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B. Librarp ornell University Li joldfish varieties and tropical aquariu mann Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www. archive.org/details/cu31924000386668 A CuaMPIon Younc Carico TeLescorr GoLpFisH (From Life) aie; SS SSRRSBEASSSSSSSSESSSSSSSSESSEASSSSSSEESSESASSSSSEASSAAASESSBS VWUUUUUUVUVUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU iS Goldfish Varieties and Tropical Aquarium Fishes A Complete Guide to Aquaria and Related Subjects BY WILLIAM T. INNES FORMER PRESIDENT OF THE AQUARIUM SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA Innes €f Sons, Publishers, Philadelphia, U.S.A. ASSESSES SGSSSGSSSEGGSSSSSSSSASSSSSSSSSSSSRSSRSSSASASSAESSSGSEGA]S VUUUU UUUU UUUUUU UU CUUUU UUUUUUUUUU UU UU CoryRIGHTED BY INNES & Sons 1917 1921 Rights of Reproduction and Translation Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE POUTITORIS. PRETENCE 4 5 oats nts ah ayy ae Aatacet erga Alu ater nnn 4 CHAPTER ONE: Aquarium Management ...............04- Zz ‘: TWo% The ‘Goldfish: s::.ssseves ar eemsae eee ie 20 THREE: Judging Goldfish Competitions ............ 41 Four: Breeding Goldtshes: gaa vaniek eer ouscwine 47 Vive: Wholesale (Breeding: -sj)nas Sie ceh adenine Beste 63 SIS: Wropical Aquanias siaincaneasa aon eanad eo 72 SEVEN . INAtIVe (EISHES: 3 es pod ined ted Saute aeons 97 EIGHT: Marine Aquaria vases Syd sk teen eae 119 NINE: TS IGOUSs B Fic. 220. Water CIrcULATION BY AIR PRESSURE of glass, aluminum, porcelain or earthenware, and should approxi- mate in size five inches in diameter by two deep, the bottom having a few perforations. The best filtering medium in this work is absorb- ent cotton, which should be laid on a few pebbles, glass bars or bits of charcoal for good drainage. The force of air and the distance between C and the surface of water determines the speed at which the water travels. The lower the point at which air is injected, the greater the speed. To start the system, disconnect at B, suck with the lips to start siphon, re-connect while water is running. After water in rise tube has reached aquarium level, turn on air-cock at C. This cock should always be closed when air is not wanted and pump 234 AQUARIUM APPLIANCES not working, in order to prevent water backing up into air supply pipe. All rubber joints should be tightly secured by wrapping with thread or narrow strips of electric tape. Rubber cement spread on connecting surfaces helps make a good job. This arrangement both filters and aerates the water. If filtering is not needed, the filter can be removed and aeration will go on. Water can be raised by this method from fifteen to twenty-five inches above level. To secure the greater height, use 14-inch inside diameter tube, take plenty of drop and allow eight inches from low- est point to C. By this means and a little ingenuity a return foun- tain can be made. To secure a uniform flow it would require a small tank to receive the discharge from the pipe, and from this an over- flow to aquarium in case the water supply comes too rapidly for dis- charge rate of fountain. It is not necessary to carry pipes over edge of aquarium as shown in diagram; they may be carried through the bottom, carrying dirty water directly down. The rise tube should be brought up through inside, over edge of filter. Short pieces of tubing long enough to reach above the sand and to extend an inch below the aquarium base should be used for passing through the slate. A very effective means of securing these in permanent position is to melt by alcohol blow- torch some chips of gum shellac. This melting is done in the aqua- rium directly around the tube and is continued until-a small mound is formed. A piece of wet cardboard will protect nearby glass from the heat. Gum shellac has perfect resistance to water. It will adhere to almost anything and is of special value in connecting glass to metal. When cool ~— it is quite hard pes ihn A Ln a JIS Vi, Fish-Carrying Case. A box similat to illustration, built to hold the standard straight-side candy jar is a great con- venience in carrying fishes for short dis- tances. It may safely be used for trop- icals in moderately cold weather if the jar is , completely wrapped in_ several iichgeaees of newspaper before placing in box, provided the exposure is not un- reasonably long. Many: of these cases are in use. The height is about 14 inches. Fic. 221. Carrying Case AQUARIUM APPLIANCES 235 Feeding Rings. Many aquarists prefer training their fishes to look for their food at a certain place in the aquarium. One way of doing this is by use of a feeding ring, in which floating food is placed. It has the advantage of confining the food to one spot, and that when it sinks it can be over a cleared space where it will easily be found. Telescopic-eyed goldfishes are nearsighted, and a feeding ring helps them locate the food. It must in truth be said that such fishes find their food largely by the sense of smell, and that they will, in nearly all cases, eventually locate it, but they come to it with more certainty, having once learned the use of the ring. Fic. 222. Grass Freepinc Rinc, witH Foop FLoatine 1n It The illustrated subject is three inches in diameter, and is made of bent glass tubing. Sold by the dealers in aquarium specialties. They may be made from a piece