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See Index of Contents on 2d Page of Cover. x

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NURSERYMAN OF DUBUQUE ;
With an. introductory chapter upon the same subject, from the .
able pen of DR. J. M. SHAFFER, Secretary of 5
lowa State Agricultural Society. ;
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RCHARDS AND FRUIT:

IN THE NORTH-WEST, 4

INDEX.

Page.
Causes of the destruction of Fruit Trees,......-. 022.222.2222 -22 2 eee eee eee eee
Digging and protecting the roots, (Example,)..-......22...-2-2------ 2-2-2 e222 e+ ta}
Digging the holes and planting,...........2...--.2--022 sees eee Cuidoaeaseees 10
Distance apart to set the trees,......2- 202-0 22. eee ee eee eee cece cee ane evel
Drisd. up and frozen theescejaca ssa xe wae 6 wicie kee enue cinsey biome tboonie Biees Hed guseeaneas 9
Draining theorchard groundy.. cae cecsecee seme eves gues cee see Reed Kee eee nen 3

Dayath “Treesjr2s2 gaeigrss cei wig ee rokion vatyeein acu gem ote eee sears OU
BxaM ples)s scans sscadcen meaccsee sesiewes Mm ceed seeker ee eeee seen rey ese EY 4
Hoteigncer: astern: NtGes, 4 4 atee eee taeei ence wace seem cee aeeekemeee
Ball Trans plantin ey. oy wis ciciencoatrotac asta imaauicenaacaine soe Sade edeuceuianmeearanicel
How to prepare the orchard ground,.....--..--- --- +--+ +20 +2 eee eee eee eee 2
How'to transplant Fruit Trees): 0c csne-oses pees ceed epee esse reese acca ceeeneavsene 7
How to cultivate the orchard, and what crops to grow therein,......-..-2. --.----12

How to protect ftom climate, cc ccccimcitnmsadees asec ents acme erro cenecgce geld

se i © PNSCCTS ANG: GIUATAT Ro ncenescaiciaciaiccs acts-aaais avira oo ewe tlaimtare 18
Kinds. of tees:t0' Plant. ccucacictnadondinaneveactdsedmeeeenmanenk debwiarsotaennion 5
Manuring orchard, lands). sacs s.%2.00 spews icin ee epis os ose gave nevees e-acieince Jeet neeeee 2
Northern Spy Apple—its origin,.........22..-.22----.-. aia fA iccid exoesre Suaearcleumiaieis ear 5
Pranings when, and NOW jonc2 cen jomeaiiaoelcare omewxees @hwiemetGrAwiicalccmels sina 14

SMHS ATanB planting) e ne occng, nin srateleie ewe ceieeieeeneeence ann sees eace LO
Selection: Of thes, nee ccedindaee daowaceedeet aes he Spacketaccaear ease emt 8
Set the treca leaning; atid why)... ......020. ccc ecu ces peccveonseonreseyans qecall

When to plant Fruit Trees,.... 2.2.0.2. ee eee ce ee ce ce eee venetre 11

Naw Yer’ STATE
COLLEGE OF AGRIOULTUSS,
DEPARTMENT OF RORTiO! LTURE,

CORNELL UNIVERSITY,
ITHACA, N.Y

TO THE READER.

SeEcrerary’s Orrick,
Fairriztp, Jowa, April 8th, 1864.

The treatise on fruit, to which this is introductory, was prepared at my
earnest solicitation, to form a part of the Volume of Transactions of the
Towa State Agricultural Society for 1863. Having read it to some friends,
and they commending it very highly for its eminently practical teachings,
its sound reasoning and its excellent qualities in all respects, I suggested
to Mr. Beebee that it would be well to have some extra copies published in
this present form, for distribution over the State. Ina volume of transac-
tions alone, its usefulness would be greatly limited ; reproduced in this con-
venient form, its benefits would be very widely extended.

It seems but reasonable that Iowa farmers, Iowa stock-growers, Towa
nurserymen, etc., in the candid detail of their several experiences, should
establishiprinciples of higher value, facts of more certain application to the
wants of Iowa, and which should have superior claims to attention, than
those, who without practical knowledge of the peculiarities of our soil,
climate, etc., write to inform the husbandry of the age. The entire vol-
ume of transactions, of which this is a part, is the result of the observa-
tions of our own citizens upon our own soil; and the perusal of the sev-
eral articles on fruit—some written at the extreme North, others at the ex-
treme South——will illustrate the idea of the importance and value of home
thought, and home experiences, and that too much atiention cannot be
paid to the varied influences of soil, climate, exposure, etc., even in our
own State, in the successful growing of fruit.

The essay of Mr. Beebee is especially valuable, because it is the result of
A long residence and extended series

Towa Strate AGRICULTURAL Soorrry,

practical experience upon our own soil.
of intelligent observation, have enabled the author to present facts of great

interest and value to the people of the State. While it may not be appli-
cable in its teachings to other regions of country, and while some of its
positions may seem untenable, some of its recommendations novel and per-
haps injudicious, to those who have grown fruit under different cireumstan-
ces of location, yet, that it has been successful here, and can be made so
at all times, there is no question.

It has been said, and perhaps with truth, that the National Department
of Agriculture cannot accomplish the wise designs of its friends and advo-
cates, because the country is too diversified in climate and soil, to make such

‘a distribution of seeds, plants, ete., as will be snitable to that diversity.
he “STATES
COLLEY. te SEOUL T ORE,
DEPARTMENT GF HOTICULTURE,
COSLELL UN VTRSITY,
; ‘THACA, fi. ¥,

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[ono a
S| ok oe

But many interesting and valuable results have already followed the labors
of that Department. Many years may be spent in determining what par-
ticular plants, fruits, grains, etc., may be suitable for the different parts
of our wide domain ; but a spirit of enquiry will be evoked, and the result
will at last depend upon the recorded observation and experience of the peo-
ple. In no way can we learn so rapidly, in no way can we be so certain of
results, as to depend upon the labors, thoughts and teachings, of those oc-
cupying the same relative position as to soil and climate.

This principle finds an easy illustration in the history of fruit-growing
inIowa. In early days, our people depended for their supply of fruit-trees,
upon the Eastern Nurseries. Immense sums of money and great labor were
expended ; much precious time was lost in the introduction and cultivation
of trees from Eastern growers. Instead of a return in money, in pleasure,
and in enjoyment, there were sad disapointments. The trees had often a
sickly life and untimely death ; no truit rejoiced the heart ; and what was
infinitely more damaging than all these merely physical considerations, the
conviction was well-nigh formed, that ‘Fruit could never be grown in Iowa,”’
At first, and quite naturally, upon these failures, the nursery-man received
all the censure. He was frequently denounced as a cheat, a fraud and an
imposter, and his trees as worthless, and the refuse of what he could not
sell at home to his more-“‘knowing”’ neighbors, while, in truth, the tree-
merchant may have been entirely honest, and the tree perfectly sound and
healthy ; but the tree was not suited to our soil and climate,—and in this

fact may be discerned all, or nearly all, the disappointment which followed
the efforts of the pioneer tree-planter.

Mr. Beebee has rendered us an invaluable service in his treatise, by tell-
ing us plainly, what kind of trees to plant, how and when to plant them,
how to cultivate, how and when to prune, and how to protect from cli-
mate, insects and animals. But is that all? These doubtless are a most
important series of facts, but they are second to his teachings on ‘‘How to
prepare the ground for an orchard.’’ Good soil, good trees, good planting,
good seasons—all these you may have, and still may be the unfortunate
possessor of frightful, misshapen, unfruitful trees inthe end. Good seed,
good soil, good seasons, good everything ; but if the ground be not pro-
perly prepared, there may be a bad crop. It is the almost divine province
of husbandry to combat and conquer the elements that threaten to overthrow
our labors in disaster. Toil, labor, care, the ‘‘sweat of the face’’—these
are the capital to be employed against the “thorns and thistles,’’ the injuri-
ous influences that oppose our progress. ‘‘How to prepare the ground” —

how to lay the foundation—how to begin aright—how to take the first step—
how to ensure a certain, much desired end of profit and pleasure,—chat is

the important and valuable part of the work. It does not require herculean
labor to study every part of his theory and practice ; nor are his words mui-
tiplied by technicalities ; neither are you asked to follow ior yourself the
long turnings and windings of experience. At a glance, in a moment, you
see his path. Plain, easy, graceful, you see the results of his labor, the
rewards of his dilligence,—and he ‘‘that runneth may read.”

