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ALBERT R. MANN
LIBRARY

NEw York STATE COLLEGES
OF ;
AGRICULTURE AND HoME Economics

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CoRNELL UNIVERSITY

Cornell University Library
QK 118.M4

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Cornell University

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000454912

IN THE FIELDS.

FAMILIAR FLOWERS
OF FIELD AND
GARDEN

DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED

BY
F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS

WITH OVER TWO HUNDRED DRAWINGS BY THE AUTHOR
AND A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX AND FLORAL CALENDAR

FOURTH EDITION

NEW YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1898
bbs

CopyricHT, 1895,
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.

INTRODUCTION.

Famiuiarity with a flower does not always in-
clude a knowledge of its name and family. This
little volume is intended properly to introduce many
familiar characters. We are better pleased to know
the golden-rod, virgin’s bower, and blood-root by their
titled names—Arguta Solidago, Clematis of Vir-
ginia, and Sanguinaria of Canada. But the book
goes a step further and supplements the introduction
with a little friendly gossip based on personal experi-
ence. Alas! personal experiences are all more or less
different, so I must be pardoned for occasionally ap-
pearing to disagree with those whose wide experience,
profound research, and scientific training entitle them
to acceptation as unquestionable and final authorities.
But opportunity is often the means whereby one
may arrive at truths not always in the possession of
the most learned; and the fact that I have seen the
Atamasco lily in bloom in May and even earlier in-

clines me to the belief that the same opportunity was
ili

ivy FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

not afforded to Dr. Asa Gray. Aster ericoides I do
not find confined to southern New England; it is
found in southern New Hampshire. It is also the
fact that certain variations in type are unrecorded
in botanical books to which I have referred ; such
variations appear in a few of my drawings. The
environment of a flower and the length of time in
which it blooms are also recorded here with some
variation from that according to Dr. Gray. In such
instances I have relied upon my own personal expe-
rience. Regarding the colors of flowers, I take the
liberty of saying that no anthority has appeared to
be perfectly satisfactory from my particular point of
view, and I regret to add that certain records in Dr.
Gray’s books seem to point to the fact that he was
at least partially color-blind.

To any artist who is a colorist it is almost incon-
ceivable that crimson should not be distinguished from
scarlet. When it is possible for him to produce fifty
distinct variations of red between these two colors, it
will be easily understood why he should look on the
color-blind person as an eighth wonder of the world!

Color terms are best considered as relative to each
other—for instance, blue-violet, violet, violet-purple,
purple, purple-magenta, magenta, magenta-red, etc.
The name rose-purple is quite indefinite. I suppose it
means pink-purple ; but pink-purple is anomalous, It

INTRODUCTION. Vv

is a combination of a tint and a hue, and should read
either pink-lilac, as a tint, or magenta-purple, as a
hue. Now, as these colors are entirely dissimilar, I
am left in complete doubt as to which one the bota-
nist refers in using the term rose-purple.

The color of a flower is an important factor in its
identification, and I have exercised great care in the
selection of an adequate name for it; at the same
time, a few popular color-names have been retained
when these seemed to be sufficiently near the truth,
although certainly not exact. But flowers vary in
the presentation of a certain hue; two specimens of
Lilium Philadelphicum are likely to show two dis-
tinct tones of red. Magenta-pink, crimson-pink, and
pure.pink are varieties of pink common in the Orchis
family. Habenaria fimbriata is apt to vary from a
tint to a light hue. Oypripediwm acaule is also a
variable crimson-pink flower.

By constant reference to Dr. Gray I mean to
draw attention to him as our highest botanical author-
ity. The Manual and Meld, Forest, and Garden
Botany furnish a scientific background, so to speak,
for this volume. A late revision of the Manual fur-
nishes a full, detailed description of certain wild flow-
ers; but a later revision, by Prof. L..H. Bailey, of
Field, Forest, and Garden Botany, recently published,
will undoubtedly prove the more useful book of the

yi FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

two for those who are inexperienced in botanical
research. In Prof. Meehan’s Flowers and Ferns of
the United States I have found a valuable authority
on the habits and characters of our more Western
flowers, and Prof. Goodale in his Wild Flowers of
America has supplied me with many interesting facts
connected with some of our common Eastern flowers.
This selection of familiar wild and garden flowers in-
cludes those which have seemed most familiar or in-
teresting or even homely to one who spends a great
deal of time in the garden and fields surrounding a
hillside studio. Most of the Western and Southwest-
ern wild Howers (now in cultivation) grow in this gar-
den, and these, with others of the woods and fields
near by, were sketched on the spot. Still other speci-
mens (many of which grew in the Arnold Arboretum
near Boston) of various localities were likewise drawn
directly from Nature.

What the character of the message is which a wild
flower brings to the observant lover of Nature depends
largely upon disposition of the individual. This one
is susceptible to no suggestion; that one sees a vis-
ion of the beautiful beyond the conception of the
unimaginative; another hears the music of Nature
and sees the beautiful as well. Let us hope that
there are few Americans of whom Wordsworth
might say

INTRODUCTION, vii

“A primrose by a river’s brim
A yellow primrose was to him,
And it was nothing more.”

But, on the other hand, who of us can truly say—

“To me the meanest flower that blows can give
Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears” ?

There is no doubt in my mind as to what Beet-
hoven was thinking of when he wrote the lovely
scherzo of his Heroic Symphony. The music is
brimful of the woods and fields of springtime. We
do not know exactly what Chopin imagined when
he composed his Impromptu Fantasia, but its exu-
berant music suggests the joy and freedom of the
birds and flowers in the woods and meadows of June.

A little more familiarity with Nature will lead us
to a better understanding of her message—a message
she surely has for every one who will but listen.

F. Scavyter Matuews.

Ex Furervis, Buatr, Campton, N. H.,
October, 1894.

FAMILIAR FLOWERS
OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

CHAPTER I.

MARCH AND APRIL.
Arbutus to Spring Everlasting.

Trailing Arbutus, Amone the favorite flowers of spring,
See the Pilgrim’s Mayflower seems to hold
"the first place in the heart of a loyal
New-Englander. It has even been suggested as a
national flower for our country. But the trailing
arbutus is too local to stir the enthusiastic in-

terest of our Western and Southern
fellow-countrymen; and not
long ago, when the
subject of a nation-
al flower was agi-
tated, a most decid-
ed preference was
expressed by vote
for the golden-rod.

Trailing Arbutus.

However, the sweetness and quiet beauty of the trail-
ing arbutus deserve the highest consideration, and it

is at least the representative New England wild
1

9 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

flower. The Englishman does not need to ask us,
“Where are your fragrant flowers?” John Bur-
roughs says: “Let him look closer and penetrate
our forests and visit our pouds and lakes. . . . Let
him compare our matchless, rosy-lipped, honey-
hearted, trailing arbutus with his own ugly ground
ivy (Wepeta Glechoma).” We can make our own
comparison if we choose, for the ground ivy has be-
come naturalized here, and it may be found in shady
places creeping and spreading over the waysides;
its flowers are light blue and its leaves kidney-
shaped; it can be seen in Prospect Park, Brook-
lyn, in May. But the ground ivy is not to be men-
tioned in the same breath with our sweet Mayflow-
er. We must pass what the poet Whittier has to
Say about it for lack of space, and turn our attention
to its natural environment. I have found the love-
liest blossoms not in Massachusetts, but in a hilly, wet
pasture on the southern slopes of the White Moun-
tains. Here the largest and pinkest blossoms were
gathered among damp moss and withered leaves not
two feet away from the remains of a winter’s snow-
drift; this was on the 25th of April. It must be re-
membered that snowdrifts frequently remain on the
southern gorges of the White Hills as late as the mid-
dle of May. But the arbutus does not mind the cool
breath of a tardy New England spring; on the con-

MARCH AND APRIL, 3

trary, it thrives best not in sunny pastures where the
sun is doing its warmest work, but in the chill and
shadowy retreats of little dells, and in hollows be-
tween rocks and groups of stunted firs, where the
hillside is wet and cold with patches of melting ice
and snow. The starry blossoms are ineffably sweet,
and have a frosty, waxy look, and a dainty pink at
the edge of the petals, more attractive than the deli-
cate coloring of many a highly prized garden flower.
The fresh petals have a taste
not unlike muscatel grapes.
The flower grows plentifully
on the southeastern coast of
Massachusetts, and is annually
seen for sale in the streets of

Boston.
If we call the +
Snowdrop.
Galanthus nivalis. May flower the
represen tative

wild flower of New England,
then the snowdrop may be
called the representative spring
flower of Old England! It is

not as familiar an object in

Snowdrop.

our own meadow borders as we would wish; yet
it grows easily, and thrives in the bleak.air of a
New England spring. There are several old houses

4 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

in Roxbury whose front yards are brightened by this
seemingly pathetic, drooping little flower as early as

the frost will permit it to appear.

It is amazing to

see the courageous little thing hanging its dainty
head over patches of ice and snow which linger into
the middle of March! When the snow and the

flower are seen thus together, we
are startled by the incongruity of
the situation: death and life side
by side on the dawn of the living
year. The Ist of January, New-
Year’s day, is but a name; the real
birthday of the year is marked by
the first snowdrop which lifts its
head above the winter’s snow.

The flower is full of interest,

and even under the glass it reveals |

a new beauty; its inner divisions
are short and notched at the end,
and are tipped with green; the
coloring inside is extremely deli-
cate. The snowdrop belongs to the
Amaryllis family.

Scilla, or Squill. The pretty blue

Scilla Siberica, or scilla, which ap-
amend.

Scilla, or Squill.

pears in the grassy plots of our parks

and gardens in early spring, is a welcome visitor

MARCH AND APRIL. 5

from Siberia, come to stay in our country. It is
perfectly hardy, and its refreshing blue in among
the new grass blades is peculiarly harmonious with
the background of green.
We have one native variety
called S. Fraseri, or wild {i
hyacinth; this is common on — }
_moist banks and prairies from [ft
Ohio westward; it grows
about ten inches high, and its
flowers are pale violet-blue, a
color not so pretty as the
purer blue of the cultivated
Siberian variety, which may
be seen in early spring dot-
ting the greensward of the
Public Garden, Boston. The
bulb of &. Maritima, a Medi-
terranean variety, is officinal,
and Sirup of Squills is used
for bronchial troubles.

Skunk Cabbage. The _ earliest

Symplocarpus harbin ger of
Satidus.

‘the spring is
the skunk cabbage. This ane apne e:

most suggestively repellent plant is about as attract-
ive in odor as it is in name! Yet, aside from this

‘6 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
“4

little misfortune, Nature has given the odoriferous
cabbage a very interesting though not a beautiful
appearance, and its very peculiarity invites attention.
There is something startling in the fact that the
dark, livid-colored thing is related to the spotless
calla (what a contrast !), and to the sturdy and happy-
looking Jack-in-the-pulpit! But the appearance of
the brown-purple spathe must be attractive to ani-
mated Nature, otherwise it would not contain so
many relics of “a ball that is over.” Many insects
must have led quite a lively dance inside the spathe,
for when we look within its folds we see plenty of
remains—honeybees, small flies, bugs, spiders, beetles,
and the like. Somehow, I never see a skunk cabbage,
with its company of buzzing insects, without thinking
of Tam o’ Shanter: the little witches are having “a
high old time” within, and one can not help feeling
somewhat ungracious over the knowledge that beau-
tiful Nature does show herself disgusting once in a
while; why, in the name of all that is sweet, do
dainty honeybees want to visit such a malodorous
character? Thoreau says, “ Lucky that this flower
does not flavor their honey.”

The marsh marigold is another flower
which is found for sale in the streets

of Boston in spring. It seems a pity
that wrong names should attach themselves to our

Marsh Marigold.
Caltha palustris.

MARCH AND APRIL. ve

wild flowers, and occasion some confusion regarding
their family relations. This flower is not related

Marsh Marigold.

either to the garden calendula (pot marigold) or to
the English cowslip; yet it often goes by the latter
name (without the English). The flower rather dis-

8 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

tantly reminds one of the buttercup, to which it is
related; but it is thick and stocky-looking, and de-
serves some interest on its own account. It will be
found in early April beside the brooks as they wind
through the meadows, and in springy ground. It is
common also in Italy, where we would hardly look
for it. The calyx is golden yellow in hue, and the

dark-green, thickish leaf is like a rounded kidney in
shape.

Hepatica,

Liverwort. Hepatica triloba is one of the earliest
Hepatica triloba. of our spring flowers, and perhaps
one of the most beautiful. It is often described as a

MARCH AND APRIL. 9

blue’ flower, but I must object to this on the ground
that its blue is only a qualifying condition of its pur-
ple. Often the blossoms are nearly white, but as a
rule they are blue-purple of extraordinarily delicate
quality. The leaves come out later than the flowers,
and by the end of summer they are strong and thick,
dark green in color, and leathery in texture. They
remain green all winter. The flower grows on the
edge of the wood, and often in sunny pastures; at
least this is so in the Eastern States. A distinguish-
ing point in the Hepatica is its hairy flower stem.
It is not too early to look for it immediately after
the snow has disappeared ; in fact, it is contempora-
neous with the arbutus, whose blossoms one may often
gather within a few feet of a lingering snowdrift !
There is no reason why the adder’s-

Dog’s-Tooth . ‘
Violet, or tongue should be called a violet; it
Adder’s-Tongue. is really a lily; and so far as the re-
Sa al abi semblance in shape between the white
Americanum.

root of the plant and a dog’s tooth is
concerned, that is too trifling for serious considera-
tion. There is a snaky look to the prettily mottled
leaf, but nothing to remind one of the snake’s tongue.
I have found this flower growing beside a little brook
as it issued from the border of the wood as late as
the 10th of May. The blossom is usually russet yel-

low, and the upright leaves, spotted with a darker
2

10 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

color in delicate pencilings, are readily distinguished
from the surrounding green. But we may find some
specimens without the
slightest trace of this
mottled color; so we
must remember that
Nature, frequently ec-
centric, refuses to fol-
low a rule unless it is
connected with some
great underlying prin-
ciple of creation. This
dainty little lily grows
as cheerfully on the
slopes of Mount Wash-
ington, at an altitude

of over two thousand
feet, as it does in some of the wooded
dells of Staten Island. It is an early
flower, and may be looked for in
April.

Pansy. That the pansy is a

Viola tricolor. Dog’s-tooth Violet.

great favorite in our
country is demonstrated by the fact that a seedsman|
tells me he alone sells over two hundred thousand
packages of the seed ina year! The flower is really.
a large party-colored variety of the violet, and it:

MARCH AND APRIL. 11

appears in such variegated colors that it would be
difficult to describe even the commonest types. In
one strain there are specimens which approach as
near to a black flower as it seems possible. I con-
sider the French pansies of M. Bugnot by all odds the
finest. But this is a matter of opinion which I am
not disposed to urge. Cassier’s
Odier is a variety of large size
and fine color, usually three or
five spotted. The pansy should
be treated as a biennial; if we
wish fine flowers we must raise
them from seed each year; they
bloom from early spring to mid-
summer. The Sweet Violet (V.
odorata), a relation of the pansy, |
comes from England and Italy,
and is not hardy in our gardens
of the North. The double-flow-
ered varieties do not seed.

The tulip comes

eg to us from Asia

Tulipa Gesneriana.

Minor, but indi-
rectly from Holland. In Ara-
bian ornament, particularly in

Tulip.

decorative painting, the flower is frequently repre-
sented. Our finest tulips come from Haarlem, Hol-

12 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

land, where there are extensive farms devoted to the
culture of the splendid flower. In 1634, and three
years after, all Holland was crazy over the tulip!
This so-called tulipomania was finally ended by State
interposition. At one time a collection of fine bulbs
of one Wouter Brockholminster sold for $44,100.
The first tulip, it is said, came to Europe from Per-
sia, by way of Constantinople, in 1559. The taste
for tulips did not reach its height in England until
the close of the seventeenth century. The flower:
ranges without restriction through the chromatic
scale, but excepts blue, although it suggests it in the
variety named Bleu Celeste. The varieties are sim-
ply endless. They flower successively through spring.
The tulip is a member of the Lily family.
Blood-roct. About the latter end of April, in the
Sanguinaria valley of the Pemigewasset (the river
Canadensis. nich gathers its crystal waters from
the southern slopes of the Franconia Mountains), be-
side the road, on the brink of the river, in moist pas-
tures, and beside the woodland brook, may be found.
the beautiful, broad white flowers of the plant which
furnishes a famous specific for coughs and colds.
Long before I became acquainted with the plant I
had taken many drops of its orange-red blood oni

lump sugar. It is surprising that in three botanical,

books I found the juice described as crimson; for

MARCH AND APRIL. 13

crimson is a blue-red, and this color will not apply in
any respect to blood-root. If a bit of the stem of a
leaf is squeezed, it will
exude an orange-col-
ored juice, which stains
everything it comes in
contact with. The
blood-root leaf grows
circling about the ris-
ing flower stem, and
does not attain its full
size of about five inches
across until the flower
is quite gone. Alas!
it goes quickly enough.
This is the reason why
some of our most beau-
tiful wild flowers are
not cultivated by the
florists; it does not pay
to spend much time
over such ephemeral
lives. The blood-root
is like a butterfly; it
comes and goes in a day, like the poppy, to which
it is related. The blossom is as lovely and white
as a lily, and has a golden center.

Blood-root.

14 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Sprin
Everlasting.

Spring This is an insignificant
Everlasting. white, cottony - stemmed
Antennaria

plantaginifolia. plant, which lacks beauty
altogether; yet it is so common in the
meadows and pastures of the hill country
that one must know what it is on account
of its conspicuousness in early spring.
There are great patches of straggling
white seen in the meadows through April,
and one wonders, from the distance of a
car window in the swiftly passing train,
what the “ white stuff” is—leastwise, I
have been asked such a question. But it
is only Antennaria, and scarcely merits
attention, unless one wishes to examine
its peculiar fuzziness through a little mi-
croscope.
The so-called Calla Lily (it
is not a lily, nor a true
calla either) is a beautiful,
white relative of Jack-in-the-Pulpit. But
it is not hardy and must be considered
more of a house plant. It comes from
Africa, and blooms in spring. The new
dwarf variety, Little Gem, is an abundant
bloomer.

Fthiopian Calla,
Lichardia Africana,

CHAPTER II.

APRIL AND MAY.

To Flowering Wintergreen.

Bellwort. Tue flower of the bellwort is rather

Oakesia sessilifolia. an

insignificant, attenuated little

thing, which one would hardly notice unless the plant

was picked, and

its hidden side

(whence depends
the bell) turned
into view. The
flower is cream-
color, the upper
surface of the leaf-
age is pale green,
and the under sur-
face bluish green.
The plant is not
often more than
eight inches high
as it grows in

Seed-pod of the
Bellwort.

Bellwort.
15

16 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

the White Mountain
woods. The green,
three-sided seed pod.
looks like a beechnut.
Uvularia perfoliata
is a very near rela-
tion to the flower
under consideration,
with differences which
Prof. Goodale fully
» explains in his book
entitled Wild Flowers
otf America. It is
sufficient here to say-
that in this variety
the stem seems to
pass through the base
of each one of the
leaves. The bellwort:

| flowers in April and

Anemone nemorosa. May.

‘Wood Anemone, The wood anemone
er Windiower.: really Welongs in
Anemone nemorest. the halflit woods
of spring, when the foliage is un-
developed and its shade is thin and

Leaf of Anemone

spotty; but I have often found the metioroan,

APRIL AND MAY. 17

flower beside the road, and as late, too, as the mid-
dle of May. This was among the mountains, where
the altitude is apt to
retard the advance of
spring. The blossom is
frail, with five or more
white sepals (not petals)
sometimes suffused with
a delicate crimson pink.
The leaves are character-
istically wedge-shaped,

and on this account
there is no excuse for confusing
the plant with Zhalictrwm anemo-
noides, or rue anemone. The
leaves of the latter are like those
of the meadow rue.

Rue Anemone. The dainty rue
Anemonella anemone is often
thalictroides, .
or Thalictrum Confused with the

anemonoides. anemone just de-
scribed. <A glance at my two caer thalic-
drawings will at once discover foe
the wide difference between the two little plants.
Besides the difference in leafage, A. nemorosa is a
one-flowered plant, while A. thalictroides bears quite

a cluster of blossoms having six or more white se-

18 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

pals; sometimes these are pinkish. Gray says from
five to ten sepals, but the majority of specimens
I have gathered seemed to bear six. This flower
does not rank as an anemone, and Gray states the
reason why ;
but for me it
bears a_ suffi-
cient and un-

mistakable fam-
ily likeness in its leaf-
age to rue or Zhalic-
trum. It blooms in
May.
Spring Beauty, Lhe little pink
Claytonia spring beauty
Virginica. : .
is a favorite
with every one who loves wild
flowers. Who would ever suspect

* it was a kind of pusley? The flow-

Spring
Beauty. ‘
“any er stem, bearing several blossoms,

sprawls outward from between two broad,
grasslike, dark-green leaves. The flower is delicately
veined with a deeper pink, and has five petals and |
two sepals. Sometimes it is quite white with pink
veining. Like a great many other delicate wild
flowers, it has a disappointing way of closing as
soon as it is picked; but a tumbler of water and

APRIL AND MAY. 19

sunlight soon work a change in the shy flower, and
we need not throw it away as hopelessly withered.
I have found the flower on Long Island, and in
New Jersey, in April and May. It is quite com-
mon in moist places in Prospect Park, Brooklyn.

