aa nT a } New York State Gollege of Agriculture At Gornell University Dthaca, N. Y. Library Cornell University Library SB 356.D25 we 3 1924 000 340 145 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000340145 SILVER CUP ROYAL INTERNATIONAL. 4 te fe +) FRUIT CROWER @ : voss ~J Insecticides, Fungicides, Fertilizers, etc. = Insist on the CARLTON, NICOTYL, 3) | WOBURN, and VOSS BRANDS. Write for Full Particulars to — WALTER VOSS @ €0., Ltd., 2a, Carlton Works, MILLWALL, LONDON, E. LONDON, 1914. “© We know of no firm anywhere which gives closer attention WITH OTHER to the interests of the grower in offering the best that can be ee obtained in all that pertains to the chemical requirements of fruit RSMAS. growing and general horticulture.’’—Fruit-Growe- Newspaper. Fruit 22: Trees CORDONS, BUSHES, PYRAMIDS, and Trained’ Trees on Specially Selected Fruiting Stocks. Illustrated Catalogug and Cultural Instructions sent free on application. 1,000,000 TREES To Select from. Customers ordering through the post may rely upon receiving as good trees as ‘those personally chosen- THE NURSERIES, W. SEABROOK & SONS, ciiiiix. | ae Famous Ww i Ty p= 76 ae. 40 Years. FRUIT GROWER MAKES THE BARREN TREE FRUITFUL. VS oe of Ea oe hE S. TRIAL PACKETS: 6 lb. 1/44 Post Free. BAGS: 28 lb. 3/6, 56 Ib. 6/6, per Cwt. 12/-. WITH FULL DIRECTIONS FOR USE. ORDERS CARRIAGE PAID. “80 e “WITH'’S CANKER ERADICATOR” for the Eradication of Canker in Fruit Trees. PARTICULARS OF ALL MANURES, POST FREE. WITH’S MANURE CO. HEREFORD. MATARLISHED 1875, oe ALL GOOPER’S HORTICULTURAL PREPARATIONS Arsenate of Lead Paste For Destruction of the Codling Moth and Leaf-eating Caterpillars Mixes well, remains a long time in suspension, coats foliage uniformly, adheres well, and does not scorch'when properly prepared. Sold in 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 Ib. packages. Tomarite For Prevention and Eradication of DISEASES AFFECTING TOMATOES Sold in quart tins, and 1, 5, and 16 gall. drums. it Ss a Fumigating Fluid A re-inforced NICOTINE PREPARATION for DESTROYING INSECT PESTS IN GLASS-HOUSES Sold in bottles and tins. WINTER (V1) FLUID Cominended by the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain. For WINTER SPRAYING. Destroys Mosses, Lichen, &c. Removes-loose rough bark, cl and the Trees. : Sold in quart tins, 4, 1, 2, ani 5 gall. drums, and 20 and 40 gall. casks. NICOTINE (V2) SUMMER FLUID FOR SUMMER SPRAYING A NICOTINE PREPARATION for Apple Sucker, Green Fly, &c., on Fruit and other Trees. Sold in quart tins, 4, 1, 2, and 5 gall. drums, and 20 and 40 gall. casks, A. S. FLUID For Destroying Aphis and Apple Sucker, also Young Scale Insects. MIXES WITH COLD WATER DOES NOT_CLOG DEADLY TO THE INSECTS Sold in 1 and 5 gall. drums and in 20 and 40 gall. casks. MILDEW (V2 K) FLUID For ROSE, STRAWBERRY, and other MILDEWS Sold in quart tins; 1. 2, 5 and 10 gall. drums; and 40 gall. casks. Weedicide Tactite For An IMPROVED PREPARATION for CLEANSING GARDEN PATHS TREE BANDING AND GRAVELLED SPACES ; . : Commended bythe For Preventing re eaaee of Winter Moths, Royal Horticultural Society of Gt. Britain. loth, &c. Scldiniquart Gas e412 and: Sigal sand ONLY ONE APPLICATION IS NECESSARY in 20 and 40 gall. casks. Sold in 1 and 10 Ib. tins. ; (1 Gall makes 100 Galls. effective Weedkiller) 25 Ib. pails ; and 56 and 112 Ib. drums. OF AGENTS EVERYWHERE Sole Mfrs., WILLIAM COOPER & NEPHEWS, BERKHAMSTED. r 7 Hy (The “Eclair No. 1," also “Eclair Etame,” gained the highest Awards at the Spraying Trials at Wisley by the Royal Horticultural Society.) VERMOREL’S KNAPSAGK SPRAYERS (MADE IN FRANCE) The BEST and mosT RELIABLE on the MARKET. Have won over 500 First Prizes and Medals. Have never been beaten in Competition, Growers who have tried s»-called new A Great feature with the pattern machines have given them up and “ECLAIR” above other machines is gone back to the ‘‘ ECLAIR,” a proof that that it has a perfect agitator (produced it is the best, and has not been beaten. by a powerful liquid jet forced up from he bottom of the reservoir with each troke of the handle). All mixtures are tq thus evenly distributed, an important feature in spraying with thick mixtures. The ‘‘ECLAIR” No. | has great force behind the spray, and is , the best known and most widely used all 9 over the world. It gives a very fine, a medium or a coarse spray, and really accomplishes the effective discharge of Habel eee “The “ECLAIR” gives a continuous either thick or thin liquids. spray, and has not the faults and EASY TO WORK. drawbacks ofpneumatic Gil-proof Vaives. sprayers, which users are fully aware of. The ‘‘ECLAIR” is soeasy to work that a boy or girlcan use it! Write for Catalogue. COOPER, PEGLER & CO,, Lit, 24.26, Christopher Street, Finsbury Square, LONDON, E.C. Se er Tr LLLULRLLLLULERLULLCGAALULLELLGL LULL LLLeeLLLLLO ULLAL LCL Cc ee = « =- EXPERT ADVICE - - - ON PROFITABLE FRUIT-GROWING is given weekly in GARDEN LIFE THE LEADING GARDENING PAPER FOR FRUIT FLOWERS AND VEGETABLES. PUBLISHED EVERY WEDNESDAY. Price One Penny. SOLD BY ALL NEWSAGENTS AND ON ALL BOOKSTALLS. Specimen Copy gladly sent post free on receipt of postcard to THE PUBLISHER, HATTON HOUSE, GREAT QUEEN ST. LONDON, W.C. EMM MMMM ine OTETTHRHAULUVCLOTAUAELEEAUG CST OCORRBRULULATOUOUINUIEOEILGEVOTRPOURER COLO LOO EEE ER TUAVAF LUT ULELETOUUUAACOTUET OPERA OLATOVOROTORRLOVEMUORULALGUAUATO UA PERAO ES FRUIT TREES FOR COMMERCIAL GROWERS are our Leading Speciality. 