It is gratifying to record that fruit in Iowa has, notwithstanding the se-
rious drawbacks which have hitherto attended the introduction and cultiva-
tion of improved varieties, kept pace with the development of our State in
other respects. I transfer some figures from late official sources, that may
not have attracted general attention. In 1850, the total value of the or-
chard products of the State was but $8,434. This was increased in 1860
to $131,234, and it is safe to say that last year the value was double that
sum. In 1868, there were fruit trees in orchard bearing 503,043, and
trees in orchard not bearing, 1,833,651, or in all 2,837,594 trees in orchards
—or about three fruit trees to each inhabitant. Yetthere is room for more
orchards ; there are mouths for more fruit.

The cultivation of fruit has received additional attention of late years,
from the introduction of economical and certain measures for its preserva-
tion. Canned fruit is no longer a luxury of the rich, no longer a choice and
costly confection to be indulged in by the sick and feeble, but a necessity— ~
a habit, if you choose, of all classes of people. A vast amount of capital is
invested in the manufacture of cans, jars, etc., for the artificial preservation
of fruit ; and the glass blower, the potter, the tinner have received an im-
pulse to their trade from the enormous demand thereby created for their
wares.

But there are higher motives to prompt men to plant an orchard, with
intelligence, than the paltry enjoyment of dollars and cents. With intelli-
gence? Yes; because planted ignorantly, it is time and labor worse than
lost. Fruit is generally conducive to health, easily digested, and an impor-
tant adjurant in the process of assimilation. Health is the greatest blessing
of life. ‘Wealth without health is splendid poverty.”

Fruit is beautiful to look upon. ‘‘A thing of beauty is ajoy forever.”’—
The charming divinity of colors, of shape—the grateful odor—the pleasant
flavor of the fruit—the majesty of the tree—the greeness of the leaf—the
aroma and delicate tints of the blossom,—all these are added as the free gift
of a beneficent God. All these might have been repellant to our senses ; the
fruit distorted by unseemly growths; the tree dwarfed and scraggy ; the
flowers emitting disgusting odors ; the greenness of the leaves turned to

scarlet, to dazzle and perplex the eye, and still the tree might dive and bear
Jruit. And this should be an especial cause of thankfulness in us, that God
has so clothed the elements of growth and vegetation about us, for our
life, our comfort and enjoyment, that He has added beauty—beauty, an ele-
ment which is not necessary to their existence.

An orchard, from its beauty in the bloom, its growing at maturity, its
fruit on the tree, on the table, in the well-kept cellar, is an element of at-
tractiveness to home. It gives a charm to the dear delights that cluster
around the sunny circle of home. When the boy, grown to be a man,
leaves the scenes of his youth, his thoughts will recur with a thrill of pleasure
to the favorite tree in the orchard, when the burssels carpet, the luxurious
divans of the parlor, the ornaments of the sitting room, the downy bed of
the chamber are forgotten. Who knows but what the much-loved apple
tree, planted by a kind father’s hand, cultivated with an indulgent father’s
care, its fruit dispensed with prodigality by a patient mother’s hand, with
a-loving mother’s smile—who knows but that a thought of such a time and
scene, may restrain the son from evil, guide him to virtue and lead him to
usefulness and honor. And should the son be forgetful of the lessons of home,
and wander away in the career of vice and crime, who knows but what the
orchard, with its fragrant blossoms, its luscious fruit, its cooling shade, the
happy circle with its fruit and its smiles and its love, of which he was once
amember, may recall him from his error, and reclaim him to virtue? As
long as the recollection of the orchard remains—as long as he remembers
its associations—the man is safe. He will love his home; he will cherish
its memories ; he will do it honor.

I can but join in the exhortation of Mr. Beebee, urging upon all the im-
portance of planting fruit trees. I add to this, plant intelligently. Select
the proper spot for the orchard ; prepare the ground ; sclect trees suited to
locality ; and cultivate with skill. Until a better plan, based upon exper-
ence and observation, is discovered, adopt the views and follow the practice
of Mr. Beebee. He is well known as a gentleman of intelligence and integ-
tity. He would not advise or recommend a course while doubting its cor-
rectness. He would give no counsel but what would add to the profit and
pleasure of the people. ‘

The results of his work are before us. We have seen his fruits ; we have
seen his orchards, as well as those of other successful fruit-growers in Iowa.
Secing, let us believe; and believing, let us act,

J. M. SHAFFER.

ESSAY ON FRUIT CULTURE.

The complaining or earnest enquiry still comes up from many
quarters, “why cannot we raise successfully here in Iowa, those
fruits with which we were so abundantly blessed in our Eastern
homes?” And while a crowning success has attended well directed
efforts to grow fruit, it has also become patent to every one, that
from some cause, thousands of our more or less recently planted
fruit trees do die every year, in our young and fast growing State,
and consequently it is quite natural that such inquiries should con-
tinue to be made, and that many fears of a failure in fruit growing
should still be seriously entertained. The causes and prevention
of these losses are therefore the more interesting and important.

Permit me to premise what I shall write upon this subject, by
saying that my remarks are designed to be adapted to lowa, with
its dry and windy climate, its extreme and sudden changes, as well
as its usually light, deep, friable and comparatively timberless soil.
Reared in Ontario county, New York, and for some years a resi-
dent of central Ohio, U’khow that much of what I shall communi-
cate upon this subject will appear very inapplicable to those locali-
ties, and doubtless equally so to the East in general.

The causes of the destruction of fruit trees above referred to, are
usually one or more of the four following, viz:

1st. No suitable preparation of the orchard grounds, but only a
shallow culture and planting which has caused the horizontal tree
roots to grow and remain so near the surface that they have often
been killed by hard freezing during some of our dry and nearly
snowless winters. The planting of unacclimated trees, or una-
dapted varieties that have died either quickly or by slow degrees.
The killing of the fibrous roots by freezing, or excessive drying
while being transplanted. The starving of the trees, by permit-
ting the more rampant and exhausting crops of grass, grain, or
weeds, to occupy and possess the orchard grounds, after the trees
were planted.

But, as I wish to give my views in a more extended form, I will
pursue the general subject in the following order, namely :

1st. How to prepare the ground for an orchard.

2

2d. What kinds of trees to plant.

3d. How to plant and when.

4th. How to cultivate, and what crops may be safely grown in
the orchard.

5th. How and when to prune.

6th. How to protect from climate, insects and animals.

HOW TO PREPARE THE GROUND.

The most indispensable part of this work is, to loosen deeply by
plowing or spading the entire plat designed for an orchard. This
is very easily and cheaply done by using a subsoil plow to follow
a common one which has already passed as deep as a good team
could run it. In the absence of a subsoil, a common plow can be
made to run the second time in the same furrow, and thereby mel-
low the soil to the depth of from twelve to fifteen or even eighteen
inches. This same form of deep culture is also quite essential to
permanent success in growing all kinds of fruit bearing vines and
plants.

The benefits secured by such deep culture are chiefly the more
safe hibernation or self protection of all deeply imbedded roots
during some of our frequently open and changeable winters; the
efficient drainage thereby provided for an excessively wet time;
and an unfailing reservoir of moisture and nutrition, which are con-
stantly furnished by the circulation and condensation of the atmos-
phere for the timely supply of trees and plants in a soil so deeply
mellowed, during our frequent and long continued seasons of
drouth. Indeed, so true is this, that on all ordinarily rolling and
friable lands, no artificial drainage or watering will at all compare
in efficiency and value with the spontaneous workings of kind Na-
ture herself in a soil kept mellowed deep enough to give sufficient
space for her faithful performances. A severe drouth therefore is
a fearful foe to none but the shallow cultivator of the deep soi] tha
God has given to him for a better “occupying” than he has ever
yet made available.