The pretty little plant called
Dutchman’s Breeches, P y P

Dignan Dutchman’s breeches ig common

about New York and Brooklyn,
and its dainty white flower tipped with yellow may
be found in the leaf-mold localities of thin woods,
where shade and sunlight are evenly distributed.
From its similarity in structure to the familiar Bleed-
ing Heart of the garden (Dicentra spectabilis), it
will at once show its near relationship with the lat-
ter flower. I have never found the Dutchman’s
breeches in the woods of New Hampshire. It
blooms in April and May, and is a low-growing,
ornamental-leaved plant of a rather delicate appear-

ance.

Early Saxifrage, Lhe early saxifrage which flowers in

Saxifraya April and May is not by any means
ee oe conspicuous plant. We will find it

nestling among the rocks in the pastures and in
shady places beside the wood. The singularly orna-
mental arrangement of the fresh leaves when the
plant is young can not fail to attract notice; they
spread around in an even circle like a rosette. But

90 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

the tiny white flow-
ers are rather insig-
nificant ; they are
five- pointed, like a

star, with a touch of
yellow in the center; later
on, when the pods appear,
they contribute a bit of
rich brown to the little
plant. Gray says purple,
but the color is rather a
madder-brown. The name
means rock-breaker.

Large White The large Early Saxifrage.
Trillium. white trilli-
Trillium um is considered the finest of all the
grandifiorum.

trilliums ; it is certainly a lovely
waxy white in color, but inclined toward a pinkish
tint as it grows older. It is distinctively a woodland
lily, which keeps
clear of the mod-
erate sunshine of
April. The flower
has three long white
petals without the
marking shown in
Leaf of large White Trillium. my drawing of the

APRIL AND MAY, 21

painted trillium. The leaves are broader than those
of the following plant.
Painted The painted

Trillium, trillium is
Trillium
erythrocarpum.

not as large
as the pre-
ceding variety,
but to my own
taste it is more
beautiful. The
edges of the pet-
als are wavy, and
the sharp V-shaped crimson color at the
center of the flower is worth a closc
study under the magnifying glass. It
will be noted that Gray says pink; but
it is well to remember that he is not
always reliable in his color descriptions.
The fact is, there are many people who,
whether color-blind or not, are incapable
of distinguishing subtle variations of
color; and the confusion of crimson
with pink in the present instance is a
demonstration of the fact. The charac-
ter of the red on the petals of this
trillium is crimson—a matter too easily proved by
the science of color to admit of any discussion here.

92 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

The plant is about eighteen inches high, and the
flower is two inches across. Sometimes the leaves
show a bluish bloom on the surface, and the stems
are stained with a ruddy brown color two thirds
of the way down. I have picked handsome speci-
mens beside a woodland road, as late as May 20th,
near Campton Village, N. H.; but the flower may
be looked for in April, farther south.
Bicthrook;, or Here, again, Gray is rather inaccu-
Wake Robin. rate regarding color, for he calls the
Trillium erectum. rthyoot dark, dull purple. There is
only a trace of purple in the flower. It is dull mad-
der-red in color, sometimes pale, but generally pretty
strong. I might explain that brown and purple mad-
der are shades of red approaching maroon in tone,
with a greater or less influence of purple. But this
by no means guarantees the term purple, any more
than the expression “a red face” indicates one of
an unqualified scarlet hue. This birthroot is one of
those pretty sesthetic red flowers whose color reminds
one of certain chrysanthemums. Of the three tril-
liums mentioned, this seems least attractive; but it is
nevertheless a handsome wild flower, which can be
proved by arranging it carefully in a vase before one
of those black silk Japanese screens which are com-
mon in many households. The trilliums are poison-
ous to taste. I recollect an instance where a would-

APRIL AND MAY. 93

be young botanist, ignorantly mistaking trillium for
Indian turnip, chewed a bit of the root and gave
some to the young lady accompanying him in his
walk ; the consequences were rather serious, and the
young people soon had occasion to consult the nearest

physician.
Star-Flower. The tiny star-flower may be readily
Trientalis found in woods that border the pas-
Americana.

tures in the hilly country of our East-
ern States. It grows in moist places besides the pur-
ple violet ( Viola euculata) and the foam-flower. Its
leaf is not unlike that of the lemon verbena, but it is
broader, and grows from the top of a short stem in
sets of six and seven, or more, as my drawing accu-
rately represents; it is very shiny and delicate-look-
ing, and of a pale yellow-green color. The perfect,
little, starlike flowers are dainty to a fault; they
should be studied under a magnifying glass, where
their extreme daintiness can be seen to the best ad-
vantage. I do not think it is possible to become ac-
quainted with the charming beauty of flower forms
and colors without the aid of a botanist’s microscope.
It is all very well to gather wild flowers for the pur-
pose of becoming acquainted with their family con-
nections and interesting habits, and cast them away
when these facts are obtained; but this is something
very far short of intimate acquaintance. Only the one

‘94 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

who closely observes the frosty, waxy form and color
of stamen, pistil, anther, and petal through the mag-

Star-Flower.

nifying glass can know anything of the fairylike
beauty which a flower possesses. So this little star-
flower must be seen under the glass, otherwise it
would be passed, as likely as not, for an insignificant

APRIL AND MAY.

character. In Campton it is in its prime about the

10th of May.
The foam-flower grows
Foam-Flower, or beside the little star-
False Mitrewort.
Tiarellu cordifolia. flower, and blooms
about the same time.
All through August and September
we may find the fuzzy-surfaced, un-
evenly colored green leaves of the
‘plant, in shape similar to small, nar-
row maple leaves, growing thickly on
the forest floor near some babbling
brook. Years ago, when a boy, the
symmetrical leaves attracted my eye,
and I carried a number of the plants
from the White Mountains to my
home in Brooklyn, where they were
planted in the back yard.
Here they flourished fair-
ly well, and I first be-
came acquainted-with the
fuzzy little blossoms in
the following spring. Al-
though there is nothing
especially attractive in the
flower, it is dainty, and

common enough in the Foam-Flower.

3

96 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

wooded hills of New Hampshire to command our
attention. It is nearly related to the true mitrewort,
and has a somewhat similar appearance. Its flower
stem rises about eight inches above the ground.

: The mitrewort, or Bishop’s cap, is
Mitrewort, or ‘

Bishop's Cap, apt to be found growing beside its
Mitella diphylla, _ false-named relative; and if we are
sac fortunate enough to find the two to-
gether, there will be a fine opportunity for compari-
son, as the flowers are altogether

different in construction ; this

will easily be seen if we pa-

tiently examine each. under

a glass. The starlike blos-
som of the true mitre
wort is fringed in a
remarkable manner,
reminding one of the
conventional rays sur-
rounding the _ five-
pointed figure of a
star. The flowers of
M. nuda grow sparse-
ly on an upright stalk
about four or five
inches high ; they are
Mitélla nuda. small and greenish.

APRIL AND MAY, a7

white. Jf. diphylia is a taller plant, bearing a greater
number of white flowers. The names for the false
and true mitreworts, Ziarella and Mitella, have a
perfectly evident origin; the seed pods look like tiny
bishops’ mitres. I can hardly agree with Gray, who
speaks of the Zvarella thus: “ Name, diminution of
tiara, a turban, not very appropriate.” The word
tiara for centuries has been applied to a crown, par-
ticularly to a bishop’s crown, which was cleft from
side to side; the Asiatic turban has little to do with
the case. The ancient tiara was a round, high cap
encompassed by three crowns added by the popes.
The King of Persia wore a tiara-shaped crown,
adorned with gold and jewels. The word mitre,
synonymous with tiara, applies to the pope’s triple
coronet, the badge of his civic dignity as distin-
guished from his ecclesiastical rank which the keys
represent. With these facts in view, the Ziarella is
certainly well named. My drawing of the IMttella
nuda was made from a specimen found in the woods
of Vermont in early summer.

The flower of the white baneberry is
White Baneberry.

pean fuzzy and white like the foam-flower,

but not particularly interesting. It
is seen in May. The berries, which appear in late
summer, are far more apt to attract notice; they are
waxy white, with a purple-black spot, and ovate in

98 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

shape; the stems which bear the fruit are very thick,

and turn red when the berries are fully ripe. The

baneberry is a very familiar object in the moist, rich

woods of the White Mountains.

Black Snakeroot, 1 Ought not to pass a near relative

Cimivifuga of the white baneberry, called black
racemosa. snakeroot, or bugbane (Cimicifuga

racemosa). This blooms in summer, and its tall

Fruit of the
_ Baneberry.

Baneberry.

spikes of fine white flowers appear better than they
smell. The Latin name means, to drive away bugs;

APRIL AND MAY. 29

but, strange as it may seem, the plant has become
useful in a far better way: it is quite efficacious in
driving away neuralgic rheumatism, and doctors pre-
‘scribe an extract of the root for that purpose.
Witepenes Although the wintergreen flowers as
Checkerberry, late as July, itsdark green, roundish
Gaultheria leaves and bright scarlet berries are
procumbens. ae ‘ ‘ . ‘
familiar objects in the woods in spring
when there is little that is green scattered over the
woodland floor to hide
the pretty shiny plant
from view. The ber-
ries grow so plenti-
ful in southeastern
Massachusetts _—_ that
they are picked and
brought to Boston, ¢
where they may be
found for sale in
many of the fruit
stores. The berries

remain on the ever-

Wintergreen, or Checkerberry.

green plants all win-
ter; in spring they are found in plenty on the
foothills of the White Mountains. The flower is
tiny and waxlike, and tastes as strongly aromatic as
the berry does.

30 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

Flowering The flowering win-
- er tergreen, a delicate -
Polygala. little plant, is no
Polygala paucifolia. yelative of the
checkerberry ; the latter belongs to
the Heath family, and the former to
the Polygala family. The flower-
ing wintergreen bears a conspicuous
crimson-pink blossom, perhaps three
quarters of an inch long, with a
fringed crest ; the leaves are crowded
at the summit of the slender stem,
and from among these the pretty

flower looks out. The plant is
Wintereren, hardly four inches high, and blos-
soms in May and June; the speci-

men from which my drawing was made grew on
the edge of the Dismal Pool in the Crawford

Notch, N. H.

CHAPTER III.

MAY.

Yellow Violet to
Pitcher Plant.

Tue yellow vio-
Yellow Violet.

Viola pubescens. let, commonly

called the downy
yellow violet, grows on the

edge of the wood where sunlight Downy

Yellow

and shadow are mixed. I am Violet.

best acquainted with the smooth
variety, which can be found in
a certain locality in the Pemi-
gewasset Valley, and is a never-
ending source of delight to me
in late spring. I know of no
other spot for miles north and
south where there is more. This particular patch
is broad and thick, and about the 10th of May one
may gather hundreds of blossoms without moving

beyond a space ten yards square. I never found
31

39 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

this flower, as Bryant says, “in forest bare,” nor
could I ever discover the “faint perfume”; and,
although the valleys of the White Mountains hold
many a drift of snow as late as May, not a sign of
snow is ever seen about the patch I have alluded
to. Nor does the little flower seem to bend its
“gentle eye” earthward. My drawing certainly tells
‘the exact truth, as it was made on the spot where
the violets grew, and was taken from a single speci-
men. These two little yellow beauties held their
heads pretty high—something like ten inches above
the ground. But it is possible that the poet referred
to the less common, earlier, and lower form of the
yellow violet, called V. rotundifolia, whose leaves by
midsummer measure three inches across, and whose
early blossom resembles my downy violet. The yel-
low of this flower is golden in character, but consid-
erably paler than dandelion yellow, and is veined
with brownish purple. The blossom is very small,
and springs up from between a pair of leaves which
start from a bare stem about eight or nine inches tall.
The specimen which I have drawn of
the purple violet (commonly called
blue, but I prefer the truer purple)
was gathered on the 25th of May, in a very wet spot
not more than a hundred yards away from the yel-
low violet patch just mentioned. It makes a great

Purple Violet.
Viola cuculata.

MAY. 33

difference in regard to its personal

appearance where a flower happens
to grow. This specimen was reared
exactly under the most advanta-
geous conditions for a high develop-
ment; the flower measured over an
inch and a quarter in length. We
all know that there are plenty of
violets to be found sprinkled over
hillside and pasture
which do not attain
even a moderate size;
but if one wishes to
gather some really fine
specimens, they must
be songht in cool,
shady dells, where the
soil is rich and there
is plenty of spring

water. Purple Violet. _
The pronounced type of slender leaf-
Bird-foot Violet. bel F he Wiedt ‘
Visieneiats age belonging to the bird-toot vio-

let is in astonishing contrast with the
heart-shaped leaf which we are accustomed to associ-
ate with violets; this instance of unlikeness in a flow-
er family is a demonstration of the fact that super-
ficial appearances count for very little in botany,

34 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

which often finds among hidden things that which
is essential for the establishment of scientific truth.

Bird-foot Violet.

Thus it is that the ovaries and stigma of the rue
anemone (Anemonella thalictroides), and not the
leaf, decide that the flower is not a true anemone.
But nothing is more attractively symmetrical in plant
form than this particular violet’s leaf ; pressed flat on
a piece of paper, its delicate outline is an interesting
study for one who loves the decorative side of Nature.

MAY. 35

The flower is rich in blue-purple color, and some-
times the two upper petals are a strong violet-purple.
The little touch of orange-yellow in the center is ex-
tremely effective. In the sandy soil of Nantucket,
and on the borders of Buzzard’s Bay, this violet
blooms with spendthrift prodigality, its great clumps
of light blue-purple bloom decorating the springtime
meadows as far as the eye can reach. The blossoms
droop sadly after being picked, but revive at once on
being placed in a glass of
water. I have found the x
flower in its prime in Nan- Asi
tucket on the 25th of May.
Sweet White Violet, The sweet
Viola blanda. white violet
has the faintest and most deli-
cate perfume imaginable. I
should think Bryant had this
flower in mind when he wrote
about the yellow violet, for
besides its “faint perfume ”
it is readily found in the
“bare forest.” The blossom
is tiny, but extremely pretty
under the microscope, the lower petal showing pur-
ple striping in delicate hair lines. It is very com-
mon in the woods of the White Mountains in May.

Sweet White Violet.

36 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

solectaria Beall Solomon’s seal is easily indentified,
Polygonatum as it grows beside some woodland
biflorum. oad in early May, by its light green

leaves, and its long, gracefully curved stalk, from which

Solomon’s Seal.

depends on the under side a series of tiny, greenish
or creamy-white flowers always arranged in pairs. In
September the flowers are replaced by deep violet-
blue berries. The charm of Solomon’s seal is the
graceful curve of its stalk; its flowers are unattract-
ive, and are somewhat similar in form to winter-
green blossoms. The name had its origin in the
pitted appearance of the root, which bears a round
sear left by the broken-off old stalk; this is so
unlike the impression of a seal in shiny red wax
that it requires the utmost stretch of imagina-

MAY. 37

tion to be reconciled to the questionable resem-
blance.

There is a great deal in pure imagination—more
than some of us are willing to take any part in. For
instance, who ever saw any resemblance between a
“big dipper” and a “big
bear”? yet these are both
one series of celestial, im-
aginative outlines which are
intimately associated with
the north star! But Solo- povame ct Qf Doe’ Tooth
mon’s seal is a suggestive en
name, and we should not quarrel with it. As a sim-
ilarity of outlines is suggestive, however, I would
like to draw attention to the fact that the petal of
the dog’s-tooth violet closely resembles a canine
tooth; but, strangely enough, this is not the reason
why the flower was so named, as the previous descrip-
tion of it will explain.

False Solomon's Lhe false Solomon’s seal is in my

Seal,

Smilacina racemosa.

estimation even more beautiful than
the true. Its spike of fine white
flowers is like the Spirwa Japonica ; besides, its
wavy, bright green leaf with the parallel veining is
particularly graceful. Most wild flowers, like the
true Solomon’s seal, have rather insignificant blos-
soms; but there is nothing meager about the bloom

38 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

Smilacina racemosa.

MAY. 59

of this little plant. It deserves cultivation, and,
in truth, if it is transplanted to a position in the
garden similar to its natural environment, it will
flourish most satisfactorily. It is a shame that any
aspersion of falsity should attach to it; why should
not a plant so deserving have its own good name?
We might as well call a Frenchman a false English-
man! There is such poverty displayed among names
that we may find a Bald Knob
and Black Mountain in nearly
every mountain district of our
Atlantic States. It seems as
though our nation was lacking
in both originality and imagina-
tion! The false and the true
Solomon’s seals will be found
growing on the edge of the
wood together; but the latter
is a trifle earlier in bloom. 8.
racemosa has a pale reddish ber-
ry speckled like a bird’s egg.
Smilacina stel-

Smilacina stellata. a
lata is another

so-called false Solomon’s seal,

Smilacina stellata.

which also deserves a name of
its own. It grows not quite as high as S. racemosa,
and it is not so pretty. I found it thickly spread

40 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

over the bank of the Pemigewasset River, where it
seemed to grow with more luxuriance than it did
in the shady pasture near the wood. Its starry flow-
ers are white, and the berries are small and _black-
purple in color. It is in its prime about the middle
of May.

__..,.. The variety of false Solomon’s seal
Smilacina trifolia, : ql 2

named Smelacina trifolia is about

six inches tall and has two larger lower leaves and one
smaller upper one, which at their bases sheath the
stem; the few flowers which are clustered at the ter-
mination of this stem are
small and white. The
plant grows in cold, wet
places, and is common in
some parts of the White
Hills; it flowers in June
or early July.
Maianthemum Maianthe-

Canadense, or mam Can-
Smilacina bifolia. wane *s
still another but smaller
false Solomon’s seal. This
delicate little character,
growing not. much over
five inches high, fairly car-

Maianthemum Canadense.

pets the thinner woods where they adjoin the pas’

MAY. 41

ture. The leaves are bright green, but the short
raceme of flowers is rather insignificant. The flow-

Clintonia ‘borealis.

42 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

ers are in their prime about the latter end of May
in the North. The little spike of translucent, red-
dish berries is seen in the latter end of summer.
_ Clintonia borealis is a pretty little
Clintonia borealis. 7
pale straw-yellow lily whose only
fault, it seems to me, lies in its weak and uncertain
coloring. Sometimes the half-matured flowers look
decidedly green, again the full flower appears a deep
eream-color. If the horticulturists could only force
it into a good white and increase its size, there might
be a future before our dainty Clintonia. The flower
was named for the Governor of New York, for what
reason nobody knows. Its green leaf is smooth and
shiny, and about the same in shape, color, and char-
acter as that of the lily-of-the-valley. Perhaps the
color of the mature flower might more exactly be
called a pale, dull Naples yellow. The flower is in
bloom about the end of May northward, and can be
found in moist rich woods. The berries are seen in
late August ; they are a beautiful Antwerp-blue color.
Jack-in-the-pulpit is a happy-looking

Jack-in-the-Pulpit, :

or Indian Turnip. flower—if a flower can be said to look

Arisema happy—and its striped suit reminds
triphyllum.

one of the conventional, funny circus
clown. It is too bad to make such a comparison;
but I must let it stand, because there are few other
flowers (at least wild flowers) which are so suggest-

MAY. 43

Fruit of Jack-in- '
the-Pulpit. Jack-in-tlie-Pulpit.

ively humorous. Certainly, the poet who wrote the
verses about Jack in Lilliput Levee found something
delightfully fresh and sprightly in his character.
What is particularly boyish about this plant is
the odd way it hides the prettily striped suit of

44 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

brown-purple and white beneath its panoply of six
gay green leaves. It reminds one of some little eight-
year-old romper peeping out from behind a door, just
a bit shy because he has nice clean clothes on. Jack
is rarely seen at a careless glance—he is mostly hid-
den beneath the six leaves—and we have actually to
take hold of him in order to investigate his novel
clothing. The pretty little brown club inside the
spathe reminds one of a miniature Bologna sausage;
the way the top of the flower hangs over the cup sug-
gests a wallet with perhaps some gold inside; but
that is the pity of it, there is no gold there! All the
yellow metal belongs to Jack’s cousin, the spotless
white calla, This is the only thing about Jack which
we can find fault with; he might have pleased us bet-
ter with a little gold in his pocket. However, in late
summer he leaves behind him a cluster of splendid
scarlet berries like my sketch.

