Cobb, Ark. May 20, °60.| J. H. Clark. Cc. 8. M’Carthy. 


(607.) 4.25; 6.50. (706.) 4.60; 7.00, (11,971.) 4.80; 7.32 


Parus montanus. 


Parus montanus, GampBet, Pr. A. N. Sc. April, 1843, 259 (Santa Fé).— 
Is. Jour. A. N. Sc. new ser. I, 1847, 35, pl. viii, fig. 1.—Barrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 394.—Scrarer, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 84. 


Hab. Mountain regions of Middle and Western United States. 
Several variations in coloration and other characters will be found 


mentioned in the Birds N. Am., as quoted above, but nothing appa- 
rently of specific value. 


j \ 
suit eo pate Pcoatt When R 7 
sonian; tor’s | an ocality. Received from Collected b 
wa No. | Age. Collected. y 
4,390 | 171 .. | Fort Dalles, Oregon. | Feb. 1845. Dr. Suckley. 
21,959 | 582 .. | Colville Depot, W.T.! Mar.~0,’60.| A. Campbell. 
21,957 ; 593 ee July 15, 60. a 
22,041 | .. -Bitter-root Mts. | Sept 3, ’60. | Dr. J. G. Cvoper. 
17,556 | 614 alee ot a3 Lt. Mullan. 
16,206 60 Q {; Fort Crook, Cal. one John Feilner. 
21,466 ae és be vie D. F. Parkinson. 
25,710 ‘1,266 .. | Fort Tejon, Cal. Dec. 1860. Jvbn Xantus. 
10,544 64 og |San Francisco Mts. ane Capt. J. C. Ives. 
5,643 | 222 @ | Medecine, Bow Cr’k.| Aug. 6,’56. | Lt. Bryan. [man. 
11,475 oe .. | Fort Massachusetts. vee Capt. A _W. Bow- 
10,712 ae .. | Ft. Burgwyn, N. M. ort Dr. W. W. Ander- 
[son. 


(22,041.) Iris brown. 


Parus hudsonicus. 


Parus hudsonicus, Forster, Philos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383, 430.—Avp. 
Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 543, pl. 194.—In. Birds Am. II, 1841, 155, pl. 
128.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 395. 


Hab. Northeastern portions of North America. 


Specimens from the most northern localities appear larger than 
those from Maine and Nova Scotia, with proportionally longer tails 
(3.00 inches, instead of 2.40). I can, however, detect no other 
difference, although I have access to but a few skins from southern 
points. This difference is much the same as between P. atricapillus 
and septentrionalis ; to which variety the original P. hudsonicus 


PARUS. 83 


belongs, yet remains to be determined, and to which, if any, a new 
name is to be given. 

The Parus sibiricus, of Europe, is very similar in coloration and 
characters to the P. hudsonicus. The principal difference is seen in 
the cheeks, which in sébiricus are pure white, this color extending 
along the entire side of the neck, widening behind, and extending 
round towards the back. In hudsonicus the cheeks behind the eyes 
and sides of neck are ash gray, the white being confined to the region 
below or near the eye. The smoky gray of the upper part of head 
and neck in s¢biricus is in a stronger contrast with the brighter 
rufescent gray of the back, and is separated from it by an obscure 
concealed whitish dorsal half collar, represented in hudsonicus only 
by a dull grayish shade in the plumage. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

nonin tors and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
oO. 0. | Age. 

18,087 | 157 .. | Rigolet, Lab. July 13, ’59.| E. Coues, 

17,101 ie .. | Halifax, N.S. aan J. R, Willis. 

2,926 ee -. | Eastern N. America. Sai 8. F. Baird. 

27,349 11,308 .. | Ft. Youkon. February. R. Kennicott. 

19,559 | 256 Ft. Simpson. Oct. 19, ’59, tS 

27,346 |1,918 g es April. B. R. Ross. 

19,553 | 315 .. | Ft. Liard. Jan, 20. R. Kennicott. 

19,566 ie .. | Big Island, G. 8. L. con J. Reid. 

22,276 | 920 -. | Ft. Rae, G. 8. L. May, 1860. L. Clarke, Jr. 


Parus rufescens. 


Parus rufescens, TownsEnp, J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, 11, 1837, 190.—Avp. 
Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 371, pl. 353.—Iz. Birds Am. 1841, 158, pl. 129. 
—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 394.—Coopzr & Sucker, P. R. R. Rep. 
XII, m, 1859, 194 (mesting).—Sctarer, Catal. 1861, 14, no. 86.— 
Pecila rufescens, Bonar. Consp. 1850, 230. 


Hab. Western United States near Pacific coast. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When R 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . | 

17,444 437 | 2 |Simiahmoo, W. T. | Dec. 23, ’59.| A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly, 

11,812 222! .. | Chiloweyuck, W. T.| Sept. 27. ce « 

21,955 as .. | Kootenay Camp. Des ss | “ 
6778 | .. | .. | Ft. Steilacoom, W.T.| Mar. 1856. | Dr.Geo.Suckley.|  —...... 
6,786 41L | .. | Ft. Vancouver. Dec. 29, ’53.| Gov. I. I. Stevens.! Dr. Cooper. 
2,931 oe .. | Columbia River. ee 8. F. Baird. J. K. Townsend. 
1,924] .. : “s wh ete. Mire Secees 
6,784 on .. | San Francisco? er Lt. Williamson. | Dr. Heermann. 

22,415 }40,752 | gf | California. vee Verreaux, | ..eeee 


84 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I.. 


PSALTRIPARUS, Bonar. 


Psaltriparus, Bonar. C. R. XXXI, 1850, 478. (Type P. melanotis.) 
githaliscus, Capanis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 90. (Type Parus erythrocephalus.) 


Psaltriparus melanotis. 


Parus melunotis, HartLavs, Rev. Zool. 1844, 216.—Pecila melanotis, Br. 
Consp. 1850, 230.— A2githaliscus melanotis, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 
1850-51, 90.—Psaltria melanotis, WesteRMANN, Bijdrag. Dierk. 
1851.— Psaltriparus melanotis, Bonar. C. R. KXXVIII, 1854. — 
Scuater, P. Z. S. 1858, 299.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 386, pl. 
liii, fig. 3. 

Psaltriparus personatus, Bonar. C. R. XXXI, Sept. 1850, 478.—Psaltra 
personata, WESTERMANN, Bijd. Dierk. 1851, 16, plate. 


Hab. Eastern Mexico. ‘ 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gone Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. iz 


29,711 8 od | Cayuilalpam, Mex. | Dec. 1860. A.Salla | 9 wa... 
ai 54 «+ | Mexico. ee Cab. Lawrence. | ~~... 


Psaltriparus minimus. 


Parus minimus, Townsenp, J. A. N. Se. VII, u, 1837, 190.—Avp. Orn. 
Biog. IV, 1838, 382, pl. 382, figs. 5, 6.—Is. Birds Am. II, 1841, 160, 
pl. 130.—Pecila minima, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230.—Psaltria minima, 
Cassin, Illust. 1853, 20.—Psaltriparus minimus, Bon. C. R. XX XVIII, 
1854, 62.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 397.—Coorzr & SuckLEy, 
P. R. R. Rep. XII, 11, 1859, 195. 


Hab. Pacific coast of United States. 


Smith- Collec- Sex ‘ When 
sonian| tor’s | and ocality. Received from Collected b 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. y 
6,758 336 | ¢ | Ft. Steilacoom, W. T. sas Dr.Suckley. | = ...... 
6,760 a og |Sacramento Valley, aK Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann. 
12,895 oe 2 |Napa Valley. [Cal. wt A.J.Grayson, | —...... 
29,745 | 1,191 | .. | Avburn, Cal. Dec. 10,62.) Ferd. Gruber. | ~~ ...... 
aa is .. | Fort Tejon, Cal. ays J.Xantuss | se 
22,417 |40,844 | g | California. ears Verreaux, { 3 ...... 


Psaltriparus plumbeus. 


Psaltria plumbea, Bairp, Pr. A. N. 8. VII, June, 1854, 118 (Little Colo- 
rado).—Psaltriparus plumbeus, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 398, pl. 
xxxili, fig. 2.—Sciarer, Catal. 1861, 398, no. 77. 


Hab. Southern Rocky Mountain region of United States. 


PSALTRIPARUS—AURIPARUS. 85 


Smith-/|Collec-) Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. c When Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ollecied. 


6,774 94 ++ | Camp 120, Arizona, | Feb, 12,'54.} Lt. Whipple. Dr. Kennerly. 
6,777 | 63 | .. “i Feb. 1, ’54. “ Ke 
33,003 40 «. | Little Colorado. Noy. 1853. . a 
11,729 aie -. | Cantonment Bur- {son. 
gwyn. ete Dr. W. W. Ander-| se. eee 
6,770 wie -» | Fort ‘Thorn, N. M. ices Dr. T.C. Henry. | «see 


(6,774.) Iris yellow. (6,777.) Iris black. (33,003.) Iris black. 


AURIPARUS, Bairp. 
Auriparus, Baird, n. g. (Type 4githalus flaviceps, Sunp.) ‘ 


In the “ Birds of North América,” p. 399, while defining the generic 
characters of Paroides, I showed that the Agithalus flaviceps, of 
Sundevall, differed very materially from the P. pendulinus, the type 
of the genus. The discrepancy, in fact, is too great to permit the 
two species to be associated, and I have consequently been obliged 
to establish a new generic name. The peculiarities authorizing this 
course will be found detailed in the work cited above. They con- 
sist, as compared with other American forms, in the long pointed 
quills, and the very small claws; the tarsi are much shorter than 
in Psaltriparus. 

The single known species of the genus builds a covered nest of 
stiff, short pieces of grass, with a hole in the side, in bushes. The 
eggs are spotted, as in the Black-headed Titmice, not white, as in 
Psaltriparus minimus. 


Auriparus flaviceps. 


Aigithalus flaviceps, SunpEvaLy, Ofversigt af Vet. Ak. Férh. VII, v, 
1856, 129.—Psaltria flaviceps, Sct. P. Z. 8. XXIV, March, 1856, 37. 
—Psaltriparus flaviceps, Scu. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 13, no. 79.— 
Paroides flaviceps, Barry, Birds N. Am. 1858, 400, pl. —, fig. 2.— 
Auriparus flaviceps, Bairp. 

Conirostrum ornatum, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. May, 1851, 113, pl. v, 
fig. 1 (Texas). 


Hab. Valleys of the Rio Grande and Colorado: Cape St. Lucas. 


This interesting species appears confined to the basins of the Rio 
Grande and Gila, extending to Cape St. Lucas, where it is very 
abundant. An immense number of its curiously shaped nests were 
collected by Mr. Xantus. Cape St. Lucas specimens of this, as 
of the other species, are much smaller than those from the more 
northern localities: thus, in No. 12,967, $, the wing measures 1 90, 


86 


REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


[PART I. 


the tail 1.80; while in 6,764 ($2), from El Paso, the wing is 2.15, 


and the tail 2.25. 


The Cape St. Lucas specimens are brighter, and 


the top of head just behind the forehead has the feathers strongly 
tinged with reddish-orange. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. c aynee Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. : 
+s . .. | Matamoras. areiy Lt. Couch. Dr. Berlandier. 
6,774 24 a El Paso, Mex. Dec. 26,’54. | Maj. Emory. J. H. Clark. 
4,015 | 218 ts Saltillo, Mex. Sts Lt. Couch. Co teetes 
11,545 as 9 Fort Yuma, Cal. Lt. J. C. Ives. Millhausen. 
11,546 oe ay at a re 
12,967 ll fon Cape St. Lucas. John Xantus. |  ...... 
12,968} 72 | ¢ “ t iagidis 


Sitta, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. 1735 and 1758, 115. 


Susramity SITTINA. 


SITTA, Linnzus. 


(Type S. europxa.)— 


ReicHENBACH, Handbuch, No. IX, 1853,149. (Monograph of genus. ) 


Sitta carolinensis. 


Sitta europea, var. y, carolinensis, Gu. S. N. I, 1788, 440. 


Sitta carolinensis, Lata. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 262; also of all other Ame- 
rican writers.—RzicuEnsAcn, Handbuch, Abt. II, 1853, 153, tab. 
dxiii, figs. 3,563-4.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 374, pl. xxxiii, 
fig. 4. Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 106. 


Sitta melanocephala, Vien. Gal. I, 1834, 171, pl. elxxi. 


Other figures: Wizsow, Am. Orn, I, pl. ii, fig. 3.—Aup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 
152.—Is. B. A. IV, pl. 247. 


Hab. United States and the Provinces; west to valley of the Missouri. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ‘ 

26,934 es -» | Nova Scotia. ped W.G. Winton, | ...... 
1,645 sis se Carlisle, Pa, July 11, °44.| S. F. Baird. Baas 
1,761 8 g " Jan. 1845. SE (PS one 

28,954 | 1,004] .. Washington, D.C. | Oct.13,’60.| E.Coues, | ww... 

29,952 602 | ¢ ts Oct. 14,61. | D.W. Prentiss. | ...... 

30,996 115| ¢ ts Oct. 28,62. | C.E. Schmidt. | ~~ ...... 

29,785 af 2 Peoria, Ill. ats Bishop, |... 
8,337 62] 0. Independence, Mo. | June 6, 57. | W. M. Magraw. Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
6,802 AR ssa Fort Leavenworth. | Dec. 24,°54.| Lt. Couch, | — ...... 
5,871 28| og | East of Fort Riley. | June1s, ’56.) Lt. Bryan. [mond.| W. 8. Wood 
5,871 ae ae Fort Riley, Kans. wits Dr. W. A.Ham- | ~~ ...... 


(1,645.) 6.08; 10.89; 3.68. 


5.80; 10.90; 3.60. 


Sitta aculeata. 
Sitta aculeata, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. VIII, Oct. 1856, 254.—Barrp, Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 375, pl. xxxiii, fig. 3. 


(1,761.) 6.00; 11.25; 3.75. 
(30,996.) 6.00; 11.00. 


(28,954.) 5.90; 11.10; 3.40. 


(29,252.) 


SITTA. 


87 


? Sitta carolinensis, Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1856, 293 (Cordova) ; 1858, 300 
(Oaxaca) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa), 373 (Oaxaca). 


Hab. Western and Middle United States, south to Cordova, Mex. 


As remarked in Birds N. Am., the only appreciable difference 
between this species and the preceding is in the much slenderer bill. 
The Mexican White-bellied Nuthatches seem to belong here rather 
than to the carolinensis ; at least the specimens I have seen do so. 
It is very difficult to express this difference appreciably ; but a com- 
parison of large series from the two localities will readily illustrate 
the fact as will the figures cited in B. N. A. 

Mr. Sclater calls attention to the inferiority of size of his speci- 
mens from Oaxaca; this might be anticipated from their southern 
locality as resident birds. 


Smith- 


Collec-| 


Sex 


‘ i When ‘ 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b: 
0: No. | Age. y: Collected. y 
21,948 | 590 do | Colville, W. T. Mar. 1860. | A. Campbell. George Gibbs. 
21,949 | 601 -» | Moogie R., W. T. Aug. 1860. sf Dr. Keonerly. 
21,950 | 604 Q | Kootenay R., W. T. Ke it ff 
6,811 | 258 +» | Ft. Steilacoom, W.T. Dr. Suckley. 
16,185 | 274 do | Fort Crook, Cal. Jno. Feilner. 
22,083 80 ae ee D. F. Parkinson. 
5,502 | 280 +» | Petaluma, Cal. E. Samuels. 
6,806 sts -. | San Francisco, Cal. R. D. Cutts. 
4,944 sais ++ | Sau Jose, Cal.” ints A. J. Grayson. 
25,328 | 113 od | Fort Tejon, Cal. June, 1857. | J. Xantus. 
29,747 {1,161 +. | Auburn, Cal. [Idah. | Dec. 1, 62. | Ferd. Gruber, 
18,423 12 .. | W. of Fort Benton, | April, 1860. | Lt. Mullan. Hildreth. 
17,548 | 618 2 | Bitterroot Valley. wets Be J. Pearsall. 
11,081 aA o& | Fort Bridger, Utah. | May 30. C. Drexler, $j] — ...... 
19,228 | 166 o | Sheyenne River. Oct. 29. Capt, Raynolds. Dr. Hayden. 
11,731 “a -» ; Cantonment Bur- 
gwyn, N.M.{Ariz. sie Dr. Anderson. | ...... 
12,102 4 $ | San Francisco Mts.,|Oct. 14, ’52. | Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse. 
6,807 26 -+, | 100 miles west of 
Albuquerque. Lt. Whipple. Dr. Kennerly. 
13,673? Xalapa, Mex. P. L. Sclater. R. M. D’Oca. 
13,589 Mexico. J.Gould. | 2... 


i 


Sitta canadensis. 


‘Sitta canadensis, Liwn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 177.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 
pl. 108.—Is. Birds Am. IV, pl. 248.—Rezicu. Handb, Abt. II, 1853, 
152, tab. dxiii, figs. 3,561-2.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 376.— 
Scuater, Catal. 1861, 15, no. 91. 
Sitta varia, Wits. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 40, pl. ii. 


Hab. Whole United States and British Provinces. 


[PART I. 


88 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 
| a 
Smith-|Collec-) Sex 
sonian! tor’s | and Locality. Pah evie Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. , 
20,878 a .. | East Bethel, Vt. wate C. S. Paine. jersvessis 
818 ee o | Carlisle, Pa. Oct.19,'42.| SF. Baird. =| saves 
28,409 26 .. | Washington, D.C. ain C. Drexler, | = seeeee 
13,190 as o& | Upper Georgia. A.Gerhardt. | wae eee 
11,608 a .. | Riceboro’, Ga. sia Prof. Leconte. | ...+6- 
6,937 11 .. | Selkirk Settlement. Donald Gunn. |  — .seeee 
17,543 | 609 @ | Bitterroot Valley, 
Rocky Mts. aie Lt. Mullan. J. Pearsall. 
18,424 ae .. | W. of Fort Benton. | Feb. 6, ’60. ae Hildreth. 
11,078 o | Fort Bridger. May19,’58.| C. Drexler, | — ...--- 
840 aa .. | Black Hills. Sept. 30. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden. 
5,280 ‘ie o | Cedar Island, Mo. tein ne ee 
21,951 ae .. | Kootenay R., W. T. | April, 1860. | A. Campbell. George Gibbs. 
22,016 49 Rocky Mountains. | Aug.15,’60.| Dr. J.G.Cooper.| _—_...... 
16,190 | 273 Fort Crook, Cal. ica Jno. Feilner, | ~~ ...... 
6,838 ee Sacramento Valley. Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann. 
11,538 a Fort Yuma, Cal. Lt. Ives. Millbausen. 


Sitta pusilla. 
Sitta pusilla, Lata. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 263.—Wits. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 
105, pl. xv.—Aup. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, pl. 125.—Is. Birds Am. IV, 
pl. 249.—Reicu. Handb. 1853, 153, tab. dxiv, figs. 3,567-8.—Bairp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 377.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 15. 


Hab. South Atlantic—and Gulf States. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
‘ i When . 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. | | Collected. e 
3,086] .. io Liberty Co., Ga. 1846. 8. F. Baird. W. L. Jones. 
2,399 a o. Savannah, Ga. 1845, Kk Jos. Leconte. 


Sitta pygmeza. 


Sitta pygmza, Vicors, Zool. Beechey’s Voy. 1839, 25, pl. iv.—Avp. Orn. 
Biog. V, 1839, pl. 415.—Is. Birds Am. IV, pl. 250.—Reicu. Handb. 
1853, 153, tab. dxiv, figs. 3,365-6.—Newzerry, P. R. R. Rep. VI, 
1v, 1857, 79.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 378.—Scuarer, P. Z. S. 
1859, 363 (Xalapa).—Is Catal. 1861, 15, no. 93. 


Hab. Western and Middle United States; south to Xalapa. 


Smith- Collec: mass — When 
sonian| tor’s | an ocality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. y Collected. y 
6,840 Ss -. | Washington Terri- | Oct, 1853. Gov. I. I, Stevens.} Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
21,953 | 884 .» | Kootenay Riv.[tory.| Mar. 20, ’60.] A. Campbell. Geo. Gibbs. 
22,047 82 .. | Bitterroot Valley. s\oid Dr. J, G. Cooper. 
16,192 | 199 o | Fort Crook, Cal. Jno, Feilner. 
21,448 ee oe es Ae D. F. Parkinson, 
3,729 or ? Monterey, Cal.[Ar. ee W. Hutton. 
6,803 43 Sau Francisco Mts., | Dec. 27, 63.) Lt. Whipple. 
11,730 aie Cantonment Bur- aes Dr. W. W. Ander- 
[ewyn, N.M. [son. 


CERTHIA. * 89 


Famity CERTHIAD 4+ 


CERTHIA, Linvzuvs. 


Certhia, Linn zxos, Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, 1758, 112. (Type C. familiaris.) 
(See RuicuzenBacu, Handbuch, J, u, 1853, 256, for a monograph of the genus.) 


Plumage soft aud loose. Bill as long as head, not notched, compressed ; 
all its lateral outlines decurved. Nostrils not overhung by feathers, linear, 
with an incumbent thickened scale, as in Troglodytes. No rictal bristles, and 
the loral and frontal feathers smooth, without bristly shafts. Tarsus scutel- 
late anteriorly, shorter than middle toe, which again is shorter than hind toe. 
All claws very long, much curved and compressed ; outer lateral toe much the 
longer; basal joint of middle toe entirely adherent to adjacent ones. Wings 
rather pointed, about equal to the tail, the feathers of which are much pointed 
with stiffened shafts. Primaries ten; 1st less than half the 2d. 


Of the Certhiadx but one genus belongs to America—Certhia, 
with its two recognized species. The characters above given include 
both family and generic characters, derived from this one genus. 
This is readily distinguished by the decurved, compressed bill; 
absence of notch and bristles; exposed linear nostrils with incum- 
bent scales ; connate middle toe, very long claws, short tarsi, pointed 
and stiffened tai! feathers, etc. 


Certhia americana. 
Certhia familiaris, Viztuu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 70 (not the European 
bird?) ; also of Winson and AvupvBon. 
Certhia americana, Bonar. Comp. List, 1838.—Rztcu. Handb. I, 1853, 
265, pl. dexv, figs. 4,102-3.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 372.—Max. 
Cab. Jour. 1858, 105.—Coopzr & Sucxrey, P. R, R. Rep. XII, n, 
1859, 192.—Sciarsr, Catal. 1861, 15, no. 94. ; 


With much additional material to that used in preparing the article 
on this species in the Birds N. Am., I find it still difficult to make 
the specimens from western America different from eastern. The 
bill is perhaps longer on an average, although single eastern speci- 
mens may be found exhibiting the maximum condition in this respect. 
The white of under parts appears purer, the light line over the eye 


1 See Reichenbach, Handbuch der Orn. I, 1, 1853. 


90 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L 


more distinct ; the colors above possibly a little darker, with more 
reddish. 

The series at my command of the European C. familiaris is 
not sufficiently large nor perfect enough to permit any very satis- 
factory comparisons. The bill, however, appears longer and higher 
than in eastern C. americana. The claws are longer, and the taij 
shorter, not equalling the wings, instead of exceeding them. The 
first quill is longer, its exposed portion being half that of the second, 
instead of considerably less. The coloration is exceedingly similar ; 
the central light streaks of the feathers above are, however, less 
distinct, being not so white, and more pervaded by the ferruginous. 
The under parts are more ashy, and the rusty of the crissum perhaps 
less prominent. 

Certhia costz is, in reality, more nearly related than C. familiaris 
to our species in color and length of tail. This differs again in still 
larger bill and claws, and in a purer white of the under parts. The 
three, however, are so very closely related as almost to be entitled 
to consideration as races of one species. 


Smith- Collec- Sex When 
sonian; tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
_ No. | No. | Age. ‘ 
827 o | Carlisle, Pa. Oct. 22,°42.| SF. Baird. |  ...... 

1,337). ) “ April 5, 744. aan | eee 
28,948 | 728 & | Washington, D.C. | April24,'60.| E.Coues. = | ~~ ...... 
29,947 | 109 ce) re Dec. 28, ’59.| D. W. Prentiss. Weresiaty 
32,283 jos od | Liberty Co., Ga. hs Jos. Leconte. | ...... 
11,587 Red River Settlem’t. | April 9. D.Gunn, =| ss 
20,920 | ee -. | Illinois. (Sound. cae R. Kennicott. | — ...... 
17,430 | 461 og | Simiahmoo, Puget | Jan. 1860. A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly. 

7,155} .. +» | Ft. Steilacoom, * sae Dr. Suckley. | = .....,. 
16,174 | 174 do | Fort Crook, Cal. ane John Feilner, |  ...... 
22,090 67 aa se ete D.F. Parkinson. |  ~—......... 
12,323 sts od | Fort Tejon, Cal. atin J.Xantus. | ...... 
13,743 | 144 é “Tewyn, N. M. 188 aN [son.;} sa eee 
11,314)... @ | Cantonment Bur- ea Dr. W. W. Ander-| ——....... 

7,154 | 47 ++ | Pueblo Creek, N. M.| Jan. 22, ’54.] Lt. Whipple. Dr. Kennerly. 


(827.) 6.40; 7.80; 2.60. (1,337.) 5.00; 7.60; 2.60, (28,948.) 5.30; 8.00; 2.50, (29,947.) 5.00; 
7.30; 2.30. (32,283.) 5.50; 7.80; 2.70. 


Certhia mexicana. 


Certhia mexicana, “ GLOGER, Handbuch,” Reicuensacn, Handbuch, I, 
1853, 265, pl. dlxii, figs. 3,841-2.—Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1856, 290; 
1858, 297; 1859, 362, 372.—Is. Catal. 1861, 15, no. 95.—Batrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 373 (under C. americana), pl. Ixxxiii, fig. 2. 


Hab. Mexico; perhaps extending along the table lands into the U. States. 
This species will be readily recognized on comparison with the 


United States species by its much darker color above, and especially 
the deeper shade of brown on the rump, and apparently its greater 


TROGLODYTIDZ. 91 


extension up the back. The throat alone is white; the remaining 
under parts, the flanks especially, having an ashy brown tinge, not 
noticed in the other species. 


Smith-| Collec-| Sex 

i i When i 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. » Collected. 


8,176 Pa a Mexico. ets J.Gould. | eee 
13,688 ae es ff eae ns (cs 


Famity TROGLODYTIDA. 


‘Rictal bristles wanting; the loral feathers with bristly points; the frontal 
feathers generally not reaching to nostrils. Nostrils varied, exposed or not 
covered by feathers, and generally overhung by a scale-like membrane. Bill 
usually without notch. Wings much rounded, about equal to tail, which is 
graduated. Primaries ten, the first generally about half the second. Basal 
joint of middle toe usually united to half the basal joint of inner, and the 
whole of that of the outer, or more. Lateral toes about equal, or the outer a 
little the longer. Tarsi scutellate. 


The impossibility of defining any large group of animals, so as to 
separate it stringently and abruptly from all others, is well under- 
stood among naturalists; and the Troglodytide form no exception 
to the rule. Some bear so close a resemblance to the Mocking 
Thrushes as to have been combined with them; while others again 
exhibit a close approximation to other subfamilies.+ 


1 The genus Rhodinocichla has, by most of our systematic writers, been 
placed among the Dendrocolaptidx, and thus as not belonging to the Oscines 
af all. Taking all this for granted, I deferred any investigation of the species 
until I had finished the Oscines. A casual examination has, however, recently 
convinced me that the genus is truly Oscine, and possibly one of the Troglo- 
ditide. Dr. Sclater coincides in this view, and is inclined to place it very 
near Heleodytes. As it is now too late to introduce it in its proper place, I 
defer further consideration of the subject to the Appendix, and merely give 
the principal synonyms :— 


Rhodinocichla rosea. 


Furnarius roseus, Lesson, Ill. Zool. pl. v.—Rhodinocichla rosea, HARTL. 
Cab. Jour. 1853, 33.—Scz. Pr. 1855, 141; 1846, 140.—Is. Catal. 


92 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


The structure of the feet, however, as far as my observations 
extend, furnishes a good character for limiting the family, and espe- 
cially of distinguishing it from the Turdidx. In the latter the basa] 
joint of the outer lateral toe is united to the middle toe; sometimes 
only a part of it and the inner toe is cleft almost to its very base, so 
as to be opposable to the hind toe, separate from the others. In 
the Troglodytidz, on the contrary, the inner toe is united by half its 
basal joint to the middle toe; sometimes by the whole of this joint, 
and the second joint of the outer toe enters wholly or partially into 
this union, instead of the basal only. In addition to this character, 
the open exposed nostrils, the usually lengthened bill, the generally 
equal lateral toes, the short rounded wings, the graduated tail, etc., 
furnish points of distinction. In the skins before me there appear 
to be considerable differences in the structure and appearance of 
the nostrils, which may serve to aid in defining the genera with con- 
siderable precision. The exact characters, of course, cannot be very 
readily ascertained from dried specimens, and I may have erred in 
the interpretation of the appearances presented; although a careful 
examination of a large number of representatives of the species has 
been made. All the forms agree pretty well in the character of the 
wings and tail, which differ in relative size and in shape less than 
in most families; the feet are quite similar, and the bills only 
moderately varied; so that, without an examination of the nostrils, 
it would be difficult to establish intelligibly some of the genera. 

In general there is a thin, vertical, imperforate septum in the 
median plane of the nose, separating the nasal cavities of opposite 
sides. Some skins of Campylorhynchus exhibit an aperture in this 
septum, but I am unable to satisfy myself that this has not been 
caused artificially by passing a string through the nostrils to fasten 
the two jaws together. Besides this, however, there is what may 
be called the lateral septum (a modification of the turbinated bones 
of the nose) on either side of the median, which either projects a 
short distance into the posterior portion of the nasal cavity, with a 
nearly vertical edge (seen in Thryothorus), or is continued glong 


1861, 147, no. 891.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 292.—Cas. 
& Her. M. H. II, 1859, 23. 
Turdus vulpinus, Harti. R. Zool. 1849, 276.—Is. P. Z. 8. 1850, 276, plate. 


Originally described from Venezuela and Caraccas, Mr. Lawrence has 
received it from the line of the Panama R. R., while the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution possesses specimens from Colima and Mazatlan. A note ly Col. Gray- 
son, attached to a Mazatlan skin, states that it is one of the sweetest singers 
of that vicinity, fully equal in this respect to any species of Thrush. 


TROGLODYTID &. 93 


the roof of the cavity to its upper anterior extremity, constantly 
diminishing in depth (as in Thryophilus), or is carried still further 
round to the lower anterior end, as in Salpinctes, where it is arched 
outwards so as to be parallel with the external scale. This septum 
is not noticeable in the specimen of Heleodytes before me ; in all 
others where the nostrils are sufficiently open it is quite appreciable. 
This lateral septum is sometimes vertical or parallel to the median 
septum; in Cinnicerthia, however, it is slightly revolute, showing a 
free edge perpendicular to the median plane, which forms a low wall 
dividing the oval nasal cavity into two parts, but not coming to the 
surface. In Heterorhina this wall is higher, reaching the level of 
the nostrils, but not adherent to the edges; while in Microcerculus, 
if the indications of the poor specimens of JZ bambla before me are 
not misinterpreted, this septum is united to the edges, forming a 
bridge separating two cavities. 

In most forms of Troglodytidz the nostrils occupy the lower side 
of the nasal groove, and are more or less elongated, and overhung 
by a valvular convex or vaulted projection of the nasal membrane, 
which is thickened and rounded at the edges. This varies in de- 
velopment, least in Campylorhynchus, more distinct in Thryothorus ; 
while in Pheugopedius, it seems almost to close the aperture. In 
Thryophilus, however, this scale-like projection appears to be 
entirely wanting, leaving the nasal cavity broadly open, and the 
lateral cavity much exposed. In Heleodytes, and in some forms of 
Campylorhynchus, the nasal aperture, as in Donacobius, has its 
anterior half resting in the end of the nasal groove, bordered only 
behind and by thin membrane only, and with no lateral septum visi- 
ble. In Cyphorinus, the nostril is small, circular, and entirely sur- 
rounded by membrane. In the others, it rests against the lower 
side of the nasal groove at its anterior extremity, with membrane 
above and behind it only. 

The bill, in most species, is long, slender, subulate, and decurved ; 
in Cinnicerthia, it is more conical. It is generally without notch 
at the end, except in Cyphorinus, Microcerculus, Heterorhina, and 
Thryophilus. The feathers of the forehead do not come as far for. 
ward as the nostrils, as a general rule. 

The lateral toes are about equal, the outer very little the longer ; 
in Salpincies and Catherpes, however, the discrepancy is very 
marked. In Heleodytes the tarsus is as short as the middle toe, or 
shorter ; in all others it is longer, generally considerably so. The 
lees are very stout in Heleodytes, Campylorhynchus, and Cinnicer- 
thia ; in the others they are more slender. 


94 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Contrary to the opinions of most Ornithologists, I have placed 
the genus Donacobius among the Thrushes, rather than the Wrens: 
the reasons for this are given on page 58. 

With these preliminary general remarks, I proceed to present a 
brief synopsis of the genera and subgenera of American Troglody- 
tide, which, however artificial, may serve to aid in their determina- 
tion. The fuller characters will be found detailed under each genus :-— 


A. Nostrils broadly oval, not overhung; anterior half rest- 
ing in the end of the nasal groove; no lateral septum 
visible. Bill not notched. Tarsi as short as midde toe 
and claw. Legs stout . . . . . Heleodytes. 
B. Nostrils quite broadly oval, without distinct lateral sep- 
tum, this being concealed by the narrow scale which 
margins the nostril above. Bill not notched. Legs 
stout; claws strong, much curved; tarsus longer than 
middle toe and claw. Tail about equal to wings. - Campylorhynchus. 
C. Bill slender, not notched. Nostrils elongated, in lower 
side of nasal groove, overhung by an arched portion of 
nasal membrane, thickened, with rounded edges. Inner 
lateral toe considerably shorter than outer. 
a. Inner lateral toe equal to hind toe. Lateral plates 
along posterior half of tarsi divided into smaller 
ones . ‘ ‘ . . Salpinctes. 
6. Inner lateral toe wanaaeuthiy Aniiee than hind 
toe. Plates of posterior half of tarsus continuous, 
or not divided into smaller ones . : . Catherpes. 
D. Nostrils broadly oval, divided by a low wall perpendicu- 
lar to the median nasal septum, but not coming to 
the surface; bordered above by scarcely thickened 
membrane, placed in end of nasal groove. Legs very 
stout. Bill short, broad at base, without notch. Cul- 
men much curved. Tail much as about equal 
to the wings . : : ‘ . Cinnicerthia. 
E. Bill distinctly notched at one cei: rer in any other 
Troglodytidz). 
u. Bill distinctly notched, very high, and much com- 
pressed. Nostrils small, truly circular, opening 
in the middle of the nasal membrane. Tail much 
shorter than (about two-thirds) the wings . + Cyphorinus. 
d. Bill distinctly notched, quite high and compressed. 
Nostrils apparently double, the single aperture 
being divided by a bridge. Tail scarcely more 
than half the wings . - - Microcerculus. 
c. Bill faintly notched, scarcely ighes than broad at 
the base. Nostrils broadly oval, with membrane 
above, but no thickened seale; divided by a 
septum coming to the surface, which, however, 


HELEODYTES. 95 


does not form a bridge. Tail about two-thirds 
the wings . F : : . Heterorhina. 
d. Nostrils broadly open, ana exposed’; not overhung 
by a scale, and showing a lateral vertical septum 
extended forwards above; anterior half in the 
end of nasal groove. Bill distinctly notched. 
Tarsi longer than middle toe and claw. Tail 
about equal to the wings . : ‘ : . Thryophilus. 
F, Bill not notched, slender, or very deep. Nostrils linear, 
on lower edge of nasal groove, and overhung, sometimes 
concealed, by an arched or vaulted thickened mem- 
brane with rounded edges. Lateral toes about equal. 
a. Bill very stout and deep, as long as the head; 
height about one-third the length above. bias 
about equal to the tail . 5 - Pheugopedius. 
d. Bill slender. Tail about equal to the wings, or, if 
shorter, only moderately graduated (outer at 
least four-fifths of central). Hind claw shorter 
than the rest of the toe. A lateral nasal septum, 
vertical and projecting into the posterior portion 
of the nasal cavity. 
1. Bill as long as the head. Tail feathers 
broad, about as long as the wings. 
Tail equal to the wings . 3 : « Thryothorus. 
Tail longer than the wings. . « Thryomanes. 
2. Bill shorter than the head. Tail feathers 
narrow. Colors plain. 
Tail equal to the wings . ‘ . . Hylemathrous. 
Tail shorter than the wings. : . Troglodytes. 
cv. Bill slender. Tail shorter than the wings, very 
much graduated. Lateral feathers about two- 
thirds the central. Hind claw as long as rest of 


toe. 
1. Bill as long as the head. Hind claw longer 
than rest of toe . c . . Telmatodytes. 
2. Bill shorter than the head: Hind claw 
equal to the rest of the toe . ‘ i . Cistothorus. 


HELEODYTES, Cazanis. 
Heleodytes, Cas. Mus. Hein. J, 1850, 80. (Type Furnarius griseus, Sw.) 


Bill longer than head, without notch or rictal bristles. Nostrils broadly 
oval, in the anterior extremity of nasal groove, bordered behind by a naked 
membrane as in Donacobi Commissure curved gently, not angulated; 
gonys straight. Wings about length of tail. First primary considerably 
more than half the longest ; second longer than secondaries. Tail moderately 
graduated ; outer feather about five-sixths the middle; outer web of exterior 
feather about one-third the inner. Tarsi scarcely longer than the middle toe. 

Colors plain, without dark spots or bars. 


96 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. 


Although the genus Heleodytes is not represented within the 
region covered by the present review, I introduce a brief mention 
of it with the view of completing the history of the family, as well 
as of illustrating the peculiarities of the species of Campylorhyncht 
having very similar nostrils. The relationships between the two 
genera are very close, and it is almost a question whether they can 
be separated trenchantly from each other. The specimen before me, 
from Mr. Lawrence’s collection, is from Bogota; and, as it may be 
different from the species of Guiana and Venezuela, I subjoin a brief 
description.* 


CAMPYLORHYNCHUS, Srrx. 


Campylorhynchus, SPix, Ay. Bras. I, 1824, 77. (Type C. scolopaceus, 
Spix = Turdus variegatus, GMEL.) 


Bill stout, compressed, as long as, or longer than the head, without notch 
or rictal bristles; culmen and commissure curved; gonys nearly straight. 
Nostrils in the antero-inferior part of nasal groove, in advance of the frontal 
feathers, with an overhanging scale with thickened edge, as in Thryothorus ; 
sometimes, as in the type, reduced to a slight ridge along the upper side of 
the nasal groove. Lateral septum not projecting below or anteriorly into the 
nasal cavity, but concealed by the nasal scale. Tarsus a little longer than 
middle toe and claw; claws strong, much curved, and very sharp; middle 
toe with basal joint adherent almost throughout. Wings and tail about 
equal, the latter graduated ; the exterior webs of lateral feathers broad. In 
size the largest of the family. 


1 Heleodytes griseus. 


Furnarius griseus, Swatssoy, Anim. in Menag. 1838, 325 (23 Centen. 
No. 134), fig. 67, 6 (bill), Guiana.— Campylorhynchus griseus, Caz. 
Schomburgk, Reise Guiana, III, 1848, 674.—Heleodytes griseus, Caz. 
Mus. Hein. 1850, 8U.—Sciarter, Catal. 1861, 16, no. 97. 


Whole upper parts, including wings and tail, plain brown, without bars 
or other markings, as also a line from behind the eye; the nape and inter- 
scapulum blackish-brown, the top of head lighter, the lower back and rump 
reddish-brown. Entire under parts, including lining of wings, tibia, and a 
broad line from bill over the eye, soiled white. All the tail feathers, except 
the two central, with a broad subterminal bar of white, diminishing in width 
from the outer feathers to the inner, but at the same distance from the tips. 

Total length, 8.50; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.45; graduation, .45 ; exposed portion 
of Ist primary, 1.35, of 2d, 2.15, of longest, fourth (measured from exposed. 
base of Ist primary), 2.45; length of bill from forehead, 1.16, from nostril, 
-66; along gape, 1.26; tarsus, 1.10; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw alone, 
.30; hind toe and claw, .87; claw alone, .38. 


CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 97 


There are some points of difference in different groups of Campy- 
lorhynchus in the character of the nostrils and some other features. 
In the type, as remarked, the nasal scale is reduced to a mere ridge 
on the upper side of the nasal groove—the cavity being oval. In 
jocosus it is similar, with the cavity more linear. In megalopterus, 
ornatus, brunneicapillus, and their allies, the scale is more developed, 
as in tropical Wrens. In C. capistratus, rufinucha, humilis, etc., the 
nostril is more like Donacobius and Heleodytes, namely, at the an- 
terior end of the nasal groove, bordered behind by membrane, and 
not above. In these the tail is shorter and less graduated than in 
the type. OC. capistratus is placed by Cabanis under Heleodytes, on 
account of its peculiarities of nostril; it differs, however, in shorter 
tail, shorter bill, weaker legs, and the middle toe shorter than the 
tarsus, not longer. 

The following table exhibits the peculiarities of the species before 
me in reference to the nostrils :— 


A. Nostrils rather linear, horizontal, in lower side of nasal groove, and over- 
hung broadly by membrane thickened at edges: C. brunneicapillus, affinis, 
pallescens, balteatus, megalopterus, zonatus, pardus. 


B. Nostrils more oval, the overhanging membrane reduced to a ridge on upper 
edge of nasal groove: C’. variegatus, brevirostris, zonatoides, jocosus (nostrils 
more linear), a/bibrunneus. 


C. Nostrils as in Heleodytes ; broadly oval or rounded, in anterior end of nasal 
groove, with thin membrane behind: C. capistratus, rufinucha, humilis. 


The transition, however, from one to another form, is very gradual, 
and it is quite difficult to say, in regard to some species, whether they 
belong more properly to one section or to another. Without more 
specimens therefore at my command, I prefer to consider all as 
identical generically. 

The following synopsis may aid in determining the Middle Ameri- 
can species, and their nearest S. American allies, by their colors :— 


A. Upper parts uniformly brown, without bands or spots. 
Head and neck with whole under parts white i . C. albibrunneus. 

B. Top of head and post-ocular stripe reddish-brown; back 

streaked longitudinally and linearly with white. All the 

feathers beneath conspicuously spotted. Crissum and 

flanks with rounded or elongated spots. Nostrils in- 

ferior, linear, overhung by a scale. 

a. Spots much larger on throat and jugulum than 

elsewhere. Inner webs of 2d-5th tail feathers 

(between middle and outer feathers) black, except 


attips . . - ‘ e A s 2 . brunneicapillus. 
vA August, 1864, 


98 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 
b. Spots on throat and jugulum little larger than else- 
where. Inner webs of intermediate tail feathers 

banded with white like the outer . . 
C. Top of head nearly uniform yellowish-gray. Upper parts 


and all the tail feathers banded transversely with 
brownish-black and whitish. Rounded black spots on 
the throat and breast. 

u. Body beneath reddish-brown posteriorly, with 
sparse rounded spots on belly and crissum; gemi- 
nate rounded spots on flanks . 

b. Body grayish-white beneath, and eouspienonsly 
banded transversely everywhere posteriorly. 

Wings longer than the tail . . . 7 

Wings shorter, or not longer than the tail . 

D. Top of head with well defined streaks of whitish and 

brown; otherwise much as in two last species 

E. Top of head and post-ocular stripe blackish. Tail feathers, 

except the central, black, terminated broadly by soiled 
white. 

a. Nape rufous. 

Interscapulum unicolor. Beneath entirely unspot- 
ted (or unicolor), as are also the outer webs of the 
intermediate tail feathers 

Interscapular feathers banded with black sie 
separated by whitish streaks. Crissum banded. 
Outer webs of intermediate tail feathers banded 
with whitish : : ; e 

6. Nape streaked black and white, not brates 
Beneath with conspicuous rounded black spots. 

Crissum banded. Tail tipped with soiled white . 

Beneath plain whitish, immaculate. Tail without 

white tips . : Pi . 3 Z i . 

F. Top of head reddish-brown. Back with geminate black 

spots, not with linear streaks. Bill very short. Nostrils 
anterior, rounded, in end of nasal groove. 

a. Post-ocular stripe reddish-brown. Beneath un- 
spotted. Crissum banded. Exterior lateral tail 
feather alone spotted on both webs : F 

b. Post-ocular stripe black? Beneath with rounded 
black spots. Two outer tail feathers spotted on both 
webs 


Campylorhynchus albibrunneus. 


[PART L 


. affinis.. 


« zonatus. 


- pallescens. 
. balteatus. 


megalopterus. 


- capistratus. 


« rufinucha. 


jocosus. 


nigriceps. 


humilis. 


- gularis. 


Heleodytes albobrunneus, Lawn. Ibis, IV, Jan. 1862, 10.—In. Ann. N. Y. 


Lyc. VII, 1862, no. 322 (Isthmus of Panama). 
Not figured. 


Hab. Line of Panama Railroad. 


Head and neck all round and under parts, including lining of wings, pure 


white; rest of upper parts, with wings and tail, uniform liver brown. 


The 


CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 99 


feathers of crissum are tinged with rusty, and with a central brownish streak. 
Bill horn-color, lighter along the commissure and beneath. Legs light-brown. 

Total length, 7.60; wing, 3.50; tail, 3.60; graduation, .82 ; exposed portion 
of Ist primary, 1.32, of 2d, 2.20, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base 
of 1st primary), 2.60; length of bill from forehead, 1.00, from nostril, 1.65 ; 
along gape, 1.10; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .23; 
hind toe and claw, .74; claw alone, .35. 


This species is quite closely allied to C. unicolor, of Lafresnaye, 
which is pretty uniformly brown above, dirty white beneath, with a 
few brownish spots on the crissum. 

There is very little in the species to distinguish it generically from 
the type of Campylorhynchus. 


Smith-| Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. : 


74 fof Panama R. R, Cab. Lawrence. | ss 


16,852 3s as Frijole, P. R. R. | Se J M’Leannan. | ~~ ...... 


(74.) Type. 


Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus. 


Picolaptes brunneicapillus, LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zool. 1835, 61, pl. xlvii. 
—Lawe. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. V, 1851, 114.—Cassin, Birds Cal. Tex. 
1854, 156, pl. xxv.—Heermann, J. A. N. Sc. II, 1853, 263.—C. 
brunneicapillus, Gray, Genera, I, 1847, 159.—Br. Consp. 1850, 223. 
—Scu. P. A. N. S. 156, 264.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 355.— 
Heermany, P. R. R. X, 1859, Williamson’s Report Birds, 41 (nest- 
ing). (E. of Tejon Pass, etc.) 


Hab. Adjacent borders of the United States and Mexico, from mouth of Rio 
Grande to the valley of the Colorado; San Diego. Replaced at Cape St. Lucas 
by C. affinis. 


I find it quite impossible to reconcile Lafresnaye’s description of 
C. brunneicapillus, much less his figure with the North American 
bird. This is described as having five white spots on the outer web 
of the lateral tail feather, and three on the inner; the next with 
two on the outer and three on the inner web (perhaps three outer 
and two inner); the third and fourth with marginal points instead 
of spots. 

This particular pattern of coloration I have not observed in any 
specimens of our bird, and the spots are larger than as described, 
although the markings of the tail vary a good deal. Lafresnaye, 
however, describes the under parts as pale rufous from the upper 
part of the breast to the tail (represented also in the plate), instead 
of having this rufous confined to the abdominal region. The speci- 


100 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


men described is said to have probably come from California, though 
possibly from Peru. 

I do not feel warranted in changing Lafresnaye’s name, though 
it will not be at all surprising to find that he had quite a different 
species from the North American bird before him. It may be that 
Gould’s species gutatus belongs more particularly to the latter. 


| 
Smith- Collec-/ Sex 
sonian’ tor's | and Locality. Gate Received from Collected by 

No. | No. | Age. z 
7,148 ey .. | Ringgold Barracks, 

: Ter, : a Major Emory. J. H. Clark. 
3,966 | 173 od | Monterey, Mex. April, 1853. | Lt.Couch. |  ...... 
7,149 wid og | California, sis Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann. 
7,150 is io) Los Angeles. Po se : ee 

31,894 | 776 o& | San Diego. Mar. 2, '62.| Prof. Whitney. Dr. Cooper. 


(3,966.) Eyes reddish-yellow. 8.00; 10.75; 3.50. (31,894.) 8.00; 11.50; 3.75. Ivis blood-red. 


Campylorhynchus affinis. 


Campylorhynchus affinis, Xanrus, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1859, 298 (Cape St. 
Lucas).—Bairp, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1859, 303.—Scz. Catal. 1861, 17, 
no. 108. 

Not figured. 


Hab. Only observed at Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. 


Cap of head reddish-brown ; the concealed centres of feathers dusky. Rest 
of upper parts grayish-brown, all the feathers of body and scapulars with 
broad central or shaft streaks of whitish edged with black; the streaks 
irregular in outline, on some feathers nearly linear, in others widening at 
intervals along the shaft. Outer webs of the wing feathers crossed by about 
seven rows of whitish semicircular spots, with corresponding series of more 
circular ones on the inner web. Tail feathers black, all of them with a series 
of about eight quadrate white spots on each web, which are alternate to each 
other, not opposite, and extend from or near the black shaft to the edge; the 
extreme tips of the feathers black; the two central feathers, however, more 
like the back, with irregular mottling of grayish and black. Upper tail coverts 
barred transversely with black. 

Under parts white, faintly tinged with rusty posteriorly; each feather 
spotted with black, excepting on the immaculate chin. These spots are rather 
larger and more quadrate on the jugulum, where they are sometimes on the 
sides of the feathers (on one or both sides) ; posteriorly, however, they are 
elongated or tear-shaped, and strung along the shaft, one or two on each. On 
the crissum they are large and much rounded, three or four on each longer 
feather. Legs rather dusky. Bill lead color, pale at the base below ; “iris 
reddish-brown.” A broad white Stripe from bill over the eye and nape, 
edged above and below with black ; line behind the eye like the crown ; cheek 
feathers white, edged with blackish. 

Immature specimens exhibit a tendency to a whitish spotting in the ends 
of the feathers of the cap. A very young bird does not, however, differ ma- 


CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 101 


terially, except in having the spots less distinct beneath; the white streaks 
less conspicuous above; the white of the wings soiled with rufous. Speci- 
mens vary considerably in the proportional as well as absolute thickness 
and length of the bill; thus, No. 32,167 measures .80 from nostril to end 
of bill, instead of .60, as given below for No. 12,965. 

12,965. Total length, 7.50; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.40, its graduation .45; ex- 
posed portion of lst primary, 1.42, of 2d, 2.15, of longest, or 4th (measured 
from exposed base of lst primary), 2.45; length of bill from forehead, .90, 
from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.07; tarsus, 1.02; middle toe and claw, .90; 
claw alone, .25; hind toe and claw, .76; claw alone, .35. 


This species is most nearly allied to C. brunneicapillus ; the most 
apparent difference at first sight being in the greater concentration 
of black on the throat and jugulum in brunneicapillus, and the much 
smaller size of the remaining spots on the under parts, with the de- 
cided light cinnamon of the posterior portion of the body. The outer 
and central tail feathers alone are marked as in C. affinis, the inter- 
mediate ones being entirely black, with the exception of a white 
subterminal band. 

This is one of the most characteristic birds constituting the 
isolated Fauna of Cape St. Lucas. Like nearly all the species 
peculiar to this remarkable locality, it is exceedingly abundant, 
breeding in immense numbers. It has not yet been detected else- 
where, though it may possibly be found on the lower Colorado. 


Smith-| Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. poe ai Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ; 


12,961 632 fof Cape St. Lucas. tess J. Xantus. 
12,965 | 1909 | ¢ 7 ie as 
12,963 | 656 io) ae 1x5 ce 
16,959 |1,463 | Juv. tt ae 
32,166 | 4,988 of s& April 25,’60. ef 
32,167 aay [last H 1861, 


(12,963.) Iris reddish-brown. 


Campylorhynchus pallescens. 


Campylorhynchus pallescens, LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool. 1846, 93 (Mexico) ; 
not of ScnaTerR (=C. balteatus). 

Campylorhynchus megalopterus, ScLaTER, P. Z. 8. 1858, 298 (Oaxaca) ; 
1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 371 (Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 1861, 17, no. 105; 
not of Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1856, 264 (which is true megalopterus). 


Hab. Southern Mexico. 


(No. 13,659.) Body varied with brown and soiled white; no reddish. Top 
of head brownish-ash, showing more or less the pure brown centres of the 
feathers ; nape streaked with black and white; rest of upper parts banded 
transversely with soiled white and blackish in about thirteen or fourteen 


102 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


nearly equal zones of each color from nape to end of tail coverts ; more obscure 
posteriorly, and the white changing rather to light brownish-ash. Wings 
blackish, with about five series of brownish-white spots extending over outer 
webs; quills edged internally (not spotted) with the same. Tail feathers 
black, with about seven transverse light bands, narrower than their inter- 
spaces ; whitish on the outer webs and ed_es of the inner ; sometimes obscured 
and irregular medially ; most distinctly transverse on the lateral feathers, and 
most obsolete on the inner webs of the central feathers. Beneath whitish ; 
chin immaculate; throat and jugulum first with large rounded, then cordate, 
light-brown spots, which, on the breast, become transverse bands or zones 
covering the remaining under parts to end of erissum ; more obsolete, with the 
ground color soiled with brownish, on the middle of the belly: these bands 
quite similar in size and proportion to those on the back. A white band from 
bill over the eye to nape, with a brown one behind the eye; sides of head 
finely streaked with brownish. 

(18,659.) Total length, 7.00; wing, 3.50; tail, 3.40; graduation, .60; exposed 
portion of 1st primary, 1.30, of 2d, 2.30, of longest, 4th (measured from ex- 
posed base of Ist primary), 2.65; length of bill from forehead, .85, from 
nostril, .53; along gape, 1.00; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .82; claw 
alone, .27; hind toe and claw, .80; claw alone, 37. 


This species is very similar in markings and coloration of the 
upper parts to C. zonatus; the principal difference being in the 
absence of the rufous tinge of the rump, a more distinctly banded 
tail, and the inner edges of the quills being continuously edged with 
brownish-white, not spotted with reddish-white. Beneath the differ- 
ence is very strongly marked, in the continuous transverse bands on 
the body: the absence of the reddish color of belly, flanks, and 
crissum, etc. : the longer wings, and other peculiarities of proportion. 

To C. zonatoides, of Bogota, the resemblance above is almost per- 
fect, and beneath it is quite close; the spots of black instead of pale 
brown, absence of zones on flanks and crissum (although the spots 
are transversely elongated), and the rufescence of the posterior region 
of body will, however, distinguish them. (C. zonatoides also lacks 
the longitudinal streaking of blackish and white on the nape seen in 
pallescens, megalopterus, and zonatus. 

In the museum of the Philadelphia Academy I find specimens of 
a Campylorhynchus, labelled “ Picolaptes megalopterus, Lafr., 
Amérique Mérid.,” which agree perfectly with Lafresnaye’s descrip- 
tion, and are those referred to by Dr. Sclater, in his paper published 
in Proceedings Phila. Academy, 1856, 264. These differ very 
appreciably from the present species in having the light bands above 
of a purer white and more sharply defined, the feathers of the hood 
dark-brown, conspicuously streaked centrally with grayish-white 
(with a reddish tinge on the occiput) ; the nape similar, the central 


CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 103 


light stripe, however, wider and whiter. The under parts are very 
similar. The bands on the tail are not so decidedly transverse, but an 
edging of brown along the shafts often divides the light bar. In the 
other species it is the concealed centres of the hood feathers that are 
brown (showing only occasionally), with yellowish-gray edges. The 
nape is much less conspicuously streaked. C. megalopterus is con- 
siderably larger also, measuring 8.50 inches, the wing.3.70, tail 3.90. 
This may be a Mexican bird, as stated by Lafresnaye, but more 
probably it is South American. 

I am by no means decided as to what is the true name of this 
Mexican species, after setting aside that .of megalopterus. <A 
specimen in the Phila. Acad., from Guayaquil, and labelled “ palles- 
cens,” by Mr. Sclater, agrees very well with a Smithsonian skin 
from Piura, Peru, No. 11,748. This differs from the Mexican bird 
in a larger size, and in having a longer tail and shorter wings—tail 
half an inch longer than the wings instead of being a little shorter 
or not longer. The top of the head is purer gray, or with less of a 
yellowish-red tinge ; the nuchal streaks much wider and more promi- 
nent. The most striking differences, however, are in the proportions 
above mentioned, as well as the very different geographical distri- 
bution. 

The question now remains as to which of these two species the 
name pallescens should be applied. As, however, Lafresnaye, in 
comparing pallescens with zonatus, says that it differs especially in 
form from the latter by longer wings; and as while the Mexican 
bird has much longer wings than the South American, which are 
just equal to those of zonatus, it seems proper to name the Mexican 
bird pallescens, especially as Lafresnaye gives Mexico as the pre- 
sumed locality of his species. The South American bird (the C. 
pallescens of Sclater’s Catal.) may then be called Campylorhynchus 
balteatus. 

Campylorhynchus nuchalis is easily distinguished by smaller 
size; broader stripes on the neck, extending on the back ; the rounded 
marginal white spots, not bands, on the tail, ete. 


Smith- Collee-' Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. eee Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. : 

13,659 sia) avs Xalapa, Mex. one Dr. Sclater, D'0ca. 
13,672 ar a ties ; ie 
26,366 ss te of eseid J. Krider. “ 

ae 76 oi “« [region.) eras Cab. Lawrence. . 
32,471 | 377 ‘i Orizaba. (Alpine ae Prof. Sumichrast.|  —...... 


104 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Campylorhynchus zonatus. 
Picolaptes zonatus, Lesson,#Centurie Zoologique, Jan. 1831 (at end of 
description), 210, pl. 1xx (erroneously “ California” ).— Campylo- 
rhynchus zonatus, GRAY, Genera, I, Mar. 1847.—Bonap. Consp. 1850, 
223.—Scrater, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1856, 264.—Ip. P. Z. 8. 1856, 290; 
1859, 363.—Is. Catal. 1861, 17, no. 103.—Scz. & Satyv. Ibis, II, 
1860, 29 (Guatemala). 


Hab. Southern Mexico and Guatemala. 


Smith-|Collee-| Sex : 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. C nee Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 

18,569 He 23 Mexico. elas PAG. Sclater. F. Sumichrast. 

30,870 | 123° | .. | Mirador, Mex. Jan. 1863. | Dr. C. Sartorius. | =... 

20,397 |1,445 .. | Choctun, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. O. Salvin. Cotetese 

30,653 93 .. | Alotepeque, Guat. | Dec. 1862. a Salvin & Godman. 
80 +. | Guatemala. ets Cab, Lawrence. | ~~ ...... 


(30,870) Iris brown. 


Campylorhynchus capistratus. 


Picolaptes capistratus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, 174 (Realejo).—C. capis- 
tratus, GRay, Genera, I, 1847.—Scu. Pr. A. N. Sc. 1856, 264.—Is. 
Catal. 1861, 17, no. 111 (in part). 


Hab. Confined to Pacific coast region of Central America ? 


(30,654.) Whole top of head and nape black. Sides of the lower neck and 
dorsal surface of body uniform cinnamon red (darkest anteriorly), with the 
upper tail coverts only obsoletely banded with blackish. On raising the 
feathers, however, those on the lower part of the back are seen to be streaked 
longitudinally with white, having the usual blackish suffusion externally. 
Greater wing coverts and, to some extent, the seapulars, like the back, but 
with one or two pairs of rather obsolete rounded black spots, separated 
obscurely by a pale shade of the ground color. Alular feathers black, edged 
with whitish. Quills black, with five or six pale yellowish-red spots on the 
outer webs ; internally edged irregularly with whitish. Innermost or exposed 
secondaries with transverse dusky bars. Tail feathers black, broadly termi- 
nated by white, which is much soiled with brownish at the end ; the lateral 
feathers with quadrate white spots on the outer web; the central feathers 
black with rather narrow transverse bands of pale brownish. 

Whole under parts uniform yellowish-white, without streaks or spots, soiled 
with reddish behind; throat purer white; a conspicuous white line from 
nostrils over eye to nape; lores, and a broad line behind the eye, blackish ; 
rest of cheeks white. Bill black; the inferior edge of lower jaw at base 
whitish. Legs dark plumbeous. 

A second specimen, 29,428, is very similar, excepting in having concealed 
spots on the dorsal feathers, similar to those described on the scapulars and 
wing coverts of the preceding. The under parts are entirely immaculate. 
This probably represents the spring plumage—the former the autumnal. 

Young specimens not yet fully fledged, in the museum of the Philadelphia 


CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 105 


Academy, from San Carlos and elsewhere, exhibit not the slightest trace of 
spots or other markings on the under surface, and no longitudinal light streaks 
on the back. 

(30,654,) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.65; graduation, .35; ex- 
posed portion of Ist primary, 1.10, of 2d, 1.60, of longest, 4th (measured from 
exposed base of 1st primary), 2.00; length of bill from forehead, .92, from 
nostril, .56; along gape, 1.06; tarsus, 1.06; middle toe and claw, .80; claw 
alone, .27; hind toe and claw, .70; claw alone, .30. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian} tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 

30,654 84 .. {Savana Grande,Guat. 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 

29,423 Q |Punta Arenas, C. R. | May, 1863.| Capt. J.M. Dow. | ~—...... 


Campylorhynchus rufinucha. 


C. rufinucha, Larr. R. Z. 1845, 339 (Mexico).—Picolaptes rufinucha, 
Less. Deser. 1847, 285 (Vera Cruz).—C. capistratus, Scu. P. Z. 8. 
1859, 363 (Xalapa). 


Hab. Eastern and southern Mexico? 


I am unable to say whether the following references belong to ca- 
pistratus or rufinucha :— : 


Picolaptes capistratus, Des Murs. Icon. Orn. pl. 1xiii.— Campylorhynchus 
capistratus, Scu. P. Z. 8. 1859, 371 (Oaxaca).—Is. Ibis, I, 1859, 9 
(Honduras and Belize). 


Authors have, I think, been mistaken in referring the Picolaptes 
rufinucha, of Lafresnaye, from eastern Mexico, to the P. capistratus, 
of Lesson, from, and apparently confined to the west coast of Central 
America. The specimens before me are not in very good condition, 
but they indicate, both in coloration and proportion, differences which 
are not readily reconciled. In both species the whole top of the 
head, with the line back and in front of the eye, are blackish. In 
rufinucha, however, the exposed feathers of the back and scapulars 
are streaked conspicuously with soiled whitish, with the blackish 
external suffusion, the black sometimes forming large rounded spots 
on each side the shaft. The spots on the wings are whitish, rather 
than brownish-yellow. The tail feathers are black, broadly ended 
with white, soiled at the end, but the outer webs of all (except the 
two central), exhibit a series of six or seven quadrate white spots, 
instead of being fewer in number and confined to the outer feather. 
The under parts are soiled whitish ; each feather, as far as can be 
ascertained, except perhaps the chin and throat, with two or three 
very small spots, usually in pairs, The crissum shows conspicuously 


106 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


three or four black bands on each feather—something similar being 
seen on the tibi, There is a small narrow black line along the 
edge of the lower jaw. Nothing like these markings ure visible in 
the Smithsonian specimen of C. capistratus. The eyes are red, 
according to Dr. Sartorius. 

The differences in proportion are still more striking. The tail is 
considerably longer, exceeding the wings; and the tarsus is much 
shorter, being but little longer than the middle toe and claw. The 
bill is rather longer. The first primary also longer. 

Of the two specimens in the collection one has the feathers worn, 
and is probably in summer dress. The other is moulting and in 
autumnal livery, thus matching the two Central American skins of 
capistratus. . 

Total length, 6.50; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.80; exposed portion of 1st primary, 
1.15, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 
2.00; length of bill from forehead, .95, from nostril, .57; along gape, 1.05; 
tarsus, .87; middle toe and claw, .78; claw alone, .24; hind toe and claw, 
.62; claw alone, .30. 


Smith-!Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. | "No. | Age. ° 

28,041 a a Mirador, Mex. wai Dr. Sartorius. | ...... 

30,869 ; 124 as my Oct. 1862. 2 nn (i 


(30,869.) Eyes red. 


Campylorhynchus jocosus. 


C. jocosus, Scu. P. Z. 8. 1859, 371 (Tehuacan, Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 
1861, 17, no. 109. 
Not figured. 


Hab. State of Oaxaca, Mex. 


(No. 22,381, type.) Bill lengthened. Upper part of head, line from bill to 
eye, and a stripe behind it blackish-brown; a little lighter towards the occi- 
put. Upper parts grayish-brown, the feathers of the back and scapulars 
white, with one or two pairs of large rounded blackish spots, separated by 
whitish or white shaft streaks and shaft spots. On the nape the black and 
white in streaks, rather than spots, predominate to the exclusion of the ground 
color. Wings showing six or seveu hands of brownish-white across outer 
webs; inner webs edged with grayish-white. Tail feathers (except central) 
black above, broadly tipped with white, soiled at the end with brown; the 
outer webs with four or five quadrate spots of white; the lateral feather with 
a white patch at end of inner web, next to the terminal white. Markings of 
central feathers much broken, without regular bands. Upper tail coverts 
banded transversely. Beneath quite pure white, a little brownish behind, 
and each feather, except on the chin, with a conspicuous but isolated rounded 


CAMPYLORHYNCHUS. 107 


spot of black, becoming a transverse bar on the flanks and crissum. No 
distinct bands on the thigh. Sides of head white except the post-ocular 
stripe, and another along the lower edge of the lower jaw. A white line from 
bill over eye. Bill black, rather paler at the base below; legs dark-brown. 

Total length, 6.50; wing, 3.00; tail, 3.00; graduation, .4] ; exposed portion 
of 1st primary, 1.26, of 2d, 1.90, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base 
of Ist primary), 2.20; length of bill from forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .69 ; 
along gape, 1.16; tarsus, .94; middle toe and claw, .78 ; claw alone, .21 ; hind 
toe and claw, .68; claw alone, .31. 


This species will be readily distinguished from its black-headed 
allies by lacking the rufous and unstreaked nape, and by having 
conspicuous black spots beneath. The bill is longer than in the rest 
of its allies, and the shape of the nostril is somewhat different. 


Smith-| Collec- | Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Wien Received from Collected b 
y Collected x 
No. No. | Age. 
22,381 | 40,711 | S. W. Mexico. aie Verreaux, Boucard? 


(22,381.) Type. 


Campylorhynchus humilis. 
C. humilis, Scu. Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1856, 263 (Mazatlan). 


Hab. Both coasts of Mexico? On west side north to Mazatlan. 


(29,225.) Top of head and nape light brownish-red, the feathers anteriorly 
pointed, and with conspicuous black centres. Back light grayish-red, the 
feathers with rather irregular black spots in pairs on opposite sides of the 
webs, with occasional much lighter intervals. The marking much as ir C. 
rufinucha, but showing less of the linear streaks, except behind. Markings 
generally of the wing, tail, and under parts much as in this species. Under 
parts soiled brownish-white, purer anteriorly, with very obsolete indications 
of transverse darker bars, and occasional spots on the flanks. Crissum dis- 
tinctly banded with blackish, tibie less so. A conspicuous white line from 
bill over eye along side of head edged above and below with black. A nar- 
row dusky line from bill to eye, and a reddish-brown one behind it, streaked 
on its edges with black ; sides of neck streaked with black, and a short black 
line along lower edge of the lower jaw. Bill dark plumbeous black, paler at 
the base below. Legs dusky. 

Total length, 6.40; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.80; graduation, .40; exposed portion 
of 1st primary, 1.06, of 2d, 1.65, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base 
of 1st primary), 1.95; length of bill from forehead, .80, from nostril, .55 ; along 
gape, .98; tarsus, .94; middle toe and claw, .75; claw alone, .20; hind toe 
and claw, .66; claw alone, .20. 


This species is readily distinguished from C. capistratus, rufinucha, 
and jocosus, by the reddish head and post-ocular stripe. Its banded 
crissum and the spots on the outer webs of the interior tail feathers 


108 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [parr 1 


separate it from capistratus. It is less spotted beneath than rufi- 
nucha. The bill is considerably shorter than in any of these species ; 
the tarsi as short as in rufinucha. 

The specimens before me agree sufficiently well with the descrip- 
tion by Dr. Sclater of C. humilis, based on a bird in the museum 
of the Phila. Academy. Although No. 29,225 is larger than the type, 
a skin received from Mr. Verreaux, 22,382, agrees more nearly with 
it in this respect. A skin collected by Mr. Xantus, near Colima, and 
belonging to the same region as the Mazatlan specimen, is undis- 
tinguishable from the Orizaba skin, upon which the description above 
given is based. In this the iris is said to be red-brown. In the 
brown head and other characters, as well as the short bill and tarsi, 
it is related to C. gularis, of Sclater, although this appears to pre- 
sent other distinctive characters. 

Nore.—Since writing the preceding description, I have had the 
opportunity of examining Mr. Sclater’s type in the Phila. Academy, 
from Mazatlan. The species appears to me the same, the type differ- 
ing only in being of rather duller plumage above, the markings not 
so well defined, and in having the bars of the crissum less distinct, 
and externally reduced somewhat to a central spot. There are no 

“distinct spots on the flanks. 


Smith-| Collec- Sex When ‘ 

sonian| tor’s | an Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. |Age. Collected: . 

81,820 | 1,013 | .. Colima, Mex. June, 1863, J.Xantus. |  ...... 

22,382 | 40,710 | .. Mexico. sale Verreaux, |  ...... 

29,225 25 | .. Orizaba. F.Sumichrast. | ~~ ...... 


(31,820.) Iris red-brown. 


The following species of Campylorhynchus I have not had the 
opportunity of examining :— 


Campylorhynchus guttatus, Larr. R. Z. 1846, 94.—Thryothorus 
guttatus, Gouxp, Pr. Z. 8. 1836, 89 (Mexico). 

This species, which has not been referred to by recent writers, 
belongs to the same section as C. brunneicapillus, ete., with reddish- 
brown head, and back striped longitudinally with white. The 
throat and breast are said to be spotted with black, the abdomen 
and sides with smaller spots of the same. Length, 6.75 (probably 
more); wings and tail three inches each. The description of the 
tail is not very distinct; but in several respects there is a close re- 
lationship to C. brunneicapillus, of Lafr., and it is not impossible 
that it refers to the same species. If from Tamaulipas, like the 


SALPINCTES. 109 


Troglodytes leucogastra described by Mr. Gould on the same page, 
it is certainly the same, as the C. brunneicapillus is the characteristic 
species of that region of Mexico. 


Campylorhynchus nigriceps, Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1860, 461.—Is. 
Catal. 18, no. 112 (near Vera Cruz, Mex.). 


This species has a black head and post-ocular stripe like capis- 
tratus and rufinucha, but differs in the black nape like jocosus. The 
back is reddish, barred transversely with black. The body is un- 
spotted white beneath, reddish posteriorly ; the tail feathers black, 
barred on the outer webs, and more obsoletely on the inner web of 
the lateral, with fulvous, but without the white tips seen in the allies. 


Campylorhynchus gularis, Scxiater, P. Z. §. 1860, 462 (Mexico). 


This is a very short-billed species, closely allied to C. humilis in 
this respect, as well as in the reddish-brown head. The post-ocular 
stripe, however, is said to be black, as well as a rictal one. The 
tail is broadly tipped with white. The two lateral tail feathers have 
large white spots on both webs (not on the outermost only). The 
under part, except the throat, with round black spots; in this also 
differing from humilis. 


SALPINCTES, Cas. 


Salpinctes, Cas. Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1847, 1,323. (Type Troglodytes 
obsoletus, SAY.) 


This genus is sufficiently characterized in the “ Birds N. Am.,” as 
well as in the general synopsis of the family in. the preceding pages, 
for my present purposes. It is, however, especially peculiar among 
all its cognate genera by having the usual two continuous plates along 
the posterior half of the inner and outer faces of the tarsus divided 
transversely into seven or more smaller plates, with a naked interval 
between them and the anterior scutelle. At the upper end of the 
outer plate these divisions or lines of junction are obsolete, becoming 
more distinct below, and near the inferior extremity the plates are 
reduced to oval scales. The plate along the inner face is also divided 
into two or three plates, sometimes more, usually less distinct than on 
the outer. The posterior edge of the tarsus, instead of being sharp, 
is usually, though not always, blunted, by the bending round of the 
outer plate. The lateral toes are quite disproportionate in size, the 
inner with its claw scarcely reaching beyond the end of the second 


[PART I. 


110 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


phalanx of the middle toe. The tail feathers are as in Catherpes, 
broad and soft. 


Salpinctes obsoletus. 


Troglodytes obsoletus, Say, Long’s Exped. II, 1823, 4 (South Fork of 
Platte).—Aup. Orn. Biog. IV, pl. 360.—Is. B. A. I, pl. 116.— 
Newserry, P. R. R. Rep. VI, 1v, 1857, 80.—Hesrmann, P. R. R. 
Rep. X, 1859, 41.—Salpinctes obsoletus, Cas. Wiegmann’s Archiv, 
1847, 1, 323.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 357.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 
1859, 371 (Oaxaca). 

? Troglodytes latisfasciatus, Licur. Preis-Verzeich. 1831, no. 82. 


Hab, Central regions of the United States, to Mexico. Cape St. Lucas. Not 


recorded from Pacific slope. 


Mexican specimens seem to differ in having the under tail coverts 
more distinctly and broadly banded; the outer primary half the 
longest, instead of being considerably less than half. My materials, 
however (two skins), are not sufficient to decide whether these differ- 
ences are characteristic, and accompanied by any others. 

Young birds, fully grown, differ from adults in the entire absence 
of any marking on the under surface, not even on the crissum. 

A specimen from Cape St. Lucas is decidedly smaller than the 
more northern ones. 

No specimens have been received from the Pacific slope of Cali- 
fornia, excepting from Fort Tejon, which is near the dividing line. 
Dr. Heermann speaks of its being common throughout California. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. y Collected. y 
1,857 oe od | Fort Union, Dak. July 8,43. | S. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon. 
8,832 S .. | Black Hills. Sept. 19. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden. 
11,074 os Q | Fort Bridger, Utah. | July14,’58.]| ©. Drexler | —...... 
22,044 65 | .. | Hellgate, Idah. Aug. 22,60.) Lt. Mullan. J. Pearsall. 
11,534 a8 o | Fort Defiance, N. M. wie cy lll es. HY ssaaties” RO) Wp: er teh ates 
12,116 Sie 2 | San Francisco Mts. | Oct. 9.59. Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse. 
25,367 | 1,090 | .. | Fort Tejon, Cal. Nov. 29,°57.| J. Xantus | 
32,169 | 2,882 | 2 | Cape St. Lucas. Jan, 1860. ic nn | (Megs fee 
23,383 |40,722 | g | Mexico. asia Verreaux, |  — ...... 
22,387 |40,723 | 9 eT ees | cee 6 ot reeks 


Catherpes, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 357. 


CATHERPES, Barrp. 


canus, SWAINSON.) 


(Type Thryothorus mezi- 


This genus shares with Salpinctes the great inequality of the 


lateral toes. 


The sides of the tarsi, however, as in all the Troglo- 


CATHERPES—CINNICERTHIA. 111 


dytidx, excepting Salpinctes, are covered with a continuous strip, 
instead of being divided into small plates. 


Catherpes mexicanus. 
Thryothorus mexicanus, Swainson, Zool. Ill. 2d series, I, 1829, pl. xi 
(Real del Monte, Mex.).—Salpinctes mexicanus, Cas. Wiegm. Arch. 
1847, 1, 323.—Scrater, P. Z. S. 1857, 212; 1858, 297 (Oaxaca).— 
Troglodytes mexicanus, HEERMANN, J. A. N. Sc. 2d ser. II, 1853, 63. 
—Is. P. R. R. Rep. X, 1859, 41.—Cassry, Illust. Birds Cal. I, 1854, 
178, pl. xxx.— Catherpes mexicanus, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 356. 
—Scr. Catal. 1861, 18, no. 115. 
?Troglodytes murarius, Licut. Preis-Verzeich. 1831, no. 80 (fide Can., 
speaks of light-blue tail!). 
Thryothorus guttatus, LaFR. R. Z. 1839, 99 (Mexico). 
Certhia albifrons, GiRaup, Texas Birds, 1841, pl. viii (N. E. Mexico). 
Hab. Central region of North America, from boundary of United States 
southward into Mexico. Oaxaca. Extends up valley of Colorado. 


There is a very great difference in the length of the bill in different 
specimens of this species. The longest (20,871) measures .75 frem 
nostril, and 1.15 from gape; while in another the bill is .15 shorter. 

I have not seen specimens of this bird from any point west of 
Fort Tejon, although it is said to occur in the Sacramento Valley. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Géliected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 7 
Fort Tejon, Cal. oie J. Xantus. | 9 ...... 
7,116 66 ee New Mexico. Feb. 4, °54.| Lt. Whipple. Dr. Kenneriy. 
3,969 175 fof New Leou, Mex. wigs Lt.Couch, |  sesove 
31,621 | 2,040 = Rio Coahuayana, | Sept. 1863. J. Xantus, |  ...... 
20,871 26 a Mirador. [Colima.| Oct. 1862. Dr. Sartorius, | = ...... 


(3,969 ) Eyes dark-brown. (31,821.) Iris brown. 


CINNICERTHIA, Lesson. 


Cinnicerthia, “ Lesson, 1844,” Gray. (Type Limnornis unirufus, Larr.) 
Presbys, CaBanis, Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 80. (Type P. canifrons = preceding ?) 


Bill short, conical, high at base, not notched at tip. Culmen much curved. 
Nostrils in anterior extremity of nasal groove; broadly open and oval, but 
with a narrow membrane above. Internal lateral septum apparently revolute, 
so as to be perpendicular to the central septum, its exposed edge crossing 
the nasal aperture obliquely forwards. Legs very stout; hind toe and claw 
nearly as long as the middle, which are much shorter than tarsus. Wings 
about equal tothe much graduated tail. Plumage Wren-like ; uniform brown, 
with dusky lines on wings and tail. 


y 


I introduce the diagnosis of the genus merely to complete the 


112 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. . [paRT I. 


history of the family, as no species belong to Middle or North 
America. I quote the date of the genus from Gray, not knowing 
where it is described, unless it be in the Desc. Mamm. et d’Ois. of 
Lesson, a book to which I have not access. 

Two well established species are C. unirufa (Lafr.), Bogota, and 
C. unibrunnea, Lafr., Ecuador, both of which I have had the oppor- 
tunity of examining. 

A young bird of C. undbrunnea differs from the adult in having 
the anterior portion of body brown, instead of reddish; the basal 
portion of gape and lower jaw yellowish, not black. 


CYPHORINUS, Cas. 


Cyphorinus, Cazanis, I'scuupt, Fauna Peruana, 1845-46, 183. (Type 
C. thoracicus, Tscu. = Thryothorus modulator, D’ORB.) 


Body short and stout. Tail rounded, very short, scarcely more than half 
the wings, and falling short of the outstretched toes. First primary about 
half the longest; secondaries developed, nearly as long as the primaries. 
Bill distinctly notched, but without rictal bristles ; about as long as the head; 
much compressed, and elevated at the base (greatest depth about one-third 
length), where the culmen is angulated and quite sharp. The nostrils are 
not in the anterior end of tle nasal groove, but in the middle of the nasal 
membrane against its upper edge, and forming a small, truly circular tubular 
opening, surrounded by a low wall, the axis of the opening directed apparently 
obliquely downwards (not horizontally). Legs well developed ; tarsi rather 
longer than middle toe and claw; lateral toes equal, hind toe shorter than the 
middle. Tarsi_,6-scutellate, the scutelle not very distinct; the sides of legs 
in one plate. Outer lateral toe with basal joint, and half the néxt, adherent 
to basal joint of middle toe; inner lateral with half its basal joint similarly 
adherent ; or, to express the relation otherwise, the whole outer edge of basal 
joint of middle toe, and half the inner, adherent to the lateral toes. 


I have not the opportunity of examining the species upon which 
the genus was based by Cabanis, but have selected a near ally, C. 
lawrenctt, Scl., as probably having the same peculiarities. The 
genus is a very remarkable one, and not easily mistaken for any 
other, on account of the characteristics of the circular nostrils sur- 
rounded by membrane, ete. 

The genus Cyphorinus, as given by Dr. Sclater, includes two 
subgenera—Oyphorinus and Microcerculus. I find, among his 
species of Microcerculus, two quite strongly marked sections, of 
which bambla and prostheleucus are respectively the types, and for 
the latter I propose the name of Heterorhina. A larger number of 
specimens will be required to decide as to the permanence and value 
of the characters which appear to present themselves in the skins 


MICROCERCULUS. 113 


before me, and to determine whether the sections shall be considered 
as of generic or merely subgeneric importance. For the present it 
will be more convenient to consider them as genera. 


Cyphorinus lawrencii. 


Cyphorinus cantans, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 293 (not of Capants). 
Cyphorinus lawrencii, Scu. MSS. Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 1843, 
no. 373. 


Hab. Isthmus of Panama. 


Above reddish-olive, the feathers very obsoletely, almost unappreciably, 
streaked and waved with dusky. Ixposed surface of wing and tail barred 
distinctly with black. Feathers of forehead tinged with reddish at base. 
Chin, ears, throat, and upper part of jugulum brownish-red; rest of under 
parts grayish-olive, tinged on the sides and crissum with rufous. Lining of 
wing like throat, but paler. The angle of the chin and the side of the lower 
jaw dusky. A female specimen is similar, but smaller, and lighter on the 
middle of the belly. 

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.50; tail, 1.55; length of bill from forehead, .90, 
from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.04; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .93; 
hind toe and claw, .72; claw alone, .35. 


This species was first referred by Mr. Lawrence to C. cantans (= 
musicus), but on sending specimens to Dr. Sclater, this gentleman 
decided them to belong to a new species which he named C. law- 
rencit. C. musicus (Cayenne) differs in having the breast and belly 
yellowish-white; the ears streaked with black and white (Bur- 
meister). C. modulator (Peru, etc.) is more like it, but much larger, 
and has the rufous of throat extending further down the body, and 
passing into whitish. 


Smith-| Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ela: Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
87 oe Panama R. R, jae Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb. 
87 | ? ue bee 7 “ 
(87.) Type. 


MICROCERCULUS, Scrarer. 
Microcerculus, ScuATER, Catal. Am. Birds, 861,19. (Type Turdus bambla, Bopp.) 


General appearance of Cyphorinus, the tail still shorter, in type less than 
half the wings, the feathers soft; the end of outstretched tibia reaching the 
tip of tail. Bill compressed ; the height about one-fourth the length ; culmen 
nearly straight, not angulated or gibbous at base ; tip notched, quite abruptly 
decurved. Nostrils apparently double, or with two openings on each side. 

8 August, 1864. 


114 REVIEW OF ‘AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


I have not had the opportunity of examining the IZ bambla— 
type of the genus—and have taken the philomela, a near ally, as 
the standard of reference. This has the general appearance of 
Cyphorinus, but with still shorter and more rudimentary tail ; a bill 
less compressed, and elevated at base, and more decurved at tip; the 
wings more rounded. The most remarkable peculiarity is seen in 
the nostrils, which, instead of being single, as is usual among birds, 
are double, or with two openings. ‘The specimens of philomela do 
not show the characters very satisfactorily, but one opening is appa- 
rently crescent-shaped, against the lower side of the nasal groove 
near the anterior extremity; the chord of the arc nearly parallel 
with the commissure. The upper border of the aperture is thus 
formed by a semi-lunar valvular scale, which may fit down close, 
leaving only a free rounded aperture behind. Above the posterior 
end of this opening is another one, shorter, more circular, and 
against the upper edge of the nasal groove. The septum or bridge 
between the two is narrow: sometimes reduced to a subjacent ridge, 
in which case the nasal aperture appears single externally. 

It is possible that I have misinterpreted the indications of the 
specimens before me, and that the characters of the nostrils is suffi- 
ciently like that in Cyphorinus not to authorize generic separation. 

The species assigned by Sclater to Microcerculus, excepting C. 
albigularis, which is a Pheugopedius, form two sections: one with 
bambia as type, with tail soft and less than half the wings ; the bill 
higher; the culmen more elevated and nearly straight above. The 
second with leucostictus as type: the tail firm, and two-thirds the 
wing; the bill still lower than in the last, and more Wren-like; the 
nostrils not so much doubly perforate, as with one large oval aper- 
ture in the anterior extremity of nasal groove divided by a nearly 
horizontal septum, which shows in the aperture without being 
united to it, constituting a free septum rather than a bridge; some- 
times reaching up to the level of the aperture, and sometimes low 
and inconspicuous. The tarsal scales are sometimes distinct on the 
outer side, sometimes completely fused into one with the lateral 
plates (leucophrys). To this second section, perhaps generic form, 
I propose to give the name of Heterorhina. 


Microcerculus philomela. 
Cyphorinus philomela, Sauvin, P. Z. S. 1861, 202 (Guatemala).—Scu. 
Catal. 1861, 358 (Microcerculus).—Lawk. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 
1862; Birds Panama, III, no. 311.— Cyphorinus bambla, Lawr. Ann. 
N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 320, no. 185 (iris brown). 
Hab. Guatemala to Isthmus Panama. 


HETERORHINA. 115 


A specimen, apparently of this species, in Mr. Lawrence’s collec- 
tiou, from Panama, differs from a type specimen and Mr. Salvin’s 
description in being entirely without the fuliginous shade of the 
under parts; these are grayish along the median region, obso- 
letely varied with dusky; the sides much like the back, the same 
color tinging all the under parts of body. The blackish margins 
of the dorsal feathers are scarcely or not at all appreciable; the 
spots on the coverts are very obsoletely indicated. It is probably 
a more adult bird than as described by Mr. Salvin. 

M. philomela is said by Mr. Salvin to differ from J bambla in 
having the wing coverts spotted, instead of being banded with white. 
MM. albigular’s, of Sclater, is said to differ from both in the white 
throat, and from philomela in the white bands of the wing. 

Total length, 4.00; wing, 2.05; tail, 1.15; graduation, .33; exposed portion 
of lst primary, .80, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, 4th (measured from exposed base 
of Ist primary), 1.60; length of bill from forehead, .76, from nostril, .48, 


along gape, .82; tarsus, .80,; middle toe and claw, .74; hind toe and claw, 
-65; claw alone, .30. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
: ‘i When z 
sonian| tor's | and Locality. . Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. Collected. y 
Vera Paz, Guat, O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 


30,660 | 101 


68 9 | Panama. Cab, Lawrence. | M'Lean. & Galb, 


HETERORGAINA, Bairp. 


Heterorhina, Batrp. (Type Scytalopus prostheleucus, SCLATER.) 


In the introductory synopsis, and in the preceding remarks rela- 
tive to Microcerculus, I have sufficiently indicated the characters 
of this genus. The following synopsis may serve to distinguish the 
allied species :— 

A. Back brownish-red; head darker; sides of head black, 
spotted with white. 
a. Throat pure white, continuous with pure white on 
the breast and belly; wing coverts spotted with 
white. 
1. Top of head reddish-brown, or like the back. 
Breast and belly soiled white; tarsus .84 . prostheleuca. 
Breast and belly pure white; tarsus .90 . leucosticta. 
2. Top of head black. (Specimen from the Napo.) 
é. Feathers of throat white, edged with black; breast 
plumbeous ; coverts unspotted. 
1. Top of head reddish or olive brownish ; tarsus .90 griseicollis. 
2. Top of head black; tarsus 1.00. is - leucophrys. 


116 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


B. Back and top of head nearly uniform grayish-brown ; sides 
of head whitish, varied with light-brown. Size very small pusilla. 


Heterorhina prostheleuca. 
Scytalopus prostheleucus, ScuatER, P. Z, 8. 1856, 290 (Cordova).— Cypho- 
rinus prostheleucus, ScLaTER, P. Z. 8. 1858, 64, 96; 1859, 363, 372 
(Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 1861, 20, no. 125.—Satvin, Ibis, I, 1860, 
272 (Guatemala). 


(28,042.) Above brown, passing into deeper rufous to the upper coverts, 
and into reddish olivaceous on top of head. Chin and throat pure white, 
passing into a duller white behind ; the sides of breast plumbeous ; sides of 
belly, with the crissum, rufous brown like the rump. A distinct white line 
from bill over eye to nape, bordered above by an obscure black band. All 
the feathers of side of head and neck are black, with a rounded white spot 
near the end; there is quite a distinct black line from base of lower jaw 
margining chin and throat; the lores are black. The tail feathers and ex- 
terior webs of secondary quills are rufous, with narrow black bars (these bars 
narrower than the interspaces). The primaries black, with brownish-gray 
spots along their outer edges (outermost edged continuously with gray). The 
greater and middle wing coverts are blackish, many of them with a small 
white spot near their tips. The bill is black; legs brown. 

Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.20; tail, 1.60; exposed portion of lst primary, 
-85, of 2d, 1.35, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.70; 
length of bill frum forehead, .65, from nostril, .44, along gape, .80; tarsus, .84; 
middle toe and claw, .70; hind toe and claw, .61; claw alone, .27. 


In No. 28,042, one of the tail feathers is entirely white, and there 
is a white feather on the scapulars; this, however, is evidently 
abnormal. 

Other specimens, from Mexico and Guatemala, are similar, but 
vary somewhat in the degree of purity of white beneath, and in the 
shade of rufous above. One (91, Lawrence collection) has the black 
band margining the top of head wider, so as to leave only a small 
central interspace of brown. This specimen, too, has the bill longer 
than in others. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

a ee ae ae Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
20,339 | 1,431 | .. | Choetum, Vera Paz.| Jan. 1860. O.Salvin, | a 
22,389 cia do | Mexico. aie Verreaux, | os... 


28,042 27 .» | Mirador, Mex. cies Dr. C. Sartorius. 


91 -» | Guatemala. a6 Cab. Lawrence. 


| 


HETERORHINA. 117 


Heterorhina leucosticta. 


Cyphorinus leucostictus, Cas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, 1, 206 (Guiana and 
Mexico).—Scuavrer, P. Z. 8. 1858, 63, 96.—Lawrence, Aun. N. Y. 
‘Lye. VII, 1861, 320 (Panama). 


Hab. Isthmus of Panama, to Guiana and Ecuador. 


A specimen from Panama, in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, labelled 
C. leucostictus, has the breast and belly pure white like the throat, 
and the white spots on side of head larger. The size is considerably 
less than in prostheleucus, while the tarsi are longer. The shoulders 
are less spotted with white. 

Another specimen from the Napo (32,693), labelled C. leucostictus, 
differs from the last in having a longer, slenderer bill. The whole 
top of head is black; the black bars on the inner or superior secon- 
daries are quite obsolete, those on the outer webs of the exterior 
ones being changed to dentations. The spotting of the shoulders is 
restricted to the alular feathers and edge of the shoulders. 

Cabanis, in his description of C. leucostictus, gives Guiana and 
Mexico as localities, thus referring also to C. prostheleucus. The 
small size of the specimen described, and the whiteness of all the 
under parts, would appear to show that the description was based 
on the Guiana specimen. ‘ 

(No. 90, from Panama.) Total length, 3.50; wing, 2.00; tail, 1.30; exposed 
portion of lst primary, .75, of 2d, 1.25 ; length of bill from forehead, .67, from 
nostril, .43, along gape, .76; tarsus, 90; middle tue and claw, .73; hind toe 
and claw, .62. 

(No. 32,693, from the Napo.) Total length, 4.00; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.30; 
length of bill from forehead, .73, from nostril, .45, along gape, .83; tarsus, 
-91; middle toe and claw, .76. 


Smith- Cotte Sex : When : | 
sonian| tor’s | and Loeality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. petra! | 
32,693 /34,925 | g | Rio Napo, Ecuador. Bete Verreaux. | stereos 
a 90] o& | Panama R. R. wae Cab. Lawrence, | M’Lean. & Galb. 


Heterorhina griseicollis. 
Merulaxis griseicollis, LarResnaye, Rev. Zool. 1840, 103 (Bogota).— 
Cyphorinus griseicollis, ScuaTER, P. Z. S. 1860, 64 (Ecuador). 


Hab. Ecuador; Bogota; Guatemala to Mexico? 


(30,658.) Above reddish-brown, with the top of head and nape grayish- 
olive. Chin and upper part of throat white, passing insensibly into plumbeous 
gray on the remaining under parts, excepting sides of belly and crissum, which 
are reddish-brown like rump. A distinct white line from bill over eye to nape, 


118 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L 


with a suffusion of black above it on each side of the vertex. Cheek feathers 
white, narrowly edged all round with black ; lores and stripe behind eye black. 
A black line on each side the chin and upper part of the throat, all the feathers 
of which are faintly and inconspicuously edged with black. Exposed surfaces 
of secondaries like back, with obscure transverse lines of black, still more 
indistinctly seen on the greater coverts. Tail feathers similarly marked. 
No white spots on the coverts, and but faint indigations on the alular feathers. 

The grayish feathers of the belly have generally a lighter tip, or obscure 
terminal light spot; sometimes with a faint appearance of broad bars of 
whitish and gray. 

Total length, 4.00; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.30; exposed portion of 1st primary, 
-87, of 2d, 1.33; length cf bill from forehead, 65, from nostril, .4U, along gape, 
-75; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .76; hind toe and claw, .64. 

A specimen in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, from Guatemala, differs 
in a much deeper and more purplish rufous on the back. 

Specimens from Mexico are similar, but differ in having the top 
of the head and nape reddish-brown, similar to the back, only a shade 
lighter, instead of olive-gray. Should this be constant, as a geo- 
graphical difference, the Mexican form will be entitled to a distinctive 
name. None of the specimens agree very well with the description 
by Lafresnaye of his Merulaxis griseicollis, and may all be really 
distinct, especially in view of the widely different localities. 

This species, with a close resemblance to prostheleucus and leu- 
costictus, may be readily recognized by the plumbeous ashy under 
parts, the narrow, scarcely appreciable black edgings of the throat 
feathers, the absence of white spots on the wiug coverts, etc. The 
bill is smaller and more slender. 


Smith-| Collec-| Sex : When 
oe foes ro Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
26.369 Sw ais Xalapa, Mex. mat J. Krider, D’0ca. 
22,389 37,661 fof et ery Verreanx, | wae 
.: BR) we | aaee ee (Guat. oie Cab, Lawrence | D’Oea. 
80,658 135. |) ce. Volcan de Fuego, | Nov. 1861, O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm. 
es 92] .. Guatemala. one Cab. Lawrence.| sw... 


(22,389.) “C. prostheleucus.”* 


Heterorhina leucophrys. 
Troglodytes leucophrys, Tscuvpt, Conspectus Fauna Peruana.— Cypho- 
rinus leucophrys, Cas. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, 1, 206.—Scuarer, Catal. 
1861, 19, no. 123. a 
Troglodytes guttatus, arti. Verz. Mus. Brem. 1844, 28. 
Hab. Peru to Costa Rica? 


(30,486.) Above dark rufous brown, brightest towards the rump; top of 
head dusky blackish, the feathers obscurely suffused at the ends with olivace- 


HETERORHINA, 119 


ous. A white line from bill over the eye along nape; lores, and a stripe back 
of the eye, black; all other feathers of the cheeks, chin, and throat, white, 
narrowly bordered with black. Jugulum dark ashy, middle of breast paler; 
whole sides of body from and including axillars, the posterior part of belly, 
anal region, and crissum, dark rufous cinnamon. Exposed surface of secon- 
daries and tail feathers rufous, with transverse dark lines ; primaries similar, 
externally dentated with black and rufous. Bars on tail much broken up. 
No spots on the coverts ; the alular feathers and bend of wing streaked with 
yellowish-brown. 

Total length of skin, 4.80; wing, 2.35; tail, 1.55; exposed portion of Ist 
primary, .91, of 2d, 1.30; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril, .45, 
along gape, -81; tarsus, .98; middle toe aud claw, .82; hind toe and claw, .67; 
claw alone, .32. 


This species is readily distinguished from H. leucosticta and 
prostheleuca, by its ashy jugulum, want of spots on the coverts, 
and streaked throat. From them and grisezcollis it differs in larger 
size, much greater extent of rufous on the sides and anal region, 
darker head, ete. The feathers of chin and throat are edged much 
more conspicuously with black than in H griseicollis. The outer 
face of the tarsus forms one continuous plate without division or 
groove of any kind. 

I refer this species to the C. leucophrys of Tschudi, although the 
locality of the specimen is much farther north than heretofore given, 
and the bird has not been recorded from Panama. As I have not 
seen a South American specimen, it is possible that a careful com- 
parison may reveal a specific difference. 


Smith- |Collee-} Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. c Rion Reeeived from Collected by 
No No. | Age. ‘ 


30,486 80 .. |San Jose, Costa Rica. one Dr. v. Frantzius. | =... 


Heterorhina pusilla. 
Cyphorinus pusillus, ScuaTeR, P. Z. 8. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 
1861, 20, no. 126. 
Hab. Western Mexico (Oaxaca). 


Of this diminutive species, which differs considerably in appear- 
ance from its allies, the only specimen before me is somewhat de- 
fective, especially about the bill, so that I am unable to say how 
closely it agrees, if at all, with the other Heterorhine in their peculi- 
arities. The upper parts are of a grayish-brown, rather brighter 
behind; the wings and tail obsoletely marked with transverse dark 
lines. A line from bill over eye, and urder parts dull white; the 


120 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Part I. 


flanks, anal region, and crissum somewhat like the back, but paler ; 
the sides of the breast tinged with plumbeous. Length, 3.50; 
wing, 2.05; tail, 1.35. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex . 
sonian| tor’s | aod Locality. phen. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 


22,386 |40,727 | gf | Mexico (Oaxaca?) ed Verreaux, | cence 


(22,386.) Type. 


THRYOTHORUS, VIemtu. 


Thryothorus, Visitor, Analyse, 1816, 45. (Type Troglodytes arundi- 
naceus, “ Troglodyte des Roseauzx,” Visit. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 
55 = Sylvia ludoviciana, Lara.) 

Bill compressed, rather slender ; height about one-fourth the length above. 
Culmen and commissure gently curved throughout ; gonys straight; tip very 
obsoletely notched. Nostrils in the lower edge of anterior extremity of the 
nasal groove, narrowly elliptical, overhung by a stiff scale-like roof of the 
thickened membrane of the upper part of the nasal groove, the crescentic 
edge rounded. The septum of nostrils imperforate ; the posterior part of the 
nasal cavity with a short septum projecting into it parallel with the central, 
not perpendicular as in Microcerculus. Wings and tail about equal, the latter 
moderately rounded ; the first primary more than half the second, about half 
the longest. Tarsi rather short, scarcely exceeding middle toe. Anterior 
scutelle distinct, rest of each side of tarsi in a continuous plate. Lateral 
toes equal. 


The type of the genus, as established by Vieillot, is his Troglo- 
dytes arundinaceus, by G. R. Gray and others referred to the Cisto- 
thorus palustris, but while the account of the nidification and general 
habit applies best to the latter, the description and figure unquestion- 
ably relate to 7. ludovicianus. (See also Baird, Birds N. Am. 
1858, 359.) 

As remarked elsewhere, the Wrens formerly included in the genus 
Thryothorus are found to embrace several distinct groups character- 
ized by the form of the nostrils, and to some extent by the shape of the 
bill and the degree to which this is notched at the tip. As restricted, 
the species of Th: ryothorus, characterized by the linear nostrils 
moderately overhung *py a thickened scale, all belong to North 
America, and constitute two sections: one with 7. ludovicianus as 
type; the other (Thryomanes, Sclater) with slenderer, longer bill, 
and the tail longer than the wings, its feathers broader, best repre- 
sented by bewickit. The other divisions—Pheugopedius and Thryo- 
philus—are peculiar to Middle and South Arnerica. 


THRYOTHORUS. 121 


The characters of these two divisions will be found detailed in 
the introductory remarks, and under their respective heads. T'roglo- 
~ dytes, with its cwo sections, is very closely related to Thryothorus, 
as restricted, so much so that it is very difficult to draw the line. 
The supposed differences referred to by many authors resulted from 
the comparison of Troglodyles with Thryophilus, rather than with 
true Thryothorus. 

In the following synopsis I present an artificial key to the species 
of Thryothorus, Pheugopedius, and Thryophilus, found in North 
and Middle America, with their nearest South American allies, and 
based entirely on color and markings. ZY. pleurostictus I know only 
by description, and may not have worked it in properly. A more 
natural arrangement, based upon the peculiarities of structure, fol- 
lows the first. 


Synopsis of Species. 
A. Head above and back of much the same color. 

a. Crissum barred transversely; rest of under parts 
spotted or banded conspicuously with black (ex- 
cept in felix). 

1. Outside of wings banded; head like the 


back. 
a. Throat white; rest of under parts black, 
finely banded with white . . . fasciato-ventris. 
&. Under parts pure white; sides from 
neck to crissum banded with black .  pleurostictus. 


2. Outside of wings plain; head more rufous 
than the back. Sides of head and neck 
white, conspicuously streaked with black; 
wings longer than tail, except in feliz. 
a. Beneath white, spotted with black from 
chin to belly. Flanks rusty ; maculipectus. 
8. Chin and upper throat black, spisblea 
with white; rest of under parts cas 
rufous 7 : . rutilus. 
y- Beneath whitish, inepotieae on ae 
brown, Upper tail covert barred. Tail 
longer than the wings . . felix. 
b. Crissum barred transversely; rest of nnd parts 
plain. 
1. Upper tail coverts and exposed surface of 
wings barred. 
a. Tail feathers reddish-brown, barred 
with black. Greater wing coverts spot- 
ted with whitish. 
1. Beneath rusty white . : . ‘ludovicianus. 
2. Beneath rusty brown . ‘i -  berlandieri. 


122 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


@. Tail feathers, except central, black; 
the exposed surface and tips only varied 
with white. 

1. Bill and legs very stout, the former 
longer than the head. Wings longer 
than tail. A concealed nuchal half 
collar of white streaks. 

Color much as in T. bewickii, but 
whiter beneath. Outside of 
wings very obsoletely banded 

2. Bill and legs more slender ; some- 
times the bill shorter than head. 
Tail longer than the wings. Nocon- 
cealed nuchal half collar. 

Above dark rufous brown; be- 
neath plumbeous white ; flanks 
tinged with brown. Rumpand 
exposed secondaries distinctly 
banded. Quills and middle 
tail feathers brownish-black . 

Above ashy-brown; beneath, in- 
cluding flanks, clear white; 
rump ashy, and, like seconda- 
ries, very obsoletely barred. 
Quills and middle tail feathers 
grayish-brown . . 

Colors intermediate patween the 
two last. Bill longer, from 
nostril, .50, from gape .81, in- 
stead of .39 and .70 . 3 

2. Exposed surface of wings barred; upper tail 
coverts not barred. Beneath white. Tail 
feathers reddish-brown, banded with black, 
except in petenicus. 

a. Above quite uniform reddish-chestnut. 

1. Sides ashy . . . , 


2. Sides brownish . . . 
8. Grayish-brown above, rump vfecouit, 
1. Sides brownish . . . . 


c. Crissum plain, without bands. 
1. Outside of wings obsoletely banded. Beneath 
white; flanks and crissum fulvous. 
a. Bill shorter than tarsus . . 
2. Outside of wings and wing coverts distinctly 
banded. Beneath white; flanks and anal 
region very pale fulvous. 
a. Bill longer than tarsus ; . . 
3. Similar to last above; throat white; rest of 
under parts fulvous, 


[PART L 


petenicus. 


bewickit. 


leucogaster. 


spilurus. 


poliopleura. 
rufalbus. 


sinaloa. 


moaestus. 


albipectus. 


THRYOTHORUS. 123 


a. Wings considerably longer than tail ; 


bill shorter than tarsus . . -  galbraithi. 
8. Wings little longer than tail; bill 
longer than tarsus : : ‘ « _ longirostris.' 


B. Head black, with white cheek-patch; rest of upper part 
deep chestnut. 

a. Throat white, passing into chestnut behind. Sides 
obsoletely banded with black . . . -  castaneus. 

b. Beneath white, tinged with rufous on abdomen. 
Throat plain; rest of under parts barred trans- 
versely with black. . : : nigricapillus. 

c. Beneath white, tinged with aheabend on flanks sia 
anal region. Whole under parts from bill to tail 
banded transversely with black ‘é F « — schottit. 


The following is the more natural arrangement of the species just 
mentioned, as based upon their peculiarities of form :— 
Thryophilus: rufalbus, poliopleura, sinuloa, modestus, albipectus, galbraithi, 

striolutus, longirostris, castaneus, niyricapillus, schottii. 


Pheugopedius: /asciato-ventris, pleurostictus? maculipectus, rutilus, felix, 
curayu, melanos. 


Thryothorus: ludovicianus, berlandieri, petenicus. 


Thryomanes: bewickii, spilurus, leucogaster. 


These are followed by the species of Troglodytes, Anorthura, Cisto- 
thorus, and Telmatodytes, synopses of which will be given 
further on. 


The following species of the group of Troglodytide I have not had 
the opportunity of examining :-— 
Thryothorus pleurostictus, Scuarer, Ibis, 1866, 30 (Guatemala).—Is. 
Catal. 1841, 21, no. 136. See page 121 (“Gulf of Nicoya,” Salvin in letter). 
Thryothorus murinus, Hartuavus, Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1852, 4 (Rio Frio, 
between Puebla and City of Mexico). (How near petenicus and albinucha?) 


Troglodytes albinucha, Casor, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. II, 1847, 258 (Yuca- 
tan). Possibly 7. petenicus, and if so, prior to it. 


a. THRYOTHORUS. 


Thryothorus Ludovicianus. 


Sylvia ludoviciana, Latu. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 548. —Troglocytes ludo- 
vicianus, Licut. Verz. 1823, 35 ; also of Bonaparte and Aupuson.— 
Prince Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 110.— Thryothorus ludovicianus, 
Bow. List, 1838, ete.—Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 78.—Bairp, Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 361.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 20. 


1 See note on longirostris and its allies, under 7’. galbraithi, p. 132, 


124 


REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


[paRtT I. 


Troglodytes arundinaceus, Vieruu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 55, pl. eviii. 
(Certainly this species: the habits those of C. palustris.) 

Certhia caroliniana, Wiuson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 61, pl. xii, fig. 5. 

Thryothorus littoralis, Viriut. Nouv. Dict. XXXIV, 1619, 56. 

Thryothorus louisiane, Lusson, Rev. Zool. 1840, 262. 

Additional figures: Avp. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pl. 77.—Is. Birds. Am. II, 
1841, pl. 117. 


Hab. Eastern Province United States, from New York southward to the Gulf. 


Smith- Collee- Sex Whey . 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collesced, Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. F 
7,113 cc Philadelphia. John Cassin, | eee ee 
1,785 wie Maryland. aisis 8. F. Baird. | os... 
1,097 ad Washington, D.C. | June 12, 43. th Wm. M. Baird. 

28,934 o ss Aug. 6,’38.| Dr. BE. Coues. | — .....- 

32,285 cs Macon, Ga. was Prof. J Leconte. | —..... 
7,120 a Rockport, ILL. Jan. 2, 752. Dr. Kirtland. [| —...... 

10, 204 ¢ South Illinois. May 9. R Kennicott. |  ...... 
7,118 aes Ft. Leavenworth. | Jan 20,°55.| Lt. Couch. |  —...... 

12,113 2 Red Fork of Ark. 1850. Capt. Sityreaves. Dr. Woodhouse, 

12,114 foe Cherokee Nation. | Aug. 4, '49. = “ 


Thryothorus berlandieri. 
Thryothorus berlandieri, Couch MSS. Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 362, pl. 
lxxxiii, fig. 1 (New Leon). 
Hab. Valley of Rio Grande. 


No additional specimens of this species have been noticed since 
the publication of the “ Birds of North America.” The differences 
there indicated appear sufficient to distinguish the species from the 
allied T. ludovicianus. The characters of the two are as follows :— 

Common Cuaracters.—Above reddish-brown; rump, exposed surface of 
wings and tail rather faintly barred with black. Crissum strongly barred 
with the same. White supra-ocular stripe bordered above by black. Sides 


of neck much spotted with the same. Wing coverts spotted with whitish. 
Beneath whitish, with an occasional wash of reddish. 


Sides plain. Bill from nostril, .45  . . . . ludovicianus. 
Beneath rufous ; lighter on throat and on median line. 

Sides obsoletely barred with dusky. Bill from nos- 

tril. 56 : . E - ‘ ‘ ‘ é . berlandieri. 
Smith-|Collec-| Sex ; When 
soutbn me Locality. Céllaeced: Received from Collected by 
7,122 | 142 | @ | New Leon, Mex. | April,1853.| Lt. Couch. cit 
One| ie ‘ 1 ae I, ‘ouch deiscalaie 
7121 | 123 San Diego, Mex. | Mar. 1853. “ eis: 


(7,122.) Eyes brown. 


THRYOTIIORUS. 125 


Thryothorus petenicus. 
Thryothorus petenicus, Satvin, Pr. Z. S. May, 1863, 187 (Peten). 


(Mr. Salvin’s type, No. 112.) Bill longer than the head; tail and wings 
about equal. Color above reddish-brown ; more rufous on the ramp. Upper 
tail coverts grayish-brown, rather obscurely banded with black. Cuter edges 
of primaries marked with grayish and black, of secondaries and whole exposed 
surface of wing with very obsolete, almost inappreciable dusky bars. Under 
parts whitish, nearly pure on throat and middle of belly, tinged with fulvous 
(and with the feathers very slightly tipped with dusky) across the breast; 
the sides more like the back, but paler. Crissum with broad white and black 
bars; flanks obscurely barred with dusky. A broad line of white, edged 
with black, from bill over eye to nape: those of opposite sides connected by 
a concealed series of black-edged white streaks on the nuchal feathers, which 
form a half collar with more distinctly maiked feathers on the side of neck 
behind the ear coverts, which are like the back. Lower part of cheek feathers 
white, edged, with dusky. Tail feathers black; the outer webs and tips 
spotted or blotched with dirty white; the middle feathers ashy-brown, with 
spotted broken bars of black, about one-third their interspaces. Rump with 
concealed spots of white. Bill longer than the head. 

(Type.) Total length, 5.30; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.25; graduation, .26; ex- 
posed. portion of lst primary, .90, of 2d, 1.40, of longest (ineasured from 
exposed base of Ist primary), 1.70; length of bill from forehead, .85, from 
nostril, .55, along gape, .92; tarsus, .8; middle toe and claw, .80; claw 
alone, .23; hind toe and claw, .65; claw alone, .27. 


This species is very similar in coloration and general appearance 
to the typical styles of 7. bewickt?, from the eastern United States. 
The bill, however, is much larger and longer, the legs much stouter, 
and the wings and tail about equal, instead of the latter being longer. 
In these points it agrees more nearly with 7. ludovicianus, as well 
as in the character of the nostrils. The white spots of the nape are, 
however, wanting in bewicki?, in which also the wing is more dis- 
tinctly barred ; the bands on the upper surface of the tail twice as 
numerous; the white markings quite similar; the crissal bars nar- 
rower and less prominent. 

This species appears closely related to Thryothorus albinucha, of 
Cabot, and murinus, of Hartlaub, though differing in some respects 
from their descriptions. It is quite possible that the two latter may 
prove to be the same species, even if different from pelenicus. All 
seem to agree with 7. bewickii in the black tail feathers, varied a 
little with white. F 

For the opportunity of examining this species J am indebted to 
Mr. Salvin, who kindly transmitted his unique type for the purpose. 
(No. 112, Sakleek River, near Peten, Guatemala, April, 1862.) 


126 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


b. THRYOMANES.,? 


There are three strongly marked geographical varieties, if not 
species of “ Bewick’s Wren,” separable by quite constant characters. 
Of these the Mexican (Jeucogaster) and the typical form from eastern 
North America (bewickii) differ most in coloration, while the western 
(spilurus) is intermediate in this respect, but with a longer bill than 
in the other two. The peculiarities of the three forms may be ex- 
pressed by the following diagnosis :— 


Var. bewickii.—Above dark rufous-brown; rump and middle tail feathers 
sometimes a little paler, and very slightly tinged with gray, and together 
with the exposed surface of secondaries distinctly barred with dusky. 
Beneath soiled plumbeous whitish; flanks brown. Crissum banded; 
ground color of quills and tail feathers brownish-black. 

Var. leucogaster.—Above ashy-brown; rump and middle tail feathers 
brownish-ash—the former nearly pure ash; without appreciable bars ; 
bars on secondaries obsolete. Beneath, including inside of wing, pure 
white, with little or no brownish on the sides. Crissum banded ; ground 
color of the quills and tail feathers grayish-brown. . 

Var. spilurus.—Similar to bewickii in color, the bill considerably longer. 
Length from nostril, .50, gape, .81, instead of .39 and .70. 


Young birds from all the localities differ from adults merely in 
having the feathers of the throat and breast very narrowly and in- 
conspicuously edged with blackish. 


Thryothorus bewickii, var. bewickii. 
Troglodytes bewickii, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 96, pl. xviii.Is. B. A. 
II, 1841, 120, pl. 118.—Thryothorus bewickii, Bonar. List, 1838.— 
Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 363.— Telmatodytes bewickii, Cas. Mus. 
Hein. I, 1850, 78. 


Hab. Eastern province of United States. 


Smith-|Collec- Sex ; When 

eouiay ore ne Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
25,262 ro Carlisle, Pa. April 30,’46. SF. Baird. |  ....., 
V1,722 or of Liberty Co., Ga. aes Prof. Leconte. {| ~~ ...... 
32,282 we a Macon, Ga. Oct. 1848. i | Sree 


Thryothorus bewickii, var. spilurus. 


Troglodytes spilurus, Vicors, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, 18, pl. iv, 
fig. 1 (California). 


' Thryomanes, Scuatzer, Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 22. (Type Troglodytes 
bewickii, var. spilurus.) 


THRYOPHILUS. 127 


Troglodytes bewickit, Newserny, P. R. R. Rept. VI, 1v, 1857, 80.—Coorzr 
& Sucxiey, ib. XII, 1, 1860, 190.—Thryothorus bewickii, Scuarer, 
Catal. 1861, 22, no. 141 (in part). 


Hab. Pacific slope of United States. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex wh 
sonian| tor's | and Locality. c ‘ected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ° 
9,517 52 inf Simiahmoo, W. T. | Oct 19,°57. | A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly. 
7,126 | 253 ae Ft. Steilacoom. Feb, 1856. Dr. G. Suckley. 
7,133 as oe San Francisco, Cal. seine) || Lok Boas ‘ 
5,516 ea io) Petaluma, Cal. Mar, §, °56. | E. Samuels. 
zs 14 Ba Fort Tejon, Cal. awe J. Xantus. 
7,127? ea ee Los Nogales, Mex, | Jan. 1835. Major Emory. Dr. Kennerly. 


Thryothorus bewickii, var. leucogaster. 
Troglodytes leucogastra, Gouup, P, Z. 8. 1836, 89 (Tamaulipas).—Bon. 
Notes Delattre, 1854, 43. 
?Thryothorus bewickii, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca). 


Hab. Southern borders of United States, into Mexico. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. Collected. 

12,115? aie o | San Antonio, Tex. | April15,’51.| Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse. 
7,130 ais .. | Ringgold Barracks, | Jan. 15, °53.| Major Emory. J. H. Clark. 


3,971 41 | 2 | Sta. Rosalio, [Tex. 
Tamaulipas, Mex. | Mar. 1853. Lt. Couch. 
3,970 158 | .. | New Leon, Guya- | April, 1853. es 
9,119 |29.906 | .. | Mexico. [puco. tee 

“ 


Verreaux. 
22,388 |29,907 | on of 


(3,971.) Eyes dark-brown. (3,970.) Do. 


THRYOPHILUS, Barrp. 
Thryophilus, Barrp. (Type Thryothorus rufalbus.) 


Bill of Thryothorus, but more notched. Nostrils imperforate, broadly oval, 
situated in the anterior extremity of the nasal groove, bounded behind by 
bare membrane, but elsewhere by the bony outline of the nasal groove (at 
least apparently so in the dried skin). The overhanging membranous scale 
of Thryothorus appears thus to be entirely wanting, or reduced to a very rudi- 
mentary condition. The vertical septum spoken of in Thryothorus as project- 
ing into the posterior extremity of the nasal aperture here appears to be con- 
tinued forward along the upper edge of the interior cavity of the nostrils to 
the anterior extremity. Other characters much as in Thryothorus. 


In the introductory remarks on the Troglodytidx I have already 
alluded to a genus of American Wrens, the species of which have 
hitherto been included in the genus Thryothorus. They differ, how- 
ever, in having a much more distinctly notched bill, and in the 
peculiarly open nostrils, which seem to lack the overhanging scale 


128 RIVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


or membrane of Thryothorus and Pheugopedius, leaving the nasal 
aperture to occupy the anterior extremity of the nasal groove, with 
the internal lateral septum exposed, but vertical, and extending for- 
ward to the anterior extremity of the nostril, not ending abruptly 
behind. This is a peculiarity very easily appreciated in most cases. 

The generic name of Thryothorus belongs to T. ludovicianus as 
type. Prince Maximilian has used Hylemathrous for a South Ame- 
rican Wren (his platensis); which, however, Cabanis assures us is 
strictly congeneric with Troglodytes xdon (J ournal fiir Orn. 1860). 
Finding, therefore, no name ready at hand for this group, I am com- 
pelled to make a new one. 

The genus differs from Campylorhynchus in having a notched bill, 
and a more open nostril, lacking the supra-nasal ridge or sometimes 
scale seen in nearly all excepting C. capistratus, and its allies ; and 
from this it differs in having the lateral septum exposed, not con- 
cealed by the nasal membrane behind ; the legs also are much more 
feeble. Heleodytes has much stouter legs, an unnotched bill, the 
tarsus not longer than the middle toe and claw. 

A synopsis of the principal species will be found under Thryothorus. 


Thryophilus rufalbus, var. rufalbus. 

Thryothorus rufalbus, LAFRESNAYE, R. Zool. 1845, 337, Mexico? (more 
probably S. America).—Lawrencz, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1863 (Pana- 
ma).—Casanis, Jour. Orn. 1860, 408 (Costa Rica).—Scuarer, P. Z. 
8. 1856, 140 (David, Chiriqui). 

2 Troglodytes cumanensis, Lica. Cab. Jour. 1860, 408 (Carthagena). 

Hab. Isthmus Panama; New Grenada; Costa Rica? 


Thryophilus rufalbus, var. poliopleura. 
Thryophilus poliopleura, Barry. 
Thryothorus rufalbus, SctatER & Saxvtn, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala) ; not 
of LAFRESNAYE. 


Hab. Guatemala. 


I find, on comparison of a series of Wrens labelled 7. rufalbus 
from different localities, some important differences which appear, 
taken in connection with the geographical distribution, to be almost 
of specific value. Cabanis has already suggested a difference of 
species, although not exactly on the same grounds that present them- 
selves in the specimens before me. 

As Cabanis remarks, the typical species of Lafresnaye is probably 
to be found from northern New Grenada—the locality given of 
“Mexico” being most likely erroneous. The Bogotan specimens 
differ in smaller size, less extent of white beneath, and greater 


THRYOPHILUS. 129 


amount of rusty brown on the sides; the sides of the head and neck 
more streaked with black. These differences are, perhaps, not in- 
compatible with an identity of species, but the Guatemalan bird 
differs from both in some decided characteristics. 

A fine adult Guatemalan specimen, received from Mr. Salvin, has 
the under parts ashy-white, the flanks almost pure ashy. The under 
tail coverts are white, banded sharply with black. In all the more 
southern specimens before me, the under parts are more yellowish- 
white, the flanks conspicuously pale rufous; the white interspaces 
of the black crissal bars more suffused with rusty. The legs of the 
Guatemalan bird appear to be shorter, and the bill lower and smaller. 

The following diagnosis may serve to illustrate these differences. 
In all the specimens the upper parts are bright reddish, or cinnamon 
brown, less vivid towards the head; the wings and exposed surface 
of the tail with black bands, much narrower than their interspaces. 
The upper tail coverts without bands. Beneath white, without any 
bands, except on the crissum, which is broadly marked with black. 
A white line from bill over eye, and a brown one behind narrowly 
margined with black; the sides of the head with the white feathers 
edged with black; a black line from lower edge of lower jaw bor- 
dering the chin :— 


Var. rufalbus.—Beneath clear white ; the sides washed with reddish-brown ; 
black bands on tail about half the width their intervals. 

Var. poliopleura.—Beneath ashy-white; sides ashy without rusty wash; 
black bands on tail about one-third their intervals. 


As already suggested, the Bogotan bird differs from both the pre- 
ceding, though most closely allied to the former. 

(93, rufalbus, Panama.) Total length, 5.80; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.45; length 
of bill from forehead, .86, from nostril, .53, along gape, .97; tarsus, 1.02; 
middle toe and claw, .88. 

(30,656, poliopleura.) Total length, 5.90; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.50; length of 
bill from forehead, .80, from nostril, .48, along gape, .91; tarsus, .93 ; middle 
toe and claw, .80. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
soz fore ra Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
poliopleura. 
30,655 | 109 | Juy.| Retaleuleu, Guat. | Sept. 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm. 
30,656 | 104 | Ad. | SavanaGrande, ‘‘ 1862. sh a 
rufalbus. 
3 g Panama R. R. SiG Cab. Lawrence. | M’Lean. & Galb. 
on i ay ee 
32.694 |38,360'| gf | Cote ferme. wees Verreaux, =| ss aaeeee 
32,692 |31,485 | co | Bogota. ia in) (es or 


9 September, 1864, 


130 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Thryophilus sinaloa. 
Thryophilus sinaloa, Barro, 0. s. 


Hab. N. Western Mexico. 


(Type 23,786, ¢.) Bill shorter than the head. Gonys straight. No scale 
over the nostril. Tarsus longer than the middle toe. Tail well developed ; the 
feathers broad, nearly even, the lateral only graduated ; the tip extending a 
little beyond the outstretched feet. Wings but little longer than the tail. 

Above dark olive-brown, with slight reddish tinge ; the rump rufous or dark 
cinnamon; the tail feathers with a shade of the same, still slighter on the 
outer webs of the secondaries. Tail feathers with six or eight pretty well- 
defined narrow, transverse black bands (each about half the width or less of 
the interspaces) ; these most regular on the onter feathers, and apt to be 
broken near the tips of some. The outer primaries edged with grayish; the 
outer webs of the other quills with a series of dusky spots. The under parts, 
lores, and a stripe over the eye are white. The feathers of the sides of the neck 
are white, edged with black, as are the posterior feathers of the superciliary 
stripe running into this neck patch. The ear coverts are grayish-white, ob- 
securely and faintly edged with dusky. The flanks are plain brown, rather 
lighter than the back. The under tail coverts are white, with three or four 
well defined black bands, not quite so wide as their interspaces, and suffused 
along their edges with reddish-brown. Bill light horn color; the lower 
mandible, except the tip, whitish. Legs lighter than the bill. 

(23,786, male.) Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.15 ; graduation, .22; 
exposed portion of Ist primary, .90, of 2a, 1.30, of longest, 4th (measured 
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.80; length of bill from forehead, .72, 
from nostril, .40, along gape, .84; tarsus, .83; middle toe and claw, .70; claw 
alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .60; claw alone, 26. 


This species is most closely related to 7. rufalbus, in the white 
under parts and banded crissum. It is, however, much smaller ; the 
upper parts are grayish, instead of cinnamon red; the sides of the 
neck much more conspicuously streaked with black. The lores are 
whitish ; the greater coverts spotted with whitish. TT. ludovicianus 
has different nostrils ; upper parts purplish red ; beneath tinged with 
yellowish. TZ. petenicus, besides many other differences, has the 
tail black, the outer feathers varied only with white. The banded 
and white crissum, more striped neck, deeper bars on the wings, etc., 
distinguish it from modestus. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
Soni .) : When és 
a yay ce Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 


23,780 237 | ¢ Mazatlan. July, 1861. | J. Xantus. 

23,736 | 280| ¢ “ a “ 

34016 | .. | o “ June, 1862. | Col. A. J. Grayson. 
29,361 | 120] ¢ Colima. Feb. 1863, | J. Xautus. 
31,822 | 1,657 | ¢ «“ “ “ 


(23,786.) Type. (34,016.) Iris brown. (29,361.) Iris brown. (31,822.) Ivis reddish-brown. 


THRYOPHILUS. 131 


Thryophilus modestus. 
Thryothorus modestus, Cas. Jour. 1860, 409 (San Jose, Costa Rica).— 
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1863, no. 375. 
Hab. Guatemala to Panama. 


(No. 33,266.) Above reddish-brown; grayer on the top of head; brighter 
behind. Exposed surface of wings obsoletely barred with dusky, scarcely 
appreciable except on the inner (superior) secondaries. Upper surface of tail 
reddish-brown, with narrow bars of black, about one-third the width of the 
interspaces, the upper tail coverts plain. Beneath, including bend and inside 
of wings, with sides of head, white; the sides of body, anal region, and 
crissum fulvous, without any bars. A white line over the eye, and a black- 

- ish one through it. A few of the ear coverts scarcely appreciably edged with 
dusky. 

Total length of dried skin, 5.10; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.30; graduation, .75 ; 
exposed portion of lst primary, .85, of 2d, 1.30; length of bill from forehead, 
-72, from nostril, .47, along gape,.77; tarsus, .91; middle toe and claw, .74; 
hind toe and claw, .60; claw alone, .25. 


Mr. Lawrence’s specimens, from Isthmus of Panama, are similar, 
but smaller and paler, with shorter bill. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonianj tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. i 
30,657 | 120 Duefas, Guat. 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm. 
33,266 81 San Jose, C. R. pert Dr. v. Fiantzius. |  ~—..... 
i 98 d Panama R. R, Cab. Lawrence, M’Lean. & Galb. 
Thryophilus galbraithi. 
Thryothorus galbraithi, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VU, 1861, 320, no. 
192 (Panama R. R.). 
Lhryothorus ————, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193. 
Hab. Isthmus of Panama and Carthagena. . 


(No. 100,4% .) Above reddish-olivaceous, nearly uniform, except towards and 
on the tail coverts, which are more rufous. Entire exposed surface of the wings, 
including coverts, conspicuously barred with black, this color rather narrower 
than the interspaces ; lesser coverts more obsoletely. Chin and throat above 
white; rest of under parts, including lining of wing, at first pale fulvous, 
becoming much deeper on the flanks, anal region, and crissnm. No indica- 
tions of any bars beneath. Sides of head, including a line from bill over the 
eye, white; a brownish line behind the eye, scarcely continued through the 
whitish lores. Ear coverts white, obscurely edged with dusky. Tail reddish- 
brown, lighter than the back, with rather broad transverse bars of black about 
half the width of interspaces. In the male the upper tail coverts are obsoletely 
barred, like the tail; the female shows no traces of it. 

Specimens from the Atrato region are similar, but less intense in coloration, 
paler beneath, and in this respect approaching albipectus. 