60 Acres devoted to their Culture. —— INSPECTION INVITED. —— Descriptive Catalogue forwarded post free on demand. Special Quotations for Large Quantities. —— PRICES REASONABLE. -— Roses in Large Quantities. Intending Parch S, proposing to pay a visit, will oblige by giving a day’s notice. All visitors interested, whether purchasers or not, will be welcome. 1 x & Head Office and Nurseries, Whitton Dean, five minutes’ walk from Hounslow, . and Whitton Station (L. &S. W. R. from Waterloo) ; 15 minutes’ walk from Heston-Hounslow (District Railway); about 20 minutes’ walk from Twicken- ham Station (L. & S. W.R.) ° 4 Hounslow is about 40 sisted ride by rail from London. .The Nurseries can be reached from the City by the Tube Railway to Shep- herd’s Bush, sai by the Electric Cars to Hounslow (The Bell), 12 minutes’ F walk from the Nurseries. | — S. SPOONER & SONS, Nurserymen, HOUNSLOW, Mpx. ESTABLISHED 1820. i | 1 UP-TO-DATE WORKS ON GARDENING. The Modern Culture of Sweet Peas. 33) Thomas Stevenson, The Winner of the £1,000 prize for Sweet Peas attributed her success entirely to this book. The all-important questions of the selection of stocks, the sowing of the seed, transplanting, staking, growing for decoration, and grow- ing for eshibition, are fully described and illustrated in the secticn devoted to the culture of Sweet Veas, while the section devoted tw exhibiting will be found equally as informing and comprehensive, as the writer has not hesitated to describe in the fullest possible detail the methods he adopts himself to secure the blooms he is able to exhibit upon the show boards. rice, with coloured plates, 3S. net; post free, 3S. 4d.3 without coloured plates, 1S. net; post free, Is. 3d. The “Garden Life” Pictorial Guide to Gardening. . The whole art of gardening 1s here ,raphically described, wiih the aid of upwards of 700 illustrations. Special sections are devoted to shrubs, bulbs, piazts, flowers, fruit, vegetables, etc.; and with the help of this book it is claimed that the veriest tyro may become a successful gardener, Ilas been warmly commended alike by Press and public, and its sale has been unprecedented. Vrice 1S, net,; post free, 18. 4d. Cloth, 18. 6d. net; post free, 1s. 11d. Popular Vegetables and How to Grow Them. _ Describes in alphabetical order the correct methods of cultiva- tion, and ccutains over a hundred illustrations that will helj to prevent failures and avoid losses. Price 1S. net; post free, 1s. 2d, Everybodys Gardening Book. A complete guide for the amateur gardener—showins how tw plan and furnish a parden and greenhouse. “Two hundred and seven: pages, nearly all ol which are illustrated Price Ts. net; ped ioe, 18. 4d. Cloth, 1s. G@d.3 post tree, Is. 1d. ¥ The Amateur Gardener's Diary and Dictionary. The publication cimbraces 220 pages of information of value to7 every pardencr, showing when to sow, plant, divide, take cuttimes, shift and prune every subject of the hardy flower garden, the cvol greenhouse, and the stove house, The Diary contains ample space for notes, cash accounts, ete. tn still boards, TS. ners post tree, 1s. 2d. In art loth, 18. Gd. nets post tee, Is. Bd, (Complete Descriptive Catalogue Port Pree on Application.) Publishod by THE CABLE PRINTING AND PUBLISHING CO., LTD., Hatton House, Groat Queen Street, London, w.c. yA EET FT TT STTETTUUTTUOSIPESA LTO UUUGAULOAIURAATLGAITROAILERIO NEN FOsMm ULORLUGART CENT GTAOORULORAILORIURNTUGATLGATGARLERTECAG Us The BEST — FRUIT TREES | are grown in the Centre of England, near RUGBY, by THE HEATH NURSERY Co. They are the BEST, the CHEAPEST, the HARDIEST, and they are sent to all Parts of the World. UHUVHIATUTTT TS Every space, however small, on Wall or in the Garden, should be planted with Fruit Trees. PATH TTT We specialise in CORDONS and WALL-TRAINED in all Varieties. Also Standards and Pyramids. Send for Catalogue and Book on Fruit Growing. FROM — CORDON, @ years old. THE HEATH NURSERY CO., SOUTH KILWORTH, nanny EaTUPSTOTAOAOOUAOVEVOGELEREAOVEALVOREAEAELCRCAROLEUALEVLGNMCATORTORATATOEOTOCACATOLOTOWOVOLOVOTCRTONTORSOEATATORITOTOLSTR Eri III : y =] ‘THE HOME OF FRUIT. Thousands of well-grown, clean, healthy Trees always in stock (inspection invited)—a_ really High-Class 4 Collection of Best Varieties at Moderate Prices or Di Xt boii INCLUDING ; APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, | APRICOTS, PEACHES, NECTARINES, > GOOSEBERRIES, CURRANTS, etc., etc. ; In Cordon, Bush, Standard, and Trained Trees of various sizes. by the Royal Horticultural Society :— ? : As proof of quality, the following Awards have been given i 1 i" GOLD MEDAL zs ag September 25th, 1913 ” * sin a December 2nd, 1913 35 és Sse si October 20th, 1914 ne i sag wie October 5th. 1915 : 1 - 4 ot hese October 3rd, 1916 ‘ e e Descriptive Catalogue Free on Application. H. CANNELL & SONS THE NURSERIES, EYNSFORD, KENT. ’Phone: 24 FARNINGHAM. 