MANURING OF LANDS DESIGNED FOR AN ORCHARD.—It is a well
attested fact that tree roots will the most rapidly extend themselves
in any direction where a good supply of tree-food can be obtained.
Jn order, therefore, to encourage the rapid extension of the roots,
which shall give both growth and firmness of base to the tree, a

8

liberal quantity of well decomposed or fermented barn yard ma-
uure should be worked into the entire orchard ground. This is
usually deferred until the tree is planted or afterwards, and then
the manure is either inserted with the tree, or piled up in a heap
about its body. By this pernicious practice, the roots are not in-
duced to push out in quest of food, but rather are enticed back-
wards toward the tree, and our heavy winds find it an easy and
pleasant pastime to secure its ready obeisance in any desired direc-
tion. Besides this, unfermented horse or other manure, by heat-
ing after being thus stacked about the tree, will often kill it, root
and branch. But to bank up with common soil around the trunk
of a newly planted tree in the fall of the year is a highly beneti-
cial practice, it being an entirely safe covering for the trunk, and
when frozen, it becomes a firm prop upon every side during the
winter.

If trees grow as thriftily as they should after planting, in three
or four years their roots will have extended to a distance of some
eight or twelve feet in all directions from the tree.

A minute examination also shows that the small fibrous extrem-
ities of the roots are abundantly supplied with absorbents called
spongioles. It should be known and remembered that the tree
draws almost its entire nourishment through these spongioles—they
are the myriad mouths by which it obtains its food.

The large roots hold the tree in position, and convey to it the
food which is obtained by these feeders. Now ridiculous, then, is
the practice of placing all the fertilizing material in so close prox-
imity to the tree and its larger roots. It is like tying the horse
very tightly to the manger, and then carefully packing away his
food against the side of the stable, behind him!! Therefore, it
will be found best to mingle the manure with the deeply broken
up and well mellowed soil before the trees are planted. It, how-
ever, can be applied and ploughed in afterward, if circumstances
make it necessary.

Dratninc.—The orchard, if a success, is designed to be a per-
manent institution. If its convenient location near the dwelling,
or for any other good cause, it must needs be planted upon land
naturally too level, it should be raised by plowing into ridges, and
upon them the trees should be set. By plowing towards the trees
after planting, the facilities for easy and rapid surface drainage, can

4

be considerably increased. If ‘“spouty” or springy land is to be
used, a thorough under-draining will alone secure the requisite dry-
ness of soil, that is indispensable to a healthful and fruitful orchard.
No one, therefore, should waste his money for fruit trees, to plant
upon lands so entirely unprepared, as to render his cost and labor
at best a doubtful experiment. For, to set trees like so many
posts, into a soil without any suitable preparation, is but mocking
akind Providence, and securing an inglorious and unfruitful de-
feat. The very evident fact, that the elements for tree growth, are
not as plentiful in our prairie soil as in that of the heavily tim-
bered lands of our Eastern homes, should lead to an entirely differ-
ent and more thorough preparation of our grounds for orchards
and fruit gardens.

Examp.es.—In my own vicinity, and in Northeastern lowa gen-
erally, in which I have traveled extensively, I have closely ob-
served the results of different preparations and after-treatment of
orchards and orchard lands ; and, aside from the losses caused by
planting unacclimated trees, and unadapted varieties, I have found
the chief causes of failures, in attempts to raise good and fruitful
orchards, to be the results of a premature planting in an unpre-
pared soil, and a starving neglect of them after they had made an
attempt to survive the transplanting.

My own orchard, planted with a hundred Eastern trees in 1856,
on elevated land, deeply plowed and highly manured, was replanted
in 1858 with my own grown trees, (all but ten of the first planting
having gradually died out,) is now as healthy and vigorously grow-
ing, as any orchard I ever saw East or West.

It is but slightly protected from the fierce winds that come upon
it over miles of uninterrupted prairie, the manuring of the entire
ground having been often repeated and no manure being placed at
any time near the trees, except by its broad-cast scattering. It is
now becoming as fruitful as is desirable at its present age, and not
a borer, or other destructive insect has come nigh them.

No washing of the trees, or extra care of any sort, has been be-
stowed upon them, except a vigorous cultivation of the land—rais-
ing strawberries with other small fruits and garden vegetables
thereon—and giving the trees a very limited amount of pruning.
Indeed, in that last regard, they have had the benefit a very
thorough “letting alone!” But one solitary case of failure has

5

occurred since the replanting. One tree, broken more than half
off, eighteen inches from the ground in the spring of 1857, by a
badly driven team, so that the top rested upon the ground, was
spliced up like a broken limb, using wet compost and splinters, and
wrapping it tightly—has entirely healed over, and in 1861 and
1862, it bore one bushel of excellent and beautiful apples, each
year, which was increased this season to nearly two bushels. I
have mentioned the particnlars of this case, for the purpose of
saying that no such results could possibly have attended similar
appliances upon a half-starved or feebly growing tree. And at the
time of the casualty, that tree was depending almost entirely upon
the preparation and manuring given to the soil, before its planting.
The success of the orchard as a whole, I believe is chiefly attribu-
table to the same cause, in connection with the continual good cul-
tivation, and repeated enriching of the soil.

KINDS OF TREES TO PLANT.

If the lamented Dr. Kennicott, of Chicago, that noble pioneer
nurseryman of the North-West, thought a few years ago, that
“ten years’ more experience is required in Northern Illinois to de-
termine what varieties are best suited to cultivation there,” certainly
in Iowa we should have a little indulgence, being confident that we
can prescribe in that regard for her, far more understandingly after
a few more years’ of aczlimating and experimenting experience.

And, indeed, so many lists of hardy varieties of the various
kinds of fruit have been so frequently given by nurserymen and
fruit committees, that it would seem nearly useless to repeat them.
Besides this, so great diversity exists in different parts of our State
that for one’s own particular vicinity, it is really safest to obtain
information as near home as possible. Some old standard varieties
of apples, as yellow Bellflower, Talman Sweet, Red Astrachen,
Rawle’s Jennet, and Wine Sap, are all right, iu all places; while
the Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Rambo and Porter—great
Eastern favorites—seem to be more or less hardy and useful in
different localities. In searching for light as to best varieties, let
the amateur refer to the pioneer in his own vicinity, and he will
obtain a better guidance than from any other source.

Norturern Spy.—The very name of Northern Spy is usually
taken as a warrant for its hardiness, in any cold climate. As [

6

happen to know the origin of that name, I will give it in this con-
nection, for the benetit of the curious, as well as for the satisfaction
of all who may wish to know “what is in a name.” The Northern
Spy was first discovered about forty-five years ago, in the oldest
orchard of Oliver Chapin in East Bloomfield, Ontario County, N.
Y. The old brown framed school house, where the writer learned
a little of the English language, was located on the north-east cor-
ner of that same orchard, and its south windows and roof were
richly shaded and made cozy, by the well loaded apple trees, whose
pendant branches, held a window-view of fruitful promise to our
school-boy eye, and in due time showered their luxuriance upon
the ground, for our noon-time enjoyment. ‘Stealing apples” was
not once named, as becoming school boys, in those glorious times
of plenty ; “Uncle Oliver” generously gave us the freedom of that
corner of the orchard. :

After using the newly found apples for a few seasons, and find-
ing them a very excellent and long keeping kind, “Uncle Oliver”
called upon his tree-tup-grafter, Mr. Frisbie, one day in the fall of
year, to come and give a name to those apples, then hanging in
bounteous profusion on that noble upright tree. ‘Uncle O.” and
Mr. F. walked up upon the north side of the tree, and stood there
admiring those splendid apples. Says Mr. F., “As we behold that
fruit, now looking toward it from the north, I will name it the
Northern Spy!” “So mote it be,” said. Uncle Oliver. While
Mr. Frisbie was top-grafting some scions from the same tree, for
my father in the following season, he told him these facts in my
hearing, and, although a young lad at the time, I very well remem-
ber them. So much for the origin of a very hardy name for a
very superior apple. A good grower in almust all parts of our
country, the Northern Spy is not a young producer, but a delicious
long-keeping apple, and a profuse bearer, when a suitable age has
been attained.