(No. 100, 4, Mr. Lawrence’s type.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.45; tail, 


132 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


2.10 ; graduation, .46 ; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril, .50, along 
gape, .85 ; tarsus, .92; middle toe and claw, .82; hind toe and claw, .68; claw 


alone, .30. 

This species will be readily distinguished from 7. modestus, by 
the very distinct bars on the wings; the broader bars on the tail ; 
the deeper fulvous color beneath, extending over the belly and 
breast; and the fulvous, instead of white, edge and lining of the 
wing. The tail is shorter; the toes longer. It is somewhat similar 
to a species from Paraguay; but is larger, more rufous above, 
redder, and more regularly barred on the tail, ete. In external 
appearance it is very much like the Thryophilus longirostris, but 
the bill of the latter is much longer.* 


Smith- | Collec-| Sex 
sonian | tor’s | and Locality. Phin Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ‘ 

21,744 330 -. | Turbo, N. Grenada. wees Lt. Michler. A. Schott. 

21,686 | 344 ¢ a ayes 

21,687 | 346 ss 

21,692 309 |. 2 sa 

21,693 ere 2 Carthagena. aes 

te 100 g | Panama R. R. ae Cab. Lawrence. MLean. & Galb. 

100 | 9 “ 


(100, ¢.) Type. (100, 9.) Do. 


' T find, in the collections of Mr. Lawrence and of the Philadelphia Academy, 
three quite well marked species of long-billed Wrens (with the bill longer 
than the tarsus). They all agree in the entire absence of bands or spots on 
the under parts, and in having the top of head more dusky than the back, 
rump, and tail coverts. They may be characterized as follows :— 


T. striolatus (Max.).—Dark reddish-brown above, but little Jighter be- 
neath, except that the throat and cheeks are white; the jugulum and 
middle line of the abdomen yellowish-brown. Cheek feathers edged with 
black. Tail with broad black bands wider than their reddish intervals; 
those on wings about as wide as their intervals. Bill from forehead, 
1.12, from nostril, .78 ; tarsus, about .95. Hab. Rio Janeiro. Cab. A. N. Se. 


@. longirostris (Vizitu.).—Generally similar to preceding, but much paler. 
Lining of wings fulvous. Dark bands on wings and tail much narrower 
than their interspaces. Cheek feathers edged with black. Bill from 
forehead, 1.05, from nostril, .76; tarsus, .90. Hab. Bahia. Cab. G. N. 
Lawrence. 


T. albipectus (Cas.)—Above still paler than preceding. Top of head appre- 
ciably more dusky; bands on wings and tail about equal to their inter- 
spaces. Beneath, including lining of wings, white, slightly soiled with 
brownish-yellow on the sides and behind. Cheeks pure, continuous 
white. Bill from forehead, .99, from nostril, .65; tarsus, .98 Hab.? 
Cab. A. N. Sc. (This specimen differs somewhat from Cabanis’s descrip- 
tion, especially in the pure white cheeks, and may really be different.) 


THRYOPHILUS. 133 


Thryophilus castaneus. 


Thryothorus castaneus, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 321, no. 193 
(Panama R. R.). 


Hab. Line of Panama R. R. 


(No. 99, &.) Above dark chestnut-brown; the wings and tail black, their 
exposed surfaces, except perhaps middle and lesser coverts, banded with 
chestnut; the two sets of bands about equal on the wings; on the tail the 
black ones nearly double the others. The second and third lateral tail 
feathers not banded internally, except at tip. No hands whatever on back 
and rump. Top and sides of head black; a line from bill over eye, eyelids, 
and a band from side of lower jaw curving round over the ears, white—the 
latter bounded inferiorly by a black line from lower jaws bordering the ear 
behind, and running into the black of the nape. Chin and upper throat 
white, passing insensibly into reddish-fulvous on the jugulum, and posteriorly 
into deep chestnut. The breast, sides, and crissum are barred transversely 
with black, less distinct along the middle line. Inside of wings chestnut. 

The white crescent on the side of head is separated from the white lower 
eyelid by a black space. 

Female similar, but smaller, with shorter bill. 

Male: Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.40; graduation of tail, .70; 
length of bill from forehead, .90, from nostril, .60; along gape, 1.00; tarsus, 
1.03; middle toe and claw, .90; hind toe and claw, .74; claw alone, .35. 

Female: Bill from forehead, .80; nostril, .49; gape, .91. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex - When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. |Age. z 
34,093 .. Panama R. R. iss Geo. N. Lawrence.}| J. M’Leannan. 
a 3 ee Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb. 
99 g a “ « 


(99, g.) Type. (99, 2.) Do 


Thryophilus schottii. 


Thryophilus schottii, Barry, n. s. 
Thryothorus nigricapillus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193 (Truando). 
Not of Scuater. 


Hab. Isthmus of Darien. 


Markings above and on the head precisely similar to those of 7. castaneus. 
Under parts, from chin to anal region, white, the flanks and crissum tinged 
with chestnut; the whole extent from chin to tail, including inner wing 
covert, barred transversely and distinctly with black, the black bars a little 
the narrower. 

No. 17,901. Total length, 5.60; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.25; graduation of tail, 
.65 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .95, of 2d, 1.50, of longest (measured 
from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.00; length of bill from nostril, .50 ; along 
gape, .90; tarsus, .96; middle toe and claw, -85; hind toe and claw, .70. 


134 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


As stated, this species is very similar above to castaneus; the 
black bars on the tail are rather more continuous. The under parts, 
however, are white, except flanks and crissum—not chestnut; the 
bars much more decided, and extending forward over the jugulum, 
throat, and chin, instead of being unmarked. The resemblance to 
Tf. nigricapillus, Sclater, from Ecuador, is still closer; this, how- 
ever, has the throat pure white, instead of being barred with black. 


Smith- Conlee-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. When Received from Collected by 
Collected. 
No. No. | Age. 
17,901 172 Truando River, N. G. Lt. N. Michler. A. Schott. 
21,688 | 218 Truando Falls, ‘“ ee “ 


PHEUGOPEDIUS, Cazanis. 


Pheugopedius, Can. Mus. Hein. 1850, 79. (Type P. genibarbis = melanos.) 


General characters of Thryothorus. The bill, in typical species, 
much thicker and stouter, as in Cyphorinus ; height about one-third 
length above ; culmen nearly straight to the rather abrupt extremity. 
Owing to the greater breadth of the nasal membrane, the overhang- 
ing roof of the nostrils becomes more valvular; and, in the dried 
specimen at least, is very apt to close the nostril, or to leave a very 
narrow crescentic slit, thus distinguishing the genus very readily 
from Thryophilus. The tail appears more graduated, and exhibits 
a tendency towards being slightly decurved or arched above and not 
plane. 

I have taken the characters above given partly from P. melanos, 
the type, and partly from P. fasciato-ventris. The transition, how- 
ever, from Thryothorus to Pheugopedius is quite gradual, through 
such species as rutilus and maculipectus. T. feliz is more like 
a Thryothorus in the bill, and nearest Pheugopedius in the tail. A 
synopsis of the principal species will be found under Thryothorus. 


Pheugopedius fasciato-ventris. 


? Thryothorus fasciato-ventris, Larres. Rev. Zool. 1845, 337 (Bogota) .— 
Cyphorinus fasciato-ventris, Lawrencz, Aun, N. Y. Lyc. VII, 1861, 
320, no. 186 (Panama). 

Cyphorinus albigularis, Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1855, 76, pl. 88 (Panama). 


Hab. Bogota to Isthmus of Panama. 


(89, &.) Above rather bright reddish-brown (especially on the lower 
back) ; the exposed surface of wings, including greater coverts, and upper 


PHEUGOPEDIUS. 135 


tail coverts, barred obscurely with black. Lores and ears sooty. Chin, throat, 
and jugulum white—this color extending round behind the ears. A scarcely 
appreciable white line over and but little behind the eye. Rest of under 
parts, including crissum, sooty black, barred transversely and narrowly with 
white ; the flanks strongly washed with rufous. The upper part of the breast 
almost uniform blackish—this color extending forward so as to margin the 
white of the neck, but not crossing the white of the cheeks. The tail is 
blackish, the exposed surfaces narrowly barred with reddish-brown (about 
one-third their interspaces). Inside of wing spotted with blackish. Bill above 
blackish ; the tip, tomia, and under side horn color. Legs blackish. 

The bill in this species is considerably stouter, perhaps higher, than in 
the type, P. coraya, but is otherwise much the same. 

Females similar, but smaller, with the white of neck scarcely bordered with 
black ; the white bands beneath less distinct. 

(89, 4%.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.50; its graduation, .80; 
length of bill from forehead, .90, from nostril, .54; along gape, 1.00; greatest 
height, .27; width at angle of mouth, .40; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, 
-92; claw alone, .28; hind toe and claw, .72; claw alone, .35. 

Female: Length, 5.80; bill from nostril, .47; gape, .91. 


A Rivoli specimen in the collection of the Phila. Academy, from 
South America, agrees well with those from Panama. 


Smith-|Collee-| Sex 
souian| tor’s | and Locality. When Received from Collected by 
vy Collected. 
No. No. | Age. z 
ee g Panama R. R. oe Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb. 
“ “ “ 
34,095 ag .. | Santa Martha, N. G. cathe Geo. N. Lawrence.| Ss... se 


Pheugopedius rutilus. 
Thryothorus rutilus, Vien. Nouv. Dict. XXXIV, 1817, 56.—Is. Nouv. 
Dict. II, 627.—Burm. Syst. Ueb. II, 1856, 134 (Brazil).—Scnarter, 


Catal. 1861, 21, no. 134.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 
320, no. 189. 


Thryothorus rutilans, Sw. Birds Braz. pl. xv. 
Hab. N. Brazil and Venezuela, to Isthmus of Panama. 


Smith-/| Collec- | Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ‘ Collected. 


97 fof Panama R. R. wine Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb. 


Pheugopedius maculipectus. 
Thryothorus maculipectus, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1845, 338 (Mexico).—Scua- 
TER, P. Z. S. 1856, 290 (Cordova).—Is. 1859, 363 (Jalapa), 372 
(Oaxaca).—In. Catal. 1861, 21, no. 133.—Sciater & Saxviy, Ibis, 
II, 1860, 30 (Vera Paz, Guat.). 
Hab. South Mexico to Guatemala. 


136 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex ; 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. fe itn Received from Collected by 
No. No, | Age. 
22,384 |40,721 | .. Mexico. ory Verreaux. 
10,205 3, ss Guatemala. see J. Gould. 
20,398 | 1,437 | .. Cajabou, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. O. Salvin. 
on 96 | 26 Guatemala. ace Cab. Lawrence. 


Pheugopedius felix. 


Thryothorus feliz, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 371 (Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 
1861, 21, no. 136. 


Hab. West coast of Mexico (Oaxaca to Mazatlan). 


(No. 15, Coll. Salv.) Bill about the length of head; tail longer than the 
wings, much graduated, the lateral feathers about two-thirds the central. 
Color of the upper parts light-brown, with a very slight tinge of rufous, which 
becomes very decided on top of head. Upper tail coverts obscurely barred ; 
wings, however, perfectly plain throughout. Chin and throat white, gradually 
becoming soiled with fulvous on the median line of body ; the sides and flanks 
of a shade of brownish, paler than the back. Edge of wing white, inside 
tinged with fulvous. Crissum ashy-white, barred about equally with black. 
All the feathers of sides of head and neck (including side of lower jaw) 
white, edged with black, either on both sides or on one only ; the black some- 
times involving the whole web on one side. A superciliary white stripe from 
the bill is obscured by the black and white markings. Upper surface of tail 
feathers light-brown, like the back, with transverse bars of black, one-half to 
one-third their interspaces, generally interrupted along the median line, some- 
times broken up into spots, especially at the ends, the intervals between the 
bars in places sometimes paler than the ground color. Legs and bill dark 
plumbeous. 

Total length, 5.70; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.70; exposed portion of 1st primary, 
-90, of 2d, 1.38, of longest, 5th (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 
1.75; length of bill from forehead, .68, from nostril, .45, along gape, .83; 
tarsus, .82; middle toe and claw, .68; claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw, 
-59; claw alone, .25. 


This species is closely related, in coloration, to P. rutilus and 
maculipectus ; especially in the color of the back, becoming more 
rufous on the head and not on the rump; the peculiar and very 
distinct black and white markings of the entire side of the head, the 
perfectly plain wings, the banded crissum, the much graduated tail, 
and wings (the 5th or 6th quills longest), ete. It will, however, be 
very easily distinguished from rutilus, by the absence of black spots 
on the chin and throat, and of the red of the jugulum; and from 
maculipectus, by the lack of black spots on the breast ; from both 
by the presence of bars on the upper tail coverts. The bill has less 
of the characters of Pheugopedius—being lower, and nearer typical 


TROGLODYTES. 137 


Thryothorus ; in fact, connecting the two; the tail is considerably 
longer than in the two species mentioned, more as in 7. ludovicianus. 

For the opportunity of first examining this species, I am in- 
debted to Mr. Osbert Salvin (No. 15, Salvin’s collection, from 
Oaxaca, type specimen received from Sallé). Since the above de- 
scription based on this specimen was written, the Institution has had 
a skin from Mazatlan, agreeing in all essential respects. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age, 9 i 

34,015 8 3 Mazatlan, Mex. June, 1862. A. J. Grayson. A. J. Grayson. 


(34,015.) Iris brown. 


TROGLODYTES, Vieri1or. 
Troglodytes, VieiLuor, Ois. Am, Sept. II, 1807, 52. (Type Troglodytes xdon.) 


By most European authors the European Wren is considered as 
the type of the genus Troglodytes—Gray giving 1807 as the date 
of its creation by Vieillot. In the Ois. Am. Sept., however, the 
true type is the edon there first named—the European species not 
being mentioned at all. 

The characters of the genus are difficult to define, as they differ 
but little from Thryothorus, and some species connect the two very 
closely. The nostrils are as in Thryothorus, having an incumbent 
thickened scale overhanging the rather linear nostrils. The bill is 
shorter, or not longer than the head; straight, slender, and without 
notch. The tail is considerably graduated, generally shorter or not 
longer than the wings, which are much rounded. 

The bill is straighter, shorter, and more slender than in Thryo- 
thorus ; the size of the species much smaller; the colors plainer, 
more uniform, and almost entirely without the distinct light super- 
ciliary line so general in Thryothorus and Thryophilus. 

The Winter Wren, 7. hyemalis, agrees with the European species 
in proportionably much smaller and narrower tail, only about two- 
thirds the wing. T. brunneicollis agrees with it, to some extent, in 
this respect. In the others the wing and tail are nearly equal. 

The following synopsis may serve to illustrate some of the peculi- 
arities of the species :— 


138 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


A. Tail and wings about equal. 
uw. Beneath grayish-white. Crissum and flanks dis- 
tinctly barred. Wing coverts spotted with whit- 
ish. Dark bars of tail about half the width of 
their interspaces. 

First primary nearly half the longest. Color 
above dark-brown, rufous towards tail. 

Wing similar. Above paler brown . 

First primary half the second. Above paler 
brown . . : s : 

Somewhat sinatlonr to edon, but difcee: Sides 
of head dark, without obscure superciliary 
streak . . . - 

b. Beneath all over walloniaic ayaa: Crissum band- 
ed; flanks indistinctly so or not at all. Wing 
coverts not spotted. Dark bars of tail more 
numerous, about equal to their light inter- 
spaces. Inside of wings plain.! 

First primary little more than half the second. 
Beneath darker fulvous. Bars of flanks in- 
appreciable - ‘ 7 

First primary more than half the fongast 
Beneath pale fulvous. Flanks quite dis- 
tinctly barred . 7 5 7 . 

c. Throat and breast dark yellowish- Apne, con- 
trasting with the whitish belly and strongly 
barred flanks. Inside of wings banded. Bars 
on tail one-fourth their interspaces. Wing 
coverts spotted, and scapulars banded with 
whitish . : . ° . = s . 


B. Tail very short; only about two-thirds the wing. 
u. Pale reddish-brown; dusky bars of upper parts 


with whitish spots or interspaces . . 
b. Dark rufous above and below; upper paris with 
few or almost no whitish spots ‘ 7 § 


a. TROGLODYTES. 


Troglodytes zwzdon. 


. 


[PART I. 


edon. 
edon, var. aztecus. 


parkmanni. 


americanus. 


intermedius. 


inquietus. 


brunneicolfis. 


hyemalis. 


hyemalis, var. 
pacificus. 


Troglodytes xdon, Viriuu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 52, pl. evii.—Is. 
Nouv. Dict. XXXIV, 1819, 506.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 366.— 
Scuater, Catal. 1861, 22, no. 145.—Hylemathrous xdon, Cab. Jour. 


1860, 407. 


1 The South American species resemble those mentioned in this division ; 
but beneath are either banded slightly on the crissum only, or not at all even 


there. 


TROGLODYTES. 139 


Sylvia domestica, Witson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 129, pl. vii. 
Troglodytes fulvus, Nurt. Man. I, 1832, 422. 
Other figures: Avup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pl. 83.—In. B. A. II, 1841, pl. 120, 


Hab. Eastern province of United States, from Atlantic to the Missouri River. 


Autumnal and winter specimens have sometimes a slight fulvous 


tinge on the breast. 
As usual, southern specimens of this species are the smaller, as 


illustrated by the following measurements. 


(28,944, 4, Washington.) Total length, 4.30; wing, 2.02; tail, 2.05; ex- 
posed portion of Ist primary, .74, of 2d, 1.30, of 3d, 1.50, of longest (measured 
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.51; length of bill from forehead, .60, 
from nostril, .27, along gape, .70; tarsus, .66; middle toe and claw, .64; hind 
toe and claw, .56; claw alone, .25. 

_ (8,641, %, Florida.) Fresh specimen before being skinned: Total length, 
4.50; expanse of wings, 5.75; wing from carpa) joint, 1.75. Prepared speci- 
men: Total length, 4.20; wing, 1.80; tail, 1.76; exposed portion of 1st pri- 
mary, .70, of 2d, 1.22, of 3d, 1.35, of longest (measured from exposed base of 
1st primary), 1.38; length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .39, along 
gape, .70; tarsus, .65; middle toe and claw, .61; hind toe and claw, .50; 
claw alone, .24. 


Smith- Collee- Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b; 
No. No. | Age. vy Collected. y 
1,084 co | Carlisle, Pa. June l4, 43.) S.F. Baird. | ...... 
12,110 Be o& | Washington, D.C. | May 1, °59. Acd Balle. | gargne 
28,944 | 113 red sb June 12,’58.; Elliot Coues. 
28,404 as ae bi Pare C. Drexler. 
32,286 os 2 | Macon, Ga. aes Prof Leconte. 
6,512 wie .. | Indian Key, Fla, oe G. Wurdemann. 
8,642 an .. | Cape Florida. Oct. 30, ’57. s 
8,641 ce “ Oct. 23, '57. “ 
13,184 og Nebraska City, Neb. sie Lt. Mullan. J. Pearsall. 
13,185 2 | Sioux City. rs fe 


Troglodytes zdon, var. aztecus. 
Troglodytes xdon, var. aztecus, Barrp. 


Hab, Eastern Mexico, from Rio Grande southward. 


In a series of Mexican Wrens before me, in addition to well 
marked specimens of 7. hypxdon and brunneicollis, I find a number 
which I cannot distinguish satisfactorily from 7. edon. They have 
the same proportions with xdon, as compared with parkmanni— 
approaching the latter in a paler shade of upper plumage, in which 
respect there is a slight difference from edon. In most specimens 
there is a brownish tinge on the breast (very different, however, from 
hypezdon) not common in the skins usually seen of «don, but agree- 
ing very well with autumnal skins (as 728, Carlisle, and winter skins 


140 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [paRT I. 


from Florida). No. 26,368, however, probably killed in spring, has 
the breast gray, and, as in some specimens of edon, the feathers 
faintly spotted with brownish. 

From the paler shade of the upper parts, and possibly a rather 
smaller size, J am inclined to consider these Mexican specimens as 
residents, and not migrants from the north. 

A specimen (7,139) collected south of the Rio Grande, by Lt. 
Couch, agrees better with the Mexican variety, than with 7. park- 
manni, to which I had referred it. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex 
sonign| tor’s | and Locality. c ovaee a Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ‘ 


7,139 54 3d | Charco Escondido, 
Tamaulipas. wie Lt. D.N, Couch.| —..... 


29,206 106- |] .. Orizaba, Mex. Ae F. Sumichrast. {|  ...... 

30,872 oe os Mirador, Mex. Dec. 1862. Dr. Sartorius, |  ...... 

26,368 bis Xalapa, Mex. eas J. Krider. D’vca. 
a 110 He Cab. Lawrence. a 


(7,139.) Eyes dark-brown. (30,872.) Iris brown 


Troglodytes parkmanni. 


Troglodytes parkmanni, Aup. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 310.—Is. Synopsis, 
1839, 76.—Is. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 133, pl. 122.—Barrp, Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 367.—Coorer & Sucnxey, P. R. R. Rep. XII, 1, 1860, 
191 (nest).—Scrater, Catal. 1861, 23, no. 146. 

Troglodytes sylvestris, Gampen, Pr. A. N. Sc. III, 1846, 113 (California, 
quotes erroneously Aup. 7. americanus). 


Hab. Western and Middle provinces of United States. 


Although the differences between the eastern and western House 
Wrens, as stated in the “ Birds N. Am.,” are not very appreciable; 
yet a comparison of an extensive series shows that they can hardly 
be considered as identical. The general color above is paler and 
grayer, and there is little or none of the rufous of the lower back 
and rump. ‘The bars on the upper surface are rather more distinct. 
The under parts are more alike, as while edon sometimes has flanks 
and crissum strongly tinged with rufous, other specimens are as pale 
asin T. parkmanni. 

Perhaps the most appreciable differences between the two species 
are to be found in the size and proportions of wing and tail. The 
wing in parkmanni is quite decidedly longer than in edon, measur- 
ing, in males, 2.12 to 2.15, instead of 2.00 to 2.05. This is due not 
so much to a larger size as to a greater development of the primaries. 
The first quill is equal to or barely more than half the second in 


TROGLODYTES. 141 


parkmanni ; and the difference between the longest primary and the 
tenth amounts to .32 of an inch, instead of about .20 in adon, where 
the first quill is nearly half the length of the third, much more than 
half the length of the second. 

The original description of 7. parkmanni mentions a more reddish 
tinge than I detect in any specimens before me, perhaps because the 
type was younger, or in autumnal dress. The dimensions agree 
very well. 

(7,136, %, Steilacoom.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.12; tail, 2.12; gradua- 
tion, .32 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .67, of 2d, 1.34, of 3d, 1.53, of longest 
(measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.55; length of bill from fore- 


head, .65, from nostril, .40, along gape, .76; tarsus, ‘67; middle toe and claw, 
62; hind toe and claw, .53; claw alone, .24. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ene Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . ij 


15,960 | 317 9 Cee Depot, 
W.T. 


June 17 A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly. 

7,136 | 363 co | Ft. Steilacoom, W.T,| May 3, ’56.| Dr. Suckley. 

16,172 | 366 .. | Ft. Crook, Cal, ee Lt. Feilner. 

25,351 | 237 -+ | Fort Tejon, Cal. June 30,'59.| John Xantus. 

13,678 ee .. | Colorado Riv., Ar. oer Lt. Ives. 

32,170 13,446 3s | San Jose, C. St. Lu-| Dec. 5, °59. John Xantus. 

13,781 8 -» | Ft Mass., Col. (cas. crate Capt. Bowman. 

17,199 or .. | Cant. Burgwyn. area Dr. Anderson. 

11,075 és g | Fort Bridger, Utah. | June10,’58.|_ C. Drexler. 
4,739 os .» | Council Bluffs. April 29. Lt. Warren, Dr. Hayden. 
5,275 an -» | Blackfoot Country. | July, 1855. en 


(32,170 ) Iris dark-brown. 


Troglodytes americanus. 
Troglodytes americanus, AvD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 452; V, 1839, 469, pl. 
179.—Is. B. A. Il, 1841, 123, pl. 119.—Bairp, B. N. A. 1858, 368. 
Hab. Northeastern United States. 


I am unable to throw any more light upon the relationship of the 
Wood Wren to the Common Wren, than that presented in “ Birds 
N. Am.” It is somewhat similar to 7. parkmannt in size and pro- 
portions, but instead of being paler than edon is much darker. 


Smith- |cottee- Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b: 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. y 


295 oe ae United States. ocd 8. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon. 
‘ « « 


7,255 as s se poe f° J. Cassin. 


142 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART IL. 


Troglodytes intermedius. 


Troglodytes (Hylemathrous) intermedius, Can. Jour. 1860, 407 (San Jose, 
Costa Rica). 

Troglodytes hypzdon, Scuatsr, P. Z. 8. 1861, 128 (southern Mexico and 
Guatemala).—Is. Catal. 1861, 23, no. 147. 

Troglodytes edon, ScuaTER, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).—SciarER & 
Savin, Ibis, I, 1859, 9 (Guatemala). 


Hab. Costa Rica, Guatemala, and southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Scl.). 


(No. 33,265.) First primary very nearly half the third. Tarsus and middle 
toe about equal. Above reddish-brown, with a tinge of olivaceous; very 
obsoletely banded with dusky; alittle brighter on the rump. Wing and tail 
very dark-brown, banded with the color of the back, the black bands rather 
the narrower; dusky bands rather more conspicuous on upper tail coverts. 
An obscure line over eye and the under parts brownish-fulvous, paler on 
throat and middle of belly, darker on sides ; entirely free from bars, except the 
faintest possible indication on the side of the anal region. Crissum similar, 
with distinct black bars ; the light interspaces whitish in spots. Bill dusky, 
yellowish at base below. 

Total length of the dried specimen, 4.50; wing, 2.00; tail, 1.72; gradua- 
tion, .35; exposed portion of lst primary, .74, of 2d, 1.26, of 3d, 1.48, of 
longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.50; length of bill 
from forehead, .62, from nostril, .40, along gape, .71; tarsus, .73; middle toe 
and claw, .69; hind toe and claw, .55; claw alone, .25. 

A type specimen of hypedon, labelled by Dr. Sclater, and received from M. 
Sallé, agrees in general appearance with the Costa Rican bird, but the bill is 
stouter and plumbeous below. The color generally is lighter; the quills paler, 
and their inner edges instead of being ashy, are grayish-white. The wings 
are shorter. 

This species may be easily distinguished from 7. edon, and all other 
more northern allies, by the decided fulvous tinge of the under parts, 
and the almost entire absence of bars on the flanks or under parts, 
excepting crissum. The upper parts are more faintly barred. The 
quills and tail feathers are much darker, without the whitish spotting 
on outer edge of former; the dark bars on tail more numerous, and 
nearly as wide as their interspaces, instead of half the width, ete. 
From most of the smaller South American Wrens, which closely 
resemble this species in color, it differs in the more decidedly barred 
crissum, more numerous dark bars on tail, etc. 


Smith-|Collec-|} Sex 
i , j When - 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected 
No. | No. |Age. a4 Collected. ed by 


33,265 ate .. | San Jose, C. R. ers J.Carniolnn | ow... 
27,948 an ax Mexico? ie i P.L. Sclater? | wo... 
29,710 “its co | Totontepec, Oaxaca.| Jan. 1858. A.Sallg | oo... 


629,710.) Type of hype@don, labelled by Dr. Sclater. 


. TROGLODYTES. 143 


Troglodytes inquietus. 


Troglodytes inquietus, LawREncE, MSS. 
Troglodytes hypedon, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 320 
(Panama R. R.). 


Hab. Isthmus of Panama. 


(109, 9.) First primary much developed; more than half the longest. Color 
above brown, with a grayish tinge towards the head, and slightly rufous on 
the rump. Exposed surface of wings and tail barred with black (more obso- 
letely on wing coverts), the dark bars rather the narrower. The back faintly 
barred. Beneath pale fulvous whitish, lighter on throat and middle of belly ; 
tinged with brown on sides, the posterior parts of which are faintly barred. 
Crissum barred conspicuously with black, the interspaces yellowish-brown to 
whitish. Quite a distinct superciliary line. No spots on wing coverts. 

Of the two specimens, the % is considerably lighter, almost white beneath. 

(109, 9, Panama R. R.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.05; tail, 1.85 ; gradua- 
tion, .45 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, .85, of 2d, 1.31, of longest (measured 
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.55; length of bill from forehead, .67, 
from nostril, .43, along gape, .76; tarsus, .76 ; middle toe and claw, .72; hind 
toe and claw, .59; claw alone, .26. 


This species was at first considered by Mr. Lawrence to be the 
same with hypedon (intermedius); but a careful comparison with 
type specimens has shown their distinctness. It is considerably 
larger, with longer bill and legs. The first primary is much larger. 
The colors beneath are paler; the lower part of sides distinctly 
barred. The upper parts are considerably grayer. 

None of the other small American allied Wrens before me (except 
T. brunneicollis) have a first primary decidedly more than half the 
length of longest, and their tails are longer. The coloring above re- 
sembles almost exactly that of 7. parkmanni and the Mexican var. 
of 7. edon, although the dark bars are more numerous. The under 
parts are more fulvous; the bars on sides anteriorly less distinct ; 
the bars on the crissum more regular, and better defined. There 
are no light spots on the wing coverts as in the North American 
species. 

This species comes nearest edon and its allies ; while intermedius 
is more like the South American species, with their comparative 
absence of bars. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ° 


109 g Panama R. RB. sa Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb. 
‘ “ te 


09.) Type. 


144 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


YTroglodytes brunneicollis. 


Troglodytes brunneicollis, ScLaTER, P, Z. 8. 1858, 297 (Parada ; Oaxaca). 
—Is. Catal. 1861, 23, no. 150. 


Hab. Southern Mexico. 


Bill short, compressed, and straight. First primary more than half longest. 
Upper parts reddish-brown, brighter on the rump. The back, rump, and 
wings barred rather distinctly with dusky. The dark bars exhibit a ten- 
dency to be succeeded by another bar lighter than the ground color, on the 
scapulars almost white. Greater wing coverts with a spot of whitish in the 
end. Beneath, from chin to breast, brownish-buff ; middle of belly dull white, 
with scant spots of brown. Lower part of sides and crissum tinged with 
dark-brown, banded with suffused whitish and dusky—the dark bars, as on 
the scapulars, being succeeded by a whitish bar lighter than the ground color. 
Inside of wings similarly banded. Tail feathers reddish-brown, with zig-zag 
narrow bars of black; innermost (superior) secondary quills with contour lines 
of dusky, instead of transverse bars. 

(29,709, 4%.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 1.90; tail, 1.85; graduation, .45; 
exposed portion of Ist primary, .83, of 2d, 1.26, of longest (measured from 
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.45; length of bill from forehead, .60, from 
nostril, .35, along gape, .69; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .71; hind toe 
and claw, .59; claw alone, .27. 


This species somewhat resembles 7. hyemalis, from which, how- 
ever, its larger size, much longer tail, and browner breast distinguish 
it. In none of its allies do we find the bands on the under side of 
the wings, the whitish bars on the scapulars, and the general ten- 
dency to have the dark bars succeeded by a whitish one. The legs 
are unusually stout, the middle toe lengthened, and the 1st primary 
longer than in any others, except inquietus. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks. 
No. No. | Age. fs 

29,709 7 fol La Parada, Mex. Jan. 1861. A. Sallé. Type. 

29,208 | 131 ee Orizaba, Mex. stad F.Sumichrast. | ~~ ....... 


b. ANORTHURA.?2 


Troglodytes hyemalis. 


Sylvia troglodytes, Wiuson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 139, pl. viii, f. 6.—Troglo- 
dytes hyemalis, Viettuot, Nouv. Dict. XXXIV, 1819, 514.—Aup. Orn. 
Biog. IV, 1838, 430, pl. 360.—Is. B. A. II, 1841, 128, pl. 121.— 
Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 369.—Scrarsr, P. Z. S. 1856, 290 
(Cordova, Mex.).—Is. Catal., 1861, 23, no. 152. 


! Anorthura, Rennie, 1831. (Type Motacilla troglodytes, Linn.) 


TROGLODYTES. j 145 


Troglodytes europeus, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, no. 127.—Norraut, Man. 
I, 1832, 427. 


Hab. Eastern United States, from Mississippi River. Cordova? Sclater. 


(No. 31,045, 4, Washington.) Fresh specimen before being skinned: Total 
length, 4.10; expanse of wings, 6.00; wing from carpal joint, 1.90. Prepared 
as dry skin: Total length, 3.50; wing, 1.86; tail, 1.31; graduation, .20; ex- 
posed portion of 1st primary, .64, of 2d, 1.20, of longest (measured from ex- 
posed base of 1st primary), 1.42; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, 
35, along gape, .65; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .65; claw alone, .18; 
hind toe and claw, .55; claw alone, .26. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 

No. No. | | Age. : 

127 ae oe Carlisle, Pa. Oct. 13,40. | S. F. Baird. 

1,379 a se a8 April 22,'44. Be 
29,945 | 625 fo Washington, Nov. 14, 61. | D. W. Prentiss. areas 
31,045 ie c ee Dec. 28,60. | Chas. E.Schmidt.| —...... 
10,206 oe ne Cook Co., Ill. oe R.Kennicott. |  — .s.eee 
10,207 | «.. 0% Miss. Bottom, Ill. nies ee eS | aeestenasce 


Troglodytes hyemalis, var. pacificus. 
Troglodytes hyemalis, Coor. & Suck. P. R. Rep. XII, 1860, 191 (W. T.). 
Hab. Pacific coast U. 8. 


I find, on comparing series of eastern birds with those from the 
Pacific slope, that the latter are considerably darker in color above, 
with little or almost none of the whitish spotting among the dusky 
bars so characteristic of eastern specimens. The under parts are 
more rufous, the tarsi appear shorter, and the claws decidedly larger. 
The two forms seem quite as distinct as 7. edon and parkmanni ; 
and there is usually no difficulty in at once deciding from which of 
the two regions any specimen has been derived. The differences are 
certainly greater than those existing between the eastern 7. hye- 
malis and the Kuropean Wren, which, as far as I can judge from the 
single specimen before me, consist mainly in the rather paler colors 
of the under parts in the latter species, which also are perhaps not 
so much spotted and barred beneath. The superciliary stripe, too, 
is lighter and more distinct. 

(No. 17,434, 4, Puget Sound.) Total length, 3.60; wing, 1.84; tail, 1.31; 
graduation, .28; exposed portion of lst primary, .62, of 2d, 1.20, of longest 
(measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.40; length of bill from fore- 
head, .56, from nostril, .35 ; tarsus, .68 ; middle toe and claw, .65 ; claw alone, 
.22; hind toe and claw, .54; claw alone, .27. 

1u September, 1864, 


146 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. PR a at Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. . 
7,143 | 267 .. | Ft. Steilacoom, W.T.| Mar. 1854. Dr. Suckley. | -seeee 
17,434 | 436 od | Simiahmoo, W.T. | Dec. 22,59.) A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly. 
4,601 oe .. | Columbia River. Jan 60) . swscee 9 | a ws 
10,637 |1,117 g | Fort Tejon, Cal. wee J. Xantus. | ewes 


CISTOTHORUS, Casanis. 
Cistothorus, Caz. Mus. Hein. 1850, 77. (Type Troglodytes stellaris, 
Licur., Naum.) — Telmatodytes, Cananis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 78. 
(Type Certhia palustris, WiLsoN.) 


a. CISTOTHORUS. 


Cistothorus stellaris. 
Troglodytes stellaris, “ Licut.” Naumann, Vogel Deutschlands, III, 1823, 
724 (Carolina).— Cistothorus stellaris, Cab. Mus. Hein. 77.—Barrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 365.—Scriater, Catal. 22, no. 142 (in part). 
Troglodytes brevirostris, Nutt. Man. I, 1832, 486.—Avp. Orn. Biog. IJ, 
1834, 427, pl. 175.—Is. B. A. II, 1841, 138, pl. 124. 

Hab. Eastern province of United States. 

(No. 3,073, Georgia.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 1.75; tail, 1.75, its gradua- 
tion, .70; exposed portion of Ist primary, .65, of 2d, 1.06, of longest (measured. 
from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.25; length of bill from forehead, .45, 
from nostril, .29; tarsus, .65; middle toe and claw, .61; hind toe and claw, 
.55; claw alone, .26. 


Smith- Collec- sex fas oe When . ay 

sonian| tor’s | an ocality. eceived from Collected b: 
No. No. | Age. Collected. y 
2,510 Carlisle, Pa. Sept. 20, 45. 8. F. Baird. | —...... 
3,073 Liberty Co., Ga. 1846, $6 Jos. Leconte. 
8,829 Loup Fork of Platte. | Aug. 30. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden. 


Cistothorus elegans. 
Cistothorus elegans, ScuaTeR & Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala). 
Hab. Mexico and Guatemala. 


I have not a very good series of specimens before me, although 
they seem to indicate that the C. elegans of Sclater & Salvin is really 
distinct from the northern bird, and that these authors have been 
hasty in re-combining them. If not different species they at least 
are well-marked varieties. The bill of elegans is considerably 
stouter and larger than that of stedlaris, and the tarsi decidedly 
longer—the birds themselves being of much the same size. On the 
back the white streaks do not reach so far back (nearly to the rump 


CISTOTHORUS. 147 


in stellaris), and the rump and tail coverts are plain, or with very 
obsolete markings. 

The characters derived from my present materials are as follows, 
and will probably be substantiated by additional specimens — 


C. stellaris.— White dorsal streaks extending to the rump, which is con- 
spicuously banded with brown, and somewhat spotted with whitish. 
Beneath, including lining of wings, light cinnamon-brown; throat and 
belly paler, almost white; sides and crissum very obsoletely barred 
with darker, and faintly spotted with whitish. Feathers of jugulum like 
sides, but with the color obscured by the paler edges. Tarsus, .65 long. 


C. elegans.—Streaks on back confined to interscapular region; rump and 
upper tail coverts almost plain reddish-brown. Beneath much paler than 
in stellaris, without any appreciable indication of bars or spots on sides 
and crissum, or of the fulvous of the jugular feathers. Inside of wings 
snowy white. Tarsus, .72 long. 


(No. 29,207, Mexico.) Total length, 4.20; wing, 1.72; tail, 1.70; graduation, 
-60; exposed portion of lst primary, .65, of 2d, 1.09, of longest (measured from 
exposed base of lst primary), 1.35; length of bill from forehead, .55, from 
nostril, .31; tarsus, .72; middle tue and claw, .62; hind toe and claw, .54; 
claw alone, .27. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. i 

30,689 | 140 4 Duefias, Guat. Aug. 21,'59.|  O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 

29,207 56 Orizaba, Mex. ia, F.Sumichrast. |  — .seeee 


(30,689.) Type. 


b. TELMATODYTES, 


Cistothorus palustris. 


Certhia palustris, Wiuson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 58, pl. xii, fig. 4 (Penna). 
—Troglodytes palustris, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1824, no. 66.—Avp. Orn. 
Biog. I, 1831, 500, pl. 100.—Is. Birds Am. II, 1841, 135, pl. 123.— 
Reiuarnt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Godthaab, Greenland).—Zhryothorus pa- 
lustris, Nutr. Man. I, 1832, 439.—Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) palus- 
tris, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 364.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 22. 

Thryothorus arundinaceus, Viz1uot, Nouv. Dict. XXXIV, 1819, 58 (not 
Trog. arundinaceus, VixtLLoT).—Thryothorus arundinaceus, Bon. 
Consp. 1850, 220. —Telmatodytes arundinaceus, Cas. Mus. Hein. 
1850, 78. 


Hab. Eastern United States, from the Missouri River; Greenland (Rein- 
hardt); Mexico, and Guatemala? 


(No. 1,456, 5.) Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.05; tail, 1.95; graduation, .62; 
exposed portion of Ist primary, .78, of 2d, 1.22, of longest (measured from 
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.50; length of bill from forehead, .67, from 


148 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


nostril, .46, along gape, .83; tarsus, 84; middle toe and claw, .75 ; claw alone, 
.22; hind toe and claw, .63; claw alone, .32. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex . 
sbaian| toes | and Locality. c bins Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
1,456 dg | Carlisle, Pa. May 4, ’44. 8. F. Baird. 
1,556 aa 2 ws May 20, 744. Be : 
28,936 | 891 o | Washington, D. C. | May 21, ’60. Dr. E. Coues. 
12,111 Sie c ve May 19, ’59. C. Drexler. 
11,886 as .. | Whitfield Co., Ga. noe A, Gerhardt. 
4,744?|  .. .. | Mouth of Big Sioux.| May 4, 56, Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden. 


Cistothorus palustris, var. paludicola. 


Cistothorus palustris, var. paludicola, Barxp.—Troglodytes palustris, 
News. P. R. Rep. VI, 1v, 1857, 80 (Pacific region).— Cistothorus pa- 
lustris, CoopER & Sucwxey, P. R. Rep. X, un, 1859, 190 (W. T.). 


Hab. Pacific coast United States. 


In comparing a series of Marsh Wrens of eastern North America 
with western, I find that they differ appreciably in certain character- 
istics, which may perhaps be expressed by the following diagnoses :— 


Var. palustris.—Bill lengthened, equal to tarsus. Tail coverts above and 
below either perfectly plain, or with very obsolete bands, reduced to 
obscure spots beneath. Bands on tail broken; scarcely appreciable on 
the middle feathers. 

Var. paludicola.—Bill shorter than tarsus. Tail coverts distinctly banded 
all across. Bands on tail quite distinct; appreciable on the central 
feathers. 


How far these differences in size of bill, etc., will be found persist- 
ent through larger series of specimens, I am unable to say. 

I am unable at present to say to which variety the Mexican bird 
(Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, 290), and the Guatemalan (Sclater & Salvin, 
Ibis, 1859, 8) belong. 

(No. 7,141, Washington Territory.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 1.96; tail, 
2.00; graduation, .45; exposed portion of 1st primary, .63, of 2d, 1.25; of 
longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.50; length of bill 
from forehead, .60, from nostril, .38, along gape, .70; tarsus, .78; middle toe 
and claw, .61; claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .26. 


| 
Smith-|Collec-] Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b: 
No. No. | Age. y Collected. y 
7,141 | 110 .. | Shoalwater Bay. Oct, 31, "64. Gov. Stevens, Dr. Cooper. 

16,173 61 Q | Fort Crook, Cal. sa Lt. Feiluer. | — ...... 
7,140 an co | Sacramento Valley. Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann. 


25,350 aa .. | Fort Tejon, Cal. Oct. 23, 67, | Juno. Xantus. | ~~ ...... 


CISTOTHORUS. 149 


From a careful examination of the data furnished by the tables 
and indications of localities in the preceding pages, it will be seen 
that a few species, as Turdus mustelinus, Suscescens, swainsont, 
aliciz, and migratorius, Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Mimus polyglot- 
tus? of the Turdidz, with Sialia sialis, of the Saxicolidex, and Poli- 
optila caerulea of the Sylviide occur in the West Indies as winter 
visitors. The remaining species of these families (except some 
peculiar to the islands), with the whole of the Cinclide, Paride, 
Certhiade, and Troglodytide, are entirely wanting. Even the 
species just named appear to be confined to Cuba—none of them 
occurring, as far as known, in Jamaica or the other islands, and 
probably visiting Cuba only as stragglers from Florida, or en route 
to Mexico and Guatemala via Yucatan. 

Of the Turdide there are several genera peculiar to one or other 
of the West India Islands. Of North American genera, mus has 
peculiar species in the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and St. Domingo, 
and Polioptila in Cuba. 

It will be seen hereafter that these generalizations of distribution 
are widely different from what prevails among the Sylvicolide, a 
much larger proportion of the species being spread in winter over 
many of the West Indies, with several resident species peculiar to 
one or more of the group. 


Thryothorus albinucha.—Since the preceding sheets on the 
Troglodytide were printed, I have had the opportunity of exam- 
ining the type specimen of Dr. Cabot’s Troglodytes albinucha, 
Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. II, 1847, 258, from Yalahao, Yucatan, April, 
1842. I find it agrees almost exactly in size and proportions with 
Thryothorus petenicus of Mr. Salvin, being only a very little smaller. 
The coloration and markings are precisely similar, the only difference 
being in the tail. The middle (exposed) feathers in petenicus are ashy 
brown, with spotted or broken bars of black, most distinct and con- 
tinuous across the middle. The other feathers are black; the exterior 
webs of the outer two and the ends of outer three marked with quad- 
rate spots of whitish, sometimes tinged with plumbeous. In albinucha 
the upper surface of the tail has a slightly more reddish tinge, and 
the bars are more broken and irregular. The quadrate whitish or 
grayish blotches on the inner webs of lateral tail feathers extend 
nearly to the middle of the feather, instead of being confined to the 
tips. I do not observe any trace of the dusky tips to the feathers of 
breast, nor of the obscure dusky bars on the flanks seen in petenicus. 

These differences are, however. not incompatible with the identity 

10* October, 1864, 


150 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [paRT I. 
of the two species, being fully represented in specimens of T. bewickit, 
and I think it will be necessary to make petenicus a synonym of albi- 
nucha, and to call the species Thryothorus albinucha. The ap- 
proximation, too, of the localities, is an additional argument in favor 
of this conclusion. 

Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.20; tail, 2.15; exposed portion of Ist primary, 
-90, of 2d, 1.40, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.69; 
length of bill from forehead, .82, from nostril, .54; along gape, .90; tarsus, 
.84; middle toe and claw, .74; claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .61; claw 
alone, .26. 


. Famity MOTACILLID. 

Bill slender, conical, nearly as high as wide at the base, with slight notch 
at the tip; the culmen slightly concave above the anterior extremity of the 
nostrils; short bristles at gape, which, however, do not extend forward to 
nostrils. Loral feathers soft and dense, but with bristly points ; nasal groove 
filled with naked membrane, with the elongated nostrils in lower edge; the 
frontal feathers coming up to the aperture, but not directed forward nor over- 
hanging it. Wings lengthened and sharp-pointed ; the primaries nine (with- 
out spurious first), of which the first three to five, considerably longer than 
the succe, fedingorm the tip; the exterior secondaries generally much emargi- 
nated at the ends; the inner secondaries (so-called tertials) nearly equal to 
the longest primaries. The tail rather narrow, emarginate. Tarsi length- 
ened, scutellate anteriorly only, the hind claw usually very long, acute, and 
but slightly curved (except in Motacilla). Inner toe cleft almost to the very 
base, outer adherent for basal joint only, 


The combination of naked nostrils, notched bill, and nine primaries, 
with the tarsi scutellate anteriorly only, will at once distinguish the 
Anthing of this family from the <Alaudidz, which they so closely 
resemble in coloration, habits, and lengthened hind claw. The 
lengthened, slightly curved hind claw, much pointed wings, emargi- 
nated secondaries—the inner ones nearly as long as the primaries— 
distinguish the family from the Sylvicolidx, with which also it has 
near relationships. 

The following synopsis will serve to define the American genera 
or subgenera of Motacillide, although it will not apply to the family 
as represented in all its old-world members :— 


MOTACILLIDA. 151 


Motacilla. 

Tail longer than the wings; hind claw comparatively short, 
and considerably curved. Feathers of back without lighter 
edges ; no spots nor streaks on breast. Tail doubly forked, or 
the central feathers nearly equal to the lateral, and longer 
than intermediate ones. Tip of wing formed by outer three 
primaries ; the distance between the 3d and4th about one- 
third that between the 4th and 5th. Tarsi lengthened ; 
claw small; hind toe and claw shorter than the middle, its 
claw short, considerably curved, less than the toe alone; 
lateral toes nearly equal . ie : 3 ‘ is - Motacilla 


Anthus. 

Tail decidedly shorter than the wings; less than half the whole 
length of bird; simply emarginate and rounded. Hind claw 
lengthened ; only slightly curved. Feathers of back with 
paler edges ; breast streaked with dusky. 


a. Wings much pointed, and lengthened. 
Point of wing formed by four outer primaries, of which the 
4th sometimes a little shorter than 3d. Hind toe and claw 
as long as middle, shorter than tarsus, the claw alone 
usually a little longer than the toe itself, and slightly 
curved ; inner toe and claw longer than the outer; out- 
stretched toes falling short of the tip of tail; hind toe and 
claw shorter than tarsus . r . . . . Anthus, 
Point of wings formed by four outer primaries, the 1st 
longest, or as long as others. Legs stout, the outstretched 
toes reaching almost to tip of tail. Hind toe and claw 
longer than tarsus, the claw very long, but equal to the 
toe proper . ‘ . Fi . : . : . Neocorys. 


b. Wings short, rounded. 


Point of wings formed by four outer primaries of nearly 
equal length . . . . . . . és . Notiocorys. 


Point of wings formed by five outer primaries, the lst shorter 
than 3d . . . . . é ‘ . « Pediocorys. 


MOTACILLA, Linn. 
* Motacilla, Linn. 8. N. 1735. (Type Motacilla alba.) 


The first mentioned species under Motacilla, in the 10th edition 
of the Systema Nature of Linneus, is luscinia, or the European 
Nightingale. If this work be taken as the starting point of the 
Linnean binomial nomenclature, it will be necessary to find some 
other name for the genus, perhaps Pallenura, Pauuas (jide Gray). 


152 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Motacilla alba. 
Motacilla alba, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, 331.—Kerys. & Buas. 
Wirb. Europ. 1840, xlix, and 174.—Dzexanp, Orn. Europ. I, 1849, 
433. —Reinnanrpt, Isis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).—Nzwron, Baring- 
Gould’s Iceland, 1863, App. (‘rather plentiful”). 
Figure: Govxp, Birds Europe, 143. 

Hab. Continental Europe, rarer in England; Iceland; Greenland (only two 
specimens seen) ; Siberia; Syria; Nubia. 

(9410, 4, Nirnberg.) Forehead as far back as above the eyes, with sides 
of head and neck, white; the remaining portion of head and neck above and 
below to the jugulum, black ; the rest of under parts white. Upper parts ashy 
gray, including rump; the upper tail coverts tinged with black. Wings with 
two conspicuous bands and the outer edges of the secondaries white. Tail 
feathers black; the outer two white, edged with black internally. Bill and 


legs black. 
Length, 7.30; wing, 3.45; tail, 3.90; bill from nostril, .37; tarsus, .86; 
hind toe and claw, .50. 


Motacilla yarrelli, a closely allied species, by some considered a 
variety only, differs in having the rump black, the ashy of the back 
glossed with blackish, and with the black edging of the lateral tail 
feathers broader. 

I have given a description of this species on account of its occur- 
rence in Greenland, and thus a member of the Fauna of North 
America. The specimen described is from Niirnberg, Germany. 


ANTHUS, Becusrt. 


Anthus, Becust. Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl. 1802 (Agassiz). (Type 
Alauda spinoletta).—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 232. 


I do not find the generic characters employed by European authors 
to subdivide Anthus very satisfactory or constant. They consist 
mainly in the varying size of the bill, the relative proportion of the 
innermost secondaries to the longer primaries, and that of the hind 
claw to the toe proper. In examining series of the North American 
species I find considerable variations in this respect among different 
individuals : in Neocorys, for instance, one specimen has the longest 
secondary equal to the 6th primary ; in another nearly equal to the 
4th. Similar differences occur in Anthus ludovicianus, where also 
the hind claw is sometimes shorter than the toe itself, sometimes 
longer. 

The most permanent and appreciable characters seem to be those 
based on the length of the outer primaries: thus in one group, to 
which we may restrict the name Anthus, this tip is formed by the 


ANTHUS. 153 


outer four quills, the fifth being abruptly shorter. To this belong 

A, ludovicianus, and the Huropean spinoletia, obscurus, pratensis, 

and cervinus. Ina second section, of which there appear to be no 

American representatives, the tip is formed by the outer three 

feathers only, and to it belong arboreus, campestris, and richardt. 

Each of these has been made the type of a genus: Pipastes, Agro- 

doma, and Corydalla, respectively, of which the latter has priority 

of date. A. arboreus has the hind claw rather shorter and more* 
curved than the rest. 

All the American species of Titlark that I have been able to see, 
excepting Anthus ludovicianus, appear to belong to quite a different 
type from the European. First among them is the northern Neo- 
corys, much like typical Anthus in the long pointed wings, and the 
outer four primaries abruptly longer than the 5th, but differing in 
considerably shorter tail, and longer legs, which actually reach the 
tip of tail instead of falling considerably short of it. Most of the 
South American species again, while most nearly related to Neocorys 
in these respects, differ from both Neocorys and Anthus in the less 
pointed wings. Here again there are two sections, one with the tip 
of the wing formed by four primaries (Notiocorys) ; the other (Pedio- 
corys), in which five primaries enter into this tip, the whole wing, 
the inner secondaries especially, apparently unusually broad; of 
this last a specimen from Quito (30,912), doubtfully referred to 
A. bogotensis of Sclater, may be considered the type, and to it 
belongs another species from Uraguay, which I have not: attempted 
to identify, as I cannot make it agree with any described species. 

Properly, however, to define the characters of the American Tit- 
larks will require a more complete series of the species than I have 
at present access to, and for the present I merely indicate the sections 
above named. If, however, Neocorys be retained as a genus, in dis- 
tinction from true Anthus, I cannot well avoid considering the South 
American forms as again different, and to leave the whole question 
on a basis for further investigation, I propose to make use of all 
these names in a subgeneric sense only. 


a. ANTHUS, Bechst. 


Anthus ludovicianus. 


Alauda ludoviciana, Gu. 8. N. 1, 1788, 793.—Anthus ludovicianus, Licut. 
Verz. 1823, 37; also of Aupuzon & Bonaparte.—Bairp, Birds N, 
Am. 1858, 232.—Coves, Pr. A. N. 5. 1861, 220 (Labrador) .—ScatEr, 
Pp. Z. S. 1856, 296 (Cordova).—Is. Catal. 1861, 24, no. 153.—Scx, 


154 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART IL. 


& Saxv. Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).—Jowzs, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 
29, autumn.—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan). 
Alauda rubra, Gu. ; Alauda rufa, Wits. ; Anthus spinoletta, Bon., Aun. ; 
Alauda pennsylvanica, Briss. ; ?Alauda pennsylvanica, Bonn. Encycl. 
Méth. I, 1790, 319. 
2Motacilla hudsonica, Lara. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 503.—Vrewszor, Encycl. 
Méth. II, 1823, 447. 
Anthus pennsylvanica, ZANDER; Anthus aquaticus, Aub. ; Anthus pipiens, 
Avp.; Anthus rubens, Merrem. ; Anthus reinhardtii, Houpour, Fauna 
Groenland, (ed. Paulsen), 1846, 25 (Greenland). 
Figures: Aup. B. A. III, pl. 140.—Is. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 80.—Wutson, 
V, pl. 89. 
Hab. Whole of North America; Greenland; Bermuda; south to Orizaba, 
Guatemala, and even Peru? Heligoland, Europe. (Gétke). Not noted in 
West Indies. 


In spring the colors are purer than in autumn; the upper parts 
more grayish-brown, especially on the head and nape, lacking almost 
entirely the autumnal olivaceous. The reddish tinge of the under 
parts seems peculiar to the spring dress. The bill and legs also 
appear blacker than in autumn, and the dark streaks on the breast 
more confined. The shade of color of the under parts in autumnal 
specimens varies considerably from whitish to fulvous, as does. also 
the size of the spots. Cape St. Lucas specimens are smaller. 

An Anthus labelled A. rupestris (obscurus), from Greenland, is 
not app¥eciably different from true ludovicianus; the legs being 
paler merely than in some specimens, and agreeing exactly in this 
respect with others. The markings of the tail are precisely the 
same. As the obscurus is not recognized by Reinhardt as a Green- 
land bird, and the ludovicianus (reinhardtii of Hélboll) is said to 
be common, I presume there is an error in the label. 

This species has a very wide range, extending over the whole of 
North America, and probably far into South America, as there are 
specimens in the museum of the Phila. Academy from Peru, which, 
in their somewhat defective condition, I am unable to distinguish 
from typical dudovicianus. A single instance is recorded of its 
occurrence in Hurope; namely, in the island of Heligoland, in the 
North Sea, where Herr Gatke has found so many stragglers from 
America and Asia, many of them unknown in other parts of Europe. 

Specimens are in the collection from various localities throughout 
the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, as also 
from Moose Factory, Rupert House, Grosvater Bay, Labrador, Fort 
Good Hope, Fort Simpson, Fort Rae (not received from the Yukon 
or Fort Anderson), Others are as follows:— 


ANTHUS. 155 


Smith-]Collec- Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. c waen. Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. ollecteds 


18,592? aa oe Greenland. bei Copenhagen Mus.|_ ___....-e 
32,176 | 3,398 ol Cape St. Lucas. |Nov. 23, ’59.] J. Xantus. J. Xantus. 
32,462 | 189 is Orizaba, Mex. 355 Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof. Sumichrast. 


(18,592?) Labelled A. rupestris. 


Anthus pratensis. 


Alauda pratensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, 287.—Anthus pratensis, Becusr. 
Deutsch. Végel, III, 1807, 732.—Kerys. & Buas. Wirb. Europas, 
1840, 172.—ZawnpeEr, Cab. Jour. I, extra ed. heft, 1853, 60.—Pavt- 
sen, ed. Héupotz, Faun. Grénlands, 1848, 24.—Reinuanpt, Ibis, 
1861, 6.—Newton, Govip’s Iceland, 1863. 
Figures: Gou.p’s Birds Europe, pl. 136. 
‘Hab. Europe generally; accidental in Greenland; common in Lapland 
(Newton). 


This species in general form resembles the A. ludovicianus, the 
fifth primary in both being abruptly and considerably shorter than 
the outer four; the bill and legs quite similar. The average size 
appears much the same. The upper parts are, however (especially 
the head and back), more distinctly streaked with dusky; the edge 
and inside of wing greenish-yellow, not white, and the upper plumage 
and outer edges of the quills decidedly olive-green. The shafts of 
the middle tail feathers above are whitish, not dark-brown ; the under 
parts greenish-white, conspicuously streaked with dark-brown. The 
bill is dusky, the base and edges paler; the legs dusky flesh color, 
not dark-brown. 

I introduce this species here as having been found in Greenland, 
although Reinhardt mentions only one instance of its occurrence. 
The specimens examined are from Denmark. 


b. Neocorys, Sclater. 


Neocorys, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1857,5. (Type Alauda spraguei, Aup.)— 
Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 233. 


Anthus spraguei. 


Alauda spraguei, Aup. B. A. VII, 1843, 335, pl. 486.—Agrodoma spraguei, 
Barrp, Stansbury’s Rep, 1852, 329.—Neocorys spraguei, ScLATER, 
Pp. Z. S. 1857, 5.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 234.—Buaxiston, 
Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan). 


Hab. Plains of Yellowstone and Upper Missouri to Saskatchewan. 


156 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [paRr I. 


The description of this species, as given in the Birds of North 
America, was taken from a type specimen received from Mr. Auda- 
bon. A second skin, collected by Capt. Blakiston on the Forks of 
the Saskatchewan, differs in having the tertials nearly as long as 
the primaries (about one-tenth of an inch shorter). The hind claw, 
too, is considerably longer, measuring .53 of an inch, instead of .46. 
In other respects the specimens appear similar. A similar discre- 
pancy in length of hind claw is seen in Anthus ludovicianus, where 
it is sometimes considerably longer than the toe alone. 


Smith- | Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. C Pie \ Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. z 
1,884 ‘ | Fort Union, Dac. 1843. 8. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon. 
16,766 | Saskatchewan. sie Capt. Blakiston. | _—....... 


(1,884.) Type specimen. 


ce. Noriocorys, Baird. 


Notiocorys, Barpp. (See page 151 of present work.) 


Anthus rufus. 


?Alauda rufa, Gu. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 798 (based on petite Alouette de 
Buenos Ayres, Burr. pl. enl. 738, 1). 

? Anthus rufus, Burm. Syst. Uebersicht, III, 1856, 118 (Brazil). 

Anthus rufus, Lawxence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.). 


Hab. Isthmus Panama (and eastern South America ?). 


(277, Lawr. coll., 4.) Outer four primaries very nearly equal and longest, 
the 5th mediate between 4th and 6th. Inner secondaries nearly equal to 
primaries. Hind toe and claw nearly equal to the tarsus; the claw rather 
longer than its digit, sharp, moderately curved ; outstretched toes reaching 
the end of tail. 

Above dusky brown, the feathers edged laterally with pale fulvous; most 
so on the hind neck, least on the middle of the back. Beneath soiled white, 
with a faint tinge of yellowish; perhaps very faintly fulvous on crissum and 
on breast. A pale line over the eye; ear coverts and sides of neck as de- 
scribed on the hind neck; rest of cheeks slightly specked with dusky. 
Jugulum and sides of breast, and edge of wing on the inside, with shaft 
streaks of dusky, which at the ends widen into arrow-shaped spots. Wing 
feathers edged as described, the lst primary more gray, the secondaries more 
olivaceous. Outer tail feathers white, with a streak of dusky along the edge 
of inner web for basal half, the next similar, with the dusky streak extending 
nearly to the end of the inner web, and nearly as wide as the white portion. 
(Third feather wanting in the specimen.) Bill dusky above, pale below, be- 
coming darker to the tip; legs flesh couor. 


* 


ANTHUS. 157 


Total length, 4.35; wing, 2.26; tail, 1.94; difference between Ist and 6th 
quills, .32; length of bill from forehead, .51, from nostril, .35, along gape, 
.61; tarsus, .77; middle toe and claw, .66; claw alone, .20; hind toe and 
claw, .70; claw alone, .40 


This species is much like Neocorys sprague? in appearance, though 
much smaller (an inch and a half shorter), and with a greenish-yellow 
gloss on the under parts, wanting in the former. The coloration is 
otherwise very similar. The wings are shorter and not so much 
pointed, the 5th quill being half way between the 4th and 6th, instead 
of being two-fifths of the total distance from the 6th, and three-fifths 
from the 4th. The hind toe and claw are perhaps not quite as long, 
but still about equal to the tarsus. Whatever, therefore, be the 
validity of the genus Neocorys, the N. spraguei appears to be the 
nearest relative of the present species, agreeing with it in shorter 
tail and longer legs compared with Anthus, but differing from both 
in the shorter, more rounded wings. ° 

Iam by no means certain of the correctness of identification of 
the specimen. No South American birds are, perhaps, in a greater 
state of confusion than the Titlarks; and in the absence of accurate 
indications of the proportions of the quills, etc., so necessary in de- 
fining species which vary so little in color, it is exceedingly difficult 
to come to an accurate conclusion on the subject. It is not at all 
improbable that the present species may prove to be undescribed, as 
it is its diminutive size, rather than anything else, that has caused 
its reference to the Alauda rufa of Gmelin. 


Smith-| Collec-| Sex 
i ey : When 2 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. 
86 od | Panama R. R. “ie | Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb. 


d. Prpiocorys, Baird. 
Pediocorys, Barrp. (See page 151 of the present work.) 
Although there are no members of the present section known with 
certainty to belong to North or Middle America, I describe the two 


South American species before me as a contribution to the history 
of the genus. 


Anthus bogotensis. 


Anthus bogotensis, Scuatzr, P. Z. S. 1855, 109, pl. 101; 1858, 550 (Bo- 
gota and Ecuador). 


158 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Anthus rufescens, D’Ors. & Larr. Mag. Zool. 1836.—D’Ors. Voyage, 
226 (Bolivia). Not rufescens of Temminck. 


(30,912, Quito.) Plumage very dense and full on the under parts ; wings 
broad, their point formed by the outer five primaries, of which the 4th is 
longest ; then 3d, and 5th equal 2d, little shorter; the first .14 shorter than 
the 5th, and .20 longer than 6th, about equal to the longest secondary. Tail 
moderately forked, rather shorter than the wings. Hind claw quite consider- 
ably curved, and short, about equal to its digit. 

Feathers of upper parts light brownish-yellow, streaked centrally and con- 
spicuously with dark-brown ; scarcely appreciable on the wing coverts, which 
are more rufous. Ocular regions with under parts pale buff, lighter posteriorly 
and onchin and lores; darker on the inside of the wings. Sides of neck streaked 
with dark-brown, and a series of scarcely appreciable dusky spots in the tips 
of the feathers across jugulum, very few in number (scarcely more than one 
row). Quills broadly edged internally with dull cinnamon. Outer tail feathers 
rufous, or brownish-white at tip and for about exterior half, including the 
region both sides the shaft; second feather with slight streaks of the same 
along the end of the shaft; other feathers dark-brown, edged like the back. 
Bill brown, whitish at base below. Legs flesh color. 

A second specimen (35,035) agrees much better with Dr. Sclater’s descrip- 
tion, in being paler on the belly and crissum; darker above ; the hind claw 
longer (.55). The wing formula differs in being 2, 3, 1, 4, 5, and the 6th quill 
is exactly midway from the 5th and 7th (.17 of an inch). 

Total length, 5.75; wing, 3.35; tail, 2.90; length of bill from forehead, 
.62, from nostril, .387; along gape, .80; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .83; 
hind toe and claw, .75; claw alone, .40. 


Smith-| Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and 
No. No. | Age. 


When 


Locality. Collected. 


Received from | Collected by 


80,912 Quito, Ecuador. C.R. Buckalew. | ~~ ...... 
35,035 Ecuador. J. Akburst. | 9 .....e 
Anthus ——. 


(21,035, 4, Uruguay.) Wings not much longer than the tail; the rounded 
point formed by five outer primaries; wing formula 3.4=2, 1, 5, the latter 
which is one-fourth the distance from 4th to 6th. Inner secondaries rather 
shorter than the 5th quill. Feet much as in Neocorys ; the hind claw nearly 
straight, rather longer than its digit. 

All feathers of upper parts blackish-brown, conspicuously margined on each 
side (but not at tips) with brownish-yellow, which becomes grayish towards 
the ends (except perhaps on the lower back); these margins proportionally 
widest on the hind neck. Under parts soiled white, with a pale brownish or 
buff (not yellow) tinge ; palest on throat, crissum, and middle of belly, deepest 
on inside of wing and inner margin of quills; the feathers of jugulum, upper 
breast, and sides of body with conspicuous shaft streaks of blackish-brown ; 
feathers on the sides tinged throughout with pale brownish. Loral, ocular, 


ANTHUS. 159 


and superciliary region grayish-white ; rest of cheeks speckled with brownish. 
The blackish ground color of upper surface of wings almost concealed by the 
broad edgings of yellowish-brown, varying in shade of color, and becoming 
much paler on the outer primaries, inner secondaries, and greater wing coverts. 
Tail feathers dark-brown ; the outer brownish or soiled white on the outer web, 
and on the inner web along the shaft from near the base, widening to the end 
so as to embrace the tip; next feather with outer web and a short terminal 
streak only white, the remaining feathers narrowly edged externally with the 
same. Bill dusky, except at base below; legs flesh color. 

Total length, 5.70; wing, 2.95; tail, 2.65; difference between 3d and 5th 
quills, .10; between 3d and 6th, .36; length of bill from forehead, .56, from 
nostril, .35; along gape, .65; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .75; claw 
alone, .22; hind toe and claw, .96; claw alone, .52. 


A specimen (26,362) which was sold to Dr. Leidy, as from western 
North America, is scarcely distinguishable in any respect, except the 
purer white of tail and rather paler colors; and I am inclined to 
think that it really came, like the preceding bird, from Uruguay, as 
it is of precisely the same “make up” of skin, and was obtained 
from the father of the collector (Chr. Wood), who accompanied 
Capt. Page. It is, however, proper to state that a brother of this 
same collector (W. 8. Wood) obtained many specimens of birds 
from the plains east of the Rocky Mountains; and if the bird in 
question really came thence, it will be necessary to introduce the 
species into the Fauna of North America. 

This species is quite similar in external appearance to Neocorys 
spraguez, and of about the same size. The wings are, however, 
considerably shorter and more rounded; the point of the wing 
formed by five, not four quills. The legs are much the same. There 
is a much greater preponderance of reddish-brown on the upper 
parts, and of buff below; the axillars are brownish, not grayish- 
white, and there is much less white (and of less purity) on the tail. 


Smith-| Collec-| Sex 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gn Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. Ct, 

21,035 | 100 fof Uruguay. Aug. 1860. | Capt. T. J. Page. Chr. Wood. 

26,362 ia eS Uruguay? eee Dr. Leidy. ? ig 


160 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Famity SYLVICOLID 4! 


The Sylvicolidx are essentially characterized among the Oscines 
with nine primaries,? by their small size, the usually slender and 
conical insectivorous bill, shorter than the head, without angle in 
the gape near the base ; the toes deeply cleft so as to leave the inner 
one free almost to its very base (except in Mniotiltex), ete. The 
shallow notch at the end of the tongue, instead of a deeply fissured tip, 
distinguishes the family from the Cerebide, to some of which there 
is otherwise so great a resemblance. The absence of abrupt hook 


1 A diagnostic table of families will be given as an appendix to the work. 

2 Although we speak of the absence of the outer or first primary, and the 
presence of nine only as characterizing most of the Oscines, the expression is 
not strictly correct, as in all cases where I have made a careful search, Ihave 
never failed to find the first primary in a rudimentary condition. Indeed 
the gradation from the very short, though evident spurious primary of some 
of the Vireos, to the stage in others of the genus where this primary appears 
entirely wanting, is merely the difference between its being placed so as to rest 
on the inner side of the basal portion of the shaft of the outer large feather 
or moved round so as to lie on its outer side. It occupies the terminal 
joint of the wing, just as when well developed, and is only overlooked be- 
cause confounded with the coverts of the primaries. Its presence can easily 
be demonstrated by comparing the wing of a Thrush, with distinct first pri- 
mary, and that of a Sparrow, Swallow, or other bird, in which this primary is 
wanting (very well seen in Quiscalus). In the Thrush, for instance, there will 
be seen the usual coverts on the outside of the primaries, each one with its 
sheath inserted into that of the corresponding primary, and resting a little on 
the external side of the barrel of the quill. The first quill lacks a covert; 
all the rest, nine in number, have one each. The first covert is usually much 
shorter than the rest, and stands singly when there is a distinct, though 
abbreviated first primary, asin Turdus. In a Sparrow, however, or Quiscalus, 
there appears to be a second short covert, immediately beneath the one just 
referred to, but which, on examination, is seen to occupy the true place of the 
deficient first primary. Whenever, therefore, there are apparently only nine 
primaries, it is probable that two of these short stiff feathers will be found, 
and with ten distinct primaries only one will be found. When there is any 
peculiar coloration of the primaries, not seen in the other feathers of the 
wing, this second of the short feathers will have it, and not the outside one, 
as will be referred to more particularly hereafter, especially under Vireo 


flavifrons. 


SYLVICOLIDA. 161 


and notch in both mandibles separates it from such of the Vireonidx 
as have nine primaries. To the Tanagride, through the slender- 
billed forms as Chlorospingus, Nemosia, Chlorochrysa, etc., the 
relationship is very close ; so much so that, by many, both families 
are included in one. What the real differences are, I may hereafter 
be able to point out more satisfactorily than I can at present. 

The American Motacillidx are distinguished by the emargination 
of the outer, and the great elongation of the inner secondaries, as well 
as by other features referred to under that family. Anthus, in par- 
ticular, differs in the lengthened and slightly curved.hind claw. 

There is, perhaps, no family to which the relationship is closer 
than to the Cerebide. Of equally small size, and, to some extent, of 

‘a somewhat similar style of coloration, it is not to be wondered at 
that many species in each family have been indifferently assigned to 
either. The genus Helminthophaga, for instance, can scarcely be 
so defined as to distinguish it from Conirostrum, excepting by the 
characters of the tongue, so rarely preserved in a skin. What the 
external features of distinction are, I hope to show hereafter. J am 
by no means sure that some species even now retained among the 
Sylvicolide would not be more appropriately placed in Cerebide, 
as Helminthophaga bachmani, Parula gutturalis, ete. 

The tongue in the Syluicolidx is horny for the greater portion of 
its extent; more or less deeply bifid at the tip for about one-fourth 
or one-fifth the length, the branches fringed or lacerated along their 
external margin. It is short and rather broad at the base, and not as 
extensible, as in the Cerebide. The essential difference in stracture 
from that of the Cerebidex seems to be that, in some of the latter, 
as Glossiptila and Certhiola, there is a second vertical plane erected 
along the inner edge of the bifurcation or division of the tip of the 
tongue, and more or less perpendicular to it, which is itself lacerated 
or fringed, so as to increase materially the size of the terminal brush. 
In Chlorophanes and Dacnis this vertical plane is folded outward 
upon the horizontal lamina, and perhaps partially or entirely ad- 
herent, and thickening considerably the inner portion of the fork. 
The primary bifurcation of the tongue, however, in all the Cerebide, 
is also much deeper (about one-third the whole length), and the 
lateral fringe extends much further along the base. There are other 
differences in the tongues of the Cerebide, of generic import, which 
will hereafter be dwelt on more at length. 

To the general character of the tongue in the Sylvicolide, however, 
that of “Dendroica tigrina” forms a striking exception in its approxi- 
mation to the Cerebine character, especially that of Certhiola. The 

11 November, 1864. 


162 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


tongue, in this instance, is much longer, and narrower than usual ; 
bifid for more than one-third its length, and fringed at the end, much 
as in Certhiola. It differs from other Sylvicolide, also, in having 
the sides of the tongue, from the middle, folded over and down on 
the upper surface, though not adherent, nor does the lap extend quite 
to the tip. This characteristic of the fold, and the absence of a ver- 
tical fimbriated lamina adherent to the inner edge of the horizontal 
bifurcation of the tongue, appears essentially peculiar to this bird. 
This difference of the tongue in “Dendroica tigrina” is so funda- 
mentally great, as compared with all other Sylvicolide, that were 
the other characteristics of seasonal changes of plumage, geographi- 
cal distribution and migration, pattern of coloration, etc. more 
similar, it would almost warrant our removing it to another family, 
if not making it the type of a new one. As it is, it becomes neces- 
sary to establish a new genus (Perissoglossa) for it, left now among 
the Sylvicolidx, but perhaps hereafter to be transferred elsewhere. 
The following diagrams of tongues of some’of the Cexrebide, 
Sylvicolide, and Vireonide have been drawn, at my request, on 
wood under the microscope by Dr. W. Stimpson; to whom, also, I 
am indebted for the accompanying remarks' relative to their charac- 


' “The tongues are all fissured, or bifid at the extremity, by a slit of variable 
depth; one-third the length of the tongue in Glossiptila, Certhiola, and Perisso- 
glossa, but only one-sixth its length in Vireo; in the others averaging about 
one-fourth its length. By this slit two forks are formed, which are depressed, 
corneous, laminiform, and incised along the extremity and outer edge by 
more or less numerous fissures which form a fringe of flattened sete con- 
tiguous at base, but becoming narrowed and thus separately projecting in the 
same plane at their extremities. The lateral sete are transverse or even 
curved backward in Glossiptila, but point obliquely forward in all the other 
species. 

‘(The inner edge of the fork is always much thicker than the external 
laminar expansion, and generally ends in a sharp spine, far stronger than the 
proximate sete. But in Glossiptila and Certhiola this inner edge is itself 
expanded upward into a narrow lamina, which is either in a plane perpen- 
dicular to the lateral expansion or folded over toward it, and this second 
lamina is also divided into oblique or longitudinal sete toward its extremity. 
At the extremity of the fork the two laminz are confiuent, continuous, and 
regularly fimbriated around the curve. 

“In Certhiola and Perissoglossa the sides of the tongue at the base of the 
forks are folded over and inward, but in Certhiola the folds are soldered down 
to the base and inner edge of the forks; while in Perissoglossa they are not 
soldered, but open outward again anteriorly before the edges become fimbri- 


ated, so that the extremity of this tongue (Perissoglossa) is broad, and the 
sete nearly longitudinal. 


SYLVICOLIDA. 163 


teristics as they appeared to him from a purely microscopical voint 
of view. 


1 2 5 6 7 8 9 

1. Glossiptila rujicollis, Jamaica. 6. Dendroica striata. Nassau. 

2. Certhiola bahamensis, Nassau. 7. Helminthophaga celata. Arctic America, 
8. Qhlorophanes atricapilla, Trinidad. 8. Teretristis fornsit. Cuba. 

4, Dacnis cayana. ee 9. Vireo barbatula. Nassau. 

5. Perissoglossa tigrina. Nassau. 


The following figures represent one branch of the bifurcated tip 
of each tongue more highly magnified. The references are the same 
as in the preceding figures. 


SS 


} 


Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 6 were drawn from alcoholic specimens; 1, 5, 7, 8, and 9 from tongues 
removed from the dried skin, and therefore perhaps not perfectly accurate. 


8a 4a 5a 8a 9a 


“The base of the tongue is bifid and armed with teeth pointing backward 
to prevent the escape of food. The largest teeth are at the extremities of the 
two points. In Certhiola, Perissoglossa, Dendroica, and Teretristis the teeth 
are all sharp, with the intermediate teeth nearly as large as the terminal 
ones, and there are two or three teeth on the outer sides of the points. In 
Glossiptila there is only one tooth on these outer edges. Vireo differs from 
all the rest in having a broad and shallow excavation between the two points, 
which are short, stout, and blunt; and the edge of this excavation is armed 
with very minute, equal teeth, while there are no true teeth on the outer 
edges of the points.” —Stimpson. 


164 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


In further illustration of the character of the tongue in the Sylui- 
colidx, I here present the result of an examination of alcoholic 
specimens of other families, some of these, unfortunately, in poor 
condition. 


Turpipa: Turdus migratorius and swainsoni have the tongue 
rather acute, and fleshy, with horny edges and tip, which is almost 
entire or very slightly bifid, and its sides very little, if at all, lacerated. 


Saxicotipa#: Sialia sialis. Tongue similar to last, perhaps still 
less lacerated. 


Syrvup#: Regulus satrapa. Tongue rather broad; very slightly 
lacerated around the ends of the horny part, but apparently not bifid. 


These three families seem to agree pretty well in having the tongue 
either entire at the end, or very slightly bifid or notched, with the 
edges nearly entire. The appearance of laceration may, to a con- 
siderable extent, be due to the softening of the membranes of the 
horny portion of the tongue, which allows the apparently fibrous 
basis to be liberated around the edges. 


In the Motacillide and Sylvicolide the tongue differs in being 
more horny, more deeply bifid at tip, and the outer edges and tip. 
of the two portions lacerated or coarsely divided into a fringe, usu- 
ally in the ends, to a less degree on the sides, and in a direction 
nearly parallel with the axis of the tongue, or radiating from the 
‘bottom of the notch. The horny part of the tongue is quite con- 
siderable, and the notch involves generally about one-third or one- 
fourth of it (less of the entire tongue). In making this generaliza- 
tion I have examined the following species :— 


MoracinLip#: Anthus ludovicianus. 


SyLvicotip#: Mniotilta varia; Parula americana jy Proto- 
notaria citrea; Geothlypis trichas; Icteria virens; Teretristis 
fornsti; Seiurus aurocapillus and noveboracensis ; Dendroica 
virens, canadensis, coronata, blackburnia, castanea, pennsylvanica, 
striata, estiva, maculosa, “tigrina,” palmarum, discolor ; Helmintho- 
phaga celata and ruficapilla; Myiodioctes mitratus, pusillus, cana- 
densis ; Setophaga ruticilla—twenty-six species in all. I have not 
had the opportunity of examining any species of Helmitherus or 
Oporornis ; nor of Dendroica superciliosa, which I much regret.? 


' Tam indebted to Prof. Agassiz for the opportunity of examining Helmin- 
thophaga ruficapilla. 


SYLVICOLIDZ. 165 


Icteria and Teretristis do not differ from the rest, although it has 
been suggested to place the latter genus in Carebide. 


The Parip# (Parus septentrionalis, Auriparus flaviceps, Psal- 
triparus minimus, Sitta canadensis) have the tongue thicker and 
more fleshy than in Sylvicolidex ; only moderately horny at ends and 
tips, and only slightly bifid and lacerated, much less than in Sylvico- 
lide, and about as in Turdide, but less horny. 


The Hirunpinip& (H. horreorum and bicolor) have the tongue 
short, broad, triangular, quite fleshy, with a shallow notch at end, the 
sides scarcely or not at all lacerated. 


The VIREONID# (V. crassirostris and barbatula) have the tongue 
more like the Paridz than the Sylvicolide. 


The characteristics of C#REBID#, as far as I have been able to 
examine their tongues, I have already referred to in detail. The 
other families of Oscines will hereafter be referred to. 


In the TYRANNID# the tongues of Musctvora mexicana, Pitangus 
derbianus, and Todirostrum are horny for most of their length, 
nearly linear, or gently tapering to a blunt, almost truncated tip, 
which is not bifid, but has several short incisions in the end. 


In the Topip# the tongue of Todus viridis is broad and linear 
to the blunt tip (shaped like the bill), and throughout horny, thin- 
edged and entire. 


In GaLBuLip# a Galbula from South America has the tongue 
equally horny, but long, narrow, tapering gently to a point, and 
without any incision whatever. 


In the “Birds of North America” I have dwelt at much length 
upon the characters by which the North American genera of Sylvico- 
lide are distinguished, and refer to that work for particulars, repro- 
ducing here only some of the diagnostic tables, with a few modifica- 
tions. These can doubtless be much improved ; but I have not time 
at present to attempt to work them over again, and must content 
myself here with dwelling in detail only on the forms of Middle and 
South America. It will be noticed hereafter that while the Sylvico- 
line proper belong essentially to North America, it is in Middle and 
South America that the Setophagine have the greatest development. 

The following synopsis is an attempt at defining the higher sub- 
divisions of the Sylvicolide. In the large number of species, their 
close relationships, and the very gradual transition from one form to 
another, I have found it very difficult to make any arrangement by 


166 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Part IL 


which one unacquainted with the subject can readily determine the 
group to which a species or genus may belong. 


Bill conical ; its bristles very short, or wanting. 


Sylvicolinze. Bill conical, or about as high as wide, or even 
higher, opposite the nostrils. Gape with short bristles, not 
reaching beyond the nostrils or none. Tip of bill not hooked ; 
with or without a faint notch; commissure nearly straight. 
Wings long and pointed; considerably longer than the 
narrow, nearly even tail. Legs short and weak; tarsi not 
as long as the head (except in Mniotilta). 

Basgl joint of inner toe adherent for its basal half; basal 
joint of outer toe, and part of the next, adherent (in all 
other Sylvicolide the inner toe cleft nearly to the base, 
and second joint of outer toe free). Hind toe lengthened, 
nearly equal tothe middle ; the digit considerabiy longer 
than the claw. Creeping Warblers. Genera: Maniotilta, 
Parula ‘ i ‘ * . P a % - Mniotiltee 


Hind toe but little, if any, longer than the lateral; the 
digit about equal to the claw. 
Bill entirely without notch, except Protonotarius ; 
norictal bristles. Swamp Warblers. Genera: Pro- 
tonotarius, Helminthophaga, Helmitherus : . Vermivoree. 


Bill notched. Rictus with distinct bristles, reaching 
nearly to the nostrils. Wood Warblers. Genera: 
Perissoglossa, Dendroica. . ‘i . . Sylvicolee. 


Geothlypine. Bill muchas in Sylvicoline ; with distinct notch ; 
slender, or stout, the culmen gently curved; the commis- 
sure nearly straight. Legs much developed; tarsi bonger 
than the skull. Bristles of rictus short, but appreciable. 
Ground Warblers. 
Wings pointed ; longer than the nearly even tail. Genera: 
Seiurus, Oporornis . . . 7 . : . Seuiree. 
Wings much rounded ; shorter than the graduated tail. . 
Genus: Geothlypis 3 r is ‘ . . . Geothlypee. 


Icterianz. Bill without notch, or rictal bristles. Culmen and 
commissure much curved. Wings much rounded; shorter 
than the tail. 
Bill very high. Tail graduated. Outer toe deeply cleft. 
Genera: Icteria, Granatellus . : = > c . Icteriee. 
Bill slender. Tail nearly even. Outer toe adherent for 
basal half. Genus: TZeretristis . 7 é ° . Teretristec. 


MNIOTILTA. 167 


Bill depressed ; rictus with long bristles. 


Setophaginz. Bill much depressed ; considerably broader than 
high; the tip more or less hooked, with distinct notch. 
Bristles lengthened, reaching half way or more from the 
nostrils to tip of bill. 


The synopsis of the sections and generic characters of the Seto- 
phagine will be found further on under the head of that subfamily. 

As already remarked, the species of Sylvicolide, as here re- 
stricted, are all of very small size, scarcely exceeding six inches in 
length, usually less ; Jcterva alone is larger. 


Susramiry SYLVICOLIN A. 


MNIOTILTA, VIEILL. 


Mniotilta, Vierutot, Analyse, 1816, 45. (Type Figuier varié, Burr. 
(Motacilla varia, Lixn.)). 


Mniotilta varia. 


Motacilla varia, Liny. 8. N. I, 1766, 333.—Certhia varia, View.or; Av- 
puson.—Mniotilta varia, Virituot, Gal. Ois. I, 1834, 276, pl. 169. 
—Auvp., GossE.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 235.—Scrarer, P. Z. S. 
1858, 298 (Oaxaca, Xalapa) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 1855, 143 (Bo- 
gota) ; 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1864, 172 (City of Mex.).—Is. Catal. 
1861, 25, no. 162.—Scr. & Satv. Ibis, 1859, 10 (Guatemala).—NeEw- 
toy, Ibis, 1859, 143 (Santa Cruz ; winter).—Cas. Jour. III, 475 (Cuba; 
winter).—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1859 (Bahamas; April 20).— 
Gossz, Birds Jam. 134 (Jamaica; winter).—Jonzs, Nat. Bermuda, 
1859, 29 (October).—Cas. Jour. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).—Law- 
rence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.; winter).— 
Gonpu. Cab. Journ. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common). 

Certhia maculata, Wius.—Mniotilta borealis, Nutr. 

Mniotilta varia, var. longirostris, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxi, no. 
167.—Is. Catal. in 8vo. 1859, no. 167*. 

Figures: Aup. Orn. Biog. V, pl. 90; Birds Am. I, pl. 114.—Wuson, 
Am. Orn. III, pl. xix. 


Hab. Eastern province of North America, and north to Fort Simpson. 
Both coasts of Mexico (as far north as Mazatlan, on west side), and south- 
ward to Bogota. Whole West Indies and Bermuda. 

Localities quoted. Bahamas; Bermuda; Cuba; Jamaica; Santa Cruz; W. 
Indies ; Cordova, Xalapa, Oaxaca, Mex. ; Guatemala; Panama R. R. ; Bogota. 


168 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [paRT I. 


I have nothing especial to add to the account of this species con- 
tained in the “ Birds of North America,” except to say that. the 
differences there referred to in the length of the bill are seen in the 
more recent specimens, and belong more particularly to southern 
skins. Dr. Brewer considers the eggs of the southern bird so differ- 
ent as to warrant their specific separation. I find it, however, very 
difficult to express the differences other than as consisting in longer 
bill and less degree of black beneath. 

This species is remarkable as occurring at Mazatlan and Colima, 
and not in California or the Rocky Mountains. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. when Received from Collected by 
Collected. 

No. No, | Age. 

32,622 | 997 . | Fort Simpson. May 28,’61.) B. R. Ross. 
18,685 = ¢ | Portsmouth, N. H. oor Dr. E. Coues. 
4,680 aa .. | Mo. of Vermilion. | May 5. Lt. Warren. 

68 * d | Carlisle, Pa. May, 1839, 8. F. Baird. 
10,105 a .. | South Illinois. April. R. Kennicott. 
82,227 a dg | Liberty County, Ga. ese Prof. Leconte. 

8,673 - .. | Cape Florida. Sept. 25,57.) G. Wurdemann. 
22,145 ai Q | Spanishtown, Jam. ae W. T. March. 
24,356 26 roa sf Nov. 4, 61. = 
23,308 as ¢ | Trelawney, Jam. | Jan. 13, ’59.} Dr. Sclater. 

. 3 .- | Santa Cruz. Mar. 21, ’57.| Alfred Newton. 
23,516 SS dg | Monte Verde, Cuba.| Jan. 17,61.) Chas. Wright. 
34,019 | 126 . | Mazatlan. eae A. J. Grayson. 
29,357 | 122 o& | Colima, Mex. Feb. 1863. Johu Xantus. 
80,666 | 179 .. | Retaleuleu, Guat. | Sept. 1862. O. Salvin. 
30,667 | 177 .. | Duenas, Guat. ag ne 
34,102 af od | Punta Arenas, C. R.| Jan. 1864. Capt. Dow. 
33,268 61 .. | San Jose, C. R, aes Dr. v. Frantzius. 
54,646 a g | Angostura, C. R. Mar. 9, ’64. | J. Carniol. 


PARULA, Bon. 


Chloris, Borz, Isis, 1826, 972 (not of Maurine, 1752). (Type Parus 
americanus, L.) 

Sylvicola, Swanson, Zool. Jour. III, July, 1827, 160 (not of Humpurey, 
Mus. Calonnianum, 1797, 60). (Same type.) 

Parula, Bon., Geog. Comp. Cat. 1838. (Same type.) 

Compsothlypis, Caz. Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 20. (Same type.) (Parula 
rejected as contrary to the Linnzan canons of nomenclature.) 


If Mcehring’s genera are rejected as made prior to the establish- 
ment of the Linnzan binomial nomenclature, and by a non-binomial 
author, there is, perhaps, no reason why Boie’s name Chloris should 
not be adopted for this group. I, however, leave the matter in 
abeyance for the present. 


PARULA. 169 


The following synopsis may aid in determining the species of 
Parula:— 


A. Color above plumbeous blue, with a triangular interscapular 
patch of olive; beneath yellow anteriorly. Lateral tail 
feathers with a square patch of white on inner webs. 


Yellow reaching only to breast. Feathers of jugulum 
clouded with dark brownish. Eyelids only white. 
White patches on three lateral tail feathers. Two white 
bands on wings. ‘ 7 ‘ - ; - americana. 


Yellow extending over the belly. Jugulum only slightly 
varied with ochraceous. No white on side of head. 
white patches on two lateral tail feathers. Two white 
bands on wings. Forehead and lores black . . + pityayumi. 

Similar to last, but without white on the wings. Jugulum 


not ochraceous ¥ ‘ ‘ . ie , . tnornata. 


B. Above ashy. No white on wings and tail, except on inner 
margins of lateral tail feathers. Beneath yellow or red 
anteriorly. 


From chin to breast yellow, with a well defined brown 
crescent on throat. Whole back olivaceous. A stripe 


over eye, and eyelids white . : . superciliosa, 


From chin to jugulum plain orange-red. A crescentic 
saddle of black on the back. No white on side of head. 


Lores black . . : . . . . . + guituralis. 


Parula americana. 


Parus americanus, Linn, 8. N. 10th ed. I, 1758, 190.—Motacilla am. 
Guetin.—Sylvia am. Lata., Aup.— Sylvicola am. Ricu., Avp.— 
Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1839, 59.—FParula am. Bon. List Birds N. A. 
1838.—Gossz, Birds Jam. 1847, 154 (Jamaica).—Barrp, Birds N. 
Am. 1858, 238.—Scrarsr, P. Z. 8. 1857, 202 (Xalapa).—Is. Ibis, 
1859, 10 (Guatemala).—Is. Catal. 1861, 26, 163.—Newzon, Ibjs, 
1859, 143 (Santa Cruz; winter).—Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. 1860, 376 
(St. Thomas).—Gunpxacu, Cub. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very com- 
mon),— Compsothlypis am. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 20.—Is. Jour. III, 
1855, 476 (Cuba). 

Ficedula ludoviciana, Brisson. —Motacilla lud. Gu.—Motacilla eques, 
Bopp.— Sylvia torquata, ViEwL.—Thryothorus torg. StEPHENS.— 
Sylvia pusilla, Wits.—Sylvicola pus. Swarys. 

Figures: Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. xv.—lIs. B. A. II, pl. 91.—Virit. Ois. 
Am. II, pl. 99.—Wits. Am. Orn. IV, pl. xxviii.—Burroy, pl. enl. 
731, fig. 1; 709, fig. 1. 


Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to the Lakes, west to the 
Missouri Valley ; in winter south to Guatemala (not seen on the west coast 
of Mexico). West Indies; Bahamas ; Cuba; Jamaica; St. Croix ; St. Thomas. 


170 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L 


inal 
Smith- |Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc. a ieeed Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 
22,301 | .. | .. | Halifax, 'N. 8. see W. G. Winton. 
2,219 0 Carlisle. May 3, '45. 8. F. Baird. 
338] 2. g “ May 1, ‘41. - 
8,647 oS .. | Cape Florida. Sept. 27,’57.| G. Wurdemann. 
4,671 .. | .. | Mo. of Platte River.| April 27,’56.| Lt, Warren. 
29,629 oe @ | Fermina, Cuba. Feb. 18. C. Wright. 
24,341 35 og | Spanishtown, Jam. | Nov. 6, '61.| W. T. March. 
2 a .. | Santa Cruz. Mar, 24,’57.| A. & E. Newton. ‘ 
30,669 | 132 .. | Coban, Vera Paz. Nov. 15, 59.| O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 


Parula pitiayumi. 

Sylvia pitiayumi, Viswxror, Nouv. Dict. II, 1816, 276.—Compsothlypis 
pit. Cas. Mus. Hein. 21.—Parula pit. SchaTer, Cat. 26, no. 165. 

Sylvia venusta, TemM. Pl. Col. 293, fig. 1.—D’Ors. Voy. IV, 1844; Ois. 
218.—Sylvicola ven. Burm. Uebers. IT, 116. 

Sylvia plumbea, Swatys. Zool. Ill. II, 1821-2, pl. 139. 

Parula brasiliana, Bon. Consp. 1850, 310.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 137; 
1860, 273.—Compsothlypis bras. ScuaTeER, P. Z. 8. 1855, 143 (Bogota). 


Hab. South America, generally to Paraguay ; Ecuador; Bogota; Trinidad. 


(20,972.) Above plumbeous-blue, with a patch of olive-green in middle of 
back, as in P. americana. Beneath rich yellow; slightly ochraceous on the 
jugulum ; the inside of wings, anal region, and crissum snowy white. Frontal 
band and loral region black ; ears dusky. Two patches of white on the wing. 
A square patch of white on inner web of outer tail feather near the end; a 
smaller one on the next feather. Females scarcely different, though duller 
and smaller. 

Length, 4.25; wing, 2.15; tail, 2.00. 


This species differs from P. americana, to which it is nearly allied, 
by the greater extension backwards of a deeper yellow, and absence 
of the decided brown mark of jugulum; the black frontal and loral 
patch ; less amount of white on wing, and the spots on tail not ex- 
tending to the third feather. 

A specimen from Trinidad, belonging to Mr. Newton, has the 
breast and jugalum more ochraceous than any other before me. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex i 
F 5 A When . 
no pode tne Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 


20,972 56 Parana River. Mar., 1860. Capt. Page. Cc. Wi 
16,335 | 99 § Brazil. Aug. 1859, ie oo 
1,819 eee | ee es oie S.F. Baird. | we... 
82,698 |40,430 | ¢ be ‘nes Verreaux, =| oa... 
24,967 ae Bogota. ‘iteie L.deGeofroy,. | ww... 


30,612} 2. | 3: | Trinidad. ee M. Galody. 


_PARULA. 171 


Parula inornata. 


Parula inornata, Barry. 
Parula brasiliana, Scuater & Saxy. Ibis, 1860, 397 (Coban, Guatemala). 
Not of Licat.” 


Hab. Guatemala and Costa Rica. ‘ 


By the kindness of Mr. Salvin I have been enabled to examine a 
specimen of the supposed P. pitiayumi, from Guatemala (no. 187 
(1,488) Salvin’s coll., Choctun, Vera Paz, Jan. 1860), and find that - 
it differs sufficiently from the South American bird to entitle it to a 
specific name. Mr. Salvin’s specimen is probably a female; but 
compared with females of the old species it is decidedly smaller, the 
tail especially, and with its feathers narrower. The tarsi are shorter. 
The under parts are paler yellow, with very little or no ochraceous 
on the breast. The edge of the wing is blue, not white, and the 
wing lacks the two sharply defined white bands across the coverts— 
their presence being only indicated by a scarcely appreciable lighten- 
ing of the blue.in the region of the bands. 

Total length, 4.20; wing, 1.95; tail, 1.75; width of outer feather, .20; 
length of bill from forehead, .45, from nostril, .29; tarsus, .62; middle toe 
and claw, .48; hind toe and claw, .37. 


The comparison of this specimen has been made with an extensive 
series of P. pitiayumi, from Bogota, Trinidad, Brazil, and Paraguay. 

Nore.—Since writing the preceding article, specimens received 
from Mr. Carmiol fully substantiate the distinctness of the Central 
American Bird. One of these shows a little whitish on the edges of 
the greater coverts, but none on the median. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. PL hes oan Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 3 
we ft ne «. | Choctun, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. Cab. O. Salvin. | ~~ ...... 
34,649 a 2 | Angustura, C. R. Mar, 8,’64.| J.Carmiol. =| ...... 
35,221 g | Dota, ©. R. Aug. 27, 64. nn ee 
35,222 Q e ee in ns (ss te 


Parula superciliosa. 
Conirostrum superciliosum, Hartuavs, R. Z. 1844, 215 (Guatemala).— 
Parula superciliosa, ScuatEeR, P. Z. S. 1858, 299.—Is. Catal. 1861, 
26, no. 164.—Sciater & Satvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 10. 
Parula mexicana, Box. Consp. 1850, 310.—Compsothlypis mexicana, 
Casanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 21. 


Hab. Mexico (La Parada, Oaxaca, Orizaba) ; Guatemala. 


Upper parts ashy ; interscapulum and whole back, except upper tail coverts, 
olive-green ; this color tinging the lesser wing coverts. Beneath, from chin 


172 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PaRT I. 


to breast, yellow; posterior to this whitish, the sides tinged with ashy. A 

brown or chestnut crescent across the throat. Line from bill over the eye 

along side of head, with eyelids, white. No white markings on wing and tail. 
Length, 4.50; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .67. 


I have seen no skins marked female, but what I consider to be 
such differ only in a smaller patch of brown on the throat. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 

sunian| tor’s | and Locality. Sena Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ‘ 

10,155 eral |~ fase Mexico. J.Gould. | kane 

32,696 }40,800 | ¢ Ne [region.) Verreaux, =f wees 

32,465 | 1,159] .. Orizaba. (Alpine Prof. Sumichrast.| — ....-- 


Parula gutturalis. 
Compsothlypis gutturalis, Cas. Jour, Orn. 1860, 329 (Costa Rica). 


(30,499.) Above ashy plumbeous; the whole interscapulum crossed by a 
black crescent, the convexity posterior and extending a short distance down 
the back. Beneath, from chin to breast, bright orange-red ; rest of under 
parts, including lining of wings, white; the sides and concealed centres of the 
crissum light plumbeous. lLores and cheeks below line of the eye blackish. 
Quills blackish ; tail feathers not so dark, edged externally with the plumbe- 
ous of the upper parts. The inner webs of lateral tail feathers narrowly 
edged with white. No other white markings whatever on the wings and tail, 
and none appreciable on the side of head. Bill black, yellow at the base 
beneath ; legs plumbeous brown. 

Total length, 4.80; wing, 2.55; tail, 2.20; length along culmen, .50; from 
nostril, .33; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .56; hind toe and claw, .40; 
claw alone, .22. 


This—one of the most beautiful of the American Warblers—is 
so peculiar in coloration as not to require any comparison. It re- 
sembles Dendroica blackburnia in the coloration of the throat, but 
is otherwise very different. The specimen upon which the species 
was based by Dr. Cabanis, was probably a female, or else in autumnal 
dress. 

It is not at all impossible that anatomical examination may show 
this species to be more nearly related to the Cxrebide than to the 
Sylvicolidx. 


Smith- Collec-| Sex . When 

anaes one ie Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
30,494 14 ia Costa Rica. [C. R. aed Dr. Frantzius, i 
35,220 g | Rancho Redondo, |Sept.17,’61| J. Carmiol. ee 


PROTONOTARIA. 173 


PROTONOTARIA, Bare. 
Protonotaria, Barro, Birds N. Am. 1858, 239. (Type Motacilla citrea, Bopp.) 


Protonotaria citrea. 

Motacilla citrea, Bopp. Tabl. 1783 (Pl. enl. 704, fig. 2).—Protonotaria 
citrea, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 239.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 26, 
no. 166.—GunpL. Cub. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; very rare).—Hel- 
minthophaga citrea, Cab. Jour. 1861, 85 (Costa Rica). 

Motacilla protonotarius, Gm.— Sylvia prot. Laru.—Vie111. Ois. Am. Sept. 
I, pl. lxxxiii.—Wuson, Am. Orn. III, pl. xxiv, fig. 2.—Aup. Orn. 
Biog. I, pl. iii— Vermivora prot. Bon.— Helinaia prot. Avp.—Hel- 
mitherus prot. Bon.—Compsothlypis prot. Caz. Jour. 

Motacilla auricollis, Guru. I, 1788, 984.—Sylvia aur. Laru., etc. (based 
on Le Grand Figuier du Canada, Brisson, Ois. III, 1760, 508, pl. 
xxvi, fig. 1). Female.—Sylvicola aur. Nutt. Man. I, 1840, 431. 


Hab. Eastern province of U. 8. (southern region) ; Cuba, Costa Rica, and 
Panama R. R. Not recorded from Mexico or Guatemala. Accidental in New 
Brunswick (G. A. Boardman in letter). 


| 

Smith-|Collec-| Sex : When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 

No. No. | Age. ees 
10,112 Se «+ |S. Illinois. May 9. R.Kennicott. | ...... 

7,516 a8 .» | Independence, Mo. 1857, W.M. Magraw. | Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
18,681 iis .» | Neosho Falls, Kans. sis B. F. Goss. . 5 
12,146 ass .. | Cherokee Nation. | June 25. Dr. Woodhouse. 
34,102 wie od | Punta Arenas, C. R.| Jan. 1864. Capt. J. M. Dow. 

ae -. | Panama. 1863. Cab. Lawrence. 


(34,102.) Iris dark chestnut. 


HELMINTHOPHAGA, Casanis. 
Helminthophaga, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850-1, 20. (Type Sylvia ruficapilla, Wus.) 


The discovery, since the article on Helminthophaga in “ Birds N. 
Am.” was written, of two new species, allied to ruficapilla, in having 
a concealed brown patch in the crown, renders a new diagnosis de- 
sirable of section B. 


B. Tail without any conspicuous white patch, and wings without 
light bands. : 
Concealed patch in crown orange-brown. Color uniformly 
olive-green above and yellowish beneath . . . celata. 


Concealed patch in crown chestnut-brown. 
Olive-green above ; the head and neck ashy. Beneath, 
including lining of wings, bright yellow. Wing and 
tail feathers edged with olive . i 7 7 + ruficapilla. 
Cinereous above; the rump and crissum yellowish. 
Beneath, with lining of wings, dirty white, tinged 


174 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L 


Wing and tail 


with yellow on throat and breast. ; 
. virginie. 


feathers edged with ashy . F is . 
Cinereous above; whitish beneath. Upper tail coverts 

chestnut-brown, as in the vertex. A dull patch of 

white on outer tail feather. 3 : . . lucie. 


No concealed patch in the crown. 
Olive above; the head and neck ashy. Beneath, with 
lining of wing, white. A dull patch of white on 


outer tail feather . . . . . . + peregrina. 


From an examination of the recorded localities of Helminthophaga 
it will be seen that, of the eight known species, one (celata) belongs 
to the western and middle provinces—straggling into the eastern, 
especially along its borders; two (virginiz and lucie) are confined 
to the southern region of the middle province ; while the other five 
belong exclusively to the eastern province, most of them rather 
southern in their range. Of these five, pinus and ruficapilla have 
no West Indian localities given ; the others, chrysoptera, bachmant, 
and peregrina are very rare there, and found only in Cuba. Their 
distribution in Mexico and Central America is varied; but they 
hardly belong at all to western Mexico. The most notable feature 
in the distribution of both Helminthophaga and Helmitherus, is 
their not occurring in the West Indies at all except in Cuba, which 
may be merely a stepping stone in the migration between Florida 
and Central America, by way of Yucatan. 


Helminthophaga pinus. 


Certhia pinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 187.—Sylvia pinus, Lata., VIEILL. 
(not of Winson).—Helminthophaga pinus, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 
254,.—Scrarer & Satvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—ScuarTer, 
Catal. 1861, 28, no. 176. 

Sylvia solitaria, Witson, Am. Orn. II, pl. xv.—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 
xx.—Sylvicola sol. Ricu.—Vermivora sol. Sw.—Helinaia sol. Avp. 
B. A. I, pl. exi.—Helmitherus sol. Bon.—Scuarter, P. Z. 8. 1856, 
291 (Cordova).—Helminthophaga sol. Cas. 


Hab. Eastern province of U.S. (rather southern): Eastern Mexico; Guate- 
mala. Recorded localities: Cordova, Mex.; Coban, Guat. Not noted from 
West Indies. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 


i tor’s | and Locality. i i 
a wee pon ity Collected. | Received from Collected by 
2,229 a& fom Carlisle, Pa. May 6, °45. S. F. Baird. . z 
6,983 61 g St. Louis, Mo, May 12,’57.| Lt. Bryan. we a Wend 
12,195 + Creek Nation. wes Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse. 
30,670 | 3,817 | .- Coban, Vera Paz, 1862, O. Salvin. . 


32,708 32,620 | F Mexico. Verreaux. 


HELMINTHOPHAGA. 175 


Helminthophaga chrysoptera. 


Motacilla chrysoptera, Linn. S. Nat. I, 1766, 333.—Sylvia chr. Lara.— 
Wis. Am. Orn. Il, pl. xv, fig. 5.—Bow.—Sylvicola chr. Box.— 
Helinaia chr. Avv. B. A. IU, pl. evii.—Helmitherus chr. Box.— 
Scuarer P. Z, 8. 1855, 143 (Bogota).—Helminthophaga chrysoptera, 
Cas. Mus. Hein; Journ. f. Orn. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).—Barrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 255.—Scratrer & Savin, Ibis, II, 1860, 397 
(Choctum, Guatemala).—Scu. Catal. 1861, 28, no. 177.—LawrEnce, 
Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 293 (Panama).—Gonpu. Cab. Journ. 
1861, 326 (Cuba, rare). 

Motacilla flavifrons, Gmetin.—Sylvia flavifrons, Lata. 


Hab. Eastern province of U. 8.: Cuba (rare); Guatemala; Costa Rica; 
Panama; Bogota. Recorded in West Indies—Cuba only ; not from Mexico. 


\ 
Smith- Collec-| Sex When 
sonian! tor’s | and Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
No. ; No. | Age. ' 
2,365 oe 3 | Carlisle, Pa. July 8, 1845.) 8. F. Baird. S. F. Baird. 
A .. | Racine, Wis. ie Dr: R.P. Hoy. } —  wensee 
10,156 od | Union County, Ill. | May 11. R. Kennicott. R. Keunicott. 
6,982 do | St. Louis, Mo. May 13, ’57.| Lt. Bryan. W. S. Wood. 
10,251 .. | Liberty County, Ga. oa Prof. Jos. Leconte.|  —_—s........ 
30, 672 @ | Coban, Guat. 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm. 
30,671 c ba 


Choctum, Guat, Jan 1860. |. a tacacciac 


32,702 | 43,030] .. | Bogota. Verreaux, |  ..... 


(A.) Nest eggs. 


Helminthophaga bachmani. 


Sylvia bachmani, Aup. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 483, pl. 183.—Sylvicola b. 
Ricu.—Vermivora b. Bon.—Helinaia b. Aup. Syn. Birds Am. II, 
1841, 93, pl. cviii.c—LemBeyse, Av. Cuba, 1850, 36, pl. vi, fig. 1.— 
Helmitherus b. Bon.—Helminthophaga b. Cas. Jour. III, 1855, 475 
(Cuba, in winter).—Bairp. Birds N. Am. 1858, 255.—Gunpuacu, 
Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba, rare). 


Hab. Coast of 8. Carolina and Georgia; Cuba in winter. 


Smith-j|Collec-) Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. elon’ Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. E 


2,903 eo | of Charleston, 8. C. wee S. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon. 


Helminthophaga ruficapilla. 


Sylvia ruficapilla, Wits. Am. Orn. III, 1811, 120, pl. xxvii, fig. 3.—Avp. 
Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 450, pl. 89.—Helminthophaga ruficupilla, Barrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 256.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1859, 373 (Xalapa).— 
Is. Catal. 1861, 29, no. 178. 

Sylvia rubricapilla, Wits. Am. Orn. VI,1812, 15, General Index.—Novrrt., 
Bon.—Sylvicola rub. Ricu.— Vermivora rub. Bon.—Retnuanrvt, Vid. 


\ 


176 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 
Med. for 1853, 1854, 82 (Greenland).—Breier, Pf. Bost. Soc. N. H. 
VI, 1856, 4 (nest and eggs).—Helinaia rub. Aup. B. A. II, pl. 
113.—Helmitherus rub, Bon.—Scu. P. Z. 8. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 
1859, 363 (Xalapa).—Helminthophaga rub. Cas.—Scuater, P. Z. 8, 
1858, 298 (Uaxaca; Feb. and Aug.).—JDfniotilta rub. REINaARDT, 
Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland). 

Sylvia leucogastra, Suaw, Gen. Zool. X, u, 1817, 622. 

“Sylvia nashvillei,” VizmLor.—Gray.—Sylvia mexicana, HoLpoun. 


Hab. Eastern province of N. America, north to line of British America ; 
Greenland; south to Mexico; not in West Indies. Recorded from Xalapa, 
Cordova, Orizaba, and Oaxaca, Mex. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When z 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. Z 

26,930 58 Nova Scotia. ene W. G. Winton. W.G. Wi nton. 
2,160 ae g Carlisle, Pa, April 26,’45.| S. F. Baird. 8. F, Baird. 
2,237 oe ae May 6, 1845. ae ne 

20,261 22 Lake of the Woods.| May 30, ’60.| R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott. 

20,293 37 Ft. Stockton, Tex. | May 6, 1860.; P. Duffy. P. Duffy. 

32,707 {29,935 | 9° Mexico. oct Verreaux, = | = eossee 

32,703 |29,934 | ¢ “ ROE, hte] reeves 

29,205 oss Orizaba, Mex. Prof. Sumichrast.| ....+- 


Helminthophaga celata. 


Sylvia celata, Say, Long’s Exp. R. Mts. I, 1823, 169.—Boy. Am. Orn. I, 
pl. v, fig. 2.—Avup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 178.—Sylvicola cel. Ricu.— 
Vermivora cel. Janp.—Helinaia cel. Avp. B. A. II, pl. 112.—Helmi- 
therus cel. Bon.—Scuater, P. Z. S. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).—Helmin- 
thophaga cel. Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 257.—Scuarer, P. Z. S. 
1858, 298 (Oaxaca ; December) ; 1859, 373; 1862, 19 (La Parada). 
—Coorer & SuckLey, P. R. R. XII, 1, 1859, 178.—Lorp, Pr. R. Art. 
Inst. Woolwich, IV, 1864, 115 (N. W. Boundary). 


Hab. Middle and western provinces of N. America: Youkon and McKenzie 
River dist. Very rare in the eastern Province of U. 8.; Cape St. Lucas; 
western Mexico in winter. 


On comparing extensive series of specimens from the Pacific coast 
(including Cape St. Lucas), and those from the interior of North 
America, including Arizona, Utah, Rocky Mountains, Tamaulipas, 
and the Hudson Bay territories, I find that the former are of a much 
brighter and clearer yellowish beneath and olivaceous above than 
the latter. In all these there is much gray mixed with the yellow- 
ish tints, clouding and obscuring them—sometimes very considerably. 
The concealed orange-brown patch of the crown is also more re- 
stricted in extent. These differences correspond with those of ma- 
turity of plumage, but even winter and young specimens from the 
Pacific coast are more brightly colored than the others in spring. 


HELMINTHOPHAGA. 177 


Specimens from the Youkon seem to show traces of hybridity with 
peregrina, one skin especially (27,326) in which the cheeks and 
forehead are as pure gray as in peregrina, while all the other char- 
acters are those of celata. This same apparent tendency to hybrid- 
ism in Youkon specimens is seen in other species, as between Junco 
hyemalis and oregonus, ete., and may be explained by the fact of this 
region being in the boundary line of the breeding grounds of these 
closely allied representative species. 

A specimen of celata, from Georgia, shows no trace of orange in 
the crown, and is much darker in color, and with larger bill than in 
western ones. 

Mr. Audubon speaks of the H. celata as being common and gener- 
ally distributed through the Eastern States, and breeding abundantly 
‘in Maine, New Brunswick, etc. I have myself never seen or heard 
of any specimens from east of the Mississippi Valley, excepting a 
few taken in Georgia and Florida, and near Philadelphia, and these 
may belong to a different species. The Institution possesses one 
specimen from Dane Co., Wisconsin. 

Specimens are in the collection from many localities in the Pacific 
region of the United States up to the northern boundary, and east 
to the Rocky Mts. 


smith-|Collec- Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 

27,221 | 1,214] .. Ft. Youkon. Junei0, ’61.| R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott. 

27,325 | 1,300 ss June 15, 61, yee) | re 

19,241 507 Ft. Resolution. May 22, ’60. Me OW es oamigats 

27,228 | 1,301 Fort Simpson. is B. BR. Ross. B. R. Ross. 
7,925 aa Dane County, Wis. ees Th. Kumliens | —...... 

12,852 an oe Georgia. _[Lucas. wins J. Ackhurst. {| ~ ...... 

20,442 | 3,408 | .. Sau Jose, Cape St. | Nov. 25,’59.| J. Xantus. J. Xantus. 

32,706 nee g Mexico. eae Verreaux, [| sees 


(27,325.) With eggs, (12,852.) This and the last the only specimens in the collection from 
east of the Missouri River. 


Helminthophaga virginiz. 


Helminthophaga virginiz, Barrp, Birds N. Am. under explanation of 
plates, 1860, xi, pl. 79, fig. 1 (Fort Burgwyn, N. M.). 


Hab. Southern Rocky Mts. (middle province U.5.). 


Similar to H. ruficapilla. Top and sides of head, back, and wings light 
ashy plumbeous, with an almost imperceptible wash of olivaceous green; 
quills and tail feathers brown, edged with pure ashy plumbeous, the latter 
indistinctly and narrowly margined with whitish internally and at the end. 
Rump, with upper and lower tail covert bright yellow, in vivid contrast with 
the rest of the body. Crown with a concealed patch of orange-brown. Rest 
of under parts brownish-white, with indications of yellow from chin to breast, 

12 April, 1865, 


178 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


perhaps entirely yellow there when mature. Inside of wings and axillars 
whitish. A white ring round the eye. Bill and legs dusky. 

Length, 5.00; extent, 7.25; wing, 2.50 when fresh. Dried skin: length, 
4.90; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .67. 


Of this interesting species, discovered by Dr. Anderson, and 
named after Mrs. Anderson, but a single specimen was known to 
collectors, until Dr. Coues obtained it at Fort Whipple, near Pres- 
cott, in Arizona (Aug. 15, 1864). 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 

sonian} tor’s | and Locality. Pre bos Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 7 

10,719 oe .. | Ft. Burgwyn, N. M. seis Dr. W. W. Ander- | Dr. W. W. Ander- 

36,977 | 592 Ft. Whipple, Ariz. | Aug. 15, ’64./Dr. E. Cones, ion Dr. Coues. [son. 


~(10,719.) The type of species. 
Helminthophaga luciz. 


Helminthophaga lucia, Coorzr, Pr. Cal. Acad. July, 1861, 120 (Fort 
Mohave). 


Hab. Fort Mohave, Colorado River (middle province U. S.). 


General form and size that of H. ruficapilla. Above light cinereous; be- 
neath white, having a soiled, very pale buff, almost white tinge on the throat, 
breast, and flanks. A patch on the vertex, as in H. ruficapilla, and the upper 
tail coverts dark chestnut-brown. Lores to nostrils, and region round the eye, 
like the throat, in rather decided contrast to the ash of the crown. Quills 
and tail feathers brown, narrowly edgéd externally with gray. An obsolete 
terminal white patch on the inner web of the outer feather ; this web in most 
of the other tail feathers likewise narrowly edged with white. Avxillars and 
inner face of wings white. Iris brown. Tarsi blue. 

Length, in life, 4.40; extent, 6.90; wing, 2.40. Of skin, 3.90; wing, 2.33; 
tail, 1.86; tarsus, .64; middle toe and claw, .50; bill above, .35; gape, .50. 


Of this species several specimens were collected at Fort Mohave, 
on the Colorado River, by Dr. Cooper. The species is dedicated to 
Miss Lucy H. Baird. 


Smith-|Collec-} Sex When 


ponian, pails He Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 


31,892 a Ha Ft. Mohave, Cal. | sins Dr. J. G. Cooper. 


(31,892.) A type of the species. 


Helminthophaga peregrina. 


Sylvia peregrina, Wits. Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 83, pl. xxv, fig. 2.—Avp. 
Orn. Biog. II, pl. 154.—Sylvicola per. Ricu.—Vermivora per. Box. — 
Helinaia per. Avv. B. A. II, pl. 110.—Helmitherus per. Box.— 


HELMITHERUS. 179 


Helminthophaga per. Cas. Mus. Hein.—Is. Jour. Orn. 1861, 85 ° 
(Costa Rica).—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 258.—Sciater & Satvin, 
Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1859, 373 (Oaxaca) ; 
Catal. 1861, 29, no. 180.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 
(Panama).—Gunpiacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba, very rare). 
Sylvia tennessei, Vieiior, Encycl. Méth. II, 1823, 452. 
? Sylvia missuriensis, Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 117. 


Hab. Eastern province of N. America: North to Fort Simpson, H. B. T.; 
Mexico ; Oaxaca ? Guatemala ; Costa Rica; Panama R.R. Very rare in Cuba. 


Autumnal specimens and young birds are sometimes so strongly 
tinged with greenish-yellow as to be scarcely distinguishable from 
Hf. celata. The wing is, however, always longer, and the obscure 
whitish patch on the inner edge of the exterior tail feather, near its 
tip, is almost always appreciable. In celata this edge is very nar- 
rowly and uniformly margined with whitish. 

A young bird of the year, from Fort Simpson (27,228), has two 
distinct greenish-white bands on the wings, and the forehead and 
cheeks greenish-yellow. A corresponding age of H. celata has the 
wing bands more reddish-brown, the wings shorter, and no white 
patch on the outer tail feather. 

It is possible that Mr. Sclater is mistaken in quoting this species 
from Oaxaca, the only Mexican locality mentioned by authors. 


Smith |Collec-| Sex When 

soniat| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 3 

20,623 nie o |Moose Factory, H. B.| June 2, 60. Cc. Drexler. C. Drexler. 

20,624 a .. |Ft. George, H. B. July 11, ’60. ee ee 

30,639 ae -» |Maine. 1863. W. F. Hall. W. F. Hall. 

22,627 | 1,010 | .. |Ft. Simpson. May 9, 1861. B.R. Ross. | ...... 

19,495 728 | gf |Ft. Resolution. June 17, ’60. R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott. 

31,421 | 249 | 9 |Ft. Rae. oie L. Clarke. | ow... 

1,879 o& |Upper Missouri, Dac. 1843. S. F. Baird. J. G. Bell, 
790 g |Carlisle, Pa. Oct. 10, 742. . 8. F. Baird. 
412 . 2 Ae May 21, ’41. cr “ 

10,157 go |Cairo, Ill. April. R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott, 

30,673 219 | .. |Coban, Guat. [Rica.| Nov. 1859. QO; Salyig: | seine 

33,269 ¢ |Dota Mts., Costa Jan, 24, ’64. J.Carniol, ff wu... 

33,270 an -. {San Jose, Winter, Aaa tN wae 


HELMITHERUS, Rar. 


Helmitherus, Rar. Jour. de Phys. vol. 88, 1819, 417. (Type Motacilla 
vermivora, LATH.) 

Vermivora, Swanson, Zool. Jour. IV, 1827, 170. 

Helinaia, Avp. Syn. 1839, 66. (Type Sylvia swainsoni, Aun.) 


Helmitherus vermivorus. 
Motacilla vermivora, Gur. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 951.—2 Sylvia vermivora, 
Lara. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 499.—Wns. III, pl. xxiv, fig. 4.—Avp. 


180 


REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


[PART I. 


Orn. Biog. I, pl. xxxiv.—Sylvicola vermivora, Rich.—Helinaia ver- 
mivora, Aup. B. A. II, pl. cv-—Lemszyz, Av. Cuba, 1850, 35, pl. vi, 
fig. 4. —Helmitherus vermivorus, Bon. ; Cas.; Bairp, Birds N. Am- 
1858, 252.—Sciarzr, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Kalapa).—Is. Catal. 1861, 
28, no. 175.—Scraver & Savin, Ibis, I, 1859, 11 (Guatemala) ; Cab. 
Jour. 1860, 329 (Costa Rica); Ib. 1856 (Cuba).—Gunpxacu, Cab. 
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; somewhat rare). 
Vermivora pennsylvanica, Bon., Gosse, B. Jamaica, 1847, 150. 
Helmitherus migratorius, Rar. J. de Phys. 88, 1619, 417.—Hanrtiaos. 
Vermivora fulvicapilla, Swatnson, Birds, II, 1837, 245. 


Hab. Eastern province of U. States (rather southern) ; southeastern Mexico ; 
Guatemala; Cuba. 


Specimens are in the collection from various points in the eastern 
United States, as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and as far west as Inde- 
pendence, Mo. ; also from— 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 

29,623 fon Fermina, Cuba. Feb, 17. C. Wright. C. Wright. 
99,622) .. | .. “ : % te ih)” Evens 
30,668 | 3,071 Coban, Vera Paz. | Nov. 1859. O. Salvin. | = ..seee 
33,286 os San Jose, C. R. ails J.Carmiol | ...... 
33,285 ae ns (es 


Helmitherus swainsoni. 


Sylvia swainsoni, Avp. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 568, pl. exeviii.—Sylvicola 
sw. Ricu.—Vermivora sw. Bon.—Helinaia sw. Avp. B. A. II, 1841, 
pl. civ (type of genus).—Helmitherus sw. Bon. ; Cas. ; Batgp, Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 252. 


Coast of South Carolina and Georgia ; Cuba (very rare). 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
: r When . 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. Collected. y 
2,901 .. | Charleston, S.C. 8. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon. 
82,241 g | Liberty County, Ga. Prof. Leconte. {|  ...... 
ee «» | Cuba. Cab. Gundlach. |  ~—...... 


PERISSOGLOSSA, Bairp. 


Perissoglossa, Barrp. 


(Type Motacilla tigrina, Gu.) 


Form of Dendroica, but bill slender, acute, with very obsolete notch; the 
commissure gently arched or curved from the base; the gonys also straight 
or even slightly concave. Tongue lengthened, narrow, deeply bifid (for one- 


PERISSOGLOSSA. 181 


third), and deeply lacerated or fringed externally at the end; the edge along 
the median portion folded over on the upper surface, but not adherent. 


On page 161 I have given the reasons for considering “Dendroica 
tigrina” as the type of a special genus of Sylvicolide, and for tre- 
taining it,in this family rather than placing it in Cerebide, to which 
there is so much apparent resemblance in the tongue. In the struc- 
ture and character of this organ the species differs very widely from 
other members of the family, as is shown in the cuts on page 163 
accompanying those remarks. 

The curvature of the bill in Perissoglossa tigrina is quite peculiar 
among the Sylvicolide with notched bills. Some Helminthophagas 
(without notch) approximate this character; though in none, except- 
ing H. bachmani, is it in equal amount—all the others having the 
gonys very slightly convex, instead of straight or even slightly con- 
cave. It will be of much interest to examine the tongue of Z. 
bachmant, should the opportunity ever offer, as it is quite likely to 
exhibit some noteworthy feature. 

The peculiarities of the tongue of P. tigrina, and its supposed 
relationships to Certhiola, were first brought to notice by Mr. Gosse. 


Perissoglossa tigrima. 

Motucilla tigrina, Gmexiy, S. N. I, 1788, 985.—Sylvia tig. Lata.—Den- 
droica tig. Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 286.—ScuarTer, Catal. 1861, 
33, no. 198; P. Z. 8. 1861, 71 (Jamaica; April). —Manrcu, Pr. A. N. 
Sc. 1863, 293 (Jamaica; breeds).—A. & E. Newroy, Ibis, 1859, 144 
(St. Croix. Notes on anatomy of tongue).—Gunptaca, Cab. Jour. 
1861, 326 (Cuba; not rare). 

Sylvia maritima, Witson, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 99, pl. liv, fig. 3.—Bow. ; 
Nort. ; Avp. Orn. Biog. V, pl. 414.—D’Ors. La Sagra’s Cub. 1840, 
70, pl. x.—Sylvicola mar. Jarv., Bon., Aup., B. A. II, pl. 85.—Cer- 
thiola mar. Gossz, Birds Jam. 1847, 81.—Is. Illust.—Rhimanphus 
mar. Cas. Jour. II, 1855, 474 (Cuba). 


Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to Lake Winnipeg and Moose 


Factory ; all the West Indies to St. Croix. Breeds in Jamaica. Not recorded 
from Mexico or Central America. 


It is an interesting fact in the history of this bird, that it breeds 
in Jamaica—specimens of the eggs, as well as of the bird itself, 
killed in June, July, and August, having been transmitted by Mr. 
March. These appear to have longer wings, a larger white spot on 
the tail feathers, and more orange-brown on the throat than I re- 
member to have seen in North American birds ; but better specimens 
will be required to substantiate any real difference. 


182 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex a 
sonian| tor’s | and Loeality. Gndnk Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
20,633 33 Moose Factory. May 28, 60.) C. Drexler. C. Drexler. 
ile: oe g Racine, Wis. oa R. Kennicott. iene 
942 o | Carlisle, Pa. May 12, '43.| S. P. Baird. 8. F. Bair . 
678 sia g i May 17, '42. sale ; 
34,510 23 .. | Nassau, N. P. May 14, ’64.| C. L. Fitzgerald. | ' ...... 
29,624 a 8 Cuba. hate C. Wright. | — ...... 
20,289 | 259 o | Spanishtown, Jam.| July 11, ’63.| W. T. March. Ww. T. March, 
30,288 | 259 | @ “e ‘ : s 
26,812 22 fof “f June 16, 62. i. 
24,348 36 oe “ Nov. 1860. ae is 
26 811 | 237 28 ee Aug. 12, ’62. es OS 
30,287 | 259 .. | Healthshire, Jam. | June, 1863 ee [ton. : 
ea on +» | St. Croix. Mar. 16,'57.| Cab. A.& E.New-| —...... 
36,628 ee -. | St. Thomas. Winter. Robt. Swift, |  ...... 


DENDROICA, Gray. 


Sylvicola, Gray, Genera, 2d ed. 1841, 32 (not of Homparey or Swarnson). 

Dendroica, GRay, Genera, Appendix, 1842, 8. (Type Sylvia coronata, 
Latu.). 

“Ficedula, Cuv. 1799-1800” (not of Marine, 1752). 

Rhimamphus, Harriavs, Rev. Zool. 1845, 342 (not of RaFINESQUE). 