9 Penne oT ROE Fig. 42.—Vine planted in outside border. The ground should be made quite firm afterwards, the surface should be loosened with the hoe, and a mulch of manure should be laid over the roots to protect them. It is advisable to apply the mulch every autumn, but it should be removed early in & 108 RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. spring, in order to let the warm sunlight reach the ground. A brick or two should be taken out of the greenhouse wall, and when the rod has been passed through, the space around it should be stuffed with dry straw, which will serve a double purpose—prevent fraying of the bark against the edges of the brickwork, and exclude the cold air. The vine should then be shortened to a strong bud, three or four feet from the base. Unless this is done some of the buds may not break, and in any case it is necessary to restrict growth until there are plenty of roots to support it. THE FIRST YEAR AFTER PLANTING. In its first year the young vine will grow as a single, straight rod, without laterals: (side-shoots). It should be tied to the wires—under, not over, them, so that it can be taken down when necessary—and should be allowed to extend unchecked. The wires are sometimes too close to the roof. If they are less than nine inches from it, some of the leaves press against the glass, and the sun’s rays shining on their moistened sur- faces cause scorching. A bunch or two of flowers may de- velop, but should be taken off. In summer the lights should be opened freely, and from the middle to the end of the season, in order to ripen the wood, they may be left open at night as well as during the day. After the leaves have fallen, the rod should be cut back to five or six feet. Pruning should always be done at this time. Tf it is delayed so long that the wounds cannot heal before growth commences, the result will be ‘‘ bleeding ’’—that. is, loss of sap. Though this can be stopped by means of a styptic, il is very much better to avoid the necessity for anything of the sort. MANAGEMENT IN LATER YEARS, In each subsequent year the vine should he allowed to make some additional length until the back wall is reached. RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. 109 No further extension is then possible, and growth must be confined to the laterals, which will, in the second year, issue singly from the buds along the rod. At about the third leaf Fig. 43.—Lateral stopped at the second leaf beyond the bunch. on each lateral a bunch of flowers will be produced, and at the second leaf beyond the bunch the shoot should be ‘* stopped ’’—that is, the end should be pinched off. Laterals Fig. 44.—Vine Pruned. which do not bear bunches should be treated in the same way—be stopped at about the fifth leaf. One result of the stopping will be to cause the buds in the axils of the leaves to grow, and these fresh shoots (sub-laterals) should either 110 RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. be taken off entirely, or else, if there is space for more foliage, stopped at the first leaf. It is important to remember that the size of the grapes depends largely on the size of the leaves, and not on their number. They should, therefore, not be allowed to crowd one another. At the end of the season, when the leaves have fallen, each lateral should be cut back to the first bud, if a good one, thus forming the commencement of a spur. If more buds than one are left each time the prun- ing is done, the spurs soon get very long and unsightly. THINNING AND TYING THE LATERALS. After the second year two or more laterals will probably grow where there was originally only one, and they will have to be thinned out. The general rule is one lateral to a spur, and one bunch to a lateral. For a time, however, two laterals may be allowed to remain, until it can be seen which carries the bigger bunch, and until that one is safely tied down to the wires. The operation is one requiring considerable care, for the young shoots are very brittle. As the wires are rarely close enough together, raffia is stretched btween them, and when this is done an excessive strain may be thrown on some shoot which had previously been far from tight. To avoid accidents, it is necessary to proceed gradually with the tying down—to bend down the shoots only a little at a time, and to increase the strain as they become