Dwarr Trees.—For those who wish a little fruit in the shortest
time, and have but small space in which to plant anything, as well
as for those who wish to ornament their grounds, with beautiful
little Tom Thumb fruit-bearing trees, the planting of dwarf apples
and pears is an appropriate work, and the object sought, will doubt-
less be obtained. But, those who desire in planting trees to lay a
broad foundation, for a long continued abundance of fruit, should

7

plant those trees that have taken the form and size that nature has
designed for them. Dwarts being produced by a diversion of na-
ture’s well established laws, are exceedingly uncertain and very
liable to diseases and premature decay. Unremitting care and ex-
traordinary efforts, alone seem to be the requisites for their con-
tinued living and fruitfulness.

Forrren or Eastern Treus.—The experience of thousands in
Northern Iowa will full fully confirm the declarations I shall make
on this subject. With few and far between exceptions, Eastern
trees, (if we except a few of those varicties that in all tried local-
ities are hardy as oaks,) have died by slow degrees, and become
miserably less, while even the exceptions have continued for a
much longer time unfruitful, than our home-grown trees. It is a
fact generally admitted, and well established, too, that trees grown
in the damp atmosphere adjoining lakes or other large budies of
water, are illy prepared for the searching dryness of our cold and
vaporless winds, whose sweeping power is exceedingly unlike the
humid breezes that so gently fanned their younger life. Eastern
tree peddlers, who come by chance—not being sent by those worthy
nurserymen—in their deep anxiety for us, and with their ever-
ready promptitude, are wont to recommend dwarf apple trees for
our orchards,—and their equally useful wooden pumpkin seeds for
our corn-fields. If aught is wanted from those excellent and reli-
able nurseries, let an order be sent direct to headquarters, and inac-
curacies or unfairness will be only the exceptions to their invariable
rule of reliable and honorable dealing.

But so important is the matter of procuring acclimated trees,
that too much atteution to this subject cannot well be given.
Even trees from well sheltered or low land nurseries in our own
vicinity, ought never to be planted upon open or exposed localities,
but only a limited number of the most hardy varieties should be
bought from well exposed nurseries, to be set in those unprotected
situations. Time will prove that the shortest road to plenty and
profit in fruit growing, is found by “ pushing” a few well known
hardy and productive varieties, and not in the untried paths of
doubtful experiments.

HOW AND WHEN TO TRANSPLANT FRUIT TREES,

Much has been written upon this subject, and very little heeded.

8

Almost every one is opinionated in the matter, and some particu-
larly regard “the mint, the annis and cummin, and neglect the
weightier matters” upon which the lives and usefulness of their
trees Cepend. To all such, it would seem almust a waste of time
and space to give further counsel. The best mode is a very easy
one, and none need fail in the undertaking. But many labor hard
to carry out their own whims, and then wonder that their trees do
not live.and grow. .

SELECTION or TREES—The best form of trees to plant, depends
much upon their prospective exposure. If to be planted in a tim-
bered or well protected situation, trees that branch tolerably high
may be planted with comparative safety. But for all open prairie
or other exposed locations, only the low branching trees should be
chosen. The inconvenience of cultivating around the latter kind
of trees is rather unpleasant, but no one who desires fruit should
for a moment regard it.

Diceine AND PROTECTING THE ROoTS.—In digging the trees, se-
cure with as little damaging as possible all the roots that can be
kept free from injury by bruising or breaking while being trans-
planted. For, to set out a tree with a large supply of roots that
are mutilated and spoiled, is bnt laying the foundation for a sickly
existence, and a long continued unfruitfulness. The last thing be-
fore re-setting, all the badly bruised and damaged roots should be
cut away, and all the ends of roots cut off roughly by the spade,
should be smoothly cut anew by a sharp knife. In removing trees
from the place of digging to that of planting, too much care can-
not be given, for upon the protection of their roots at that time
more than all else depends the lives of the trees.

Exampre.—A friend wrote me that himself and men went one
morning to digging young cotton wood trees to set for a hedge.
About the middle of the forenoon, having finished digging, they
commenced planting the hedge. At noon they went to dinner,
leaving about half the dug trees lying on the ground in the drying
sun. After dinner they resumed and finished their work. The
result was that all planted before dinner lived, and with scarcely
an exception those planted after dinner died.

Now this was not owing to a “ change of the moon,” or to less
care in setting, but to the simple fact that the fibrous roots were so
parched by the scorching sun and drying wind, that they were

9

ded past recovery. Had those trees been “heeled in” (roots set
into the damp soil) while “ waiting their turn,” they would all have
lived without an exception or a doubt.

In a dainp day, less care is requisite, but the fibrous roots must
be saved from drying up, or the tree is “as good as dead,” even
when otherwise carefully planted. The mode of conveyance from
the nursery to the orchard, is therefore, of the utmost importance.

Large trees, (and small ones too) can be best carried in a wagon,
with capacious hay rack, or box so high that the trees can be set
therein leaning backward, thus giving a chance to cover the roots,
while being loaded, with well dampened straw, saw-dust or other
light and good material for retaining dampness, which should be
kept well watered till the trees arrive at their destination; and then
“heeled in” at once, as fast as unloaded, if a cold night, or a
drying day must intervene between that time and their planting.

I know a widow, who went to a nursery and was very exacting
as to the particular form and the digging of her trees, and then
took them home, and set them on the dry ground leaning up against
the south side of her house, where they remained for two of the
hottest days in the fore part of May. Some six weeks afterwards,
astonished at finding that the trees had actually died, she hailed
the nurseryman, whom she saw riding past, and wanted him to
agree to give her other trees in the stead of those that had failed to
live after such a thorongh killing!

Yor shipping toa distance by the ordinary methods, a careful
boxing or baleing with moss or other substance that will hold
moisture, is found necessary. ‘“ Puddling,” or coating the roots
with mud is a tolerably good substitute, for a moisture-retaining
material in packing trees.

But distance, and probable delays are matters worthy of serious

consideration, and if the risk is taken, the cost of suitable packing
should not be regarded. ’

DRIED UP oR FROZEN TREES.—If by delays on the road, bad pack-
ing or other cause, the trees from far or near come to hand ina
dried up or frozen state, they should be immediately laid flat down
and entirely covered root and branch with mellow soil, and the
whole ground well watered. Let them remain in that condition
(with occasional watering,) some eight to twelve days, or until the
top limbs are plump, and the buds are well swollen, then take them

2

10

up and set them out on a damp day, or in the evening or morning
if only dry weather occurs.

When planted, water the tops by a thorough sprinkling at night,
and provide a slight shading by day for a few days, with a liberal
mulching or frequent spading around the tree. By this means
thousands of valuable trees will be saved, that by the usual process
of immediate planting out, are yearly and unnecessarily numbered
with the missing, the dying, and the dead.

Diceine tie Hores AND pLAntina.—If the land has been well
and deeply subsoiled, as already advised, the digging of pits for the
planting will be a small affair. The whole soil being deeply dng,
no more ground need be moved than is necessary to give ample
room for the tree with its well expanded roots. Set the tree more
or less deep, according to the nature of the soil and the make of
the land. If clayey, or too level, not so deep, but if very friable
and rolling, then set them deeper, even to one foot lower than they
stood in the nursery, for in the latter soil, the washing away of the
land, and the effects of hard freezings upon the roots in an open
winter, are indeed very important matters, and should be duly
regarded. In such soil too, firmness of base tor the tree is of the
first importance.