The genus Dendroica is represented by a very large number of 
species, which vary somewhat in external form, but passing so in- 
sensibly from one into the other as to render it exceedingly difficult 
to subdivide them. They may, perhaps, be most conveniently 
grouped by their colors, as has been done in “ Birds of North Ame- 
rica,” to which I would refer, as also for general remarks. Nearly 
all the species belong to the United States, going southward in 
winter ; several are peculiar to Cuba, J amaica, or Porto Rico, one to 
the West Indies generally, and three to Central and South America. 


Dendroica virens. 


Motacilia virens, Guern, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 985.—Sylvia virens, Lata. 
— Visitor, Ois. Am. Sept. Il, pl. xciii.— Wits. Am. Orn. q, 
pl. xxvii, fig. 3.—Norr.; Bon.; Aub. Orn. Biog. IV, pl. -399.— 
Gkrxz, Naumannia, 1858, 423 (Heligoland, Europe, an original 
description).—Sylvicola virens, Sw.; Aup. B. A. II, pl. 84.—Remw- 
carpt, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 72, 81 (Greenland).— Rhimanphus 
virens, Cas. Mus. Hein. Jour. Ill, 1855, 474 (Cuba; winter).— 
Scuater, P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova).—Dendroica virens, Barrp, 
Birds N, Am. 1858, 267.—Scuater & Sazvin, Ibis, 1859, 1 (Guate- 
mala).—Scrater, P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Oaxaca 2); 373 (Xalapa).— 
In. Catal. 1861, 29, no. 181.—Lawnence, Ann. N.Y. Lye. VII, 1861, 
293 (Panama).—Gunpu. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).—Mniotilta 
virens, Reiwuarpr, Ibis, III, 1861, 5 (Julianehaab, Greenlan 

c 


DENDROICA. 183 


Hab. Eastern province of U. 8; Greenland; Heligoland, Europe; south to 
Panama R. R.; Cuba. In Mexico, Xalapa, and Oaxaca? Cuba alone in West 
Indies. 


Specimens received by the Smithsonian Institution from various 
localities throughout the whole eastern United States, and westward 
to the Missouri; also— 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. : 
23,275 14] og | Mirador, Mex. oeg Dr. Sartorius. Dr. Sartorius. 
30 82 | 3,142 | .. | Tactic, Vera Paz, Jan. 1860. O.Salvin, |  — ceeeee 
“ 


30,653 | 3,130 | .. | Coban, ““[TGuat.| Nov.1859. | wee 
og | Guatemala. ate Cab. Lawrence. | —s cs aoe 


Dendroica occidentalis. 


Sylvia occidentalis, Townsenp, J. A. N. Sc. VII, 1, 1837, 190 (Columbia 
River).—Is. Narrative, 1839, 340.—Avp. Orn. Biog. V, pl. lv.— 
Sylvicola occ. Bon, ; Aup. B. A, II, pl. xciii.—Dendroica occ. Barrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 268.—Coorer & Sucxuey, R. R. Rep. XII, u, 
1859, 178 (N. W. coast). 

Dendroica chrysopareia, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1862, 19.—Is. Catal. 1862, 
358 (La Parada, Mex.) (not of P. Z. 8. 1860, 19). 

Dendroica niveiventris, Satvin, P. Z. 8. May 26, 1863, 187, pl. xxiv, fig. 
2 (Guatemala). 

Hab. Western province U.S., and Mexico to Guatemala. Not seen at Cape 
St. Lucas. 


A specimen collected in September last, at Fort Whipple, by Dr. 
Coues, of what I consider to be this species in autumnal plumage, 
lacks entirely the black of the throat, which is replaced by fulvous | 
white. The yellow of the cheeks extends over the whole chin. The 
upper parts are glossed with olivaceous, and the black streaks of the 
back are nearly obsolete. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ‘When Received from Collected b 
y Collected v 
No. No. | Age. : 


36,978 | 690 .. | Fort Whipple, Ariz.| Sept. 3, 64, Dr. Coues. Dr. Coues, 
5,518 703 od | Petaluma, Cal. April, 1856. | E. Samuels. E. Samuels. 
101 .» | Mexico. (Guat Cab. Lawrence. | _........ 


30,681 | 232 | 2. | Volcan de Fuego, | Dec. 1861. | 0. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 


(36,978.) 4.90; 7.70. (30,611.) Type of D. niveiventris. 


Dendroica chrysopareia. 
Dendroica chrysopareia, Scuater & Sauvin, P. Z. 8. 1860, 298.—Is. Ibis, 
1860, 273 (Vera Paz, Guatemala). 


Hab. Vera Paz, Guatemala. 


184 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


(229, Salvin collection.) Head and body above black, the feathers with 
clive-green edges, especially on the back, obscuring the ground color; rump 
clear black. Entire side of head (extending to nostrils and on lower jaw), 
and the partially concealed bases of the feathers on the median line of the 
forehead, yellow, with a narrow black line from lores, through the eye, widen- 
ing behind, but not crossing through the yellow. Beneath, including inside 
of wings, white; a large patch of black covering the chin and throat, and 
ocuupying the entire space between the yellow patches of the two sides of the 
head and neck, and extended along the sides in a series of streaks. Feathers 
of crissum with black centres. Wings above ashy, with two white bands 
across the coverts, the scapulars streaked with blackish; first quill edged 
externally with white, the rest with gray. Tail feathers blackish, edged ex- 
ternally with ashy, the lateral with white at the base. Outer tail feather 
white on the inner web, except a stripe along the shaft near the end; second 
similar, but the white not reaching so far towards the base; third with a 
short patch of white in the end. Bill and legs brownish-black. 

Length, 4.50; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.40; tarsus, 2.75. 

This species agrees with virens and occidentalis, to which it is 
closely related in having the ‘under parts white, with a black patch 
on the chin and throat. The prevailing black of the upper part, 
especially of the head and rump, will easily distinguish it from both 
these species. The black stripe through the eye (wanting in occ?- 
dentalis) is better defined than in virens, but there is no trace of an 
obscure dusky crescent below the eye. D. townsendii differs in a 
much broader patch of black through the eye, with a yellow crescent 
in it beneath the eye; a much more olivaceous-green back, with 
ashy rump; the black of the head obscured by green, and the jugu- 
lum deep yellow. 

The bill in chrysopareia is much thicker than in any of the allied 
species. 

The following diagnosis may serve to distinguish the allied species 
of Warblers with black chins and throat (excluding D. nigrescens, 
which is black, white, and gray, with only a small yellow loral spot) :— 

Common CuaracTers.—Upper parts more or less olivaceous- 

green, with the feathers streaked centrally with black 
(sometimes concealed). Sides of head yellow. Chin and 
throat black; rest of the under parts, including inside 
of wings, white, with or without yellow on breast. Wings 
with two white bands. Inner web of lateral tail feather 
almost entirely white from the base. 

Above bright olive-green, with concealed black streaks ; tail 
coverts ashy. Sides conspicuously streaked with black; 
crissum unspotted. Jugulum sometimes faintly tinged 
with yellowish. An obscure dusky olive stripe through 
the eye, and a crescentic patch of the same some distance 
beneath it . . . . : . : . + virens. 


DENDROICA. 185 


Above olivaceous ashy (rump pure ash), with more distinct 

black spots. Yop and sides of head clear yellow, the 

feathers of the crown tipped with black, or clouded with 

dusky plumbeous. No dark markings or stripes on side 

of head. No distinct black streaks beneath; black of 

throat restricted to front of neck . . . . - occidentalis, 
Prevailing color of upper part black, with olivaceous edgings 

on the back; rump and upper tail covert pure black. 

Sides and crissum streaked with black. A simple black 

stripe thrqugh the eye; no patch beneath it . x ‘i chrysopareia. 
Above olive-green. Upper tail coverts ashy, with central black 

streaks. leathers of head above black, with olive-green 

edges. A broad vlivaceous black stripe through eye from 

lores, involving the ears, in which is a yellowish crescentic 

patch below the eye. Black feathers of throat and chin 

edged with yellow. Jugulum and sides of breast also 

yellow. Sides streaked with black. No distinct black 

streaks on crissum . 7 i . . . . . townsendit. 


For the opportunity of describing D. chrysopareia I am indebted 
to Mr. Salvin, who kindly forwarded to me his type specimen for the 
purpose. The species has not been noted except from Guatemala 
(and Mexico ?), but may not improbably be yet found in the Rocky 
Mountains of the United States. Mr. Salvin’s specimen (No. 222,) 
was killed at Tactic, Vera Paz, Nov. 4, 1859. 


Dendroica townsendii. 


Sylvia townsendii, “ Norra,” Townsenp, J. A. N. Se. VII, 1, 1837, 191. 
—Avp. Orn. Biog. V,1839, pl. 393.—Sylvicola t. Bon. ; Aup. B. A. II, 
1841, pl. 92.—Dendroica t. Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 269.—Scu. 
P. Z. 8. 1858, 298 (Oaxaca high lands in winter) ; 1859, 374 (To- 
tontepec; winter).—Sciarer & Satviy, Ibis, 1859,11 (Guatemala). 
—Coorer & Sucutey, P. R. R. XI, 1, 1859, 179 (Cal.). 


Hab. Western province of U. 8., and Mexico, into Guatemala. Migratory. 


I have never seen a specimen of this species in pure spring plu- 
mage, and I am not sure that the throat ever becomes pure black as 
in virens and its allies. Some specimens have the whole chin and 
throat yellow—the feathers of the latter very indistinctly dusky in 
the centre. 


' A specimen of this bird, or one very closely allied, is said to have been 
recently collected near San Antonio, Texas, by Dr. A. T. Heermann. 


186 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 
Smith- Collec-! Sex t erat 
sonian| tor’s | aud Locality. Received from Collected by 
Collected. 

No. No. | Age. 

2,918 Columbia Riv., Or. | Oct. 28, '35.-| S. F. Baird. J. K. Townsend, 
21,923 Camp Moogie, W.T.| May 21, '60.| A. Campbell. Dr. Kenunerly. 
4,480 Santa Clara, Cal. 1855. Dr. J. G. Cooper. | Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
10,720 Ft. Burgwyan, N. M. ies Dr, W. W. Ander- avesis 

492 N. E. Mexico. 8. F. Baird. [son.| J. G. Bell 
8,017 Guatemala, J.Gould. =| wanes 
. 


(2,918.) Type of species from Mr. Audubon’s collection. 


Dendroica nigrescens. 


Sylvia nigrescens, Townsenn, J. A. N. Sc. VU, 1, 1837, 191 (Columbia 
River).—Avup. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 57, pl. 395.—Vermivora niy. 
Bon.; Nurr.—Sylvicola nig. Aup. B. A. II, pl. 94.—Rhimanphus 
nig. CaB. 1850.—Dendroica nig. Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 270.— 
ScratER, P. Z. 8. 1858, 298; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca; high mountains, 
in March).—Is. Catal. 1861, 30, no. 183.—Heermann, P. R. R. Rep. 
X, 1v, 40.—Coorer & Suckiey, P. R. R. Rep. XII, u, 1859, 180. 

2 Sylvia halseii, Giraup, Birds Texas, 1838, pl. iii, fig. 1, 9 (suggested 
by Sclater). 


Hab. Western and Middle provinces of U. States. 
into Western Mexico (Oaxaca). 


Migratory southward 


An autumnal male from Fort Whipple differs only from No. 1,908 
in greater amount of white edging to the wing feathers, wider streaks 
on the sides, and absence of black on the back. 


| ‘ 
Smith- Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b: 

No. No. | Age. Collected. y 

7,686 | 378 .. | Ft. Steilacoom, W.T.| May 6, 56. Dr. G. Suckley. Dr. G. Suckley. 

1,908 se od | Columbia Riv., Or. | Junel6,’35.| S. F. Baird. J. K. Townseud. 

2,915 og “ May 14, °35. « “ 

7,690 ae do | Calaveras Co., Cal. ciee Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann. 
11,518 80 co | Fort Defiance. aie Lt. J C. Ives. Mollhausen. 
31,891 | 802«|-g | San Diego, Cal. April 2, 62. | Geol. Surv. Cal. Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
36,979 | 566 o | Fort Whipple, Ariz.) Aug. 13,’64.| Dr. E.Coues. |  ...... 


(1,908.) Type of species from Mr, Audubon's collection. 


Dendroica czrulescens. 


Motacilla canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 336 (not p. 334, which 
is D. coronata).—Sylvia canadensis, Lat. ; Witsoy, H, pl. xv, fig. 
7.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 148, 155.—Saué, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St. 
Domingo).— Sylvicola canadensis, Swains., Janv.; Bon.; Avp. B. A. 
Il, pl. 95.—Rhimanphus can, Cas.—Dendroica canadensis, Bairp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 271.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 30, no. 184.—In. 
P. Z. 8, 1861, 70 (Jamaica).—Gunvx. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba ; 
very common). 


DENDROIOA. 187 


Motacilla cerulescens, Gu. S. Nat. I, 1788, 960.—Sylvia cer. Lara. ; 
View. II, pl. 80.—Sylvia cer. D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 63, 
pl. ix, fig. 1, 2. 

Sylvia pusilla, Wits. V, pl. 43. fig. 3 (Juv.).— Sylvia leucoptera, Wits. 

Sylvia palustris, Srepu.— Sylvia macropus, VierLLor.—Sylvia sphagnosa, 
Bon.; Nurratu; Avup. 

Sylvicola pannosa, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 162 (female).—Is. Illust. 
no. 37. 


Hab. Eastern province of United States; Jamaica, Cuba, and St. Domingo 
in winter; very abundant. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America. 


I have been obliged to adopt the name of cerulescens, that of 
canadensis being a synonym of D. coronata, of earlier date than as 
used for the present species. 


Specimens in the collection from eastern United States, west to 
Missouri River; also— 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
Collected. 

No. No. | Age. 
22,301 .. | Halifax, N.S. ad W. G. Winton. W. G. Winton. 
17,715 .. | Monte Verde, Cuba.| April 9. Chas. Wright. Chas. Wright. 
23,516 2 a Jan. 17. ae ee 
23,517 o | Nouv. Sophie,Cuba.| Dec. 21, ’60. es ee 
21,653 ite od | Tuabuque, Cuba. Nov. 13. ae “ 
23,311 69 o | Trelawuey, Jaw. Dee, 20, 59.) P. L. Selater. W. Osburn, 
24,345 41 ¢ | Spanishtown, Jam. | Dec. 23,’60.)| W.T. March. | ~~ ...... 


Dendroica coronata. 


Motacilla coronata, Linn. 8. N. I, 1766, 333.—Sylvia coronata, Latu.; 
Vierttot, II, pl. 78, 79.—Wiss. II, pl. 17, fig. 4; pl. 45, fig. 3.— 
Nort.; Aup. Orn. Biog. IL, pl. 153.—D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 
1840, 60.—Sylvicola coronata, Swatys.; Bon.; Aun. B. A. II, pl. 76. 
—Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 114.—Jonzs, Nat. Bermuda, 59 (abun- 
dant in April).—Dendroica coronata, Gray, Genera, 1842, 2.— 
Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 272.—Scuarsr, P. Z. 8. 1859, 363.—In, 
Catal. 1861, 30, no. 185.—Mancu, P. A. N. Se. 1863, 292 (Jamaica, 
in summer; breeding).—Gunpi. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; com- 
mon).—Coorer & Suckney, P. R. R. XII, mr, 1859, 180 (Paget 
Sound).—Rhimanphus cor. Cas. Jour. 1855, 473 (Cuba). 

Motacilla canadensis, Linn. 12th ed. 1766, 334 (Ficedula canadensis 
cinerea, Br. II, 524, pl. 27, fig. 1). 

Parus virginianus, Linn. 12th ed. 8. Nat. I, 1766, 342. 

Motacilla umbria, cincta, pinguis, GM. 

Sylvia xanthopygia, Vien. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 47.—Sylvia xan- 
thoroa, VIEILL. 

Locauities Quotep: S. Greenland, Reinnanrnrt, Ibis, 1861, 5.— Cordova, 
Scp. P. Z. S. 1856, 291.— Xalapa, Is. 1859, 363.— Guatemala, Scr. 
& Sany. 1859, 11.—Panama, Lawr. Aun. N. Y. Lye. VIII, 63.— 


‘ 


188 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Cuba, winter, Can. Jour. III, 473.— Bahamas, winter, Bryant, Bost. 
Pr. VII, 1859.—Jamaica, Gossz, Birds Jam. 155.—St. Domingo, 

Sauté, P. Z. 8. 1857, 231. 
Hab. Eastern province of North America, and extending sparsely north- 
ward along U, S. boundary to Pacific Ocean ; Ft. Yukon; Greenland ; eastern 
Mexico to Panama R. R.; western West Indies and Bermuda. Breeds in 


Jamaica. 

The discovery, by Mr. March, that this species breeds in Jamaica 
is an interesting fact in the history of the species: skins and eggs 
collected the middle of June have been transmitted by him to the 
Institution. 


Specimens in the collection from all parts of the United States 
east of the Missouri plains; also— 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex When : 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 

No. No. | Age. i 
30,379 te .. | Rigolet, Lab. H. Conolly. H. Connolly. 
23,625 ia a Moose Factory, H.B. axe J. McKenzie. J. McKenzie. 
20,627 ae ve “e (Can. | July 1, °60.) C. Drexler. C. Drexler. 
20, 626 7 .. | Temiscamingue, May 8, ’60. se “ 
27,329 | 1,191 | .. | Fort Yukon. eran R. Keunicott. |  ...... 

a8 DID" | vas Auderson River. ee R.R. McFarlane. | ...... 

27,247 | 1,389 | .. | Fort Good Hope. May 25. B. R. Ross. J. S. Onion 
27,248 | 1,418 | gi | La Pierre’s House. of a Jas. Flett. 
23,133 931 .. | Fort Simpson. nets eee, Wnt Ae ents 
31,430 3] .. | Fort Rae. June 3, 62, L. Clarke, Jr. L. Clarke, Jr, 

7.671 351 | gf | Ft. Steilacoom,W.T., May 1, '56. | Dr. Suckley. sie ed ‘ 
30,875 90 | .. | Mirador, Mex. Nov. 1862. Dr. Sartorius. Dr. Sartorius. 
32,463 332 | .. | Orizaba, Mex. aoa Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof. Sumichrast, 
30,693 | 3,150 | .. | Coban, Guat. Nov. 1859. OuSalvin, =f haw enn 
30,694 237 Duenas, Guat. Feb. 4, ’59. Meee. liga gga cakes 
30,292 258 Spanishtown, Jam. | June11,’63.| W. T. March, W. T. March 
33,478 .. | «. | Porto Rico. Winter. Robert Swift | 1... 4 

se 115 Panama. 1862. Cab, Lawrence. J. M’Leannan, 


(7,671.) The only specimen seen from U. S. west of Missouri valley. 


Dendroica audubonii. 


Sylvia audubonii, Towrsenp, J. A. N. Se. VII, 11, 1837.—Is. Narrative, 
1839, 342.—Aup. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 52, pl. 395.—Sylvicola audu- 
bonii, Bon. List, 1838.—Avp. B. A. II, 1841, 26, pl. 77.—Dendroica 
audubonii, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 273.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1858, 
298 (Oaxaca; October) ; 1860, 250 (Orizaba).—Is. Catal. 1861, 30, 
no. 186,—Sciater & Satvin, Ibis, 1860, 273 (San Geronimo, Guat.). 
—Heermany, P. R. R. Rep. X, 1v, 1860, 39.—Coorer & SucKLEy, 
P.R.R. Rep. XI, 1, 1859, 181.—Scnarer, P. Z. S. 1864, 172 (City 
of Mexico). 


Hab, Western and middle provinces of the U. 8.; Cape St. Lucas ; western 
Mexico and Orizaba? 


Specimens in the collection from all parts of the western United 
States, as far east as the limits of the high central plains; also— 


DENDROICA. 189 

Smith-|Collec-| Sex Wh 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll eal Received from Collected by 

No. | No. | Age. ad 
27,287 | 2,454 | Q | Cape St. Lucas. ad John Xantus. Jobn Xantus. 
32,175 | 3,405 | g | San Jose, C. St. L. | Nov. 25, ’59. fe 7 
23,751 ee .. | Mazatlan, ps National Institute,} = .. «.. 
35,037 | 2,220] ¢ | Tonila,Jalisco, Mex.| Oct. 1863. John Xantus, | = esses. 


Dendroica blackburniz. 


Motacilla blackburnia, Gmeuin, 8. N. I, 1788, 977.—Sylvia bl. Latu. ; 
Vierutor, II, pl. 96.—Witson, III, pl. 23.—Nurr. ; Aup. Orn. Biog. II, 
V, pl. 135, 399.—Sylvicola bl. Jarp. ; Ricu.; Aup. B. A. II, pl. 87.— 
Rhimanphus bl. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 19.—Dendroica bl. Batrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 274.—Scuarer & Sanvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guate- 
mala).—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; Ib. 1860, 64 (Ecua- 
dor).—Is. Catal. 1861, 30, no. 187 (Pallatanga and Nanegal, 
Ecuador). 
?Motacilla chrysocephala, Gueuin, I, 1788, 971 (Figuier orangé et F. 
étranger, Burr. V, 313, pl. 58, fig. 3, Guiana). 
Sylvia parus, Wis. V, pl. 44, fig. 83.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 134.— 
Sylvicola narus, Aup. B. A. II, pl. 83. 
Sylvia lateralis, Srera. 
?Motacilla incana, Gen. I, 1788, 9'76.—Sylvia incana, Lata. ; ViELb. 
?Sylvia melanorhoa, ViFILu. Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 180 (Martinique).— 
Is. Encycl. Méth. II, 444. 
Locaitizs Quorep: Bogota, Scuatsr, P. Z.S. 1855, 143.—Panama, Lawr. 
Ann. N. Y. Lye. VII, 62.—Costa Rica, Caz. Jour. 1860, 328.—Ba- 
hamas, Bryant, Bost. Pr. VII, 1859. 


Hab. Eastern province of U. S.; eastern Mexico, and south to Bogota and 
Ecuador; Bahamas alone of West Indies with certainty. 


Specimens from the United States generally east of the Missouri 
plains; none from north of its limits; also from— 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 7 

32,712 |32,625 | 9 Coban, Guat. ae Verreaux, 

32,709 |32,624| ¢ “ ike . 

30,684 | 3,717 | .. iy 1861. O. Salvin. 

30,685 247 i) bo Nov. 1859. es 

30,490 108] .. San Jose, C. R. ane Dr. v. Frantzius. 

30,488 104 

33,275 | 105 

33,274 107 

30,489 106 

33,271 see San Jose, C. R. J. Carmiol. 


Dendroica castanea. 
Sylvia castanea, Wits. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 97, pl. xiv, fig. 4.—Bon. ; Norv. ; 
Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 69.--Sylvicola castanea, Swatns. ; Jarp. ; Ricu. ; 
Bon., Aup. B. A. II, pl. 80.—Rhimanphus castaneus, Cas.—Dendroica 


190 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


castanea, BarrD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 276.—Sctater & Saxvin, Ibis, 
1859, 11 (Guatemala).—ScraTEr, Catal. 1861, 31, no. 188.—Cassin, 
Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 193 (Isthmus Darien; winter). — Lawrence, 
Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322 (Ist. Panama; winter). 

Sylvia autumnalis, Wizs. II, pl. 23, fig. 2.—Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 88, 


Hab. Eastern province of North America to Hudson’s Bay; Guatemala, 
south to Isthmus of Darien. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies ; 
crosses probably in migrating direct from Florida to Yucatan. 


Specimens from United States generally east of Missouri plains ; 
also— 


. | 
Smith-|Collec- Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gainey Received from Collected by 

No. No. | Age. ; 

20,629 an ofl Moose Factory. June 2, 60, C. Drexler. C. Drexler. 
32,341 a an a see J. McKenzie. | — ....-- 

eS 112 an Panama. ease Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb, 
21,702 | 320 _ Turbo, N. G. bday Lt. Michler. A. Schott. 
21,701 ai g Truando, N. G. sat a ae 


Dendroica pinus. 


Sylvia pinus, Wits. Am. Orn. III, 1811, 25, pl. xix, fig. 4.—Bown. ; Nurr.; 
Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 111.—Thryothorus pinus, StepH.—Sylvicola 
pinus, JARD.; Ricu.; Bon. ; Aup. B. A. II, pl. 82.—Jonzs, Nat. Ber- 
muda, 1859, 59 (abundant in Oct.).—Rhimanphus pinus, Bon.— 
Dendroica pinus, Barry, Birds N. Am. 1858, 277.—Scrater, Catal. 
1861, 31, no. 189.—Covzs, Pr. A. N. Se. 1861, 220 (Labrador coast). 

Sylvia vigorsii, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 153, pl. 30.— Vireo vigorsiz, Nutr. 


Hab. Eastern province of U. 8., north to Labrador; winters in U. 8.» Not 
recorded in West Indies or middle America (except Bermuda ?). 


Specimens in the collection from United States generally east of 
the Missouri plains. and from Labrador; none from south of the 
United States. 


Dendroica montana. 


Sylvia montana, Wis. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 113, pl. xliv, fig. 2 (“Blue 
Mts. of Pennsylvania”).—Aup. Orn. Biog. V, 294 (“ California” !)— 
Sylvicola montana, JaRD. ; Au. B. A. II, 1841, 69, pl. 98.—Dendroica 
montana, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 279. 

Sylvia tigrina, Viriiu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 34, pl. 94 (U.S. and St. 
Domingo).—Bon. 


The only cases on record of the occurrence of this species are 
those described by Wilson, Vieillot, and Audubon. I am not aware 
that any specimens are now extant in any collection, at least I have 
never seen or heard of any. 


DENDROICA. 191 


Dendroica pennsylvanica. 
Motacilla pennsylvanica, Linn. 8. N. I, 1766, 383, no. 19; Gueuin.— 
Sylvia p. Lara. ; Witsor, I, pl. xiv. fig. 5.—Dendroica p. Barrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 279.—Scuarer & Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 11; 1860, 
273 (Coban, Guat, ; November).—SciaTeEr, Catal. 1861, 31, no. 191. 
Sylvia icterocephala, Latu. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 588.—Vie1t. II, pl. 90; 
Bon.; Aun. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 59.—Sylvicola ict. Swains.; JARD. ; 
Aop. B. A. II, pl. 81.—Dendroica ict. ScuatEr, P. Z. 8. 1859, 363 

(Xalapa) ; 373 (Oaxaca). 
OrgeErR Locauities: Bahamas, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859.— Costa 
Rica, ‘Cas. Jour. 1860, 328.—Panama, winter, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. 

Lyc. 1861, 322. 

Hab. Eastern province of the U. S.; Bahamas; Guatemala to Costa Rica 
and Panama R. R. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies, except Bahamas. 


Specimens in the collection from all parts of the United States 
east of the Missouri plains; also— 


Smith 'Cottee Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. donee Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ‘ 


30,689 | 3,127 | .. | Tileman, Vera Paz, | Jan. 1861. O.Salvin, | nae ee 


Guatemala. [Guat. Cab. Lawrence. | ~~... 


Dendroica czrulea. 

Sylvia cerulea, Wits. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 141, pl. xvii, fig. 5. —Sylvicola 
c. Swains. ; Janv.; Ricn. ; Bon. ; Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 49 ; Nurr.— 
Dendroica c. Barrp, Birds, N. Am. 1858, 280.—Scnarer, Catal. 
1861, 31, no. 192.—GunpL. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very rare). 

Sylvia rara, Wixsoy, Il, pl. xxvii, fig. 2.—Bon. ; Acp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 49. 

Sylvia azurea, Stern. Shaw, Zool. X, 1817.—Bon. Am. Orn. II, 1828, 
pl. 27 (9 ).—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 48, 49; Norv. 

Sylvia bifasciata, Say, Long’s Exped. I, 1823, 170. 

Sylvia populorum, Vizwy. Encye. Méth. II, 1823, 449 (from Wilson). 

Oruer Locauties: Bogota, Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 18.—Panama R. R., 
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 222. 

Hab. Eastern United States, north to Niagara Falls; Cuba (very rare) ; 
Guatemala, Panama, and Bogota. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies 
(except Cuba). 

Specimens in the collection from the United States east of the 
Missouri plains, as far north as Carlisle in the east, and Michigan 
in the west; also— 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Pion Received from Collected by 


No. No. | Age. 


12,160 foe Cherokee Nation. | July 4,1849.; Dr. Woodhouse. Dr. Woodhouse. 


82,713 32,713 Q Coban, Guat. Verreanx, fe etayoniee 
104 Guatemala. elie Cab. Lawrence. | —..... 


34,614 ete ie Bogota. ee J.H.Rvoome, | eee 


192 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. (PART L 


Dendroica pharetra. 
Sylvicola pharetra, GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 163.—Iz, Illust. Birds Jam. 
—Ossury, Zoologist, 6660.—Dendroica pharetra, ScLATER, P. Z. 8. 
1861, 71.—Is. Catal. 1862, 358, no. 193. 


Hab. Jamaica only. 


As stated by Dr. Sclater, this is a perfectly good species, rather 
similar in general appearance to Mniotilla varia, but with the 
feet and bill of Dendroica. The resemblance to D. striata is quite 
close. The specimens before me are not in very good condition, but 
the colors differ from those of Mniotilta varia in having all the 
feathers of the crown black, edged with white, causing a fine streak- 
ing, instead of having the crown black with white median and lateral 
stripe (M. varia), or entirely black (D. striata), The rump and 
upper tail coverts are unstreaked brownish-olive, not black as in MZ. 
varia, nor streaked with black, as in DB. striata. The sides of the 
head are streaked or spotted with black ; the streaks are on the front 
of the jugulum as well as the sides. There is no large white patch 
on the inner web of the outer tail feathers as in the two other species 
mentioned, but merely a dirty whitish edging at the ends of the 
same feathers. This last mentioned character will probably dis- 
tinguish it in any stage of plumage. Bill very stout. Length, 4.70; 
wing, 2.55; tail, 2.50. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. é 7 

23,310 80 i St. Armand, Jam. Ai P. L. Sclater. W. Osburn, 

23,309 80 3 es Sept. 1859. My ‘ 

27,942 o he Trelawney, Jam. | Aug. 24, ’59. ‘ ee 


Dendroica striata. 

Muscicapa striata, Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 383, 428.—Motacilla s. 
Gmeun.—Sylvia s. Lata. ; Visitzor, I, pl. 75, 76.—Wuzs. IV, pl. 
30, fig. 3; VI, pl. 54.—Bon. ; Nurr. ; Aup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 133.— 
Lemsrye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 33.—Sylvicola s. Swainson; Bon. ; AUD. 
B. A. II, pl. 78.—Rzimuanrnt, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 73 (Green- 
land).—Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113.—Mniotilta s. Reinu. Ibis, 
1861, 6 (Greenland).—Rhimanphus s. Cas. Jour. III, 475 (Cuba).— 
Dendroica s. Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 280.—Covss, Pr. A. N. Se. 
1861, 220 (Labrador coast).—Scnarer, Catal. 1861, 31, no. 193.— 
Gunvt. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; rare). 

Orner Locaniizs Quorep: Bogota, Scuarsr, P. Z. S. 1855, 143.— 
Bahamas, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1839. 


Hab. Eastern province of all N. America to Arctic Ocean ; Greenland ; Cuba, 
in winter (rare) ; Bahamas ; Bogota. Not recorded from intermediate localities. 


DENDROICA. 193 


Landbeck, in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch. for 1864, page 
56, describes as new a Dendroica atricapilla, collected at Valdivia, 
Chile, in June 17, 1858. Without expressing a definite opinion on 
the subject, I cannot distinguish this bird, by his description, from D. 
striata, although the dimensions appear rather smaller. 

D. striata, D. coronata, and D. xstiva are the only species of the 
genus that occur as far north as the shores of the Arctic Ocean. 

Very many specimens in the collection from the whole United 
States east of the Missourj plains, as well as from the interior of 
British North America; also— 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Lochlity. Phe Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ‘ 


18,084 80 | ¢ | Grosvater Bay, Lab.| July 17, ‘59.| Elliot Coues. Elliot Coues. 
20,552 ey .. | Labrador. oa Williams’ Coll, | waeeee 
20,639 471] .. | Fort George, H. B. | July 7, ’60. C. Drexler. [Lyc.| —s...... 
27,330 | 1,215 | Q | Ft. Youkon. Juuel0, 61.) R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott. 
BL,12t 71 | .. | Peel’s River. San? ©.P. Gaudet. | anaes 
31,423 353 | .. | Fort Anderson. June 21. R.R.McFarlane.| __...... 
22,64) 586] .. | Fort Good Hope. Sept. 1861. B. R. Ross. J. 8. Onion. 
22,641 567 | .. | Fort Simpson. ne i | ee parteeirecs 
22 631 672 | .. | Big Island, 8, Lake. our ee J. Reid. 
22,300 427 | .. | Fort Rae, be June 13,’61.| L. Clark, Jr. L Clark, Jr. 
19,504 621 | g | Ft, Resolution,“ June 7, '60.{ R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott. 
34,522 .- | Nassau, Bahamas.’ | May 12,’64.| C L. Fitzgerald. 

105 | 2 | Bogota. See Cab. Lawrence. 


(27,330.) With eggs. 


Among the American Sylvicolide is a group of what may be 
called ‘“ Golden Warblers,” having, as their common characters, the 
body yellowish-green above, golden yellow beneath; the quills and 
tail feathers dark brown, margined internally with yellow, externally 
with the color of the back; the breast and sides streaked with 
orange brown, of which color is also sometimes the head. This 
combination of characters is peculiar to the group, and especially 
the yellow of the inner webs of the tail feathers, which is found in 
no other American Warblers. Originally represented by a single 
species—the familiar D. xstiva of the United States—the list has 
recently been largely increased. All except estiva belong to Middle 
America, or the northern part of South America, but especially to 
the West Indies, where, it is probable, that each large island will be 
found to have its own peculiar representative, as is the case to a 
greater or less extent with Certhiola, Loxigilla, Saurothera, Todus, 
and many other genera. The diagnostic characters of the male 
birds of the best known species are as follow :— 

13 April, 1865, 


194 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Forehead and vertex, with sides of head and throat, yellow. 
Lateral tail feather entirely yellow, except a dusky streak 
along the shaft towards the end. Inner webs of ail tail 
feathers yellow to the shaft, except the sixth or central. 
Wings pointed. 

First quill nearly the longest, and always exceeding the 4th 


Forehead yellowish ; vertex only brownish-orange, this sometimes 
concealed by greenish tips. Sides of head and throat yel- 
low. Outer web of lateral tail feather (except on the margin) * 
dusky. Yellow of inner edge of quills not reaching the 
shaft, except perhaps in petechia. Wings rounded. 


Second quill longest; 1st longer than the 5th. Larger 
wing covert edged with olivaceous, scarcely more yel- 
low externally; alula brown, not margined. Yellow 
patch on inner web,of outer tail feather, not reaching 
the shaft ; the 5th only narrowly edged with yellow 


Third quill longest ; 1st shorter than the 5th. The oliva- 
ceous edges of larger wing coverts brightening ex- 
ternally into golden yellow; alula sharply margined 
with yellow. Yellow patch on inner web of lateral 
tail feather reaching the shaft ; inner web of 5th feather 


[PART I. 


estiva. 


« gundlachii. 


with marginal half yellow . a . . - petechia. 


Similar to last, but wings shorter. The 3d quill longest ; 
the 1st quill longer than the 4th and 5th. Yellow of 
inner webs of tail feathers not reaching the shaft 


Entire head, including sides and inferior surface, orange-brown. 
Yellow of inner edge of quills reaching the shaft. Tail 
feathers much as in the last. Wings rather rounded. 

Third quill longest; Ist longer than the 5th; edges of wing 
coverts brightening into golden yellow. Orange brown 
coufined to the head and neck. Wing 2.75 long 

Similar to last, but considerably smaller. Orange brown 
of head extending inferiorly to the jugulum. Wings, 
2.25. . : : : a : 


- ruficapilla. 


. vieilloti. 


. rufigula, 


In addition to the species just mentioned the Sylvicola aureola 


of Gould, and the S. eoa of Gosse evidently belong to th 


e Golden 


Warblers, although their precise relationships cannot be defined for 


want of specimens.* 


' Dendroica aureola. 


Sylvicola aureola, Gounp, Voyage Beagle, Birds, 1841, 86, tab. 28. 


“Nape, back, and tail coverts yellowish-olive; wings and tai 
broadly margined with yellow; front and crown yellow, with the 
feathers reddish castaneous ; hind head gray, mixed with yellow, 
and throat bright yellow; breast of same color, each feather ma 


1 blackish, 
tips of the 
the cheeks 
rked down 


"DENDROICA. 195 


Dendroica estiva. 


Motacilla estiva, Gu. S. N. I, 1788, 996.—Sylvia estiva, Lara. ; Vier. 
II, pl. 95.—Bon. ; Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 35, 93; Nurrt.—Sylvicola 
est. Swans.; Bon.; Aup. B, A. II, pl. 88.—Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 
114.—Rhimamphus est. Bon. ; Cas. Jour. III, 472 (Cuba).—Scater, 
P. Z. S. 1857, 202.— Dendroica est. Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 
282.—Sciarer, P. Z. S. 1859, 363.—Is. Catal. 1861, 32, no, 194 
(Ecuador, Cayenne, N. Grenada).—Taynor, Ibis, 1864, 81 (Trini- 
dad).—Cooper & Suckuey, P, R. R. XII, n, 1859, 181 (N. W. coast). 

Sylvia carolinensis, Lava. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 551. 

?Sylvia flava, Vierxor, II, 1807, 31, pl. 81. 

Sylvia citrinella, Wits. I, pl. xv, fig. 5. 

Sylvia childreni, Avp. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pl. 35 (young). 


the middle with pale reddish castaneous; sides and middle of the abdomen 
whitish. Hab. Galapagos. 
“Length, 5 inches; wing, 23; tail, 2,3; tarsus, 12; bill, ,8.” 


This species appears to resemble petechia in coloration, but to differ in fewer 
and less distinct stripes beneath, in the gray of the head, and lightness of the 
abdomen. There is no mention made of the proportions of the quills. 


Dendroica eoa. 
Sylvicola eoa, GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 158.—Is. Illustration Birds 
Jamaica. 


Hab. Jamaica (Crab Pond, Jan. 24). 


“Mate, Upper parts olive, approaching to yellow on the rump; sides of 
head marked with a band of orange, extending from the ear to the beak, and 
meeting both on the forehead and on the chin. Wing quills and coverts 
blackish, with yellowish edges. Tail blackish-olive, with yellow edges; the 
outermost two feathers on each side have the greatest portion of the inner 
webs pale yellow. Under parts pale yellow. The crown, rump, tertials, 
belly, and under tail coverts sparsely marked with undefined spots of pale 
orange.” 

“Femate. Nearly as in the male, but the deep orange is spread over the 
whole cheeks, chin, throat, and breast. The head and back are dusky gray, 
tinged with olive, and patched with the fulvous much more largely, but irregu- 
larly, as if laid upon the darker hue. 

“Length, 5 inches ; expanse, 7.60; wing, 2.70; tail, 1.90; rictus nearly .60; 
tarsus, .90; middle toe, .50. Irids dark hazel; feet horn-color; beak pale 
horn; culmen and tip darker.” 

The preceding description, copied from Gosse, relates to a Jamaica Warbler, 
unknown, excepting from the preceding account, but evidently having a close 
relationship to the Golden Warblers. It appears to have the head all round 
orange (brown ?), as also perhaps the rump and tertials; and to be marked 
(streaked ?) with the same beneath, including the crissum. The inner webs 
of the tail feathers are yellow, as in the Golden Warblers. 


196 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


?Sylvia rathbonia, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, pl. 65.—Sylvicola +. Aun. 
B. A. II, pl. 89. 
?Motacilla rubiginosa, Pauuas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. I, 1831, 496 (Kodiak). 
Rhimamphus chryseolus, Box. Bull. Soc. Linn. Caen, II, 1851, 32 (D. 
estiva, from South America; Cayenne). 
OrueR Locauitizs: Xalapa, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 363.— Guatemala, 
ScpateR & Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 11.—Panama, winter, Lawr. Ann. 
N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322.—Turbo, N. Grenada, Cass. Pr. A. N. Se. 
1860, 191.—Bogota, ScuatEer, Pr. 1855, 143.—City of Mexico, Is. 
1864, 172. 
Hab. Entire North America, into South America as far as Ecuador, Cayenne, 
and Trinidad. Not recorded from West Indies, where replaced by allied species. 


No North American bird has a wider range throughout the entire 
continent, or is more abundant and familiar, breeding apparently as 
far south as Mazatlan if not through Central America. Its range 
into South America is also quite extensive, reaching Ecuador through 
New Grenada, and eastward as far as Cayenne and Trinidad. I have 
sought in vain for tangible characters to distinguish more than one 
species, apparent discrepancies in single southern specimens having 
been matched by others from the United States. 

A skin from Costa Rica (30,487) appears to have more yellow 
than usual on the inside of the quills, and a considerable amount of 
red on the head; not more, however, than in upper Missouri speci- 
mens. Others exhibit occasional differences from the typical char- 
acter, but nothing of apparent specific value. A specimen from 
Guatemala, probably female, is much smaller than any other in the 
collection, measuring only 4.00; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.85. 

If there is any feature apparently belonging more to southern 
than northern skins it is a greater paleness of bill, and a tendency 
to a narrow line of dusky along the outer side of shaft of outer tail 
feather, reaching to its base, instead of only about half way. Even 
this, however, is not constant, and may be more a condition of winter 
plumage than anything else. , 

I have not noticed in young birds the peculiar whiteness of the 
throat and ash of ‘the sides of head and nape, seen in D. petechia. 

Specimens (about 200 in all) are in the collection from nearly all 
regions of North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and 
‘north to the Arctic Ocean ; from Forts Yukon, Good Hope, Ander- 
son, Simpson, Rae (where very abundant), Resolution; Moose 
Factory, etc. (None from Cape St. Lucas?)- also— 


DENDROICA. 197 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 


4 c When ; 

sonian tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. v Collected. 

35,016 285 | Juv.; Mazatlan. sai A.J. Grayson. |  — .saeee 
32,712 |20,167 | 9 Mexico. cies Verreaux, = | vanes 
29,356 121| ¢ Colima, Mex. Feb. 1863. J, Xantus. J, Xantus. 
30,687 259] .. Duefias, Guat. ops O. Salvin, |  — .eeeee 
31,688 | 3,160 | .. Re Sept. 1859. CE (TORRES coc 
30,686 263 | .. Petaleuleu, Guat. | Sept. 1862. ee Salvin & Godm. 
30,553 ne io La Libertad, S. S. | Sept. 13, ’63.] Capt. J. M. Dow. | Capt. J. M. Dow. 
30,487 130 | .. San Jose, C. R. can Dr. Frantzius, |  ..eeee 
34,656 ie _ fe ae J.Carmiol. |  sseeee 
17,897 340 | ¢ Turbo, N. G. sis Lt. Michler. A. Schott. 
17,898 | 329] ¢ “ “ie “ ue 

ee “2 ie Panama. aig Fred. Hicks, =| —waeaee 
30,601 ve ye Trinidad. atte M.Galody, | eae ee 

Br oe ss s Cab. A. & E.New-| «ee 


[ton. 


Dendroica gundlachi. 


?Motacilla albicollis, Gmetin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 983 (Ficedula domini- 
censis, Brisson, III, 494, tab. 26, fig. 5, St. Domingo).—Dendroica 
albicollis, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 192.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. 
Lyc. 1860, 18 (Cuba).—Gunpxacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba). 

2?Motacilla chloroleuca, GmELin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 984 (Ficedula domini- 
censis minor, Brisson, III, 496, tab. xxvi, fig. 2, St. Domingo). 

Sylvia estiva, Lempeye, Aves Cuba, 1850, 31, not the figure.—Rhiman- 
phus estivus, Capants, Jour. 1855, 472 (Cuba). 

Dendrowca gundlachi, Barn. 


Hab. Cuba. 


Wings rounded, rather short ; the 2d quill longest ; 3d and 4th successively 
very little shorter; lst intermediate between 4th and 5th; difference between 
1st and 2d quill .07. (The five specimens before me all agree in these 
characters.) 

(%.) Upper parts dark yellowish-green, scarcely brighter on the rump, the 
shaft of the feathers perhaps more dusky. Top of the head more and more 
yellowish to the bill, especially towards the bases of the feathers ; the central 
portions of the feathers tinged with reddish (Mr. Lawrence speaks of a male 
bird having the whole crown of a deep orange color). Under parts bright 
yellow; the jugulum and sides streaked with reddish. Wing feathers dark 
brown; the quills and coverts edged externally with the dull olive of the 
back, which scarcely becomes more yellow on the margin of the coverts, as 
in petechia ; the marginal color of the primaries towards their ends passing 
into gray ; the alula uniform brown; the quills margined internally, but not 
sharply, with yellowish, which is almost a dull white towards the ends viewed 
from above. The upper surfaces of the tail feathers are dark greenish-brown, 
margined externally like the rump; the outer four feathers have rather illy 
defined yellow patches on their inner webs towards the end, which, however, 
on the outer feather does not quite reach the shaft, and is separated on the 
others by a greater and greater interval of the ground color; the 5th has the 
inner margin alone yellow. The bill is plumbeous, with pale edges; the feet 
apparently greenish. 

A female bird is quite similar, but with the yellow patches on the tail still 


198 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Pant I. 


more restricted. A young bird with much worn plumage belonging to Dr. 
Gundlach’s collection, the same as that referred to by Mr. Lawrence, is ashy 
above, with patches of olive-green; the under parts creamy white, strongly 
tinged with yellow across the breast and on crissum. The yellow patches 
of tail feathers much restricted. A young male (34,504), farther advanced, 
has the adult plumage, with only a few patches of light ashy on the nape and 
sides of neck, and some whitish spots on the chin. 

Length of 34,504, %, 4.90; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .88; bill from 
nostril, .32. 

For the opportunity of examining specimens of this species I am 
indebted to Dr. J. Gundlach, who has transmitted five specimens of 
different ages and sexes. None of these, however, appear to be in 
highest spring plumage, for which reason the comparison with the 
allied species cannot be made entirely satisfactory, and the differ- 
ences in coloration may not be really quite as great as they now 
appear. The difference in the structure of the wing would, however, 
alone be sufficient to separate this species from petechia. The tips 
of the outer four quills are closer together ; the 1st quill not .16 less 
than the 2d; the 2d longest; the 3d and 4th successively very little 
shorter ; the Ist longer, however, than the 5th. In petechia the 1st 
quill is .20 shorter than the 3d (which is longest) ; the 4th is nearly 
as long, and decidedly exceeding the 2d; the 1st shorter than the 
5th, or about equal to the 6th. 

None of the Cuban specimens before me show the red vertex of 
the full plumaged petechia of Jamaica; the feathers being tinged 
centrally like immature males of the latter species; but, from Mr. 
Lawrence’s statement, the reddish crown belongs equally to both 
species. The differences in wings and tail, however, exist throughout 
the entire series of the species. The colors above are much brighter 
and more yellowish in petechia; the wing coverts are broadly edged 
with yellowish-green, like the back, which color on the edges, and 
still more on the ends of the greater and middle coverts, passes into 
almost decided yellow; the edge of the alula and of the wing are 
bright golden yellow; all the quills are edged conspicuously and 
uniformly on the outside like the back, and inside abruptly with 
yellow. In albicollis the edging of the wing feathers is much duller 
and more uniform, without the bright yellow of the coverts and alula. 
The outer edges of the primaries are more inclined to gray; the 
yellow of the inner edges of the quills paler, and less abrupt. The 
yellow of the inner webs of the tail feathers in albicollas is more 
contracted ; does not come up so sharply to the shaft, but is usually. 
separated from it, and the 5th feather has only the inner margin 
yellow, instead of being of this color nearly to the shaft. As already 


DENDROICA. 199 


remarked, however, these differences in coloration may be less appa- 
rent with more perfect specimens. 

The upper parts are much darker and more olivaceous than in 
estiva; the top and side of the head lack the bright yellow. The 
tibia are grayish-olive, not bright yellow; the yellow of the wing 
coverts is wanting, and the yellow edging of the quills internally 
much less. In exstiva the yellow of the tail is more extended—the 
outer feather being entirely of this color, excepting a streak in the 
end of the outer web; and even in the fifth tail feather the entire 
inner web is yellow, except at the extreme tip. The wing is much 
more pointed in exstiva; the 1st quill being generally longest, and 
considerably exceeding the 4th, instead of being less. 

The determination of the specific name of this species has been a 
matter of considerable perplexity. I am by no means satisfied that 
the St. Domingan and the Cuban birds are the same; and even if 
identical, the name albicollis is a misnomer, liable to cause a very 
erroneous impression, as the throat is golden-yellow, except in the 
very young bird, when alone it is dirty whitish. I have, therefore, 
thought best to impose a new name, borrowing it from the eminent 
naturalist who has given to us a knowledge of the Ornithology of 
Cuba scarcely less perfect than that of the eastern United States. 

The name of chloroleuca, Gmelin, which may refer to the same 
species, unless there be two with rufous crown in St. Domingo, is 
equally objectionable with albicollis. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Fae Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. f 

34,502 @ Cuba. April, 1864. | Dr. J. Gundlach. | —........ 

34,503 ed « fi Be) ete 

34,504 og ti ee sn) rec 

34,505 ce) sa if ns er 


Dendroica petechia. 


Motacilla petechia, Linn. 8S. N. I, 1766, 334 (based on Avicula lutea 
vertice rubro, Epwarps, V, 99, tab. 256, fig. 2, erroneously quoted 
as from Penna.).—Dendroica petechia, ScuatsEr, P. Z. 8. 1861, 71.— 
Is. Catal. 1861, 32, no. 195.—Manrca, Pr. An. Sc. 1863, 292 (Ja- 
maica; nesting). 
Sylvicola xstiva, Gossz, Birds Jam. 1847, 157. 


Hab. Jamaica. 


(No. 22,153, 4.) Above yellowish-green, rather brighter on the rump; the 
top of the head from bill, brownish-orange, with the bases of the feathers yel- 
low (in some specimens their tips not unfrequently like the back, thus conceal- 


200 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I 


ing the orange). Under parts, including tibra, lores, and cheeks below the eye, 
bright golden-yellow, the jugulum, breast, and sides streaked with brownish- 
orange; crissum plain. Wing feathers dark brown, broadly margined ex- 
ternally with the color of the back, of nearly the same tint on the edges of 
the primaries, but considerably more yellowish towards the edges of the greater 
and middle coverts and secondaries. All *he quills edged internally (and the 
alula externally) and sharply with sulphur-yellow, like the lining of the 
wings, but not reaching the shaft of the feather—being cut off even at the 
base of the feather by a very narrow portion of the ground color. Tail feathers 
dark greenish-brown, becoming darker centrally, the outer edges like the 
back; the shafts black above, white beneath, the inner webs (except in the 
two central) bright yellow, except at the tips—the yellow not quite reaching 
the shaft on the fourth feather, and extending only half way to it on the fifth. 
In specimens of less perfect plumage the shafts of all the feathers are margined 
internally with the color of the outer webs, this widening on the more anterior 
feather. 

The female (and perhaps autumnal male) differs in a more restricted amount 
or entire deficiency of the brownish-orange oi the crown, and the more obsolete 
stripes beneath, as well as to some extent in the markings of the tail as above 
described. Young birds have the throat and chin creamy white, the nuchal 
region and the sides of head and neck strongly tinged with light ash. The 
other characters appear much as described. 

The wings in this bird are rather short, and much rounded ; the 3d quill is 
longest; the 4th a little shorter than the 2d; the Ist is intermediate between 
the 5th and 6th, very rarely equal to, still less frequently a little longer than 
the 5th, perhaps never exceeding the 4th. In eight specimens the succession 
of length of the quills is expressed by the formula 3. 4. 2.5.1.6; in two, 
3.4. 2.1.5.6. The tail is considerably rounded. 

Total length, 4.90; wing, 2.62; tail, 2.30, its graduation .15; difference 
between Ist and 3d primaries, .22; bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .32, 
along gape, .60; tarsus, .80. 


This species, though very similar in external appearance to D. 
zstiva, may be readily distinguished on comparison. It is a rather 
larger bird, with much (disproportionately) broader quills and tail 
feathers. Thus the greatest width of the outer primary is .31, in- 
stead of .25 to .27. <A difference in the proportion of the quills is 
constant. As stated, the 3d quill is generally longest in petechia ; 
the Ist generally shorter than the 5th, always shorter than the 4th. 
In estiva the wing is much more pointed; the lst quill is about 
equal to the 2d and 3d, rarely a little shorter ; more frequently longer, 
and .25 or more longer than the 5th, instead of being less ; and very 
nearly equal to the 3d, not .20 shorter. 

The differences in coloration consist in the more greenish tinge of 
the upper parts in petechia ; the edges of the quills greenish-yellow, 
especially the outer primaries, not almost pure yellow. The yellow 
of the inner webs of the tail feather, in very perfect specimens, only 


DENDROICA. 201 


reaches the shaft on the outer three feathers alone, and in fact even 
here the upper surface shows a slight suffusion of the color of the 
shaft along its inneredge. The isolation on the fourth feather, how- 
ever, amounts to two or three hundredths of an inch, and on the 
fifth to half the web. In most specimens, however, there is more 
or less brown along the inside of all the shafts. In high plumaged 
males of zstiva the yellow reaches the shaft in the outer five feathers, 
the fifth exhibiting a slight suffusion only in its terminal half; some- 
times, however, this suffusion is seen on the fourth. There is con- 
siderably less yellow on the inner edges of the quills than in xstiva 
in which the yellow reaches the shaft near the base. 

The orange-brown tinge to the whole top of the head is an im- 
portant character of petechia, even though sometimes wanting or 
obscured. Not unfrequently, however, traces of the same are seen in 
zstiva ; and one specimen (4,300, Louisiana) has as much reddish 
in the crown as many males of petechia. 

I have not noticed, in petechia, the obscure brownish streaks seen 
on the backs of high plumaged specimens of xstiva; and the rump 
is more uniformly greenish-olive, instead of having the feathers 
much edged with yellow. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. anes, Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 


23,314 62 og |Savannah le Mar. | Aug. 2, 58. P. L, Selater. W. Osburn. 

23,315 62 2 | Portland,Jam.[Jam.} April, 1859. ef & 

24,354 | 196 o |Spanishtown, Jam. | Aug. 28, ’61. W.T. March. | ....... 
“ 


26,808 | 38 | ¢ Aug. 1862. Soran) |e eee 

26,809 | 238 | ? “ i | (ee ees 

24,353 | 202 | o “ Aug. 28, 61. rn: (eee 

24,352 Juv. “ ae rn (ee 
(¢ 

Dendroica 


?Motacilla ruficapilla, Guertin, 8. N. I, 1788, 971 (based on Ficedula 
martinicana, Brisson, III, 490, pl. xxii, fig. 4, Martinique). 

? Chloris erithachorides, Feviuu®, Jour. Obs. Phys. III, 413. 

2Dendroica estiva, Newton, Ibis, I, 1859, 143 (St. Croix). 

2Dendroica petechia, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 192, 376 (St. Thomas). 
—? Sylvia petechia, View. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 32, pl. 91 (U. 
States”). 


I have little doubt that the Golden Warblers of St. Croix and St. 
Thomas are specifically different from those inhabiting Jamaica 


‘and Cuba respectively, and would not be much surprised to find 


that each of the first-mentioned islands, as well as others of the 
West Indian group, possessed a Golden Warbler peculiar to itself. 


202 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L 


I have before me a St. Croix skin kindly lent by Mr. Newton, 
and one from St. Thomas, from Mr. Lawrence’s collection, and 
have examined other St. Thomas specimens in the museum of the 
Philadelphia Academy. None of these, unfortunately, are in that 
perfection of feather and coloration necessary to exhibit their true 
character, and I am unable to indicate these features properly, 
though believing them to be different from petechia. 

The St. Croix bird, which resembles petechia in the yellow edges 
to the wing coverts, is smaller, with considerably shorter wings 
proportionally (2.40, instead of 2.65); the wing formula is quite 
different, being 3.2. 1. 4.5.6, instead of 3.4.2.5. 1.6—the Ist 
quill being thus longer than the 4th and 5th, the 2d next to the 
longest, instead of the 1st being shorter than the 4th and 5th, and 
the 4th second in length. The St. Thomas specimens have much 
the same wing formula—3. 2..4. 1. 5. 6 in most; in two, 3.4. 2. 1.5.6; 
they are rather larger, however, with more yellow on the tail. 

A specimen, in poor condition, obtained in Barbadoes by Mr. 
Gill, and preserved in alcohol (No. 33,766), although apparently an 
adult male, is of very small size: length, 4.30; wing, 2.25; tail, 
2.00; and has as the wing formula, 3. 4.5. 2.1. The tail has almost 
the same amount of yellow as in D. xstiva, and much more than in 
any of its red-capped allies, viz., the entire inner webs of five ex- 
terior feathers, with exception of a terminal streak. On the outer 
web of the exterior feather the basal yellow does not extend quite 
as far up as in estiva. The entire top oi head is of a deep chestnut- 
brown. This bird, therefore, may be a different species again from 
those just referred to. The specimen exhibits the unusual anomaly 
of having seven tail feathers on one side, and six on the other. 

The solution of all the questions connected with this subject will 
depend upon full series of specimens in perfect spring plumage, from 
all the different West India Islands. It is, however, quite evident 
that, while D. petechia, of Jamaica, and D. gundlachi are distinct 
species, there is at least one, and perhaps several additional species 
in the West India Islands more to the eastward, perhaps one for 
each group of islands. 

Notr.—As the present pages are passing through the press the 
Institution has received a series of Golden Warblers from St. 
Thomas, collected by Mr. Swift, which, unfortunately, being in 
winter plumage, do not furnish the means of making a final com- 


parison, though substantiating what has already been said in regard 
to the character of the wings. 


DENDROICA. 203 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex ; When 

sonia ed oT Locality. Collected. Received from Cullected by 
36,621 ad oi St. Thomas, Winter. Robert Swift, | «see 
36,622 58 ee io i ee eee oe 
36,623 ‘ a ie Lasers 


Dendroica vieilloti. 


Dendroica vieilloti, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se. May, 1860, 192 (Panama; 
Carthagena).—Scuarer, Catal. 1861, 32, no. 196 (New Grenada 
and Mexico).—? Savin, MSS. (Gulf of Nicoya). 

Dendroica erithachorides, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 185%, 283 (not of Feoruui). 

?Rhimanphus ruficeps, Canants, Jour. Orn. for Sept. 1860, 326 (published 
Jan. 1861; see cover) (Costa Rica). 


Hab. Mexico to New Grenada. 


(No. 10,211.) Above olive-green, rather brighter on the rump; beneath, 
including lining of wings, bright golden yellow. Entire head all round, with 
broad streaks on the breast and sides, orange-brown. Wings nearly black, the 
larger coverts, first primary, alula, and inner secondaries broadly edged with 
greenish-yellow; the other quills with olivaceous like the back; the insides 
of the quills broadly and sharply margined obliquely with yellow, which 
reaches the shaft on the inner secondaries, and in all the quills except the 
long primaries, is continued entirely around so as to join the exterior margin- 
ing. Exposed surface of the tail feathers (including their outer webs) dark 
greenish-brown, edged externally with the color of the back, the outer feather 
alone having the outer web yellow, with a dark shaft streak from near the 
base. The inner webs of the Ist, 2d, and 3d feathers entirely yellow, except 
at the end; the 4th and 5th with more and more dusky along the shaft; the 
6th with narrow margin only of yellow. Bill dark horn color. Legs pale. 

The colors of the female are much duller; the head only tinged with brown, 
especially along the centres of the feathers, and the streaks on the body be- 
neath, indistinct. The inner webs of the tail feathers show much more brown 
on them. 

The wings, in this species, are broad and rounded, as in petechia. The 3d 
quill is longest ; the 4th and then the 2d a little shorter; the 1st about inter- 
mediate between the 2d and 5th, not shorter than the 5th. The tail is con- 
siderably rounded. In five specimens the formula is 3.4. 2.1.5.6; in one, 
3.2.4.1.5.6. The difference between the Ist and 3d quills is about .19. 

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.30; width of outer feather, .35; 
difference between 1st and 3d quills, .13; length of bill along culmen, .50, 
from nostril, .35, along gape, .63; tarsus, .81; middle toe and claw, .62; hind 
toe and claw, .50. 

This species, in the broad rounded wings, short first primary, and 
wide quill- and tail feathers agrees with petechia much more than 
with zstiva, although it is even larger, and the wings proportionally 
longer (including 1st quill) than petechia. The 1st quill, too, is 


204 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


longer than the 5th, not shorter. The quills are more broadly 
margined than in that species, and all the colors more brilliant. The 
entirely red head will readily distinguish it however. The reddish 
streaks in the feathers of the chin, and a tinge of the same in the 
lores, will distinguish the female bird from all others. 

The preceding remarks were based upon the types of D. vieilloti 
(all from Lt. Michler’s collection), as described by Mr. Cassin. 
Since then I have had the opportunity of examining specimens from 
other localities. A series from Mazatlan exhibits some differences, 
but the specimens are all moulting, and it is impossible to determine 
their true characters. It is, however, quite in accordance with the 
general rule in the distribution of American birds, that a species 
inhabiting the main land of South America should be replaced 
farther north, especially so far as Mazatlan, by a second, closely 
allied to it. To which form, if there be two, the ruficeps of Cabanis 
belongs, it is difficult to say, as his description refers equally to 
specimens before him from Carthagena, Costa Rica, and Mexico ; 
most probably, however, to the former, and as such true synonyms 
of D. vieitloti. 


Smith-|Collec-} Sex 
i j When F 
Boman tore: and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. Collected. + y 


10,212 5 aH Carthagena, N. G. omy Lt. Michler. A. Schott. 
10,211 6 rol a ahi se sh 
17,900 5 Q? a ps ee se 
17,899 | 46 o “ we “ “ 


21,767 ne Juv. | New Grenada. wa sd [Jr. ee 
ae on a Caucun, Yucatan. 1842. Cab. Dr. S. Cabot,} —..... 
33,017 | 280 roa Mazatlan, Mex. Aug. 1864. ] A.J. Grayson. |  ...... 
“ “ “ 


35,018 | 281 |Juv.¢ 
35,019 | 282 g ue - a 


(10,211.) Type. (33,017.) 5.; 7.50, 


Dendroica rufiguia. 


Dendroica rufigula, Barr. 

Sylvia ruficapilla, “Lara.,” Vien. Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 228.—Is. 
Encycl. Méth. II, 1823, 442 (not of p. 440) (“ Martinique”).—Is. 
Galerie Ois. I, 268, pl. 164. (Not ruficapilla of Gmzuin and Laruam.) 


Hab. ? West Indies; ? Martinique. 


Similar to D, vieilloti, but smaller; the rufous of entire head extending 
down the neck to jugulum. Wing formula, 3. 4. 2.1.5. 6. 

Length, 4.50; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.00; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .52; 
hind toe and claw, .45; bill from nostril, .37. 


I have already adverted to the possibility that the Brown-headed 
Golden Warblers of Mexico and Central America may be different 


DENDROICA. 205 


from typical viedlloti, from Carthagena. In the collection of the 
Philadelphia Academy I find a single specimen labelled “S. rujica- 
pilla,” without indication of locality, which differs decidedly from 
all others I have seen in being much smaller, and in having the 
orange-brown of the head and throat extending farther down as a 
broad lappet over the neck to the jugulum, instead of being confined 
to the head alone. The lateral tail feather has perhaps less yellow 
on its outer web, though the markings of the tail and wings are 
very similar. The size is considerably less; the wings half an inch 
shorter; the middle toe and claw one-tenth of an inch shorter; the 
bill is more slender ; the wing formula is the same. Of its distinction 
from vietllote as a species I have little doubt, and can only regret 
the uncertainty in regard to the locality. It agrees very well, espe- 
cially in the greater extension of the rufous of the throat, with the 
Sylvia ruficapilla of Vieillot, as cited above, from Martinique ; and 
it may be really a West Indian species. 
Specimen in collection of Philadelphia Academy 


Dendroica olivacea. 

Sylvia olivacea, Giravp, Birds Texas, 1841, 14, pl. vii, fig. 2.—ScnaTeEr, 
P. Z. 5. 1855, 66.—Sylvicola olivacea, Cassin, Ill. Birds Texas, etc. 
1855, 283, pl. xlviiii—Rhimanphus o'ivaceus, Scharrer, P. Z. 8. 1856, 
291 (Cordova).—Dendroica olivacea, Schater P. Z. 8. 1858, 298 
(Oaxaca; cold region).—Dendroica olivacea, ScuaTer, P. Z. 5. 1859, 
363 (Jalapa).—Is. Catal. 1861, 31, no. 190. 

Sylvia teniata, Dusus, Bull. Acad. Brux. XIV, 1847, 104.—Is. Rev. Z. 
1848, 245.—Sylvicola teniata, Box. Consp. 1850, 309. 


ITub. Mexico (both coasts to the southward) ; Guatemala. 


llead and neck all round, with jugulum, brownish-saffron, with a greenish 
tinge on the nape, Rest of upper parts ashy. Middle and tips of greater 
wing coverts white, forming two bands on the wing; a third white patch at 
the bases of the primaries (except the two outer), and extending forwards 
along the outer edges. Secondaries edged externally with olive green. Inner 
webs of quills conspicuously edged with white. Under parts, except as de- 
scribed, white, tinged with brownish on the sides; a narrow frontal band, and 
a broad stripe from this through eye and over ear coverts, black. Outer tail 
feather white, except at base and towards tip; greater portion of inner web 
of next feather also white, much more restricted on the third. 

Length, 4.60; wing, 2.88; tail, 2.15; tarsus, .75. 

A female specimen (14,369), perhaps also in autumnal plumage, has the 
saffron replaced by clear yellowish, except on top of head and nape, which 
are olive green. The black frontal and lateral bands are replaced by whitish, 
leaving only a dusky patch on the ears. 


The bill in this species is quite peculiarly slender and depressed, 
and the culmen is straighter than in any other Dendroica. The nos- 


206 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


trils, too, are much more linear, and the wings unusually long. In 
these respects, as well as in pattern of coloration, it forms a very 
strongly marked section among the Dendrovas, even if not entitled 
to consideration as a separate genus. The saffron brown head, neck, 
and breast; the narrow black forehead, with black stripe through 
the eye; the white belly, and the two white wing bands and white 
patch at base of primaries, easily characterize it specifically. 


Smith-|Collec-; Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. Collected. 

14,369 ua Q | Mexico. ee ASall  §  wreces 

23,374 |. 1 o | Popocatepetl. aris Verreaux, | ee eee 

32,464 | 391 oc | Ovizaba (alpine reg.) else Prof. Sumichrast, |  —..... 

30,692 | 253 og | Choctum, Vera Paz.| Jan. 1862. | O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman, 


Dendroica maculosa. 


Motacilla maculosa, Gu. S. N. I, 1788, 984.—Sylvia m. Lata.; V1EILL. 
II, pl. 93.—Bon.; Nurt.; Aup. Orn. Biog. I, I, V, pl. 50, 123.— 
D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 72.—Sylvicola m. Swatys. ; Bon. ; 
Aup. B. A. II, pl. 96.—Rhimanphus m. Cab. Jour. III, 1855, 474 
(Cuba).—Dendroica m. Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 284.—Scrarer, 
P. Z. 8. 1859, 363, 373 (Xalapa).—Is. Catal. 1861, 32, no. 197.— 
Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).—ScraTer & Satvin, 
Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 
(Panama ; winter).—Gounpxacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very 
rare). 

Sylvia magnolia, Wits. III, pl. 23, fig. 3. 


Hab. Eastern province of North America to Fort Simpson; eastern Mexico 


to Guatemala and Panama; Bahamas; Cuba (very rare). 


Specimens from the Eastern United States genera .y from the 
Atlantic to Missouri valley; also— 


Smith-|Collec-' Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b; 
No. No. | Age. Collected. y 

20,634 fod Moose Factory. May 28, ’60.; C. Drexler, | ~~ ...... 
23,627 re hs es ie J. MacKenzie. | ~~ ...... 
19,519 138 | @ Fort Simpson. June 12,'60.| B.R, Ross. | — ...... 

ies aS Fort Resolution. 1860. R. Kennicott. | 9 ...... 
82,711 |20,165 | of Mexico. seni Verreaux, |  — ....., 
22,363 |32,626 | .. Coban. Stites ene | RE 
30,691 273] .. Choctum, Vera Paz.| Feb. 1862. O Salving | ...... 


Dendroica kirtlandii. 


Sylvicola kirtlandii, Barry, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, June, 1852, 217, pl. vi 
(Cleveland, Ohio).—Cassin, Illust. I, 1855, 278, pl. 47.— Dendroica 
kirtlandii, Bainp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 286. 


DENDROICA. 207 


Until recently, the only authenticated and known specimen of this 
species was the type, No. 4,363, killed by Dr. Kirtland, near Cleve- 
land, Ohio, May, 1851, and prepared by myself. I have, however, 
lately found a second skin in the collection of Dr. Samuel Cabot, Jr., 
of Bostun, taken at sea between the island of Abaco and Cuba. The 
plumage is not quite so matured as in the type, and lacks the dark 
spots on the jugulum; it is, however, otherwise very similar. <A 
third specimen (female) is reported in the Ohio Farmer for June 9, 
1860, as killed that season near Cleveland, and preserved by Mr. 
R. K. Winslow, who states that the late Wm. Case, of Cleveland, 
also killed a specimen, but did not preserve it. Dr. Hoy also thinks 
he has seen it at Racine. A careful search in the vicinity of Cleve- 
land, about the middle of May, will probably be rewarded by the 
discovery of additional specimens. 


| 
Smith-|Collec-' Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. jAge. F 
4,363 re fon Cleveland, Ohio. May 13,°51.| S. F. Baird. J. P. Kirtland. 
a ae an Near Abaco, Baha- ans Cab.§. Cabot, Jr. | ss eee 
[mas. 


(4,363.) Type of species. 


Dendroica carbonata. 


Sylvia carbonata, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 308, pl. 60 (Kentucky).— 
Norr.—Helinaia carbonata, Aup. Syn.—Is. B. A. II, 1841, 95, pl. 
109.—Dendroica carbonata, Barry, Birds N. Am. 1858, 287. 


This species continues to be known only by the description and 
figure of Audubon. 


Dendroica palmarum. 


Motacilla palmarum, Gmeu. 8. N. I, 1788, 951 (based on Palm Warbler, 
Lartuam, Syn. II, p. 498, no. 131, St. Domingo).—Sylvia p. Lata. ; 
Vizio, II, pl. 73.—Boyx. ; D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 61, pl. 
viii.—Sylvicola p. Sauté, P. Z. 8. 1857, 231 (St. Domingo).— 
Dendroica p. Barro, Birds N. Am. 1858, 258.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 
33, no. 199.—Is. P. Z. 8. 1861, 71 (Jamaica; April). —Brvawyt, Pr. 
Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).—Guwnpiaca, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 
(Cuba; very common). 

Sylvia petechia, Wis. VI, pl. 28, fig. 4. —Bon. ; Nurr. ; Aup. Orn. Biog. 
II, pl. 163, 164.—Sylvicola petechia, Swatns. ; Aun. B. A. II, pl. 90. 

Sylvicola ruficapilla, Bon. —Rhimanphus ruf. Cas. Jour. III, 1855, 473 
(Cuba; winter). 


Hab. Eastern province of North America to Fort Simpson and Hudson’s 
Bay ; Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba, and St. Domingo in winter. Not noted from 
Mexico, or Central America. 


208 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART IL. 


Specimens from United States generally from Atlantic to Missouri 
valley ; also from— 


Smith-|Collec-} Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Hotton Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age : 

26,929 ie .. | Stewiacke, N.S. sarah W. G. Winton. 
20,625 oe .. | North of Montreal. 1860. C. Drexler. 

are ~ .. | Ft. George, H. Bay. 1861. Mr. Gladmon. 
22,642 | 568 Q | Fort Simpson. ae B. R. Ross. 
19,506 | 592 go | Fort Resolution. June 1. R. Kennicott. 
19,507 | 726 2 me June 20. 
23,521 eH .- | Monte Verde, Cuba. | Jan. 27. Cc. Wright. 
23,522 ei .. | Bayamo, es Nov. 6, 61, te 
23,524 ai .. | San Andre, ia Oct. 1859. a 
34,249 Q | Remedios, aa Dec. 14, 63.| N. H. Bishop. 


Dendroica pityophila. 


Sylvicola pityophila, Gunpiacx, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Oct. 1855, 160 (Cuba). 
—Rhimanphus pityophilus, Gunpu. Cab. Jour. 1857, 240. 


Hab. Cuba only. 


Above, including sides of head and neck, uniform plumbeous gray; the 
forehead, vertex, and loral region olive green. Chin and fore neck bright 
yellow, extending on the middle of jugulum, and bordered by black streaks 
towards lower part of neck, most conspicuous on sides of breast. Beneath 
dull white, the insides of wings more ashy, the flanks something like the 
back. Two dull ashy white bands across the wing coverts; the quill- and 
tail feathers edged with paler ash than the ground color. Lateral tail feather 
with a whitish patch on the inner web, running forward to a point along the 
shaft, including the whole web at the end; second feather with a more re- 
stricted patch of the same. 

Length, 4.50; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.20; culmen, .45; bill from gape, .55; 
tarsus, .66. 

This species in general appearance somewhat resembles D. super- 
ciliosa. The black streaks, however, of the sides of jugulum are 
not continued along the flanks ; the forehead and vertex, with lores, 
are olive green, not black and plumbeous, and there is no indication 
whatever of the black and white markings of the side of the head. 
There is also some similarity to D. pinus ; but the plumbeous back 
and cheeks (not olive green), and the whitish under parts, except on 
throat (not greenish-yellow), will readily distinguish them. 


Smith- | coltec- Sex 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. 
No. No. | Age. 


are se ll Cuba. ath Dr. J. Gundlach. 


5 


Wh . 
Collected. Received from Collected by 


DENDROICA. 209 


Dendroica dominica. 
Motacilla dominica, L. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, 334 (Ficedula dominica 
cinerea, Briss. III, 520, pl. 27, fig. 3.)—Dendroica dominica, Bairp. 
Motacilla superciliosa, Boppart, Tableau Pl. enl. 686, fig. 1, 1783.— 
Dendroica superciliosa, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 289.—Scrarer, 
P. Z. S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 373 (Oaxaca); 1861 (Jamaica); 
1863, 368 (Mexico).—Is. Catal. 1861, 33, no. 200.—ScuatER & 
Satvin, Ibis, 1860, 274 (Duenas, Guat., Sept.).—Marcu, Pr. A. N. 
Se. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).—Gunpiacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; 
very common). 
Motacilla flavicollis, Gme.in, 8. N. 1, 1788, 959.—Sylvia fl. Lara. ; Wits. 
II, pl. xii, fig. 6.—? Viertior, Encycl. Méth. II, 1823, 453. 
Motacilla pensilis, Gue.in, 8. N. I, 1788, 960.— Sylvia p. Lara. ; Vier... 
II, pl. 72 (St. Domingo).—Bow, ; Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 85; Norv. ; 
D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 65.—Sylvicola pens. Rica. ; Bon. ; 
Aup. B. A. II, pl. 79,—Gossz, Birds Jam. 1847, 156 (Jamaica).— 
Rhimanphus pens. Cas. Jour. II, 474 (Cuba). 
Oruer Locarities: Cordova, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1856, 291; St. Domingo, 
Salus, P. Z. 5. 1857, 231; Jamaica, Gossz, Birds Jam. 156. 
Hab. Eastern province of U. 8., north to Washington and Cleveland; in 
winter abundant in Cuba; St. Domingo and Jamaica; Mexico (as far north 
as Colima on west coast) and Guatemala. Resident in Jamaica? 


Specimens from the West Indies exhibit the same variations in 
the extent of black on the forehead, and in the color of the super- 
ciliary stripe, as North American. The portion of this stripe 
anterior to the eye is sometimes white, sometimes bright yellow, 
and sometimes a mixture of the two; but I am entirely unable to 
base a second species upon such diversities. All I have seen from 
Mexico and Guatemala have this stripe white. There is a great 
variation in the length of the bills in different specimens. 

There can be no doubt that this is the Motacilla dominica or’ 
Linneus. 

This species, although not belonging to either the middle or 
western provinces of North America, was collected at Colima (west 
coast of Mexico), by Mr. Xantus. This is an interesting fact, but 
paralleled by the occurrence at Manzanillo, Mex. (the seaport of 
Colima), of Larus atricilla and Sterna antillarum (frenata), two 
species not known farther north on the Pacific coast, although 
occurring along the whole eastern coast of the United States. A 
specimen, killed June 4, by Mr. March, in Jamaica, would indicate 
that it breeds in that island, as well perhaps as in others of the 


West Indies. 
14 April, 1865. 


210 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sunian| tors | and Locality. eh Received from Collected by 
No. No, | Age. ‘s 
1,098 oe 9? | Washington, D.C. 1842. 8. F. Baird. W. M. Baird. 
3,323 oe .. | Liberty County, Ga. 1846, fe W. L, Jones. 
7,700 6 .. | Cleveland, Ohio, May, 1849, Dr. Kirtland. Dr. Kirtland. 
10,179 a .. | Cairo, IL. April 29. R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott. 
23,527 do | N. Sophie, Cuba. Jan, 25, °61.] C. Wright. Cc. Wright. 
23,528 33 o | Monte Verde, Cuba.| Jan. 16, ’61, re 
26,807 37 | og | Spanishtown, Jam. | June 4, ’62.| W.T. March. Ww. T. March., 
24,342 ate cs Nov. 1861. aP 
3,986 74 j Tamaulipas, Mex. ers Lt, Couch. Lt. Couch, 
31,824 | 2,043 | g | Near Colima, Mex. | Sept. 1863. John Xantus. John Xantus, 
35,036 | 1,705 | .. ee Aug, 1863, nn i 
30,690 274 | .. | Duenas, Guat. Sept. 29,’59.; O. Salvin. = | eennce 


Dendroica graciz. 
Dendroica gracie, Cours, MSS. 


Hab. Fort Whipple, near Prescott, Arizona. 


(No. 36,988, $7?) Bill shorter than the head ; gonys slightly convex. Color 
of upper parts, with sides of neck, ash-gray ; the middle of back, and less 
conspicuously, the upper tail coverts, streaked with black. A line from 
nostrils to above the eye (passing into white for a short distance behind it), 
eyelids, a crescentic patch beneath the eye, the chin, throat, and centre of 
jugulum, bright yellow; the rest of under parts, including inside of wing, 
axillars, and tibia, white; the border of the yellow, and the sides of body 
streaked with black. A line from bill, through the eye, the cheeks (in- 
closing the yellow crescent), the sides of the vertex, the forehead, and 
the centres of feathers on top of head, blackish. Wings and tail blackish, 
the outer edges of the larger feathers pale bluish-gray ; two white bands 
across the wing coverts. Lateral tail feather white, except the inner web at 
extreme base, the shaft, and a narrow streak at the end of the outer web; 
the next feather similar, but the basal blackish extending farther along 
3d feather with edge of outer web, and a wedge-shaped patch in end of inner 
web, only, white. 

Autumnal specimens similar; the black markings less distinct; the back 
tinged with olivaceous. , 

Very young birds do not differ materially from the adult, showing nothing 
of the spotting and mottling of the Turdide. 

Total length (fresh specimen before being skinned), 5.00; expanse of wings, 
8.00. Total length (prepared specimen), 4.60; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.30; length 
of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .30; along gape, .56; tarsus, .65; 
middle toe and claw, .52; claw alone, -16; hind toe and claw, .40; claw 
alone, .19. 


This interesting new species, recently discovered in Arizona, by 
Dr. Coues, and named by him after a member of his family, is 
almost exactly like D. nigrescens in the color and markings of the 
back (with its blackish interscapular streaks), wings, and tail, as 
well as of the under parts, except that the chin and throat are 


DENDROICA. 211 


yellow, margined with black, instead of black margined with white. 
The heads are very differently marked. To D. dominica there is a 
strong resemblance, except that the infra-ocular crescent and eyelids 
are yellow, not white; the black of sides of head is much less ex- 
tensive, and without the conspicuous white patch behind it. There 
is much more white on the tail; the back is streaked with black ; the 
Bill is shorter and straighter, and the size much less. 

The relationship to D. adelaidx, Baird, is much closer, however, 
than to any other species. The proportions are rather different— 
the wings, tail, and toes being considerably longer; the bills pre- 
cisely similar. The coloration and marking of the upper parts, and 
of the head, are almost precisely the same, perhaps even to the 
dorsal streaks, very obsoletely visible in the winter specimens of 
adelaide. The yellow, however, of the under parts does not ex- 
tend beyond the jugulum, where it is abruptly defined, instead of 
spreading over the whole under parts, excepting perhaps the crissum. 
D. adelaide, too, lacks the conspicuous black streaks. of the sides ; 
and the white of the outer tail feather is merely a quadrate patch in 
the terminal half of the inner web. 

This species appears to be abundant in Arizona, not less than ten 
specimens having been collected by Dr. Coues, though mostly in 
very indifferent plumage, owing to the season. 

Of the four species, just referred to, the D. nigrescens is readily 
distinguished by the black chin and throat; the diagnostic characters 
of the other three will be as follows :— 


Common CHARAcTERS.—Upper parts ash gray, the forehead and 
sides of vertex black. A line from nostril to above eye 
(passing into white behind), chin, and throat, yellow, mar- 
gined laterally with blackish; crissum, inside of wings, 
axillars, and two bands on wing, white. 


Superciliary line extending to the nape, and white, except- 
ing anterior to the eye. Cheeks black, separated from 
the ash of the neck by a white patch. Eyelids and 
infra-ocular crescent white. Back not streaked. Bill 
lengthened, gonys almost concave. 


Yellow confined to jugulum; rest of under parts 
white; the sides streaked with black . . dominica. 


Superciliary line scarcely extending beyond the eye, and 
yellow, excepting at extreme end. Cheeks ashy, like 
sides of neck; dusky only near the eye, and not bor- 
dered on side of neck behind by white. Eyelids and 
infra-ocular crescent yellow. Back streaked. Bill 
short, gonys slightly convex. 


212. REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART 1. 


Yellow of under parts confined to jugulum; rest of 
under parts white; the sides streaked with 


black . . . . . + gracie, 
Yellow of under parts extending to crissum. Sides 

scarcely streaked . . . . . . adelaide. 
Smith-|Collec-| Sex When : 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks, 

No. No. | Age. ‘i 
36,984 | 655 og | Fort Whipple, near | Oct. 29, 64. Dr, E. Coues. 5.20; 8.40 
36,985 | 670 | ¢ “[Prescott,Ar.| Aug. 13, 64. “ 5 20: 8.00 
46,986 | 567 aie ss re oY 510; 7.80 
36,987 | 568 | .. us es “ 5.20; 7.90 
36,988 | 534 2 BS Aug. 11 ee 5.00; 8:00 
36,989 | 569 we i Aug. 13. ee 4.70; 7.80 
36,990 | 535 és e Aug. 11. ee 4.90; 7.70 
36,991 | 597 g ee Aug. 15. ce 4.85; 7.80 
26992 | 536 a ie Aug. 1 ee AL | oy abeatcisees 
36,993 | 433 g¢ | 20 miles S, from Ft. | July 2, crn a 5.30; 7.90 
(Wingate, Ar. 


(36,988.) Type. (36,993.) Iris, bill, and feet black ; soles yellow. 


Dendroica adelaidz. 
Dendroica adelaide, Bairp. 


Hab. Porto Rico. 


(No. 36,486.) Entire upper parts, and sides of neck as far forward as the 
eyes, uniform ash gray. Beneath, including edge of bend of wing, bright 
yellow ; lining of wings, axillars, and crissum, white. A broad yellow line 
from bill to eye, with the eyelids yellow ; forehead and sides of vertex black. 
A black loral line. Wings with two conspicuous white bands; the quills 
and tail feathers blackish, edged externally with whitish, internally with 
purer white. Three lateral tail feathers with a quadrate terminal white 
patch on inner web. Bill black. Legs pale yellowish. 

Total length, 4.70 (estimated) ; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.05; lateral feather .20 
shorter than middle; difference of longest primary and 9th, .35; length of 
pill from forehead, .50, from nostril, 30; along gape, .55 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle 
toe and claw, .51; claw alone, .17; hind toe and claw, .39; claw alone, .18. 


The ashy feathers of forehead have a central streak of black, seen 
also to less extent in the crown. The cheeks below and behind the 
eye are ashy like the neck above. There is a slight appearance of a 
black line or patch separating the yellow and ashy on the side of the 
neck, and of a central blackish streak in the yellow feathers of the 
side of the breast. The sides of body are more olivaceous, with 
very obsolete indications of dusky streaks. The yellow of belly 
becomes paler towards the anus, and passes into the white of crissum 
and tibie. The wings and tail are almost black; the edging of the 
secondaries is more olivaceous, of the primaries more whitish, espe- 
cially towards the end. The white internal edging is very distinct. 
The anterior border of the white caudal patch is straight and per- 


DENDROICA. 213 


pendicular to the shaft, the patch covering the posterior two-fifths of 
the feather; on the 3d feather it is confined to the tip. The yellow 
stripe to the eye is continued a short distance beyond it, but becomes 
white. 

It is quite possible that mature spring male specimens have the 
middle of the back streaked with dusky, as in D. graciz# and 
townsendii. 

This interesting new species of Warbler has several peculiarities 
of form which almost entitles it to rank as a type of a separate 
genus. The anterior toes are very short, quite like Parula, which 
also it resembles somewhat in coloration, but the wings are too 
short, and the bill not conical enough. In fact, bill and feet are 
much as in Dendroica maculosa. The wings, however, differ in 
being much shorter, less pointed, and more rounded. The tail, also, 
is much rounded. The nape shows quite a number of long bristles, 
with fibrille at the end, which I have not noticed elsewhere among 
the Warblers. 

The relationships of the species, as far as coloration is concerned, 
are to D. graciz, Coues, and D. dominica, as shown in the preceding 
article. 

I have much pleasure in dedicating this new species to the 
daughter of Mr. Robert Swift, of St. Thomas, a gentleman to whom 
the Smithsonian Institution is indebted for a very important collec- 
tion of the birds of St. Thomas and Porto Rico, made solely at his 
expense, to be used in preparing the present work. 


Smith-|Collec-} Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ares Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. : 


36,486 a 2 Porto Rico. Jan. 1865, Robert Swift. | = ...... 


(36,486.) Type. 


Dendroica discolor. 


Sylvia discolor, Vietuu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 37, pl. 98.—Bon. ; Aup. Orn. 
Biog. I, pl. 14; Nurr.—Lempeve, Aves Cuba, 1850, 32, pl. vi, fig. 
2.—Sylvicola discolor, Jarv. ; Ricu. ; Box. ; Aup. B. A. II, pl. 97.— 
Gossz, Birds Jam. 1847, 159.—Rhimanphus discolor, Can. Jour. III, 
1855, 474 (Cuba; winter).—Dendroica discolor, Barr, Birds N. Am. 
1858, 290.—Scnarer, Catal. 1861, 33, no. 201.—Newron, Ibis, 1859, 
144 (St. Croix).—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).— 
Gunpiacs, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common) 

Sylvia minuta, Wixson, III, pl. 25, fig. 4. 


Hab. Atlantic region of U. 8., north to Massachusetts; in winter very 


214 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Part I. 


abundant throughout all the West India Islands, as far at least as the Virgin 
Islands. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America. 


Specimens from the Atlantic slope only of the United States as 
far north as Massachusetts; also from— 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When ; 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected. Received from Colleeted by 
No. No. | Age. . 

ma ate .. | Bahamas. April, 1864.| Lt. Fitzgerald. | — ...... 
26,813 40 Spanishtown, Jam. | June 14,62.) W. T. March. W. T. March. 
24,350 40 ne see te ‘ 
23,316 43 Trelawvey, Jam. Jan. 10, ’57.} P. L. Selater. W. Osburn. 
32,710 |44,844 | ¢ | Martinique. wii Verreaux, | = ..seee 
36,481 ais .- | Porto Rico. Winter ’64.| Robert Swift, |  ...... 
26,975 2 -» | St. Thomas. wise J. Ackburst. | ws... 
36,627 a as H aly Robert Swift.[ton.| =. ..... 

_ se ++ | St. Croix. ees Cab. A.&E.New-| —...... 


Susramiry GEOTHLYPINA. 


SEIURUS, Swarnson. 


Seiurus, Swanson, Zool. Jour. 1827,171. (Type Motacilla auricapilla, L.) 
Enicocichla, Gray, List Genera, 1840. (Henicocichla, Ac.) 


Seiurus aurocapillus. 


Motacilla aurocapilla, Linn. 8. N. I, 1766, 334.—Turdus aur. Lara. ; 
Wis. Am. Orn. H, pl. xiv, fig. 2.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. exliii— 
Sylvia aur. Box.—Seiurus aur. Swaryson, Zool. Jour. II, 1827, 171. 
—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 260.—Moorg, P. Z. S. 1859, 55 (Hon- 
duras).—Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 177.—Jonxs, Nat. Bermuda, 27.— 
Henicocichla aur. Scuater, Catal. 1861, 25, no. 159.—GunpLacx, 
Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).—WSeiurus aur. D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, 
1840, 55. 

Turdus coronatus, Vixrtu. Ois. II, 1807, 8. 

OruER Locauitizs Quotep.—Cordova, Scrater, P. Z. S. 1856, 293.— 
St. Domingo, Sauué, P. Z. S. 1857, 231.— Guatemala, Scrater & 
Sazviy, Ibis, I, 1859, 10.— Santa Cruz (winter), Newron, Ibis, 1859, 
142.— Cuba (winter), Cab. Jour. III, 471.—Jamaica, Gossr, Birds, 
152.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1861, 70.— Costa Riea, Cas. Jour. 1861, 84. 


Hab. Eastern province of North America, north to English River, H. B. T.; 
whole West Indies; eastern Mexico; Honduras, Guatemala, and Costa Rica; 
Bermuda in autumn and winter (Jones). 


I do not observe any special difference between skins of this 
species from a wide range of localities, excepting that those from 
the Mississippi Valley appear larger, with proportionally longer 
wings. The Jamaican, Mexican, and Central American are rather 
smaller than the average; the Cuban exhibit both extremes. 


SEIURUS. 215 


Specimens nave been received from various localities in the whole 
eastern United States, as far west as the mouth of the Platte, or 
beginning of the high plains, and as far north as English River, 
H. B. T. (July 15, Kennicott). The extra-limital localities are as 
follow :— 


Smith- Collec-| Sex When 
souian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 7 

34,501 21 .. | Nassau, N. P. May 14, ’64.! Lt. C.L. Fitzgerald.; sw... 
29,617 se Q | ¥Fermina, Cuba. Feb. 18. C. Wright. Cc. Wright. 
24,366 34 g Spanishtown, Jam. | Nov. 4,’61. | W. T. March. W. T. March. 
24'367 ae “ “ “ “ 
23,305 od | Long Hall, Jam. March 11. | P. L. Sclater. [ton. 

ats «» | St. Croix. March 13. | Cab. A. & E. New- 
36,629 sis -. | St. Thomas, Winter ’64. | Robert Swift. 
32,461 366 | .. | Orizaba, Mex. ware Prof. Sumichrast. 
32,695 |32,618 | g | Coban, Guat. sais Verreaux, 
30,662 | 3,792 | g | Choctum, Guat. Feb. 1862. | 0. Salvin. 
30,663 162 | .. | SavataGrande,Guat 1862. ce 
34,647 os .. | Barrauca, C. R. Aprill6,’64.; J. Carmiol. = |  ...... 


Seiurus noveboracensis. 


Motacilla noveboracensis, GmEtin, 8. N. I, 1788, 958.—Sylvia nov. Lara. ; 
Vieitior, Ois. Am. Sept. II, pl. lxxxii.—Seiurus nov. Nur. ; Bon. ; 
Aup. B. A. III, pl. 199.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 261, pl. lxxx, 
fig. 1.—Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 121.—Hencocichla nov. Cas. Schom. 
Guiana, III, 666; Jour. 1860, 324 (Costa Rica).—Scrater, Catal. 
1861, 25, no. 161 (Tobago).—Gunptacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 
(Cuba).—niotilta nov. Gray. 

2? Motacilla fuscescens, GmELin, S. N. 984 (based on Ficedula jamaicensis, 
Brisson, III, 512, Jamaica). 

Turdus aquaticus, Wits. Am. Orn. III, 1811, pl. xxii, fig. 5.—Avp. Orn. 
Biog. 1839, 284, pl. 433. 

Sylvia anthoides, Vinrttot, Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 208.—Seiurus tenui- 
rostris, Sw. 1827; Gams.—Sevurus sulfurascens, D’Orzicyy, Sagra’s 
Cuba, 1840, 57, pl. vi.—Seiurus gossii, Bon. Consp. 1850, 306 (Ja- 
maica).—? Anthus Vherminieri, Less. Rev. Z. 1839, 101 (Colombia). 

Orper Locauitirs Quorep: Xalapa, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1859, 363.— 
Guatemala, Scuater & Sarvin, Ibis, 1859, 10.—Panama, Lawrence, 
Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322.— Carthagena, Cassin, Pr. A, N. Sc. 1860, 
191.—Santa Cruz (winter), Newton, Ibis, 1859, 142.— Cuba, Cas. 
Jour. III, 471.—Jamaica, Gossz, Birds, 151.—Scx. P. Z. S. 1861, 70. 


Hab. Eastern province of North America, north to Arctic Ocean and Yukon, 
(westward along northern border of U. S. to Cascade Mountains); whole 
West Indies ; southeastern Mexico ; all Central America; Panama and eastern 
South America (Bogota; Carthagena; Brazil). 


The examination of a large series of specimens, from widely re- 
mote localities, reveals differences of but little moment. Some 
skins from Jamaica, killed in August, agree exactly in the strong 


216 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I, 


sulphur yellow tinge beneath, and ochry superciliary stripe, as well 
as in other characters, with autumnal Carlisle specimens, while others 
are much paler. Generally in spring the belly is paler in color, and 
the streaks better defined, the eye stripe purer; in autumn more 
sulphuraceous ; while later in the winter the colors appear to become 
paler and more like the spring plumage. 

Skins from Guatemala, and one labelled as from Brazil, have the 
concealed median yellowish patch at the base of the forehead rather 
more distinct than in North American ones; the under parts, espe- 
cially the crissum, with the superciliary stripe, paler, nearly white, 
and the streaks apparently encroaching less on the belly. These 
characters, however, are matched separately in North. American 
skins, and may be merely a peculiarity of winter dress. 

A very young bird (22,619), from the north, has the feathers of 
upper parts, including wing coverts, distinctly tipped with brownish- 
yellow ; the sub-terminal portion very dark. In a still older speci- 
men, the only difference from the adult is in the presence of dusky 
spots on the back, with scattered specks of yellowish. 

No North American bird exceeds the present in the extent of its 
range: from the Arctic Ocean in the north, to New Grenada and 
Brazil to the south. 

Specimens from many localities throughout the whole United 
States from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River, and north 
almost to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Those from points west 
of this, and from regions beyond the limits of the United States, 
are as follow :— 


Smith-|Collec- ea When 
sonian| tor’s | an Locality. Received from lec 
ae ee y Collected. Collected by 
27,245 | 1,328 | 9 | Youkon River. June15,’61.) R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott. 
27,246 | 1,536 | .. | 150 miles 8. W. from 
Youkon. 26s 2: eee sc 
28,082 | 1,690 | @ | Fort Norman. sie B. R. Ross. N. Taylor. 
81,121 70 | .. | Fort, Peel’s River. | June 8. C. P. Gaudet. C. P. Gaudet. 
27,239 | 1,362 | .. | Fort Simpson. June B. R. Ross. B. R. Ross. 
27,233 | 1,523 | .. | Fort Rae. uf L. Clarke, Jr. |  — ...... 
20,625 ne g Moose Factory. May 26,’60., C. Drexler, | = ...... 
22,039 70 Hellgate, Idaho. Aug. 26,60.) Dr. J. G. Cooper. | Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
21,922 is O. | Camp Moogie, W. T.| July 24, 60.) A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly. 
23,304 18 | ¢& | Savannah le Mar. | Aug. 28, ‘58 | P. L. Sclater. W. Osburn. 
36,630 St. Thomas. Winter ’64, | Robert Swift. 
24,368 33 | gf | Spanishtown, Jam. | Nov. 4, 61.) W.T. March. [ton. 
a a -» | St. Croix. Mar, 23, ’58.| Cab. A. & E. New- 
28,025 ora «- | Mirador, Mex. cate Dr. Sartorius, 
18,566 ais .. | Guatemala. ane Dr, Sclater. 
30,664 | 3,050 | .. | Belize, Hond. Dee. 14, 57.) O. Salvin. 
24,304 ia -. | Nicaragua. ais Capt. J. M. Dow. 
83,267 ag «. | San Jose, C. R. sh J. Carmiol. sissalaisls 
34,648 avs -- | Angostura, C. R. Mar. 13, '64. e 3 ca ais 
21,754 39 | .. | Carthagena, N. G. ate Lt. Michler. A. Schott. 
7,639 iis -» | Brazil, site 8. F. Baird. ' Bepe'es 


SEIURUS. 217 


Seiurus ludovicianus. 

Turdus ludovicianus, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 99, pl. xix.—Seiurus ludo- 
vicianus, Bon.—Bainp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 262, pl. lxxx, fig. 2. 
—Scrarer, P. Z. 8. 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 373 (Oaxaca); 1861, 
70 (Jamaica).—Scuarer & Sauvin, Ibis, 1860, 273 (Guatemala).— 
Henicocichla lud. Scuarsr, Catal. 1861, 25, no. 161 (Orizaba). 

?Turdus motacilla, Vien. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 9, pl. 65 (Kentucky). 
(Can hardly refer to anything else ; still, markings of side of head 
very different.)—Seiurus motacilla, Bon. 1850.—Henicocichla mot. 
Cas. Jour. 1857, 240 (Cuba).—Guwp.aca, Jour. Orn. 1861, 326. 

Henicocichla major, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850 (Xalapa). 


Hab. Eastern province of United States, as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and 
Michigan ; Cuba and Jamaica; southern Mexico (Colima) to Guatemala. 


Most specimens of this bird from the West Indies, and regions 
south of the United States, exhibit a decided ochraceous wash on 
the sides and crissum, quite marked in comparison with northern 
skins. I am, however, inclined to consider this a condition of late 
autumnal plumage, as it is most strongly marked in a specimen from 
Cuba, collected in October, by Mr. Wright; while another killed in 
the middle of January is quite as free from an ochraceous wash as 
spring specimens from Carlisle and Washington. 

This species, formerly considered very rare, has been taken, during 
the past few years, about Washington, in considerable numbers by 
Messrs. Prentiss and Coues. They have also found Turdus aliciz 
abundant in the same time—a species only detected and distinguished 
from 7. swainsoni in 1858. 

Specimens from numerous localities in the United States as far 
north as Carlisle, Pa., and Ann Arbor, Mich., and west to Inde- 
pendence, Mo. Extra-limital localities are— 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex, When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No, | Age. 7 

23,514 ¢ | Monte Verde, Cuba.| Jan. 17. C. Wright, | ...... 
21,674 og | Tuabuque, Cuba. Oct. 9. Bo ES ears 
23,303 ioe ie) Trelawney, Jain. Sept. 5, 59, Dr. Sclater. W, Osburn. 
383,577 | 139 o | Mirador, Mex. Sept. 1863. Dr. C, Sartorius. |  —.... 
28,026 14 aie be vee Be Mc Ih) sisesesiagis 
29,362 | 119 of | Colima. Feb. 1863. John Xantus. | ~ ...... 
30,665 a .. | Duenas, Guat. 1862. O.Salvin, | ee... 


218 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


OPORORNIS, Barrp. 
Oporornis, Barrn, Birds N. Am. 1858, 246. (Type Sylvia agilis, Wi1s.) 


Oporornis agilis. .- 
Sylvia agilis, Wis. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 64, pl. xxxix, fig. 4.—Avp. Orn. 
Biog. II, pl. 138; Bon.—Sylvicola ag. Jarp.; Aup. B. A. II, pl. 99. 
—Trichas ag. Nurt.— Oporornis ag. Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 246, 
pl. xxix, fig. 2.—? Trichas tephrocotis, Nurt. Man. 2d ed. 1840, 462 


(Chester Co., Penn.). 


Hab. Eastern province of United States. 


A specimen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, killed 
by Mr. Krider, has the darker ash of the jugulum of a decided sooty 
tinge. 


Smith-|Collec-; Sex When 


sonian/ tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. y Collected. y 
1,235 es 2s Philadelphia. Oct. 1, *43. | 8. PF. Baird: [|  — ssames 
2,309 of Carlisle, Pa. May 20, °45 #8 S. F. Baird 
20,876 ie Loudon Co., Va. aie N. Janney, | ...... 
31,020 fon Washington. Sept. 25, °61. C. E. Schmidt, C. E. Schmidt. 
12,815 foe Racine, Wisc. May, 1858. Dr. Hoy. Dr. Hoy. 
35,031 ro Cook Co., Ill. May 23, ’64. R. Keunicott. R. Kennicctt. 


(35,031.) 5.20; 8.90; 2.90. 


Oporornis formosus. 


2? Sylvia equinoctialis, Vierun. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 26, pl. 81, Penn. 
(not of GmeEtin). 

Sylvia formosa, Wits. Am. Orn. III, 1811, 85, pl. xxv, fig. 3.—Norrv. ; 
Aub. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 38.—Sylvicola formosa, Jarp.; Ricu.; Bon. ; 
Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113.—Myiodioctes formosus, Aup. Syn.— 
Is. B. A. II, pl. 74.—Lempeyve, Av. Cuba, 1850, 37.—Gunp.acu, Cab, 
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Oporornis formosus, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 
1858, 247.—Sciarer & Sanvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 10 (Guatemala). 

Orner Locarities Crrep: Cuba, Cas. Jour. III, 472.— Mexico, Scuater, 
Pr. 1862, 19.—Jsthmus Panama, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 62. 


Hab. Eastern province of United States, north to Washington and Chicago ; 
Cuba, Guatemala, and Isthmus Panama. Not recorded from Jamaica and 
Mexice. 


The Sylvia xquinoctialis of Vieillot (but not of Gmelin, which is 
Geothlypis zquinoct.) probably belongs here. The name, however, 
is geographically inapplicable, and cannot be retained. 


GEOTHLYPIS. 219 
Smith-|Collec-| Sex | Wh 
sonian] tor’s | and Locality. Coll nail Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. | eee 

10,153 as Q | Union County, IL. | May 15. R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott. 
12,196 -. | Cherokee Nation. | July 15,49.) Dr. Woodhouse. | Dr. Woodhouse, 
32,236 oe 3 | Liberty County, Ga aie Prof. Leconte. | ...... 
30,680 207 Choctun, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 

amy lit Guatemala. tai’ Cab. Lawrence. | —..e. ee 


GHOTHLYPIS, Cas. 


Trichas, Swatns. Zool. Jour. 1827, 167 (not of GuocErR). 
Geothlypis, Can. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, 1, 316, 349. (Type Turdus tri- 
chas, Linn.) —Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 240. 


Species of Geothlypis are found throughout America, some of 
them having a wide distribution. Most, however, belong to the 
northern and middle sections of the continent. They may be 
arranged as follows :— 


Forehead crossed by a broad black mask, which passes over the 
eyes, cheeks, and ears. Crown and occiput without a pure 
ashy patch. 
The black mask bordered above and behind by whitish of 
more or less extent; nape tinged with brown. 
Beneath yellow; belly and anal region whitish in 
distinct contrast ; lining of wings white. Mask 
narrowly bordered by bluish-gray . trichas. 
Beneath throughout uniform rich yellow; lining 
of wings yellow. Mask broadly bordered by 
bluish-white i i ‘ ah ous . melanops. 
The black mask without whitish border, and extending 
farther back on the head. 
Beneath, including inside of wings, yellow . - speciosa. 
Paler green above; brighter yellow beneath than 
the last « semiflava. 
Forehead crossed by a narrow black mask, which extends to 
the eyes, sometimes through them over the ears; not bo.- 
dered behind by whitish. Top of head ashy, in decided 
contrast. Beneath yellow. 
The black extending through the eye over the ears. Eye- 
lids black. 
Bill slender ; the height less than half the distance 
from nostrils to tip; culmen nearly straight. 
Ashy of crown extending over side of head 
to the black of the ears F - . velata, 


Bill stouter; height about equal to half the dis- 


220 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. (parr I. 


tance from nostrils to tip; culmen gently 
curved. Ash of head contracted, and con- 
fined to the vertex ; the olive of nape extend- 
ing to the black of the ears . 5 7 . equinoctialis. 


The black of face confined to loral region, and just below 
eye, or extending only in a narrow ring behind it. 
Eyelids white ? 

Bill very stout; height more than half the dis- 
tance from nostrils to tip; culmen much 
curved. Ash of head extending over nape 
and sides of head behind the eyes, and in- 

cluding ear coverts c s . ° . poliocephala. 


No distinct frontal black band. Head and neck all round, with 
jugulum, ashy ; the feathers on the lower throat and jugu- 
lum blackish in the centres. Rest of under parts yellow. 


Loral region dusky only; space round the eye 

blackish, without white feathers . : . philadelphia. 
Loral region blackish ; eyes with a patch of white 

feathers on upper and lower lids . - « macgillivrayi. 


Geothlypis trichas. 

Turdus trichas, Linn. 8. N. 1766, 293.—Sylvia trichas, Lata. ; Avp., etc. 
—D’Ors. La Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 67.— Geothlypis trichas, Cas. 
Mus. Hein. 1850, 16.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 241.—Gunp.acu, Cab. 
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 27, no. 167.—Manrcu, 
Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 293.—Lorp, Pr. R. Art. Inst. Woolwich, IV, 
1864, 115 (N. W. Boundary).—Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 29. 

Sylvia marilandica, Witson.— Trichas mar. Bon. 

Regulus mystaceus, StrepHens.— Trichas personatus, Swainson.— Sylvia 
roscoe, AuD.—Trichas brachydactylus, Swans. 

Orser Locauitres Quorep: Xalapa, Oaxaca, Cordova, Sct.— Guatemala, 
Sct. & Satv.— Bahamas, Bryant. 

Figures: Vieitu. Ois. II, pl. 28, 29.—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, II, V, pl. 23, 
102, 240.—Wizs. I, pl. vi, fig. 1.—Burron, Pl. enl. 709, fig. 2. 


Hab. The ~vhole United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, and south to Guate- 
mala, Bermuda (October) ; Bahamas; Cuba; Jamaica. 


(No. 26,024, 4.) Wings a little shorter than the somewhat graduated tail. 
Bill slender, the depth contained about two and a half times in distance 
from nostrils to tip. First quill about equal to seventh. Forehead to above 
the anterior edge of the eye, and across the entire cheeks, ears, and jaws, 
and ending in an angle on sides of neck, black, with a suffusion of hoary 
bluish-gray behind it on the crown and sides of neck; the occipital and 
nuchal region grayish-brown, passing insensibly into the olive green of the 
upper parts. Chin, throat, jugulum, edge of wing and crissum, rich yellow 
(the latter paler) ; rest of under parts, with lining of wings, yellowish-white, 
th sides tinged with brownish ; outer primary edged with whitish, the others 
with olive green. Bill black; legs yellowish. 


GEOTHLYPIS. 221 


Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.15; tail, 2.30; graduation, .25 ; width of outer 
tail feather, .28; difference between Ist and 3d quills, .15; length of bill from 
forehead, .52, from nostril, .30; along gape, .60; tarsus, .75; middle toe and 
claw, .66; claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .48; claw alone, .26. 


In autumnal plumage the whitish of the belly becomes tinged with 
yellowish, affording but little distinction from the yellow of the 
breast and crissum. The black becomes obscured, especially that 
on top of the head, by the extension forward of the brownish of the 
vertex. The eyelids are apt to show a whitish ring. There appears 
to be a tendency in the bill to become lighter colored, especially the 
lower mandible, as in Icterta. I have not yet seen an autumnal 
male with the black bill so characteristic of spring specimens. 

Specimens vary in the width of the black forehead, in that of the 
hoary gray behind it; the whole crown being sometimes of the latter 
color, and the occiput behind it. 

In some western specimens the size is a little larger, and the bill 
appears considerably stouter than in the eastern, but I cannot see 
any other difference. 

West Indian, Mexican, and Guatemalan specimens do not present 
appreciable differences, except what arises from their autumnal 
dress; all have the paler bills referred to above. 

The female bird either lacks the black mask entirely, or else it is 
only appreciable on the sides of the head; the whole top of the 
head is usually strongly tinged with reddish-olive. The feathers on 
the eyelids are generally whitish in the female and autumnal male, 
quite different from the pure black of the spring male. 

I find considerable difference in specimens of this species, both as 
to size and extent to which the yellow of the breast reaches over the 
abdomen, etc. In some the black frontal band is bordered behind 
by a narrow band of gray, abruptly defined against the olive of the 
crown (2,535); in others it is of greater extent, and shades more 
insensibly into the olive. In 10,957, from Fort Bridger, and some 
others, this gray is nearly white, and as broad as or broader than the 
black. I am, however, unable to see any permanent characters 
looking to a separation into two species. The characters assigned 
by Swainson for his Trichas brachydactylus, as distinguished from 
T. personatus, appear to be common to all specimens of Maryland 
Yellowthroat I have ever seen. 

All specimens from Washington appear smaller, with slenderer 
bills than others. 

As this species is found distributed throughout the entire extent 
of the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, and up 


222 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


to its northern boundary, I do not present the special localities of 
any but extra-limital specimens. 


Smith- Collee-| Sex " When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected. 
No. No. | Age. 


Received from Collected by 


Monte Verde, Cuba.| Jan. 16, 61. C.Wright. | — ...... 


® 
ee & Remedios, Cuba. | Dec. 14,’63.| N.H. Bishop. | ...... 
23,318 18 Trelawney, Jam. April 20,’59. Dr. Sclater. W. Osburn, 
24,359 31 g Spanishtown, Jam. ane WwW. T, March. W. iT. March. 
2358] | ¢ “ sie ie 

26,806 “ ea oi May 10, ’62. “ 

16,950 |3,037 2 | Cape St. Lucas. Oct. 1. John Xantus. John Xantus. 
26,371 -» | Mexico. ha J, Krider. | ee exe 
36,510 50 o | Merida, Yue. Dec. 22, 64, Gov. Salazar. Dr, A. Schott. 
30,678 | 193 -. | Coban, Vera Paz. Jan. 1860. O. Salvin. Salv. & Godman. 
30,679 |3,164 .. | Choctun, Vera Paz. {| Jan, 1861. 56 e 


Geothlypis melanops. 
Geothlypis melanops, BARD, n. 8. 


Hab. Eastern Mexico. 


(No. 26,372, 4.) Bill slender, conical; culmen nearly straight to the 
gently decurved tip. First quill about equal to the 7th. Tail considerably 
graduated ; the feathers broad. 

Color much as in G. trichas, with a similar black mask, crossing the fore- 
head and passing over the cheeks and ears, through the eyes. This black 
mask is, however, bordered internally and above for nearly its own width by 
white, very faintly tinged with bluish, the nape ouly in fact being tinged 
with olive brown. The rest of the upper parts are olive green. All the under 
parts are pure rich uniform yellow, even including the middle of belly, the 
edge and the inside of wings; the sides of body are somewhat tinged with 
brownish. Bill black; legs yellowish. 

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.44; tail, 2.60; graduation, .41; width of outer 
feather, .33 ; difference of Ist and 4th quills, .24; length of bill from forehead, 
-55, from nostril, .34; along gape, .65; tarsus, .84; middle toe and claw, .75; 
claw alone, .25 ; hind toe and claw, .56; claw alone, .27. 


In a series of over one hundred specimens of black-faced Geo- 
thlypis, agreeing in general characters with G. trichas, there is one 
specimen from Mexico so different from all the rest as apparently to 
be entitled to specific separation. It is of considerably larger size 
than the average of G. trichas; the tail is longer; its feathers 
broader. The feet are larger; the middle toe and claw much longer. 
The entire under parts are of a nearly uniform yellow, without the 
whitish of the abdomen so characteristic of typical G. trichas. The 
space above, and inclosed by the black facial mask, is quite pure 
bluish-white, of much greater extent than in other specimens. 

This species is probably resident in Mexico, as the specimen de- 


GEOTHLYPIS. 293 


scribed is in full spring plumage, without, any clouding of the black 
mask. It is very different from G. speciosa, Scl. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
; y : When : 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. Collected. y 
26,372] .. 3 Mexico. ue Ikride. | wee. 


(26,372.) Type of species, 


Gecthlypis velata. 


Sylvia velata, Viewu. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 22, pl. lxxiv.D’Ors. 
Voy. IV, 217.—Trichas velata, Sw.; Burm. Uebers. II, 1856, 115. 
— Geothlypis vel. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 16.—Scuarter, Catal. 1861, 
27, no. 170. 

Sylvia canicapilla, Max. Beit. III, 701 (Brazil). 


Hab. Brazil. 


(No. 24,042.) Bill slender, conical, much as in G. macgillivrayi, the culmen 
nearly straight. First quill about equal to the 8th; the 4th longest. Color 


Geothlypis speciosa, ScLATER. 
Geothlypis speciosa, ScuaTER, P. Z. S. 1858, 447 (Mexico).—Is. Catal. 
1861, 27, no. 169. 


Hab. Eastern Mexico. 


“Bright oil yellow ; head, especially on the sides, with the auricular region, 
black; quills blackish-brown ; beneath bright yellow, the sides brownish, 
under wing coverts yellow; bill black; feet dusky flesh color. Length, 5.30; 
wing, 2.40; tail, 2.30.”.—Sclater. 

I have not seen this strongly marked species, which differs from G. trichas 
apparently in the wider black mask, absence of hoary margin to the mask, 
and in uniform yellow of under parts, including lining of wings. The tarsi, 
toes, and claws are longer. In these respects, as well as in the coloration of 
the under parts, it agrees with G. melanops; but lacks the white head of the 
latter, in which, too, the black extends rather less on the forehead than even 
in G. trichas. 

Geothlypis semiflavus, Sclater (G. semiflavus, Sclater, Pr. Z. 1860, 273, 291. 
—Ib. Catal. 1861, 27, no. 168, Ecuador), is said to agree with the last men- 
tioned, in most points, but to differ in paler olive above, and purer yellow 
beneath. The black of the cheeks extends far down on the sides of the neck, 
and on the forehead reaches to above the eyes. The three black-faced 
Geothlypi, therefore, of the regions south of the United States, agree in the 
purer and more continuous yellow beneath, and longer toes. An interesting 
coincidence in this respect is seen with the chestnut-headed Basileuteri—B. 
rufifrons and G. trichas, the more northern species having the whitish belly ; 
B. dellatrii and G. speciosa, from the middle region, having this more yellow; 
while the South American B. mesochrysus and G. semiflavus have the yellow 
of greatest intensity. 


224 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L. 


above olive green; the forehead, loral region, and sides of head extending a 
little above the eyes and over the gars, black; the rest of the head above 
ashy, glossed with brown, the color extending over the sides of the occiput to 
the black of cheeks. Whole under parts, with edge of wings, rich yellow; 
the lining of wings rather paler ; the sides tinged with olive green. Upper 
mandible black ; lower paler, or whitish. Legs apparently flesh color. 

Total length, 5.30; wing, 2.35; tail, 2.40; graduation, .36; difference be- 
tween Ist and 4th quills, .24; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, 
-35; along gape, .62; greatest depth, .16; tarsus, .86; middle toe and claw, 
.75; claw alone, .25; hind toe and claw, .55; claw alone, .27. 


In the best specimen before me (24,042) there is a line of whitish 
feathers in the fold of skin bounding the lower eyelid inferiorly, 
apparently concealed from view in ordinary cases. The feathers on 
the extreme edge of the eyelid are, however, black, not white as in 
G. macgillivrayt. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
- ‘ When P 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b: 
No. No. | Age. Collected. y 
15,223 we oe Brazil. [zil. U. 8. Expl. Exped. T. R. Peale. 
24,042 me ae St. Catherines, Bra- L. Wells. | nae 
26a 94 oe Bahia. Cab. Lawrence. | ...... 


(94.) This specimen has the bill rather stouter than the preceding. 


Geothlypis zquinoctialis. 


Motacilla equinoctialis, Gu. S. N. I, 1788, 972.—Trichas eg. Gray.— 
Geothlypis eq. Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 16.—Scuarer, Catal. 1861, 
27,no.171 (Trinidad ; Cayenne).—Tartor, Ibis, 1864, 81(Trinidad). 

Hab. Northeastern portion of South America (Cayenne; Trinidad, etc.). 


(No. 2,905.) Bill stout; the culmen and commissure gently curved from 
the base. First quill about equal to the 9th; 3d and 4th longest. Upper 
parts olive green; forehead, with loral region and cheeks, including a short 
space above the eye and ear coverts, black. Top of the head ash gray, with 
rounded or somewhat pointed outline on the occiput, so that the olive of the 
nape extends forward to the black cheeks, cutting off the ashy. Under parts 
yellow, with perhaps a faint tinge of ochry along the belly. Upper mandible 
dark brown; lower nearly white. Legs apparently flesh color. A line of con- 
cealed grayish feathers on the lower eyelid. 

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.30; graduation, .46; difference be- 
tween Ist and 4th quills, .30; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, 
.36 ; along gape, .65; depth, .19; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .82; claw 
alone, .22; hind toe and claw, .66; claw alone, .30. 


The differences between the species of gray-crowned Geothlypis 
from Brazil (velatus), and its ally (aquinoctialis) from northern 
South America (Cayenne, Guiana, and Venezuela), were first con- 
trasted by Cabanis, and appear to be substantially correct as stated. 


GEOTHLYPIS. 225 


The ashy of the crown, in the present species, is more restricted, as 
instead of passing down the occiput, and extending straight across 
between the black cheeks, its outline is rounded behind, less ex- 
tended, and allowing the olive green of the nape to pass forward to 
the dusky eyelids. The under parts are of a more ochry yellow. 
The bill above is paler. The bill is considerably stouter at the base, 
and more curved; the legs, too, decidedly stouter; the middle and 
hind toe longer. The tail appears to be a little shorter, or at least 
not longer than the wings, instead of decidedly longer. 


Smith-|Collec-} Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. eect Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
2,905 as «. |S. Amer. ? (‘‘Califor- eae 8. F. Baird. J. J, Audubon. 
2,367 ie .. | Trinidad. [nia’’? ?) Sais (| ee 
562 an .. |S. America? tee rn Ve ro 


(2,905.) Supposed to be type of Trichas delajieldii, and also type of Trichas velata, Bairp, 
Birds N. Am, 


Geothlypis poliocephala. 


Geothlypis poliocephala, Barr, n. s. 


? Geothlypis equinoctialis, ScLaTER & Savin, Ibis 1860, 273 (Guatemala). 
Not of Gm. 


Hab. West coast of Mexico, and Central America? 


(No. 34,017.) Bill very stout, with the culmen considerably curved from 
the base, and not unlike Jcteria; the depth of bill more than half distance 
from nostrils to tip. Tail considerably longer than the wings, a good deal 
graduated. Wings short, much rounded ; the Ist quill about equal to 9th. 

Above olive green. A narrow frontlet of black, extending over loral region 
to the eye, and curving round, passes a short distance below it. Eyelids 
white. Top of head and nape, and sides behind the eyes, including most of 
ear coverts, ashy. Beneath, including bend of wings, dull yellow; the sides 
paler, and tinged with brown. Inside of wings yellowish-white. Outer pri- 
mary, ag usual in the genus, edged with white, the others with olive. Bill 
light brownish above, whitish beneath. 

This specimen is marked male, but isin poor condition. One received from 
Mr. Salvin, from Guatemala, differs a little in having the black continued 
entirely round the eye, but inferiorly not extending behind its posterior ex- 
tremity. There are no white feathers on the eyelids. The sides of head and 
ears are ashy, as in the first specimen. The bill is even stouter, and the 
culmen more curved, than in 34,017, and exhibits a very striking difference 
from that of G. velata. 

Length (34,017), 5.40; wing, 2.20; tail, 2.65; its graduation, .50; difference 
between Ist and 4th quills, .18; bill above, .50, from nostril, .30, from gape, 
-61; depth, .165; tarsus, .87; middle toe and claw, .68; hind toe and claw, .51. 


No. 30,677. Length, 5.35; wing, 2.35; tail, 2.60 (worn); bill above, .56, 
15 April, 1865. 


226 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part 1 


from nostril, .35; greatest depth, .185; tarsus, .91; middle toe and claw, -80; 
hind toe and claw, .60. 

The species above described, if its characters are maintained 
throughout a series of specimens, appears to me worthy of separation 
from velata and xquinoctialis, being really more different from them 
than are the two latter from each other. Whether the two speci- 
mens are identical as species remains to be proved; the difference 
between the white eyelids of the one, with the eye not encircled be- 
hind by black, and the narrow black border behind the eye of the 
other, to the exclusion of the white eyelids, is somewhat analogous 
to that distinguishing G. macgillivrayt from G. philadelphia. The 
former condition may, however, be only a feature of immaturity, as 
the female and young G. philadelphia have whitish eyelids. 

The differences from allied species are expressed in the synopsis. 
The ash of the head is even more extended than in G. velata—reach- 
ing over the nape and on the sides of head, where it replaces much 
of the black of the cheeks of the others., The bill is much stouter, 
the culmen more curved ; the tail is longer, and the wings shorter and 
more rounded. The legs are apparently intermediate in character. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 
34,017] 16 fof Mazatlan, June 14, ’62. A.J. Grayson. |  —...... 
230,677) 198 = Petaleuleu, Guat. | Sept. 1862. O. Salvin, = | ween 


(34,017.) Type of species. 


Geothlypis philadelphia. 
Sylvia philadelphia, Wits. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 101, pl. xiv; Aup.; Nort. 
—Trichas philadelphia, JanD.—ReEINHARDT, Vidensk. Meddel. for 
1853, and Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).—Geothlypis phila. Barrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 243, pl. lxxix, fig. 3.—Sciarer, Catal. 1861, 27 
(Orizaba).—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 (Panama). 
Ficures: Wixs. Am. Orn. II, pl. xiv.—Avp. B. A. II, pl. 101. 
Hab. Eastern province of United States to British America; Greenland; 
southeastern Mexico and Panama R. R. Not recorded from West Indies or 
Guatemala. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex i When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b; 
No. | No. | Ace. Collected. v 

ig,s19 | .. | .. | Stewiacke, Nova se W. G. Winton. W. G. Winton. 
1,499 wa & | Carlisle, Pa. [Scotia,| May 26, 44. S. F. Baird. 8. F. Baird. 
1,024 g May, 1843. ug “ 

27,033 Selkirk Settlement. ees Gov. Mactavish. | so... 

27,052 uf ite Donald Gunn. Donald Gunn. 

te or South Illinois, mans R. Kennicott. | 0 ww... 

7,515 45 .. | Independence, Mo. macs Dr. Coopern fe 


207 .. | Panama R. R, fe Cab. Lawrence. M’Leannan. 


~ 


GEOTHLYPIS. 


Geothlypis macgillivrayi. 


227 


Sylvia macgillivrayi, Aup. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 75, pl. 399.—Trichas 
macg. Aup.—Geothlypis macg. Batrp, Birds N, Am. 1858, 244, pl. 
Ixxix, fig. 4.—-ScbAterR, Catal. 1861, 27 (Jalapa and Guat.).—Is. 
P. Z. 8. 1859, 363, 373 (Xalapa, Oaxaca).—Cas. Jour. 1861, 84 
(Costa Rica).—Cooprr & Suckury, P. R. R. Rep. XI, 11, 1859, 177. 
—Sylvicola macg. Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 118. 
Sylvia tolmici, Towns. J. A. N. Sc. 1839.— Trichas tolmici, Nutr. Man. I. 
Trichas vegeta (Licut.), Br. Consp. 1850, 310; fide Cab. Jour. 1861, 84 
(Mexico). 


Hab. Western and middle provinces of United States to northern boundary ; 
south to Costa Rica. 


smith-|Collec- Sex When 
sonian| tor's | and Locality. Collected Received from ~ Collected by 
No. No. ‘Age. i 
7,905 | 356 | .. | Ft. Steilacoom, W.T. | May 3, °56. | Dr Suckley. Dr, Suckley. 
1,910 oo o | Columbia River. May, 1835. S. F. Baird. J. K. Townsend. 
15,945 321 | g | Chiloweyuck Depot| June 20. A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly. 
25,373 681 | .. | Fort Tejon, Cal. Sept. 1857 John Xantus. John Xantus. 
10,944 i o& | Fort Bridger. June 10. Cc. Drexler. C. Drexler. 
10,954 ans .. | Fort Laramie, Aug. 31. W. M. Magraw. Dr. Cooper, 
32,178 | 2,486 Cape St. Lucas. Dee, 16, ’°59.| John Xantus. John Xantus. 
32,466 *45 | Q | Orizaba, Mex. ass Prof. Sumichrast. | Prof. Sumichrast. 
32,704 (40,772 | g' | Mexico. aiaié Verreaux. 
30,675 | 4,612 | Q | Coban, Guat. Nov. 1859. | O. Salvin. 
30,674 201 | og | Dueiias, Guat. Jan. 31, 58. sf 


(1,910.) Type of species, (32,178.) Iris dark brown. 


Geothlypis 


(No. 30,676.) Among some specimens from Guatemala, presented 
by Mr. Salvin to the Smithsonian Institution, is one labelled Geo- 
thlypis macgillivrayi ; which, however, by no means belongs to it, 
and is of a species quite unknown to me. In form it is intermediate 
between Geothlypis and Oporornis—having a pointed wing, a little 
longer than tail; the 3d quill longest, the 2d a little longer than 
the 4th, the 1st about equal to it. The under tail coverts are as in 
Oporornis, reaching nearly to the end of the tail. The legs are also 
asin Oporornis. The upper parts are olive green, brightest towards 
the tail; the head above tinged with brown. The whole under paris 
are yellow, less vivid on the throat, and tinged with ashy across the 
breast. An obscure line from bill to eye, and the eyelids are 
yellowish-white ; a dusky spot before the eye. Bill horn color. 
Legs yellow. It resembles the female G. trichas in the yellowish 
throat, bnt the wings are longer and more pointed, etc. Length, 
5.00; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.25; tarsus, .83; middle toe and claw, .67. 
The wings are much too short for either O. agilis or formosus, 
though otherwise similar in form. 


228 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIEDS. [PART I. 


This may possibly be the female of G. speciosa, Scl., which I have 
not seen. It is certainly different from any species known to me, in 
combining characters of the two genera mentioned. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex ¢ 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. eh rk Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 

30,676 | 3,154 | .. | Duefias, Guat. |Sept.17,’59.) O.Salvin. | 9... 


Supramiixw ICTERIANA. 
ICYERIA, Vieiiuor. 


Icteria, Vieitt0T, Ois, Am. Sept. I, 1807, iii and 85. (Type Muscicapa 
viridis, Gu., Turdus virens, Linn.) 