accustomed to it. If the only one on a spur does snap off there may never be any more growth on the spur. Hence the advantage of leaving a second one temporarily. TO MAKE THE BUDS BREAK EVENLY. The same thing muy happen if the buds on a spur fail to break. This is most likely on some of the lower spurs, for the sap current sweeps past them and exerts the greatest effect at the upper end. A failure of this kind can usually be prevented by takiny down the rod from the wires before RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. TEE growth commences, and slinging it in a horizontal position, or with its end slightly downward. The buds will then break regularly along its whole length, and when they have done so it can be tied up again. Ly ——— - Sa Se Fig. 45.—Vine slung down from the wires to make the buds break evenly. MANAGEMENT OF THE BUNCHES. Many varieties set their fruit readily, but others need some such assistance as tapping the rods, in order to scatter the pollen. The berries swell rapidly until the seeding stage is reached; then there is a pause, and afterwards growth is re- sumed. Thinning should commence while they are quite small. Except in very small bunches, probably two out of every three grapes must be sacrificed, but, until experience: has been gained, it is safest not to cut out very many at one time, always bearing in mind the fact that the shape of each bunch must largely determine what should go and what should remain. It is useless leaving any berries in the centre, as they will not colour. A smooth-pointed stick should be used for separating the difficult parts of a bunch to facilitate thin-. ning. Touching them with the hands causes ‘‘ scalding ’’—. 112 RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. hard, smooth patches on the skin. As growth proceeds, the shoulders of the larger bunches should be tied out to the wires. Fig. 46.—Bunch of Grapes thinned. This gives more space and more light to those underneath, and reduces the number which have to be cut out. The aim shou'd be to get firm, solid bunches, as lire as possible, the RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. 113 berries so arranged that they are not too tight, but just able to attain the maximum size. The atmosphere, kept rather moist during the period of growth, should be allowed to get drier as ripening proceeds, and for good colour and flavour sunshine and fresh air are essential. PROPAGATION. Vines can be propagated by means of single buds, cut as shown in Fig. 47. They should be inserted firmly in pots of sandy soil in January or February, the top of each bud just showing at the surface. Though artificial heat is Fig. 47.—A Vine Eye cut for propagating. : Below, it is shown rooted and growing. not absolutely necessary, it will lessen the number of failures and hasten the formation of roots. When larger pots are required, the rooted eyes, now grown into small shoots, should be transferred to them without disturbance of the soil. » They ; 3 :. 114 RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. should be provided with plenty of food and water, so as to keep them growing strongly throughout the season, and at the end of that time some of them should be large enough for planting out. PESTS OF THE VINE. The chief pests of the vine in this country are mealy-bug, red spider, thrips, and various weevils, among insects, and black rot, Grape rot, and mildew (American downy-mildew, ag well as the ordinary form), among fungoid diseases. The phylloxera, a species‘of aphis, which causes galls on the leaves, and also on the roots, is exceedingly destructive on the Con- tinent, but comparatively rare in Britain. No cure is known. To prevent its spreading, infected vines should be uprooted and burned. Insect Pests.— White, woolly tufts indicate the presence of mealy-bug. The brown, scale-like insects should be de- stroved with spirits of wine, applied with a brush. If they are numerous, al! loose bark should, in autumn, be rubbed off the rods, which should then be painted with paraffin emul- sion. Red spider affects the foliage of the vine in the same wiy as it does that of fruit trees in the open air, turning it a sickly, mottled colour. It is never troublesome unless the air has been kept excessively dry. Frequent spraying is useful, but should be discontinued as soon as the Grapes begin to colour. A solution of Jiver of sulphur, though effective out of doors, is unsuitable for a greenhouse, as it blackens paint. The best and simplest remedy for red spider, and all other insects, 1s vaporisation at intervals. There are various preparations on the market; they are inexpensive and easily managed. Vaporisation will also destroy thrips, small, black insects closely related to aphides. As the weevils mentioned feed on the roots, they are difficult to get rid of, but in the beetle stage they attack the foliage, and can then be shaken down on to tarred paper. RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. 