Ser THE TREES LEANING.—Our hardest winds usually come from
the South-West, and our trees are often injured on that side by the
clear shining sun, reflected too by the oft glazed snow, after a hard
freezing, causing the bark to come off in many instances, and the
more so,as the surfaces of the trunks are yearly increased. To
guard against this, I would lean the trees in setting them, a good
deal in that direction, so as to stand up against the winds, and to
cause the sun’s rays to fall more obliquely upon their bodies, and
at the same time aid their shadowing by the overhanging limbs on
that side of the tree.

Disraycu aparr ro ser raz Trees.—For mutual protection, an]
to induce the more entire giving up of the orchard ground to the
trees, I advise that in our bleak and exposed lands, we set our trees
one rod apart each way, and in some cases a less rather than a
greater distance. If in the hopeful future the trees should become
too closely connected, it will be far better to cut out every other
tree in every other row—they having already well accomplished their
mission—rather than to endure the long continued, unsocial, bean-

11

pole neglect, that gives character to very many of our wide-planted,
unprotected crop-growing, but usually fruitless excuses for orchards.
In well-protected locations, and when a larger area will be sacredly
devoted to the orchard, the trees should be set from twenty to twen-
ty-five or even thirty feet apart. But one hundred apple trees well
cultivated upon one-half acre, entirely given up to them, will pro-
duce far more fruit, and satisfaction too, than were they set in such
bleak isolation as to oceupy an acre or an acre and a half, amid
starvation, caused by fasting upon the half rations left them by
other crops.

WHEN TO PLANT TReKs..—Whether it is best to plant in the fall
or in the spring, must depend very greatly upon the character of
the winter that succeeds or precedes the performance. Fall planted
trees, if living in spring, have the advantage of an undisturbed
opportunity to become established, and their roots more intimately
connected with the soil, as the absenting frost gives the ground
leave to settle around them. A plenteous mulching should always
accompany fall planting. Ihave planted apple trees with entire
success while in full leaf in September, but very large trees are
best transplanted by removing them so late in fall, or early in
spring, as that a quantity of frozen earth can be taken along undis-
turbed with the roots. But, taking all seasons as they occur, and
the general practice§of tree planters as we find them, spring plant-
ing is usually attended with the most uniform success. Trees dug
early in spring and carefully heeled in, will thereby be kept from
getting too much in leaf, and can therefore be planted with safety
at a later date than otherwise.

I planted nearly two thousand such trees about the middle of
May last, many of them quite large ones, they having been dug
where too numerous in the nursery, and being the cullings of my
entire spring and fall sales—many of them being often pulled out
by customers, and re-heeled in, because of too short roots, or some
other fancied reason for rejection. I set them in well sub-soiled
lands, by first taking a team and opening deep ditches, in which
they were planted in every three feet, in rows six to eight feet
apart, and with a spade throwing back the soil from the place for
the next tree, to pack about the roots of the one being planted, and
then turning back to the trees with a horse and plow, the soil first
removed by the team. In that way two hands set out several

12

hundred trees ina day. A fearful drouth immediately followed,
continuing through June and a part of July. “ Now came the tug
of war.” If those trees were any of them to survive such a trial,
something must be done in their behalf. With horse and plow at
one time and cultivator the next, in every ten days or thereabouts,
I stirred to a good depth the entire svil, giving no sort of chance
for weeds. That was the way I watered those trees, and that is the
way for every man to “work out the salvation” of his trees, and
thus warrant them himself instead of getting up a paper coutract
to that effect with his nursery man. Now for the result. Some
two hundred of the lot died, being chiefly those left of the fall
sales that had very carelessly heeled in before winter. The remain-
ing nearly eighteen hundred lived, commenced growing, a few of
them blooming, some earlier some later, and two trees actually
bearing apples, that were well ripened, though of only a medium
size.

Besides, this experiment proved fully that large trees without
improper exposure, will live as well as smaller ones, for I planted
all sizes, and‘the results in that instance—all being equal—were
rather adverse to the smallest trees. I will here state that no land
Lhave ever tilled, will equal the friable soil of Jowa, in ability to
endure a severe drouth, if oft and deeply cultivated during its con-
tinuance.

If, therefore, such treatment will secure so large success, under
such adverse circumstances, in our deep soil, what can we not safely
depend upon, when the earlier planting of carefully protected trees,
is followed by a favorable and fine growing season? Let every tree
planter henceforth warrant his own trees!

HOW TO CULTIVATE THE ORCHARD AND WHAT CROPS ARE LEAST INJU-
RIOUS TO IT.

Land has not yet become so scarce in Iowa as to make it neces-
sary to raise any other crop at all in the orchard. Every thing
should be made subservient to the one object of that small enclos-
ure, and it should be sacredly devoted to the yearly production of
abundant crops of luscious fruits. Any production therefore that
would lessen the growth or fruitfulness of the orchard trees should
in every case be raised elsewhere.

The most injurious crops for the orchard trees, are those that

18

draw their chief nutriment from the soil, during the last halt of
May, all of June, and the first half of July. Grass, oats, wheat,
rye and weeds are of this class, and admit of no cultivating process
during their growth and the ripening of their seed. Added to this
is the fact that in the very inidst of the season when this greatest
exhaustion of the soil occurs, then also do our most severe times of
drouth usually come upon us. How exceedingly unwise then to
require our far less rampant fruit trees to compete with such succu-
lent crops for their subsistence and fruit bearing support during the
very season so precious to the success of the tree and its production,
and that too, often in the midst of a parching drouth, and upon a
shallowly cultivated soil. He who has continued to manage his
orchard in that manner, is the very man who has declaimed most
loudly against “ever trying again to raise fruit in Iowa.”

Root crops, potatoes and corn are less exhausting so early in the
season, and as they require a frequent cultivation, are usually less
disastrous to an orchard. Any crop is least injurious that is grown
later in the season, as it will not rob the trees at the time of their
greatest need.

But after all, why not give up the land to the orchard and grow
all other crops in other fields? Then cultivate with a plow the
whole surface, turning the soil to and from the trees, and using the
spade or hoe to complete the work about them. This should be
done every ten days or two weeks from the beginning of growth
in spring, till the middle of July, and the dryer the season the
oftener and deeper should it be plowed and spaded. After July,
it is found best to cease all cultivation, as the new growth of wood
will be the sooner checked, and begin to ripen up earlier, be better
prepared for winter, and for a more healthful and vigorous starting
in spring. I will here add, that from experiments made under my
own observation, I am confident that a well manured soil will pro-
mote a good growth earlier in the season than the natural soil.
Besides this, who does not know that unlike the East, our natural
soil seems to push forward our trees and plants at a rapid rate in
the fall, so that even weeds will often grow up and riper their seeds
in October, in much less time than in July and August? It will
also be found true in every case, that other things being equal, a
tree that in spring is not sadly checked in its vigor by a hard win-
ter upon unripe or late growing branches, but is vigorous and starts

14

out with a healthful growth, will send forth its timely blossoms,
and its well set fruit to be nourished and ripened in their season,
while the late fall growth followed as is usual, by a benumbed fee-
bleness in spring will the more surely prove unfruitful. In culti-
vating orchard grounds great care should be exercised to avoid
maiming or barking the trees. To prevent this, I use a short sin-
gle-tree, with the ends and hooks well wrapped with cloths or other
soft covering. When using two horses, and while passing near the
trees, I have a man or lively boy to hasten from tree to tree, and
raise the single-tree and let it safely pass by.

WHEN AND HOW TO PRUNE FRUIT TREES.