Bill broad at base, but contracting rapidly and becoming attenuated when 
viewed from above ; high at the base (higher than broad opposite the nostrils) ; 
the culmen and commissure much curved from base; the gonys straight. 
Upper jaw deeper than the lower; bill without notch, or rictal bristles. Nos- 
trils circular, edged above with membrane, the feathers close to their borders. 
Wings shorter than tail, considerably rounded ; 1st quill rather shorter than 
the 6th. Tail moderately graduated; the feathers rounded, but narrow. 
Middle toe without claw about two-thirds the length of tarsus, which has the 
scutelle fused externally into one plate. 


The precise systematic position of the genus Icteria is a matter 
of much contrariety of opinion among ornithologists; but I have 
little hesitation in including it among the Sylvicolide. It has been 
most frequently assigned to the Vireonidex, but differs essentially 
in the deeply cleft inner toe (not half-united as in Vireo), the partially 
booted tarsi, the lengthened middle toe, the slightly curved claws, 
the entire absence of notch or hook in the bill, and the short, rounded 
wing with only nine primaries. The wing of Vireo, when much 
rounded, has ten primaries—nine being only found when the wing 
is very long and pointed. 


Icteria virens. 


Turdus virens, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 171, no. 16 (based on 


Cnanthe americana, pectore luteo, Yellow-breasted Chat, CatEsBy, 
Carol. I, tab. 50). 


Muscicapa viridis, Gme.in, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 936.—Jecteria viridis, Bon. ; 


Aup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 137.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 248.—? Max. 
Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 122. 


Icteria dumicola, Visitt.—Pipra polyglotta, Wits. 


Plcteria velasquezii, Bon. P. Z. 8. 1837, 117 (Mexico).—Scrarer & Say. 
This, I, 1859, 12 (Guatemala). 


ICTERIA. 229 


Hab. Eastern province of United States; rare north of Pennsylvania. 
Mexico and Guatemala? Not noted from West Indies. 


I am still much perplexed in reference to the distinctness of the 
Mexican J. velasquezii from I. virens. All the Chats I have seen 
from localities south of the United States (four in the Smithsonian 
collection) agree in having the bill lighter colored, the upper man- 
dible brown with lighter lower edge, the lower nearly whitish. All 
have the sides and crissum tinged with brown. The size is rather 
less than in viridis, the proportions about the same ; the tail if any- 
thing shorter, not longer. In two specimens the bill is shorter, 
higher, and the culmen more curved than in any virens I have seen; 
in one it is about the same, and in another (13,601) it is longer and 
more slender. The white maxillary patch is rather restricted. 

In no adult male specimens from the United States do I find the 
bill other than intense black, and the crissum pure white. The 
flanks are a little brownish, but less so than in Mexican skins. A 
female from Carlisle, Pa., however (2,312; May), has the crissum 
and flanks precisely as in southern specimens ; the bill, also, is nearly 
as light colored. 

L. longicauda has the tail much longer, and the upper parts much 
grayer. The mandibular white extends farther back, as does the 
white at the posterior corner of the eye. Young birds from Cape 
St. Lucas differ from adults in the light-colored bill, and brownish 
wash on the flanks and crissum ; but the back, instead of being pure 
olive green, has a brownish faded appearance. 

Cabanis (Journal, 1860, 403), in summarily uniting all described 
Icteria into one species, entirely overlooks the great difference in 
the length of the tail of eastern and western specimens. 

Icteria auricollis, of Licht., doubtless refers to I. velasquezti. 

Specimens of this species are in the Smithsonian museum from 
all parts of the United States east of the valleys of the lower Mis- 
souri, as far west as Fort Riley and Neosho Falls, Kansas, and 
south of Cape May and Carlisle; also— 


| 
Smith- Collec-| Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. Collected. 

19,080 30 | ue Fort Cobb, Ark. May 27. J. H. Clark, C. S. MeCarthy. 

22,371 |43,775 sea Mexico. rans Verreaux, | 9 ...... 
7,954 ie -. | Guatemala. siete J.Gould. js 

18,601. | as | ns is een | eres 


20,404 :. | Choctun, Vera Paz.! Jan. 1860. | ©.Salvin. | 11... 


230 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Part I. 


Icteria longicauda. 
Ieteria longicauda, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI, April, 1853, 4.— 
Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 249, pl. xxxiv, fig. 2.—Scriarer, Catal. 
42, no. 253. 
?Icteria auricollis (Licat. Mus. Berl.), Bon. Consp. 1850, 331. 
Hab. Western and middle provinces of United States ; Cape St. Lucas and 
Mexico? 


Specimens of this species are in the Smithsonian collection from 
many points in California and the Rocky Mountains as far north as 
Yreka, Cal., to northern Mexico, and east to the Upper Missouri, as— 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 2 2 
5,310 a g |Ft. Lookcut, Mo.Riv.| June17, ’56.; Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden. 
4,648 es do Ft. Pierre, ss May 12,’55.| Col. Vaughan. ne 
8,841 a .. |Loup Fork. * | aug. 5, Lt. Warren. cc 
16,948 | 3,236 | ¢ |Cape St. Lucas. Oct. 10. J. Xantus. J. Xantus. 
9,109 |34,716 | .. | Mexico. ori Verreaux, [| 9 .seaee 


GRANATELLUS, Dosvs. 


Granatellus, Dusus (“ Esq. Orn.”), Bon. Consp. 1850, 312. (Type G. 
venustus, DUB.) 


Bill shaped much as in Jcteria; kroad and high at the base, scarcely notched 
at tip. Culmen and commissure much curved; gonys slightly convex; the 
upper edge of lower jaw much curved, but straight towards the end. Lower 
jaw deeper than the upper. Nostrils circular, in anterior end of nasal groove, 
with membrane against posterior half, but not above it, and with the nasal 
feathers falling short of their edges, as in some Troglodytide and Donacobius. 
Rictal bristles inconspicuous; the throat and chin with bristles interspersed 
among the feathers. Tarsi short; the scutelle much fused on the sides. 
Wings considerably shorter than the rounded tail, the feathers of which have 
rounded tips; the first quill as short as the secondaries. 


I can find no place for this curious form so appropriate as near 
to Icteria, as although the style of coloration is very different (ashy 
above, sides white, belly red), the structure is much alike. The 
bills are quite similar in shape and proportions—being very deep, 
and the upper mandible much decurved from the base ; there is, how- 
ever, a very slight faint notch, scarcely appreciable in some speci- 
mens. A striking difference is in the disproportionate size of the 
lower jaw, which is actually deeper than the upper, anterior to the 
nostrils. The naked space just behind the nostrils is also peculiar, 
as perhaps the absence of membrane above them. The tail is more 
graduated, and the feathers more rounded than in Icteria, 


GRANATELLUS. 231 


Four species of this genus are now known, the differences of 
which are indicated in the following diagnoses. The characters of 
G. sallaet and pelzelnit I borrow from Sclater—not having seen 
these species. 


Common Cuaracters.—Slaty blue above; tail black. A broad post- 
ocular patch, and sides of body white. Middle region of body 
beneath, from breast to crissum inclusive, vermilion red. 

Sides of head and neck black; chin and throat white. 


Top of head like the back ; forehead and pectoral col- 
lar black ; lateral tail feathers tipped with white venustus. 


Similar to last, but without black pectoral collar . francisce. 
Top of head black; no black pectoral collar; tail 
feathers without white tips . 5 : . pelzelnii. 


Sides of head, with entire chin and throat, plumbeous ; tail 
feathers not tipped with white . . ‘ $ . sallaei. 


Granatellus venustus. 


Granatellus venustus, “ Dusus, Esq. Orn. tab. xliv,” Box. Consp. 1850, 
312 (Mus. Bruxell. ex Mexico).—Scuiater, P. Z. 8. Nov. 1864, 607, 
pl. xxxvii, fig. 2 (copied from Dubus). 


Hab. Western Mexico. 


(No. 30,169, $.) Above bluish slate color. Forehead, sides of head and 
neck including edge of vertex, and a narrow pectoral collar, continuous 
black. A broad. triangular patch of white behind the eye in the black of the 
neck. Median portion of under parts, from the black pectoral band to and 
including crissum, vermilion red. Axillars, lining of wings, flanks, chin and 
throat (which are bordered by black, as described) white; side of breast 
plumbeous. Outer web, and terminal half of inner web of 1st tail feather, 
terminal fifth of 2d, and a slight tip of 3d, all white; rest of tail black. 
Quills dark brown, edged externally like the back, internally with whitish. 
Bill dark plumbeous, paler on the tomia and gonys; legs rather dusky. Iris 
white. 

A close examination shows a number of black bristles interspersed in the 
white of the throat. 

Length, 5.40; wing, 2.47; tail, 2.90; graduation, .35; difference between 
Ist and 4th quills, .36; bill above, .55; nostril, .36; gape, .65 tarsus, .77; 
middle toe and claw, .60. 


The differences between this species, G. pevzelnii,t and G. sallaei, 
are given below. 


1 Granatellus pelzelnii, 


Granatellus pelzelneti, Scuater, P. Z. 8. Nov. 22, 1864, 606, pl. xxxvii, 
fig. 1 (Madeira River, Brazil). 


Supra plumbeus, pileo et capitis lateribus nigris ; vitta post-oculari utrinque 


232 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 
Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Sie: Received from Remarks. 


No. No. | Age. 


April, 1863. John Xantus. Iris white. 


30,169 | 505 | g | Sierra Madre, Coli- 
[ma. 


Granatellus francesce2. 


Granatellus francesce, BairD, n. 8. 


Above bluish slate color. Forehead, continuous with a broad stripe above 
and beyond the eye, as also the sides of the head and neck, black. A tri- 
angular patch of pure white extending from the postero-superior border of the 
eye, along the side of the head and continued, though much obscured, across 
the nape. Under parts, including inside of wings and side of breast, white ; 
the jugulum and median line of body to and including crissum, carmine red. 
Wings blackish ; the outer webs more plumbeous, edged with paler, and with 
two narrow whitish bars across the coverts; the inner webs abruptly edged 
with white. Tail black, the outer feather white, except at base; the black 
passing farther along the inner web; the next feather with the black more 
extended ; the third with the white confined to the tip; the fourth with a 
narrow streak of white in the end; the others all black. Tibia plumbeous. 
Bill lead color; paler along the tomia and the gonys. Legs blackish. 

Female with the red of under parts restricted to a tinge on the crissum; 
the white replaced by soiled pale buff, as also is the black of the head; middle 
of belly quite white. Young male like female, but with under parts purer 
white; the jugulum and under parts with traces of red. 

Total length, 6.35; wing, 2.51; tail, 3.40, its graduation, .60; difference of 


lata et corpore subtus albis; pectore toto, ventre medio et crisso rosaceo- 
rubris ; alis et cauda nigricanti-fuscis, immaculatis ; rostro plumbeo, tomiis 
pallescentibus ; pedibus corylinis. Long. corp. 4.50; ale, 2.00; cauda, 2.00. 


This species was collected, by Dr. Natterer, in Brazil, Sept. 1829, and while 
most similar to G. venustus, differs in the want of the black pectoral band and 
of the white tips to the tail feathers, and in the black of top of head. The 
white throat separates it from sallaei. 


Granatellus sallaei. 

Granatellus sallaei (Setophaga sallaei, “ Be. & Scu.,” Br. Comptes Ren- 
dus, XLII, May, 1856, 957), Scuarser, P. Z. S. July 8, 1856, 292, pl. 
exx (Cordova); 1859, 374, 9 (Oaxaca) ; 1864, 607.—Scrarer & 
Satvin, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Cajabon, Guat.). 


Hab. South Mexico to Guatemala. 


G. sallaei differs from venustus in having the ohin and throat plumbeous 
instead of white. The black sides of the head, forehead, and pectoral collar 
appear to be represented merely by a darker shade of the ground color. The 
tail lacks the white tips. The plumbeous ground color, the white post-ocular 
stripe, and the red of the breast, belly, and crissum, with the white sides, are 
common to both species. 


TERETRISTIS. 233 


1st and longest primaries, .50; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, 
-387; along gape, .61; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .66 ; claw alone, .20; 
hind toe and claw, .45; claw alone, .21. 

This beautiful and hitherto undescribed species is quite similar to 
G. venustus in appearance, but differs in a much longer, broader, 
and more rounder tail. The wing is much graduated; the 4th and 
5th quills nearly equal; the 3d a little shorter; the 2d about equal 
to the 7th; the 1st shorter than the secondaries. The principal 
difference in coloration consists in the absence of the black pectoral 
collar (although a few concealed spots may be considered as repre- 
senting it); in the pure white of the sides of the breast, instead of 
plumbeous; in the narrow whitish bands across the wings; the 
greater amount of white on the tail, ete. From pelzelniz it is distin- 
guished by the plumbeous crown and white tips of the tail feathers. 

This bird is one of a number of new species discovered, during 
the past winter, by Col. Grayson, on one of the Three Marias, a 
group of Islands off the coast of Mexico, about eighty miles from 
San Blas; and I cannot more appropriately dedicate it than to Mrs. 
Grayson, to whose encouragement Col. Grayson owes so much of the 
persistency and success with which he has prosecuted the study of 
the ornithology of California and western Mexico. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and 
No. No. | Age. 


37,312| 67 | 
37,313 | 70 |¢ Juv. 
37,314 | 69 g 


When 


Collected. Received from’ Remarks. 


Locality. 


Three Marias, Mex. | Jan. 1865. | Col. A. J. Grayson. | ‘‘Iris brown.” 
ee eats fe .+.. [Type. 


“ “ 


TERETRISTIS, Casanis. 


Teretristis, CABANIS, Jour. Orn. III, 1855, 475. (Type Anabates fernan- 
dine, LEMB.) 


Bill slender, rather deep and compressed from the base, not quite so long 
as the head: the outlines of upper mandible considerably decurved, and 
without notch at tip; the gonys straight. Rictal bristles short and incon- 
spicuous, not reaching the nostrils. Some scattered bristles in the chin. 
Nostrils rather elongated, without membrane above them anteriorly, the frontal 
feathers coming up close. Wings shorter than the slightly rounded tail. 
First quill shorter than outer secondaries ; 2d about equal to 7th; 3d and 4th 
equal and longest. Tail slightly graduated, the feathers acuminate. Inner 
toe with basal joint cleft rather more than half; tarsi short, but little longer 
than middle toe and claw: the scutelle distinct, or else fused on the outside ; 
claws short, considerably curved. Sexes similar. No spots on the tail. 


This is another genus the precise position of which is somewhat 


234 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


uncertain. The bill is much like that of some Certhiole in shape 
and curve, though the mouth is deeply cleft, and the tongue com- 
paratively simple (see page 163), as in the Warblers. In the com- 
pression, however, and decurvation of the bill, there is a close rela- 
tionship to Icteria, though it is smaller, longer proportionally, and 
much more slender. The basal joints of the middle toe are rather 
more united than common in Sylvicolide ; not so much as in Vireo. 
The tarsi are shorter, and the claws more curved than in Icteria. 

This genus, confined to Cuba, is represented by two known species 
which agree in having the upper parts olive gray, the crissum 
whitish, the wings and tail not varied by white. The diagnosis is 
as follows :— 


Head and neck all round yellow (slightly olivaceous above) ; 
rest of under parts whitish, tinged with ashy on the sides fernandine. 


Head and neck above like the back; sides of head (sharply 
defined against the vertex) and whole under parts, except 
crissum and anal region, bright yellow. . . . fornsii. 


Teretristis fernandin2. 


Anabates fernandine, Lempeye, Aves Cuba, 1850, 66, tab. v, fig. 2 
(western Cuba).—Gunpuacn, Bost. Jour. VI, m1, 1853, 317 (eggs; 
Cuba).—Teretristis fern. Cab. Jour. III, 1855, 475.—Guyptacs, Ib. 
1861, 326 (Cuba; very common).—Helmitherus blanda, Bon. Consp. 
I, April, 1850, 314, Cuba (not the species of Lichtenstein, jide 
Cabanis). 


Hab. Western Cuba. 


Head and neck all round olive green above, yellow beneath; the loral 
region and eyelids, and edge of wings also yellow. Rest of upper parts ashy 
gray, with faint tinge of olivaceous. Under parts pale ashy gray, lighter 
across breast; the middle of breast and beily yellowish-white. Lining of 
wings white. Bill dark lead color, lighter along the tomia. Legs dark brown. 
The bill varies a good deal in size and shape. 

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.45 ; graduation, .25 ; difference between 
Ist and 3d quills, .40; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .37, along 
gape, .60; depth, .15 ; greatest width at angle of rictus, .25 ; tarsus, .74; middle 
toe and claw, .62; claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .45; claw alone, .22. 


| 

Smith- Collec- Sex erie 
Pe as 3 re » Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
29,636 is Fermina, Cuba. Feb. 20. Ch Wri 
29,633 as oe « April 25, air right, | 0 seeess 
29,635 it i “ Feb. 19. re re 
29.634) .. |. : i ee 
33,678 | .. | 1. | Cuba, ae oe Geese. | mee 
33,677 | .. | 9 ws pine J. Gundlach, |... 

sill noel ss ‘ te Cab. Mr,Lawrence.} —..... 


: TERETRISTIS. 235 


Teretristis fornsii. 


Teretristis fornsii, GuNyptacu, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI, Feb. 1858 (eastern 
Cuba).—Is. Cab. Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba; very common). 


Hab. Eastern Cuba. 


Entire upper parts light ashy. Beneath, including lores, ocular region, and 
a narrow line above it, ears, and edge of the wing, yellow, sharply defined ; 
the sides of body, anal region to crissum and tibia, light dull ash. Inside 
of wings white. Bill and legs dark plumbeous. 

Length, 4.90; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.35; bill from gape, .60; tarsus,.73. No. 
23,511 has a much broader bill than usual. 

In proportions this species resembles the fernandine, but the 
two are easily distinguished by the color. In the former the head 
above is olive green, the yellow of under parts confined to throat; 
in fornsit the whole upper parts are uniform ashy, the yellow of 
under part extending over the breast and belly. 


Smith- |Collec-} Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Patan Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 


17,717 ee .. | Monte Verde, Cuba. sie Chas. Wright. [| —...... 
17,718 re -_ ae pias eae, Ser 
23,511 wa aca fal Sept. 4, ’61. rn eee 
23,512 sie ve as arts HAS casi (ye Li) a lalanstaxs 
33,076 Bt «. | Cuba, wets Dr. J. Gundlach. | —........ 


Susramity SETOPHAGINA. 


Sylvicoline birds with the characters of Flycatchers; the bill notched at 
tip, depressed and broad at the base, though quite deep; the rictus with well 
developed bristles reaching beyond the nostrils, sometimes to the end of the 
pill. First quill rather less than the 4th, or still shorter. Size of the species 
rarely exceeding six inches. Colors red, yellow, and olive. 


The species of this section resemble the small Flycatchers of the 
family Tyrannide& in the structure of the bill, etc., and in the habit 
of capturing insects more or less on the wing, though they are more 
restless in their movements, seeking their prey among trees, or in 
bushes, rapidly changing their place, instead of occupying a perch, 
and returning to it, after pursuing an insect through the air. The 
yellow or orange crown found in many species also carries out the 
analogy; but the strictly Oscine characters of the tarsal scutelli, 
and the nine primaries will serve to distinguish them. 

While the Sylvicolee are eminently characteristic of the orni- 
thology of North America, in the number of specimens and of 
specics—few indigenous true Warblers being found south of the 


236 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


United States—it is this section that has its highest development 
in South and Middle America, the species being almost equally 
numerous with the Sylvicolex. It is a curious fact, too, that the 
Setophagezx of the United States agree with its Sylvicolezx in the 
wing being long and pointed, the Ist quill being always longer than 
the 5th; while the more southern species have the wing more 
rounded, the Ist quill always considerably shorter than the 5th; and 
even in the Dendroicas of the West Indies and South America the 
1st quill is much shorter than in very near northern allies (as D. 
petechia and vieilloti compared with xstiva). The only exception is 
in Cardellina rubrifrons of Mexico which has a pointed wing. What 
the signification of this more imperfectly developed wing in the 
southern members of the Sylvicolidx may be, I am at present unable 
to state, or whether a similar condition exists in other families. 

As usual, in extensive divisions of birds, the transition from one 
generic form to another is so gradual, through the different species, 
that it is very difficult to define the genera with precision, or to 
establish trenchant characters for separating them. The following 
synopsis, however, will be found to express the principal modifica- 
tions of structure and characters of the group :— 


A. Wings pointed ; the Ist quill longer than the 5th; the 3d as 
long as or longer than the 4th. Tail nearly even, or slightly 
rounded (the difference of the feathers less than .20); the 
feathers broad and firm; the outer webs of exterior feathers 
narrow at base, but widening to nearly double the width 
near the end, 


1. Bill from gape nearly as long as skull, broad at base and 

much depressed ; rictal bristles reaching half way 

from nostrils to tip. Culmen and commissure nearly 

straight. Wings equal tothe tail. Tarsi long; toes 

short ; middle toe without claw, about half the tarsus Setophaga. 
2. Bill from gape nearly as long as skull, broad at base, but 

deep and more Sylvicoline; rictal bristles reaching 

but little beyond nostrils. Culmen and commissure 

straight to the tip. Wings longer than the almost 

even tail. Middle toe without claw, three-fifths the 

tarsus. . . . : . i : « Myiodioctes. 
3. Bill from gape much shorter than head, wide at base but 

compressed and high; the culmen and commissure 

much curved from base, scarcely notched at tip; 

rictal bristles reaching nearly half way from nostrils 

to tip. Wings about equal to the almost even tail. 

Middle toe without claw, about three-fifths the rather 

short tarsus, . : ‘ . . . - Cardellina. 


TERETRISTIS. 237 


B. Wings rounded; the 1st quill shorter than in the preceding 
section, always less than the 5th. 
1. Bill much depressed, and widened at base. Culmen 
and commissure quite straight to near the tip. 


a. Bill attenuated towards the end; lateral outlines 
straight or concave. Tail decidedly longer 
than the wings. Second quill as long as 6th. 


Rictal bristles reaching nearly to tip of bill, 
which from gape is rather less than the 
length of skull. Tail considerably grad- 
uated (.50), the feathers soft, broad ; 
the outer web of outer feather wide, 
nearly even, and about one-third the 
width of inner. A rufous patch on 
vertex . . . . . E « Myioborus. 


Rictal bristles reaching a little beyond mid- 
dle of bill, which is elongated, and from 
gape about equal to length of skull. 
Tail moderately rounded, the feathers 
firm; the outer web of outer feather 
not more than one-fourth the width of 
inner. A yellow stripe on vertex . Euthlypis. 


b. Bill broad towards the end; lateral outlines ob- 
tuse, like Todirostrum. Tail very little longer 
than the wings. Second quill much shorter 
than 6th. 
Rictal bristles extending just beyond nos- 
trils. Tail graduated, the feathers nar- 
row, pointed. Outer webs narrow « Myiothlypis. 


2. Bill pointed, depressed, and more or less wide at base, 
but deep, and the culmen gently curved from the base. 
a. Tail nearly even, the feathers narrow, about equal 
to or very little longer than the lengthened 
wings (1st quill about equal to the 7th). Bill 
thickened, and broad at base. Rictal bristles 
lengthened. Tarsi short. Vertex with two 
black stripes inclosing a median one of a yel- 
low, orange, or ashy color. ‘ ‘i . Basileuterus. 
b. Tail decidedly longer than the abbreviated wings 
(ist quill not longer than 9th), much grad- 
uated, the feathers narrow. Bill rather nar- 
row, scantily bristled. Tarsi long. Top of the 
head chestnut 7 : ; . ‘ . Idiotes. 
c. Tail about equal to the lengthened wings (1st quill 
about equal to the 6th), nearly even, the 
feathers broad. Bill very small, and narrow ; 
rictus well bristled; prevailing color red. . Ergaticus. 


238 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [paRt I. 


The preceding synopsis is strictly empirical, and intended merely 
to aid in distinguishing the genera. A more natural order of 
sequence is to arrange the genera into three groups, of which Seto- 
phaga, Myiodioctes, and Cardellina respectively may be considered 
as types, with several divergent forms, representing each other in 
the following order :— 


Tail broad, rounded, little or considerably longer than the wings. Bill 
broad and flat :— 
, SzropHaca. Setophaga, 
Euthlypis, 
Myioborus. 


Tail narrow, nearly even, and about equal to the wings. Bill broad, de- 
pressed :— 
Myiopiocres. Myiodioctes, 
Basileuterus, 
Idiotes, 
Myiothlypis. 


Tail as in preceding. Bill narrow, Parine in appearance. Culmen 
curved :— 
Carpetuna. Cardellina, 
Ergaticus. 


In these three divisions, typical Setophaga, Myiodioctes, and Car- 
dellina, respectively, have the wing long and sharp-pointed ; the 
others succeeding these have the wing shorter, more rounded, and 
exhibit other divergent characters. I am by no means disinclined 
to restrict the genera of Setophagee to the above mentioned three, 
or at least to four, including Basileuterus, and to consider the others 
as only sections or subgenera. There scarcely appears to be any 
alternative to this view than to accept all the others mentioned as 
of independent generic rank. 


MYIODIOCTES, Avpvuzoy. 


Myiodioctes, Aupuson, Synopsis, 1839, 48. (Type Jfotacilla mitrata, 
Gu.)—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 291. 

Wilsonia, Bonar. List,-1838 (preoccupied in botany). 

Myioctonus, Casanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 18. (Type Ifotacilla mitrata.) 


Bill broad, depressed; the lateral outlines a little concave; the bristles 
reaching not quite half way from nostrils to tip. Culmen and commissure 
nearly straight to near the tip. Nostrils oval, with membrane above. Wings 
pointed, rather longer than the nearly even but slightly rounded tail; Ist 
quill shorter than the 4th, much longer than 5th; the 2d and 3d quills longest. 
Tarsi rather lengthened, the scutellar divisions rather indistinct ; the middle 
toe without claw, about three-fifths the tarsus. 


MYIODIOCTES, 239 


This genus differs from typical Setophaga in stouter feet and much 
longer toes—the middle toe of S. rutictlla not exceeding the lateral 
of AL mitratus. The tail is shorter than the wings, not longer than 
or at least equal to them. The bill is differently shaped, being nar- 
rower and more cylindrical, though decidedly depressed ; the lateral 
outlines are slightly concave, not about straight. The tip is iess 
decurved. 

M. pustila and canadensis are quite similar, generically with 
rather more tumid bill, and perhaps narrower tail feathers. 

The species of Myiodioctes all belong to the United States, and 
I have already given a synopsis of their characters in Birds N. Am. 


Myiodioctes mitratus. 


Motacilla mitrata, Gueutn, 8. N. 11788, 293.—Sylvia m. Laru.—Visit. 
II, pl. 77.—Bon. ; Nort. ; Acp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 110.—Sylvicola m. 
Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 113.— Sylvania nm. Nurratt, Man. I, 1840, 
333.—Setophaga m. Jarnp.—D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba Ois. 1840, 89.— 
Wilsonia m, Bon. 1838.—Avuex, Pr. Essex Inst. 1864.—Myiodioctes 
m. Aub. Syn. 1839, 48.—I. B, A. II. pl. 71.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1856, 
291 (Cordova) ; 1858, 358 (Honduras).—Is. Catal. 1861, 33, no. 202. 
—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 292.—Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 26 
(March).—Scrater & Saxviy, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—Law- 
rence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 63 (Panama R. R.).—Gunpiacu, Cab. 
Jour. 1861, 326 (Cuba).—Myoctonus m. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1851.—Is. 
Jour. Orn. III, 1855, 472 (Cuba). 

Muscicapa cucullata, Wixson, III, pl. xxvi, fig. 3. 

Muscicapa selby:, Aup. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 9. 


Hab. Eastern Province of United States, rather southern ; Bermuda; Cuba; 
Jamaica; eastern Mexico; Honduras and Guatemala to Panama R. R. 


Specimens from various points in the Atlantic and Mississippi 
Valley States as far north as Carlisle, Pa., and Cleveland, Ohio: 
also— 


Smith-|Collec-! Sex an When = 

sonian| tor’s | and ocality. eceived from Collected b 
No No. |Age. Collected. y 

17,185 me se) Jamaica. are J.B. Smith, |  ...... 

30,696 a5 od Choctum, Vera Paz, 1861. O Salvin, | succes 


Myiodioctes canadensis. 


Auscicapa canadensis, Linn. 8. N. 1, 1766, 327. (Muscicapa canadensis 
cinerea, Brisson, II, 406, tab. 39, fig. 4) -GmueLin.—Witson, III, pl. 
xxvi, fig. 2.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 103.—Setophaga can. Swatys. ; 
Ricu. ; Gray.—Myiodioctes can. Aup. B. A. I, pl. 103,—Brewer, 


240 


REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Pr. Bost. Soc. VI, 5 (nest and eggs).—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1854, 111 
(Ecuador; winter) ; 1855, 143 (Bogota) ; 1858, 451 (Ecuador).— 
Is. Catal. 1861, 34, no. 204.—Scrarer & Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 
(Guatemala). —Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, 1862. — Barro, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 294.—Euthlypis can. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 


18; Jour. Orn. 1860, 326 (Costa Rica). 
Sylvia pardalina, Bon. ; Nourr.—Sylvicola pardalina, Bon.— Myiodioctes 


pardalina, Bon. 


?Muscicapa bonapartir, AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 27, pl. 5.—Setophaga bon. 
Ricu.— Wilsonia bon. Bon. —Sylvania bon. Nurr.—? Myiodioctes bon. 
Aup. Syn.—Is. B. A. II, 1841, 17, pl. 17.—Batrp, Birds, N. Am. 


1858, 295. 


Setophaga nigricincta, Larn. Rev. Zool. 1843, 292; 1844, 79. 
Hab. Whole eastern province of United States; eastern Mexico to Guate- 


mala, and south to Bogota. 


Not noted from West Indies. 


Specimens from eastern United States and Mississippi Valley ; 


also— 

Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 7 

29,760 os -. | Ottawa, Can. are W.T. Coleman. | —...... 

13,699 31 | .. | Isle Caroline, Lake | June 2. R.Kennicott. | =... 

$2,715 |20,170 | Q | Mexico. [Winuipeg? eee Verreaux, |  — .eeeee 

34,001 294 | g | Petaleuleu, Guat. Sept. 1862. | O.Salvin. |  ...... 

83,284 134 | Q | San Jose, C. R. ee5 Dr. v. Frantzius. | Ss... es 

34,621 ae .. | Bogota. J.H.Roome. | ~~ ...... 

Myiodioctes pusillus. 


Muscicapa pusilla, Wiuson, Am. Orn. III, 1811, 103, pl. xxvi, fig. 


4.—Wilsonia pus. Bon.—Sylvania pus. Norr.—Myiodioctes pus. 
Bon. Consp. 1850, 315.—Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 
1858, 299 (Oaxaca Mts.; Dec.) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 373.—Is. 
Catal. 1861, 34, no. 203.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 293.—ScnatTer 
& Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 11 (Guatemala). —Lorp, Pr. R. Art. Inst. 
Woolwich, IV, 1864, 115 (Br. Columbia).—Myioctonus pus. Can. 
M. H. 1851, 18.—Is. Jour. 1860, 325 (Costa Rica). 


Sylvia wilsonii, Bon. ; Nurt.— Muscicapa wilsonii, Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 


124,—Setophaga wilsonii, Janp.—Myiodioctes wilsonii, Aup. B. A. 
Il, pl. 75. 


Sylvia petasodes, Licut. Preis-Verz. 1830. 
Motacilla pileolata, Pauw. Zoog. Rosso.-Asiat. I, 1831,497 (Russian Am.). 


Hab. Entire breadth of United States, north to Russian America; Mexico, 
to Costa Rica. 


. 


Specimens from the Pacific coast are more brightly colored than 
eastern, and the yellow of the forehead has a mixture of orange in 
it. The size is rather smaller, and the bill seems rather narrower. 


BASILEUTERUS. 241 


There are, however, so many intermediate grades between the two 
extremes as to render inexpedient any attempt at specific separation. 

Specimens in the collection from many localities throughout the 
United States from Atlantic to Pacific; also— 


| 

smith-|Gottee- Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 

No. No. (Age. ‘ 
20,635 474 | .. | Ft. George, H. B, Sept. 3, 60. | C. Drexler. C. Drexler. 
20,636 490 cr May 26, '60. Sa Sa Hh Se son cereale 
22,303 iN . | Halifax, N.S. is W. G. Winton. W. G. Winton. 
27,291 7 | .. | Ft. Youkon. bes J. Lockhart. J. Lockhart. 
27,292 | 1,229 ie May, 1861. | R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott. 
27,290 | 1,208 | .. | La Pierre’s House. Sati B. R. Ross. J. Flett. 
32,173 | 2,489 | g | Escondida, C. 8. L. | Nov. 1859. J. Xantus, J. Xantus. 
32,174 | 6,016 | ¢ | San Gertrude Mts. | Jan. 1861. es ee 
30,138 506 | Q | Colima (Sierra Ma- | April, 1863. oe e 
32,467 47 | of | Orizaba, Mex. [dre). esas Prof. Sumichrast, | Prof.Sumichrast. 
30,877 96 | .. | Mirador, Mex. Nov. 1862. Dr. Sartorius, Dr. Sartorius. 
32,716 [32,622 | gi | Coban, Guat. oes Verreaux. weeieroiaie 
30,697 299 | .. | Duefias, Guat. wae O. Salvin. 
33,423 129 | .. | San Jose, C. R. esis Dy. v. Frantzius. 
34,655 a J | Barrauea, C, R. April 16,‘64.| J. Carmiol. 
34,656 cs ae Aprills, oS 
34,657 @ “ April 19. “ 


Myiodioctes minutus. 
Muscicapa minuta, Witsox, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 62, pl. 1, fig. 5.—Avp. 
Orn. Biog. V, pl. 434, fig. 3.—Is. B. A. I, pl. 67.— Sylvia minuta, 
Bon.— Wilsonia m. Bon. List, 1838. 
Sylvania pumilia, Nurr. Man. I, 1840, 334. 
Hab. Eastern United States. 


This species continues ta be unknown to modern ornithologists—no 
specimens being recorded as extant in collections. 


BASILEUTERUS, Cananis. 
BASILEUTERUS, Cab. 


Basileuterus, Cas. Schomburgk’s Reise Br. Guiana, III, 1848, 666. (Type 
Sylvia vermivora, ViEILLoT.) (See antea, page 237.) 


Bill broad at the base and much depressed, but thick; the culmen curved 
gently from the base, the commissure curved for most of its extent. Rictal 
bristles variable, but reaching about half way from the nostrils to tip of bill. 
The tail is slightly emarginated, and only a little rounded, the lateral feather 
sometimes rather graduated, the feathers rather narrow. Wing about equal 
to the tail, rounded; 4th quill longest, lst about equal to the 8th. Toes 
rather shorter than in Myiodioctes, the middle without its claw nearly two- 
thirds the tarsus. 


There is a good deal of variation in the size of bill and other 
features, with different species; but the broad decurved bill, nearly 
even narrow tail with the lateral feather more or less graduated, 


wing's equal to the tail and much rounded, the Ist quill equal to the 8th 
16 May, 1865. 


242 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


and 9th, are common to all. The relationship to Myiodioctes is quite 
close, especially to canadensis and pusillus ; but the. characters just 
mentioned will distinguish them. The transition, however, to Idiotes 
is very gradual, through such species as I. mesochrysus. Setophaga 
is distinguished by a much more depressed and thinner bill, with 
the culmen and commissure nearly straight for most of the length, 
as well as by other features. 


Synopsis of Species of Basileuterus. 
Top of head with two black stripes inclosing a median of 
yellow or orange. No rufous on sides of head. 
Beneath entirel} yellow. 
Central stripe of head orange brown, mixed 
with gray. Back olive green. 
Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids whitish vermivorus,! Cab 
Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids yellow 
(mot seen) . F : F . bivittatus, Sel. 
Central stripe of ead yellow, sometimes mixed 
with orange. Back olivaceous-ash. 
Supra-ocular stripe and eyelids yellow- 
ish-green p : 5 ; . culicivorus, Bp. 
Chin and throat gray; rest of under parts yellow. 
Back olive. Supra-ocular stripe ash color? 
Central stripe of head brownish-orange .- - coronatus,? Scl. 
Central stripe of head yellow; throat darker 
ash (not seen) ‘ 3 F 5 . cinereicollis, Scl. 
Top of head with two black stripes inclosing 4 median of 
ash, or nearly unicolor ashy or brown. No rufous on 
sides of head. Beneath whitish, or not bright yellow. 
Back olive green, uniform with rump. 
Top and sides of head ash, scarcely lighter in 
centre. Supra-ocular line and eyelids white. {8el. 
Sides tinged with olive green “ F - leucoblepharum$ 


1 A species—B. hypoleucus, Br.—from Brazil, is said to differ in being white 
beneath. 

2 B. viridicata, Burm. III, 113 (D’Orb. Voyage, IX, 325) appears quite similar, 
with the vertex stripe yellow, not orange. In this respect it agrees with cinerei- 
collis (Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1864, 166, Bogota), and like it has a grayish-ashy 
throat, tinged with greenish. The difference I am unable to state. Basileu- 

_terus chrysogaster, of Peru (Setophaga chrys. Tscaunt, F. P. 192), is said to be 
yellow beneath, olive green above, a little darker on top of head where the 
feathers are yellow at base, and orange in middle. 

5 Basileuterus leucoblepharum, Scu. Catal. p. 36. A Paraguayan, and conse- 
quently a typical specimen, has the whole top of head uniform slaty gray, 


BASILEUTERUS. 243 


Top of head dusky, inclosing a lighter median ashy 

stripe. Eyelids and supra-ocular stripe less 

distinct. Sides tinged with olive green . superciliosus, Ba. 
Similar to last, but creamy white beneath. Supra- 

ocular stripe distinct. Sides tinged with rufous 

orfulvous . : : ‘ . 3 . stragulatus, Scl. 


Back dark brownish ; rump and base of tail yellowish semicervinus,'Scl. 
uropygialis, Sel. 


The following are the better known species of Bastleuterus from 
South America :— 


Basileuterus vermiwvorus. 


Sylvia vermivora, Vier. Nouv. Dict. II, 1817, 278.—Basileuterus v. Cas. 
Schomb. Guiana.—Scrater, Catal. 1861, 34, no. 34. 
Setophaga auricapilla, Swans. Anim. Men. 1838, 293 (Brazil). 


Hab. Bogota, Trinidad, Brazil, ete. 


Basileuterus hypoleucus. 


Basileuterus hypoleucus, Br. Consp. 1850, 313.—BurM. Uebers. III, 1856, 
113 (Brazil). 


Basileuterus bivittatus.? 
Muscicapa bivittata, Lar. & D’Ors. Syn. Av. 1837, 51.—D’Ors. Voyage, 


almost inappreciably lighter along the middle of the crown, the white on the 
eyelids very distinct. The bill is slender and narrow. Brazilian specimens 
exhibit a quite well defined band on each side of the crown from the bill, 
bordering a central stripe of slate gray; the white of eyelids is less promi- 
nent, and the bill decidedly broader. These differences, if constant, may 
render it desirable to establish the Trichas superciliosus, of Swainson, as a 
distinct species, under the name of Basileuterus superciliosus. 

' Not having seen a specimen of B. semicervinus, I am unable to give its 
diagnosis. Sclater says that B. uropygialis differs in having the uropygium 
and rump more lightly colored; the back olive, and head cinereous (instead 
of brown), almost as in stragulatus, with which, too, it agrees in color of lower 
surface. 

2 A specimen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy I am unable to 
refer to any of the described Gasileuteri. There is a central line on top of 
head of pale yellowish-gray, the feathers dull yellowish at the base; on each 
side of this a broad black stripe (wider than in vermivorus), the two meeting 
on the forehead. A dirty whitish line passes from bill over eye to nape, and 
below this is another well defined line of blackish-ash, through and behind 
the eye, beginning as a dusky loral spot. There appears to be a whitish patch 
on the lowereyelid. The under parts, instead of being bright uniform yellow, 
are olivaceous white along the median line, clouded with purer olive on throat 
and breast; the sides of belly and body deep olive, like the back. 

This may be B. hypoleucus, Bon. Consp. 313 (Brazil) ; but it is not smaller 
than vermivorus, nor can the under parts be called white. 


244 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Ois. 324 (Chiquitos, Bolivia). — Basileuterus bivittatus, ScLaTER, 
P. Z. S. 1859, 137.—Is. Catal. 1861, 34, no. 206 (Ecuador). 

?Myiodioctes tristriatus, Tscuup1, Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 1.—Is. Fauna 
Peruana, 193 (Peru). 


Basileuterus coronatus. 
Myiodioctes coronata, Tscu. Wiegm. Arch. 1844 (23), Peru.—Basileuterus 
cor. Br. Consp. 1850, 314.—Sciater, Catal. 1861, 34, no. 207. 


Hab. Ecuador ; Bogota. 


Basileuterus viridicatus. 


Muscicapa viridicata (Viettu.), D’OrB. Voy. 325.—Basileuterus viria. 
Burm. Uebers. IV, 1856, 113. 
Muscicapa elegans, D’Orz. & Lar. Syn. Av. 1837, 52. 


Hab. Chiquitos, Bolivia. 


This hardly appears to be the bird of Vieillot and Azara; if not, the name 
of elegans may be used. 


Basileuterus cinereicollis. 
Basileuterus cinereicollis, ScuaTEr, P. Z. S. 1864, 166 (N. Grenada). 
Appears very near Basileuterus viridicatus (elegans), D’Ors. & Lar. 


Basileuterus chrysogaster. 7 
Setophaga chrysogaster, Tsca. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, 16 (Peru).—Basi- 
leuterus chr. ScuaTeR.—Is. Catal. 1861, 35, no. 209 (Ecuador). 


Basileuterus leucoblepharum. 


Sylvia leucoblephara, Vir. Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 206 (from Azara, 
Paraguay).—D’Ors. Voy. Ois. tab. 12, fig. 2.—Trichas leuc. Burm. 
Uebers. II, 1856, 114 (Brazil).—Basileuterus leuc. SchaTER, Catal. 
1861, 36, no. 217. 


South Brazil and Paraguay. 


Basileuterus superciliosus. 
Trichas superciliosus, Swain. An. Men. 1838, 295. 
North Brazil. 


Basileuterus stragulatus. 


Muscicapa stragulata, Licur. Verz. 1823, 55.—Basileuterus stragulatus, 
Scnater, Catal. 1861, 35, no. 216 (Brazil). 


Basileuterus semicervinus. 


Basileuterus semicervinus, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1860, 84.—In. Catal. 1861 
35, no, 215 (Ecuador). 


BASILEUTERUS. 245 


Basileuterus culicivorus. 

Sylvia culicivora, Licur. Preis-Verzeich. 1830, no. 78 (Mexico; Deppe 
& Schiede).—Cas. Jour. 1863, 57.—Basileuterus culicivorus, Bonar. 
Consp. 1850, 313.—Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 17. 

Muscicapa brasieri, Giravn, Birds Texas, 1841, pl. vi, fig. 2.—Basileuterus 
braseri, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1855, 66 ; 1856, 292 (Cordova) ; 1859, 374 
(Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 1861, 34, no. 208.—Scnater & Saxvin, Ibis, 
II, 1860, 274 (Volcan, Guatemala). 


Hab. 8. Mexico (both sides) ; Guatemala and Costa Rica. 


(No. 30,698.) Above greenish-ash, more tinged with olive on the upper 
part of back and rump. Beneath yellow, the crissum somewhat tinged with 
rufous. Top of head with a black stripe on each side from the bill, the inter- 
mediate portion greenish-yellow, passing more into green on the nape, similar 
in color to a supra-ocular stripe Loral region and space below eye greenish, 
mixed with yellow. Spot anterior to eye, and a stripe behind it, dusky; all 
these markings on the side of head, however, obscure, and poorly defined. 

Specimens from Mexico and Guatemala, the former marked male, have the 
median stripe of the head yellow. Others again, likewise from Guatemala 
and Mexico, have the yellow of each feather passing towards the end more 
into brownish-orange, apparently unaccompanied by any other differences. 

Length (of 30,698), 4.90; wing,-2.40; tail, 2.25; graduation, .16; bill from 
forehead, .50, nostril, .30, gape, .56; tarsus, .76; middle toe and claw, .56. 


This species differs from Basileuterus vermivorus and bivittatus, 
of South America, in having the upper parts ashy instead of olive 
green. The markings of the head are more as in bzveltatus, as com- 
pared with vermivorus. The supra-ocular stripe and other lighter 
markings on the side of the head are greenish, and not ashy or gray- 
ish in their tinge. The eyelids are yellow, not white. There is much 
more yellow in the central stripe on top of heads even mixed with 
orange, and the feathers are not tinged with gray at the tips. The 
inside of the wing is greenish-yellow, not nearly white as in vermiv- 
orus; nor is there the decided indication of whitish in the chin. 

B. bivittatus, Laf., from Bolivia and Ecuador, as above stated, 
differs in the olive back, in this agreeing with vermivorus. It agrees 
more with culicivorus, and differs from vermivorus, judging from the 
description, in larger size, and in the yellowish superciliary stripe 
and circumocular region, instead of grayish-white. 


Notr.—Since writing the preceding description, specimens have 
been received from Mr. Carmiol, collected in Costa Rica, which 
differ slightly in having a decidedly olivaceous gloss to the upper 
plumage, especially on the rump and edge of the quills. I do not 
note any other differences, and these may be merely seasonal. There 
is, however, in this respect, a greater approximation to the B. bivit- 


246 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


tatus of authors, and it may ultimately be decided that they belong 
to that species. All have a slight stain of orange in the end of the 
yellow feathers of the crown, not quite so decided as in 26,377. 


Smith- Cottec-| Sex When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Ago. Collected. 

22,365 [43.907 | g | Mexico. a Verreaux, = {| — eveeae 

26,377 +e ae re Bo J. Krider. D’Oca. 

30,698 303 | .. | Choctun, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 
ate 120 | ¢ | Guatemala. es Cab, Lawrence, | —......, 

34,651 ie o | Barranca, C. R. Mar.17,’64.| J.Carmiol | ~~ ...... 

34,652 g ee “ rn | oe 

34,653 2 % March 21. an) ee es 


(22,365.) Crown yellow. (22,377.) Crown orange. (30,698.) Crown yellow. (120.) Crown 
orange. (34,651.) 5; 6}. Crown stained with orange. 


Basileuterus uropygialis. 


Basileuterus uropygialis, Schaver, P. Z. 8S. 1861, 128; 1864, 167.—Is. 
Catal. 1861, 35, no. 214. 

Basileuterus semicervinus, LAWRENCE, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322, Panama 
R. R. (not of Scuater, 1860). 


Hab. Isthmus of Panama. 


(No. 124, Cab. G. N. L.) Upper parts brownish-olive, the head above slightly 
tinged with cinereous ; rump, upper tail coverts, and rather more than basal 
half of tail, with the under parts, yellowish-fulvous, the latter, however, paler, 
and quite light on middle of belly, but darker on the crissum. The’sides of 
head, neck and body, inside of wings and breast, washed with olive brown. 
A line from bill to eye, and eyelids fulvous ; lores, and spot behind eye dusky. 
Terminal half of tail brownish-olive, becoming darker to tip. Bill black. 
Legs flesh color. First quill equal to the 8th; the wings longer than the tail, 
which is rounded. 

Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.10; graduation, .30; difference be- 
tween Ist and 4th quills, .28; length of bill from forehead, .62, from nostril, 
-36; along gape, .55; tarsus, .87; middle toe and claw, .66. 


This species was identified by Mr. Lawrence as semicervinus 
(from Ecuador) before Sclater’s description of wropygialis (from 
Brazil) appeared. It seems, however, to me to agree better with 
the description of the latter species. According to Sclater, the 
difference of uropygialis from semicervinus consists in having the 
uropygium and under parts lighter, the back olive, and the head 
cinereous, almost as in B. stragulatus, with which also it agrees in 
coloration of lower surface.* 

The species is related to B. stragulatus, although the bill is broader 


' Since writing the above, Dr. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, 167, states that B. 
uropygialis was erroneously assigned to Brazil, and that its true patria is 
Panama, 


BASILEUTERUS. Q47 


at base and the tail shorter, so that the outstretched legs reach to 
or beyond the tip. The wings are more pointed. The colors be- 
neath are quite similar, not so pale along the median line ; the upper 
parts, however, much darker, the head lacks the blackish, and the 
fulvous of rump and basal half of tail are wanting in stragulatus. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc whet Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. Oye eee 
34,096 oa Panama R. R, ya G. N. Lawrence. Galbraith. 
oe fs es Cab. Mr. Lawrence, se 


Iprorrs, Baird. 
Idiotes, Barrp. (See page 237.) (Type Setophaga rufifrons, Sw.) 


Bill broad at base, but quite deep, being nearly as high as wide; the culmen 
curved gently from the base, the lateral outlines straight; the bristles only 
moderate, reaching half way from nostrils to tip of bill. Tail lengthened, 
longer than the short wings, and considerably graduated; the 4th quill 
longest ; the 1st not longer than the 9th. Toes rather lengthened. 


The species of this group have generally been placed in Bast- 
leuterus. They, however, differ in having the bill narrower at base, 
and proportionally deeper, the bristles less developed, although the 
culmen is as much curved. The wings are much shorter, and the 
tail proportionally longer and more rounded, considerably exceeding 
the tail instead of being about equal to it. The transition, how- 
ever, is quite gradual through B. bellc and I. mesochrysus, which, to 
some extent, combines the characters of both. 


Synopsis of Species of Idiotes. 
Back olive ; top of head chestnut (bordered with dusky in bell7). 
Cheeks black. 
A white superciliary stripe. Beneath whitish . melanogenys. 
Cheeks chestnut; lores dusky. A superciliary stripe, and 
another beneath eye, white. Throat and breast yellow. 
Rest of under parts white, or only washed with 
yellowish . 3 . : . . . « rufifrons. 
Entire under parts yellow; crissum more fulvous. 
White infra-ocular stripe reaching behind ears. 
Chestnut of crown reaching the nape. Wings 
equal to lateral tail feather 7 7 : « delattrii. 
Under parts and crissum yellow. Infra-ocular white 
not extending beyond eye. Chestnut of crown 


248 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART 1 


scarcely extending over occiput. Wing nearly 
as long as middle tail feather . . . . mesochrysus. 


Cheeks, ocular region, and lores chestnut. A superciliary 
stripe bright yellow, bordered above by dusky. 


Whole under parts yellow . . . . belli. 


Basileuterus melanogenys. 
Basileuterus melanogenys, BArRD, D. 8. 


Hab. High-lands of Costa Rica. 


(No. 30,497.) Above ashy olive, the quills and tail feathers edged with 
brighter, edges of the latter slightly tinged with rufous. A square patch of - 
chestnut brown on top of head. The sides of head black, encircling the eyes, 
each feather white in the centre. A broad stripe of white from base of bill 
passing over the eye, and margined above by black, which thus borders the 
rufous crown externally. The forehead mixed black and white. Beneath 
dull whitish, the sides and to some extent the breast, tinged with olivaceous 
ash; the chin dusky on account of the blackish tips of the feathers. 

The white feathers about the head have all a tendency to black tips and 
edges, producing the black markings—very few feathers being entirely black. 

The wings are a little shorter than the tail. The bill is more slender, and 
the culmen less decurved than in most species of its section. 

Total length, 5.50; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.65; graduation of tail, .35; differ- 
ence between Ist and 4th quills, .40; length of bill from forehead, .50, from 
nostril, .30; along gape, .58; tarsus, .85. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
+ fs When : 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b; 
No. No. | Age. Collected. * y 
30,497 | 117 a Costa Rica (San Dr. y. Frantzius, | es eee 
30,498 | 118 | Juv. ‘© [Jose?). bs (Esra 


(30,497.) Type of species. 


Basileuterus rufifrons. 


Setophaga rufifrons, Swainson, Animals in Menageries, 1838, 294.—Bon. 
Conspectus, 314.—Basileuterus rufifrons, Bon. Consp. 1850, 314.— 
Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).—Is. 
Catal. 1861, 35, no. 210.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 296. 


Hab. Mexico; northwest to Mazatlan. 


Whole top of the head with the ears reddish or chestnut brown; nape and 
sides of neck ashy. Rest of upper parts olive green, with an ashy tinge of 
greater or less intensity. A white stripe from each side of the bill (meeting 
narrowly on the forehead) over the eye, and another pair from lower jaw 
meeting on the chin and passing beneath the eye, meets its supra-ocular fellow 
behind the ears, their junctions, however, concealed by the chestnut ear 
coverts. Lores, and a short space behind the eye dusky. Throat and breast 


BASILEUTERUS. 249 


bright yellow, abruptly defined against the whitish of under parts. Inside 
and edge of wings yellow; flanks and crissum pale brownish-fulvous ; tibie 
more ashy. No spots or bands on wings or tail. The feathers along the 
middle of forehead and vertex with concealed yellow at the base. 

Length, 4.80; wing, 2.00; difference between Ist and 4th (longest) quills, 
-24; tail, 2.40; its graduation, .55; bill from gape, .55; tarsus, .80. 

This species is sometimes described as quite cinereous above ; 
this, however, depends on the state of plumage—vperfect specimens 
being nearly as olivaceous as in delatirii. Occasionally specimens 
are found in which the line of demarcation behind of the yellow 
breast is obscured by the color passing backwards over the belly in 
a light wash pervading the whole under parts, the edges of the 
feathers brighter yellow, leaving the anal region, however, nearly 
white. The flanks, crissum, and tibiz.are then tinged with greenish 
olive. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. gi Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ? 


13,624 ae Mexico. J.Gould. = fas ee 


80,876 | 132 aa Mirador, Mex. Oct. 1862, Dr. C. Sartorius. | —.... 
28,026] 82 | .. ae sais ers er teeee 
28,027 7 is a seta ee 
26,375 te a Xalapa. sine J. Krider. D'0ca. 
26,376 ws wa Mexico. [Madre). ieee Ln) soo 
34,018 ais ai Mazatlan (Sierra | Dec. 1861. A.J. Grayson. [| — ...... 


(30,876.) Iris reddish-brown. 


Basileuterus delattrii. 


Basileuterus delatirii, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 383.—Is. 
Notes Orn. 1854, 63 (Nicaragua).—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1860, 250 
(Orizaba).—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 35, no, 211.—Sciater & 
Saxvin, Ibis, II, 1860, 274, Dueiias (Guatemala), May 8. 


Hab. Mexico and Guatemala? 


(No. 30,700.) Similar to rufifrons in color of head, the olive green of the 
back brighter, this color invading and replacing the ashy of the nape and 
sides of neck; the infra-ocular white band, less distinct behind, but appa- 
rently extending behind the eyes. Whole under parts greenish-yellow, a 
little paler on middle of belly; flanks olive green; the sides behind and 
crissum tinged with fulvous. Wings much rounded, about equal to the 
lateral tail feather ; 1st quill shorter, or not longer than the secondaries, as is 
the case in rufifrons. 

Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.70; graduation, .52; difference be- 
tween Ist and 4th quills (longest), .28; length of bill from nostril, .31; along 
gape, .60; tarsus, .82. 


Since receiving an authentic specimen from Mr. Salvin I have 
found that several specimens from Mexico, formerly considered to 


250 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [paRT I. 


be delatirii, are only varieties of rufifrons; and I am now un- 
acquainted with any Mexican examples of the species, although 


quoted by Dr. Sclater as from Orizaba. i 
Smith-/|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and uocality When Received from Collected by 
Collected. 
No. No. | Age. 
30,700 on on Coban, Vera Paz, | Nov. 15, "0.| O.Salvin, | 9... 
[Guat. 


Basileuterus mesochrysus. 


Basileuterus mesochrysus, ScuaTER, P. Z. S. 1860, 251 (Bogota). 

Basileuterus delattrii, ScLater, P. Z. 8. 1855, 144 (Bogota).—Cas. Jour. 
1860, 325 (Costa Rica).—? Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 322 
(Panama). . 


Hab. Bogota, to Costa Rica? 


(No. 30,491.) General characters of B. delattrii, but the wings much longer 
and more pointed, nearly equal to the entire tail, which is shorter and less 
rounded; the Ist quill rather longer than the secondaries. There is no 
appreciable white in the chin; that on the side of the lower jaw is scarcely 
apparent, and does not extend below the chestnut cheeks. The brown of the 
crown does not extend so far back on the head, and hence not behind the 
ears. The upper parts are of a purer olive; beneath of a clearer yellow, the 
crissum being unicolor with the belly. The quills and tail feathers are darker. 

Total length, 4.85; wing, 2.28; tail, 2.50; graduation, .24; difference be- 
tween Ist and 4th quills, .24; length of bill from nostril, .30; along gape, .55 ; 
tarsus, .85. 


It is possible that a larger series of typical B. delattrii may show 
that the differences mentioned above are not characteristic, and that 
the Costa Rican specimens actually belong to delattrii. I think, how- 
ever, they are really different. 


Smith- Sex 4 When 


sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b: 
No. No, | Age. Collected. y 

30,491 | 131 . |San Jose, Costa Rica. ae Dr. v. Frantzius. | =... 
33,276 aie d e Jan.12,°62.} J. Carmioln =| va... 
30,492 15 es " a mee” alt 
84,654 . a8 ee aie é ee lo reatatecee 
29,553 | 191 | .. “ wa Berlin Museum. | 12122! 

‘ 123 +. |Bogota, isi Cab. of Lawrence.) sg... 


(29,553,) Labelled “\B. deluttrii.” 


Basileuterus belli. 


Muscicapa belli, Giraup, Birds Texas, 1841, pl. iv, fig. 1.—Basileuterus 
belli, Scuatrr, P. Z. S. 1855, 65; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).—Is. Catal. 
Am. Birds, 1861, 35, no. 213 (Orizaba). —Scrater & Sazviy, tay 
II, 1860, 31 (Gustenata), 


BASILEUTERUS. 951 


Basileuterus chrysophrys, Bonar. Consp. 1850, 314.—Sctater, P. Z. 8. 
1857, 202 (Xalapa). 


Hab. Mexico and Guatemala. 


(No. 32,468.) Above olive green; crown and cheeks orange brown. Entire 
under parts, including edge of wings, greenish-yellow, the sides and lining 
of wings olivaceous. A broad stripe of yellow from the bill over the eye; 
the two stripes separated on the forehead by black, which is continued, more 
obscurely, along the top of head, so as to separate the yellow stripe from the 
brown vertex. 

The orange brown of the cheeks extends narrowly above, more broadly 
below the eye to the bill, involving the lores. The yellow stripe extends on 
the nape some distance beyond the rufous crown. Bill black; legs yellowish. 
Wings a little shorter than tail. 

Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.28; tail, 2.50; graduation, .32; difference be- 
tween Ist quill and 4th, .32; length of bill from ‘forehead, .49, from nostril, 
.28; along gape, .55; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .61. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. i 

26,370 ‘ on Mexico. ete De Wrider, dt  eatwaters a 

11,758 |... os Ovizaba. P. L. Selater. Botteri? 

32,468 | 1,162 of Prof, Sumichrast. wee isleis 

30,699 321] .. Coban, Guat. Noy. 1859. | O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 


MyioTutypis, Cabanis. (See page 237.) 


Myiothlypis, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 17. (Type Trichas nigrocris- 
tatus, Lar.') 


Bill much depressed, very flat, the culmen and commissure almost truly 
straight, the bill tapering only gradually to near the tip, where it is more 
rapidly rounded off, so that the lateral outlines are at first slightly concave, 
and then convex at the tip, somewhat as in Todus or Todirostrum, but more 
tapering. Rictal bristles reaching a little beyond the nostrils. Wings a little 
shorter than the tail; the Ist to 4th quills much graduated, so that the 1st 
is equal only to the shortest secondary ; the 2d to the 9th quill; the 3d is be- 
tween the 6th and 7th; the 4th and 5th longest. The tail is moderately 
graduated, though the feathers are pointed. The legs are stout and strong; 
the outside of the tarsi apparently with the scutelle passing entirely round 
to the posterior edge. Head with a narrow pointed crest. 


This is a strongly marked genus, and easily distinguished from 
Bastleuterus by the very flat, straight bill, much broader or less 


1 Basileuterus nigricristatus. 


Trichas nigrocristatus, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1840, 230 (Bogota).—Myiothlypis 
n. Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 17.—Basileuterus n. ScuateEr, Catal. 1861, 
86.—Basileuterus nigricapillus, ScuatER, P. Z. S. 1860, 74. 


252 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


attenuated towards the end than in any other Sylvicolide, and re- 
sembling somewhat species of Todirostrum. The excessive gradua- 
tion of the outer quills is another marked feature, although the wing 
is rather pointed. The peculiarities of the scutelle, if real and not 
apparent, point towards the Tyrannidzx ; although, as far as I can 
determine, there are but nine primaries. The type species belongs 
to the Andean region of Ecuador and New Grenada, and is olive 
green above and on sides, yellow beneath; loral spot, and patch 
on top of head, black. (30,910. Quito. C. R. Buckalew.)* 


‘ In the Smithsonian collection is a female bird, collected in Paraguay, by 
Capt. Page, which resembles somewhat the description by Bonaparte of Myo- 
thlypis luteo-viridis, from Bogota, in being entirely olive green above, the under 
parts, with a line from bill over eye (becoming duller behind), yellow; bili 
horn color; legs yellow. If the duteo-viridis, however, be the female of Jf. 
nigricristatus, as suggested by Bonaparte and Sclater, this specimen cannot 
belong to it, as it differs entirely inform. The bill resembles that of Euthlypis 
lachrymosa, though not quite so long; it is like that of Jf. mitratus, also, in 
the straight culmen and gape, but is wider at base, and entirely lacks the 
Todirostrum character of Myiothlypis nigricristatus. The wings are consider- 
ably shorter than the tail, which is narrow, the feathers much pointed and 
graduated, as in Mytothlypis, but longer (very much as in Geothlypis). The 
wings are less rounded than in JM. nigricristatus, the 2d quill being a little 
longer than the 6th, not about equal to the 9th. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.45 ; 
difference between Ist and 4th quills, .40; tail, 2.90, its graduation, .35; 
tarsus, .86; middle toe and claw, .65; bill from gape, .64. There is no indi- 
cation of crest. (16,334. 9. Paraguay, June, 1859. Capt. Page, U.S. N., 
No. 53.) 

The relationships of this species are certainly nearest to Myiothlypis, differ- 
ing mainly in longer tail, less graduated wing, and differently shaped lateral 
outline of bill. To include the two together, the characters of the genus 
must be considerably modified ; somewhat as follows: “Bill much depressed, 
very broad at base, but thickened ; the culmen and comuissure straight to 
near the tip; bristles prominent. Wings shorter than the tail, graduated ; 
the 1st quill not longer than the secondaries. Tail considerably graduated, 
the feathers acutely pointed.” 

Both this bird and AL. nigricristatus would be taken for Geothlypis, but for 
the broad, depressed, bristled bill. The Paraguay bird may be called, pro- 
visionally, JL flaveolus if not luteo-viridis, 


SETOPHAGA. 253 


SETOPHAGA, Swainson. 
SETOPHAGA, Swains. 


Setophaga, Swatnson, Zool. Jour. III, Dec. 1827, 360. (Type Muscicapa 
ruticilla, L.)—Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 297. 
Sylvania, Nurraun, Man. Orn. I, 1832. (Same type.) 


Bill much depressed, the lateral outlines straight towards tip. Bristles 
reach half way from nostril to tip. Culmen almost straight to near the tip ; 
commissure very slightly curved. Nostrils oval, with membrane above them. 
Wings rather longer than tail, pointed; 2d, 3d, and 4th quills nearly equal ; 
1st intermediate between 4th and 5th. Tail rather long, rather rounded ; the 
feathers broad, and widening at ends, the outer web narrow. Tarsi with 
scutellar divisions indistinct externally. Legs slender; toes short, inner 
cleft nearly to base of Ist joint, outer with 1st joint adherent; middle toe 
without claw, not quite half the tarsus. 


The description above given is based upon the type of the genus— 
8. ruticilla. Of the many species referred by authors to Setophaga 
the only one that corresponds with it in most of these characters is 
the Mexican 8. picta. This is quite similar in most points, but 
differs in the wing being a little less pointed, the 1st quill about 
equal to or a little longer than the 5th. The feet are quite differ- 
ent—the toes being considerably longer, so that the middle toe with- 
out claw is two-thirds the tarsus. The claws are proportionally 
longer, perhaps less curved, and the scutelle more distinct on the 
outside of tarsus. The South and Middle American species, hereto- 
fore assigned to this genus, are all characterized by peculiar features 
readily distinguishing them from S. ruticilla, and are certainly 
entitled to subgeneric rank. 

As far as T now recollect S. ruticiila is the only one of the Seto- 
phage in which the sexes are certainly dissimilar. The rule is the 
reverse in the other Sylvicolide. 

In the following synopsis I combine the principal species belonging 
to Setophaga, Myioborus, and Luthlypis :— 


a. End of lateral tail feathers black. Sexes dissimilar. 
Belly white. Setophaga. 
Ground color black, without vertex spot. Sides of 
breast and bases of quills and tail feathers red- 
dish-orange in male, yellowish in female . . ruticilla, Sw. 
b. Lateral tail feathers, including their tips, white. Sexes similar. 


Belly vermilion- or carmine-red. 


254 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART IL. 


Entirely lustrous black, including head and neck. 
No vertex spot. A white patch on the wings. 
Setophaga. 
Forehead black. A broad band on the wings 
and almost the whole of outer tail feather 
white . F ‘ 3 . . . picta, Sw. 
Forehead white. A narrow band onthe wings 
and tips only of lateral tail feathers white multicolor, Bp. 


Plumbeous ash, including head and neck. A chest- 
nut brown vertex-spot: No white on wings. 
Myioborus. 
Throat, lores, and forehead continuously pure 
black. Spot on vertex uniform dark chest- 
nut, scarcely margined on the sides with 
black. Inner web of outer tail feather 
white for terminal two-fifths ; 3d feather 
with a distinct white tip. Tail, 3.00 . miniata, Sw. 
Black of head somewhat tinged with plumbe- 
ous; a distinct band of this color extend- 
ing from bill over the eye, cutting off 
the black of forehead. Spot on vertex 
orange chestnut, lighter at base, and 
quite broadly margined with blackish. 
White on outer tail feather restricted to 
terminal third; 3d feather with a small 
white tip or none. Tail, 2.75 A . flammea, Kaun 
Beneath clear yellow, or with a tinge of orange. Crissum 
whitish. Vertex with an orange brown spot (except 
in melanocephala). Above plumbeous ash. Wings 
and tail black. Myioborus. 
Head and neck all round like the back. 
Breast and belly gamboge yellow. Forehead 
and sides of vertex plumbeous. Outer 
tail feather white for more than terminal 
third . : = . . . . verticalis, Lafr. 
Breast and belly yellowish-orange. Forehead 
and sides of vertex black. Outer tail 
feather with less than terminal half white aurantiaca, Baird. 


Head and neck above like the back. Whole under 
parts yellow; base of bill above yellow (except 
in brunneiceps). A dusky loral spot. No pec- 
toral collar. 

A cinnamon vertex spot encircled by black, 
extending below and upwards into the 
eye to the gape. A dusky loral spot. 
Circum-ocular region, and line to bill 


. 


SETOPHAGA. 255 


(continuous with it) ae Yellow [Sclater.! 
frontlet very narrow. . ?“ruficoronata,” 


Top of head black, without vertex eit Other- 
wise like last, but the blackish of cheeks 
not running below the eye into the dusky 
lores. (Black confined to vertex, and not (Tschudi. 
reaching occiput as in last ?) - . melanocephala, 


Whole top of head cinnamon, without en- 
circling black, except a narrow front. 
Circum-ocular region and line to bill, 
extending very narrowly along the base 
of the forehead, white. No yellow at 
base of bill. Rest of side of head, with 
line over eye, dark none Middle of back 
olivaceous . . s . brunneiceps, Lafr. 
Similar to the last, but without fiddes loral spot, and 
with a dusky pectoral band. 
Entire cheeks yellow . 7 . . - torquata, Baird. 
Anterior portion of entire head yellow, bordered be- 
hind, above, and on sides by black ; the cheeks, 
forehead, and chin entirely yellow, or with more 
or less white? . ‘ 7 ‘ 7 2 - ornata, Boiss. 


v. Extreme tips only of lateral tail feathers white. Sexes similar. 
Beneath yellowish; crissum whitish. A median yellow 
vertex stripe. Above, including wings and tail, plum- 
beous. LFuthlypis. 
A white spot before the eye. Breast tinged with 
fulvous e F ‘ , ‘ . - lachrymosa, Bon. 


! Thave followed some authors, and I think Dr. Sclater, in referring this 
species to the S. ruficoronata of Kaup; but the description of this author is 
very unsatisfactory, and I doubt very much the correctness of the identifica- 
tion, as the Phila. Academy specimen, like ornata with chestnut vertex-patch, 
answers much better to his diagnosis. Should this suggestion be correct, Iam 
not aware of any published name that properly belongs to the Ecuador bird. 

2 This section includes S. ornata, Boiss., flaveola, Lafr., and leucomphomma, 
Kaup, the differences of which are not well established, and it is quite possible 
that all these names refer to one species. In the collection of the Philadelphia 
Academy is a specimen (without locality) which differs from the common 
form of S. ornata in having a decided chestnut brown patch on the vertex, 
the anterior feathers in which are tipped slightly with black. The forehead 
(broadly), the whole side of the head to just behind the eye, and the entire 
under parts are rich yellowish-orange. In some respects this bird agrees 
better with S. ruficoronata, of Kaup, than the one referred to above. 


[PART I. 


256 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


SrropHaca, Sw. (See p. 236.) 
Setophaga ruticilla. 
Motacilla ruticilla, Linn. S. N. 10th ed. 1758, 186 (Catesby, Car. tab. 
67).—Muscicapa ruticilla, Lixn. 8. N. I, 1766, 326.—GMELIN ; VIEIL- 
tot, I, pl. 35, 36. Wits. I, pl. vi, fig. 6.—Bon.; Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 
pl. 40.—D’Ors. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 87.—Setophaga rut. Swains. 
Zool. Jour. III, 1827, 358.—Box. ; Aup. B. A.—SciaTEr, P. ZS. 
1854, 111 (Ecuador) ; 1855, 144 (Bogota); 1856, 92 (Cordova) ; 
1859, 374 (Oaxaca) ; 1860, 84 (Ecuador), 292.—Is. Catal. 1861, 
36, no. 220,—In. P. Z. 8. 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).—Scuater & 
Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 
297.—Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 186.—Sauié, P. Z. S. 1857, 231 (St. 
Domingo).—Nzwron, Ibis, 1859, 143 (St. Croix; winter).—Cas. 
Jour. 1866, 472 (Cuba) ; 1860, 325 (Costa Rica).—Gunpuacg, ib. 
1861, 326 (Cuba).—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1859 (Bahamas).— 
Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 322 (Panama R. R.).— Sylvania 
rut. Nurrauy, Man. I, 1832, 291 (type of genus). 
Motacilla flavicauda, Gueuin, I, 1788, 997 (2). 
Hab. Eastern and in part middle provinces of North America to Fort Simp- 
son; most of all the West Indies ; Mexico to Ecuador. 


Specimens in the collection from many localities in the eastern 
United States as far west as the valley of the Missouri; also— 


Smith-|Collec- Bom ” When 
sonian| tor’s | an ocality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. y Collected. y 
20,638 26 g Moose Factory. May 26, ’60.| C. Drexler. Cc. Drexler. 
20,637 | 669 \ Rupert House. Sept. 3, 60. te ie 
19,528 | 402 ¢ | Fort Simpson. June 7. B. R. Ross. B. R. Ross. 
19,528 | 532 do | Fort Resolution. May 23, 60. | R. Kennicott. R. Kennicott. 
4,689 Ae .. | Mouth of Platte. April 26. Lt. Warren. Dr. Hayden. 
4,688 sa ..- | Mouth of Big Sioux. Sa $6 . 
19,205 24 Wind River Mts. May 25, ’60.| ‘Capt. Raynolds. ae 
19,206 34 g “ “ “ “ 
11,060 oie Fort Bridger, Utah. | May 27. C. Drexler. C. Drexler. 
34,512 32 5 Nassau, N. P. May 14, °64.| Lt. Fitzgerald. |  —...... 
23,538 ate Monte Verde, Cuba. | Sept. 4, 61.) C. Wright. Cc. Wright. 
23,540 ne .. | Monte Libon, Cuba, | Sept. 25, ’61. ee “ 
21,656 ae @ | Tuabeque, Cuba. eae se “ 
21,658 ae o¢ | Filanthropia, Cuba. | Dec. 8. ce “ 
23,320 Bis o | Trelawney, Jam. Nov. 20, 58.| P. L. Sclater. W. Osburn. 
24,362 44 og | Spanishtown, Jam. | Sept. 1861. | W. T. March. W. T. March. 
26,967 eis .. | St. Thomas. oer J. Akhurst. 
36,641 ne es aor Robert Swift. [ton. 
whe ne «. | St. Croix. Mar. 16, ’58.| Cab. A. & E. New- 
30,706*|3,095 @ | Belize, Hond. Dec. 14, ’57.| O. Salvin. 
30,706 | 338 og | Petaleulu, Guat. Sept. 1862. ss 
34,660 o | Barranea, C, R, Mar. 13, ’64.| J. Carmiol. 
34,661 ¢ “ “ “ 


Setophaga picta. 


Setophaga picta, Swarns. Zool. Ill. 2d series, I, 1829, pl. iiii—Kavp, P. 
Z. S. 1851, 50.—Scuater, P. Z. S. 1856, 66 ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).— 
Is. Catal. 1861, 36, no. 221 (Guatemala).—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 


SETOPHAGA. 257 


1858, 298, pl. lxxvii, fig. 2.—Scrater & Sanvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 
(Guatemala). 

Muscicapa leucomus, Giraup, Birds Texas, 1841, pl. vi, fig. 1.—Scuater, 
P. Z. S. 1855, 66. 


Hab. All Mexico and Guatemala. 


General color, including sides of body, lustrous black. Eyelids, a large 
patch on the wing, involving tho greater and middle coverts, the edges of the 
secondaries, the inside of wings, axillars, crissum, tibie, outer tail feather 
except at base, and a diminishing space on the second and third, white. 
Middle of breast and abdomen carmine red. Wings and tail equal. 

The white of the crissal feathers is confined to the tips, the rest being black, 
sometimes showing in the white. The fourth tail feather sometimes has a 
slight white tip ; the second feather is almost entirely white. 

I have seen no specimen marked as the female of this beautiful species, 
but that sex probably differs only in a less intense coloration, and more re- 
stricted amount of white. There is no appreciable difference between Mexican 
and Guatemalan skins. 

Length (34,020), 5.00; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.70; tarsus, .65 


This species differs in form from S. miniata in longer wings and 
shorter tail—the two being about equal, instead of the tail being 
considerably the longer. The tarsi of this species are also shorter. 

Setophaga multicolor, Bon.,' from Mexico, seems to differ in having 
the forehead white, the white of the wings narrower, that of the tail 
more restricted, the belly white. The species appears to be entirely 
unknown, except from Bonaparte’s description. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. GeBe 
No. No. | Age. E 


Received from : Collected by 


4,014 | 144 o | Bogeillo, New Leon. | April, 1853. Lt. D. N. Couch. | ~~... 
34,020 | 113 cd | Mazatlan. (Sierra | Dec. 1861. A. J. Grayson. a 


13,628 .. | Guatemala.[Madre.) Ee J. Gould. 
30,705 | 340 .. | Volean de ae 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm. 
uat, 


(4,014.) Eyes brown. 


Myioporus, Baird. (See page 237.) 
Myioborus, Batrp. (Type Setophaga verticalis, Sw.) 


Rictal bristles very long, reaching to the end of the bill; the toes more 
as in ruticilla, though longer, the middle toe without claw about three-fifths 
the tarsus. The wings are shorter than the broad, soft, rounded tail, and the 
wing is much rounded ; the 4th quill longest, the Ist about equal to the 7th. 


' Setophaga multicolor. 
Setophaga multicolor, Box. Conspectus, 1850, 312. Mus. Senck. 


Hab. Mexico. 
17. May, 1865. 


258 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


The species of this section have been usually referred to Setophaga, 
but differ very appreciably as indicated. I have, however, combined 
them in the same analytical arrangement under Setophaga for con- 
venience of diagnosis. The following are the better known species 
of Myioborus from South America (see page 253) :— 


Setophaga verticalis. 
Setophaga ‘verticalis, Larr. & D’Ors. Syn. Av. 1837, 50.—D’Ors. Voy. 
Ois. 330, pl. 35, fig. 1.—Scuater, Catal. 1861, 37, no. 225. 


Hab. Bogota and Ecuador. Specimens in collections of Smithsonian Inst., 
Phila. Acad., and G. N. Lawren 


Setophaga 
2Setophaga ruficoronata, Scuater P. Z. 8. 1855, 144, etc., and Catal. 
1861, 37, no. 226 (not of Kaup?). 


Hab. Ecuador. Specimens in collections of Smithsonian Inst. (Ecuador, 
from C. R. Buckalew), Phila. Acad., and G. N. Lawrence. 


Setophaga melanocephala. 
Setophaga melanocephala, Tscuunt, Consp. Fauna Peruana, 1845-6, 192, 
tab. xii (Peru). 
Hab. Peru. Cab. Phila. Acad. 


Setophaga ruficoronata, 


? Setophaga ruficoronata, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, 49.—Bon. Obs. Delattre, 
1853, 63. 


Hab. Bogota. Cab. Phila. Acad. 


Setophaga ornata. 
Setophaga ornata, Borss, R. Zool. 1840, 70 (Bogota. Face and forehead 
white). 
Setophaga flaveola, Larr. R. Zool. 1844, 81 (Bogota. Face and forehead 
yellow). Cab. Phila. Acad. 
?Setophaga leucomphomma, Kaur, P. Z. 8. 1851, 227 (Bogota). 
Hab. Bogota. Cab. Phila. Acad. 


Setophaga brunneiceps. 


Setophaga brunneiceps, Larr. & D’Orz. Syn. Av. 1837, 50.—D’Ors. Voy. 


Ois. 329, pl. 29, fig. 3 (Bolivian Andes).—Basileuterus brunneiceps, 
Bon. Consp. 1850, 314. 
Hab. Bolivia: Cab. Phila. Acad. 


This bird is quite different in form from the preceding species ; its narrower 
bill, shorter wings, color of head and back, etc., approximating it to Basi- 


leuterus, although its longer, broad graduated tail, with the white lateral tail 
feathers, are as in Myioborus. 


SETOPHAGA. 259 


Setophaga castaneo-capilla. 
Setophaga castaneo-capilla, Cas. Schomburgk’s Guiana, IIT, 1848, 667 
(Roraima, Guiana). 

This species has usually been assumed as identical with the preceding, 
although judging from the description alone, it appears quite distinct. The 
essential features consist in having the crest chestnut brown, the forehead, 
sides of neck and back with faint wash of olivaceous. The outer tail feather 
has the outer web and the tip of the inner white; the second with a large 
white spot inclosed by black; the third white only at tip. Nothing is said 
of the black forehead, nor of the white lines of the face and front. There is 
much less white also on the lateral tail feathers. 


Setophaga miniata. 

Setophaga miniata, Swans. Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 368.—Barrp, Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 249, pl. lviii, fig. 1.—Scnarer, P. Z. 8. 1856, 292 
(Cordova) ; 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).—Is. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).—lIs. 
1864, 173 (City of Mexico).—Is. Catal. 1861, 37, no. 222. 

Muscicapa vulnerata, Wacuer, Isis, 1831, 529.—Setophaga rul. Bon. 
Consp. 1850, 313.—Setophaga castanea, Lisson, R. Z. 1839, 42. 

Muscicapa derhami, Giraop, Birds Texas, 1841, pl. iii, fig. 2.—Scnarer, 
P. Z. S. 1855, 65. 


Hab. Mexico. 


(No. 13,668.) Above dark bluish-ash ; the quills dark brown; the tail black. 
A square patch of dark chestnut brown on the vertex; the forehead anterior 
to this, lores, circum-ocular region, cheeks beneath the eye, whole fore neck 
and sides of jugulum, black; rest of under parts rich carmine red, except in- 
side of wings and crissum, which are white. Tibize plumbeous. The exposed 
portion of outer web, and exposed half of inner, of the lateral tail feather, white, 
the amount of white successively more restricted on the 2d and 3d feathers. 
Wings considerably shorter than the tail. Bristles reaching to end of bill. 

Female similar to male in color. 

Length, 5.10; wing, 2.55; tail, 3.00; tarsus, .75. 


A specimen (No. 558, type of Muscicapa.derhami) less mature, 
or possibly a female, has the black feathers of the forehead and 
throat edged with plumbeous ; the sides of the head are plumbeous. 
This bird is the one described in Birds N. Am. 


Smith- Collee-| Sex When ‘ 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 
558 N. E. Mexico. 8. F. Baird. J. G. Bell. 
13,668 ane fs Jalapa. ete P. L. Sclater. D’0ca. 
37,496 62 2 Orizaba, Mex. Jan. 30,’65.| Prof.Sumichrast.| = ...... 


(558.) A type specimen of Muscicapa derhami, Giraud. 


Setophaga flammea. 


Setophaga flammea, Kaup, P. Z. 8. 1851, 50 (Guatemala) ; P. Z. 8, 1855, 
77 (references to priority).—Scnater, Catal. 1861, 37, no. 223.—. 


260 RHVIBW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Scrater & Sauvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—Casanis, Jour. 
IX, 1861, 85 (Costa Rica). 
Setophaga intermedia, Hantiavs, R. Z. 1853, 3. 


Hab. Guatemala; Costa Rica (Cab.). 


It is with much hesitation that I admit this as a distinct species, and do so 
mainly because Dr. Sclater, who has seen many specimens of the two allied 
forms, considers them different. The most highly plumaged specimen before me 
differs from the S. miniata, as just described, in the red of the belly being more 
vermilion than carmine. The black on the throat and forehead is less intense ; 
on the side of the head it is mainly confined to the region below and anterior 
to the eye, the plumbeous ground color extending in quite a broad and distinct 
band from the bill over the eye. The chestnut of the feathers of the vertex 
is lighter, and of a yellowish shade at the pasal portion, while in miniata it is 
unicolored ; it is more restricted in extent, being bordered on each side by 
quite a broad band of black. The white of tail is more restricted, only one- 
third the inner web of outer feather being involved instead of two-fifths, and 
rarely extending on the third feather. The bill is perhaps a little broader, 
the tail and wings shorter, the tail feathers narrower. 

A female, as marked by Mr. Salvin, differs from the male only in having a 
still greater mixture of plumbeous in the black of the forehead. 

Length of 20,400, %, 5.10; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.70; tarsus, .72. 


The 8. intermedia, of Hartlaub, was probably based upon a female 
bird—the diagnosis of plumbeous throat, concolor with the back and 
forehead, not being applicable to the male. Kaup’s diagnosis of tips 
only of the outer three tail feathers white is not very distinctive, as 
there is comparatively little difference in this respect from miniata. 

From a statement by Mr. Sclater, in the Pr. ZS. 1855, 77, it 
appears that the name of Kaup, though presented to the Zool. Soe. 
in 1851, was not actually published until after that of Hartlaub, in 
1853. Itis, therefore, a question whether the latter should not have 
priority. As, however, there is no internal evidence or external in- 
dication apart from the claim of Dr. Hartlaub and the unofficial 
admission of Sclater to prove the fact, I retain the name of flammea, 
regretting at the same time that the actual date of issue of the sheet 
containing the description was not in some way noted upon it. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 


2 Ry A When ‘ 
sian ue oe Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
13,665 oo om Guatemala. ae A 
13,567| .. | .. “ ou de Saudi 
8,021 a an we tees J. Gould. 
20,400 | 1,469 | .. Coban, Guat. Noy. 1859. O. Salvin. 
20,589 | 1,468 is co fs 


30,704 | ‘348 | 7 “ “ 
iv 130] .. Guatemala, siete Cab. Lawrence. 


SETOPHAGA. 261 


Setophaga aurantiaca. 
Setophaga aurantiaca, BatRD, u. s. 


Hab. Costa Rica. 


Upper parts, with head and neck, plumbeous, without any tinge of olive ; 
wings and tail black, the quills edged slightly with plumbeous. Crown orange 
brown, margined on the forehead and above the eyes with black. Fore part 
of the neck blackish. Beneath yellowish-orange; the crissum and inside of 
wings white; the tibie and edge of wing plumbeous. Rather less than the 
terminal half of outer tail feather, and a diminishing amount on the second 
and third feathers, white, the white extending farther towards the base on the 
outer, webs of the outer feather; the black extending forwards externally on 
the edge of the second and third feathers. Iris black. 

The sexes do not appear to differ. Some specimens are, however, of a deeper 
orange. A young bird (30,493), not fully fledged, is very similar, but lacks 
the brown crown. The orange of the under parts is very deep and distinct. 

Length (No. 33,280, 9), 5.00; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.57; gape of bill, .60; 
tarsus, .75. 

This species is very similar to S. verticalis, of Bogota, but differs 
in having the under parts yellowish-orange, rather than clear gam- 
boge yellow. The throat is apparently darker. The black of the 
forehead and sides of the vertex-spot I do not find in the speci- 
men befure me of verticalis, nor are they mentioned in the descrip- 
tions. There is more white on the tail feathers of verticalis, involving 
more than half of the inner web and two-thirds of the outer. There 
is no trace in aurantiaca of the ashy margins of the tail feathers 
mentioned by D’Orbigny. 


Smith- Collec-| Sex Whe 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll Sea . Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. Sree: 
30,493 | 101 Juv. Costa Rica. alba Dr. v. Frantzius. | —...... 
33,280 8 2 Dota Mts.,C.R. | Janu. 25,64.) J. Carmiol. J. Carmiol. 
33,279 8 eee te a a ee 
33,277 8 g es Jan. 23, 64. a ee 
33,291 8 fof ik Jan. 27, 64. bs ue 
33,278 8 g “ mr “ “ 
33,282 8 2 as Jan, 24, 64. Ke et 
34,658 sie fof San Jose. Mar. 4, "64. ee ct 
34,659 of Barranca, Mar. 12, ’64. eS ee 


Setophaga torquata. 


Setophaga torquata, BAIRD, n. s. 
Hab. Costa Rica. 


Upper parts, continnous with a narrow pectoral collar ashy plumb ous, 
with a tinge of olive above; the collar more dusky. A narrow frontal line, 
entire sides of head, including lores and cireum-ocular region, and under parts, 
bright yellow. Crissum and inside of wings pale yellowish ; edge of wing darker 


262 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


yellow. Vertex with the feathers considerably elongated, and orange brown, 
margined all round with black. Quills and tail feathers black, not appreciably 
margined. Outer tail feather with all the exposed portion white ; less of this 
color on the second, with a margin of black on the outer web near the end ; 
third feather with a small stripe of white in the end. Tibia greenish plum- 
beous. 

In one specimen the forehead only (except the narrow line at base of bill) 
is black, and the black line above the superciliary yellow is quite narrow; in 
another, the decumbent brown crest is mainly on the sinciput, the black 
anterior and lateral to it being in considerably less extent. An immature speci- 
men, not fully fledged, probably of this species, lacks the spot on the vertex ; 
the whole jugulum is dusky, this color extending forward along the throat to 
the bill; the lores and a crescentic patch beneath the eye are dusky. 

Length, 5.50; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.85; bill from gape, .56; tarsus, .80. 


The clear yellow face without any dusky marks, and the yellow 
under parts crossed by a dusky pectoral collar, appear to distinguish 
this species from all its congeners. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 

- : When : 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. Collected. y 

30,496 97 oy San Jose, C. R. ane Dr. v. Frantzius. |  —...... 

30,495 98 ie a Aiea BH mee Es eraimioter 

30,494 | 99 | .. “ ae be il) aeaeaiavecs 

32,283 a we es wien J. Carmiol. J. Carmiol. 


Hurutypis, Cabanis. (See page 237.) 
Euthlypis, Capanis, Mus. Hein. 1£50,18. (Type £. lachrymosa, Cas.) 


Bill much depressed, and lengthened; from forehead as long as the head, 
the lateral outline rather concave near the end. Rictal bristles reaching half 
way from nostrils to tip of bill. Culmen and commissure gently curved. Tail 
rounded, and a little longer than the wings, the feathers moderately broad. 
Wings rounded ; Ist quill about equal to the 6th; 3d and 4th longest. Pro- 
portions of feet about as in the rufous crowned Jfyioborus. 


This subgenus, besides its relations to Setophaga, has characters 
belonging both to Myioborus and Myiodioctes. The tail feathers 
have the firmness and comparative narrowness of outer web of the 
latter, the feet and rounded wings of the former. The bill is more 
lengthened than in either. 

But a single species of this subgenus is known. It is the largest 
of the Setophageex : yellow beneath, plumbeous above, with two dark 
stripes on the head inclosing a median yellow one. 


CARDELLINA. 263 


Setophaga lachrymosa. 


Basileuterus lac. Bon. Consp. 1850, 314 (from spec. in Berlin Mus.).— 
Euthlypis lac. Can. Mus. Hein. 1850, 19 (Lagunas, Mex. ; same as 
Bonaparte’s spec.)—Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1856, 291 (Cordova) ; 1859, 
363 (Jalapa).—Is. Catal. 1861, 36, no. 219.—Scnarer & Satvin, 
Ibis, 1860, 274 (Alotenango, Guat., Sept. 1859). 

Setophaga lachrymosa, Barrp. 


Hab. Eastern Mexico and Guatemala. 


Above, including top and sides of head, olivaceous-plumbeous ; wing and 
tail feathers almost black, edged on outside with plumbeous. Beneath yel- 
low, the breast, jugulum, and flanks washed with ochry. Crissum dirty white ; 
tibie and inside of wings tinged with olive. Feathers along base of upper 
mandible, with loral region and two stripes on top of head, black, the latter 
imclosing a broader median one of yellow. A spot in front of eye, and eyelids 
white. A white spot at end of all the tail feathers, principally on the inner 
web, and decreasing in magnitude from outermost to middle. Bill black; 
legs pale. 

Length, 6.10; wing, 2.75; difference between Ist and 4th quills, .25; tail, 
2.90; graduation, .35 ; bill above, .60, from nostril, .36, from gape, .70; tarsus, 
-90; middle toe and claw, .73; claw, .24; hind toe and claw, .50. 


Smith 'o 11 5 

mith-;Collec-| Sex 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. me tenan Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 

29,705 a Mexico (Guat. oe A Gall. | a eae 

30,701 | 331 Savana Grande, 1862, O. Salvin, |  .seaee 


CARDELLINA, Dvsvs. 
CARDELLINA, Dubus. (See page 236.) 


Cardellina, “ Dusus,” Bow. Consp. 1850, 312. (Type Cardellina amicta, 
Dousvus = Muscicapa rubrifrons, GIRAUD.) 


Bill Parine in appearance, much shorter than head, high at base, and the 
culmen considerably decurved throughout ; the commissure curved and some- 
what angulated in the middle. Jictal bristles stiff, but not very long, hardly 
reaching half way from the nostrils to tip of bill, which exhibits scarcely any 
trace of notch. Wings long and pointed; the 2d, 3d, and 4th quills nearly 
equal and longest; the Ist a little longer than the 5th. The tail is shorter 
than the wings, nearly even, a very little rounded. Feet small; tarsi short, 
the scutellar divisions indistinct externally; the middle toe without claw 
little more than half the tarsus. 


This form agrees very closely in the characters of wing and tail 


with Myiodioctes mitratus. The legs, however, are shorter, and the 
bill very differently shaped, more like that of a Titmouse. 


264 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS [PaRT I. 


Cardellina rubrifrons. 


Muscicapa rubrifrons, GIRAUD, Birds Texas, 1841, pl. vii, fig. 1 (N. E. 
Mexico).—Cardellina rubrifrons, SCLATER, Pp. Z. S. 1855, 66; ib. 
1858, 299 (Oaxaca) ; 1859, 374 (do.).—IB. Catal. 1861, 37, no. 229. 

Cardellina amicta, (“Dusus, MSS.”), Box. Consp. 1850, 312. 

Parus erythropis, Licat. MSS. (Mus. Berlin). 


Hab. Mexico and Guatemala. 


(No. 29,708.) Above grayish-ash; a nuchal patch, rump and under parts, 
white, more or less tinged with rosy. Head and neck all round bright red, 
crossed however by a hood of black on the top of head, passing down over the 
ears, leaving the forehead, lores, eyelids, and sides of the neck red. There is 
no red on the occiput, the white of the nape immediately succeeding the black. 
Inside of wings white, and an ashy white band across the median. wing 
coverts. Sides of body ashy. Female similar, but duller in color. 

Length, 5.00; wing, 2.77; tail, 2.75; graduation, .14; difference between 
1st and 3d (longest) quills, .12; bill from forehead, .45, nostril, .27, gape, .48 ; 
tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .54. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. Collected. y 

99,708 | .. | .. | Mexico. me A. Sallé, | rere 

30,702 | 360 ? | Totonicapam, Guat.| Oct. 1862, O.Salvin, {§ ...... 


Ereaticus, Baird. 


Ergaticus, Barrp. (Page 237.) (Type Setophaga rubra, Sw.) 


Bill very short, and rather slender; the culmen, however, and commissure 
curved from the base. Rictal bristles well developed, reaching midway from 
nostril to tip. Wings rather shorter than the nearly even, somewhat rounded 
tail; the 3d and 4th quills about equal; the Ist a little shorter than the 6th. 
Tarsi lengthened ; the middle toe without claw half the tarsus. 


This form differs from typical Cardellina in much slenderer, 
though somewhat similarly shaped bill, greater development of rictal 
bristles, considerably shorter and more rounded wings, etc. In some 
respects it resembles the section Idiotes of Basileuterus, but may 
properly be separated. 


Cardellina rubra. 


Setophaga rubra, Swatns. Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 368 (eastern Mexico).— 
Cassin, Ill. Birds Cal. Texas, I, 1854, 266, pl..xliiii— Cardellina 
rubra, Bon. Consp, 1850, 312,—Scuarer, P. Z. S. 1856, 292 (El 


OARDELLINA. 265 


Jacale, Mex.); 1858, 299 (Oaxaca); 1859, 363, 374 (Xalapa, 
Oaxaca) ; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).—Is. Catal. 1861, 38, no. 230. 
—Basileuterus ruber, Caz. Mus. Hein. 1851, 18. 

Sylvia miniata, Larr. Mag. Zool. 1836, pl. liv. 

Parus leucotis, Giraup, Birds Tex. 1841, pl. iv, fig. 2 (N. E. Mexico). 


Hab. Mexico. 


(No. 13,666.) Rich carmine red, rather darker on the back. Ear coverts 
silvery white. Wing and tail feathers brown, edged externally with the 
colors of the back. Larger inner wing coverts rosy white. Bill pale horn 
color, dusky above. Legs pale. Sexes similar. 

Length, 4.70; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.55, its graduation, .20; difference between 
Ist and 4th quills, .30; bill from nostril, .27, gape, .50; tarsus, .77; middle 
toe and-claw, .56. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 


sonian} tor’s | and Locality. 2 Received from Collected b 

No. No. | Age. v Collected. y 
561 ae An N. E. Mexico. oie 8. F. Baird. 

82,717 {45,850 | + Mexico. ae Verreaux. 

13,666 of a Xalapa. sila Sclater. 

32,718 -» |Juy. bie fale Verreaux. 

35,140 184] Mirador (pines). | June 1864. | Dr. Sartorius. 

87,495 1122 | ¢ Orizaba (high- sit Prof. Sumichrast. 


lands), 
(561.) Type specimen of Parus leucotis, Giraud. 


Cardellina versicolor. 


Cardellina versicolor, Sauvin, P. Z. 8. May, 1863, 188, pl. xxiv, fig. 4 
(Volcan de Fuego, height of 8,000 feet, and Totonicapam). 


Hab. Highlands of Guatemala. 


(No. 30,703, 9.) General color red ; darker on back, paler on the rump and 
beneath ; the feathers of the head and neck all round, and the breast tipped 
with silvery rose-color. Wing and tail feathers dark brown, edged externally 
with red; lining of wings rosy white. Bill and legs dark horn color. Male 
probably similar, or with colors more intense. 

Length, 4.80; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.50, its graduation, .24; difference between 
1st and 4th quills, .32; bill from nostril, .27; tarsus, .74. 


This species is very similar in size and form to C. rubra, differing 
in color mainly in having a silvery tinge to the red of the whole 
head, neck, and breast, instead of pure silvery ears. 


Smith-|Collec-} Sex Wien 
sonian| tor’s | aud Locality. Received from Collécted by 
Collected. 
No. No. | Age. . . 
30,703 | 357 2 | Totonicapam, Guat. | Oct. 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 


266 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


The following are some synonyms of presumed North or Middle 
American Sylvicolide of older authors, not satisfactorily identified. 


Sylvia decurtata, Bon. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 118.—Pachysylvia decurtata, 
Bon. Consp. 1850, 309. 
Hab. Mexico. 


Probably Hylophilus cinereiceps. 


Motacilla fulva, Gmueuiy, I, 1788, 973.—Sylvia fulva, Lara. Ind. II, 
1790, 542 (Louisiana). 


Sylvia griseicollis, Vier-tor, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 29, pl. 87. 

Sylvia ochroleuca, Viet. Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 187 (United States). 
(Vireo fiavifrons ?) 

Sylvia pumila, Vie. Ois. Am. Sept. I], 1807, 39, pl. 100 (St. Do- 
mingo, Cayenne, etc.). 

Sylvia russeicauda, Vi£i11. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807,17,pl. 71(Penna.). 

Sylvia semitorquata, Latu. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 542 (Louisiana). 

Sylvia virescens, ViEiLL. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 42 (America). 


Norr.—Specimens received since the preceding account of the 
Sylvicolide went to press furnish the occasion for the following 
observations and corrections :— 


Parula pitiayumi. Page 170. 

Among the collections made during the past winter, by Col. 
Grayson, in the Tres Marias, Mex., were several specimens of a 
Parula, which I cannot separate from the true South American 
P. pitiayumi; differing only in rather larger size and less amount 
of black in the loral region, which, in fact, is nearly as plumbeous 
as the forehead, the space immediately anterior to and beneath the 
eye being blackish. The upper parts appear rather paler than 
usual. They differ from the Guatemalan and Costa Rican inornata 
in the larger size and possession of two white bands across the 
wings. The species has not been identified as occurring on the 
main land of Mexico. 


Smith- Collee-| Sex | When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. |oNos. [awe Collected. y 

87,315 8s Tres Marias, Mex | Jau. 1865. |Col. A.J. Grayson.| sg... es 

37,316 4 fs i BB Seka 


Seiurus aurocapillus. Page 214. 
Among the collections made at Mazatlan, Mex., by Col. Grayson, 
is a specimen, 87,317 (876) of this species, not previously recorded 


HIRUNDINID&. 267 


as occurring on the Pacific slope of the continent. In the fact of 
its being a bird of the eastern province of the United States during 
summer, and in winter crossing the mountains of northern Mexico 
to the Pacific coast, it appears to resemble Dendroica dominica, 
Mniotilta varia, Larus atricilla, Sterna antillarum and anglica, etc., 
none of which are known on the California coast at any season. 


Dendroica chrysopareia. Page 183. 

Dr. Sclater has recently stated that the specimens referred to (p. 
185) as from San Antonio, Texas, are true D. chrysopareia, and 
thus the species is to be included in the fauna of the United States. 


Famity HIRUNDINID#. 


Bill short, triangular, very broad at base (nearly as wide as long) and 
much depressed, narrowing rapidly to a compressed, notched tip; mouth 
opening nearly to the eyes. Primaries nine, graduating rapidly less from the 
exterior one; tail feathers twelve.! Feet weak ; tarsi scutellate, shorter than 
middle toe and claw. Number of joints in toes normal ; basal joint of middle 
toe partially or entirely adherent to lateral toes. Wings long, falcate. Tail 
forked. Eyessmall. Plumage compact, usually lustrous. All the American 
species with a white patch on the sides under the wing? 


The Hirundinide form a very well marked group of birds easily 
distinguished from all others. They exhibit a close resemblance, in 
external appearance and habits, to the Cypselide ; from which, apart 
from the internal structure, they are readily distinguished by the 
possession of nine, instead of ten primaries; twelve, instead of ten 
tail feathers ; scutellate tarsi, toes with normal number of joints (1. 
2. 3. and 4., respectively, exclusive of ungual phalanges), instead of 
a different proportion; differently shaped nostrils, ete. In both 
families the wings are developed to an extraordinary degree; the 
outer primary nearly twice or more than twice the length of the 
inner, and enabling its possessor to sustain flight almost indef-. 
nitely. The relations of the family among the Oscines appear closest 
to the old-world Muscicapide. 

The precise character of scutellation of tarsus is somewhat difficult 


! Of the two specimens of Atticora fasciata before me, neither has more 
than ten tail feathers. I do not know whether this is characteristic of the 
species or not. 


268 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


to make out, owing to a tendency to fusion of the plates, although 
not essentially different from most Oscines. There is a series of 
scutelle along the anterior face of the tarsus, and a longitudinal 
plate on each side, meeting but not coalescing behind. The anterior 
scutelle sometimes appear to fuse into the outer lateral plate; or 
sometimes the latter is more or less subdivided ; the inner plate is 
generally more distinct from the anterior scutelle, and usually entire, 
except perhaps at the lower extremity. 

In comparing the wings of the Hirundinide with those of the 
Cypselidz, we readily notice one of the essential characters of the 
Oscines, viz., that the greater wing coverts hide only half or less 
than half of the secondary quills, instead of reaching much beyond 
their middle, or nearly to the end. (See Sundevall, Ornith. Syst.) 

There are many species of Hirundinide in America—some more 
or less local, others with wide range. One of these species— Cotyle 
riparta—is believed to be identical with a European; and one—H. 
erythrogaster (horreorum, also, if distinct)—is generically insepa- 
rable from the European AH. rustica. The other genera are not 
represented in Europe, though Petrochelidon has at least one Aus- 
tralian example (P. nigricans). 

Most of the genera of American Hirundinide are widely diffused 
over the whole continent—the Aéticora group alone not extending 
north of Central America. 

In America we have nothing corresponding to the European 
genus Chelidon (C. urbica), characterized by having the tarsi and 
toes covered with feathers to the claws, as in Lagopus (the soles 
bare). 

The American Hirundinidx vary considerably in reference to the 
character of the nostrils, whether superior or lateral, with or without 
membrane: the comparative length of tarsus, toes, and claws: the 
amount of adhesion of middle toe to lateral: the feathering of the 
tarsus: depth of fork of tail, ete., these features applying to the 
different groups somewhat as follows :— 


Nostrils superior; broadly oval; not overhung by membrane on inner and 
upper side, especially anteriorly: Progne, Petrochelidon, Atticora, Stelgi- 
dopteryx. 


Nostrils lateral; overhung or bordered internally by membrane, which is 
straight edged above or internally, and directed either parallel with axis 
of bill, or diverging from it: Hirundo, Tachycineta, and all other Ameri- 
can genera, except those of first section. 


Bill very stout; the culmen and commissure much decurved, so that the 
chord of the latter includes lower jaw, in Progne and Pheoprogne. In 


HIRUNDINID A. 269 


all others the bill weaker, more depressed, the commissure nearly straight 
to near the tip. 

The middle toe is lengthened ; the tarsus équal to the toe without the claw, 
its joint with tibia having overhanging feathers attached, which extend 
on the inner face of the tarsus a short distance, in Hirundo, Tachycineta, 
Pterochelidon, Progne. Tarsus similarly feathered, but proportionally 
longer—being equal to middle toe and half the claw, in Neochelidon, 
Atticora, Pygochelidon, and Stelgidopteryx. It is of the same proportion, 
but entirely bare of feathers in Callichelidon and Notiochelidon. 


In Cotyle alone are there short feathers attached to the posterior face of tarsus 
near the lower end. Here also alone the lateral claws are very long, 
reaching considerably beyond the base of the middle claw. 


In Progne and Pheoprogne the basal joint of middle toe is adherent but little 
more than half way externally, about half way internally; almost the 
same on both sides. In almost all the rest it is adherent externally 
nearly to the end, and about half way internally, except in Tachycineta 
thalassina, where the adhesion is complete on both sides, except at the 
end of the inner; in Neochelidon and Notiochelidon, where the basal and 
half the middle joint: and in Atticora, where the basal and the whole 
middle joint are adherent externally. 


In Stelgidopteryx the edge of the wing (outer edge of outer primary) is pro- 
vided with a series of stiff recurved hooks; in all other American genera 
these are entirely wanting, though said to exist in the African genus 
Psalidoprocne, Cab. 


The following synopsis may aid in determining the genera and 
subgenera of American Hirundinide, although the succession is not 
strictly natural :— 


Nostrils broadly oval, or circular; opening upwards and for- 
ward, and exposed; without overhanging membrane. 
Edge of wing smooth. Tarsus short, stout; equal to 
middle toe without claw; feathered on the inner 
side above. Nostrils almost or entirely without 
membrane. 
Bill stout; culmen and commissure much 
curved. Frontal feathers without bristles. 
Tail deeply forked. Color lustrous black ; 
belly and crissum sometimes white . . Progne. 
Similar to last, only culmen straight to near tip; 
tarsus with feathers along inner edge for 
basal half or two-thirds. Fork of tail shal- 
low. Color mouse brown above; white be- 
neath i : : e 3 é . Pheoprogne. 
Bill rather weaker; commissure and culmen 
nearly straight to near tip. Frontal feathers 
bristly. Tail nearly even. Throat, ramp 


270 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 
and crissum, and usually forehead, rufous ; 
belly white . ‘ . P 5 ‘ 


Edge of wing smooth. Tarsus longer than in last; 
equal to middle toe and half the claw. Nostrils 
bordered along posterior half by membrane, but 
not overhung internally. Bill very small. Tail 
forked. Crissum dusky, except Neochelidon fucata. 

Basal and whole of next joint of middle toe ad- 
herent externally to outer toe. Tail very 
deeply forked. 

Tarsus feathered at upper end internally 

Basal and half the next joint of middle toe ad- 
herent externally to outer toe. 


Tarsus entirely bare . - : 

Tarsus with feathers on inner face at 

upper end . 

Basal joint only of middle toe adherent ex- 
ternally, and free at extreme end. 


Tibial joint covered with feathers which 
extend a short distance along inner 
face of tarsus . . ‘ ei ~ 


Edge of wing armed with stiff recurved hooks. Tarsus 
as in preceding (tarsus and toes much as in Pygo- 
chelidon). Bill larger and more depressed. Tail 
emarginate only. Crissum white . . 


Nostrils lateral ; bordered behind and inside, or overhung by 
membrane, the outer edge of which is straight, and di- 
rected either parallel with axis of bill or diverging from it. 


Tarsus short; about equal to middle toe without claw. 
Tibial joint feathered; feathers extending along 
inside of upper end of tarsus. 


Tarsus bare at lower end. Lateral claws reach- 
ing only to base of middle. 


Tail very deeply forked, much longer than 
closed wings; lateral feathers linear, 
and very narrow at end, twice the 
length of central. Upper parts and 
pectoral collar steel blue; front and 
throat, sometimes under parts, rufous. 
Tail feathers with large spots . 


Tail with shallow fork, not exceeding half 
an inch, shorter than closed wings. 
Feathers broad. Color blue or green 
above, with or without white rump: 
white beneath . . 


Tarsus with a tuft of feathers at lower end. 


[PART L 


Petrochelidon. 


Atticora. 


. Notiochelidon. 


. Neochelidon. 


Pygochelidon. 


« Stelgidopteryx. 


Hirundo. 


Tachycineta. 


PROGNE. 277 


Lateral claws lengthened, reaching beyond 
base of middle claw. 


Tail slightly forked. Color dull brown 
above; beneath white, with brown 
pectoral collar . é . « Cotyle. 


Tarsus long ; equal to middle toe and half claw ; entirely 
bare. Tail considerably forked, about equal to 
closed wing. Color green above; white beneath . Callichelodon. 


The arrangement and subordination of forms which I propose to 
adopt in the further consideration of the subject, as expressing more 
nearly the affinities of the American Hirundinide, is as follows :— 


Progne. Largest size. Commissure sinuated and much arched from base. 
(Only here). Nostrils superior. Frontal feathers soft. 


Subdivisions Progne, Phaoprogne. 
Petrochelidon: Commissure almost straight to near tip. Bill large. Nos- 


trils superior, not? overhung. Frontal feathers bristly. Legs bare. (Only 
here.) Rump rufous. 


Subdivision Petrochelidon. 
Chelidon. Nostrils superior, but slightly overhung. Legs feathered to claw. 
(Here only.) (European exclusively.) Rump and under parts white. 
Hirundo. Nostrils lateral; overhung by membrane. Lower end of tarsus 
bare. Rump white, or else like the back. Crissum white, or rufous. 
Subdivisions Hirundo, Tachycineta, Callichelidon. 
Atticora. Smallest size. Nostrils superior, not overhung. Bill very small. 


Crissum mostly black. Middle toe usually adherent beyond basal joint, 
except Pygochelidon. (Here only.) 


Subdivisions (Cheramaca?), Pygochelidon, Atticora, Notiochelidon, 
Neochelidon. 
Stelgidopteryx. Nostrils superior, not overhung. Edge of wing scratchy 
and rough. (Here only.) Crissum white. 
Subdivisions Stelgidopteryx (Psalidoprocne?). 
Cotyle. Nostrils lateral, overhung by membrane. Lower end of tarsus with 


a tuft of feathers, and lateral claws reaching beyond base of middle. 
(Here only.) Crissum white. 


Subdivision Cotyle. 


PROGNE, Bore. 


Progne, Bors, Isis, 1826, 971. (Type Hirundo purpurea, L. (H. subis, L.)) 
-Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 314. 


Body stout. Bill robust, lengthened ; lower or commissural edge of max- 
illa sinuated, decidedly convex for basal half, then as concave to the tip, the 


272 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


lower mandible falling within its chord. Nostrils superior, broadly open, and 
nearly circular, without any adjacent membrane, the edges rounded. Legs 
stout. Tarsus equal to middle toe without claw; the joint feathered ; lateral 
toes about equal; the basal joint of the middle toe half free internally, rather 
less so externally. Claws strong, much curved 


The preceding diagnosis is intended to characterize two groups 
of Swallows, differing especially from all others in their thickened 
form, robustness of bill and feet, and especially in the elongated, 
comparatively powerful bill, the upper jaw decurved, its commissural 
edge much sinuated from the base, instead of as in all the others— 
being nearly straight to near the tip—so that a line from angle of 
mouth to tip will include the whole lower jaw. With these characters 
in common, there are two well-marked subgenera, recognizable as 
follows :— 


Procne. Plumage glossy black above. Tail deeply forked, the lateral feathers 
much and gradually pointed. Bill most robust; upper outline convex 
from base. Tarsus with a few feathers only at base, on inner face. 


Puzoprocne. Plumage dull mouse brown above. Tail emarginate, or but 
slightly forked ; the lateral feathers very abruptly pointed, and rounded. 
Bill weaker and more depressed ; upper outline straight to near the tip. 
Tarsus with a line of feathers along inner edge for two-thirds the length 
from base. 


a. Proane, Boie. 


Bill notched, robust, and deep ; the commissure much sinuated, convex, and 
ascending to the nostrils, then concave tothe tip. Maxilla convex above from 
base; lower mandible slightly convex below, much more so above. Frontal 
feathers with a few bristles at base; none appreciable in chin. The upper 
joint of tarsus covered with feathers slightly adherent along inner face above, 
but not extending along the groove. Scutelle distinct. Lateral toes about 
equal, reaching to base of middle claw ; all the claws very strong, and much 
curved. Tail much forked; the feathers much pointed; the wings pointed, 
reaching beyond tip of tail. Plumage compact; glossy black above, with 
purple, violet, or blue reflection. Below either similarly colored, or with 
white belly and crissum. 


I have found it very difficult to come to any definite conclusion in 
reference to the species of Progne inhabiting the continent of Ame- 
rica, or to determine with accuracy their geographical distribution, 
notwithstanding the large number of specimens examined, including 
those in the Phila, Acad. of Nat. Sciences. This is due, in great 
measure, to the variation of plumage with age and sex—the young 
birds of one species representing the adult plumage of another—and 


PROGNE. 273 


the size varying with the latitude. The absence of indications of 
sex, of date, and even of locality, too, tends to confuse very much 
all efforts at identification. 

All the species of true Progne are lustrous black above, with 
blue, purple, or violet reflections. Several species are of this color 
all over, differing among each other in size, proportions, and shape 
of tail, etc. Others have white bellies and crissum, with the throat 
and jugulum either like the back, or brown. 

I am quite satisfied that the impression as to the wide range of 
the North American Purple Martin (P. subis) is erroneous, at least 
during its breeding season. I have as yet seen no specimens from 
South America referable to this species, nor do I find any mention 
of it in the more recent lists of species of particular localities in that, 
continent by Sclater and others. Closely related allies, however, 
exist, which will be elsewhere referred to. 

The endeavor to identify the specimens before me has been greatly 
embarrassed by the absence of specimens unmistakably referable to 
the Mirundo chalybea, of Gmelin; this may be what I have called 
leucogaster, but it in no way agrees with the original description. 

All the species of Progne exhibit very distinctly the patch of 
white on the side of the body, covered by the closed wing—appa- 
rently, indeed, characteristic of all the American Mirundinide. 


Synopsis of Species. 
Adult males entirely glossy blue-black all over. 
Females and immature birds gray or light brownish 
below; the belly and crissum whitish, but more or 
less clouded with gray, especially in the central por- 
tion of the longer crissal feathers, the shafts generally 
dusky. (Perhaps especially applicable only to subis.) 
Feathers about anus with a very small central por- 
tion pale whitish-gray. Wings and tail but 
slightly glossed. Fork of tail about .80 deep subis. 
Feathers about anus and of anterior part of crissum, 
with much of their central portion pure, con- 
cealed white. Belly of female perhaps much 
more white than in last. Wings and tail 
glossed almost like the back. Fork of tail 
about 1.00 deep. . F : 5 . cryptoleuca. 
Females and immature birds as in P. subis 2 


Feathers about anus and crissum dark brown in 
their concealed portion. Wings and tail dull, 
but slightly glossed. Fork of tail 1.10 deep . furcata. 
18 May, 1825. 


274 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I, 


Smallest of the group (length, 6.00; wing, 5). 
Tail less forked than in subis ‘ ‘ - concolor. 
Females and immature males beneath of a uniform brown 
or grayish-brown, the edges of the feathers paler. elegans. 


Adult males glossy blue-black, except belly and crissum, which 
are snow-white. 
Females and immature males with the black of under 
parts replaced by brown. Shafts of the white feathers 
white : . . * r . . « dominicensis. 


Adult males glossy blue-black above; dull brown or grayish- 
brown beneath (?); belly and crissum white. 


Females and immature males with the shafts of longer 
crissal, and, to some extent, of ventral feathers dusky. 


No blue-black patch on each side the breast? Adult 
male about 6.50 inches long. Wing about 
5.00 . F . leucogaster. 


A blue-black patch each side the breast? Adult 
male about 8.00 long. Wing about 5.50 . domestica. 


Progne subis. 


Hirundo subis, Linn. 8. N. 10th ed. 1758, 192 (Hirundo cerulea cana- 
densis, Epwarps, Av. tab. 120, Hudson’s Bay). 

Ai. purpurea, Liny. 8S. N. 12th ed. 1766, 344 (7. purpurea, CatEssy, 
Car. tab. 51).—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. xxiii.—Is. B. A. I, pl. xlv. 
—Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 101.—Yarreut, Br. Birds, II, 232*, 274 
‘(England and Ireland, Sept. 1842).—Jowes, Nat. Bermuda, 34 
(Sept. 22, 1849).—Progne purpurea, Borg, Isis, 1826, 971.—Brewer, 
N. Am. Ool. I, 1857, 103, pl. iv, fig. 47 (eggs).—Batrp, Birds N. 
Am. 1858, 314.—Scuarer, Catal. 1861, 38.—Coorer & Suc zey, P. 
R. R. Rep. XII, 2, 186 (Fort Steilacoom).—Buaxisron, Ibis, 1863, 
65 (Saskatchewan). 

Hirundo violacea, Gu. I, 1026. 

Hi. cerulea, Viemu. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 57, pl. xxvi. 

HI. versicolor, Vieinu. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 509 (U. S.). 

H. ludoviciana, Cuv. R. A. I, 1817, 374. 


Hab. The whole United States and the Provinces; Saskatchewan; Cape 
St. Lucas and northern Mexico (winter). Accidental in England. 


(No. 1,561, %.) Entirely lustrous steel blue, with « purplish gloss; the 
tail feathers and the wings except the lesser and middle coverts, and edge 
inside, dull black, scarcely glossed. Tibie dark brownish. A concealed 
patch of white on the sides under the wings. Concealed central portion of 
anal feathers light whitish-gray. 

(No. 1,129, 9.) Above somewhat similar, but much duller. Beneath 
smoky brownish-gray, without lustre ; paler behind, and becoming sometimes 
quite whitish on belly and crissum, but all the feathers always with dusky 
shafts, and more or less clouded with gray centrally, even though fading into 


PROGNE. 275 


whitish to the edges. This is particularly appreciable in the longer crissal 
feathers. The edges of the dark feathers of throat and jugulum are usually 
paler, imparting somewhat of a lunulated appearance, their centres sometimes 
considerably darker, causing an appearance of obsolete spots. There is a 
tendency to a grayish collar on sides of neck, and generally traceable to the 
nape; this, in one specimen (5,492) from California, being hoary gray, the 
forehead similar. 

The young male of the second year is similar to the female, with the steel 
blue appearing in patches. 

Total length (of 1,561), 7.50; wing, 6.00; tail, 3.40; difference between 
inner and outer feather, .75 ; difference between 1st and 9th quills, 2.88 ; length 
of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .34; along gape, .94; width of gape, 
-74; tarsus, .61; middle toe and claw, .80; claw alone, .25; hind toe and 
claw, .54; claw alone, .27. 


As already stated, I have been unable to satisfy myself as to the 
correctness of authors in giving a very wide range to our Purple 
Martin. Although Audubon mentions that the species leaves the 
United States in autumn and returns in the spring, I can find no 
indication in the more recent lists of species by Sclater, Salvin, and 
others, of its occurrence in any part of Mexico, Central America, 
or Andean South America. It is quoted from Brazil, but no one 
has identified it in any part of the West Indies, the only assigned 
locality —Cuba—heing occupied by quite another and a different 
species (P. cryptoleuca). If, therefore, found in South America at 
all, it must make a long flight across the Caribbean Sea, without 
stopping by the way. In any case I ain inclined to believe that the 
supposed specimens of this bird breeding in South America belong 
to allied species, and if a visitor at all, the present bird is only as a 
winter migrant. . 

In a foot-note' I give the description of certain specimens from 


1 Progne elegans. 
Progne elegans, Bairn, n. s. 
2?Progne purpurea, Darwin, Birds of Beagle, 38 (Monte Video (Novem- 
ber) ; Bahia Blanca, Buenos Ayres (September), breeding in holes 
in an earth cliff). 


Hab. Buenos Ayres? Vermejo River; Brazil.(?) 


Adult, steel blue all over. 

(Young male, No. 21,009.) Above of a blackish-bronze color, with metallic 
lustre; beneath uniform dull dark brown, all the feathers edged or squamu- 
lated with paler. A few steel blue feathers in different parts of the body show 
that the adult male is entirely steel blue. 

Another specimen, marked female,(?) has the edges of the feathers still 
lighter, those of the crissal feathers nearly white. The steel blue feathers are 
in greater number. A third, also marked female, and probably of that sex, 


276 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


the Vermejo River, Paraguay, which may belong to the species usu- 
ally considered as the resident “P. purpurea” of South America, 
but belonging clearly to a different and apparently unnamed species. 

Specimens are in the collection from the entire United States 


is similarly marked below ; dark brown above, with only faint metallic gloss 
towards the ends of the feathers, all the feathers narrowly margined with 
light grayish. 

(No. 21,009, Paraguay.) Total length, 7.50; wing, 5.40; tail, 3.40; depth. 
of fork, .84; distance between Ist and 9th primary, 2.36; length of bill from 
forehead, .52, from nostril, .32, along gape, .87, width, .62; tarsus, .57; 
middle toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .26; hind toe and claw, .54; claw 
alone, .27. 

A specimen in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, from Bahia (No. 146), and probably 
of this species, has nearly attained its full plumage. The color is a steel blue, 
with less purple than in P. sulis, except about the head and neck, the 
lower part of the back showing a good many of the blackish-bronze feathers 
just described. The feathers of the under parts posteriorly, although steel 
blue, have yet a very narrow border of dull gray. The tibial feathers are gray 
at base, tipped with whitish, and there is a good deal of coucealed white in 
the middle of the feathers of the anal region, less, however, than in the Cuban 
species. As in that bird there is also more lustre on the quills and tail 
feathers than in subis; but, owing to these being in moult, I cannot make 
any comparison of proportions. 

The great difference in the coloration of the young bird distinguishes this 
species very satisfactorily from the P. subis, in which, as far as the examina- 
tion of many specimens goes, the under parts are never of that peculiar uni- 
form dark brown just described. Of this stage of plumage, so marked in the 
three specimens from the Vermejo, and in a specimen belonging to the Phila- 
delphia Academy, I find no mention by authors. 

It is very probable that this is the species usually considered as the P. 
subis (purpurea), of South America. That this is not the fact is easily shown 
by the difference in size and proportion, as well as in the coloration of the 
young birds. It cannot be chalybea, even if this, when adult, be entirely 
blue, as it is much larger than as described by Buffon and Brisson, and is 
dark fuscous brown beneath, and neither reddish-gray nor grayish-brown. It 
of course is none of the white-bellied species, and as far as I can see, lacks a 
name. 

The “Progne purpurea,” which Darwin found breeding at Bahia Blanca, 
Buenos Ayres, in holes excavated in the earth, probably belongs to this species. 
This habit I have not heard mentioned in reference to the North American bird. 


| 
Smith- Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s ; aud Locality. 
No. | No. | Age. 


When 


Cullectea, | Received from Collected by 


21,009 32 | g Vermejo River, Feb. 1860, | Capt. T. J. Page. Pa- Chr. Wood 
21,010 32 “ oe © [rana Expl ae ? 
21,011 82 4c “a ce 7 “o 


PROGNE. att 


from Atlantic to Pacific, as well as from Cape St. Lucas. Some 
special localities are as follows :— 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex Wh 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll a Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. On Reete 
1,561 o | Carlisle, Pa. May 22, ’44. 8. F. Baird. 
1,129 ic) es July 18, °43. st 
1,596 fof se June 5,°44,] wee 
5,204 as o& | Mo. of Yellowstone.| July, 1856. Lt. Warren. 
5,492 | 607 2 | Petaluma, Cal. April, 1856. E. Samuels. 
5,493 | 676 | “ “ “ 
5,049 a5 od | Indianola, Tex. Mar. 12, ’°55.| Capt. J. Pope. 
3,952 | 231 o | Coahuila, Mex. May, 1853. Lt. Couch. 
12,951 | 450 o | Cape St. Lucas. stele J, Xantus. 
26,448 |3,339° | o He Nov. 5, *59. en US As) cesses 
37,003 | 549 o& | Fort Whipple, Ariz.) Aug. 11, 64. Dr. E. Coues, |  — eeeeee 
11,611 4 .. | Riceboro’, Ga. May 22,°49.| Jos. Leconte. | ...... 


(1,129.) 7.80; 16.50; 5.92. (1,596.) 8.16; 16.60; 6.00. 


Progne cryptoleuca. 
Progne cryptoleuca, Bair. 
Hirundo purpurea, D’Ors, Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. 1840, 94 (excl. syn.).— 
Progne purpurea, Cas. Jour. 1856, 3.—Guwnpacu, Cab. Jour. 1861. 


Hab. Cuba, and Florida Keys? (Perhaps Bahamas.) 


(No. 34,242, 5.) .Color much as in P. subis—rich steel blue, with purple 
or violet gloss ; the wings and tail, however, much more decidedly glossed, and 
with a shade of greenish. The feathers around the anus and in the anterior 
portion of crissum with dark bluish down at base, pure snowy white in the 
middle, and then blackish, passing into the usual steel blue. The white is 
entirely concealed, and its amount and purity diminish as the feathers are 
more and more distant, until it fades into the usual gray median portion of 
the feather. The usual concealed white patch on the sides under the wings. 

(No. 34,242.) Total length, 7.60; wing, 5.50; tail, 3.40; perpendicular 
depth of fork, .86; difference between Ist and 9th primary, 2.75; length of 
pill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .34; along gape, .86; width, .58; tarsus, 
.53; middle toe and claw, .79; claw alone, .24; hind toe and claw, .52; claw 
alone, .25. 


This species has a close external resemblance to P. subis, for 
which it has usually been mistaken. It is of nearly the same size, 
but the feet are disproportionately smaller and weaker; while the 
wings are shorter, the tail is as long and more deeply forked; the 
feathers considerably narrower, and more attenuated (the outer .40 
wide, instead of .46). The colors above are more brilliant, and ex- 
tend more over the greater wing coverts and lining of wings, while 
the quills and tail feathers have a richer gloss of purplish, changing 
to greenish. An apparently good diagnostic feature is the concealed 
pure white of the feathers about the anal region, replaced in subis by 
grayish, rarely approximating to whitish. 


278 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


This is a smaller species than the Progne furcata,' from Chile 
(9,112), with the tail, however, nearly as long and proportionately 
almost as much forked. It is much more richly colored, however ; 
the concealed middle portion of the anal feathers white, not dark 
brown, etc. The feet are much smaller. 

A Progne collected by Mr. Wright, at Monte Verde, is duller in 
color than that from Remedios, but has still more concealed white 
below, in the median portion, not only of the anal feathers, but of 
those of the entire crissum and of the belly. A female bird, which 
I presume to be the same species, can scarcely be distinguished from 


1 Progne furcata. 
Progne furcata, Barrp, 0. 8. 
Hab. Chile (and other parts of western South America ?). 


(No. 9,112, 4.) Color as in P. subis, with rather more of a purple gloss. 
Basal portion of the feathers in the anal region dark brownish, without trace 
of the whitish of P. subis. Tail deeply forked (for over an inch). 

Measurements: Total length, 8.30; wing, 5.80; tail, 3.60; perpendicular 
depth of fork, 1.06; difference between primaries, 2.70; length of bill from 
forehead, .50, from nostril, .32 ; along gape, .90 ; width, .60; tarsus, .60 ; middle 
toe and claw, .90; claw alone, .25; hind toe and claw, .51; claw alone, .24. 


This species is like P. subis, but differs appreciably from a large series of 
specimens in a considerably longer tail (3.60, instead of 3.40), and a much 
deeper fork (1.06, instead of .75.) The bill is considerably narrower than the 
average of subis, though not more so than in one specimen (4,773) from the 
upper Missouri. The concealed portion of the feathers about the anal region 
is much darker than in subis. The size, except of tail, is about the same. 

This is probably the species to which Gray (Cat. Br. Mus.) refers as P. 
modesta (concolor), from Chile. The P. concolor, the synonyms of which I 
give below, is a very much smaller species, with the tail less forked than in 
subis, instead of much more so, and is probably peculiar to the Galapagos. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 

P F When ‘i 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Remarks. 
No. No. | Age. Collected. 
9,112 Pa dad, Chile. ee Verreaux, |  ...... 


Progne concolor. 
Hirundo concolor, Gouup, P. Z. S. 1837, 22 (James Isl., Galapagos). 
Progne modesta, Gouup, Birds Beagle, 39, pl. v. (Same specimen.) 
Hab. Galapagos Islands. 
Length, 6”; wings, 53; tail, 2}; tarsus, }; middle toe (without claw?), .35. 
Less purple than purpurea. Tail less forked. Nostrils less ; bill much the 
same. Feet much less strong. 


. PROGNE. 279 


the female of dominicensis, except in the brownish shafts of the 
longer crissal feathers, and an almost imperceptible tinge of brown- 
ish in the webs of the same feathers. It is almost exactly like the P. 
leucogaster, of Mexico and Central America. 

A fuller series of specimens than is at present at my command 
will be required to determine all the relationships of this species to 
its allies. 

A Progne, male (10,368), of the second year, from Cape Florida, 
I somewhat hesitatingly refer to the same species, as having the 
same proportions and dimensions. This is the specimen referred to 
in the Smithsonian Catalogue, and Birds N. Am. 923, as Progne . 


r 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex q 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc when d Received from Remarks, 
No. No. | Age. rt 


34,242). o | Remedios, Cuba. May, 1864. N. H. Bishop. Iris brown, 

17,729)... 3 | Monte Verde, Cuba.| May 2. Chas. Wright. |  ...... 

17,730 oe of ee Reet lif uae beaaiarayang 
710,368} .. 0.¢ | Cape Florida, Fla, | May 18, 58.) G. Wurdemann. | 7.50; 15.; 5.50, 


Progne dominicensis. 


Hirundo dominicensis, Gu. S. N. I, 1788, 1025 (Hirundo dominicensis, 
Briss. II, 493; Burr. Pl. enl. 545, fig. 1).—Viem. Ois. Am. Sept. 
I, 1807, 59, pl. 28, 29 (St. Domingo).—? Jarping, Ann. Mag. XVIII, 
1846, 120, Tobago (breeds).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 166 (Porto Rico). 
—Progne dominicensis, Marcu, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 295 (nesting).— 
Goss, Birds Jam. 69. 

Hirundo albiventris, View. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 533 (St. Domingo?). 


Hab. Jamaica, Porto Rico, and St. Domingo? 


(No. 30,278, adult male, Jamaica.) General color lustrous steel blue, with 
purplish reflections ; the median region only of the under parts, from the 
breast to and including crissum, pure white. Feathers of tibia gray at base, 
white at tip. Wings and tail blackish above, scarcely glossed, except on 
lesser and middle coverts. A concealed white streak in the sides, hidden by 
the wing—this color at the base of the feathers, and not extending to the 
ends. Bill black; feet dusky, perhaps dark flesh-color in life. “Iris hazel” 
(Gosse). . 

(No. 26,815, female.) Much duller in plumage. Above dark brown, or 
smoky brown, glossed with dull steel blue; the quills, rectrices and head brown, 
almost without gloss. Sides of head neck and body, chin, throat, jugulum, 
and inside of wings dull wood brown, without gloss; the median line of chin 
and throat rather paler; rest of under parts white, as in male, and quite 
abruptly defined ; tibia gray, the feathers tipped with whitish. 

The young male is like the female, with more steel blue on the head, the 
throat with blue feathers interspersed. Very young birds are like the female, 
and exhibit the same quite abruptly defined white below, with well marked 


280 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. 


paler streak on throat. In all stages of plumage the feathers of crissum are 
snowy white to their roots, including the shafts. 

(No. 30,278.) Total length, 7.00; wing, 5.60; tail, 3.15; difference be- 
tween outer and inner feather, .78; difference between Ist and 9th primary, 
2.88; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, -34, along gape, .88; 
width of gape, .68; tarsus, .55; middle toe and claw, .78; claw alone, .26; 
hind toe and claw, .48; claw alone, .23. 

The pure white of the belly and crissum, in all stages, will readily 
distinguish females and young of this species from those of sudis, 
in which the white is not pure, and the feathers of the crissum always 
clouded with gray in the centres. The adult male is of course 
readily distinguished by the snowy white belly, ete. 

In size the two birds are not materially different—the dominicensis 
rather the smaller. The tail feathers agjéar disproportionately 
narrower and more attenuated—the outer being .40 of an inch wide, 
instead of .48. The feet, too, are disproportionately smaller, the 
hind toe and claw especially, which measure .48, instead of .54. 

I cannot detect any difference between the Jamaica bird and a Porto 
Rican skin in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, except that the latter has 
a patch of blackish on the outer web of the longest crissal feather. 
I am, however, by no means sure that the Cuban and Porto Rican 
birds, either or both, belong to the true dominicensis, of St. Domingo. 
They are, at any rate, very different from the species of continental 
Middle, or of South America, usually considered as identical. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
i i When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. Collected. C y 


30,278 18 jad.¢| Spanishtown, Jam.| May, 1863. W. T. March. 
30,279 18 G3 “ « 


30,280 oe July, 1863. “ 
26,815 | .. | o? “ July, 1862. “ 


24,378 | .. | 0. te July, 1861. “ 
a3 145 | gad.| Porto Rico. eae Cab. Lawrence. 


Progne leucogaster. 
Progne leucoguster, Barrp. 
Progne dominicensis, Scuatsr, P. Z. S. 1857, 201 (Vera Cruz); 1859, 
364 (Xalapa).—Scrarzer & Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).— 
Satv. Ibis, 1859, 466 (Belize).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Honduras). 
Progne chalybea, Cazanis, Jour. 1860, 402, (San Jose, Costa Rica; July) 
(not H. chal. of Gmetin ?).—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 318 
(Panama R. R.).—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 133 (Carthagena). 
Hab. From Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Darien, and Carthagena. (N. 
eastern South America ?) 


(No. 30,718, 4.) Upper parts glossy steel blue, as in P. subis; the quills, 
greater coverts, and tail feathers blackish, scarcely glossed, with the color of 


PROGNE. 281 


the back; chin, throat, jugulum, and sides of head (below the centre of teh 
eye) neck and body, with inside of wings, grayish-brown, without gloss or 
lustre (as in Cotyle riparia), rather lighter along the median line. Rest of 
under parts dull white, not very sharply defined, passing behind into pure 
white on the anal region and crissam—the latter having the shafts of the 
longer feathers dusky, in contrast with the snowy white of the plume. A 
concealed white stripe on the sides under the wings, asin other Progne. Tibia 
gray, the feathers tipped with whitish. 

The female (30,717) is quite similar, with much less gloss above, the white 
of the belly apparently passing further forward, and still less sharply defined ; 
the throat a little lighter. ; 

(No. 30,718, %, Guatemala.) Total length, 6.30; wing, 5.10; tail, 2.70; 
perpendicular depth of fork, .53; difference between Ist and 9th primary, 
2.55; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .28, along gape, .84; 
width of gape, .62; tarsus, .49; middle toe and claw, .73; claw alone, .23; 
hind toe and claw, .46; claw alone, .22. 


This Mexican and Central American species has generally been 
considered to be identical with the West Indian P. dominicensis, 
but a comparison of large series of specimens shows considerable 
differences. It is decidedly smaller, and the depth of fork of tail 
only two-thirds as great. As to color, none of the specimens before 
me exhibit any trace, on the under surface of the body, of the 
glossy steel blue of the back, found in males of dominicensis; in 
this respect resembling females and immature males of the latter 
species. From these, however, it may be distinguished by smaller 
size—even in the males—and by having the shafts of the longer 
crissal feathers dusky, instead of being pure white. The white of 
the belly is less abruptly defined against the gray of the breast 
(which is darker also), and apparently occupies a wider space. 

The male bird (No. 30,718), the measurements of which I have 
given, appears to have a disproportionately short foot. In No. 
30,717, supposed female, from Duefias, the dimensions of the leg are 
as follows: Tarsus, .56; middle toe and claw, .81; claw alone, .27; 
hind toe and claw, .51; claw alone, .26, or nearly the size of P. 
subis with longer middle toe and claw. Other specimens are inter- 
mediate somewhat in this respect. It may be that the differences 
indicate a second species, but I cannot define it from the materials 
at my command. The only other difference I note is a greener or 
less purple gloss to the back. 

It is barely possible that fully adult males of this species may 
have steel blue throats, as in true dominicensis, although I find no 
allusion to the fact in any description. Even in this case, however, 
the smaller size, less deeply forked tail, and dusky shafts of the longer 
crissal feathers will distinguish them. 


282 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PaRT I. 


So far as I can ascertain, this species has never received a dis- 
tinctive appellation. Specimens from Panama, apparently identical, 
have been labelled P. chalybea, by Mr. Cassin and Mr. Lawrence ; 
but as explained below,’ I cannot agree with their conclusions, or 
those of Cabanis. 

There are in the collection specimens of a closely allied, though 
larger species, from Bolivia, which I have referred to the P. do- 
mestica, named from Azara.? 


' Progne chalybea. 
Hirundo chalybea, Gueuin, 8. N. I, 1788, 1026 ( Hirundo cayanensis, Bris- 
son, II, 495, tab. 46, fig. 1; Burr. VI, 675 ; Pl. enl.545, fig. 2, Cayenne), 


Hab. Cayenne. 


Of this species I have never seen a specimen, or one agreeing unmistakably 
with the minute account of the above mentioned authors. 

As described by Brisson (L’Hirondelle de Cayenne), it is steel black above, 
with the entire under parts grayish-brown. The lateral tail feather exceeds 
the middle by six lines. Length, 6 inches; bill, 9} lines; tarsus, 5 lines; 
middle toe and claw, 7 lines. Buffon speaks of it as lustrous violet black above, 
beneath reddish-gray, veined with brown; lighter on the lower parts of belly 
and crissum. Length, 6 inches; Dill, 94 lines; tarsus, 5 or 6 lines, ete. The 
size is thus much as in Brisson’s bird; the lower parts reddish-gray, varied 
with brown, paler behind, instead of grayish-brown. Neither author refers 
to any white whatever on under parts. In size the species agrees better with 
P. leucogaster than any other true Progne, and it is barely possible the two 
may be the same, but I cannot reconcile the apparent differences. It would, 
at any rate, be strictly in accordance with the usual law of distribution of 
South American birds to find the Cayenne species specifically different from 
the Central American. 


2? Progne domestica. 


Hirundo domestica, Vien. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 521 (Golondrina do- 
mestica, D’Azara, Apunt. II, 1805, 502, no. 300, Paraguay).—Vuer1, 
Encycl. Méth. II, 1823, 527.—?Progne domestica, Gray, Genera.— 
Is. Catal. Fiss. Br. Mus. 1848, 28 (Bolivia).—Cazanis, Mus. Hein. 
I, 1850-1, 51 (Rio Grande do Sul).—Burmeister, Ueb. III, 142,— 
Is. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 477 (La Plata). 


Hab. Paraguay and Bolivia. 


(No. 16,834, young male, Bolivia.) Above steel blue, much as in P. subis. 
Beneath, from chin to breast, and on sides, smoky brown. Rest of under 
parts white, the shafts mostly dusky. Feathers tipped with steel blue, form- 
ing as a kind of collar across the jugulum and along the sides of body; no 
trace of them on the chin, throat, and abdominal region, not even in the pin 
feathers. 

A second specimen, also probably young male, is still lighter on the throat 
and breast, almost white on the latter, although clouded with brown, and with 


PROGNE. 283 


Sniith-|Collec-| Sex Wh 
sunian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll eed Received from Collected by 
No. | No.) ] Age. OP OCle ds : 
29,704 de .. | San Andres, near 
Vera Cruz. June 1856, Ay Sables Sienna 
12,865 ae @ | Tehuantepec. Hes T. C. Martin, A. J. Grayson, 
30,718 363 | og | Cahabon, Vera Paz.! Mar, 1862. O. Salvin. Salv. & Godman. 
30,717 | 4,480 | .. Duenas, Guat. Oct. 1861, ae a 
29,431 38 Q | Acajutia, Saly, Mar. 11, '63.] Capt. J. M. Dow. 
29,4321 2. | g¢ “ “ “ 
33,288 146} .. | San Jose, C. R. wae Dr. v. Frantzius. 
17,791? ai -. | Carthagena, N. G, Lt. Michler. A Schott. 
-. 2] 143 g Panama R. R. Cub. Lawrence. M'Lean & Galb. 
as ? 144 +e be “re 


Pu#oproene, Baird. 


Similar to Progne; the bill and legs weaker. Tail slightly forked, the 
lateral feathers not attenuated, and the wing not reaching beyond its tip. 
Plumage without the metallic lustre of true Proyne. A narrow line of feathers 
attached along basal half or two-thirds of the inner side of tarsus. 


The species of this group have been assigned by authors both to 
Progne and Cotyle, but differ in some respects from both. To 


scattered blue-tipped feathers. A third, perhaps female, has no blue feathers 
beneath. 

It is difficult to say what may be the color of the under parts in the adult male 
bird. It seems as if a jugular or pectoral collar and the sides of body might 
be steel blue, the chin and throat smoky brown, and the belly and crissum 
white, with more or less concealed dusky shafts to the feathers. Nothing like 
this, in adult plumage, however, is described or known. 

Closely allied to the P. leucogaster, this species differs in considerably larger 
size; paler, almost whitish chin and throat, tendency to steel blue on the 
sides of breast and sides of body, etc. 

(No. 16,834.) Total length, 7.70: wing, 5.40; tail, 3.20; depth of fork, .70; 
difference between Ist and 9th primary, 2.50; length of bill from forehead, 
-49, from nostril, .34; along gape, .90; width, .60; tarsus, .58; middle toe 
and claw, .84; claw alone, .26; hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .25. 


This is probably the same species as that referred to by Gray as P. domestica ; 
but without specimens from Paraguay, for comparison, I am unable to say 
whether it is the true “domestica,” as based upon a description by Azara. 
Burmeister (Reise La Plata, II, 477), in saying that the adult of domestica, 
from Paraguay, is entirely steel blue, has possibly confounded with it the P. 
elegans, described on a previous page. I see no reason to believe that the 
white belly and crissum are ever wanting. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex 
sonian} tor’s | and Locality. Pees Received from | Collected by 


“ “ 


No No. | Age. 
16,834 ie aie Bolivia. bate Walter Evans, |  ...... 
16,836 Ba re ake ne eo 


16,839 


{ 


284 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Cotyle, however, the relationship, except in coloration, is very slight, 
as the nostrils are superior, without overhanging membrane as in 
Cotyle ; the lower end of tarsus destitute of feathers (the upper, on 
the contrary, being provided with them); the lateral claws short, 
much curved, and not reaching beyond the base of the middle. The 
bill is much stouter, and the body more robust; the edge of wing 
without hooks, in these respects differing from Stelgidopteryx. 

With somewhat the fulness of form of Progne, the bill resembles 
the latter in having the nostrils superior, exposed, and without over- 
hanging membrane. The frontal feathers are soft, but with short 
bristles lining the base of the upper jaw, and a few on the side of the 
lower, but none in the chin. The bill is more depressed than in 
Progne, but similarly shaped ; the lower edge of the upper mandible 
much sinuated, or quite convex to the anterior extremity of the 
nostril, and then passing into an equally concave curve to the tip. 
Both jaws are more depressed, and their upper outlines less convex, 
especially towards the base, than in Progne. The feet are weaker, 
but the adhesion of the toes much as in Progne—the basal joint of 
the median being free for about half internally, a little less externally. 
The upper joint of the tarsus is covered with feathers, which are 
attached along the inner edge in a narrow line for half the length, 
or more than half the length (even three-fourths). This feature is 
quite peculiar to Pheoprogne, not existing at all in Progne, nor to 
anything like the same extent in any other American Swallows. The 
tarsal scutelle are so much fused as to be almost undistinguishable. 
The wings are more falcate, the feathers broader and less curved 
than in Progne; the tail but slightly forked; the lateral feathers 
without the gradual attenuation of Progne. 

The species of this group belong strictly to South America, but 
are not well determined. JI give below the two which seem to be 
contained in the specimens which I have examined. None have 
any metallic gloss, as in Progne—resembling in color Cotyle and 
Stelgidopteryx more than any other genera. The form is more that 
of Petrochelidon, the nostrils being equally superior and uncovered, 
and the tail is somewhat similar. The bill is, however, much stouter, 
longer, and the commissure is sinuated, not nearly straight. 


Synopsis of Species. 
Common Cuaracters.—Above and along sides dull smoky brown, 
without metallic lustre; a fainter pectoral band of the same. 
Rest of under parts white. 


Sides of neck white, passing around on the nape into a narrow 


PROGNE. 285 


hoary collar. Epigastrium with a median line of rounded 
brown spots. . : . . . . . . fusca.! 


' Progne fusca. 
Hirundo fusca, Viertt. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 510.—Is. Encyel. Méth. 
IL, 529 (based on Golondrina de la parda, AzAra, Apunt. II, 1805, 
505, no. 301, Paraguay).—Progne fusca, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850-1 
(not of Gray ?). 


Hab. Region of the Parana. 


(No. 12,042, 4.) In coloration and markings an almost exact reproduction 
of Cotyle riparia, although much larger. Above rather light smoky brown, 
without metallic lustre; the rump not paler than the back; the quills and 
tail feathers considerably darker, their upper surfaces with a faint greenish 
gloss. All the smaller feathers above with paler edges. Beneath pure white ; 
the sides of body and breast, lining of wings, tibie, and a pectoral band, 
brown like the back, the latter glossed with whitish. Feathers along median 
line of belly, from pectoral band almost to vent, with large, somewhat con- 
cealed rounded blotches of brown, especially on the inner webs. Side of the 
neck, with its lower half hoary white, this color extending round above so as 
to form a nuchal band, but narrower, and much obscured with brown. Feathers 
of crissum and chin, including their shaft, pure white from base. Bill and 
legs apparently dark brown. 

The boundary between the white and brown on the side of head is in a line 
with the commissure, though even below this and on the side of lower jaw 
the feathers are tinged with brown. The smaller under wing coverts, and the 
feathers along the edge of the wing inside, are rather broadly margined with 
white. 

(No. 16,341.) Total length, 6.50; wing, 4.85 ; tail, 3.00; depth of fork, .32; 
difference of primaries, 2.35 ; length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, 
.34; along gape, .85; tarsus, .54: middle toe and claw, .75; claw alone, .25 ; 
hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .24. 


The specimens here described, from Capt. Page’s collection, are labelled 
“Brazils,” but were probably taken on the Parana River, in the interior of 
the country, and in the region of Azara’s species. It is, however, possible 
that the species may be the tapera, as restricted by authors, and the bird I 
have considered as tapera, true fusca, if not an unnamed species. 

A specimen from the Vermejo (21,012) differs in lacking almost entirely the 
paler edges of the feathers of upper parts, and in having the sides of the neck 
much less hoary. The inside of the wing is less varied with white. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex When 

roaia sy ae Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
16,341] 120 Brazil. Oct. 1859. | Capt, Page, Expl. 

16,343) 120 fe se “« [Parana R, 
12,042, 120 fof He ig 

ee 38 2 Vermejo River. Feb. 1860. *e 


286 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Sides of neck and nape brown, like the back, or the former 
only slightly hoary. No distinct spots along the middle 
of epigastrium : . . ‘ a . é . tapera.! 


PETROCHELIDON, Casanis. 


Petrochelidon, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850-1,47. (Type Hirundo melanogaster, 
Swans. = P. swainsoni, Scu.) 


Bill stout and deep, somewhat as in Progne. Nostrils entirely superior, 
open, without overhanging membrane on the inner (or upper) side, but some- 
. what overhung by short bristles, seen also along base of inner mandible and 
inchin. Legs stout; the tarsi short, not exceeding the middle toe exclusive of 
its claw; feathered all round for basal third or fourth, though no feathers are 
inserted on the posterior face. Tail falling short of the closed wings, nearly 
square, or slightly emarginate ; the lateral feathers broad to near the ends, 
and not attenuated. 


The claws of Petrochelidon are large, and considerably curved. 
In peciloma there is a distinct, though short web connecting the 


' Progne tapera. 
Hirundo tapera, Linn. 8. N. 12th ed. 1766, 345, Brazil (L’Hirondelle 
d’ Amérique, Brisson, II, 502, tab. 45, fig. 3).—Progne tapera, Cas. 
Schomburgh’s Reise Guiana, III, 672.—Scuarer, Catal. 1861.— 
Cotyle tapera, Burm. Uebers. III, 1857, 143 (Brazil). 
?Hirundo pascuum, Max. Beit. III, 1830, 360. 
Hab. Brazil? Bolivia? Bogota? 


Specimens in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, supposed to belong 
to this species, though from Bolivia and Bogota, resemble fusca very closely, 
but differ in larger and more attenuated bill, shorter toes, and fewer feathers 
ontarsus. The size and color are much the same; but the sides of neck and 
nape lack the hoary white collar obscured behind, nor do I observe the line 
of elongated rounded, partially concealed large brown spots along the median 
line of the belly. The white of the under parts is not so pure. 

Whether this be the same with the Brazilian tapera, of authors, I have not 
had the opportunity of determining, but would not be surprised to find that 
it was distinct. It is also quite possible that, in the absence of specimens 
actually from Paraguay, I have incorrectly identified Capt. Page’s specimens 
as fusca, and that they are really tapera. 

Total length, 6.60; wing, 5-30; tail, 2.85; depth of fork, .45; difference 
of primaries, 2.55; length of bill from forehead, .65, from nostril, .38 ; along 
gape, .88; tarsus, .54; middle toe and claw, .72; claw alone, 20; hind toe 
and claw, .48; claw alone, .22. 

The Hirundo americana tapera, of Sloane (Jamaica, II, 212), the first reference 
quoted by Linnzus, cannot be the present species, as it refers to a Jamaican 
bird which Sloane compares with the European Swift ; it may be either Progne 
dominicensis or Chextura zonaris, quite possibly the latter. It is, therefore, a 
question how far the name ¢apera can be retained for the species. 


PETROCHELIDON. 287 


bases of the inner and middle toes. The lateral toes are nearly 
equal, the outer, if anything, slightly longer; the entire basal joint 
of the outer adherent to middle; the membrane just referred to ex- 
tending along the basal joint of the inner. The basal joint of the 
middle is free externally at extreme end. The feathers of crissum are 
very full, and reach nearly to end of tail. 

This is one of the most natural genera of American Swallows, em- 
bracing a considerable number of species, all characterized by the 
rufous rump. HH. nigricans, Vieill. (Coilocalia arborea of Gould), 
from Australia, appears to be strictly congeneric, as first suggested 
by Cabanis. The development of bristles insthe chin and among 
the frontal feathers appears quite characteristic, giving a roughness 
to the forehead very different from the softness and smoothness of 
Atticora and other genera. 

The diagnostic characters of the principal American species of 
Petrochelidon are as follows :— 


Common Cuaracters.—Above steel blue; the feathers of the inter- 
scapulum with concealed whitish edges; no whitish median 
or basal down, Rump and narrow nuchal band chestnut; 
erissum gray brown, tinged anteriorly at least with chestnut ; 
the longer feathers and inner side of lateral tail feathers edged 
with whitish. Middle region of belly white. Usually with 
a whitish or reddish frontal band. 

Chin and throat, with side of head, and continuous with 
nuchal band, chestnut brown. 
Jugulum with large blue-black patch. Chestnut of 
throat darker than that of rump. 


Frontlet reddish-white, with narrow band of 
black along upper mandible . . « lunifrons. 
Frontlet chestnut brown, without black at 
base of upper mandible “ j + swainsoni. 
Jugulum plain, without black spot. Chestnut of 
throat lighter than that of rump.  Frontlet 
chestnut brown. 


Sides of body only slightly tinged with chest- 


nut : . ‘ a 3 : - fulva 
Sides deep chestnut, continuous with that of 
breast and crissum. Size smaller + peciloma. 


Chin, throat, and sides of head white. 


Fore part of breast chestnut, without black spot. 
Sides faintly tinged with same. 


Frontal band obsolete . . : ‘ - ruficollaris. 


P. nigricans, of Australia, lacks the nuchal band; the sides of 


288 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


head are blackish; the throat grayish-white; the breast pale chest- 
nut, both with dusky shaft streaks. The chestnut of front and ramp 
is quite pale. 


Petrochelidon lunifrons. 


Hirundo lunifrons, Say, Long’s Exp. II, 1823, 47 (Rocky Mts.).—Cassn ; 
Brewer, N. A. Ool. I, 1857, 94, pl. v, no. 68-73 (eggs).—Bairp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 309.—Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 317 
(Panama R. R.; winter).—VeRriLt, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. 1864, 276 
(migration and history).—Lorp, Pr. R. A. Inst. Woolwich, IV, 
1864, 16 (Br. Col. ; nesting).—Coorer & Sucnuey, P. R. R. XII, 11, 
184 (Wash. TPerr.). 

HI. opifex, Cuuntoy, 1824.—H. respublicana, Aup. 1824. 

H. fulva, Bon. (not of Vremuor).—Aovp. Orn. Biog. I, pl. 58.—Is. B. A. 
I, pl. 47.—Maxim. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 100. 


Hab. Entire United States from Atlantic to Pacific, and along central 
region to Arctic Ocean and Fort Yukon; Panama, in winter. Not noted at 
Cape St. Lucas, in Mexico, or West Indies. 


(No. 18,322, 4.) Top of head glossy black, with greenish lustre; back 
and scapulars similar, but rather duller, and somewhat streaked by the 
appearance of the white sides of the feathers—the bases of the feathers, 
however, being plumbeous. Chin, throat, and sides of head chestnut brown, 
this extending round on the nape as a distinct continuous collar, which is 
bounded posteriorly by dull grayish; the chestnut darkest on the chin, with 
a rich purplish tinge. Rump above and on sides paler chestnut (sometimes 
fading into whitish). Upper tail coverts grayish-brown, edged with paler, 
lighter than the plain brown of the wings and tail. Forehead, for the length 
of the bill, creamy white, somewhat lunate, or extending in an acute angle a 
little over the eye; a very narrow blackish frontlet ; loral region dusky to 
the bill. A patch of glossy black in the lower part of the breast, and a few 
black feathers in the extreme chin, the latter sometimes scarcely appreciable. 
Under parts dull white, tinged with reddish-gray on the sides and inside of the 
wings. Feathers of crissum brownish-gray, edged with whitish, with a tinge 
of rufous anteriorly (sometimes almost inappreciable). 

(No. 18,322.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 4.50; tail, 2.40, nearly even; 
difference of primary quills, 2.10; length of bill from forehead, .38, from 
nostril, .25, along gape, .60, width, .50; tarsus, .48; middle toe and claw, .72, 
claw alone, .22; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .20. 


There is some variation in amount and shade of rufous in different 
specimens. Usually there is none on the sides of body, and very 
little at the base of the crissum. The rufous of the Tump is always 
lighter than that of the throat, where this color extends down on 
the jugulum, with indistinct rounded outline behind, shading into 
the smoky, reddish-gray of the sides of the breast. 

As in its allies, immaturity is shown longest in the absence or 


PETROCHELIDON, 289 


dulness of the frontal band. There is no appreciable difference in 
the sexes. 

A specimen in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, from Panama, I cannot 
distinguish, except in being smaller. Length, 4.80; wing, 4.10; 
tail, 2.10. The forehead is nearly white, as usual in luni/rons.* 

Summer specimens from the southern Rocky Mts. (Los Pinos, 
N. M.) and Carlisle are considerably smaller than those from Fort 
Bridger. 

Specimens in the collection from throughout the whole United 
States to northern border, as also— 


' Petrochelidon ————. 


?Hirundo americana, Gmeuin, 8. N. I, 1788, 1017 (from Buffon, VI, 698, 
La Plata).—Petrochelidon americana, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 47. 

?Hirundo pyrrhonota, Vizitu. Encycl. Méth. II, 524 (Azara, Apunt. II, 
§11, no. 305, Paraguay).— Cotyle p. Burm. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 
477 (Tucuman). 


Hab. Brazil? Paraguay? 


In Mr. Lawrence’s collection is an immature bird (No. 148, from Brazil), 
much like corresponding stages of P. lunifrons, but differing in considerably 
smaller bill, and in the lower tail coverts being much shorter (falling three- 
quarters of an inch short of the tip). The rufous of the rump extends further 
up the back, and there is a decided wash of reddish over the breast and belly, 
sides and crissum, leaving only the abdominal region pure white. The frontal 
band is not fully developed, but seems as if it might be whitish; there is a 
blackish spot on the lower throat, and a few whitish feathers in the chin. The 
chestnut of the throat is lighter than in /unifrons, or of about the same shade 
as that of rump. I think there is no doubt of its being quite distinct from 
lunifrons or swainsoni, but in its still immature condition cannot venture to 
identify it. There are two names to which it might be referred, the H. ameri- 
cana, of Gmelin—P. americana, Cab. M. Hein. I, 47—(based on Hirondelle « 
croupion roux, ete. (from the La Plata), Burron, Ois. VI, 698, La Plata)— 
which, however, appears much too large—and Hirundo pyrrhonota, View. 
Encyel. II, 524; Azara, Apunt. II, 511, Sonnine ed. 104; Cotyle pyrrhonota, 
Burm. La Plata, II,477. This is described by Azara as having black crissum; 
Burmeister, however, says this is grayish, edged with rusty whitish ; the fore- 
head, lores, cheeks, and rump rusty brownish-red ; fore-neck, breast, and belly 
ash gray, washed with yellowish, and tinged with reddish about the anus. 
Length, 5’. Wings, 4”. 

Buffon speaking of his Hirondelle a croupion roux et queue carrée, describes 
it as brownish-black above, with green and blue reflections ; rump rufous, the 
feathers edged with whitish; under parts dull white, the lower tail coverts 
rufous. Another specimen is said to have a rufous throat. No mention is 
made of a black spot on the jugulum, or of a frontal band. 


19 May, 1865, 


290 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS [PART I. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
kouian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by ‘ 
No. No. | Age. ‘i 

20,639 ate 3 | Moose Factory, H.B.| May 17, '60.| C. Drexler. 

ee ies .. | Carlisle, Pa. [Lake. one 8. F. Baird, 
27,298 | 1,324 Fort Resolution, 8. aie A. M’Kenzie. 
19,543 che has June 23. R. Kennicott. 
27,297 | 1,212 | .. | Big Island, 8. Lake. er J. Reid. 
27,296 216 | .. | Fort Yukon. aaa 6 J, Lockhart. 
28,150 see | bey “ nae t 
23,218 589 | .. | Fort Good Hope. eas R. McFarlane. 
34,352 ee o | Los Pinos, N. M. June 20, '64.| Dr. E. Coues. 
34,354 ie) “ [C. Am. aa be 
30,556 ae og | At sea, W. coast, | Oct. 20,63. | Capt. J. M. Dow. 

183 | 9 | Panama R. R. ane Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb. 


(34,852.) 5.90; 12.10. (84,354.) 6.00; 11.80. 


Petrochelidon swainsoni. 


Hirundo melanogaster, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 366 (Mexico).— 
Petrochelidon inelonogaster, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 47. 

Petrochelidon swainsoni, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1858, 296; 1859, 376.—In. 
-Catal. 1861, 40, no. 244. (Swainson’s name changed as inappro- 
priate.) 


Hab. Highlands of Mexico. 


» This species is almost precisely like P. lunifrons, but is smaller, and the 
frontlet, instead of being creamy or rosy white, is chestnut brown like the 
throat; the lores are less dusky, and there is no dusky at base of upper 
mandible. In these respects it resembles P. fulva, but will be readily dis- 
tinguished by the large glossy black spot on the throat, and blackish chin, as 
well as comparative absence of reddish on crissum and sides. 


Two specimens, both marked males, differ considerably in size, as 
shown by the following measurements. In one (22,376) the forehead 
is of the same shade of rufous as the throat, and the black spot on 
the throat very small; in the other, which is decidedly larger, the 
forehead is considerably paler than the throat, and the throat spot 
more distinct, the chestnut of throat and sides of head much darker. 

(No. 22,376, %.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 3.90; tail, 2.25; difference of 
quills, 1.90; length of bill from forehead, .35, from nostril, -21, along gape, 
-55; tarsus, .48; middle toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .20; hind toe and 
claw, .37, claw alone, .19. 

(No. 33,572.) Total length, 4.90; wing, 4.30; tail, 2.20; length of bill from 
forehead, .41, from nostril, .22, along gape, .60; tarsus, -53; middle toe and 
claw, .66, claw alone, .21; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .21, 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Coll 

No. | No. | Age. Collected, ollected by 
22,376 |40,745 | of Mexico. ase Verreaux, [| ....., 
33,572 136 | .. Mirador, Mex. Aug. 1863, Dr. Sartorius, { ....., 


PETROCHELIDON. 291 


Petrochelidon fulva. 


Hirundo fulva, Vier. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 62, pl. xxx (St. Do- 
mingo).—Is. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 521.—Is. Encyc. Méth. I, 
1823, 526.—Petrochelidon fulva, Caz. Mus. Hein. 1850, 47.—Is. 
Jour. Orn. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba). 

Hirundo coronata, Lempzyz, Aves de Cuba, 1850, 45. 


Hab. Cuba and St. Domingo? 


(No. 34,238, 9.) Top of head, back, and scapulars steel blue, with a 
greenish gloss, more violet in some specimens. Forehead from the eyes (not 
strictly defined), nuchal bands and rump (but not tail coverts), dark chestnut 
brown ; chin, throat, sides of breast and crissum, especially near anus, lighter 
chestnut brown; the sides of body and inside of wings smoky brown, tinged 
with the color just mentioned ; median region of the body white. No blackish 
on the breast or on forehead. Wings and tail with their upper coverts lustrous 
brown. A dusky spot in the loral region. 

(No. 34,238, 9.) Total length, 5.00; wing, 4.20; tail, 2.10; perpendicular 
depth of fork, .15; difference between Ist and 9th quills, 2.00; length of bill 
from forehead, .36, from nostril, .21, along gape, .56, width, .45; tarsus, .47; 
middle toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .19; hind toe and claw, .37, claw 
alone, .20. 


The feathers of the back have a white patch on each side the shaft, 
about the middle, causing white streaks when visible among the 
feathers. The forehead and rump are quite dark chestnut; the 
chin and throat, with crissum just behind anus, come next in shade, 
this color fading still more on jugulum and sides (the jugulum some- 
times darker than chin), and scarcely appreciable posteriorly on the 
side of the abdomen. The longer feathers of crissum are dark brown, 
with reddish-white edges, much paler than near the vent. The white 
of the belly is sometimes glossed faintly with chestnut, especially 
along the shafts of the feathers. The axillars and lining of wings, 
with tibia, are of a smoky gray, with a rufous tinge. The chestnut 
nape is narrow, and sometimes quite obsolete ; the color of the neck 
behind it is dull and lustreless. The dark chestnut of the rump 
extends round on the sides as well as above, continuous with the 
paler tinge of the anterior portion of the crissum. The inner web 
of the lateral tail feather is edged with whitish near the end. 

There is no black band along base of upper mandible, as in dunt- 
frons. The chestnut feathers of the front exhibit a tendency to 
dusky centres, except near the bill, a feature not noticed in other 
species. 

This bird is much smaller than the North American lunifrons, 
and differs in the rufous chestnut (not whitish) front, the absence 
of black patch on throat, much lighter rufous of the throat (paler 


292 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


considerably than the front), ete. The tarsi are longer in proportion, 
being absolutely of the same length, while the feet are much weaker 


and the toes shorter. 


smith- 'Collec- Sex When 
sonian; tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. : 
34,238 a io) Remedios, Cuba. | April4, 64. | N. H. Bishop. 
34,256 i fof te May, 1863. be 
34,490 aie a Cuba. Bh Dr. J. Gundlach. 
34491} 2. |. “ on “ 
ae 154 5% an wee Cab. Lawrence. 


Petrochelidon peciloma. 


Hirundo peciloma, Gosst, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 64. 
Petrochelidon fulva, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1861, 72.—Is. Catal. 1861, 40, no. 
245 (Jamaica).—Hirundo fulva, Marcu, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 295 
(nesting). 
Hab. Jamaica. 


Similar to preceding, but smaller; chestnut color darker. Chestnut of 
sides very decided, and continuous with that on breast and crissum. 

(No. 24,381.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 4.15; tail, 2.05; fork, .10; differ- 
ence between Ist and 9th quills, 1.95; length of bill from forehead, .35, from 
nostril, .20, along gape, .55; tarsus, .48; middle toe and claw, .64; hind toe 
and claw, .38. 

A series of specimens from Jamaica differs from Cubay in being 
rather smaller in size, and in having the chestnut brown of the under 
parts considerably deeper and more marked, extending along the 
sides of the body so as to be continuous with that of the sides of the 
rump. The chestnut nuchal collar, also, is more distinct. A young 
bird from Jamaica differs from the adult in lacking the frontal band 
almost entirely, and in having a whitish chin. J have not had an 
opportunity of examining the St. Domingan species, but would not 
be surprised if it proved different from those of Cuba and Jamaica. 

A closely allied species is the P. ruficollaris, of Peale.* 


! Petrochelidon ruficollaris. 
Hirundo ruficollaris, Pzatr, Mammals and Birds U.S. Expl. Exped. 


1848, 175. 
Hab. Peru. 


Head above and back glossy blue-black. Rump above and on sides, fore 
part of the breast, and sides of body beneath the wings, chestnut, as also an 
indistinct nuchal half collar. Chin, throat, sides of head below the eyes, and 
rest of under parts, white ; the crissum tinged with rufous anteriorly, the long 
feathers grayish-brown, edged with whitish. Wings and tail dull brown, the 


HIRUNDO. 293 


Smith-|Collee-| Sex 
sonian) tor's | and Locality. Cc nea Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ‘ mana 


24,381 16 ¢ |Spanishtown, Jam. | Dec. 1861. W. T. March. 

24,382 16 g ue be te 

21,383 16 8 ae Ke a 
ee 6 


24,384 
30,281 |. f 
30,282] 1. | .. “ “ | (Vues tet 
30,283 | 2. | .. “ “ ne, 


HIRUNDO, Livy. 
Hirundo, Lixn. Syst. Nat. I, 10th ed. 1758, 191. (Type H. rustica, Linn.) 


Under the generic head of Hirundo I propose to combine several 
groups of American Swallows agreeing in moderate, depressed bill, 
with straight commissure, and lateral nostrils overhung by mem- 
brane; the tarsi feathered only at the upper end, or else entirely 
bare ; the lateral claws moderate, not extending beyond the base of 
the median; the edge of the outer primary without hooks; the tail 
variable in character, from a very deep fork to a slight emargination 
only. The relationships to the other genera have already been ex- 
pressed in the diagnosis presented in the beginning of the article on 
the family. 

The following characters express the peculiarities of the different 
sections or subgenera of Hirundo :— 


iatter with lateral feathers edged internally near end with whitish. Forehead 
without frontal band, other than an almost inappreciable gloss of chestnut. 

Total length, 4.55; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.15; difference between quills, 1.80; 
length of bill from forehead, .30, from nostril, .17, along gape, .54, width, .43. 
Feet mutilated. 

The well-marked jugular or pectoral band, white throat and cheeks, and 
absence of distinct frontlet will readiiy distinguish this species from lunifrons 
and its allies. It may be that a more decided frontlet exists in more perfect 
plumage, although there is nothing to indicate that this has not been attained 
in the specimen. 

This species appears to have been overlooked by all writers subsequent to 
Mr. Peale. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex : When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ; 


14,999 |C 377) ¢ Callao, Peru. July 12, ’39.| U. 8. Expl. Exped. T. R. Peale, 


(14,999.) Type. Irids brown. * 


294 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Tarsi slightly feathered on inner face at upper end; equal in 
length to middle toe without claw. 
Tail very deeply forked : : ‘i . . Hirundo. 
Tail slightly forked or emarginate - . . . Tachycineta. 
Tarsi entirely naked; lengthened, equal to middle toe and 
half its claw. 
Tail considerably forked . ‘ . . ‘: « Callichelidon. 


Hirunpo, Linn. 


Nostrils lateral. Tarsi short, not exceeding middle toe without its claw; 
the upper joint covered with feathers, which extend a short distance along 
the inner face of tarsus. Tail very deeply forked; the lateral feather much 
attenuated, twice as long as the middle. Basal joint of middle toe free for 
terminal fourth on outside, for half on inside. 

In type, and in American species, forehead and throat rufous; a black 
pectoral collar; tail feathers with large light spots on inner webs. 


But two species, perhaps only one of this subgenus, as restricted, 
belong to America. There are, however, quite a number found in 
the old world. 


Hirundo horreorum. 


Hirundo horreorum, Bartoy, Fragments N. H. Penna. 1799, 17.—Barrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 308.—A. & E. Newron, Ibis, 1859, 66 (Sta. 
Cruz; transient).—ScuatTer & Sazviy, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala). 
—Scrater, P. Z, S. 1864, 173 (City of Mex.).—Lawrence, Ann. 
N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 316 (Panama).—Coorer & Sucxtey, P. R. R. Rep. 
XII, nm, 184 (south of Columbia River). 

Hirundo rufa, Viewu.—Cassin, Ill.—Brewer. N. Am. Ool. I, 1857, 91, 
pl. v, fig. 63-67 (eggs).—Cas. Jour. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba; spring 
and autumn).—ReinHarpt, Ibis, 1861, 5 (Greenland ; two speci- 
mens).—GunpLacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 328 (Cuba; common). 

Hirundo americana, Witson, Am. Orn. pl. 38, fig. 1, 2.—Ricu.—LEMBEYE, 
Aves de Cuba, 1850, 44, lam. vii, fig. 2. 

Hirundo rustica, Aup. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 173.—Is. Birds Am. I,pl. 48.— 
Jones, Nat. Hist. Bermuda, 34 (Bermudas ; Aug. and Sept.). 


Hab. Whole of United States; north to Fort Rae, Slave Lake; Greenland ; 


south in winter to Central America and West Indies. Not found at Cape St. 
Lucas. 


The steel blue of the upper parts of this species has a decided 
violet tinge, sometimes purplish. The black or steel blue pectoral 
collar is very rarely continuous below in adults; when it is, it is 
usually formed in the centre by only one or two series of feathers, 
which are black to the down. ‘The rufous of throat is a little darker 


HIRUNDO. 295 


than that of under parts, and more continuous, though sometimes 
there is but little difference in the shade. The space just posterior 
to the collar generally appears lighter than on the belly. Usually, 
however, the rufous wash of under parts is decidedly paler than that 
of throat and forehead ; sometimes quite pale; in only one or two 
instances as light as European specimens (as 6,020 and 29,294). In 
such cases, however, the absence of broad jugular band of continuous 
black, and the shorter tail, will distinguish from the European bird. 

There is an occasional tendency to a widening of the jugular 
collar, especially in young birds, but this is so much mixed with 
rufous feathers as to be easily understood. 

In young birds the frontal chestnut band is considerably reduced 
in size, and generally paler and duller in color. 

The largest specimen of H horreorwm I have seen is No. 19,542, 
from Fort Rae. Here the wing measures 4.90, and the tail 4.50 
(the usual length of tail is under 4.00); the next largest specimen 
being No. 34,349, from the Rocky Mountains. The maximum length 
of tail in specimens of H. rustica, of Europe, before me, is 5.00— 
the average being perhaps 4.50. 

The series of specimens from western America is not sufficient to 
determine whether there is any essential difference ; the bill, however, 
appears decidedly smaller. 

IT regret very much that the specimens from South America‘ at my 
command are too few to make a satisfactory comparison with the 
North American bird. There appears, however, to be a difference 
in a rather smaller bill, and in having the gloss of the upper parts 
steel green, rather than purple or violet. I am, however, much 
inclined to doubt whether there is any specific difference. The 
chestnut brown of the forehead is quite as deep and extensive as in 
the northern bird, although Burmeister describes it as whitish, pass- 
ing behind into rust-yellow, and speaks of the whole under parts 


! Hirundo erythrogaster. 
Hirundo erythrogaster, Bopp. Tabl. Pl. enl. (724, fig. 1), 1783, 45 (Cay- 
enne).—SciaTeER, Catal. 1861, 39 (Brazil). 
Hirundo rufa, Gu. S. Nat. I, 1788, 1018 (Pl. enl. 724, fig. 1).—Bourm. 
Ueb. III, 148 (Brazil). 
Hirundo cyanopyrrha, Viritu. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 510. 


aeniene! Gollee: Sex . w a 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gaenna: Received from Collected by 
No. No. |Age. 
_ 21,007 B35 fol Vermejo River. Feb. 1860. | Capt. Page, Expl. of Chr. Wood. 
21/008 35 2 ce eS ‘* [Parana. “ 


296 REVIEW OF’ AMERICAN BIRDS. [pant 1. 


being rusty yellowish-red, without distinguishing the throat as 
darker. These characters certainly do not apply to the Paraguay 
skins in Capt. Page’s collection, whatever they may to Brazilian 
specimens. These are moulting the large feathers of wing and. tail. 

The characters given by Burmeister to the North American bird, 
viz., ‘under parts white, the anal and crissal feathers alone rusty 
yellowish-red,” do not belong to it, as shown above. 

In this connection I may state that in the collection is a specimen 
of H. rustica, of Europe, taken at sea during a voyage from Norfolk 
to Rio Janeiro, probably carried westward by the prevailing winds 
in the equatorial region. 

Should, as is very probable, the South American bird prove identi- 
cal with the more northern one, the name rufa must be adopted as 
having the priority. 

Specimens in the collection from the whole United States from 
Atlantic to Pacific, and north to the boundary ; also— 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. , 

19,542 as .. | Ft. Rae, Slave Lake. athe L. Clarke, Jr. | = ...... 

22,666 5 or aS 1861. a ae || et cra 

34,349 on 2 | Los Pinos, N. M. Junel9,’64.| Dr. E Coues. |  ....., 
3,956 124 | .. | San Diego, N. Leon. 1853. Lt. Couch, [{ weer 
8,640 .. | Indian Key, Fla. Aug. 28,'57.| G. Wurdemann. | ——........ 

33,586 as +. | Off coast Cuba. April 1, 64.) Dr. H. Berendt. | ~~ ...... 

32,740 {17,443 | .. | Mexico. Ces Verreaux, | seanss 

30,708 cay .. | Duefias, Guat. 1362, O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm. 

or 147 | .. | Guatemala. tate Cab. Lawrence. | —...... 
$0,557 is Q | Atsea, W.C. Central} Oct. 20, 63. Capt.J.M.Dow.| —...... 
America 


TACHYCINETA, Cab. 
T ichycineta, Cas, Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 48. (Type HT, thalassina, Sw.) 


Nostr‘ls lateral, overhung or bordered internally by incumbent membrane. 
Tarsi with the tibial joint covered by overhanging feathers, adherent a short 
distance along inner face, about equal to middle toe without claw. Lateral 
toes equal. Adhesion of basal joint of middle toe variable. Tail emarginate 
only, or slightly forked; fork not exceeding half an inch in depth. Color 
blue or green above, with or without metallic gloss; with or without white 
trump. Entirely white beneath. 


Under this head I combine several variations of form which shade 
so gradually into each other that I can scarcely define them even as 
subgenera. The type (thalassina) differs from all the others in a 
small, narrow bill, weak feet, more extensively feathered tarsus, and 
in a peculiar softness of the plumage without metallic gloss, seen 


HIRUNDO. 297 


perhaps only elsewhere in Callichelidun cyaneoviridis. The basal 
joint of middle toe is entirely adherent externally, and for more than 
half internally, and in this respect agrees with leucoptera and albi- 
linea, while in bicolor and leucorrhoa it is adherent for only three- 
fourths externally, and about half internally. 

The feet of H. leucorrhoa appear proportionally more robust than 
in other species, differing in this respect from its miniature, albilinea, 
which agrees better with the rest. 

The following is a synopsis of the American species ; all of which, 
as stated, are green above, with or withuut white rump; white 
beneath :-— 

a. Tachycineta. 

Plumage soft and velvety, without metallic gloss. Sides of head, 
space around eyes, and whole under parts white; with the 
feathers all plumbeous at base. Female duller in plumage. 

Above green, with various shades and tinges of violet and 


purple : : . « thalassina, 


b. 


Plumage above compact, and with rich (usually green) metallic 
gloss. Sides of head to line with eyes like its upper part. 
Beneath white, sometimes with ashy tinge across breast; the 
feathers of chin and throat, and generally of crissum, white 
to base. A concealed spot in jugulum. 


Entire upper parts uniform in color. 


Inside of wings and axillars ash color. No concealed 
basal white on the upper parts 


Rump white. No white loral line. 


rs . - bicolor. 


Back green. Pure white beneath. Feathers of back 
and forehead with much concealed white at base. 
Edges of secondaries and greater coverts white albiventris. 
“Back bluish or purple. A grayish band across 
breast. No white on wing. Feathers of back 
—? at base” 
Rump white. A distinct white loral line. 
Ruwp plain white. Bases of dorsal feathers ashy. 
No shaft streaks beneath. Length, 5.50; wing, 
4.50; tail, 4.40 . . - . . leucorrhoa. 
Rump and under parts with more or less distinct 
dusky shaft streaks. Breast and sides with an 
ashy tinge. Length, 4.50; wing, 3.75; tail, 2.00 albilinea. 


+ meyeni. 


Hirundo bicolor. 


Alirundo bicolor, Viemu. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 61, pl. xxxi.—Avp. 
Orn. Biog. I, pl. 98.—Is. B. A, I, pl. 46.—Cassin.—Brewer, N. Am. 


298 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Ool. I, 1857, 100, pl. iv, fig. 47 (eggs).—Lemsrye, Aves de Cuba, 
1850, 46, lam. vii, fig. 2.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 310.—Lorp, 
Pr. R. A. Inst. Woolwich, IV 1864, 15 (Br. Columbia; nesting).— 
Jones, Bermudas, 34 (Sept. 22, 1849).—Coorer & Sucxuey, P. R. 
R. Rep. XII, 11, 184.—Petrochelidon bicolor, ScuateR, P. Z. 8. 1857, 
201.—Is. 1859, 364 (Xalapa).—Is. Catal. 1861, 40.—Scuater & 
Savin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala). —TZachycineta bicolor, Cas. 
Mus. Hein. 1850, 48; Jour. Orn. 1856, 4 (Cuba).—Gunpxacu, Jour. 
Orn. 1861, 330 (common in Cuba). 

Hirundo viridis, Wits. Am. Orn. V, 1812, pl. 38. 

Hirundo leucogaster; StepHEens, Shaw, Gen. Zool. X, 1817, 105. 


Hab. Whole United States, and north to Slave Lake, south to Guatemala; 
Bermudas; Cuba, common in winter. In summer on table-lands of Mexico. 


I find no essential difference in coloration in a large series from 
different parts of North America, Mexico, and Guatemala. A skin 
from Fort Rae is larger than the rest, measuring—wing, 4.90; tail, 
2.65. Carlisle specimens measure 4.75 and 2.50, respectively. In 
a single specimen in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy of 
Natural Sciences, from California, the back and rump have a steel 
blue gloss, rather than green—seen to less extent in some Smith- 
sonian skins from the West Coast—while others exhibit nothing of 
the kind, and I cannot think that there is any good reason for sup- 
posing that there may be a western species as distinguished from 
an eastern. Western and Mexican skins have perhaps a rather 
smaller bill, and the feathers of the tarsus appear to extend farther 
along the inner side. 

The occurrence of this species in the high region between Orizaba 
and City of Mexico, in June, as recorded below, is a fact of great 
interest. 

Specimens from the whole United States from east to west, and 
north to boundary ; also— 


seit altos Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received fi 

No. No. | Age. Collegted. rom Collected by 

20,640 a @ | Moose Factory, H.B.| May 26, ’60.| C. Drexler. 
82,342 te oe : *S eae J. M’Kenzie. 
27,299 | 1,298 | .. | Big Island, S. Lake. eas J. Reed. 
B1208 |! as Ive co “ 

23,134 sie .. | Fort Simpson. oe 6 B. R. Ross. 
27,300 | 1,331 | 9 pon Youkon. June, R. Kennicott. 

4,663 ele foe atamoras, Mex. ies Lt. Couch. i 
29,203 i .. | Orizaba, Mex. ial Prof. Sumichrast. arisiterousial 
30,711 386 | .. | Vera Paz, Guat. Siig O. Salvin. Salvin & Godm 
35,134] 185 .. | Pine region above | June, 1864. | Dr. Sartorius. . 
35,135 195 | .. “(Mirador, Mex. ate Rehan é vee 


HIRUNDO. 299 


Hirundo thalassina. 


Hirundo thalassina, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 365 (Mexico).—Avp. 
Orn. Biog. IV, pl. 385.—Is. B. A. I, pl. 46.—Brewer, N. A. Ool. 
I, 1857, 102 (the fig. pl. v, fig. 74 of egg belongs to another species). 
—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 311.—Maxam. Cab. Jour. 1858, 101. 
—Lorp, Pr. R. A. Inst. Woolw. IV. 1864, 115 (Vancouver Isl. ; nests ~ 
in holes of trees).—Cooper & Sucxuey, P. R. R. Rep. XII, 11, 185 
(W. T.).—Chelidon thalassina, Bors, Isis, 1844, 171.—Tachycineta 
thalassina, CaB. Mus. Hein. 1850, 48.—Petrochelidon thalassina, 
Scuater & Sanviy, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—Scuater, Catal. 
1861, 39, no. 239.—Is. P. Z. 8. 1864, 173 (City Mex.) 


Hab. Western and middle provinces of United States, south to Guatemala. 


Specimens from different localities, as well as from the same place, 
vary somewhat in the shade of coloration. Sometimes, as in other 
Swallows, the innermost secondaries are edged and tipped with 
white, more or less conspicuously. Young birds are uniform lustre- 
less grayish-brown above, something like Cotyle riparia, white 
below, with perhaps a tinge of ashy across breast; the upper sur- 
face of wings and tail with a greenish gloss; the whole side of 
head, including loral region and around the eye, dusky, not white as 
in the adult. The white feathers on the posterior inner face of the 
tarsus are more conspicuous than in the adult, and reach nearly two- 
thirds the way to the toes, but do not exist at the lower end as in 
Cotyle riparia, which at once distinguishes them: All the feathers 
of under parts, even of chin and throat, are gray at base, not white; 
those of breast plumbeous to near tips, with a central stripe of lighter 
(concealed). 

Specimens (probably resident) from Cape St. Lucas are much 
smaller than from Upper California, the wing measuring 3.95, the 
tail 1.90 inches, while 1,895 measures 4.50 and 2.20, respectively. 
No. 29,204, from a typical locality (Orizaba), measures 4.70 and 
2.40. 

The fully fledged young bird differs so much in appearance from 
the adult, that I was at one time inclined to consider them as differ- 
ent species. The female is duller than the male, especially on the 
head and rump. 


300 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex : Wh 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected, | Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
19,350 a .. | Gray BullCr’k,Neb.| June 7, 60. | Capt. Raynolds. G. H. Trook, 
19,209 ie 3 Wind River, Neb. | May 26, ’60. fe Dr. Hayden. 
6,965 | 330 Q@ | Medicine Bow Cr. | July 25,’57.| Lt. F. T. Bryan. W. 58. Wood. 
011,038 ia o | Fort Bridger. May 21,58, | C. Drexler. 
se 2 Victoria. soe J. Hepburn. 
1,895 g Columbia River. July 12, 35.| 8. F. Baird. 
1,945 ee : 
12,885 os .. | Napa Valley, Cal. eis A. J. Grayson. 
12,949 | 657 .. | San Jose, Cape St. ate J. Xantus. 
12,950 | 667 vs “| (Lucas. ees ss 
3,954 | 229 & | Saltillo, Mex. cere Lt. Couch. 
13,590 ss «. | Mexico. pies J. Gould. 
he 151 aa ng oes Cab. Lawrence. 
29,204 | 285 .. | Orizaba, Mex. ae Prof. Sumichrast. 
30,710 | 385 @ | San Geronimo, Vera siete O. Salvin. 
30,712 |3,716 | ¢ “ [Paz | Jan. 1862. “ 


(1,895.) Type of Mr, Audubon's figure? 


Hirundo albilinea. 


Petrochelidon leucoptera, LawRencE, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 317, no. 156 
(Panama) (not of Gmelin). 

Petrochelidon albilinea, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VIII (read April 27), 
May, 1863 (Panama). 

Petrochelidon littorea, Satvin, P. Z. 8. (read May 21) 1863, 189 (both 
coasts of Central America). 


Hab. Line of Panama R. R., northward along coast of Central America; 
“Mazatlan? 


(No. 35,049, %.) Above glossy compact green, including head, back, 
upper tail coverts, and sides of head to the level of the gape and below the 
eye; wings and tail similar, but less brilliant. Rump all round, external 
edges of the central secondaries, entire under parts, including lining of wings 
and axillars, white, with perhaps a faint ashy tinge, especially across the 
breast ; the shafts inclined to be dusky, especially on the rump. Lores 
greenish dusky, bordered above by an obscure white line from base of bill; 
the feathers of the hind neck and upper part of back, as well as those of the 
forehead, with much concealed white. There is a trace of a narrow pectoral 
collar of green on the sides of the breast, entirely interrupted below, however. 
The feathers of chin and throat entirely white, of crissum white, except at 
extreme bases. 


The white of under parts appears perfectly pure on throat, middle 
of belly, and crissum ; across the breast there is a shade of ashy, as 
also in the sides, most appreciable when the feathers are raised. On 
the rump the dusky shaft streaks are most decided, and towards the 
end involve the adjacent webs to some extent; below they are 
appreciable to a careful examination, except perhaps on the chin 
and throat. There is a good deal of white at the base of the tail 
feathers on the inner webs. ‘There is also a gloss of violet, in some 
aspects, on the wings and tail. 


HIRUNDO. 801 


(No. 35,049, 4.) Total length, 4.25; wing, 3.75; tail, 1.90; depth of fork, 
-25; difference of primaries, 1.80; length of bill from forehead, .35, from 
nostril, .22, along gape .55, width of gape, .45; tarsus, .42; middle toe and 
claw, .55, claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .33, claw alone, .15. 


The above description is taken from a type of Mr. Salvin’s P. 
littorea. Mr. Lawrence’s type of albilinea is almost precisely like 
it—a little larger, and with patches of a more bluish gloss on the 
back. 

This species is very similar to P. leucorrhoa,! of Buenos Ayres, 
which is, however, much larger, and lacks the concealed white of the 
forehead and hind neck. The greenish-black collar margining the 
jugulum in lewcorrhoa is more nearly continuous below, and is in a 
measure completed by concealed dusky edges to the feathers across 
the breast. There is no dusky appreciable on the shafts of the 
feathers of the under parts, and almost none on the rump, and there 
is no distinct white at the base of the tail feathers. The outer tail 
feather is narrowly edged with whitish. 

An albino Swallow, collected by Col. Grayson, at Mazatlan, 
belongs, as nearly as I can ascertain, to H. albilinea. 

Both these species are distinguished from P. leucoptera of eastern, 
and P. meyent of western South America, by their white loral stripe 
or line. JI add description of these two species in order to complete 
the history of the genus. 


' Hirundo leucorrhoa. 
Hirundo leucorrhoa, Vizitu. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 519, and Encycl. 
Méth. 1823, 523, Paraguay (Azara, Apunt. II, 509).—Petrochelidon 
leuc. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 48.—Cotyle leuc. Burm. Uebers. III, 
1856, 144.—Is. La Plata Reise, 1861, 478 (Parana). 
Hirundo frontalis, Goutp, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 22.—Is. Birds Beagle, 
1841, 40 (Monte Video). 
“Firundo leucopyga,” Licar. Mus. Berol.—Casants, Mus. Hein. 48. 
Hirundo gouldii, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1850, 69 (‘H. frontalis,” Goutp). . 
Hab. Paraguay and adjacent regions. Nests in hollow trees or holes in 
ground. 


(No. 12,351.) Total length, 5.20; wing, 4.45 ; tail, 2.40; depth of fork, .20; 
difference of quills, 2.10? length of bill from forehead, .49, from nostril, .25, 
along gape, .61; tarsus, .50; middle toe and claw, .70, claw alone, .20; hind 
toe and claw, .46, claw alone, .21. 


Smith-|Collec-; Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and ocality. Received from Collected by 
Collected. 

No. No. | Age. 


12,351 27 Buenos Ayres. Capt, Page, U.S.S.} sass 


Argentina, 


302 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


! 
Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
34,0267 aa a Mazatlan. nr Col. Grayson. | —....ee 
35,049 | 393 o San Jose, Guat, Jan. 1863, O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman. 
155 o Panama R. R. ae Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb. 


(34,026?) Albino, (35,049.) Type of Petrochelidon littorea, (155.) Type of species. 


Hirundo albiventris. 


Hirundo albiventris, Bopp. 1782 (Burr. Pl. enl. 546, 2, Cayenne).—Petro- 
chelidon alb. Scuater, Catal. 1861, 41, no. 247. 

Hirundo leucoptera, Ga. 8. N. 11, 1788, 1022 (based on PI. enl. as ahove). 
—Cas. Schomb. Guiana, III, 672.—Petrochelidon leuc. Cas. Mus. 
Hein. I, 48.—Cotyle leuc. Burm. Uebers. HI, 1856, 143 (Brazil).— 
Is. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 478 (Banda Oriental). 


Bill very large; tail much emarginated. Above glossy metallic greenish- 
blue on the head, more bluish-green on the back. Rump white (but not tail 
coverts, which are like the back) all round, as also entire under parts, in- 
cluding inside of wings. Outer edges of the inner secondaries, and inner 
great coverts, most of inner webs of lateral tail feathers and basal portion 
of feathers of whole back, hind neck, and forehead also white. No trace of an 
interrupted pectoral collar, except concealed basal gray across the breast, 
darkest in a median spot. Only occasional and almost inappreviable dusky 
shaft streaks. Feathers of chin and throat entirely white, those of the crissum 
with the extreme root only plumbeous. 

Young birds appear to have more white on the wings. 

(No. 35,056.) Total length, 5.40; wing, 4.20; tail, 2.25; fork, .384; difference 
between quills, 2.10; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .27, along 
gape, .68; width of gape, .50; tarsus, .44; middle toe and claw, .60, claw 
alone, .19; hind toe and claw, .36, claw alone, .19. 


P. meyent' (leucopyga, Meyen, nec Licht.) I have not seen, though 
it is said to be closely allied, but to differ in a steel blue back, a 
grayish band across the breast, and the absence of white edges to 
the wing feathers, thus probably more like leucorrhoa, but without 
the white loral line, and with a decided grayish pectoral band. 


1 Hirundo meyeni (leucopyga). 
Hirundo leucopyga, Mrven, Nova acta Ac. L. C. XVI, II, 1834, suppl. 
73, pl. x (Chile). —Cotyle leu. Burm. Uebers. III, 1856, 144.— 
Hirundo leucopygia, Goutp, Birds Beagle, 1841, 40 (Valparaiso and 
Tierra del Fuego). 
Petrochelidon meyeni, Caz. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 48.—ScnatTer, Catal. 
1861, 40, no. 246.—Cassin, Catal. Hir. 1853. 


Hab. Coast of Chile and Patagonia. 


Nore.—If leucopyga, as used by Lichtenstein for . leucorrhoa, be merely a 
museum name, as appears probable, it should stand for the present species, 


HIRUNDO. 303 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. eee 
No. No. | Age. : 


Received from Collected by 


Acad. Nat. Sciences.|  =—s-...-. 


35,056 re “a Brazil. 
ate Cab. Lawrence. | = «ease 


342 ae Bahia. 


CALLICHELIDON, Bryant. 
Callichelidon, Bryant, MSS. (Type H. cyaneoviridis, Bryant.) 


Nostrils lateral ; overhung by membrane. Tarsi lengthened ; equal to middle 
toe and more than half the claw; entirely bare of feathers. Basal joint of 
middle toe entirely adherent externally, for more than halfinternally. Lateral 
toes equal, or outer a little the longer. Tail deeply forked ; the feathers some- 
what attenuated; as long as the wings. 

Above green, beneath white. 


The type of this new subgenus, perhaps entitled to rank as a full 
genus, has the same soft velvety condition of the dorsal plumage, 
without metallic lustre, as in thalassina. The tail is deeply forked 
and the lateral feathers narrow and tapering from the base. The 
second species, placed here provisionally on account of the long 
bare tarsi, exhibits on the back a strong metallic lustre, and the tail 
is less deeply forked. 

The legs are longer and more naked than in other American 
Swallows—in this respect approaching Cherameca, of Cab. (C. leu- 
costerna, of. Australia). Here, however, the outer toe is said to be 
shorter than inner; the claws very large, the outer toe but little 
adherent at base. 


Synopsis of Species. 
Above soft velvety grass green, changing to blue on rump. 
Beneath pure white. Feathers of chin and throat white 
to base . . ‘ . . . : 5 . + cyaneoviridis. 
Above metallic golden-green. Beneath white; the chin dusky. 
Feathers of chin and throat plumbeous at base ; of breast 
with large greenish spots, somewhat concealed . - euchrysea. 


Hirundo cyaneoviridis. 


Hirundo cyaneoviridis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. VII, 1859, 111 
(Nassau, N. P., Bahamas; very abundant).—Callichelidon cyaneo- 
viridis, Bryant, MSS. 

Hab. Island of New Providence, Bahamas. 


(No. 11,946.) Upper parts soft velvety green, with « slight occasional 
gleam of golden, passing on the wings into greenish-blue, and on the ramp 


304 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


and upper tail coverts into greenish-blue and violet. Beneath pure white, 
the sides and linings of wings faintly tinged with ashy. Ear coverts white, 
tinged at ends with dusky ; traces of a narrow dusky collar on the sides of the 
jugulum. Feathers of chin and throat white to very base, those of jugulum 
and rest of under parts lead color towards roots. The lateral tail feathers 
externally are edged narrowly with whitish. The ends of the quills have a 
violet tinge. The bases of the feathers of nape and forehead light gray, but 
not white. 

Total length, 5.80; wing, 4.60; tail, 3.00; depth of fork, 1.00; difference 
between primaries, 2.35; length of bill from forehead, .44, from nostril, .23, 
along gape, .57, width, .47; tarsus, .49; middle toe and claw, .56, claw alone, 
.20; hind toe and claw, .36, claw alone, .20. 


Smith- Icontee- Sex When 

sonian! tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ‘ 

11,946 | i | .. | Nassau, Bahamas. | April, 1859. | Dr. H. Bryant. | waded 


(11,946.) Type. 


Hirundo euchrysea. 


Hirundo euchrysea, Gossz, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 68 (Jam.).—Is. Ill. tab. 
xii.—Manrca, Pr. A. N. Se. 1863, 295.—Herse euchrysea, Br. Consp. 
341.—Petrochelidon eu. Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1861, 72.—Is. Catal. 1861, 
39, no. 240 (Jam.). 


Hab. Jamaica. 


(No. 23,333, 9.) Above bright and lustrous metallic green and golden, 
variously blended; the quills and tail feathers, with lining of wings and 
axillars, similar, but duller. Beneath white; the metallic green of the head 
extending on the edge of the chin, the middle part of which is grayish; the 
jugulum and breast with large dull spots somewhat like the back. Down of 
the back of neck and of the back rather dark ashy. Tibie brown. Quill 
and tail feathers blackish-brown, glossed as described. Feathers of chin and 
throat gray at extreme base. 

(No. 23,333, 9.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 4.35; tail, 2.30; difference of 
primaries, 2.10? length of bill from forehead, .37, from nostril, .20, along 
gape, .47, width, .35; tarsus, .42; middle toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .15; 
hind toe and claw, .28, claw alone, .14. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex | 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. eet Received from | Collected by 


No. No. | Age. 


PL 
80,284 a .. | Spanishtown, Jam. | Jan. 1863. W. T. March. 


23,333 77 Q | Trelawney, Jam. | June 19, 59. . Sclater, | W. Osburn. 


ATTICORA. 305 


ATTICORA, Bote. 
Atticora, Bors, Isis, 1844. (Type Hirundo fasciata, Gu.) 


Atticora, in its more extended sense, includes a series of small 
species (the least of the American members of the family) with 
diminutive bills, the nostrils superior and broadly open, bordered 
behind by membrane, but not overhung laterally. The tarsi long 
in proportion, equalling the middle toe and half the claw; either 
slightly feathered above, or entirely bare; the adhesion of the middle 
toe to the outer variable, but carried to its maximum extent in some 
forms. Tail forked, sometimes very deeply. The subdivisions are 
as follows :— 


PycocHEtipon.—Basal joint of middle toe adherent, except at extreme end. 
Tarsus feathered at upper end on inner face. Dusky, or else lustrous 
black above and on crissum. 


Articora.—Basal and middle joints of middle toe adherent externally. Tarsus 
feathered above. Tail very deeply forked. Lustrous black, with pectoral 
band and tibia white. 


NoriocuELipon.—Basal and half of middle joints of middle toe adherent ex- 
ternally ; tarsi entirely bare. Top of head, wings, and tail black; brown 
on back and crissum. 


NEocHELIDON.—Toes as in last; tarsus feathered above. Dull lustreless brown. 


In all the species the feathers of chin and throat are plumbeous 
at base. 


ATTICORA, Boie. 


Nostrils superior, broadly open and circular ; bounded for posterior half by 
membrane; not overhung, however, onthe inner side. Frontal feathers soft, 
smooth, without any bristles, neither at base of upper mandible nor on chin. 
Bill small and delicate. Legs rather large and stout, the toes shorter than 
usual; tarsus nearly equal to middle toe and claw, the tibial joint with 
feathers attached, and slightly invading and overhanging upper end, but not 
extending along inner face. Outer and middle toes connate for half the length 
of the latter, leaving only the terminal joints of each (exclusive of claws) 
free; the basal joint of middle toe adherent to the outer toe. The claws 
sharp and curved ; the lateral toes equal. 

Tail deeply forked, extending beyond wings; lateral feathers tapering, but 
not attenuated, one-half longer than the middle. 

Color entirely lustrous black, with white abdominal band and tibia. 


The great amount of adhesion of the toes characterizes this sub- 
20 May, 1865. 


306 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


genus among American Swallows. In two specimens before me I 
can make out only ten tail feathers, and cannot say whether more 
exist. Neither has the wings perfect, so that I cannot indicate the 
number of primaries. The type, and hitherto single representative 
of the section, is A. fasciata, of Cayenue.* 


NoriocHELIDoN, Baird. 
Notiochelidon, Batrp. (Type Atticora pileata, GouLp.) 


Bill small; nostrils superior, as in Atticora, but less perfectly circular. 
Tarsi entirely bare, even on the joint of tibia, rather long--equal to middle 
toe and half claw. Lateral toes short; about equal, or the outer a little the 
longer; the claws all stout, sharp, much curved. Outer toe adherent for 
nearly half its length (two terminal joints free) ; the terminal one and a half 
joints, or three-fifths of middle toe free. Inner toe united to basal two-thirds 
of middle. Tail deeply forked for about one-third the length, the branches 
divaricated. 

No metallic lustre, except upon the top of head. Beneath white; the 
erissum blackish. 


This form differs from typical Aéticora in less deeply forked tail, 
and in less adhesion of toes—the middle toe being free externally 
for one and a half joints, instead of only one, and internally in pro- 
portion. The feet are more slender, and the claws less curved; the 
tarsus entirely bare, even to the joint. 


' Atticora fasciata. 


Hirundo fasciata, Gu. 5. N. I, 1788, 1022 (based on Pl. enl. 724, fig. 2, 
(Cayenne).—Sw. Zool. Ill. 2d ser. pl. xvii.—Atticora fasciata, 
Bort, Isis, 1844, 172.—BurM. Ueb. III, 1857, 146.—Scuarer, Catal. 
1861, 39, no. 236. 


Hab. Brazil and Cayenne. 


Entirely glossy black, with faint dark steel blue lustre; wings and tail 
duller. A sharply defined white band across the sides and middle of breast ; 
tibie white. The claws very sharp. 

(No. 149.) Total length, 5.40; wing, 3.90; tail, 3.20; depth of fork, 1.20; 
length of bill from forehead, .37, from nostril, .20, along gape, .46, width, .38 ; 
tarsus, .50; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .19; hind toe and claw, 
.34, claw alone, .19. 


Smith collec Sex 
fat on ; When 
te i 
| Hee hes Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
35,097 | 813 d Cayenne, aie Acad. Nat.Sciences.,  —...... 
ve | 149 me Cab. Lawrence, [|  ...eee 
' 


ATTICORA. 307 


Atticora pileata. 


Atticora pileata, Gouxp, Pr. Z. 8. 1858, 355 iets —Scrater & 
Saxvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 13. 


Hab. Guatemala. 


(No. 30,714, 4.) Top and sides of head and neck black, with dull bluish 
gloss. Interscapular region and sides of body smoky brown; above passing 
vather gradually into blackish-brown of rump, wings, and tail; beneath ab- 
ruptly defined against blackish-brown of crissum. Rest of under parts and 
tibie white; this color, however, on the chin, throat, and jugulum (the former 
two especially) margining the feathers narrowly only, and exposing much of 
the smoky brown bases. Tibial feathers brown at base. 

(No. 30,714, 5.) Total length, 4.75; wing, 3.75; tail, 2.45; depth of fork, 
-75; difference of primaries, 1.75; length of bill from forehead, .33, from 
nostril, .17, along gape, .43, width, .35 ; tarsus, .43 ; middle toe and claw, .50, 
claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .35, claw alone, .17. 


This species is totally different in appearance from any other known 
American Swallow. Cabanis is in error in suggesting that it may 
be the young of cyanoleuca. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex’ 

sonian! tor’s | and Locality. Gens Received from Collected by 
No. | .No. | Age. 7 

30,713 | 3,704 | Q Coban, Vera Paz. Feb. 1862. O. Salvin. Salvin & Godman, 

30,714 377 | of “ “ “ “ 


NEOcHELIDON, Sclater. 


Neochelidon, Scuater, Catal. Am. Birds, 1862, xvi. (Type Hirundo 
tibialis, Cassin.) 

Microchelidon, Scuater, Catal. 1861, 39. (Same type; name pre- 
occupied.) 


Similar to preceding in bill and toes; the tarsus, however, with the joint 
covered with feathers, which invade the inner face at the upper end. Tail 
less forked; fork one-fourth the length. 


Atticora tibialis. 


Petrochelidon tibialis, Cass. Pr. A. N. Sc. 1853, 370 (Brazil).—Micro- 
chelidon tibialis, Scuater, Catal. 1861, 39, no. 238.—Neochelidon 
tibialis, ScuaTER, Catal. 1862, xvi (Errata). 


Hab. Isthmus of Panama to Brazil. 
The type of the section is the H. t2bialzs, of Cassin. This species 


is the least of our Swallows, and resembles a Swift rather than a 
Swallow. It is dark smoky or sooty brown above and on crissum, 


308 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


the rump and under parts paler, the tibia white. A second species 
appears to be WN. fucata.* 


(No. 150, Panama.) Total length 4.00; wing, 3.45; tail, 2.00; depth of 
fork, .45 ; difference between Ist and 9th quills, 1.60; length of bill from fore- 
head, .27, from nostril, .17, along gape, .43; width at base, .32; tarsus, .35 ; 
middle toe and claw, .45, claw alone, .17; hind toe and claw, .28, claw 
alone, .11. 


Smith-|Collee- Sex A 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Pkt heaeer Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. Fs ; 

} 150 ss Panama R. R. | was | Cab. Lawrence. | M’Lean. & Galb, 


Pyeocueipon, Baird. 
Pygochelidon, Bairp. (Type Hirundo cyanoleuca.) 


Bill minute. Nostrils broadly oval, nearly superior; the plane of their out- 
liue directed obliquely forwards and inwards; not overhung anteriorly on 
inner edge by membrane. Tarsi rather long, equal to middle toe and half 
claw ; the joint and upper end on inner face with adherent feathers. Inner 
toe slightly longer. Basal joint of middle toe adherent externally, except 
just at the end; internally for half the length. Tail forked for about one- 
fourth the length. 


This subgenus differs from its other allies with the nostrils superior, 


' Atticora fucata. 


Hirundo fucata, Tem. Pl. col. 161, fig. 1 (Paraguay).—Burm. Uebers. 
Ill, 145,.— Cotyle fucata, Bors, Isis, 1844.—Cas. M. H. I, 49.—Borm. 
Uebers. III, 1856, 145.—Is. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 478 (Mendoza). 


Hab. Paraguay, Argentina, and La Plata basin generally ? 


This species has usually been placed in Cotyle, but probably on account of 
the dull brown color of upper parts, somewhat like that of C. riparia. The 
head and neck all round, with the jugulum, are reddish fulvous, above, how- 
ever, only tinging the dark brown of the head. The breast and sides are 
brownish, the belly and crissum white, all tinged with reddish; in general 
aspect, except the reddish color, much like C. riparia. It differs, however, 
in exposed nostrils, more connate and shorter toes, short claws, and absence 
of tuft of feathers at lower end of tarsus. 

In some respects, however, it differs decidedly from Neochelidon, as in having 
some bristles in the chin and along the base of commissure. The outer toe 
is a little shorter than inner, not a little longer ; the fork of the tail is shallower, 
ithe feathers broader and more rounded at tip. In many respects there is quite 
a close relationship to Petrochelidon, differing chiefly in the shorter and more 
adherent toes. The style of coloration is quite similar. 


ATTICORA. 309 


in having the toes more deeply cleft—the basal joint of the median 
being free at its extremity on the outer side, instead of being adhe- 
rent to the middle, or even the end of the middle joint. From Petro- 
chelidon it differs in the longer tarsi, which equal the middle toe 
and half its claw, not the middle toe alone ; less completely feathered 
tarsi at upper end; and in wanting the bristles in the chin and at 
base of bill above, which are soft and smooth. While the nostrils 
in Petrochelidon appear in the dried skin to be entirely without 
membrane, in Pygochelidon they are bordered behind and internally 
for a short distance, without, however, being overhung. 


Synopsis of Species. 
Above and on crissum uniform lustrous blue-black. Beneath 
white; the feathers of chin and throat dark plumbeous at 
base. 
Breast with a black pectoral band. Feathers of back 
scarcely white towards their middle ee Cris- 
sum entirely black . i e 3 7 . melanoleuca, 
Breast without pectoral band. Feathers of*upper back 
white in middle.. Crissum with all feathers entirely 
black 
(Var. montana with —e vill. ) 


. : : « cyanoleuca. 


Breast without band. Crissum white towards anus; long 
feathers only black, and towards their tips. Feathers 
of upper part of back ash-colored, not white in middle patagonica. 
Above and on crissum greenish-black. Beneath dark ashy ; the 
feathers of chin and throat plumbeous at base. 


Feathers of upper part of back cinereous, not whitish in 


the middle" . : ‘ . murina. 


Atticora cyanoleuca. 


Hirundo cyanoleuca, Viriut. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 549, and Encycl. Méth. 
1823, 521 (based on Golondrina de la timoneles negros, AzaRA, Apunt. 
Pajaros Par. IT, 1805, 508).—Atticora c. Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850, 47. 
—Borm. Uebers. III, 1857, 146.—In. La Plata Reise, II, 1861, 479 
(very common in the La Plata country; nests under eaves and 
roofs of houses). 

Hirundo melampyga, Licut. Verz. 1823, 57 (Bahia). 

Hirundo minutu, Max. Beit. III, 369.—Temm. Pl. Col. 209, fig. 1. 

Hab. La Plata basin ? Brazil. 


(No. 35,050.) Above and on sides of head and reck to line of gape, steel 
blue, including tail- and lesser wing coverts, as well as a patch on side of 
breast; wings and tail feathers dark blackish-brown, with faint gloss. 
Feathers of hind neck and interscapulum with concealed white in their middle 
portion. Beneath white, all the feathers blackish plumbeous at the base, ex- 


310 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


tending rather further along on the breast; the feathers in the middle of the 
breast with a darker patch on their inner webs, only visible on raising the 
feathers. Entire crissum from anus black, glossed on surface with steel blue, 
the bases all dark plumbeous. Lining of wings and axillars dark smoky 
brown; side of body under wings washed with grayish brown. Tibia brown, 
the feathers slightly tipped with whitish. 

Immature specimens show traces of a fulvous or rusty yellowish wash on 
the under parts. 

(No. 35,050.) Total length, 4.80 ; wing, 3.85 ; tail, 2.40, fork, .45 ; difference 
of quills, 1.68 ; length of bill from forehead, .31, from nostril, .16, along gape, 
.45, width, .32; tarsus, .41; middle toe and claw, .53, claw alone, .15; hind 
toe and claw, .35, claw alone, .16. 


A. melanoleuca' appears to differ principally in having a black 
pectoral band. A. patagonica has the base of crissum white; the 
interscapular feathers gray in the middle, not white. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 

35,050 65] 2? Bahia Negra. June, 1859. | Capt. Page, Expl. Chr. Wood. 
32,743 |10,140 | ¢ Brazil. eats Verreanx.[Parana.| — ...... 
15,006 ea ee “ tists U.S. Expl. Exped. T. R. Peale. 
15,002 om ae ts st as o 

ne 150 Bahia. Sipe Cab. Lawrence, | ~~ ...... 


| 


Atticora cyamoleuca, var. montama. 


Altticora cyanoleuca, var. montana, Batrp.—?Petrochelidon cyanoleucus, 
Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1858, 551 (Riobamba).—Is. 1859, 138.—Is. 1860, 
75 (Quito) ; 85 (Nanegal).—Is. Catal. 1861, 40, no. 241.—Atticora 
cyanoleuca, Cas. Jour. f. Orn. 1861, 91. 

Hirundo melampyga, Tscuvni, F. Peruana, 133 (not of Licut.). 

?Hirundo cyanoleuca, Darwin, Birds Beagle, 41 (Valparaiso; builds in 
holes in banks). 


Hab. Costa Rica: south along Andes to Chile? 


(No. 34,676, 9.) Very similar to A. cyanoleuca, of Brazil, in color and size, 
although rather smaller, except that the tail is more deeply forked (.60 deep, 
instead of .45); the bill larger, broader, and more depressed (from nostril 
-18, instead of .16); the sides of the body under the wings blackish, with 
slight steel blue gloss (in true cyanoleuca merely brownish dusky, without 

- gloss). Upper parts glossed with violet, instead of uniform steel blue, having 
a tinge of greenish. A slight, almost inappreciable wash of rusty yellowish 
beneath. 


' Atticora melanoleuca. 


Hirundo melanoleuca, Max. Beit. II, 371 (Brazil).—Tema. Pl. Col. 209, 
2.—Alticora m. Burmeister, Uebers. III, 1856, 146 (Central Brazil). 
Middle of dorsal feathers white; tail 34. 


' Hab. Brazil. 


ATTICORA. 311 


(No. 34,676, 9.) Total length, 4.65; wing, 3.75; tail, 2.40, depth of fork, 
-60; difference between primaries, 1.65; length of ,bill from forehead, .32, 
from nostril, .18, along gape, .46; tarsus, .40; middle toe and claw, .50, claw 
alone, .16, hind toe and claw, .34, claw alone, .17. 


A young bird has the upper parts dull dark smoky-brown, with a 
greenish-blue gloss on the middle of the back only. The under 
parts are white, tinged with brownish-yellow on the chin, becoming 
paler on the throat ; a jugular band and the sides, especially behind, 
strongly tinged with the same. The feathers of the crissum are 
dark brown, without gloss, and margined with paler. A. still 
younger specimen (33,289) has only the faintest possible trace of 
blue gloss on the back; the rump is smoky brown, lighter than the 
wings and tail; the brownish tinge of under parts deeper and more 
extended. ? 

The characters assigned to this variety, although apparently slight 
and untangible, are yet quite appreciable on a comparison with a 
large series of Brazilian specimens. The larger bill and deeper fork 
of the tail are especially noticeable. The supposed difference in 
amount of black on the sides may be more apparent than real. 

I am inclined to refer to this variety all the specimens I have seen 
from Bogota, and one from Peru—these agree in the larger and more 
depressed bill; one of the former, however (No. 24,953), has the 
upper parts with a green lustre, as in bicolor, not blue. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex ‘ When : 
sonian! tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 


34,676 | eae 2 Barranea, C. R. | April16,’64.) J. Carmiol. 

34,674 ie 3 San Jose, C. R. May 29, °64. se 

34,675 sien oe o i ae 

29,549 172 | .. bis 1858. Berlin Mus. 

24,953 a8 ‘i Bogota. sabe L, de Geofroy. 

32,739 |40,654 | ¢f se ae Verreaux, |  — .ssaee 
14,948 879 | Peru. ‘rash U. S. Expl. Exped. T. R. Peale. 


(24,953.) Green lustre, 


The two species of the subjoined foot-note are introduced to com- 
plete the history of the subgenus." 


1 Atticora patagonica. 
Hirundo patagonica, D’Ors. & Larr. Syn. Av. 1837 (Chile and Pata- 
gonia). 
Atticora hemipyga, Burm. Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 479 (Mendoza). 
Hab. Uruguay and Patagonia. 
(No. 21,039.) Above, and on sides of head and neck to line of commissure, 


glossy steel blue; the wings and their coverts, with tail, dull dark brown, 
the lesser coverts only slightly glossed at ends. None of the feathers with 


312 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Part I. 


STELGIDOPTERYX, Barrp. 
Stelgidopteryx, Batrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 312. (Type Hirundo serri- 


pennis, AUD.) 
Bill rather small; nostrils oval, superior, margined behind, but scarcely 
laterally by membrane, but not at all overhung ; the axes of the outline con- 


concealed white, but dark gray in the middle. Beneath white, all the 
feathers dark plumbeous at base; the breast with a grayish shade across it 
owing to the fact that the feathers there are grayish-brown, rather* narrowly 
edged with white, less pure than on the throat, and allowing this gray to show 
through as well as among the whitish. The crissal feathers immediately 
behind the anus are white; the longer ones are white, or grayish-white at 
base, and then blackish, glossed with steel blue at the end. The axillars and 
inside of wings are brownish-gray. The sides of body under the wings are 
slightly soiled with gray. Bill black; feet apparently flesh color. 

(No. 21,039.) Total length, 5.00; wing, 3.90; tail, 2.55, perpendicular depth 
of fork, .40; difference of quills, 1.63; length of bill from forehead, -40, from 
nostril, .19, along gape, .51, width, .40; tarsus, .50; middle toe and claw, .60, 
claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .17. 


This species appears quite distinct from the cyanoleuca of Brazil, in slightly 
larger size, much larger bill and feet, absence of white in the interscapular 
feathers, and of bluish gloss on the lesser wing coverts ; lighter color of bases 
of feathers below; grayish breast, the feathers less tipped with white ; white 
feathers, behind the anus, and whitish bases of the rest of crissal feathers (not 
black) ; lighter tibia, etc. The lateral tail feathers are rather narrower, and 
not acuminated or attenuated at the end—the outline of inner web towards 
the end being convex, not concave. 

It is a question whether this is not the real H. cyanoleuca, of Vieillot, as 
based on Azara’s description. If so, the Braziliam cyanoleuca will take for 
name one of its synonyms. 


emith- Collec Sex wen 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Remarks. 
No. | No. j Age, |. Collected. ane 
! i 
21.039 | 108 fon Uruguay. Sept. 1860, |Capt. T. J. Page, Pa- Chr. Wood. 
21,040 | 108 g ee Gy “ Trana Expl, ee 


Atticora murina. 

??Hirundo cinerea, Gu. 8. N. I, 1788, 1026 (based on L’ Hirondelle de 
Perou, Briss. 1, 1760, 498, ex Feuillé Journ. Obs. 1725).—Atticora 
cinerea, SCLATER, Catal. 1861, 39, no. 237. 

Petrochelidon murina, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1853, 370 (Ecuador).— 
Sciater, P. Z. 8. 1860, 74. 

? Atticora cyanophza, CaBanis, Jour. Orn. 1861, 92 (Bogota). 

Hab. Andes of South America. 


Iam by no means satisfied that the bird of Brisson is the present species, 
‘ 


STELGIDOPTERYX. 313 


verging. Frontal feathers soft, and, like chin, without bristles. Tarsi equal 
to middle toe without claw; the upper end covered with feathers all round, 
none at lower end. Basal joint of middle toe adherent externally nearly to 
end; internally, scarcely half. Lateral toes about equal, their claws not 
reaching beyond base of middle claw. Tail slightly emarginate ; the feathers 
broad, and obliquely rounded at end. Edge of wing rough to the touch; the 
shafts of the fibrille of outer web of outer primary prolonged and bent at 
right angles into a short stiff hook. 
Color dull brown above. 


The great peculiarity in this genus consists in the remarkable 
roughness of the edge of the wing, said to occur also in Psalido- 
procne, Cab, The object is uncertain, but is probably to enable the 
bird to secure a foothold on vertical or inclined rocks, among or 
on which it makes its nest. A favorite breeding place of S. serrt- 
pennis is in the piers and abutments of bridges, and these hooks 
might render essential aid in entering into their holes. 

The’ birds of this genus have usually been referred to Cotyle, 
which, however, they resemble only in color. The nostrils are ex- 
posed, instead of being overhung; the tarsus is bare below, not 
feathered, and the lateral claws are considerably curved, and not 
reaching beyond the base of the lateral, asin Cotyle. The structure 
of the wing is very different. 

According to Cabanis, Psawdoprocne (P. cypselina, Cab. of 
Africa) has the same structure of wing, but it seems to differ in 
having the tail deeply forked, as in Afticora ; the toes and nails even 
shorter than in Aéficora, not longer; and in having the outer toe 
shorter than the inner, instead of equal to it. 

The genus has a wide range, extending from British America to 
Brazil, and probably Ecuador. 


as his description of the tail and its under coverts, at least, does not apply at 
all. Brissou’s article is evidently copied from Feuillé (1725), a very vague 
author, as likely to call a Cuckoo or Flycatcher “Hirundo” as anything else. 

This species is much in form like A. cyanoleuca, but considerably larger. 
I have little doubt that the A. cyanophea, of Cabanis, is the young bird of this 
species, as a specimen in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, from 
Bogota, agrees exactly with Cabanis’s description, and is hardly to be distin- 
guished, except in its evident immaturity, from the Academy-type of Cassin’s 
Peirochelidon murina, from Ecuador. It is probably closely related to the H. 
andecola, of D’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. 1837, 69 (La Paz), but differs somewhat. 


314 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I 


Synopsis of Species. 
Chin, throat, and breast nearly uniform mouse gray. 
Above uniform smoky brown. Under parts white, except 
as described. Crissum white, not banded . . . serripennis, 
Chin and throat reddish fulvous, in strong contrast with gray of 
breast and sides. Belly tinged with sulphur yellow. Crissum. 
white. 


Above uniform brown, or with rump gradually paler, but 
not contrasted with back. 
Crissum banded at end with blackish ; sulphur yel- 
low of belly well marked é . . ruficollis. 


Crissum plain white; belly scarcely yellow . . fulvipennis. 
Above brown; the rump appreciably and abruptly paler 
(light gray). 
Crissum banded at end with black F A « uropygialis 


Crissum plain white(?). Color much darker and 
size smaller than preceding . . . « gutturalis. 


Stelgidopteryx serripennis. 


Hirundo serripennis, Aup. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 593.—Is. B. Am. I, 1840, 
193, pl. 51.—Cotyle s. Bon. Consp. 1850, 342.—Cassin.—BREWER, 
N. Am. Ool. I, 1857, 106, pl. iv, fig. 50 (eggs).—Batrp, Birds N. 
Am. 1858, 313.—Lorp, Pr. R. A. Inst. IV, 1864, 116 (Br. Columbia). 
—Coorer & Suck.ey, P. R. R. Rep. XII, 1, 186 (W. Terr.) —HEER- 
many, P. R. R. X; Williamson’s Rep. 36 (San Antonio, Tex. ; 
breeding).—Stelgidopteryz s. Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 312. 


Hab. Whole United States (exclusive of N. E. States ?), south to Central 
Mexico. 


(No. 32,269, 4.) Above smoky brown, rather deeper on the head, perhaps 
alittle paler on the rump. Larger quills and tail feathers dusky brown; the 
secondaries and greater coverts sometimes lighter along their external edges. 
The under parts (for about half the total length) from bill to and including 
breast, with the sides of body and lining of wings, mouse gray, rather lighter 
along the throat; the rest of under parts, including crissum, white, the latter 
with the shafts sometimes dusky, and very rarely with dusky blotches at the 
ends of the longer feathers. 

Young birds (as 1,120) differ in a tinge of reddish fulvous on the upper 
parts ; the wing coverts, secondaries, and inner primaries margined more or 
less broadly with a brighter shade of the same. The gray of the under parts 
is also washed with this color, especially on the chin and across the breast. 
The hooks of the edge of the wing have not yet become developed. 

(No. 32,269, 4, fresh specimen before being skinned.) Total length, 5.40; 
expanse of wings, 12.20; wing from carpal joint, 4.50. 

(No. 32,269, %, prepared specimen.) Total length, 5.20; wing, 4.50; tail, 


STELGIDOPTERYX. 315 


2.25, depth of fork, .15; difference ‘of primaries, 2.28; length of bill from 
forehead, .40, from nostril, 24, along gape, .56, width of gape, .43; tarsus, .45; 
middle toe and claw, .57, claw alone, .19 ; hind toe and claw, .41, claw alone, .16. 


The differences between this species and rujicollis, the South 
American representative, are given below.' 


' Stelgidopteryx ruficollis. 
Hirundo ruficollis, View. Nouv. ‘Dict. XIV, 1817, 523.—Is. Encycl. 
Méth. I, 525 (Brazil).—Cotyle ruficollis, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1860, 
292.—Is. Catal. 1861, 41, no. 249. 
Hirundo flavigastra, Vinint. Nouv. Diet. XIV, 1817, 534.—Is. Eneycl. 
Méth. II, 531 (based on Azara, as below, from Paraguay ).— Cotyle 
flavigastra, Bor, Isis, 1844, 170.—Boy. -Consp. 1850, 342.—Burm. 
Uebers. III, 1856, 144. 
Hirundo hortensis, Licut. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 57 (Bahia).—Temm. PI. 
Col. 161, 2. 
Hirundo jugularis, Maxim. Beit. III, 365 (Brazil). 
Hirundo flaviverter, Lesson, Traité d’Orn. I, 1831, 269 (Brazil). 
Golondrina de la vientre amarillazo, Azarna, Apunt. II, 1805, 512. 
Hab. La Plata region and Brazil. (Farther north and in the Andes re- 
placed by uropygialis ?) 


(No. 32,742, @.) Above, with sides of head, smoky brown; darker on the 
head, becoming sensibly paler on rump, especially on the edges of the feathers, 
but still not in any decided contrast with the lower part of back ; the primary 
quills and tail feathers dark dusky brown; the secondaries whitish along 
their outer edges towards the end and at the tip. Chin and throat reddish 
fulvous; breast and sides of body, with inside of wings, brownish-gray ; the 
median region of body white, tinged with sulphur yellow. Under tail coverts, 
from vent, pure white, with a slight gloss of yellow (less than on belly), the 
longest feathers abruptly tipped with the color of the tail (for nearly half an 
inch), the shafts of some others dusky. Feathers of tibia brown, tipped with 
yellowish-white. 

(No. 32,742.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 4.55; tail, 2.50, depth of fork, .13; 
difference of primaries, 2.10; length of bill from nostril, .21, along gape, .55, 
width, .42; tarsus, .40; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18; hind toe 
and claw, .32, claw alone, .15. 

The upper parts are colored much as in C. serripennis, rather darker per- 
haps, and the rump rather paler, forming a greater contrast. The whitish 
edging of the secondaries is more decided. Beneath, however, the colors are 
decidedly different. The tail is much longer; the feet and bill smaller. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex : When 

pou top8 rend Locality. . Collected. Received from Collected by 

is000 | .. | .. Brazil, | U.S Expl. Exped.|  T. R. Peale. 

32,742 |35,370 | of he nae Verreaux, | ewe iy 

16,344 92} 2 we July, 1859. | Capt. T. J. Page, Chr. Wood. 
‘ Expl. of Parana. 


316 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L 


Specimens in the collection from various points in United States, 
especially — 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gaiend Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 7 
32,269 ie o | Macon, Ga. ie Jos. Leconte. 
2,209 or go | Carlisle, Pa. May 3, °45. - 
3,370 oe co] a May, 1847, ts 
10,120 .. | Washington, D.C. ec J. C. McGuire. ” 
2.899 .. | Charleston, 8. C. esis S. F. Baird. J. J. Audubon. 
32,268 as .. | Liberty County, Ga. oe Jos. Leconte. | =... 
34,179 11 | ¢& | Sioux City, Neb. [T.| May 4, ’60. | Capt. J Feilner. omaayesats, 
6,034 81 | .. | Shoalwater Bay, W.| June, 1854.| Dr. J.G.Cooper. | —..-.. - 
6,033 82 | .. | Steilacoom, W, T. id Dr. Suckley, | ee eee 
6,032 a .. | Sacramento, Cal. oan Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann, 
11,052 “ite .- | Fort Bridger, Utah. | June 3,'58,| C. Drexler, | — .....e 
8,957 131 | .. | New Leon, Mex. April, 1853.] Lt. Couch, | ~~ ...... 
36,999 704 | O | Fort Whipple, Ar. | Sept. 8,’64.| Dr. E.Coues, | = ...... 
32,741 |46,971 | J | Mexico. Sieve Verreaux, = || eaaeae 


Stelgidopteryx fulvipennis. 


Cotyle fulvipennis, ScuarEr, P. Z. S. 1859, 364 (immature bird ; Jalapa,. 
Mex.).—Scuater & Satviy, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala). 

? Cotyle serripennis, ScuareR, P. Z. S. 1856, 285 (Cordova).—Sciarer & 
Sauviy, Ibis, 1859, 13, 126 (Guatemala).—Owen, Ibis, 1861, 61 (San 
Geronimo, Guat. ; nesting in a bank). 

? Cotyle flavigastra, ScuateEr, P. Z. 8. 1857, 212 (Orizaba). 


Hab. Mexico and Guatemala. 


(No. 30,716, 4.) Above smoky brown, almost inappreciably lighter on the 
rump, darker on the head; quills and tail feathers smoky brown, the secon- 
daries and greater coverts edged towards their ends with whitish. Chin and 
throat pale reddish fulvous, but in distinct contrast to the mouse gray of the 
breast, sides of body, and inside of wings. Rest of under parts white, with 
a faint trace of yellowish ; the crissum pure white, the long feathers without 
brown tips, the shafts only faintly brownish towards the end. The feathers 
of axillars and inside of wings slightly edged with fulvous. 

In young birds the wing coverts and quills above are broadly margined 
with reddish fulvous ; the breast as well as the throat washed with the same. 

(No. 30,716, %.) Total length, 5.00; wing, 4.20; tail, 2.20, depth, .20; 
length of bill from forehead, .40, from nostril, .20, along gape, .55, width, .45; 
tarsus, .40; middle toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .19; hind toe and claw, .35, 
claw alone, .16. 


J 


This species, originally established upon a young bird, appears 
perfectly distinct, and is intermediate in character between serri- 
pennis and ruficollts. The only adult I have seen is in autumnal 
plumage, and has a silky gloss that I have'not noticed in spring speci- 
mens of serripennis (no autumnal ones being at hand for compari- 
son). The color of the upper parts, back as well as wings, appears to 
be decidedly darker. The differences of the under parts consist in 


STELGIDOPTERY X. 317 


the faintly rufous throat, contrasting, not uniform, with the mouse 
brown of the breast; this brown only extends over the front of the 
breast, instead of reaching to the belly, which is faintly yellowish, 
not dull white. The crissum is quite the same in both. Young 
birds of the two species are so similar that I cannot distinguish 
them by the color. 

The species agrees with rujficollis, and differs from uropygialts, 
in the want of contrast of a pale rump and dark back. The size 
is decidedly less. It differs from both in much paler fulvous of 
throat, less amount of sulphur yellow on the belly, and the want 
of the dusky brown tips of the longer of the under tail coverts. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. f ; 

238,154 ae Orizaba, Mex. sata M. Botteri. |  ...... 
26,373} .. | Juv. Xalapa. sus J. Krider. D’0Oca. 
30,716] 399 |ad.¢ Dueiias, Guat. Oct. 17, °59, O. Salvin, Salvin & Godman. 
35,096] 405 | Juy. “ July 17, 59. “ a 


(35,096.) ‘‘Compared with type.” 


Stelgidopteryx uropygialis. 


Cotyle uropygialis, Lawr. Ibis, April, 1863, 181.—Is. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 
(Panama). 

Cotyle flavigastra (Vietu.), Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1860, 274 (Babahoyo, 
Ecuador).— Cotyle ruficollis (Vietuu.), Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1860, 292 
(Esmeraldas, Ecuador). 


Hab. Isthmus Panama; southward along Andes. 


(No. 157, %, type.) This species, if really distinct from rujficollis, resembles 
it very closely in most respects. It is, however, smaller, and the rump de- 
cidedly lighter, or pale grayish, in prominent contrast to the brown of the back. 
The rufous of the throat seems rather deeper, and the inside of wings darker. 

A specimen (17,792) differs in having the wings longer and more pointed, 
measuring 4.45, the extreme difference between tips of primaries 2.15, the 
tail 2.30. It may, however, be that the wing of the type is not fully grown. 

(No: 157.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 4.15; tail, 2.40, fork, .18; difference 
of primaries, 1.96; length of bill from forehead, .41, from nostril, .20, along 
gape, .55, width, .40; tarsus, .89; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18; 
hind toe and claw, .35, claw alone, .14. 


Smith- Cotlec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Pe Sa Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 


17,792 | 175 
-» | 187 


Isthmus Darien. os Lt. Michler. A. Schott. 
o Panama. Aen Cab. Lawrence, M’Lean, & Galb. 


(157.) Type. 


318 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Stelgidopteryx fulvigula. 
Stelgidopteryx fulvigula, BarRD, 0. ». 
Hab. Costa Rica. 


(No. 34,677, 4, Costa Rica.) Above smoky brown. Quills and tail 
feathers almost or quite black; rump with the feathers gray, edged with 
whitish, forming a conspicuous contrast to the back. Chin, throat, and 
forepart of breast reddish fulvous; sides under the wings ‘brown, with a 
decided wash of fulyous; axillars and inside of wings smoky brown; rest 
of under parts dull white, with perhaps a tinge of yellowish ; crissum pure 
white, in one specimen with a trace of a dusky spot at ends of longer feathers. 

The edges of the feathers of upper parts, especially of the wing coverts and 
secondary quills, are tinged with reddish fulvous, indicating immaturity, as 
does also the absence of the hooks on outer web of first primary. Judging 
from the analogy of other species, these edgings probably disappear entirely 
in full dress. . 

(No. 34,677, % -) Total length, 4.50; wing, 3.60; tail, 2.00, its fork, .12; differ- 
ence of primaries, 1.50; length of bill from forehead, .39, from nostril, .20, 
along gape, .49; gape, .40; tarsus, .38; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, 
.16; hind toe and claw, .33, claw alone, .12. 


The very conspicuous light rump will readily distinguish this 
species from all its allies, except wropygialis. It is, however, con- 
siderably smaller than that species and much darker above, especially 
on quills and tail feathers (on both surfaces and including the shafts), 
the light ramp more conspicuous. The fulvous red of throat seems 
to extend further on the breast, the white of the belly to extend 
farther forward, the brown of the sides to be more restricted. The 
under coverts lack the conspicuous dusky band at tips of larger 
feathers. ‘The conspicuous wash of reddish fulvous on the side may 
be from immaturity. 

It is barely possible that this may be the immature state of S. 
uropygialis ; but the differences in size and coloration appear of 
specific value and not dependent on age. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex a When 

ag ws Pe Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
34,677 0.¢| Angostura,C. R. | June 6, 64. J. Carmiol. 

34,678 0.8 _ ; a 

34,679 0.9 ‘ Aug. 7, 64. at 


(34,677.) Type. 
COTYLE, Bor. 
Cotyle, Born, isis, 1822, 550. (Type “Yirundo riparia, L.) 


Bill small; nostrils lateral, overhung by a straight-edged membrane. Tarsus 
about equal to middle toe without claw ; feathered at upper end, especially 


COTYLE. 819 


on inner face, and having also a small tuft of feathers attached to posterior 
edge near the hind toe. Middle toe with basal joint adherent externally to 
near the end, half way internally, the claws comparatively little curved, the 
lateral reaching beyond the base of middle. Tail slightly forked. Color dull 
lustreless brown above, in riparia white beneath with gray pectoral band. 


Many American birds have been referred to Cotyle, but the only 
one really belonging to the genus is the cosmopolitan C. riparia. 
The peculiarity of the genus consists essentially in the tuft of tarsal 
feathers at the base of the hind toe, and the unusual length of 
the lateral claws, combined with the lateral nostrils overhung by 
membrane. 


Cotyle riparia. 


Hirundo riparia, Linn. 8. N. I, 1766, 344. Wits. V, pl. 38.—Auvp. Orn. 
Biog. IV, pl. 385.—Is. B. Am. I, pl. 50.—Lempeye, Aves de Cuba, 
1850, 47, lam. vii, fig 3.—Jowes, Nat. Hist. Bermuda, 34 (occasional, 
Aug. and Sept.)— Cotyle ripuria, Bors, Isis, 1822, 550.—Cassin.~- 
Brewer, N. A. Ool. I, 1857, 105, pl. iv, fig. 49 (eggs).—Cas. Jour. 
1856, 4 (Cuba).—In. 1861, 93 (Costa Rica (?)).—Gunpxacn, Cab. 
Jour. 1861, 330 (very rare in Cuba).—Manrcg, Pr. A. N. Se. 1863, 
297 (Jamaica ; very rare).—HeErErmany, P. R. R. X, 36 (California; 
abundant ?). 

Firundo cinerea, Vien. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 1817, 526, 

Hirundo riparia americana, Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 101. 

Hab. The whole of North America; Bermudas; Greater Antilles; Costa 
Rica? Also found in northern parts of the old world. 


A careful comparison of the European specimens in the Smith- 
sonian collection with American does not furnish any tangible 
grounds for separation; although the former, on the whole, appear 
to have longer wings, and more deeply forked tail with narrower 
feathers. 

Specimens are in the collection from many localities throughout 
eastern and middle provinces of United States. Only one specimen 
from western province, and this is somewhat doubtful. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian} tor's | and Locality. Received from Collected b; 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. y 
6,030 ses ro ? Sacramento, Cal. ob Lt. Williamson, Dr. Heermann. 
20,641 102 - Hannaby River. June 9,’60.| C. Drexler, |  ...,,, 
22.668 | 511 ti Fort Simpson. 1861. B. BR. Ross. 
23,219 oo ws Fort Good Hope. ri R. R. McFarlane. 
31,126 iA oe Big Island. ae J. Reed. 
a ae ais Fort Youkon, se R. Kennicott. 
19,213 64 fo) Wind River. May 26, '60 | Capt. Raynolds. Dr. Hayden. 


(6,030.) Is the locality correct? 


320 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


The following references to American Swallows I have not suc- 
ceeded in identifying :— ' 


Hirundo unalaschkensis, Gmeuin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 1025. “ Nigra; subtus 
cinerea ; uropygio exalbido, rectricibus marginibus rotundatis. Long. 
43 unc. Hab. Unalaschka.” 


Hirundo andecola, D’Oxs. et Larr. Mag. de Zool. 1837. “ Affinis prece- 
denti (H. patagonica) magnitudine et forma rostri sed differt alis longi- 
oribus, cauda fere recta et coloribus. Supra nigra, colore viridi-nitens, 
alis caudaque vix emarginata nigro-fuscis, rectricibus lateralibus tres 
lineas tantummodo intermediis longioribus. Subtus gutture colloque 
plumbeis, pectore hypochondriisque cinerascentibus, abdomine medio 
anoque sordide albiscentibus, tectricibus caudz inferis griseo maculatis. 
Long. 14 cent. Habit. in Andibus, La Paz, Bolivia.” 

This species appears related to Atticora murina or cinerea, but does not seem 
exactly the same. 


Hirundo maculosa, Kui (based on Burron, Pl. enl. 546, 1). Above 
lustreless brown; beneath white, with oval brown spots, closest ante- 
riorly, more separated towards the tail. Hab. Cayenne. 


VIREONIDA. 321 


The three strictly dentirostral families of Oscine birds which still 
remain for consideration—the Vireonide, Ampelidx, and Laniade— 
differ from those just described in certain common characters. The 
bill is usually stouter and more hooked, in some forms excessively 
so, with a deep notch and sometimes a prominent tooth behind it; 
the tip of the lower mandible is also more or less notched. The 
nostrils are lateral, the bristles of the mouth generally well de- 
veloped. Except in a few species of Vereo and in Ampelis, there 
are ten distinct primaries, the outer from one-fourth to one-half the 
second. The tail is sometimes short and square, sometimes long 
and graduated. The tarsus is always scutellatet anteriorly, and 
exhibits a tendency to subdivision in the lateral plates, very unusual 
in the families already considered. The basal joints of the toes 
are also more adherent than in the preceding: sometimes attached 
throughout, sometimes more free, much as in Troglodytide. From 
the typical Turdide they will be known by the scutellate tarsi, 
from all of the family by the greater adhesion of toes, and peculiar 
bill; from the Troglodytide by the notch and hook of bill and other 
characters. The only form resembling Sylvicolide (Hylophilus) 
has ten primaries and a more notched bill, as well as more united 
toes and very large claws. 

While in the characters referred to, the three families differ from’ 
those previously under review, their precise limitation among them- 
selves has been a subject of much difficulty. The proper position 
of Dulus, especially, has been a matter of considerable doubt, 
although it seems more properly placed among the Ampelidzx, being 
removed from the Vireonidx on account of its less adherent toes, 
longer basal phalanges of anterior toes, wider gape, etc. In various 
respects, too, Ampelis can hardly he combined with Pétilogonys, as 
has been done. It may also be a question whether if Ampelis be 
united into the same family with Pélogonys and its allies, Collurio 
may not be appropriately added to it. The Myzadestes group of 
what has usually formed the subfamily of Ptilogonatine, differs in 
the longer tarsi, with undivided plates, more deeply cleft toes, etc., 
from Ptilogonys, and should more properly be approximated to the 
Turdide, as will hereafter be explained. 

The following characters will serve to illustrate the peculiarities 
of the three families :— 


1 Except in Mytadestinz, which really belong with, or at least near, the 


Turdidz. 
21 May,1866. 


322 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Basal phalanx of anterior toes abbreviated; that of median toe decidedly 
shorter than the basal of inner, or the two basal of outer, and adherent 
for its whole length on both sides to the lateral (i. ¢., not free at all). 
Lateral plates of tarsus undivided, except at extreme lower end. 


Vireonidz. Gonys more than half the length of lower jaw (from tip to 
angle of mouth), usually longer than width of mouth, which is narrow. 
Bill conical, much compressed, decurved at end and notched, but 
scarcely toothed. Frontal feathers bristly and erect, or bent but slightly 
forward. Nostrils overhung by membrane. Tarsus longer than middle 
toe and claw. Lateral toes generally unequal; outer claw reaching 
half way along middle claw. 


Basal phalanx of middle toe about as long as the basal of inner, or the two 
basal of outer; free externally, at least for about one-third its length, 
internally for about one-half. Lateral plates of tarsus with decided 
tendency to subdivision (except in Myiadestinz). 

Ampelidz. Gonys decidedly less than half the length of lower jaw, or 
than width of mouth, which is very broad and deeply cleft. Bill tri- 
angular, much depressed, decurved at end and notched, with moderate 
though decided tooth. Frontal feathers rather soft, scarcely bristly 
rorerect. Nostrils overhung by membrane. Tarsus equal to or shorter 
than middle toe and claw. Lateral toes nearly equal; outer claw 
reaching only to base of middle claw. 

Laniidz. Gonys about half length of lower jaw; about equal to width 
of mouth. Bill very powerful and raptorial, much compressed, with a 
strongly marked hook, notch, and tooth at end. Frontal feathers very 
bristly, and directed forwards, so as to conceal nostrils and base of bill. 
Nostrils with bony walls, except behind. Tarsus longer than middle 
toe and claw, sometimes much scutellate on sides. Lateral claws nearly 
equal; outer claw reaching a little beyond base of middle claw. 


Famity VIREONID#. 


The essential features of this family appear to consist in the com- 
bination of the dentirostral bill, notched in both mandibles; the ten 
primaries (except Vireosylvia), of which the outer is usually from 
one-fourth to one-half the second; the rather short, nearly even tail, 
with narrow feathers, and the great amount of adhesion of the 
anterior toes—the whole basal joint of the middle being generally 
united on both sides to the adjacent joints, and decidedly shorter 
than the basal of inner or two basal of outer. The outer lateral toe 
is generally appreciably longer than the inner, reaching considerably 
beyond the base of the middle claw. The tarsi are always distinctly 


* 


VIREONIDA. 323 


scutellate anteriorly. The young are never spotted, nor streaked as 
in the Thrushes; nor indeed do the adults exhibit such markings. 

In the adhesion of the toes at their bases there is some resemblance 
to the Troglodytidx, but their structure is different. In the latter 
family the joints are lengthened, the basal of the middle, about as 
long as the Ist and 2d of the outer, and equal to or a little longer 
than the basal inner. In Vireonide the basal joints are abbreviated ; 
the basal of the middle equal to about one and a half joints of the 
outer, and not quite as long as the basal inner. This difference is, 
perhaps, related to the more or less terrestrial habitat of the one, and 
the strictly arboreal of the other. In Vireonide, too, there is a 
greater tendency to having three rows of scales on the upper part 
of the palm, on the three toes respectively, instead of having the 
outer two rows united more into a single series. 

The young of Vireonidex, before the first full moult—at least 
those of Vireo, Vireosylvia, and Hylophilus—are not spotted as in 
Turdide and Myiadestes, but closely resemble the adult. 

The Vireonide are peculiar to the New World, and are generally, 
distributed. Laletes and some species of Vireo and Vireosylvia 
are peculiar to the islands; Hylophilus extends to Trinidad and 
Tobago; the other genera are confined to the Continent. 

The following synopsis of the genera may serve to facilitate their 
determination—the primary division being based on the character 
of the toes :— 


Legs slender; claws weak ; lateral toes unequal; the inner claw 
* reaching about to the base of middle one, the outer nearly 
half way towards its tip. 
Bill slender; culmen straight, at least for basal half; quite 
abruptly and considerably decurved at the end. 
Wings pointed, considerably longer than the nearly 
even tail ; spurious quill either wanting or very 
short, not one-third the second . : . Vireosylvia, 
Wings rounded, rather longer than the more or 
less rounded tail; spurious quill lengthened, 
one-third or more the second; second gener- 
ally, and third almost always longer than 
secondaries; third or fourth quill usually 
longest. Bill rather compressed . . Vireo. 
Wings much graduated, shorter than the consider- 
ably rounded tail; the sixth quill longest ; 
second quill much shorter than secondaries ; 
third scarcely longer. Bill short, more de- 
pressed, and broader between angles of mouth 
than in Vireo . ‘ 3 ‘ ‘ 5 . Meochloe. 


324 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L. 


Bill stout, deep, much compressed, somewhat resembling 
Cyclorhis. 
Wings pointed, although first quill is about two- 
fifths second, which about equals secondaries : 
the fifth longest ; claws stouter than Vireosylvia, 
although proportions much the same. Bill 
with fine longitudinal furrows ‘ - . Laletes. 


Legs stouter; claws large and strong; the lateral toes nearly 
equal; the claws of both reaching nearly to or beyond the 
middle of the central claw. Hind toe lengthened. First 
quill about half the second, which usually equals secon- 
daries ; fourth generally longest. 
Bill slender, as in Vireo, but more conical, the culmen 
straighter, not convex at end, and but little decurved. 
Wings about equal to the somewhat rounded tail . Hylophilus. 
Bill very stout and Shrike-like z . ‘ . - Cyclorhis. 
Bill rather more slender than in last : . . » Vireolanius. 


Having thus presented the characters of the genera of Vireonide, 
before taking them up in detail I propose to present some general 
views in regard to the typical members of the family, or Vireosylvia 
and Vireo, the true Vireones. Few groups of American birds, of 
the same extent, exhibit such diversities of form, there being scarcely 
any two that agree closely in the shape and proportions of the wings, 
tail, feet, &c., while the larger number stand isolated and single in 
their minuter peculiarities of external anatomy. 

The colors, however, are very uniform; the upper parts being 
olivaceous or ashy, the under white, varied with yellowish; the 
face variously striped; the wings with or without light bars across 
the coverts, and light edgings on the secondaries; the tail feathers 
unspotted. The iris in many species is red, yellow, or white; the 
bill horn color or plumbeous; the legs always dusky. In one 
species (atricapillus) the head above is black ; in josephex it is dark 
brown. 

In view of the great variations of form in the different species, 
and their gradual transition from one character to the other, there 
would be but little violence done by considering all as belonging to 
the single genus Vireo. Those, however, with long-pointed wings 
and short even tail, with very small spurious primary or none, may 
perhaps be conveniently separated, as Vireosylvia from Vireo, the 
former to include Vireosylvia proper, with its slender body and 
straight, rather weak bill, and Lanivireo, with its stouter form, 
thick, curved, and powerful bill and stronger feet, like a miniature 
Shrike. The gradation from one species to the other of Vireo, as 


VIREONID 825 


\ 


restricted, is so slight, while those agreeing in one or other feature 
differ so much in the remaining points of structure, that it is almost 
impossible to group them satisfactorily, and we can only make a few 
arbitrary sections of no great sharpness of definition, to aid in 
identifying the species—one of them Vireo proper, with longer, 
more pointed wings; the other Vireonella (Baird), with the wings 
shorter and more rounded.' 

The following synopsis is intended to show the characters of the 
higher divisions of the group just referred to :— 


Virzosyiyta. Wings long and pointed, one-third or one-fourth longer than 
the nearly even or slightly rounded tail. First quill very small (less than 
one-third the second), sometimes apparently wanting. Second quill 
longer than the seventh, much longer than the secondaries. Tarsi short 
(scarcely exceeding .70 of an inch) ; toes rather long. 


Vireosylvia. Body slender and elongated. Bill slender, narrow, straight ; 
the culmen straight for its basal half, the commissure quite straight ; 
light horn color, paler beneath. Feet weak. Type V. olivaceus. 
Species V. olivacea, flavoviridis, campestris, barbatula, agilis, chivi, 
philadelphica, gilva, swainsoni, josephe. 


1 Allusion has already been made, on page 160 of the present work, to the 
possibility of detecting 4 rudimentary primary in nearly or quite all the 
Oscines which seem to have but nine. While the apparent presence or 
absence of this outer quill is sometimes useful in characterizing genera or even 
families, in Vireosylvia it is only of specific importance—the difference being 
merely one of development and position of the quill. In V. flavifrons, in 
which this outer primary is supposed to be wanting, its presence may easily 
be appreciated. One of the peculiar characters of. this species consists in a 
narrow edging of white to all the primary quills, while the primary coverts 
(the small feathers covering their bases, as distinguished from what are usu- 
ally termed the wing coverts, which more properly belong to the forearm or 
secondaries) are without them. If these coverts are carefully pushed aside, 
two small feathers, considerably shorter than the others will be disclosed, one 
overlying the other, which (the subjacent one) springs from the base of the 
exposed portion of the long outermost primary, and lies immediately against 
the outer edge. This small subjacent feather is stiff, faleate, and edged with 
white like the other quills, and can be brought partly round on the inner 
edge of the large primary, when it will look like any spurious quill. The 
overlying feather is soft, and without light edge. 

In the other Vireos with appreciable spurious or short outer primary, a 
similar examination will reveal only one small feather at the outer side of the 
base of the exterior large primary. In all the families of Passeres where the 
existence of nine primaries is supposed to be characteristic, I have invariably 
found, as far as my examinations have extended, that there were two of the 
small feathers referred to, while in those of ten primaries but one could be 
detected. 


326 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Part I. 


Lanivireo. Body stout; head broad. Bill short and stout, broad 
at base, the culmen curved from the base, the commissure con- 
siderably arched. Bill blueblack. Feet stout. Type V. flavifrons. 
Species V. flavifrons, solitarius, propinquus, plumbeus. 

VirEo. Wings short and rounded, a little longer than the tail, equal to it, or 
shorter. First primary distinct and large, from two-fifths to half or more 
the length of the second, shorter or not longer than the eighth. 

Vireo. Wings pointed; first quill less than half the second, which 
is about equal to seventh or eighth, and decidedly longer than the 
tenth primary and the secondaries. Type V. noveboracensis. The 
species coming under this section are noveboracensis, carmioli, atri- 
capillus, huttoni, belli, vicinior,' and pusilla. 

Vireonella. Wings rounded, scarcely longer than the tail; the first 
quill half as long as the second (or more than half), which is not 
longer than the tenth primary and secondaries, or even less. Bill 
and feet generally much stouter than the preceding. Type V. 
gundlachi, The species belonging here are modestus,? latimeri, 
pallens, ochraceus, crassirostris, gundlachi, aud hypochryseus. 


The Vireones are found throughout the New World, both to 
the extreme north and south, each section having peculiar forms. 
None of the North American species are ever met with in the West 
Indies, excepting V. olivaceus, solitarius, flavifrons, and novebora- 
censis, in Cuba, where they are extremely rare, and occur only as 
stragglers. They, however, penetrate on the Continent far to the 
south, in winter, some even reaching Bogota. 


VIREOSYLVIA, Bon. 


Vireosylvia, Bon. Geog. Comp. List, 1838. (Type Muscicapa olivacea, Lr.) 
Phyllomanes, Cas. Arch. Nat. 1847, 1,321. (Notype mentioned ; name 
proposed as substitute for Vireosylvia.) 


Wings pointed, longer than the tail, which is nearly even, or very slightly 
rounded. First primary (as in the type), wanting apparently in some species. 
Bill elongated, about as broad as deep at base, then becoming more and more 
compressed ; the commissure and culmen nearly straight to the abruptly de- 
curved and hooked tip. Both mandibles with distinct notch, the lower also 
slightly hooked. Nostrils open, oval, in lower edge of cavity, with membrane 
above and behind; the fronta] feathers advanced and reaching nearly to 
posterior edge. Bristles in frontal feathers and in rictus to moderate extent. 
Legs in type rather short and weak; tarsus but little longer than middle toe 


' V. vicinior has the first quill half or rather more than half the second, 
but otherwise falls within the limits of the present section. 

2 V. modestus in very small bill and other characters belongs very near V. 
huttont of the preceding section, although its short wing brings it under the 
present one. , 


VIREOSYLVIA. 327 


and claw, with seven well-marked scutelle anteriorly. Outer lateral toe the 
longer, reaching beyond base of middle; claws much curved, compressed, 


Vireosylvia olivacea.: , 


acute. In the dried specimen entire basal joint of middle toe adherent to one 
and three-fourths joints of outer, and the whole basal joint of inner; the ad- 
hesion externally extending indeed a little over the second joint of middle toe.” 


VIREOSYLVIA, Bon. 


The following synopsis expresses the characters of the species of 
Vireosylvia as restricted :— 


Common CuaracTers.—All species olive above, white or yellowish beneath. 
An ashy or brownish cap, contrasting more or less abruptly with the olive 
back. A whitish superciliary stripe extending to the nape, and a dusky one 
to and behind the eye. No light bands on the coverts. Inside of wings 
(flanks sometimes) and crissum yellowish, otherwise usually white beneath. 


A. Bill lengthened; gape or commissure less than twice the 
distance from nostril to end of bill. Nospurious primary. 
Cap ashy, in contrast with olive green of back, edged 
with dusky, forming a faint supra-ocular dark 

stripe. A dusky stripe on each side of the chin. 
Superciliary stripe and cheeks, especially anterior 
to the eye, and the chin tinged with brown- 
ish-buff. Ash of head indistinctly defined, 
owing to a wash of olivaceous. Olive of 


1 In the following figures the left foot is always given, and from the outer 
side. 

2 In the fresh bird the whole of the basal joint of the inner toe is adherent 
to the first phalanx of the middle, the membrane reaching a very little above 
the distal end of the latter. The basal joint of the outer, and more than half 
of the second joint are likewise adherent to the middle toe, the membrane 
extending to the middle of the second joint. The basal joints are thus united 
into a palm, not cleft at all. The upper surfaces of this palm are covered 
with hexagonal, not quadrangular scales, arranged in a connected pavement 
in three series. When the toes are extended, the hinder reaches to a point 
intermediate between the slightly unequal lateral toes, and nearly to the 
midéle of the claw of the central toe. 


328 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


back tinged with brown, and a wash of olive 
across the breast 3 . . . 

Superciliary stripe and cheek grayish- Jwiitie: with- 
out any buff. Breast and chin quite pure 
white. Olive of back clear and pure; the 
ash of head well defined, and with little or 
no tinge of olive s . ‘ 

Cap distinctly ashy, in decided contrast selfh the olive 
back. No stripe on each side the chin. 

Outer quill about equal to, or very little shorter 
than the fourth. Second longest. Wing 
three inches long. 

Dusky edge of ashy cap very distinct. 
Sides but slightly olivaceous. Cris- 
sum and axillars faintly yellowish. 
Inner edge of quills white. Concealed 
portion of tail feathers wood brown. 
Bill and feet pale brown . . 5 

Outer quill about midway between fourth and 
fifth. Second usually longest. Wing three 
inches long. 

Dusky edge of cap and whitish super- 
ciliary line indistinct. Sides from 
neck broadly olive yellow. Crissum 
and axillars deep sulphur yellow. 
Concealed portion of tail feathers 
olive green. Inner edge of quills 
yellowish . . 

Outer quill shorter than fifth, idiioay ‘ieteaad 
fifth and sixth. Third quill longest. Wing 
not exceeding 2.80 inches. Dusky edge of 
cap very distinct. Concealed portion of tail 
feathers olive green. 

Sides broadly olivaceous. Crissum and 
axillars sulphur yellow, less than in 
flavoviridis. Length about 5.50. Wing 
2.80 . . : . 7 5 

Color of sides and crissum less intense. 
Size much smaller. Length 5.00. 
Wing 2.50. Tail feathers narrow 

B. Bill short, weak; gape more than twice the distance from 
nostril to end of bill. With spurious primary, except in 
philadelphicus. Cap not edged with dusky. 

No spurious primary. Cap ashy. Back olive. Under 
parts sulphur yellow, paler on chin and abdomen. 

Second primary rather shorter than the sixth . 

A short spurious primary, less than one-third the second 
quill. Beneath white. Cap ashy. Back olivace- 
ous ash. 


[part I. 


calidris. 


. barbatula. 


olivacea. 


« flavoviridis. 


. agilis. 


« chivi. 


philadelphica. 


VIREOSYLVIA. 829 


Second primary about equal to sixth, or longer. gilva. 
Second primary about equal to seventh. Bill 
much depressed . ‘ F 4 ‘ . swainsoni. 
Spurious primary longer, rather more than one-third 
the second quill. Cap brown. Back olive. Chin 
and throat white; rest of under parts sulphur 
yellow. 
Second primary about equal to seventh . - josephe. 


Vireosylvia calidris. 


? Motacilla calidris, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, 184; 12th ed. I, 
1766, 329 (based on Epwarps, tab. 121, fig. 2 (Jamaica).— Vireo- 
sylvia calidris, Barrp. 

? Muscicapa olivacea, Linn. 8. N. I, 1766, 327 (Muscicapa olivacea, Ep- 
WARDS, tab. 253, Jamaica). 

2 Vireo virens, Bopp. Tabl. Pl. enl. 1782 (based on Pl. enl. 273, fig. 1, 
Merle de St. Domingue). 

? Turdus hispaniolensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 822 (based on Merula 
olivacea dominicensis, Brisson, II, 296, St. Domingo). 

Muscicapa altiloqua, View. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 67, pl. 31 (St. Do- 
mingo).— Vireo altiloqgua, Gray, Genera.—Satuf, P. Z. §. 1857, 
231 (St. Domingo).—Marca, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 294 (Jamaica ; 
eggs).— Vireosylvia altiloqua, Bon. Consp. 1850, 330.—A. & E. New- 
ton, Ibis, 1859, 149 (Santa Cruz; eggs).—Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. 
VII, 1864, 99 (Sombrero).—??Scnarer & Satvin, P. Z. S. 1864, 
348 (Isthmus Panama!).—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1860, 375 (St. 
Thomas).—Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1861, 72 (Jamaica). —Is. Catal. 1861, 
43, no. 262. 

Vireo longirostris, Swatson, F. B. A. II, 1831, 237 (Jamaica). 

Phyllomanes mystacalis, Cap. Wieg. Arch. 1847; Orn. Not. II, 348 (West 
Indies). 

Vireosylvia olivacea, GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 194. 

Vireosylvia atripennis, Lawrence, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 106 (Sombrero). 


Hub. Jamaica, St. Domingo, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Santa Cruz, and 
Sombrero. 


(No. 23,324, %, .) Second and 3d quills equal, then 4th, the 1st intermediate 
between 4th and 5th, but nearer the former. 

Top of head dull ash color, the rest of upper parts olive green (also tinging 
the ash of head), washed very slightly with brownish; pure olivaceous only 
towards rump, and on the edges of quills and tail feathers ; the outer edges 
of greater secondary wing coverts more yellowish. Beneath white, tinged 
with greenish-yellow, the sides olivaceous, with a decided tinge of the same 
across the breast; the crissum, axillars, and edges of the inner wing coverts 
greenish-yellow. Inner edges of the primary quills nearly white, of the 
secondaries and of the tail féathers olivaceous-yellowish. 

A broad pale stripe from nostrils over the eye to nape, anteriorly tinged 
strongly with buff; a dusky stripe from commissure through the eye, and a 


830 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


still darker narrow line each side the chin along lower edge of under mandible, 
the space between this stripe and the one through the eye like the supra- 
ocular stripe, and like it, tinged anteriorly with buff; a decided indication of 
this color seen also on the chin. 

The ashy cap is so much overlaid with olivaceous as to be scarcely percep- 
tible, and without distinct outline; the outer edge is dusky as in V. olivaceus, 
but almost inappreciable. The primary quills are dark brown. 

(No. 23,958, %.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 3.25; tail, 2.50; difference of 
exposed portion of lst and 2d primary, .20; difference of 5th and 2d, .30; 
length of bill from forehead, .85, from nostril, .47, along gape, .90; tarsus, .75 ; 
middle toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .47, claw 
alone, .22, 

The quills in all the Jamaican specimens before me show great 
constancy in proportions, the second and third about equal, the 
former if anything slightly longer; the fourth next, the first (or 
outer) nearly midway between the fourth and fifth, sometimes a little 
nearer the latter. The same formula prevails in St. Croix and one 
Sombrero skin; in a St. Thomas specimen the first quill is but little 
longer than the fifth, in this respect more like the average of Cuban 
and Bahaman birds. 

The coloration as above described varies somewhat in other speci- 
mens, the buff wash on sides of head and chin being sometimes 
more decided, sometimes less so, but always appreciable. 

Messrs. Sclater & Salvin (P. Z. S. 1864, 348) refer to a specimen 
of “V altilogua” from the Isthmus of Panama. May not this be 
the V frenata of Dubus, from Ocafia, New Grenada ?! 

Vireosylvia atripennis, of Mr. Lawrence, from Sombrero island, 
differs in blacker quills and tail feathers, a dusky tinge on top of 
head, and to a less degree beneath, as also on the inner edges of 
quills and tail feathers. 

After a careful examination of the type specimen, however, I am 
unable to satisfy myself of its being really a distinct species. The 
quills and tail feathers are, it is true, darker than in V. calidris, but 
an investigation shows that to be due, in part at least; to a blackish 
foreign matter, partly deposited in grains, which can be rubbed off, 
and is removable to a considerable extent by benzine, but not by 
water. After washing the quills on one side in benzine, I found no 


t An identification of Vireosylvia frenata of Dubus (Bulletin de Bruxelles, 
XXII, I, "1855, 150; Ocafia, N. Grenada), if truly of this genus, with either V. 
calidris or een can hardly be justified. From the description it would 
seem to be much less olivaceous above (yellowish-ash), the top of the head 
pure ash; the quills and tail feathers ashy brown, margined with yellowish, 
very different from the two species just mentioned; the length of 194 centi- 
metres, or more than 74 inches, greatly exceeds their dimensions. 


VIREOSYLVIA. 331 


appreciable difference there from V. calidris, of Jamaica and St. 
Croix. The wing formula differs slightly in being 3. 2. 4. 5. 1.; the 
outer quill being a little shorter than the fifth. A second specimen 
from Sombrero is undistinguishable in coloration from Jamaican 
skins, and has the 1st quill intermediate between the fourth and fifth. 

In the absence of a larger number of specimens I cannot say what 
are the exact relationships of the St. Croix and St. Thomas birds 
to the Jamaican. The two before me I cannot in any way distinguish 
from some Jamaican skins, among which there is some variation. 
Specimens from Porto Rico and St. Domingo are also similar in 
general features. There is considerable variation in the size of bill 
in specimens ‘from the same locality. 

There can be little question that the figure of Edwards, upon 
which the name of Linnezus is based, refers to the Jamaican long-billed 
Vireo, although he does not satisfactorily express the color of the 
under parts. I have, therefore, restored calidris as the specific name. 

The Muscicapa olivacea, of Linneus, which has usually been con- 
sidered to refer to the North American red-eyed Vireo, is based on 
pl. 253 of Edwards’ Gleanings, which is unquestionably the Jamaican 
Vireo now under discussion. Linneus, however, associates with it 
the figure of Catesby, I, tab. 54, which is the North American bird. 
The name of M. calidris, at any rate, takes precedence of olivacea, 
as occurring in the 10th edition. 

Thirty specimens examined. 


{ 
Smith- Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No No. | Age. 2 
23/325 45 o& | Savannah le Mar, | Aug. 26, ’58.| Dr. Sclater. W. Osburn. 
23,324 ev o | Trelawney [Jam. | June 10, ’59. een I 
38,050 53 o | Spanishtown, Jam. | May, 1865. | W. Thos. March. | _..... 
38,048 | 53 | Q 7 7 “ He SUP esaaaiee 
87,584 ax o | Metcalfe Parish,‘ | April 2. Prof.G.N. Allen.| ——...... 
40,072 2s .. | Jeremie, Hayti. ae Prof. Agassiz. BP R. Uhler. 
6 Sz Rie os sree ie ‘ 
39,349 ae! +» | Porto Rico, N. side. is Geo. Latimer. 
89,350 a ate as the as 
39,351 an oa se cies R, Swift. 
as tus Sombrero Island. | April19,’64.| Cab. Lawrence, A. A. Julien. 
142 on April 1, ’64. e et 
oa St Thomas. pan oe [ton.} see 
St. Croix. 1858. Cab. A.& E.New-/| —...... 


( .) Type of V. atripennis. (40,072.) From alcohol. 


Vireosylvia barbatula. 


Phyllomanes barbatulus, Cas. Jour. III, 1855, 467 (Cuba).—Gunp1acg, 
Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba).—Is. Repertorio, Cuba, 1865. 

Vireo altiloquus, GamBuL, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1848, 127 (Florida).—Batrp, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 354 (Florida). 


332 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Vireosylvia altilugua, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1851, 152.—Is. Illust. 1254, 
8, and 221, pl. 37 (Florida).—Bryvant, Pr. Bost. Soc. V, 1859, 113 
(Bahamas).—Lawnence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1860 (Cuba). 


Hab. Cuba; the Bahamas, and Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (W. Coast.) 


(No. 259,58, 4, Cuba.) Proportion of quills as in V. calidris, 2.==3. 4.1. 5., 
but the tips of the quills closer together, and the 1st quill about half or a little 
less than half the distance 
between 5th and 4th; the 
quills narrower. 

Colors similar to those 
of V. calidris, but of a 
purer and paler olive 

25958 above; the back tinged 
with ash; the cap purer 
ash, and better defined, 
without olivaceous wash, 

Vireosylvia barbatula. (Cuba.) its dusky edge more dis- 

: tinct. The superciliary 

stripe whitish, or grayish, with the cheeks paler, and both, as well as the chin, 

without the buff tinge. Under parts nearly pure white, very faintly tinged 

across the breast with ashy; the sides olivaceous ; the crissum and axillars 
pale sulphur yellow. 

(No. 25,958, 3.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 3.15; tail, 2.50; difference of 
1st and 2d quills, .18, of 5th and 2d, .22; length of bill from forehead, .82, 
from nostril, .46, along gape, .89; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .60, claw 
alone, .21; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .23. 


The black-whiskered Vireos of Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida are 
distinguished by the characters just mentioned from the Jamaican 
species, and agree in coloration very well among themselves. While 
in V. calidris the first quill is, with scarcely an exception, about 
midway between the fourth and fifth, the second a little longer than 
the third, the tendency in the present series is to have the third quill 
rather the longer, and the first only equalling the fifth. Only in 
No. 17,711 and 25,958, from Cuba, and 34,513, from Nassau, is the 
first quill longer, or reaching nearly half way from the 5th to the 4th. 


Smith- Collec-| Sex When 

A 3 Fi 
ae PEs a Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
25,958 ae «. | Cuba, ais Dr. Gundlach. | ~~ ...... 
33,064 |. : “ era Senn eee ees 

= 243 as ae ae Cab, Lawrence, Dr. Gundlach, 
17,711 ie -. | Monte Verde, Cuba.| May 6. C. Wright, | ow... 
13,505 a .» | Nassau, N. P. Dec, 8,°59. | Dr. Bryant. | — ...... 
34,514 23+] .. te (Fla. | May 14, '64.| Lt.C.L.Fitzgerald.| = ...... 
24,282 243 a Charlotte Harbor, | June, 1848.| Dr. Heermann. | ...... 


VIREOSYLVIA. 833 


Vireosylvia olivacea. 


Muscicapa olivacea, Liny. §. N. I, 1766, 327 (based on Epwarps, tab. 
253, and Caressy, pl. 54).—Wiis. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 53, pl. xii 
fig. 3.—Lanius olivaceus, Licur. Verz. 1823, 49 (N. Amer.).— Vireo 
olivaceus, ViELu., Bon. Obs. Wils. 1826, 124.—Swains. F. B. A. II, 
1831, 233.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 150.—Is. B. A. IV, pl. 243.— 
Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 331.—Vireosylvia oliv. Bon., Geog. 
Comp. List, 1838.—Is. Consp. 1850, 329.—Remnuarpt, Vid. Med. 
f. 1853, 1854, 82 (Greenland).—Is. Ibis, III, 7.—Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 
1855, 151 (Bogota) ; 1859, 137, 363 (Xalapa).—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 
1861, 43, no. 261.—A. & E. Newron, Ibis, 1859, 145.—Scuarer & 
Savin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).—Lawrency, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 
VII, 1860, 246 (Cuba).—Ibis, 1864, 394 (Derby, Engl. May, 1859). 
—Phyllomanes oliv. Caz. Mus. Hein. 1850-51, 63.—Is. Jour. 1860, 
404 (Costa Rica).—Gunou. Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; very rare). 

?Vireo virescens, VintuL. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 84, pl. lili (Penna.).— 
? Gray, Genera, I, 267, pl. lxv. 

Vireo bogotensis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. VII, 1860, 227 (Bogota).—Law- 
rence, Ann. N. Y¥. Lyc. 1863 (Birds Panama, IV, No. 378). 


Hab. Whole of Eastern North America (Halifax, Greenland, Fort Simpson), 
west to base of Rocky Mts., reaching Fort Bridger and still further northward 
to Bitterroot Mts. and Kootenay; south to Panama and Bogota, in winter 
(Xalapa only in Mexico); very rare in Cuba (only West Indian locality). 
Accidental in England. 


(No. 1,418, $, Carlisle, Pa., May, 1844.) Upper parts olive green. Top of 
head, from bill to nape, ash color. A white line from nostrils above and 
beyond the eye, bordered above by a dusky line forming the edge of the ashy 
cap, and below by a similar, perhaps paler loral and post-ocular cheek stripe. 
Beneath, including tibie, white, with perhaps a tinge of olivaceous ash across 
the breast; the sides of neck like the back; sides of the body with a faint 
wash of olive. Axillars and crissum faintly tinged with sulphur yellow; lining 
of wings and its edge, the latter especially, nearly white. Quills blackish- 


40089 


she 7 


Vireosylvia olivacea, 


brown, edged externally, except at ends of primaries, with olive, internally 
with white. Tail feathers lighter brown, edged externally like the back, in- 
ternally with pale olivaceous-white. 

Bill dusky above, pale below; tarsi plumbeous ; iris red. 


334 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Female birds generally similar, but smaller. 

(No. 1,418, 4.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 6.33 ; expanse of wings, 
10.25 ; wing from carpal joint, 3.33. Prepared specimen : Total length, 5.75; 
wing, 3.20; tail, 2.50; difference between Ist and 2d primaries, .17, of 5th 
and 2d, .10, of 9th and longest, .86; length of bill from forehead, .70, from 
nostril, .42, along gape, .85; tarsus, .77; middle toe and claw, .t5, claw alone, 
-20; hind toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .21. 


In No. 1,418 the second quill is longest, the third and fourth a 
little shorter; the first or outer a little less than the fourth, much 
longer than the fifth. In other specimens the first quill is longer 
than the fourth; generally, it may be said, that the first quill is 
always (or with rare exceptions) nearly cqual to the fourth, some- 
times a little longer, sometimes a little shorter ; always much longer °* 
than the fifth, the second quill always longest of all. 

There is some variation in color in this species, both individual 
and seasonal. In No. 34,081, %, from Jowa, the colors are purer 
and brighter; the ash of crown dark and clear, without the olivace- 
ous wash so frequently met with. The dusky markings about the 
head are almost black, and there is almost no yellowish whatever on 
the crissum. 

Autumnal and late summer specimens are much more brightly - 
colored; the olive clearer, the gray of head more sharply defined, 
and the crissum and axillars with a strong tinge of yellowish. In 
only a single spring specimen out of twenty is there a positive, 
though still pale sulphur yellow crissum, all others showing this 
faintly or not at all. The most brightly colored autumnal skin in 
the series is No. 22,308 (Washington, October), in which the colors 
are nearly as vivid as in V. chivi, and perhaps answering to JV. 
virescens of Vieillot.? 

There is considerable difference in thickness, and some in the length 


' In the article on Vireonide, in the Pacific R. R. Report, page 333 (Birds 
N. America) I have given the name of V. virescens, Vieillot, to the Bartramian 
Vireo, V. agilis. In this, however, I am now satisfied I was wrong. The 
specific name was based by Vieillot (Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXXVI, 1819, 
104) on a bird killed in New Jersey. He describes the top of the head as 
“blackish ;” the figure, however, distinctly represents a black line bordering the 
crown, and above the light supra-ocular stripe. The quills and tail feathers 
are said to be edged with greenish, the lower tail coverts to be yellowish, the 
length 4.60. Nothing is said about the proportions of the quills. In view 
of all the circumstances, locality, etc., it is very probable that this description 
belongs to a young, perhaps autumnal V. o/ivacea, a name apparently unknown 
to Vieillot. There is no indication in the description of the very bright colors 
of V. chivi or agilis, the olive being described as having a strong grayish tinge. 


VIREOSYLVIA. 335 


of bill. Young birds have considerably shorter bills, the colors less 
vivid, but otherwise similar to the adults. 

I find no appreciable differences in specimens from Guatemala, 
Panama, and Bogota, either in size or other characters, which can- 
not be readily matched by northern skins. 

The name of Linneus, cited for this species, is based by him on 
pl. 253 of Edwards’ Gleanings, and on pl. 54 of Catesby’s Carolina; 
the former, however, and that first mentioned, being unquestionably 
the Jamaican V. calddris, while the latter refers to the subject of the 
present article. A strict adherence to the rule of priority may re- 
quire the name “olivaceus,” therefore, to be thrown aside, and some 
other, as “virescens,” Vieill., adopted; but as Catesby’s plate has 
priority of Edwards’, we may perhaps consider the priority of quota- 
tion as neutralized, and leave ‘‘olivaceus” for the species. A similar 
question exists in reference to the proper specific name of the North 
American “ Mimus polyglottus.” Iam not quite satisfied, however, 
that either of these names should be retained. 

About one hundred and thirty specimens have been examined, 
from various localities throughout the whole eastern province of the 
United States. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. és Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 

26,933 Eo .. | Halifax, N.S. Hats W.G. Winton, | —...... 
1,418 os do | Carlisle, Pa. May 1,’44. | S.F. Baird. | «see 
1,435 fea Me May 3, 44. nn: ete 
1.440 ) “ “e « 

29,245 | 737 | of 


Washington, D.C. | April 26,’60.) Dr. E. Coues. 


32,274 tie .. | Liberty County, Ga. Jos. Leconte. 
3,823 sae .. | Eutaw, Ala. aii Prof. Winchell. 
19,554 | 620 Q | Fort Resolution. June 7. R. Kennicott. 
22,678 | 509 .. | Fort Simpson. June 22, °60.| B. R. Ross, 
27.035 ee .. | Selkirk Settlement. eis Geo. M’Tavish. 
21,049 ie si re A a8 Donald Gunn. 
39,3538 re 2 Cook County, Tl. June 9, '64. | R. Kennicott. 
24,287 is .. | Neosho Falls. Summer. B. F. Goss. 
34,358 | 318 o | Republican Fork. | May 26, 64.) Dr. E. Coues, 
19,084 57 © | Fort Cobb, Ark. May 25,60. | J. H. Clark. 
21,945 | 540 .. | Pack River, W. T. 
Kootenay. June 14,’60.| A. Campbell. 
22.043 96 .» | Bitterroot Valley. | Sept. 4, ’60.! Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
il 063 xa .. | Fort Bridger. Sept. 1, 57 C. Drexler. 
13,181 as Q | Missouri River, 800 
miles ab. St. Louis. iia Lt, Mullan. 
3,4181 51 do | Sioux City.Iowa. | May 20, ’64.| Capt. J Feilner. 
8,695 ox .. | Fremont,Platie Riv. see Lt. Warren. Dr Hayden. 
6,813 16 o , Devil's River, Tex. ceive Col. Graham. J. H. Clark. 
6,814 aa -» | Western Texas, ae Capt. J. Pope. | — ..eeee 
13,602 i .» | Guatemala. om J.Gould. fee ee 
si 163 ae BS ane Cab. Lawrence. | ~~ ...... 
33,298 es -» | San Jose, C. R. wisi J Carmiol. |  — seseee 
29,550 a6 +» | Costa Rica. site Berlin Mus. | see 
we She -. | Panama R, R, ies Cab. Lawrence. M’Leannan, 
32,290 wi .. | Bogota. eas G.N. Lawrence. | —....... 
34,623 c oe “f J. H, Roome. nC co 


~ (21,945.) With eggs. 


336 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. 


Vireosylvia flavoviridis. 


Vireosylvia flav. Cassin, Pr. A. N. 8c. V, Feb. 1851, 152.—Is. VI, pl. ii 
(Panama).—Sciarer, P. Z. 8. 1856, 298 (Cordova).—Is. 1859, 375 
(Oaxaca; April).—Is. Catal. 1861, 44, no. 264.—ScnaterR & Satvin, 
Ibis, I, 1859 12 (Guatemala).— Vireo flav. Barro, Birds N. Am. 
1858, 332.—Phyllomanes flav. Cas. Jour. 1861, 93 (Costa Rica). 


Hab. From northern border of Mexico to Isthmus of Panama, especially on 
west side. 


(No. 3,976, 4.) Above olive green; the whole top of head and nape ash 
color, the edges of this cap, and a loral line dusky, but not very decidedly so. 
A grayish-white line from 
nostrils over the eye. Be- 
neath white, the sides of the 
neck, breast, and body bright 
olivaceous-yellow ; the axil- 
lars and crissum rich sul- 
phur yellow. On the breast 
the yellow extends almost 
to the median line, the color 
of opposite sides separated 

Vircosylvia fluvoviridis. (Panama.) by a narrow interval. Quills 

dusky brown; margined ex- 

ternally, except at ends of primaries, with olive green, iuternally with grayish- 

white of a decided yellow shade. Tail feathers dark olivaceous-brown, bright 
olive externally, internally olivaceous-yellow. Iris yellow or “red.” 

Bill horn-color, paler below. Legs plumbeous. Wings long and pointed. 
Second and 3d quills nearly equal; 4th a little less; 1st about intermediate 
between 4th and 5th. 

(No. 3,976.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 3.20; tail, 2.60; difference of Ist 
and 2d quills, .30, of 2d and 5th, .15, of 9th and longest, .70; length of bill 
from forehead, .70, from nostril, .45, along gape, .85; tarsus, .70; middle toe 
and claw, .58, claw alone, .14; hind toe and claw, .42, claw alone, .20. 


Specimens appear to vary somewhat in intensity of coloration, 
size and shape of bill, and in dimensions, but little otherwise. The 
sexes are similar. The wing formula above mentioned is the preva- 
lent, though in a few instances the first quill is about equal to or a 
very little less than the fifth. 

This species is of about the size of V. olivacea, or a little larger; 
the tail longer proportionally, the wings shorter and much less 
pointed. The wing formula is much the same, but the difference of 
the shortest and longest primaries is about .70, instead of .90, as in 
olivacea. The bills are not dissimilar; the coloration, however, 
appreciably different. The dusky lines over and through the eye 
are much less vivid, the white one less distinct. The decided olive 
yellow of the entire side of body from neck to crissum, extending 


VIRUOSYLVIA. 337 


beyond the closed wings and encroaching on the front part of the 
breast, is never seen in olivacea, where any olive is concealed. The 
crissum and axillars are much brighter yellow; the inner edges of 
the quills yellowish, not white. The tail feathers are decidedly 
olivaceous in their concealed portion, not clear brown; and the 
olivaceous of the back is much brighter and more yellow. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll Fi d Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. SMSCtee: 
3,976 | 172 ¢ | Monterey, Mex. sis Lt. D. N. Couch. 
3,977 | 178 | ¢ “ a im 
34,021 0 ess Mazatlan, Mex. Junel6, ’62.| Col. A.J. Grayson, 
34,023 000 aa ~ “ “ “ 
34,024 | 0000 ox “ (ma, Mex. ae es 
23,787 | 151 ats Rosario, near Coli-| June, 1863. | J. Xantus, 
23,782 | 157 a ee BFS Co)? ae oa Renee 
23,790 | 164 ae se SES 3) go aera 
30,504 | 134 a San Jose, C. R. aan Dr. v. Frantzius, 
30,505 179 se &6 acai s 
33,296 | 133 a a or a 
33,297 ce on st eit J. Carmiol. 
38,929 an a8 Isthmus Panama. | Jan. 25,°65.| F. Hicks. 
34,608 oe ie as ait J. H. Roome. 
gk 170 a en baste Cab. Lawrence. 
38,928 ee o Panama. Jan. 12, ’65.| F. Hicks. 


(3,976.) Eyes yellow. (38,929.) Eye red. (38,928.) Eye chocolate. 


Vireosylvia chivi. 


Sylvia chivi, Vizwn. Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817, 174 (based on Azara, Con- 
tramestre Gaviero, Apuntam. II, 34, no. 152).—Is. Encyclop. 
Méth. 1823, 437. 


Hab. La Plata region; north to Bahia. 


(No. 16,340, 9.) General distribution of color the same as in V. olivacea. 
The concealed portion of tail feathers more olivaceous than brown. The 
inner edges of the quills pale olivaceous- 
yellow, of the rectrices brighter yellow. 

Sides of the body greenish-yellow. Axil- 

lars and crissum sulphur yellow. Super- 

ciliary dusky stripe deep and distinct. 

Bill plumbeous, dusky above, pale at the A 
base below. L—__—— 

Third quill longest; 2d and 4th very 
little shorter; Ist shorter than the 5th, 
nearly intermediate between it and the Vireosylvia chivi. (Vermeijo Riv.) 
6th. 

(No. 16,340.) Total length, 4.95; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.10; width of lateral 
feather, .25; difference of 1st and 2d quills, .14, of 1st and 3d, .21, of 2d and 
5th, .09, of 3d (longest) and 9th, .54; length of bill from forehead, .59, from 
nostril, .35, along gape, .67; tarsus, .65 ; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, 
-14; hind toe and claw, .43, claw alone, .15. ; 

A male bird, No. 30,973, from the Vermejo, is of precisely the same size. 

22 May, 1866. 


20973 


338 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part 1. 


In a pretty extensive series of specimens of South American 
Vireos, which have been referred to V. chivi, agilis, bartramit, etc. 
of authors, supposed to be synonyms of the same species, I find 
considerable differences which apparently indicate the presence of 
two or even three. species, differing almost too much in size and 
coloration to be considered the same. I have therefore selected the 
specimens from Captain Page’s Paraguay expedition as typical of 
. the oldest name, V. chivi, based on Azara’s descriptions. These 
specimens, two in number, agree with Azara’s bird in the small size ; 
the coloration is less intense than in the rest, the yellow of the under 
parts being not much brighter than in olivaceus, but as a spring 
plumage this is to be expected, if, as is probable, Azara’s descrip- 
tion was taken from autumnal birds. 

The great inferiority in size to V. olivaceus, and the difference in 
the wing formula, will at once distinguish this species or race. The 
coloration of No. 16,340 is almost precisely that of No. 1,418, the 
type of the description of V. olivaceus, the olive being only a little 
deeper, the axillars brighter yellow. 

If there are two species of South American Vireos of the chivi 
type, as suggested, the more southern appears to be the smaller 
and the northern one the larger, although not closely restricted. 
Thus a specimen in the collection labelled ‘‘ Buenos Ayres,” possibly 
erroneously, however, is as large as the largest, while two from 
Bahia are as small as the La Plata skins described. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
i i i When F 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. - Received from Collected b 
No. No. | Age. Collected. y 


10,173?) .. Bahia, Brazil. rats Dr. G.yCabanis. | ...... 

i 158 ae ue Go ode Cab. Lawrence. | — ...... 
16,340 | 115 Q Brazil. Oct. 1859, | Capt. Page, Expl. Chr. Wood. 
20,973 37 fol Vermejo River. Feb. 1860. “* [of Parana. Be 


Vireosylvia agilis. 


Lanius agilis, Licut. Verz. Doubl. 1823, no. 526 (Bahia, Brazil).— 
? Thamnophilus agilis, Sprx, Av. Bras. II, tab. xxxiv, fig. 1.—Phyllo- 
manes agilis, Burm. Th. Bras. Vogel, II, 1856, 108.—Vireosylvia 
agilis, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1860, 64, 273 (Ecuador).—Is. Catal. 1861, 
44, no. 263 (Bogota, etc.). 

Vireo bartramii, Swatnsoy, F. B. A. II, 1831, 235 (not of Avp.). 

Vireosylvia virescens, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1851, 151.—Scuarer, P. Z. S. 
1855, 151 (Bogota).— Vireo virescens, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 
333 (Brazil), not of Viernn. 


Hab. South America; south to Buenos Ayres, Ecuador, Guatemala. 


VIREOSYLVIA. 339 


(No. 2,034.) Similar to V. olivacea in olive of upper parts, lead colored 
cap edged with blackish, a whitish superciliary, and dusky loral stripe. 
Sides, however, more conspicuously olivace- 
ous yellow; axillars and crissum purer yel- 8050 
low ; inner edges of quills and tail feathers 
pale, but distinctly yellowish ; rest of under 
parts greenish-white. 

Third quill longest; 2d and 4th scarcely A 
less ; 1st intermediate between 5th and 6th. 

(No. 2,034.) Total length, 5.50; wing, 
2.80 ; tail, 2.35 ; width of outer feather, .30; 
difference of Ist and 3d primaries, .27, of 2d 
and 5th, .15, of 3d and 9th, .54; length of 
bill from forehead, .66, from nostril, .37, along gape, .77; tarsus, .70; middle 
toe and claw, .53; hind toe and claw, .44 (claw broken). 


Vireosylvia agilis. (Guatemala,) 


The ashy cap does not extend over the nape, and is rounded off 
behind, leaving the sides of occiput olive. 

A specimen from Trinidad, belonging to Mr. A. Newton, differs in 
much brighter and deeper olive and yellow shades; the ash of cap 
extends farther back on the nape, but is rather rounded behind. 
The concealed portion of the tail feathers is almost as distinctly 
olive as the back. The wing is unusually long, measuring 2.95; the 
first quill is about equal to the fifth; the difference of shortest and 
longest, quills .62. 

Another specimen (No. 8,050, from Guatemala), which may pos- 
sibly belong even to a different species, is equally bright in colora- 
tion with preceding, and the ash of cap extends still more over the 
nape, widening behind; the posterior outline almost transverse. The 
tail feathers are broader (.35) ; the wing shorter (2.75) ; the first quill 
intermediate between the fifth and sixth; the difference of longest 
and shortest quills .55. One from Ecuador, referred here, in poor 
condition, differs in some minor points. One from Buenos Ayres, 
again, is unusually large, the tail longer, the wing equal to the 
Trinidad specimen. 

Compared with V. chivi, of the La Plata region, this species, as 
described above, is considerably larger, and in size nearer to V. oli- 
vacea; the wings are more pointed, the olive yellow and yellow of 
the sides and under parts brighter and more distinct. 

From JV. olivacea it differs in the much brighter coloration of 
the under parts, and in the wing formula, as well as in inferior size. 
In many points of coloration it bears a close resemblance to V. flavo- 
viridis. It is, however, smaller and less brightly colored, and the 
olive yellow of the sides does not encroach so much on the breast. 
There is also an appreciable difference in the markings of the head, 


340 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


the dusky edges of the cap, and the dark loral line, relieved against 
a whitish superciliary stripe, so distinct in olivacea and agilis, being 
scarcely or much less appreciable in flavoviridis. The wings are 
more rounded in agilis; the first quill considerably shorter than 
fifth, instead of being nearly equal or longer. 

This species, whether what I describe as V. chivi be the same or 
not, scarcely extends north of Continental South America—the skin 
from Guatemala, just mentioned, being almost the only one quoted, 
and the locality of this may possibly be erroneous, even if the bird be 
not of a different species. I have never found any indication of the 
occurrence of any bird of this type in the West Indies or North 
America in recent times.* 

It is quite probable that the careful comparison of a larger number 
of good specimens of Vireos of the type of chivi and agilis may re- 
sult in establishing the existence of one or two more species; that 
from ‘‘ Guatemala” (No. 8,050), at least, is different in several points 
from the rest, and I had provisionally named it before concluding 
that it was best to allow the decision of the question to rest upon 
the examination of a better series. 


| 


Smith- Collec-| Sex When 
pantie rs and Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
oO. 0. ge. : 
10,174 its g S. Brazil. ake Dr. Cabanis, | — ws... 
203 te oe Braet ” mats S. F. Baird. Langsdorff. 
15,070 oe . uenos Ayres. ee J. K. Townsend. | ~~ ...... 
34,091 a aS peeaeeuece ovis Prof. Jameson. | = ..eee 
os is ae rinidad. ete Cab. A.&E,New-| ~~... 
8,050 ate oe “Guatemala.” aa J. Gould. {ton vaeeee 


(8,050.) ‘* Perhaps erroneous locality.” 


Vireosylvia philadelphica. 


Vireosylvia philadelphica, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Feb. 1857, 153.—Is. 
VI, pl. i, fig. 1 (Philadelphia).—Scnarer & Satvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 


' [have never met with a bird agreeing with the description of Vireo bar- 
tramii, of Audubon. The proportions of the body and the quills are much as 
in V. agilis. The tail, however, is said to be “wood-brown margined with 
paler,” instead of olivaceous; and the lower parts “white, the breast tinged 
with pale yellow, and the throat and sides with gray,” instead of being white 
below ; the crissum bright sulphur yellow, the flanks yellowish-olive. The 
crown (not the nape) is ‘“‘deep gray, bordered by a line of blackish,” which 
separates it from all known North American species, excepting V. olivaceus 
and barbatulus, from which the proportions of the quills are entirely different. 

If, therefore, this species be really as described by Audubon, it has been 
entirely unnoticed since his time, although distinct, and should be carefully 
sought for by ornithologists in the Eastern United States. 


VIREOSYLVIA. 341 


12 (Guatemala).— Vireo philadelphicus, Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 
335, pl. 78, fig. 3. 

Vireosylvia cobanensis, ScLatER, P. Z. S. 1860, 463 (Coban).—Is. Ann, 
Mag. N. H. 1861, 328. 


Hab. Eastern North America to Hudson’s Bay and Maine, south to Costa 
Rica and Guatemala. Not recorded from Mexico or West Indies. 


(No. 20,643, 4.) Above dark olive green, tinged with plumbeons ash ex- 
cept on the rump; top of head and nape purer plumbeous ash, not edged with 
dusky, the line of demarcation in- 
distinct. Beneath light sulphur 
yellow, paler and almost white on 
chin and middle of abdomen; sides 
more olivaceous. A whitish stripe 
from bill over eye, as also a patch a 

ve Pp 4364. 
beneath it and the eyelids ; a dusky 
loral and post-ocular spot. Quills Je 
and rectrices brown, edged exter- 
nally with olive, internally with Vireosylvia philadelphica. 
whitish; the larger coverts with 
paler outer edges. Bill blackish, paler plumbeous below. Legs plumbeous. 
Spurious outer or first quill (seen in gilva) wanting; the outer about equal 
to 5th; 3d longest; 2d and 4th not much shorter. 

(No. 20,643, 4.) Total length, 4.80; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.25; difference be- 
tween outer and longest primary, .28, of longest and innermost, .62; length 
of bill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .30, along gape, .61; tarsus, .65 ; middle 
toe and claw, .52; hind toe and claw, .44. 


f" 


Specimens vary somewhat in purity of tints, and especially in in- 
tensity of yellow of under parts, which color is deeper in autumnal 
skins. 

I regret that I led Mr. Sclater into an error by informing him that 
the Vireo subsequently described by him as V. cobanensis was differ- 
ent from V. philadelphica. The skin forwarded for examination by 
him appeared to differ in some noticeable points, but those subse- 
quently received from Mr. Salvin and other sources agree exactly 
with specimens from Wisconsin and Hudson’s Bay. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex Wh 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Coll fed Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. guecteds 

20,643 74 .- | Moose Factory, H.B.| June 2,’60.| C. Drexler, = | wa eee 

35,115 27 .. | Waterville, Me. May 21, ’63.| Prof C.E, Hamlin.}| —...... 
4,364 ee .. | Cleveland, 0. aia Dr. Kirtland. | — ....ee 
6,841 o o | Dane County, Wis. sae Th. Kumlien, =| sae ee 

18,572 ae +» | Coban, Guat. or Dr. Selater, | enna 

20,401 ne a oe setts O Salvin, | sane 

Ps 171 -.» | Guatemala. aig Cab. Lawrence. |  eeeeee 
83,300 ie «- | San Jose, C. R. Jan.12,’64.| J. Carmiol. = | sae 


(18,572.) Type of V. cobanensis. (33,300.) Iris brown. 


342 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PaRT L 


Vireosylvia gilva. 
Muscicapa gilva, Vien. Ois. I, 1807, ‘65, pl. xxxiv.— Vireo gilvus, Bon. 
Obs. Wils. 1825, no. 123.—Avp. Orn. Biog. II, pl. 118.—Is. Birds 
Am. IV, pl. 241.—Bainp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 335.— Vireosylvia 
gilva, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se. 1851, 153.—Scrarer, P. Z. S. 1856, 298 
(Cordova) ; (?) 1858, 302 (Oaxaca; June) (perhaps V. swainsoni). 
Muscicapa melodia, Wits. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 85, pl. Zlii, fig. 2. 


Hab. Eastern North America to Fort Simpson. Cordova and Oaxaca only 
southern localities recorded. Not West Indian. 


(No. 1,017, 9.) Above olive green, strongly glossed with ashy; the head 
and nape above more distinctly ashy, but without decided line of demarcation 
behind, and without dusky 
edge; rump purer olive. Stripe 
from nostrils over eye to nape, 
eyelids, and space below eye 
creamy white. Aratherdusky 
post-ocular and loral spot, the 
latter not extending to the bill. 
Under parts white, with tinge 
of greenish-yellow (occasion- 

Vireosylvia gilua, (Pennsylvania.) ally of creamy fulvous or buff), 

especially on breast; sides 

more olivaceous. Crissum and axillars scarcely more yellowish. Quills and 

rectrices wood brown, edged internally with whitish, externally with olivace- 

ous, except perhaps on longer primaries. Edge of wing white. Larger wing 

coverts grayish-brown, with paler edges, and no trace of olivaceous. Bill 
horn color above, paler below. \ 

First quill very short or spurious ; 2d about equal to, generally rather longer 
than 6th; 3d longest; 4th, then 5th a little shorter. 

(No. 1,017, 9.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.33; expanse of wings, 
8.35 ; wing from carpal joint, 2.85. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.80; 
wing, 2.75; tail, 2.25; difference of 3d and 10th quills, .73 ; exposed portion 
of Ist primary, .58, of 2d, 1.88, of longest (measured from exposed base of 
1st primary), 2.12; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .28, along 
gape, .63 ; depth of bill, .15 ; tarsus, .65 ; middle toe and claw, .51, claw alone, 
17; hind toe and claw, .41, claw alone, .19. 


The preceding description is from a female specimen which does 
not differ appreciably from the male, but is a little smaller Young 
and autumnal specimens are perhaps a little more brightly colored. 


VIREOSYLVIA. 343 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

soniaa| tor's { and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. al 
1,016 ae og | Carlisle, Pa. May 24, °43.| SF. Baird, | «se. 
1,017 ee “ “ “ 

10,115 a o& | Washington. aia J. C. M'Guire. 

29,275 | 784 fof aK May 5, ’60. E. Cones, 

19,553 93 g | Fort Simpson. May 22, °60.| B. R. Ross. 

27,035 - .. | Selkirk Settlement, ure Gov. Mactavish. 
4,729 3 | Missouri River. May 9, '57. Lt. Warren. 
5,305 ist 2 Fort Lookout. June 15, ’56, ca 

35,405 |1,905 .» | Evanston, Ill. aise Chicago Acad. 

25,240 ae -. | Cairo, ILL tts J. K. Townsend. 


Vireosylvia swainsoni. 


Vireo swainsoni, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 336 (Pacific coast). 
Vireo bartramii, Swainson, F. B. A. II, 1831, 235 (in part; spec. from 


i Columbia River ?). 


Hab. United States, from Rocky Mountains to Pacific coast. 


(No. 5,321, 4.) Similar to V. gilva, but smaller; colors paler. Bill more 
depressed. Upper mandible 
almost black. Second quill _ 


much shorter than 6th. x 
(No. 5,521, .) Totallength, —- 
4.75; wing, 2.71; tail, 2.35; A 


difference between 10th quill A 
and longest, .58 ; exposed por- 

tion of 1st primary, .58, of 2d, 

1.82, of longest (measured 

from exposed base of 1st pri- Vireosylvia swainsoni. (California.) 

mary), 2.10; length of bill : 

from forehead, .56, from nostril, .29, along gape, .65 ; depth of bill, .13; tarsus, 
-70; middle toe and claw, .56; hind toe and claw, .43. 


12891 


In the article on Vireo gilvus, in the Pacific R. R. Report (Birds 
N. America), I pointed out certain differences between western and 
eastern specimens, and applied the provisional name of V. swainsont 
to the former. An examination of many additional specimens since 
that time has only tended to confirm the impression of the existence 
of two species, the differences noted, though apparently slight, 
being constant and readily appreciable. In the western bird (V. 
swainsont) the bill is darker in color, much smaller, and more de- 
pressed, the depth at the base being less than the width, instead of 
being equal to it. The wing is more rounded, the second quill much 
shorter than the sixth, generally shorter or but little longer than the 
seventh. In eastern specimens (V. gilva) the second quill is about 
equal to the sixth. The second quill is about .30 of an inch (or 
more) shorter than the longest in swatnsoni, while in gilva it is 


344 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [pant L 


only about .20 shorter. The feet of swainsoni are weaker, and the 
colors generally paler and grayer. “Iris dark brown” (Cowes). 


i 

Smith- Collec-| Sex R 
sonian_ tor’s | and Locality. Pte a Received from Collected by 

No. | No. | Age. : 
21,946 | 546 o | Clark’s Fork, Col. | June7,’60. | A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly. 
21,917 | 539 a “ (River. | June 1, ’60. ea 

6,826 se Steilacoom, W. T. on Dr. Suckley. 

5,915 ni aif es tes Dr. Cooper. 

5,521 | 747 og | Petaluma, Cal. May, 1856. | E. Samuels. 
12,891 | 2,091 .. | Napa Valley. ga A. J. Grayson. 
25,399 |2,336 | .. | Fort Tejon, Cal. Sept. 15,’57.| John Xantus. 
11,065 aie Q | Fort Bridger. June 3,758. | C. Drexler. 
11,066 ¢ “ [gwyu,N.M.} May 26, °58. a se 
13,118 os & | Cantonment Bur- sag Dr.W.W.Ander-} se aeee 
37,006 | 594 ¢ | Fort Whipple, Ar. | Aug.13,’64.| Dr. E. Coues, =| ww weee 
40,695 |1,398 | 9 “ May 8, '65. a Seoet 


Vireosylvia josephez. 
Vireo josephz, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1859, 137, pl. 154 (Pallatanga, Ecua- 
dor).—Is. Catal. 1861, 42, no. 257. 


Hab. Ecuador to Costa Rica; Pueito Cabello. 


(No. 34,667.) First primary short, about two-fifths the 2d, which is about 
equal to the 8th or 9th; the 4th and 5th about equal and longest. (These 
proportions the same in five 

specimens.) 


——s Above olive; greener and 
4X oe brighter on the rump, becom- 


ing brownish anteriorly, or 
more truly olive; the top and 
sides of head, with nape, olive 
brown. A broad stripe from 
nostrils over and beyond eye 
to nape, and a patch beneath 
it and eyelids quite pure 
white, leaving the lores and a 
post-ocular stripe like the head. Cheeks tinged with olive. Chin and throat 
whitish ; rest of under parts yellow, deepest on sides and crissum. Sides of 
breast tinged with brownish-olive. Quills and tail feathers brown, edged ex- 
ternally with olive green, internally with pale yellow. No bands on the wings, 
but the greater coverts of a paler olivaceous than elsewhere. Bill dusky 
above, paler below; legs plumbeous. “Iris brown.” 

(No. 34,667, 4.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.70; tail, 2.20; exposed por- 
tion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed 
base of 1st primary), 2.18; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, ’.32, 
along gape, .71; tarsus, .07; middle toe and claw, .51; hind toe and claw, .38. 


32511 


Vireosylvia josephe. (Puerto Cabello.) 


Of the five specimens before me, one, No. 27,947, from Bogota, 
furnished by Mr. Sclater as a type of his species, differs in the ex- 
istence of an ochry brown tinge on the crissum, tail feathers, and 


VIREOSYLVIA. 345 


ends of primaries. It is possible that this may be an extraneous 
feature, as it has somewhat the appearance of a stain, and is not 
mentioned by Sclater. The chin and throat are rather more yellow- 
ish. There is, as far as I can see, no specific difference between 
this specimen and the others, the yellow of under parts, if anything, 
being there the deepest. The original description and figure, from 
an Ecuador (Pallatanga) series, represent the under parts as much 
whiter than in the present specimens, and it is barely possible that 
two species may be involved.. 

This species is markedly different from any other, and scarcely 
needs comparison. The proportions of quills are quite peculiar, and 
the brown cap, with the olive back is decidedly unique. In general 
form it constitutes a transition from V. gilva to V. noveboracensis. 


Smith c 1 
mith- Collec-| Sex 
i i When . 
sonian! tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. 


27,947 | 257 or Bogota. eit Dr. Sclater. 
32,511 an, ae Puerto Cabello. cae J. Krider. 
34,667 a fo Barranca, C, R. April 16,’64 J. Carmiol. 
34,668 co} “ “ “6 
41.269 ¢ re Sept. 30, '65, a 
35,241 o Dota, C R. July 28, as 


(35, 241.) Iris brown. 


LANIVIREO, Baird. 


Common Caaracrers.—A broad stripe from bill to and around but not beyond 
the eye. Two broad whitish bands across wing coverts. Bill plumbeous. 
A. Without spurious primary. Head above olive green. 
Line from bill to and around eye yellow. 
Back olive green like head ; throat and breast yellow ; 
rump and upper tail covert ashy ‘ « flavifrons. 
B. With spurious primary. Head above plumbeous. Line 
from bill to and around eye white. 
Back, edges of wing and tail olive green; sides of 
breast greenish-yellow. Wing 3.00. 
Upper tail coverts olive green; base of crissum 
sulphur yellow; sides of neck ash color; 
no yellow on side of throat 7 : . solitaria. 
Upper tail coverts ashy; crissum white; sides 
of neck olive green; side of throat tinged 
with yellow . . . . . + propinqua. 
Whole upper parts plumbeous, faintly olive towards 
rump. Beneath white, with only a very faint 
trace of olive on flanks, Wing 3.25 . . » plumbea, 


346 


REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


Vireosylvia flavifrons. 


Vireo flavifrons, Vici. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 85, pl. liv.—Avp. Orn. 
Biog. II, 1834, pl. 119.—Is. Birds Am. IV, pl. 238.—Cassin, Pr. A. 
N. Sc. 1851, 149.—Sciarer, P. Z. S. 1857, 227 (Vera Cruz) ; 1860, 
257 (Orizaba).—Scrarer & Saxvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 12 (Guatemala). 
—Cas. Jour. III, 468 (Cuba; winter).—Gunpxacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 


Hab. Eastern United States, south to Costa Rica. 


324 (Cuba; rare).—Cas. Jour. 1860, 405 (Costa Rica).— 


[PART I. 


Vireo 


(Lanvwireo) flav. Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 341. 
Muscicapa sylvicola, Wits. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 117, pl. vii, f. 3. 


Very rare in Cuba. 


(No. 28,390.) Head and neck above and on sides, with interscapular region, 


bright olive green. 


i 


(Carlisle, Pa.) 


Vireosylvia tavifrons, 2 


Lower back, rump, tail, and wing coverts ashy. Wings 


brown, with two white bands 
across the coverts, the outer 
edges of inner secondaries, and 
inner edges of all the quills, 
with inside of wing white. 
Outer primaries edged with 
gray, the inner with olive. 
Tail feathers brown, entirely 
encircled by a narrow edge of 
white. Under parts to middle 
of body, a line from nostrils 


over eye, eyelids and patch beneath the eye (bordered behind by the olive of 


neck) bright gamboge yellow; 


rest of under parts white, the flanks faintly 


glossed with ashy. Lores dusky. Bill and legs plumbeous black. 
No spurious primary evident; 2d quill longest ; 1st a little shorter than 3d. 
Length, 5.80; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.00; difference of longest and innermost 
quills, .90; tarsus, .73. 


Autumnal birds, perhaps more especially the young, are more 
glossed with olivaceous, which invades the ashy portions, and tinges 


the white. 
Smith-|Collec-| Sex e When 
sonian| tor’s | and ocality. Received from Collected b 
a No. | Age. y Collected. y 
8,397 te o& | Carlisle, Pa. May 7, °47 8. F. Baird, 
2,217 e 2 ‘A May 3, 1847.} . ie 
12,228 é fo Wushington, D.C. | April30,'59 | C. Drexler. 
28,924 . fon oe April 27,’61.| E. Coues. 
32,279 oe .. | Liberty County, Ga. ah Jos. Leconte, 
oi . .» | Union County, Ill. R. Kennicott. 
7,423 ase es Cleveland, O sees Dr, Kirtland, 
8,340 Chaar Independence, Mo, | June13,’57.| Dr. Cooper. 
9,113 |32,614 | g | Coban, Guat. aisha Verreaux, 
13,629 oe -. | Guatemala. J Gould. 
159 | .. i oes Cab. Lawrence. 
35,240 a .. | Grecia, C. R. Dec. 3, ‘64, | J. Carmiol. 
33,299 us San Jose, C. R. ios we 
29,229 @ | Punta Arenas, C. R.| Mar. 18, ’62,) Capt. J. M. Dow. 


VIREOSYLVIA. 347 


Vireosylvia solitaria. 


Muscicapa solitaria, Wits. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 143, pl. xvii, fig. 6. 
Vireo solitarius, Visit. Nouv. Dict. XI, 1817.—Avup. Orn. Biog. I, 
pl. 23.—In. Birds Am. IV, 1842, pl. 239.—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se. 
1851, 150.—Scnarer, P. Z. S. 1856, 298 (Cordova); 1859, 363 
(Xalapa) ; 375 (Oaxaca ?).—Is, Catal. 1861, 42, no. 255 ?—ScuaTeR 
& Saxvin, Ibis, 1860, 31 (Guatemala).—Cas. Jour. III, 468 (Cuba). 
—Gunp.acg, Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; very rare).— Vireo (Lani- 
vireo) sol. Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 329. 

?Vireo cassini, Xantus, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1858, 117 (Fort Tejon).— 
Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 340, pl. 78, fig. 1 (same spec. ). 


Hab. United States, from Atlantic to Pacific; Cape St. Lucas. Not recorded 
from southern Rocky Mts., where replaced by V. plumbea. South to Mexico 
and Guatemala. Very rare in Cuba. 


(No. 300, 4.) Above olive green, including upper tail coverts ; the top and 
Sides of head and nape ashy plumbeous ; sides of the neck plumbeous olive. 


Broad line from nostrils to 
tk 


and around eye, involving 
Vireosylvia solitaria. (Washington, D. C.) 


the whole lower eyelid, 
white. A loral line in- 
volving the edge of the 
_eyelid, and a space be- 
neath the eye dusky plum- 
beous. Beneath white; 
the sides yellow, overlaid 
with olive, this color not 
extending anterior to the 
breast. Axillars and base of crissum pale sulphur yellow, the long feathers 
of the latter much paler or nearly white. Wings with two bands and outer 
edges of innermost secondaries olivaceous-white; the quills dark brown, 
edged externally with olive green, internally with white; tail feathers simi- 
larly marked, except that the lateral feather is edged externally also with 
white, the central without internal border. Bill and legs blackish-plumbeous. 
Tris brown. . 

First quill spurious, rather more than one-fifth the 2d, which is intermedi- 
ate between 5th and 6th; 3d longest. 

(No. 300, .) Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.40; expanse of wings, 9.00. 
Prepared specimen: Total length, 5.25; wing, 2.95; tail, 2.35; difference be- 
tween 10th and longest primary, .85; exposed portion of 1st primary, .50, of 
2d, 2.08, of longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.25; 
length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, .31, along gape, .66 ; tarsus, .72; 
middle toe and claw, .54; hind toe and claw, .46. 


Spring specimens show sometimes a gloss of plumbeous on the 
back, obscuring the olive, the contrast of colors being greater in 
the autumnal and young birds. Sometimes the crissum appears 
nearly white. The length of the spurious primary varies consider- 


348 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I, 


ably: from .45-.75 of an inch. With the specimens before me I 
am unable to see any essential difference between eastern and 
western specimens. 

A young bird from Fort Simpson is not materially different from 
the adult, exhibiting no trace of the spots of immature Turdide 
“and Sylvicolide. 

I am now inclined to consider the specimen upon which Vireo 
cassint was based to be only a dull-plumaged, winter skin of V. 
solitaria, with the under parts tinged with brownish-buff, and the 
olive shades obscured. JI have never seen a specimen killed in 
eastern North America having this coloration, nor even making a 
decided approximation to it, but I can find no tangible characteristic 
of external form to distinguish them. 


Smith- |Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Loeality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 
300 oh og | Carlisle, Pa. April 21,’41.; S. F. Baird. 
929 ays g ba April 28,°43, ae 
29,273 | 1,421 | .. | Washington. Oct. 17,’61.| D. W. Prentiss. 
32,277 ae o | Liberty County, Ga. hace Jos. Leconte. 
ite ie .. | Illinois. aie R. Kennicott. , 

4,727 as .. | Mo. of Vermilion. | May 6. Lt. Warren. 
11,064 se o | Fort Bridger, Utah, | May 16. C. Drexler. 
27,340 | 1,303 | O. | Fort Simpson. fate B. R. Ross. 

6,822 382 | go | Ft. Steilacoom, W.T.| May 13,’56.| Dr. Suckley. 
12,901 ots .. | Napa Valley, Cal. seats A. J. Grayson, 
21,378 ne do | Yreka, Cal. June 10. W. Vuillé. 

25,398 | 2,245 | .. | Fort Tejon. June 8, 57.) J. Xantus. 

10,229 aim ae “ (C. St. Lucas. re ee 

39,360 ais & | San Gertrude Mts., | Jan. 1861. ee 

37,497 42 | g | Orizaba, Mex. Jan. 18,’65.] Prof. Sumichrast. 
38,158 ne Gs ee eer M. Botteri. 


(6,822.) Iris hazel. (10,229.) Type of V. cassini. 


Vireosylvia propinqua. 
Vireosylvia propinqua, BAIRD, n. sp. 


Hab. Coban, Guatemala. 


(No. 20,402.) Top and sides of the head bluish-ash ; a line from bill to eye, 
eyelids and under parts, including vent and crissum, white. Upper parts 
olive green, this color extending on the sidés of the neck as far as the ear 
coverts. Throat and breast tinged with yellowish, deepest on the lateral 
portion. Two white bands on the wing. Bill and legs plumbeous. Quills 
and rectrices as in solitaria. 

First or spurious primary very small, searcely .30 of an inch; 2d quill 
equal to the 5th; the 3d longest. 

(No. 20,402.) Total length, 5.10; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.35 ; exposed portion 
of 1st primary, .26, of 2d, 2.18, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base 
of 1st primary), 2.30; length of bill from forehead, -60, from nostril, .31, along 
gape, .66; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .63; hind toe and claw, .47. 


VIREOSYLVIA. 849 


In a series of Guatemalan birds, presented by Mr. Salvin to the 
Smithsonian Institution, was one labelled Vireo solitarius, which 
exhibits the following peculiarities when compared with a large 
number of North American specimens of V. solitarius. The olive 
of the back extends to, and includes the nape and sides of the neck 
back of the ears, which in the others are ashy plumbeous. The 
upper tail coverts are plumbeous, or ashy, not olive. The sides of 
the throat are sulphur yellow, not white, or with a faint tinge of 
olive. The flanks are white, only faintly tinged with olive, not 
olive green tinged with yellow. The anal region and crissum are 
pure white (the former especially), not yellow. The spurious pri- 
mary is much smaller, and scarcely appreciable ; the second quill is 
rather longer than the fifth, instead of being decidedly shorter. The 
whole wing is longer. The bill is broader at base. , 

The entire absence of any similarly marked specimen in the large 
series before me, some of them autumnal birds from Central America, 
induces me to think that the bird just described is really a distinct 
species, though where its headquarters may be, unless in Guatemala, 
I cannot imagine. 


Smith-|Collec- Ls ah sansa F 
souian| tor’s | an ocality, Received from Collected b: 
No. | No, | Age. Collected. y 


20,402 | 954 | .. | Coban, Vera Paz. | Nov. 1859. O. Salvin, 


(20,402.) ‘I'ype. 


Vireosylvia plumbea. 


Vireosylvia plumbea, Covzs, Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. 1866 (Fort Whipple, 
near Prescott, Arizona). 


ffab. Southern Rocky Mountains. In winter to Colima, Mex. 


(No. 37,011.) Whole upper parts and side of head uniform plumbeous ; the 
lower part of the back with a faint wash of olivaceous. A white line from 
pill to and around eye ; 
adusky line from corner 
of eye to bill. Sides of 
breast and flanks plum- 
beous, paler than the 
back; the flanks very 
slightly tinged with 
olive green. Rest of 
under parts white; the 
axillars ashy, edged Vireosylvia plumbea, (Arizona.) 
with white. Wings 
above with two conspicuous white bands; the innermost quills edged ex- 


350 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Part 1. 


ternally, and the longer ones internally with white, the latter edged externally 
with light ash. Bill and legs dark plumbeous. ‘‘Irishazel.”’ Tail feathers 
narrowly edged all round with ‘white, narrowest internally, and increasing 
from central to lateral feathers. Upper tail coverts clear ash. 

As the specimen in finest plumage (described above) is moulting the quills, 
the measurements are taken from another (37,010). In this the Ist quill is 
not quite one-third the 2d, which equals the 6th; the 3d and 4th longest. 

(No. 37,010.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 6.10; expanse of wings, 10.80, 
Prepared specimen: Total length, 5.75 ; wing, 3.25; tail, 2.70; difference be- 
tween 10th and longest quill, .95 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .75, of 2d, 
2.34, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.54; 
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .31, along gape, .70; tarsus, 

-75; middle toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .21; hind toe and claw, .50, claw 
alone, .23. 


This species is in general character very similar to V. solitaria, 
although larger, especially with longer wings and tail, as shown by 
a comparison of the table of measurements. The olive green of 
solitarius is replaced by plumbeous, and the yellowish by white, 
forming a marked contrast in appearance. Only a faint trace of 
olive on the lower back and flanks represents the predominant colo- 
ration of solitaria. The olive external marginings of the wings 
are here replaced by ash; of the tail, by whitish. In some specimens, 
however, there is a slight edging of olive towards the base of the 
secondaries. 

The specimens described above were killed in August; others 
killed in May are quite similar. No. 29,359, from Colima, in Feb- 
ruary, is slightly more olivaceous on the lower back and flanks. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 


sonlan| tor’ and Locality. Received from Coll 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. ollected by 


33,428 | 135 oe Laramie Peak. June 1864. Dr. R. Hitz. 
37,008 | 711 io} Fort Whipple, Ar. | Sept. 8, 64. Dr. E. Coues, 
37,009 | 596 | ¢ “ Aug. 15, ’64. “ 

37,010 | 575 | .. “ Aug. 18, 64. “ 

40,702 |1,543 io) ac July 29, °65. * 
40,703 |1,487 | ¢ “ May 17, 65. “ 
40,699 |1,456 fol se May 12, ’65 se 

29,359 | 118 +. | Plains of Colima, | Feb. 1863, J. Xantus. 


(37,009.) Iris brewn. (40,702.) 6.00; 10.20. (40,703.) 5.60; 11.20. 


VIREO, Viet. 


Vireo, Viz. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 83. (Type Muscicapa novebora- 
censis, GM.) 


Characters essentially those of Vireosylvia; the bill shorter; the 1st quill 
always present, better developed, sometimes more than half 2d. Wings 
shorter, more rounded ; tarsi usually longer. 


VIREO. 851 


Vireo noveboracensts. (Pennsylvania.) 


The species of Vireo are most easily tabulated by color, and in 
the following synopsis no regard is paid to external form, but species 
ot Vireo and Vireonella are mixed together, It will, however, be 
remembered (page 326) that V. noveboracensis, atricapillus, car- 
mioli, huttont, belli, vicinior, and pusillus fall under the head of Vireo 
proper, with their longer, more pointed wings, and (except in vicinior) 
smaller outer primary—belli, vicinior, and pusilius differing, however, 

‘from the others in longer tarsi, and longer and more graduated tail, 
with narrower, more pointed feathers. Under Vireonella are to be 
ranged V. modestus, latimert, pallens, ochraceus, crassirostris, gund- 
lachi, and hypochryseus, each of which has a peculiar form. V. 
modestus in its very small bill approaches closely to huttonz, most of 
the other species having rather larger bills than the average. 


Common Cuaracrers.—All the species olivaceous above, or ashy; beneath 
whitish, or olivaceous-yellow. Wings with light bands, except in latimert 
and hypochryseus ; tail without spots. A light stripe from bill to above eye, 
but not beyond it, except in carmioli and hypochryseus. In atricapillus, the 
top of the head is black. 


A. Top and sides of head black. Chin and throat white. 
Back olive. 
A white line from the bill to and around eye. 
Beneath white; sides olivaceous; bill black . . atricapillus. 


B. Head above olivaceous or ashy. Chin and throat white; 
rest of under parts white or yellowish. 
A yellow line from bill to and around eye. 
Rest of under parts white; the sides yellowish; 
crissum paler. , 
Bill blackish ; two greenish-white bands on the 
wings; cap bright olive like the back . noveboracensis. 
A whitish line from bill to and around eye. 
Beneath white, except sides and crissum, which are 
pale yellow. Head above ashy; back olive. 
Wings pointed; 1st quill two-fifths the 2d, 
which equals the 8th. Bill .30 from nos- 


352 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L 


tril; horn color above, pale beneath. One 
light band on wing coverts . - belli. 
Beneath white; whole upper parts ashy. Scarcely 
olivaceous, except towards rump. 

Wings pointed; Ist quill less than half 2d, 
which about equals the 8th. Bill .25 from 
nostril to tip; horn color above, whitish 
beneath. One white band on wing coverts pusillus. 

Wings moderate; 1st quill rather more than 
half 2d, which about equals 9th and the 
secondaries. Bill .32 from nostril; en- 
tirely blackish-plumbeous. One white 
band on wing. Inner toe much shorter 
than outer. 7 i é : - vicinior. 

Wings rounded ; 1st quill more than half 2d, 
which is shorter than 10th and the secon- 
daries. Bill .35 from nostril; horn color 
above, whitish beneath. Two white bands 
on wing . . . : . ‘i . pallens. 

Rest of under parts yellow. Head and neck above 
ashy. No light bands on wings. 

Wings rounded; 1st quill more than half 2d, 
which is shorter than the 10th. Bill .30 
from nostril; light horn color . : - latimert. 


~ 


C. Head above olivaceous like the back. Chin and throat 
yellowish, more or less uniform with the remaining under 
parts. A yellowish line from bill to eye, not beyond it, 
except in carmioli and hypochryseus ; wing bands wanting 
only in hypochryseus. 
Bill small, attenuated; about .25 from nostrils to tip. 
Superciliary stripe reaching beyond eye. Colors 
bright olive above, yellow beneath. 
First quill two-fifths 2d; 3d but little 
shorter than the 5th (longest). Wings 
longer than tail i . A - carmioli, 
Supetciliary stripe reaching only to the eye. 
Colors dull olive above, and buffy yellow 
beneath. 
First quill not quite half 2d, which is 
longer than 10th; 3d between 6th 
and 7th. Wings longer than tail. 
Olive of upper parts much brighter 
towards tail . . . ‘  huttont. 
First quill more than half 2d, which is 
‘about equal to 10th; 3d about equal 
to 7th. Wings equal to tail. Olive 
of upper parts uniform . F + modestus. 


VIREO. 353 


Bill large and robust; .30 or more from nostrils to tip. 
First quill more than half 2d. 
Superciliary stripe reaching only to the eye. Two 
whitish wing bands. 
Second quill about equal to the secon- 
daries. 

Above bright olive green; beneath 
greenish-yellow, with buffy or 
ochry tinge. Wing bands and 
margins of secondaries’ broad. 
Eyelids and region behind eye 
uniform with the cheeks . ochraceus. 

Aboveashy olive. Wing bands and 
light outer margins of inner 
secondaries broad. Eyelids 
and region behind eye yellow- 
ish, in moderate contrast with 


the cheeks. - 2 - crasstrostris, 
Second quill decidedly shorter than the 
secondaries. 


Above plumbeous olive. Wing 
bands very narrow; light 
edgings of inner secondaries 
almost inappreciable. Eyelids 
and region behind the eye yel- 
lowish, in strong contrast with 
the cheeks . . : « gundlachi. 
Superciliary stripe reaching to the nape. No 
bands on the wing. 
Second quill about equal to secondaries. 
Above bright olive green ; beneath, 
with superciliary stripe, deep 
olivaceous-yellow. Tail length- 
ened. (Largest and most deep- 
ly colored of all the species.) . hypochryseus. 


VirR5E0, Vieill. 


Vireo atricapillus. 


Vireo atricapillus, Woopuousk, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1852, 60 (San Pedro, Tex.). 
—lIs. Sitgreave’s Rep. 1853, 75, pl. i, Birds. —Cassin, Illust. 1854, 
153, pl. xxiv.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 337. 


Hab. Southern border of Western Texas. 


(No. 6,818, 4.) Top and sides of head and neck black ; rest of upper parts 
olive green. Wing- and tail-feathers almost black on their upper surface, 
the quills and rectrices edged with olive (paler on the exterior primaries), 

23 May,1866. ; 


354 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


the wing coverts with two greenish-white bands on a blackish ground. 
Broad line from bill to and around 
eye (not meeting on forehead) with» 
under parts, white; the sides of 
body olivaceous; the axillars and 
inner wing coverts (perhaps cris- 
sum) yellowish. Bill black; feet 
plumbeous. 

First quill less than half 2d, which 

Vireo atricapillus, Woopu. (Texas.) about equals the 10th; 3d little 
shorter than 4th (longest). 

(No. 6,818.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 4.75 ; expanse of wings, 7.25 ; 
wing from carpal joint, 2.12. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.10; wing, 
2.25; tail, 1.95; exposed portion of lst primary, .66, of 2d, 1.48, of longest 
(measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.77; length of bill from fore- 
head, .54, from nostril, .29, along gape, .61; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, 
.50, claw alone, .17; hind toe and claw, .40, claw alone, .19. 


The black head of this species, as far as known, makes it unique 
inthe genus. It is extremely rare, but three specimens being known. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian} tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ; 
| 
6,818 21 og |San Pedro Riy.,Tex. oe Col. J. D. Graham. | J.H.Clark [house. 
15,040 i | El Paso. ee Capt. L. Sitgreaves, | Dr. S. W. Wood- 
\ 


(6,818.) 4.75; 7.25; 2.12. (15,040.) Type. 


Vireo noveboracensis. 


Muscicapa noveboracensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 947 ( Green Fly-Catcher, 
Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 389).—Vireo noveb. Bon. Obs. Wilson, 
1825.—Avp. Orn. Biog. I, 328, pl. 63.—Is. Birds Am. IV, pl. 240.— 
Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1851, 150.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 338.— 
Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 187.—Scuater, P. Z. S. 1857, 204 
(Xalapa) ; 228 (Vera Cruz).—Iz. Catal. 1861, 42, no. 256.—Scn. 
& Saxv. Ibis, II, 1860, 274 (Coban, Guat.).—Jowzs, Nat. Bermuda, 
1859, 71 (resident).—Cas. Jour. III, 469 (Cuba).— Gunpuaca, 
Cab. Jour. 1861, 324 (Cuba; rare). 

Vireo musicus, Vieitt. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 83, pl. 58.—Muscicapa 
cantatriz, Wits. II, 1810, 266, pl. xviii. 


Hab. United States, west to base of Rocky Mountains ; south to Guatemala; 
Bogota? Very rare in Cuba. Abundant and resident in the Bermudas. 


(No. 10,193, &.) First primary about half the length of 2d, which is longer 
than secondaries, and about equal to the 8th; the 4th longest; 3d and 5th 
little shorter. 7 

Above quite bright olive green; the sides of neck, and a gloss on its upper 
surface, ashy. The middle concealed portion of feathers of lower back and 
rump pale sulphur yellowish. Beneath white; the chin and lower cheeks 


VIREO. 855 


with a grayish tinge; the sides of breast and body, with axillars and base 
of crissum (more faintly), bright yellow; the inner wing coverts and rest of 


‘il 


erissum much paler, almost white. A broad yellow line from nostrils to, and 
continuous with a yellow ring round the eye, which is encircled exteriorly by 
olivaceous ; a dusky loral, but no post-ocular spot. Wings with two covert- 
bands and innermost secondaries externally broadly yellowish-white; rest 
of quills edged externally with olive, except the two outer and tips of other 
primaries, which are grayish. Rectrices edged externally with olive, except 
outermost, which is bordered by grayish. All the long quills bordered in- 
ternally by whitish. Bill blue-black, paler on the edges; legs dark plumbe- 
ous. Iris white. 

(No. 10,193, %.) Total length, 4.90; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.20; exposed por- 
tion of Ist primary, .78, of 2d, 1.56, of longest, (4th and 5th) (measured from 
exposed base of 1st primary), 1.86; length of bill from forehead, .53, from 
nostril, .30, along gape, .62; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, 
16; hind toe and claw, .40, claw alone, .20. 

(No. 1,036, % .) Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.00 ; expanse of wings, 8.00; 
wing from carpal joint, 2.50. Prepared specimen: Total length, 4.75; wing, 
2.50; tail, 2.25; difference between 10th and longest quills, .45; exposed 
portion of 1st primary, .86, of 2d, 1.56, of longest (measured from exposed 
base of 1st primary), 1.90; length of bill from forehead, .51, from nostril, 
-29, along gape, .62; tarsus, .76; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18; 
hind toe and claw, .46, claw alone, .25. 


Vireo noveboracensis. 


Specimens vary slightly in a greater amount of ashy on the head, 
and less brilliancy of the yellow of head and sides. Sometimes 
there is a decided ashy shade in the white of throat and jugulum, 
which again has a very faint tinge of yellowish. 

A young bird does not differ in markings from the adult. 

A specimen marked ‘‘ Colombia” is rather smaller than the aver- 
age, but otherwise similar. 

The measurements of the feet of No. 10,193, %, appear to be 
quite abnormal, and I add those of No. 1,036, $, as more accurately 
expressing the average in these respects. 


856 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 
| : 
Smith- Collec-| Sex \ When ‘ 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc Biiserad: Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
7,108 Philadelphia. ati Phila. A. N. Se. 
1,036 gS | Washington, D. C. | May 26, '43.; W. M. Baird. 
1,037 2 te June 12, 43. st 
es es a ras Dr. E. Coues. 
10,193 Union County, Ill. ; April 21. R. Kennicott. 
ea Se ¢ Key West, Fis. Dec. 29, °59.| G. Wurdemann. 
34,360 | 317 o | Republican Fork. | May 26, ’64.; Dr. E. Coues. 
13,124 38 Q | Upper Missouri. made Dr. Hayden. 
3,972 i Brownsville, Tex. Lt. Couch. 
6,836 Above El Paso,Tex. Dr. T. C. Henry. 
6,837 Western Texas. are Col. J.D. Graham. 
17,307 +. -» | W. of Ft. Arbuckle.| May 13, ’60.| J. H. Clark. 
a 181 .. | Mexico. rite Cab. Lawrence. 
37,914 | 208 o& | Merida, Yue. Feb, 22, '65.| Gov. Salazar. 
27,945 ae .. | Honduras. o63 Dr. P. L. Sclater. 
27,946 Colombia. ¥ 
41,656 Bermuda. Cc. M. Allen. 
(1,036.) 5.00; 8.00; 2.50. (1,037.) 5.10; 2.60. (34,360.) 5.10; 7.70, 17,307.) With eggs. 
No. 2,529, (37,914.) Iris white. 


Vireo carmioli. 
Vireo carmioli, Barrp, n. sp. 
Hab. Highlands of Costa Rica. 
(No. 35,237, %.) Wings lengthened, considerably longer than the slightly 


rounded tail; the Ist quill about two-fifths the 2d, which equals the 7th 
(much longer than 10th) ; 4th and 


— 5th nearly equal, and longest; 3d 
“s little shorter. Feet short, about 
\ 


two-thirds tarsus. Bill small, slen- 
der and attenuated ; the lateral out- 
lines decidedly concave. 

(No. 35,236.) Above bright olive 
green; beneath clear greenish-yel- 
low, palest (almost whitish) on 
throat ; tinged with olive green on 
sides and breast; purer yellow inside the wings, the quills and tail-feathers 
edged internally with pale sulphur yellow. Wings with two broad bars, and 
broad outer edges of inner secondaries greenish-yellow, contrasting very 
strongly with the almost black of the wing-feathers; rest of quill- and the 
tail-feathers edged externally with olive-green, paler towards the extremity ; 
the edges of the outermost feather of wing and tail much paler. A conspicu- 
ous yellowish line from nostrils over the eye, and extending nearly as far 
behind it as in front of it, though not reaching the nape, and not interrupted 
above ; lower eyelids similar. A dusky loral spot from corner of eye to angle 
of mouth; rest of cheeks olivaceous. Bill quite dusky; lower mandible 
paler; legs plumbeous. “ Iris brown.” 

(No. 35,237, %.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.20; difference be- 
tween 10th quill and longest, .45 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, .70, of 2d, 
1.65, of longest, 3d, measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.85; length 
of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .25, along gape, .55; depth, 15 ; tarsus, 


Vireo carmiolt, Bairp. (Costa Rica.) 


VIREO. 857 


-75; middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .42, claw 
alone, .21. 


Of the two specimens No. 35,237 bas the wings perfect, but is 
apparently immature; the head has an ochry tinge, not seen in the 
other, and the eye stripe paler. No. 35,236, which probably best 
represents the normal state of coloration, lacks the outer primary 
on both sides, and exhibits other indications of a condition of 
moulting. Both agree, however, in many peculiarities, sharply 
separating the new species from any other in the complete series of 
Vireonide before me. I have named it after Mr. Julian Carmiol, 
who has been so indefatigable in developing the ornithology of 
Costa Rica. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | aud Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. Collected. 

35,236 g Dota, Costa Rica. | July 27, 64. J.Carmiol. | — ...eee 

35,237 fon ns ae rn ee Tes 


(35,236.) Type. (33,237.) Type. Iris brown. 


Vireo huttoni. 


Vireo huttoni, Cassin, Pr, A. N. Se. Phila. 1851, 150 (Monterey, Cal.).— 
Is. 1852, pl. i, fig. 1.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 339, pl. 78, fig. 
2.—Sciater, P. Z. S. 1858, 302 (Oaxaca) ; 1862, 19 (La Parada).— 
Is. Catal. 1861, 358, no. 256. 


Hab. California and Western Mexico, to Oaxaca. 


(No. 3,725.) First quill rather less than half 2d, which about equals the 
10th ; 3d a little longer than 7th ; 4th and 5th nearly equal, and longest. Tail 
slightly rounded, shorter than wings. Bill very small. 

Above olive green; brightest behind, especially on rump and edging of tail, 
duller and more ashy towards and on top and sides of head and neck. Wings 


with two bands on coverts, and 
S <2 


outer edges of innermost secon- 
I 
ae 


daries rather broadly olivaceous- 
Vireo huttoni, Cassin. 


white; other quills edged externally 
with olive green, paler towards 
outer primary; internally with 
whitish. Lateral tail-feather edged 
externally with yellowish-white. 
Feathers of rump with much con- 
cealed yellowish-gray. 

Under parts pale olivaceous-yel- 
lowish; purest behind, lightest on throat and abdomen ; the breast more oliva- 
ceous, the sides still deeper olive green, the breast soiled with a slight buffy 
tinge. Axillars and crissum yellowish; the inside of wings whitish. Loral 


3725 


(California.) 


358 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART 1 


region and a narrow space around eye dull yellowish, in faint contrast to the 
olive of head. Bill horn color above, paler below; legs dusky. 

(No. 3,725.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.05; difference between 
10th and longest quills, .43; exposed portion of 1st primary, .72, of 2d, 1.52) 
of longest, 4th and 5th (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.90; 
length of bill from forehead, .45, from nostril, .29, along gape, .60; tarsus, 
.72 middle toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .45, claw 


alone, .22. 


The description just given is based upon the type specimen, pro- 
bably in winter plumage. Spring specimens do not vary materially 
except in greater purity of white edgings of the feathers. Two 
Mexican specimens are rather larger, the wing measuring 2.50, the 
tail 2.30. No other differences are appreciable. In general the first 
primary is about half the second, sometimes rather less. 

This species is readily distinguished from other Vireos, excepting 
V. modestus, which it greatly resembles in the small bill, form, 
coloration, and size; nor indeed is it easy to distinguish them. In 
modestus, however, the first quill is usually more than half the 
second, not less; the wing shorter, and less pointed ; the tail longer. 
The upper parts are more uniform, not much brighter towards rump 
and tail. The quite distinct circum-ocular light ring of huttoni is 
scarcely if at all appreciable. The wide separation geographically 
is of much importance. 


Smith- |Collec- Sex 7 When 
sonian|} tor’s | an ocality. Received from Colle 
No. No. | Age. y Collected. cted by 
39,486 44 .. | San Francisco, Cal. | Spring,’ 65. | Col. Bulkley. E. J. Lorquien. 
12,903 | 103 -. | Napa Valley, Cal. ae Col A.J.Grayson.| —s ss es 
17,769 | 649 .. | California. nee Jas. Hepburn. | —...... 
3,725 oe Monterey, Cal. June, 1847. | W. Hutton, | 3 ...... 
3.724 a wi aS “e She ASS a co lil] © “agichnnale 
3,973 ae do | Monterey, Mex. ace Lt. D.N. Couch. | a... 
29,707 . .. | La Parada, W. Mex.) Jan. 1861. A. Sallé. Boucard. 
ai 256b| 2 ae Feb. 1861. Cab. Dr. Sclater. Sallé. 


(3,725.) Type. (3,973.) ‘‘ Eyes dark brown.” 


Vireo bellii. 


Vireo bellii, Aup. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 333, pl. 485 (Missouri River).— 
Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1851, 150.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 
237.—Sciater, Catal. 1861, 42, no. 258.—Boy. Consp. 1850, 330. 


Hab. United States, from Missouri River to base of Rocky Mountains. 


(No. 1,926.) Above olive green, brightest on the rump ; tinged anteriorly with 
ashy; the top and sides of head ashy, in faint contrast. A line from nostrils 
to eye (scarcely beyond it), and eyelids very pale yellowish-white ; lores 
dusky. Under parts, including inner wing, coverts and edge of wing creamy 


VIREO. 359 
wlite; the sides, axillars, and crissum pale yellow (sides of lower, neck, 
aul of breast glossed with olivaceous), faintest on the longer feathers of the 
latter. Two rather nar- 
row bands on the wing 
coverts, and the outer 2 

2 

* 


edges of innermost se- 
condaries white; the 
other quills edged with 
faded olivaceous. Inner 
edges of quills whitish. 
Tail feathers brown, 
edged externally with 
olive; internally fading into paler brown. Median portion of rump feathers 
concealed pale yellowish. Bill horn-color above, pale below. Legs plum- 
beous. “Iris brown.” 

First quill spurious ; not quite half the 2d, which is about equal to the 8th; 
3d and 4th quills longest; 5th scarcely shorter. Tail nearly even, or a little 
rounded, the feathers narrow. 

(No. 1,926.) Total length, 4.20; wing, 2.18; tail, 1.90; exposed portion 
of Ist primary ..60, of 2d, 1.32, of longest, 3d (measured from exposed base 
of 1st primary), 1.60; length of bill from forehead, .51, from nostril, .28, along 
gape, .60; tarsus, .75; middle toe and claw, .54; hind toe and claw, .42. 


~ 


1926 


[=> 


Vireo bellii, AuD. (Dacota.) 


The above description is taken from a type specimen received from 
Mr. Audubon, and represents the average spring plumage. Autum- 
nal skins are rather brighter, and there is occasionally an ochraceous 
tinge on the white of the under parts. 

This species at first sight appears like a miniature of V. gilvus, 
the head being almost exactly similar. The back is, however, much 
brighter olive, the sides and crissum deeper yellow. The superciliary 
light stripe is shorter. The white markings of the wings are want- 
ing in gilvus. The wing, tail, and feet are entirely different in their 


proportions. 
Smith-|Collec-| Sex wh 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ; 
1,926 st .. | Fort Union, Dac, 1843. S. F, Baird. J. J. Audubon, 
8,197 | 133 Q | Nemaha Riv., Kans.| July 16,’57.| W. M. Magraw. Dr. J. G. Cooper. 
8,187 | 123 od | Shawnee Riv. Mi-’n) July 4, ’57 oe oe 
26,229 ete 2 Neosho Falls, Kans. cick B, F. Goss. 
19,085 | 41 o | Fort Cobb, Ark. May 23, ’60.| J. H. Clark. 
34 361 342 od | Republican Fork. | May 27, ’64.| Dr. E. Coues. 
4,979 ie .- | Ft. Chadbourn,Tex. on Dr. E. Swift,U.S.A. 
6,816 .. | Western Texas. Capt. Pope, U.S.A. 
6,817 6 a sey Col.J D Graham.| J. H. Clark. 
12,528 o& | San Pedro Riv.,Tex.| May 24,°51.) Capt. Sitgreaves. | Dr. Woodhouse, 


(1,926.) Type. 


(26,229.) With eggs. 


(19,085,) With eggs, 


(34,361.) 4.80; 6.90. 


360 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. 


Vireo pusillus. 


Vireo pusillus, Cours, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1866. 
2Vireo bellii, Cooper, Pr. Cal. Acad. 1861, 122 (Fort Mohave). 


' Hab. Cape St. Lucas, San Diego, Fort Mohave, and Arizona. 


Somewhat similar in general appearance to Vireosylvia gilva and swainsoni, 
but smaller. Bill very small; tarsi lengthened. Wings about equal to the 
tail, which is lengthened, graduated, and with the feathers narrow and pointed. 
Exposed part of 1st primary about half that of the 2d, which is intermediate 
between 7th and 8th; the 4th and 5th longest. 

Above grayish-ash, with a tinge of olive behind. Beneath, including the 
inside of the wings, white, with a soiled tinge on the sides of the throat and 
across the breast. Ax- 
illars and flanks, ex- 
hibiting a faint trace of 
greenish-yellow. Eye- 
lids and a short line 
from the nostrils to the 
eye whitish ; no other 
stripe apparent. <A 
dusky loral spot. Pri- 
mary coverts edged in- 
distinctly with whitish, producing an obscure hand (a second on the middle 
coverts hardly appreciable). Quills and tail feather edged externally 
with pale grayish-olive, the innermost secondaries with whitish. Bill dusky 
above, whitish beneath. Legs plumbeous. Iris of two specimens marked as 
“light brown,” of another as “rufous.” 

The details of structure taken from No. 23,785, of color from 23,788. Length 
of 23,785, 3, 4.80 when fresh, of skin, 4.25 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.25 ; bill above, 
.37; tarsus, 73; middle toe and claw, .50; hind toe and claw, .42. First 
quill, .70; 2d, 1.40; longest (5th), 1.64. (Cape St. Lucas.) 


Virev pusillus, Cotes. (California.) 


Since writing the preceding description, I have received a Vireo 
(No. 81,893), collected by Dr. Cooper, at San Diego, which, al- 
though considerably larger, I cannot distinguish specifically. The 
difference in size is what might be expected between specimens from 
Cape St. Lucas and San Diego, and the occurrence of a Cape species 
at the latter place is in accordance with the facts observed in other 
instances where such birds as Sialia arctica, Polioptila melanura, 
ete., equally peculiar to the middle province, have found their way to 
the California coast at San Diego, through the break in the coast 
range of mountains. 

The larger specimen somewhat resembles V. pallens of Central 
America, but has a much smaller bill and a longer tail, with but one 
distinct white band on the wing. The bill is about the size of that 
in V. huééont; but the white under parts and other differences of 


’ and 5thlongest. Tarsus con- 


16,956 | 1,942 | og | Cape St. Lucas. arene John Xantus. 
16,957 | 1,931 | .. es (Lucas, ave ee 
23,785 | 3,462 | og | San Jose, Cape St. | Dec. 1859. es 
23,788 | 6,023 | go | SierraSan Gertrude, 

Cape St. Lucas. Jan, 1861, os [ney. 
_ 31,893 259¢e| g | San Diego. ? Cal. April 24,’62.| Prof. J. D. Whit- 
40,696 | 1,522 | Q | Date Creek, 50m. S.| June 6, 65. | Dr. E. Coues. 


VIREO. 361 


coloration and form distinguish them. The measurements are as 
follows :— 

(No. 31,893, 4.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.35; exposed por- 
tion of 1st primary, .71, of 2d, 1.44, of longest (3d, 4th, and 5th), (measured 
from exposed base of lst primary), 1.70; length of bill from forehead, .40, 
from nostril, .25, along gape, .55; tarsus, .75; middle toe and claw, .46, claw 
alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .38, claw alone, .18 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
i i When : 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. | No. | Age. Me Collected. y 


of Prescott, Ariz. 


(16,957.) 4.55. Ivis light brown. (23,785.) 4.80. Iris rufous. (31,893.) 5.50; 7.25; 2.30. Iria 
brown. (40,696,) Eye brown; bill light horn, almost white beneath. Hasloud and melodious 
song. (Coues.) 


Vireo vicinior. 
Vireo vicinior, Covss, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1866. 


Hab. Prescott, Arizona. 


(No. 40,697, 4%.) Bill stout, considerably compressed and deep. Wings 
moderately pointed, about equal to tail, which is decidedly graduated ; 1st 
quill rather more than half 
2d, which about equals 9th 
and the secondaries ; the 4th 


wy, 


siderably longer. than middle 
toe and claw; lateral toes 
quite conspicuous for their 
disproportion, the inner claw 
reaching only to base of outer, 
and falling short of base of 
middle; the terminal digit 
of inner toe reaching only to 
end of second joint of middle 
toe. 

Upper parts, with sides of 
head and neck, ashy or light 40697 
plumbeous, faintly olivaceous 
on rump. Beneath white; 


Vireo vicinior, Cougs. (Arizona.) 


1 After the completion of the present article the specimen, No. 40,696, was 
received from Dr. E. Coues (agreeing with No, 31,893 in size), thus extend- 
ing the range of the species to Arizona, as might have been anticipated. 

(No. 31,893, 4.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.50 (4.50?) ; expanse of 
wings, 7.25; wing from carpal joint, 2.30. = 


af 
362 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part I. 


slightly ashy on sides of breast. Flanks and inside of wings showing a faint 
trace of yellow, only appreciable on raising the wings. An obsolete line from 
bill to eye, and a more distinct ring round the eye, white. No bands ou the 
wing, except a faint edging of whitish on the greater coverts ; the quills edged 
internally with white. Bill and legs plumbeous. “Iris brown. Mouth livid, 
bluish-white.” (Coues.) 

Fresh specimen: Total length, 5.60; expanse of wings, 8.60. Prepared 
specimen: Total length, 5.10; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.60, its graduation, .22; 
difference of 10th and-longest quills, .40; exposed portion of Ist primary, .85, 
of 2d, 1.65, of longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.95 ; 
length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .32, along gape, .61; depth of 
bill, 18; tarsus, .72; middle toe and claw, .51, claw alone, .16; hind toe and 
claw, .40, claw alone, .19. 


This species would at first sight be taken for a small specimen 
of V. plumbea, the colors, character of bill, etce., being exactly simi- 
lar, except that the white of lores and around eye is much less dis- 
tinct, and there is only one faint band on wing, instead of two 
conspicuous ones; the tail feathers, too, lack the distinct white 
edgings. The much more rounded wing, and the first primary half 
the second or more, will, however, readily distinguish them. The 
form of the bird is very much that of V. puszllus, which it resembles 
also in color. The outer quill is, however, longer, the biN deeper 
and more compressed, the inner lateral toe considerably shorter, and 
the size larger. The colors are purer, without the olive of the back 
or the yellowish of the under parts; the bill, too, is entirely dark 
plumbeous, instead of horn color, whitish beneath. From V. pallens 
it is distinguished by smaller, darker bill; longer tail and wing ; one 
wing band, not two, and purer colors. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gave on Received from Remarks. 
No. No. | Age. % 


40,697 | 1,507 | g | Fort Whipple, near 


May 24,’65.| Elliot Coues, M.D. Type. 
(Prescott, Ar. 


Vireo modestus. 


Vireo modestus, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1860, 462 (Jamaica); 1861, 72, pl. 
xiv, fig. 1.—Is. Catal. 1861, 43, no. 259.—Mancu, Pr. A. N. Se. 
1863, 294.—V. noveboracensis, GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 192 (not 
of GMELIN). 


Hab. Jamaica. 
(No. 22,143, %.) Thewhole upper parts are of a dull olive green, with a 


shade of brown, the sides of head and neck paler. The quills and tail feathers 
are brown; the lst and 2d primaries very faintly edged with whitish, the 


VIREO. 363 


next more broadly, this color gradually changing to bright olive on the 
secondaries and tertials. Two distinct bands on the wing, and the outer 
edges of inner tertials are 
yellowish-white. The 
tail feathers are edged 
externally with olive 
green, the outermost 
having a narrow edge of 
whitish. Under parts 
pale yellow, palest on 
throat, and with’a tinge Vireo modestus, SCLATER. (Jamaica.) 

of buff on the belly and 

crissum. Sides of neck, breast, and flanks tinged with olive, which also 
washes the front of the breast. Under wing covers whitish, the axillars 
sulphur yellow. Bill light horn color above, whitish beneath ; legs plumbe- 
ous. Loral region light olive yellow, in slight contrast with the forehead. 
There is little or no concealed yellow on the feathers of the rump. 

The tail about the length of the wings, or a little shorter, rounded; the, 
lateral feathers .16 of an inch shorter than the middle. The wing is concave; 
the primaries .35 longer than the secondaries; the lst primary rather more 
than half the 2d, which is about as long as the secondaries ; the 3d is rather 
shorter than the 7th, the 4th and 5th longest. The bill is compressed ; the 
tarsus is rather more than one and one-third the length of middle toe and claw. 

(No. 22,143, 4.) Total length, 4.75; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.21; difference be- 
tween 10th and longest quills, .84; exposed portion of first primary, .78, of 
2d, 1.41, of longest (4th and 5th), (measured from exposed base of Ist pri- 
mary), 1.75; length of bill from forehead, .50, from nostril, .26, along gape, 
-60; tarsus, .75 ; middle toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .17; hind toe and claw, 
.41, claw alone, .20. 


The specimen described above agrees very well with the descrip- 
tion and figure of Dr. Sclater. Four others are all smaller, one of 
them (received from Dr. Sclater), No. 23,323, more olivaceous be- 
neath, brighter green above; another, No. 22,159, grayer above, 
belly without buff tinge, and the whitish edging of lateral tail feather 
wanting. In these differences, however, there is hardly enough to 
warrant a separation into two species. 

This species is readily distinguished from V. gundlachi by the 
smaller size, longer wings, more olive back, less clearly defined yel- 
low belly, and in having light markings on the wings and tail. V. 
bahamensis is larger, the bill much larger, the tail proportionally 
shorter; the third quill but little shorter than the fourth. Vireo 
noveboracensis has much longer wings, a white throat and belly, 
and yellow front. Its nearest relative is V. huttont. This, how- 
ever, has a smaller bill, longer wings, even tail with brighter olive 
edging ; the lower back and rump considerably brighter than the 


‘364 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 
head and interscapular region. The first primary is barely half, or 
not half the second, instead of more than half as in modestus. 


Norz.—The point of upper mandible, as seen from above, is not 
sufficiently acute in the figure. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex . 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. toe Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 

23,323 23 Q | Trelawney, Jam, Oct. 17, °58. Dr. Sclater. W. Osburn, 

22,143 te oS | Spanishtown, Jam. oes Ww. T, March. 

22,159 at oe es see 

24,370 52 2 es Nov. 6, 61. as 

21,371] 52 | ¢ . Ke 


(23,323.) A type. 


Vireo latimeri. 


Vireo latimeri, BairD, n. sp. 
Hab. Porto Rico. 


(No. 39,347.) Upper parts olivaceous ; brightest and greenest on lower back 
and rump, passing anteriorly into almost clear gray on the head, the inter- 
scapular region soiled with 
reddish olive. No light bands 
nor edging of the wings, ex- 
cepting the olive green borders 
of the quills, becoming paler 
towards the edge of the wing. 
Chin and throat, with a line 
from bill to eye, and eyelids, 
white. Sides of head gray. 
Breast and remaining under 
parts yellow, palest centrally, 
tinged with greenish on sides. Inside of wings pale yellowish, inner edges 
of quills tinged with the same. Bill light horn color, paler below; legs 
plumbeous. “Iris hazel.’’ 

Wings short, though longer than tail, concave, much rounded—the differ- 
ence between the 10th and longest primary being but .23 of an inch. First - 
quill much more than half 2d, about half 3d, which is shorter than ith ; 
4th and 5th about equal and longest. Tail short, nearly even. 

(No. 39,347.) Total length, 4.80; wing, 2.20; tail, 1.90; difference between 
10th and longest quills, .24; exposed portion of 1st primary, -76, of 2d, 1.35, 
of longest (4th and 5th), (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.68; 
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .32, along gape, .64; tarsus, 
-75; middle toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .16; hind toe and claw, .45, claw 
alone, .20. 


Vireo latimeri, Batrp, (Porto Rico.) 


This species, in its gray head and neck in contrast to the yellowish 
of under parts, is quite different from any other excepting V. josephe, 
The wings, however, are much shorter, and differently proportioned ; 


VIREO. 865 


the brown cap and post-ocular stripe are wanting, and the light line 
from bill only goes to the eye, instead of passing broadly to the 
nape. I have great pleasure in dedicating it to Mr. Geo. Latimer, 
of Porto Rico, at whose expense a valuable collection of birds of the 
Island was made and presented to the Institution—the species just 
described among them. 


Smith-|Collec- Sex When 

sonian| tor's | and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks. 
No. No. | Age. 

39,348 a .. | Porto Rico, N.Side.| 1864-5. Geo. Latimer. Tris hazel. 

39,347 a Me aS Type. 


Vireo pallens. 


Vireo pallens, Satvin, P. Z. 8S. May, 1863, 188 (Realejo and Punta 
Arenas). 


Hab. West coast of Central America. 


~ (No. 33,601.) Wings short and rounded, about equal to the tail; 1st quill 
rather less than half the 2d, which is less than the secondaries ; 3d about equal 
to the 7th; 4th and 5th long- 
est. Bill large and stout; 
feet well developed, the claws 
reaching to end of tail. Tail 
rather rounded, the feathers 
narrow ; the lateral.15 shorter 
than central. 

Upper parts dull grayish- 
olive; a little brighter per- 
haps on rump and edges of 
quill- and tail-feathers. No 
difference appreciable in color of the outer edge of lateral tail feather. Two 
bands on the wing, and outer edges of inner secondaries white. No concealed 
yellowish on rump. Beneath soiled white, with a very slight tinge of oliva- 
ceous on sides; the lining of wings and inner edges of quills pure white. 
Tibie ashy. A whitish line from bill to, and perhaps a narrow ring around 
the eye. Lores dusky. Bill horn color above, pale below; feet dusky. 

(No. 33,601.) Total length, 4.70; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.00; difference between 
10th and longest quills, .25; exposed portion of 1st primary, .70, of 2d, 1.35, 
of longest (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.64; length of bill 
from forehead, .58, from nostril, .35, along gape, .68; tarsus, .80; middle toe 
and claw, .55, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .24. 


Vireo pallens, Savin. (Nicaragua.) 


This species is very similar in form and general appearance to V. 
pusillus, agreeing in the rounded tail with narrow pointed feathers, 
lengthened legs, long claws, etc., with about the same dimensions ; 
otherwise, however, the bill and feet are much larger, measuring 


366 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [part L 


from nostril .35, instead of .25; the tarsi .80, not .75. The wings 
are more rounded, the difference between longest primary and tenth 
being .30 instead of .40. The differences from V. vicinior, Coues, 
are noted under that species. 

The specimen described is one of the types of Mr. Salvin, and 
kindly presented by that gentleman and Capt. Dow. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. c gh, ao Received from Remarks. 
No. No. | Age. “ 
33,601 | 4,682 | nts | Realejo, Nic. May 16, ’63.| Capt. ane Sal- A type. 
vin. 


Vireo ochraceus. 
Vireo ochraceus, Sauvin, P. Z. 8. 1863, 188, no. 5 (San Jose, Guat.) 
2V. semiflavus, Savin, P. Z. 8. 1863, 188, no. 6 (Peten, Guat.) 


Hab. Western and southern Mexico, Yucatan, and Guatemala. 


(No. 427, Salvin’s Coll.) Wings short and rounded, a little longer than the 
tail; 1st quill nearly half as long as the 3d, considerably more than half the 
2d ; 5th and 6th quills long- 
est; 4th little shorter; 2d 
shorter than 10th ; 3d equal 
to 8th. Bill large, broad at 
base, and rather depressed, 
the sides nearly straight. 
Tail somewhat rounded, 
the feathers narrow. 

Above olive green, with 
a soiled buffy or reddish 
tinge; the olive purest on the rump. Beneath yellow with a reddish olive 
tinge; paler on throat, more olive on sides and perhaps across breast; the 
inside of wings paler yellow; the inner edges of quills whitish. Cheeks 
olive. A brighter yellowish line from bill along upper edge of eye to its 
posterior corner, although apparently interrupted above the eye, and not 
extending around lower eyelids, the space from eye to angle of mouth 
more dusky. Wings with two broad bands, and outer edges of inner secon- 
daries olivaceous-white, in decided contrast with the blackish-brown ground ; 
the rest of quills and the tail feathers edged with olive green. Bill horn color 
above, paler below. Legs plumbeous. 

(No. 427, 9.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 2.20; tail, 2.00; difference between 
10th quill and longest, .21; exposed portion of 1st primary, -80, of 2d, 1.36, 
of longest (5th and 6th), (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.66; 
length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, -29, along gape, .60; tarsus, 
-79; middle toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .45, claw 
alone, .22. 


The lack of a light mark below the eye and the interruption above 
it of the usual superciliary stripe, causing the latter to reappear 


VIREO. 367 


again as a small yellowish spot above the posterior corner, seems 
quite peculiar. 

A specimen (male, June 16) from Mazatlan agrees closely in form 
with the present bird, although rather larger. The first quill is only 
a little more than half the second. The colors are duller, and the 
under parts paler; the white markings are less distinct, owing to the 
worn condition of the feathers. The extension of the range of the 
species from Southern Guatemala to Mazatlan is an interesting fact, 
paralleled by the facts in the case of Hirundo albilinea, various Tro- 
chilidz, etc., no specimens of which have hitherto been observed in 
the intermediate coast of Mexico. 

The type of the species described above has been kindly furnished 
by Mr. Salvin. 

Vireo semiflavus (the type of which I have before me from Mr. 
Salvin) I can hardly consider as distinct from ochraceus, as it re- 
sembles it very closely in 
size, form, and propor- 
tions. The first quill, in 2 S 
the type, is shorter than <—Se aa 
in ochraceus—being not ; 
quite half the second ; the zal 
other quills are as in V. 
ochraceus. The upper 
parts are rather brighter 
green ; the under parts lack the ochrey tinge, and the light markings 
on the wing are narrower. The same peculiarities of the eye stripe 
are seen in both types. The difference of coloration is what might 
be expected between birds killed in January and in April, and the 
difference in length of outer quills such as is met with frequently in 
well established species. 

(No. 428.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.95; difference between 
10th and longest quills, .20; exposed portion of 1st primary, .62, of 2d, 1.25, 
of longest, 5th and 6th (measured from exposed base of lst primary), 1.60; 
length of bill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .30, along gape, .60; tarsus, 
78; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .44, claw 
alone, .20. 


Vireo semifiavus. 


A specimen from Merida, Yucatan (April), a locality nearly due 
north of Lake Peten, and closely related to the region of the latter 
in its zoological geography, agrees in general characters, but has the 
outer primary a little more than half the second, although not as 
long as in the type of ochraceus—ahout what it is in the Mazatlan 
specimen. ‘The bill is darker and rather narrower. 


868 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Parr 1. 


Smith- Collec-| Sex | When : 
sonian; tor’s | and Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
25 1 A Mazatlan, Mex. June 16, 62.) Col. A. J. Grayson. 
aA | aot g San Jose, Guat. Jan, 1863. | O. Salvin. 
*e 428 ogo | Sakluk, Peten,Guat} April, 1862. a 
89,278 | 394 od | Merida, Yucatan. April 14,’65.| Gov. Salazar. Dr. A. Schott. 


(427.) The type of V. vchraceus. (425.) The type of V. semiflavus. (39,278.) Most like 
No. 428. 


Vireo crassirostris. 
Lanivireo cr. Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. VII, 1859 (Bahamas). 
Hab. Bahamas. 


(No. 13,508.) Upper parts grayish-olive, the edges of quills and tail- 

feathers brighter olive green. Beneath pale yellowish, soiled slightly with 

ashy; brightest on 

sides and crissum, 

paler on middle of 

belly; flanks ting- 

ed with olivaceous; 

quills edged inter- 

ually with white. 

13508 Two well - marked 

i bands on wings, and 

Vireo crassirostris, Bayant. (Bahamas.) broad outer edges 

of inner secondaries 

yellowish-white. A yellow band from nostril (meeting its fellow) to the eye, 

and a narrow yellow ring around it. Bill dark plumbeous horn color, lighter 
along edges. Feet dark plumbeous. 

Wings longer than the tail (2.40 to 2.10). The Ist or spurious primary 
more than half the length of the 2d, which is shorter than the 9th primary, 
and about equal to the secondaries (not shorter, as in V. gundlachi) ; the 4th, 
5th, and 6th quills are longest, their tips reaching about .30 beyond the 
secondaries. Tail slightly rounded, the feathers narrow and pointed. The 
tarsi are long and stout (.85 of an inch), and measure one and a half times 
as much as the middle toe and claw. The bill is unusually stout and large, 
and the feet well developed. 

(No. 13,508.) Total length, 4.55; wing, 2.40; tail, 2.15; difference between 
10th quill and longest, .30; exposed portion of Ist primary, .77, of 2d, 1.33, 
of longest, 4th and 5th (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.66; 
length of bill from forehead, .58, from nostril, .35, along gape, .70 ; depth, .19; 
tarsus, .85 ; middle toe and claw, .54, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .50, 
claw alone, .24. 


In some specimens the yellow of the forehead is much obscured. 
The anterior corner of the eye is dusky. The cheeks are tinged 
with olive green. The yellow of under parts is not uniform and con- 
tinuous. The type of the species is not so bright in its colors as 
specimens received subsequently from Nassau. 


VIREO. 869 


This species is closely related to V. gundlachi in size, form, and 
general appearance; but differs in the much stouter, darker bill, 
larger legs; the wings longer than the tail, instead of shorter; the 
second quill equal to secondaries, instead of much shorter. The 
olive of back is grayish, not plumbeous; the under parts duller yel- 
low, and the two conspicuous wing bands and broad edging of inner 
secondaries are reduced to a minimum. The much brighter olive 
green edging of quills and tail-feathers are inconspicuous in 
gundlachi. 

In color of bill and general appearance of upper parts and fore: 
head there is quite a resemblance to V. noveboracensis ; the larger 
bill and prevailing yellow of under parts readily distinguish it. It 
also in color is somewhat like V. modestus; but the bill is very 
much larger, the upper parts duller olive, the frontal yellow 
brighter, ete. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex Whe 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks. 
No No. | Age. i 
13,508 os on Nassau, N. P. April, 1859, Dr. H. Bryant. A type. 
33,186 ie ae ae April, 1864. Lt. Fitzgerald. | =... 
33,187 oe Fe i an irae 
fe oe eis ‘f he x In alcohol, 


VIREONELLA, Baird. 
Vireo gundlachi. 
Vireo gundlachi, Lempeyg, Aves de la Cuba, 1850, 29, re v, fig. 1 (Cien- 
fuegos, Cuba).—Cas. Jour. III, 468. 

Hab. Cuba 

(No. 13058, 4.) Upper parts of an olivaceous-plumbeous ; the under, with 
the loral region, and a circle around the eye (the latter brighter) dull yellow, 
as in V. philadelphica. 

Sides tinged with oli- 2 

ft 
vaceous. There are two ( 
narrow, very inconspicu- 
ous pale bands on the 
wing. The tail- and wing- 29632 
feathers are brown, edged 
with the color of the back 
(without any whitish), 
the outer edge of the Vireo guudlachi, Lemp. (Cuba.) 
outer tail feather not 
paler than in the others. Quills edged internally with white. Bill pale 
horn color above, a little lighter beneath. Legs plumbeous. 

Wings extremely short and much rounded, nearly a quarter of an inch 
shorter than the tail; 1st primary large, and more than half the 2d, which is 
much shorter (.20 of an inch) than any of the secondaries, and .40 of an inch 

24 May, 1866, 


13058 


370 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


less than the longest quill. The 4th quill is longest ; the th and 6th scarcely 
shorter; the 7th, 8th, and 9th decreasing gradually ; the 3d about intermedi. 
ate between 7th and 8th. The primaries in the closed wing are scarcely 
more than .20 vf an inch longer than the secondaries. ail slightly rounded, 
the feathers narrow and somewhat pointed, the lateral about .15 of an inch 
shorter than the central. The bill is much compressed, being considerably 
higher than broad, though not dissimilar in shape to that of V. flavifrons. 
The feet are large; the tarsi long, about one and a third times the length of 
middle toe and claw. 

(No. 13,058, % .) Total length, 4.80; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.20; difference between 
10th primary and longest, .20; exposed portion of 1st primary, .75, of 2d, 1.25, 
of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.64; length 
of bill from forehead, .59, from nostril, .30, along gape, .65, depth, .17; tarsus, 
.79; middle toe and claw, .58, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .48, claw 
alone, .23. 

Another specimen (No. 29,632): Wing, 2.26; tail, 2.45; exposed portion 
of Ist primary, .66, of 2d, 1.30, of longest, .1.74. 


A second specimen (No. 29,632) has the wings and tail longer, 
9.26 and 2.48; the first quill is only half the second, which, how- 
ever, like the others, is much shorter than the secondaries. 


Smith- Collec-| Sex ae 
sonian tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
re Collected. 
No. | No. | Age. 
13,058 g | Cuba. G.N. Lawrence. | —..... 
a BS ee seis Cab. Lawrence. | ~~ ...... 
29,632 o | Fermina, W. Cuba,} Feb. 20. Chas. Wright. | = ...... 


Vireo hypochryseus. 
Vireo hypochryseus, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1862, 369, pl. 46 (Mexico). 
Hab. Tres Marias Islands, N. W. coast of Mexico. 


(No. 37,331, 4.) Wings short, rounded, about equal to tail: much gradu- 
ated ; 1st quill more than half 2d, which about equals the 10th; the 6th quill 
longest; the 5th and 
4th but little short- 
er. Tail considerably 
rounded (in one spe- 
cimen the lateral 
feather .38 shorter 
than middle), Bill 
stout. Legs rather 
weak, the claws fall- 
ing far short of end 
of tail. 

Whole upper parts, with sides of neck, bright yellowish-green, without 
light bands or edgings ; beneath deep yellow, tinged with olive on sides and 
perhaps on breast. A broad line from bill over the eye to nape, and eyelids, 
bright yellow; the cheeks below the eye more olivaceous; quills edged in- 


if 


(a 


Vireo hypochryseus, SCLAYER. (Tres Marias.) 


’ NEOCHLOE. Byel 


° 
ternally with white, the outer edges of primaries with gray. Bill rather dark 
horn color, paler on the edges and end of lower mandible. Legs dark 
plumbeous. 

The nostrils are circular, and in the anterior extremity of the nasal groove ; 
the tips of frontal feathers reaching to their posterior edge, but not growing 
up to it. The tongue is broad and fleshy, the end thin, flat, and horny; the 
tip quite deeply cleft; the outer edge somewhat lacerated. (Note from alco- 
holic specimen.) 

(No. 37,331, 5.) Total length, 5.65; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.50, graduation, 
.25; difference between 10th primary and longest, .38; exposed portion of 
1st primary, .90, of 2d, 1.58, of longest (6th) (measured from exposed base 
of Ist primary), 1.94; length of bill from forehead, .62, from nostril, .35, along 
gape, .71; tarsus, .78; middle toe and claw, .54, claw alone, .20; hind toe 
and claw, .46, claw alone, .23. 


The type specimen of the species, kindly lent by Dr. Sclater, 
agrees exactly with those from the Three Marias. The species is 
quite unique in its peculiar coloration, and its discovery at the 
Three Marias is one of the most interesting of the results of Col. 
Grayson’s important explorations in northwestern Mexico. The 
exact locality of Dr. Sclater’s bird has not been indicated. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. 
No. No. | Age. 


When 


Collected. Received from Collected by 


87,331 84 od | Tres Marias, Isl. N.| Jan. 1865. | Col. A. J. Grayson. 
37,332 83 é “TW. Mex. he ss 
“ce 


Ty “ “e 
ce “ “ 


Mexico. ares Cab. Dr. Sclater. Parzudaki. 
| 


( ) Inaleohol. ( -) Inaleohol. ( .) The type of species. 


NEOCHLOB, Scrarer. 
Neochloe, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1857, 213. (Type N. brevipennis.) 


Form short and thick. Head large. Wings a little longer than the tail, 
which is considerably rounded; wing short and broad; the primaries not 
much longer than se- 
condaries ; the outer six 
graduated ; the lst more 
than half the 2d, which 
is shorter than the se- 
condaries ; the 3d about 
equal to 9th or 10th; 
the 6th longest. Feet 
slender, rather long, 
similar to Vireo. Bill 
not differing much from 
Vireo, but rather broad- 
er and more depressed 
at base. Nevchlve brevipennis, SCLATER. (Orizaba.) 


38163, 


372 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PaRr 1 


The essential characters of this genus are to be found in the con- 
siderably rounded tail, which somewhat exceeds the wings, and in 
the very short, much rounded wings and considerable amount of 
graduation of the primaries—the sixth being longest, the second 
shorter than the secondaries, and the third barely longer than the 
tenth. But one species is known, the coloration of which is entirely 
peculiar in the family. 


Neochloe brevipennis. 
Neochloe brevipennis, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 213 (Orizaba, Botter2). 
Hab. Orizaba. 


(No. 38,163.) Wing much graduated; the 6th longest; first quill more 
than half 2d; second shorter than secondaries. Tail longer than wings, 
somewhat graduated. 

General color dark ashy plumbeous; the entire top of head and nape sap 
green ; the outer surface of wings bright greenish-yellow, edges of tail feathers 
and upper tail coverts similar, but duller; edge of bend of wing bright yel- 
low. Chin and median region of abdomen, including crissum, white, as are 
the lining of wing and inner edges of quills. Concealed portion of wing and 
tail feathers above, as well as their under surfaces, almost black, especially 
the quills. Bill and feet plumbeous black. 

(No. 38,163.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.40; difference of 
feathers, .24; difference of 10th and longest quills, .84; exposed portion of 
1st primary, .67, of 2d, 1.26, of 3d, 1.56, of longest (6th) (measured from ex- 
posed base of Ist primary), 1.80; length of bill from forehead, .50, from 
nostril, .25, along gape, .56; tarsus, .75; middle toe and claw, .53, claw alone, 
-15; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .23. 


The outer edges only of the quills are green, so that the inner 
secondaries exhibit a good deal of black. The outer two primaries 
are edged with gray, not green, and on the other primaries the latter 
color changes to gray towards the end. The specimen described is 
the second known, the type, also collected by M. Botteri, being in 
the British Museum. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Goes 
No. | No. | Age. eal 


Received from Collected by 


38,163 | 271 | Orizaba, Mex. a5 | M. Botteri. | M. Botteri. 


HYLOPHILUS, Temm. 
“ Hylophilus, Tema. Pl. Col. 173, fig. 2. (Type H. pecilotis, Temm.”) 


Similar to Vireo in general appearance, but shorter and stouter. Wing 
short, rounded, about equal to the tail, which is narrow and rounded, the 


HYLOPHILUS. 373 


feathers frequently considerably pointed. Primaries but little longer than 
secondaries; the Ist 

about half the 2d, fi 

which generally equals ff 

the secondaries ; the 4th 

and 5th longest. Bill 


¥ 

; S 
more conical than in y 
Vireo ; the culmen curv- aA nl 
ing very slightly, some- Zs A 
times nearly straight to 


the but little decurved 
tip, the notch of which 
is long and shallow. 
Bristles of mouth less 
developed. Legslength- 
ened ; claws very sharp 
and larger than in Hylophilus viridifiavus, Lawr. (Panama.) 

Vireo ; hind toe longer ; 

both the lateral claws reaching beyond base of middle claw; the outer beyond 
the middle of the claw. Adhesion of toes as in Vireo. 


This genus is easily distinguished from the Vireos by the conical, 
more acute bill, but slightly decurved at tip, more arched com- 
missure, longer hind toe, much larger claws, and a more rounded 
wing than usual in Vireo. In the character of the feet it comes 
quite near Laletes. 

The species of Hylophilus which I have had the opportunity of 
examining agree very well in general characters, the principal varia- 
tion consisting in trifling differences in the proportions of the quills 
and length and graduation of tail. The first quill is- usually less 
than half the longest: in ¢nsularis it is more than half. The tail 
in the type is longer than the wing; in others it is about equal; in 
a few species it is shorter. 

The following synopsis expresses the characters of the species 
known to me :— 


Common CuaracrEers.—General color of upper parts olive green, the head, or 
at least the forehead, usually differing in having an ochrey or rufous wash, 
sometimes seen on the tail or back, sometimes wanting ; the forehead gener- 
ally more yellowish. No bands on wings or tail. Under parts whitish, 
yellowish, or olivaceous. Bill generally pale. Legs flesh color or plumbeous 


A. Head and nape above uniform cinnamon brown. Fore- 
head not different. 
Rufous of head confined to upper surface. Under parts 
fulvous yellowish. Legs dusky . a A - pecilotis. 


874 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


B. Cap rufous or ochraceous, well defined against: color of 
back; forehead much brighter. 

Forehead and vertex much brighter ochraceous than 
rest of head. Whole upper parts, except the oli- 
vaceous rump, more or less rufous; breast hail 
with the same. Legs flesh color . . . 

Forehead rusty brown. Upper parts dark olive eres ; 
tail alone tinged with rufous. Beneath light oliva- 
ceous-green. Legsdusky . i : s 

Forehead ochrey yellow. Back and tail bright olive 
green, without rufous. Beneath clear yellow. Legs 
plumbeous . * F : é . 


C. Cap tinged with bistre or sepia brown, shading gradually 
off into the olive of back; the rump only bright olive. 
Forehead paler only, not brighter. The only yellow of 
abdomen on crissum. 

Cap tinged with bistre brown, as is the back. Beneath 
soiled fulvous white ; throat grayer ; tlanks olivace- 
ous. Legs yellowish. First quill not half the 
longest . . . . . . . 

Cap and back ochrey seh, Beneath soiled smoky fulvous 
ash; no olive on flanks. Legs pale. First quill 
more than half longest . 


D. Cap and forehead clear olive green, uniform with the re- 
mainder of upper parts. 
Beneath bright yellow; paler on throat. Legs yellow 


E. Cap clear ash color, in abrupt contrast with the bright olive 
green of remaining upper parts. Beneath whitish. Sides 
of body and crissum olivaceous. 

Ash of head and nape sharply defined behind and on 
side of neck ; unmixed with olive. Flanks strongly 
washed with olive green . : . 

Ash of head and nape less extended, and. indistinet 
behind and on side of neck; mixed or washed 
with olive. Flanks only slightly washed with 
olive yellow. Upper parts more yellow. Size 
smaller . . . 7 . 


[PART I. 


ochraceiceps. 


Serruginifrons, 


. aurantiifrons. 


. acuticauda. 


. insularis. 


viridiflavus. 


decurtatus. 


« pusillus. 


None of the species of Hylophilus mentioned in the foot-note, 
all belonging to South America, have yet come under my observation. 


! Hylophilus semibrunneus, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1845, 341 (Bogota). 
Olive ; head, neck, and upper part of back olive browu; beneath pale olive 
yellowish ; throat, bend of wing, and middle of abdomen whitish ; bill pale 


brown; feet plumbeous. Length, 4.50. 


Similar to H. pecilotis, but differs in having decidedly larger bill, and in 
having the brown of head extending over the ears, the whole neck, and upper 


part of back. 


HYLOPHILUS. 375 


Hylophius peecilotis. 


Aylophilus pecilotis, Tamm. Pl. Col. (1823), 173, fig. 1 (from Maxi- 
milian’s specimen).—Bon. Consp. 1850, 329,—Burm. Uebers. III, 
1857, 110.—Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 64.—Scnarer, Catal. 1861, 
44, no. 269.—Sylvia pecilotis, Max. Beit. II, 1831, 715 (Bahia and 
Minas). 
Hab. Eastern Brazil. 


(No. 173, Cab. G. N. Lawrence.) First quill lengthened, about half the 
longest ; 2d quill rather shorter than 10th; 4th longest. Wing not quite as 
lony as the tail, which is somewhat graduated. ; 

Upper parts bright olive green; the whole cap, with nape, light cinnamon 
brown. Beneath grayish-white, tinged with fulvous or brownish-yellow on 
the breast; the sides with olive. Inside of wings yellow, as are the inner 
edges of the quills. Sides of head ashy ; ear coverts plumbeous, with whitish 


Hylophilus flavipes, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1845, 342 (Bogota). 

Above grayish-olive, cap a little darker; beneath ochraceous-yellowish, 
the throat whitish; breast dirty palish; bill pale brown; feet yellowish. 
Length, 4.50. 


Hylophilus frontalis, Tscavp1, Arch. Naturg. 1844.—Is. Fauna Peruana, 
1846, 194, pl. xiii, f. 1. Eastern Peru. 

Above olive green; the forehead and line from base of bill to eye, citron 
yellow; tail grayish-green. Under parts greenish-yellow, paler on throat; 
the breast and crissum somewhat tinged with rufous brown. Lower wing 
coverts olive. Bill brown; feet plambeous; iris brown. Length, 6.25. 


Hylophilus olivaceus, Tscuup1, Arch. Naturg. 1844.—Is. F. Peruana, 1846, 
195. Hab. Eastern Peru. 

Allied to H. thoracicus, but differing in color. Above ashy olive, forehead 
and rump brighter; eyelids yellowish. Beneath dull yellow; olivaceous on 
breast and throat, the belly and crissum whitish. Under wing coverts white. 
Bill reddish-brown; tarsi reddish. Irides brown. Length, 4.50; wing, 2.33. 


Hylophilus thoracicus, Temm. Pl. Col. 173, fig. 1.—Sylvia thoracica, Max. 
Beit. III, 1831, 717. Hab. Coast of Brazil. 
Above olive green; cheeks gray. Beneath pale yellow; crissum white; 
legs plumbeous. Length, 5.50. (Burmeister, III, 110.) 


Hylophilus flaveolus, Burm. Th. Bras. III, 110.—Sylvia flaveola, Max. Beit. 
III, 1831, 719. Hab. Bahia. 
Above grayish-brown; wings and tail more reddish-brown. Lower back, 
breast, and belly reddish-yellow; throat white; legs plumbeous. Length, 
5.70. (Burmeister. ) 


Hylophilus cinerascens, Max. Beit. II, 1831, 723.—Buru. Th. Bras.’ III, 
111. Hab. Espirito Santo Riv., Brazil. 
Above greenish-olive gray. Beneath grayish-white; wing coverts grayish- 
brown, edged with pale yellowish-red; legs plumbeous. Length, 4.15. 


376 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PaRT 1. 


shaft-streaks. Crissum pale yellowish. Bill horn color, paler beneath ; legs 
dusky. Iris “ grayish-brown” (Maz.). 

(No. 173, Bahia.) Total length, 4.40; wing, 2.10; tail, 2.25; difference of 
feathers, .80; difference of 10th and longest quills, .30; exposed portion of 
1st primary, .80, of 2d, 1.32, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base 
of 1st primary), 1.60; length of bill from forehead, .54, from nostril, .31, along 
gape, .60; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .52, claw alone, .16; hind toe 
and claw, .44, claw alone, .21. 


The description given above is from a Bahia specimen belonging 
to Mr. Lawrence. Another, in defective condition, from an unknown 
locality on the coast of Brazil (No. 23,979), is much more yellow 
beneath, including crissum, and with the wings of same length, has 
the tail much longer (2.60). 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc a Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. * 
24,008 Brazil. Dr. G. B. Horner. 
23,979 es 6 ce 
a 173 Bahia. Cab. Lawrence. 


Hylophilus ochraceiceps. 


Hylophilus ochraceiceps, Scuater, P. Z. S. 1859, 375 (Oaxaca). —Iz. 
Catal. 1861, 44, no. 268.—ScrarerR & Satvin, Ibis, 1860, 397. 
(Guatemala). 


Hab. Western Mexico, to Costa Rica. 


(No. 22,375, &,a type.) Third quill equal to 7th ; 2d considerably shorter 
than 10th and secondaries ; tail rounded. 

Upper parts olivaceous-rufous ; the tail clear rufous brown ; the rump dull 
olive green. Cap brownish ochrey, brighter anteriorly, more yellow on the 
edges anterior to the eye. Beneath faint ochrey yellow; the chin and throat, 
with cheeks more ashy, the breast more ochrey, the flanks and crissum more 
olivaceous, the inside of wings and inner edges of quills yellowish. Edges 
of inner secondaries externally like the back, their border becoming paler 
towards the outer primaries, the coverts at the base of the primary quills 
clear dark brown, forming a marked spot. Bill horn color above, paler below; 
feet apparently reddish. 

(No. 22,375, %, type.) Total length, 4.10; wing, 2.20; tail, 1.95; differ- 
ence of feathers, .25; difference of 10th and longest quills, 28; exposed por- 
tion of 1st primary, .72, of 2d, 1.30, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed 
base of 1st primary), 1.65; length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, 
.35, along gape, .65; tarsus, .68; middle toe and claw, -50, claw alone, .20; 
hind toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .22. 


A second specimen, from Costa Rica, agrees with the one just 
described, but with less of the ochrey tinge on the breast. 


HYLOPHILUS. aTT 
Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks. 
No. No. | Age. 9 
22,375. 40,736 Mexico (Oaxaca ?), eae Verreaux. Type. 
34,780 - Angostura, C. R. June 10, ’64, J.Carmiol | =o... 


Hylophilus ferruginifrons. 
Hylophilus ferruginifrons, ScuaterR, P. Z. 8. 1862, 110 (New Grenada). 
Hab. New Grenada. 


(Type.) Fourth and 5th quills longest; 2d about equal to 10th and secon- 
daries ; 1st less than half the longest. 

Above dark olive green, brighter and lighter on rump and edges of inner 
quills (becoming paler towards the outer ones), the tail tinged with umber 
brown. Forehead almost 
ferruginous. Beneath gray- 


ish olive; paler on throat SS 
and middle of belly. In- 

side of wings, axillars, and nN 
inner edges of quills clear 

yellow. Crissum yellow- N 


ish. Bill dusky, the com- 

missural edges and end of 

lower mandible paler; legs —_ Hylophilus ferruginifrons, ScuatER. (N. Grenada.) 
dusky ? 

(Type. Cab. Sclater.) Total length, about 4.25; wing, 2.30; tail, 1.80; dif- 
ference between 10th and longest primary, .35 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, 
-76, of 2d, 1.31, of longest (4th} (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 
1.¢5; length of bill from forehead, .58, from nostril, .32, along gape, .64; 
tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .48, claw alone, .10; hind toe and claw, .46, 
claw alone, .22. 


Dr. Sclater has kindly lent me his type specimen of the above 
species. 


Smith-|Collee-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks, 
No. No. | Age. i 
| ng | oh Bogota. ait Cab. P. L. Sclater. Type. 


Hylophilus aurantiifrons. 
Hylophilus aurantiifrons, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 1861, 324 (Birds 
Panama, II, 211). Panama, 
Hab. Isthmus Panama. 


(No. 38,926.) Fourth quill longest ; 3d about equal to 6th ; 2d equal to 10th 
or secondaries; Ist less than half the 3d. 


378 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Above light olive green, brighter“ behind. Forehead fulvous yellow, the 
rest of cap ashy olive, tinged with fulvous or ochrey, scarcely distinguishable 
behind from the back, which is slightly washed with the same. Cheeks like 
head above, but lighter. A yellowish loral spot passing to upper part of eye; 
the eyelids whitish. Under parts pale yellow, lightest (almost white). on 
throat, darker inside the wings and on crissum; flanks slightly olivaceous. 
Inner edges of quills yellowish-white ; outer edges of exterior primaries gray, 
of other quills olive. Tail feathers decidedly olive, edged internally with 
yellowish. Bill above horn color, flesh color below; legs plumbeous. 

(No. 38,926, 4.) Total length, 4.30; wing, 2.25; tail, 2.05; difference of 
10th and longest primary, .31; exposed portion of Ist primary, .80, of 2d, 
1.45, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.75; 
length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .85, along gape, .66; tarsus, 
-62; middle toe and claw, .46, claw alone, .13; hind toe and claw, .46, claw 
alone, .21. 


The specimen described agrees quite well with the type, but is 
larger and brighter in color. The shade of olive in the cap is 
darker and redder than that of the back. 

This species, of about the same size, closely resembles viridi- 
flavus in color, especially below. The latter is, however, of a 
richer, more ochrey yellow below, lacks the colored front, and has 
the cap uniform with the back. The whole bill is reddish, and the 
feet are flesh color or red, not plumbeous. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
aa tos ie Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
38,926 85 fos Panama. Jan.10,°65,| Fred. Hicks. | — ...... 
a8 175 foe ee iii Cab. Lawrence. | M’Lean. & Galb. 
(38,926.) Eye dark; legs lead; upper bill smoky ; lower pinkish. ( .) Type. 


Hylophilus acuticauda. 
Hylophilus acuticaudus, Lawrence, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1865, 37 (Venezuela). 


Hab. Venezuela. 


(No. 399, type.) Wings short and much rounded; tail lengthened, longer 
than the wings, the feathers narrow and lanceolate. Second quill consider- 
ably shorter than 10th; 3d about equal to 9th. 

Above dull olive, browner anteriorly, brighter towards rump and on edges 
of quills; the forehead with some concealed yellowish at base of feathers. 
Sides of head, throat, and breast pale dull brownish-ash ; belly fulvous white; 
flanks olivaceous; crissum, tibia, and inner lining of wings (including inner 
edges of quills), yellow. Bill light horn color, paler below ; legs pale brownish- 
yellow. 

(No. 399, type.) Total length, 4.50; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.00; difference of 
10th and longest quills, .16; exposed portion of 1st primary, .65, of 2d, 1.20, 


-HYLOPHILUS. 379 


of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.45; length 
of bill from forehead, .53, from nostril, 30, along gape, .60; tarsus, .67; hind 
toe and claw, .44. 


‘The type specimen of this species does not appear entirely mature, 
although if so the coloration of the adult will probably not be ma- 
terially different. It perhaps comes nearest in coloration to the 
description of H. flavipes, Lafr. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. eens Received from Remarks. 
No. No. | Age. = 


399 ia Venezuela. ats Cab. Lawrence. Type. 


Hylophilus insularis. 
Hylophilus insularis, ScuaTER, P. Z. 8. 1861, 128 (Tobago). 
Hab. Island of Tobago. (Kirk.) 


(No. 270%, Dr. Sclater’s type.) Fourth, 5th, and 6th quills nearly equal 
and longest ; 2d equal to secondaries ; exposed portion of 1st primary more 
than half the longest. Upper parts olive green, becoming brighter behind, 
especially on upper tail coverts and edges of wing- and tail-feathers; ante- 
riorly more and more tinged with 
dull ochrey ashy brown. Base of 
upper mandible, cheeks, and under 
parts soiled smoky light brownish- 
buff (almost sepia brown). Inside 
of wings and axillars bright yellow ; 
inner edges of quills paler yellow. 
Crissum and tibie yellowish-olive. 
No olive on flanks. Bill dark horn 
color; paler below. Legs pale. 

(No. 270*, Scl. Cab.) Total length, 
4.60; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.15; difference between 10th and longest quills, .28; 
exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.08, of 2d, 1.64, of longest (5th) (measured 
from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.92; length of bill from forehead, .64, 
from nostril, .37, along gape, .80; tarsus, .78; middle toe and claw, .52; claw 
alone, .18; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .22. 


Hylophilus 
tnsularis. 


I am indebted to Dr. Sclater for the opportunity of examining 
the type of this species. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Gia Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. : 
270* | .. | Tobago. aia Cab. Dr. Sclater. Kirk. 


(270*.) Type. 


380 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Hylophilus viridifilavus. 


Hylophilus viridiflavus, Lawrencz, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1861, 324 (Birds 
Panama, II, 212 (Isth. Panama).—Scuater & Sarvin, P. Z. 8. 1864, 
348 (Isth. Panama). ; 


Hab. Isthmus Panama. 


(No. 38,924, 9.) Fourth quill longest; 3d, 5th, and 6th little shorter; 2d 
equal to 10th; 1st about half longest. Wings very short and much rounded, 
about equal to the graduated tail. 

Above light olive green, rather brighter behind. Beneath, including bend 

and lining of wings, rich 
yellow. Cheeks pale 


/ “A ash; chin and throat 
S tiuged with the same. 

= Loral region gray. Bill 

and legs pale yellow. 


\ 
4 
A ere 
a ~) (‘In life bill and 
Is AY legs slightly pinkish ; 
yw iris yellowish, nearly 


38925 white.’’ Hicks.) 

Fresh specimen: Total 

length, 4.75 ; expanse of 

wings, 6.50. Prepared 

specimen: Total length, 

4.60; wing, 2.15; tail, 

Hylophilus viridifiavus, LawR. (Panama.) 2.10; difference of tail 

feathers, .25 ; difference 

of 10th and longest quills, .25; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d, 

1.38, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 1.63; 

length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .32, along gape, .64; tarsus, 

.77; middle toe and claw, .55; claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .48, claw 
alone, .24. 


Smith-|Cottec- Bex aaa When R a fi 
sonian| tor’s | an ocality. eceived from Collected b: 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. y 
38,924 69 io) Panama, Jan. 7,’65.| Fred. Hicks. |  ...... 
38,995 | 72 | ¢ a es SS | bee ated 
os 176 g ee vee Cab. Lawrence. | M’Lean. & Galb. 


(38,924.) Eyes white; legs and bill slightly pinkish, (176.) Type. 


Hylophilus decurtatus. 


Sylvicola decurtata, Bon. P. Z. 8. 1837, 118 (Guatemala).— Pachysylvia 
decurtata, Bon. Consp. 1850, 309. 

Hylophilus cinereiceps, Scuarer & Sauvin, P. Z. 8. 1860, 299 (Vera Paz, 
Guat.).—In. Ibis, 1860, 397 (Guat.).—?Is. P. Z. S. 1864, 348.— 
Scuater, Catal. 1861, 44, no. 267, 


Hab. South Mexico and Guatemala. 


HYLOPHILUS. 881 


(No. 22,374, 4.) Wing considerably graduated ; 2d quill about equal to 
10th; 5th longest ; exposed portion of 1st less than half 3d, more than half 
2d. Tail short, rather rounded; feathers narrow. 

Above bright olive green; whole top of head and nape clear pure ash gray, 
in sharp contrast; cheeks paler, whitish about eyes. Beneath white, with 
a slight creamy tinge, purest on throat and belly; the sides of breast and 
flanks yellowish olive, lighter than the back, passing more into yellow on 
crissum, and still purer yellow on inside of wings and axillars. Quills dusky 
brown, edged externally with olive green, the outer primaries only with gray ; 
quills edged internally with whitish. Tail feathers olive. Bill above dusky, 
whitish below. Legs dusky? 

(No. 22,374, 5.) Total length, 3.75; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.80; difference of 
feathers, .14; difference of 10th and longest quills, .34; exposed portion of Ist 
primary, .71, of 2d, 1.35, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of 
Ist primary), 1.62; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .32, along 

~ gape, .63; tarsus, .64; middle toe and claw, .43, claw alone, .16 ; hind toe and 
claw, .36, claw alone, .20. 


The loral region and a narrow ring around the eye are grayish- 
white, as is to a less extent the space below the eye. 

This species is almost certainly the Pachysylvia decurtata of 
Bonaparte. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. c Rae Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. OEE REERs 
22,374 sis, o& | Mexico (Cordova?) aie Verreaux. 
24,163 aie: eis Guatemala. ate G. N. Lawrence. 
alg 172 foe SS Cab. Lawrence. 
402 An “ alae ae 
403 fof ee on se 


Hylophilus pusillus. 


Hylophilus pusillus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, 1861, 323 (Panama); 
VIII, 1865, 180 (Greytown, Nic.). 


Hab. Isthmus Panama, to southeastern Nicaragua. 


Very similar to decurtatus, but smaller; ash of head not extending as far 
back over the nape, and slightly mixed with olive; less distinct on side of 
neck; tail beneath more olive. Olive of sides less in amount, and more 
yellow. Back more yellow. “Iris brown.” Carmiol. 

(No. 400, Panama.) Total length, 3.80; wing, 2.05; tail, 1.60; difference 
of 10th and longest primaries, .27 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .70, of 2d, 
1.32, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 1.60; 
length of bill from forehead, .60, from nostril, .34, along gape, .64; tarsus, .60. 

(No, 34,672, % , Costa Rica.) Total length, 3.70; wing, 1.85; tail, 1.40; dif- 
ference of 10th and longest primary, .16 ; exposed portion of 1st primary, .62, 
of 2d, 1.12, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 


882 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


1.40; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .84, along gape, .62; 
tarsus, .60. 


The comparison of many specimens of the grayheaded Hylophilus 
of Guatemala, with others from Panama, exhibits, on the whole, the 
differences referred to, as stated by Mr. Lawrence, but they are ex- 
ceedingly slight, and may not unreasonably be referred to the influ- 
ence of season or locality. Of the three types of Mr. Lawrence, 
two, in which the olive green of the cap is most distinct, and the 
" size least, are decidedly immature birds; the third (No. 400), how- 
ever, is adult, and although the color referred to is reduced in 
amount, it is still quite appreciable. 

Unmistakably adult specimens from Costa Rica and Nicaragua 
are still smaller than those from Panama, as shown by the measure- 
ments given above. They are even brighter yellowish above than 
in the type, the edges of some of the feathers almost yellow. Com- 
pared with Guatemalan skins of unmistakable decurtatus, the 
difference is very appreciable. 

A young bird, scarcely full fledged, has the olive of back soiled 
with buff, the top of head is dull sepia brown, and the olive of back 
is tinged with the same. 

J am not satisfied as to the existence of more than one species, 
_ but for the present retain pusii/us, and await further evidence to 
determine the question. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
; a a When a 
gs a Vo Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 


37,366 69 @ | San Juan, Nic. 1865. H. E. Holland. 

39,754 as do | Santa Rosa, C. R. Jan. 4, ’65. J. Carmiol. 

84,671 aa o | Angostura, C. R. June 10, 64. ce 

84,672 ne ea sis June 8, ’64. se 

34.673 se 0. sf June 12, 64. ee 

35,242 fe 2 | Dota, C. R. July 22, 64. ee 

ae a g Panama. etd Cab. Lawrence. M’Lean. & Galb. 
m|¢| « se “ “ 


(400.) Type. (401.) Type. (174.) Type. 


LALETES, Sciater. 
Laletes, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1861, 72. (Type L. osburnii.) 


General appearance that of « Vireo. The rather pointed wings, are longer 
than the narrow, nearly even, slightly rounded tail. First primary about half 
the second, which about equals secondaries; the 4th quill longest. Bill deep 
and much compressed from base ; depth two-thirds the distance from nostril to 
tip. Culmen straight for basal third, then decurving to the hooked, deeply 
notched bill; gonys also curved. Commissure slightly arched. Nostrils 


LALETES. 883 


rather large and oval, anterior, with membrane above and behind. Frontal 
feathers directed slightly forward, with few bristles. Sides of upper bill with 


23326 


Luletes osburnii, ScuateR. (Jamaica.) 


slight furrows parallel to culmen. Legs large; the feet stouter, the claws 
longer than in Vireo. The hind toe is especially more developed; the com- 
parative length of lateral toes, however, and their adhesion, much as in Vireo. 


This genus somewhat resembles Cyclorhis in the deep bill, but 
differs in weaker claws, the inner lateral one not reaching beyond the 
base of the middle. The much higher and more compressed bill, 
with its longitudinal furrows; the larger toes, the hinder one much 
longer in proportion, separate it from Vireo. It forms a connecting 
link between the Vireos and Cyclorhis. 


Laletes osburnii. 


Laletes osburnii, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1861,72. (Jamaica.) 
Olive Chatterer. (Jamaica.) 


Hab. Jamaica. 


(No. 23,326, 4.) Wings rather pointed, longer than the nearly even tail. 
First quill about half 2d, which is not quite equal to the secondaries ; 4th and 
5th quills longest. 

Above olive green, brightest on rump; head above and on sides tinged with 
ashy. Beneath yellow; breast, flanks, and crissum more olivaceous, throat 
paler; inside of wings and inner edges of quills creamy white, as are the 
loral feathers at their base. Concealed portion of quills fuscous brown, of tail 
feathers more olive. Bill blackish ; tomia and tip paler; legs flesh color? 

(No. 23,326, 4.) Total length, 5.40; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.65; difference of 
10th and longest quills, .42; exposed portion of 1st primary, .85, of 2d, 1.65, 
of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.20; length 
of bill from forehead, .66, from nostril, .36, along gape, .73, depth, .23 ; tarsus, 
.83 ; middle toe and claw, .68, claw alone, .24; hind toe and claw, .56; claw 
alone, .26. 


384 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PaRT I. 


} 
Smith-'Collec-| Sex i 
Sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Cc aes: Received from Collected by 
No, | No. | Age. 
23,326 87 o& | Trelawney, Jam. j Jan. 31, 59. Dr. Scelater. W. Osburn. 


(23,326.) Type. 


CYCLORHIS, Swainson. 
Cyclorhis, Swainson, Zool. Journal, III, 1828, 162. (Type Tanagra 


guianensis, GM.) 


Form very stout; the head broad. Wings rather longer than the narrow, 
nearly even, or slightly rounded tail ; the quills graduated: the Ist more than 


Cyclorhis gwianensis, SCLATER. (Cayenne.) 


half the 2d, which about equals secondaries; the 4th or 5th longest; the 
tips not attenuated. Bill very powerful, deep, much compressed (depth 
almost equal to distance from nostril to notch of bill); culmen and gonys 
much curved from base; gape nearly straight; tip of upper bill decurved 
and with deep notch; tip of lower less distinctly marked. Nostrils small, 
nearly circular, in anterior end of nasal fossa, with membrane above and 
behind it. Frontal feathers directed somewhat forward, but not overhanging 
nostrils, and with very few bristles ; those of rictus moderate. 

Feet stout (rather less so than in Dulus). Tarsus rather longer than middle 
toe and claw; distinctly scutellate anteriorly, and with one or two divisions 
externally at lower end. Basal joint-of middle toe entirely adherent exter- 
nally to one and a half joints of outer ; internally, but slightly free and united 
to half of adjacent joint. Lateral toes nearly as long as middle, reaching 
over half the length of middle claw or even farther. Hind toe longer than 
the lateral. Claws all very stout and sharp, much curved. 


The bill of Cyclorhis, in its compression, great depth, and other 


CYCLORHIS, 885 


characters, is very similar to that of Falewnculus (of the Laniadx) 
of Australia, which it also resembles so much in other characters as 
usually to induce authors to bring the two together, either as ad- 
jacent genera, or as belonging to closely allied subfamilies. 

The difference generically between Cyclorhis and Vireolanius is 
very slight, and I cannot find any real ground of separation. In 
the latter the bill is perhaps lower and proportionally more elongated ; 
the culmen less curved; the tip longer and more curved, although C. 
nigrirostris differs from the other species of Cyclorhis in just these 
characters. The nostrils are perhaps more circular and smaller in 
Cyclorhis. The colors differ somewhat—the prevailing tints in 
Cyclorhis being olive green and dull yellow, as in the ‘Vireos, while 
in Vireolanius they are deep verdigris green, bright blue and clear 
yellow (white below in type). If we were to limit Vireolanius to 
the type—melitophrys—the difference would be rather more appre- 
ciable. For the present, however, I keep the two groups separate. 

Although most of the species of the two genera are strictly 
South American, I yet give all in detail, in order to furnish a com- 
plete monograph of the family of Vireonide. 


Common Cuaracters.—Above plain olive green; lower throat (sometimes 
breast, or Whole under parts), axillars, inner face of wings, and inner edges 
of quills yellowish; rest of under parts whitish. A rufous band from 
nostrils over eye to nape, sometimes only to eye. Chin, and more or less 
of cheeks, ashy. Head above ashy, more or less pure, rarely like the back. 
Lower mandible in most species plumbeous black. 


A. Head above and nape, with the entire cheeks, ash color ; 
the former sometimes glossed with ochraceous. 
Legs flesh color. Throat, jugulum, and breast yel- 
low. 
Entire under parts (except chin) yellow . flaviventris,) 
Beneath yellow; middle of belly to crissum 
whitish. 
Yellow more extended, with decided 
olivaceous green tinge across the 
breast. Cheeks dark ash . . subflavescens. 
Yellow of breast more restricted, and 
scarcely olivaceous. Cheeks light 
ash. . : . . - flavipectus. 
Legs dusky plumbeous. Lower throat and sides of 
breast yellowish. 
Superciliary rufous extending tonape. Lower 
mandible plumbeous at base. 


1 Specimens from Guatemala lack the black spot of bill. 
25 May, 1866. 


386 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Head above nearly pure ash. Second 
quill shorter than 10th ‘ . guianensis.! 
Head above washed with ochraceous. 
Second quilllonger than 10th. Size 
larger . . . 2 . . viridis. 
Superciliary rufous reaching only to eye. 
Lower mandible weak; flesh color. 
Head above strongly washed with 
ochraceous . 3 . - ochrocephala. 
B. Vertex and nape olive green, like the back ; cheeks and 
jugular band, with sides of breast, yellowish, or olive 
green. Legs flesh color? Lower mandible dusky. 
Forehead chestnut brown, this color extending back- 
ward to the nape as asuperciliary band. Cheeks 
and jugulum yellowish. Upper mandible pale virenticeps. 
Forehead plumbeous, with a dark chestnut band 
from nostrils to eye only. Cheeks and jugulum 
olivaceous. Upper mandible black : « nigrirostris. 
Of the species described, C. subflavescens and C. viridis are those which 
have least strongly marked distinctive characters. 


In examining the preceding analytical arrangement of the species 
of Cyclorhis some interesting geographical considerations present 
themselves. The most northern species (C. flaviventris) exhibits 
most yellow beneath, this diminishing progressively in more southern 
species, as C. subflavescens (Costa Rica), and C. flavipectus 
(northern part of South America). All these more northern species 
have pale-colored legs, while those of Eastern South America have 
dusky legs, and like those just mentioned have the vertex and nape, 
with whole cheeks, more or less ash, in decided contrast to the 
back. The two Andean, on the contrary, have these parts like the 
back. All the species, as a rule, have the under mandible plumbeous 
black at the base, caused by the deposit of a black pigment on the 
bone; this is only exceptionally absent except in ochrocephala, 
where it seems never to occur. In all, the upper mandible is pale 
in the dried skin; said sometimes to be red in life; in nigrirostris 
only is it black. The iris is said in most species to be either red or 
yellowish. 


Cyclorhis flaviventris. 
Cyclaris flaviventris, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1842, 183 (Santa Cruz, Mex.).— 
Cycloris fl. Bon. Consp. 1850, 330.—Cyclorhis fl. ScuatsER, P. Z. S. 
1856, 99; 1858, 448 ; 1859, 363 (Jalapa) ; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico). 


' Specimens from Ceara, Brazil (perhaps autumnal), have yellow extend- 


‘ing over the breast, much as in flavipectus, but with dusky legs, the vertex 
‘inged with ochraceous. 


CYCLORHIS. 387 


—Is. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 276.—? Scuatzr & Satvm, Ibis, I, 1859, 13 
(Guatemala). —Cyclorhis fl. Tscuup1, Archiv Naturg. 1845, 363 
(Mexico). 

Hab. Southern Mexico and Guatemala. 

(No. 37,498, &.) Upper part and sides of head, with nape, ashy, with a 
broad stripe of rufous brown from each nostril (the two confluent anteriorly) 
over and beyond eye to nape (the eye considerably anterior to the middle of 
the stripe); rest of upper parts olive green. Chin very pale ashy; rest of 
inferior surface, with inside of wings, bright yellow. Upper mandible pale; 
lower, plumbeous black, the end whitish. Legs apparently flesh color. “Iris 
cherry red.’? Second quill shorter than the 10th; 3d less than the 7th. 

(No. 37,498, %.) Total length, 6.10; wing, 3.25; tail, 2.95; exposed por- 
tion of lst primary, 1.25, of 2d, 2.00, of longest (5th) (measured from ex- 
posed base of Ist primary), 2.55; length of bill from forehead, .85, from 
nostril, .50, along gape, .85, depth, .37; tarsus, .92; middle toe and claw, .75, 
claw alone, .30; hind toe and claw, .68, claw alone, .34. 

In the specimen described, and in fact in all before me, there is a 
faint wash of ochraceous on the vertex, though in several, as No. 
30,874, the color of the ash is nearly pure. In this same specimen 
the ochrey color of the forehead extends over the lores, and involves 
the lower eyelids to a greater degree than usual. The ash of the 
chin is much restricted—being limited to the space between the 
rami. 

There is not much variation in the extensive series before me. 
The yellow is sometimes deeper in spring specimens; in autumnal 
it is paler, with a slight buffy tint. It is somewhat remarkable, 
however, that of four Guatemalan skins in the collection, three 
should lack the black of the lower jaw. The fourth, from Coban, 
a locality nearest of all to Mexico and Yucatan, is as described 
above. I can detect no other difference. All other specimens have 
the dark spot in question. 

The uniform yellow of the under parts sufficiently distinguishes 
this species from all its allies. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. ocd Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. ° 
37,498 58 | oS Orizaba, Mex. Jan. 28,'65.| Prof. Sumichrast. 
37,499 QU | a se Jan. 6, 65. ee 
38,162 ol | .. ce wie M. Botteri. 
80,874 120 | .. Mirador, Mex. Mar. 1863. Dr. Sartorius. 
80,873 120] .. ue i ce 
37,915 192 Merida, Yue. Feb. 19, ’65.| Gov. Salazar. 
37,916 191 ; Ny an iM 
37,917 193 ie sj 
39,279 | 495) of May 23, ’65. ‘ “ 
22,372 |32,615 | .. Coban. teh Verreaux. 
39,169 aie | a Guatemala. ies J. Gould. 
as 180 | o fe Cab, Lawrence. 


(37,499.) Iris brown; bill and feet flesh color. (30,874.) Eyes cherry red. (30,873.) Do. 


REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


388 


Cyclorhis subflavescens. 
Cyclorhis subflavescens, Can. Journ. fiir Orn. 1860 (May, 1861), 405 
(Costa Rica; September) ; 1861, 93 (spec. without dusky spot on 
pill).—Scuatsr, Catal. 1862, 359, No. 276%. 


Hab. Costa Rica. 


(No. 34,669, 9.), Upper part and sides of head, with the nape and the 
chin, ash color; the vertex soiled with rufous olive. A broad rufous band 
from each nostril over and behind the eye (the two confluent anteriorly), 
which is anterior to its middlepoint. Rest of upper parts olive green. Whole 
throat and breast greenish-yellow, the flanks and inner lining of wings purer 
yellow, as also to some extent a tinge on the crissum. Middle of belly white. 
Bill pale above; lower jaw dark plumbeous, with whitish tip. Legs flesh 
color. “Iris yellowish’? (Carmiol). 

Second quill shorter than 10th; 3d about equal to 8th. 

(No. 34,669, 9.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.95; tail, 2.50; exposed por- 
tion of 1st primary, 1.15, of 2d, 1.85, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed 
base of 1st primary), 2.30; length of bill from nostril, .42, along gape, .80, 
depth, .33; tarsus, .86; middle toe and claw, .66, claw alone, .27; hind toe 
and claw, .64, elaw alone, .30. 


Specimens differ in the amount of yellow on the under parts, 
which are sometimes entirely yellow (though paler behind), with 
the middle of belly only white; in other instances the middle of 
breast, belly, and the crissum are white. The flanks, however, are 
always yellow. Autumnal specimens show a buffy tinge in the white. 
Of the six specimens examined, all have the plumbeous spot on the 
bill. 

This species is easily distinguished from flaviventris by its whitish 
belly. It is most closely related to C. flavipectus in its flesh colored 
legs and yellow breast, and in fact it is somewhat of a question 
whether they are specifically distinct. The Costa Rica bird is 
rather larger, and less brilliantly colored; the ash of the head is 
darker; the yellow of breast more olivaceous, and perhaps extend- 
ing a little farther back. The ochraceous wash of the hood is more 
marked, although both species vary among themselves in this as well 
as the other points. Better skins than those before me may, how- 
ever, exhibit the differences more satisfactorily. 


smith- \Cotlec- Sex When 

st tore ees Locality. Collected. Received from Remarks. 
35,239 ah Dota, C. R. July 27,64.) J. Carmiol. ris 

33,295 oe San Jose, C. R. sci te i al 
a ic is) is April 4, ’64. 5 :" . Iris light yellow. 
[oe at = a Se Te Vig rantzius. | wg. 
34,670 g Barranca, C.R. | April17,’64.] J. Carmiol. Tris yellow. 


OYCLORHIS. 389 


Cyclorhis flavipectus. 

Cyclorhis flavipectus, Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1858, 448 (Trinidad and Santa 
Martha).—Is. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 275.—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 81 
(Trinidad). 

Hab, Trinidad and northern coast of South America. 

(No. 32,719, &.) Head above, and nape, light plumbeous, washed very 
faintly with orange or ochrey brown; cheeks paler, and pure ashy, running 
into the still lighter, almost white chin; rest of upper parts bright olive 
green. Throat and breast (extending down a little more along the sides) 
bright greenish-yellow; the inner face of wings and inner edges of quills 
purer yellow. Rest of under parts white. Under surface of tail decided 
olive green. A broad superciliary band of orange or ochrey brown from 
nostrils (the two meeting on the forehead) reaching to the nape, rather farther 
beyond the eye than the distance to it. Bill horn color, the tip and edges 
whitish ; the lower mandible plumbeous black. Legs flesh color. 

Fourth and 5th quills equal and longest ; 2d shorter than the 10th and the 
secondaries. 

(No. 32,719, 4.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.80; tail, 2.60; exposed por- 
tion of Ist primary, 1.05, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (measured from exposed base 
of 1st primary), 2.16; length of bill from forehead, .75, from nostril, .46, 
along gape, .83, depth, .36; tarsus, .88 ; middle toe and claw, .72, claw alone, 
-30; hind toe and claw, .61, claw alone, .34. 


The extreme nape is of a purer plumbeous than elsewhere on top 
of the head. No. 32,719 has a faint buff wash on the sides of body 
not seen in the others, and probably indicative of the autumnal 
plumage. 

This species is readily distinguished from C. guianensis, which it 
otherwise resembles, by the yellow, not dusky legs: the greater 
amount of yellow beneath, which extends over the jugulum to fore 
part of breast: and the ochrey wash of top of head, although this 
latter character may depend somewhat on season. The ash of 
cheeks and chin is lighter, the yellow of under parts purer. The 
size is larger, the bill deeper; the legs stouter, besides being differ- 
ently colored. There is less of the gray tinge of the under parts 
of guianensis. 


Smith- Collec- Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 
82,719 |21,167 | ¢f Santa Martha, re Verreaux. 
30,600 a ve Trinidad. a M. Galody. [ton. 
are dae Cab, A. & E. New- 


Cyclorhis guianensis. 
Tanagra guianensis, Gm. I, 1788, 893 (Verderoux, Burron, Hist. Nat. 
Ois. IV, 272, Guiana).— ?Cyclorhis guianensis, Burau. Uebers. III, 
1856, 106 (describes the var. from Ceara, with yellow breast).— 


390 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Cyclorhis g. Scuatsr, P. Z. S. 1858, 448 (Cayenne, etc.).—Is. Catal. 
1861, 45, no. 274. 

Cyclorhis poliocephala, Tscaup1, Wieg. Arch. 1845, 363 (N. Brazil and 
Guiana).—(? Not of Fauna Peruana, 169). 


Hab. Guiana (and eastern Brazil ?). 


(No. 178, 3, Cab. G. N. Lawrence, Cayenne.) Head (including cheeks and 
chin) and nape clear pure light plumbeous, the chin considerably paler. Rest 


Cyclorhis guianensis, ScLATER. (Cayenne.) 


of upper parts unvaried olive green, continuous with a rather narrow band 
across the lower part of the throat and extending on side of breast, which are 
of more yellowish olive. Inside of wings, axillars, and inner edges of quills 
yellow. Remaining under parts grayish, the median line and lower belly 
white. Longer crissal feathers tinged with olive. A broad orange brown 
stripe from nostrils (where it meets its fellow and forms a frontal band) over 
and beyond the eye to the nape, the eye placed a little anterior to the middle 
of the band. Bill horn color; the lower mandible, except at tip, blackish- 
plumbeous. Legs dusky. 

Exposed portion of Ist quill more than half that of the 2d, which is rather 
shorter than secondaries ; 4th and 5th quills longest. 

The band across the lower throat scarcely involves the jugulum, and is a 
little more than half an inch wide. The fianks and tibie are grayish, without 
any wash of olive. The under surface of tail is decidedly olive green. 

(No. 178.) Total length, 5.25; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.50; exposed portion of 
1st primary, 1.00, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 
1st primary), 2.05; length of bill from forehead, .71, from nostril, .45, along 
gape, .80; depth, .32; tarsus, .83; middle toe and claw, .64, claw alone, .26; 
hind toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .30. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. | Guedes 
No. | No. | Age. ‘ 


Received from Collected by 
\ 


( 
178 fol Cayeune, sie | Cab. Lawrence. | ~~... 


" CYCLORHIS, 391 


In the collection before me are two specimens from Ceara, Brazil, 
which differ in having the yellow extending on the front and sides 
of the breast almost as much as in flavipectus; the rest of under 
parts, except the middle of belly, with a decided buff tinge, the 
crissum and tibize more yellowish. The head above is washed with 
ochraceous ; thus, in most respects, very similar to flavipectus, but 
with dusky legs. The latter character distinguishes them at once 
from flavipectus. They are rather larger than the specimen de- 
scribed above of C. gutanensis, and differ otherwise, as stated, but 
agree in the dusky legs. If the same species, they may be in au- 
tumnal plumage. A specimen from Bahia (thus likewise from the 
easternmost part of Brazil) is quite similar. Additional specimens 
may prove it to be distinct from guianensis. (C. cearensis, Bd.) 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. c Ree Received from Collected by 
No No. | Age. oMecteds: 
oe 179 os Bahia. eae Cab. Lawrence. | = waeeee 
36,693 3 Ceara, Brazil. sd Nat.Hist.Mus. Rio} =... eee 
36,694 oe aes oe ee oe 


Cyclorhis ochrocephala. 
Cyclorhis ochrocephala, Tscuupt, Arch. f. Naturg. 1845, I, 362 (south 
Brazil; Buenos Ayres).—Cyclorhis och. Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1858, 
448.—In. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 277. 
Cyclorhis guianensis, Sw. Orn. Bras. pl. 58. 
Cyclorhis viridis, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1850, 64 (S. Brazil; Paraguay).— 
Cyclorhis vir. Burau. Uebers. III, 1856, 107 (southern Brazil). 


Hab. Southern Brazil. 


(No. 21,018, %,) Head above, and nape, ashy, but usually washed so con- 
tinuously with ochrey brown as entirely to conceal the ground color; rest 
of upper parts olive green. Cheeks, lores, and side of nape pure ashy; chin 
paler. Forehead ochrey brown, extending in a narrow line along the upper 
eyelid, but not beyond it; the contrast with rest of crown not abrupt. Lower 
throat, the upper part of jugulum, and the sides of the breast greenish-yellow; 
the inside of wings and inner edges of quills purer yellow. Under parts 
buffy white, purer white in middle of belly. Under surface of tail olive 
brown rather than olive green. Bill horn color; lower mandible paler, with- 
out trace of plumbeous black spot. Feet dusky plumbeous, almost black. 
First quill less than half the longest ; 3d intermediate between 8th and 9th; 
2d less than the 10th or the secondaries. 

(No. 20,018, %-) Total length, 6.30; wing, 3.20; tail, 3.00; exposed por- 
tion of 1st primary, 1.05, of 2d, 1.85, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed. 
base of Ist primary), 2.40; length of bill from forehead, .72, from nostril, 
.42, along gape, .80, height, .33; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .75, claw 
alone, .29; hind toe and claw, .69, claw alone, .32. 


392 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Another specimen has the color of under parts purer, with less 
buff. Another from Rio (No. 18,571), likewise with less buff be- 
neath, has the vertex showing a considerable amount of plumbeous. 
The back is somewhat tinged with ochraceous in the type specimen. 

This species agrees with guianensis in dusky legs and the re- 
striction of the yellow to the lower throat and extreme upper part 
of the jugulum. It is, however, larger; the bill lower, without 
trace of the blackish spot; the ochrey band of forehead extends in 
a very narrow line only along the upper eyelid, instead of broadly 
reaching the nape, and the vertex is washed with ochrey, so as 
almost or entirely to cover the plumbeous or ashy of the feathers. 
The under surface of the tail shows less olive green. 


Smith-| Collec- | Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. 
No. No. | Age. 


dotmene: Received from Collected by 


18,571 aes “és Rio Janeiro. ae P,L.Selafer: | acess 
23,921 ae ace Brazil. aise Dr.Hormer: | «asses 
15,189 | § P. 463 “ Expl. Exped 
i Cisil¢-: — pl. Exped. | = ..eaee 
21,018 70| o Tigre, Brazil. July, 1860. | Capt. T. J. Page. Chr. Wood. 
a 181) = 8. America. sis Cab. Lawrence. | =. ss 


Cyclorhis viridis. 


Saltator viridis, Vie. Nouv. Dict. XIV, (1817) 108.—Is. Encycl. Méth. 
II, 1823, 793 (based on Habia verde, Azara, Apunt. I, 301) (Para- 
guay).—? Cyclorhis viridis, ScuatEr, P. Z. 8. 1858, 448 (Bolivia).— 
Is. Catal. 1861, 46, no. 280 (not of CaBanis and BuRMEISTER). 


Hab. La Plata and Bolivia ? 


(No. 20,976, 9, Parana.) Head above ashy, almost concealed by a gloss of 
reddish-brown ; rest of upper parts olive green. Chin, lores, cheeks, and sides 
of nape pale ash. Forehead ochrey brown, this color extending narrowly 
above and beyond the eye to the nape. Lower part of throat and sides of 
breast, with insides of wings, pale yellow; the flanks washed with the same; 
rest of under parts soiled white. Bill rather dusky; under mandible some- 
what darker, but without a distinct spot asin guianensis. Legs dark plumbe- 
ous. First quill much more than half the longest; 24 between 8th and 9th; 
3d but little shorter than 4th, which is longest, about equal to 5th. 

(No. 20,976, 9.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 3.00; tail, 3.00; exposed portion 
of Ist primary, 1.25, of 2d, 1.95, of longest (4th and 5th) (measured from 
exposed base of Ist primary), 2.25; length of bill from forehead, .75, from 
nostril, .45, along gape, .80, depth, .37; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, .72, 
claw alone, .29; hind toe and claw, .69, olaw alone, .32. 


I have referred to the C. viridis, of Vieillot, based on a descrip- 
tion by Azara, a specimen from the Parana, a region sufficiently 
near that of Azara’s bird for the two to be identical, and agreeing 


CYCLORHIS. 393 


sufficiently with the account of the latter author. It is of much 
the same size as C. ochrocephala, but differs primarily in having the 
brown superciliary stripe pass beyond the eye to the nape, as in guia- 
nensis, though it is narrower and less distinct. The brown wash 
on the head is less than in ochrocephala; the yellow on the throat 
less extensive. The bill is higher, and the under mandible more 
dusky, though not blackish. The first and second quills are longer, 
the former more than half the longest, not less; the second longer 
than the tenth, in this respect differing from the other S. American 
species. 

From guianensis the species can be distinguished by its much 
larger size; the wing formula; the ochraceous wash of the head; 
less amount of yellow on throat (7), ete. 

A specimen from Bolivia (No. 280a), kindly lent by Dr. Sclater, 
and labelled by him C. viridis, agrees with that above described in 
general features. It is rather larger: wing, 3.30, the outer quills 
not quite so long, and the lower mandible with a very conspicuous 
black spot. 


t 
Smith-|Collec- Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. P ‘ 
20,976 70 fof Parana, April 1860. | Capt. T. J. Page. Chr. Wood. 
da 280a Bolivia. aia Cab. Sclater, =| see 


Cyclorhis virenticeps. 
Cyclorhis virenticeps, ScuateR, P. Z. 8. 1860, 274, pl. 164 (Babahoyo, 
Ecuador).—Is. Catal. 1861, 46, no. 278. 


Hab. Babahoyo, Ecuador. 


(No. 278a.) Whole upper parts, including vertex, bright olive green. A 
proad, rufous, almost chestnfit brown band from the nostrils (meeting on the 
forehead) passing over and beyond the eye to the nape. Chin, lores, and sides 
of lower mandible ashy ; rest of cheeks, entire throat, upper part of jugulum, 
sides of breast and inner face of wings, with inner edges of quills, yellow. 
Rest of under parts white, soiled with buff, except along the middle of belly. 
Upper mandible pale horn color; lower plumbeous black, except at the tip. 
Legs apparently flesh color. “Iris hazel” (Fraser). 

(No. 278a.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.95; tail, 2.65; length of bill from 
forehead, .76, from nostril, .44, along gape, .76, depth, .33 ; tarsus, .90; middle 
toe and claw, .70, claw alone, .26; hind toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .32. 


The type specimen of this species, kindly supplied by Dr. Sclater, 
is moulting some of the wing feathers, so that the quill formula 
cannot be accurately given. The supra-ocular stripe extends farther 
behind the eye than in front of it, and the lower eyelid appears to 


394 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Part 1, 


have a line of feathers of the same colour as in the other species, 
The bill is stout and deep, and the culmen much curved. 


1 
Smith-/Collee-| Sex F 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. eaten: Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 
a 278a | .. | Babahoyo, Ecuad. | Cab. P. L. Sclater. Fraser. 


(278a.) Type. 


Cyclorhis nigrirostris. 


Cyclaris n. LAFR. Rev. Zool. 1842, 133 (Colombia).—Is. Mag. de Zool. 
1843, pl. 33.—Cycloris n. Bon. Consp. 1850, 330.—Cyclorhis nig. 
Scrater, P. Z. S. 1855, 151; 1858, 448.—Is. Catal. 1861, 46, no. 
280 (Bogota). 


Hab. Bogota. 


(No. 279a.) Above olive green, with a short stripe from each nostril (not 
confluent anteriorly) of dark orange brown, extending over and beyond the 
eye, for a considerably less 
distance than anterior to 
it. A frontal band (ex- 
tending faintly along side 
of vertex), lores, cheeks 
below, and a little behind 
the eye, chin, and most 
of the throat and breast 
Cyclorkis ashy, paler below, and 
mogrirosiris. Dassing behind into soiled 

buffy gray. Sides of neck 
and the ears, continued into a narrow, almost interrupted band across the upper 
part of jugulum, the sides of breast, and more faintly the flanks, olive green, 
but little paler than the back. Inner wing coverts, axillars, and inner edges 
of quills yellow. Bill entirely blackish, except, at base of lower mandible, 
where it appears to be flesh color. Legs quite pale, though hardly flesh color. 

The bill is lower and the culmen straighter than in other species, and has 
the exclusive character of black maxilla. The first quill is less than half the 
longest; the 2d less than the 10th; the 2d about equal to the 8th; the 4th 
and 5th longest. 

(No. 279a,) Total length, 5.50; wing, 3.10; tail, 2.65; exposed portion of 
Ist primary, 1.00, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (4th and 5th) (measured from ex- 
posed base of Ist primary), 2.30; length of bill from forehead, .75, from 
nostril, .44, along gape, .80, depth, .30; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .70, 
claw alone, .28; hind toe and claw, .66, claw alone, .30. 


Of two specimens I have had the opportunity of examining, the 
one serving as the basis of my description has been kindly lent by 
Dr. Sclater. The other, in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, 


VIREOLANIUS. 395 


is quite similar, but with a shorter bill. The species is nearest in 
its relationships to C. virenticeps, but differs in the black maxilla; 
the light base of the lower mandible; the ashy frontal band (seen 
indistinctly on the side of vertex, the much darker, and shorter 
supra-ocular stripe ; the olive green of under parts instead of yellow, 
and of much less extent; the ashy region behind the eyes, ete. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex 
i 4 When 
sonian| lors. and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. y Collected. 


Mus. Phila. Acad.}| —....- 


Pie ee Bogota. | agit Cab, Sclater, = | ee aan 
ve 


VIREOLANIUS, Dvusvs. 
Vireolanius, “ Dusus,’”? Bon. Consp. 1860, 330. (Type V. melitophrys, 
Dosos.) 


This group of birds agrees in all essential generic characters with 
Cyclorhis, especially in the shape and structure of bill, adhesion 


AX 


Vireolanius melitophrys, Dubus. (Guatemala.) 


and length of toes, shape of wings, tail, etc., and it is a question 
whether they should not be united. The only difference is in a 
rather less amount of curvature of culmen than in most species, and 
a rather less depth of bill; although in this respect C. nigrirostris 
agrees exactly with Vireolanius. The legs are perhaps less stout. 
The pattern of coloration is quite the same. The type differs most 
from Cyclorhis, and at the same time from the other species asso- 
ciated with it in Véreolanius, in having the tail rather longer than 
the wings, not shorter. 


396 REVIEW OF AMERICAN LIRDS. [PART IL. 


Common Cuaracters.—Top of head and nape either bright blue or lead color, 
in abrupt contrast to the uniform deep green of the rest of upper parts. 
Bill blackish. 

A. Beneath white, with rufous pectoral band. Legs yellow. 
Head above and nape bright blue. 
A-band above eye, and spot below it, yellow. 
A line through the eye, and one from 
lower edge of lower mandible, black - melitophrys. 
B. Beneath olivaceous or yellowish, without bands. Throat 
yellow. Legs dusky. 
Head above and nape bright blue. Sides of head 
green, like back. Beneath olivaceous. 
A well marked yellow supra-ocular line and 
infra ocular spot . : : F . eximius. 
No distinct line nor spot as above . . pulchellus. 
Head above and nape lead color. Sides of head with- 
out green like the back. Beneath yellowish. A 
supra-ocular line and infra-ocular spot of yellow. 
An ocular and a subocular blackish plumbeous 
band, with white interspace behind. Be- 
neath yellowish . . P . tcterophrys. 
Sides of head nearly uniform slannbesds: die 
markings indicated above very obsolete. 
Beneath olivaceous . : . . chlorogaster. 


Vireolanius melitophrys. 


Vireolanius melitophrys, ‘‘ Dusus MS.,” Bon. Consp. 1850, 330 (Mexico). 
—Sou. P. Z. 8. 1857, 213; 1859, 363.—Is. Catal. 1861, 45, no. 271. 
Hab. Southern Mexico and Guatemala. 


. 


(No. 447.) Back and upper surface of wings and tail bright olive green; 
head above and nape ash color; under parts and sides of head and neck below 


fo 


Vireolanius melitophrys, Dubus. (Mexico and Guatemala.) 


VIREOLANIUS, 897 


the eyes white. A broad gamboge yellow stripe from bill, above and beyond 
the eye; a black band from commissure of bill across lower half and behind 
the eye (apparently widening and abruptly truncated behind), and a much 
less conspicuous black line from lower corner of the gonys, the two nearly 
parallel, and coextensive with the superciliary yellow (the lower one cutting 
off an infra-ocular white stripe). A well defined band of rufous brown across 
the breast, the sides of body suffused with the same. Primaries edged ex- 
ternally with whitish near the ends. Quills edged internally with yellowish. 
Crissum and inner wing coverts white. Bill black; legs yellow. 

(No. 447.) Total length, 6.00; wing, 2.85; tail, 3.00; exposed portion of 
1st primary 1.00, of 2d, 1.80, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base 
of Ist primary), 2.22; length of bill from forehead, .85, from nostril, .45, along 
gape, .90; tarsus, .95; hind toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .30. 


The upper part of head is slightly glossed with olive. The bases 
of the yellow feathers in front of the eye are white. The lower 
half of the orbital region is crossed by the black ocular stripe, the 
upper by the yellow. The ocular yellow and black stripes extend 
as far behind the eye as in front of it. 

For the opportunity of examining this species I am indebted to 
Mr. Salvin. 


Smith- Collec- Sex 
sonian tor’s and Locality. Gees Received from Collected by 
No. No, Age. e 


447 .. | Volean de Fuego, | Sept. 18, 759. Cab. Salvin. 
[oak forest, Guat. 


1 Salvin & Godman. 


(447.) Type. 


Vireolanius pulchellus. 
Vireolanius pulchellus, ScuaTer & Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).— 
Lawrence, Ann. N.Y. Lyc. VI, 1862 (Panama).—Scuarer, Catal. 
1861, 45, no. 273. 
Hab. Mexico and Guatemala, to Panama Isthmus. 


(No. 20,403, Choctun.) Upper part of head from bill and nape blue; rest 
of upper parts and 
sides of whole head fl 
(to nostrils) and ( 


neck deep dark 


EN 
a 
green. Beneath ; se 
\ 
ny 


light yellowish- 
green, more yellow 
on the belly and 
crissum ; throat 
almost pure yel- 
low, as are the 
inner wing coverts 
and inner edges of 
the quills, the lat- Vireolanius pulchellus, Scu. & SALY (Vera Paz) 


398 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I, 


ter with more of a buff tinge. Bill and legs dark plumbeous, the former 
whitish along the tomia. 

Total length, 5.50; wing, 2.85; tail, 2.40; exposed portion of 1st primary, 
1.00, of 2d, 1.80, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of Ist pri- 
mary), 2.10; length of bill from forehead, .74, from nostril, .44, along gape, 
-81, depth, .28; tarsus, .82; middle toe and claw, .69, claw alone, .25; hind 
toe and claw, .54, claw alone, .27. 

In some specimens there is an extremely obsolete indication of a 
yellowish spot on lower eyelid, and a yellowish infra-ocular line from 
commissure. The supra-ocular green of side of head is also some- 
times rather paler than the post-ocular portion, in slight contrast, 
and all the green of the side of the head is lighter than that of the 
back. Sometimes the blue of the head is more or less mixed with 
green. The lores are green like the rest of the side of head. 

This species differs from the type in havirg the tail shorter, instead 
of a little longer than the wings. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 
i : i When ‘ 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. y 


22,373 |43,557 | o | Mexico. er Verreaux, jé§ [|  .eee.e 


28,040 64 | .. | Mirador, Mex. ain Dr. Sartorius, | ...... 
20,403 | 1,580 | .. | Choctum, Vera Paz.| Jan. 1860. O.Salvin, | wee... 

fA 177 | .. | Guatemala. ite Cab. Lawrence. | ~~... 
29,430 ais ae Ke sso Capt. J.M. Dow.| ~—......... 
84,665 ia ¢o | Angostura, C. R. Junell,’64.} J. Carmiol |  ...... 


Vireolanius eximius. 


Vireolanius eximius, BARD. 
Vireolanius icterophrys, ScuatER, P. Z. 8. 1855, 161, pl. 103 (Bogota), 
not of BonaPaRTE. 


Hab. Bogota. 


Coloration precisely similar to that of V. pulchellus, but with a bright yel- 
low stripe from nostrils above and beyond the eye, a yellow infra-ocular spot, 
and dusky lores. Bill and legs blackish ; the lower mandible whitish at end. 

Total length, 5.50; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.50; length of bill from forehead, .80, 
from nostril, .50, along gape, .85, depth, .32; tarsus, .80. 


Asin V. pulchellus, the top of head is clear blue; the rest of 
upper parts, and the sides of head, dark green; the under parts 
light yellowish-green; the chin and throat, and inside of wings, 
clearer yellow, as also the inner edges of the quills. The bill is 
longer than in V. pulchellus. 


The species is described from a specimen in the museum of the 
Philadelphia Academy. 


VIREOLANIUS. 899 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex wh 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks. 
No. |' Mo. | Age. ees 
. | Bogota, | ae Cab. Phila, Acad. Type. 


Vireolanius icterophrys. ' 


Vireolanius icterophrys, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XX XVIII, 1854, 380 (“ Rio 
Negro’”’).—Is. Notes Delattre, 60. 


Hab. “Cayenne ;” “ Rio Negro ;” Eastern Peru. 

(Sp. Phila. Acad.) Top of head and nape plumbeous; rest of upper parts 
deep green. Under parts, inner face of wings, aud inner edges of quills 
bright clear yellow, rather paler behind, and more olive on flanks. A broad 
band from nostrils over and beyond the eye, and spot on lower eyelid (coming 
to the edge), yellow. Lores, continuous with a line through and behind the 
eye, and a line from side of lower jaw beneath and beyond the eye, blackish- 
plumbeous, passing behind into plumbeous like the nape, the space between 
them and behind the eye white. Bill and feet blackish. 

Total length, 5.00; wing, 2.85 ; length of bill from forehead, .73, from nostril, 
.40, along gape, .82, depth, .28; tarsus, .77. 


The yellow superciliary line is broadest anteriorly, but does not 
cross the base of the culmen; its posterior feathers are whitish. 
The post-ocular plumbeous stripe passes into the plumbeous nape. 
The lower dark stripe is bordered behind by the downward extension 
of the white infra-ocular band; anteriorly it does not quite reach 
the lower mandible, on account of the upward extension of the yel- 
low of chin. 

The specimen of this species in the museum of the Philadelphia 
Academy is labelled as from Cayenne. Bonaparte quotes his as 
from the Rio Negro. 


Smith- Cottee-| Sex ' When ; 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Remarks.. 
No. No. | Age. 7 
39,819 fe .. | Head of Huallaga, nc W.S. Church. | Very defective. 
on 1,163 | gt | Cayenne. [R. Peru. anes Mus. Phila. Acad.| ss 


Vireolanius chlorogaster. 


Vireolanius chlorogaster, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XXXVIII, 1854, 380 
(“S. America”).—Is. Notes Orn. Delattre, 60.—SciatEr, Catal. 
1861, 45, no. 272a (Eastern Peru). 


Hab. Eastern Peru. 


Top and sides of head and nape plumbeous; rest of upper parts green. 


400 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [PART I. 


Beneath greenish-yellow, more olive on the sides ; clearer yellow on the chin, 
inner face of wings, and inner edges of quills. A band from nostrils over 
and beyond the eyes, and a spot on lower eyelid, yellow ; rest of sides of head 
plumbeous, with the dusky and white bands of icterophrys very obsoletely 
indicated. Bill dusky; legs paler. 

Total length, 4.60; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.10; exposed portion of 1st primary, 
.85, of 2d, 1.72, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 
2.05; length of bill from nostril, .40; tarsus, .72. 


The forehead and side of crown are tinged with olive, and in the 
plumbeous of the sides of head are indicated very obsoletely an 
olivaceous line from commissure through and behind the eye, and 
another from side of lower jaw, beneath it; the two separated behind 
by a paler patch. 

The general style of coloration and appearance is that of V. icte- 
rophrys, Bou., but the size is smaller, the under parts more olivece- 
ous, and the stripes on the side of head so nearly obsolete as to be 
readily overlooked. The superciliary yellow line is, however, suffi- 
ciently conspicuous ; the infra-ocular yellow spot rather less distinct. 
The difference of locality is also important. 

For the opportunity of examining the species I am indebted to 
Dr. Sclater. 


Smith-|Collec- Sex ae 
sonian| tor’s and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No No. | Age. 
272a | .. Eastern Peru. ihe Cab. P. L. Sclater. Verreaux. 


Famity AMPELID. 


The characteristics of the Ampelidx have already been presented 
in the synopsis of allied families ; chief among them the short broad 
depressed and triangular bill with short gonys, the deeply cleft 
mouth, the short tarsus, and the tendency to subdivision of its 
lateral plates. Whether Dulus belongs properly here or elsewhere 
is a serious question; it is at any rate the type of a subfamily, as 
also are Ampelis and Ptilogonys, if indeed they do not represent a 
still higher division. The solution of these questions must, however, 
be left to further investigation into the internal anatomy of the 
genera; for the present I retain all under Ampelide. The characters 
of the subfamilies are as follows :— 


DULUS, 401 


, 


A. Gape of mouth much arched. Metatarsal scutelle in two series. Body 
streaked beneath, 


Dulinz. Legs very stout, though short. Nostrils large, circular, ex- 
posed, with naked membrane behind though scarcely above them. 
Frontal feathers directed backwards, soft, and like those of rest 
of head ; with few bristles. Wings longer than the narrow, nearly 
even tail. First primary nearly one-half the 2d, which is much 
longer than secondaries. Under tail coverts reaching over about 
the basal two-fifths of tail. Adults streaked longitudinally beneath. 
Young unknown. 


B. Gape of mouth nearly straight. Metatarsal scutelle in three series. Body 
plain beneath. : 


Ampelinz. Legs moderate. Nostrils elongated, linear, with the 
frontal feathers extending close to the edge and to anterior ex- 
tremity, concealing them ; these feathers short, velvety, and erect, 
with few bristles. Wings very long and acute; outer or Ist pri- 
mary so much reduced as to be almost inappreciable; the 2d 
nearly the longest. Wing nearly twice the length of the short, 
narrow, evew tail. Under coverts of tail reaching almost to its 
tip. Secondary quills with flat horny appendages at end of shaft 
like red sealing wax. Young birds streaked beneath as in Dulus. 
Adults plain. 


Ptilogonatine. Legs moderate. Nostrils oval, with wide naked 
membrane above, and to some extent behind them; the frontal 
feathers not reaching to their border, and rather soft. Wings 
graduated, shorter than the somewhat broad, fan-shaped tail; the 
1st quill nearly half the 2d. Young birds without spots or streaks ; 
adults plain. 


Susramity DULINA. 


DULUS, Viemtor. 


Dulus, Vietuot, Analyse, 1816, 42, no. 131. (Type “Tangara esclave,” 
Borron = Tanagra dominica, Linn.) 


Plumage compact. Wings moderately pointed, a little longer than the 
nearly even, slightly rounded tail. First quill not quite half the 2d, which 
about equals 6th; 3d and 4th longest. Tail feathers rather narrow. 

Bill shaped much like Zeterza; considerably decurved ; culmen decurving 
from base, upper edge of lower mandible less so; commissure much arched ; 
mouth deeply cleft. Bill broad as well as high at base, compressed about 
the middle to the strongly notched tip; lower bill with slight broad notch. 
Tongue rather narrow, horny towards tip, and simply bifid. Nostrils large. 
circular, in anterior end of nasal groove; surrounded. except anteriorly, by 
membrane; the frontal feathers not directed forwards, and with few bristles, 
not reaching to posterior edge of nostrils. Rictal bristles short. 

Legs very stout; tarsus scarcely as long as middle toe and claw: about seven 
well-marked scutelle anteriorly; sides of tarsus normally of a single plate 

26 May, 1866. 


402 ' REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


each, a little subdivided below; in No. 40,071 divided on outer side into two 
plates in right leg, not divided in left. Lateral toes nearly equal; the outer 


Dulus dominicus, StRicKL. (Hayti.) 


claw reaching to base of middle claw. The basal joints of claws short; the 
basal joint of middle claw adherent for two-thirds its length to basal joint 
of outer, and for same distance to about half basal joint of inner; the adhesion 
less than in Vireo. 


In the preceding description I have combined the characters of 
the genus and the subfamily, as Dulus is thus far the only known 
member of the Dulinz. The form is a very peculiar one, and its 
precise systematic position is a matter of much uncertainty. It has 
been placed by Dr. Sclater among the Vireonide; but from them 
it differs in the longer basal phalanx of middle toe; less amount of 
adhesion of the anterior toes; shorter tarsi; much broader and 
more deeply cleft gape; less extension forward, more backward 
direction, and softer texture of frontal feathers (the tips of which do 
not run into bristles) ; fewer bristles about the mouth; the broader 
and more exposed nostrils, ete. The tip of outer claw reaches only to 
base of middle claw, instead of nearly to the middle as in Vireonide. 
The genus was assigned by H. E. Strickland to the Ampelide, and 
the majority of its characters seem to indicate a place intermediate 
in some respects between Ampelis and Ptilogonys, and I there leave 
it for the present. The longitudinal streaks of the under parts, 
although more conspicuous, are somewhat like those of the young 
A. cedrorum, and strengthens the propriety of associating the two. 
None of the true Vireontde, either as adults or young, as far as 
known, are at all streaked or spotted. 


AMPELIS. 403 


Dulus dominicus. 


Tanagra dominica, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 316 (based on Tungara 
dominicensis, Brisson, III, 37, tab. 2, fig. 4, St. Domingo).—Gm. I, 
1788, 894.—Dulus dominicus, Stricku. Cont. Orn. 1851, 103 (rectifi- 
cation).—Larr. Rev. Mag. 1851, 583 (habits, affinities, etc.).— 
Scrater, Catal. 1861, 41. 

Dulus palmarum, Visi. Nouv. Dict. X, 1817, 438.—Is. Encycl. Méth. 


(No. 40,071.) Feet extremely stout; tarsus shorter than middle toe and 
claw. Wings longer than nearly even tail, moderately pointed; Ist quill 
nearly half the 2d, which about equals 7th; 4th longest ; 3d and 5th scarcely 
shorter. 

Above olive brown, becoming olive green on the rump and edges of quill- 
and tail feathers ; darker olive on the head, the sides of which are fuscous 
brown. Beneath whitish; all the feathers with central linear streaks of olive 
brown, narrowest on belly, broadest on crissum (which is tinged with olivace- 
ous). Inner lining of wings pale fulvous; inner edges of quills whitish. 
Bill pale horn color, lighter below; feet rather dusky. 

(No. 40,071.) Total length, 6.25; wing, 3.20; tail, 2.75, nearly even; ex- 
posed portion of Ist primary, .95, of 2d, 2.15, of longest (measured from ex- 
posed base of lst primary), 2.30; length of bill from forehead, .61, from 
nostril, .36, along gape, .80, depth, .24; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, .84, 
claw alone, .25; hind toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .31, 


A specimen in the Philadelphia Academy, although marked female, 
is considerably larger, though apparently not otherwise different. 
That described above was kindly supplied by Prof. Agassiz. 

According to Strickland (Cont. Orn. 1851, 104), Dulus nuchalis, 
of Swainson (21 Centen. 1838, 345), forms a second species, closely 
allied, but with a transverse bar of white on nape. The type (from 
Brazil) is said by him to be in the Cambridge Museum. 


Note.—Since writing the preceding article several specimens have 
been received from Mr. A. E. Younglove. 


AN 


Smith-|Collec-] Sex When 


sonian} tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. Collected. 
40,071 = bs * Jeremie, Hayti. 1864-5. Mus. Comp. Zool. P. R. Ubler. 
41,856 6 fof #8 (Hayti. | Jan. 29, ’66.| A. E. Younglove. . 
41,855 | 6 og Port au Prince, | April10,’66 i > 
. 477 2 St. Domingo. sais Cab. Phila. Acad. | —.... q 


(40,071.) Alcoholic sp. (41,855.) Bill and eyes black. (41,856.) Bill and eyes black. 


Susramity AMPELIN A. 


AMPELIS, Linn. 


Ampelis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. J, 1766, 297. (Type Lanius garrulus, 
L. Named by Linnens in 1735.) 


404 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Bombycilla, Viertxor, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 88. (Type B. cedrorum.) 

“ Bombyciphora, Mryen, 1810” (Gray). —“ Bombycivora, Temm. 1815” 
(Gray). 

Body stout, compact; plumage silky and soft. Wings long and much 

pointed, considerably longer than the narrow, nearly even tail. An extremely 


% 


Ampdlis garrula, Linn. 


small first primary, which sometimes is visible on the inner side of the base 
of the second quill, sometimes rests on the outer side as in other Oscines sup- 
posed to have only nine primaries (see pages 160, 325). The 2d quill is 
nearly as long as the 3d; the remaining primaries graduate very rapidly to 
the 10th, which reaches scarcely beyond half the exposed portion of 3d. The 
shafts of the secondaries are tipped by a flattened, obovate horny appendage 
of a bright red color, like sealing wax; traces of something similar to which 
may sometimes be seen on the tail. The tail is narrow and nearly even. 

Bill short, deeply cleft, depressed, and broad at the base, the width! of 
mouth more than two-thirds the commissure; the culmen and gonys con- 
siderably less than half the gape, and both much curved from base, the com- 
missure nearly straight. The tip of upper mandible is decurved, deeply 
notched, and with a decided tooth behind the notch; lower bill slightly 
notched. The nasal fosse are filled with soft, short, erect, velvety feathers, 
advancing far forward close along the upper edge of nostrils, and concealing 
them ; the nostrils are much elongated, and narrowly elliptical. The rictal 
bristles appear to be wanting, although a few short ones overhang the base 
of the bill. 

The tongue is broad, fleshy, sagittate behind, horny and bifid at the tip. 
The legs are short, but stout; the tarsus scarcely longer than the middle toe 
without claw: decidedly shorter than the entire toe; distinctly scutellate: 
five or six divisions anteriorly ; the lateral plates on both sides also more or 
less subdivided in Ampelis garrula, especially inferiorly. The lateral toes 
are slightly unequal, the claws of the outer or longer barely reaching the 
_base of middle claw. The basal joint of middle toe is adherent for one-half 
to one-third the adjacent joint of the inner toe, and for a little more than 
that distance to barely more than one joint of the outer, the basal joint of 
middle and inner toes being of about equal length; the scutelle above basal 


joints of anterior toes in three series. The hind toe is about equal to the 
inner lateral. 


AMPELIS. 405 


In A. garrula the naked skin on the posterior edge of tarsus be- 
tween the two lateral plates, and on inner side between the lateral 
and frontal, shows a development of small hexagonal plates—seen 
to much less extent in A. cedrorum, where also the lateral tarsal 
plates are frequently undivided, except at lower end. 

The young of A. cedrorum are streaked longitudinally beneath, 
as in adult Dulus, although more faintly. 

The genus Ampelis exhibits a close resemblance to Progne in the 
broad, deeply cleft bill; the long, pointed wings; the short, stout 
legs. The most striking differences in Progne cousist in the still 
broader and more deeply cleft bill, less hooked lower mandible, open 
superior and rounded nostrils, absence of spurious first primary, etc., 
with others of less signification. Still it would not be at all sur- 
prising to see them associated more closely by authors than has 
hitherto been the case. 

Three species of the genus Ampelis are known: one common to 
the northern portions of the northern hemisphere, one peculiar to 
North America, and a third found in Japan and Eastern Siberia. 
They may be distinguished by the following diagnosis :— 


A. Terminal band of tail yellow. 

Yellowish cinnamon; more plumbeous behind. Chin, 
forehead, and band from forehead above and behind 
the eye, black. A white mandibular patch. 

Large; chin and throat black; crissum orange 
brown; two white bands on the wing, and a 


white line along tips of primaries . . « garrula. 
Smaller; chin only black; crissum whitish. No 
white on wing = . . . = « cedrorum. 


B. Terminal band of tail red. 
Colors generally similar to those of A. cedrorum. 
A red band across the end of the greater wing 
coverts. Black line behind eye continued 
along under side of crest, which is very long phanicopterum. 


The A. phenicopterum is stated by Temminck to have the nasal 
sete so short as to leave the nostrils exposed, and to lack the seal- 
ing-wax appendages; the latter condition may, however, result from 
the immaturity of the specimen, as it is very common to find the 
same thing in individuals of the other species. 


Ampelis garrula. 


Lanius garrulus, Linn, “ Fauna Suecica, 2, no. 82.”—Is. Syst. Nat. 10th 
ed. 1758, 95.—Ampelis garrulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. 1766, 297 
(Europe).—Boy. Consp. 1850, 336.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 


406 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


317.—Boarpman, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IX, 1862, 126 (Calais, 
Me.)—Cooper, Pr. Cal. Acad. IL, 1861 (1863), 122 (Fort Mohave, 
Ar.).—Bombycilla garrula, Bon. Zool. Jour. UI, 1827, 50.—In. 
Synopsis, 1828, 438.—Is. Am. Orn. III, 1828, pl. xvi.—Ricu. F. B. 
A, II, 1831, 237.—Aup. Orn. Biog. IV, 462, pl. 363.—Is. Birds Am. 
IV, 169, pl. 246.—Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 188. (American.)— 
Bombycilla garrula, Keys. & Buas. Wirb. Europas, 1840, 167.— 
Decuanpd, Ornith. Europ. I, 1849, 349 (European.)—Wottey, Pr. 
Z. 8. 1857, 55 (nest and eggs).—Newron, Ibis, 1861, 92, pl. iv 
(nesting).—Nerpuann, Cab. Jour. VI, 1858, 307, and VII, 1859, 
pl. i (nesting). (European.) 


Hab. Northern parts of Europe, America, and Asia. In America not hitherto 
found in the western province. In winter extending along the Rocky Moun- 
tains and the plains as far south as Fort Massachusetts and Fort Riley; regu- 
lar visitor to shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. East of this rarely 
seen along the United States border. 

For the description and general remarks relative to this species I 
refer to the Birds N. Am. quoted above. According to Degland, 
the female differs in less extent of black of throat, the quills having 
the white or yellow confined to the ends of outer webs only, instead 
of on the inner webs also, and a less number and smaller size of 
the cartilaginous appendages. 

The specimen seen by Dr. Cooper, at Fort Mohave, if really of 
this species, fixes the most western locality on record. 

For many years authentic eggs of the Bohemian Chatterer were 
greatly sought after, but it was not until 1856 that any were brought 
to the notice of the scientific world, when the late Mr. H. Wolley 
discovered them in Lapland. Larly duplicates from his collection 
were sold at five guineas each, and although a good many have since 
been obtained, they are yet considered as great prizes. A nest, with 
its eggs, of those collected by Mr. Wolley, has been presented to 
the Institution by Mr. Alfred Newton. The only instances on record 
of their discovery in America are of a nest and one egg by Mr. 
Kennicott, on the Yukon, in 1861, and a nest and single egg on the 
Anderson River, by Mr. MacFarlane, both of which, with the female 
parents, are in the possession of the Institution. 


AMPELIS. 407 

Smith- Collec. Sex When 
sonian tors | and Locality. i : 1 

te» Nee (bee, y Collected. Received from Collected by 

if 

18,949 wi od | Prussia. Mad. Drouet. | — ...... 
15,950 ona 2 a pale ‘““[penhagen.|) ws. ee 
18,606 st .. | Denmark. ee Univ.Zool.Mus.Co-| sg. ss 
27,316 , 1,483 | Q@ | Fort Yukon. July 4, 61. | R. Kennicott. 
27,304 a6 ge cee J, Lockhart. 
27,307 49 2 Fort Anderson. R. R. McFarlane. 
27,309 | 1,223 Great Bear Lake. B. R. Ross. 
27,314 oa Big Island. £ 
28,151 o | Fort Simpson. oe ie 
22,801 8 | .. | Fort Rae. Sept. 22,61.) L. Clarke. 
31,12 797 | .. | Fort Halkett, nant B. R. Ross. 
11,055 132 | og | Fort Bridger. Dec. 8, 57. | C. Drexler. 
19,214 237 | og | Deer Creek, Neb. Feb. 13. Capt. Raynolds. Dr. Hayden. 
17,532 682 | Q | Bitterroot Valley. | Winter. Capt. Mullan. J. Pearsall. 
11,470 ais ee Fort Massachusetts, cave Capt. Bowman. 

5,875 Fort Riley, Kans. 1851. Dr. W. A. Ham. 

5,813 Racine, Wisc. Winter, Dr. Hoy. [mond. 
33,062, Cleveland, O. Winter ’64. | Dr. Kirtland, 
23,628 Moose Factory. atts J. Mackenzie, 


(27,316.) With nest and one egg. 


Ampelis cedrorum. 


(27,307.) With nest and one egg. 


Ampelis garrulus, var. 8, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 297. 
Bombycilla cedrorum, Vigiu.ot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 88, pl. lvii.—Is. 
Galerie Ois. I, 1834, 186, pl. cxviiicCas. Mus. Hein. I, 55.—Is. 
Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 3 (Cuba).—Gunptacu, Cab. Jour. 1861, 328 
(Cuba; rare).—Ampelis cedrorum, Scuarer, P. Z. 8. 1856, 299 
(Cordova) ; 1858, 302 (Oaxaca; January); 1859, 364 (Xalapa; 
Cordova) ; 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).—Is. Catal. Am. Birds, 1861, 
46.—Scuater & Satzvin, Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).—Bairp, Birds 
N. Am. 1858, 318.—Tayuor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Honduras).—Marcu, 
Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1863, 294 (Jamaica).—Lorp, Pr. R. Art. Inst. 
Woolwich, IV, 116 (British Columbia; nesting).—Coorer & Sucx- 
tEy, P. R. Rep. XII, 1, 187 (Washington Ter.). 
Ampelis americana, Wits. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 107, pl. vii.--Bombycilla 
americana, Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 29 (winter).—Ruicu. F. B. 
A. II, 1831, 239. 
Bombycilla carolinensis, Brisson, Orn. II, 1760, 337 (not binomial).— 
Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 227, pl. xliiii—Is. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 
165, pl. 245.— Wacter, Isis, 1831, 528.— Ampelis carolinensis, 
Gossg, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 197 (January).—Bon. Consp. 1850, 336. 


Hab. Whole of North America as far north as Lake Winnipeg and Hud- 
son’s Bay, South Branch of Saskatchewan, lat. 52} (Richardson) ; south to 
Guatemala; Jamaica and Cuba in winter. 


Details concerning this species will be found in the “Birds N. Am.” 


cited above. 


As there stated, young birds are streaked beneath as 
in Dulus, but more obsoletely. 


408 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


sintth-( Colley: Sex Whes 
soniau! tor’s | and Locality. C Received from Collected by 
ollected. 
No. No. | Age. 
33,011 on @ | Sherborn, Mass, ah A. L. Babcock. 
1,617 ag g | Carlisle, Pa. July 4, 44. | S. F. Baird. 
20,642 | 645 Moose Factory. Aug. 26, ’60,| C. Drexler. 
18,508 a Red River Settlem’t, este D Gunn. 
27,034 sis ste ss arr Gov. Mactavish. 
28,920 | 586 Q | Washington. Mar. 2, 60. | Elliot Coues. 
82,270 a .. | Macon, Ga. April, 1848. | Prof. Jos. Leconte. 
83,878 ie .. | Tortugas. ost Capt. Woodbury. 
5,318 me .. | Yellowstone River. | July 24,°56.) Lt Warren. 
38,413 oa .. | Laramie Riv, [W.T.| May, 1864. | Dr. Hitz. 
15,957 | 367 og | Chiloweyuck Depot] July 6,59. | A. Campbell. 
21,939 | 489 . | Sinyakwateen ‘ | July 3, ’60. ie 
4,236 iva .. | San Francisco. 1853-1854. | R.D. Cutts. | = ...... 
26,591 na og | Cape St. Lucas. 1859. J.Xantus. | — ss.eee 
3,958 a @ | Tamaulipas, Mex. | Mar. 20,'53.| Lt. Couch, | —...... 
20,405 |1,862 .. | Choctun, Vera Paz. | Jan. 1860. O.Salvin, | we... 
7,952 sie -. | Guatemala. ae J.Gould, fs 


Susramity PTILOGONATIN A. 


The characters of the subfamily have already been stated on page 
401, but it still remains to discuss the question of its precise extent. 
As generally given by authors, it includes two series of genera, the 
most apparent external distinction between them consisting in the 
distinct scutelle on the anterior face of the tarsus in the one, which 
are wanting in’ the other. These more palpable features are, how- 
ever, accompanied by others, of more or less importance, and I can 
hardly avoid the conclusion that they should belong to different 
families, one, embracing Péclogonys and Phenopepla (Ptilogona- 
tine), remaining with the Ampelide; the other (Myiadestes, 
Cichlopis, Platycichla) removed as Myiadestine to near the 
Turdide and Saxicolide. 

The following diagnostic characters will serve to illustrate the 
features of these two groups as compared with each other :— 


Ptilogonatinze. Tarsus stout, shorter, or not longer than middle toe and 
claw ; conspicuously scutellate anteriorly, and frequently on one or other 
or on both sides ; sometimes with a row of small plates behind. Wings 
much graduated ; the second quill not longer than secondaries. Outline 
of lateral tail feathers parallel or widening from base to near tip. Tail 
unvaried, or else inornate at end. Quills without light patch at base. 
Head crested. Young birds not spotted. Not conspicuous for song. 


Myiadestine. Tarsus slender, Iqnger than middle toe and claw ; undivided 
as in Turdide. Toes deeply cleft. Wings more pointed; second quill 
much longer than secondaries. Lateral tail feathers cuneate, or narrow- 
ing from base towards tip: generally whitish at end on inner web. 
Quills with their extreme bases, especially of inner webs, buffy yellow, 
showing a light patch inside. Head not crested, though the teathers 
sometimes full. In the young all the feathers with light rounded spats. 
Pre-eminent as melodious singers, 


PTILOGONATINAE. 409 


It may be considered that the presence or absence of scutelle 
on the tarsus is a matter of comparatively slight importance, since 
in some Thrushes having normally smooth tarsi, we occasionally find 
individual specimens exhibiting scutelle, and the Mocking Birds 
differ from the true Thrushes in having such scutelle. Yet when 
to this we add the tendency in Ptilogonys and Phenopepla to 
division of the whole length of the lateral plates, and even occasional 
indications of a supplementary series on the posterior edge of tarsus, 
the difference from the smooth tarsi of Myiadestes and its allies, is 
one of essential moment. Add to this the peculiarities of marking 
in young birds, and the difference of vocal powers, and the grounds 
for separation would seem well established, and the assignment of 
the Myiadestinz, as a subfamily, to a place near the Saxicolide and 
Turdidz (perhaps better under the latter), well founded, as all the 
characters referred to above apply to the Turdinx. Since, however, 
other authors may not agree with me in this view, and.as the Tur- 
didz have already been discussed, I propose to present the Myia- 
destinz in the present article after the Ptilogonatine, and to leave 
the final decision of their true position to a future period. 

The comparative diagnoses of Myiadestine and Turdine may be 
expressed as follows :— 


Common CuaracTers.—Tarsi without regular transverse scutelle, except at 
lower end. Wings acute, pointed, as long as or longer than tail, which is 
but slightly graduated. First primary rarely half 2d, which exceeds the 
secondaries. Base of quills buffy yellow, as are inner edges. Tail spotted 
or varied at the end. Young birds with many light spots. Very melodious 
singers. 

Myiadestine. Bill short, much depressed; mouth deeply cleft; width 
at base about equal to the distance from nostril to tip, or greater ; 
commissure more than twice distance from nostrils to tip of bill, and 
nearly two and a half times length of gonys. Legs weak; tarsi 
rather longer than middle toe and claw. Tail feathers tapering 
slightly from base to near tip, giving a slightly cuneate appearance 
to the tail. 

Turdine. Bill stouter, more lengthened; narrow at base and more 
compressed; width at base less than distance from nostril to tip; 
commissure not more than twice distance from nostrils to tip of bill, 
and about twice length of gonys. Tarsi stouter, longer than middle 
toe and claw. Tail feathers widening slightly from base to near tip, 
giving a parallel sided or slightly fan-shaped appearauce to the tail. 


The Mimine differ from both in the strongly scutellate tarsi; 
shorter, more rounded wings, the 1st primary generally half the 2d; 


the tail usually much graduated, etc. ; 


410 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


It still remains to be determined whether there is any essential 
family difference between the typical Turdide and the Saxicolide, 
and whether a rearrangement of these groups, perhaps including 
even the Syluiidx, may not be required. In any case, however, 
that the Myiadestine must be embraced in the same series, I have 


little question. 
The two genera of Ptilogonatine, as restricted, with the common 


characters given above, differ as follows :— 


Phenopepla. Crest narrow, pointed behind. Outer primaries broad, not 
attenuated nor pointed at end; the Ist half the 2d. Tail rounded, fan- 
shaped; feathers very broad, wider towards end. Bill feeble, rather 
narrow, well bristled; nostrils somewhat overhung by frontal feathers. 
Sexes dissimilar; male black ; quills with median white patch on inner 
webs; tail not varied. 

Ptilogonys. Crest broad, and decumbent. Outer primaries narrow, attenu- 
ated and pointed at ends; Ist about one-third the 2d. Tail even or 
cuneate, feathers narrower. Bill stouter, much broader, fewer rictal 
bristles ; nostrils much exposed. Sexes similar; color cinereous ; wings 
not varied ; tail feathers with median white patch on inner webs. 


PTILOGONYS, Swarxson. 
Piilogonys, Swainson, Catal. Bullock’s Mex. Mus. 1824, (Type P. 


cinereus.) 
Ptiliogonys, Swainson, Philos. Mag. I, May, 1827, 368. (Same type.) 
Ptiliogonatus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. III, July, 1827, 164. (Same type.) 


Plumage soft, silky, glossy, and rather compact. Head with a broad, full, 
soft crest, not pointed behind. Tibiw thickly tufted with full, soft feathers. 


4 


2966 


Ptilogonys cinereus, SWAINSON. (Mexico.) 


PTILCGONYS. 411 


Tail longer than wings, somewhat fan-shaped, nearly even in type, the slight 
emargination greater than the rounding (in caudatus much graduated, with 
central feathers prolonged). Feathers broad, the outer webs very narrow. 
Wings pointed, although the outer feathers are much graduated; Ist quill 
not half the 2d, which is shorter, the 3d rather longer, than secondaries ; 5th 
and 6th longest; 1st, 2d, and 3d attenuated and acuminate at end. 

Bill short, much depressed, hooked and notched at both tips; gape wide 
and deep; commissure straight; culmen for terminal half and short gonys 
considerably curved. Nostrils oval, bordered above and behind by mem- 
brane, the frontal feathers reaching not quite to the posterior margin; rictal 
bristles distinct, but moderate. 

Legs weak; tarsi very short, less than middle toe and claw, with strongly 
marked rough scutelle (seven) anteriorly, one or two divisions on the lower 
part of sides. Outer toe rather longer than inner, and reaching just beyond 
base of middle claw. Hind claw considerably longer than middle. Basal 
joint of middle toe adherent for almost its whole length to one and a half 
joints of outer; internally for basal half of length to basal half of first joint 
of inner. 

P. caudatus, very similar otherwise, differs remarkably in structure of tail, 
which is cuneate and nearly one and a half times the length of the wing; 
the two central feathers greatly prolonged and tapering gently to a rounded 
narrow tip, the other feathers graduate from these to the outermost. 

Ptilogonys differs from Mytadestes in more compact plumage ; 
a shorter, broader, thicker bill; the frontal feathers much less 
bristly ; the nostrils broader and more exposed, with a greater ex- 
tent of naked membrane behind them. The legs are shorter, but 
stouter ; tarsus much shorter and roughly scutellate, not smooth ; the 
claws thicker and more curved; the hinder considerably larger than 
the middle. Nearly the whole extent of basal joint of middle toe 
is adherent externally, not the half only; internally adherent for 
half to the basal half of first joint of inner, which in Myzadestes are 
divided to base. The wing is much more graduated; the third quill 
having the relationship to the longer ones that the second has in 
Myiadestes. The tail lacks the deep emargination of Myiadestes ; 
the lateral feathers are of equal width to near the end, or even 
wider, instead of becoming narrower. 

There has been much diversity among writers in the spelling of 
the name of this genus, Mr. Swainson, its author, having himself 
written it very differently. His first rendering of the name, how- 
ever—Ptilogonys—is ore nearly correct than the subsequent ones, 
as compounded of wreaoy and yoru, or featheted knee, in allusion to 
the tuft of cottony feathers on the tibia. 

The two known species of Ptilogonys are quite similar in colora- 
tion, but differ markedly in shape of tail, which in one is even, in 
the other greatly cuneate. The characters are as follows :— 


412 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART 1. 


Common Cuaracters. —General color bluish-ash. Wings and tail glossy 
greenish-black. Quills edged internally with white. A broad, large white 
patch on inner webs of tail feathers. Crissum egg yellow; flanks more 
olivaceous. ‘Tibie cottony white. 

A. Ptilogonys. Tail a little longer than wings; nearly even. 
Head ashy. Cheeks and nape (concealed partly by 
incumbent crest) smoky ash; forehead and chin 
whitish, the latter passing into ash of throat and 
breast. Eye-ring white. White tail patches rect- 

angular . . . : : . . + cinereus. 


B. Sphenotelus. Tail almost one and a half times wings; 
pointed and very cuneate. 
Head and nape all round olivaceous-yellow; top of 
head ashy. Eye-ring yellow. White tail patches 
lozenge-shaped_ . . . . . : - caudatus. 


Ptilogonys cinereus. 


“Ptilogonys cinereus, Swainson, Catal. Bullock’s Mex. Mus. 1824, app. 
p. 4.”—Bon. Consp. 1850, 335.—Capanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 55.— 
Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858,319.—Sciater & Satviny, Ibis, 1859, 13; 
1860, 31 (Guatemala).—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1856, 299 (Cordova) ; 
1858, 302 (Uaxaca) ; 1859, 364 (Jalapa), 379 (Oaxaca; eggs) ; 1864, 
173 (City of Mexico).—Is. Catal. 1861, 47, no. 284.—Ptiliogonys 
cinereus, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, May, 1827, 368% Zool. Ill. Ser. 2, 
pl. 62, 120.—Ptiliogonatus cinereus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. IH, July, 
1827, 164. 

Hypothymis chrysorrhoa, Temm. Pl. Col. pl. 452. 


Hab. Mountain regions of Mexico, from near northern border: south to 
Guatemala. 


Ptilogonys cinereus, SwaInson. (Mexico.) 


PTILOGONYS. 413 


(No. 30,719.) Plumage compact; rathersilky. Wing considerably shorter 
than the tail, which is almost even, slightly emarginated, broad and some- 
what fan-shaped, the feathers widening from base to near tip; the central 
only with parallel edges to the rounded tip, and rather shorter than the 
lateral. First quill much less than half the 2d, contained about three times 
and a half in the longest (5th), faleate and rather acute; the 2d equal to 
10th ; the 3d about equal to 7th; the ends of the 2d and 3d quills attenuated 
and acute. Tarsi distinctly scutellate; rictal bristles moderate. 

Predominant color dark bluish-ash, scarcely lighter below; the head all 
round pale ash; the forehead, chin, and side of lower jaw almost white; the 
cheeks and the nape (mostly concealed by the incumbent crest) smoky ash; 
eyelids white; lores and space below eye blackish. Quill- and tail-feathers 
glossy greenish-black, varied above only by a narrow border of the back- 
color, the quills abruptly edged internally with white, the axillars varied 
with the same, the tail feathers having the middle third of their inner webs 
white, in a rectangular patch. Anal region behind, and crissum rich Indian 
or egg yellow; the flanks posteriorly olive yellow. Tibie and middle of belly 
white. Bill and legs black. “Iris carmine” (Xantus). 

(No. 30,719.) Total length, 8.00; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.30; width of outer 
feather, .50; difference between 10th and longest quills, .80; exposed portion 
of first primary, .78, of 2d, 1.90, of longest (6th) (measured from exposed 
base of 1st primary), 2.90: length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .28, 
along gape, .73; tarsus, .60; middle toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .20; hind 
toe and claw, .45, claw alone, .22. 


Immature birds, perhaps females, differ in having the ashy tints 
of the body replaced by dirty brownish, of an umber or sepia tint, 
and traces of the same are not unfrequently seen in the more per- 
fectly plumaged specimens. Indistinct, scarcely appreciable spots 
of olive green are sometimes to be seen in the feathers of the back. 


Smith-|Collec-} Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Ganeea Received from Remarks. 
No. No. | Age. i 


30,139 | 510 o | Sierra Madre, near | April, 1863. John Xantus, Length, 7.75; iris 


2,966 a -. |«Mexico. ([Colima. 8. F. Baird. .. [carmine. 
38,155 | 167 | Juv.) Orizaba. wdiaie M. Botteri, =| news 
38,156 | 167 | Juv. se ays an COC, 
30,719 | 377 .. | Duefias, Guat, 1861. O.Salvin, |  — .eeeee 
30,720 }4,353 | .. “ Nov. eT ee iio  ceaeearens 

Boer 185 3 | Cordova, iva Cab. Lawrence. | ~~... 


Ptilogenys caudatus. 
Ptilogonys caudatus, CaBanis, Jour. 1860 (May, 1861), 402 (Costa Rica). 
Hab. Mountains of Costa Rica. 
(No. 35,247.) Tail much graduated: the central feathers prolonged, and 
tapering gently from the middle to a rounded point; the others successively 


shorter; the lateral about two-thirds the length of central; feathers nar- 
rower than in cinereus (about .40), and scarcely widening from base to end. 


414 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


First quill contained not quite three and a half times in longest; the 2d 
rather shorter than 10th; the 3d a little shorter than 7th; the Ist, 2d, and 3d 
moderately attenuated at end; the 1st falcate, acute. 

Upper surface of body and wings, with jugulum and breast, bluish-ash, 
Head and neck all round, with nape belly and flanks, yellowish-green, paler 


Ptilogonys caudatus, CABANIs. (Costa Rica.) 


on throat ; the top of head, from bill, pale ashy ; chin and forehead anterior to 
eyes lighter, and tinged with yellowish; the crissum and narrow ring round 
eye egg-yellow. Tibiz and concealed tuft on thighs whitish. Quill- and tail- 
feathers glossy greenish-black ; the former edged internally with whitish, the 
four or five outer tail feathers with a patch of white in the middle third of 
inner webs, diminishing in size towards the interior one; the outermost with 
the outlines following nearly the line of the fibres of the feather, or lozenge- 
shaped, not rectangular. On the fourth feather the spot does not reach the 
inner edge of the feather, and is still more reduced, sometimes wanting in 
the fifth. Outer edges of quills very narrowly like back. Bill and ‘dest 
black. Iris “ bluish-yellow” (Carmiol). 

(No. 35,247, 9.) Total length, 10.60; wing, 3.80; tail, 5.50; middle feather, 
1.90 longer than lateral; difference of 10th and longest quills, .80; exposed 
portion of Ist primary, «80, of 2d, 1.70, of longest (5th and 6th) (measured 
from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.80; length of bill from forehead, .60, 
from nostril, .29, along gape, .75; tarsus, .70; middle toe and claw, .70, claw 
alone, .23; hind toe and claw, .50; claw alone, .25. 


The adults of the two sexes do not appear to differ in color. In 
younger birds (No. 35,245), however, the bluish-ash is replaced by 
the yellowish-green, of which color is the entire body and head. In 
still younger birds there is a strong tinge of brown. In No. 35,245, 
too, the crest, instead of being broad and full, the lateral feathers as 
long as central, is pointed, owing to the central feathers being much 
longer, and more distinct in outline, or rather the lateral more abbre- 
viated, in this respect much like the crest of Phanopepla nitens. 


PHANOPEPLA. 415 


The crest of this species appears longer than in cinereus; the 
tail is very differently shaped in the great prolongation and acute- 
ness of the central feather (almost one-half longer than the lateral), 
and the graduation of the rest, instead of being nearly even. These 
feathers, too, are narrower. The outer quills appear rather less 
attenuated. The principal difference in color consists in the yellow- 
ish-green of the head and neck all round, relieved only by the gray 
of top of head ; the ring round eye yellow, not white ; the encroach- 
ing on flanks and front of belly of the yellowish-green ; the lozenge- 
shaped rather than rectangular patch of white on tail feathers, etc. 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex | Wh 

sonian| tor’s | and ; Locality. Coll ad Received from Collected by 
No. No. Age.! jo rrectad. : 

30,500 7 .. | San Jose, C. R. see Dr. A. v. Frantzius, 

33,290 oi xe st J. Carmiol. 

$3,291 ws ces H (c. R. ors ts 

$5,245 we gd | Rancho Redondo, | Aug. 6,64. es 

39,2t6| .. | of “ ae 

35,247| .. | @ “ Aug. 17, '64. tg 


PHAENOPEPLA, Scuater. 
Phainopepla, Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1858, 543. (Type Ptilogonys nitens, Sw.) 


Plumage rather compact: in the male glossy. Head with a narrow elongated 
occipital crest. Wings pointed, reaching about to middle of tail. Spurious 
primary large, broad; more 
than half second, which is 
about equal to seconda- 
ries; 6th quill longest ; 
5th, 4th, and then 3d suc- 
cessively shorter; the lat- 
ter rather shorter than 
7th; end of quills not 
attenuated nor pointed. 
Tail longer than wings ; 
somewhat fan-shaped ; 
rounded at end; not 
emarginated ; the feathers 34 
very broad, and widening 
behind. 

Bill not very wide ; nos- 
trils with overhanging 
membrane ; frontal feath- 
ers bristled, and reaching 
to hinder edge of nostril; rictal bristles extending to anterior edge ; both tips 
of bill notched. Tarsi about equal to middle toe and claw, or a little longer ; 
distinctly scutellate anteriorly ; one or two indistinct divisions on outer side 


8275 


Phaenopepla nitens, SCLATER. (Arizona.) 


416 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


at lower end. Claws short, much curved. Inner toe cleft nearly to base ; 
basal joint of outer adherent. Outer toe a little longer than inner, reaching 
a little beyond base of middle claw. ‘ 


This genus differs from Myiadestes in scutellate tarsi, smaller feet, 
more curved claws, crest, tail, etc. Its relationships to Péilogonys 
are closer, but the crest is narrow and pointed ; the wing less gradu- 
ated; the first primary much larger; the tail more rounded; the 
feathers much broader. The bill is much narrower and weaker. 
The feet are very similar; the toes rather more cleft, though less 
than in Myiadestes. 


Phenopepla nitems. 


Ptiliogonys nitens, Sw. An. in Menag. 1838, 285.—Bon. Consp. 1850, 
335.—Hzermann, Jour. A. N. Sc. Phila. II, 1853, 263.—Cassin, 
Ill. Birds Texas, etc. 1854, 169, pl. xxix.— Cichlopsis nitens, Barr, 
Birds N. Am. 1858, 320, 923.—Phainopepla nitens, Scuater, P. Z. 8, 
1858, 543; 1864, 173 (City of Mexico). ‘ 
“Leturus galeatus, Less.” 


Hab. Monntainous portions of western and middle provinces of United 
States, and south to Orizaba; Cape St. Lucas. 


(No. 8,275, %.) Tail broad, almost fan-shaped; graduated slightly; not 
at all ewarginate, and longer than wing. First quill broad, slightly falcate, 
scarcely attenuated ; more than half the 2d, which about equals the 10th; 
6th longest ; 3d equal to 7th. Feathers on nape rather full, with a lengthened, 
pointed, narrow occipital crest. 

Male (No. 8,275) entirely glossy greenish-black ; the inner webs of all the 
primary quills with a large, lengthened patch of white, which does not reach 
the inner margin ; their outer webs very narrowly edged with ashy, as are also 
lateral tail feathers externally. 

Female (No. 8,274) brownish-ash, paler below; the white of inner webs 
of quills obsolete; the greater coverts and quills edged externally with 
whitish, the anal and crissal feathers edged and tipped with the same; the 
outer tail feather with narrow edge of white externally towards end. 

Immature birds show every gradation of color between the two extremes 
described above. 

(No. 8,275, 4.) Total length, 7.60; wing, 3.80 ; tail, 4.35 ; difference of 10th 
and longest primary, .54; exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.20, of 2d, 2.20, of 
longest (6th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.80; length of 
bill from forehead, .46, from nostril, .31, along gape, .66; tarsus, .70; middle 
toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .44, claw alone, .20. 


MYIADESTIN.A. 417 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. . 

38,015 | 446 o | Fort Crook, Cal. April, 1860.; John Feilner, |  ...... 

25,583 | 194 o | Fort Tejon, Cal. 1857, John Xantus. | —....e 
8,275 wa og | Colorado Desert. ayer Lt. Williamson. | Dr. Heermann, 
8.274 a “ “ « 

11,528 as g Fort Yuma, Ar. stars Lt. Ives. H. B. Mollhausen. 

26,462 |3,248 0. Cape St. Lucas. Oct. 10,’59. | John Xantus. | ...... 

26,463 [3,123 roa “(San Nicholas). iid fe ata atarans! 
3,964 sie .. | Coahuila, Mex. 1853. Lt. Couch, | anes 

35,132 | 173 .. | Mirador, Mex. (Pine| June, 1864. | Dr. C. Sartorius. | = ...... 

35,133 | 173 2s. ll arene {region.) rie en) ee rc ee (ES rs) 


(26,463,) Iris fire red. 


Supramity MYIADESTINA. 


As explained on page 408, I am decidedly of opinion that, notwith- 
standing a close resemblance in general appearance, Myiadestes 
and Cichlopsis should be removed’ from their usual association 
with Ptilogonys, among Ampelide, to or at least very near the 
Turdide, and form a subfamily with Platycichla (p. 32). The 
latter genus is so closely related to Czchlopsis as almost to be the 
same: Platycichla forming the link with Turdinzx through Pla- 
nesticus, while such species as Myiadestes unicolor show the affini- 
ties of Cichlopsis to Myiadestes. 

In the original description of Cichlopsis, Cabanis gives scutellate 
tarsi as a character. In the specimen before me of C. leucogonys, 
belonging to Dr. Sclater, one tarsus is entirely smooth, except the 
one or two divisions at lower end (as usual in Turdidez), while the 
other exhibits a faint indication of an additional division. Through 
the somewhat transparent epidermis may be seen faint transverse 
lines which may represent such division, but do not come to the 
surface, and are precisely such as occur among other booted forms. 
This tendency to occasional abnormal scutellation is a partial 
monstrosity, or it may be a condition of immaturity, as I have 
observed in Myiadestes townsendit. 

The genera of Myiadestine may be characterized as follows, 
although I cannot make the diagnoses very trenchant, and must 
refer to the more elaborate descriptions and comparisons for com- 
plete details :— 

Myiadestes. Occipital feathers full and soft. Plumage rather loose. Bill 
weak, much depressed. Commissure nearly straight. Hind toe longer 
than inner lateral. Toes deeply cleft. Closed wing externally with an 


exposed light band across the base of the quills, and another nearer the 
end, separated by a darker one. Tail somewhat graduated on the sides. 


Cichlopsis. Occipital feathers short and close. Plumage more compact. 
Wing without any external marking. Commissure nearly straight. Bill 
27 June, 1866. 


418 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


stout, moderately depressed, rectilinear viewed from above. Hind toe 
and claw shorter than inner lateral. Tail slightly graduated on sides. 
Throat plain. 

Platycichla. Plumage and wing as in Cichlopsis. Commissure considerably 
arched. Bill attenuated ; lateral outlines decidedly concave viewed from 
above; lower mandible much weaker than in Cichlopsis. Hind toe and 
claw longer than inner lateral. Toes more deeply cleft. Tail slightly 
rounded. Throat streaked. 


MYIADESTES, Swarnson. 
Myiadestes, Swainson, Jard. Nat. Library, KIT. Flycatchers, “1838,” 
132. (Type M. genibarbis, Sw.) 


Plumage soft, loose, and full, especially on the flanks and over thighs. 
Body slender, depressed ; the wings much pointed, and reaching nearly to 


Myiadestes solitarius, BAIRD. (Jamaica.) 
(Bill and foot natural size; wing and tail three-fourths.) 


middle of lengthened tail; about equal to the tail. Bill weak, short and 
broad, much depressed ; the gape very wide ; the commissure, which is almost 
perfectly straight, more than half distance from nostril to tip of bill; ridge 
well marked ; keel less distinct. Culmen straight to near tip, then decurved, 
hooked, with distinct notch in both tips. Nostrils oval, nearly lateral, with 
overhanging membrane; the frontal feathers coming to posterior edge, bend- 
ing more and more forwards and mixed with bristles. 

Legs rather weak. Tarsus much compressed, without scutelle, which are 
fused into one plate, with perhaps a single division at lower end anteriorly, 
and one, sometimes two, on outer edge. Toes and claws slender and length- 
ened ; hind claw about equal to middle. Outer lateral toe a little longer than 
inner, and reaching a little beyond the base of middle. Inner toe cleft to base 
of basal joint; basal joint of outer entirely adherent ; basal joint of middle 
toe half adherent externally, one-third internally. 

Feathers of occiput full and somewhat lengthened, forming a crest. Wing 
pointed, although the outer quills are graduated. Primary quills ten: the 
Ist about one-third or less the longest; the 2d equal to Sth or 9th; the 5th 
longest; the 1st falcate and attenuated ; the 2d and 3d attenuated also. Tail 
somewhat graduated, and also considerably emarginated or forked ; this fork 
not so deep, however, as the graduation. 


MYIADESTES. 419 


Myiadestes is a genus embracing a number of species quite similar 
in character as well as in coloration, and belonging to the mountain- 
ous regions of America, including the West Indies. The genus 
was founded on the Jluscicapa armillatus, of Martinique, which 
is probably very similar to M. solitarius, of Jamaica, taken here as 
the type. This, however, is in some respects different from other 
species, especially in the decided falcation of the first primary, and 
the attenuation of the tips of the outer two or three quills. 

The species vary a little in the width of bill, the angularity of 
culmen, the length of rictal bristles, the length of outer primary, 
emargination of tail, etc. One of the most aberrant forms in this 
respect is Jf elisabeth, in which the bill is narrower, deeper, and 
much more Thrush-like in appearance. 

The species are all of dull colors, in which ash gray or plumbeous 
plays a principal part. All exhibit a peculiar pattern of coloration 
of the wing. The bases of all the quills, except more or fewer of 
the outer, are white or yellowish, best defined on the secondaries, 
.Where the patch is confined to the basal portion, extending more 
along the inner edges of the primaries, the aggregate showing on 
the inner edge of the wing as a well-defined patch, just as in the 
Thrushes. Externally this patch is usually visible just below the 
greater coverts of primary and secondary quills, although generally 
altered in color, and is then succeeded by a dusky bar, and then 
again by another bar like the first, which however is confined to the 
outer webs of the quills. These two bars, sometimes pale yellowish, 
sometimes plumbeous, separated by a dark one can be traced more 
or less distinctly in all the species. In all likewise the tail is 
whitish or grayish on its outer edge and on the tips of the more 
lateral feathers. The bill and legs are sometimes dusky, sometimes 
yellowish. 

Common Cuaracrers.—General color ashy blue or gray (except in Myiadestes 
elisabeth, which is olivaceous above and whitish beneath) ; the wing with 
conspicuous light patch across quills at base inside, less evident externally, 
where there is a second light bar separated from the first by a dusky one. 
(JL. leucotis is rufous above, black beneath, with white patch at base of 
quills.) 


' As these sheets are passing through the press, the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion has received a specimen of I. leucotis of Tschudi, from Peru, presented 
by the Museum of Neuchatel, which proves to be quite aberrant in shorter, 
more rounded wings, longer bill, stouter legs, and different pattern of colora- 
tion of the wing. It may reasonably constitute the type of a different genus 
or subgenus, but I do not at present propose to name it as such. The general 
characters will be found in the diagnostic table, and a full description 
farther on. 


420 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 


A. Pattern of coloration beneath decidedly and abruptly 
varied. 

Body slaty blue; chin and throat, with crissum, orange 
brown, abruptly defined. A patch of white on under 
eyelid. Bill black. 

Extreme point of chin and sides of base of lower 
jaw each with an almost inappreciable and 
not continuous white spot. Ears blackish, 
not varied. Thighs slate color; legs yellow. 
Length, 7.50 5 . 7 : 

Whole chin, continuous with a large patch on 
side of lower jaw (without dusky border be- 
low ?), white. Ears.not varied? Lower part 
of thighs yellow; legs brown? Length, 6.25 

A white stripe along lower part of cheeks, bor- 
dered beneath by a blackish line. Ears 
streaked black and white. No white on 
chin? nor yellow on thighs? Legs pale. 
Length, 7.00 5 . - r : . 

B. Whole under parts nearly uniform (plumbeous or ashy), 
varied only slightly in shade (black in leucotis). 

Prevailing color ash gray; chin, upper throat, and cris- 
sum paler. A white ring round the eye; lores, and 
a line each side the chin dusky. Bill black; legs 
dusky. 

Upper parts uniform ash gray, the two light wing 
patches very distinct, and fulvous yellow. 
Maxillary stripe indistinct . : F 5 

Outer surface of wings rufous brown, back less 
conspicuously so. Wing bands indistinct. 
Maxillary stripe well marked . . 

Above rufous ; under parts dark plumbeous. 

Forehead ashy; top of head less rufous. Wing 
bands quite distinct. Upper mandible black; 
lower, with legs, yellow . . . . 

Nearly uniform slaty blue all over. 

Forehead ashy; chin paler than rest of under 
parts. Bill black; legs dusky . _ : 

Forehead, face, and chin black. Bill orange red ; 
legs yellow . . . . . . 

Above grayish-olive; dull white beneath. 

A dusky line each side chin. Bill narrow, thick- 
ened, black, with the base below, as also the 
legs, yellowish . < a . 

Above rufous; under parts black. 

Cheeks, axillars, inside of wing, and patch at base 
of quills (not visible externally) white; ex- 
ternal wing band obsolete. Bill black above, 
yellow beneath; legs dusky . A : 


[PART I. 


solitarius. 


armillatus. 


genibarbis. 


townsendit. 


obscurus. 


venezuelensis. 


unicolor. 


melanops. 


elisabeth. 


leucotis. 


MYIADESTES. 421 


The species of South American Myadestes, mentioned in the 
foot-note, I have not been able to examine.* 


Myiadestes solitarius. 


Myiadestes solitarius, BARD, n. s. 

Muscicapa armillata, Gossz, Birds Jam. 1847, 198 (not of ViEILLoT).— 
Ptilogonys armillatus, Gray & Mrrcuett, Gen. Birds, I, pl. 69.— 
Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1861, 73.—Myiadestes arm. Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 
6.—Is. Catal. 1861, 47.—Mancg, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. 1863, 294. 


Hab. Jamaica. 


Myiadestes solitarius, BARD. (Jamaica.) 


1 Myiadestes griseiventer. 
Ptilogonys griseiventer, Tscu. Arch. Nat. 1844,—Is. Fauna Peruana, 
1846-7, 140.—Myiadestes griseiventer, Cas. Arch. Nat. 1847, I, 209. 
Rufous olive; forehead cinereous ; cap olivaceous, with some rufous spots. 
Upper wing coverts black, the outer web and tip edged with rufous ; primaries 
brown, edged externally with olive; secondaries with inner webs white at 
base. Beneath gray; crissum rufous. Middle tail feathers like the back, the 
two outer with hinder part of inner web white, the others black, tipped with 
white. 
Bill blackish-brown; lower jaw paler in middle. Legs yellowish-brown- 
Irids blackish-brown. 
Length, 6.80; tarsus, .83; tail, 3.33; wings, 3.82. 


Myiadestes ardesiaceus. 
Myjiadestes ardesiaceus, Less. Desc. Mamm. et d’Ois. (uvres Comp- 
de Buffon, ed. Didier, 1847, VII), 1847, 219. Brazil. 

Bill black ; tarsi brown. Body above brownish-slate ; cheeks, fore part and 
sides of neck, sides of breast and flanks dusky brown; the middle of body, 
from thorax to lower‘tail coverts, white, tinged with very pale yellow ; thighs 
brown. Length, 16 centimetres. 

This bird has not been identified as a Myiadestes by authors, and may belong 
to another genus, especially as Lesson places in the same genus with it the 
Setophaga ornata of Boiss. 


422 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 

(No. 30,285, 4.) Wing pointed, but decidedly shorter than the tail; the 
1st quill falcate, acute, one-third the longest ; the 2d rather shorter than 7th, 
sinuated and somewhat attenuated at end; 5th quill longest. Bill much de- 
pressed ; rictal bristles lengthened. Tail considerably graduated, but slightly 
emarginated. 

Above clear slaty blue; rather paler beneath, and lighter towards the belly. 
Chin and throat, anal region, and crissum dark cinnamon red. Lower eyelid, 
extreme angle of chin, and small patch on side of lower jaw white ; loral region, 
and cheeks below eye black. Edge of wing, and patch at base of quills whitish, 
as seen on inner face of wiug; externally this patch is ashy, followed by the 
usual blackish bar, and the ashy one beyond that. Lateral tail feather whitish, 
except base and outer web at end; the next feather with a long patch at end 
of inner web, and the tip white; remaining feathers blackish, the central 
like back. Bill black; legs yellow. ‘TIrids hazel or dull orange” (Gosse). 

(No. 30,285, %.) Total length, 7.70; wing, 3.55 ; tail, 4.20; graduation, .60; 
emargination, .15; difference between 10th and longest quills, .80; exposed 
portion of Ist primary, .94, of 2d, 2.30, of longest (5th) (measured from ex- 
posed base of Ist primary), 2.80; length of bill from forehead, .56, from 
nostril, .30, along gape, .69; tarsus, .85; middle toe and claw, .81, claw alone, 
.24; Hind toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .25. 


In No. 38,044 the first quill is much longer (nearly one-half the 
third), and much attenuated at end; the second quill also unusually 
attenuated. (See figure.) 

This species has, by later authors, been identified as the Iusci- 
capa armillata of Vieillot, although erroneously. Vieillot’s species 
is given in Ois. Am. Sept. as inhabiting “the Antilles,” but in 
Encyclop. Méthodique he assigns it to Martinique. The white of 
chin and side of jaws, the rufous belly, the yellow of legs and the 
brown feet, with a length of 6%; inches, as given by Vicillot, are 
not to be found in the Jamaican bird. As far as I can determine 
it has never been named, and I apply to it the name of solitarius, 
from the account by Gosse of its habits. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex . When 

Santee tors nd, Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
23,327 -. | Trelawney, Jam. Jan. 19, ’59. Dr. Sclater. W. Osburn. 
23,328 g " Bee OUP | eG at ae al eedeat 
38,044 55 ¢ | Spanishtown, Jam. | Mar 18, ’65. WaT Marehy | eins 
80.285 od | Port Royal Mts. ‘ i & Mr. Colchester. 
30,286 Q “ “ “ . 


Myiadestes armillatus. 
Muscicapa armillata, ViEinLot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 69, pl. 42 (“ An- 
tilles”).—In. Nouv. Dict. XXI, 448.—Is. Encyc. Méth. I], 824 
(“ Martinique’’).—?Myiudestes armillata, Bon. Consp. 1850, 335. 
Hab, “ Martinique.” 


MYIADESTES. 423 


“Bill blackish; a white spot on the sides of the throat, and at its origin 
(the chin) immediately below the lower mandible (the two continuous) ; the 
eye surrounded by the same color. Head, back, rump, two intermediate tail 
feathers, and the breast of a grayish-slate, paler below. Wing- and tail-feathers 
blackish, bordered externally by gray, the three lateral on each side of the 
tail more or less white. Belly and hinder parts brownish-rufous ; a beautiful’ 
yellow in form of a bracelet on the feathers of lower part of leg; feet brown. 
Length, 6 inches 3 lines.” Viedllot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 69. 

“Young, before the first moult, grayish-ash above; head brown with yel- 
lowish spots ; feathers of throat and hinder parts blackish at their extremity, 
and yellowish elsewhere.” Vicillot, Encyclop. Méth. II, 824. 


According to Vieillot this species is found ip Martinique, where 
it dwells in the elevated regions, and on account of its remarkable 
note is known as the ‘‘ Musicien” or “ Siffleur de la Montagne.” 

The differences between Vieillot’s description and the Jamaican 
bird usually called armillatus, have already been referred to. Vieil- 
lot’s figure represents the tail as more rounded; the legs Jonger and 
distinctly scutellate, which, however, may be an error of the plate. 


‘ 


Myiadestes gemibarbis. 
Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw. Jard. Nat. Libr. XIII. Flycatchers, 1838, 
134, pl. xiii. 
ITab. Some one of the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles ? 


General appearance that of MM. solitarius, of Jamaica. Whole upper parts 
lead blue; wings and tail marked as in the other species of its section. The 
throat and upper part of jugulum, the crissum, anal region, belly, and 
flanks are brownish-red or rufous. The breast is plumbeous, paler than the 
back. A narrow, dusky or blackish line from the lower edge of the mandible 
borders the rufous of throat, and cuts off a mandibular stripe, which is reddish- 
white as far as the eye, but then becomes mixed with blackish, and passes 
again as far as the end of cheeks into rufous like the throat. The extreme 
chin is also reddish-white, though somewhat separated from that of side of 
lower jaw by the dusky line mentioned. The ear coverts are blackish, each 
with a central streak of whitish, sometimes tinged with reddish. A whitish 
patch on under eyelid. The axillars are pale rusty, the tibia plumbeous. 
Legs yellow. Bill black. 

Total length, 7.00; wing, 3.40; tail, 3.70; exposed portion of lst primary, 
81, of 2d, 2.12, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 
2.60; length of bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .25, along gape, .75; 
tarsus, .86. 

This species, though in general, similar to Mf. solitartus, is still 
very appreciably different. Its most striking peculiarity is in the 
dusky line each side the throat, cutting off above it a stripe, first 
reddish-white, then mixed with dusky, and then rufous like the 

‘ throat, this color reaching to posterior end of ear coverts. The ear 


424 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART L 


coverts instead of being nearly unicolor, are conspicuously streaked 
with whitish. The rufous of throat extends farther down, that of 
belly and flanks farther forwards, reducing the plumbeous of under 
parts very materially, and confining it mainly to the breast. The 
chin is whitish for a considerably greater extent. The axillars are 
pale rufous, instead of ashy. The size is less; the form much the 
same. 

The present species approaches most closely to the description of 
M. genibarbis', by Swainson, but differs apparently in some appre- 
ciable characters. The black streak on each side the throat, in 
genibarbis, cuts off a stripe which is continuously white to the end 
of ear coverts, instead of becoming mixed with dusky on the middle 
third and changing then to rufous. The rufous of genibarbis does 
not extend as far forward, showing much less on the belly and flanks. 
In the uncertainty, however, as to whether Swainson described his 
specimen accurately or not, I will, for the present, make use of his 
name. 

The M. armillatus, of Vieillot, appears to differ in much greater 
extent of whitish on chin and side of lower jaw, in absence of the 
dusky mandibular stripe and white streaks on the ears, and in the 
yellow band on the tibia. It is possible, however, that the two may 
be identical; but the differences of MW. solitarius, as a separate 
species, is beyond a doubt. 


' Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw. Jard. Nat. Library, XU. Flycatchers, 1838, 
134, pl. xiii. 


Hab, ———_——-? 


“Above clear cinereous; all under parts not red are of same color, but 
much paler; a whitish maxillary stripe, bordered by a black line (below), 
and the ears are black, striped with white lines. External edges of the wing 
feathers gray, except terminal half of primaries and a black band at basal 
half of secondaries ; lateral tail feathers black, having ends of inner webs 
more or less white, the outermost almost entirely white, with outer edges of 
that and the next gray; the middle pair wholly cinereous. Under plumage 
from chin to throat bright rufous; which color descends a little on the breast, 
and is bordered on each side the chin by the black maxillary stripe resembling 
a whisker, already mentioned; breast and sides cinereous, nearly of as dark 
a tint as the back; as this color descends, however, it becomes paler and 
blends into the rufous of the belly, vent, and under tail coverts: bill deep 
black; legs very pale. Total length about 7.00; bill along gape, .70, front, 
-40; wings, 3.40, tail beyond, 2.00, from base, 3.00; tarsus, .80.’? 

The locality of the specimen described is a matter of uncertainty—Swain- 
son supposing, from its apparent affinities, that might have come from Africa, 
It is evidently, however, West Indian, 


MYIADESTES, 425 


Of this species there are three specimens in the museum of the 
Philadelphia Academy ; the best and that described labelled ‘ Trini- 
dad,” another much duller in coloration marked “ Brésil,” and the 
third without any locality. Both indications are doubtless incorrect, 
the species belonging more probably to some one of the larger, more 
mountainous of the Windward islands of the Lesser Antilles.” 


Myiadestes elisabeth. 


Muscicapa elisabeth, Lempzyr, Aves de la Cuba, 1850, 39, pl. v, fig. 3 
(“ Riusenor,’’ Cuba).—Myiadestes elisabeth, Cas. Jour. IV, 1856, 2 
(rocky mountains of western Cuba).—Guwp1acu, Ann. N. Y. Lye. 
VI, 1858.—In. Cab. Jour. 1861, 328. 


Hab. Cuba. 


(No. 25,911.) Tail rather longer than wing, slightly emarginated; quite 
graduated. Wing moderately pointed ; Ist quill broad to tip, very slightly 


Se | = 
4 (y 
341 


Myiadestes elisabeth, LEMBEYE. (Cuba.) 


faleate, not pointed ; nearly half the 2d quill, which is also broad, and shorter 
than 7th, about equal to 8th; the 4th longest ; then 5th, 6th, 3d. Bill narrow 
and deep for the genus, differing from the rest of species; rictal bristles 
lengthened. . 

Above uniform brownish-olive, more ashy on rump; beneath dull white; 
the sides of neck ashy ; the breast, sides, axillars, and perhaps crissum tinged 
with the same. Eyelids fulvous yellow; cheeks below eye dusky, and a 
narrow dark line each side the chin; ear coverts more fulvous. The inner 
wing coverts and tips of longer axillars fulvous. The usual light patch at 


' Since writing the preceding article I have had the opportunity of ex- 
amining three specimens of the species in the Lafresnaye Collection (4,433, 
4,434, 4,435), recently purchased by Dr. Bryant, and presented to the Boston 
Society of Natural History. These have a general resemblance to the bird 
just described, excepting that in one there is a trace of rufous in the tibial 
feathers. They are labelled “Martinique or South America,’’ and are evi- 
dently not authenticated as to locality. A young bird among them (No. 4,335) 
has the entire under parts brownish-red, with blackish edges to the feathers, 
the upper parts similarly spotted. 


426 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


base of quills, visible internally as a yellowish-white bar across the wing, 
externally as a fulvous brown bar followed by a blackish one, and again a 
fulvous. In other words, the olive of upper parts is varied on the wings by 
having the outer webs of quills, except outer primaries, fulvous olive, crossed 
near the base by a broad blackish bar. Central tail feathers like back ; others 
blackish ; outermost ashy for most of length, and like next, tipped with white. 
Bill black ; the base below white. Legs flesh color? 

(No. 25,911, 4.) Total length, 7.50; wing, 3.55; tail, 3.80; graduation of 
tail, .25; difference of 10th and longest quill, .66; exposed portion of 1st 
primary, 1.00, of 2d, 2.15, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed base of 1st 
primary), 2.60; length of bill from forehead, .56, from nostril, .31, along gape, 
-70; tarsus, .82; middle toe and claw, .78, claw alone, .26; hind toe and claw, 
-52, claw alone, .26. 


Suiits Callen: Sex When ; 

sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 4 

25,911 od | Cuba. ail Dr. J Gundlach. 

‘21,645 2 | Donna del Gate, Dee, 11. Chas. Wright. 

21,670 fof ‘  [Cuba. baie me 

21,646 of as say we 

23 543 oie .. | Monte Libano,Cuba.| Sept. 24. ey 

23,542: 6. ait ‘Minot od \ayges aes. i ne MMe eit 
341 3s | Cuba noe Cab. Lawrence. 


Myiadestes melanops. 


Myradestes melanops, Sauvin, P. Z. 8. 1864, 580, pl. xxxv (Tucurrique, 
Costa Rica). 


Hab. Costa Rica. 


(No. 30,501.) Wing moderately pointed; Ist quill about one-third the 
longest ; 2d scarcely longer than 8th; 4th and 5th longest. 

Above bluish-slate color; rather lighter below; middle of belly somewhat - 
paler. Forehead, cheeks anterior to eyes, and chin black; axillars whitish 
at ends, the bases of the quills showing the usual patch on the inner face of 
wiug, which in this species is white; externally it is ashy, scarcely appre- 
ciable, and followed by the usual dusky bar. Quill- and tail-feathers black- 
ish, the central of the latter scarcely more ashy, as is the case in the terminal 
portion of the outer two feathers and the outer edges of the outermost; both 
obscurely tipped with whitish. Bill reddish-yellow; legs and feet clear 
yellow. 

(No. 30,501.) Total length, 7.25; wing, 3.60; tail, 3.45, graduation, 40, 
emargiuation slight; difference of 10th and longest quills, .70; exposed 
portion of 1st primary, .90, of 2d, 2.30, of longest (4th) (measured from ex- 
posed base of Ist primary), 2.75; length of Dill from forehead, .60, from 
nostril, .30, along gape, .70; tarsus, .81; middle toe and claw, .79, claw alone, 
-24; hind toe and claw, .58, claw alone, .28. 


In some specimens the pure clear bluish-plumbeous of back is 
faintly glossed behind with olive brown. Young birds have the bill 


MYIADESTES. 494 


black, except at the base below, or else black at tip; all the feathers 
with a central spot of ochraceous-yellowish, bordered by blackish, 
traces of these spots occasionally visible in adults. 


| 
Smith- Collec-} Sex 


3 ‘ When 3 

sonian; tor’s | and Loeality. Received from Remarks. 
No. No. | Age. y Collected. 

80,501 31 ws Costa Rica. wee Dr. A.v. Frantzius.| =... ee 

33,293 32 o ne erie ws 

80,503 83 10) ee Mists fd 

30,502 34 ae be See es 

33,294 | 119 ae ff be “ 

35,343 of Dota, C. R. July 17, ’64.| J. Carmiol. 

35, 244 2 Rancho Redondo. | Nov. 15, 64 He 


Myiadestes venezuelensis. 


Myiadestes venezuelensis, ScLatER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. XVII, 
468.—Is. P. Z. 8. 1857, 6; 1860, 64 (Ecuador).—Is. Catal. 1861, 
48, no. 290 (Bogota). 


Hab. Venezuela, Bogota, and Ecuador. 


(No. 32,513.) First quill about two-fifths the longest; nearly half the 2d, 
which is rather shorter than 7th; 4th and 5th longest. 

Above dark rusty brown, brightest towards rump. Forehead (shading off 
into the olivaceous rufous of cap), cheeks, and under parts, including lining 
of wings and axillars, dark slate color, becoming paler behind; the tibia, 
flanks and end of crissum somewhat tinged with olivaceous rufous (some- 
times scarcely appreciable). Lores dusky. As in most species, a band of 
light fulvous at bases of quills, distinctly seen on the inside of wing; scarcely 
appreciable externally, and followed by a dusky bar. Middle tail feathers 
somewhat like back, but with a purplish tinge; other feathers purplish-black, 
the outermost gray for most of outer web, the next to a less extent, both with 
a patch of white at end of inner web. Bill dusky above, yellow beneath ; 
feet yellow. 

(No. 32,513.) Total length, 7.20; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.25; difference of 10th 
and longest quills, .70; exposed portion of Ist primary, .95, of 2d, 2.16, of 
longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 2.60; length of 
bill from forehead, .55, from nostril, .26, along gape, .69; tarsus, .80; middle 
toe and claw, .75, claw alone, .21; hind toe and claw, .56, claw alone, .23. 


This species agrees sufficiently well in form with the Mexican, 
but has shorter and more rounded wings; a proportionally longer 
first primary, and perhaps a more even tail. The yellow mandible, 
darker rufous of back extending to head, dark slate of throat, and 
absence of white or dark lines about the head readily distinguish it 
from I obscurus, most nearly allied in color. 


428 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex 

sonian!} tor’s | and Locality. C feed: Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 

32,513 .. | Puerto Cabello, Ven. sees J.Krider, | = seeaee 

32,514 i eines a rn | | 

24,944 Bogota. “ae L.deGeofroy. |  .....- 


Myiadestes unicolor. 


Myiadestes unicolor, Scuater, P. Z. 8S. 1856, 299 (Cordova); 1857, 5, 
213 (Orizaba) ; 1958, 97.—Is. Catal. 1861, 47, no. 289.—ScLatTER 
& Satvin, Ibis, 1860, 397 (Coban). 


Hab. Central Mexico and Guatemala. 


(No. 22,377, 9, type.) Second quill rather shorter than 7th; 4th and 5th 
longest, and about equal; 1st about one-third the longest. 

General color dark slate color, paler below (darkest on jugulum and breast) ; 
chin and anal region lighter. Eyelids white ; lores and cheeks dusky. Tail 
feathers black, except central, which are like the back, the outermost which 
is ashy except at base, and the second feather which has the end and a portion 
of inner web ashy, the extreme tips of the two last mentioned feathers whitish. 
Quills with a band of dull fulvous across their bases, shown very obscurely 
externally as a transverse wing-bar, followed by a blackish one. Bill black; 
legs hazel. 

(No. 22,377, 9.) Total length, 7.50; wing, 3.80; tail, 3.70; difference be- 
tween outer and fourth tail feathers, .50; difference between 10th and longest 
quills, .85 ; exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.00, of 2d, 2.50, of longest (4th) 
(measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 3.00; length of bill from fore- 
head, .60, from nostril, .30, along gape, .76; tarsus, .85; middle toe and claw, 
-80, claw alone, .22; hind toe and claw, .60, claw alone, .26. 


This species in form resembles JL obscurus, although in colora- 
tion is more like townsendit, from which the prevailing dark slate 
(not grayish-ash), and the absence of the distinct cinnamon bars 
across the quills readily distinguish it. The pattern of coloration 
of quills is as in townsendii, but the want of contrast in the tints 
renders this almost inappreciable in the prevailing dark slaty plumbe- 
ous of upper parts. The axillars and inner lining of wings are slate, 
like the breast; but the pale fulvous band at base of quills is very 
well marked in the inside of wing. 


Smith- cottes-| Sex When 
sa Ne os Locality. Collected. Reoeived from Remarks. 
! 
22,377 sie @ | Cordova, Mex. sabi Verreaux. Type. ty pe. 
80,720 ae | Choctum, Vera Paz.| Jan, 1860, O Salvin. ean pared : With 


MYIADESTES, 429 


Myiadestes townsendii. 


Ptiliogonys townsendii, Aup. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 206, pl. 419, fig. 2. (For 
other references see Birds N. Am. 321).—Newserry, P. R. Rep. VI, 
Whipple’s Rep. Zool. 82.— Culicivora towns. DeKay, N. Y. Zool. II, 
1844, 110.—Myiadestes towns. CaBanis, Wieg. Arch. 1847, I, 208.— 
Scrater, P. Z. 8. 1857, 5; 1858, 97.—Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 
321.—Coorer & Suckuey, P. R. Rep. XII, 0, 187.—Kznrerty, P. R. 
Rep. X, Whipple’s Rep. 25.—Lorp, Pr. R. Art. Inst. Woolwich, IV, 
116 (Br., Col.). 


Hab. Mountainous regions of middle and western United States. (Not 
found at Cape St. Lucas nor in Mexico.) 


(No. 16,168.) Second quill shorter than 6th; 3d rather longer than 5th; 
4th longest. Wings much pointed, as long as the tail, which is forked, and 
the lateral feathers graduated. 

Prevailing color dark ash gray, scarcely lighter on breast, paler on abdomen, 
mixed with paler dull whitish-gray on chin, throat, belly and crissum ; the ends 


Myiadestes townsendii, Cas. 


of axillars, inner wing coverts, edge of bend of wing, outer web of lateral and tips 
of outer tail feathers, dull white. A white ring round the eye; the loral region 
and cheeks below eye blackish. Quill- and tail-feathers dark brown; the 
ceutral tail feathers more like back, the lateral edged and tipped as described. 
All the quills with a broad, well-defined patch of light cinnamon at their bases ; 
which in the outer five are not visible across the outer webs, but show dis- 
tinctly externally on the rest. A second less distinct but broader band of 
similar color (brightest on the primaries) crosses the outer webs of the same 
quills nearer the end, the two bands separated by a blackish one. Outer 
edges of inner secondaries grayish-white. Bill black; feet dusky. 

No appreciable difference in the sexes ; the young bird thickly spotted with 
pale ochrey. 


430 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I, 


(No. 16,168.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 8.10; expanse of wing, 13.20; 
wing from carpal joint, 4.50. Prepared specimen: Total length, 8.00; wing, 
4.40; tail, 4.40, depth of fork, .42; difference between 10th and longest pri- 
mary, 1.22; exposed portion of lst primary, 1.00, of 2d, 3.00, of longest, 4th 
(measured from exposed base of Ist primary), 3.45 ; length of bill from fore- 
head, .60, from nostril, .30, along gape, .71 ; tarsus, .80; middle toe and claw, 
.80, claw alone, .24; hind toe and claw, .50, claw alone, .26. 

On the chin and crissum the tips of feathers are much lighter 
than the ashy bases, producing a mixture of the two colors, although 
this is scarcely appreciable in some specimens. There is a very 
faint indication occasionally of a dusky line on each side of the chin, 
as in I. obscurus. 

Young birds have a large triangular pale ochraceous light spot on 
the end of each feather (rather paler below), bounded externally by a 
narrow border of blackish; the quill- and tail-feathers.as‘in the adult. 

The more important localities of specimens before me are as 
follows :— 


Smith- Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality, Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No, | Age. ;: 
2,922 a5 at Columbia River. wes 8. F Baird. J.K. Townsend. 
8,285 ae | Fort Steilacoom. ais Dr G.Suckley. | —...... 
16,164 ais Fort Crook, Cal. ee Jno. Feilnere |  ...... 
21,942 | 623 .. | Kootenay River. Aug. 1860. A. Campbell. Dr. Kennerly. 
21,943 | 612 3 | Flathead River. Sept. 8, 60. oy en 
19,225 | 162 .. | Pumpkin Butte. Oct. 22. Capt. Raynolds. Dr. Hayden. 
11,056 ee 2 | Fort Bridger, Utah.| May 6. G.Drexler, | atscasare 
18,325 ee o | Hellgate, Id. 1860. Lt. Mullan. Jno. Pearsall. 
38 427 ae .. | Laramie Peak. 1864. Dr Mite, | aegis 
8,286 ay -. ; Zui. Ane Lt. Whipple. Dr. Kennerly. 


(2,922.) Type of species. 


Myiadestes obscurus. 
Myiadestes obscurus, Larr. Rev. Zool. 1839, 98 (Mexico).—SciaTER, 
P. Z. S. 1856, 300 (Guatemala) ; 1857, 5, 213 (Orizaba) ; 1859, 
364 (Jalapa) ; 376 (Oaxaca; eggs).—In. Catal. 1861, 47, no. 288,— 
Bon. Consp. 336.—Scrater & Sanvin, Ibis, I, 1859, 14 (Guatemala). 

Hab. Mountainous regions of Mexico, into Guatemala; Tres Marias Islands. 

(No. 37,500.) Wing about equal to tail, which is emarginate and rounded. 
Fourth quill longest ; 5th and 3d a little shorter ; 2d longer than 7th; Ist two- 
fifths the 2d. 

Back olivaceous-rufous, more olive on rump and upper tail coverts: the 
outer surface of wings, including edges of quills, more rufous cinnamon. A 
pale cinnamon concealed patch at base of inner webs of quills, abruptly de- 
fined on the secondaries, fading out gradually in the primaries along their 
inner edges. Head, neck, and under parts plumbeous-ash (the latter less 
pure). Chin (fading out gradually into the ash of throat), sides of lower 
mandibles (separated from chin by a black line), and line from nostril to 
above eye, with middle of belly, dull white; eyelids pure white, the loral 
region dusky, the cheeks below the eye blackish. Tail black, excepting 


MYIADESTES, 431 


the two central feathers which are plumbeous-ash, and the exterior which is 
light ash, blackish at the base; the next feather also ashy towards the tip, 
both feathers with a narrow tip and a border of white along the end of inner 
web. Axillars and inner face of wings tinged with fulvous. Bill black; feet 
pale hazel. ‘“Irids red brown” (Xantus). . 

(No. 37,500.) Total length, 7.80; wing, 4.20; tail, 4.10; difference of outer 
and 5th (longest) tail feather, .5, difference of innermost and 5th, .25; differ- 
ence of 10th and longest quills, 1.00; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.00, of 
2d, 2.65, of longest (4th) (measured from exposed base of lst primary), 3.12; 
length of bill from forehead, .61, from nostril, .30, along gape, .84; tarsus, 
-81; middle toe and claw, .79, claw alone, .29; hind toe and claw, .54, claw 
alone, .30. 


The outer webs of the quills are of a darker rufous than elsewhere 
on the upper surface. The rufous on secondaries reaches the shaft, 
except about the middle, where there is only a narrow edge bordering 
a blackish patch like the inner web. On the outer primaries the 
inner portion of the whole outer web is dusky, bordered externally 
by rufous cinnamon, diminishing in amount exteriorly, and not 
appreciable on the outer two quills. 

Specimens vary considerably in intensity of the rufous of the back, 
which is sometimes very bright, at other times much duller. Occa- 
sionally, as in No. 35,038, the whitish line from bill to eye meets its 
fellow, forming a pale frontal band, the same specimen having the 
upper part of back ashy, like the head and nape. Sometimes there 
is a wash of fulvous olive on the flanks, which again are entirely 
ashy. As far as the materials before me show, it is in specimens from 
western Mexico, Tonila, and Tres Marias, that the ash of head in- 
vades the back: the rufous of back paler; the tail also appears 
longer (4.40 in No. 37,327, Tres Marias). 

This species is quite similar to JZ townsendi, although the wings 
are shorter and less pointed. It is readily distinguished by the 
reddish of the back and wings; the dulness of the two trans- 
verse light cinnamon or fulvous bars across the quills, with the inter- 
vening black one; the ashy, not whitish edge of the tail; the whitish 
line from nostrils to above eye, and the black line bordering the 
chin. 


Smith-|Collec-| Sex When 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. 

87,327 60 | Sf | Tres Mari ias Islands,| Jan. 1865. | Col. A.J.Grayson.|  —.....e 
87,328 59| of (Mex. BE eenenen MS crs: 
35,938 | 2,219} og | Tonila, Jalisco. Oct. 1863. J. Xantus. = | esceve 
37,500 82 | .. | Orizaba, Mex. iit Prof.Sumichrast. | —...... 
37,501 gl] .. ee siete SEER | res 
22,378 (17,271 | .. | Mexico. [Guat. ied Verreaux, |  — seveee 
30,722 | £405 | .. | Volcan de Fuego,| Noy.186l.| O Salvin, fae 


432 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. . 


Myiadestes leucotis. 
Ptilogonys leucotis, Tscu. Arch. Nat. 1844,—In, Fauna Peruana, 1846-7, 
139, pl. vii, fig. 1. Hab. Peru.—Myiadestes leucotis, Cas. Arch, 
Nat. 1847, I, 209. 


Hab. Peru. 


(No. 41,908, Peru.) Above cinnamon brown; the top of head and entire 
under parts black, except the flanks, which are like the back, and a patch on 


Q ae 34 


Mytadestes leucotis, Cth 
Uyiadestes leucotis, Cas. (Peru.) 


the sides of breast under the wing, which is white ; the cheeks also are white. 
The quill- and tail-feathers are sooty black, even including the shafts; the 
innermost secondaries not so dark, and like the wing coverts, washed ex- 
ternally with cinnamon. Exposed upper surface of central tail feathers tinged 
with a faint shade of cinnamon, the terminal half of outermost, and a large 
patch in the end of next, grayish-white. The axillars, inner wing coverts, 
and a quadrate patch at base of inner web of all the quills, except the 1st 
primary and innermost secondaries, white, the color reaching to the shaft, but 
not visible externally. Upper mandible and legs black; lower mandible yel- 
low. “Iris fiery red” (Tschudi). 

Wings rather shorter than the tail, considerably rounded ; the first primary 
large and broad, not falcate, about half the 2d, which about equals the 8th; 
the 4th and 5th longest. Tail somewhat graduated, the feathers acute and 
acuminate at tips ; the outer tapering from about its middle. Bill lengthened ; 
commissure nearly straight, but slightly sinuated towards base ; nostrils broad 
and open. Legs stout; tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw, without 
distinct scutellar divisions anteriorly except below; a few faint and obsolete 
transverse divisions on outer side. Inner toe separated to base, the basal 
joint of middle toe united for rather more than basal half to outer toe; claws 
all rather large. 

(No. 41,908.) Total length, 9.00; wing, 4.25 ; tail, 4.55, its graduation, .65; 
difference of 10th and longest primary, .75; exposed portion of 1st primary, 
1.42, of 2d, 1.75, of longest (4th and 5th) (measured from exposed base of Ist 
primary), 3.30; length of bill from forehead, .74, from nostril, .40, along gape, 


CICHLOPSIS. 433 


-96 ; tarsus, .96; middle toe and claw, .96, claw alone, .29; hind toe and claw, 
-67, claw alone, .32. 

This bird constitutes a peculiar form among Myiadestes, differing 
in certain characters which probably are of generic value. The 
bill is much longer, and proportionally narrower, than in the others; 
the feet and claws stouter. The wing is more rounded, without any 
falcation or acumination of the outer quills, and differing especially 
in the large first primary, which is half the length of the second. 
In this respect it is nearest to Mf venezuelensis. The absence 
of the peculiar markings in the wings, seen in the other species, 
is noteworthy. The shape and markings of the tail, however, are 
much as in true Myzadestes. 

It is possible that. a more perfect condition of the feathers may 
show either a diminution or an increase of the differences referred 
to, and I await better specimens before attempting to decide upon 
the claims of the species to generic rank. In some respects there 
_is a relationship to Cichlopsis. 

The specimen described above is one of Mr. Tschudi’s types, 
presented to the Institution by the Museum of Neuchatel. It is 
moulting a considerable portion of its feathers, which somewhat 
obscures its characters, and it may even be a young bird not yet 
arrived at maturity. 


CICHLOPSIS, Cazanis. 
Cichlopsis, Cas. Mus. Hein. I, 1851, 54. (Type C. leucogonys.) 


General appearance Thrush-like. Wings quite pointed, about equal to the 
tail; outer primary about two-fifths the 2d, which is longer than 7th, the tips 


C chlopsis Wucogonys 
28 June, 1866. 


434 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS, [PART L 


not attenuated. Tail emarginated, and still more rounded. Bill rather stout, 
and somewhat Thrush-like ; broad, much depressed, and with mouth deeply 
cleft, much as in Myiadestes, but deeper and stouter in proportion. Gonys 
about two-fifths the lower edge of lower mandible. Frontal and rictal bristles 
well developed. Feet short; tarsus about equal to middle toe, without scu- 
tellar division, excepting two plates at lower end, both sides of which also 
exhibit slight indication of similar division. Lateral toes about equal, their 
claws reaching to base of middle claw. Basal phalanx of middle toe united 
for a very little more than half to rather less than half the basal phalanx 
of inner toe, and for two-thirds its length to one and a half joints of outer: 
this phalanx a little shorter than the basal of inner toe. 


The relationship of this genus to Myiadestes is very close, and 
seems to connect the group with the Turdide. The body is fuller; 
the basal joints of the middle toes a very little more united; the 
bill stouter, stronger, and deeper; the plumage more compact, and 
the wing lacks the peculiar pattern across the base and outer edges 
of the quills, having instead the lighter rusty edgings at the base 
inside, so common in the Turdide. The outer quills lack the 
attenuation of typical Myzadestes, but resemble almost exactly those 
of M. unicolor. In fact the only tangible differences are in the 
stouter bill, rather more united toes, more compact plumage, and 
absence of wing pattern. 

Dr. Cabanis gives, as one of the characters of Cichlopsis, the 
tarsi distinctly scutellate. In Dr. Sclater’s specimen, however, the 
tarsi are as much booted as in the genuine Thrushes. The basal 
joints of the middle toe are united a very little more than in Turdidz ; 
but, on the other hand, in Mytadestes proper, these are as deeply 
cleft as in the Thrushes. 

The young of Cichlopsis are probably spotted, as in Myiadestes, . 
judging from the indications of the adult. 


Cichlopsis leucogonys. 


Cichlopsis leucogenys, Cas. Mus. Hein. 1850-1, 54 (Brazil). 

Cichlopsis leucogonys, “Cas.,” Scuater, P. Z. S. 1857, 6; 1858, 542 
(rectification).—Is. Catal. 1861, 48, no. 291. 

Myiadestes leucotis, Bon. Consp. 1850, 336 (not of Tscuup1). 

Myiocichla ochrata, Bon. Comp. Rend. XXXVIII, 1854, 6, and Notes 
Del. 30 (Brazil). : 

22“Turdampelis lanioides, Luss. Echo du Monde Sav. 1844, 156”(Sclater). 

2?Turdampelis rufococcyzx, Luss. Desc. Mam. et Ois. 1847, 324 (Sclater). 

Hab. Brazil. 


(No. 291a, Sclater Coll.) Wing rather longer than tail, which is moderately 
emarginated and still more graduated ; the feathers broad. First quill about 
two-fifths the 2d, not quite one-third the longest (4th and 5th); 2d inter- 


CICHLOPSIS. 435 


mediate between 6th and 7th; 3d between 5th and 6th, the feathers broad ; 
the 1st primary slightly falcate, but not attenuated. Tarsi with two scutellar 
divisions only anteriorly at lower end, as in other AMyvadestes, the upper 
indistinct. 

Whole upper parts, with head all round, and upper part of breast, oliva- 
ceous-rufous (without any shade of green) ; lighter below, but brighter on 
throat; rest of under parts ashy ; the flanks, lower breast, crissum, and tibia 
tinged with olive rufous. Tail like back; the central feathers and inner 
webs of the others with a purple tinge; the lateral paler on inner edge and 
at tip. Under wing coverts fulvous white; the basal portion of inner webs 
of quills (but not outer) pale cinnamon, fading off gradually along the edges 
of the quills, rest of these webs purplish-brown ; whole of outer webs of quills 
like back, without any bars. Bill above black, beneath whitish ; legs dusky. 

(No. 291la.) Total length, 8.00; wing, 4.20; tail, 4.00, graduation, .34, 
emargination, .20; difference of 10th and longest quills, .91; exposed portion 
of 1st primary, 1.14, of 2d, 2.75, of longest (5th) (measured from exposed 
base of Ist primary), 3.20; length of bill from forehead, .70, from nostril, .35, 
along gape, .85; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw, .86, claw alone, .26; hind 
toe and claw, .55, claw alone, .25, 


This species is closely related in form to Platycichla brevipes, 
Baird, although the lower mandible is rather deeper and stouter, 
the upper less attenuated viewed from above. The first quill is 
longer, two-fifths the second instead of one-third, and not quite as 
much pointed; the tail is more graduated and emarginated; the 
feet much the same. The principal difference, therefore, is in the 
stouter lower mandible, and less attenuated bill, longer first pri- 
mary, and more emarginate and graduated tail. 

From Myiadestes armillatus it differs in stiffer tail and falcate 
acuminate outer primary. With such species, however, as MU. 
obscurus and venezuelensis, it has very close relationships in form, 
so much indeed that it is very difficult to separate them generically ; 
the tail feathers are perhaps broader and stiffer, and the bill rather 
longer and stronger; the wings and feet are precisely similar. 

The two citations from Lesson, quoted in the synonymy, by Dr. 
Sclater, hardly appear to belong to this species, but rather to an 
allied one. The description in “l’Hcho” I have not seen, that in 
“ Desc. des Mam. et Ois.” shows many discrepancies. 

For the opportunity of examining this species I am indebted to 
Dr. Sclater. I have seen a second specimen in the museum of the 
Philadelphia Academy. 


Smith-|Collec-/ Sex 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Ganon Received from Collected by 
No. | No. | Age. : 


| 24 | Brazil. ve | Gab. Seater. foes, 


436 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


PLATYCICHLA, Bairp. 
Platycichla, Barp, Rev. Am. Birds, I, 1864, 32. (Type P. brevipes, Bo.) 


3A 


Platycichla brevipes, Baird. (Brazil.) 


General appearance that of Cichlopsis, the bill rather longer and much more 
attenuated at the end; the lower mandible much weaker and narrower, the 
toes perhaps a little more deeply cleft; the feet larger, but similarly propor- 
tioned; the claws longer and less curved. The wings and tail are similar, 
the latter rather shorter ; the outer quill one-third the 2d. Inside and bases 
of quills colored as in Planesticus, and throat similarly streaked. 


This. generic form in many respects, with Cichlopsis, unites the 
Thrushes to the Myiadestes, and shows clearly that all three should 
belong rather with the Turdide as a subfamily, than with Ampe- 
lidx. I find no differences in any to throw them out of the Turdide, 
with which they agree so closely in the undivided tarsi (except 
occasionally at lower end), the short spurious primary, the toothed 
and bristled bill, ete. 

For further remarks relative to this genus I refer to page 32 of 
the present work. I there placed it among the Thrushes, and now 
consider it as showing the relationship between the true Turdine 
and Ampeline, and proving the propriety of combining them in 
the same family. 


Platycichla brevipes. 
Platycichia brevipes, Barrv, Rev. Am. Birds, I, 1864, 32 (Brazil). 
Hab. Brazil. 


For the description of this species I would. refer to the page of 
the present work cited above. 


COLLURIO, 437 


Famity LANIID.2A. 


The diagnosis on page 322 will give a general idea of the characters 
of this family, as represented in the New World, especially as com- 
pared with its allics the Vireonide and Ampelide. The only genus 
found in America is that of typical “ Zanius,” and from which I have 
drawn the family characters, although as given above they are in 
general rather those of the Lantine. 

Enneoctonus, of which Europe has several species, differs in much 
less rounded wing, the first quill about one-third the longest, the 
second about equal to the fourth ; the tail shorter than the wing, 
and much jess graduated: the bill more feeble. In the specimen 
before me of Hnneoctonus collurio there is no indication whatever 
of division of lateral plate of tarsus, and the nostrils are scarcely 
concealed. 


COLLURIO, Vicors. 


Collurio, Vicors, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1831, 42. (Type Lanius excubitor, L.) 
Lanius, Aut. (not of Linyzus, whose type is L. cristatus). 
Collyrio, G. R. Gray.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 323. 


Body robust. Wings rather shorter than the much graduated tail (the 
lateral feather about three-fourths the central). Primaries ten; the lst about 
half the 2d, which is 
longer than the 7th, the 
outermost slightly sinu- 
ated at end. Bill very 
powerful, deep and much 
compressed, both out- 
lines much curved and 


convex ; the upper man- 
dible decurving into a 
strong hook with a deep 
notch behind it, followed 
by a prominent tooth ; tip 
of lower bill obsoletely 
similar. Nostrils almost 
circular, placed nearly 
opposite middle of com- Colltir to encubttoroides. 
F F (All the figures three-fourths naturai size.) 

missure, in nasal fossa, 

without membrane, excepting behind, overhung and mostly concealed by the 
stiff frontal bristly feathers and bristles; base of mouth also with prominent 


438 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


bristles. Feet strong and well developed; the tarsi longer than middle toe 
and claw, with seven or eight scutelle anteriorly, the lateral plates usually 
with a tendency to subdivision inferiorly, especially the outer, which is some- 
times divided regularly its entire length in C. exeubitoroides, although this 
character is not the same even on opposite feet of the same specimen. Lateral 
toes nearly equal, reaching about tc base of middle claw; the toes quite 
deeply cleft, the inner nearly to its base, but adherent to half the basal joint 
of middle; externally this joint is united nearly throughout to one and a 
half joints of outer toe; these basal joints somewhat abbreviated, so that 
the inner is rather longer than middle. 


There is a slight variation in form in American species of Collurio, 
the legs being shorter and the bill longer proportionally in borealis 
than in the others. In excubtoroides the legs are longer both 
absolutely and relatively than in any American species, or C. excu- 
bitor of Europe. There is much difference in specimens, and even 
in different feet of the same specimen in regard to the subdivision 
of the lateral plates (especially the outer) of tarsus, this sometimes 
being quite regular, as much so as anteriorly, at other times quite 
the contrary; frequently the plates are entire, except at the lower 
end. 

The type of the genus Lanius, as established by Linnzus in the 
10th edition of Systema Nature, is the Z. cristatus of India and 
Java, which, according to Cabanis, is congeneric with the ZL. collurio, 
the type of Boie’s genus Hnneoctonus, Lanius should, therefore, 
replace Hnneoctonus for the long-winged European Shrikes, and 
another name adopted for the larger European and American forms. 
In the ‘Birds of North America,” 1858, I used the name Collyrio 
of Mehring for this group, following G. R. Gray, but as I now admit 
no genera of authors prior to or contemporaneous with Linneus, 
who did not adopt the binomial system, as established by him, not 
even those of Linnzus himself prior to 1758, it becomes necessary 
to take the next in order, namely, Collurio of Vigors. 

The following synopsis will exhibit the characters of the North 
American Shrikes, as well as of their close ally, C. excubitor of 
Europe :— 


GevERAL CoLor.—Bluish or plumbeous-ash above; the outer edges of scapu- 
lars, sometimes the forehead and rump, paler. Beneath white, sometimes 
with waved transverse dark lines. A broad black stripe from side of upper 
bill through eye (extending more widely beneath than above it, sometimes 
wanting above) to end of ear coverts. Wings (except lesser coverts) and 
tail black; the former with a white patch across base of primaries (some- 
times on inner webs of secondaries) ; the secondaries tipped with white; 


the tail with broad white tips to the lateral feathers, the concealed bases 
of which are also usually white. 


COLLURIO 439 


A. Black cheek-stripes involving eyelid only on upper border 
of eye, and not meeting across the forehead. A crescentic 
patch of white in the black, beiow the eye; upper edge 
of black stripe behind the eye bordered by hoary wnit- 
ish. Breast and belly always with distinct, transverse 
waved lines of dusky. Bill, when mature, entirely black. 
Length about 10 inches. 

Above light ash. Upper tail coverts and forehead much 
paler than the back, the former without waved 
lines. Axillars whitish. 

Inner webs of secondaries paler towards edges, 
but !not of well-defined white. Concealed 
bases of tail feathers, except sixth, white. 
Tarsus shorter than the gape of mouth  . borealis. 

B. Black cheek-stripes not involving upper border of eye or 
upper eyelid, which is whitish, and not meeting across 
the forehead, its upper edge behind the eye with scarcely 
a lighter border. No patch of white on lower eyelid. 
Under parts unvaried white; in female obscurely waved. 
Base of under mandible whitish. Length about 9 inches. 

Above light ash. Upper tail coverts and forehead de- 
cidedly paler than the back. Axillars whitish. 

Inner webs of all secondaries (except innermost) 
white to shaft, except for less than terminal 
half, which is black along the shaft. Con- 
cealed base of tail white, except on sixth 
feather. Tarsus equal tothe gape. - excubitor 

C. Black cheek-stripes involving upper eyelid, as in A, but 
without patch of white below the eye; meeting in a nar- 
row, sometimes inconspicuous line across the forehead, 
its upper edge behind the eye not bordered by lighter. 
Beneath plain white, or very obscurely waved in ludovici- 
anus (the female?). Bill, when mature, entirely black. 
Length about 8.50 inches. 

Above dark plumbeous-ash. Upper tail coverts and 
forehead scarcely paler than the back. Sides and 
breast tinged with bluish-gray. 

Black of loral space rather hoary alang upper 
border. Frontal dark line inappreciable or 
wanting. Inner webs of secondaries paler 
only along the marginal half, and not ab- 
ruptly white. Axillars plumbeous. Tail 
feathers, except the innermost, with a con- 
cealed well-defined white patch at base, 
largest on the more exterior one. Bill from 
nostril, .50. Under parts often with very 
obscure faint waved lines (in the female ?). , 
White patch on wing reaching about to 
middle of lst primary. Tarsus equal to the 
gape . F . . . . . » ludovicianus. 


440 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [past I 


Black of loral space without any lightening above 
it. Frontal black band well marked. Inner 
webs of secondaries (except innermost) pure 
white to shaft, except along rather more than 
terminal half, where the shaft is bordered 
by black. Axillars whitish. Tail feathers 
black to base, except the loose fibres, which 
are grayish. Bill from nostril, .60. Under 
parts without waved lines. White patch on 
wing reaching nearly opposite to end of 1st 
primary. Tarsus about equal to the gape - elegans. 

Above light ash color. Upper tail coverts and forehead 
much lighter than the back, the former sometimes 
almost white. Sides and breast generally nearly 
pure white. 

Black of loral space with conspicuous hoary 
margin above it. Inner web of secondaries 
much:as in C. ludovicianus. Axillars whit- 
ish. Tail feathers with concealed white 
patch at bases of all the feathers. Bill from 
nostril, about .50. No waved lines beneath. 
White patch on wing reaching nearly oppo- 
site to end of lst primary. Tarsus longer 
than the gape. . 5 é . - excubitoroides. 


Collurio borealis. 


Lanius borealis, Vizintor, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 90, pl. 1.—Sw. F. B. A. 
II, 1831, 111.—Avp. Syn. 1839, 157.—Is. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 130, 
pl. 236.—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1857, 212.—Max. Cab. Jour. VI, 
1858, 190 (Upper Missouri).—Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1857, 51 (Ber- 
muda).—Collyrio borealis, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 324.—CooPer 
& Sucxuey, P. R. Rep. XI, 1, 1860, 188 (Washington Territory). 

Lanius excubitor, Forstsr, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 382 (not Sumner 
—Wizson, I, 1808, 74, pl. v, fig. 1. 

Lanius septentrionalis, Bon. Syn. 1628, 72 (not of Gueuin, which eannot 
be identified as an American species).—Is. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 
1853, 294.—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1857, 213.—Mourray, Ed. New 
Phil. Jour. XI, 1859, 223 (H. B. T.). 


Hab. Whole of America north of United States; in winter south to Wash- 
ington, St. Louis, Prescott (Ariz.), and north California. 


(No. 19,545, %, in full spring plumage.) Fourth quill longes* ; 3d and 5th 
little shorter ; 2d shorter than 6th ; exposed portion of 1st not quite half that 
of longest. 

Whole upper parts pure clear light ash; beneath (including axillars) pure 
white, the breast and upper part of belly waved transversely with obsolete 
narrow dusky lines (about .15 of an inch apart); each feather having two 
or three, which are vurved, convex, and the terminal one some Aistande from 
the tip. Bristly feathers covering the nostrils and the feathers along the 


COLLURIO. 441 


base of upper mandible to gape, black; this color extending as a broad stripe 
through the eye, and behind it to nape, involving the ear coverts, and forming ' 
a conspicuous and continuously deep black stripe, excepting a few white 
feathers on lower eyelid (sometimes a well-marked crescentie spot), and an 
almost inappreciable lightening among the loral feathers, the black of oppo- 
site sides, however, not meeting on the forehead as in L. excubitoroides. The 
black involves only the upper eyelid, but is quite broad below the eye. The 
forehead and space above the black stripe, almost to its posterior extremity, 
are hoary white, shading into the ash of crown; the rump and ends of scapular 
feathers are similarly colored, though perhaps less purely white; the ends 
of upper tail coverts becoming also more ashy. Wings and tail black, the 
tips of the secondaries and the bases of the primaries white, this increasing 
in amount on the latter from the outermost, and showing externally as a 
white patch (but hardly appreciable, especially on outer webs in first and 
second). Secondary quills whitish along inner edge, and full half of the 
inner web tinged with grayish, but without abrupt definition. Outer tail 
feather, with basal half of inner web, and a narrow stripe in the outer web 
along the shaft, as well as the shaft itself nearly to end, black; the black 
advancing more and more in the other feathers till on the 4th there is only a 
narrow tip of white; the 5th and 6th entirely black; all the feathers with 
small basal white patch, except on inner web of 6th. Bill and feet pure 
black. 

Female birds in the breeding season are much duller than the males, the 
ash of upper parts much tinged with ochrey brown, the black stripe through 
the eye more or less obsolete, the white of wing much less conspicuous. 

(No. 19,545, 4.) Fresh specimen: Total length, 10.00; expanse of wings, 
14.50; wing from carpal joint, 4.70. Prepared specimen: Total length, 10.00; 
wing, 4.50; tail, 4.70; exposed portion of Ist primary, 1.65, of 2d, 2.90, of 
longest (measured from exposed base of 1st primary), 3.40; length of bill 
from forehead, .85, from nostril, .60, along gape, 1.05; tarsus, 1.05; middle 
toe and claw, .88, claw alone, .33; hind toe and claw, .63, claw alone, .35. 


The plumage of the male, in the breeding season, as indicated 
above, has not been before described. As met with during its more 
winter abode in the United States, C. borealis is duller in plumage, 
and though sometimes quite pure ashy, always has a tinge of brown- 
ish ; and the stripe on the side of the head is only well defined behind 
the eye. There is generally a better marked clear white crescentic 
spot below the eye, and a blackish spot anterior to its upper half; 
the feathers along the base of upper mandible, from nostrils to gape, 
are black; but the rest of the pre-ocular region is grayish, clouded 
somewhat by the blackish bristly points and shafts of some of the 
feathers. The bill, instead of being pure black, is much paler, and 
almost whitish at the base, especially of lower mandible. The dark 
lines below are more distinct, and extend more on the throat, as 
well as a.ong the sides. 

Other specimens of females, or immature males probably, are 


442 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


still more different: the more distinct dark transverse waved lines 
extend over the whole under surface from chin, except about the 
anal region; the upper parts almost continuously ochrey brown; 
the black eye stripe indicated only by rather dusky ears ; the white 
at base of primaries nearly or entirely wanting; the white at end 
of tail feathers more restricted. Every grade of coloration between 
these extremes is to be met with. 

As usual in American birds, the more boreal specimens are de- 
cidedly the larger. The species probably does not breed within the 
limits of the United States, except possibly in the northern portions 
of the mountain regions; but in winter it is found over the entire 
breadth of the country to quite a southern latitude. 

Lanius major, Patias, Zoog. Rosso-As. I, 1831, 401, and Key- 
SERLING & Buastus, Wirb. Europas, I, 1840, lx, and 193, from North- 
eastern Europe and Siberia, judging from the description, appears 
to resemble borealis in size and other characters; the dark inner 
webs of the secondaries; the diminished amount of black anterior 
to the eye; the whitish rump, and the waved lines of the under 
parts, as well as in having the tarsus shorter than the gape. The 
rump, however, is said to be waved transversely with dusky, and 
the eyelids to be white; as in exeubitor, not black. 

The differences in color of C. borealis from ludovicianus and 
excubitoroides are shown in the preliminary diagnoses. The bird 
is stouter in form, with proportionally longer bill, and decidedly 
shorter tarsi. The tarsi are considerably shorter than those of 
excubitoroides. 

Specimens examined, fifty-three. The more important localities 
are the following :— 


Smith-|Collec-) Sex 
i s ‘ When ‘ 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Received from Collected b 
No. | No. | Age. Collected. y 


19,545 | 394 3 | Fort Resolution, 
Great Slave Lake, | April24,’60.]| R. Kennicott. | =... 


27,317 |1,342 -. | Fort Simpson. on B. R. Ross. 
27,319 1,621 -. | Ft. Peel’s River, on R. Kennicott. 
27,511 | 962 .. | Fort Youkon. Sept. 24, 60. ee 

27,312 | 173 9 ae June 27, Jas, Lockhart. 
31,450 | 164 -- | Fort Rae, June 10,’63.| L. Clark. 

19,551 39 .. | Fort Liard. April 2, ’60.| B. R. Ross. 
82,345 ais .- | Moose Factory. ane J. Mackenzie. 
23,256 et .. | New Brunswick. Be G. A. Boardman. 
17,192 ae .. | Ilalifax, N. 8. oe W. G. Winton. 

907 tt «. | Carlisle, Pa. Nov. 1842. 8. F. Baird. 
ve es ie) Ee nee D.C. | Feb. 10, ’46.) R. J. Pollard. 

i cant hoalwater Bay, W.! Nov. 1854. Dr. J. G. ‘s 
ieico | .. g | Fort Crook, Call [Tee cee J. en rinks 
18,329 foe Hellgate, Montana, | vei Lt Mullan. 
11,061 od | Fort Bridger, | April 16. C. Drexler. ! 

' 


39,369 |1,152 Fort Whipple, Ar. 


Feb, 6, ‘65. | Dr. E. Coues, 
( 


(27,312.) With eggs. (707.) 9.80; 14.50; 4.50. (39,369) 10,20; 14.80, 


COLLURIO. 443 


Collurio ludovicianus. 


Lanius ludovicianus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, 134 (based on Lanius ludo- 
vicianus, Brisson, II, 1¢2, tab. xv, fig. 2).—Aup. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 
300, pl. 37.—Is. Birds Am. IV, pl. 237.—Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se. 1857, 
213.— Collyrio ludovicianus, Bairp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 325. 

Lanius ardosiaceus, Virtuuor, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 81, pl. li. 

Lanius carolinensis, Wis. Am. Orn, II, 1811, 57, pl. xxii, fig. 5. 


Hab. South Atlantic (and Gulf?) States. 


(No. 3,054.) Fourth quill longest ; 3d, and then 5th little shorter ; 2d inter- 
mediate between 6th and 7th; 1st about half the longest. 

Upper parts rather dark plumbeous-ash, almost inappreciably paler on the 
upper tail coverts ; beneath dull bluish-white, the sides of body pale plumbe- 
ous, shading insensibly into the whitish of belly; the axillars, for the most 
part, almost as dark plumbeous as the back, the outer webs of those nearest 
the wing whitish (the inner wing coverts dark plumbeous, edged with dusky). 
In the specimen described (perhaps female) the feathers of jugulum and 
breast present very obsolete and indistinct waved transverse lines of pale 
plumbeous, and some of the upper tail coverts are tipped with blackish. 
Bristly feathers at side of upper mandible continuous with a broad stripe 
through and behind the eye to posterior extremity of ear coverts, black. This 
stripe extends narrowly above and broadly below the eye, and is not varied 
on lower eyelid with white. There is no black frontal line, although the 
black frontal bristles of opposite sides sometimes almost meet. Forehead 
and side of crown as far as the eyes somewhat hoary, shading into the ash 
of the head. Outer webs of scapular feathers also whitish, shading into the 
color of back. Wings black; the lesser coverts only like the back; the tips 
of secondaries, and a distinct patch at base of primaries, white. This patch 
crosses the bases of all the primaries (indistinct on the outer), extending 
farthest along the middle ones, where it reaches a point but little beyond the 
middle of the exposed portion of the outer primary. The inner webs of 
the secondaries are gray or whitish for about half way froni the border to the 
shaft, but not abruptly defined. The tail is black ; the concealed bases of all 
the feathers, except perhaps the innermost, are white; the entire terminal 
third of the outer feather, and still more of its outer web, with a constantly 
decreasing amount on the succeeding feathers as far as the fourth, white; the 
shafts, however, are dusky almost to their extremities. Bill and feet black. 

(No. 3,054.) Total length, 8.50; wing, 3.72; tail, 4.10, its graduation, .92; 
exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.76, of 2d, 2.40, of longest (measured from 
exposed base of 1st primary), 2.75; length of bill from forehead, .82, from 
nostril, .50, along gape, .98, depth, .36; tarsus, 1.00; middle toe and claw, 
.82, claw alone, .20; hind toe and claw, .65, claw alone, .32. 


Of the ten specimens before me nearly all exhibit, to a greater or 
less extent, the obsolete wavings on the feathers, described above. 
In several, also, the lesser wing- and upper tail-coverts are tipped 
occasionally with blackish—features not observed in excubitoroides. 
There is some variation in amount of white on the tail in No. 542, 


444 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [Parr L 


this involving more than half of the outer feather, or nearly the 
whole of its exposed portion. 

Young birds differ in having the upper plumage much duller and 
tinged with ochraceous; the feathers, especially of head and rump, 
waved (most finely on the head) with dusky, the jugulum and breast 
similarly marked. The tips of the greater wing coverts are pale 
ochraceous, and, like the lesser, are waved with dusky; the black 
cheek stripe is obsolete in front of the eye, excepting a spot at its 
anterior canthus; the bill and legs are paler. 

The difference between this species and its American allies will 
be pointed out farther on. It appears to be very closely related to 
the L. meridionalis of Europe (TemMMincK, Man. I, 1820, 143; 
Deauanp, Ois. Eur. I, 1849, 384; Brez, Birds Europe, I, 1859, 
159, plate, etc.) ; but judging from Degland’s description, the latter 
differs principally in the vinaceous or rosy tinge of the under parts, 
and in the rectrices being entirely black at the base. The eye stripe, 
with its paler upper border anteriorly, and the white markings of 
the wing appear to be much the same. The length of meridionalis 
(ten inches) is considerably greater. 

Specimens examined, ten. 


Smitl lo llec-| Sex 

mith-);Oo ~ 

sonian| tor’s | and Loeality. mean Received from Collected by 
No. No, | Age. z 
8,054 fa a2 Liberty County, Ga. 1846. 8. F. Baird. | wa... 

542 Southern Atlantic 
States. wisi ny (eo 

2,420 .. |Juv.| Savannah, Ga. 1845, cnn OM so 


Collurio elegans. 


Lanius elegans, Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 122.—Norrazz, Man. I, 1840, 287. 
—Cassix, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1857, 213.—Barrp, Birds N. Am. 1858, 
327.— Collyrvo elegans, Barry, Birds N. Am. 1858, xxxv. 


Hab. California? 


Third quill longest; then 4th and 5th; 2d between 5th and 6th; 1st about 
half the longest. Bill lengthened and very powerful, as large and strong as 
that of L. borealis. 

Upper parts dark plumbeous-ash (very much as in L. ludovieianus) ; darkest 
on head, a little paler perhaps on the lower back and rump (very slightly and 
almost inappreciably, however) ; the forehead as dark as, or even darker than 
the vertex ; the longer scapulars quite white at ends. Beneath bluish-white, 
quite pure on throat and sides of neck, middle of belly, and crissum; the 
sides of body and the front of breast decidedly bluish; the axillars, how- 
ever, with their outer webs quite white, their inner more ashy ; the lesser 


COLLURIO. 445 
s 

coverts gray. Wings and tail black, varied with white; the former showing 
externally a large white patch at bases of primaries, and broad white tips to 
the secondaries. The white on primaries extends nearly as far as the tip of 
the 1st quill; the inner webs of the secondaries (excepting the innermost 
ones) are pure white to the shaft for their basal half, the posterior border of 
the patch perpendicular to the shaft; this color also bordering the web for 
half its width to the end, and quite abruptly defined. The tail feathers are 
apparently without any concealed white at their bases, although the disvon- 
nected fibres are grayish; the outer feather has the terminal third and all 
the outer web white; the amount of white diminishes in the 2d, 3d, and 4th 
feathers; the 5th and 6th entirely black. 

There is a broad black band from bill through and behind eye, and un- 
varied by white, as in excubitoroides, and with a well defined narrow frontal 
line of the same color; the loral region, however, exhibits a tinge of deep 
ashy; the bill and legs are black. 

Total length, 8.75; wing, 4.20; tail, 4.40, graduation, 1.00; exposed por- 
tion of lst primary, 1.35, of 2d, 2.60, of longest (measured from exposed base 
of Ist primary), 2.95; length of bill from forehead, 1.00, from nostril, .59, 
along gape, 1.10, depth, .39; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe and claw, .95, claw 
alone, .34; hind toe and claw, .70, claw alone, 33. 


The description given above is taken from a specimen in the col- 
lection of the Philadelphia Academy, labelled as having been col- 
lected in California by Dr. Gambel, and is very decidedly different 
from any of the recognized North American species. Of nearly 
the size of C. excubitoroides and ludovicianus, it has a bill even 
more powerful than that of C. borealis. In its unwaved under 
parts and uniform color of the entire upper surface, except scapulars, 
it differs from borealis and excubitoroides, and resembles ludovict- 
anus. In the extension of white over the inner webs of the secon- 
daries, it closely resembles C. excubitor. The great restriction of 
white at the base of the tail—the four central feathers being entirely 
black, and the bases of the others grayish-ashy—is quite peculiar 
to the species. 

I am by no means satisfied that the bird here described is the true 
Lanius elegans of Swainson—there being several marked differences 
from his description, In the essential features, however, of the 
larger size, especially of the bill, the concolored forehead, the scarcely 
lighter rump, and the greater amount of white on the inner webs 
of the secondaries, there is a decided accordance. In Swainson’s 
bird the tail seems to be almost as white as in extremes of colora- 
tion of excubitoroides, instead of being much blacker than usual. 


Collurio excubitoroides. 
Lanius excubitoroides, Swainson, F. B. A. II, 1851, 115 (Saskatchewan). 
—GanpeL, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1847, 200 (Cala.).—Cassin, I'r. A. N. Sc. 


446 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART 1. 


1857, 213.—Scuater, P. Z. 8. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Collyrio 
excubitoroides, BairD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 327. 

? Lanius mexicanus, Brean. Cab. Jour. II, 1854, 145.—Scnarter, Catal. 
1861, 46 (Mexico). 

Lanius ludovicianus, Max. Cab. Jour. 1858, 191 (Upper Missouri). 


Hab. Western province of North America, as far north as California; Middle 
North America, to the Saskatchewan, and east to Wisconsin, Michigan and 
Illinois ; south to Orizaba and Oaxaca, and City of Mexico; Cape St. Lucas. 


(No. 38,423? 4; Laramie Peak.) Graduation of tail rather less than one- 
fourth of its total length. Fourth quill longest; 3d scarcely shorter; then 
the 5th ; 2d longer than 6th ; exposed portion of 1st about half that of longest. 

Above pure light bluish-ash; beneath, including axillars, pure unbroken 
white. A very narrow frontal line with all the nasal feathers, and continu- 
ous with a broad stripe 
through and behind eye, 
involving entire ear cov- 
erts, with the wings and 
tail, bill and feet, deep 
black (the lesser wing 
coverts, however, like the 
back); the cheek stripe 
extending narrowly 
above the eye and 


> ‘broadly below it, and 
not varied with white 


oe on the lower eyelid. 
Za S~--‘ The forehead and side 
SS oof vertex in contact with- 


Collyrio excubitoroides, BarrD. (Laramie Peak.) the black stripe, as 

(All the figures three-fourths natural size.) far as posterior border 

of eye, hoary, almost 

pure white, shading off quite abruptly into the ash of head; the scapular 
feathers, where they overlap the wings, as well as upper tail coverts, similarly 
white, and shading into the adjacent ash; the coverts, however, slightly 
glossed with ashy, especially above. The tips of the secondary quills, and 
a conspicuous patch across the base of the primaries (visible externally in 
the closed wing) are white; this involves both webs of the primaries (except 
perhaps the Ist), and extends about as far as the tip of the Ist primary, 
occupying more and more space from the outer to the middle quills. The 
secondaries are edged internally, as well as tipped with white; this color 
usually mixed with grayish, occupying rather the larger portion of the web 
towards the base, but not abruptly defined as in the primaries, and only 
reaching the shaft at the extreme base, and that obliquely. Outer two tail 
feathers entirely white, except a wash of dusky along the shaft (greatest in 
extent on the 2d feather) ; the 3d feather is white with rather more than the 
central third black ; the fourth feather is black, with the extreme base and 


COLLURIO, 447 


tip only white, the rest are entirely black, except their concealed bases, which 
in all the feathers are white. 

(No. 38,423.) Total length, 8.50; wing, 4.05; tail, 4.25, its graduation, 
1.00; exposed portion of 1st primary, 1.50, of 2d, 2.60, of longest (measured 
from exposed base of Ist primary), 2.95; length of bill from forehead, .83, 
from nostril, .48, along gape, .95, depth, .33; tarsus, 1.12; middle toe and 
claw, .77, claw alone, .28; hind toe and claw, .64, claw alone, .32. 


Young birds are marked very much as those of C. ludovicianus, 
already described. There does not seem to be much difference in 
color between the sexes. Winter specimens appear inclined to a 
reddish tinge and obscure waves of dusky. 

The specimen described (No. 38,423) presents an extreme amount 
of white on the wings and tail. More frequently there is a rectangular 
patch of black on’ the inner web of outer tail feather (usually at 
distal end of basal half), and generally visible at the tips of under 
tail coverts, which becomes larger and larger in the next two 
feathers ; the fourth, and sometimes fifth, with a narrow tip only of 
white. Scarcely any two specimens, however, agree exactly in this 
amount of black; in all, the extreme bases of the quills are white, 
excepting the innermost, which usually are black, unless when the 
white on the ends of the lateral tail feathers is of more than usual 
extent. 

In No. 38,420 the white of inner webs of secondaries is purer, 
and on the more exterior reaches to the shaft on the basal third, 
then passing off obliquely behind to the inner edge of the quill, not 
transversely. The other characters are much as described. ‘This 
amount of white on the secondaries is, however, but seldom met with. 

No. 5,066, from Donatia, N M., has the hoary front so light as 
to appear in very abrupt contrast against the dusky stripe through 
the eye. ’ 

In No. 8,721, from near San Francisco, the colors are much 
darker than as described, the plumbeous of upper parts being as 
dark as in ludovicranus, and without any hoariness on forehead 
and side of vertex ; more as in elegans. 

In general, specimens from the California coast are considerably 
darker than those from the Plains, very similar in color to C. ludo- 
vicianus; the hoariness of forehead greatly reduced, sometimes 
scarcely appreciable. The sides and axillars are more plumbeous ; 
less, however, than in ludovicianus, and the upper tail coverts are 
always considerably and appreciably lighter than the back. 

Cape St. Lucas specimens are rather darker, especially on the 


448 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. [PART I. 


he@d, than those from the Rocky Mountains; and among them are 
several with unusually large 
bills, almost as large as that 
of C. elegans, one of which 
(No. 26,438) measures .95 
from forehead, .55 from nostril, 
and 1.05 from gape, which 
generally exceeds the average. 
The other characters, however, 
are essuiltially those of excubi- 
toroides. In nearly the whole 
series (all autumnal birds) 
there is a decided tinge of reddish on breast antl sides, which also 
are obscurely undulated with dusky. 

Specimens from the Mississippi Valley, east of the river, are 
darker, with the white markings less prominent, and with a general 
approximation to the characters of C. ludovicianus. They, are, 
however, usually paler than the California birds. Mexican speci- 
mens are perhaps more like those just referred to, and less typical, 
although some are true and well-marked excubitoroides. One of 
these Mexican skins (No. 13,600) has an unusually slender and 
deeply hooked bill. (See figure above.) 

In this species (?), as in C. ludovicianus, there is so much varia- 
tion in the amount of white on the tail, as well as in the comparative 
length of the feathers, as to unfit these features for specific indica- 
tion, except as a general average. 

This Shrike, in its extreme stage of coloration, differs from ludo- 
victanus in paler and purer color; the ash of back lighter; the 
under parts brilliant white, not decidedly plumbeous on the sides as 
in the other, and without so great a tendency to the usual obsolete 
waved lines (noticed distinctly only in winter or immature birds) ; 
the axillars bluish-white, not plumbeous. The white of wings and 
tail is more extended; the hoary of forehead and whitish of scapu- 
lars more distinct. The bristles at base of bill somewhat involving 
the feathers are black, forming a narrow frontal line, not seen in the 
other. The most striking difference is in the rump and upper tail 
coverts, which are always appreciably and abruptly lighter than 
the back, sometimes white or only faintly glossed with plumbeous; 
while in typical specimens of /udovicianus these feathers are scarcely 
lighter at all, and generally more or less varied with blackish spots 
at the end. The legs and tail are apparently longer, the latter less 


26438) 


COLLURIO. 449 


graduated. These differences are, however, most appreciable in 
specimens from the middle and western provinces Those from the 
Western States, east of the Missouri River, as far north as Wiscon- 
sin, are more intermediate between the two, although still nearest to 
the Rocky Mountain bird as described; the back darker, the rump 
and axillars more plumbeous, the sides more bluish. I have little 
doubt that the examination of series from the States along the 
Mississippi will show a still closer resemblance to typical C ludo- 
vicianus, and that the gradation between the two extremes will be 
found to be continuous and unbroken. It therefore becomes a 
question whether there is really more than one species, varying with 
longitude and region, according to the usual law, the more western 
the lighter, with longer tail; or whether two species, originally dis- 
tinct, have hybridized along the line of junction of their respective 
provinces, as is certainly sometimes the case. The approximation 
in many respects of coloration of the Shrikes of the Pacific coast to 
those of the South Atlantic States, is not without its importance in 
the discussion of the subject. Pending the decision of this question, 
however, I propose to retain the name of excubitoroides, as repre- 
senting, whether as species or variety, a peculiar regional form, 
which must be kept distinctly in mind. The comparatively greater 
size of the bill in the Cape St. Lucas specimens is seen in other 
species from this locality. 

The intensity of the black front in this species varies considerably, 
sometimes very distinct, and again entirely wanting. This may 
probably be a character of the breeding season, the dulness of black 
anterior to the eye, and the lighter color of the bill, having a close 
relationship here, as in other species, to maturity, sex, and season. 

The essential differences between this species and the C. excubitor, 
of Europe, will be found in the diagnosis given under the generic 
head. They are quite appreciable on a slight comparison. 

Specimens examined, over one hundred in number. The more 
important localities are the following :— 


29 June, 1866, 


450 REVIEW OF AMERICAN BIRDS. 
Smith-|Collec-| Sex sehen 
sonian| tor’s | and Locality. Collected. Received from Collected by 
No. No. | Age. sg 
5,504 | 655 3 | Petaluma, Cal. April, 1856. | E. Samuels. 
5,505 | 743 2 a [cisco. | May, 1856. en 
8,721 bee . | Presidio, San Fran- aats Lt. Trowbridge. Sit aiee: 
39,483 San Francisco. 1865. , Col. C. 8. Bulkley.| E. T, Lorquin. 
5,947 Santa Clara, Cal. are Dr. J.G. Cooper. {| —.. se 
4,940 San Jose, Cal. on A.J.Grayson. | ~~ ...... 
8,719 y Tulare Valley. Eats Lt. Williamson. Dr. Heermann. 
Fort Tejon. shia J.Kantus |  _...... 
18,330 | 762 o | Fort Benton, Id. 1860. Lt. Mullan, J. Pearsall. 
13,302 aan | SteptoeValley,Utah./ Mar. 12, ’59.| Capt. J. H. Simp-| C.S. M’Carthy. 
38,420 Ae -. | Fort Laramie. 1864. Dr. Hitz. [son. ota 
38,423 49 .. | Laramie Peak. May, 1864. ae 
35,403 }1,729 ++ | Colorado Terr, oo Chicago Ac. Se. 
5,066 os 3 Donafia, N. M. Nov. 14, °55.| Capt. J. Pope. 
37,005 | 706 -. | Fort Whipple, Ar. | Sept. 8, ’64 | Dr. E. Coues. 
26,438 |1,732 a Cape St. Lucas. 1859. J. Xantus 
26,437 <a . “ (San Nicolas).} Oct. 1859 ee 
40,530 | 362 .. | Fort Rice, Dac. 1865. Gen, A. Sully. 
8,722 -. |Juv.} Racine, Wis, 1853. 8S. F. Baird. [mer 
35,032 «. | Chicago, Ill. June, 1864. | Chicago Ac. Se. 
10,172 o | Marion County, Ill. oct R. Kennicott. 
34,558 as o | Mt. Carroll, Il. May 28, ’64.| H. Shimer. 
26,012 25 .. '| Winnebago, Ill. July, 1862.) J. W. Tolman. 
12,504 wie -» | Red Fork of Arkan- or Dr. Woodhouse, 
1,664 -. |Juv.| Michigan. [sas. ils 8. S. Haldeman. 
29,360 | 140 .- | Colima, Mex. Feb. 1863. | J. Xantus. 
4,190 on « | Charco Escondido, | Mar. 1863, | Lt. Couch. 
13,600 we Mexico, [Mex: wie J. Gould. 
33,573 | 162 o | Mirador, Mt. Ori- | Feb. 1864. Dr. Sartorius, 
29,694 ti 2 | Oaxaca. [zaba.| Nov. 1860. | A. Sallé. 


(37,005.) 9.00; 12.60, 


(26,012,) With eggs, 


T. 


T 


T. 


T. 


T. 


T. 


T. 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


TURDIDE . - 
Catharus, Bonap. . 


Catharus S . 


- melpomene (Cab.), Sclater. 


Mex. to Costa Rica! 


. occidentalis, Sclater. 


Central Mexico 


. frantzii, Cab. 


Costa Rica 


Malacocichla 


. dryas (Gould), Sel. 


Guatemala 


+ mexicanus (Bon.), Scl. 


Mex. to Guat. 
Turdus, Linn. 


Hylocichla (Baird) . 


mustelinus, Gm. 
E. U.S. to Guat.; Cuba 


. pallasii, Cab. 


E. N. A.; Mex.;? Cuba 
nanus, Aud. 
M. & W. U.S.; C. St. Lucas 
auduboni, Baird. 
M. U.S. to Mex. 
fuscescens, Stephens. 
E. N. A. to Panama; Cuba 
ustulatus, Nutt. 
W. U.S. 
swainsoni, Cab. 
N. Am. to Ecuador 


19 


. confinis, Baird. 


T. aliciz, Baird. 


E. N. A. to Costa Rica 
Turdus, Ll. . . 


-dliacus, Linn. 


Europe ; Greenland 


Planesticus, Bon. . 


. jJamaicensis, Gm. 


Jamaica 


- pinicola, Scl. 


Orizaba 


~ plebeius, Cab. 


Costa Rica 


. nigrescens, Cab. 


Costa Rica 


. leucauchen, Sclater. 


Guat.; Mex.? 


. assimilis, Cab. 


Mex. ; Guat. 


. grayi, Bon. 


Mex. to Costa Rica 


. obsoletus, Lawr. 


Panama R. R. 


. migratorius, Linn. 


N. A. & Mex.; Cuba; Tobago 


iy, 8.) 
Cape St. Lucas 


. flavirostris, Sw. 


W. Mex. 


Merula. : P 


T. infuscatus(Lafr.), Sel. & Salv. 


Mex. to Guat. 


PAGE 


21 
23 


23 
23 


The Costa Rican species is perhaps true auranttirostris. 


( 451) 


452 


PAGE 


T. rufitorques, Hartl. 
Guat. 


Hesperocichla, Baird . 


T. nevius, Gm. 
W.N. Am. 


Platycichla, Baird . 


(P. brevipes, Baird. n. s.) 


Brazil 


Semimerula, Sclater . 


S. aurantia (Gm.), Sel. 
Jamaica 


Mimocichla, &cl. 

M. plumbea (L.), Baird. 
Bahamas 
(n. 8.) 

Cuba 
M. rubripes (Temm.), 5Scl. 
Cuba 
M. ardosiacea (Linn.), Baird. 
St. Domingo; Porto Rico 


M. schistacea, Baird. 


Cinclocerthia. . . 
C. ruficauda (Gould), Scl. 
Guadaloupe 
C. gutturalis, Scl. 
Martinique 


Cichlerminia 


C. bonapartii (Lafr.), Sel. 
Guadaloupe 


Ram phocinclus, Lafr. 
R. brachyurus, Vieill. 
Martinique 


Margarops, Sclater . 

M. fuscatus (Vieill.), Scl. 
St. Dom.; P.R.; St. Thom.; 
St. Cruz; Jamaica 

M. densirostris (Vieill.), Scl. 

Guad.; Mart. 

M. montanus (Lafr.), Sel. 
Guadaloupe 


32 
32 


32 


32 


32 


33 


34 


35 


36 


37 


38 


39 


59 


59 


59 
59 


59 


41 


41 


41 


42 


59 


59 
59 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


PAGE 


Oreoscoptes, Baird. . 


O. montanus, Towns. 
M. & W. U.S. to Cape St. Lucas 


Harporhynchus, Cab. 
H. rufus (Linn.), Cab. 
E. U. 8. 
H. r. var. longicauda, Baird. 
W. U.S. 
H. longirostris (Lafr.) Cab. 
Texas and E. Mexico 
H. curvirostris (Swains.), Cab. 
Mexico to within border of U.S. 
H. ocellatus, Scl. 
Oaxaca 
H. cinereus, Xantus. 
Cape St. Lucas 
lecontei (Lawr.), Bonap. 
Arizona 


H. 


. crissalis, Henry. 
Gila River 
. redivivus (Gambel), Cab. 
Coast of Cal. 


Mimus, Boie. . 
polyglottus (D.), Boie. 
U. 8. (Southern part) to Mex. 
Cuba? 
p. var. caudatus, Baird. 
W.U.S. 
orpheus (Linn.), Scl. 
Jamaica 


5 


dominicus, Scl. 
St. Domingo 
bahamensis, Bryant. 
Bahamas 


gundlachi, Cab. 
Cuba 


hillii, March. 
Jamaica 


8 8 8 &§ 5S 5B & 


gracilis, Cab. 
Yucatan to C. Rica 


Galeoscoptes, Cab. . 


. carolinensis (Linn.), Cab. 
U.S. to Panama; Cuba 


42 


42 
43 


44 


00 


44 


45 


59 


46 


47 


48 


48 
48 


48 


50 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


Melanoptila, Sclater. 


M. glabrirostris, Sclater. 
Honduras 


Melanotis, Bonap. . 
M. czrulescens (Sw.) Bon. 
Mexico 


M. hypoleucus, Hartlaub. 
Guatemala 


Donacobius, Swains. 


(D. atricapillus, Linn., Bon.) 
E. S. Am. 


(D. albo-vittatus, D’Orb.) 
Bolivia 


CINCLIDE . : 


Cinclus, Bechst. . 


C. mexicanus, Swains. 
Mountainous part of W. N. Am. 
to Mex. 


SAXICOLIDE F 


Sazxicola, Bechst. J 


S. cenanthe (Linn.), Bechst. 
Europe ; Greenland ; Coast of 
Am. to U. 8. 


Sialia, Swains. 7 


S. sialis (Linn.), Baird. 
E. U. S.; Bermuda; Cuba 


S. azurea, Swains. 
Mex. and Guat. 


S. mexicana, Swains. 
M. and W. U. S. to Mex. 


S. arctica, Swains. 
M. N. Am. 


SYLVIIDE . 
Reguline . . 


Regulus, Cab. ‘ 


R. satrapa, Licht. 
E. N. America 


PAGE 


55 


55 


56 


56 


57 


57 


453 


PAGE 


R. 8, var. olivaceus, Baird. 
W. U. States 
R. cuvieri, Aud. 
Penna. 


R. calendulus (Linn.), Licht. 
Greenland ; N. A. to Guatemala 


POLIOPTILINE 65, 


Polioptila, 8cl. 
P. melanura, Lawr. 
San Diego; Ft. Yuma, and C. 
St. Lucas 
P. nigriceps, Baird (n.s.). 
Mazatlan 
(P. leucogastra (Max.), Scl.) 
Brazil 
(P. buffoni, Scl.) 
Cayenne; Bogota 
P. albiloris, Salvin. 
W. C.; Central Amer. 
P. superciliaris, Lawr. 
Panama R.R. 
(P. bilineata (Bp.), 8cl.). 
Carthagena and Eucador 
(P. dumicola (Vieill.), Scl.). 
La Plata; Bolivia 
P. boliviana, Scl. 
Bolivia 
P. plumbea, Baird. 
Arizona 
P. lembeyii, Guval. 
Cuba 


P. czrulea (Linn.), Scl. 
U.S. south to Guat. ; Cuba 


CHAMEADZE - 


Chamea, Gambel 
C. fasciata, Gambel. 


Coast of California 


PARIDZ 


Purine . 7 


65 


66 


PAGE 

Lophophanes, Kaup. . 77 
L. bicolor (Linn.), Bon. 

E. U. States 


L. b. var. missouriensis, Baird. 


78 


Missouri River 78 
L. atricristatus, Cassin. 
E. Tex. and Mexico 78 
L. inornatus (Gambel), Cassin, 
W. end of S. U. States 78 
L. wollweberi, Bon. 
Arizona to Mexico 79 
Parus, Linn. . . 79 
P. septentrionalis, Harris. 
Missouri Valley to R. Mts. 79 
P. atricapillus, Linn. 
E.N. Am. 80 
P. occidentalis, Baird. 
N. W. Coast of U. 5. 81 
P. meridionalis, Sclater. 
E. Mexico 81 
P. carolinensis, Aud. 
8. U. States 81 
P. montanus, Gambel. 
Mts. of W. and W. U. States 82 
P. hudsonicus, Forster. 
N. E. N. America 82 
P. rufescens, Towns. 
N. W. U. States 83 
Psaltriparus, Bonap. 84 
P. melanotis (Hartl.), Bonap. 
E. Mexico 84 
P. minimus (Towns.), Bon. 
W. Coast U.S. 84 
P. plumbeus, Baird. : 
M. Province; U.S. 84 
Auriparus, Baird (n. g.). 85 
A. flaviceps (Sund.), Baird. 
S. border of W. U. States 85 
SITTIN A 86 
Sitta, Linn. . 86 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


PAGE 
S. carolinensis, Gm. 
E. U. States 86 
S. aculeata, Cassin. 
W. M. U. States 86 
S. canadensis, Linn. 
Northern N. America 87 


S. pusilla, Lath. 


S. Atlantic and Gulf States — 88 
S. pygmea, Vigors. 

W. and M. U.S. to Mexico 88 
CERTHIADZ 89 
Certhia, Linn. . - 89 

C. americana, Bonap. 
N. America, generally 89 


C. mexicana, Gloger. 
Mexico to R. Mts.,U. 8. 90 


TROGLODYTIDE . 91 


Rhodinocincla, Hart. 91 


. rosea (Less.), Hartl. 
Venezuela to Mazatlan 91 


Heleodytes, Cab. . 94, 95 


(H. griseus (Swains), Cal.) 
Guiana and Bogota 96 


Campylorhychus,Spix. 96 


C. albibrunneus (Lawr.), Baird. 
Isth. Panama 98 


C. brunneicapillus (Lafr.), Gray. 


Adjacent border of Mex. & U.S. 99 
C. gutattus (Gould), Lafr. 
Mexico 108 


C. affinis, Xantus. 
Cape St. Lucas 100 
C. pallescens, Lafr. 
S. Mexico 101 
(C. balteatus Baird) (n. s.). 
Peru and Ecuador 103 
C. zonatus (Lesson), Gray. 
Mexico 104 
C. capistratus (Lesson), Gray. 
W. Coast Cent. Amer. 104 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


PAGE 
C. rufinucha, Lafr. 
E. and 8S. Mexico 105 


C. jocosus, Sclater.. 


; W. Mexico 106 
C. nigriceps, Scl. 
Vera Cruz 109 
C. humilis, Sclater. | 
W. Mexico 107 
C. gularis, Scl. 
Mexico 109 


Salpinctes, Cab. . 109 
S. obsoletus (Say), Cab. 
M. and W. U.S. to Mex. ; 


C. St. Lucas 110 


Catherpes, Baird. . 113 


C. mexicanus (Swains.), Baird. 
Western U. States to Mex. 111 


Cimnicerthia, Lesson. 111 


(C. unirufa, Lafr.) 


Bogota 112 


(C. unibrunnea, Lafr.) 


Ecuador 112 


Cyphorinus, Cab. . 112 


C. lawrencii, Scl. 


Isthmus Panama 113 


Microcerculus, Sclater 113 


M. philomela (Salvin), Scl. 
Guat. to-Panama 114 


Heterorhimna, Baird (n. g.) 115 


H. prostheleuca (Sclater), Baird. 
Mex. and Guat. 116 


H. leucosticta (Cab.), Baird. 
Panama to Guiana and Ecuador 117 


H. griseicollis (Lafr.), Baird. 
Ecuador to Mex. 117 


H. leucophrys (Tschudi), Baird. 
Peru to Costa Rica 118 


H. pusilla (Sclater), Baird. 
W. Mexico 119 


. 120 
- 123 


Thryothorus, Vieill. 
Thryothorus, Vieill. 


455 


PAGE 
T. ludovicianus (Lath.), Bon. 


E. U. States 123 
T. berlandieri, Couch. 
Lower Rio Grande 124 


T. albinucha, Cabot (Baird). 
Guatemala to Yucatan 125, 148 


Thryomanes,Sclater  . :126 
T. bewickii (Aud.), Bon. 
T. b. var. bewickii (Aud.), Bon. 
E. U. States 126 
T. b. var. spilurus (Vigors), Baird. 
Coast U.S. 126 
T. b. var. leucogaster (Gould), Baird. 
Border region of N. Mex. & U.S. 127 


Thryophilus, Baird . 127 
. rufalbus (Lafr.), Baird. 


T. r. var. rufalbus (Lafr.), Baird. 
New Grenada to Costa Rica 


H 


128 


H 


. x. var. poliopleura, Baird. 
Guatemala 
T. sinaloa, Baird (n. s.). 
'  N. Western Mex. 
F. modestus (Cab.), Baird. 
Guat. to Panama 1381 | 
. galbraithi (Lawr.), Baird. 
Isth. Panama to Carthagena 


(T. striolatus (Max.), Baird.) 
Brazil 


(T. longirostris (Vieill.), Baird. 
Brazil 


(T. albipectus (Cab.), Baird.) 
8. America 


| 


132 
132 


132 


T. castaneus (Lawr.), Baird. 
Isth. Panama 


T. schottil, Baird (n.s.). 
Isth. Darien 


133 
133 


'Pheugopedius, Cab. 134 
P. fasciato-ventris (Lafr.), Bd. 
Bogota to Isth. Panama 


P, rutilus (Vieill.), Baird. 
Brazil to Isth. Panama 


134 


135 


456 


PAGE 


P. felix (Sclater), Baird. 
: W. Mexico 136 


P. maculipectus (Lafr.), Baird. 
Mex. to Guat. 135 


Troglodytes, Vieillot . 137 


Troglodytes, Vieill. - 138 
'T, edon, Vieill. 138 
T. a. var. edon, Vieill. 
Eastern U. States 138 
T. a, var. aztecus, Baird. 
N. E, Mexico 139 
T. parkmanni, Aud. 
N. and W. U. States 140 
T. americanus, Aui. 


N. E. U. States 141 


T. intermedius, Cab. 
Mex. to Costa Rica 142 


. inquietus, Lawr. (n. s.). 
Isth. Panama 143 


. brunneicollis, Scl. 
8. Mexico 144 


- 144 
144 


Anorthura, Rennie. 
T. hyemailis, Vieillot. 


h, var. hyemalis, Vieill. 
E. U. States 144 


T. h. var. pacificus, Bd. 
West Coast U. 8. 145 


Cistothorus, Cab. . 146 


Cistothorus, Cab. . . 146 


C. stellaris (Licht.), Cab. ‘ 
E. U. States 146 


- elegans, Sc]. & Salv. 
Mexico and Guatemala 146 


Telmatodytes, Cab. 
C. palustris (Wils.), Baird 
C. p. var. palustris (Wils.) 
Greenland ; E. N. Am. to Guat. 147 
C. p. var. paludicola, Baird. 
Pacific Coast U.S. 148 


- 147 
. 147 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


PAGE 
MOTACILLIDZ _.. 150 
Motacilla, L.. - 151 


M. alba, Linn. 
Europe; Greenland 152 


Anthus, Bechst. . 152 


Anthus, Bechst. . 
A. ludovicianus (Gm.), Licht. 
Greenland; N. Am. to Guat. 


A. pratensis (Linn.), Bechst. 
Europe; Greenland 155 


« 153 


153 


Neocorys, Sclater . » 155 


A. spraguei (Aud.), Baird. 
Upper Missouri to Saskatchewan 155 


Notiocorys, Baird . » 156 
A. rufus (Gm.), Lawr. 


Isth. Panama 156 


Pediocorys. Baird . - 157 


(A. bogotensis, Sclater.) 
Bogota to Ecuador 157 
(A. ————.) 
Uraguay 158 


SYLVICOLIDZ - 160 


SYLVICOLINA. 166, 167 


(MNIOTILTE2) . 167 


Mniotilta, Vieill. 
M. varia (Linn.), Vieill. 
E. N. Am. to Bogota; W. Indies 167 


- 167 


Parula, Bon. . . 168 


P. americana (Linn.), Bon. 
E. U. 8. to Guat. ; W. Indies 169 
P. pitiayumi (Vieill.), Scl. 
8. America 170 
P. inornata, Baird (n. s.). 
Guat. to Costa Rica 171 
P. superciliosa (Hartl.), Scl. 
Mex. and Guat. 171 
P. gutturalis (Cab.), Baird. 
Costa Rica 172 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


PAGE 


(VERMIVORE) . 173 


Protonotaria, Baird . 173 


P. citrea (Bodd.), Baird. 


E. U.S. to Panama 173 


Helminthophaga, Cab. 174 
. pinus (Linn.), Baird. 
E. U. 8. to Guat. 


. chrysoptera (Linn.), Cab. 
E. U. 5. to Bogota; Cuba 


. bachmani (Aud.), Cab. 
8. Atlantic Coast ; Cuba 


. ruficapilla (Wils.), Baird. 
E. N. Am. to Mex. 


- celata (Say), Baird. 
Western N. Amer. to Mex. 
. virginiz, Baird. 
8. Rocky Mts. of U. 5. 
- lucize, Cooper. 


174 
175 
175 
175 
178 
177 


Arizona 178 


. peregrina (Wils.), Cab. 


E. N. Am. to Panama; Cuba 178 


Helmitherus, Raf. . 179 


- vermivorus (Gm), Bon. 
E. U. 5. toGuat.; Cuba 


. swainsoni (Aud.), Bon. 
Coast S. E. U. States ; Cuba 


179 
160 


(SYLVICOLE2) - 180 


Perissoglossa, Baird (n. g.). 180 
P. tigrina (Gm.), Baird. 


E. U.S.; W. Indies 181 


Dendroica, Gray. 182 


, virens (Gm.), Baird. 
E. U.S. to Panama; Cuba 182 


. occidentalis (Towns.), Baird. 
W. U.S. to Guat. 183 


. chrysopareia, Scl. & Salv. 
E. Texas to Guat. 183, 267 


. townsendii (Nuttall), Baird. 
W.U.S. to Guat. 185 


. nigrescens (Towns.), Baird. 186 


457 


PAGE 
D. czrulescens (Linn.), Baird. 
E. U. 8. and W. I. 186 
D. coronata (Linn.), Gray. 
N. and E. N. Amer. to Panama, 
Greenland, aud W. I. 187 
D. audubonii (Towns.), Baird. 
W. Amer. to Mex.; C. St. Lucas 188 
D. blackburniz (Gm.), Baird. 
E. U.S. to Bogota; Bahamas 189 
D. castanea (Wils.), Baird. 
E. N. Am. to Darien 189 
D. pinus (Wils.), Baird. 
E. U. States 190 
D. montana (Wils.), Baird. 
Penna. 190 
pennsylvanica (Linn.), Baird. 
E. U. 8. to Panama 191 
ceerulea (Wils.), Baird. 
E, U.S. to Bogota; Cuba 191 
. pharetra (Gosse), Sclater. 
Jamaica 192 
. Striata (Forst.), Baird. 
E.N. Am. to Bogota; Cuba; 
Greenland 192 
. aureola (Gould), Baird. 
Galapagos 194 


D. 


D. 


. estiva (Gm.), Baird. 
N. Am. to Ecuador 195 
- eoa (Gosse), Baird. 
Jamaica 195 


D. gundlachi, Baird. 
Cuba 197 


D. petechia (Linn.), Sclater. 
Jamaica 199 


. ruficapilla (Gm.), Baird. 
St. Thomas 201 


. vieilloti, Cassin. 
Mex. to N. Grenada 203 


. rufigula, Baird (n. s.). 
W. Indies 204 
. olivacea (Giraud), Selater. 
Mexico to Guat. 205 
-» maculosa (Gm.), Baird. 
E. N. Am. to Panama; W. I. 206 


458 


PAGE 
D., kirtlandii, Baird. 
Ohio to Bahamas 206 


D. carbonata (Aud.), Bd. 
Kentucky 207 


D. palmarum (Gm.), Baird. 
E. N. Am.; W. I. 207 


D. pityophila (Gundl.), Baird. 
Cuba 208 


D. dominica (Linn.), Baird. 
E. U.S. to Guat.; W. I. 209 


D. graciz, Coues. 
Arizona 210 


D. adelaide, Baird (n. s.). 
Porto Rico 212 


D. discolor (Vieill.), Baird. 


E. U.S. 113 
GEOTHLYPIN& . 214 
(SEIUREZ}) . . 214 
Seiurus, Sw. . 214 


S. aurocapillus (Linn.), Sw. 
E. N. Am. to Costa Rica; W.I.; 
Mazatlan 214, 266 
S. noveboracensis (Gm.) (?) 
E. N. Am. to Bogota; W. I. 215 
S. ludovicianus (Aud.), Bon. 
E. U. States to Guat.; W. I. 217 


Oporornis, Baird. . 218 
O. agilis (Wils.), Baird. 
E. U. States 218 
O. formosus (Wils.), Baird. 
E. U. States to Panama; Cuba 218 


(GEOTHLYPE#) . 219 


Geothlypis, Cab. 
G. trichas (Linn.), Cab. 
U.S. to Guat.; W. I. 220 
G. melanops, Baird (n. s.). 
C. Mexico 222 


. 219 


G. semiflavus, Scl. 
Ecuador 223 
G. speciosa, Scl. 
E. Mexico 223 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


PAGE 
(G. velata (Vieill.), Cab.) 
Brazil 223 
(G. zquinoctialis (Gm). Cab.) 
N. E. 8. Amer. 224 
G. poliocephala, Baird (n.s.). 
W. Coast Mex. and C. Amer. 225 
G. philadelphia (Wils.), Baird. 
E. U. 8. to Panama 226 
G. macgillivrayi (Aud.), Baird. 
W. & M. U. 8. to Costa Rica 227 
G. —_—.. 


Guatemala 227 


ICTERIANZ . . 228 


Icteria, Vieill. . 228 


I. virens (Linn.), Baird. 
E. U. 8. to Guatemala 228 


I. longicauda, Lawr. 
W. U. States to Mex. 230 


Granatellus, Dubus. . 230 
G. venustus, Dubus. 
W. Mexico 231 
G. francesce, Baird (n. s.). 
Tres Marias, Mexico 232 
G. pelzelni, Scl. 
Brazil 231 
G. sallzi, Scl. 
Mexico to Guat. 282 


Teretristis, Cab. - 233 
T. fernandinz (Lemb.), Cab. 

Western Cuba 233 
T. fornsii, Gundl. 


Eastern Cuba 225 


SETOPHAGINA . « 235 


Myiodioctes, Aud. 
M. mitratus (Gmel.), Aud. 
E. U. 8. to Panama; W. I. 239 
M. canadensis (Linn.), Aud. 
E. U. S. to Bogota 239 
M. pusillus (Wils.), Bon. 
E. U.S. to Costa Rica 240 


. 288 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


PAGE 
M. minutus, Wils., Bd. 
United States 241 


Basileuterus, Cab. . 241 


Basileuterus, Cab. . . 241 
B. culicivorus (Licht.), Bon. 
Mex. to Costa Rica 245 
vermivorus (Vieill.), Cab.) 
N. E. South America 243 
pivittatus (Lafr.), Scl.) 
Ecuador 243 
coronatus (Tsch.), Bp.) 
Ecuador; Bogota 244 
leucoblepharum (Vieill.), Scl.) 
S. Brazil and Paraguay 244 


(B. 
(B. 
(B. 
(B. 


(B. superciliosus (Swains.),Baird.) 


N. Brazil 244 
stragulatus (Licht.), Sel.) 
Brazil 244 


(B. 


(B. semicervinus, 5cl.) 
Ecuador 244 


B. uropygialis, Sclater. 
Panama to C. R. 246 


Idiotes, Baird. . 247 
B. melanogenys, Baird (n. s.). 
Costa Rica 248 
B. rufifrons (Swains.), Bon. 
Mexico 248 
B. delattrii, Bonap. 
Mex. to Guat. 249 
R. mesochrysus, Sclater. 
Bogota to Costa Rica 250 
B. bellii (Giraud), Scl. 
Mex. and Guat. 250 


Myiothlypis, Cab. . « 251 
(B. nigricristatus (Lafr.), Scl.) 
Ecuador 251 
(B. flaveolus, Baird.) 


Paraguay 252 
Setophaga, Swains. . 253 


Setophaga, Swains. . 253 


8. ruticilla (Linn.), Swains. 
E. N, Am. to Ecuador; W. I 
S. picta, Swains. 
Mex. and Guat. 


S. multicolor, Bp. 
Mexico 


Myioborus, Baird (n. g.). 
S. miniata, Swains. 
Mexico 
S. flammea, Kaup. 
Guat. to Costa Rica 
(S. verticalis, Lafr. & D’Orb.) 
Bogota and Ecuador 
S. aurantiaca, Baird (n.s.). 
Costa Rica 
(S. ruficoronata, Scl.) 
Ecuador 
melanocephala, Tsch.) 
Peru 


(Ss. 


(S. ornata, Boiss.) 


Bogota 


(S. brunneiceps, Lafr.) 


Bolivia 
S. torquata, Baird (n.s.). 
Costa Rica 
Euthlypis, Cab. . 
. lachrymosa (Bon.), Baird. 
Mex. and Guat. 
Cardellina, Dubus 


Cardellina, Dubus ‘ 


. rubrifrons (Giraud), Sclater. 
Mex. and Guat. 


Ergaticus, Baird (n. g.) - 
. rubra (Swains.), Bon. 
Mexico 
. versicolor, Salvin. 
Guatemala 


HIRUNDINIDE 


Progne, Boie 
. subis (Linn.), Baird. 
U.S. to Mex. 


459 


PAGE 


256 


256 


257 


259 


259 


258 


261 


258 


258 


258 


258 


261 


. 262 


263 


. 263 


263 


264 
264 


264 


265 


« 267 
. 271 


274 


460 


PAGE 
CP. elegans, Baird, n. s.) 
Buenos Ayres to Brazil 275 
P. cryptoleuca, Baird (n. s.). 
Cuba 277 
(P. furcata, Baird.) (n. s.) 
Chile 278 
P. concolor (Gould), Baird. 
Galapagos 
P. dominicensis (Gm.), March. 
Jamaica to St. Domingo 


278 


279 
P. leucogaster, Baird (n.s.). 
Mex. to Carthagena 


CP. domestica (Vieill.), Gray). 
Paraguay and Bolivia 


280 


282 


Pheoprogne, Baird . 283 
(P. fusea (Vieill.), Cab.). 
Panama 
(P. tapera (Linn.), Cab.). 
Brazil to Bogota 


285 


286 


Petrochelidon, Cab. . 


P. lunifrons (Say). 
U. States to Panama 


(P=) 


286 
288 


Brazil; Paraguay 289 
P. swainsoni, Sclater. 
Mexico 290 
P. fulva (Vieill.), Cab. 
Cuba and St. Domingo 291 
P. poeciloma (Gosse), Baird. 
Jamaica 
(P. ruficollaris (Peale), Baird). 


Peru 


292 


292 


Hirundo, Linn. « 293 


Hirundo, Linn... . 294 


H. horreorum, Barton. 
U. States to C. Am.; W. I. 


(H. erythrogaster, Bodd.) 
8. America 


294 


295 


Tachycineta, Cab. . 


H. bicolor, Vieill. 
U.S. to Guat.; W. I. 


. 296 


297 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


PAGE 
H. thalassina, Swains. 
M. and W. U.S. to Guat. 299 


H. albilinea (Lawr.), Baird. 
Coasts of Mex. and Cent. Am. 300 


(H. leucorrhoa, Vieill.) 
Paraguay 301 


(H. albiventris, Bodd.) 
E, Coast 8. Am. 302 


(H. meyeni, Cab.) 
Chile and Patagonia 302 
Callichelidon, Bryant 


H. cyaneoviridis, Bryant. 
Bahamas 303 


H. euchrysea, Gosse. 


. 303 


Jamaica 304 


Atticora, Boie - 305 


Atticora, Boie . - 805 


(A, fasciata (Gm.), Boie). 
Brazil and Cayenne 306 
Notiochelidon, Baird 

A. pileata, Gould. 


. 806 


Guatemala 307 


Neochelidon, Sel. 
A. tibialis (Cass.), Scl. 
Panama to Brazil 307 


A. fucata (Temm.), Baird. 
Paraguay to La Plata 308 


- 307 


Pygochelidon, Baird 
A. cyanoleuca, Vieill. 


- 308 
309 
A. c. var. cyanoleuca, Viell. 
E. South Amer. 309 
A. c. var. montana, Baird. 
Costa Rica to Chile 310 
(A. melanoleuca (Max.), Burm.). 
Brazil 310 
(A. patagonica (D’Orb., Lafr.) Ba.) 
Uraguay and Patagonia 311 
(A. murina (Cass.), Bd.). 
Andes of S. A. 312 


Stelgidopteryx, Baird . 312 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


PAGE 
S. serripennis (Aud.), Baird. 


U. 8. to Cental Mex. 314 
(S. ruficollis (Vieill.), Baird). 
La Plata and Brazil 315 
S. fulvipennis (S8cl.), Baird. 
Mex. and Guat. 316 
S. uropygialis (Lawr.), Baird. 
Isth. Panama, South. 317 
S. gutturalis,! Baird (n. s.). 
Costa Rica 314 


Cotyle, Boie . . 318 
C. riparia (Linn.), Boie. 


Northern Hemisphere 319 


VIREONIDE . « 822 
Vireosylvia, Bon. . 326 
Vireosylvia, Bon. . « 3827 


V. calidris (Linn.), Baird. 
Jamaica to St. Thomas 329 
V. barbatula (Cab.), Baird. 
Florida; Bahama; Cuba 331 
V. olivacea (Linn.), Bon. 
N. Amer. to Bogota 323 
V. flavoviridis, Cassin. 
Mex. to Panama 336 
(V. chivi (Vieill.), Baird). 
La Plata to Bahia 337 
V. agilis (Licht.), Sclater. 
Guat. to Buenos Ayres 338 
V. philadelphica, Cassin. 
E. N. Am. to Costa Rica 340 
V. gilva (Vieill.), Cassin. 
E. N. Amer. to Mex. 342 
V. swainsoni, Baird. 
M. and W. Province U. 8. 3438 
V. josephze (Sclater), Baird. 
Costa Rica to Venezuela 344 


Lanivireo, Baird . . 345 


V. flavifrons (Vieill.), Baird. 
E. U.S. to Costa Rica; Cuba 346 


461 


PAGE 
. solitaria (Wils.), Baird. 


U.S. ; South to Guat.; Cuba 347 
. propinqua, Baird (n.s.). 


Guatemala 348 
. plumbea, Coues. 


Arizona; Colima 349 


Vireo, Vieill. . . 350 


Vireo, Vieill. . 
. atricapillus, Woodh. 
8. Texas 353 
. noveboracensis (Gm.), Bon. 
E. U.S. to Bogota ; ? Cuba; 
Bermudas 354 
. carmioli, Baird (n. s.). 
Costa Risa 356 
. huttoni, Cassin. 
California to Mexico 357 
. bellii, Aud. 
Missouri Valley 358 
. pusillus, Coues. 
Arizona to C. St. Lucas 360 
. vicinior, Coues. 


. 353 


Arizona 361 


Vireonella, Baird . 


V. modestus, Scl. 


. 362 


Jamaica 362 


V. latimeri, Baird (n. s.). 


Porto Rico 564 


. pallens, Salvin. 
W. coast C. Am. 365 
. ochraceus, Salvin. 
Mex. and Guat. 366 
. erassirostris, Bryant. 
Bahamas 368 
. gundlachi, Lembeye. 
Cuba 369 


. hypochryseus, Sclater. 
Tres Marias 370 


Neochloe, Sclater . 371 


N. brevipennis, Sclater. 
Orizaba 372 


1 By mistake named fulvigula, on p. $18. 


462 


PAGE 
Hylophilus, Temm. . 372 


(H. peecilotis, Temm.) 
E. Brazil 375 


H. ochraceiceps, Scl. 


W. Mex. to Costa Rica 376 


(H. ferruginifrons, 5cl.) 
N. Grenada 


H. aurantiifrons, Lawr. 
Isth. Panama 


377 


377 


(H. acuticauda, Lawr.) 
Venezuela 378 
H. insuiaris, Sclater. 


Tobago 379 


H. viridiflavus, Lawr. 
Isth. Panama 


H. decurtatus (Bon.), Baird. 
Mex. and Guat. 


380 


380 


H. pusillus, Lawr.’ 


Panama to Nicaragua 381 


Laletes, Sclater . 382 


L. osburnii, Sclater. 


Jamaica 383 


Cyclorhis, Swains. . 384 


C. flaviventris, Lafr. 
Mex. and Guat. 386 
C. subflavescens, Cab. 
Costa Rica 
(C. flavipectus, Sel.) 
Trinidad and Venezuela 


388 


319 
(C. guianensis (Gm.), Burm.) 
Guiana 389 
(C. g. var. cearensis, Baird.) 
Brazil 
(C. ochrocephala, Tschudi.) 
S. Brazil 
(C. viridis (Vieill.), Sol.) 
La Plata and Bolivia 
(C. virenticeps, Sclater.) 
Ecuador 
(C. nigrirostris, Lafr.) 
Bogota 


391 


391 


392 


393 


394 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED, 


PaGr 


Vireolanius, Dubus . 395 


V. melitophrys, Dubus. 
S. Mex. and Guat. 396 


V. pulchellus, Scl. & Salv. 
Mex. to Isth. Panama 397 


(V. eximius, Baird.) (n.s.) 
Bogota 398 


(V. icterophrys, Bon.) 
Cayenne; Peru 399 


(V.. chlorogaster, Bon.) 


E. Peru 399 
AMPELIDE . » 401 
Duline, Vieill. . 401 
Dulus, Vieill. . . 401 


D. dominicus (Linn.), Strickl. 
St. Domingo 403 


D. nuchalis, Sw. 


Brazil 403 
AMPELINA . - 403 
Ampelis, Linn. - 403 


A. garrula, Linn. 
Northern Hemisphere 405 


A. cedrorum (Vieill.), Scl. 
N. Am. to Guat.; W. I. 407 


PTILOGONATINZAD .. 408 


Ptiligomys, Swains. . 410 


Ptilogonys, Swains. . 412 
P. cinereus, Swains. 


Mex. to Guat. 412 


Sphenotelus, Baird . - 412 


P. caudatus, Cab. 
Costa Rica 413 


Phaenopepla, Scl. . 415 


P. nitens (Swains.), Sel. 
W. U.S. to Mexico 416 


MYIADESTINA . 417 


LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED. 


PAGE 


Myiadestes, Swains. . 418 
. solitarius, Baird (n.s.). 
Jamaica 421 
M. armillatus (Vieill.), Bon. 
Martinique 422 
M. genibarbis, Swains. 
W. Indies 423 
elisabeth (Lemb.), Cab. 
Cuba 425 


M. 


'M. melanops, Salv. 
Costa Rica 426 
(M. venezuelensis, Scl.) 
Venezuela to Ecnador 427 
M. unicolor, Sclater. 
Mex. and Guat. 428 
M. townsendii (Aud.), Cab. 
Western U. 8. 429 
M. obscurus, Lafr. 
Mex. to Guat. ; Tres Marias 430 
(M. leucotis (Tschudi), Cab.) 
Peru 432 


463 
PAGE 
Cichlopsis, Cab. - 433 
(C. leucogonys, Cab.) 
Brazil 434 


Platycichla, Baird, 32, 436 
(P. brevipes, Baird.) 
Brazil 32, 436 


‘LANIID . 437 


Collurio, Vigors. «437 
C. borealis (Vieill.), Baird. 
Northern N. America 440 
C. ludovicianus (Linn.), Baird. 
S. Atlantic States 443 
C. elegans (Sw.), Baird. 
California 444 


C. excubitoroides (Sw.), Baird. 
Western U.S. to Mex. 445 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF. SPECIES. 


Aigithaliscus, 84 
erythrocephalus, 84 
melanotis, 84 
Aigithalus flaviceps, 85 
Agrodoma, 153 
spraguei, 155 
Alauda ludoviciana, 153 
pennsylvanica, 154 
pratensis, 155 
spinoletta, 152 
rubra, 154 
rufa, 154, 156, 157 
spragueii, 155 
Alaudide, 77, 150 
Ampelide, 321, 322, 400, 402 
Ampelinz, 401, 403 
Ampelis, 321, 400, 402, 403, 405 
americana, 407 
carolinensis, 407 
cedrorum, 402, 405, 407 
garrulus, var. B., 407 
garrula, 404, 405 
phenicopterum, 405 
Anabates fernandineg, 233, 234 
Anorthura, 123, 144 
Anthinz, 105 
Anthus, 151, 152, 153, 16 
arboreus, 153 
bogotensis, 157, 153 
campestris, 153 
cervinus, 153 
Vherminieri, 215 
ludovicianus, 152, 153, 154, 
155, 156, 164 
obscurus, 153, 154 
pennsylvanica, 154 
pipiens, 154 
pratensis, 153, 155 
reinhardtii, 154 
richardi, 153 
rufescens, 158 
rufus, 156 
rupestris, 154 
spinoletta, 153 
spraguei, 155 
Atticora, 268, 269, 271, 305, 306, 313 
cinerea, 312, 320 
cyanoleuca, 307, 309, 310, 313 
380 January, 1873. 


Atticora cyanoleuca, var.montana, 310 
cyanophea, 312, 313 
fasciata, 267, 306 
fucata, 308 
hemipyga, 311 
melanoleuca, 310 
murina, 312, 320 
patagonica, 310, 311 
pileata, 306, 307 
tibialis, 307 

Auriparus flaviceps, 85, 165 

Avicula lutea vertice rubro, 199 


Beolophus, 77 
bicolor, 78 
Basileuterus, 237, 238, 241, 251, 258, 
262, 264 
belli, 247, 248, 250 
bivittatus, 242, 243, 245 
brasieri, 245 
brunneiceps, 258 
chrysogaster, 242, 244 
ehrysophrys, 251 
cinereicollis, 242, 244 
coronatus, 242, 244 
culicivorus, 242, 245 
dellatei, 223, 249 
hypoleucus, 242, 243 
lachrymosa, 263 
leucoblepharum, 242, 
244 
melanogenys, 248 
mesochrysus, 223, 25 
nigricapillus, 251 
nigricristatus, 251 
Tuber, 265 
rufifrons, 223, 248 
semicervinus, 243, 244, 
246 
stragulatus, 
246, 247 
superciliosus, 243, 244 
uropygialis, 243, 246 
vermivorus, 242, 243, 
245 
viridicata, 242, 244 
Bombycilla, 404 
americana, 407 


( 465 ) 


243, 244, 


466 


Rouibycilla carolinensis, 407 
cedrorum, 404, 407 
garrula, 406 

Bombycivora, 404 

Bowbyciphora, 404 


Cerebidw, 160, 161, 162, 181 
Callichelidon, 269, 271, 303 
cyaneoviridis, 297, 303 
Campylorhyuchus, o oh 93, 94, 96, 99, 
Pcs 97, 98, 100, 
101 
albibrunneus, 97, 
98 
balteatus, 97, 98, 
101 
brevirostris, 97 
brunneicapillus, 
97, 99, 101, 109 
capistratus, 97, 98, 
104, 105, 106, 
107, 108, 128 
griseus, 96 
guttatus, 100, 108 
humilis, 97, 98 
107, 108 
jocosus, 106 
megalopterus, 101, 
102 


nigriceps, 98, 109 
nuchalis, 103 
ornatus, 97 
pallesceus, 97, 98, 
101, 102, 103 
pardus, 97 
rufinucha, 97, 98, 
105, 107, 108 
scolopaceus, 96 
unicolor, 99 
variegatus, 97 
zonatoides, 97, 102 
zonatus, 97, 98, 
102, 103, 104 
Cardellina, 236, 238, 262, 263, 264 
amicta, 263, 264 
rubra, 264, 265 
rubrifrons, 236, 264 
versicolor, 265 
Catharus, 4, 6 
aurantiirostris, 7 
dryas, 10, 11 
Srantzii, 6,9, 
immaculatus, 6, 7, 
maculatus, 6, 10 
melpomene, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 
mexicanus, 11 
Catherpes mexieanUs 111 
Certhia, 89 
albifrons, 1 
americana, 89, 90 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 


Certhia caroliniana, 124 
costa, 90 
familiaris, 89, 90 
maculata, 167 
mexicana, 90 
palustris, 147 
pinus, 174 
varia, 167 
Certhiade, 89, 149 
Certhiola, 161, 162, 163, 181, 193 
bahamensis, 163 
maritima, 181 
Chamea, 75, 76 
fasciata, 76 
Chelidon, 268, 371 
thalassina, 299 
urbica, 268 
Cheramoeca, 271, 303 
leucosterna, 303 
Chetura zonaris, 286 
Chloris, 168 
erithachorides, 201 
Chlorophanes, 161 
atricapilla, 163 
Chlorospingus, 161 
Chlorochrysa, 161 
Cichlalopia, 41 
Cichlerminia, 3 
bonapartei, 59 
fuscata, 42 
gutturalis, 59 
ruficauda, 59 
Cichlopsis, 4, 34, 408, "417, 433, “434, 
"436 


leucogonys, 417, 433, 434 
nitens, 416 
Cinclide, 1, 3, 59, 149 
Cinclocerthia, 3 
‘ brachyura, 41 
Cinclus, 59 
americanus, 60 
leucocephalus, 60 
leuconotus, 60 
mexicanus, 59, 60 
mortoni, 60 
pallasii, 60 
townsendi, 
unicolor, 60 
Cinnicerthia, 93, 94, 111 
unibrunnea, 112 
unirufa, 112 
Cistothorus, 95, 123, 146 
elegans, 146, 147 
palustris, rar. paludicola, 
148 
palustris, 147, 148, 120 
stellaris, 146, 147 
Collocalia arborea, 287 
Collurio, 321, 437, 438 
borealis, 438, 439, 440, 441, 
442, 445 


60 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 


Collurio elegans, 440, 444, 447, 448 
excubitoroides, 437, 438, 439, 
440, 441, 442, 443, 445, 448, 
449 
ludovicianus, 439, 442, 443, 
445, 447, 448, 449 
Colluricincla fusca, 42 
Coilyrio, 437, 438 
borealis, 440 
elegans, 444 
excubitoroides, 446 
ludovicianus, 443 
Compsothlypis, 168 
americanus, 169 
brasilianus, 179 
gutturalis, 172 
mexicana, 171 
protonotarius, 173 
Conirostrum, 161 
ornatum, 85 
superciliosum, 171 
Corydalla, 153 
Cotyle, 2u9, 271, 283, 313, 318, 319 
flavigastra, 316, 317 
fulvipennis, 316 
fucata, 308 
leucorrhoa, 301 
leucoptera, 302 
pyrrhonota, 289 
riparia, 268, 281, 285, 299, 308, 
319 
ruficollis, 315, 317 
serripennis, 314, 316 
tapera, 286 
uropygialis, 317 
Culicivora atricapilla, 68, 69 
boliviana, 73 
dumecola, 69, 73 
leucogastra, 69 
mexicana, 68, 74 
townsendii, 429 
324, 383, 384, 385, 395 
cearensis, 391 


Cyclorhis, 


flavipectus, 385, 386, 388, 


389, 391 
flaviventris, 385, 386, 387, 
388 
guianensis, 384, 386, 389 
390, 391, 392, 393 
nigrirostris, 885, 386, 894, 
395 
ochrocephala, 386, 391, 393 
poliocephala, 390 
subflavescens, 385, 386, 388 
virenticeps, 386, 393, 395 
viridis, 386, 391, 352, 393 
Cyclaris flaviventris, 386 
nigrirostris, 394 
Cyphorinus, 93, 94, 112, 113, 114, 134 
' albigularis, 114, 134 
bambla, 114 


467 


Cyphorinus cantans, 113 
fasciato-ventris, 134 
griseicollis, 117 
lawrencii, 112, 113 
leucophrys, 118 
leucostictus, 117 
modulator, 113 
wusicus, 113 
philomela, 114, 115 
prostheleucus, 116, 117 
pusillus, 119 
thoracicus, 112 

Cypselide, 267, 268 


Dacnis, 161 
cyanea, 163 
Dendroica, 163, 166, 180, 182, 192 
albicollis, 197, 198, 199 
adelaide, 211, 212 
estiva, 29, 164, 193, 195, 
202, 236 
atricapilla, 193 
audubonii, 188 
aureola, 194 
blackburniz, 164, 172, 189 
cerulea, 191 
cerulescens, 186 
canadensis, 186 
earbonata, 207 
castanea, 189, 164 
chrysopareia, 183, 185, 267 
coronata, 164, 187, 195 
discolor, 164, 213 
dominica, 209, 211, 213, 267 
eoa, 195 
erithachorides, 203 
gracie, 210, 212, 213 
gundlachi, 194, 197, 202 
kirtlandii, 206 
maculosa, 164, 206, 213 
montana, 190 
nigrescens, 186, 210, 211 
niveiventris, 183 
occidentalis, 183, 184, 185 
olivacea, 205 
palmarum, 164, 207 
pennsylvanica, 164, 191 
petechia, 194, 198, 199, 200, 
201, 202, 203, 236 
pharetra, 192 
pinus, 190 
pityophila, 208 
ruficapilla, 194, 201 
rufigula, 194, 204 
striata, 163, 164, 192, 193 
superciliosa, 164, 209 
tigrina, 161, 162, 181, 164 
townsendii, 184, 185, 213 
vieilloti, 194, 203, 204, 236 
virens, 182, 184, 164 
Donacobius, 57, 94, 95, 230 


468 


Donacobius albo-lineatus, 58 
albo-vittatus, 58 
atricapillus, 58 
brasiliensis, 58 
vociferans, 57, 58 

Dulus, 321, 394, 400, 401, 402, 405 

dominicus, 402, 403 
nuchalis, 403 
palmarum, 403 


Enicocichla, 214 
Enneoctonus, 438 
collurio, 437 
Erythraca arctica, 64 
wilsonii, 62 
Ergaticus, 237, 238, 262, 264 
Euthlypis, 237, 238, 253, 255, 262 
canadensis, 240 
lachrymosa, 252, 262, 263 


Falcunculus, 385 

Ficedula, 182 
canadensis cinerea, 187 
dominica cinerea, 209 
dominicensis, 197 

minor, 197 

jamaicensis, 215 
ludoviciana, 169 
martinicana, 201 

Furnarius griseus, 95, 96 

roseus, 91 


Galeoscoptes, 5, 54 
carolinensis, 54, 149 
plumbeus, 39 
rubripes, 38 
Galbula, 165 
Galbulide, 165 
Geothlypez, 166 
Geothlypinag, 166, 214 
Geothlypis, 166, 219, 227, 252 
equinoctialis, 218, 220, 224, 
225, 226 
macgillivrayi, 
226, 227 
melanops, 222, 223 
pelzelnii, 231, 233 
philadelphia, 220, 226 
poliocephala, 220, 225 
semiflava, 219 
semiflavus, 223 
speciosa, 219, 223, 228 
trichas, 219, 220, 222, 224 
velata, 223 
velatus, 224, 226 
Glossiptila, 161, 162 
ruficollis, 163 
Golondrina domestica, 282 
de la parda, 285 
Granatellus, 166, 230 
francisce, 231, 232 


220, 224, 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 


Granatellus sallaei, 221, 232 
venustus, 230, 231, 232, 233 


Habia verde, 392 
Harporhynchus, 3, 5, 43 
cinereus, 46 
crissalis, 47 
curvirostris, 45 
lecontei, 47 
longirostris, 44 
ocellatus, 59 
redivivus, 43, 48 
rufus, 43, 44 
Harpes, 43, 
redivivus, 43 
Heleodytes, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 128 
albibrunneus, 98 
griseus, 96 
Helinaia, 179 
bachmani, 175 
carbonata, 207 
celata, 176 
chrysoptera, 175 
peregrina, 178 
protonotaria, 173 
rubricapilla, 176 
solitaria, 174 
swainsoni, 180 
vermivora, 180 
Helminthophaga, 161, 166, 173, 174 
bachmani, 161, 174, 
175, 181 
celata, 163, 164, 173, 
174, 176, 177, 179 
chrysoptera, 174, 175 
citrea, 173 
lucie, 174, 178 
peregrina, 174, 177, 
178, 179 
pinus, 174 
ruficapilla, 164, 173, 
174, 175, 177, 178 
solitaria, 174 
virginia, 166, 174, 
179 
Helmitherus, 164, 174, 177 
bachmani, 175 
blanda, 234 
celata, 176 
chrysopterus, 175 
migratorius, 180 
peregrinus, 178 
protonotarius, 173 
rubricapillus, 176 
solitarius, 174 
swainsoni. 180 
vermivorus, 179, 180 
Henicocichla, 214 
aurocapilla, 214 
ludoviciana, 217 


major, 217 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF 


Henicocichla motacilla, 217 
noveboracensis, 215 
Herse euchrysea, 304 
Hesperocichla, 12, 13, 32 
Heterorhina, 93, 95, 112, 113,114, 115 
griseicollis, 115, 117, 119 
lencophrys, 115, 118, 119 
leucosticta, 115, 117, 119 
prostheleuca, 112, 115, 
116, 119 
pusilla, 116, 1.9 
Hirundinide, 165, 267, 268, 269 
Hirundo, 268, 269, 270, 271, 293, 294 
albilinea, 297, 300, 317 
albiventris, 277, 302 
americana, 289, 294 
tapera, 286 
andecola, 313, 320 
bicolor, 165, 297, 311 
cerulea, 274 
canadensis, 274 
cayanensis, 282 
chalybea, 273, 282 
cinerea, 312, 319 
coronata, 291 
concolor, 278 
eyaneoviridis, 303 
cyanopyrrha, 295 
cyanoleuca, 308, 309, 312 
domestica, 282 
dominicensis, 279 
erythrogaster, 268, 295 
euchrysea, 304 
fasciata, 305, 306 
flavigastra, 315 
flaviventer, 315 
frontalis, 301 
fulva, 288, 291, 292 
fusca, 285 
fucata, 308 
gouldii, 301 
horreorum, 165, 268, 294, 295 
hortensis, 315 
jugularis, 315 
leucogaster, 298 
leucoptera, 297, 302 
lencopyga, 301, 302 
leucorrhoa, 297, 301, 302 
ludoviciana, 274 
lunifrons, 288 
maculosa, 320 
melampyga, 309 
melanogaster, 286, 290 
melanoleuca, 310 
meyeni, 302 
minuta, 309 
nigricans, 287 
pascuum, 286 
patagonica, 311, 320 
purpurea, 271, 274, 277 
pyrrhonota, 289 


SPECIES. 469 


Hirundo respublicana, 288 
riparia, 318, 319 
americana, 319 
rufa, 294, 295, 296 
ruficollis, 315 
ruficollaris, 292 
rustica, 268, 293, 294, 295, 296 
serripennis, 312, 314 
subis, 271, 274 
tapera, 256 
thalassina, 296, 299, 303 
tibialis, 307 
unalaschkensis, 320 
versicolor, 274 
violacea, 274 
Hydrobata, 59 
mexicana, 60 
Hylemathrous, 95, 128 
edon, 138 
intermedius, 142 
platensis, 128 
Hylocichla, 12, 13 
Hylophilus, 321, 323, 824, 372, 273, 
374 


acuticauda, 374, 378 
aurantiifrons, 374, 377 
cinerascens, 375 
cinereiceps, 266, 380 
decurtatus, 374, 380, 381 
ferruginifrons, 374, 377 
flaveolus, 375 
flavipes, 375, 379 
frontalis, 375 
insularis, 373, 374, 379 
ochraceiceps, 374, 376 
olivaceus, 375 
peecilotis, 372, 373, 375 
pusillus, 374, 381, 382 
thoracicus, 375 
viridiflavus, 373, 374, 378, 
380 
Hypothymis chrysorrhoa, 412 


Icteria, 165, 166, 167, 221, 228, 229, 
230, 234, 407 
auricollis, 229, 232 
dumicola, 228 
longicauda, 229, 230 
virens, 164, 228, 229 
viridis, 228 
Icterianz, 166, 228 
Idiotes, 237, 238, 242, 247, 264 
bellii, 248 
delattrii, 247, 249, 250 
melanogenys, 247, 248 
mesochrysus, 242, 247, 248, 250 
rufifrons, 247, 248, 249, 250 
Ixoreus, 13 


Junco hyemalis, 177 
oregonus, 177 


470 


Lagopus, 268 
Laletes, 323, 324, 373, 382 
osburnii, 382, 383 
Laniade, 321 
Laniide, 322, 437 
Laniinz, 437 
Lanius, 437 
agilis, 338 
ardosiaceus, 443 
borealis, 440 
carolinensis, 443 
collurio, 438 
cristatus, 437, 438 
elegans, 444, 445 
excubitor, 437, 440 
excubitoroides, 445 
garrulus, 403, 405 . 
ludovicianus, 443, 446 
major, 442 
meridionalis, 444 
mexicanus, 446 
olivaceus, 333 
septentrionalis, 440 
Lanivireo, 324, 326, 345 
flavifrons, 326, 345, 346 
plumbea, 326, 345, 349 
propinqua, 326, 345, 348 
solitaria, 326, 345, 347 
Larus atricilla, 209, 267 
Lepturus, galeatus, 416 
Limnornis unirufus, 111 
Lophophanes, 77 . 
atricristatus, 78 
bicolor, 78 
galeatus, 79 
inornatus, 78, 79 
missouriensis, 78 
wollweberi, 79 
Loxigilla, 193 


Malacocichla, 6 
dryas, 6, 10 
mexicana, 11 
Margarops, 3, 5, 41 
densirostris, 59 
fuscatus, 42 
montanus, 59 
Melanoptila, 5, 55 
glabrirostris, 55 
Melanotis, 5, 56 
cerulescens, 56 
hypoleucus, 41, 56, 57 
Merula, 12, 13, 31, 34 
americana cinerea, 37 
dominicensis, 51 
infuscata, 31 
olivacea dominicensis, 329 
tristis, 26 
Merulaxis griseicollis, 118 
Microcerculus, 93, 94, 112,113, 114,115 
albogularis, 115 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 


Microcerculus, bambla, 112, 114 
philomela, 114, 115 
Microchelidon, 307 
tibialis, 307 
Mimina, 3, 4, 409 
Mimocichla, 3, 4, 34, 35, 41 
ardosiaceus, 36, 39 
plumbea, 35, 36, 40 
rubripes, 35, 38 
schistacea, 35, 37 
Mimokitta plumbea, 36 
Mimus, 5, 48, 149 
bahamensis, 52, 53 
cerulescens, 56 
carolinensis, 35, 36, 54, 55 
curvirostris, 45 
dominicus, 51, 59 
gracilis, 54 
gundlachi, 52, 59 
hillii, 14, 50, 52 
longirostris, 44, 45 
melanopterus, 59 
montanus, 42 
orpheus, 50, 51, 52 
polyglottus, 48, 50, 51, 54, 149, 
335 


rubripes, 36, 38 
rufus, 44 
saturninus, 53 
thenca, 53 
Mniotilta, 166, 167 
borealis, 167 
rubricapilla, 176 
striata, 192 
varia, 164, 167, 192, 267 
var. longirostris, 167 
virens, 182 
Mniotiltez, 160, 166 
Motacilla, 150, 151 
equinoctialis, 224 « 
estiva, 195 
alba, 151, 152 
albicollis, 197 
americanus, 169 
auricollis, 173 
aurocapilla, 214 
blackburnia, 189 
cxrulea, 67, 74 
cerulescens, 187 
calendula, 65, 66 
calidris, 329, 331, 332 
cana, 74 
canadensis, 187 
chloroleuca, 197 
chrysocephala, 189 
chrysoptera, 175 
cincta, 187 
citrea, lis 
dominica, 209 
eques, 169 
flavicauda, 256 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 


Motacilla flavicollis, 209 
flavifrons, 175 
fulva, 266 
fuscescens, 215 
incana, 189 
ludoviciana, 169 
maculosa, 206 
mitrata, 238, 239 
noveboracensis, 215 
cnanthe, 61 
palmarum, 207 
parva cerulea, 74 
pensilis, 209 
petechia, 199 
pileolata, 240 
pinguis, 187 
protonotarius, 173 
regulus, 65 
rubiginosa, 196 
ruficapilla, 201 
ruticilla, 256 
sialis, 62 
striata, 192 
superciliosa, 209 
tigrina, 180, 181 
troglodytes, 144 
umbria, 187 
varia, 167, 
vermivora, 179 
virens, 182 
yarrelli, 152 

Motacillide, 150, 161, 164 

Muscicapa, 12, 16 

altiloqua, 329 
armillata, 421, 422 
bivittata, 243 
bonapartei, 240 
brasieri, 245 
canadensis, 239 
cantatrix, 354 
carolinensis, 54 
cinerea, 239 
cucullata, 239 
derhawi, 259 
elegans, 244 
elizabeth, 425 
gilva, 342 

guttata, 15, 16 
leucomus, 257 
melodia, 342 
minuta, 241 
noveboracensis, 350, 354 
Olivacea, 326, 329, 331, 333 
pusilla, 240 
rubrifrons, 263, 264 
ruticilla, 253, 256 
selbyi, 239 
solitaria, 347 
stragulata, 244 
striata, 192 
sylvicola, 346 


471 


Muscicapa viridicata, 244 
viridis, 228 
vulnerata, 259 
wilsonii, 240 
Muscicapide, 267 
Muscivora mexicana, 165 
Myiadestes, 321, 408, 409, 411, 416, 
417, 418, 419, 434, 436 
ardesiaceus, 421 
armillatus, 420, 421, 422, 
424, 435 
elisabeth, 419, 420, 425 
genibarbis, 418, 420, 423, 
424 
griseiventer, 421 
leucotis, 419, 420, 432, 434 
melanops, 420, 426 
* obscurus, 420, 427, 428, 
430, 435 
solitarius, 418, 419, 420, 
421, 422, 423, 424 
townsendii, 417, 420, 428, 
429, 431 
unicolor, 417, 420, 428, 434 
venezuelensis, 420, 427, 
435 
Myiadestine, 321, 408, 409, 410, 417 
Myioborus, 237, 238, 253, 254, 257, 
258, 262 
Myiocichla ochrata, 434 
Myioctonus, 238 
mitratus, 239 
pusillus, 240 
Myiodioctes, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242, 
262 


bonapartei, 240 

canadensis, 164, 239, 242 

coronata, 244 

formosus, 218 

minutus, 241 

mitratus, 164, 239, 252, 

363 

pardalina, 240 

pusillus, 164, 239, 240, 242 

tristriatus, 244 

viridicata, 244 

wilsonii, 240 
Myiothlpis, 237, 238, 251, 252 

flaveolus, 252 

luteo-viridis, 252 

nigricristatus, 251, 252 


Nemosia, 161 
Neochelidon, 269, 270, 271, 305, 307 
fucata, 270, 308 
tibialis, 30” 
Neochloe, 323, 371 
brevipennis, 371, 372 
Neocorys, 151, 152, 153, 155, 157 
spraguei, 155, 157, 159 
Notiochelidon, 269, 270, 271, 305, 306 


° 


472 
Notiocorys, 151, 153, 156 


C&nanthe americana, pectore lutea, 228 
Oporornis, 164, 166, 218, 227 
agilis, 218, 227 
formosus, 218, 227 
Oreocinela, 5 
varia, 5 
Oreoscoptes, 5, 42 
montanus, 42, 43 
Orpheus, 32, 48 
cerulescens, 56, 
curvirostris, 45 
leucopterus, 48 
longirostris, 44 
meruloides, 32 
inontanus, 42 
polyglottus, 50 
Oscines, 1, 77, 160 


Pachysylvia decurtata, 266, 380, 381 
Pallenura, 151 
Paride, 64, 65, 75, 76, 77, 149, 165 
Parine,. 77 
Paroides flaviceps, 85 
pendulinus, 85 
Parus, 79 : 
americanus, 168, 169 
annexus, 79 
atricapillus, 79, 80, 82 
canadensis, 80 
atricristatus, 78 
bicolor, 77 
carolinensis, 81 
cristatus, 77, 78, 79 
erythropis, 264 
fasciatus, 76 
hudsonicus, 82, 83, 
leucotis, 265 
major, 79 
melanotis, 84 
meridionalis, 80, 81 
minimus, 84 
montanus, 82 
occidentalis, 81 
palustris, 80 
rufescens, 83 
septentrionalis, 165, 79, 82 
var. albescens, 79 
sibiricus, 83 
virginianus, 187 
Parula, 166, 168, 169, 213, 266 
americana, 164, 169, 170 
brasiliana, 170, 171 
gutturalis, 161, 169, 172 
inornata, 169, 171, 266 
mexicana, 171 
pitiayumi, 169, 170, 266 
superciliosa, 169, 171 
Pediocorys, 151, 153, 157 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 


Perissoglossa, 162, 163, 166, 180 
tigrina, 163, 181 
Petrochelidon, 268, 269, 270, 271, 284, 
285, 286, 289, 309 
albilinea, 300, 301 
albiventris, 302 
americana, 289 
bicolor, 298 
cyanoleucus, 310 
euchrysea, 304 
fulva, 287, 291, 290, 292 
leucoptera, 300, 302 
leucorrhoa, 301 
littorea, 300, 301, 302 
lunifrons, 287, 288, 289, 
290, 291, 293 
melanogaster, 290 
meyeni, 301, 302 
nigricans, 268, 287 
murina, 313 
peeciloma, 286, 287, 292 
ruficollaris, 287, 292 
swainsoni, 286, 287, 
289, 290 
thalassina, 299 
tibialis, 307 
Phenopepla, 408, 409, 410, 415 
nitens, 414, 415, 416 
Pheoprogne, 268, 269, 271, 272, 283 
Pheugopedius, 93, 95, 113, 120, 121, 
123, 128, 134, 136 
coraya, 123 
fasciato-ventris, 
134 
felix, 123, 134, 136 
genibarbis, 134 
leucophrys, 114 
leucostictus, 114 
maculipectus, 123, 135, 
136 
melanos, 123, 134 
pleurostictus, 123 
rutilus, 123, 135, 136 
Phyllomanes, 326 
agilis, 338 
barbatulus, 331 
flavoviridis, 336 
mystacalis, 329 
olivaceus, 333 
Picolaptes brunneicapillus, 99 
capistratus, 104 
megalopterus, 102 
rufinucha, 105 
zonatus, 104 
Pitangus derbianus, 165 
Pipastes, 153 
Planesticus, 12, 23 
luridus, 26, 27 
Platycichla 4, 32, 408, 417, 418, 436 
Platycichla brevipes, 32, 435, 436 


123, 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF 


Pecila atricapillus, 80 
carolinensis, 81 
melanotis, 84 
minima, 84 
rufescens, 83 
Polioptila, 67, 149 
albiloris, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73 
bilineata, 67, 72 
boliviana, 67 
buffoni, 67, 69, 70, 71 
cerulea, 68, 74, 189 
dumicola, 67, 73 
lembeyii, 68 
leucogastra, 67, 69 
melauura, 67, 65, 69, 360 
mexicana, 74 
nigriceps, 67, 69, 71 
plumbea, 68, 74 
superciliaris, 71, 72 
Polioptiline, 65 
Pomatorhinus turdinus, 45 
Presbys, 111 
canifrons, 111 
Progne, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273 
chalybea, 280, 282 
cryptoleuca, 273, 275, 277 
concolor, 274, 278 
domestica, 274, 282, 283 
dominicensis, 274, 279, 280, 
281, 286 
elegans, 274, 275 
fusca, 285 
furcata, 273, 278 
leucogaster, 273, 274, 280, 282, 
283 
modesta, 278 
purpurea, 274, 275, 276, 277 
subis, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 
280, 281 
tapera, 285, 286 
Protonotaria, 166, 173 
citrea, 164, 173 
Psalidoprocne, 269, 271, 313 
cypselina, 313 
Psaltria flaviceps, 85 
melanotis, 84 
minimus, 84 
personata, 84 
plumbea, 84 
Psaltriparus, 84, 85 
flaviceps, 85 
melanotis, 84 
minimus, 84, 85, 165 
personatus, 84 
plumbeus, 84 
Ptilogonys, 321, 329, 400, 402, 408, 409, 
410, 412, 416, 417 
armillatus, 421 
caudatus, 411, 412, 413, 
414 
cinereus, 410, 412, 413, 412 


SPECIES. 473 
Ptilogonys griseiventer, 421 

leucotis, 432 

nitens, 415, 416 
townsendii, 429 


.| Ptilogonatins, 401, 408, 409 


Ptiliogonatus, 410, 411 
cinereus, 412 
Pvgochelidon, 269, 270, 271, 305, 308, 
309 


cyanoleuca, 309 
malanoleuca, 309 
murina, 309 
patagonica, 309 


Reguline, 65 
Regulus, 65 
calendula, 65, 66 
cristatus, 65 
cuvieri, 65 
mystaceus, 220 
olivaceus, 65 
proregulus, 65 
rubineus, 66 
satrapa, 65, 164 
tricolor, 65 
Rhamphocinclus, 3, 4, 41 
brachyurus, 41 
Rhimanphus, 182 
estivus, 195, 197 
pblackburniz, 189 
canadensis, 186 
castaneus, 189 
chryseolus, 196 
coronata, 187 
discolor, 213 
maculosus, 206 
maritimus, 181 
olivacea, 205 
pensilis, 209 
pinus, 190 
pityophilus, 208 
ruficapilla, 207 
ruficeps, 203 
striatas, 192 
virens, 182 
Rhodinocichla, 91 
rosea, 41, 91 


Salpinctes, 93, 94, 109, 111 
mexicanus, 111 
obsoletus, 110 
Saltator viridis, 392 
Saurothera, 193 
Saxicola, 61 
onanthe, 61 
cenanthoides, 61 
Saxicolide, 1, 2, 3, 61, 65,149, 164, 409, 
410 


Seiuree, 166 
Seiurus, 21, 164, 214 
aurocapillus, 164, 214, 266 


474 


Seiurus gossii, 215 . 
ludovicianus, 21, 217 
motacilla, 217 
noveboracensis, 21, 164, 215 
sulphurascens, 215 
tenuirostris, 215 
Semimerula, 4, 33, 34 
Setophaga, 236, 238, 239, 242, 253, 254, 
256, 258, 262 
aurantiaca, 254, 261 
auricapilla, 243 
bonapartei, 240 
brunneiceps, 255, 258 
canadensis, 239 
castanea, 259 
castaneo-capilla, 259 
chrysogaster, 242, 244 
flammea, 254, 259, 260 
flaveola, 255, 258 
intermedia, 260 
lachrymosa, 255, 263 
leucomphoinma, 255, 258 
melanocephala, 255, 258 
miniata, 254, 257, 259, 260 
mitrata, 239 
multicolor, 254, 257 
nigricincta, 240 
ornata, 255, 258, 421 
picta, 253, 254, 256 
rubra, 264 
ruficoronata, 255, 258 
rufifrons, 247, 248 
ruticilla, 164, 253, 256 
torquata, 255, 261 
verticalis, 254, 257, 258, 
261 
vulnerata, 259 
wilsonii, 240 
Setophagine, 165, 167, 235 
Sialia, 62 
azurea, 62 
arctica, 63, 64, 360 
ceruleocollis, 63 
macroptera, 64 
mexicana, 63 
occidentalis, 63 
sialis, 62, 63, 149, 164 
wilsonii, 62 

Sitta, 86 
aculeata, 86 
canadeusis, 87, 165 
carolinensis, 86, 87 
europsa, 86 
melanocephala, 86 
pusilla, 88 
pyginega, 88 
varia, 87 

Sittine, 77, 86 

Sphenotelus, 412 

Stelgilopleryx, 268, 269, 270, 271, 312 

flavigula, 318 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 


Stelgidopteryx fulvipennis, 314, 316 
gutturalis, 314 
ruticollis, 314, 315 
serripennis, 314 
uropygialis, 314, 315, 
317, 318 
Sterna anglica, 267 
antillarum, 209, 268 
frenata, 209 
Sturnus cinclus, 59 
Scytalopus prostheleucus, 115, 116 
Sylvania, 253 
bonapartei, 240 
mitrata, 239 
pumila, 241 
pusilla, 240 
ruticilla, 256 
Sylvia estiva, 195, 197 
equinoctialis, 218 
agilis, 218 
americanus, 169 
anthoides, 215 
auduboni, 188 
autumnalis, 190 
auricollis, 173 
aurocapilla, 214 
azurea, 191 
bachmani, 175 
pifasciata, 191 
blackburnie, 189 
eerulea, 191 
cerulescens, 186 
canicapilla, 223 
canadensis, 186 
carbonata, 207 
carolinensis, 195 
castanea, 189 
celata, 176 
childreni, 195 
chivi, 337 
chrysoptera, 175 
citrinella, 195 
coronata, 182, 187 
culicivora, 245 
decurtata, 266, 380 
discolor, 213 
domestica, 139 
dumicola, 73 
flava, 195 
flaveola, 375 
flavifrons, 175 
formosa, 218 
fulva, 266 
griseicollis, 266 
icterocephala, 191 
incana, 189 
lateralis, 189 
leucogastra, 69, 176, 187 
leucoblephara, 244 
ludoviciana, 120, 123 
macgillivrayi, 227 


Ps 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 475 


Sylvia macropus, 187 


maculosa, 206° 
magnolia, 206 
marilandica, 220 
maritima, 181 
melanorhoa, 189 
miniata, 265 
minuta, 213, 241 
missuriensis, 179 
mitrata, 239 
montana, 190 
nashvillei, 176 
nigrescens, 186 
noveboracensis, 215 
occidentalis, 183 
ochroleuca, 266 
olivacea, 205 
palmarum, 207 
palustris, 187 
pardalina, 238, 240 
parus, 189 
pennsylvanica, 191 
petasodes, 240 
peregrina, 178 
petechia, 201 
philadelphia, 226 
pinus, 174, 190 
pitiayumi, 170 
plumbea, 170 
peecilotis, 375 
populorum, 191 
protonotaria, 173 
pumila, 266 
pusilla, 169, 187 
rara, 191 
rathbonia, 196 
roscoe, 220 
rubricapilla, 175 
ruficapilla, 173, 175, 204, 205 
russeicauda, 266 
semitorquata, 266 
sialis, 62 

solitaria, 174 
sphegnosa, 187 
striata, 192 
swainsoni, 179, 180 
teniata, 205 
tennessei, 179 
thoracica, 375 
tigrina, 181, 190 
tolmizi, 227 
torquata, 169 
townsendii, 185 
troglodytes, 144 
velata, 223 . 
venusta, 170 
vermivora, 179, 241, 243 
vigorsii, 190 
virescens, 266 
virens, 182 
wilsonii, 240 


Sylvia xanthopygia, 187 
xauthoroa, 187 
Sylviada, 8 : 
Sylvicola, 166, 168, 182 
estiva, 195, 199 
agilis, 218 
americana, 169 
auduboni, 188 
aureola, 194 
auricollis, 173 
bachmanni, 175 
blackburnix, 189 
cverulea, 191 
canadensis, 186 
castanea, 189 
celata, 176 
chrysoptera, 175 
coronata, 187 
discolor, 213 
eoa, 194, 195 
formosa, 218 
icterocephala, 191 
kirtlandii, 206 
maculosa, 206 
maritima, 181 
mitrata, 239 
montana, 190 
occidentalis, 183 
olivacea, 205 
palmarum, 207 
pannosa, 187 
pardalina, 240 
pensilis, 209 
peregrina, 178 
petechia, 207 
pharetra, 192 
pinus, 190 
pityophila, 208 
pusilla, 169 
rubricapilla, 175 
ruficapilla, 207 
striata, 192 
swainsoni, 180 
teniata, 205 
townsendi, 185 
vermivora, 180 
venusta, 170 
virens, 182 
Sylvicolide, 2, 65, 150, 160, 161, 162, 
164, 165, 266, 321 
Sylvicolinz, 165, 166, 167 
Sylviide, 64, 76, 149, 164, 410 


Tachycineta, 268, 269, 270, 271, 296, 
297 


albilinea, 297 
albiventris, 297 
bicolor, 297, 298 
leucorrhoa, 297 
meyeni, 297 
thalassina, 297, 299 


ATG 


Txnioptera, 13 
rufiventris, 13 
Tanagra dominica, 401, 403 
dominicensis, 403 
esclave, 401 
guianensis, 384, 389 
Tanagride, 161 
Telmatodytes, 95, 123, 147 
arundinaceus, 147 
bewickii, 126 
palustris, 147 
Teretristex, 166 
Teretristis, 163, 165, 166, 233 
fernandine, 234 
fornsii,163, 164, 234, 235 
Thamuophilis agilis, 338 
Thryomanes, 95, 120, 123, 126 
bewickii, 123, 125, 126 
leucogaster, 123, 126 
spilurus, 123, 126 
Thryophilus, 93, 95, 120, 121, 123, 127, 
134, 137 
albipectus, 122, 123, 131, 
132 
castaneus, 123, 133 
galbraithi, 123, 131 
longirostris, 123, 132 
modestus, 122, 123, 130, 
131, 132 
nigricapilius, 123 
poliopleura, 123 
rufalbus, 127, 128 
var. poliopleura, 
128, 129 
sinaloa, 123, 129, 130 
striolatus, 123, 132 
Thryothorus, 92, 93, 95, 120, 121, 123, 
127, 128, 134, 137 
albinucha, 149 
arundinaceus, 147 
berlandieri, 121, 123, 124 
bewickii, 121, 126, 129, 
150 
var. spilurus, 126 
castaneus, 123, 132 
fasciato-ventris, 121, 134 
felix, 121, 136 
galbraithi, 123, 131 
guttatus, 108, 111 
‘leucogaster, 121 
littoralis, 124 
longirostris, 123 
louisiane, 124 
ludovicianus, 120, 121, 
123, 124, 128, 130, 137 
maculipectus, 121, 135 
mexicanus, 110, 111 
modulator, 112 
murinus, 123 


nigricapillus, 123, 133, 


134 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 


Thryothorus palustris, 147 
petenicus, 121, 123, 125, 
130, 149 
pinus, 190 
pleurostictus, 121, 123 
poliopleura, 122 
rufalbus, 122, 128, 129 
rutilans, 135 
rutilus, 121, 138 
schottii, 123 
sinaloa, 122 
spilurus, 122, 126 
torquatus, 169 
Todirostrum, 165, 251, 253, 237 
Todus, 193, 251 
viridis, 165 
Toxostoma, 43 
curvirostris, 45 
lecontei, 47 
longirostre, 44 
rediviva, 48 
vetula, 43, 45 
Trichas, 219 
equinoctialis, 224 
agilis, 218 
brachydactylus, 220, 221 
delafieldii, 225 
leucoblephara, 244 
macgillivrayi, 226 
marilandica, 220 
nigricristatus, 251 
personatus, 220, 221 
philadelphia, 226 
superciliosus, 243, 244 
tephrocotis, 218 , 
vegeta, 227 
velata, 225 
Troglodytes, 89, 95, 121, 137, 138 
zdon, 137, 138, 139, 140, 
141, 142, 148, 145 
var. aztecus, 138, 
139 
albinucha, 149, 150 
americanus, 138, 141 
arundiuaceus, 120, 124, 
147 
bewickii, 126, 127 
brevirostris, 146 
brunneicollis, 137, 138, 
139, 143, 144 
cumanensis, 128 
europeus, 145 
fulvus, 139 
guttatus, 118 
hyemalis, 137,138, 144, 
145 


var. pdacificus, 
138, 145 
hypedon, 139, 142, 143 
intermedius, 138, 142, 143 
inquietus, 138, 143 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 


Troglodytes latifasciatus, 110 
leucogastra, 109, 127 
leucophrys, 118 
ludovicianus, 123 
murarius, 111 
obsoletus, 109, 110 
palustris, 147, 148 
parkmanni, 138, 139, 140, 

141, 143, 145 
stellaris, 146 
sylvestris, 140 
Troglodytida, ee 93, 94, 149, 321, 
323 


Turdampelis lanioides, 434 
rufovoceyx, 484 
Turdide, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 58, 65, 92, 149, 
164, 321, 409, 410 
Turding, 3, 4, 409 
Turdus, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 34, 160 
aliciw, 19, 20, 21, 22, 149, 217 
aonalaschka, 15 
ardosiaceus, 3, 39 
assimilis, 24 
auduboni, 15, 16 
aurantius, 34, 4 
aurantiirostris, 7 
aurocapilla, 214 
pbambla, 113 
brachyurus, 41 
cesius, 26, 27 
capucinus, 23 
carolinensis, 54 
casius, 26 
cinereus minor, 57 
confinis, 29 
coronatus, 214 
densus, 13, 14 
dominicus, 51 
erythrophthalmus, 56 
flavirostris, 30, 31 
fuscatus, 41, 42 
fuscescens, 6, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 
149 
grayi, 25, 26, 27 
guttatus, 14 
gymnophthalmus, 27 
infuscatus, 31 
iliacus, 12, 23 
jamaicensis, 12, 23 
lereboulleti, 12, 23 
leucauchen, 24, 25, 27 
leucogenys, 34 
ludovicianus, 217 
melanotis, 9g 
melodus, 13 
melpomene, 7 
merula, 13 
migratorius, 6, 12, 13, 28, 29, 
30, 33, 34, 149, 164 
minimus, 19, 20, 21 
mincr, 14, 18, 19 


AUT 


Turdus montanus, 42 
mustelinus, 2, 12, 13, 14, 16, 
~ 17, 149 
nevius, 13, 32 
nanus, 15, 16, 17 
nigrescens, 58 
obsoletus, 28 
olivaceus, 19 
orpheus, 50, 52 
palliatus, 31 
pallasii, 7, 14, 16, 17 
pheopygus, 59 
plumbeus, 36, 37, 39, 40 
polyglottus, 48 
rubripes, 35 
rufitorques, 32, 38 
rufopaltiatus, 31 
rufus, 44 
silens, 16, 17 
solitarius, 14 
swainsonii, 15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 

24, 149, 164, 217 
torquatus, 12 
trichas, 220 
tristis, 27 
ustulatus, 18 
variegatus, 96 
viscivorus, 11, 12 

plumbeus, 36, 37 
virens, 228 
vulpinus, 41, 92 
wilsounii, 18 
xanthoscelis, 59 
Tyrannide, 165 


Vermivora, 179 
bachmanni, 175 
celata, 176 
fulvicapilla, 180 
pennsylvanica, 180 
peregrina, 178 
’ protonotaria, 173 
rubricapilla, 175 
solitaria, 174 
swainsoni, 180 
Vermivora, | 66 
Vireo, 162, 163, 228, 234, 321, 323, 324, 
325, 326, 350, 351, 353, 373, 
383, 402 
agilis, 334, 338 
altiloqua, 329, 330, 331 
atricapillus, 324, 326, 351, 353, 
354 
bahamensis, 363 
barbatula, 163, 165 
bartrami, 338, 340, 343 
belli, 326, 351, 352, 358, 359, 
360 
bogotensis, 333 
carmio'i, 326, 351, 352, 356 


cassini, 347, 348 


478 


ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SPECIES. 


Vireo chivi, 338 


crassirostris, 165, 368 

frenata, 330 

flavifrons, 326, 346, 370 

flavoviridis, 336 

gilvus, 342, 359 

gundlachi, 363, 368, 369 

huttoni, 326, 351, 352, 357, 358, 
363 

hypochryseus, 370 

josepha, 324, 344, 364 

latimeri, 364 

longirostris, 329 

modestus, 362, 363, 364, 369 

musicus, 354 

noveboracensis, 326, 345, 350, 
351, 354, 355, 362, 363, 369 

ochraceus, 366, 367 

olivaceus, 326, 333, 334, 338 

pallens, 365 

philadelphica, 369 

philadelphicus, 341 

pusillus, 326, 351, 352, 360, 362, 
365 

semiflavus, 366, 367 

solitarius, 326, 347, 348, 349 

swainsoni, 343 

virescens, 333, 334, 338 

vicinior, 326, 351, 352, 361, 366 

vigorsii, 190 


Vireolanius, 324, 385, 395 


chlorogaster, 396, 399 

eximius, 396, 398 

icterophrys, 396, 398, 399, 
400 

melitophrys, 385, 395, 396 

pulchellus, 396, 397, 398 


Vireonella, 325, 326, 351, 369 


crassirostris, 326, 351, 353 

gundlachi, 326, 351, 353 

hypochryseus, 326, 3651, 
353 

latimeri, 326, 351, 352 


Vireonella modestus, 326, 351, 352, 358 


ochraceus, 326, 351, 353 
pallens, 326, 351, 352, 360, 
362 


Vireonide, 161, 162, 165, 321, 322, 323, 
Vireosylvia, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327 


agilis, 325, 328, 338, 339, 
340 

altiloqua, 329, 332 

atripennis, 329, 330, 331 

barbatula, 325, 328, 330, 
331, 340 

calidris, 328, 329, 330, 331, 
335 


campestris, 325 

chivi, 325, 328, 334, 337, 
339, 340 

cobanensis, 341 

flavifrons, 325, 346 

flavoviridis, 325, 328, 336, 
339, 340 

frenata, 330 

gilva, 325, 328, 342, 343, 
345 

joseph, 325, 328, 344 

olivacea, 325, 327, 328, 
329, 333, 336, 337, 339, 
340 

philadelphica, 325, 328, 
340, 341 

plumbea, 349 . 

propingqua, 348 

solitarius, 347, 350 

swainsoni, 325, 328, 343, 
344 

virescens, 338 


Wilsonia, 238 
bonapartii, 240 
minuta, 241 
mitrata, 239 
pusilla, 240