of cork, with a large hole cut in the centre. After the cork becomes partially water-logged one can sow grass seeds on it. When the grass has become about an inch high the cork is turned upside down so the fish can enjoy themselves nibbling it off. VUUUV UU UU UI UU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU UU UUUUU UU Chapter Sixteen The Microscope in Aquarium Work aq aeesedeess ASSESS SGQGRBQ VUUUU UYU UU UU UU UU UU UU UUs Aquarium work in general and fish breeding in particular can be made both more interesting and more successful by the use of a microscope. For most purposes a very cheap instrument is satis- factory. In fact, a low power lens is preferable to a high in examin- ing water for infusorian food. All aquaria contain various beautiful and highly interesting forms of microscopic life, some harmful, some negative, but mostly beneficial to fishes. The constant changing of varieties and quanti- ties presents a vast field for new study, but we are here mostly con- cerned with the practical points of raising young fish. On page 51 we refer to the use of infusoria as food for young fish. To determine the presence of this food, touch the tip of the finger lightly to the surface of the water, preferably to the side nearest the source of light. This is because they are mostly at the surface and they seek the light. Place this drop on a glass slide and observe under a good magnifying glass or a low-power microscope. The latter is rather preferable, as the focus can be changed as required, and it is fitted with a mirror to facilitate observation. In the absence of a micro- scope the small pocket folding lens known as a “thread counter” will do. In using this the frame of the counter should be laid directly on the glass containing the drop of water, and the whole placed over a mirror held at the proper angle to reflect light upwards, but too strong a light should not be used. A little experimenting will soon show the best light to work by. The creatures which are of value as food to newly hatched fishes are generally of a size just too small to be detected by the naked eye, or at most they look like specks of dust. At the same time they are plainly observable under a good magnifying glass or low-power microscope. There is a great deal of life in the water of a smaller. size than will be shown in this way and which probably has no food value to fishes. The high-power microscope would show many of MICROSCOPE IN AQUARIUM WORK 237 these organisms and thus be apt to deceive the observer as to the actual food value contained in the water. Also with high magnifica- tion the field of vision and the area of sharp focus are smaller, while movements are apparently much more rapid, making observation difficult. The majority of the valuable organisms are rotifers. These move in a steady, revolving or rotating manner. On page 51 will be found instructions for propagating these organisms for purposes of feeding young fish. Most rotifers can be readily identified as such because they swim through the water by means of circlets of hairs Fic. 223. Common Forms or Microscopic ANIMAL LIFE IN FRESH WATER (Greatly magnified) 1. Loxopes, a very common form. 2. CERATIUM, a very common form, especially in ponds and lakes. 3. PARAMAECIUM, a very common form, the slipper animalcule. 4. Bursarta, a very common form, one of the largest. 5. StTYLoNyYcHA, a very common form, found everywhere. 6. Puacus, not so common as the above numbers. 7. SpiroSTOMUM, common everywhere. 8. EucLena, common everywhere. 9. CHILopoN, common everywhere. 10. TRACHELOCERCA, common everywhere, the swan animalcule. 11. EuporoTes, not an aquarium in America without examples. 12. Duipinrum, predaceous, feeds on paramaecium and others. 13. TRACHELOcERCA, small but plentiful. 14. Coreps, the barrel animalcule, common. 238 MICROSCOPE IN AQUARIUM WORK or cilia arising from the front of their heads, by the vibratile action of which they swim and disport themselves through the water. In fact, rotifers derive their name from the wheel-like appearance pro- duced by the motion of the circlets of cilia while feeding and swim- ming. For culture water to have practical food value a single drop should contain at least half a dozen living objects that can be seen in the manner suggested. Water rich in life will show rotifers so thickly that they almost touch one another—probably two hundred in a small drop. In taking water from the culture tank to feed the fish it should be skimmed from the surface or the animals extracted from the water by a plankton net, which is nothing more than a small net of the finest bolting cloth. Besides the examination of water for living food there are many other interesting possibilities for the microscope in aquarium work. Diseases, the development of eggs, plant structure, alge, the structure of daphnia, cyclops and other crustacean foods are a few of the sub- jects which may be taken up with profitable interest. A study of the microscopic world within the aquarium will prove a most fascinating pursuit. An instrument equipped with a 16 m.m. (2/3 inch) objective and a high- and a low-power eyepiece will show everything needed, giving satisfactory magnification. Those wishing to explore this field a little further will find the following works to be helpful: “Aquatic Microscopy for Beginners,” by Stokes; “Marvels of Pond Life,” by Slack; “Evenings at the Micro- scope,” by Gosse. Fic. 224. Prizewinninc Carico Comet GoLprisH Fig. 225. Prizewitnninc LIONHEAD GOLDFISH These two specimens show perhaps the greatest extremes in the accomplish- ments of fancy fish breeders. It is almost incredible that they were both derived from the same root-stock. 239 CLE AL Fic. 226. PHotoGRAPHING AQUARIUM The outside clips hold the dividing partition forward. On this partition the inside clips hold the smaller glass form, selected according to size of fish to be photographed. To remove fish, allow partition to fall back. When fish swim out, remove entire partition and lift fish with a small net. 240 VUVUUVUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UU g Chapter Seventeen zg v1 : — U fe Photographing Fishes 3 U U U U puUUUUUUUU VUUUUUUUUUUUUUUY VUUUUUUUUUUUUUY It is obvious how important, as well as interesting, photographic records of fishes can be. In writing on the subject in the hope of having others énter this unlimited and fascinating field of work, the author presupposes a fair photographic technique to start with. The main requirements are a small aquarium with a front of thin plate glass and an adjustment for keeping the subject in focus, a few card backgrounds of different shades, a board on which to focus the cam- era by sliding the whole instrument (preferably, but not necessarily, of back-focus design), and a lens working at about F5 to F6. The author does his own work on a shutter, the ends of which are laid on the seats of two chairs, fastening a piece of cardboard to the back of one of the chairs to act as a background. The aquarium, with a front seven inches square and a depth of two and one-half inches, is usually stood about a foot from the background, to keep it out of focus and to avoid shadows from the edges of the aquarium. ‘The fishes are kept in the focal plane by use of an adjustable glass partition For holding small fishes in place the following simple arrangement is used: three pieces of glass are cut about twice the width of the thick- ness of the fish, and of a length from three to five inches, according to requirements of length of fish. The ends are fastened together with adhesive tape like three sides of a square. The free ends are given a cut to end them off at about forty-five degrees or less. These free ends are fastened to top edge of partition by clips, first filing a nick in the beveled surface for the clip to catch in. The glass partition with three- sided cage attached (open at top) is then pushed up against the front glass and the apparatus is ready to receive the fish. This not only confines the fish strictly in the focal space, but keeps it out of the corners of the aquarium, where it seems to delight in exhausting the patience of the photographer. It is a good plan to have a number of these little cages made up to different sizes to suit the measurement of the fish to be photographed. 242 PHOTOGRAPHING FISHES Photographing to about two-thirds size is usually satisfactory. Larger than this cuts down speed and focal depth too much. _ Water absorbs much of the light, so that only bright days should be used. The angle of the sun at noon is a little too much overhead to strike fully on the side of the fish, although this can be remedied and the speed much increased by the use of a reflecting mirror in addition to the direct sun. This sometimes makes a beautiful effect on a sil- very fish. Our photographs of Pterophyllum scalare, Osphromenus trichopterus and the Banded Sunfish were done in this way. When a black background is wanted, procure the darkest medium obtainable and construct a ledge above it, so that the sun cannot strike directly on it. The water should be as free from particles as possible, particularly when using a dark background. It is desirable to cover the camera with black velvet to prevent reflections in the aquarium. Some operators use flashlights, but to the writer nothing seems as good as direct sun. In photographing down through the top of an aquarium it is nec- essary to suspend a glass at the surface, so that the bottom of it is wet and the top dry. This obviates blurring caused by refraction due to ripples. Where clear waters prevail there is no doubt that fine photographs of the natural bottoms of the shallower bodies of water can be made through a glass-bottom aquarium, slightly submerged in the water. Al \ Mis Fig. 227. PuHotocRAPHING ARRANGEMENT The distance between aquarium and background should be sufficient to prevent a shadow falling on background. The aquarium is raised so that the board below will be out of the picture. re VUVUVUUVUUUUUUU UU UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUU Chapter Eighteen | eve: Principal Aquarium Fishes GSSGESBSSRSS BSSSESEAEG VUUU VU VU UVUUUUU UU UU UYU UU UU UUU UU UU Alphabetical List from Tropical and Temperate Waters, followed by a Description of their Requirements, Peculiarities and Breeding Habits Note-—A number of the foreign dealers in their catalogues use obsolete scientific names of fishes. As these books have heretofore been the only source of information to many fanciers, we include the old designations in this list, bracketing them, as far as possible, with the correct names. 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