115 Fungoid Diseases.—In black rot, dark spots appear first on the leaves, and then on the berries, which shrivel and harden. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture at half-strength, just after Fig. 48.—Shanking. The stalks of some of the Grapes have withered. the buds break, and once or twice afterwards, has been recom- mended. In Grape rot (anthracnose) , the spots are grey, with. a dark edge. They appear on the leaves, shoots, and berries. As this disease spreads rapidly, infected berries should be cut aff and collected, not left lying about on the floor, and flowers ¢ 116 RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. of sulphur should be dusted over the leaves and shoots while damp. Mildew, easily recognised by the whitish powder on the foliage, is caused by excessive moisture, and lack of fresh air. Here, too, flowers of sulphur will be found useful. But in a heated house it is most effective when sprinkled on the pipes. This may be done for black rot and Grape rot, and for red spider. SHANKING. It sometimes happens that the stalks of portions of the bunches, or, in bad cases, of whole bunches, wither, the Grapes in consequence shrivelling and turning brown. ‘This is called ‘“shanking.’’ It is not a disease; it is merely a sign that the roots are unequal to the task which has been set them. Either there is something wrong with the border in which they grow— the soil may be exhausted, or excessively dry or wet, or they may have got down into the subsoil—or the crop is too heavy for them. The affected berries are naturally those which re- ceive the smallest supply of food. If thev are not the farthest away from the sap-current—at the tips of the bunches—they are badly placed for getting their fair share. The gardener should set to work to discover the cause, and should remedy it as soon as possible. The Grapes on the stalks which have begun to wither cannot be saved, and should be cut out. RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. 117 FRUIT-GROWER'S CALENDAR. JANUARY. Apples, Pears, Plums.—Plant in mild weather; prune. Nail in trees on walls, renewing all old bands. , Currants and Gooseberries.—Insert cuttings in the open ground. Strawherries.—After frost any recently-planted runners that have been loosened in the ground should be made firm ‘again. Vines.—Propagate by means of single eyes. FEBRUARY. Apples, Pears, Plums.—Planting should be completed as soon as possible. Any trees which are to be grafted should be headed back, and suitable shoots for scions should be selected, and laid in soil under a north wall. Apricots, Nectarines, Peaches.—Prune and nail in. Spray Peaches which were attacked by leaf-curl in the previous year. Currants and Gooseberries.—Prune towards the end of the month. Vines.—If there is any doubt about the buds breaking evenly, the rods should be slung down horizontally from the wires. 118 RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. MARCH. Apples, Pears, Plums.—Stir the surface soil round the trees. Graft. Apricots, Nectarines, Peaches.—Prune and protect open- ing flowers by means of netting. Black Currants.—Dust with lime and sulphur bushes showing “‘ big bud.” Nuts.— Prune. Strawherries.—Hoe in dry weather. Yines.—Rods slung down from the wires should be tied up again after the buds burst. Spray occasionally on sunny days. APRIL. Apples, Pears, Plums.—Continue grafting. If bees are few, fertilise the blossoms by hand. Hoe all fruit crops as soon as possible, not only this month, but also throughout the summer. Apricots, Nectarines, Peaches.—Nets used to protect the blossom should remain until May. Thin Apricot shoots. Black Currants.—For ‘‘big bud’’ repeat last month's application. Figs.—Prune. Vines.— Admit more air. When the flowers open, tap the rods to scatter the pollen. Thin out laterals. If mealy- bug is present, apply spirits of wine with a brush. Remove winter mulch from the border and stir the surface soil. Insects and Diseases.—|)«-stroy nests of lackey-moth cater- pillars, and spray for Apple saw fly, Pear midge, brown rot. and fummosis. MAY. Apples, Pears, Plums.- ‘Vhin crowded shoots. Manure either aga mulch, or in liquid form, may be applied to trees on which the fruit is set when the crop is heavy. RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. 119 Apricots, Nectarines, Peaches.—Shorten fore-rights of the two first to form spurs, and remove them from Peaches. Currants and Gooseberries.—Cut away suckers. Ameri- can Gooseberry mildew makes its appearance in April or May. Loganberries and Blackherries.—Propagate by layering the young shoots. Raspberries.—Thin out the weakest of the young canes when there are more than six to a stool. Hoe and mulch. Vines.