A tree has ever been looked upon as a fit emblem of enduring
life. Would that those who assume the responsibilities of training
and trimming fruit trees at the present day, could be led to feel
that they were dealing with things of life, not only, but with déve
things, and shape their acts accordingly. Those familiar with bud-
ding young seedlings, know very well that if they need any trim-
ming, it must be done at the time, or but a few moments before
the bud is inserted. If performed two or three hours beforehand,
a reaction will have taken place in the usual quiet growth of the
tree, and the bark will not so easily separate from the wood to re-
ceive the bud. If trimmed a few days before the time of budding,
the living action will be found again ascendant, and the budding
can be performed with the same ease as if done before being effected
by the maiming. And who does not know, that the proper time tor
depletion, if unavoidable, is during the most vigorous and elastic life
actions? This principle applied to trimming fruit trees, would put a
stop to the severe practice of pruning them during the time of
dormancy, and cause that work to be done when the entire tide of
vitality and growth is at its highest ebb, and at its fullest flow.

Our Eastern friends for many years in the past, have recommend-
ed to trim in February and March, while the trees were in the
dormant state, and just before they start into the new life of early
spring. Now, however, their best writers unite in condemning
that practice, and advise to prune during the growing season only.
If in a comparatively damp climate their counsel is correct, how
much more so, in our exceedingly dry and more exhausting atmos-
phere? The chief objections to late fall, and early spring pruning,

15

are, the drying out of the wounded parts or points, before the cir:
culation commences anew, and the escaping of the sap for a time
after it begins to flow. Consequently, such wounds are very slow
to heal over, and the exuding sap makes the tree look black and
unsightly, for some distance beneath those wounded parts. On the
contrary, if the pruning is delayed till the leaves have obtained
their full size and power, the drying out and bleeding are prevented,
and wounds made at that time very quickly heal over; for then,
nature stands ready to administer from the tree’s vitality the needed
succor with its fast healing properties.

My own experience, drawn from close observation, and the light
shed by excellent writers upon this subject, has led me to adopt the
practice of pruning only from the middle of June, to the first of
September, and to trim but little ata time. If a severe cutting
away is actully needed in one season, I should divide the infliction
into three or four parts, at intervals of two or three weeks. Besides,
I am thoroughly convinced, that the knife is used far too freely, and
nature’s laws are ruthlessly violated, by the thoughtless and inex-
perienced, who too often cut and maim their choicest fruit trees,
without mercy or discretion.

We should rather behold in the noble, and gloriously growing
fruit tree, an exhibition of its own nature, and reflect that in its
developments, as in social life, this

“is nature’s plan,
And following nature, is the march of man—
Firm on its fabric,” let your fruit trees rise,
While songs of plenty giadden earth and skies.

Proxing Wien TRANSPLANTING.—I come now to the generally
adopted, but most abusive practice of cutting off the tops of trees
at the time of transplanting. In condemning this long established
custom, I know that I necessarily meet the disapproval of many
very eminent fruit growers, for whose opinions I have the highest
respect. But, my most careful observation in our dry climate, has
compelled me, if I would follow the light thereby afforded, to take
a decided stand against such decapitation, at such atime. Fruit
trees should be brought into a suitable form, and proportion, by the
nurseryman, by the necessary pinching and pruning, in suitable
seasons and times, before they are to be transplanted. Then, cut
nothing away at the time of removal, but most carefully guard their

16

roots from exposure. Plant the trees as soon as possible after being
taken from their native soil.

But why not cut off the tops, so as to balance the loss of so many
roots? I reply, the law of “demand and supply” is no where in
nature more evidently established, or more fully developed than by
the assimilating efforts of a newly and well planted fruit tree. If
more roots are to be supplied, there must be a cause or demand for
their growth. Then why cut away the very points most efficient
for the purpose? The terminal buds with their exceedingly large
leaves, exert a far greater power upon the tree to promote vitality,
than any or all other parts combined. If this is so, why cut them
off and rob the tree of its best God-given powers, to resist the
ruinous effects of the casualties that befall it? I am not speaking
of trees whose tops have been dried up, by a long exposure of the
roots. Such trees should never be planted at all, at least, not in
that condition. If trees come to hand, so dead that only a resur-
rection can save them, even then the terminals should not be cut
from them, but the directions given under the head of “ transplant-
ing” should be followed, or clse burn up the trees at once, and
save yourself the annoyance their unsightly presence will surely
preduce. The fruit grower who does not believe in the truthful-
ness of the principles and practice I herein advance, will please
dig about and examine the new roots being sent out by his recent-
ly planted trees, and he will find in every case that they bear an
exact proportion, both in quantity, size and extent, to the live
branches of the tree. And why should it not be sot Nature is
true to herself. Let us regard her laws, rather than our own pre-
conceived opinions, and thus be equally true to ourselves and nature
too. My own experience in this matter may be thought of some
importance in this connection. Ihave transplanted trees of both
a small, and a very large amount of tops or branches, and with an
equal quantity of roots belonging to each, and time and circum-
stances alike in all ; articulars, and I have invariably found that the
tree of largest top is equally well supplied and as vigorous in every
part, in the first and after years as the one of lesser top, and very
far in advance of the maimed ones. Again, I have cut back very
thoroughly, and at one time, in July, the tops of some fast and
slim growing Talman Sweet trees, (than which none are healthier
or hardier in our climate,) that had never been transplanted, but.

17

were fast becoming too tall and unsightly. The consequences of
denuding the trees so largely of their foliage or lungs, at one time,
were, that some died outright, and others lingered awhile upon the
dividing line between life and death, looking so sadly distressed as
to make the latter seem a chosen release. Being remediless, they
were all dug up and given to the flames. “If they do these things
in a green tree, what shall be done in the” newly planted one ?
And so far from its being a reason for cutting off the points of
vitality above ground, because those below are gone, I think we
should not light the candle at both ends at once, but “strengthen
the things that remain that are ready to die,” by saving the large
buds and forthcoming lungs so full of energy and power, as are
those found at the highest points of the tree. That a far more inti-
raate and life-giving connection exists between the terminals of
both roots and branches, than between other parts of a tree, must
be apparent to every thoughtful cultivator. When, therefore, we
decide to clip the fins of the fish, to enable him to swim the faster,
or the wings of the dove, that she may fly the higher, then let us
cut off the very sources of life, the living top branches of our trans-
planted fruit trees, that they may the more surely live. Nature
herself prunes off the lower branches that have done their appointed
work, but man, more wise, begins with the topmost ones laying
bare to the renee Aes and exhausting power, those efficient
pores or arteries so carefully covered and protected by the Author
of tree lite from such depleting intrusions; and then vainly flatters
himself that he is assisting Nature instead of viola‘ing her laws! ”
Sometimes, owing to improper exposure of the roots after digging,
the long continued dryness of the atmosphere, or the robbing of
all nutriment from the trees, by weeds &e. around them after plant-
ing, the top limbs will die and should then be cut off, of course.
But really, such trees are of very little value, and in most cases, I
should dig them up at once, go and get a new lot of trees, and take
better care of them both before and after planting. If the tops die
tirst when badly treated, so if well managed the terminals are the
first to bring their potent openings to aid the circulation and pro-
mote the vitality of the entire tree, and to extend and envigorate
its rootlets. The concert of action between buds, leaflets, and
leaves, and the spongioles or rootlets is so exceedingly constant and
powerful, that he who hopes for success in rearing fruit trees, should

13

not neglect the lessons they give so promptly to every careful ob-
server.

If, therefore, to bring our too tall growing trees into a form more -
to our taste, we must needs violate nature’s well established laws,
let the shock and reaction be lessened as much as may be, by am-
putating their tops as little at a time as we consistently can. The
“ pinching-back” process, i e. applying the thumb and finger to the
growing point of the branches in the summer, while the trees are
small, and so pinching them that they stop extending beyond the
heighth we may desire, is the best of all methods for preventing
too talla growth. By so doing, no reaction of consequence will
take place, and no waste of grown wood is permitted to occur.

' HOW TO PROTECT FROM CLIMATE, INSECTS AND ANIMALS,

Our climate is in some respects a peculiar one, and yet our efforts
to guard against its injurious effects need not be either difficult or
arduous. The location of our orchards and fruit gardens is the first
thing to be considered, though possessing really far less importance
than many imagine. Every one would like both for convenience
and safety, to have the orchard near their dwellings, but many sup-
pose that the position of the land must be just according to their
own ideal, or all hopes of raising fruit may as well be abandoned.
No fears are really more groundless or conclusions more erroneous.