Some of the plants have pale green flowers with
whitish stripes, while others are extremely dark in
coloring. I have found a few of the lightest specimens
in a pasture where there was plenty of sunlight, but
the darkest ones seem to grow beside a wet, springy
dell, within a stone’s throw of my cottage. It would
not seem springtime to me if there was not at least one
Jack in a majolica jar in my studio. The plant flow-
ers in May and early June. The root has a sharp,

MAY. ; 45

stingy taste, without a reminder of turnip about it.
There are plenty of Jack-in-the-Pulpits to be found
in the vicinity of Silver Lake, Staten Island, or, in
fact, almost any wet, shady place.

Pitcher Plant.

Pitcher Flant, The odd, tubular-shaped leaves of
Sarracenia purpurea. the pitcher plant deserve close at-

46 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

tention. It is said that the decomposed insects which
we may find at the bottom of the “pitchers” con-
tribute to the nourishment of the plant. Inside of the
leaves there is a sweet secretion which attracts insects ;
after they crawl in through the mouth, escape is well-
nigh impossible, as the hairy sides of the tube impede
their flight and render the walking anything but easy.
The flowers are oddly colored with green and brown-
ish purple, and come to maturity about the end of May
and the beginning of June. The plant is always found
in boggy places where the sunshine is partly obscured ;
and with this environment, it must be admitted, its
appearance is rather uncanny.

CHAPTER IV.

MAY AND JUNE.

Robin's Plantain to Cranberry.

Robin’s Plantain. Tur robin’s
Erigeron bellidifolius. plantain is a
deceptive-looking character ; it
is easily mistaken for an aster.
The yellow center, the blue-
purple rays, and the size and
shape of the flowers remind
one of the autumn flower which
has prematurely come into
bloom. Of course, it is a near
relative of the aster, but its ap-
pearance is marked by a great
many differences. It grows
about a foot high ; sometimes
less, sometimes more. The
large leaves I have drawn at
the foot of the plant frequent-

ly lie prone on the ground.
a7

a

Robin's Plantain.

48 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

There is a hairy look to stem and flower, which is
not altogether aster-like; the leaves are small and
far between, and the stem is thick and juicy. The
flowers come about the 1st of June, and are seen in
plenty beside the road and in damp places.

Of all the dainty, tiny flowers that
bloom in late spring, the little bluets
is perhaps the daintiest. What is
satisfactory, too, about the flower is the fact that it

Bluets,
Houstonia caerulea.

does not shut up and wilt immediately after being
picked. It is such an attractive
little thing that Mr. W. Atlee Bur-
pee, the horticulturist, has intro-
duced it to the public as a culti-
vated garden flower. The flower
is barely half an inch across; it
is a simple-looking, four-rayed co-
rolla, sometimes white, but oftener
pale-purplish blue, with a dainty
spot of golden yellow around its
eye. In Campton the roadsides
and meadows are starred all over

ee with little bunches of this dainty
gem. From the middle of May to the end of June
the flower continnes to bloom in sunshine and
shadow; in fact, it grows everywhere except in the
dark, wild forest. The flower was named for Dr.

ae 8

MAY AND JUNE. 49

Houston, an English physician, who was interested
in the flora of Mexico.
Blue-eyed Grass, I ought to have said blue-eyed grass
Sisyrinchium was the only flower daintier than
seeeee bluets, if one is to speak from his
own point of view; yet this is hardly fair, because
the blue-eyed grass is a bolder and
larger flower, just reminding one of
a violet. Unfortunately, it shuts up
at once on being picked, and unless
there is plenty of sunlight it refuses
to open its eye at all; its color is
purplish ultramarine blue, darker to-
ward the center, where there is a
touch of pure gold. There is a curi-
ous notch in each one of the six di-
visions of the perianth, from which
protrudes a little point, in shape like
a thorn. The leaves are narrow,
and look like blue Kentucky grass.
The flower stands about ten inches
high, and is generally shut in the
afternoon; sometimes there are three
buds on a stalk, but I never found
more than one open at a time. The flower grows
in clumps on the meadow, in the pasture, and at
the edge of the wood, but generally in moist places,

Blue-eyed Grass.

50 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

T have transplanted it successfully to the grounds in
front of my cottage, where it flourishes and spreads
from year to year. It reaches its prime about the Ist
of June. It is a relative of the iris.
Yellow Star-grass, Star-grass is a pretty little yellow
Hypoxys erecta. flower with apparently six pointed
petals (in reality the six divisions of the perianth),
which blooms almost anywhere (in the meadows) in
May and June. The flower stem, about six inches
tall, terminates in two or three flowers as broad as
a nickel, perhaps one in full bloom and two others
in bud. The outside of the flower is greenish; the
leaves are grasslike and hairy. It belongs to the
Amaryllis family, and is closely related to the nar-
cissus.
Common Cinquefoil. The very common cinquefoil is
Potentilla Canadensis. found beside the country high-
ways and by-ways, and in pasture, meadow, and
woodland. It is so often mistaken for a yellow-
flowered strawberry that I must at once show the
difference. Notice in my drawing of the strawber-
ry that the stems of the leaves are hairy; the
stems of our cinquefoil are brown and as sharp and
clean as a piano wire. Also notice that the cin-
quefoil has five leaves, or rather divisions of a
leaf, and the strawberry has three; the latter little
plant never goes beyond a three-divisioned leaf, but

MAY AND JUNE. B1

devotes all the rest of its strength to strawberries.
Furthermore, there is only one yellow-flowered straw-
berry (Fragaria Indica), and this is not very com-
mon; I found it once in Staten

Island some years ago, and
have not seen it since. The
common _ cinquefoil blooms
from June to September. But
there is a three-leaved cinque-
foil, and, for the sake of com-
parison, I have carefully drawn
it.

Norway Cinquefoil. The Norway
Potentilla Norvegica cinquefoil is
a tall branching plant with a
leaf of three divisions and a
very hairy appearance. It has
a yellow flower similar to P.
Canadensis ; but, after all, the
similarity is slight if
my drawings are care-
fully compared. I
found this plant bloom-
ing in early August
within three feet of
my studio window; it
did not seem to be in Genial Cinquefoil.

59 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

any of the fields in the
same vicinity. The shrub-
by cinquefoil (P. fru-
ticosa) is common in
wet grounds northward,
grows about three feet
high, and has five to
seven leaflets and loose
clusters of yellow flowers
similar in character to
those of the common va-

riety.
Wild Strawberry. Our wild
Fragaria strawber-
Virginiana. :
ry 1s 80

Norway Cinquefoil.

well known that it scarce-
ly needs mention here. It grows luxuriantly in
pasture and wood in the foothills of the White
Mountains. I never pick the berries on the hill-
sides—and, I must confess, fight the mosquitoes at
the same time—without thinking of the

“ Barefoot boy, with cheek of tan,

.

With thy red lip, redder still
Kissed by strawberries on the hill.”

Whittier does not say a word about the bare legs
‘and mosquitoes. In the hills of New Hampshire,

MAY AND JUNE. 53

Wild Strawberry.

at least, the mosquito and the wild ‘strawberry are

inseparable !
The little flower called moss pink is
ee nmon i arts of New York
Phlow eubulaia, Common in some parts of New York

and New Jersey, and in the vicinity
of Philadelphia in May and early June the hill-
sides are stained crimson with the pretty flower. I
found a thick patch of it in the Pemigewasset Val-

54 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

ley, but confined to one locality. It seems certain
that it spread and ran wild from a cemetery in the
vicinity, where a certain lot is noticeably covered
with it. The plant flourishes in some parts of Cen-

Moss Pink. Moss Pink in Buds.

tral Park, and it only needs a hint of transplanting
to run wild over everything in the neighborhood
where it is placed. The stems are low and creep-
ing, as my sketches show; altogether the moss pink
has a mossy look, and is well named.

Wild Columbine, he scarlet and yellow columbine is
Aguilegia one of our most beautiful wild flow-
ccleaner Me my experience that certain
flowers have favorite haunts which are exclusively
held by them year after year, without a shadow of
change. There are three spots I know of in the pas-
ture land of Campton where the pretty columbine
may always be found; a search for the flower any-

MAY AND JUNE, 55

Wild Columbine.

56 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

where else for two miles around has always proved _
useless. Nothing is daintier or more beautiful than
the color effect of this graceful blossom among the
gray rocks of a hillside pasture. The flower is in its
prime about the Ist of June, and is nearly always
found beside some lichen-covered rock in the com-
pany of young, velvety mullein leaves which have
just pushed themselves above ground.

The pink moccason flower is anoth-

Moccason Flower,
Cypripedium er one of those exclnsive characters

aeaule, hich prefers the limitations of some
moist and shady locality; it can not be found, as the
violet is, under a variety of conditions. The flower
is very handsome; in fact, it does not look like an
ordinary wild flower, but rather like an expensive,
cultivated orchid. I never found it,-as Gray sug-
gests, under evergreens, but among the withered
leaves that lie under birch, beech, poplar, and maple.
But this is a matter of individual experience which
may be added to some other quite different ones; it
only points to the fact that Nature is not always
regular in her habits. The point of beauty in the
flower is its crimson-pink pouch or sac, which is
delicately veined with a deeper pink, and its purplish
brown and green sepals and petals. The two light
green leaves are parallel-ribbed, but otherwise in
appearance are like those of the lily-of-the-valley.

57

MAY AND JUNE.

Cypripedium acaule.

iv

58 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Cypripedium parviflorum.

The plant flowers in
early June. The name
Cypripedium in English
would be Venus’s slip-

per.

Yellow The small-
Lady’s Slipper,

Cypripedium oe Se ellow
parviflorum. lady’s slip-

per, sister to the flower
just described, is found
in similar _ situations
where the ground is
moist, and has the ad-
dition of a slight per-
fume. The sac is small,
and is a deep-toned yel-
low; the sepals are a
sienna brown. Another
larger yellow variety (C.
pubescens), one of our
commonest orchids, has a
lighter-colored sac, and
is without perfume; but
I consider the smaller
variety more beautiful.
The time of flowering
for both is early summer.

MAY AND JUNE. 59

Snake’s Mouth, Lhe snake’s mouth is a pretty little
Pogonia orchid of a most deli-

a aa pure pink color,
which may be found in swampy places
if one does not mind getting the feet
wet—no swamp, no snake’s mouth ;
that is my experience.
The prettily formed lit-
tle flower has a sweet
smell, is about an inch
long, or less, and should
be examined under a
glass. It blooms in
June.

Calopogon The Calo-
pulchellus, pogon pul-
chellus belongs to the
same family group
(Orchis) as the mocca-
son flower, arethusa,
and snake’s mouth; in-
deed, the latter is its
boon companion ; the
two are most likely to
be found in each other’s
company. The flower

o ‘i A Calopogon pul-
Snake's mouth. is a beautiful crimson chellus.

60 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

pink, and its lip is bearded with white, yellow, and
crimson blunt-tipped hairs; its leaf is narrow and
grasslike. It may be found in wet bogs during the
early summer. Prof. Goodale says, comparing the
moccason flower with the Calopogon: “The labellum
in Calopogon appears to be upside down, while that
of the moccason flower is properly pendent; but the
fact is, it is only by a twist in the ovary, or perhaps
in the pedicel, that the latter flower has assumed this
position.” But unerring Nature does not do any-
thing wrong end up, and both flowers appear stand-
ing on their feet!
aiaioaeace Late in spring the purple azalea will
Pinxter Flower, be found in swampy places in the
Rhododendron East, and its lovely crimson-pink
nudiflorum. ‘ : .
color is a charming foil for the pale-
green tints of May which the French artist Corot de-
lighted in painting. The wild azalea
and the rhododendron are likely to
be somewhat confused in our minds,
so I must draw attention to some dis-
tinguishing differences. The true
azaleas have deciduous leaves, and the
rhododendrons have evergreen leaves.

Purple Azalea.

The azaleas are characterized by a
funnel-shaped tube with an irregular edge; there are
ahout five stamens in each tube while the rhodaden-

MAY AND JUNE, 61

dron, as a rule, has double that number. The flow-
ers of the azalea appear with or precede the leaves;
the rhododendron flowers later, in early summer, and
usually grows on the mountain side. Emerson’s
rhodora (Rhododendron rhodora) is a low-growing
shrub about two feet high,
with hardly any other superfi-
cial appearance to distinguish
it from 2. nudiflorum, except
it be the superiority of its ma-
genta-pink color, its small co-
rolla which is three-lobed above
and two-lipped below, and its
shorter stamens. I never was
fortunate enough to find either

of these varieties in New

Rhodora.

Hampshire among the hills.
In Massachusetts both are quite common. The strik-
ing resemblance of the rhodora to honeysuckle will
be at once perceived; but they are not related to
each other.

The rhododendron is not so common

Great Laurel, or , i
: in our Eastern States; it is far more

Rhododendron.
Rhododendron plentiful among the Alleghany Moun-
cen tains, where it grows luxuriantly un-
der the softened light of the half-lit woods. It is

evidently too cold for the shrub in the woods of the

62 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

White Mountains, where the thermometer frequent-
ly registers 30° below zero. Gray’s description of

‘s
Rhododendron (Great Laurel).

the flower is sufficiently simple for any one to un-
derstand: “ Pale rose, or nearly white corolla, one
inch broad, greenish in the throat, on the upper side
more or less spotted with yellow or else reddish.”
But the cultivated flowers bloom (in great clusters) in
the Public Garden of Boston, in magenta and pinkish-
white tints, and attain a size of over an inch and a half

MAY AND JUNE. 63

in diameter.* The leaves hold their olive-green color
all winter. The time of flowering is early summer.
Cranberry, Large, he large cranberry grows in boggy
Vaccinium places from New Jersey to Maine,
mmacroee?e™ and may be found in bloom in early
summer. The berry is ripe
in early autumn; the finest
one is dark red in color, and
comes from the boggy districts
of Cape Cod. Nantucket also
has its cranberry bogs, and the
season of picking is quite an
important event for the island-
ers. The plant is small; the
wiry stems usually reaching a
length of about eight or nine
inches; but sometimes they
develop a length of two feet
or more. It is curious to find
that such totally different-look-
ing plants as the rhododen-
dron and the cranberry are

relatives; they belong to the
Heath family. Cranberry.

* The cultivated varieties (hybrids), arise generally from R.
Catawbiense, R. Ponticum, and the tender A. arboreum of the
Himalayas,

CHAPTER V.

MAY, JUNE, AND JULY.
Rattlesnake-Plantain to Indian Poke.

Rattlesnake-Plantain. Tux rattle-
Goodyera pubescens.

snake - plan-
tain is a most interest-
ing character. Its pe-
culiar wavy-edged, dark-
green leaves are covered
with a network of fine
white Jines. The flow-
ers are small, white, and
waxy-looking, and the
leaves are circled below
in a rosette figure; they
are evergreen. In win-
ter one may find the lit-

Rattlesnake-Plantain,

tle plant nestled in some out-of-the-way woodland
nook, where it would not so easily be discovered in
summer. It flowers in July. Another variety (@.
repens) is smaller, and flowers in a loose, one-sided

spike; this is common in the White Mountains.
64

MAY, JUNE, AND JULY.

Arethusa,
Arethusa bulbosa.

Arethusa is an elu-
sive nymph of whose
whereabouts one is never quite cer-
tain. As I have searched for and
found the flower only within the
White Mountain district, it may be
without my knowledge a familiar
object in other parts of the country.
But I know of only two wet, bogey
spots where it grows, and half the
time I do not succeed in capturing
it even in these locations. Certainly
it is one of the loveliest of our or-
chids, and is well worth a tiresome
search and inevitably wet feet. The

slim stem is about eight inches high,

and the pretty crimson-pink flower,
in profile, reminds one of a hand
with the five fingers held loosely
upward. The time of flowering is
late spring and early summer, but I
have found a specimen as late as the
Ist of August.

Fringed-Orchis, I should call the
Habenuria fimbriata. flowers of the fringed-orchis ma-
genta pink, though undoubtedly they may present
some variations of this hue.

Arethusa.

It is a very beautiful

66 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Fringed Orchis.

plant, and consequently at-
tracted the attention and ad-
miration of the eccentric
Henry D. Thoreau, who
speaks of it as a beauty
‘““who has never strayed be-
yond the convent bell.”
His remark, it seems to me,
applies rather to Arethusa,
who is certainly much more
of a recluse; but in A
Week on the Concord and
Merrimac Rivers he says,
“Nature seemed to have
adorned herself for our de-
parture with a profusion of
fringes and curls, mingled
with the bright tints of
flowers.” Now, this orchis
is the very perfection of
Nature’s fringing in bright
flower tints, and in my
mind Thoreau’s words some-
how connect themselves
with this lovely flower. It
blooms in wet meadows in
early summer. There are

MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 67

three other orchises common in the foothills of the
White Mountains—Z. peycodes, small but sweet-
scented magenta flow-
ers; H. lacera, home-
ly pale greenish flow-
ers; and /7. virescens,
a spike of dull green-
ish flowers; these
have been found in
bloom in more or less
wet ground from June
20th to July 24th.

Showy Orchis. The showy orchis,

Orehis Gray says, is the only
spectabilis. tye orchis we have.
It is a pretty flower, the upper
part purplish pink, and the lower
lip white ; there are few blossoms
on a stem—not more than three
or four. The two leaves are not Showy Orehis.
unlike those of the lily-of-the-valley. The flower
seems to me rather rare, as I have found but few
specimens in the woods of the White Mountains. It
generally grows in rich black soil made up of de-
cayed leaves, and seems to prefer the deep and
shady forest. Its time of flowering is May and
June.

68 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Golden Senecio, or he golden senecio, or ragwort, has
Ragwort, a delightfully bright color which illu-
Senecio aureus. ines the meadows where the flower
happens to grow with an amber light such as we
may see in some of the paintings of the old mas-
ter, Claude Lorraine. There
is something very beautiful
in this mixture of golden yel-
low with the misty -toned
green of the meadows in
July when the senecio is in
full bloom. The flower re-
sembles an aster in form, but
the leaves have an individu-
ality of their own; they are
also variable in type; per-
haps the commonest leaf is

heart-shaped. The plant gets

Golden Senecio.

its name from its hairy ap-
pearance (certain of the species have a cottony look),
or from the downy effect of. the flower head when
it has passed the period of bloom. Thoreau says
in his journal, July 2d: “I see the downy heads of
the senecio gone to seed, thistlelike, but small. The
Gnaphaliums” (everlasting flowers) “and this are
among the earliest to present this appearance.” The
word senecio is derived from senew, an old man, and

MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 69

the flower at this period, in my opinion, merits this
appropriate name. The plant attains a height of
from one.to three feet.
Shin-Leaf. The eupho-
Pyrola elliptica. nious name
shin-leaf was tacked on the
pretty Pyrola for a reason
which one may readily
guess;—the leaves were
used as a cure for bruises.
From the days of my early
youth the name “ shin-plas-
ter” has been familiar as
it must be to every New
York boy of some years
ago. I remember that my
father called court-plaster,
or in fact anything of the
kind, without discrimina-
tion, either shin-plaster or 7
sticking plaster. So the
pretty flower suffers by rea-

son of an old custom. The
Pyrola grows about six
inches high, is found in woody dells, or damp, shady
byways, and flowers in June and July. Its leaves
are olive-green, and the blossoms are greenish white.

470 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

Pipsissewa. The pipsissewa is a sweet-scented lit-

Chimaphila tle woodland flower, which is common

umbellata. iy all dry, sandy soils. I have found
it plentiful in the famous “ Pine” district of New
Jersey, in Saddle River Valley in the same State, and
in the pine woods
of New Hamp-:
shire. The flow-
ers are waxy and
flesh - colored, and
the leaves are
shiny olive-green ;
they keep their
color even in win-
ter. It flowers in
June and July.
There is a variety,
common in_ the
White Mountains,
with white-spotted
leaves toothed on

the edge like asaw.
This is named C.

Pipsissewa,

maculata. It is interesting to examine the blossoms
under a magnifying glass, where the beauty of the
frosty pink flower with its purple anthers will prove
quite a revelation.

MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. val

Yellow Wood-Sorrel. ‘The little yellow wood-
Onaliesiieia omits). — ag extremely
common in meadow, woodland, and pas-
ture, and the tiny clover-like leaf may be
recognized anywhere snuggling in the
grass from May to October. The flower
is rather insignificant, and of a pale but-
tercup yellow.
‘White Wood-Sorrel, Lhe crimson - veined
Oxalis Acetosella. white wood -sorrel is

quite a different character, and is alto-
gether lovely. Each of the five white Oxalis stricta.
petals are veined with about half a dozen delicate
red lines, which give the flower a decorative appear-
ance ; in fact, I have often used it in
decorative designs where delicate color-
ing was employed. Fra <Angelico and
Sandro Botticelli painted this flower in
the foregrounds of their pictures, and
it is evident that it looked the same
over four hundred years ago as it does
to-day. All around the edge of Profile
Lake in the Franconia Notch this pret-
ty flower can be found about the end
of June ang the first of July. It likes
the damp woodland best, and can be

found on many of the White Moun- acetosela.

49, FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN, ©

tains at an altitude of two thousand feet. Some

people mistake the flower for an anemone; but so

pronounced a cloverlike leaf is enough to upset any

such random conjecture. The flower stem, which

grows about three inches high, bears but one blossom.

ry

v

Sheep Sorrel.

Sheep Sorrel. Sheep sorrel is a
Rumex Acetosella. wretch of a weed,
which will flourish in sandy or
sterile ground, and is the bane of
the farmer who tries to raise clover
for his cattle. Sorrel seed is so
much like clover seed that the
two get mixed up sometimes, to
the utter discouragement of the
farmer. I think the plant ought
to be called farmer’s-bane. It
belongs to the Buckwheat family,
and so can claim no relationship
with wood sorrel, which belongs to
the Geranium family. I have seen
a whole field as ruddy-looking as
though it were filled with honest,
ripe buckwheat, yet the pretty ter-
ra-cotta color was produced by the

flowering of this miserable sheep sorrel. The weed
is so common everywhere that my dra@ing is suffi-
cient without further description for its identification.

MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 73

Blue Flag. The larger blue flag grows in the
Iris versicolor. — swamp of some rich meadow, or be-
side the sluggish stream, and shows its lovely vari-
egated, blue-violet flowers in June or early July.
The charm of the iris
lies in the delicate rich
veining of the pale pur-
ple-blue petal, or, cor-
rectly speaking, larger
perianth division ; for
the iris, or fleur-de-lis,
is a tube-shaped flower
like the morning-glory,
and has no petals. Un-
der the microscope its
coloring is marvelons-
ly beautiful; the. bold
staining of the waxlike
lips, the soft gradation
of yellow and white,
and the rich purple
veining are glorious be-
yond description. No
wonder the handsome,
decorative flower at-
’ tracted the @rly atten-

tion of a Frenchman,
6

Fleur-de-lis.

W4 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

although how and when still remain historically un-
certain; but as early as the time of Charles IV
the fleur-de-lis began to appear on the banners of
France. I have drawn the conventional form of
the flower, so our wild specimen may be compared
with it. However, the French emblem was copied
from a cultivated species whose inner perianth di-
visions were large and stood in a nearly perpen-
dicular position; our wild specimen lacks this im-
portant climax to its beauty, and slightly resembles
the Kampfert (Japanese) iris, which is quite flat
in figure. The iris is admirably adapted to decora-
tive design, and the wonder is that some of our
artistic young ladies who are so skillful-with the
needle do not employ it oftener in embroidery ;
the opportunity here for a charming harmony of
blues and greens is immeasurable. Blue wild flow-
ers are not plentiful, and the perpetuation in our
memories of this one seems to me especially de-
sirable. :

There is a slender blue flag (Z. Virginica), with
very narrow leaves, which is also common in swamps.
It must be remembered that blue flag is not Calamus,
although the latter is called sweet flag; this belongs
to the Arum family, and is. therefore a relation of
Jack-in-the-pulpit. Its botanical nan®& is Acorus
Calamus.

MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 15

Arrow-head. The little water plant called arrow-
Sagittaria variabilis. head blooms in summer beside
streamlets and good-sized rivers, where it chooses a
locality of a secluded and muddy
nature ; consequently it is rather
inaccessible. It is too beautiful,
though, to neglect on account of
its surroundings; the extreme
delicacy of its three-petaled blos-
som can scarcely be equaled by
any other wild flower. It is well
adapted to decorative design, and
one of the handsomest effects of
coloring may be produced in silk
embroidery by representing the
beautiful leaf in various shades
of green on a water-blue ground,
with the graceful, white flower-
spikes plentifully woven in be-
tween the leaves.

Sabbatia. One of our most
Sabbatia chloroides. )eautiful Eastern
wild flowers is Sabbatia chloroi-
des ; its corolla is magenta-pink,
and commonly has eight divisions.
It frequents the edges of ponds,

and blooms in summer. Arrow-head.

76 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

panini The evening -primrose is a four-
Evening-Primrose, petaled, pale-yellow flower which
Enothera pumila. one may generally find on the road-
side in early summer, or later. The variety @.
pumila I find very common on the meadows of
Campton in June. I have drawn
a small piece of the plant, to show
what is the general appearance of
the flowers; they are small and
not nearly so pretty as the blos-
soms of the later-blooming variety
we most often meet beside the
road.

Evening-Primrose, The larger even-
Enothera biennis. ing S primrose is
common beside the road and in
the pasture. It has a very lovely,
pale, pure yellow blossom without
a trace of orange on its petal.
The peculiarity of this flower is

‘. that it opens about sunset, gives

BH ARGRS out a faint perfume, and then
when broad daylight returns looks limp and with-
ered; this is true also of the charming Wécotcana
affinis (tobacco). Of course, on cloudy days the
primrose looks in better condition; but its only fault
lies in its frailty. As a garden flower it is satisfac-

MAY, JUNE, AND JULY.

tory just as portulaca is; but
neither the evening-primrose
nor the bright-hued portu-
laca are satisfactory flowers
to pick. The tall, straight-
stemmed plant has an aver-
age height of three feet. It
blooms all summer.

Wild Geranium, The wild ge-
Geranium ranium, which

smianinalaat English
usually call wild cranesbill, is
a pale purple flower about as
delicate in character as the
evening-primrose; some bot-
anists do not hesitate to call
its color pink. But Gray is
right—it is light purple. I
found it growing by the road-
side, its dainty purple flow-
ers in company with the yel-
low blossoms of the pretty
cinquefoil. The plant grows
about fifteen inches high ;
its leafage is light green, with
portions spotty and brownish-
looking, and the unopened

Evening-Primrose.

17

78 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

green buds are quite fuzzy, Under a magnifying
glass the flowers are very beautiful; the tiny anthers,

i

f{C Se
Cu bwry

Wild Geranium.

instead of being the usual orange-color, are peacock-
blue. Seen through the microscope, this blue pollen
is quite a curiosity. The plant is in its prime in
early June.

MAY, JUNE, AND JULY. 19

Herb Robert. | Lhere is another variety of the ge-
Geranium ranium called herb Robert (@. 2o-
Hobertianum Dortianum). This is also common,
and blossoms in June, continuing through the sum-
mer. The flowers are nearly magenta color—that is,
a deep purple, brownish crimson. The stems of the
plant are ruddy.

Tabtfan Poke, iae About the end of May or the begin-

False White ning of June large masses of light
Hellebore.

green, corrugated leaves are seen in
Veratrum viride.

the hollows of the meadow, which
have a tropical look. This plant is the Indian poke,
and we learn from the farmers that it is poisonous;
sheep and pigs have been killed by eating the leaves.
Gray says the roots yield the acrid poisonous veratrin.
A Campton farmer told me that in his boyhood he
innocently fed his father’s pigs with some of the
plants, and on the following morning they were found
“stone dead.” The leaves bear a distant resemblance
to those of the Funkia (a relative of the poisonous
plant); but beyond its leaves it does not interest us;
the green flowers are borne on a weedy, pyramidal
spike. In later summer the whole plant withers,
blackens, and disappears. We are reminded of the
ungodly man in David’s psalm : .
“TJ went by, and lo, he was gone: I sought him,.
but his place could nowhere be found.”

CHAPTER VI.

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST.
Hobble-bush to Phlox.

Hobble-bush, LHE hobble-bush is a very familiar
Viburnum object of the summer season in the
lantanoides. ods of the White Mountains. On

the slopes of Mount Osceola, in Waterville, the bush.
occupies whole acres of ground, and as a forest under-

Hobble-bush.

growth scarcely twenty inches high, its round ovate
‘
leaves and hydrangealike flowers form an ideally dec-

orative feature of the woods in May. In August the
80

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 81

bushes are quite as beautiful when the blossoms are
replaced by the coral-red berries; and they are the
cheery companions of my long tramps through the
hills. But I have never experienced the annoyance
of being tripped up by the loops which Gray says are
formed by the reclining branches taking root at the
end ; this is the-reason why it is called hobble-bush.
Bunch-berry. The bunch-berry is one of the most
Cornus Canadensis. gonspicuous and beautiful objects
which meets one’s eyes, when, after a weary climb,
the mountain top is
at last gained. The
bunches of bright scar-
let berries encircled
by a cluster of about
six light green, ovate
pointed leaves are irre-
sistibly attractive, and
one must leave the

path to gather some.
In early June the pret- Bunch-berry.

ty little flower is quite interesting for several rea-
sons; what seem to be four white petals, two of
which are smaller than the others, are not petals
at all, but involucre leaves. The flowers are tiny
little greenish things with black dots in between.
An examination of the flowers under the microscope -

82 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

will at once make the tiny forms clear. The scar-
let berries are quite insipid to the taste.

Partridge-berry, In a certain spot on the slope of a
Mitchella repens. ill, and covering a bowlder im-
bedded in the swamp which is encircled by a group
of hemlocks, I always find a
splendid mass of partridge-berry
vines, too lovely for rude hands
to disturb, somewhere about the
Ist of May. Then the pretty
double berries of a brilliant shiny
scarlet are plentifully dotted over

the dark-green leaves just for-

Partridge-berry.

saken by the winter’s snow! It
is not until June that the little twin blossoms ap-
pear; these are sweet-scented and pink-tipped, and
remind one somewhat of at-
tenuated arbutus blossoms.
Goldthread. Goldthread is
Coptis trifotia. — nopnlar among ———

the New England farmers’ De Reena ee

wives, who use the slender yellow roots for medici-
nal purposes. But this fact is scarcely as interest-
ing as the bright and shiny dark-green leaf which
holds its color all winter, and in summer carpets the
wet woods. The flowers are small and anemonelike,
and appear in early spring; but the leaves are sym-

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 83

metrical and beautiful, somewhat wedge-shaped, and
in three divisions. The wiry, yellow roots make
identification perfectly easy.
Shepherd’s-Purse, Lhe shepherd’s-purse is, as Gray says,
Cupsella the commonest kind of a weed, yet I
Burea-Pasior’s. net gay that in all my extended
rambles through the White Hills it was not found!
Never having instigated a search for the insignificant
weed, possibly it would take but a little while to secure
a specimen; but what I say remains true in reference
to certain localities in the New Hampshire hills—the
weed is not common there! I remember as a boy
that at Hastings-on-the-Hudson it grew everywhere,
and we used to call it peppergrass because it had a
stingy taste. The small white flowers hardly deserve
attention, but the seed pod is interesting on account
of the triangular, pouch-shape which gave rise to the
common name. This weed blooms all summer. Our
beautiful garden candytuft is its rich relation—that is,
the riches lie in the flowers, and not in the “ purse” ;
but the similarity of the seed pods of these two plants
is apparent at a glance.
Wild Mustara. lhe wild mustard, generally called
Brassica (or black mustard, with small, pale, pure
il Nae yellow flowers, is a familiar object in
nearly all the fields of Campton. It is quite common,
and its straggling, spreading stems are in bloom all

84 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

summer, but is scarcely interesting enough to de-
serve attention while so many other more beautiful
flowers are in our midst.

Stagger-bush, The stagger-
Andromeda Mariana. Wysh grows in
low ground eastward and
south, but I have never
found it in New Hamp-
shire. The tiny flowers,
less than half an inch

long, are cylindrical in
shape, and are sometimes
tinged faintly with pink.
So dainty a flower must
surely attract those to
whom it is not a famil-
iar object; the blossom
slightly resembles the
wintergreen or checker-
berry flower, to which
it is closely related, and
the glossy olive - green
leaf is said to be poi-
sonous to lambs and

Stagger-bush.

calves. The flowers will be found in late spring
and early summer, on the slender woody stems
of a bush about three feet high. The shrub has

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 85

lately been cultivated for purposes of garden adorn-
ment.

Mountain Laurel. The mountain laurel is not strictly
Kalmia latifolia. confined to mountain districts; on
the contrary, if my experience is like that of others,
the most beautiful specimens are oftenest gathered
from flat land
like that of Long
Island and the
“Pines” of New
Jersey. There
does not seem to
be any in the
Pemigewasset Val-
ley in the White
Mountains; and
the supply on the
shores of Squam
Lake in the south-
ern district of the
hills is very lim-
ited. Certainly
Kalmia latifolia is the most conventionally beauti-

Mountain Laurel.

ful wild flower we possess, yet it is rarely if ever
a success transplanted to cultivated grounds. Un-
less its natural environment is exactly repeated in
its new quarters, it invariably pines away and dies.

86 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

It certainly will not endure the savage violence of
a New England coast climate; it prefers the equa-
ble temperature of the pine district of New Jer-
sey. In some parts of the latter State the bushes grow
to a height of ten feet or more, and in the mountains
of Pennsylvania they grow fully twenty feet high.
The perfect, waxlike flower is arranged on the plan
of a wheel, with the stamens represent-
ing the spokes; these are arched, and
are so elastic that when the tips are re-
leased from the little notch in the corolla:

(the anther is held there temporarily)
the pollen is fired right or left, as a boy would sling
a green apple from the sharpened end of a supple
stick; this is an ingenious bit of Nature’s artifice
by which she secures cross-fertilization. Of course,
a visiting insect experiences a perfect bombardment
of yellow pollen when it alights on a flower, occa-
sioned by its walking on the stamens and knock-
ing them out of place; then, powdered over like a
dusty miller, it visits another flower, and Nature’s
little scheme is carried out to perfection! It is
worth while to spend a few minutes in a garden
watching a clumsy bumblebee; the process of pollen
transfer will then be easily understood. As a boy,
I found it amusing to liberate the stamens of a Hal-
mia blossom with the point of a pin, and watch the

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 87

yellow pollen fly.
Nothing is more
beautiful then the
golden forms of
the dainty pollen
specks under the
microscope. The
flowers are in their
prime in June,
when they will
tinge a whole hill-
side with pinkish
white. The full
flower is usually
pure white, and the
undeveloped, orna-
mental bud a very
pronounced pink.
Kalmia = glauca
(common in the
North) is a varie-
ty with small lilac-
colored flowers.

Sheep Laurel.

Sheep Laurel. The sheep laurel is not nearly as

Kalmia angustifolia. large as the mountain laurel, nor

is it as beautiful; but the blossoms are decidedly
pink, and are daintily formed. I find it in bloom

88 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

as late as the end of June in Campton; but it is so
very uncommon there that it can only be found in
two places, so far as my knowledge extends. New
Hampshire certainly is not rich in Aalmia, for when
one has to hunt for a flower it can not be called
common. As Gray calls its color crimson-purple, I
must draw attention to the fact that
- there is never any purple in it, but
that the true color is a delicate crim-
son-pink. It grows in the poor soil
of rather low grounds.
Candytuft. The cheery garden
lortsumidiate. eandyiuit. is a meti-
ber of the Mustard family, and a
near relative of the common weed,
shepherd’s-purse. It is a captivat-
ing little flower which is in constant
bloom from June until October,
winning every heart by its untiring
courage in meeting all conditions of
weather with fresh relays of its dain-
ty white or purple flowers. It is

astonishing to note in advanced au-
Dobbie's Double tumn that the little plants have not
Spiral Candytuft. a
yet spent all their energy; all they
ask is that their flowers should be picked, and a new

supply takes the place of the old. I find that the

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 89

most satisfactory variety is Dobbie’s Double Spiral ;
the Rocket is also good, but it does not produce such
large flower-heads as the former variety. Candytuft
comes to us from Europe, and gets its botanical name
from Iberia, the old name for Spain. I have found a
very beautiful variety of the flower growing wild on
the rocky slopes of Gibraltar. There is a white pe-
rennial variety called J. sempervirens ; I. Gibraltica
is the same under cultivation; its flowers are white,
crimson, and rose-color. Some of us may be sur-
prised to learn that Gibraltar has an extensive flora;
it is far from being a barren rock. In the short
climb up the path from the town to the fortifications
I picked as many as fifteen specimens of unfamiliar
wild flowers besides a dozen or so which I recognized
as old friends; this was on the first day of March,
too! Dr. Henry M. Field says: “Gibraltar is not a
barren cliff; its very crags are mantled with vegeta-
tion, and wild flowers spring up almost as in Pales-
tine. Those who have made a study of its flora tell
us that it has no less than five hundred species of
flowering plants and ferns, of which but one tenth
have been brought from abroad; all the rest are
native.”

Sweet Alyssum. Sweet alyssum is like mignonette
Alyssum maritimum. in one respect—its qualities surpass

its charms. It has small, white, honey-scented flow-
7

90 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

ers with an odor like that of buckwheat; it comes
to us from Europe ; a variety common in garden
borders has small, ornamental, pale-green leaves
white-edged. Alyssum is also a member of the Mus-
tard family, and is closely allied to candytuft and
shepherd’s-purse. It blooms all summer.

Cornflower, or Lhe bluest of all blue flowers, the
Bachelor's Button. cornflower or bachelor’s button, vies
Centaurea Cyanus. ith the gentian which Bryant seems
to consider a most perfect blue; but a flower of the
true blue does not exist; it is only suggested by the
forget-me-not. There is too much purple in the corn-
flower for us to indulge in praises of its blue. For
all that, its color is still charming, and in Germany
(the flower originally came to us from that country),
where it grows wild in the wheat fields, the harmony
of its blue with the straw-yellow is eesthetically per-
fect. But the cornflower shows us other colors than
blue; there are light and deep crimson-pink, purple
and violet, both these colors striped with white, lilac,
and white with pink or with blue center. Its foliage is
a soft, silvery, whitish green, and its bloom is continu-
ous and prolific through the early summer; it blooms
quite as well if planted later in the season, and is
an annual highly prized in old-fashioned gardens. A
comparison of the Centawreas with ironweed and
blazing-star, which are distant relatives, is interesting,

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 91

as there are some curious points of resemblance in
the general appearance of the flowers. C. odorata
(sweet sultan) is closely allied to the cornflower, and
it bears yellow as well as pink and purple flowers.
C. moschata, a musk-scented variety, has magenta-
pink and white flowers. C. sauveolens is a beautiful,
pure yellow flower which assumes showy proportions
under greenhouse care. All these are annuals and
natives of Asia. The dusty miller, which is so com-
mon as a white-leaved plant for garden borders, is a
perennial variety which is again separated into vari-
eties named C. candidissima, C. clementei, and O. gym-
nocarpa. These possess no important distinguishing
differences which are of interest here.

Mignonette. Our common garden mignonette

Reseda odorata. eomes from the Levant, and is an
annual cultivated for the sweet scent of its tiny,
rusty and greenish-white flowers—it is the anthers
which are rust-color; the rest of the rather unin-
teresting flower assumes a variety of greenish tints,
which are quite beautiful under the microscope.
There is one relative of the mignonette in this coun-
try which grows wild along the roadsides, but it is
not very common; it is named A. luteola. It is a
tall weed with lance-shaped leaves and a long spike
of small, dull-yellowish flowers which slightly remind
one of the white golden-rod. In Italy, among the

92 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

mountains, and in Gibraltar there are two wild species
of mignonette, each tiny in figure but having the un-
mistakable family look; they are . sesamonides and
R. glauca. Mignonette is an annual with the happy
faculty of blooming all summer long; it wastes its
sweetness, not “on the desert air,” but in the farm-
house kitchen and the fashionable drawing-room. It
is a simple flower with the charm of perfect sweet-
ness, a quality quite lacking in many a showy flower,
and the sandier the soil is, the sweeter it grows.