—Thin out, shorten and tie down laterals. Spray occasionally. For fungoid diseases, sprinkle flowers of sul- phur on the damp foliage, or on the pipes if they are heated; for insects vaporise. Insects and Diseases.—Spray for aphis, Pear-leaf blister mite, and caterpillars of the lackey-moth, small ermine moth, magpie moth, vapourer moth, and Gooseberry borer; also for mildew. ook out for the caterpillars of the Currant and Gooseberry sawfly, and tie bands of sacking round Apple trees to trap caterpillars of the codling moth, and examine them frequently. SUNE. Apples, Pears, Plums.—Cut off suckers. Remove the ties from trees graftéd in March. Shorten side-shoots to form spurs. Apricots, Nectarines, Peaches.—Water and spray i in dry weather. Apply liquid manure. Thin fruit. Currants and Gooseberries.—-Thin shoots; also some of the fruit on Gooseberries if the crop is heavy. Pick off cater- pillars. _ _Loganberries and Blackberries.—Tie up the young shoots. Strawherries.—Hoe at the beginning of the month to destroy all small weeds; then place straw round the plants and hang up netting. Where beetles are troublesome, tins of syrup should be sunk in the ground.. Liquid manure will improve the crop. 120 RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. Vines.—Thin the bunches, stop the shoots, and rub off all superfluous growth. Apply liquid manure. Insects and Diseases.—Spray for aphides, mussel scale, red spider, Pear and Cherry sawfly, and caterpillars of the brown-tail moth and Currant clearwing moth. For Raspberry spot, burn the affected canes, and spray the others. Inspect Gooseberries for signs of mildew. JULY. Apples, Pears, Plums.—Thin heavy crops and appl¥ arti- ficial manure. Shorten side-shoots if this has not been yet done. Apricots, Nectarines, Peaches.—Give liquid manure after stoning. Figs.—Thin out shoots. Gooseberries.—Thin lushes; cut back laterals on cordons. Vines.—Continue thinning the bunches. AUGUST. Apples, Pears, Plums.—ather all fruit us soon as it is ripe, and be careful not to bruise it. Protect choice fruits from birds and wasps by means of muslin bags. Currants.—Black Currants should be picked as soon as they are ripe, otherwise they shrivel. Raspberries.—('ut out old canes after fruiting, and thin and tie up the young. Strawberries.—Prepare the ground for new rows, and plant in showery weather. Vines.—V'inish thinning the bunches. The air should be kept drier after colouring commences, and the ventilators should be opened as much as possible. SEPTEMBER. Apples, Pears.—'lowards the end of the month, lift or RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. 121 root-prune trees growing with such excessive vigour that they do not flower. Currants and Gooseberries.—Propagate by cuttings. Figs.—Root-prune if growth is excessive. Raspberries.—See last month. Strawherries.—Plant. OCTOBER. Apples, Pears.—Continue lifting and root-pruning. Fruit intended for keeping should be laid thinly on airy shelves, where it will be safe from frost. Order fruit trees of all kinds and trench the ground in preparation for planting them. Peaches and Nectarines.—Cut away old bearing wood. Vines.— Prepare the border, and plant either this month or next. Insects.— At the beginning of the month tie grease-bands round Apple trees to trap the coding moths. NOVEMBER. Apples, Pears, Plums, ete.—Plant new trees. Prune, cutting back to two buds side-shoots shortened in June or July. Fork over the ground, and manure when necessary, applying potash and phosphate, or stable manure. Prune trees on walls. Apricots, Nectarines, Peaches.—Plant. Currants, Gooseberries, Raspberries, etc.—Dig, manure, and plant; cut out old canes of Loganberries and Blackberries. Nuts.— Plant. Wines.—Prune as soon as the leaves fall. If the rods are infested with mealy-bug, rub off the loose bark and paint with paraffin emulsion. Insects.—Dress the ground for Plum weevils, and destroy the nests of the brown-tail moth, the egg-bands of the lackey- moth, and the cocoons and eggs of the vapourer moth. Ex- amine grease-bands for the codling moth, and, if necessary, grease them afresh. | HE RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. to ko DECEMBER. Apples, Pears, Plums, etc.—Plant, but not during severe frost. Currants, Gooseberries, etc.—Dig and manure if this has not been done. Strawberries.— Mulch. Insects and Diseases.—Spray for mussel scale, oyster-bark scale, Apple-blossom weevil, Apple sucker, codling moth, Apple and Pear scal, brown rot, and other fungoid diseases. For Pear midge, remove and bury deeply the top soil round the trees. INDEX. . PaGE. Air necessary for fruit trees ... 7 American blight or woolly aphis ek 64 Gooseberry mildew o¢ Ammonia sulphate as a_ fer- tiliser ... tee 50 Anthracnose e (Grape rot) 115 Ants z sad 03 Aphides_... ee eo we 56 Aphis, Woolly ... gas ess 104 pple-blossom weevil ... se 62 Apple, Bush oe See sie 38 35 » How-to prune ... 39 »» fungoid diseases... ve 66 >, injurious insects oe 54 », Pyramid, How to ae 40 + sawfly ahve 62 oe Sab 70 >» Standard, How to prune, 39 sucker . 62 Apricots 5 "78, 79, and 80 ys. gummosis 53 » shot-hole fungus noe 75 5, silver leaf sxsr 776 Arrangement of fruit trees cat, 18 Artificial sources of nitrate ... 50 Artificials that should not be mixed... se §2 Ash, Wood, as a “fertiliser sax 52 Autumn digging .. wo - 46 Bacteria in the soil... a Ay Basic slag ... 5I Bees and fruit "3 and 19 Birds and Strawberries sige TOM Blackberries Bai gus «. 98 Black Currants ... see. Oh gas 03 Bone-meal =n ie wae ER 128 PaGeE. Branches, Fungoid diseases on 70 Brown rot. fon a 92 Brown-tail moth saa: 358 Buds, Insects that injure win, OB. Bush fruits Bee se OT Bush trees ae 38 3 5 How to prune ss 39 Calendar, Fruit-grower’s 117 Cambium layer ... 336 He 8 ‘Canker ae sek nee sia 92 Caterpillars (few), spinning leaves together 60 oo meee ie ‘s cee 54 5% many), iving webs ahs eam. 5S 33 without webs ... 60 Cherries, Pruning 43 and 82 Cherry, fungoid diseases . 66 5 injurious insects wee 54 55 leaf scorch ee ta 92 35: sawfly ... as soi 69 Chlorosis ... wat sees 2 Choice of fruit trees... sie, 222 Clay we oie gest 22M Cleft- grafting te ue a. 88 Cobnuts.... = sate see 209 Codling moth... se wee 63 Coral-spot disease a wae 93 Cordons, How to prune Pore ic) 55 of Currants and Gooseberries ae 463 Cost of stable manure ... se. EO Crop, effect when heavy a) Currant and Gocsshery saw- y ss dee “05 Currant (Black) mite oe = e = clearwing moth se QS Fi scale... it es SOS \ 124 INDEX. PAGE. Currants as cordons : ue a5 between truit trees ... 35 Pests of 9 Propagating 36 Pruning black . % », red and white Damaged roots ... Deep Planting, Effect of Depth to plant trees Digging in autumn F Diseases affecting branches or stems re wy foliage a fruit ” 5 of fruit trees ... Distances between Blackberries Currants and 2? a ” “ Gooseberries a 5 fruit trees ... 2 5% LLoganberries Re Me Nuts ” ” Raspberries.. Strawberries.. Drainage for fruit trees 24 and 35 Loss of nitrate by . Dry-farming : Site mw Ermine (small) moths ... Espaliers, How to prune Farmyard or stable manure ... Fertilisation of blossom by hand Fertilisation of blossom, con- ditions necessary Fertiliser, Soot as a lertilisers 0 eh oe 3 that should not be mixed s5 When and How to use or Fertilising agent, Lime as a.. Fertility, conditions necessary Figs a oa pa Filberts Winter moth on ee Flowering delayed by manure a trees that do not fruit Flowers, Insects that injure ... ” not a sign of vigour... holage, Fungoid diseases on... PAGE. Food supplies, Method of con- trolling a3, 2 na reduced by graft- ee we 3 Fore-rights 79 Frost and tender stone “fruits... 79 Fruit, Bees and 13 and 19 » Fungoid diseases of ng ys -grower’s calendar 117 » Insects that injure 62 » Mysterious failures 1s Fruit trees, Arrangement of ... 18 a at sale-rooms 23 ~ Choice of ... 22 6 different classes ... 1 ee from seed ... go af Grafting 86 _ Lifting 4 oF Nailing to walls.. 79 ie Old . 85 . on walls 2 3S sis Planting 24—26 #e Price of sai ae ” Pruning IL 55 Staking 35 Fungicides : 68 Fungoid diseases affecting stem and branches >> ; >» affecting foli- age... aa BE Fr i affecting fruit 69 ay limitations to infection 66 ae ‘ method of in- fection 66 ay wie of Vines 1s ss oH symptoms 68 Gooseberries ... . 93 and as between fruit trees 29 Gooseberry and Currant sawfly 9s os (American) mildew 96 ” borer wee Q6 $3 mite . a6 Grafting... er esx. Sg a Advantazes of double 18 ai Clett ee aie it TAOS “a reduces tood supplies 3 is Toneue 88 » wax 8q as Whip S- ~ INDEX, PAGE. Grape rot ... ss ze aa 5 Grapes scalding . ws. ae BUT ee shanking | sas veg TIO >», Thinning we aig TEL Grass, its effects on trees... 30 Growth, Manner of ... ca 8 Guano oe aie ase eset. GL Gummosis ae aus amiss 473) Hazel nuts asax “QO Heading back for grafting gasr 480) Hoe, its value and use . ase 45 Infection of disease... 66 4 its limitations 66 Insecticides 25 st §5 Insects, different classes wee 54 a5 Identification of sas 250) 35 pests of the Vine dea STA 53 that eat entire leaves 58 6 that eat holes in leaves 57 5 that eat upper surface of the leaves se 67 Sy that injure buds, fruit, or flowers... ie ‘62 3 that injure shoots ... 64 35 that suck the sapsgand 56 Kainit sits me ae sae SBE Lackey moth aie ae ee) Laterals on Vines et ss ITO Layering Strawberries ... ws TO2 Leaf-curl of Peach oe ees OFM: Lifting fruit trees Be ae | Lime as a fertilising agent as) 52! », for clay soil... 26 and 52 ;, for stone fruits ... 24 5, superphosphate as a fer- tiliser... eas 51 Loam ee we ae wea, 125 Loganberries ee i awe, 598, Magpie moth ... x 60 Manure delays flowering a5 2 3 Stable or farmyard ... 49 Manures, Nitrogenous ... ay. §0 on Phosphatic ... evo SE ” Potassic eee ee 51 Manuring fruit trees ... 46 and 53 Midge, Pear aes ws wes. 163 125 PaGE. Mildew... aes es su 9S ” American Gooseberry 96 Mite, Black Currant ... tee 95 3, Gooseberry ese sez «GO x» Pear-leaf santas sa see: 57 Moth, Browntail.. ane w. 58 4 Codling ... * ase. 63 >» Currant clearwing see. GS » Lackey... iat we 59 >, Magpie... se «» 60 » Small ermine... sx: (00 38 Vapourer sa ae “OE Winter... ug .. 60 Mussel scale sie ee mee: SY Nailing fruit trees to walls ... 79 Nature’s method of pruning ... 38 Nectarines «. 78, 79, and 80 gummosis_... see 93 5 shot-hole fungus... 75 - silver leaf... cn 90 Netting for Strawberries se Og Nitrate, Artificial sources of ... 50 53 loss by drainage wis AT, 3 When to apply ix 50 Nitrogen and bacteria ... ae 48 Nitrogenous manures, Where to apply se ire tes. 52 Nuts diets ‘es ee sin 99 Nut weevil ss aes -++ 100 Old trees, Renovating wax) 388 Orchard, Site for wa age 2g ‘Oyster bark scale ar vue, 164 Paraffin emulsion 2a sn 35 Parasitic fungi, Spores of ... 67 Paris-green wash... eis a. SS. Peaches ... -- 78, 79, and 80 35) gummosis ie we 93 55 Jeaf-curl wes sia a 35 red spider iis sim 67 ay shot-hole fungus wees. DS 55 silver leaf set ves, 6 Pear, Bush ae ee we 3S si » How to prune ... 39 »» fungoid diseases... we “06 >> injurious insects... os >, leaf blister mite.. see BF >» Midge 63 Pyramid, How to prune 4o INDEX. 126 PAGEL. Pear sawfly 57 ss scab jo + Standard, How to prune 39 Pests of Currants 65 5 Gooseberries g6 3 Raspberries 98 35 Strawberries 105 - Vines 114 Phosphatic manures 51 Plant food 2 47 Planting fruit trees, Depth for 3! 4 i Distances for 3, 28 +4 “3 Finishing 36 ke 3a Method of 29 se ne Time for 27 Vines ae ass, LOZ. Plant lice (aphides) 56 Plum leaf blight... 75 ” Tust 75 55 pockets 75 Plums, fungoid diseases 66 ng injurious insects wes 64 *3 Pruning a3 and 82 Plum weevil $7 Potash sis 51 Price of fruit trees 22 Propagation of Currants 94 + Vines ... 113 Pruning and fruit dag Ir - after planting . 37 ay Apricots 80 $5 bush Apples and Pears 39 3 ‘Cherries 43 . cordons and espaliers 3 35 Currants, black 93 ” ne red or white 91 39 Figs oe 5 iets . ‘ Gooseberries 9 a Nature’s method of . 3 ‘ Nectarines 80 Fr Nuts ais ts we GQ oa Object of tr and 37 55 Peaches «- 80 Plums... o. 43 ” pyramid Apples and Pears is QO a Raspberries : vee 98 % standard Apple sand Pears ... ae 39 re Summer on Ht a Vines... as 108 DAGE. Pyramid trees - 40 Rain, effect on fruit blossom... 15 Ramming after Pano aie 30 Raspberries : 98 Pests ‘of 98 Raspberry beetle . 99 53 stem caterpillar 99 3 spot ... ‘ 99 Red Currants gL Red spider Ss se? 157 Renovating old fruit trees... 85 Ripening of the wood . a OF Risks to fruit = a op 2 Root-pruning a eS Roots, effect of grass on 2 5 " spreading out at planting 29 » Suckers from damaged... 32 Runners, a ea ae Straw- berries by 102 Rust, Plum leaf . 75 Sale-rooms, Fruit trees at 23 Sand in soil zee 24 Sap-sucking insects 54) 55, and 56 »» Insecticides for 55 Sawfly, Apple... Pe $3 Currant and Gooseberry 95 ” Pear and Cherry 57 Scab, Apple and Pear ... re Scalding of Grapes 1tL Scale, Currant .. 95 >» Mussel... x7 » Oyster bark Sr 04 Seed, Fruit trees from ... go Self-fertile and self-sterile fruit trees Y 16 Shade, effect on fruit trees 4 Shanking of Grapes 116 Shoots, Insects that injure 64 Shot-hole fungus : 7S Silver leaf disease sb Site for orchard . 2 Small ermine moths bo Soil for Strawberries rot Soot as a fertiliser stu Soap wash ues 55 Spores of parasitie fungi 6> Stable manure 40 " Cost of 50 Standards, How to plane 30 Staking trees 35 PaGE. Stem disease aa » 76 Stopping Vine shoots ... 109 Strawberries we 101 39 deteriorating 102 3s Distance for 103 es Manuring 104 58 Pests of 105 93 Propagating 102 9% Protecting from birds sae TOG Time to plant ... oe Strawberry bed, Position for... 101 3% 5 Soil for Ior i Origin of the word 101 Sucker, Apple... 62 Suckers and damaged roots 32 99 How to remove 33 of why hurtful 33 Sulphate of ammonia ... 50 ” potash 51 Summer pruning IL Superphosphate of lime. 51 Thinning fruit crop 8 35 Grapes a II HA Vine laterals... 110 Thrips a 114 Time to plant fruit trees 28 Toadstools, tree-root rot 76 Tongue-grafting 88 Tree-root rot 76 Tying fruit trees ... 35 > Vine laterals IIo 127 Pace. Vapourer moth . ae -. 60 Varieties of fruit trees, self- fertile and self-sterile avn FO Vine border 106 » breaking unevenly. IIo », fungoid diseases .., IIs 3» imsect pests : 114 », laterals, Thinning IIo He Management GE nis 108 », Planting ... On 107 ” ai eect rig Vines : ‘ 100 Vine shanking os we 216 » thinning ne shoots eee TIL Walls, Fruit trees on ... 78 Wasps th 2 63 ‘Wax, Grafting ie Weeds, their harmfulness 45 and cas Weevil, aeple blossom.. 62 4“ ate a 100 2 Plum 57 Whip-grafting .. 87 White Currants, Pruning QI Winter moths A 60 Wire netting for Strawberries 104 Woburn wash ... 55 Wood ash as a fertiliser 52 Wood growth and fruit buds... 7 Ripening of the ... 5 Woolly aphis... ae we 64 Priated by “GARDEN Lira” Press, Hatton House, Great Queen Street, Londom, W.C.