If practicable, a naturally well drained location should be chosen,
but if that cannot well be done, then prepare to protect the best
otherwise suitable and convenient ground against excessive wet-
ness, by underdraining or so ridging it as already stated, as that a
rapid drainage can be safely depended upon. The particular slope
of the ground is not as essential as is often supposed, for on lands
declining towards every point of the compuss, blessed with any sort
of proper cultivation, I have seen good orchard trees growing and
bearing bountifully in all the settled portions of Northern Iowa.

Other things being equal, I should choose a gradual eastern slope
for the sake of protection against the usually hard west winds, and
also to secure the benefit of the sun’s earliest morning rays. If
not naturally sheltered by the shape of the land, or by groves of
trees on the west, north-west and southwest, then plant a good sup-
ply of the best rapid-growing, low-branchiug forest trees upon those
sides, and that too without at all delaying the planting of the or-

ly

chard, after the land is properly prepared. The forest trees if of a
good size will at once begin to spread their protecting wings, and
with the mutual aid secured by not planting the orchard itself too
sparsely, all the requisite protection will be promptly and easily
provided.

A good mulching during open winters is of great importance to
all fruit trees whose surface roots are liable to be killed or seriously
injured by hard freezing in our light and porous soil. Even the
slightest covering with leaves or late grown weeds will astonishingly
protect surface roots from injury. These and other ways of pro-
tecting from climate injuries have been incidentally referred to
under different headings in the preceding pages.

Protection acainst Insects.—-As good feeding will usually shield
the animal creation against,vermin, so by a similar process are our
fruit trees best protected from the injurious ravages of all insects of
the creeping sort, or the sad effects of eggs deposited upon them by
those of the winged kind. And in this as in all other cases, “an
ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” But to guard
against the depredations of the curculio and other flying pests upon
our fruit, is not so easy a task. Still, the remedies are various and
more or less efficient. But as the birds are kindly invited to aid
me, I have never in Iowa had occasion to put in practice any of the
specifics against the borer, or others of the tree or fruit venomous
tribe. I can give no experimental advice upon the subject.

Prorrction acamnst Antmats.—A good board or picket fence
will usually keep all farm stock out of the orchard and garden, and
for all common sized enclosures the addition of from ten to twenty
dollars in its cost and construction would exclude the rabbits also.
Pouched gophers and meadow mice are not so easily turned away.
For the former, a thorough cultivation, planting the castor bean,
and giving a liberal supply of strychnine, are the best remedies
known to the writer. Meadow mice being the most delicious food
of the striped ground squirrel ‘or striped gopher) are not usually
numerous or troublesome in Iowa, where the latter largely abound.
Keep away from near the trees all straw or mavure of any sort ;
cast up a cone of earth around the trunks, or tramp the first deep
snow closely about them, and in all ordinary cases very little dam-
age from mice need be apprehended.

20
CONCLUSION,

The results of even mistaken but persevering efforts tending
frnitwards in Iowa, have been truly surprising. The exhibitions
at our recent State and County Fairs, as well as the healthful and
beautiful young orchards springing up here and there, with their
unexpected young fruit bearing, actually astonishas all beholders.
Truly the hey-day of fruit-raising in Iowa now draweth near. A
joy-giving change is coming over us, for the ladies of our enterpris-
ing State are taking hold in much earnestness to cultivate, not the
flower circle only, but the fruit garden also; and to preserve in
nature’s true simplicity, for future need, the fruits that so bountifully
crown their health giving labors. Let us, therefore, thank God
and take courage. Who knoweth whether a laudable emulation
for fruit growing, shall not soon so possess the women of Towa, as
will cause our homes to be the same in kind, with those that blessed
our own childhood’s years? So shall the attractions that cluster
about those homes, bind each of our youth with the “sweet home”
cords, so easily furnished, only by an enchanting bower, amid those
fruitful grounds, where, within the chosen limits devoted to the
special care and culture of each, they shall vie with all others in
the glory and splendor of their own productions. Who will forego
the blessings, that would surely flow from provisions so wise and
beneficient, and from auxiliaries so quick and powerful, in preparing
our children for the true labors of earth, and the higher glory of
Heaven! Time that changes all things, is on the wing, and its
flight is rapid.

Men and women of this State, so highly exalted in the exemp-
tion of our home surroundings from the desolating ravages of war—
plant trees! plant them for yourselves; plant them for a nation
that shall yet arise and call you blessed; yea, teach your children to
love trees, and with joy to plant them.

b
eS

FALL TRANS-PLANTING.

As the issuing of the foregoing essay in this form has been so long de-
layed, I embrace the opportunity thus afforded to give the results of plant-
ing some over a thousand large sized apple trees in the fall of ’68, in the
same manuer as those planted in the spring of the same year, as set forth
on 1ith and 12th pages of this essay. The past winter having been quite
favorable, I find that the fall-planted trees have all lived, without a single
case of failure among them.

I have transplanted apple trees in the first tex days of September that
grew and did well. But trees moved at any time in the fall while in green
leaf should be carefully protected from all exposure of the roots to the dry
air or sun, and so covered that they will surely keep damp while in transit.
: The usually good roads in the fall should especially be improved at any
time from the Ist of October to the 15th of November, by those at a
greater or less distance from the nursery who wish to transplant large or
bearing trees. A good preparation to carry such trees without injury, is
more than half that is requisite to entire success in the undertaking. This
by many is thought of the last importance, and ‘splendid failures’’ being,
in such cases the too frequent result, fall planting is henceforth by them
condemned. But none need fail, and few comparatively do fail who pur-
pose and execute at all commensurate to the importance of the object sought

to be attained.
W. W. BEEBEE.
Dusvaue, Iowa, June 10th, 1864.

WESTERN TREES FOR WESTERN ORCHARDS.

The Proprietor of Beebee’s Nurseries solicits a continuance of the liberal
patronage hitherto bestowed, and hopes by assiduous attention to the
wants of all his customers to merit their continued confidence.

His stock of hardy grafted apple trees, suitable for transplanting, is
large and well tested. Also Pears, Plums, Cherries, Grapes, Blackberries,
Raspberries, Gooseberries and Strawberries of the best varieties for the
Northwest.

Bearing Currants of all kinds, very fine and cheap.

Evergreens, and all hardy ornamentals, as Roses, Paeonies, Dahlias, and
Climbers of various kinds.

All orders will be promptly filled, and teams coming for trees will be
loaded with as little delay as possible.

Why not plant out the orchard and ornament our homes now, thet we
may enjoy those luscious fruits, and “things of beauty,” the sooner and

the longer ?

22
LABOR AND CLOTHES SAVER.

ny
)

and Spoil the Clothes.
H Li
? GuMENY Seay AA
Weaqs
94} UO SUIISIM YT, 10 SSatypeartey OAT

ISTHHHM 100

Iron M'vame to Break or Rust,

No

SELF-ADJUSTING AND ADJUSTABLE.

Without the Cog Wheels, the whole strain of forcing the cloth through the Machine
is put upon the lower roll, causing three times as much strain upon the lower roll as
when Cog Wheels with our Patent Reyulator are used, besides the extra strain vpon
the cloth. Experience shows that Clothes wringers without Cog Wheeis cannot be
depended on.

In reply to the question, “How Long will it last?” we can only say, “As long as a
wash tub, cooking stove, or any other family utensil,’’

IT SAVES TIME, LABOR, CLOTHES AWD WOWVEY.

It is easily and firmly secured to the tub or washing machine, and will fit tubs of
any size or shape.
It is not only a perfeét Wringer, but the cog wheels give it a power which renders it

ost
a = ScreTieo AR ASE ae:

pressing and separating as ii does the dirt with the water from the clothes. It will
pay its cost ae six months in the saving of clothes. The ordinary family sizes are
os.1, 114 and 2. These have.

COG WHEELS,
AND ARE WARRANTED

in every particular, This means, especially, that after a few months’ use, the lower roll
WLIL NOT TWIST ON THE SHAFT and tear the clothing, as is the case with all
other wringers without cog wheels. In our monthly sales of over 5,000 only from one
to two dozen are without cogs. In our retail sales we have not sold one in nearly two
years. This shows which style is appreciated by the public. This is the only wringer
with the patent

: COG WHEEL REGULATOR,

And though other wringer-makers are licensed to use our rubber rolls, yet none are
ever licensed to tise the Cog Wheel Regulator. Therefore for cheapness and durability
buy only the UNIVERSAL CLOTHES WRINGER. What we especially want is
a good canvasser in every town, We offer liberal inducements and guarantee the ex-
eluaive sale. R. C. BROWNING,

347 Broadway, New York.

23
TESTIMONIALS.

-_———!:O0;

We select the following from many we have received, not so much to

show the value of the Wringer as a GREAT ECONOMIZER—for of this

every one is convinced—but to give to the public the experience and testi-

mony of a few who have used “THE UNIVERSAL” almost from its
first introduction, and who can speak knowingly of its

UNPARALLELED DURABILITY AND EFFICIENCY.

From the “American Agriculturalist.”

“From several years’ experience with it in our family ; from the testimony of nun
dreds who have used it; and from the construction of the implement itself—we feel
certain that it is worthy a place in every family where the washing is done at home. A
child can readily wring out a tubful of clothes in a few minutes. It is in reality a
Clothes Saver! a Time Saver! and a Strength Saver! We think the
machine much more than PAYS FOR ITSELF EVERY YEAR in the saving of
garments. There are several kinds, nearly alike in general construction, hut we con-
sider it important that the wringer be fitted with Coas, otherwise a mass of garments
may clog the rollers, and the rollers upon the crank-shait slip and tear the clothes. Our
own is one of the first made,and it isas GOOD AS NEW after nearly FOUR YEARS
CONSTANT USE.”

Letter from Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher, in 1861.

Iam most happy’‘to speak in the very highest terms of the«UNIVERSAL CLOTILES
WRINGER.” The hardest part of “washing-day” work is, in my opinion, the wring-
ing ; and the inventor of this machine may have the satisfaction of feeling that he has
changed one of the most toilsome parts of wo.1en’s work into a very attraciive amuse-
ment. ; Mrs. Henry Warp Brrcurr.

Brooxtyn, October, 1861.

ALL CLOTHES WRINGERS HAVE ADVANCED IN PRICE.

At a meeting of the manufacturers of all wringers, held on the 18th of
May, 1864, at the Astor House, N. Y., it was unanimously agreed to ad-
vance the prices in proportion, to $1.50 upon the common sizes. Some of
the reasons for the advance on the Universal Clothes Wringer are set forth
by R.C. Browning, Gen’! Agent, as follows :

«For nearly two years all possible efforts have been made to avoid any change, but
without success. A steady advance in the price of everything has continued, and the
experience of the manufacturers shows an insignificant profit, and for the few months
past AN ACTUAL LOSS. The advance in the price of wringers is trifling compared
with the increased cost of everything connected with their production. One or two of
the principal articles used will suffice to illustrate. Iron, for instance, has risen from
$57 per ton, in 1861, to $160, in 1864. India Rubber has advanced in about the same

roportion. These are imported, (we use the best. English iron,) and have to be paid
forin GOLD. The duties also are paid in GOLD, with the high premium ot which
every one is fully acquainted. Mechanics’ labor it is almost imposible to obtain, and
only at about double former rates.” .
+j which the Universal Clothes Wringer can now be sold, are as fol-
ee ue ee No. 114, $10 ; No.2, (which is the usual family size,) $8.50; No.
8 (Hotel size,) $15. If paid in gold, the ruling premivm will be allowed. Indeed,
at the advance prices of produce and labor it is easier paying present prices now than

those of ’61 and ’62 at that time.
Vv W. BEEBEE, Nurseryman of Dubuque, Iowa,

is Agent for their sale in Dubuque and its immediate vicinity.
Save the clothing by buying immediately a wringer of the Warranted kind.

24
FARMERS’ LEA DQUARTERS IN DUBUQUE

AT

WM. C. CHAMBERLAIN’S

AGRIGULTURAL — WARKHOUSE

AND

SEED STORE,

No, 64, Main Street, bet. 8d & 4th,

<-
Tlere is the place to find all the improvementsin AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
AND TOOLS, and here is the place to find reliable Garden, Flower and Field SEEDS of
every description.
Anything thé farmer needs to carry on the operations of the farm or dairy, can bé supplied by
this establishment of the best quality and lowest prices.

PHOev Ss: PHOowvst: PHoew sii:
aS Always come here for a good Plow.
Every description of plows used in
this region sold,and from at least
half a dozen different makers. Tho
celebrated

CAST CAST STEEL
PLOW!

Every Plow sold fully warranted.
A great variety of
Cultivators, Shovel Plow
Blades, Cultivator and
% Harrow Teeth.

DOUBLE SHOVEL PILLOW. Harrows ready made.

HAYING AND HARVESTING TOOLS
F ALL KINDS.
The Red Jacket Mowing Boythes & Batchellor's Hay Forks

CAN ONLY BE FOUND HERE.

STAF FORD'S TWO-HORSE sa
HAND AND WORSE CORN PLANTERS,

Sulky or Gang Plows,
GOOD PUMPS FOR FARM PURPOSES,

Corn and Cob Mills,
Corn Shellers, Heed Cutters,
Spinning Wheels for Flax and Wool. 1
WEAVERS’ REEDS AND WOOE CARDS. ES neon SS ae

SEEDS! SEEDS! SEEDS!
PURE SOUTHERN SORGHUM SEED,
Thoroughly ripened and vitality tested.

Clover, Timothy, Red Top and Kentucky Blue Grass Seed, always kept on hand.

WM. C. CHAMBERLAIN,
No, 64 Main Street.

HARDWARE.

WESTPHAL & HINDS,

Nos. 76 and 78 Main Street,
BUSUGUS, =» =» «a» OWA.

RE,

DEALERS IN

? Stock,
THE pee
JOHN -. CRAIG
LIBRARY set
rer, Clarke &
R,
COLLEGE :
RS,
OF ‘RS,
AGRICULTURE
tocls.
rs.
INE AS-
as prev? buy
Our Catholic Department fagoy ce

IS THE LARGEST IN THE STATE.

If you don’t believe it, come and see. We claim the
Largest Stock in the Largest and Oldest Bookstore in ©,) 3
the State of Iowa. “Rong ©
NEW YAS! Craps
COLLEGE CF ASPICULTURE,
DEPARTCE a OF non iGULTUps
CORNELL ULNVENSITY,
ITHACA, N.Y.

BEEBEE’S NURSERIES,
ON FRUIT WILL, ;

Adjoining the City of Dubuque, lowa.

e o

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~ a
my d

a e553

» E ogee

~ u

ce: Se° o

& & e285

a) my a

Zt BEE

-_ mm et

= = met me

a & a

a Foam .

ao ene

= om

a a)

2 ae

7 fi

RUT an AND AUALL FRUITS

OF THE NEWEST, HARDIEST AND BEST KINDS,

——_eoee—--— —-- --

EVERGREENS AND DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL TREES,

SHRUBS, VINES & CLIMBERS
IN LARGE VARIETY.

lg pees

GENS WFAN? ANS AGREES POR GRPALOGUE

Se ge es

W. CU. CHAMBERLAIN, of Seed Store, No. 64 Main Street, and

E. McAFEE, on Steamboat Levee, in Dubuque, are City Agents.

Address, VW. VW. BEE BEE.
Dubuque, Town. |

Pamphlet
Binder
Gaylord Bros.Inc.
“Makers
Syracyse, N. Y.
PAT. JAM 21, 1908