. Phlox is the Greek name for fire,
Phlox Drummondii, :

Annual. and, although all the phloxes are
Phlox decussata, not fiery-hued, there are many of
Perennial.

them brilliant and red enough to
deserve the name. They are North American plants,
and the annual variety comes from Texas. The
range of color in the Drummond phlox is extraor-
dinary, There are cream-white, pale yellow, pale
salmon-pink, deep pink, crimson-pink, magenta, pur-
ple, lilac, pure red, crimson, and solferino. But
there is no orange-nor scarlet. The five divisions of
the corolla are often starry-eyed, and sometimes they
are striped; in the varieties cuspidata and fimbriata
they are slashed and toothed in a remarkable way.
The star-shaped flowers are curiously marked with
color, and the corolla is often so deeply incised that
the flower is no longer recognizable as the sober flat-

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 93

disked phlox of bygone days. In truth, I might add
that star phlox (called Star of Quedlinburg) is one
of the curiosities of the modern garden. The seed is
slow to germinate, and the little plants take a long
time to grow, but eventually they reward us with a
plentiful and continuous bloom
which is more than a liberal
payment for the small amount
of care bestowed upon them.
They begin to flower in June,
and about the last of October
Jack Frost claims the last lin-
gering blossoms. PP. decussata,
the perennial variety under cul-
tivation, is not quite so brilliant
in coloring, but it is refined and
delicate, and has the advantage
of permanency. Its strongest
and best hues are crimson, ma-
genta, and pink. P. maculata
is a wild variety of the South

and West, with a pyramidal clus- __ 7
“ White Phlox Drummondii.

ter of pale magenta or white

flowers, and purple-brown spotted, lance-shaped lower

leaves; it flowers in summer. PP. divaricata is a

graceful variety which is found in the same part of

the country, but in moist localities, and has loose

94 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

spreading clusters of large lilac and bluish lilac
flowers which appear in late spring; it has been
crossed in cultivation, and is found in the garden
in larger figure and finer colors. P. glaberrima
and P. Carolina are pink and
pale-pink varieties which are com-
mon in the near West and South,
and flower in early summer. The
five lobes of the corolla are round.
The former variety has slender
stems, long lance-shaped leaves,
and loose flower clusters; the lat-

Star of Quedlinburg.

ter, stout stems, ovate or even
heart-shaped leaves, and crowded flower clusters.
P. subulata is a low-creeping little plant, so entirely
different from the foregoing varieties that I have
given it separate consideration elsewhere. These
wild phloxes are all perennials, and they have been
more or less introduced into the garden, where they
appear in so many varied types that they are not
easily recognized. The most satisfactory color in
the perennial flowers is white; the pale magenta
tints of some others are not very beautiful.

CHAPTER VII.

MAY, JUNE, JULY,
AND AUGUST.

Caraway to Indian
Cucumber Root.

Caraway. THe caraway has ©

Carum Carui. found its way into

the fields and pastures from the
kitchen garden, and has really be-
come a very familiar wild flower
in many parts of the country.
It might possibly be mistaken for
wild carrot on account of the
similar gray-white flowers, but the
resemblance is too superficial to
deserve attention. My drawing
shows the superior delicacy of the
caraway flowers; indeed, they are
as beautiful as some varieties of
Spirea. The plant grows about
twenty inches high, and blooms
95

Caraway.

96 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

about the middle of June. Its aromatic seeds are

Wild Meadow Parsnip.

used plentifully to flavor the
familiar New York New-
Year’s cake.
Wild Meadow Lhe wild mead-
Parsnip. ow parsnip is
Zieia aurea. not as common
as caraway, but it will be a
familiar object to many who
pass through the cultivated
fields of New England in
May or June. The fine flow-
ers, similar in appearance to
the caraway, are pale golden
yellow, and the leaves are
twice compound. The stem
of the plant is grooved, and
the leaves, toothed at the
edges, are dark green. The
common wild parsnip (Pasti-
naca sativa) has similar flow-
ers, but the stem is heavier
and deeper grooved, and its
leaves are simply compound.
Bush-Honeysnekle, The bush-hon-
Diervilla trifida. eysuckle will

be found beside the road and in the hedges, where

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST, 97

it may be recognized at once by its small honey-
yellow flowers rather than by its leaves, which are
not different from a great
many others with whose
company they are pretty
sure to be well mixed.
There is only a slight re-
semblance to the culti-
vated honeysuckle in this
wild variety ; and beside

the magnificent pink blos-
soms of the D. Japonica,
that beautiful shrub which
comes to us from Japan,
our native variety dwin-
dles into utter insignifi-
cance. It blooms in ear-
ly summer.

On the top

Mountain
Sendwort. of Mount
Arenaria Washin gton,
Grenlandica.

seeking shel-
ter in the crevices of the

storm - beaten rocks, one

Bush-Honeysuckle.

may find in early sum-
mer plenty of the dainty little Alpine plant called
mountain sandwort; it is sometimes called mountain

98 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.
A

daisy by the people of that locality. The flower
grows about three inches high on a fine stem, and
is tiny and dainty; each
petal is notched at the end,
and is translucent white in
color. Little specimens of
the plant are tucked into
small birch-bark baskets and
sold to the visitors on the
mountain. Of course, it
gets its name by its arctic
preferences ; for the cold
fog, snow, and ice of Green-
land are its natural environ-

Mountain Sandwoit.

ment. Still, we are sur-
prised at finding such a delicate-looking little thing
on the bleak, desolate summit of the great New Eng-
land mountain.

Indian Pipe. Gray’s description of the Indian
Monotropa uniflora. pipe is so simple that I can not
do better than quote what he says: “Common In-
dian pipe, or corpse plant; in rich woods, smooth,
waxy-white all over, three to six inches high, with
one rather large nodding flower of five petals and
ten stamens.” These are what might be called the
bare facts of its existence. But there is more that
is really interesting about it: the queer, little, un-

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 99

canny thing flourishes on decay; it grows parasit-
icaliy on the roots of other plants, and we may find
it oftenest beside the decayed stump of some forest
giant, where its pearly whiteness is relieved against
a background of decaying, moss-covered wood.
The flower sometimes has a faint pink flush on
its face, but is oftenest as pale as death. There
is something weirdly sug-
gestive in its deathliness:
why should it have been
named Indian pipe? It
occurred to me _ once,
when I was climbing the
slopes of South Mountain
in the Catskills and came
across a pretty group of
the ghostly little pipes,
that they were wrongly
named ; they should have
been called the Pipes of
Hudson’s Orew. Those

of us who have seen the

\

ghostly crew in Jeffer-
Indian Pipe.

son’s Rip Van Winkle
can easily imagine the gnomelike creatures smoking
pale pipes like these. But the weird little plant is
as curious in death as it is in life, for immediately

100 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

after being picked it begins to blacken, and (most
curious contradiction) a pressed specimen of the
pearly white flower eventually becomes “as black
as your hat.” Indian pipe
grows in the deep woods
in early summer. Mono-
tropa Hypopitys, or false
beech-drops, closely related
to the pale Indian pipe,
has a ruddy complexioned,
fragrant, and small (gener-
ally four-petaled) flower
which blooms in the pine
woods in summer,

Common Day-Flower, The day - flower
Commelina Virginica. ig common in our

Eastern seaboard States
from New York to Florida,
and blooms in summer.
It has light violet-blue
flowers, irregular in shape,
and three-petaled ; three stamens project considerably
beyond the petals. The flowers seem to grow out
from an upper spathelike leaf, and the leaves are
lance-shaped and contracted at the base. The plant
is a near relative of the spiderwort, and like the

Common Day-Flower.

latter has a peculiar mucilaginous juice.

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 101

Spiderwort. The spiderwort, somewhat more fa-
Tradescantia miliar to us in the old-fashioned gar-
Virginica.

den than growing wild, is neverthe-
less common in some of the moist places of western
New York and the South. It is an at-
tractive little, three-petaled, purple-blue

flower with orange-yellow anthers,
which unfortunately has a very
short life. There
are so few blue
wild flowers that
the delicate blos-
som is beautiful for this rea-
son if for no other. The little
blue clusters snuggled at the bases of
the narrow green leaves form a very
pretty bit of color harmony. The plant
blooms in early summer.
Star of Bethlehem. Gray ony the star of
Ornithogalum Bethlehem is an old gar-
wnbellaium. den flower which has es-
caped to low meadows. The leaves
Spiderwort, are long and grasslike, and the flower,
like that of WVicotiana affinis, is white
within and green without; but, exactly wnlke the
latter flower, it opens in sunshine. It is common
in some localities and absent in others; it grows,

102 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

for instance, in the fields around Morristown, N. J.,
and also in Prospect Park, Brooklyn; but I have
never found it in the meadows of New Hampshire.
It is a near relative of the dog’s-tooth violet, bnt
blooms much later, in early summer. It belongs to
the Lily family.

Buttercup. The child’s favorite yellow wild flow-
Fanunculus repens. ey, the buttercup, does not need any
hints or facts recorded here for its identification ;
yet I wish to draw a closer attention to the flower.
Those artistically inclined young people who like
to paint the familiar buttercup frequently lose sight
of its simple elements of beauty; I allude to the
shape of the leaf and the burnished color of the
flower. The leaf is one of the most charming in-
stances of symmetry in Nature. Examine it closely,
and, for the sake of better acquaintance, spread a
large perfect specimen flatly on a piece of paper,
trace around its edge with a sharp-pointed pencil, and
note the conventional, decorative beauty of the out-
line thus obtained. There are not many flowers
which can boast of such a beautiful leaf. Then the
brilliant yellow of the corolla is almost beyond the
power of pure water color to reproduce. The only
way one can adequately represent it is to use the
purest yellow, and leave, for the dazzling touches of
light, spots of the clean white paper beneath. The

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 103

finest buttercups frequent moist meadow land, and
they are in their prime in June and July. 2B. fas-
cicularis is an early variety of the buttercup,
which grows in rocky pastures and is about six
inches high.
Dandelion. The common dandelion, which stars
Taraxacum the meadows in May and June with
Pens-leonis. its vadiant circles of gold, would be

a garden favorite were it less common. But this
prodigality of gold unfortunately fails to arouse the
interest of older people; only children appreciate
this kind of riches. They must study the heart of
the flower who would see the gold in its depths. A
big dandelion placed under the magnifying glass is
one of the grandest studies in golden yellow that
can be imagined. The richness of color which is
occasioned by the crowding together of such a
number of brilliant yellow florets (for it must be
remembered that the dandelion is a group of indi-
vidual flowers) is beyond description. Yet we pass
the common flower with perfect indifference; but
there was one man who did not. It was Lowell,

who said:

“ Dear common flower, that grow’st beside the way,
Fringing the dusty road with harmless gold,
First pledge of blithesome May,
Which children pluck, and, full of pride, uphold,

104 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

High-hearted buccaneers, o’erjoyed that they

An El Dorado in the grass have found,

Which not the rich earth’s ample round
May match in wealth—thou art more dear to me
Than all the prouder summer blooms may be.”

This is the first verse of the only poem which per-
fectly celebrates the magnificent golden color of the
dandelion. It is indeed childhood’s favorite flower,
and the beautiful lines express the feeling in the
heart of every true flower lover, old or young. What
the world might call common was something infinitely
more to Lowell. Only a poet could so perfectly esti-
mate the wisdom of a child who looks “on the living
pages of God’s book,” while grown-up people pass
them by.

The largest and handsomest dandelions I have
ever seen grow in Nantucket; the farther north one
goes the smaller the flower grows. There is another
dandelion, a fall flower (Leontodon autumnale), which
will be noticed further on. I must not omit to men-
tion the Cynthia dandelion (Krigta dandelion), which
is common from March to July in moist ground from
Maryland west to Kansas, and from there south-
wardly to Texas. Prof. Meehan says: “The flowers
are open before the frosts are wholly gone; and be-
fore March has departed the yellow buds break forth
in all their spring beauty and clothe the meadows
with their brilliant flowers.” It is well to know that

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 105

the common dandelion is not a native of our country,
but was brought here by the white man, with whom
it soon made a home on the red man’s lands.

Ox-eye Daisy. The familiar daisy which is so much
Chrysanthemum beloved of the children is really a

Si chrysanthemum, very closely related
to the magnificent golden flower of Japan, which has
reached such .gigantic proportions through cultiva-
tion. In early summer the fields are white with the
flower, and its presence in the grass is so annoying
to the farmer that it has been called farmer’s curse.
Still, for all that, the golden-eyed, white-rayed little
thing is eesthetically perfect, and artists as well as
children love the flower for its own sweet simplicity.
The little pink English daisy is only cousin to our
daisy ; in fact, it is not a chrysanthemum, and it does
not grow wild in our country as it does in England
and on the Continent. The ox-eye daisy, like the
dandelion, was brought to this country by the white
man. It blooms in earlysummer. A near relative of
the daisy, which flowers in June, is the pyrethrum
(C. Parthenium), which has run wild, especially in
New York, from old gardens. It has loose clusters
of crimson-pink or white flowers, in form resembling
the ox-eye daisy. The variety under cultivation
called Rosewm supplies us with the well-known Per-

sian insect powder. C. parthenioides, or double-
8

106 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

flowered feverfew, is another relative of the ox-eye
daisy. Its pure white, rounded flowers, about the
size of a nickel, are commonly seen in our gardens
in summer and early autumn. They resemble the

English daisy (Leldis) in form, but have no pink

tinge.
Helicheups: The beautiful, sweet-scented helio-
Heliotropium trope comes from Peru and Chili.

Peruvianum. . : . :
It is a perennial held in high esteem

by all; hardly a farmhouse window which holds a
few flowering geraniums is
without its treasured pot of
heliotrope ; and the conserva-
tories might all boast of many
fine specimens. The name
comes from the Greek, and
means turning to the sun.
There are several variations of
its color, from light to dark
purple, and even white; but
the darker colors are most
beautiful. M. Lemoine, of
France, has raised some of the

finest varieties. An essence of

Heliotrope.

heliotrope is used as perfum-
ery; but among our flowers the most fragrant ones,
strange as it may seem, are the least available for

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 107

their perfume; in such a case a “fixing scent,” such
as neroli, vanilla, orris, or musk, is generally em-
ployed, and this is supposed to strike the same

”

“key” on the olfactory nerve as the real essence,
and also to change its volatility
to permanence ; thus vanilla is
used as a basis for heliotrope
perfume. - There are great flow-
er farms in the south of France
devoted to the interests of
French perfumery. Violets are
imitated by attar of almonds,
tuberose, and orris; orris is
obtained from the Florentine
iris (Z. Florentina). Heliotrope
blooms from early summer on-

ward.

Atamaseo Lily, Lhe Atamasco
Amaryllis Atamasco. lily, sometimes
called zephyr flower, or zephy-
ranthes, is a native of the South,
common in low grounds, and is
now cultivated in the garden,
where it blooms in early sum-

mer; its flowers are pure pink,

Atamasco Lily.

or white. In my garden I no-
tice they seem to bloom hurriedly or not at all.

--108 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

The flower appears (quite as soon as the broad,
grasslike leaves) in the Carolinas and southward
from March to June, according to the locality, It
is a relative of the yellow star-grass and the snow-
drop. To this family also belong the common Eng-
lish daffodil (WV. Pseudo-Narcissus), the jonquil (WV.
jonquilla), and the Marcisst poeticus and polyan-
thos; this last, a variety of tiny flowers in clusters,
I have found growing wild in Switzerland near
the St. Bernard Pass, in May; it is the parent of
the cultivated variety named WV. Za-
zetta, or Polyanthus Narcissus. But
these are more successful as hot-house
plants, although some are quite hardy
in gardens south of Boston.

Milkwort, Milkwort is a com-
Polygala sanguinea. mon weed which gen-
erally grows in wet sandy ground and
bears pinkish-crimson flowers in a
head somewhat similar to clover, but
smaller. It grows not more than nine
inches high, and is common in Massa-
chusetts and in the pine district of

New Jersey, in the vicinity of Lake-

Poly gala
sanguinea,

wood. Its name was derived from
two Greek words, meaning much milk; not that the
plants yielded milky juice, but it was thought that

MAY, JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 109

in pasturage they increased the milk of cows. The
milkwort flowers all summer.
Seneca Snakeroot, Senega, or seneca snakeroot, is anoth-
Polygala Senega. ey member of the Polygala family,
which is common in the West. Its flowers are
white and small, and are clustered in a simple ter-
minal spike. The plant is about ten inches high,
and the lance-ovate leaves follow the stem in alter-
nate positions ; the flowers appear in late spring.
Senega is used for medicinal purposes, and is often
given in the form of a sirup foracough. P. poly-
gama is still another common variety of milkwort,
which is found in sandy places. Its insignificant
crimson-pink flowers, of a deep hue, are hardly as
handsome as Gray would lead us to suppose. But
the useful, fertile flowers of this plant are borne on
short underground runners, and are still less con-
spicuous. The little plant blooms all summer. P.
lutea is an orange-yellow variety common in sandy
swamps southward. Its leaves grow alternately on a
low stem which is terminated by a single flower head.
Indian The Indian cucumber-root, which re-
Cucumber-Root. ceives its name from the taste of the
Medeola Virginiea. tyberous, horizontal, and white root
stalk, flowers in early summer ; but the blossom is very
unattractive, and it is only in September, when ,the

beautiful dark purple berries appear in clusters of

110 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

three, that onr attention is attracted to the plant.
It grows in the woods, and has a simple stem with a
circle of six or seven thin, parallel-ribbed, bright
green leaves; close up to the berries are three smaller
leaves.

Indian Cucumber-Root.

CHAPTER VIII.

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST.

Nasturtium to Purple-flowering Raspberry.

Nasturtium, or THE nasturtium is perhaps one of the

Indian Cress. most satisfactory of all the garden an-

Tropeolum.

‘nuals; it produces an immense num-

ber of flowers with a small amount of attention from

the gardener, and it withstands
drought and the intense heat of
midsummer better than any other
denizen of the garden. The flower
comes to us from South America,
chiefly from Peru and Chili. No
wonder that it is well adapted to a
climate subject to hot waves and
drought. Although the fruit is
pickled, and finds its way to our
tables as an agreeable condiment,
the flowers oftener appear there as

N. Prince Henry.

a midsummer decoration. What a glory of color it

brings us!—golden yellow, palest straw-color, the

111

112 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

same tint with ruby eyes, rich maroon, burning sear.
let, intense red, scarlet pink, delicate salmon, russet-
orange, bright orange, esthetic old gold, and gray-
purple in silky sheen, peach-blow pink, streaky bronze
and gold, ruby-eyed gold, and a host of variations of
all these colors which I never could adequately de-
scribe in twenty pages. The varieties which seem to
me most attractive are, in order, as follows:

Prince Henry, Streaked scarlet and straw-yellow.
Empress of India, Intense red, dark foliage.

Aurora, Salmon and orange-buff.

Pearl, Pale straw-yellow.

Rose, Deep scarlet-lake pink.

Edward Otto, Pale brownish lilac.

King of Tom Thumbs, Intense scarlet, dark foliage.
Asa Gray, Straw-yellow, striped with dull red.

For a really beautiful dark flower the King Theo-
dore, clothed in velvety maroon, must command our
admiration, but the darker and richer Black Scabiosa
(mourning bride) is handsomer than the deepest-hued
nasturtium. The Crystal Palace Gem, straw-yellow
with maroon eyes, is dainty in coloring, but not so
delicate in effect as the pale Pearl. What is remark-
able about these nasturtiums (all except Edward Otto
and Asa Gray belong to the dwarf division, which does
not climb) is their prodigality of bloom. From six
dozen plants one may gather during the height of

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 113

bloom fully three hundied flow-
ers each day for a period of two
weeks ; the picking of about
four thousand flowers during so
short a time, it is needless to say,
would keep one pretty well oc-
cupied.

But such results are not to be
obtained under any other than
favorable conditions: the nastur-
tium wants all the sun it can get,

plenty of water, and nothing but

N. Pearl.

sandy loam to grow in; any
richer ground, or lesser sunlight, will make the plant
produce nothing but leaves. It is curious to note
how quickly the little plant responds to the right
kind of treatment: if we wish
many flowers, we must not fail to
pick each blossom as soon as it
appears; if the flowers are allowed
to remain on the plant, the latter
concludes that they are not wanted,
and soon ceases to produce any
more; as fast as the flowers are
gathered, others begin to make
their appearance ; whereas, if the

N. King Theodore. plants are left to themselves, there

114 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

is a grand display of color for a very short season
and then no flowers at all. The nasturtium is one
of the earliest annuals to reward us with its flowers,
and it is amusing to see how soon the little hum-
ming bird discovers the whereabouts of the first
blossom, and how he lingers over it, taking repeated
sips of honey, reluctant at last to leave. I have
watched one little fellow visit flower
after flower, when later in the sea-

son they were very plentiful, and,
still loath to leave such a paradise
of sweets, rest awhile on thie
wire screen which sup-
ported the sweet peas,
preening his feathers
contentedly, and then
make a final round as

N. Asa Gray.

though he was bent on
obtaining a square meal before leaving a certainty
for an uncertainty.

There are three divisions of the nasturtinm group
which are different in habit of growth: the dwarf,
which does not climb; the Zoddcanwm, which runs
over the ground and climbs very little; and the
major, which attains a height of ten feet or more.
The dwarf is the most prolific bloomer, but the Lob-
bianum has a larger and more perfect flower; the

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 115

major is a splendid variety for climbing over fences,
and so forth, and its foliage is of
ranker growth. Of these three
varieties: the dwarf seems most |
satisfactory, as it requires the
least attention, takes the least
amount of space, and insures the
largest returns; with a hundred

plants, carefully set out, one

Leaf Canary-Bird Vine.

should be able to gather a thou-

sand blossoms a day at the height of the season;
this would not be possible with either of the other
varieties.

Tropwolum peregrinum is a very near relative of
the nasturtium, and is a beautiful-leafed vine, with
rather small, pure yellow flowers; from a fancied re-
semblance of the blossom to the canary, it is some-
times called canary-bird flower. The vine climbs by
means of the leaf stem, which develops a sort of
kink in the effort to catch on something and draw
itself upward. The leaf is deeply lobed, white-veined,
and of a soft, light-green color. The flower has five
petals, with the three lower ones fringed. The vine
is in bloom all summer. The water-cress (astur-
tiwm officinale), whose botanical name is somewhat
misleading, is a member of the Mustard family, and
is therefore unrelated to our garden nasturtium.

116 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Hels, A close relation of the jewel weed,
or Lady’s Slipper. the garden balsam, or lady’s slipper,
Impatiens balsamina. d,0are a striking resemblance to the
wild species; but only the single flowers look like
the jewel weed;
the double ones
rather resemble the
Camellia Japonica.
Nowadays the hor-
ticulturists give us
a splendid double
flower which has
little likeness to the
single lady’s slip-

Malmaison Balsam.

pers of our grand-
mothers’ gardens. The variety named Malmaison is
a favorite of mine; it has the most delicate blush-
pink color imaginable, and certainly looks like the
rose it was named for. The balsam comes to us
from India. It blooms throughout the summer.
Geranium. The name Pelargonium is from
Pelargonium. the Greek word meaning stork, and
was suggested by the shape of the seed pod, which
resembles that of the bird’s beak. The wild gera-
nium carries the English name crane’s-bill for the
same reason. Our Pelargoniwms are natives of
the Cape of Good Hope, and they are so mixed up

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 117

through crossing in the process of cultivation that
only a few species may be identitied with the help of
botanical descriptions. The following are common
in our gardens:

Peppermint P. (P. tomentosum).—The leaves are
large, round, heart-shaped, with five to seven lobes,
and are velvety-hairy on both sides. The insignifi-
cant flowers are white. By gentle pressure the leaf
will emit a peppermint odor, by which the plant can
be easily identified.

Rose-scented P. (P. capitatum).—The leaves are
velvety, rounded and moderately lobed, and the little
flowers, scarcely half an inch long, are of a magen-
. ta-crimson color; there are many flowers in a head;
the foliage is unmistakably rose-scented.

Pennyroyal P. (P. exstipulatum).—This variety
has an altogether different leaf from the foregoing ;
botanically speaking, it is palmately-three-parted—i. e.,
in figure like the triple leaf of the clover, but, unlike
the latter, these divisions are close together and wedge-
shaped with toothed edges; it is also small, perhaps
half an inch wide, and is soft and velvety; it has a
strong aromatic smell like pennyroyal. The flowers
are very small and white.

All three of these varieties are commonly culti-
vated by the farmers’ wives throughout New York
and New England.

118 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Ivy-leaved P. (P. peltatum).—This variety has an
ivy-shaped, smooth, five-lobed leaf, sometimes with a
dark zone, and is easily recognized. The flowers are
generally of crimson or cherry tones of color, with a
variety of pink tints and also a pure white. I know
of only one or two scarlet varieties, and these are of
recent introduction.

Horseshoe P. (P. zonale) and Stained or Scar-
let P. (2. aquinans) are two varieties which have
become inextricably mixed; the
former has a dark horseshoe
mark or zone on the leaf,
which, however, is sometimes
wanting, and the latter has a
lighter green leaf without the
zone. Both varieties have
round scalloped leaves, which
have a “fishy smell.” To these

two classes belong the infinite

Leaf of P. zonal.

variety of bright-colored and
delicately tinted flowering geraniums which are so
common as bedding plants. A notable white variety
with double flowers is called La Favorite; a lovely
salmon-pink one is the Beauté Poitevine. Nearly
all these geraniums have received the close atten-
tion of French horticulturists, and in the continuous
process of cross-fertilization we have quite lost sight

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 119

of some of the original species. The common sweet-
scented geraniums, with small inconspicuous crim-
son-pink flowers, general-
ly belong to the variety
called P. Radula.

As a rule, all the
mixed, showy - flowered
Pelargoniums are called
Lady Washington gerani-
ums; this name does not
apply to any individual
variety. One of the most
beautiful of the light-
leaved geraniums is called
Madame Salleroi; the leaf
is almost white, and is
generally zoned with a

pale green.

La Favorite Geranium.

It is interesting to

know that the wild geranium, herb Robert, wood
sorrel, garden geranium, nasturtium, canary-bird vine,
jewel weed, and lady’s slipper (balsain) all belong to
the Geranium family. It is seldom the case that a
family circle includes so many attractive and beau-
tiful individuals who are distinguished by such a
marked contrast in character; how widely different
the wood sorrel is from the scarlet geranium !

120 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Portulaca. Portulaca comes to us from South

Portulaca America. Its brilliant flowers, in

grandifiert. rane closely resembling a wild rose,
are found snuggled close to the ground in nearly
every country garden. The foliage is narrow like
fir-needles, but of a thick and pulpy nature; the
stems are also thick and are ruddy in color. There is
a great variety of colors among the flowers—crimson,
pure pink, scarlet-pink, magenta, scarlet, pale and deep
yellow, buff, and orange. The double variety, in my
estimation, is not as beautiful as the
single. A troublesome weed of the
garden resembling portulaca, but
having a broader and blunt leaf, is
called P. oleracea, purslane, or pus-
Jey. Charles Dudley Warner, in My
Summer in a Garden, has drawn
particular attention to this omnipres-

ent weed; it is a great nuisance to

Leaves of Pusley.

the amateur gardener, but he can
console himself with the thought that it was handed
down to him from his ancestors; they brought it
with them from the old country, and it once sup-
plied the table with a much-relished dish of greens
which has since been displaced by spinach and young
beet-tops. Portulaca is an annual which flowers all

summer.

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 121

A auantig: The amaranth, or amarantus, is really
A. caudatus,and a Cultivated weed—a weed with a
mn college education, as some one has
said of the cauliflower as distinguished from common
cabbage. The two varieties, A. caudatus (Prince’s
Feather), erect flowering, and A. melancholicus (Love-
lies-bleeding), with pendulous flower stems, are most
common. The flowers in both varieties are generally
crimson; both come from India. Another variety,
with flowers in an erect blunt spike (A. hypochon-
driacus), is cultivated from Mexico. There is a
wretched garden weed of exactly the same figure as
the cultivated amarantus, named A. retroflerus, com-
monly called pigweed. Its flowers are green. Celo-
sia, the garden cockscomb, is another near relative of
the amarantus; it also comes from India. Its flower
crest is generally fan-shaped. These flowers all bloom
throughout the summer.

St. John’s-wort is very common in

Shrubby :
St. John’s-wort. New Jersey, and it may also be found
Hypericum in more or less plenty north and
densifiorum.

south of that State. Its flowers are
small and golden-yellow, and grow in dense clusters,
from which fact it received its botanical name. My
drawing is taken from a specimen which grew in the
“Pines” of New Jersey. This variety of the flower

is a distinctively American one, as H. perforatum,
9

ra

122 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Shrubby St. John’s-wort,

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 123

which has small and opposite leaves, although com-
moner in New England, is, as Gray says, “the only
one not indigenous.” There is no possibility of con-
fusing the two varieties, as one is shrubby and the
other has an upright, much-branched stem. The
flower gets its name from the superstition that on
St. John’s day, the 24th of June, the dew which fell
on the plant the evening before was efficacious in pre-
serving the eyes from disease. So the plant was col-
lected, dipped in oil, and thus transformed into a
balm for every wound. In fact, superstition gathered
about the plant in such a variety of forms that the
Scotch in olden times carried it about in their pockets
as a charm against witchcraft. St. John’s-wort can
hardly be called beautiful, and it is considered a
great nuisance in farming-lands. The shrubby va-
riety grows about three feet high and flowers in
June. The ZZ. perforatum is an herb which grows
one or two feet high and flowers all summer.
pirpletowétng The purple-flowering “raspberry is
Raspberry. not purple at all. This is a popular
Rubus odoratus. — yame without any truth in it. The
flowers are crimson-magenta in color, and look some-
thing like wild roses; the leaves are somewhat like
maple leaves in shape, but are even larger. The fruit
looks like a common raspberry, but it is flat, and of a
weak red color. There are no thorns on the stems,

124 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

and, but for this circumstance and the fact that the
leaves are so big and strange-looking in the company
of the rather striking flower, we might easily mis-
take it for some kind of a rose. It blooms in June
and July.

Purple-flowering Raspberry.

Lilium Canadense.

JUNE, JULY, AND
AUGUST.

Field Lily to Clematis.

Yellow Field Lily, Tur yellow
Lilium Canadense. Feld lily be-

gins to hang its golden-yellow
buds over the meadows in June,
and in July the pretty bells are
in their prime. I need not say
a word in praise of the grace-
ful flower; several poets have
already exhausted upon it a long
category of admiring phrases.
But we must admit it has a
pretty badly freckled face,
which perhaps is the reason it
hangs its head; however this
may be, the graceful droop
adds still another charm to the

decorative form, and one ought
125

126 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

to be alone satisfied with such a wonderful perfection
of curved outlines. The plant reaches an average
height of three feet.

There is another handsome variety,
Turk’s-cap Lily. :

ae similar to the one just described
Lilium superbum, ’

called Turk’s-cap lily, whose color is
richer, and whose graceful flower divisions are more
strongly curved backward. This lily is common on
Cape Cod and all along the coast of New
England. Its leaves are perhaps less reg-
ularly arranged in circles, but the stalk
grows taller; at times it reaches a height
of six feet. I have made a little drawing
of the symmetrical seed vessel which in
late summer assumes a beautiful bronze
line. It is astonishing to see the number

of seeds packed in close layers that just
Seed-pod of i

Lilium su- one pod contains. How prolific in life
Nature sometimes shows herself to be!
Each one of: those tiny seeds contains a hidden life.
Think of the yield of which one plant is capable!
Wild Rea Lily, 10 my estimation the wild red lily,
Lilium which always grows in shady places
Philadelphicum. — (nogstly in or on the edge of the
¥ §
woods), is the most beautiful one of all the wild spe-
cies. Its color is a splendid red of a vermilion cast.

The flowers stand erect and resemble tiger lilies turned

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST.

upward. The stalk grows
about two feet high, and
‘generally bears but one
flower, orange-yellow out-
side and vermilion inside,
spotted with brown mad-
der —hardly the purple
color which Gray men-
tions. The flower varies
in hue, and is sometimes
red-orange instead of yer-
milion. It blooms about
the ist of July, in the
thin woods, where the
ground is more or less
sandy.
“Blackeyed © Lhe black-
Susan. eyed Susan,
Rudbeckia hirta. as the chil-
dren call it, Gray says is
a Western flower which
was introduced into our
Eastern meadows with
clover seed. It is fre-
quently called cone-flow-
er by reason of the rather
high cone-shaped center

Lilium Philadelphicum.

127

128 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

which is usually of a brown-madder color. The
flower rays are a rich golden yellow, and have a
graceful reflex curve ;
the flower stems are
brownish, stiff, and
rough to the touch.
The plant grows
about eighteen inch-
es high. It blooms

in July.
Catchfly, The catchfly is
Silene noctiflora. @ommon in

waste grounds, and is easily
identified by its two-parted,
white petals. The variety I
have sketched is called night-
flowering, as the little bud
opens only toward evening,
or on cloudy days. It blooms
side by side with the evening
primrose, and might easily be
taken for a white variety of
the latter flower by one who
consults his imagination rath-
er than his botany. But there
is really no point of resem-
blance between the flowers. This catchfly is the most

Rudbeckia hirta.

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 129

beautiful thing imaginable un- yi
der the magnifying glass; the Ye ae :
petals are not so remarkable,

but the calyx (the protecting
green envelope of the flower) is
as delicate as though it were
modeled in spun glass; the
translucent lines of green
and white, the hairy sur-

face, and the symmetry

of the tiny form, are all
worth the closest exam-
ination. My pen-and-ink
drawing is hard and coarse he-
side Nature’s perfect art; if
the plant had been formed of
the most fragile and delicately
colored glass it could scarcely
have beén more curious or
beautiful. There are two other
varieties of the catchfly which
are common: Starry Campion
(Silene stellata) and Bladder
Campion (Silene inflata). The
petals of the former are cut in
a fringe; the stem of the latter
is smooth, and its calyx is RUEDE BOMHORy:

180 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

veined. Gray graphically explains all the minor
differences in a way which may be easily understood
by one to whom botany is only slightly familiar.
The eatchfly blooms in early summer.

Field Mouse-ear Lhe field mouse-ear
Chickweed. chickweed is one

Cerastiwm arvense. of the commonest
weeds which grows by our roadsides
in all parts of the country. Prof.
Meehan says he found it in Bergen
Park, Colorado, at a height of
seven thousand feet above sea level.
So common is the little gray-white
flower that my sketch will be all
that is needed for its identifica-
tion. It blooms from April to
early August. It has an Alpine
origin and does not stand the hot
weather well, but with the return
of autumn it resumes “a green
moss-like growth which it retains
throngh the winter, ready for the
Field Mouse-ear early bloom of spring.” Thus
Prof. Meehan describes its char-

acter. The common name has no significance now,
as it originated long ago by a fancied resemblance to
a certain species of forget-me-not which used to be

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 131

called Mouse-ear, because the leaves resembled in
form a mouse’s ear. It is not surprising to learn
that this flower is a relative of the sandwort (which
grows on Mount Washington), and a comparison of
my sketches of the two plants will show the close
resemblance.
Conon Common chickweed is very common
Chickweed. and troublesome in every garden; it
Stellaria medi. eg damp ground best, and spreads
its weakly stems, covered with fine foliage, all over
the garden beds. The tiny white flowers are very
insignificant; they bloom through spring and sum-
mer. S. longifolia is another variety with long leaves
widely spreading, and numerous flowers. SS. bore-
alis is @ variety common northward in all wet, grassy
places, and bears its inconspicnous flowers in the
forks of the leafy branches. It may be found border-
ing the springs among the hills of New Hampshire.
Verbena. Our charming garden verbenas are,
Verbena Aubletia. many of them, indigenous to this
country, and may be seen growing wild in Illinois,
the Carolinas, and southward. As a rule the flow-
ers are purple. Other garden varieties—pink, red,
and white—come from South America, generally the
Argentine Republic; one of these (V. teucroides)
is exceedingly sweet, vanilla-scented. The verbenas
flower all summer.

132 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Blue Vervain. Blue vervain is a tall weed with
Verbena hastata. tiny homely flowers, that grows in
waste places and beside the road. There is very little
suggestion of blue about it; the
flowers are decidedly purple,
and so few -of them are in
bloom at one time that they
lack color effect. The plant be-
gins to show its tiny blossoms
in July. It isa relative of our
beautiful garden verbenas, as its
name implies.

Water Arum. The water arum,
Calla palustris. | which is similar
in appearance to the cultivated
hothouse flower called calla lily
(wrongly named, as it does not
belong to the Lily family), is
common in boggy places north
of Pennsylvania. It flowers in
early summer, and is certainly
pretty enough to deserve culti-
vation ; but its magnificent rela-

tive, so much superior in size,

Blue Vervain.

evidently precludes the prob-
ability of the horticulturist taking interest in the
lesser flower. It seems a pity, for the wild calla is

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 133

very beautiful, but not quite so common as we might
wish; we have to look for it. Thoreau says, after
finding this calla
in a certain lo-
cality near Con-
cord: “ Having
found this in one
place, I now find
it in another.
Many an object

is not seen,
thongh it falls within the range of
our visual ray, because it does not
come within the range of our intel-
‘lectual ray. So in the largest sense
we find only the world we look for.”
Wklew devin: This is in a great measure true re-
garding a search for certain wild
flowers. They are only to be seen on demand!

Wild Sarseparilla, ‘The wild sarsaparilla, which must
Arvalia nudicaulis. not be mistaken for the true sarsa-
parilla of soda-water fame, is nevertheless often used
as a substitute for the officinal article. Its slender
roots, which run horizontally three or four feet in
every direction away from the stem, are as aromatic
as the mucilaginous twigs of the sassafras tree. But
every country boy knows all about sassafras and

134 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

sarsaparilla ; any plant which appeals to his sense of
taste or his propensity to chew is a component part
of the well-digested knowledge he never learned at
school. The rather pretty
balls of fine greenish-white
flowers of unique appear.
ance, which bloom in early
summer, will easily enable
one to identify the plant.
The single long-stalked leaf,

Flowers of Wild Sarsaparilla.

divided into three sections
of about five leaflets each, is too symmetrical and
pronounced in character to be mistaken for that of
any other plant when the peculiar globes of tiny
flowers are seen below it.
Hedge Bindweed. ‘he hedge bindweed (a larger flower
Calystegia sepium. than the European field bindweed),
is very common throughout New England. In ap-
pearance the flower is exactly like a pinky-white
garden morning-glory, to which it is closely related ;
but the leaf is quite different; it is not heart-
shaped, but looks more like an arrowhead, The
pretty vine climbs over the hedges beside the road,
and covers the unsightly brushwood with a glory
of dainty white flower bells, whose delicate pink
flush is unequaled by the tint of many a highly
cultivated garden flower. But the bindweed is a

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 135

:::dangerous character to bring into the garden; it is

--apt to choke everything it can get hold of, and it
spreads with remarkable rapidity from year to year.
The flowers begin to bloom in July. Our garden
morning-glory (lpomea purpurea), with a heart-
shaped leaf, comes from South America.

Dodder. That most distressing weed which goes
Cuscuta Gronovii. hy the name of dodder is a plague
which, in its disintegrating power, can only be com-
pared to sin! It works the greatest mischief if it
gets within the confines of the garden. The little
vine is parasitic, and it saps the energy of every
plant it can fasten itself upon! Celia Thaxter evi-
dently had great trouble with it in her island garden.
She speaks of it thus: “The plants emerge from the
ground, each like a fine yellow hair, till they are an
inch and a half or two inches long; they reach with
might and main toward the nearest legitimate-grow-
ing plant, and when they touch it, cling like a limpet ;
then they draw their other end up out of the ground
and set up housekeeping for the rest of their lives.
They adhere to the unhappy individual upon which
they have fixed themselves with a grip that grows
more and more horrible; they suck all its juices,
drink all its health and strength and beauty, and fling
out trailers to the next, and the next, and the next,
.. till the whole garden is a mass of ruin and despair.”

136 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

The slender wiry stems are light yellow-brown in
evlor, and are destitute of leaves; the flowers are
dull white little things which grow in
clusters at. intervals on the twining
stalk. Down East the weed grows
in wet places, and covers shrubs and
plants with a tangled mass of amber-
colored threads which produce a
rather pretty effect among the green.
It flowers in early summer. It is a
near relative of the morning-glory.

Bedstraw. The little vine called
Galium triflorum. edstraw has an in-
teresting conventional leaf, but an
inconspicuous white flower much less
effective than sweet alyssum. The
sweet-scented variety is common in
the glades of the White Hills and in
the thickets which border the rivers

there. The flowers have, in my opin-
ion, a sieckening-sweet odor which is unpleasant. The
vine is a pretty little thing, whose circularly arranged
leaves give it a decorative look. The most extraor-
dinary thing about bedstraw is the way it catches on
everything it touches; the microscope will tell the
reason why. In my frequent walks -to a secluded
spot on the brink of the beautiful Pemigewasset

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 187

River, where one may indulge-in a refreshing bath
on a hot July day, I pass through a belt of shrubbery
so thick with bedstraw that the odor is overpowering,
and advance is checked by the sticky vine which at
every point catches on one’s clothing.

Poison Ivy. On the meadows which border the
Ehus Toxicodendron. same river will be seen, all through
the summer, the drooping three-leafed vine called
poison ivy, or mercury: Gray says it is a vile
pest, and I perfectly agree with his estimate of its
character. It poisons some people dreadfully. Al-
though I had many a time touched the leaves with
my jingers without experiencing any ill effect, at last
came a miserable experience: a bit of the wretched
plant came in contact with the more sensitive skin,
which is very different from the callous cuticle of the
finger-tips, and the poison began to act like fire a few
days afterward; nothing but cloths saturated with
Pond’s Extract (witch-hazel) seemed to be of any use
in alleviating the burning, itching sensation. But
some persons are poisoned by even passing through a
district where the ivy grows; so it is best to avoid it al-
together. Curiously enough, an extract of Rhus Towi-
codendron is a homeopathic specific for skin diseases.
It has a very smooth, fresh green leaf, with an un-
varnished surface, which always occurs in threes, and

therefore should not be mistaken for the Virginia
10

138 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

creeper (Ampelopsis guinquefolia), which is a five-
leafed vine. In the hills of New Hampshire the cold
winters prevent any woody growth of the poison ivy,
and the vine trails at one’s feet over meadow and
roadside; but near Boston I have seen stone walls
covered with the woody branches which had attained
a tall and shrublike appearance. In autumn the clus-
ters of small gray berries are rather decorative, and
the leaves turn a pretty red. I have more than once
found the witch-hazel (Hamamelis Virginica) grow-
ing side by side with the ivy.
dieveee The beautiful clematis vine hangs in
Virgin’s Bower, festoons from the trees, and covers
Clematis the stone walls beside the roads which
Virginians Now the river courses among the
hills of New Hampshire. For that matter it grows
everywhere, and is quite as common in the Berkshire
country and in the vicinity of northern New Jersey.
The little flower has four greenish-white sepals which
look like petals, and a great number of stamens; it
grows in beautiful, graceful clusters. In the fall the
gray plumes of the flowers gone to seed are very
striking, and the hoary appearance of the vine at
this season suggested the name old man’s beard. The
vine supports itself by a twist in the leaf stem; it is
curious to note the turn of these stems, which actually
revolve in as short a space of time as the tips of

JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. 139

the morning-glory vine. Certainly clematis is one of
the most lovely vines which grow wild on our country
highways and
by-ways; in
August it is
covered with
dainty clusters
of starry blos-

soms, and in
October it is ar-
rayed in the silver eae
gray of its plumed ‘@,qweS
seed vessels. It will :
bear transplanting,
and flourishes in the cold-
est climate. Nothing is
prettier than its graceful
branches decorating a rus-
tic fence. It flowers in
midsummer. Mme. Edou-
ard Andre is a new variety
of the vine in cultivation
with handsome reddish
flowers. C. graveolens is
a variety cultivated from
Thibet with yellow flowers.
C. paniculata is a beautiful — ciematis, or Virgin's Bower.

140 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

species in cultivation, with flowers somewhat similar
in appearance to the wild variety, but more luxuriant
in growth; it comes from Japan. C. Jackmanni is a
violet-blue flowered variety also in cultivation, whose
blossoms are two inches or more broad.

ga

a(Cey)
ea) J My
AN zal /
FEY) \

Hoary Plume of the Clematis, or Old Man’s Beard.

CHAPTER X.

JUNE TO OCTOBER.
Poppy to Love-in-a-Mist.

The Poppy. THE Poppy family is so large and so

Fegiicts varied in type that a garden filled
with all the different varieties would present an as-
tonishing picture of contrasting forms and colors
from the 1st of June until the middle of October.
Yet, notwithstanding this fact, there are few who
allow the family a fair representation in their gar-
dens. Our knowledge of poppies, therefore, is gen-
erally confined to a very few varieties.

Gray says we have no truly wild species; all our
poppies come from the Old World ; but he mentions
a variety (P. dubiwm) which has run wild in fields in
Pennsylvania. In England and Scotland, and even in
Italy, the graceful, single, scarlet poppy is commonly
seen growing wild, especially in fields where wheat
is sown. I have gathered quantities of the flowers
in waste places within the walls of Rome. It seems

strange that this easy-growing annual has not obtained
141

142 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

the same strong foothold in our own country. For
six years I have picked strong and healthy poppies in
a certain part of my garden, where, after the first
sowing, the seed has taken the matter into its own
hands; but the flower has not yet consented to the
degenerate estate of a weed like its European com-
panions—toadflax, chicory, viper’s bugloss, and tansy.

The classification of poppies in the seedsmen’s cata-
logues is somewhat confusing ; as a rule, they present
three divisions—Ranunculus, Peony, and Carnation.
The two last-mentioned varieties may be included
under the general name which Gray uses, P. somnif-
erum, or opium poppy. The first-mentioned variety
may be included under Gray’s name, P. heas, or
corn poppy, of Europe. There is also a perennial
variety, called P. orientale, or Oriental poppy, which
is mentioned by the seedsmen as well as by Gray.
Under these three names we may include all the
commoner varieties of poppies which we may find in
the garden.

The less common varieties are P. nudicaule, or
Iceland poppy (perennial); P. glaucium, or tulip
poppy; and the more distant family connections,
Argemone Mexicana, or prickly poppy, and Esch-
scholtzia Californica, or California poppy. I might
add that our Sanguinaria Canadensis, or blood-root,
is a near relative of the poppy.

JUNE TO OCTOBER,

The seedsmen use the
names Ranunculus, Pseo-
ny, and Carnation merely
to distinguish the types
of certain flowers; thus,
one flower bears a resem-
blance to the garden ra-
nunculus, another to the
peony, and another to
the carnation. That these types are
very distinct, an examination of the
petals will abundantly prove. My
drawing of the poppy called Rosy
Morn is an example of a peony-
shaped flower; the daintier Mikado
and Fairy Blush are examples of
carnation-shaped flowers. The Shir-
ley and the Double French
poppies belong to the Ranun-
culus division.

The poppy is an extraor-
dinarily beautiful flower; it
would be partial for me to
recommend any particular vari-
ety; but if I were asked which
one seemed to be the most
beautiful, I think I should be

143

Rosy Morn Poppy.

144 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

inclined to answer, Fairy Blush; but then would come

a feeling of regret at the injustice done Rosy Morn,
Kider Down, Bride, and New Cardinal. Still, the
Fairy Blush is a most perfect beauty, whose creamy

Mikado Poppy.

white delicately penciled with
the .purest strong pink is
transcendently lovely. I have
grown specimens in my gar-
den which measured four
inches across.* The Rosy
Morn grows even larger, and
possesses a wealth of warm pink which
rivals many a rose. But I could not
exceed Celia Thaxter in her admira-
tion for the glorious poppy, and I can
not do better than quote what she says
in An Island Garden: “I think for
wondrous variety, for certain pictur-
esque qualities, for color and form,
and a subtile mystery of character,
poppies seem... the most satisfac-
tory flowers among the annuals. .

They are the tenderest lilac, richest scarlet, white

with softest suffusion of rose—all shades of rose—

* This Fairy Blush poppy was raised from seed obtained from
Mr. W. Atlee Burpee, of Philadelphia.

JUNE TO OCTOBER.

clear light pink with sea-green center,
the anthers in a golden halo about it;
black and fire-color; red that is deep-
ened into black, with gray reflections,
cherry-color with a cross of creamy
white at the bottom of the eup, and
round its central altar of ineffable
golden green again the halo of yellow
anthers. . . . Oh, these white poppies,
some with petals more delicate than
the finest tissue paper, with centers of
bright gold, some of thicker quality,
large shell-like petals, almost ribbed in
their effect, their green knob in the
middle like a boss upon a shield, rayed
about with beautiful grayish-yellow sta-
mens, as in the kind ealled the Bride.
Others—they call this kind the Snow-
drift—have thick double flowers, deep-
ly eut and fringed at the edges, the
most opaque white, and full of exqui-
site shadows. Then there are the Ice-
landers, which Lieutenant Peary found
making gay the frosty fields of Green-
land, in buttercup-yellow and orange
and white; the great Orientals, gor-
geous beyond expression; and the im-

Shirley Poppy.

146 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

mense single white California variety... . As for
the Shirleys, they are children of the dawn, and in-
herit all its delicate, vivid, delicious suffu-
sions of rose-color in every conceivable
shade. The Thorn Poppy (Argemone) is a
fascinating variety, most quaint in method
of growth and most decorative.”

It seems as though there was nothing
left to say about the color of poppies af-
ter this; yet we see the Fairy Blush and
the New Cardinal are not mentioned! So
great is the variety of individual types that
it would be nearly impossible for one to be-
come well acquainted with them all. Some
specimens of the pretty little globe-shaped
variety, called Japanese Pom-

pon, look as if they were spun
SROBDY, from the most delicate, soft

China silk. The single Shirley
is a variety from which every bit of black
blood has been eliminated ; so they possess

the daintiest and palest tints. The Ice-

land poppies are glorious in yellow and
orange, and Umbrosum is a rich scarlet Pej Boh?”
with a black cross at the base. Argemone

(a Mexican variety) is a dainty white flower with a

golden center, and the most delicate transparent flower

JUNE TO OCTOBER. 147

I can think of is the semi-double white poppy belong-
ing to the Ranuneulus division; this is as fair as the
daintiest wild rose.

The character of the foliage in the two divisions,
Ranunculus and Peony (carnation is the same with
the peeony), is entirely dif-
ferent. The leaves of the
former variety are grass-
green and round-edged ;
the leaves of the latter

clasp the stem, are a light
cabbage-green, smooth, with sharp-
pointed edges, and have an extremely
decorative form, not unlike the fa-
mous acanthus leaf which furnished
inspiration to the Greek artists in the
designing of the most beautiful capital
for a column the world has ever seen.
The opium poppy, which is culti-
vated in India and Persia, has white
petals and white seeds; I consider the
single flower, called Flag of Truce,
typical of this variety. The opium

Flag of Truce
Poppy.

poppy cultivated in Asia Minor has purplish flowers
and black seeds.

The charming California poppy receives its name
from a German naturalist by the name of Esch-

148 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

scholtz ; it possesses the most brilliant and perfect yel-
low and orange in existence. No flower can equal it in
color, and the artist’s paint box contains no pigment
which can approach it within “hailing distance.” It
has a range of bright hues
from pure yellow to deep
orange, and a cream-yellow
white which is exceedingly
soft and beautiful. The pe-
culiar little pointed calyx
rests extinguisher-like on the
flaming yellow petals, and is
forced off whole as the flow-
er expands. Although the
flower is common in Califor-
nia and grows there in great
abundance as a wild flower
without value, it is prized
very highly in the East as a

garden annual.

Eschscholtzia.

The tree poppy (Dendro-
mecon rigidum) of California is six or eight feet
high and bears brilliant yellow flowers, not unlike
Eschscholtzia, nearly three inches broad. This is re-
markable as a shrubby plant belonging to an almost
wholly herbaceous family, the Papaveracew.

The poppy is extensively employed in the conven-

JUNE TO OCTOBER. 149

tional ornament of India, and one of the most beauti-
ful finial ornaments in Gothic architecture is called
the poppy-head.

Argemone is not as familiar an object in the garden
as one might wish. The variety called Aldflora is the
only one commonly cultivated; this has large white
flowers with yellow anthers. The yellow variety pro-
duces pretty flowers not as brilliant in color as Esch-
scholtzta, and therefore less frequently met with in
the garden. But the pity of it is that poppies are
such ephemeral characters. Burns says very truly in
Tam o’ Shanter:

“ But pleasures are like poppies spread,
You seize the flower, its bloom is shed.”

Pot Marigola, Lhe pot marigold, or calendula, is a

Calendula common garden flower which, in my
apieinalis. — actimation, is not half appreciated.
The name calendula is suggestive; it comes from the
Latin calenda, first day of the month. It is a fact
that the calendula will bloom through each month.
It has a most extraordinary power of supply, and
from July until late in November, if it is protected
from frost, it will continue to bloom with unabating
vigor. It will also bloom in the greenhouse all win-
ter and through the following spring.
Its orange and yellow are superb and vie with the

150 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

magnificent hues of the Eschscholtzia ; nothing can
surpass the royal color of the Prince of Orange, and
no yellow is purer and stronger
than that of the lemon or sul-
phur calendula. The Meteor is
beautifully striped with pump-
kin-orange on a yellow ground,
and Trianon is a bright-yellow
flower with a brown boss in the
center. My favorite variety is
the pale-tinted Le Proust, which
has a dark center and a circle of
closely packed, light yellow-buff
rays. Like the nasturtium, the
calendula produces an unlimited
supply of flowers on the condi-

tion that the blossoms must be

Le Proust Calendula.

continually picked.

It is a pity that the plant is generally considered
an ill-scented one; even Gray mentions this little
drawback. But I like the smell of calendulas; it is
herby and grateful—at least to my olfactory nerves.
Perhaps this may be on account of a long-continued
acquaintance with the flower, but it is a significant
fact that those who really love Nature’s beautiful
things take few exceptions to her peculiarities, and I
will admit that the smell of the calendula is peculiar.

JUNE TO OCTOBER. 151

However, if we choose, we may easily cultivate a
catholicity of taste which at least will exempt us
from the danger of one which is prudish. The Eng-
lish use the calendula to flavor their soups, and the
leaves are also boiled down in fat for use as a healing
salve. The term officinal, it might be well to men-
tion just here, is applied to plants which have a com-
mercial value, and are commonly on sale. As a rule,
many plants have officinal roots; this is the case with
the true sarsaparilla and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra).
But the calendula is more beautiful than it is useful,
and the double varieties are extremely ornamental in
the garden; the petals, or rather corollas, are com-
pactly fitted together, and are strap-shaped and resem-
ble the close-fitting little feathers on the neck of a
bird. What we call the seed of the flower—which is
a dry, green, rough, curled-up little thing less than
half an inch in length, with a general resemblance to a
small green worm—is, botanically speaking, an akene
or small, dry, one-seeded fruit which is usually mis-
taken for a naked seed. But the akene is evidently
more than the seed; it includes the ripened pistil of
the flower, and upon cutting it open the seed, with its
shell, is found complete within. The akenes of the
ealendula all belong to the ray flowers; the disk
flowers are sterile. In the immense Composite fam-
ily of which the calendula is a member, all the so-

152 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

called seeds are akenes. A naked seed is instanced
by that of the portulaca in the Purslane family,
where we will find it carefully tucked away with
many companions in a tiny box with a lid.
Gaillardia, or In the Gaillardia of our gardens we
Blanket Flower, really have a cultivated flower which
Gatllardia is our own—a native of our country.
pulchella. ‘wide
It originally came from Lonisiana,
and was first brought into France by M. Thouin, a
professor of agriculture in Paris,
in 1787. The plant was named
for a M. Gaillardet, who was a
patron of botany. It is a pretty
flower in its single form, slightly
resembling coreopsis, but is more
highly colored than the latter
flower; its hues are varied in
reds and deep and pale yellows.
There is a handsome double vari-
ety named G. Lorenziana, whose
flowers are mixed yellow and
flame-color, and somewhat resem-
ble small chrysanthetmums. But

I fancy the single varieties more.

Gaillardia.

It is frequently the case that a
beautiful single flower gains little or nothing by the
doubling process. The charming @. amblyodon, of

JUNE TO OCTOBER. 153

a blood-red color, is now cultivated in our gardens,
and is a native of Texas, where it grows in profu-
sion on the banks of the Brazos. Another beautiful
cultivated variety. is Aurora Borealis, whose colors
are gold, rich red, and white. G. aristata grows wild
in Missouri and farther west, and has also come under
cultivation. Its showy rays are either yellow through-
out or are dashed with brownish purple at their base.
G. lanceolata grows wild south-
ward from Carolina, in the pine
barrens, has narrow leaves, and
flower heads with small yellow
rays and brownish-purple disks.
The Gaillardias are both perennials
and annuals; the varieties G. am-
blyodon and G. pulchella are an-
nuals. All are summer flowering
plants.

The summer chry-
Summer

Chrysanthemum, santhemum is a

Chrysanthemum charming annual
coronarium. \ .
held in high es-

teem by the farmers’ wives, par-

ticularly in New England. In summer chrysanthe-
mum, Burridgeanum.

nearly every dooryard, where there

are any flowers at all, we will be pretty sure to see

in summer the Coronarium chrysanthemum. The
11

154 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

single varieties I do not fancy; they are artificial-
looking, but withal rather decorative. The double
flowers are splendid in golden yellow and yellowish

Love-in a-Mist,

white, and the plants bloom with
prodigal liberality. Of the single
varieties I consider Burridgeanum,
which is white with a crimson band
and yellow toward the center, the
most attractive.

Love-in-a-Mist, Love-in-a-mist is
Nigella Damascena. g peculiar character
with wiry or misty foliage—which-
ever you please to call it—and white
or pale violet-white flowers which
curiously nestle beneath the fine foli-
age. It is rather a strange than a
beautiful flower, but it deserves a

place in the garden for variety’s sake. It blooms
throughout the summer, and is an annual which
has long been a favorite with those who have a

taste for the old-fashioned.

AY
/\ =
CHAPTER XI. SKNC
REA Ly
JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND B ORR

SEPTEMBER. <V/

Loosestrife to Jewelweed.

Four-LEAVED

Four-leaved ;
Loosestrife. loosestrife, as

Lysimackia distinguished
quadrifolia.

from the oth-
er common variety, which is
called yellow loosestrife, may
be identified by its leaves,
which generally grow in
fours on the stem at regu-
lar intervals. The pretty
little golden-yellow, _ star-
shaped flowers, with a touch
of rusty color between each
point, grow out on a rather
long, fine stem from the
point where the leaf joins

the main stalk. This loose-

strife grows thick at the Four-leaved Loosestrife.
155

156 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

edge of the thickets which border the meadows of
Campton, N. H. It is not a striking flower, but it
attracts one by its tiny symmetry and pretty yellow
color. It blooms in early summer, and flourishes
where the soil is sandy. There is a purple loose-
strife (Lythrum Salicaria) which blooms in August,
and is not quite so common as the yellow varieties.
Its flowers are magenta, and the narrow petals are
curved and twisted; the leaves are lance-shaped. It
grows in wet ground.

Common Loosestrife. The common loosestrife grows in
Lysimachia stricta. low, wet ground, and may easily be
distinguished from the four-leaved variety by its
branching habit and its flower cluster which termi-
nates the stem; it is also more leafy. The color
effect of this flower, growing thickly beneath the
scattered groups of low birch and elder-berry which
dot the intervales in the White Mountain region, is
very beautiful. The yellow color blends softly with
the shadowy green of the foliage in July. I re-
member no prettier sight than a long belt of loose-
strife which skirts the shrubbery surrounding a re-
treat to which the boys resort on the warm July
days—the popular bathing place. Loosestrife may be
found almost anywhere ; not only with the environ-
ment just described, but on the banks of the beautiful
rivers which wind through the Vermont hills, in the

JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 157

valley of the Hudson, beside the streams which flow
through the Catskills, and in the immediate vicinity
of Boston. It is interesting to

know that the dainty, white star-
flower is closely related to loose-
strife. They both belong to the
Primrose family.

Turtle-head. The turtle-head
Chelone glabra. may be found
with the same sur-
roundings as the
loosestrife, or per-
haps down close by
the river. It is a
reserved character,
and in this respect
resembles the closed
gentian in having a
shut-up look! Its
flowers are white or
pinkish, and bloom
in August. It is a
relative of the gar-
den snap dragon.
My sketch will be
sufficient for its iden-
tification. Turtle-head.

158 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Tall Meadow-Rue. The beautiful tall meadow-rue be-
Phalictrum Cornutt. ging to show its plumes of feathery
white flowers in early summer when the yellow field
lily is in full bloom. I eall to

mind a lovely spot on the mead-
ows of Campton, N. H.,
where the graceful lilies
hang their score of golden
bells against a shady
background of low
birch which is lighted
up here and there by
the soft, white bloom
of the tall mead-
ow-rue; such a
picture one can
not forget; and the
sleepy heat of a July
day, the hum of insects, the
i buzz of a lazy bumblebee,

/ and the rustling of tall grass
disturbed by the flight of a

Tall Meadow. ground sparrow — these are
all the living parts of a pic-

ture in which the meadow-rue’s tall and graceful
figure stands supreme. The ornamental blue-green
leaves are well worth close study, as they are charm-

JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 159

ingly decorative ; it is also interesting to notice how
like they are to the leaves of the Anemonella thalic-
troides.

Early Meadow-Rue, There is another quite common
Thalictrum dioicum. meadow-rue (7. dioicum) which, it
seems to me, ought to be called wood rue, as it near-
ly always grows on the borders of the forest. This
variety is about eighteen inches tall, and bears in-
significant brownish-green flowers which fail to at-
tract one when they appear in late spring.

Thorn-Apple. The thorn-apple, so called on ac-
Datura Stramonium. count of its round, green, thorny
fruit, is one of the rankest-smell-
ing weeds in existence. It is
only necessary for one to crush
a leaf or stem between the fin-
gers to be thoroughly assured of
the fact that the weed is reput-
sively rank—not attractively rank
like the onion. Memory recalls
a certain empty lot next to the

house in which I lived in Brook-

Thorn-Apple Blossom.

lyn where there was a rubbish

heap pretty well ornamented with this white-flow-
ered Datura. I transplanted some of the weed in
my garden, and was ridiculed for the bad taste dis-
played in liking such a rank thing; but the flowers

160 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

were beautiful to my boyish eyes, and now the mag-
nificent D. cornucopia, which is but a recent highly
cultivated variety of the same flower, is greatly sought
after by those who wish to ornament their gardens,
The flower has a long, tubular five-pointed corolla set
in a long, light-green calyx. It blooms in early sum-
mer, and is a familiar object in open lots around New
York and the cities of northern New Jersey. I never
found it in New Hampshire.

The spreading dogbane is so com-

Spreading i :
Dogbane. mon all over the country in thickets
Apocynum and woody dells that one can not fail
androsemifolium.

to find-it without the effort of a reg-
ular search. It is easy to identify the small, loose
clusters of tiny, pinky-white, bell-shaped flowers
which resemble lilies-of-the-valley, and grow on
a bush that bears smallish, oval, dull, light-green
leaves; on breaking off a stem it exudes a sticky
milk-white juice, as the milkweed does. The flowers
are quite as beautiful as many small garden favorites,
and in my estimation they are individually more at-
tractive by reason of their delicious dainty pink flush
than the lily-of-the-valley. This seems flat heresy,
but in, defense of the preference for a common wild
flower I would venture to predict that if some horti-
culturist should succeed in producing a lily-of-the-
valley with the dainty pink coloring of the dogbane,

JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 161

such a flower with its charming perfume would be
wildly admired by every lover of flowers. Such is
the disadvantage of the wild flower that its beauty is
discounted if it has not reached an abnormal devel-

Spreading Dogbane.

opment, and its charms are unheeded if it does not
throw out a perfume strong enough to entice the

162 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

passer-by. The dogbane blooms
in early summer, and it is often

found in the company of the
milkweed.

Common Milkweed. The com-
Aselepias Cornuti. won milk-
weed needs no introdue-
tion; its pretty pods of
white silk are familiar to
every child, who treas-
ures them until the tine
comes when the place

in which they are
stowed away

is one mass of bewil-

dering, un-
manageable

white fluff. Then

there are vague

talks about stuff-
ing pillows and all
that sort of thing ;
but the first attempt
to manipulate the law-
less, airy down usually
results in disastrous
Atilkweed Down: confusion, and whole

JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 16¢3

masses go floating away on the slightest zephyr.
Of course, there is more fun in chasing milkweed
down than in patiently stuffing a pillow; so the
milkweed has its own way and goes sailing off to
scatter its seeds hither and thither, and the pillow,
perhaps, is filled with the aromatic balsam fir. But,
before the last tiny tuft of silk has escaped with
its balancing brown seed, we must place it under
the microscope and examine the bronze-colored seed
and the strange downy sail. Can one imagine any-
thing more perfect? Place some bits of white sewing
silk beside the sheeny silk of Nature, and the former
will look like coarse, white rope. Gray must have
been puzzled to know how to describe the color of
the milkweed’s flowers; what a predicament for Na-
ture to put a color-blind botanist in! She has evi-
dently mixed up all the colors on her palette and
painted the beautiful blossoms in absolutely neutral
tints. Gray does not stop to analyze the color, but
dismisses the matter by labeling the flower “ dull
greenish purplish.” Now, if we will take the paint
box and mix pure green and pure purple together,
and then throw in a tiny bit of black to get the
“ dull” effect, we will not approach the color of the
milkweed’s flower. No, Nature did not produce her
color that way; the flower is neither green nor pur-
ple, nor a mixture of those colors, but is a neutralized

164 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

brown, so we must call it brown, with modifications
which fit the case. My modification, then, would be
pale lavender brown, with a few touches of pale-
brown lavender. For the in-
dorsement of my statement I
must refer to the microscope ;
under it the colors will show
themselves detinitely, and the
flower will also prove to be
exquisitely formed. The milk-
weed is in blossom during the

Milkweed. early part of the summer; its
heavy perfume is cloying; in other words, it is alto-
gether too sweet.

Butterfly Weed, Lhe butterfly weed is a variety of
Asclepias tuberosa. milkweed which is very common
throngh New England, particularly in the vicinity
of Cape Cod. It grows in dry sandy places, blooms
in midsummer, and stains the pas-

tures with a brilliant orange-color, NN

which, I should think, would set a
colorist of the impressionist school

quite wild. The shape of the flow- mating seed of But
: F terfly Weed.

ers is almost exactly like that of the

common milkweed; but, unlike the latter plant, the

tems and stalks when broken do not exude a plenti-

ful supply of sticky “milk.” I have drawn the seed

JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 165

pod, which is slenderer than that of common milk-
weed, and more interesting ; it bursts later, and holds
on its ragged-looking contents bet-
ter, thus giving the dried and
shriveled plant a weird appearance,
suggestive of a wild, gray-haired
witch.

Harebell, Lhe dainty harebell,
Campanula which looks ‘so frail

rotundifolic. that it seems as
though a cold gust of wind might
_wither its transparent blue and
. break .its,delicate stem, is one of

the hardiest of all our smaller wild geea pod of the Butter-
flowers. This flower is, in fact, no ean
other. than the rugged bluebell of Scotland. It will
be found blooming in the meadows in early June,
and northward it can be gathered on the mountain
tops as late as September. I have found perfect
specimens on the slopes of Mount Washington and
on the edges of the rocky cliffs which flank the
southern side of Mount Willard, in the Crawford
Notch, as late as the 20th of September. The pretty
little blue, pointed bells can be often seen hanging over
a precipice and swinging at every passing breeze with a
fearlessness which one would expect in a larger flower
with a bolder aspect. But goats and bluebells are

166 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Harebell.

quite at home on rocky preci-
pices, and it would take more
than a cyclone to disturb the
snre footing of either. I
have seen a little plant, eight
inches: high, bend its wiry
stem prone beneath the blast,
and yet the half dozen flower
bells it held were not broken
off nor injured. Those of us
whose gardens have been vis-
ited by the sudden gale which
will sometimes precede a
thunderstorm know what sad
havoe it works among flow-
ers which have every appear-
ance of strength. But it is
the stout oak which falls with
a crash in a high wind which
only bends the supple reed.
The harebell was built to
stand the mountain storm.
The flower has a beautiful
purple color, scarcely ap-
proaching blue; this color is
so charmingly graduated
within the bell that in its

JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 167

depths it is misty-looking. The color of the anthers
and the stamens, tive in number, are surprisingly
pretty when viewed

through a mag-
nifying glass;
the stems and
/. leaves are wiry

and tough; but

the tenderer
round leaf, from
which the plant gets its botan-
ical name, springs directly from
the root and dies early.

Self-heal. The very famil-
Prunella vulgaris, iar rusty - green
heads of this small blue (more
correctly blue-purple) flower
called self-heal are
ever present be-
side the road and
on the edge of

the pasture. All summer long

the tireless little flower blossoms
pee almost anywhere we may hap-
pen to look. It is provoking to see a common thing
so constantly and yet not to know its name; and I

venture to say there are but few of us who recognize

168 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

it as Brunella. But one can claim only a scraping
acquaintance with a flower who knows it by sight
and by name; Brunella, I think, deserves more at-
tention. If a good specimen is placed under the mi-
croscope, it will reveal quite a pretty little face.
We can not see its perfect form without the glass;
the upper part is hooded over, and the lower has a
flange on either side and a lip below which seem
to invite the passing bumblebee to step in and take
a sip of honey. There is pretty nearly always a
yellow-striped visitor hanging on one of these purple
flowers of the self-heal; his head is buried up to
his ears in the tiny corolla, and we must shake him
off if we wish to get a close view of the pretty little
stamens and pistil which are encircled by the minia-
ture, soft purple throat. The flower is in bloom
from June to October.
Comma The common meadow-sweet is com-
Meadow-Sweet. mon enough in some places, but rare
Spiraea salicifolia. + others. I have never found it in
the southern Catskills nor in the northern part of
New Jersey, although I dare say it grows in both
localities. In my estimation, a flower is common when
you see it without the slight exertion of looking for
it. Ihave never looked for the flower in the locali-
ties mentioned ; but experiences differ, and some peo-
ple are fortunate in finding things which are not com-

JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 169

mon, in very common places. One does not need to
look for the soft plumes of the meadow-sweet in the
moist nooks of the highways among the White Hills
during the early summer; they are before one’s eyes
everywhere. Damp ground or dry, it is all the same;
there is the pretty bush with its plume of pinkish-white
flowers directly before us. J find it, too, quite as com-
mon in the Berkshire country; and Dora Read Good-
ale says:
“, .. she follows every turn
With spires of closely clustered bloom,
And all the wildness of the place,

The narrow pass, the rugged ways,
But give her larger room.

“ And near the unfrequented road,
By waysides scorched with barren heat,
In clouded pink or softer white
She holds the summer’s generous light—
Our native meadow-sweet!”

But it was a New England girl who wrote this, and
very true it is so far as New England is concerned ;
but look for the flower in the vicinity of Lake George,
and the poetry does not apply:
Hardhack, or Hardhack, or steeple bush, is another
Steeple Bush. Spyirwa just a little different from
Spirea tomentosa. eadow-sweet. The flowers are pink-
er, the plume is perpendicular and sharp-pointed, the

under side of the leaves and also the brown stems are
12

170 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

a cottony-looking, and the terminal bloom is

more apt to look brown and faded below
and fresh above. Gray says the flowers
are rose-purple in color; this is not cor-
rect, as the term rose-purple is anom-
alous; rose-color (if one may be per-
mitted to repeat so indefinite a term)
is usually pure pink, and pink is re-
moved from a purplish tint by an
unavoidably intermediate crimson
one. So Gray evidently means ma-
genta-pink. But the flowers are
not this color; they vary in a
range of pink between the ver-
milion kind and the crimson
kind. I am absolutely explicit

in thus naming the color; the
pink never approaches purple
nearer than the crimson point.
One glance at the tiny haw-
thornlike flowers through the
magnifying glass is a wonder-

ful revelation : we involunta-
rily express some surprise that
Nature should take so much
pains about the detail of such
a tiny thing; what a waste of

Hardhack.

JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 1471

Jewel-weed, or

fi Touch-me-not.
K/ Jewel-Weed. Impatiens pallida.
Impatiens fulva.

energy !—a_sin-
gle spike of the
fussy, insignifi-
cant flowers is
transformed into
the semblance of
a peach tree in
full bloom; but
there is a family
likeness here, for
both hardhack
and peach belong
to the Rose fam-
ily. Thus does
the commonplace
flower which we
have passed with

indifference all summer long
become interesting.

The jewel-weed
is common every-
where ; it may
be found beside

the horse trongh, or overhanging the spring, or in

some shady dell where a tiny stream flows sluggishly

along through the soft ground. The weed frequent-

ly has some bedstraw clinging to it, and it is always

172 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

associated in my mind with the latter sweet-smelling
vine, whose perfume is like sweet alyssum. But the
flower of the jewel-weed is scentless, and is only
pretty in color, which is a spotty orange-yellow ; it
is so like the garden balsam that one is not surprised
to learn that it is closely related to this favorite
flower of our grandmothers’ gardens. The variety
called J. fulva is common South, and has deeper-
colored flowers. Both varieties bloom all through
the summer.

CHAPTER XII.

JULY TO OCTOBER.

Toadflax to Bouncing Bet.

Toad4ax, or ToADFLAX is
Butter and Eggs,

another pret-
Linaria vulgaris. oh P

ty wild flower
which is common everywhere,
in the field and beside the
road. The children’s name
for it, butter and eggs, so far
as colors are concerned, is
remarkably appropriate; the
blossom has an egg-orange-
colored protuberance in the
center with pale butter-col-
ored flanges above and below.
A full spike of the flower is
very symmetrical, and a quan-
tity of them closely grouped
is a pretty sight indeed. The

flowers have a cheery look, Toadflax.
173

174 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

like the flock of daffodils on the margin of the lake
which Wordsworth sang about; but no one of our
poets sings the praises of butter and eggs, and their
dainty coloring brightens the dullness of waste places
beside our highways in vain—yet not quite in vain,
for the flower is a great favorite among the chil-
dren. It is very common in the Catskills, but rather
rare in the heart of the White Mountains. It deco-
rates every empty city lot, and yet it is not a native
of our country, but was brought here from Europe.
It is in bloom from July until late October.

Wild Blue Toadflax. There is another, blue-colored wild
Linaria Canadensis. toadflax, common in the Middle
States though rarely found down East, which is not
nearly so pretty as its orange and yellow relative.
It is pale blue-purple in color, has a rather scrawny
flower stalk, and frequently lies prone on the ground
with the small flowers more or less injured with
dust and sand. This variety also blooms until late
in October. Toad-flax is first cousin to the beautiful
garden snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), which is
resplendent in purple, violet-blue, and transparent
white. A. mawrandioides is a Texan and Mexican
variety in cultivation with violet flowers which spring
from the leaf axils. .A. Orontiwm is a pale purplish
flower, and a weed of old gardens; the plant is
smaller than the preceding one.

JULY TO OCTOBER.

Common Yarrow. Yarrow 1s
Achillea the common-

Millefotium. eat dnd at
a common weed, whose gray-
white flower heads are utter-
ly unattractive even to those
who profess to be fond of
flowers. But, before passing
the weed in disdain, it will
be worth our while to pick a
small piece and place it under
the glass for closer inspec-
tion. Ah! what a change!
—the uninteresting weed at
once assumes an attractive
look. The little gray cen-
ters, which are called the
flower heads, are minutely
and perfectly formed, and are
as symmetrically arranged as
the markings on what we
call “brain coral.” Around
these flower heads are four,
sometimes five, white rays.
There is a pretty pink vari-
ety of the yarrow, in which
these rays instead of being

Yarrow.

175

176 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

white are delicately tinted with pink. I found this
variety quite plentiful in an old cemetery in Camp-
ton, N. H. The yarrow blooms from July until Oc-
tober. It has a pleasant herby smell.
Indian Tobacoo, The Indian tobacco (from which is
Lobelia inflata. obtained a noted quack medicine) is
one of the least interesting of our blue wild flow-
ers; it is quite common in some of the poorest fields
of New York and Massachusetts. I never happened
to meet the plant in New Hampshire—one does not
always find everything in one spot, and as the search
was confined to a limited region in the latter State, I
have no doubt that several varieties of Lobelia might
be found there—but there is plenty of Indian tobac-
co in the vicinity of Boston. This variety grows
about one foot high and bears on the tip of the stem
a number of purple flowers which resemble the culti-
vated variety called Z. erénus, which comes to us from
the Cape of Good Hope. On the banks of the Pemige-
wasset River, in shady places where the ground is wet,
will be found the smaller Z. Halmii; this variety
bears pretty little blue-purple flowers—much prettier
and bluer than Indian tobacco. L. syphilitica is the
largest variety of this flower, but, in my estimation,
not the prettiest. Its flowers are pale and purplish;
and, although they are arranged showily on a stalk
about twenty inches high, they can not be called

JULY TO OCTOBER. LTT

handsome, like their relative the cardinal

flower. It is perfectly plain in this in-
stance that color is the most important
element of beauty in a flower. The
Lobelias bloom in midsummer.
Cardinal Flower, The magnificent red
Lobelia cardinals. of the cardinal
flower fully entitles it to its
name. There is no other wild
flower which approaches it

in color. In August the
flower is in its prime, and it
will be found in marshy
ground and on the edge of
the pasture, where the par-
tial shade of the neighboring
woods relieves the bright red

in a very charming fashion.

I have found the flower
in the Catskills, but
never in the White
Mountains ; it is com-
mon in the Berkshires,
and grows here and
there over the country
in a latitude, generally
speaking, not north of Cardinal Flower.

178 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

Albany. But, again, I must claim that this is a limi-
tation based only upon personal experience. At any
rate, I do not consider the flower common, as I have
searched for it in vain in many of the moist meadows
of New Hampshire. The brilliant blossom is pecul-
iarly formed; it has two narrow lateral flanges, and
beneath these droop the three broader points of the
lower lip; above this the corolla tube sticks straight
out with a touch of yellow at its tip. This tube is so
narrow and long that the bees have no luck in the
hunt for honey; it is very amusing to see how both-
ered they are about getting in-—of course they have
to give it up! Then a humming bird comes along,
balancing himself before the slender tube, and easily
licks all the honey out with his long tongue.

The beautiful, brilliant flower is so often seen
beside a pool of water that Dr. Holmes’s verse
exactly describes its environment :

“The cardinal, and the blood-red spots,
Its double in the stream ;
As if some wounded eagle’s breast,
Slow throbbing o’er the plain,
Had left its airy path impressed
In drops of scarlet rain.”

Wild Sunflower. | By the middle of summer the wild
Helianthus gigantews. sunflower appears here and there

beside the road, with its light-yellow disks lighting
up the shadows which are cast by the neighboring

JULY TO OCTOBER. 179

trees and brightening for a season the dense leafy
growth which fills the nooks and corners of the
wayside. The plant grows about four feet high,

Wild Sunflower.

and has rather narrow, dark-green leaves which have
a rough feeling. The flower is at the most only
three inches in diameter ; its center is a deeper yellow
than the rays, and often a trifle greenish. My im-
pression of the general appearance of this wild sun-
flower is that it is prolific in green leaves and sparing

180 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

in yellow flowers, in this respect showing a great con-
trast with its cultivated garden relative (a flower of
the same size) called Sut-
ton’s Miniature. This
last-named variety is as
abundant in golden bloom
as it is in shiny, birchlike
leafage. But, between
the two varieties, perhaps
the wild sunflower is
more dainty and delicate
in both color and form;
its fault is rather-that we
do not see enough of it.

Tansy. Tansy is the
Zanacetum vulgare. very common
yellow flower which looks like
a thick cluster of ox-eye daisies
with the white rays all picked
off. The name comes from its
character of durability; it is a
corruption of Athanasia, meaning un-
dying. It blooms and smells strong
all summer, and, dried, lasts and
smells stronger all winter. The plant is gathered by
the country folk, who dry it in the kitchen and make
a perfectly vile tasting tea of its leaves, which is said

JULY TO OCTOBER. 181

to be excellent in assisting measles “to come out” on
the children who are suffering with it in an incipient
stage. Alas for the children!—the cure is nearly as
bad as the disease. Tansy grows everywhere, and one
can easily find it by the
road or in the field. It
came here from Europe. I
never found any in the

Pemigewasset Valley, but it
is common in every village in
Massachusetts; it is also plenti-
ful in the region of the Catskill
Mountains. Its aromatic smell
is far from unpleasant.

Wild Carrot. The wild carrot,

Daucus Carota. — sometimes called
bird’s nest, is a familiar flower
of every wayside and pasture.
Its head of grayish green-white
flowers is broad and concave
at the top, and before it has

Wild Carrot.

quite reached maturity it is

hollowed exactly like a bird’s nest; so the flower is
appropriately named. Under the magnifying glass
the tiny flowers at once lose all appearance of confu-
sion, and reveal a regularity of growth quite unex-
pected by the casual observer; the little petals are

182 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

more or less unequal, but not enough so to make the
flowers look deformed ; on the margin of the cluster

they are large and more perfect. There is a certain

Mullein.

Old World.

intricacy in the details of the plant
which makes one think it looks fussy;
but this idea is relinquished as soon as
it is examined under the glass, and we
are impressed with the fact that Na-
ture’s handiwork, when it comes to
little things, is simply exquisite. The
wild carrot was brought to this country
from Europe, and is common in New
York State and in many localities down
East; but I have found very few speci-
mens in New Hampshire. It flowers
in midsummer, and its general resem-
blance to caraway at once points to the
fact that the two plants are closely re-
lated.

Mullein, The mullein, whose

Verbascum Thapsus.

rugged perpendicular

stalk is seen rising from its stony set-

ting in a hillside pasture, is a familiar
object with every one, North and South.
Here, again, is another native of the
It is a strange circumstance that many

of our most familiar summer wild flowers are not

JULY TO OCTOBER. 183

American, while those that are do not, as a rule, fre-
quent the roadsides or the waste places around our
cities. The steeple bush and the cardinal flower, for
instance, prefer the open country ; but tansy, chicory,
wild carrot, thorn-apple, and toadflax are veritable
tramps who keep company with each other on the
outskirts of every town and city. But the mullein
prefers the pasture land, where, on the edge of some
hillock, it often poses for the artist in a picturesque
costume of pale yellow and green, with its feet hid-
den among the gray stones, and its head relieved by
the somber background of a gray thundercloud.
Nothing is softer or more delicate in color than the
pale-green, velvety leaves when they first appear
above ground. The flowers bloom all summer.
Chicory. