ALBEKT Ro MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL UNTVERST } f— "Peek — Se i ak a OS Ly i GE ee a ee ee | Cornell University Libra TinTA Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www. archive.org/details/cu31924000067763 BIRDS’ NESTING IN LIN ID TAs, * A CALENDAR OF THE BREEDING SEASONS, AND A POPULAR ; 2 GUIDE T0 THE HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS. —_———_—_-_—_— ILLUSTRATED. By Captain G. F. L. MARSHALL, kz, F.z.s., AND MEMBER OF THE BRITISH & INDIAN ORNITHOLOGICAL UNIONS. Galeutta: PUBLISHED BY THE CALCUTTA CENTRAL PRESS CO,, 5, COUNCIL HOUSE STREET. . 1877. GA EP?/ ZF M326 191'761 CALCUTTA: CALCUTTA CENTRAL PRESS COMPANY, LIMITED, 5, COUNCIL HOUSE STREET, CONTENTS. PART I. PREFACE aes on ou eee oe Cuarter I.—Introductory, breeding seasons and hints on birds’ nesting Caarter IT.—Habits and haunts of birds, with general description of types of eggs ane one one oe PART II. Inprx.—List of birds that are known to breed in India, with: duration of breeding season for each species tabulated ... ene PART III. CaLENDak showing the birds of which the eggs may be looked for during each month of the year; with description of nest and the situation where usually placed ove ee JANUABY ... ov ae wee say FEBRUARY ».. aay ou ose one March «. wae eae one vie APRIL ro ou ee ei ove May aus ‘ie eas is oe JUNE ‘eg vee aes es ies JULY on ay ass sie Ae AUGUST «. oe ow ise SEPTEMBER tee oe eee aa OcToBER ... ws vos ay NovEMBER ee aes DECEMBER oes ig ia Wan 4) 63 64 69 76 88 107 130 149 161 170 174 177 180 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. —_———o—__—— Page. TAKING THE BroapBILu’s Nest eee acy FRONTISPIECE. Nest or tHe Kine Vuuture (Otogyps calvus) ... a. =< G4 Nest oF THE THICK-BILLED FLowERPecker (Piprisoma agile) ... 69 NEST OF THE RED-HEADED Tit (Egithaliscus erythrocephalus) 76 BREEDING PLACE OF THE TERNS ast des w= 88 NEst OF THE WHITE-THROATED Fanraiu (Leucocerca fuscoventris) 107 NEsT OF THE WHITE-BROWED WARBLER (Adrornis albosuperciliaris) 130 NEstT OF THE YELLOW-THROATED BRoaDBILL (Psarisomus dalhousia) 149 Nest oF tox Waistiine Tran (Dendrocygna arcuata) .. «161 BREEDING PLACE OF THE LITTLE CORMORANTS sel «. 170 Nest oF THE YELLOW-BELLIED Fanratn (Chelidorhynx hypoxantha) 174 Nest oF THE BROWN FisH OwL (Ketupa ceylonensis) wor LTT Nest oF THE PURPLE HonrysucKer (Arachnechthra asiatica) ... 180 PREFACE, —_ eo Ten years ago when beginning to make a collection of birds’ eggs in this country, I was struck by the diversity in the breeding seasons, and the want of any guide to assist the beginner in his researches. Since then I have kept a continuous record of my observations, and, with the intention of eventually publishing them, I have endeavoured to gather together, as far as possible, the recorded experiences of others ; and this little book is the result. Many friends have kindly placed their collections at my disposal, and for a great deal of the information regarding the rarer birds, Iam indebted to the courtesy of Mr. A. O. Hume, in permitting the use of extracts from a draft of his book on “ Indian Birds’ Nests and Eggs,” which has as yet only been printed for private circulation : to this source are due the valuable observations from Sikkim by Mr. Gammie; from Hansi (Punjab), the Central Provinees, and Bundelkhund by Mr. Blewitt; from the Nilgiris by Miss Cockburn and Messrs, Davidson and Wait, and by many others from various parts of India, while the information from Bengal is chiefly due to Mr. Parker. Of private collections from which notes have been taken those of Captains Cock and C. H. T. Marshall, and of Mr. W. E. Brooks, were the most important, and to all these gentlemen my thanks are due. The notes from upper India are comparatively full and complete, but as regards Eastern and Peninsular India they areas yet very meagre, more especially from the latter. A good deal of new information has been collected since the manuscript of this book was put in hand, and more is being accumulated month by month; but the knowledge already gained is valuable as far as it goes, and believing that it is better that what is known should be made at once available to the public, rather than that indefinite delay should be made for fuller detail, I offer no further apology for the incompleteness of the record. This book will not in any way supplant the carefully detailed work which Mr. Hume is compiling on the nidification of Indian birds, but it will supplement it by abstracting, in a convenient form, certain points # il PREFACE. of information, and so facilitate the direction of research into the proper channels. Mr. Hume’s work, when published, and, it is to be hoped, it soon will be, should be in the hands of every lover of Natural History in this country. No details are here given as to the materials and apparatus necessary in forming a collection and in preparing and preserving specimens: those who wish to commence collections of eggs or of skins of birds, will find all information as to details in Mr. Hume’s “ Ilnpran OrnitHoLoGicaL Coxiector’s Vapve-Mecum,” a most useful little book published by the Calcutta Central Press Company (5, Council House Street, Calcutta), and priced one rupee: but with reference to collections of eggs, it is necessary to repeat here that eggs are scientifically worthless as specimens, unless the species of bird to which they belong has been accurately ascertained ; and to do this effectually it is necessary for all except the most practised observers that the skin of the parent bird should be in all cases obtained and preserved. If egg collectors, into whose hands this book may come, would kindly communicate to me any notes they may make from their own experience in correction or extension of the information now recorded, it would confer a great obligation on me, and enable me, in case a second edition may be required, to render it more complete and satisfactory than I am able to do in the present case. The list of birds in Part IT serves as an index, the order of arrange- ment followed by Jerdon is adopted, and having ascertained from this list the months in which any particular bird breeds, the further details required will be found on reference to the lists for those months. MARSHALL GEL TAKING THE BROADBILLS NEST, BIRDS NESTING IN INDIA. —_—_—_¢——_—_—_. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY ; BREEDING SEASONS AND HINTS ON BIRDS’ NESTING. Birps’ nesting has gained in civilised countries a very evil reputation, in many cases unfortunately only too well deserved, by the wanton cruelty with which it is attended; and it must be stated clearly to begin with, that the publication of this book is not intended in any way to encourage the idle and foolish destruction of birds, nor to countenance the wholesale robbing of young and eggs from nests, which has brought the very name of birds’ nester into discredit, and has changed what should be, and is, if properly carried on, a healthy and instructive pursuit into a deserved reproach. That the collecting of birds’ eggs may be done without cruelty is not to be doubted by any one who has devoted time and thought to the question. Few birds attach any importance to fresh eggs, it is only as the process of incubation progresses, and the maternal instincts are developed, that any grave anxiety is shown by the parent birds when the eggs are approached ; even at this stage many birds will forsake the nest at once if the eggs are touched; and when the eggs are quite fresh, the simple fact of the nest being touched, or even the detection by the parent bird that the nest has been discovered, is sometimes enough to lead to its desertion: in such cases the taking of the eggs is clearly not followed -by any distress to the parent birds. Not many years ago I used to feel very much more strongly on this point than I do now; the pain at robbing a nest used quite to embitter the joy of discovering a prize ; but it happened on one occasion, during a march through the Bolandshahr district, that A 2 BREEDING SEASONS. I found a nest of a kind I had long sought in vain, the whistling teal (Dendrocygna arcuata). These curious little ducks perch in trees and lay their eggs in nests made of sticks and twigs in trees. The nest was in a babul tree, at the edge ofa large swamp, about ten feet from the ground ; and standing on a bank close by, I could see both parent birds seated side by side on the nest, with their little heads laid lovingly together, and their soft eyes watching me with no signs of dread. A severe mental struggle followed. My desire to get the eggs turned the scale, and I determined on shooting both the parent birds so as to leave no desolate mourner. I startled them from the nest, and as they flew off, fired right and left, killed the drake, but alas missed the duck. The deed was done, and there was nothing left but to take the egg which I did with a sad- dened heart and walked on to my camp three miles distant. All that day the memory of the poor little solitary duck haunted me. I could not get it out of my mind, and the next morning I determined to return to the spot, though it took me six miles out of my way, and put an end to the misery of the unhappy survivor by shooting her. On reaching the place, there I found her, seated on her empty nest, the scene of the previous day’s calamity, seated indeed, but not alone, she was accompanied, and no doubt successfully cheered by another drake that had already aspired to the place in her affections vacated by her unfortunate partner only the day before. In this case the nest contained only a single egg which was quite fresh, the usual number laid for hatching being from seven to ten. The behaviour is, however, very different when the little family arrangements are further developed. I once found the nest of a golden- crested wren, with eight eggsin it. The eggs were new to me at the time, and as I was anxious to find out accurately to what bird they belonged, I set a snare by the nest, and in a few minutes caught and killed the hen bird, and then taking the nest I sat down to pack it, and the eggs and the little bird to convey them safely away. While I was engaged on this, the cock bird appeared and soon perceived the disaster that had happened to his home, his plaintive chirping was most piteous to hear, and I hur- riedly moved away, but there was no escaping, the poor little thing followed me incessantly, keeping pace with me and flitting from tree to tree, till passing out of the pine wood I got into open treeless ground, and there, unable to trust his frail little wings to the long flight, and fearing to alight on the open common, he fell back, and to my great relief his cries of woe were soon lost to hearing. The egos were so hard set in this case that I was unable to preserve even one ; BREEDING SEASONS: 3 of them, and that day’s work I have ever regretted. It cannot of course he known how long the little bird mourned his loss, or what his end was, but on the other hand no one can doubt that the sorrow for the time was real and deep. When the eggs are hatched, and the helpless young lie in the nest dependant ‘solely on the parent birds for food and life, the maternal instincts are of course quicker and more deep-seated, and many anec- dotes could be told of the devotion of birds to their young, and of their courage and ingenuity in defending them. I will only mention one instance which occurred to a friend of mine. A nest of the golden oriole, often known as the mango bird (Oriolus kundoo), had been found in the garden containing young, and was taken and brought into the house with the intention of rearing the young for the cage. The nest was placed by an open window, and there was discovered by the parent birds. They took charge of itas if nothing had happened, coming fearlessly into the verandah and feeding the young all day long. After a few days the nest was removed to another house more than half a mile distant, and still the parent birds followed it, tended it in the new situation, and eventually I believe reared up the young and carried them off as soon as they were able to fly. The golden oriole is a shy retiring bird, and for it to overcome so far its dread of man shows a very high order of parental affection. One more instance, perhaps the most curious of all, I must give before passing on to resume my subject. The heroine this time being a kite (Ifilvus govinda). Kites are not attractive birds, except for the wonderful grace of their flight, and it is hard to imagine a tender heart beneath their fierce but treacherous and withal cowardly exteriors. Inthe month of January in lower Bengal when with the kites the breeding season is at its height, a solitary female, over whom the instincts of the season evidently had their sway, but who from some cause or other was unprovided with a nest or eggs, appropriated an empty pill-box that had been thrown on to the roof of a portico, end gathering some sticks and straws round it in the corner of the roof to serve as a nest, she commenced and carried on with admirable perseverance a forlorn attempt to hatch it. When approached and driven from her place she would return to defend the beloved treasure dashing fiercely at the intruder. How long it would have taken before her’ hopes of welcoming a young kite out of the pill-box would have been finally abandoned was not proved, for a heavy storm of rain reduced it to a pulp, and in its place the egg of a domestic fowl was put down, and on that the kite now joined 4 BREEDING SEASONS. by a male kite who keeps careful guard over her, is still sitting. The eggs will be hatched in a few days, and the life of the young chick, which will probably be short and adventurous, will commence.* It is not essential to the pursuit of natural historythat collections of eggs or skins should be made ; but the act of collecting is the sim- plest and readiest if not the only certain way of rendering the eye sufficient- ly familiar with the appearance of birds to enable any one to recognise aud distinguish at a distance the various kinds one from another, and for this reason the making of a collection is very advisable. The interest. in the subject so far from ceasing would even increase when the. collec- tion was formed and the knowledge gained in the act of collecting remains. Experience proves that, after the acquisition of specimens is no longer desired, there isa pleasure in intelligently watching and noting the habits of birds and animals in life, the intensity of whicl grows in the minds of all true lovers of nature, just in proportion as its gratification is no longer encumbered with the necessity for taking the lives of harmless and beautiful creatures. The duties of an Englishman in India frequently entail a great deal of out-of-door life, much of which is in many instances solitary. To such, the need of a pursuit to interest the mind and divert it in leisure hours from the groove of official routine is very great, and to this end the study of natural history is pre-eminently adapted. Few countries offer greater inducements or better opportunities for il than India does, and its pursuit not only affords occupation and interest both in-doors and out-of-doors, but it is also accessible to all and necessitates no more costly apparatus than is within the means of every official Englishman. The habits of close observation which it fosters are especially useful ; and the careful record of personal observations supplies the much-needed data, without which general laws cannot be discussed or deduced. As to the healthy interest it developes in life, those who have experienced it will testify. A country which to others may seem a dreary waste is often to the naturalist a very mine of wealth, a ride across it, or a march through it, becomes replete with interest and enjoyment ; and it is earnestly hoped that, on perusing these pages, some of the many Englishmen scattered over India in solitary places may be induced to take up the study of ornithology, and find in it a new and growing interest which will while away many a pleasant hour. * This curious instance of aberrant instinct was pointed out to me by Col. Tucker, R.E., on whose house the event occurred and indeed is still occurring. BREEDING SEASONS. 5 A knowledge of the habits and seasons of birds is especially useful to sportsmen who seldom have the time for ascertaining the breeding seasons of game birds by personal observation, and in consequence of. the want of this information many of our Indian game birds are slaugh-. tered while they have eges or young .chicks, even by men who would. be the first to condemn the deed if it were done wittingly. In England long experience has rendered every one familiar with such things, but in this country the seasons are known only toa few. At present no means exist for others of readily ascertaining them, and sportsmen are helpless in the matter. A case in point quite recently came under my. observation. A large bag of the likh florikin (Sypheotides auritus) had. been made inthe very height of the breeding season, but no idea that. such was the case had ever entered the head of the man (a true sports-. man) who had shot them, and he was quite ignorant of the extent of the damage unconsciously inflicted. I feel sure that the publication of any facts that will aid in preventing this misdirection of sport will be welcomed by all, and if each will supplement the existing knowledge of the subject by carefully recording his own personal experiences, we should in a few years have sufficient materials accumulated for a complete record of the breeding seasons, and the way would be paved at all events for an unwritten law, known and honoured by all sportsmen for the observation of close seasons, and then, but not till then, India will become, as it ought to be, equal to the best country in the world for a day’s small game shooting. The occasional holiday with a gun, so looked forward to by many, would no longer result in a weary trudge with a nearly empty bag at the end, as is now not unfrequently the case; and partridge-shooting would then afford as good sport as snipe- shooting does at present, but which is in the latter caseentirely owing to the fact that the snipe by removing themselves en masse to other countries inaccessible to sportsmen, when the breeding season comes round, are able to carry on their domestic arrangements in peace and security. But to return to the birds’ nesting, the real reason why the difficulties arise out here, is the irregularity in season of breeding in tropical climates as compared with temperate climates. In the latter, breeding among birds is almost universally confined to the spring and early summer months. Oncoming out to India, people naturally assume that the rule holds good out here, which is only very partially the case, and the first difficulty that besets a beginner in collecting birds’ eggs in this 6 BREEDING SEASONS. , country is the absence of any information on this point. At first, search for nests is only made in the spring and summer months, but in the course of time eggs are found incidentally in other months, both earlier and later, and it gradually becomes evident that hours of fruitless search and watching of birds, to trace from their movements where their nests are concealed have been thrown away, which a little experience would have saved by teaching that the breeding season were eitner already over or had not yet begun, or in some instances even never would begin in that part of the country. It is to answer at all events partially this question, when do the birds breed? that these notes are published. The question is now being answered in full detail for each bird by Mr. Hume’s book already referred to in the preface, and this little book will give a review of the year month by month, indicating the direction in which search can at any given time be profitably carried on. In dealing with a limited area, either tropical or temperate, it would be comparatively easy to furnish a complete guide on this point in a small compass; but witha large country like India, including every variety of climate from the eternal snows of the alpine Himalayas to the unvarying round of heat in the southern peninsular on the one hand, and from the arid deserts of Sind to the humid forests of Assam on the other hand. It is a task of much difficulty to afford full details in a single book. The area dealt with is bounded by the main ridge of the Himalayas on the north; the Suliman range and the Arabian sea on the west; by the Indian ocean on the south; and by the bay of Bengal and Assam on the east. Climate has by far the largest influence in determining the breeding period with birds, and thus over so large an area it is clear that great variations must occur at different points. Speaking generally, it may be assumed that the colder the climate, the more uniformly will the breeding season be confined to the warmer months; and the hotter and less variable the climate, the more irregularly will the breeding season be spread throughout the year. Among hot climates the drier the climate, the more the breeding season inclines to the summer and monsoon months ; while in damp tropical climates the winter months are more prolific in proportion ; but in India, excluding the Himalayas, there is no place where eggs of some species may not be obtained in every month of the year. The fewest number of kinds of birds known to breed in this country BREEDING SBASONS, vi in any one month is twenty-eight, and that month is November; and further resedrch will probably show that this number is under the mark. In May four hundred kinds of birds are known to breed, and the number is probably little short of five hundred. Of the twelve hundred or so species found in this country, the breeding of about six hundred has already been ascertained, of the remainder many are migratory and do not breed in this country at all, but there still remains a wide field for discovery, the great bar to further progress being the deadly character of some parts of the country at certain seasons of the year. The great majority of the birds, the breeding of which is yet unknown, frequent swamps or dense forests, and probably breed at seasons of the year when exploration is not only attended with extreme discomfort, but with serious risk of life. Some few kinds, such as hawk owls (Ninox) and some of the goat suckers (Caprimulgide) and others, though they breed in accessible and healthy localities, escape observation by their shy and retiring habits. In every part of India the vultures and many of the large eagles breed during the cold season, the most notable exception is the breeding of the Indian tawny eagle (4. vindhyana), the spotted eagle (4, nevia), and the long-legged eagle (A. hastata) in the height of the hot weather in moist localities, such as Saharunpoor, the Terais, and Calcutta, but in other parts these species too conform to the general rule. Many of the owls, especially the large ones, breed in the winter, and almost all the others breed in the early spring. The water birds breed during the rainy season. In July and August, in the country affected by the south- west monsoon, and in December in those parts of the south-east coast which are under the influence of the north-east monsoon. In some places the herons are known to breed in the spring, this has been ascertained in Oudh and also at Saugor, but itis unusual, The small warblers also of all kinds breed chiefly, though not without exception, during the rainy season. For the rest the season varies with locality. In the Himalayas the chief season is April, May, and June, but many eggs may be found in February and March; and also in July. Allthe finches breed late, chiefly in July in the higher ranges. From August to November birds’ nesting does not repay the labor and fatigue of walking in the hills, few, if any, eggs are to be found, and only definite search after particular kinds, which there may be good reason to believe are then breeding, should be made. In December and January the big vultures and eagles have eggs, and their eyries should be sought for. 8 BREEDING SEASONS. The seasons for any particular kinds that may be spread throughout the whole range of the Himalayas are usually somewhat earlier in the eastern, and later in the western portion. In the hills of south India the season is much the same as in the Himalayas, but it begins earlier, and ends later. There too a second or autumn brood is frequently hatched, while in the Himalayas, with ‘birds that have two broods, the first is usually in March, and the second in June. In the southern hills, the ranges being less lofty and easily accessible to and from the plains, birds’ nesting may be carried on with more or less success over a much longer period by extending the rambles to the forests at the foot of the hills from time to time. In the plains, where the tropieal extremes of temperature occur, the season never ends, every month of the year yields a fair harvest. Some individual species breed all the year round, and where some leave off, others begin, so that the birds’ nester may be always fully employed- In the dry parts of the plains, more especially towards the north and west, the autumn months are comparatively barren seasons, the end of the cold weather, and throughout the hot weather and rains being the most prolific periods. In searching for birds’ nests the great secret of success after all is patience and perseverance, and when this is backed by keen eyesight and a knowledge of the habits of birds, success is certain. When the time cf breeding is known, the way is cleared to a great extent; but when the time for any particular species is only to be found out by observation, search may be guided by noting the breeding times of closely allied kinds of birds. If the breeding of one species is known, it may generally be inferred, though it is not always the case, that other species of that genus will breed about the same time in that locality. An exception to this is found among the crows, the common -crow (Corvus impudicus) breeding in the upper provinces in June, while the raven (C. coraz) and the corby (C. culmenatus) both breed in those parts during the winter. Uther exceptions will occur to all who have collected eggs in this country, but the rule generally offers a fair guide. When this method leads to no results, the simplest way with common species is to shoot a specimen from time to time and ascertain by dissection whether breeding is in progress or not. Of course, if the birds are rare, this method cannot be carried out; for it defeats its own object, and watching must be resorted to. With birds in which the sexes differ in plumage, the disappearance of the hen birds, while the BREEDING SEASONS, 9 cocks are still to be seen about, leads to the inference that the former are in all probability sitting on eggs somewhere close by, and if watched, the male bird may be seen to carry food to the female, and thus lead to the discovery of the nest. Some birds put on handsome plumes or tufts of feathers as the breeding season approaches, which indicates when search for the eggs should be made. If watched closely, many kinds of birds may be detected pairing; or, in the case of such as build nests, they may be seen carrying bits of stick or straw, or wool or feathers in their bills to the tree or hole where they are prepar- ing their little home. This latter of course leads not only to the know- ledge of the breeding season, but also what is more to the point to the discovery of the nest. Some birds that are widely spread over the country breed in one locality or another nearly throughout the year. Some again breed nearly throughout the year in the same lceality. Among these latter may be mentioned the striated bush babbler (Chat- tarhea caudata), the pin-tailed munia (Munia malabarica), the black- bellied finch lark (Pyrrhalauda grisea), the common sandgrouse (Pterocles exustus), and all the commonest doves in the plains. To ensure success in discovering nests to any extent, it must be repeated that close and persevering search is necessary, many nests and sometimes those of the rarest birds are found accidentally, but even in these cases the finding generally results from a habit of keeping a watch on the movements of birds, and without labor and perseverance no great results can be looked for in this or in any other pursuit. With birds that sit close the nest itself must be searched for; and likely spots must be beaten, or otherwise disturbed, to cause the bird to fly off; but in many cases this is not necessary, as birds often quit their nests on the first signs of the approach of man. In forest country if the trees are too numerous, or the underwood is too thick to allow of complete search, it is best to keep a sharp look-out some thirty yards ahead of where you are walking to catch sight of the birds as they rapidly and often silently flit from the nest and reveal its situa- tion. In this manner I found in one morning nests of the small billed mountain thrush (Oreocinela dauma), the dusky bush thrush (Geocichla unicolor), the black-throated jay (Garrulus lanceolatus), and several others in the course of a quick ride through a secluded forest. It is sometimes advantageous to sit quite still for a time and watch, but as a rule moving about gives the best chance. One morning in the hot weather I had sat down to light my pipe at the foot of a tall clump B 10 BREEDING SEASONS. of surkerry grass, when a little wren warbler (Prinia stewart) flew up with a straw in its mouth, suddenly caught sight of me and alighting on a twig close by, looked at me in evident astonishment without moving for two or three seconds, then opening its bill and dropping the straw it gave a most melancholy chee-e-ep. Llooked round, and just at my back, fortunately uninjured, was the nest neatly woven in among the stalks of the grass about a foot above the ground ; it was unfinished, and I left it in peace and moved away. Tapping the trunks of trees with a stick in passing is a good plan, as it will generally puta bird up off a nest that would otherwise sit close and escape observation ; but even with those species that lay in deep holes in trees, a sound of approaching footsteps is often enough to rouse the bird. I once found the nest of a speckled piculet (Vivia innominata), in this way, seating myself on a bank to rest for a few moments under a tree, and looking up among the branches, a head of a little bird protruded from a tiny hole caught my eye. The bird had been roused by the sound of my approaching footsteps, and was looking out to see the cause. The hole which was pierced in the wood of an old trunk at some distance from the ground was so small that I could only put one finger into the entrance, and was almost invisible until the eye was guided to it. To find nests of this description, such as woodpeckers and barbets, the easiest way is by listening carefully in the woods in the early part of the breeding season when the tapping noise made by the birds in dig- ging out the holes with their bills guides the eye to their position. To find nests in bushes and trees when the birds are close sitters, it is sometimes a good plan to disturb the birds by beating the foliage ; but by far the best way is to select the most likely localities where birds are most numerous and carefully search every bush. In open country, with scanty jungle and few trees, every bush and tree should be searched, especially where birds are abundant. Large isolated trees which are so marked a feature in the plains are very favorite resorts, and most of them are more or less tenanted in the season. If the country is quite open, or if the jungle is like the common “beri” thorn jungle, too low and thick to search systematically, better results will be got on horseback t’- . oa foot, and in such situations many nests may be found while cantering about on a sure-footed pony. When the country is quite bare of vegetation, as in some plains and fallow lands, or even low stubble, a look-out should be kept well ahead for plovers or sandgrouse and other birds which creep quietly away from their eggs BREEDING SEASONS. 11 long before you can get near them. If little bushes or tufts of grass are scattered about here and there, the pony should be guided to pass close by them ; and if a lark or pipit or other bird of similar habits should happen to have a nest under the shelter of one of them, the bird will rise sometimes almost at the horse’s feet. Jor chick low jungle where the riding plan fails, the place should b ‘.aten or dragged with a rope, which latter will make even quail, which are exceedingly close sitters, rise from their eggs. The object of the rapid approach on horseback is to startle the bird and make it rise hurriedly, as otherwise it would creep quietly away unobserved to the other side of the bush. With gregarious birds the matter is more simple, the breeding haunts may easily be found in most cases, except when the powers of flight are very great as with the spinetails and swiftlets, by noting where they tend to congregate when the proper season arrives. When once the breeding ground is known, it is easy to find the individual nests. A plan tried by Captain Cock of nailing up a sheepskin to a tree, and watching with binoculars the birds that came to take the wool, was found very successful with tits and some small birds, but experience is the best guide in all cases ; and with these general remarks I must have the reader to arrange his own course of action in each case. CHAPTER II. HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS, WITH GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TYPES OF EGGS. Vultures, (Otogyps, Gyps, Percnopteron, Gypactus). —Build a large conspicuous nest of sticks; sometimes many feet in width and depth ; generally a huge solitary tree is chosen for the purpose, and the nest is difficult to reach, indeed often nearly inaccessible. The usual number of eggs laid in each nest is one; two is the greatest number ever laid, and that only by a few species; so that a good collection of the eggs of these birds requires a great deal of difficult climbing and perseverance. Some kinds, the king vulture and the “roc,” lay pure white eggs. Of other kinds the eggs are more or less spotted, those of the “sca- venger” and bearded vulture being often very richly coloured. The great brown vulture (Vuléur monachus) only occurs here in the cold weather, all the other vultures are permanent residents, some breeding wherever they are found, others congregating at particular spots when the time for nest building arrives. Falcons, (Falco.)—Of the eight species of true falcons which are found in India, only three are known to breed here; the rest are cold weather visitants migrating to north and west in the summer. Of the three which remain, one, the laggar falcon ( F. juggur) is found in dry plains ; the two others, the ‘‘shahin” (7. perigrinator) and the black cap falcon (F. atriceps) affect wooded and rugged country. The nest, though large, is generally well concealed. From three to six eggs are laid, which are always well marked, sometimes very richly coloured. Hobbies, (Hypotriorchis).—Nothing is known of their breeding in this country. The European hobby ((H. sudéuteo) is a rather rare winter visitant. The Indian hobby (Z. severus) is a permanent resident in the eastern Himalayas, where its nest will probably be found in high trees in forest tracts. Merlins, (Lithofaieo).—The merlin of Europe (L. esalon) is a rare cold weather visitant. The red-headed merlin (LZ. chicguera) is very common, it is a permanent resident, and chiefly found in mango groves. The nests are well concealed in thick foliage, and the eggs are of the same type as those of the true falcons, TYPES OF EGGS. 13 Kestrils, (Tinnunculus, Erythropus.)-—The common kestril (7. alaudarius) is found all over the country in the cold weather, but retires to the mountain ranges to breed. Of the breeding of the other two kestrils (#. cenchris and E. vespertinus) very little is known. The former is said to breed in the Nilgiris, and the latter may probably breed in the Himalayas. The eggs are richly coloured. Pigmy falcons, (Hieraz).—Of these beautiful little birds very little is known. Only one kind is found in India, in the extreme north- east. They feed on insects and frequent forests. They do not appear to be migratory. Hawks, (Astur, Lophospiza, Micronisus, Accipiter) —The six species known in India are all permanent residents, though in the cold weather some of them wander far from their breeding haunts. Of the besra sparrow hawk (4. virgatus), nothing is*known as to its breeding. They affect wooded localities and often fly high. The eges of Astur and Micronisus are pale blue or grey unspotted. The sparrow hawks lay boldly blotched eggs. One only (IZ. dadius) breeds in the plains ; the others all breed in mountain ranges and temperate climates. Eagles, (Aguila, Neopus).—The golden eagle (4. chrysaetus) is said to breed in the alpine Himalayas, making its nest on cliffs; but no eggs have been taken as yet. The black eagle (N. malaiensis) also breeds on cliffs, the other resident eagles breed on trees. All the true eagles are more or less migratory. The great tawny eagle (A. ful- vescens vera or A. nevioides) and the barred imperial eagle (A. bifasciata) leave the country altogether in the breeding season. Eagles frequent open or wooded places, perching on high trees and soaring in search of prey. The nests are conspicuous, and they lay two or sometimes one ege; white with a few spots or blotches. ' Hawk eagles, (Nisaetus, Limnaetus, Spizaetus).—Bonelli’s eagle (N. bonellii) frequents open plains as well as wooded hills. The other hawk eagles are confined to forest tracts, and from the unhealthiness of the woods at the breeding time, but few of their nests are taken. They perch in trees with thick foliage and keep a good deal out of sight. They have aloud rather musical call which often leads to their detection. Their eges generally two in number are sparingly spotted or streaked. They are partially migratory, but probably all breed within Indian limits. Serpent eagles, (Cireaetus, Spilornis).—The short-toed eagle (C. gallicus) is a permanent resident and frequents dry open plains, perch- 14 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS ing on isolated trees. It laysa single white egg. The crested serpent eagles (Spilornis) are found in forests and.well-watered tracts. 4S. cheela breeds in the warm sub-Himalayan valleys. The nest is placed about half way up a tree near water, and the eggs two in number are slightly spotted. They migrate to the well-watered plains in the cold weather. The others are probably permanent residents were found. Fishing eagles, (Pandion, Polioetus, Halietus).—These are always found in the neighbourhood of water. They build enormous nests of sticks on high trees. The osprey (P. halietus) probably breeds in this country, but the eggs have not as yet been taken. They are very handsomely blotched. The other fishing eagles are permanent residents where they occur, and lay unspotted white eggs. Buzzards, (Buteo, Archibuteo, Poliornis).—Of the true buz- zards (Buteo) only one, the-long-legged buzzard (B. canescens) is known to breed in India. It breeds in the far north-west. The others are con- fined to the mountains of India and affect well-wooded slopes. Their eggs are boldly blotched. Of the genus Archibuteo nothing is known. The two species that occur in Indir (A. hemiptolopus and A. strophiatus) are some of the rarest birds in collections. The white-eyed buzzard (P. teesa), the only representative of the genus Poliornis in India proper, is very common throughout the plains, and a permanent resident everywhere. Its eggs, three in number, are unspotted as a rule. Harriers, (Circus).—Are cold weather visitants to India, re- tiring north and west to breed. One the marsh harrier (Ceruginosus) may prossibly breed in a few localities, but the majority of them leave the country. They breed on the ground in marshy tracts and lay bluish unspotted eggs. Kites, (Haliastur, Milvus, Baza, Elanus).—The brahminy kite (Z. indus) is found in all well-watered districts, and is a permanent resident where found. Of the breeding of the crested kite (Baza lophotes) nothing is known. It is wide spread in its distribution, but rare everywhere. The black-v': (ed kite, (EB. melanopterus) is common in well-wooded districts: All the kites, except the larger Indian kite (M. major) which migrates to the plains in the cold weather, appear to be stationary in their habits. They all build on trees and lay hand- somely blotched eges. Owls, (Striv, Scelostrir, Phodilus, Bulacca, Otus, Ascalaphia, Huhua, Bubo, Nyctea, Ketupa, Lphialtes, Athene, Heteroglaux, AND TYPES OF EGGS. 15 Glaucidium.)—A great number of owls are found in India, most of them are permanent residents. The short-eared owls (Odus) are the only truly migratory ones. They all lay pure white eggs of a rounded shape. The grass owl (Scelostriz candida) lays on the ground in gress. The rock-horned owl (Ascalaphia bengalensis) lays on shady ledges of banks. Some of the wood owls (Bulacca) lay occasionally on ledges of rocks, The screech owl (Strix indica) and the spotted owlet (Athene brama) lay sometimes in buildings or deserted wells, but the place par excellence for finding owls’ eggs is in natural hullowsin decayed trees. Some of the larger owls which would find holes in any ordinary tree rather tight quarters lay in hollows at the bifurcations of the trunks of large trees. Owls are seldom seen, owing to their nocturnal habits, but some species or other is to be found in every part of India. Some of them live in houses inhabited by man, but the great bulk of them frequent well- wooded districts away from human habitations. Hawk owls, (Ninor).—Nothing is known of the nidification of these curious birds. They affect wooded localties, and are more widely spread than is usually thought. They appear at twilight, perching on conspicuous dead boughs. Swallows, (Hirundo).—Are very widely spread. They are often gregarious and generally found near water over the surface of which they feed. They occur throughout India, and breed much near human habitations. Their nests, of whatever shape, are all made of pellets of clay, fixed against a building or rock generally with a soft lining. The eggs are pure white in some, but spotted in others. The common swallow (H. rustica) is migratory. . A few pairs only remain to breed in the Himalayas. All the others are permanent residents where found, except perhaps H. daurica which breeds in the Himalayas only, but is found in the plains in winter. Martins, (Cotyle, Chelidon) —Are very locally spread through India, the sand martins (Cotye) are found near large rivers. The crag martins (Cotyle) and the house martins (Chelidon) chiefly affect rocky country, and of the breeding of these latter very little is known. They are all more or less gregarious. The erag martins lay spotted eggs. The sand martins lay pure white eggs. They are partially migratory. Spine tails, (Acanthylis)—Of the breeding of the spine tails nothing is known, their amazing powers of flight, and the great dis- tances they traverse in a day, render cbservation of their habits almost 16 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS impossible. They probably breed in company against precipitous rocks, Swifts, (Cc ‘ypselus.)—The breeding of the larger swifts is difficult to ascertain from the same reason asin the case of the spine tails. They fly with great ease and swiftness, and though not, as far as is known, migratory ; in the true sense of the word, they wander far and come and go irregularly. The palm swifts are much more local and do not wander far from their breeding haunts. The eggs of all swifts are pure white and very elongated. They are all more or less gregarious breeders. Swiftlets, (Col/ocalia.)—Three kinds of swiftlets breed in India. They are gregarious, with great powers of flight, and wander far, They breed on rocks. Some of the species make the “ edible nests” so highly valued by the Chinese. Their eggs like those of the swifts are pure white and very elongated. Tree swifts, (Dendrocheledon )—Only one species is found in Todia, and that confined to forests and very local. The ege (only one is laid) is pure white and elongated. Frogmouths, (Otothrix, Batrachostomus).—Are confined to forests and very local, little is known of them. They probably breed in holes or on stumps and lay white eggs. Goatsuckers, (Caprimulgus.)—These birds are widely spread, but each species is comparatively local. They are crepuscular in their habits, and frequent wooded or waste jungly land. They are per- manent residents wherever found, and lay two elongated eggs, beauti- fwlly marked with pink or brown and salmon colour, on the bare ground or on a few dead leaves. They lie exceedingly close, not rising till they catch your eye. The beds of shady nullahs, ravines, at roots of trees, or in dense underwood, are the spots where they usually deposit their eggs, but they are sometimes laid by a sprig in an open field ; and to find them careful and persevering search is necessary. Of @. macrourus and C. mahrattensis, the eggs have not yet been found. Though not gre- garious, one or’ two nests may sometimes be found very near each other. Trogons, (Harpactes).—Are not migratory. They frequent dense forests and lay pure white eggs in holes in decayed trees. Only two kinds are found in India, and they are very local. Beeeaters, (Merops, Nyctiornis) —Are found all over India. AND TYPES OF EGGS, 17 Some frequent forests, and some open plains, but as a rule they are seldom found far from water, except the common bee eater (MU. viridis), which is found everywhere in the plains. They make no nest, and lay very round pure white eggs in deep holes in banks or in level ground. Sometimes old rat holes are used, but often they excavate for themselves, They are permanent residents, and the breeding of all, except the blue-ruffed bee eater (N. athertoni), is well known. They are generally, though not always, gregarious and breed in colonies. Rollers, (Coracias, Eurystomus).—Lay round white eggs in holes in decayed trees. They are not migratory as a rule, though they sometimes wander in the cold season far from their breeding haunts. The common roller (C. indica), the “jay” of Englishmen in India, often breeds about houses. It is a well-known and conspicuous bird. Kingfishers, (Pelargopsis, Halcyon, Ceyx, Todiramphus, Alcedo, Ceryle).—Are essentially non-migratory. Wherever they are found they breed. They lay round white eggs in deep holes in banks, making no nest. Many species are found in India, but most of them are very local; and partly owing to their rarity, partly owing to the unhealthiness of the localities, they affect during the breeding season. The nests of only a few species have as yet been discovered in this country. The kingfishers in India all belong to genera, which keep near water and breed in holes in banks. Some genera belonging to other countries inhabit forests, and lay their eggs in holes in decayed trees. Here, though banks of rivers or canals are by far the most approved localities, instances: have occurred of eggs being found in holes in the sides of wells, in banks of ponds, and even in mud walls in a village. Broadbills, (Psarisomus, Serilophus.)—The nidification of these birds is little known. They appear generally to build a globular or pear-shaped nest,* hanging from the tips of boughs, and lay white eggs. Only two species occur (2. dalhousie and C. rubropygia), both con- fined to the Eastern Himalayas, and both rather rare, though permanent residents. hey affect oak forests and keep'to the tops of trees. Hornbills, (Homraius, Rhyticeros, Hydrocissa, Meniceros, Tockus, Aceros).—These are the “toucans” of Englishmen in India, They inhabit forests or wooded country; and where they occur are per- manent residents. They all nestle in holes in decayed trees generally at a considerable height from the ground. The entrance to the hole is * See frontispiece, 18 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS more or less plastered up after the female has entered, and the eggs are white. Parrots, (Palcornis, Loriculus ).—These occur throughout India some local, some widely spread, but all where they occur are permanent residents. They lay pure white eggs in holes in trees, generally they use a natural hollow, but sometimes they cut the entrance hole themselves, always choosing a tree decayed internally. The nest holes are often ata considerable height from the ground. They are gregari- ous when not breeding, and often a number of nests may be found in the same tree, They affect cultivation and open wooded country. Woodpeckers, (Picus, Hypopicus, Yungipicus, Hemicircus, Chry- socolaptes, Muelleripicus, Gecinus, Chrysophlegma, Venilia, Gecinulus, Micropternus, Brachypternus, Chrysonotus).—There area great number of species in India. Only two species are widely spread, the yellow-fronted woodpecker (Picus mahrattensis) and the common gold-back woodpeck- er (Brachypternus aurantius). The rest are local and confined to particular parts of India. They are as a rule only found in well-wooded districts. They all lay pure white eggs, and deposit them in holes in trees which they cut for themselves with a neat circular orifice.* The nest holes are always on the under-sides of boughs, or in perpendicular trunks to keep out rainwater. Woodpeckers are not migratory. They breed wherever they are found. Piculets, (Vivia, Sacia).—Only two species occur in India, and these are confined to the Himalayas, In habits they exactly resemble woodpeckers, and lay white eggs in artificial holes in trees, They are not migatory. Wrynecks, ( Yunx).—One species, the common wryneck ( Y. tor- quila) is common in the plains in the cold weather, but it migrates ia the spring. It is said to breed in Kashmir, but no details are recorded. They nestle in holes in decayed trees and lay pure white eggs. Honey guides, (Jndicator)—-One species is found though ex- tremely rarely, and nothing is known of its habits. Barbets, (Megalama, Xantholema).—Many species occur in India. They closely resemble woodpeckers in their habits, but they feed on fruit. They are non-migratory, breeding wherever they are found. They usual- ly inhabit forests or weli-wooded country, lay pure white eggs, and de- * Mr, Gammie has recently discovered that in Sikkim the bay woodpeckers (Micropter- nus) make their nest holes in black ants’ nests attached to trees, a most remarkable fact. AND TYPES OF EGGS. . I9 posit them in holes which they cut fort hemselves in trees. They usually select a decayed tree, and the circular orifice pierced, they occupy the natural cavity in the centre of the trunk or bough. . Cuckoos, (Cuculus, Hierococcyz, Polyphasia, Surniculus, Chry™ sococeyx, Coccystes, Hudynamis).—All these birds are migratory more or less, and parasitic in their habits. They appear for breeding purposes in the spring in the hills, and in the rains in the plains, and lay their eggs in other birds’ nests, selecting, according to circumstances, the bird most likely to prove useful in rearing their young for them. One of the hawk cuckoos (H. sparverioides) is said to build its own nest in the Nil- giris, but this requires confirmation. Ground cuckoos, (Zanclostomus, Centropus, Taccocua).—These birds are somewhat locally distributed; they chiefly inhabit dense jungle and thickets, and where they occur are permanent residents. They build massive stick nests often domed over, in thick cover, and lay white eggs, rather chalky in texture. . Spider-hunters, (Arachnothera).—These are a Malayan form, only two species extending to India. The nest of the big spider-hunter (A. magna) is a very neat massive deep cup, sewn to a leaf of the plantain tree, and the eggs are deep greyish brown. Honeysuckers, (Gthopyga, Leptocoma, Arachnechthra.)—One species, the purple honeysucker (4. asiatica), is spread throughout India. The other species, and there are many, are very local. The greater number confined to the Himalayas. They build a beautiful little pear- shaped hanging nest, with a side entrance, overhung by a fringe, and lay two much speckled eggs. They are partially migratory and frequent warm valleys and jungles. Flower-peckers, (Diceun, Piprisoma, Myzanthe, Pachy- glossa).—These birds are generally Jocal and are not migratory. The nest is a beautiful little purse-shaped structure of a delicate felt-like substance hung not by a point but by an edge from a bough. The eggs are white in some species and spotted in others. They affect well-wooded localities, and often keep to the tops of high trees for feeding ; though the nests are as often as not quite low down. The last two genera are only found in the eastern Himalayas. Tree-creepers, (Certhia, Salpornis.)—The true tree-creepers (Certhia) are confined to the Himalayas where they are permanent residents. The nests are high up in trees behind crevices in bark and 20 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS exceedingly difficult to find. The eggs are spotted. Of’ the spotted grey creeper (Salpornis spilonota) nothing is known. It is found in many localities, but nowhere common. Wall-creepers, (Zichodroma).—Only one species occurs in India. It breeds in the Himalayas at 3,000 to 5,000 feet altitude, descending to the foot of the hills in the cold weather. The nest is slight, placed in a crevice in a rock. Nuthatches, (Sista, Dendrophila.)—These are all permanent residents where they occur. They are found in forests or well-wooded tracts. They make their nests in hollows in decayed trees, lining the hole with feathers, wool, or moss, and closing up the entrance with a stiff gummy substance, till only a tiny circular orifice is left. The holes are often near the ground, but sometimes very high up in large trees. The eggs are spotted rather boldly. Hoopoes, (Upupa.)—The common hoopoe (U. epops) migrates to the plains in the cold weather, but breeds only in the north-west Himalayas. The Indian hoopoe (U. nigripennis) is a permanent resident throughout the country. They nestle in holes in trees or buildings, lining the hole with a few feathers and leaves. They are domestic in their habits, often breeding about human dwellings. The eggs are greenish or brownish grey. Shrikes, (Lanius).—Butcher birds or shrikes are permanent residents where they occur. They usually place their nest in the fork of a thick bush, but sometimes they wedge it up against the trunk of a tree, or even place it ona dead stump. The eggs are typically whitish, with a thick ring of spots near the larger end; but sometimes the whole egg is more or less spotted. Shrikes generally frequent open country and avoid forests. The brown shrikes are migratory and leave upper India in the spring. Wood shrikes, (TZéphrodornis ).—The nests’of the woodshrikes are small and very neatly made, usually placed in forks high up in trees and difficult to detect. The birds are not migratory, but the breeding of only one species, the common woodshrike (7. ponticeriana), is known- Its eggs are very much like miniatures of the true shrikes. Pied shrikes, (Hemipus.)—These birds are local and frequent hilly country. Very little is known as to their habits. Cuckoo shrikes, ( Volvocivora, Graucalus.)—These, like the woodshrikes, are permanent residents where they occur ; but the nests AND TYPES OF EGGS. 21 are very difficult to find. They are small, neatly made, placed high up, and the outside is assimilated in appearance to the bark of the tree they are on. The eggs are boldly streaked and very handsome. Minivets, (Pericrocotus ).—Are almost always found in forests or well-wooded districts. They are gregarious during the cold weather, and some of them are migratory, but all the kinds that occur in India breed in this country. The nest is beautifully built, almost like a tumbler, with perpendicular sides, and placed on a horizontal branch high up. They are very difficult to find. The eggs are well spotted. Drongo shrikes, (Dicrurus, Buchanga, Chaptia, Bhringa, Edolius, Dissemurus, Chibia)—Are almost entirely confined to forest tracts, with the exception of the common drongo shrike or “ king crow” (D. albirictus), which is found every where. They are not migra- tory, though some of the hills species ascend to higher elevations as the weather gets warmer ; and the white-bellied king crow (D. c@ru- lescens) seem to disappear from the plains in the breeding season, but of its habits very little is known. They all make a loose basket work saucer-shaped nest of roots wedged into a horizontal fork at the end of a bough often at a considerable height from the ground. The common king crow (D. aldirictus) sometimes lays pure white eggs, but the typical colour in this family is white, with a few claret or brown spots. Swallow shrikes, (Artamus).—Are very local and little is known of their habits. They are generally found in clearings in forests, and are probably permanent residents. Flycatchers, (Techitria, Myiogra, Leucocerca, Chelidorhynz, Cryptolopha, Hemichelidon, —- Alseonax, Ochromela, Eumyias, Cyornis, Muscicapula, Nitidula, Niltava, Anthipes, Siphia, Ery- throsterna).—The habits of this group show many variations. As a rule, flycatchers are to be found in forests and retired glens ; but they also sometimes frequent gardens and orchards. Probably, all the Indian species breed within the limits of this country. The only doubtful ones being the robin flycatchers (Erythrosterna). Most of the flycatchers migrate to the plains in greater or less numbers during the cold weather. Out in the open plains the white-browed fan-tail (Z. aureola) is the ouly widely distributed permanent resident. The paradise flycatcher (2. paradisii), the black-naped azure flycatcher (M. azurea), and the white-throated fan-tail (L. fuscoventris) breed in some of the moister 22 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS and better wooded districts. Some of the blue red-breasts (Cyornis) breed in the plains of south India. All the others breed in the hills, and the greatest number breed in the Himalayas. Their nests are all ingenious. Some of them most beautiful little structures, seldom at any great height from the ground, and often resting on it, The eggs are in all cases prettily marked and spotted. Wrens, (Tesia, Pncopyga, Troglodytes, Rimator).—Are only found in the Himalayas within the Indian limits. They frequent moist forests and live in thick undergrowth. They are not migratory, Very little is known of their breeding, but they probably all make domed nests in thick creepers against trunks of trees. Shortwings, (Brachypteryz, Callene, Hodgsonius).—Are found only in mountainous countries and like the wrens frequent dense underwood in forests. Very little is known of them, but they do not appear to be migratory. Whistling thrushes, (Myiophonus)—Are hill birds, though they extend especially in the cold weather into the forests below. They are seldom found far from water or in open country, and they breed in retired places exclusively in the hills. The eggs are long, pointed, and freckled all over with minute spots. Ground thrushes, (Hydrornis, Pitta).—Are birds of very retiring habits, keeping on or near the ground in tangled brushwood or dense cover. They appear to be very local in their distribution, and some of them migrate, but their shyness prevents much observation of their habits. The eggs are white, more or less spotted and streaked. Water ouzels, (Hydrobata).—Are only found in the Himalayas frequenting streams of running water. The eggs are pure white. Long-billed thrushes, (Zootkera).—Only one species is found in India. It is confined to the Himalayas, and frequents tangled brush- wood by streams in dense forest. Nothing is known of its nidifieation or migrations, The eggs of Zoothera, as far as they are known, resemble those of Pitta, Rock thrushes, (Petrocossyphus).—Are migratory birds fre- quenting rocky plains. They are only known to breed in India in the far north-west. The eggs are blue, slightly speckled. Chat thrushes, (Orocwtes).—Are found commonly on wooded hills. They breed only in the Himalayas, but in the winter descend to the warm valleys and even to the plains, They all build their nests on the AND TYPES OF EGGS. 23 ground ; and their eggs are clouded somewhat similarly to the eggs of the English robin. Bush thrushes, (Geocich/a).—Are migratory, breeding only in the hills, but extending far into the plains in the cold weather. They fre- quent open forests and glades. The position and shape of nest and the colour of the eggs are exact miniatures of those of the blackbirds to which these birds are very closely allied. Blackbirds, (Turdulus, Merula).—Breed only in the hills and wander less in the cold weather than the bush thrushes or true thrush- es. In habits and nidification, and also in the colour of their eggs, they closely resemble the English blackbird. Thrushes, (Turdus, Planesticus, Oreocincla).—The true thrushes arerare in India, The Nilgiri thrush (0. nilgiriensis) is found in the hills of south India as a permanent resident. The black-throated thrush (P. atrogularis) is a cold weather visitant to the plains of upper India. The small-billed mountain thrush (0. dawma), which breeds in the Hima- layas, also visits the plains in the winter, but the remainder of the thrush- es are only found in the Himalayas. Many of them being extremely rare. Of the breeding of the genus Planesticus, nothing is known in this country. The eggs of Oreocincla are like miniatures of the whistling thrushes ; being long, pointed, and freckled all over with minute pale spots. The breeding of the genus Turdus out here is similar to that of the missel thrush at home. Finch thrushes, (Paradoxornis, Heteromorpha).—Nothing is known of their nidification. They are shy birds and rare, frequenting thick cover. They are only found in the eastern Himalayas and Khasia hills, where they are probably permanent residents, at 3,000 to 10,000 feet above the sea. Tit thrushes, (Cileuasicus, Suthora).—Are also rare and con- fined to the eastern Himalayas and Khasia hills. Of their nidification nothing is known. They frequent brushwood and grass jungle. Jay thrushes, (Conostoma, Grammatoptila).—Are shy, forest- loving birds, only found in the higher ranges of the eastern Himalayas. The red-billed jay thrush (C. a@modium) is only found near the snows, They do not appear to migrate, They build in thick brushwood or forest. The ege of Conostoma is white, with blotches and streaks. That of Grammatoptila is pale blue unspotted. Shrike thrushes, ( Tiamnocataphus, Gampsorhynchus).—Are also 24 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS confined to the eastern Himalayas, and their nidification is un- known. They occur at low elevations and frequent brushwood. Of one kind, the white-winged shrike thrush (7. picatus), only one specimen has ever been procured. Tit babblers, (Pyctorhis, Trichastoma).—Only one of these, the yellow-eyed babbler (P. sinensis) is common. The other species are only found in north-east India. They frequent low jungle and brushwood, and are not migratory, breeding wherever they are found. The egg of the only species of which the breeding is known is beautifully marked with spots, clouds, and streaks. Quaker thrushes, (‘Alcippe).—Are small birds frequenting dense forests and chiefly hilly countries. They are not migratory nor gregarious to any extent. The eggs are profusely spotted, and some- times lived or blotched. Wren babblers, (Stachyris, Mixornis, Timalia, Dumetia, | Pellorneum).—Are a Malayan family, and the greater number of the species are confined to the north-east corner of India. The genus Stachyris is confined to the Himalayas, and is a strictly arboreal genus. All the others frequent brushwood and low thick jungle, and are generally grega- rious. Misxornis and Timalia are eastern Himalayan forms. Dumetia is found in all India, but not very common anywhere. Pellornewm has an equally wide distribution, but is more common in hilly than level countries. They do not migrate. They build on or near the ground in brushwood. The eggs of some are pure white, of others more or less thickly speckled, and in one case, that of the rufous-bellied wren babbler (D. hyperythra), the eggs are streaked as well as spotted. Scimitar babblers, (Pomatorhinus, Xiphoramphus.)—This is purely a hill genus. They are found at low elevations haunting under wood in open forest country. They do not migrate. One species is found in the Nilgiris. All the others are confined to the Himalayas and hill ranges of north-east India. They build on or very near the ground making a domed nest and laying very fragile elongated eggs. These are always, as far as is known, pure white, unspotted. Laughing thrushes, (Garrulax, Trochalopteron.)—A group of richly-coloured, noisy, and generally gregarious birds which do not migrate and are confined to hilly countries, The nests are solitary, but the birds even in the breeding season keep usually in small parties. They are never found far from forests and love densely wooded tracts. AND TYPES OF EGGS. 25 One species of Garrulax and three species of Trochalopteron are found in the hills of south India. The rest are all from the northern mountains. The nests are always in small trees or bushes in thick woods, never in open country. The eggs of one or two species are pure white; but the general colour of eggs of the various kinds of Garrulag is unspotted blue, sometimes pale, sometimes a very deep rich shade. In Trocha- lopteron the eggs are blue, sometimes unspotted. In one case (7. pha- niceum) they are scrawled and streaked; but the usual type is that of the English song thrush (7. musicus) blue, with a few conspicuous dark spots. Bar wings, (Actinodura).—Are confined to the eastern Hima- layas and Khasia hills. They frequent forests, and though they breed on the ground, they aie very arboreal in their habits. They occur usually from 3,000 to 10,000 feet elevations, and do not migrate. Their eggs are very little known. Sibias, (Stdia).—Are only found in the Himalayas and Khasia hills. They are noisy, do not migrate, and are strictly arboreal in their habits. The eggs are clouded and somewhat streaked on an ashy ground. Babblers, (Acanthoptila, Malacocercus, Layardia, Chattarhea). ~~Are some of the commonest and most widely spread birds in India. The genus Acanthoptila is confined to the Himalayas and is very little known. The others are plains birds, only one (M. malabaricus) being confined to the hilly portions of south India. They are to be found everywhere feeding chiefly on the ground and flitting about in brush- wood in small parties, being of gregarious habits; though the nests are always solitary. They lay unspotted blue eggs. One species (C. earlit) is almost a reed-babbler, and is seldom found far from water. It fre- quents reeds and long grass among which its nest is placed. Reed babblers, (Megalurus, Chatornis, Schenicola, Eurycercus). —Are very local; partly gregarious and only found in marshy tracts, Some of them appear to migrate, but their habits are not well known. The eges are usually spotted on a white ground, but more information is required. Bulbuls, (Hypsepetes, Hemixos, Alcurus, Criniger, Ios, Kelaar- tia, Rubigula, Brachypodius, Otocompsa, Pycnonotus, Phyllornis, Iora).— The Malayan region is the head-quarters of the bulbal family, but no less than twenty-seven different kinds are found in India. They are found everywhere, and where found are permanent residents. Some D 26 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS kinds occur in the plains only and some in the hills. They are arboreal in their habits. Most of them prefer forest country, more or less dense, but some are found in open slightly wooded country. They build small neat cup-shaped nests, often very slight in structure ; generally fixed in forks where two or three shoots divide near the ends of boughs; but sometimes hung from a horizontal fork like a tiny basket. The egg are typically pinkish white, thickly spotted, and blotched with claret or purple. Of the green bulbuls (PAydlornis), the eggs are white, with a few brownish marks, and in the genus Jora the ground colour is greyish white, and the markings are very curious, jagged irregular streaks of greyish, reddish, or purplish brown. Blue birds, (Jrena).—Only one species is found in India, and that only in the Malabar forests. They are strictly arboreal in their habits and do not migrate. They keep in small parties near the tops of high trees. The nest is rough and untidy, not the least like an oriole, The eggs are pale greenish, streaked and spotted with dusky. Orioles, (Oriolus).—Are permanent residents in India, but they wander much in the cold weather. They are quite arboreal in their habits, and build in trees a beautitul neat basket-shaped nest. They are not gregarious. The evgs are glossy white, with a few dark spots. They are found all over India, both in hills and plains. Robins, (Copsychus, Kittacincla, Myiomela, Grandala, Thamno- bia).—This group comprises many widely differing forms. The magpie robin (Copsychus saularis) is found throughout India in wooded tracts and gardens. The shama (Kittacincla macroura) is very local, and inhabits only dense thickets in forests. The long-winged blue chat (Grasdala celicolor) is a most anomalous form, approaching in some points very near the starlings. Itis only found near the snow in the alpine Hima- Jayas. The white-tailed blue chat (AMyiomela leucura) is also confined to the Himalayas, and is found at rather high altitudes. The true robins of India (Thamnobia) are found in the open plains throughout the country. All the robins build on or very near the ground often in banks or clefts of rocks. They-do not migrate; are solitary, and lay spotted or more often clouded eggs, Bush chats, (Pratincola, Oreiocola).—A group of small birds found throughout the plains, especially in dry open country in the cold weather, but retiring, as a rule, to the hills to breed. Only a very few nestle in the plains. Their habits are very much those of the robins, AND TYPES OF EGGS, 27 and their nests and eggs are also very similar. The genus Oreiocol® differs from Pratincola,in that the only species which occurs here (0. Jerdoni) isa shy, retiring bird, frequenting dense thickets and long grass jungle. Its breeding habits are unknown. Stone chats, (Sazicola).—Are only cold weather visitants to this country, and are found in dry open plains; feeding on the ground and perching on stones, rocks, and occasionally on bushes. None of them are known to breed in India ; but where they do breed, their nests are on the ground near shelter, and the eggs are blue, with a few faint spots. Rock chats, ( Cercomela).—Are very similar in their habits to stone chats, and are found in similar localities. One (C. fusca) is a permanent resident in India, and breeds where it is found. Of the other very little is known. It is extremely rare. Their eggs are like those of stone chats. Redstarts, (Rutacilla, Chemorrornis).—The redstarts are all migratory, only one (R. rufiventris) wanders throughout India in the cold weather, but many species are found in the Himalayas. They are generally to be met with by water in open country. One species (C, leucocephala) breeds in the alpine Himalayas, and the plumbous water robin (2. jfuliginosa) breeds throughout the Himalayas. These two latter lay spotted eggs. The others, as far as has been ascertained, lay unspotted blue eggs, rather elongated in shape; but they are not known to breed in this country. Wood chats, (Larvivora, Ianthia, Tarsiger, Calliope, Cyane- cula).—The wood chats are migratory birds. A few are found in the plains in the cold weather. A few breed in the hills, and others leave the country altogether for breeding purposes. They frequent open forests, perching low and feeding near the ground. The blue throat wood chat (Cyanecula suecica) is generally found near water, often in the weeds at margins of tanks, Their nests are very little known, but the eggs appear to vary much in character. Of Larvivora the eggs are mottled aod streaked. Of Janthia they are faintly zoned. Of Tarsiger they are unspotted blue. Of Calliope unspotted pale buff. Reed warblers, (Acrocephalus, Arundinax, Dumeticola, Locustella, Trobura).—The reed warblers are generally migratory. The three species of Acrocephalus are found throughout India in the cold weather and retire to the Himalayas to breed. They lay white eggs thickly spotted. The other genera are very little known, They inhabit 28 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS dense swamps and marshy tracts, and are very difficult to flush, and consequently rare in collections. None of them are known to breed in the plains. Hill warblers, (Horornis, Horeites..—A group of small plain coloured birds found at high elevations in the eastern Himalayas, and some on the Khasia hills. They frequent brush-wood and thick grass and shun observation. The eggs vary a gooddeal, but typically appear to be richly coloured, chocolate brown, or dull purple. The nests are near the ground in thick brush-wood. Tailor birds, (Orthotomus).—Are found throughout India, shun- ning the dry open plains, and creeping about in trees or brush-wood. They are non-migratory, and the eggs are spotted. Wren warblers, (Prinia, Drymoipus, Burnesia, Franklinia).— A large group of tiny birds which are spread throughout India, not however ascending the Himalayas to any height. They affect open plains or gardens creeping about in grass or bushes. They make purse- like nests, deep with an opening near the top, or a little cup sewn in leaves like a tailor bird’snest. They do not migrate, but breed wher- ever they are found. The eggs of the Prinzas, with ten tail feathers, are brick red. Those of the Prinias, with twelve tail feathers, are blue, with small spots. The smaller species of Drymoipus lay blue eggs, richly streaked and blotched, while the larger species Jay dull-coloured clouded eggs. Of Burnesia and Franklinia the eggs are profusely speckled. Grass warblers, (Cisticola, Gramminicola).—Ave spread locally throughout the plains in marshy spots, frequenting thick grass and shunning observation. The eggs are spotted. Scrub warblers, (Drymaca).—One species only is found, and that in the trans-Indus hills in low scrub jungle, where it is a permanent resident. The eggs are profusely spotted. Tailed hill warblers, (Suya).—These birds are found only in the Himalayas where they take the place of the Drymoipi, which they much resemble in appearance and habits. They are not migratory in the true sense of the word, but descend to the warm valleys in the winter, The eggs are zoned. Tree warblers, (Neornis, Hyppolais, Phylloscopus, Reguloides, Culicepeta, Abrornis, Tickellia)—A large group of very small birds, many of which are brightly coloured. They are migratory as a rule. Only one (Hyppolais rama) is known to breed in the plains, and that very AND TYPES OF EGGs. 29 rarely, the majority migrating north and west. The genus Neornis build cup-shaped nests, and lay deep dull purple red eggs, with a tendency to a zone at the large end. They are permanent residents in the eastern Himalayas. Of the breeding of the Péylloscopi very little is known, but some of them certainly breed in the Himalayas. The Reguloides, Culicepeta, and Abrornis also breed in the Himalayas to a great extent ; typically they make domed nests on the ground in mossy or grassy banks ; but some build high up in trees (as 2. proregulus), and others (as R. occipitalis) breed often in holes in decayed trees. The eggs of Culicepeta, Abrornis, and at least one of the Reguloides (R. occipitalis) are pure white, with some of the Reguloides, they are spotted, but the breeding of these birds is comparatively little known. Of Tickellia the breeding is unknown, but it appears to be a permanent resident in the Himalayas. Golden-crested wrens, (Regulus).—Only one species is known, and that is a permanent resident in the Himalayas at high elevations. In habits it closely resembles the English golden-crested wren, and its nest is similar, but the eggs have not as yet been taken. Whitethroats, (Sylvic).—Are migratory birds, appearing in the plains of India in the cold weather. One species only (S. affinis) is known to breed in the north-west Himalayas, and this in its habits is identical with the English whitethroat. Fork tails, (Henicwrus).—Are an Indo-Malayan family of birds. They occur in India only in the Himalayas, and are not migratory. They are always found near water, generally running water. The nest is a shallow compact structure of mosses and roots. and fibres placed on banks or rocks, and the eges are speckled in all the species of which the breeding is known. Wagtails, (Budytes, Motacilla, Nemoricola).—Ave very migra- tory birds. Only two appear to be permanent residents in the plains of India: one the Indian pied wagtail (Mf. maderaspatana), the other avery anomalous form, the black-breasted wagtail (Wemoricola indica), which is rare every where, and of which the nest has never been taken. Of the remainder, three species (JZ. luzionensis, M. melanope, and B. calcaratus) are known to breed in the Himalayas. -The rest probably migrate still further north ; breeding in Turkistan. In habits they are all alike keeping to plains near water or moist fields, building a shallow nest of roots and hair on the ground and laying speckled eggs. 30 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS Pipits, (Pipastes, Anthus, Corydalla, Agrodroma, Heterura).—Are as a rule migratory, though many of them are permanent residents in some parts of India. One of the tree pipits (P. montanus) appears to be confined to the Nilgiris. The others are cold weather visitants to the plains, retiring to the alpine Himalayas to breed. So also with the true pipits (Anthus as restricted), which are known to breed on this side of the snows. Of the titlarks (Corydalla), one (C. rufula)is a very common permanent resident throughout the plains. The others are only cold weather migrants. Of the stone pipits (Agrodroma), one (4. griseorufescens) is a cold weather visitant to the plains, but breeds in the north-western Himalayas; another (4. campestris) is abundant in the cold weather, and is said to breed in the plains, but this requires con- firmation ; the third (4. cinnamomea) is confined to the Nilgivis, where it is a permanent resident. The genus Heterura, of which there is only one species in India, is confined to the Himalayas, where it is 2 permanent resident. All the pipits make their nest on the ground, sheltered by grass, on open plains or hill sides, and lay richly blotched or spotted eggs. Thrush tits, (Cochoa).—Are a very remarkable group of birds. They are confined to the eastern Himalayas, frequent forests at moderate elevations, and in their nidification and eggs much resemble blackbirds. There are only two species in India, both rare. Shrike tits, (Pteruthius).—Are confined to the Himalayas. Of one kind (P. rufiventer), the nest has never been found. Of the other (P. erytkropterus), the egg is one of the rarest in collections. The shrike tits are arboreal in their habits, frequent well-wooded slopes at moderate elevations. They lay speckled eggsin a basket-shaped nest of moss and roots hung from a fork near the top of a tree. Hill tits, (Allotrius, Cutia, Leioptila, Letothriz, Siva, Minla, Proparus, Ixulus, Yuhina, Myzornis, Erpornis).—Are also confined to the Himalayas, and with few exceptions to the eastern Himalayas and such outlying ranges as the Khasia hills. They are very arboreal in their habits, frequent well-wooded tracts, and generally associate in small flocks. They usually make rather massive cup-shaped nests, about five to ten feet from the ground, and lay spotted eggs, in which the markings frequently form a zone at thelarge end. One species (Yuhina nigrimentum) is known to lay pure white eggs, and another (liyzornis pyrrhoura) is believed to lay unspotted eggs also. As a rule these birds are not migratory, but breed wherever they are found. AND TYPES OF kGGs. 31 Tits, (Zosterops, Sylviparus, Cephalopyrus, Egithaliscus, Lopho- phanes, Parus, Machlolophus, Melaniparus, Melanochlora).—Ave as a rule confined to the Himalayas. One (Zosterops palpebrosus) is found through- out India as a permanent resident. One (Parus cinereus) is found in all wooded hills. Another (Parus nuchalis) is only found in - central and south India. Another (Machlolophus jerdoni) is only found in the hills of south India. All the rest are confined to the Himalayas, and a great number of them are found in the eastern Himalayas only. They are not as a rule migratory, and are by no means shy, often associating in small flocks. The nest and eggs of Zosterops pal- pebrosus are quite aberrant (the eggs are pale unspotted blue). The nest of Sylviparus is unknown. So also are those of Melaniparus and Melanochlora, The nest of Eyithaliscus is like that of the bottle tits in England, while all the others are typically “parine” in their nidification, building in holes, in walls, or decayed trees, and laying spotted eggs. Hedge sparrows, (Accentor).—There are several kinds of hedge sparrows found in the upper regions of the Himalayas; but nowhere else in India. They are not migratory, and their nests and eggs as far as is known are similar to those of the hedge sparrow in England. Ravens and crows, (Corvus).—Ravens are found only in the Himalayas and western continental India. They frequent open country, and do not appear to be entirely migratory, though they wander far in the cold weather. Crows are found all over India. Their nests and eggs are all of one general type, which is well known. Jackdaws, (Coleus)—One species, the common jackdaw (C. monedula) is found in the north-west Himalayas, where it is a perma- nent resident. Its habits are well known. It migrates to the Punjab in the winter, but does not breed there. Nutcrackers, (Nucifraga).—Are confined to the Himalayas, chiefly the western Himalayas. They keep to rather high elevations, frequent pine forests, and in habits closely resemble jays and magpies. They are not migratory. Magpies, (Pica).—Two species occur in the alpine Himalayas, where they are permanent residents. Their habits are identical with those of the English magpie. Jays, (Garrulus, Urocissa, Cissa).—Are found only in the Hima- layas within the Indian limit. They keep to open forests, are not migra- 32 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS tory, and feed partly on the ground. The eggs of all are profusely spot_ ted, and the nest is generally a loose structure of twigs, with a slight inner casing of fine roots. Tree pies, (Dendrocitta),—Are found throughout India in wood- ed country. Their habits and nests are very similar to those of the jays, and they do not migrate, but the eggs are less thickly spotted. Choughs, (Pregilus, Pyrrhocoraz).—Are permanent residents in the alpine Himalayas; but their breeding in this country has only very recently been ascertained. They nestle in holes, in rocks, and in buildings, and their eggs are similar to those of the European chough. A few migrate as far south as the Punjab in the cold weather. Starlings, (Sturnus).—Are cold weather visitants to the plains of India, migrating north and west to breed. One only (S. nitens) breeds within our limits in Kashmir and the extreme north-west Punjab. They build in holes and lay unspotted blue eggs. Mynahs, (Sturnopastor, Acridotheres, Temenuchus, Pastor, Sara- glossa, Eulabes)—As a rule these birds are not migratory. The genus Pastor perhaps more properly belongs to the starlings. The only species of Pastor that occurs here (P. roseus) is very migratory, and does not breed in this country. The true mynahs (Acridotheres, Temenuchus, Sturnopastor) are very domestic, and are found almost everywhere. The stare (Saragossa) is confined to the Himalayas, and the grackles (Eulabes) to warm forest country. All build in holes, except the pied mynah (S. contra) which makes a conspicuous nest like a truss of hay in the outer fork of a bare tree. The eggs of the rose-coloured pastor (P. roseus) are not known, The true mynahs lay unspotted blue eggs. But the eggs of the stare and of the grackles are all spotted. Weaver birds, (Ploceus)—Are highly gregarious, but not migratory. They are somewhat locally distributed, and prefer wooded country near long grass and water. They lay pure white eggs. Munias, (Munia, Estrelda).--Ave all permanent residents in some part of India. They wander a good deal in the cold weather, and frequent grass jungle near water or open glades in forests. They make large rough globular nests and lay pure white eggs. Sparrows, (Passer).—Are widely distributed and do not as a rule migrate, though in the winter they associate in flocks. Their eggs are all profusely spotted. Buntings, (Emberiza, Euspiza, Melophus).—Ave usually migratory AND TYPES OF EGGS, 38 birds, found in this country chiefly in the cold weather. Two species (Enberiza striolata and Melophus melanicterus) are permanentresidents and breed in the plains. Two or three kinds of buntings breed in the Himalayas, but all the rest go further north or west to breed. They frequent open ground or rocks with scanty jungle. The corn buntings (Buspiza) are generally found in cultivated ground. They all nestle on or close to the ground, under shelter, and the eggs are spotted and often scrawled with fine hair-like lines. Finches, (Hesperiphona, Mycerobas, Pyrrhula, Pyrrhoplectes, Loxia, Hamatospiza, Propyrrhula, Carpodacus, Propasser, Procarduelis, Pyrrhospiza, Callacanthis, Carduelis, Chrysomitris, Metoponia, Fringilla, Montifringilla, Fringillauda).—A few finches wander to the foot of the hills in the winter, but the common rose finch (Carpodacus erythrinus) is the only one found in the plains of India. All the others occur in the Himalayas only, chiefly at high elevations. They are all more or less migratory. Of arboreal habits, frequenting forests and wooded tracts, and of their breeding, very little is known. All the eggs of this group that are known are prettily, some very handsomely, marked. Bush larks, (Mirafra).—Are spread throughout the plains of India. They frequent open forests, grass jungle, and edges of cultivation, are not migratory, build on the ground in short grass, and lay pro- fusely spotted eggs. Finch larks, (4mmomanes, Pyrrhalauda).—Are also perma- nent residents of the plains’ of India frequenting drier and more open ground and avoiding cultivation. They are widely distributed. Their eggs are profusely speckled. Larks, (Calandrella, Melanocorypha, Alaudala, Otocoris, Spiz- alauda, Alauda, Galerita, Certhilauda).—Are more or less migratory, asso- ciating in flocks in the cold weather, but many species breed in India, The short-toed larks (Calandrella), the calandra Jarks (Melanocorypha), the horned larks ( Otocoris), and probably also the desert larks (Certhilauda) are merely cold weather visitants, and do not breed at all within our limits. The Himalayan sky lark (A. dulcivoxz) breeds only in the Himalayas, while the others breed in suitable localities throughout the country. The sky larks (Alauda) affect damp grassy spots. The sand larks (dlaudala) frequent the sandy beds of large rivers. All the others are found in dry, open, or cultivated plains. They all build on the ground and lay spotted eggs. E « 3k HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS Pigeons, (Zreron, Crocopus, Osmotreron, Sphenocercus, Carpophaga, Alsocomus, Palumbus, Palumbena, Columba).—There areseveral well-mark- ed groups of pigeons. The green pigeons (Zreron, Crocopus, Osmotreron, Sphenocercus) are forest-loving, fruit-eating birds, partly gregarious, and wandering a good deal during the winter, though all are permanent residents of the Indo-Malayan region, and the species that occur in India breed there too. The imperial pigeons (Carpophaga) are similar in their habits, but even more confined to dense forests. The wood pigeons (Alsocomus, Palumbus) ave more migratory, more shy, and with one exception confined to mountain ranges. The stock pigeon (Palumbena) is strictly migratory, visiting India in the cold weather only, in vast flocks. The true pigeons (Columba) are gregarious, and are probably per- manent residents where they occur, but this has only been ascertained in the case of the common blue pigeon (C. intermedia). All pigeons lay either one or two pure white eggs on a small rough platform of sticks. Doves, (Macropygia, Turtur, Chalcophaps).—Are less gregarious than pigeons. They all breed in India. Only one, Sykes’ turtle dove (7. meena), appears to wander much from its breeding place. They feed almost entirely on the ground, and are very widespread in this country. They lay two pure white eggs on a tiny platform of sticks. Sandgrouse, (Pterocles, Syrrhaptes).—-Are usually only cold weather visitants to this country. They associate in large flocks, and frequent dry, open, or cultivated plains. The painted sandgrouse (P fasciatus) affects rocky ground, and the Thibetan sandgrouse (Syrrhap- tes tabetanus) is only found in the Himalayas at great elevations. Two only of the sandgrouse, the common and the painted, are known to breed with any regularity in this country. Their eggs are richly coloured and blotched. In shape they are elongated and cylindrical. The eggs of a third kind P. léchtensteint have lately been taken in Sind. Pheasants, (Pavo, Polyplectron, Lophophorus, Ceriornis, Euplo- camus, Ithaginis, Pucrasia, Phasianus, Gallophasis).—With the exception of the peacock (Pavo eristatus), which is found in wooded tracts throughout India, the Phasianide are confined to the Himalayas. They are found at all elevations, but only in forest country, with dense undergrowth. They are all permanent residents, breeding on the mountains, and descending into the valleys in the winter to feed. The eggs of many of them are boldly blotched, while others approach closely to the eggs of domestic fowls. AND TYPES OF EGGS. 85 Jungle fowl, (G@al/us).—Are more tropical birds, being found in dense thickets and forests throughout the country. ‘They too are perma- nent residents, breeding where found. The eggs are like those of the Cochin-China fowls. Spur fowl, (Galloperdiz).—Are confined to rocky ridges and the dense jungles that fringe their bases in central and southern India where they breed. They are shy and wary, and conceal themselves in the densest cover. The eggs vary from creamy white to “ cafe au lait.” Grouse, (Tetracgallus, Lerwa).—Are only found near the snow in the alpine Himalayas. They lay boldly blotched eggs as far as has been ascertained, and frequent grassy and rocky slopes near snow. Partridges, (Perdiz, Francolinus, Caccabis, Ammoperdiv, Orti- gornis, Arboricola).—Of the true partridges only one (P. hodsonie) is found in India. It frequents the alpine Himalayas at great altitude. The black and painted partridges (Francolinus) frequent thick jungle and grass near water and cultivation. The rock partridges (Caccabis, Ammoperdia) frequent rocky hills and open grassy slopes. Of the grey partridges one (0. gularis) is a swamp partridge found only in the Terais, the other is common where there is cover throughout ’ the plains. Wood partridges (Arboricola) are only found in the Himalayas in dense under-wood in forests, and are difficult to flush. Partridges do not migrate and breed wherever found. The eggs of the chukor are spotted. All other partridges lay unspotted, buff, or cream coloured eggs. , Quails, (Perdicula, Coturwiz, Excaljatoria, Turnix).—Some of the quails are migratory, but all that occur in India breed more or less in this country. The bush quails (Perdicula) frequent jungle and under- wood, so does the blue-breasted quail (#. chinensis). The other quails affect cultivation or grassy plains. The eggs of the bush quails are like miniature partridges’ eggs. The eggs of the true quails (Coturnix) are boldly blotched ; and those of the bustard quails and button quails are profusely spotted and speckled. Bustards, (Zupodotis, Houbara, Sypheotides, Otis) —The great bustard (2. edwardsii) is a permanent resident in the arid portions of continental India, frequenting low scrub and scanty grass jungle. The flovikin (S. bengalensis) is a permanent resident in the dense grass jungles of eastern upper India. The likh (S. awritus) is found through- out India in the cold weather in suitable localities, but as yet it has 36 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS only been known to breed in the Deccan among tufts of grass on cotton soil. The houbara and the true bustards (Otis) are only found in the arid plains of the extreme north-west. All the bustards lay dark-coloured handsomely marked eggs. : Plovers, (Cursorius, Rhinoptilus, Glareola, Squatarola, Charadrius, Gigialites, Vanellus, Chettusia, Lobivanellus, Sarciophorus, Hoplopterus, Esacus, Gdicnemus, Strepsilas, Dromas, Hematopus).—Plovers are more or less gregarious and widely spread in India. They frequent open country, avoiding forests entirely as a rule, and feeding on the ground in ploughed or fallow fields. The grey plover (Squatarola helvetica), the golden plover (Charadrius longipes), all the ringed plovers (Cgialites), except G. curonicus, the crested lapwing (Vanellus cristatus), the true lapwings (Chettusiay, and the oyster catcher (Haematopus ostralegus), are migratory and only visit this country in the cold season. The remainder are either known or believed to breed in India. The courier plovers (Cursorius), the wattled lapwings (Lobivanellus, Sarciophorus), and the stone plover (Gdicnemus) breed in fields or plains away from water. Of the breeding of the genus Rhinoptilus nothing is known, but , they frequent scanty jungle on rocky hills. The swallow plovers( Glareola), the ringed plovers, (Ggialites), the spur-winged plovers (Hoplopterus), and the great stone plover (Zsacus) lay their eggs on the bare sand in the beds of great rivers. While the turnstone (Sérepsi/as interpres) and the crab plover (Dromas ardeola) lay on the sand on the sea-coast. The eggs of all plovers are dark-coloured and richly marked. Cranes, (Grus, Anthropoides).—The only crane that permanently resides in India is the sarus (Grus antigone). It feeds in open plains and fields, but breeds on islands in swamps among rushes. All the other cranes are migratory visiting India in the winter in large flocks. The eggs are spotted or blotched. Snipe, (Scalopar, Gallinago, Rhynchea).—The painted snipe (R. bengalensis) is the only permanent resident. It is somewhat local and affects thick weeds in marshy places. The woodcock (8. rusticola) visits the lower Himalayas in the winter, also the hilly portions of the south of India. A few pairs at least breed in the alpine Himalayas. The true snipe (Gallinago) are all migratory coming in the cold weather. A few of the common snipe may breed in the nortb- west Himalayas, but, as a rule, all the snipe go beyond Indian limits to breed. The eggs are handsomely marked. AND TYPES OF BEGGS. 37 Godwits, (Macroramphus, Limosa, Terekia).—Are only winter visitants. None of them breed in this country. Curlews, (Numenius, Ibidorhynchus).—Are cold weather visit- ants and breed beyond the border. Stints, (Philomachus, Tringa, Eurinorhynchus,%Calidmis, Phala- ropus).—Are merely cold weather visitants. Sandpipers, (Actitis, Totanus, Himantopus, Recurvirostra).—Are all migratory. .The stilt (7. candidus) congregates for breeding purposes in one or more localities in the plains. The common sandpiper (A. hypoleucus) breeds in considerable numbers in the beds of rivers in Kashmir; but all the other birds of this class go beyond the border to lay their eggs. The eges are spotted or blotched on a buffy ground. Jacanas, (Hydrophasianus, Metopidus).—The water pheasants are permanent residents, frequenting weedy marshes. In the ccld weather they retire to the moister districts, but in the rains they wander wherever there are marshes. They lay deep bronze-coloured eggs. In one species unmarked, in the other scrawled all over with fine black lines. Coots, (Porphyrio, Fulica, Gallicrex, Gallinula).—Are all per- manent residents, frequenting: marshes and ponds or dense thickets near water. They breed both.in hills and plains. Their eggs are spotted. Rails, (Porzana, Rallus).—Of these birds very little is known. They frequent dense weeds and thickets near water. They breed both in the hills and plains, but are flushed with difficulty, and itis not known’ whether they migrate. The eggs typically are spotted. Storks, (Leptoptilus, Mycteria, Ciconia, Melanopelargus).—Tbe true storks (Ciconia) are cold weather visitants, and do not breed in India. The adjutants (Leptoptilus) have special byeeding places to which they resort. While the other storks (Mycteria and Melanopelargus) breed throughout India on high trees near water. Their eggs are dingy white unspotted. Herons, (Ardea, Herodias, Demi-egretta, Buphus, Ardeola, Butorides).—Are permanent residents, breeding on trees near water in all parts of India, They all lay unspotted blue eggs. Bitterns, (Ardetta, Botaurus\.—It is not as yet ascertained whether the common bittern (Botaurus stellaris) is a permanent resi- dent, but probably it, as well as all the other bitterns, breeds in India. They frequent thick reeds in swamps, are very difficult to flush, and lay unspotted greenish eggs. 38 HABITS AND HAUNTS OF BIRDS Night herons, (Nycticorax).—Are found near water. They are permanent residencs breeding on trees, and sometimes it is said in reeds, They lay pale green eggs. Tbises, (Tantalus, Platalea, Anastomus, Threskiornis, Geronticus, Falcinellus),—The glossy ibis (Falcinellus igneus) is a cold weather visitant, coming in in large flocks, and leaving the country when the breeding season comes. All the others are permanent residents, and are as a rule gregarious breeders, making their nests on high trees near water. The eggs of the pelican ibis (ZT. leucocephalus) are dull white ; so also are those of the shell ibis (A. oscitans). Those of the white ibis (1. melanocephalus) ave very pale green, and the spoonbill (P. leucorodia) and the king curlew (G. papitlosus) lay spotted eggs, Flamingoes, (Phenicopterus).—Are cold weather visitants, and do not breed in this country. Geese, (Anser, Sarkidiornis).—The black-backed goose (5. melanotus) is found throughout the country in swampy parts and isa permanent resident. All the other geese leave India to breed elsewhere. The eggs are ivory white. Ducks and Teal, (Wettapus, Dendrocygna, Casarca, Tadorna, Spatula, Anas, Chaulelasmus, Dajfila, Mareca, Querquedula, Branta, Aythya, Fuligula, Clangula, Mergus).—Almost all the ducks are migra- tory coming to India for the winter months only. The cotton teal (Nettapus coromandelianus), the two whistling teal (Dendrocygna arcuata and D. major), the spotted-billed duck (4. pecilorhynchus), and the pink-headed duck (A. caryophyllacea) are permanent resi- dents, and breed where they occur in the plains of India. The mallard (Anas boschas) and the white-eyed duck (Aythya nyroca) remain to breed in Kashmir. All the rest go farther north towards central Asia. The eggs are glossy white, buff or “ cafe au lait.” Grebes, (Podiceps).—The little grebe (P. philippinus} is found on tanks and ponds throughout India, and is a permanent resident. The crested grebe is a winter migrant in continental India, retiring to Kashmir to breed. The eggs are dull white. Gulls, (Larus, Xema); Petrels, (7 hallassidroma, Pelicanoides); Puffins (Pufinus).—Are found at sea round the coast. Some of the gulls coming far inland at times, None of these birds breed within our limits, but they are believed to lay on the rocky islands of the Red sea. Terns, (Sylochelidon, Gelochelidon, Hydrochelidon, Seena, Sterna, AND TYPES OF EGGS. 39 Sternula, Thallasseus, Onochoprion, Anous).—Terns are as a rule migra- tory, and congregate in flocks during the breeding season. The Caspian tern (S. caspius) does not breed in this country; and the gull-billed tern (G.‘anglicus) only breeds in the far north-west. The marsh terns (Hydrochelidon) breed here and there in India gregariously on weeds floating in swamps. The true terns (Gelochelidon, Sterna, Seena, Sternula) lay their eggs on the bare sand in the beds of large rivers. The sea terns (TZhallasseus, Onochoprion, Anous) lay on bare rocky islands off the sea-coast. All the terns lay handsomely marked eggs. Skimmers, (Rhynchops).—Are permanent residents here, and are similar in their eggs, habits, and distribution to the true terns (Sterna). Fishers, (Phaeton, Sula, Attagen).—Are all sea-birds which are found in Indian waters, but which are not known to breed on our coasts. ‘Pelicans, (Pelecanus).—Pelicans are widely spread throughout India in the cold weather, but of their breeding here nothing is known. They are said to build on trees. Cormorants, (Graculus)—Are permanent residents in India, frequenting rivers and large tanks. They are gregarious and consequently local breeders. The breeding of the big cormorant (G. carbo) is not accurately known; and this bird is certainly toa great extent migratory. The eggs of cormorants are dull chalky white. Snake Birds, (Plotus).—Are permanent residents in India, and are similar in their habits and eggs to the cormorants. PART II. INDEX. LIST OF BIRDS THAT ARE KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, SHOWING DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. Tuts list only contains those birds of which the eggs have been ‘ taken: of course, many more birds do breed here, and further research would greatly extend the list. Column I gives the number as in Jerdon’s hand-book of the Birds of India. Where no number is given in this column, it indicates a species added to the list of birds of India, since Jerdon’s book was published. Column ITI gives the English name of each bird. In most cases the name as given by Jerdonis adhered to. In some cases where it seemed advisable the alterations introduced by Mr. Hume in his more recent works have been adopted; and ina few cases alterations have been made which further knowledge has rendered desirable. Column III gives the scientific name for each bird. In this column many deviations from the names as given by Jerdon, both generic and specific, will be found; but the revisions shown in Mr. Gray’s hand-list have not been adopted in their entirety as they quite revolutionise the nomenclature heretoforein use, and with which we have’ become through Jerdon’s book familiar ; and though possibly Mr. Gray’s list may be more scientifically correct, it is inexpedient to adopt it in this book which is written chiefly for beginners in this country, in whose hands Jerdon is the only text-book; for the disadvantage of a wholesale change, especially on merely arbitrary points, is obvious. Where it has been absolutely necessary for accuracy, I have entered the new names ; and in ease of a difference, the number (in Jerdon), which is quoted in Column I, will determine the bird referred to. 42 LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, &c. The remaining columns require little explanation. The portion marked off opposite each bird’s name indicates the season and duration of the period in which its eggs may be found. The breeding season thus noted includes every month in which each bird is known to breed in any locality. Where the breeding of a bird is confined for any particular season to any particular locality, a letter signifying the locality is placed over the line denoting the breeding during that month. Where no distinguishing letter is placed over the line, it indicates that the bird in that month is breeding wherever it is found. Thus :—B. over the line signifies “ Bengal.” C. 43 is “ Central Provinces only.” H. 5 - “ Himalayas only.” * I. P. 53 aa “The plains of India.” K. 3 ri “ Kumaon only.” M. 4 Pp “ Moist tracts only.” N. ” ” ee Nilgiris only.” FE. ” 33 “ Punjab only.’ R. » ” “ Rajputana only.” 8. ” 9 “ South India only.” U. 9 99 = Upper India.”’ INDEX. . LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, SHOWING PERIOD AND DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. Ag ‘ gf: English Names, Scientific Names, F 4 Ei el 5 ‘ 5 Fy Fs : : F The king Vulture | Otogyps calvus | The roc, Gyps himalayensis The pale long-billed __,, » pallescens == The long-billed _,, » indicus i The white-backed _,, » bengalensis —— — = The bay _,, » fulvescens xia The white scavenger _,, Perenopteron ginginianus Less! = The bearded __,, Gypaetus barbatus > The shaheen Falcon | Falco perigrinator — The black-capped _,, » atriceps —|- The lagger » jugger The red-headed. Merlin | Lithofalco chicquera i The Kestril | Tinnunculus alaudarius it ag The lesser _,, Erythropus cenchris —|— The Goshawk | Astur palumbarius — The Shikra | Micronisus badius The sparrow Hawk | Accipiter nisus The dove ,, 5 melaschistus The imperial Eagle | Aquila mogilnik The spotted _,, » nevia The Indian tawny ,, » vindhyana |— li The long-legged__,, » hastata The booted ,, » pennata — The black ,, | Neopus malaiensis —| Bonellis’ _,, Nisaetus Bonellii ; The Nepalhawk ,, | Spizactus nipalensis The changeable hawk _,, 53 paligatits a TH LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, English Names. Scientific Names. 41 42 43 45 48 55 66 57 59 60 61 65 64 69 70 72 74 75 76 a7 79 The short-toed Eagle The crested serpent ,, The lesser Indian harrier ,, The bar-tailed fishing _,, The Himalayan fishing ,, The ring-tailed fishing __,, The white-bellied sea _,, The long-legged Buzzard The white-eyed _,, The brahminy Kite The common ,, The greater Indian _,, The crested honey Buzzard The black-winged Kite The Indian screech Owl The grass ,, The mottled wood ,, The Himalayan brown wood ,, The rock-horned _,, The dusky-horned ,, The brown fish _,, The Indian scops _,, The bare-foot scops _,, The Nepal scops_,, The plume-foot scops ,, Pennant’s scops_,, The spotted Owlet The jungle _,, The large barred ” Circaetus gallicus Spilornis cheela “5 minor Polioaetus ichthyaetus i plumbeus Haliaetus leucoryphus 35 leucogaster Buteo canescens Poliornis teesa Haliastur indus Milvus govinda » major Pernis cristata Elanus Psi ever Strix indica Scelostrix caudida Bulacca sinensis » wewarensis Ascalaphia bengalensis 5 coromanda Ketupa ceylonensis Ephialtes pennatus ” spilocephalus ” lettia ” plumipes ” griseus Athene brama » radiata » euculoides | Augt. Sept. Oct. March. | Nov. Jan, Feb. April May. June. July. { Dec, 3 SQ SHOWING DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. 4 English Names. Scientific Names, ale é Z dl lela <4 na{O 80 The collared pigmy Owlet | Glaucidium Brodiei ‘82 The common Swallow | Hirundo rustica 83 The Nilgiri house __,, » domicola 8 84 The wire-tailed ,, » raficeps 85 |The great Indian mosque ,, » daurica The mosque __,, rs erythropygia 86 The Indian cliff ,, Hirundo fluvicola B 88 The dusky sand Martin | Cotyle subsoccata 89 The common sand __,, » sinensis 90 The dusky crag _,, » concolor e a 91 The crag, » rupestris 92 The house ,, Chelidon urbica 93 The Kashmir ,, si cashmirensis 100 | The common Indian Swift | Cypselus abyssinicus The Palm roof ,, » infumatus 102 The Palm _ ,, » batassiensis 103 The Southern hill Swiftlet | Collocalia unicolor Horsfield’s #4 linchi Y 104 The Indian crested Swift | Dendrochelidon coronatus 106 The Sikkim Frogmouth | Otothrix Hodgsoni 107 The jungle Nightjar | Caprimulgus indicus 108 The Nilgiri i Kelaarti 109 The large Bengal _,, 9 albonotatus 111 The Ghat a 5 atripennis 112 |ThecommonIndian ,, rs asiaticus 114 Franklin’s _,, - monticolus Unwin’s,, 5 Unwini 116 Hodgson’s Trogon | Harpactes Hodgsoni 117 The common Bee eater | Merops viridis ] Dee. Nov. LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, English Names. Scientific Names, The blue-tailed Bee eater Thechestnut-headed __,, The Egyptian i The European The blue-ruffed 45 The common Roller The European _,, The broad-billed __,, The Indian stork-billed Kingfisher The white-breasted FP The little Indian m The pied of The yellow-throated Broadbill The great Indian Hornbill The Northern grey ys The Northern rose-bond Paroquet The rose-ringed i The rose-headed 5 The slaty-headed 9 The red-breasted. si The Indian Loriquet The Himalayan pied Woodpecker The lesser black * The Indian spotted : The brown-fronted. ‘5 The yellow-fronted ra The rufous-bellied pied. The Himalayan pigmy i The Southern pigmy 9 The Southern goldén-backed ,, Merops philippensis » quinticolor » cegyptius ” apiaster Nyctiornis Athertoni Coracias indica » garrula Eurystomus orientalis Pelargopsis gurial Halcyon smyrnensis Alcedo bengalensis Ceryle rudis Psarisomus Dalhousie Homraius bicornis Meniceros bicornis Paleornis sivalensis 9? torquatus » purpureus 5 schisticeps » javanicus Loriculus vernalis Picus himalayanus » capbtharius y= macel » brunneifrons » mMmahrattensis Hypopicus hyperythrus Yungipicus pygmceus ‘ Hardwickii Chrysocolaptes delesserti Feb July. Augt. Sept. Oct. Nov. Jan. Dec SHOWING DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. 47 ae English Names. Scientific Names. 4 By ed ree ee Hin alae B/S | SSB Els llg : ! Sle al4|al[slnldinlojaia 170 | The scaly-bellied green Woodpecker | Gecinus squamatus -|—|- 171 |The lesser Indian green i » Striolatus -|-—|- 172 | The black-naped green m n oeipltatts i The common gold-back Pa Brachypternus aurantius -|- -- 186 The speckled Piculet | Vivia innominata => 191 The Marshall’s Barbet | Megaleema Marshallorum| Ss 192 Hodgson’s green __,, » Hodgsoni 193 Franklin’s green __,, 4 caniceps 194 The small green ,, 55 viridis -|—|— 195 The blue-throated _,, % asiatica = 196 The golden-throated _,, » Franklinii -|—|- 197 The crimson-breasted _,, Xantholema hemacephala) 199 The common Cuckoo | Cuculus canorus 201 The hoary-headed ,, | poliocephalus = 204 The hill 35 Cuculus striatus -|- 207 The large hawk ,, | Hierococeyx sparverioides -|- 212 The pied crested _,, Coceystes melanoleucus | -—+|- 214 The Koel | Eudynamis orientalis a 217 The common Coucal | Centropus rufipennis ox ia | 218 The lesser _,, i viridis — 219 The southern Sirkeer | Taccocua leschenaulti -—- 220 The Bengal ,, “4, sirkee — 225 | The Himalayan red Honey Sucker, (thopyga miles -|+|- 229 The maroon-backed z5 a nipalensis “KE 231 The black-breasted 3) i saturata - a — 232 | The amethyst-rumped ” Leptocoma zeylanica =| i PS] 233 Thetiny ,, re minima Peekene 234 The purple ” Arachnechthra asiatica 238 Tickell’s Flower Pecker Diceum minimum Es 239 The Nilgiri 9 » concolor 48 LIsT OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, Nov. | Dec. a English Names. Scientific Names. Jala! eleleletal. ne 2|2)a|23)4 2121318 -U)- |-o 240 The thick-billed Flower Pecker | Piprisoma agile 241 The fire-breasted ” Myzanthe ignipectus — 243 The Himalayan Tree Creeper | Certhia himalayana Hodgson’s $3 » Hodgsoni 247 The red-winged Wall Creeper) Tichodroma muriaria 248 The white-tailed Nuthatch | Sitta himalayensis Oe 249 The white-cheeked _,, » leucopsis 250 The chestnut-bellied _,, » castaneiventris jefe 253 The velvet-fronted _,, Dendrophila frontalis -| 254 The Hoopoe | Upupa epops cc 255 The Indian ,, » nigripennis — | —|—}—| 256 The Indian grey Shrike | Lanius lahtora | 257 The rufous-backed ,, » erythronotus = Thepalerufous-backed __,, » caniceps 258 The grey-backed ,, » tephronotus 259 The black cap ,, » nigriceps 260 The bay-backed ,, » Vittatus 265 The common wood ,, hrepitedinenia iontiasstana —|- 267 The little pied Hemipus picatus — ‘The Himalayan pied ,, ay capitalis 268 The pied cuckoo ,, | Volvocivora Sykesii 269 The dark grey cuckoo _,, 3 melaschistus| 270 The large grey cuckoo __,, Graucalus macei —| 271 The large Minivet | Pericrocotus speciosus 272 The orange __,, % eee 273 The short-billed _,, ‘i brevirostris 275 The rosy ,, 55 roseus 276 The small __,, 53 peregrinus 278 ‘The common Drongo Shrike | Dicrurus albirictus SHOWING DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. ae a CE English Names. Scientific Names. : i 2 : i i : F 280 The long-tailed drongo Shrike | Dicrurus longicaudatus Walden’s i 39 waldeni 281 The white-bellied 9 3 corulescens 282 The bronzed i Chaptia cnea 283 The oar-tailed 8 Bhringa remifer 284 | The Northernracket-tailed ,, Edolius paradiseus 286 The hair-crested 5 Chibia hottentota 287 The ashy swallow Shrike | Artamus fuscus i 288 The paradise Flycatcher | Tchitrea paradisei Y 290 | The black-naped azure ss Myiagra azurea 291 The white-throated Fantail | Leucocerca fuscoventris 292 The white-browed __,, 3 aureola 293 The white-spotted _,, 55 pectoralis v 294 The yellow-bellied ,, \Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus 295 The grey-headed Flycatcher | Cryptolopha cinereocapilla 296 The sooty ss Hemichelidon fuliginosa 300 The black and orange ‘i Ochromela nigrorufa 301 The verditer i Eumyias melanops 302 The Nilgiri blue 5 » albicaudata 804 The blue-throated Redbreast | Cyornis rubeculoides 305 The southern blue 5 » banyumas 306 Tickell’s blue 55 » tickellie a 310 | The white-browed blue Flycatcher | Muscicapulasuperciliaris 314 The fairy _—,, _| Niltava sundara 315 McGregor’s fairy ss » macgrigorie 316 The great fairy 4 » grandis 320 The slaty _,, Siphia leucomelanura 321 The rufous-breasted +5 ‘ superciliaris - The = robin Erythrosterna parva 324 | The white-tailed’ robin ,, Pa hyperythra LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, 339 English Names. Scientific Names. July. Augt Sept. Oct. Dec. Nov The chestnut-headed Wren The tailed hill ” The Nepal ” The Kashmir ” The white-browed Shortwing The rufous-bellied. ” The white-bellied ” The yellow-billed whistling Thrush The Malabar ” ”» The Nepal ground ”» The Indian ground ” ‘The green-breasted ground » The brown water Ouzel The blue rock Thrush The chestnut-bellied. chat > The blue-headed ” The rusty-throated bush The dusky The variable pied Blackbird ” ” Ward’s pied ”» The Nilgiri ” The grey-winged ” The white-collared Ouzel The grey-headed » The Indian missel Thrush The small-billed Mountain ” The striated Jay The yellow-eyed Babbler The Nepal quaker Thrush The Nilgiri ” ey} Tesia castaneocoronata Pneopyga caudata Troglodytes nipalensis ” neglectus Brachypteryx cruralis Callene rufiventris 9 albiventris Myiophonus temminckii 5 horsfieldii Hydrornis nipalensis Pitta bengalensis cucullata » Hydrobata asiatica Petrocossyphus cyaneus Orocetes erythrogastra ” Geocichla citrina unicolor ” » dissimilis Turdulus wardii Merula simillima » boulboul » albocincta » castanea Turdus hodgsoni Oreocincla dauma Grammatoptila striata Pyctorhis sinensis Alcippe nipalensis poiocephala ” cinclorhynchus SHOWING DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. 51 Ag ree 23 English Names, : fcientific Namss, F 3 Ei A E 5 3 4 2 : F 890 The black-headed quaker Thrush | Alcippe atriceps — 391 _ The black-headed wren Babbler | Stachyris nigriceps —|— 392 The red-billed _,, an 5) pyrrhops —|— 393 Thered-headed _,, i 4 ruficeps -|-- 395 | The yellow-breasted ,, + Mixornis rubricapillus aga 396 The red-capped ,, 8 ‘Timalia pileata ts rar 397 The rufous-bellied _,, 5; Dumetia hyperythra a 398 | The white-throated “3 Pn "3 albogularis — 399 The spotted ,, 4s Pellorneum ruficeps —|— The Nepal spotted _,, of 55 nipalensis -|- 400 | The rufous-necked scimitar _,, Pomatorhinus ruficollis —|- 404 The southern _,, 5 # horsfieldii -|—|-|- 405 | The rusty-cheeked __,, 5 3 erythrogenys —|-|- 406 | The slender-billed _,, ‘3 Xiphoramphus supetciliaris 407 | ‘The white-crested laughing Thrush | Garrulax leucolophus -|—|—|- 408 The grey-sided Pr ‘i carulatus pees 410 | The rufous-necked __,, 3 » ruficollis Fe 411 | The white-throated ” 7 9 albogularis =| 412 |The black-gorgetted . 53 9 pectoralis jae (ee Pores 413 The necklaced a us % moniliger ~- 414 | The white-spotted ,, a5 ” occellatus am [phalum A415 The red-headed 55 43 Trochalopteron erythroce- —|—|—|~ 417 | The plain-coloured. 9 + i subunicolor| —|— 418 The variegated 3 i 3 variegatum ae 420 The blue-winged. as 5 squamatum es Lect 421 The red-throated > ,, 5 fogulare| —j)|_ 492, |The crimson-winged a5 Pr ” pheniceum — 423 , The Nilgiri i 4s) ni cacchinans| |—|__|__|_- 425 The streaked. 5 es 7 lineatum| Peps ies (aes Pd 426 ” ” setafer The bristly % 52 LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, Jerdon. Nos in English Names. Scientific Names. The hoary Barwing The black-headed Sibia The Assam ,, The magpie ___,, The Bengal Babbler The white-headed ,, The jungle, The rufous-tailed ,, The large grey The striated bush __,, The striated reed __,, The striated marsh _,, The grass, The Himalayan black Bulbul The Nilgiri black _,, The rufous-bellied ,, The yellow-browed bush __,, The white-throated _,, The white-browed bush _,, The black-crested yellow _,, The white-cheeked crested _,, The white-eared _,, ¥ The red-whiskered _,, The southern 53 4 The common Bengal _,, The common Madras __,, Jerdon’s green _,, The black-backed _,, The white-winged green _,, The fairy Blue Bird Actinodura nipalensis Sibia capistrata » gracilis » Picaoides Malacocercus canorus S griseus = malabaricus o somervillii FA malcolmi Chattarrheea caudata, ” earlii Megalurus palustris Cheetornis striatus Hypsipetes psaroides ” nilgiriensis 45 meClellandi Criniger ictericus 5 flaveolus Ixos luteolus Rubigula flaviventris Otocompsaleucogenys 7 leucotis i emeria as fuscicaudata Pycnonotus pygous » ~~. pusillus Phyllornis jerdoni | Tora zeylanica » typhia Irena puella dan. Feb. March. . | April. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. <« S woe SHOWING DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. ag ; as ne —— _ dddidatdule Helélé 470 The Indian golden Oriole | Oriolus kundoo > 472 The ‘tach hented 53 » _ melanocephalus 475 The magpie Robin | Copsychus saularis 476 The Shama | Kittacincla macroura —|—- 477 The white-tailed Bluehat | Myiomela leucura — 479 |The southern brown-backed Robin | Thamnobia fulicata —|-|- 480 The brown-backed ,, » cambaiensis _ 481 , The black Bushchat | Pratincola caprata 482 The southern black ss sy atrata —| —|— 483 The common Indian $5 ‘9 indica — 486 The iron grey ‘0 rh ferrea ee a 494. The brown Rockchat | Cercomela fusca a 504 The blue-headed Redstart | Rutacilla ceruleocephala [aed 505 The plumbous water Robin ‘i fuliginosa eee 506 The white-capped Redstart \Chemorrornis leucocephala ioe 507 The blue Woodchat | Larvivora cyana ~ —|_— 508 | The white-breasted blue 34 Tanthia rufilata fake 611 The golden sy Tarsiger chryseus = 613 The white-tailed Ruby throat | Calliope pectoralis — 515 The large reed Warbler |Acrocephalus brunnescens -|- 516 The lesser ,, 35 7 dumetorum a = 517 The paddy field _,, » agricolus = The brown-breasted hill $i Dumeticola brunneipectus lit The streaked-scrub 3 Drymeca inquieta -|--|— 523 | The fulvous-breasted hill 5 Horornis fulviventéer _ 526 The strong-footed ,, 5 Pr fortipes |—|— 529 The large ,, a Horeites major — The pale ,, 3 » pallidus == 530 The Indian Tailor Bird | Orthotomus longicauda aii =| ie 532 | The yellow-bellied Wren Warbler | Prinia flaviventris -|- Jan. July. Aust. Sept. June, Oct. Nov. Dec. ail; .|S| a 3) 8) BB elal<4|a 54, LIst OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, ae English Names. Scientific Names. 533 Adams’s Wren Warbler | Prinia adamsi 534 Theashy ,, 5 » socialis 535 Stewart’s ,; 45 », stewarti 537 The grey-capped_ ,, nf » einereocapilla 538 Hodgson’s ,, 53 » hodgsoni 539 The rufous Grass 6 Cisticola schoenicola 542 The Bengal __,, ‘9 Graminicola bengalensis 543 The common Wren _,, Drymoipus inornatus The earth brown _s,, 3 ‘3 terricolor 544, The long-tailed _,, ss i longicaudatus| Jerdon’s ,, 55 3 jerdoni The great ,, 3 on insignis 546 The allied ,, 5 43 neglectus The fuscous _,, i - fuscus The great rufous ,, is s rufescens 547 The brown Hill ___,, Suya criniger 548 The dusky ,,. a » fuliginosa 549 The black-throated ,, 5 » atrogularis 550 The dteoakea Wren 43 Burnesia lepida 551 | The rufous-fronted ,, ai Franklinia buchanani 552 The aberrant Tree _,, Neornis flavolivacea Blyth’s aberrant ,, sy » _ assimilis 553 Sykes’ Warbler | Hyppolais rama Tytler’s Tree _,, Phylloscopus tytleri 563 The large-crowned __,, Reguloides occipitalis 565 The crowned __,, #9 superciliosus 566 The Dalmatian ,, 35 proregulus 570 The lesser black-browed _,, Culicepeta cantator 671 The black-eared _,, Abrornis schisticeps 672 The grey-headed i xanthoschistus SHOWING DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON, | sel: dk é 3 English Names, Scientific Names. F 4 E E : : 5 3 4 , E : The grey-faced Warbler | Abrornis chloronotus 573 The white-browed __,, » albosuperciliaris The chestnut-headed __,, » -castaneiceps, 580 The Indian golden-crested Wren | Regulus himalayensis 582 The Indian Whitethroat | Sylvia ‘affinis 584 The western-spotted Forktail | Henicurus maculatus 586 The slaty-backed ,, a schistaceus 587 The little ,, * scouleri The eastern-spotted _,, 4s guttatus 589 The Indian pied Wagtail | Motacilla maderaspatana z i 590 The white-faced _,, ” luzionensis 592 The grey andyellow _,, ” melanope The black-backed yellow-headed ,, | Budytes calcaratus 596 ‘The Indian Pipit | Anthus arboreus 597 The Tree, » maculatus 598 The Nilgiri ,, » montanus 600 The Indian Tit Lark » rufulus 605 The ruddy Pipit » = rosaceus 603 The Nilgiri Tit Lark | Agrodroma cinnamomea 604 The brown Rock Pipit 5 griseorufescens 606 The upland ,, | Heterura sylvana 607 The purple Thrush Tit | Cochoa purpurea 608 The green seo Ss » _-Viridis 609 The red-winged Shrike ,, | Pteruthius erythropterus 614 The red-billed Hill ,° | Leiothrix luteus 615 The silver-eared ,, ,, 3 argentarius 616 The stripe-throated ,, ,, | Siva strigula, 617 The blue-winged ,, 5, » cyanouroptera 618 The red-tailed ,, ,, | Minla ignotincta ‘619 The chestnut-headed ,, ,, » castaneiceps LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, English Names, Beientific Names. : é E | 5 : 5 3 i : : F The golden breasted Hill Tit | Proparus chrysceus : — The yellow naped ,, ,, | Ixulus flavicollis : —|- The rusty headed ,, ,, » occipitalis —|~ The stripe throat crested ,, ,, { Yuhina gularis pa The black-chinned ,, ,, » nigrimentum = The fire-tailed ,, ,, | Myzornis pyrrhoura — -H| &| W +1| P|- The Indian white-eyed ,, | Zosterops palpebrosus = - The firecap ,, Cephalopyrus flammiceps = The red-capped ,, | Egithaliscus erythrocephalus —|—- . The crested-black ,, | Lophophanes melanolophus —|- | The mountain ,, | Parus monticolus # “N| NI- The Indian grey ,, » cinereus _ The yellow-cheeked ,, | Machlolophus xanthogenys —- . The rufous-breasted Accentor | Accentor strophiatus _ Jerdon’s ,, » jerdoni -|- The Raven | Corvus corax = | a The Indian earrion Crow 3 corone -|- | yer The bow-billed Corby » culminatus -|—-|— The Himalayan _,, » intermedius — The common ,, » impudicus i The Jackdaw » monedula -|—-}- The Himalayan Nutcracker | Nucifraga hemispila -|- The Himalayan Magpie | Pica bottanensis _ The Himalayan Jay | Garrulus bispecularis + The black-throated ,, 3) lanceolatus The red-billed blue ,, | Urocissa occipitalis |—|—|- The yellow-billed blue ,, 45 flavirostris —|- The green ,, | Cissa venatoria —|— The Indian Treepie | Dendrocitta rufa ~ The Himalayan _,, _ himalayanus - DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. 57 Ha ; H English Names. Scientific Names. : g i E 5 F 3 i z F i 678 The long-tailed Treepie | Dendrocitta leucogastra == 682 The bright Starling | Sturnus nitens 683 The pied Mynah | Sturnopastor contra = The Burmese pied __,, nf superciliaris =| 684 The common ,, Acridotheres tristis 685 The bank ,, ‘5 ginginianus i (me 686 The jungle ,, 9 fuscus es cs ol 687 The brahminy _,, Temenuchus pagodarum 688 The grey-headed _,, o malabaricus fresat i 691 The spotted-winged Stare | Saraglossa spiloptera im 692 The southern hill Mynah | Eulabes religiosa = 693 The large hill _,, 3 intermedia =] 694 The common Weaver Bird | Ploceus baya ie 695 The striated ,, i 2 manyar a 696 The black-throated _,, 3 yy bengalensis 4 697 The black-headed Munia | Munia malacca “ti les 5 698 The chestnut-bellied _,, - rubroniger q is 699 The spotted _,, * undulata =| =e 700 The rufous-bellied _,, » _-pectoralis shat i= a J 701 The white-backed Munia 55 striata —| eal =F 702 Hodgson’s ,, BS acuticauda ae 703 The pin-tailed ,, » malabarica = 704 The Indian Amadavat | Estrelda amandava aa 705 The green 55 is formosa nal a ee Pa 706 The Indian house Sparrow | Passer indicus + iy 708 The cinnamon-headed__,, » cinnamomeus —=|- 710 Thetree » montanus nia a veal The yellow-throated _,, flavicollis cba a 713 The meadow Bunting | Emberiza cia . The striolated ,, si striolata H 58 LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, ae Pee ‘ : 23 Enghsh Names. Scientific Names, F 4 j z é i s € : bli 718 The white-capped Bunting | Emberiza stewarti 719 The grey-headed ,, 59 fucata 724 | The crested black and chestnut ,, Melophus melanicterus 725 The black and yellow Grosbeak |Hesperiphona icterioides 732 The orange Bullfinch | Pyrrhula aurantiaca 737 The Circassian rose Finch | Carpodacus rubicilla 748 The red-browed ,, | Callocanthis burtoni 750 The Indian Siskin | Chrysomitris spinoides 754 The Bengal Bush Lark | Mirafra assamica 756 The red-winged ,, 3 » erythroptera -” 757 The singing ,, ” » cantillaus 758 The rufous-tailed Finch ,, |Ammomanes phosnicura vit 759 The desert ,, sy ‘i luscitanica 760 The black-bellied _,, 3 Pyrrhalauda grisea 762 The Eastern Sand _,, Alaudala raytal The Punjab _,, 5 Fy adamsi 765 The Northern®rownerest’ ,, | Spizalauda simillima 766 The Himalayan Sky ,, Alauda dulcivox "67 TheIndian ,, ,, » guigula The Nigiri ,, ,, » australis 768 The Malabar crested _,, » malabarica ne 769 The common ,, - Galerita cristata The lesser ,, 7 i boysii 772 The Bengal green Pigeon |Crocopus phenicopterus 773 The Southern _,, $5 5 chlorigastra eee T74 The orange-breasted _,, + Osmotreron bicincta 775 The grey-fronted ,, p » | malabarica 778 The Kokla , ,, Sphenocercis sphenurus 781 | The bronze-backed Imperial Pigeon | Carpophaga insignis 783 The speckled wood’ ,, | Alsocomus hodgsoni DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. ae English Names. Scientific Names. ne a i 784, The Himalayan wood Pigeon | Palumbus casiotis 786 The Nigiri ,, 4 elphinstonii 788 The Indian blue rock ,, | Columba intermedia 791 The bar-tailed tree Dove | Macropygia tusalia 792 Hodgson’s turtle ,, | Turtur rupicola 793 Sykes’ ,, re » meena 794, The brown ,, a » cambaiensis 795 The spotted _,, » suratensis 796 The Indianring ,, » Yisorius 797 The ruddy ,, 5 » humilis 798 The emerald ,, | Chalcophaps indicus 800 The painted sand Grouse | Pterocles fasciatus 802 . The common ,, 9 » exustus 803 ’ The Peacock | Pavo cristatus 804 The Moonal |Lophophorus impeyanus 805 The red Argus | Ceriornis satyra 806 The black-headed __,, Ae melanocephala 808 The Koklas | Pucrasia macrolopha 809 The cheer Pheasant | Phasianus wallichii 810 | The white-crested Kalij 45 Gallophasis albocristatus 811 The black-backed ,, = si melanotus 812 The red jungle Fowl | Gallus ferugineus 813 The grey, 5b » sonneratii : 814 The red spur ,, | Galloperdix spadiceus 815 The painted ,, ss 55 Tunulosus 816 The snow Pheasant /Tetraogallus himalayensis 817 The snow Partridge | Lerwa nivicola Hodgson’s 55 Perdix hodgsonie 818 The black 3 Francolinus vulgaris 819 The painted’ ” 5 pictus xO 658 60 LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, Ag |. : | 23 eas 3 EERREEEREE 820 The chukor Partridge | Caccabis chukor hel ab P 821 The susee a3 Ammoperdix bonhami rae ‘ 822 The grey % Ortygornis ponticeriana —|-|-|- a a = v 823 The Kyah % Pr gularis Ss al es 824 The Peora - Arboricola torqueola -| - 826 The jungle bush Quail | Perdicula cambaiensis — 827 The rock ,, 3 + asiatica eo i 828 The red-billed _,, 35 » erythrorhyncha|—/—|- -|- 829 The common ,,_ | Coturnix communis 830 The rain _,, » coromandelicus —|-- - 831 The blue-breasted ,, | Excalfatoria sinensis — 832 The Bustard ,, | Turnix taigoor = 833 The Himalayan __,, ii » plumbipes — 834 The large Button _,, » tanki — 835 The lesser _,, a » dussumieri ee - v 836 The Indian Bustard Enpodotis edwardsii —|—|—|—|-|— - 838 The Florikin | Sypheotides bengalensis —|- y 839 The Likh_s, si auritus —|— 840 The Indian courier Plover |Cursorius coromandelicus| —- Y The cream-coloured 33 5 + gallicus ad 843 The lesser swallow ,, Glareola lactea, -|- 846 The greater shore ,. Gigialites leschenaulti -|- 84:7 Pallas’s ,, a » mongolicus -|- 849 The ringed ,, iy curonicus —|—|— 855 The red-wattled _,, Lobivanellus goensis _|—|—|—|+|- v 856 The yellow-wattled. ,, Sarciophorus bilobus -|4 : 857 The spur-winged _,, Hoplopterus malabaricus —|- 858 The great Indian stone __,, Esacus recurvirostris -|— 859 The ,, 5 (Edicnemus crepitans -—/- J-J—|-- : 363 The Sarus Crane | Grus antigone a|—f== d DURATION OF BREEDING SEASON. Nos. in Jerdon. English Names. Scientific Names, Jan. 867 873 893 898 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 910 911 915 Rte 917 920 922 923 924 925 926 927 S26 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 The Woodcock The painted Snipe The common Sandpiper The Stilt The bronze-winged Jacana The pheasant-tailed ,, The purple Coot The common ,, The water Cock The , Hen Blythe’s_,, ‘i The white-breasted , 5, The brown Rail Baillon’s Crake The ruddy Rail The Adjutant The black-necked Stork The white-necked ,, The great Heron The common ,, The purple _,, The white ,, , The little ,, rH The little Egret The cattle 45 The little pond Heron The little green Bittern The black _,, The chestnut 5, The yellow ay Scalopax rusticola Rhynchea, bengalensis Actitis hypoleucus Himantopus candidus Metopidus indicus Hydrophasianus sinensis Gallicrex cristatus Porzana phenicura ‘Melanopelargus episcopus The little 55 Porphyrio poliocephalus Fulica atra Gallinula chloropus ” burnesii is akool » pygmea +5 fusca Leptoptilus argala Mycteria australis Ardea sumatrana yy «cinerea, ” purpurea Herodias alba » egrettoides » garzetta Buphus coromandus Ardeola grayi Butorides javanicus Ardetta flavicollis » cinnamomea » Sinensis » minuta Feb. March, April. May. June. July. Augt. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ss 44 46 2 % q ee ee goes Nov. | Deo 62 LIST OF BIRDS KNOWN TO BREED IN INDIA, &c. "3 English Names. Scientific Names. a “| sl slelelel. ZS Hie lslais| ele] 4/318 937 The Night Heron | Nycticorax griseus ae : = 938 The pelican Ibis |Tantalus leucocephalus = 939 The Spoonbill | Platalea leucorodia 940 The shell Ibis | Angstomus oscitans —|-|- 941 The white ,, | Threskiornis melanocephalus 942 The King Curlew | Geronticus papillosus = je = = 949 The bar-headed Goose | Anser indicus = 950 The black-backed _,, Sarkidiornis melanotus -|-|- 951 The cotton Teal | Nettapus coromandelianus =| 952 The Whistling ,, | Dendrocygna arcuata 953 The large “ ” 5) major = 954 The Brahminy Duck | Casarca rutila = 958 The Mallard | Anas boschas Pa 959 The spotted-billed Duck » pecilorhyncha —- 960 The pink-headed ___,, » caryophyllacea a 969 The white-eyed ,, Aythya nyroca =F 974 The crested Grebe | Podiceps cristatus = ik: 975 The little ,, » philippensis —|-|-|-!- 983 The gull-billed Tern | Gelochelidon anglicus — 984, The whiskered ,, | Hydrochelidon indicus —|-|— 985 The large river ,, | Sterna seena —- 987 The black-bellied _., » javanica —- 988 The little ,, | Sternula minuta -|— 989 The large sea ,, | Thallaseus cristatus — 990 Thesmall,, ,, re bengalensis — 991 | The little black-naped _,, Onochoprion melanauchen ; =| 995 The Scissorbill | Rhynchops albicollis 1005 The common Cormorant | Graculus carbo —|— 1006 The lesser % 4s fuscicollis -\- 1007 The little a » javanicus =| 1008 The Indian Snake Bird | Plotus melanogaster i | F — PART IIT. CALENDAR. Tae columns of the accompanying calendar give the leading details for each month. The wording is necessarily brief, as the space is limited. The first column gives the number in Jerdon’s Hand-Book for re- ference. Where no number is given in this column, the bird has been added to the Indian: list since Jerdon’s book was published. The next column gives ‘the generally accepted English name. Jerdon’s names have been adhered to in almost every case. The third column is the scientific name. In this no alteration has been made, unless clearly proved to be necessary. The next column “ shape of nest.” And the one following “ site of nest,’’? need no comment. The column headed “ geographical range in breeding season” gives roughly the extent of country in which the bird is known to breed at one time or another, but it does not follow that it breeds throughout the whole of the range in that particular month. The last column “ particulars for the month” gives actual facts as ascertained by experience, leaving the reader to draw his own inference. Representative dates have been chosen so far as possible when more than one date was available ; for instance, if the season is beginning, the earliest date has{been selected; and if the season is nearly over, the latest date has been taken. Similarly, in regard to localities, only one or two could be specified, and the same rule has been followed. Where the breeding is over a wide stretch of country, the two limits are given. Where any par- ticular climate is more favorable, the typical place has been selected; of course, when only one nest has been found, the date of that is given, and there can be no selection, but the places and dates are records in every case of actual ascertained facts. JANUARY. January is in all parts of the country the month for the larger birds of prey. Of the fifty-six kinds of birds known to breed at this time, twenty-eight belong to this order (Raptores). In the Hrmazayas, with the exception of a solitary instance of a nest of the brown water ouzel {(Hydrobata asiatica), none but the nests of raptores have been found. Vultures, eagles, falcons, and kites are either building or laying, and as these birds are comparatively few in numbers, with great powers of fligbt, it is necessary to explore over a large extent of country to get many eggs; both birds and nests are conspicuous. Eyries can generally be marked down in the course of the morning’s ride, and arrangements made afterwards for obtaining the eggs; a matter often of no small difficulty, as, whether the nest is on a ledge of the rock itself or ina tree, it is generally on the face of a precipice, which it requires both skill and nerve to surmount. In the Punsaz, besides the birds of prey, the raven, the striated bush babbler, and the dusky sand martin have eges. Watch should be kept on all the large birds of prey, and every large solitary tree should be scanned, as it is on such trees that nests of eagles, vultures, &c., will be found. These nests are conspicuous from a distance. I have often seen and noted them while passing along on a railway journey, returning when opportunity offered to examine the nest. In the Norrn-West Provinces the Indian hoopoe, the sand martin, the pin-tailed munia, the blue rock pigeon, the common sand grouse, and the doves have eggs, as well as the vultures and eagles, and falcons and some of the owls. In Beneat, the sand martin is the only bird now breeding in any quantities, besides the birds of prey. In Centran Invi, the dusky crag martin, the munias and amada- vats, and doves have eggs, besides the birds of prey which lay everywhere at this period. In Sourn Inp1a, the large birds of prey are few in number, but the eggs of many other kinds may now be sought for. ‘Some species of woodpeckers, martins, honey suckers, flower peckers, quaker thrushes, bulbuls, bluebirds, wagtails, finch larks, doves, quail, and water birds are already known to breed there at this season, and it is probable MARSHALL DEL NEST OF THE KING VULTURE, Otegyps calvus.) JANUARY. 65 that further search will lead to the discovery of many others. Our know- ledge of that part of India is comparatively very incomplete. Besides the birds noted in the list, there are many that are known to lay early in February, and which may possibly sometimes lay in the end of January; at all events they will be building in the present month, and careful watch should be kept over their movements. Among these may be noted in the Himatayas the black-capped falcon and the imperial eagle. In the Pungas, the day vulture and the imperial eagle, these are both rare birds, and few collections contain specimens of their eggs taken in India. In the Norru-Wesr Provincss, the spotted owlet begins to lay towards the end of the month, as also the Jitéle ringed plover, for which watch should be kept on the sands in the beds of big rivers, more espe- cially on the flat sandy islands left by the receding floods. In Centrat Inpia, the bay vulture is building, and the grey partridge commences to pair. In Sournzrn Inpra, the kestril commences building in the Nilgiris, : also the red spur fowl, while in Travancore the booted eagle, the grey fronted green pigeon, and the grey jungle fowl are pairing and preparing their nests. 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[IPs ‘WIseoy "8830 {sl Uy, paearq stapsserys Moy Wy “qynoUL oy qnoysnomyy, ‘sda fi08neg ‘eueqe ‘88a f wyno[eg ‘8839 § WITT ‘yemurgy ‘suIsaq Mosues Surpoorg, ‘8830 ! yeMeyy ‘YUOU 944 Jnoysnomy, ‘0x1 Out ‘paerq s10,83ur4s moy W ‘8899 ‘M901 ‘Ca ‘O) mdmyqung “suydeq Surpymq jon “8559 ferpuy YMos pus jesuegq: “suIdeq SUIPTMG 480 NT ‘s89@ § TIOT ‘oojooy ‘sage f qIgg “BIqnO[TRO BIpuy noysnoaqy, i SMISTIN OUT, sarod -o1d erpuy ynoysnoayy, “wIpUy zemsutued pues jesueg Jemo7T rpuy YMOos JO STH *(Aq[e0 -O[) BIpuy Fnoysnoayy, “(qqnos UT 07]) VIPAT moysnormqy, BIPUT UIT IAONT “erpuy |e -yUUTJMOD Jnoysnoiqy, BIpUY yoysnoxgy, sured oy} qnoqsnomy, ‘ gIpuy gnoysnorqy, out suretd ayy ynoysnorqy, *(4TTB0 -O]) BIpUl Moysnoryy, ‘sedBT “RUIZ, «Utoysom «Oy, “ BIpuy Jnoysnorqy, sureid 04g ynoysnoryy, ‘+ sedp[eUlTp, U109s0a. -yaou = pue=s qufung “* gqse00 OT} PUNOL [TV “SyTeAA IO s9ed} UI sepoy UY eerpoy Yor} WT s81ay Wor sursue yy ota ‘soqounaiq Jo sdy woy susuey “S094 Ur sepoy [IOyTyAe UT “Syd 10 ssurpting 4ysuresy Cop) oan (‘snotieders) yueq WAIT Ul sezoy uy “+ g90a4 UI Sa[OT UT 8901} plo IO SHOOL Jo syyoto uy saory eSrey JO Ssyroy Uy syusq JO sespey UO “e901} OF1e[ WO SMOTOY 10 saloy UT “sSurppng IO S90} UTI so[Oy UT a owt ond * gory JO syxOoF UT STORM Ieou sooty YSry TO “sET[O io 800, YStG UO S9ABOT 10 SLOT} Bay May OW “QOUBIYTO quory UTM ‘podvys-osmg od “dOUBA]UO apis. at ‘pedeys-re0gq ouoN duo xepnoato -tmes daep y “OME, ‘dno esoo, y ong OO NT “ULIO} ged osivy Y “0st “oma ae euoNy ‘dno youd -W00 MOTTVYS ot orl oi. “UIOy -yerd xen Saar ’ ong “" saqq4 YSTY UO srauediaim edad g AoTOoMOS UNBOIT BOlIVISE BITIYIOUTIVLY |: gorepfoz wutoo0ydary Iaassejop seydeloooshiyo, qojoouoo)— va ‘syoms = eyeooosqus ef4400, “ snestis seqypergdap, stsueu0[feo vdnyoy BpUeBuLo.OO a sisuapeauog viydeleosy tee SsISUATIIS BOOBTNgG ws BOTPUL 314g ‘~ giaqdoueeur snus aah tofem “ swe Bpulaocs snayTyL snpur mmyserrey ot sueoseueo oon Toq4sesooney] x aodooy uerpuy ey, Joyood-JOMOT] MISIIN' OY, “- gfdamd ay, swoyousfouopy peduma ysdqjoue oq], | toyoadpoo a poyoeq -Uopjos MAsyMOS ITT, « geaio Aysnp oy e “ UBIpul ouL ayeyy pues Lysnp oy, “ sdoos sjusuueg « [sy WM0Iq oqy, “ peusoy-<> JANUARY. 68 bide “LO7CA UT *ULLOF ‘sao ‘svrpeyy jo Ynog BIpUr ynoysnoiyy, | Furmos#@ sae1q ug |-yejd ySnor F | ++: coysvSoujow snjzo_g | palg oysus aBipuy oyy, go0t “TeqToys “eyo “8890 fmisejoy |‘ SLUISTIN OU, |topun punows eae oyiq | -usyroryfae Bmotpacg | Tren} ysnq poTiq-per ou 9z8 erpuy aed “SPO. MOTLRE ‘8830 ‘qefung usoyseq | -dn jo surerd xp oyy, | UI punoss uedo uo oul NT snysnxe seqo0107q | esnoispueg uomMMOD OTL Z08 8830 { reaay, [eden | ‘** (Teooy nq) OIG ol OL strum i “guia Appnt ony, L6L ‘sade fqsT ‘mdumen | ong ont og snitosia sl “* « ZULI UeIpUl eqy, 964 ‘8930 “soysnq 64st ‘Ca (AM ‘ND Yeseqy | suretd of quoqsnommy, | 10 89049 mo; UT enuiva sg sIstorBquIeo fs « eyqang WMOIG OT, FEL “erpur =| ‘eserjoy Hor) Suoure “THILOF “s8Z0 { (‘q ‘9) mndmyquing | usoysee puvaemeutueg | 40 sooty mop uy | -yetd 404 7 suse anymy, | eAog eT}.} s,saxtg 62 “Aporyo ssur UWHALOF ‘sade § erpuy todd q BIpU yoysnoayy, | -P[NgG Jo se¥pej ug | -gerd jeus y | -" EIpeutequT equNjog | Moestg Yoor onjq werpuy eyy, | ses *“yoossny 10 “ped Mort ‘e880 £ (og) Buoog | sureyd o4 ynoySnoryy, potoavou punois ug | -jeqs fuy y eostad epnepeqstg | yer youg petyjeq-yoerq ay, | 094 ‘Brpuy | *sddo § (gq °Q) audrey | gnoysnorqyy = ATTBoOTT. song yor} Mop ut] * og | °° BaBpuBIUE vpporsy | yeavpeUTY WeIpuy oy, POL “sad caed =| *(Sesnoy Jo soava Ut {pug (‘aM 'N) Weavag | -oad vrpuy quoySuorqy, | 10) seeay [[euIs uy og eoleqepeu =“ “ [req-urd eyy, . e204, “EIpUy W194se9 ‘soysng A107} "1BAa0 po ‘e889 § pug ‘(‘g‘O) andrey | pue avrusumed oy, | 10 sory [ems Uy | -woposiel y ByCLys BILD | BUN PY poyowq-oytys oT, ToZ “eIpuy “sooay Arey ‘dno yoed ‘s880 § aps ‘NqqUIR, | TeyUeTTyUOCO «= UaJSaA | -T]OS JO syLOF UT | -moo este, V | XVIOI SNAIOD | UAABY OTT, 289 “saTsnq 10 seery ‘dno ‘e890 £ STIIS|IN erpuy ynoysnoayy, | ut s8119 wos Sunzy |avpnser fury y | snsoaqedted sdoseysoz | ry, poLe-a71yk UvIpUy oy, Te9 ‘syuBq wo ‘dno sd80 { WINS ‘Serpe | surerd oy ynoysnompy, | Lo syrea ut sazoy uy geal af eusyedsetopeur eyoejoy_| Treysey pord uerpuy oyT 68¢ “B00T} ‘dno Sury : ‘sd8e § s[TT] Ooquressy | °" eVIpUy UAayNg | [[BtAas Jo sHxLoy Uy |-Svzys asoo, y |‘ epjond euery | patqontg Amey ony, 69F “eIpuy “dno eq *s3a f oxoouvavry,| ynos Jo sty ey, | Sysnq pogejost uz! qvou [[eus VW | Byepuvorosny vsdur000j}Q | padeystyM-pot ueyINOS ory, “ssvid Jo 8yynN4 s8ga { pag ‘(qefung) tsuey | surepd oy} ynoysnoary, | 10 Sqent ihe uy! pedeys-dng | syepneo voqreyeyg | sorqqeg ysnq poyeiys oy, Ser VIpUy *sSurtdes 10 ‘dno ast ; ‘e890 f 481g ‘WwIsejoy | ygnos jo sity ey, | seqsnq jo syaoy uz! -sseu deop y | *'* epeydeootod eddiory | qsnaqy, toyenb wast oT, era “oyBa IeIT “ssoun JO ‘s830 { WIST ‘IMsey_ | «' ATao svdepeunpZ oy, | syoor jo syjora UL! [eq esuey W eoryerse eyeqorpé | [azZNO A907eM TMOIG OTT, LEE om nor ervimoae a a ee es “4eaNT JO egIg 4sayq Jo odeyg ‘soure Ay OplyueTog souIeN YsTsuge SaaS MARSHALL DEL NEST OF THE THICK BILLED FLOWER PECKER, (Piprisoma agile.) FEBRUARY. In this month the birds of prey continue to lay, while other kinds commence. The eggs of several swallows and martins may now be found. Parrots, woodpeckers, and other climbing birds are pairing, and even commence excavating the holes for their nests. Several kinds of larks have eggs, others are pairing and building. Doves, of course, are breeding in this as in every other month. The spotted doves, which are more regular than the others, are commencing to build, and the jungle bush quail are pairing in all parts of the country. In the Hrmazayas, the roc vulture, the lammergeyer, the black- capped falcon, the hawk eagles, buzzards, kites, and water ouzels have eggs, while the Jarge barred owlet and the common Indian bushchat are pairing and building throughout the range, and the red- capped tit and crested black tt begin to build in the eastern portions. The Himalayan magpie in all probability has eggs in this month. In the Punsas, the vultures, falcons, eagles, Pennant’s scops owls, the hoopoe, the grey shrike, the streaked scrub warbler, and the raven have eggs throughout the month, and the rufous grass warbler, the common quail, the big bustard, and in some places the common heron aro building their nests. In the Nortu-west Provinces, the laying season is fairly beginning. In addition to the vultures, falcons, eagles, &c., no less than seven kinds of owls have. eggs. Swallows and martins begin laying; so do also. the parrots, the purple honey-sucker, the flower-peckers, the streaked wren warbler, the bow-billed corby, the house sparrow, the finch larks. and sand larks; the emerald dove, the ringed plover and the stone plover : and besides these, the following kinds should be watched as they commence building their nests, and possibly laying also during | this month = fhe Indian scops owl, the palm swift, the rose-headed parroquet, the chestnut-bellied nuthatch, the common woodshrike, the brown-backed rohin, the black bushchat, the common quail, and the spur-winged plover. The common heron too begins building in parts of Oudh, and the river terns and scissor bills are now congregating on the islands, where in the next month they will breed. In BenaAl, the eggs of the long-billed vulture and white-bellied sea eagle and changeable hawk eagle, and brahminy. kite may be taken. The common sand martin is still laying. The yellow-fronted wood- 70 FEBRUARY. pecker has eggs, while the palm roof swift in the Garo hills, the red- breasted parroquet, the common woodshrike, and the red jungle fowl in the sub-Himalayan tracts are pairing off and preparing their nests. Here too the river terns and scissor bills are congregating. In Central Inpra, the vultures and the brahminy kite, probably also the owls, and whatever species of eagles are found there, have eggs still. The cliff swallow and dusky crag martin are hatching their first brood. The pied kingfisher, the crimson-breasted barbet, the amethyst rumped honey-sucker, the Indian amadavat, and the finch-larks have eges throughout the month, while the painted spur fowl, and probably also the flower-peckers, nuthatches, woodpeckers, parrots, larks, and some plovers are pairing. The river terns and scissor bills will also probably congreyate here too in this month. In Sournern Inpt, the breeding season is by this time further advanced than in the north. The kestril has eggs throughout the month in the Nilgiris. In the far south, eggs of the booted eagle may be taken, and also those of the common kite, the Nilgiri nightjar, the golden- backed woodpecker, the Nilgiri flower-pecker, the velvet-fronted nuthatch, the quaker thrushes, babblers, laughing thrushes, bulbuls, and bluebirds throughout the peninsular. In the Nilgiris the eggs of the white-eyed hill tit may be found, and the Indian grey tit, the jungle mynah, the crested larks, green pigeons, doves, jungle fowl, spur fowls, grey partridges, and bush quail are also sitting. In the extreme south the eggs of the snake bird, and possibly some other water birds, may still be found, but the season for them is virtually over. The following kinds are also commencing to pair and build their nests, and should be watched particularly towards the end of the month :— The southern sirkeer, the little pied (flycatcher) shrike (Hemipus picatus), the spotted wren bcbbler, the black bulbul, the robins, bush chats, Nilgirt tet lark, long-tailed treepie, and Nilgiri sky lark. Of these latter the eggs have not as yet been taken before the beginning of March. 71 FEBRUARY. ‘sddo § WIST “eqqoren asde £ 481[Z ‘Tansey "8890 § yIg ‘esuRy ‘adda §ysTzZ ‘moTeg ‘Sunok {Wg feisy sede ‘yIGT ‘Isue_L “‘8H8a § pugg ‘Isusyl ‘e850 £ WISS “TS “SIISTEN “8330 £ ap Cd AA ON) BHR YOIeT ‘sd80 {WIZT ‘uanpye fyIST “qeuanqy ‘sida £ TQ ‘CO;OOyT “e830 £ WOT ‘wAsuRy “poouq sia[sseays Moy W “STI ‘qaoqe'y ‘sada ‘qefung ‘dunok ‘q90T “eisy eandyeg ‘ s830 ‘sida £ Uyg “eqqnoTVO ‘wemypeg ‘ooqy ‘armly ie “33890 + 'Banok ‘TY0g ‘eisuB yy WISS ee £qI0T ‘esy £4108 ‘SURE ‘BPUOPL oy} 10; Savoye g ‘sefey « yaeq -eully-qns pue pesueg | *" oni “otqg | sngeSrye0 a a[qvesueyo ey, us sekeeuny oy |" «seedy ysIG Ug | ONT sisugqedru sngowzidg |“ yueq pedeyr ony, 98 *s00d} : “* erpuy qnoysnomy, | Ys] 3O syyD Ug] " omg |" Fyemog snqoest jy « syjeTog ee RIpuy ULey Mog | *"* ogi a“ otq [t" eyeuued oe « peqoog og, te ‘erpuy sad | -du jo suretd Arp ogy, |** — sooay SI Uy | "OW =|’ suekypuyA “« £umey werpuy euy, 6 ‘sede Fy We -som pues qefung oyy, |" seer} Josdoy ug | oq yrapisom epmby | ejseq peredun ory, LB ‘ eSuer UeMIeTNg “ULIOT pure ‘sas ty ‘sedepeurpy | SIT JO saspey uO | -yeid ose, W | SULtepneye snfnounuUty, | Taysoy ony, 41 ‘deo oatsseun “surerd oy noysnoryy, | *** sea} Jo syTOJ uy | goeduoo |‘ exonboryo oopeyouywy | urpteyy pepvey-per oy, 91 “eIpuy aod “SpTpO | -dn jo surejd frp oyy,| 10 soo, Ys UQ | onIg msanf “ “ qeSSey ong, a ow iz owt 09st sdaotaye oopeg jnoapeg poddeo-yoxyq oyy, II ‘osuel WeUITETNg “ULIOT pus sefepeunpy ony, | “spp Jo seSpoy ug | -yeyd eBre, V sngeqaeq snjowd xy “ pepreeg ou, L *s004 ‘sn * erpuy qnoysnomypy, | eBrwy Jo sp ug |‘ waoperg | -etursurs uo1ydouss9g « — geSueAvos OFT CYT, | 9 - Brpuy [ey “Wed pus 4som-7410N | *" owt omg jo" susosaatng « keq ony “eIpuy [@ "80004 -quouryu0D ynoysnosuy, | eBrel Jo sdoy avant} *** oq | '' = sisuepedueqg =“ poyorq-ogrya ony, ¢ “erpuy “g9004 seddn jo sured ogy,| qsrq jo sdoqy gy |i oq snoipur “ Ke y Chan “BIpuy yeqyaeo «pus u1eqse AA | og. “omg |0" sucosatted =“ “ patttq-Buo] eyed on, | + £yuo sekepeurpy yy, | sto Jo seSpay uM | oq | stsuetepeany sdiin “ 901 OO, e “eIpty [eB "8904 “ULOT -queuryuoo ynoysnoagy, | ysty Jo sdoy ug | -qeid ofsel snajeo sdf9049 | ema, Bury oyy, Zz ™ peed) taateg "490 NT Jo ontg "480 Ny Jo odeyg ‘SAUNT OBTCIOg ‘sOUBNT YSTLsagy fies oa AUVOUIIA FEBRUARY. 72 *(sno1e3 “erpuy =| -e19) ssurpringq a0 ‘strdeq poorq yeatg | Texyaeo =pue uroqya0N | Joqyem avon spo UH |pedeys-yaoyoy | “= epOoTANE opunaryT “ Ho werpuy ey, 98 "s3Ba ‘toyem Aq syoOr Saye ‘Ca AA ND) Geanegay SIpuy oysnomqy, | wor seSpraq zopugq |** oq |“ sdeogna te a poTtey-orr OTT, bas} “UILIOS *89.AR0 ‘roones ‘surdoq Suipyimg yay | -euuay,‘uopfey ‘siapy to | «sSUrpymq Uy | ABMomo-1weg| ! efoormop opunsTy |moremg esnoy STN ONT, eg ‘ssurprng “8530 {T0g ‘pequyeTy |“ BIpUL ynoySnoryy, | 10 sexy ursafoy uy |‘ = oN “. eureiq oueyTy | 191M peqods ong, 9L ‘e83a {TOT ‘suey lerpuy teddn pus peayuog| *** soo ulsspoyup|'' oq |" snesus seyerpdy | “ sdoos sjueuueg ‘soda {UIP “so0T] OBIE] Cd ‘M ‘N) mdunreyesg |‘ erpuy qnoySnomy, | 10 syoor jo syopo uy |‘ euoN |" stsuetotfeo ednyoy | “ sy UMorq oN, ah ‘9830 “S00 “WAIOJ PUVL ‘Ca AA ON) Juaoogy | surepd of} NONEROT esxe] Jo syIoy uy |-ye[d oSce, Y | epaeutos09 ‘ “ pousoy-yeup ony, o£ ‘8830 641g oP &) Cd “AA ‘N) mdunsetes -oad erpuy qnoysnorqy, | equeq jo sefpot ug |" oy | stsuepesueq wrydewosy | “ peusoy-yoos oyy, 69 ‘sds0 *s0014 OSIBl WO Sue “CaM ON) Teangg | 071, SMOT[OY Lo sopoy Up] = oOFTq |" sisuouls eooeMg | “ poo peTjjour sy, rete) “880 “s8urpymq SUQZT ‘Ca AA ND) Qemugay sured oy Ol IO 8901} UI satoy Up} *** euoN | *** BOIpUl XLYG | [MO Yovedos UBIpUy oy, 09 “se dey "psedq sto] SSvays moy | -BUIIFL Utoysom oy, | ont “oatqg fc tofeu a “ werpuy reyeard ony, ‘sunok £ stn3 “TIN £ 8889 £ y10g “peqeyeiry | “° VIPUL Jnoysnoamqy, |" seeqy Josytoy up| owt =| epuraos snappy | “ womutoo oqy, 9¢ ‘8890 § WOT ‘("d 'O) *TOYEM andy fuyTT | “eynopeg sure[d ety gnoysnoxmy, | wou seer] ys ug] ** oq |" snpuUl myserey | oy Auromerq oy, gg ‘sede[eulipy UIo ‘sgtfo | *** uLToFgeyd ‘8880 § agpZ ‘oopooy | -3se pues qefung eqT,| 40 sooxy YSIT TO aepnserzy |“ susosouKed Cong |paezzng pesse|-Su0T ey J, oP ‘e830 f WIG ‘eyMOTeD 4yseoo oY} pUMOL TW | sea WSBT UG | ** «=o | BaAqseSoonoT ad “ BOS PoTT[9q-o71GM oy, | Sp “erpuyl TTs paorq sxo[S3eys moy y | Wlaq}tou ynoysnoagy, | *** ond “omg | snqddioone, sngeureH | “ Surysy payrey-Surt ony, | oy “eIpuy “TOYO. (‘toryeuttzuoo semmboyy) | refnsurued pue useyseq | avou soar, WS UQ |’ MIG | snyeedyyqor snyevorfog “ SUTTSE popiey-aeq on IP “eIpuy tod — e99aq | tt untog yey. z "8890 { qi9g ‘TI9 ‘Isaey | -dn jo sureyd sap oy, | usr uo ATpensq esrB, Yj} sndty[ed suzoworty | apSeq¢ peog-qazoys ou, ge eq? sop Bre[non Teg w sien areata "489 JO Ovg “ys0n Jo edeyg *soure y] OBTINETOg ‘somByT ySTsUG aon 73 FEBRUARY. ‘surdaq Surprmq 989N “830 fTIEL ‘TUPAC ‘8880 {pugg ‘anyqureg “sad0 SWIOL “SEISTIN “Ise}0yy ‘saa SqIGg ‘peqeyeTy “s530 {qI0g ‘punureoe}0O "8830 £WIST ‘peqeyelly sage fuigt ‘(Cd *O) mmdrey “9830 § (‘a ‘Q) mudrey. “8330 { pag ‘SLMS TIN “9830 {u942g ‘UMYqueyy ‘8330 fyI0g fig ‘eidy “side § 410g ‘uoog Bye ‘qaodunreqeg ‘88a fu9g ‘(ad (0) andrey 8380 ! apps ‘SIAISTINT “surdeq Surprinq 380 ‘oyrtp {TOT ‘IsueqLe ‘Bunok §190g ‘eyqnoyep ‘e830 ! meT ‘andumen ‘sd3e { uoog ezyaq | svdepeUry OUT, “eIpuy [@ “jHouTjHOD ynoysnoryy, “sured frp ey} ynoyqsnorgy, ““ erpuy Juoqsnommy, ,, BpUl jo. suorder ATTY ey, “+ -grpuy Jnoysnomyy, a SIISTIN OUD ~ tad -oid wIpuy ynoysnomyy, “SIpuy Tepasara. -od pue jedueg qeMory surefd a4 ynoysnomqy, “BIpuy qnos TT UL jo ont ‘sureyd oy} noySnomy, ‘seLeeuty usejsom «pue gqefang “surerd omy Jnoysnormgy, “BIPUT Teayue0 04 Surpueyxe ‘useTNOg oe out, (Ayo -O[) BIpuy Jnoysnorqy, *(q@gnos UI OXeI) BIPUT noysnoryy, BIpUy ULOT}AION “T9JBM IBOU SyoOL jo syalo uy ‘soqouwlq [@ -4LOZTLOF, dO S901} ul ‘soa [/BUs 10 seysnq Aua0yy Uy ‘sdurprmq 40 8991} UT sofoy UT ** $9024 UI sofol UT ‘soqouBag UIQ} Woay SuLsUB_L “eSeITOF YON} Ur 83M} UO SUIS UE EE cas ont “sotouRrq 50 sdy woy susuey ont ee ot *"s90T4 Ur seToYy [elope Uy ms owt *sd0r} podeoop ut sepoy uy “syTBQ, JAIL UL sojOY UL “soqsnq 180m uaqjo punoad oy 09 *(snotsesar13) sfarprmg surety *BYOOI IO saurpring = yeuresy a ont (‘snore Sead) syuEq JOA Ut sefoy uy "sSOUL jo Treq Sse, y “dno fay ¥ “dno oat -88BUl FOI} V OM one eo NT “ o9gt. ‘souBIyUe yoo YA ‘pedeysosang oy seouwryua opis yah ‘podeys-avag “09st * o9gt “oF “ota oF ong Mar oul Ny “IRL -nqo|s - taHeg ‘dno repnoato -taxes doop V ont ‘dno 9s00] ¥ “* gorerse vyeqorpéy “* ‘gjoamne eara000nerT see BIOFYBl SNTUT “* stuuediustu ednd gq. sTTeyuory §=eprydorpuaqy ens epge euostdrg ’ |"** = LOTOoTOD TUMOOTCT BolyeIse BIYQIeUPOVIY ‘eoruspfez —eutoo04dary ~epeqdeo -2uay = BMABLOUVY “THA98 -sepap soqdejooosdaqg, “* SISMOyRIGUL SHOT ** sngenb104 Ae * SISUO[BATS STULORTE stpna epfta9 Tateepey = suspaumadeg ‘“snorarssfqe snposdfc. «ojoom0o o SISUauTs S eyeooosqus affj09 [eZNC 19}BM TAOIG OUT, TeyaRT peaorg-onyar ogy, ays Lord UeIpUE oUF, sodooy werpuy ey], YoyetU NT poyMosz-goapoa Oy T, o PETG ODT, oyood-t9MOLT MISTIN eu Ks ejdind oy, qeyonsfanoyy peduma-qsfqyoure ot, qoqreg poysvorq-UosmIIO OUT, ef peyovq-ae -plod uxeyynos ey, tayood poo AA poyuoy-Moppes ot], «« pasult esor ety, qenboreg pUeq-osor Uy ON OY, sroysysury pod oqy, wehqstt HSIN OGL IAG UBIPUY Wourutoo ety, «Beso Aysnp oy, «pues MOUND oT, uyreyg pues Lysnp o4L, LS S66 9ce gee §96 OFS 686 VES BES L6T L9T O9T SPT LPT gt g0T 00T FEBRUARY. 74 ‘eady jo ygnos | *'* yoossn4 ro popo ‘ped aemo "8880 £ ueoseq ou, | “eipuy qnoysnoayy, | ceou punoad oy} UC | -m0 qST[s -Y jeMormwyd sousmouury | yxwTyT YOUR porrey-snomz oyy, | ges “S8UUL ‘sae § UNG “pEqeysTTy | ""' srpuy moysnorqy, | sosnoy ynoqe pue uy | aemgois yi] * SMOTPU Jesseg | Mowedg esnoy uvipuy ey, 902 “erpuy ‘sao {aes ‘(aq ‘O) audrey | quoqsnomy Ayreoory | soysnq yor} Moy UT omg |‘ eaupuvure eplorysey | qeavpeury UsIpuy ayy FOL ‘rod | *--soave 20 ‘sqnays ‘TBAO po ‘e839 fu6 ‘pequysTTy | -ord erpuy quoysnorqy, /‘seary yyems = uy | -mop oF, y | woweqepeu ern | eranygq poprey-urd oxy, e0L “sdurprmg ‘9399 £ SIAISTIN OU, STITG popooa [Te Uy | 10 seery ut sefoy uy |‘ euON | ‘** snosny setotOpUOV | yeadyq opsunl oy, 989 ‘s8d0 § TST ‘peqeyeiry | sureyd oy ynoynoayy, | °° ont a rUNCG § “* sngqvutmo =f Aqiog peyiq-moq aq, 099 ‘8030 “eIpul “80014 ‘dno youd mer ‘qefung ‘umpey | peywourymoo ute4yso Ay | Aavqtjos Jo syaoy Uy | -wI09 aBavy | XVIOD MALON | UAB oT, 489 “s00} ‘sdg0 {UIZT ‘punureez09 STITY pepoow [Ie Uy | Io sy[wa ur sefoy uy | ped moryeyg | ** snedeuro snavg | “ aad werpuy oyy, fos) ‘squays 10 80a} ‘dno 1] ‘s8d0 {SLNS[IN ‘WISse}Oy BIPUL Noy snosyy, | ur sd1mq coy Suny | -nBer Auy y | snsorqadjed sdoraysoz | ry, poke-oqrqan werpuy oyy, te9 *s8d0 “spUelSt wo 'u9p3 ‘Ca MN) Gtnsyoqeg VIpUy UsyWON | ssvid jo sdumjpo up| oytq |‘ epide] eisoumg |* “ WOT i euL | os¢ ‘sqnays | ‘powiop e{ ‘add feroysaon | “spy supuy-suesy ogy, | Lax0yy = mop = uy |-ngorZ oSaeq|*' eyorbut voourdaq T[GIVM Gnas payearys ayy, | —— "s90l} ‘dno surp3 ‘s880 pug ‘s[T~ooquessy BIPUT ULEyMOY | [Teus jo syroy uy |-Svays esoo, y eyjend vueay | patqontg Aareyz ony, 69F “saysuq ; ‘sad0 SeLUSTIN | sured 04} ynoysnonqy, | 10 sooxy qpews up|‘ omtq |‘ snqrisnd snqouows gy “ seapeyy Wouraro0s eu, 1 Zor “BIpur ‘dno aqme peteystym ‘8330 faoou0p ‘qisejoy | yNos Jo sy oy, | *‘soysnq poyerosr uz | yeou pPuoUs ¥ [eyepneorsny vsdur00039 -pad UtayNOs ay, —. ‘ssead jo sdumyo : “peerq sio[Saeys Moz y | suretd 043 qnoygnosyy, | 10 seysnq mort uz| podeys-dng| ‘'eyepneo voyreyeqg TOTUGV Ysnq powers syT, Ser ‘ssurjdes 10 ‘dno aat “sueu ‘oyTp =—-O77TP omg |" SITTIN OUT, | soysuq Jo syxxoy uy | -ssem deep y | -tyooes uoseqdoreyoory, | ysnaqy, SurqSney wSTIN OWL vad “y90ssn4 10 ysnq |-pemop repnq “TIPPEy ‘099T =—-079TP ote oC @ UL punolds 04} UQ |} -0|8 Bre] | -s10q SnUIToyeMog | La[q(qvg IVpUlIos ULET INOS ONL] EOP “RIpuy ‘ssurdes 10 “dno oat "e830 feImSTIN ‘IseOy | yMos yo sry eyy,| soysnq zo syaoy uy |-ssuur deep Vi‘ steqdeoorod eddtory | ysnaqy, soyenb rat8tryy eqy, ege ony sof susjnonzeg uy oduvyy ortteateep "son Joong — | aso Joodeyg | some opnaarog amt ema 00K FEBRUARY. ‘sdgo { serpepy Jo qNOg ‘sade f(-q “AA 'N) Weasengy -s830 ¢ anduaep “9880 f stardyiyy “i18e]0>T ‘aa3o0 { releg "e98o f sTUS TIN “TIsBIOy | * ‘sida { Lequleyy e839 § WIG" ‘uoog BAYA. ONL ot, Ot “Ayaepngeam ayinb pooig “paeiq Sia[savT4s Ml W sido t 19P3 ‘S[ITH Coquisesy ‘suydeq Sarprmq 389N ‘e330 £ dua ‘3990 i pugs ‘(a AA ND) Feasng ‘surerd oy jnoysnoxyy, *(Aqre00T) eIpuy ynoysnorgy, “* erpuy noysno«yy, SUISTIN OUL sIpuy jo suteyd nado ony, ont ‘eIpuy [Nos pus yeaqueo jo sym ony “84084 pepoom Ayasuep [fe Ul ***({800] qaq) ontq oni ‘sured on} jnoysnomy, “eIpuy- Uleysve PU IB NsUIMET "+ ‘erpuy gnoysnoaqy, “erpuy jo qynogs STA onL erpuy Ud1eqNOg yeyueutz}u0o U9 SBA “sured oy ynoyA#noayy, +1948 UL SUL -pusys seedy uO “2014 IO saysnq qeou punoas ot} UO stoata Apres &q ponois oy} uO “xay[Ys Jap -un punois 343 UO “"' guido sotsng ul punord aT} UO : ost “19400 estiep Ul punord 931} UO “soysnq JO 201} HOTy} Ul a on. ound “sorsnq IO soot} MOT UT *aBVI[OF YOU} Ul S99r4 MOT UT “Aporqo sBur “pring jo sadpey uO *B00T4 Jo syZnoq 10yn0-aQ, ‘seed io seysnq fury qeou punoid oy} UD “ystreurey io syoossny sep -an punois 0 UO ote “TULOF -~yord Ysno1y “ot oma ouo Ny ound ost “SOABOT Ap mop ¥ “IeONes MOoysys = oma ort ot “ULLOF -yojd fay -y oma “ULIOF -qeid [yous y “TeONBs AOTTBYS Vv “ot ‘ped mort sys fay y "+ Joysedouvpour snj4o[ sueqidero snimeuoIpa) snOIMOMd sezt[BISAD “eyo -afyqaoqyhie = elnorpieg guetteotyuod stu1084410 sneorpeds xrpsedoyey THyeLoUNOS sNI[eK) *** smorput adeqdooreyo strut SNLLOSTL fe sIsuorequteo iS euseUl ANAT, ‘““gIpeuMeyUT BquM]OY goleqepeUA Worex4OUISC) polrequeal Bpnepy qeq4ex Bpepnery ‘gosta wpnepequitg Pag eyeus UBIpuy OTL « 9u048 ey, TOACTT posuta oy, Tend ysnq pepitq-pot oq, esprayeg sors oO, “ads pat ony, taog opsunl Lord oy, « pyperome ony, “ Zura Appns oy, “ Zul UeIpuy ony, “ apy UMOIq OUT, eso op}ny saxhg « —-qooa onqq UeIpUy OUT trogatg weead poquosy-Lors oy, poqsero cequreyy OL “pres utoqseo oT], AreT qoug porleg-yoryq egy, soot 68 6r8 828 668 vis €18 864 164 964 P6L 864 884 GL 894 B94 094 MARCH. Tue birds of prey are still in full season, and though many of the larger kinds have ceased to lay their places are filled by others, especially among the owls. Most of the bee eaters, kingfishers, parrots, wood- peckers, barbets, nuthatches, larks, plovers, and terns are either laying or building, and several species of swifts, goatsuckers, shrikes, fly- catchers, thrushes, babblers, bulbuls, chats, warblers, titlarlts, jays, mynahs, and game birds are beginning to lay. In the Hrwatayas, the king vulture is still laying, also the bearded vulture (Lammergeyer), the black-capped falcon, and Bonelli’s eagle. The crested serpent eagle, the long-legged buzzard and the greater Indian kite, and several of the owls are laying. The slaty- headed paroquet and the scaly-bellied green woodpecker have eggs. The white-tailed and velvet-fronted nuthatches, the hoopoe, the bronzed drongo, the ashy swallow shrike, the verditer flycatcher, the Nepal quaker thrush, the white-browed warbler, the white-eyed tit, the red-capped, crested black, and mountain tits, the nutcracker, magpie and jay, the large hill mynah, the tree sparrow, and the white-crested king pheasant all begin laying ; and the goshawk, Himalayan fishing eagle, collared pigmy owlet, common swallow, crag and Kashmir martins, Hodgson’s trogon, roseband paroquet, woodpeckers, piculets, flower-peckers, tree-creepers, raquet-tailed drongos, chestnut-bellied chat thrush, white-collared ouzels, missel thrush, red-headed wren babbler, rufous-necked and rusty-cheeked scimitar babblers, black gorgetted laughing thrush, iron grey bushchat, blue-headed redstart, black-eared and grey-headed warblers, western spotted forktails, yellow- cheeked tits, blue magpies, green jays, and spotted-winged stares are all pairing and building. In the Punsas, the vultures, hawks, falcons, and true eagles are still laying, also the short-toed eagle. The buzzards and several owls commence laying. The dusky crag martin, the pied kingfisher, the grey shrike, the babblers, the streaked scrub warbler, the streaked wren warbler, the raven, the larks, doves, the common sandgrouse, the common quail, the big bustard, most of the plovers, the common heron, the king curlew, most of the terns,.and the scissor bill have eggs during the month; and the painted sandgrouse, the seesee partridge, the lesser button quail, and the gull-billed terns are pairing and making their nests. In the Norta-Wesr Provinces, the white scavenger vulture MARSHALL Geb NEST OF THE RED-HEADED TIT. [Egithahsous erythrocephalus,) MARCH, 77 and a few of the king vultures are the only vultures with eggs at this season. The laggar falcon, the red-headed merlins, the changeable hawk eagles, buzzards, kites, and most of the owls, are still laying. All the swallows and martins, the blue-tailed bee eater, the roller, the parrots, woodpeckers and barbets, the flower-peckers, honey suckers, nuthatches, robins, chats, titlarks, carrion crows, larks of all kinds, green pigeons, emerald doves, grey partridges, bush quail, common quail, most of the plovers, the river terns, and the scissor bills haye all got eggs. The following birds not included in the list that follows begin building during the month, and should be watched:—The shikra hawk, the jungle owlet, the blue-ruffed bee eater, the northern grey hornbill, the large grey cuckoo shrike, Sykes» warbler, and the common cormorant. In Beneat, the palm roof swift in the Garo hills lays throughout the month. The large Bengal nightjar, the white-breasted kingfisher, the red-breasted paroquet, the Indian loriquet, the yellow-fronted wood- pecker, Franklin’s green barbet, the koel, honey suckers, flower- peckers, the common wood shrike, the common babbler, the red- whiskered and white-winged green bulbul, the black-headed oriole, the black crow, Sykes’ turtle dove, the red jungle fowl, the kyah par- tridge, plovers, river terns, and scissor bills all have eggs. The species that commence nest-building during the month are Jerdon’s green bulbul, the shama robin, and the white-backed munia. In Centrat Inpi4, the cliff swallows, crag martins, blue-tailed bee eater, little kingfisher, rock chat, rufous-tailed finch lark, painted spur fowl, and plovers are the characteristic species that lay during the month, but many of the species that breed at this time in northern, and particularly southern India, breed also now in central India. The species that begin building in this month are the jungle nightjar and the purple heron. In Sovutnern Inp1a, the kestril is still laying, and probably some of the owls. The jungle nightjar, chestnut-headed bee eater, little kingfisher, lesser green woodpecker, the green barbet, the sirkeer, flower- pecker, some shrikes, flycatchers, thrushes, blackbirds, quaker thrushes, babblers, laughing thrushes, bulbuls, robins, chats, the ashy wren warbler, titlark, tits, long-tailed treepie, mynahs, larks, grey jungle fowl, red spur fowl, and red-winged bush quail are the kinds that breed throughout the month. The white-bellied short wing in the Pulneys, and the green pigeons and Nilgiri wood pigeons commence building their nests. MARCH. 78 "sd30 ! 490g ‘ansepy ‘sd80 $ q9eT “md Funreyes § w99g ‘y4g ‘IsueTy sanqeyg ‘cowwn yy ‘88de § WIgL ‘GIG ‘aNsepL ‘8839 £ uowuny ‘sa30 f ISUe_L 830 ‘ qufung aoddq "eBSo § 487 ‘SINSTIN ‘8880! u4g ‘pequyerTy ‘sad0 §. 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" ontg |° eynurm “OTT OU S86 ‘sd30 ¢y0g ‘mexoddry, | -* yeBueg ureyseq | ost. “oat sisueurs =“ “motes oo ree ‘To}eM UL ‘8830 fyig ‘qereddry, ‘BIPUT [VJWoUTyWOV | syoyory} to spoet uy | “* oq | ‘somOUTeTUIO VYOpIY | UAE} JnUyseq OTT, e86 “surdoq uosves ‘eipuy aeddg| - ong * goat} Jo sytoy up|‘ omg | head Bjoopry puod e941] om, 06 “red O}BA TH Spoor "WLIOJ *edH0 fa08nesg | -ord erpuy moySnoayy, | Jo spoq yor uy |-yeqd oscor y | ‘* vandand vepry | noray ofdmd eyy, ¥o6 sqnaty ae aies ee eed el gl ae e “3801 Jo o1tg “ysonq go odeqg “SoUTEAT OTIUEIOG ‘soureyy WSTsUG meas MARSHALL, DEL, NEST OF THE YELLOW-THROATED BROADBILL. (Psarisomus dathouswa/ JULY. Tas is in the plains the principal month for taking the eggs of the water-birds, wren warblers, and munias, while in the Himalayas the finches and buntings are the most numerous breeders. The birds of prey, parrots, hornbills, most of the woodpeckers and the barbets, the nuthatches and creepers, thrushes and blackbirds, and tits of almost all kinds, have ceased to lay. The shrikes, small minivets, the turtle doves, ringdoves are still breeding everywhere. And throughout the plains the eges of the common drongo, tailor bird, rufous grass warbler, peafowl, bustard quail, red-wattled plovers, purple coots, common coots, and water- hens, may be taken. In the Himatayas, the eggs of the mosque swallow, the swift, the roller, the Marshall’s barbet, the common and large hawk euckoos, paradise flycatcher, grey-headed and verditer flycatchers, the grey- winged blackbird, striated jay thrush, Nepal quaker thrush, red-billed wren babbler, several of the laughing thrushes, some of the bulbuls, bushchats, hill warblers, tree warblers and pipits, the rufous-breasted accentor, blue magpie, mynabs, munias, sparrows, bartailed tree doves, emerald doves, kalij pheasants, Hodgson’s partridges, chukor, peora partridge, bustard quail, rails, and bitterns may still be found, but the season is practically over, except in the more elevated ranges and towards the far west. Eggs of buntings and finches are found throughout the ranges, The golden woodchat begins to pair and build during this month. In the Punsas, the crested honey buzzard is still laying. The mosque and cliff swallows have their second brood. The white-breasted kingfisher and common gold back woodpecker breed throughout the month. Also the koel, coucal and sirkeer, the white-eared bulbul, the golden oriole, brown-backed robin, Stewart’s wren warbler, and all other wren warblers that occur there, the common crow, mynahs, pin-tailed munias, bushlarks and black-bellied finchlarks, the common sandgrouse, the black partridge, bustard, courier plover, red-wattled plover, white-necked stork, common heron, egrets, pond herons, cattle herons, green bitterns, night herons, and spoonbills have eggs. By the end of the month the dlack-winged kites, the large bution quail, and Blyth’s water hen (very rare) are begin- ning to pair and build. 150 JULY. In the Nortn-West Provincns, the birds of prey have al lceased to lay. Eggs of all the resident swallows may be found, and the palm swift has its second brood. The cuckoos, coucals and sirkeers are laying. The large grey cuckoo shrike, the fantail, the yellow-eyed babbler, the rufous-bellied wren babbler, all other babblers, except the reed babbler, the golden oriole, the wren warblers, white-eyed tits, tree pies, mynahs, weaver bird, pin-tailed munia, bushlarks, finch larks, stone plover, still have eggs; while those of the sarus crane, pheasant-tailed jacana, Baillon’s crane, white-necked stork, herons, and egrets of all kinds, spoonbills, Ibis’s geese, teal, and snakebirds are found throughout the month. The marsh terns also breed in this month, and the great rufous wren warbler, striated weaver birds, cinnamon bitterns, and spotted billed ducks commence to pair and build. In Benaat, the palm swift has its second brood. The broad-billed roller is believed to be breeding, but its eggs have not been taken. The coucal, tailor-bird, white-breasted kingfisher, common babbler, yellow- bellied wren warbler, white-winged green bulbul, chestnut-bellied munia and spotted munia, and the bustard quail lay in the neighbourhood of Calcutta. The Bengal grass warbler in the eastern districts, the blue- breasted quail and florikin in the Terai districts. The bronzed-winged jacana, the water cock, Baillon’s crane, the great heron, the black bittern and chestnut bittern, the pink-headed duck, and probably most of the other resident water birds lay everywhere throughout the month. In Centra Inpra, the swallows, dusky crag martins, nightjars, koels, coucals, cuckoo shrikes, fantails, ground thrushes, wren babblers, green bulbuls, robins, rockchats, almost all the wren warblers, titlarks, treepies, mynahs, munias, amadavats, crested buntings, bushlarks, crown crest larks, painted partridges, bustard, jacanas, rails, herons, egrets, and white ibis, are laying still, while Sykes’s warbler, the lesser button quail, and the larger whistling teal begin to pair and build. In Sournern Innis, the orange minivet, the black-naped azure flycatcher, the white-spotted fantail, the yellow-eyed babbler, black- headed quaker thrush, most of the wren warblers, the white-eyed tit, the jungle mynah, and most of the munias, appear to be the principal breeders during this month. Towards the end of it Jerdon’s wren warbler, the Malabar crested lark, and the rain quai/ commence to pair and build. 151 JULY. 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In this month the water-birds and small wren warblers are the principal breeders throughout the plains. The eggs of the rufous grass warbler, the white-eyed tit, the pin-tailed munia, the jungle bush quail, the bustard quail, and the little grebe may be taken. In the Himazayas, the season is now nearly over. Eggs of the mosque swallow, the small minivet, the grey-winged blackbird, the red-headed and streaked laughing thrushes, the golden woodchat, the brown-breasted hill warbler, the red-billed hill tit, the yellow-billed blue jay, the chestnut-bellied and spotted munias, the meadow bunting, the Indian siskin, Hodgson’s turtle dove, and the black partridge may still be found, though only a few stragglers are laying. Probably at the higher elevations many of the finches breed in this month, but their nests have not as yet been found. In the Punsas, the black-winged kite is breeding, also the wire-tailed and mosque swallows; eggs of the sirkeer, the bay-backed shrike, the white-eyed bulbul, the striated reed babbler (second brood). The rufous- fronted wren warbler, the large button quail, the big bustard, Blythe’s water hen, and most of the resident water-birds may still be taken. The streaked wren warbler is building for its second brood. In the Nornru-West Provinczs, the wire-tailed and mosque swal- lows, the common swifts, the pied crested cuckoos, coucals, sirkeers rufous- backed and bay-backed shrikes, large grey cuckoo shrikes, white-browed fantails, babblers, reed babblers, wren warblers, mynahs, striated and common weaver birds, black-bellied finch larks, peafowl and almost all the resident water-birds, waders and swimmers, except the terns and plovers, have eggs throughout the month; while the grass babbler, streaked wren warbler, black-throated weaver bird, painted snipe, and Black-necked stork commence building towards the end of the month. In Benoa, the characteristic breeders are the yellow-bellied wren warbler, the tailor bird, the Bengal grass warbler, the chestnut-bellied munia, the peafowl, jacanas, rails and coots and bitterns, which almost all have eggs, besides, many of those which breed at this season in other parts, The grass babbler and black-throated weaver bird begin to build in this month. V 162 AUGUST. In Centrat Inpra, eggs of the cliff swallow, Nilgiri nightjar, purple honey sucker, blackcap sbrike, pied cuckoo shrike, large grey cuckoo shrike, small minivet, white-browed fantail, ground thrush, rufous-bellied wren warbler, green bulbuls, ioras, the great and allied wren warblers, Sykes’ warbler, the chestnut-bellied and spotted munias, the Indian amadavat, the crested bunting, the painted partridge, the lesser button quail, jacanas, coots, rails, king curlew, large whistling teal, and lesser cormorant may be taken during the month. The likh florikin and the painted snipe commence pairing and building . towards the end of the month. In Souruern Inp1a, the honey suckers have eggs, also the ashy wren warbler, the common wren warbler, the brahminy mynah, the spotted white-backed and pin-tailed munias, the Indian amadavat, the crown-crest lark, the rain quail, bush quail, and bustard quail: probably the eggs of many other species also may be found. The white-browed bush bulbul and the Nilgirt skylark are building towards the end of the month for their second brood. 163 AUGUST. "9904 JO SHIT “eIpuy [erqu80 "100 ‘edge punyyjopung] pue yyNos jo sysexoq| yeyuozoy UIT Uy|-nes [ems y |" TMeexAs BLOATOOATO A “YyuoUr 943 JnoySnomy, | °° = erpuy gnoysnoaqy, |." ontq | dno yeou y | °° mye “erpuy [eryW980 : “spUa Uoseag | pue uroysvo jo sTIpT | ‘* owt “* onntd sdesuwsm « ‘soysng Lur10q} ‘dno oat ‘s30 £ 48Tg ‘easy | *** ond 4O saedy JO syIoy uy |-seeur Yor} Y |" sngouosyyése entuey ‘8330 § erpuy pexyues | ' erpuy qnoysnomqy, | °° on ont | voreise wry qooupDery “suy8eq Tostag | *** SUISEN OUT |" ont “oq |" eurrarar : : “BIpur ‘soqouvig JO | souRIyHa Opts . 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(‘q'¢E) andrey | usxeqynos pue yexyueg | wou seeqy YAry uy | -TeqsTTeus y “ qopael sruazoyéqg “ yeoud s uOpiog 69P “soysnq, ‘dno sep ‘spue uoseeg | surejd oy gnoq3nory, | 10 soeay j[ece uy | -UoTs TTemS y | *” supisnd snyououos gy “« - seIpsyy uouM0D oy, | ZIP “BIp ‘soysnq |” -g890 { suey | -Uy TeyMouryuo. wteys0 | AuL0yZ esuep UT dno yeou y | °* sone] esdur00099 | Mqng petwe-oyrqm ayy, 6oP “eIp “B8BIZ JO ‘gurBeq pooag puooog | -uy jeyueuyU0S UIeyseqy | sdumnjo 4o spost uy} *** oI wt TIpTee e es peer poyerays OTT, 68h ‘sse13 jo sdumyo é “qyWow oT} jnoysnoryqy, ont 10 soysnq MoT up] " oni |“ BIepNeo sOyTENEYO Ysnq poyettys ony, S&P “soyanq 8830 {meg ‘qmsy | saretd oy ynoysnomgy, | 10 soeqy Luxoyy up] oy | FAToopeur mozaoooney | 1Iqeq 4o1d oBse] OTT, 9&7 ‘sdd0 ‘syueq Assour . - SWIOT “BTU f TIT ‘oMoossn pT] *** sukepeury oT |410 soysuq mor uz} podeys-dng | “wmyvonly ee poyverzs OUT, | Sar ‘saysng ‘dno | ‘umpeydea ysniyy, “8330 {TOT ‘uowuny | sekvpeuny] wsoysom oN, | 10 sez} [es UT doap eSxv] y | -orqydza cosy dopeysoxy, Surysnel pepeoy-per oy, | STP ‘sdumyo oq ‘pemop , 2 ‘e889 {TQ ‘peqesunysoy [erpuy soddn pure [eayuep | -ureq Jo sjoor oy} UT ‘repnqops4ven) eaqydrodéy vyoumn¢. parypeq-snojynt oq, | 468 ‘ssvl8 Io | ‘peulop ‘Avy “adda § UIST ‘eyMOTSO ‘RIPUT UA9ysVG-YHON | ‘soysng ‘soo uz |-uqops ‘Ysnoy} ** eyeotid Brpeun y, ‘ neta poddvo-poa og, | 968 ‘red ‘gaysnq ALOT 10 ‘dno “qyuour oy} Juoysnoryy, |-ord wrpuy ynoysnoamgy, | sqrey Jo sy[EIs UG |} ou deap y |‘ sisueurs srqaopodg | L149" pofo-morad aur, ege ‘s0014 Jo sysnoq ‘e830 {9g ‘NoemMNy ‘sudapeUA oy | Wor} zo sduungs ug | dno peoaq y | *” TNoqmog vpzoyy | PUQyoRr poeSurm-fois oy], 19¢ ‘sedepeurpA, qns “poo ysnaq ur | ‘pomop ‘avy “e890 § (aq °O) mdrey | pus sooutorg [Baqneag punosd oyy avat 10 UC] -uqo[s ‘eBxery | sTsuspesueg BIG | USUAL, punosd Uerpuy ey, ore ‘erput =| ‘seysng 40 80074 “e990 fa08neg {3st “eS | TeyueuyUOS ynoysnoayy, | ur sySnoq army ug | dno du y] '* B[oedne BoLs00ONeT [EeyUB poMorg-ozGM oT, 26S ‘s830 $1913 ‘aed. “sysnoq jo sdry ‘dna ‘qmatry §48L ‘amysey | -ord erpuy ynoysnomy, | wou seexy YStY UT daop [reus y | snutared snyoooromeg | ATT TRUS OUT, 9LZ "190 *qyWOUL oTy NOYsnoIy, aedoad erpuy ur AqPeoory | soory AqJoy Josdoy FY | -uvs peorq Y | ** yJoovUr snfeonVtyH | SYR coyono oad o8ze, oT, | O46 “JOON of} IOF sIEMOTE| Reed eae “480K J0 o71g “80 Jo edeqg ‘BOMBA, OBHUOTOG ‘some Ysa ‘| arco 165 AUGUST. ‘2040 S]Te0u WOseeg ‘sddo f yyGT ‘oormypl ‘sa3e ¢ surepd oy} Uy “e880 {mag ‘Tedon ‘e339 {UIST ‘Tsueqr ‘sao { IsUe_T ‘side f 4sTg ‘Isueye “88a {(‘g ‘p) TH0ag 8880 £ ({png) mdejog “YyuOU ayy ynoysnosyy, (‘uoreuLTUos sermbey) ‘sade § mOe ‘Wes “GMsITY 9830 £ TIge ‘pugg ‘Lequrog ‘sdf0 £ eooeqg “yyUOUL 8y4 JnoysnomTy, ‘8330 £ WAT ‘qansqoqeg § TN “easy ‘s83a £ coou0R ‘e830 § agp “eyqNoTEQ ‘spue wos eos fedZe § WOT “eyqnozeg ‘sage § pug ‘yedopy 3830 ¢ tedoyy ‘BIpuy [eywaUTyW0D ‘sofepeutyy qSoM OUIOI]XS pu yeeqy eIpuy Noysnomyy, sede[eUly, U1oqsve OU, -U] [BIWOUTITWOD U.19489 AA ve ong BIPUY peryWED SIpUT TeyTOULIHOD “SHISTIN, OTT, “eIpuy Uleyynos pues [eIyue*d “erp -U] [B}WOUTIWOO 1.19489 AA ae qsvoo Auquiog Hes [esueg ureqseq sareyd on} ynoysnoryy, He erpuy zoddq BIpuy WeTyNog yesueg usoqseq * @rpuy jnoysnoayy, ss ourdys onL seke[BUIy U.10{sve OTT, “sTsn0q Jo spue 48 seer} uy ‘sdurjdes IO sa024 JO SyIOJ uy “seysng 10 seer] UI SSM} Woy Suny “song yor}, jo syLoy uy ‘soysnq Aui0yy Ur uMop ory “qnaos MOT JO saysnq Ul “soysnq Aux0y} JO syLOy UT ‘seqsnq HOTG UL UMOp MOrT “soysng uz0q4 Ul UAOp sory an oF sig ot ‘seBad SUOT Jo soysnq [[eUs Ul ‘sqnays UL Soave, OF poqoRyy ‘seoed durep Ur spser SZuouy ‘syooqf Arp UI ssid JO syn UT ae oni “squeq 10 saysng AOT ur suny “sqnays Ut SeABIT 0} poyouTy s1edeoro 10 soysng Uy ‘spoer Jo speq Ul puNoLd OT]} IBONT “8904 ‘potiop ‘ae, -ngoys ‘eBrey ‘dno mot -TBYs es00, Y ‘dno rey -ngea 404 -¥ ‘dno TeyUeqsqns y “O99 pewop usizo ‘possex ‘deaq' “ota ogg ont ong “ont o9atq peop uaxzo ‘yeau ‘deaq ‘dno qoed -uz00 desp T ‘esind Moz ea dep VW ‘IBY 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] TAMOIG ou oy} Joy sreMoyseg q *s880 fpug ‘easy | surerd og} jnoysnoaqy, |; 10 seaty mop up| otc « stsuerequizo * a is FEL ' ‘saad) oFre{ Jo | “WLOF | -spue woseos § s8Ze ‘epg |‘ Luo sefepeurg ogy, | sy8n0q aemoy ug | -yetd Aun Vy | eyerpornd mymy, | AoC, eT}IN4 s,uoss poy 26L "e880 f srmt8yryy ‘otosky |*** BIpUy UTayNO | *"* ong “* o9gtqy “' golieqeleul epnepy | “ peyseto TeqRyeyl our, 894 ; “BIPUL *J90 “TJUOUL ayy MoTsnoayy, | [eyWeuryMo =—-W9989.AA | *** ont “NBS AOT[BYS Y] °° eaop epnerezidg | “ 4sero UMOIO ULOYOU OTT, | SOL *Stads 10 popo ‘ped MOT “8890 f 4aTg ‘Temeyg | ster og} gnoysnomyy, | fq punos3 og} ug | -reqys Suny] * vests epnepeystg | “ youg pereq-Howyd eu, | 094 “BIpUuy sseik jo sqynq ‘spue uoseeg | [eyueuryu0o Fo sUrel_ | fq redone ou} UC [ped moreys y| saoqdoarpése eqqenyy | FTL Yenq pesurm-por oy, | OSL, “yUNIy oT} ysurese ‘dno ast “8830 { pong |" 4[uo sedepeunzy ony, | uayzo | sy8noq ug | -ssvurqveu y | soprourds styrmoshayy | ULySIg UBIPUl OUT og, “erp “S][BM IO 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UI “WAOy *‘z2a0 Aj Tee Toseag | ovig so £q sear [pews Uy |-yetd esoo, y | wvyenosre vasfoorpueg | “ supsiya OUT, S56 “8890 “snue fuoepng ‘queasy ‘Isueqp | out (S][@4A 10) 0991, “oq | -1Tepuvaroroo sndeyeN | [ee 10909 OT], TS6 "Sood ‘e830 {487 ‘qeaeyy |“ ong pofgoop Ut sefoy UT | S9ABOT MOF Y | SNIOUBTOUT STUAOIPTyTeG | esoo peyovq-HOul OL 0s6 *s00T} ‘a8Zo § UIZg ‘Ieueye | surepd ony ynoysnommy, | suey ur dn ysrq | oyiq | ensopprded gee MeL sury ey, 2P6 “meq ‘e330 fog ‘Weary | * out ae og ‘ee opi. =| -e00uRpour sTULOTySeIy, | “ oqrqas oT], T¥6 ‘e830 Syigz ‘qeangg | *** (ATpBO0T) 0991 ay “+ oI, | ¢¢* SUeqrOsO snUMOysBUY | stqy [eqs SUL, OG . “a saa0 § yg ‘qeaeyg | ond wou soo ystqug|* og erporoongy vapBz8[q | [Iquoodg eyy, 686 *(spoot ur soy "e880 CqsTz ‘qeaeyy |" BIPUT yoysnorgy, | -ouos) soory sty UE) = OW |“ snoswd xerooo4 y | uoreR FySIU ONY, 4&6 "8330 “BIPUL [eywoU “AOJVA UT SOxBI ‘Tape yeas! qI9‘eINO[BD] -"U0O pus sudewUNnT | eu JO spear UT] OM | eomomMEUM eWapry| “ ynuqsoy? ONT ee6 “erp vaeqen £q ‘8830 § Wey ‘qammsrry | -Ul ynoySnomy ATPe0oT | syoyory} Io seosyuy]* oy | ** snoruvavl soproyg | wz9q91g wees OPIN] ONL 186 oI pe oud * soory Josysoy up} og: «| head vpoopay | uostay puod 974411 ODL ore “toa0 Ayrwou woseag | ont ov. “omg | snpueuroroo snydng | “974980 OUT, 626 ssds0 ! yes ‘GMsITy |“ OIG, sii ot “ o9gt _ eyezies qorsg 97991] PULL 126 ‘sade { qIgT ‘WMestTy | * ong ue owid ‘" ost =| ssaproyjerda Ms «agit OL 926 ‘xoa0 Aparvatt uoseeg | sureyd oy} noysnomy, | seer} Jo sdoy Teont}* = OF sf eqye svrpoleyy “eqs OT, %6 sod. “spear "ed80 f preg ‘qeaeyg” | -ord wipuy moysnoamyy, | Jo speq Foy Up; *’ ot | vomdmd “ “ eidimd oq 26 (-ATpBo ‘dn "8830 £ qe ‘emeyy | -O[) BIpuy jnoysnomyy, | ysry soory oBavy UT} =O] +} sorouto “ gourd ot, £86 ‘sv dvl ‘sdusas (‘uoryeuLrguco sermbeyy) | -euTT-qns Uloyses oy, [Ur seer; Ysa UO |" ovtq | euereums vopry | uosezyT yeoasd ony, 226 : sred. 30004 “WLIOF ‘snd ‘8830 § M0 ‘WIST ‘qansrry | -oad erpuy qnoysnoayy, jesaey yo sdoz «vagy | - 4e[d esooy V | -oostde snsavjodouvjoyy | y109g poIau-ojTqA OTT, 026 “BIp “TOYO ‘g8d0 fpeSuog useqsey | -uy Jo syred ysroum Uy | ur ootd to soysnst uy | dno oatsseut Yj eosny wueziog | rey Appna oy 7, TI6 eqy yo ereponreg aah paees “WOT JO OG "W8eN Jo edeqg *ROUIBNT OF TIMOIOG ‘sous NT USSU orton 169 AUGUST. Db AL turf com Bry ra opr. { fiw wv ~ tt / EApneg! YO Ear be af Cen whtr1r4. eee ft Wty c “8890 {IG ‘WeMeIT ‘aBde {19g ‘Ges ‘8990 £ euege ‘adda § UIPT “TEAC “‘qjuoUL oy} quoYsNoAY YT, *sdde fqete‘qansry £487 ‘qeaes sured 044 qnoydnosryy, ‘" grpuy jnoysnomyy, “erp -UJ WIO4sve PUB peayTE_ ‘erpuy zoddn pue sefepemry U.10489 BIpUy Moysnomy, sureyd 943 Jnoysnomy, ond ond “TAVeA Ul 80013 MOT UO *SOABOT 8140] io Ap, suyeoy uC *IOYBM. TOA sysnog 10 soysnA UL ‘aoyeu LQ, sewid IO soysna Uy ond ond “ULIO} -yeid ysnor y “ULLOF gerd quays W "spoom jo seeur este, V ped. soqreqs y ++ 1aySVBOUVpOUL SNzOTT “gnomes =“ ‘'* SITpOoTosNy SNTNIBIL) snorputr uopreqoorpéy stsueddiyryd sdeotpog oy syoudyroproad suuy paqoyvug VrIpUy ey, « ena ead JUVAIOULIOL TASS] OTT, Uday, PodoysTpA OU, eqery) O19 SOUL youd perttq-peyods oy, 800T 4001 900T 086 G46 6&6 SEPTEMBER. In this month the water-birds form the bulk of the breeders, and with them the season practically ends in upper India. Most of the wren warblers and the rufous grass warbler and pin-tailed munias too are breeding everywhere: in the plains, and a few stragglers of other families and genera. In the Himatayas, eggs of the streaked laughing thrush have been taken, but no others are recorded, and the season may be looked on as practically over. In the Punsas, eggs of the common sandgrouse, the grey partridge, and probably also those of the likh florikin may be taken. The pelican ibis too begins to lay in the eastern part of the province. In the NortH-Wust Provinczs, eggs of the common coucal, the yellow-eyed babbler, the grass babbler, the common bulbul, all the wren warblers and weaver birds, the red-winged bush lark, common sandgrouse, the peafowl, painted snipe, black-necked and white-necked storks, purple herons, chestuut bitterns, spoonbills, king curlew and little grebes, and possibly of several other kinds may be found; but the breed- ing season is now perceptibly on the decline. In Brneat, the amethyst-rumped honeysucker, the grass babblers, the black-throated weaver birds, chestnut-bellied munias, bustard, quail, and painted snipe have eggs, while the grass owls begin pairing towards the end of the month. In Cenrrat Inpia, the common bulbul, the allied wren warbler, the common sandgrouse, the painted partridge, the likh florikin, the painted snipe, the bronze-winged jacana, and the lesser cormorant are known to have eggs. ; In Sours Inpra, eggs of the tiny honeysucker, the white-browed bush bulbul, the ashy wren warbler, the common wren warbler, the pin-tailed munia, the Malabar-crested lark, the turtle and ring doves, the red-billed bush quail, the rain quail, the likh florikin have been taken, and probably many other kinds lay. Towards the end of the month the white-headed babbler, the jungle babbler, Adams’s wren warbler, and the grey jungle fowl commence to pair and build, 'SINVYOWHOD 3TLLIT 3H 40 S30VId QNIGI4 4d jad WWHSuyW 71 SEPTEMBER. ‘yyuom ey jnoysnorG], *sdde fx00u0D ‘stAISTINT “8880 ‘swapeyy § Tig “ST ‘qmarTy ‘ssa0 SIypl ‘Aequiog “(poovay -x0) 8830 fe, ‘Wear ‘ot OF ‘toa0 Ayre WosBeg S830 £19 “epg ‘sds0 § yyeg ‘easy sured oy} ynoysnorqy, aes ‘eIpuy UreyyNog suretd 044 qnoysnomyy, “BIpUu Uleysvo pue UAeTINOS “erp -UJ [eyWSUIyMOO ULeqyseqT “erpuy yeyaouryuoo ut Aypeoory od sureld eq} qnoysnomy, * £uo sefepeury eq], ‘zed. -ord eIpuy qnoysnoryy, “‘spue Uosvag| "' ‘BIPUy Jnoysnoayy, “qywour oyy qnoysnomyy, | * SUISTIN SUL “eIpuy rensuraed ‘spue noseas fyyeg “eqyqnopeo| pues [edueg demo, UT ‘rod ‘sade {ye ‘qemuyg | -oad vrpuy Jnoysnoaqy, “BIp "8390 £ 1q7aq | -Ul ynoysnoayy ATTwoorT “eIpuy ‘spe Wosveg | ULeyZIOU pus [eqUID = “Ip ‘zaa0 Apxeou woseag | -uy jnoysnoayy Ayeoory . ; . rs] eq} Jo Eaenaed w oduvar op ceabey ‘speeqf Aap ) ‘esmd aor UI ssvad jo s}7My Uy} -reu deep y |‘ BooTmaToS BpOOT|sID) “ — gsseid snoynt OUT, 68S *stadearo 20 *SOAGO] UL soysnq ut Suigueq | umes dno y| ‘* SIPeIoos BIUTag | copqreAA orm AQSe ONY, PEG *soysng ‘dno sep “ IO s9er} [ems Uy |-usps eus y |‘ snd sngououkg | “ seqpeyy Wourmoo oyy, ZOP “soTTsng, ‘dno surts jo sity a uy |-8eays aso, y | '"* , SNPOIIN] SOX] fqn ysnq pomorq-ofyA UT) Sop “ssB¥is 10 ¢ speer ut (A[qeqorg) | (uMouyUQ) |" SsNqBTAys sTUIOZBTD « seeid ou FP “s8BId JO : sdumyo 10 reat it “omg |‘ Type ss « .poor “ oy 6&F ‘ssvi8 Jo sdumyo tO soysnq MoT up] oq | ** BypNes eayIE}VGO « —-Ysng poyerays of, Ser “says ao seer} AULOTT} a “* — oggry | ToHOoTeuE snoseoooRTeyT | sotqqeg Loa8 OBIR] oTL 98h “syueq Assour ; zo seysnq sop uz} ‘padeys-dng jmnyeoury uorsoydopeqoory) ysnaqy, SuIBsuvy poyBorys OUT, | Soy ‘soqsngq 10 ‘dno sqiey JO s¥|e3s UO | you desp y| ‘*' sisuouts srqropdg | zojqqeg pefo-morjod ony, ese ‘soysnq Autoy? 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Aq mela ug |pedeys-yrojoy| ""* = BpOoLAN # «FT BsIpuy oy, 98 ‘aaqem Lq | ‘ceones Tel SYOOL 10 sosplaq UG | -NoId-TaLes “W] *** sdeogut OpUNnATH | MOTTVAG PoTtey-eata ONT, bas) “sen JO 011g “ysoxt Jo oduyg *soure A, OPHUEIOg ‘somen ysy sag rope "SHEN ELAaAS SEPTEMBER. 172 ‘poomysnaq *BOAROT ‘sao feisy fqag ‘qansITy eIpuy Jnoysnomyqy, | ut punoss 043 uQ | Amp mo WY snyeqstio oavg | YooeeT ony, 08 *er “‘qyuouw oT} YSnompy, | -Ul peyweutyW0D Bete punoad oreq og} TQ euoNT |“ «—- SNASNXe sepoorezgT | osnordpug UOUTMIOD OY, 08 ‘eb80 § WOT ‘prg “QamziTy | °° ot ; oid “ omiq |°" snizosiz “ Sun uvIpuy eyL 964 ‘soysnq ‘ULF ‘8880 £48 Te ‘qanéipy | sureyd ony quoysnoryy, | 10 soory MoT Uy | -yefd Ary P|’ sisuorequivo myany, | eao(l O[}AIN} UMOIG EY, r6L z “y7n4 Jo poyo “spuoe wosvos £ STIISTIN | ‘** eIpuy ureymog | fq punosd oy} UQ | omg |°' BolaEqeremt epnely | poqyorto-ceqeleyy ony, s9L “*BIpuy “s8Bid JO 64yn4 “883a § aI¢ ‘qyP ‘Gansrpy | peyWeUTQTOD Jo sure_g | fq punosd oy} UO |ped morpeys y] 'exoqdoayydze vayeary_ | HAT ysng pesura-pas ony, 9cZ as ‘aed. ‘sasnoy jo seava ‘quot ayy ynoysnoaqy, | -ord erpuy ynoysnorqy, | 10 seysnq yor, uy omig | voweqeem “ “ patey-urd oy, G02 *S8VIS IO *pemop *s8de f yIEs “BIINOTRO | *"* od ‘specs ‘sooquieq uy | ‘feao ‘edrey |'* desTaoAqna Bruny | BlunyY peT[eq-nuysoyo oy, 869 “8350 “erp ‘opsunl sseid ‘aqny ou feynopeg fue, ‘yeaugy | -uy peyouUOS Useyseq | UI soysNq MOT UL | TIM yojoy | ''' ssMoTesueq “ “e “ pezeoryy-yoetq eyy} 969 ‘requ Aq ssetd “Spoor 04 ado {1p ‘Gausipy ‘qeaeyy | (ATV00T) 07991. IO spaet Moss SUN | poxy yroqoy | ''' aefueu = tt « poyerays omy, ¢69 ‘zed ‘goed UI sysnog "4104 “8830 {487 ‘qandtry | -ord eipuy qnoqsnomqy, | jo sdy wow sung |-er quepued y| wheq mMoooj_ | Prtq teavo~A TOUTUMOD oY, r69 “gaysnq 10 8900} ‘dno «ep ‘spue uosees fsureyd ony, | ‘* ‘BIpUy ynoysnoryy, | ur stay wos Suny | -nfor Luy y | snsorqadted sdozeqsog | Wy, pefo-oyrya Uerpuy oy], Te9 “erp ‘ejsunf qnios | ‘pemop ueqjo' ‘e880 § TO ‘wUBA |-U] [VIWOUTJMOS UIOYSAAA | MOT IO soysnq UY |‘pessea ‘doag| tueuvyonq wvruYyUEAT = “ pezytog-snoyna omy) 1¢¢ ‘SeAld Ivou |[-potmop ‘re—nq ‘sade f iyjaq ‘yansqoqeg BIPUl UOT WON | ssvis jo sdumyo uy} -o[s ‘esxey | epidey visoumg Ne “ poyeers ou, ose : soysniq ‘s8c0 {qeT ‘Isueae |‘ eIpuy [erqUeg | ATA0q} UI UMOp MOTT oytq =| ‘** snqooTsou s se «pele ey, OFS “erpuy “(MoljeMAyTOS sermbay) | UeyJnos pus perqusD |" og 099 Peeeeeans 4 “ porrez-Su0] aug, =| PEG “eIp “SSRI SHOT ‘s8d0 { UIP ‘BNSITY | -Ul [eWouTZWOS U9}s0 AA | IO Soysnq Tews UT oq. |‘ LopTOoTLIe4 ¢ se “« UMOIq 44189 OT, ‘sqnays jo sdtm4 to | ‘pomop ueqzo ‘s830 ¢ Lequiog | Lousptsead Avquiog oyy,| seavey 0 potoeyyy | ‘geou ‘dea | ‘*' snyeusour sndioumAiq te[qre AA Weim TOUTMOD oT, io 24 “WIWOPL oyy JOF sreMoTeG ie Sone eae ee “480K JO O11g “y80Nq Jo edeyg "SOUIEAT OBIyTOIg ‘soure sy ETA meee 173 SEPTEMBER. ‘aeao Ajavou woseeg | ‘* wvrpuy ynoysnoaqy, | ** omgty “oytq |‘ snoraeasl =“ OLN OUL LOOL ¢ “erp sroyoa Lq “WLLOF i sdee f isueTe | -UY Uteysuo pus TeIyUED | IO UL $0914 MOT UG | -ge[dysnory | ''' stpOorosny snowy | yuBIOUEIO_ aosso] OTL, 900T ‘IOYBAM TAO “spo0M Jo ‘sd30 $mdumep | "* erpuy ynoysnoryy, | sysnoq do soysnt uy | ssem osaey y | stsueddipryd sdeorpog } eqory opm ou, GL6 “TOYO ‘1940 ATxe0 tosveg | *** ony Aq ssead 10 ofpes uy [ped morpeys y| *‘snyoucysopoad sey | yong perftq-peqjods ayy, 696 “8004 “spa woseeg | *** ot pofeoop ur sefoy Uy | SeAvOT MOT Y | SNIOUB[SUL STUIOTPIyIeg | e800 poyouq-yovyq oy, 0c6 3 *s90T 8339 { WAZT ‘qansiry | sureyd oy qnoysnoayqy, | ofte, ur dn ys] ong snsoppided snormorex) | MeTING Fury oy, Tr6 ‘sBs0 { pag ‘qanaipy |‘aedoad erpuy noysnoryqy| °° ost “ oyq |‘ Brporooney eozeyeTg | Tquoodg oqy, 686 *([B00T ‘TOYCAL ‘e850 § WIOg “eayqny_ |Az0a) vIpuy ynoysnoayy, | qvou see Ys UQ|'* oq | snpeydeocone, snyeyuuy, | stqy weored oxy, 8e6 * “eIpuy [ByueU *10YOM U1 ‘sido op ‘Yemey” | -yuco pus sefepeury | syoyorqy 10 speer up|" oq |‘ “eemoueUUTD BYoprY | UleqTIg JUYSeYO OTT, 286 * spo uosveg | sureyd oy} gnoysnomy, | sooty Jo sdozavayy |‘ ogg =| * eyqezred serporoy | Joasay O99] ONY, 433 ‘speed ‘sd50 [116 ‘quay ot jo spoq yon up] og somdind. vepry | worsxy opdimd oxy, $26 -rod “WULF ‘ond ‘esdo { pug ‘qanSiTy | -ord urpuy ynoysnomyy, | «* ont -ye{d esoor y | -oostde sndxejodouvpeyy | “ poyoou-o71M OTL, 026 “8074 “ULIOF . “8880 § WITT ‘Ymstpy | sureyd oq noqSnoayy, | esse, jo sdoy ay | -ye[d oBae_ y |‘ sipeaqsne vtiojoLyq | y10}g pooou-yoxlq ony, 116 sped IO soysnI ‘soysnd ‘sd39 fsaoutaoad peryuag | ** out Suome Suryeotg |jopedyemey| '’ snorpur snprdoqey | vuvoep peSutm-ozuorq ony, 006 ‘eolI 40 soysnt “qyaow oy yoysnoryy, | 7° s}owTY YsIOW ITV UT | ut punosd 0} UGC] ped oBae, y| steuepedueq vaoyoudgy | edrag poqured oxy, eL8 “erp ‘sseis Jo sdumyo : “e330 £ yyoT ‘mdepong | -uy avpneurued usoqsoyy | Aq punoss oy uO |‘ euoy | ‘tt sngiane soprooyddg | uDOL WAIT ong, 688 : “qnJos 2o sseid ‘s930 § Weg “eyyNOTeO | '** syoRT, popoom [ze Ul] ur punosd oyp uO] ' ow |" IOoS1e, xu, « preyenq ogy, Bee “BIpUy ‘ssvis zo sdoao “GoM ot} JNoYSnoayy, | jexyueo pus useyMog| ur punoss oy, UG |“ OIG |eUBTEpUvUIOIOD xIUMZ0D! “ uUTEI oqy, oes ‘doqy[oys rep ‘8830 f1sejoy | *"* SIAISTIN OT, | -UN punors ogy ug | omg | sqoudyqrompdra “ ee “ poriq-per ayy, 8z8 “BIp ‘see1d SOT Z (‘aorneunrgucs soxrmbey) | -uy ynoysnorgy ATwoory | ur punor# ey} =O OMI, || sisuersqurBD wMoTpAeg | ren® ysnq oepsunf eqy, 928 ‘soysng JO ssw “e830 ‘qefang oy, | zodoad erpuy jo sureyg | ur punors eq UQ | OC | BUBTAGOTYHOd sTUAOTAVAOC if ord oT, Faas} ‘sdoao 10 ssw ‘soagoy | : ‘sB8o fsresog ony ‘eusqe | erpuy [eayueD | ur punorzs ey} uQ| Arp wey yp] sngord snuqoouvag | eSpryseg poqured ayy, 61g OCTOBER. Tux breeding season of the water-birds is now over, except in the range of the north-east monsoon where it has not begun. The large birds of prey have not commenced to lay to any extent, and only a few stragglers of various families breed during this month. The eggs of the river tern have once been found in large numbers in this month, but this is pro- bably a most unusual circumstance. In the Himauayas, as far as is known, not a single species lays in this month. There is no record of an egg of any kind having been taken. In the Pungas, eggs of the rufous grass warbler, the streaked wren warbler, the pin-tailed munia, the common sandgrouse, the grey par- tridge, the black-necked stork, and the pelican ibis have been taken. The likh florikin certainly breeds there in this month, but further particulars are required. Towards the end of the month the long-billed vulture and the striated bunting begin to pair and build. In the Nortu-West Provinces, eggs of the white-backed vulture, the ring-tailed fishing eagle, the large grey babbler, the streaked wren warbler, the pin-tailed munia, the common sandgrouse, and the pea fowl may be taken. Some of the Indian hoopoes too begin to pair and build. In Bewaat, the grass owl is known to lay. Also the ring and turtle doves, black-necked storks, and some other species ; and the common. kites, the common sand martins, and the adjutants begin to build. In Centrat Inpra, eggs of the rain quail and likh florikin have been taken ; and by the end of the month the painted sandgrouse begin to pair. In Sovran Inpia, eggs of the white-headed and jungle babblers, Adams’s wren warbler, the common wren warbler, the black-headed mu- nia, the Malabar-crested lark, the turtle doves, the grey jungle fowl, the red-billed bush quail, the rain quail, the hkh florikin, and the black- necked stork have been taken. The ding curlew builds towards the end of the month. MARSHALL, DEL. NEST OF THE YELLOW-BELLIED FANTAIL, { ‘Cheludorhy nee hy poxantha.) 175 OCTOBER. * “erp ‘epsunf qnios |{pewmop ueqjo “ ee pequory “so f Tyo |-uy TeyWOUTIUOD TIOYS9AA| MOT IO soySng Uy |‘podsea ‘deoq| raeusqonq vroTyUeLT “sont ONT, Teg : “SIOATI IBoU | pomop ‘Tey # ‘sad0 fymsyoyey ‘TyTEC | SIPUY UISTIAONT | Ssvtd Jo sdumyo uy |-nqgoys ‘eszreq| *** eprd9 visoummg ¢ “ poqenys oy, ose “sqnays UI Seavey Oo | pewop taggo S “e890 § yiel ‘Aequiog |Louopisorad Aequiog eyy, | 83144 03 poqoeyyy | ‘yseu ‘dea | *snyeutour sndromsag «Wat WOTAMAOD OTL], erg ) ‘sjeoyl jo speq | ‘osand ox “spue uosues f sco fraaq | sureld 0% qnoysnorgy, | ur seer so syyn4 Uy | -AeU doep | ‘** Bloormeqos vloorstp sf BRBAG sNO;NI OUT, 68g *speeted JO SeAROT “peuop ‘8830 faeSSnupemyy |*"' -erpuy aemeurueg | Woy pepuedseng| ucyo ‘Teg |‘ IsULeps VIUITg | ToTqIAA UOLA ssurepy eq “sss jo sdumnyjo ‘aaa0 ATavou WOseag | '" oi Zo saysnq MOT UT] ' OMI | Bqepneo voyTEyeYD | “ yYsnq poysraqs ony, S&P “soysnq ‘e830 feayqnyy | suretd ey} qnoysnomy, | to seer, Ausoyy uy | pedeys-dnp Tuyjoorem = * ee forZ o8rey oy, OSPF ‘sede { SINSTIN ONY, [VIPUL YInos Jo spy ONT)“. ont “" omtq | snonreqeypeut se ee epsunf on hep ; “BIpUy ‘sospoq Au | -dno sur “8830 { aos yy ‘seIpeyy | Wnos Jo sured oy, |-1Oq] do saeIq MOT UT | -Seays eso] Y| *** snostad snoreoooBTeTT | To[qeg popvoy-oyrya ogy, Ser “soysnq Os ‘* ‘Bripuy gnoysnoaryy, | 10 seer} Jo sYLOF UT dno yeou se i snqeqqia sniue'y | eyLIyg poyoeq-feq Shan 093 ‘spue wostag | *" STIS TING OUD | ond “oq | euor Ps 4uy ou, £83 ‘BIpUy TeyTAsUTU “seouRtg JO | eouvtyue opts xeqousfouo yy f -zoa0 A[rvou uoseag | -od pues Tesueg semory | sdiy wLoay Sursuey esa ka *** eoruepfoz euroo04dery peduma-yskqyoure ou, | Zey ; -Aqye0 ‘soazo | . --dna ; ‘g880 frye, |-OT BIpuy ynoysnoayy, | UE 10 supp UG |ze[MorTo-THeg | *** Aopoouoe e[4409 | uyTe Svao Aysnp oy, 06 “S881 SLOT : 9830 f yZg ‘WI9g “oom, |’ [esueg usoyyron | UI punoad egy uQ |‘ euoN | ** eprpnes xTaysops0g | [MO ssetd OTT, 19 “BIpUl “TOYeM ve : “8880 $ meg ‘yanSITY | UsoMJzou ynoyZnomyy, | ou sooty YS UO | o47Iq | snYydAroone], snyouTTeH | opFeqr Surysy poprey-Suyt oy, | ay “erpuy ye | 80004 “WdOT ; +8380 f yey ‘GanFqoqeq | -JueuyU0a jnoysnomyy, | este, Jo sdoqavay | -yvpdesavy y | sisueTesueq sdéH | omgnA poyoeq-o7TG ot], g out aog sxehonsea apelin nae "ye0 gr 30 ong “ysoyr Jo odoqg ‘BOUTENL OBHMoyog ‘sOUTEN WSSU beens SATITOLIO OCTOBER. 176 "8880 § TMIOg “annyy ‘WUOU ey} NoYsnoryy, ‘9880 § qAZg ‘Wg ‘andepoyg *spue mosves § mdepoyg ‘e830 § rtSej0yy ‘(uoyeutryuso sermmboy) ‘sage § qefang oqy, “8850 £ ULe{BATPUN, ‘930 § WPT ‘easy squat pugs “Bse ee “poor sio[sse4s Moy W *(uolyeuEtguos seatnbey) ‘sade $ qefang ‘qpuo *s3de § axoyequmtoy {e001 Agoa) BIpuy Jnoysnosyy, sured oq} qnoysnomyy, “arp -Uy aeqnsarued urteys0 44 “erpay Jeayueo pus uwAeTy Mog or SMISTIN OT, “ATTBO -O[ BIPUT oySnomy, aedoad erpuy jo suretg “Brpuy udeyynos = pue yeaqueg ‘ eIpuy Jnoysnoryy, “erp “UY [BIWOUTPUOD 1.10480 AA sureld ot} ynoysnorqy, ine BIpuy UIeyyNog ‘aed -oid. eIpuy ynoysnoryy, *Srpal Teryu90 ~pue usZeyynog “* geer4 oBrey UC "8090.4 esreq jo sdoy 4¥ ‘S8VI8 JO SITNy UdAMy -9q punois ey] UD ‘ssvid a0 sdoao Ur punors oy} uO “dayoys Jop “un punois 044 UG “ssBid JUOT Ul punords of} UO ‘seed JO soysnq Ul punord eq uC *sjo HOrqy osuep Ul punord ey UC “poomysniq ul punold oy TO punor3 areq ot UO + soysnq UI LO $9044 MOT UT *4gN4 LO Popo &q punois ey 09 *sosnoy Jo saava io soysng yorgy uy “1oJV UL spoar io © eueo-resns UL “ULLOT -yeid esoo, V “ULLOT -ye[d odie, V a ouoNy “ot ont “oF “od omg *SOABOT 4ip soy an euoNy “UWLIOF yd fon y “190 -nes MOT[eYS “OTE ‘peutop ‘[eao ‘aBxery snpeqdeooone] snyeyaey, “* sTyeqsne ewsjos Ay “ sngume sopyooydig BUBT[spUBULOLOD KTHINION eqoudqsoaqydaa SIselequiBo BMoIpleg lewerseotyuod srut08444Q ““ Tyereumo0s snyTey ie mgqVyslIo OA" “* sngqsnxe selo0ie4g sIsuetequreo Inqany, eoldeqeeur epuelpy “ goleqepeut =“ eooeyeUl BUNT sIq] ueoyed ou, F10}g poyoou-yoryq oy], UMOLA TH OTL, “ayer on, “© peytiq-per ony, Trend qenq epsunf oxy, aspryazeg fo18 oy, ysog o78uanl Lord ogy, yoooweg ou], esnoispusg WOUTUTOD ayy, eaocy oT}Ny UMOAG OTL, rey poysexo-aeqereyL OUT, “ perrey-urd ony, Ban TT popvoy-yovyq ouy, 886 416 6&8 0g8 8e8 968 668 &18 £08 808 P6L 894 £04 469 "quo pT 04} soy siejnorseT ‘uosveg Jurpoorg U1 osuey peorgdergoey, *989N JO 0919 “4qseyy Jo odeyg "SOTIBN OBTjuoTOg “sOUBNT WSSU ‘uopiep ap eon MARSHALL, DEL. “NEST OF THE BROWN FISH OWL \Retupa ceyl oie rss) NOVEMBER. Ix this month the breeding season is at its lowest ebb. The larger birds of prey are commencing to pair and build, but few of them lay so early. The breeding of the water-birds is almost completely over, and it is only here and there that in particular localities some few species may be found breeding. In the Himatayas, the bearded vulture, and possibly also the roc vul- ture, commence to build, but no eggs of any species have been recorded as taken. In the Punsas, the striated bunting, the common sandgrouse, and the grey partridge have eggs, while the raven begins to build at the latter end of the month, Tn the Nortu-West Provincrs, eges of the white-backed vulture, the ring-tailed fishing eagle, the rock-horned owl, the pin-tailed munia, and the black-necked stork may be found, while Bonelli’s eagle and the dusky-horned owl are pairing and building; the latter is, more strictly speaking, selecting than building, for it usually occupies an old kite’s or eagle’s nest. . In Benaat, eggs of the grass owl, the common sand martin, and the adjutant, may be found, and possibly some few others, but only these are recorded. In Centra Inpra, the Indian tawny eagle, the black-winged kite, the Indian screech owl, the mottled wood owl, and the painted sand- grouse are all laying. The green amadavat and Sykes’ turtle dove are pairing and building. In Sournzrn Inpia, eggs of the amethyst-rumped honeysucker, the jungle babbler, the Indian amadavat, the grey jungle fowl, and the king curlew have been taken; and by the end of the month the golden-backed woodpecker, the white-necked stork, and all kinds of egrets have begun to pair and build. NOVEMBER. 178 *soTsnq “pooiq s19[33eys mez y | surepd o49 oysnosyy, | 10 sooty AuA0yy uy) pedvys-dug | rxfoopeur «s « — koad axel OTL, 98h ‘soysuq Auioqy | ‘dno surs ‘sno Avis . “s880 £ statZ[Ipy [eTPUT Wnos Jo sTIY oYL| yor} 10 seer} Moy U]]-d8ys osooy Y| -MBQspeUt snoLe0ooeT BIL rolqqeg epsurif ony, PSP “eIpUy IBTNSUT ‘soyouviq Jo |eourryue opts soyonsfouo pH 2890 f suxpeyy |-wed pue pedueg somo | edy moa Surfuvq |‘poddeys-awog| ‘voruejfoz euroo0ydary poduma-jskqqeme ony, | ZEz ‘SHOATI JO syUBG _ “s89e { wyqnozeg | (INOS UI oFeA) oy | ur sofoy deep up| dno esoo, yj" sisters ofkyog | UTE] puss UBIpUy on, 68 *s90c} pO ‘suISeq Uosves fuyQuoTeQ |‘ BIPUY yuoYysnoIyY, |zo syood UL syofo uy] ** = ONT | stsuouoyfeo edngoy | “ sy UMOIg ONT, aL ‘aod. 8830 § TOL ‘quacepy.| -ord vipuy qnoysnoayy, | syaeq Jo sospoy ug |‘ ong sisuopeduog viqdepeosy | “ petsoy-yoor oy, 69 “80004 ORIG] UT "s89a § (‘gq ‘9) andrey | sureyd ogg qnoysnoryy, | smorjoy 40 sopoy ut | sO |" sIsuouIs voourng | “ poom pelyqour on GL fete) ‘sSRId UOT ‘8880 fqooymy,|''' esueg wrey ON | ur punors oy} UO] '' omg |" BpIpnvo xErsopoog “ seead oT 19 “sSuprng “8890 fumes (‘a “O) audrey | surepd oy9 qnoysnoaqy, | 10 seor4 ut sopoy UL euONT BOIPU XG | [AO Yoooios UeIpuy oy, 09 . ‘aodoad wrtpuy ‘dno youd : ‘se { sgouLAoIg [BryueD | Jo syed papoom uy ot -Tioa MOTTeyS y| sutoqdouvpom snurpy | “ pesurm-yovyq on L 63 “ULIOF ‘sudeq Wosves faqqnoteD |‘ sIPUT yoySnorgy, | “+ seer} Fo syAOF UT |-guidavpusecry) ** epulaos snaTyy | oy Uowuoo ony, 9¢ “eIpuy ‘9890 § TTT Smdunreyeg | azoyyaou ynoysnomypy, |(roywm avou) OIG | OIG snqddsoongt sujoeyeR | =“ SUTySsy poprey-SuIL ogy, | By *“suld “eIp -oq Uosves punyyjepung |-uy [eyAeUTyM0D U10989 A seo yStq ut} | otq «| eaedqpura epuby o[seqy AUG} URIPUl oT, 63 ‘esUBI WET ‘sooMeTAULOD Mosveg | -ro=mg pus sutEpeMy,| spp jJosespepuQ] ‘* od snysqaegq snyoedéig € popreed oTL ZL “s530 “eIpuy fqrieey_ f STE IST ‘aoulig |eyuouryHos yuoysnoryy, | **° oid ont sistopeaueq “ es poyoeq-oyTys Ot, g gaat} “WLLOF ‘8880 TI0e ‘THC | wrpuy tou Jo surerg | ysrq yo sdoy yy | -ye[d oSaey y snorpur sd&g | amyu a pet[iq-suo] ou, om sey aae anita az um Seay wntianebe rs) "48a Jo ev "qsoNT Jo edeqg "SOTA NY OF IFUETOG “SOUIBNT TSIPSUA fat la a ‘THLEHTAON . NOVEMBER. ‘883 f qI0g “Tag ‘“andejoyg 0 ‘1940 Ayreou Uosveg “qyuoUL 974 noYsnoayy, (aoryeurrgu0o sarmboy) ‘8830 { oSuer 4[eg ouL (8880 { SIISTIN OU, ‘8830 { yIpg ‘eerig “eBBo §ungz “(a ‘0) epuEyD e820 f yey ‘uty ‘e830 { SINSTIN uy, ‘8820 {qe ‘WpuOC surerd 043 qnoysnoaqy, (‘TB00] S20) wrpuy jnoysorqy, sured ey ynoysnoayy, “mmdyet09 pue sunqiepung ey, “Srp “Uy qnoysnoryy ATeoory ‘zedoad erIpuy jo surefd uedg RAY -U] WAOyINOS pues peru) “arp “UY [BYWSUTFWO U.1e}S0 AA ‘erpuy Teryue9 Jo sqaed Ayooy -UE [eFWeUTIWOD 119480 AA (489 -O]) Bpuy ynoysnoayy, ‘aed -oad eipuy ynoysnorqg, soar} ésrey ur dn ys “99074 ysry jo syaoy uy ort ‘s9al} esrey jo sdoy yy “ssuid SOT Ur punors ey} uO “ssead 10 Ysnq ul punord et} UO "sjayOTYY estop ul punoad ey U9 *poteypeysum. punois 073 UO “qyn4 Lo Ysnq fq punoi3s ey} uo ‘ou0}s & epun punois 074 uO “AOYBAA 4q ~seysng yor uy ‘somnoy JO seavo qo seysngq Horqy uy “ot *ULIOT -ye[d o800] W ont “UndOy “gerd o8xe, “ON “— 0ntel “S0AB9T Amp mez y- “ont auto NT ‘duo xorg} V ong “pemop ‘feao ‘osaery snsopided snorymo1e4 snpeydaooone] snpeyuey, ' sryeaqjene V1reqoL “* epesre snpydoqydary SISMOLequIBo BMOIpIeg | euvreoryuod srai08.441¢ ‘* Tiyetetmos snfreig “ sn4qsixe et SNYVIOeT s9[D0IIIT * “eqR[OLIgs ezimequigy " SABpUBUIE Bpledqsqy . BoLteqelema BIEN lL MOTO Fury oy, Siqy uvored oxy, YIO}G poyoou-yowlq oy, qaeqnlpy oy, . Trend ysnq opsunf ogy, espiyreg fex8 oy, [dog opsunl Lor8 ony, . WOUND aL, esnorspusg poqured oy, SuyUNg paye[o1ys oy], qALpBMY UeIpPUy oy, Bruny peprey-urd ony, PG 8&6 -L16 S16 928 68 e18 608 008 POL 604 DECEMBER. By this time in Upper India the season for eggs of the large birds of prey has fairly commenced. In the extreme south and east coast, the water-birds that are monsoon breeders, such as egrets, pond herons, cur- lews, &c., are all breeding ; and everywhere throughout the plains, the eggs of the ring-tailed fishing eagle and of the ring dove may be taken. In the Himanayas, eggs of the bearded vulture have been taken ; while the voc vultures, black eagles, Nepal hawk eagles, and Himalayan jishing eagles are all building. In the Punsas, the pale long-billed vulture, the white-backed vulture, the ring-tailed fishing eagle, the striated bush babbler, the raven, and the common sandgrouse all have eggs. In the Nortu-West Provinces, the white-backed vulture, Bonelli’s eagle, the ring-tailed fishing eagle and rock-horned owl, the dusky-horned owl, the brown fish ow], the hoopoe, the pin-tailed munia, and the black- necked stork have all got eggs. The pale long-billed vulture, the dusky sand martin, and the turtle doves are building. In Beneat, the ring-tailed fishing eagle and white-bellied sea eagle, the common kite, the brown fish owl, the Indian sand martin, and the ring doves have all got eggs. In Crntran Inpia, eggs of the pale long-billed vulture, the Indian tawny eagle, the ring-tailed fishing eagle, the black-winged kite, the screech owl, the mottled wood owl, the Indian amadavat, the green ama- davat, and Sykes’s turtle dove have all been taken ; and among the birds that commence pairing and building in this month may be mentioned the shaheen falcon, the bar-tailed fishing eagle (possibly, but this requires confirmation), the dusky crag martin, the white-backed munia, and the ruddy turtle dove. In Souruern Inp1a, eggs of the white-bellied sea eagle, the common kite, the southern golden-backed woodpecker, the amethyst-rumped honeysucker, the jungle babbler, the Indian pied wagtail, the Indian amadavat, the black-bellied finch lark, the ring dove, the grey jungle fowl, the white-necked stork, the egrets, pond herons, king curlews, and all of the resident water-birds may be taken ; and watch should be kept on the . white scavenger vultures, shaheen falcons, bar-tailed fishing eagles, purple honeysuckers, Nilgiri flowerpeckers, red-billed bush quail, and Indian snake birds, which are known to commence building in the course of the month. . . 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TIeTyION ynoysnormy, | tou soo ys uQ |" oq | suydfroone, sngovrpeyy « Zurysy poprey-sura oy, | ap ‘S074 “* gIpuy qnoysnorgy, | Yay IO ap uQ|"* omg | TTeaoq snyoustyy “ gs 1jeu0g ee “ep -U] TeyUSUTyUOD 1.109480 A seer ysty up| «omg =|‘: suekgputa Bmby | eseq Aum uerpuy ey, 62 ‘esuBd : uvuleng puesefepemrpy | Spi[o josaspepug |’ oq | °* sngeqaeq snjosdiin “ popaveq ea, ZL “eIpuy [eyaeuryWoo ynoysnoayy, 097tge “ otg |‘ sisuepedieq od « poyoeq-ov1y A Oty, g ¥ “8004 wIpul You jo surg | Wey jo sdoy yy/"* omg |" snorpur = “* : i “ eZ “SIpuy yejUeo pues ustoqsoAA | oT " ostq =| °" sueosoyfed = « poriq-duoT oped ayy, C4 “WLLOF ‘+ suo sedepeurp ony, | sy Jo seSpor ug | -qeid odaey y | steuotepemny sdf | emg oo4 ony, g a anne ede a ae “q8ONT JO OF1G “qsoNr Jo odeqg “SOULE KY OF EUEIOg ‘some NT UST SUgT ae DECEMBER. 182 “8880 § yg ‘oroodudyy *(moryeuyU0O serrnbeyy) ‘sido f sIISTIN OUD, ‘uddo § TOS “WIL ‘wsIIg ‘e830 { yeMeaT ‘sdgo0 f andiey ‘sido § apg “au0Og ‘s890 { aoSneg oF) ‘ndrey. imisejoy fag ‘8880 § qpuo ‘amdezaryl side § WET ‘WUBA ‘s8d0 § WI9g ‘serpeyyl ‘sido f IsuRyy ‘e880 { SLITS[IN OTL], ‘sade § TIES ‘peqeyeiTy ‘s880 f seapeyy ‘surdeq TosBeg suyerd oy juoysnongy, erp -UY ynoysnoryy AypRo0rTT “BIp ~Ul [Mos pus Terug “BIp -U] [eWOUTMOO TLte4s9 AA sured oy} qnoysnoary, “Brpuy Tdoqsea PUB ABpUsUTTET sured ey} ynoqsnoaqy, pie BIPUT [erywueg (47001) ONT ‘aed -oid erpuy jnoysnomy, “erp “UT [BJWOUTYWOD 19489 AA as omg sureyd oy} oysnory 7, “BIPUT YIMOS Fo STMT UL, “* grIpuy Jnoysnorgy, “BIPUT cepsut -ued pur [esueg waMory “eIpU YIMos Jo sy TTY OUT, *s0004 esaet jo sdoy 4V “BUSIS STOT Ul punols oy} UO “sJaHOIT osuep UI punord oy} TO punoas ereq ey} TO “soysnq IO soe] mot Ur ‘oBVI[OF FOTN Ul s90t} MOT UT “474 IO poo &q punoid oy uo ‘euBo -Iv8ns JO sy[eys uC “TOqVA LEO soysuq = yormy Uy ‘gesnoy Jo sea zo seysng orm} Uy “89014 Axeqtjos Jo syxof UY ‘zogem Sq ssurprimng ao punoid oT} TO ‘ssead jo sdumnyjo qo saysng MO, Ul ‘sespoy u10q} 10 soar, [[eus Uy “SsUTpTM IO S90I} UL Salo UT ‘soyoueiq jo sd wor Ssursuepy ‘80004 Up se[0Y Tey Raa Ty _. 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SHOWING NUMBER OF SPECIES KNOWN TO BUILD IN EACH MONTH. ABSTRACT Raprozes. Grurronzs| Rasoxezs. All kinds of Birds. | piumal. |Nootummal.| ‘otal, |ovesand| Same | mony 1 | January 56 22 6 28 2 7 2 | February .., 89 24 7 81 7 4 eh 3 | March 186 22 10 32 8 13 21 4 | April 299 24 11 35 12 15 | 27 5 | May 394 19 9 28 13 22 35 6 | June Ri 316 12 2 14 15 13 28 7 | July vs 193 1 - 1 5 12 17 8 | August ... 124 1 wae 1 3 9 12 9 | September 55 ue a6 ‘a 2 8 10 10 | October .., 30 2 1 3 1 8 9 11 | November 28 5 4 9 as 5 5 12 | December,.. 41 10 5 15 2 3 5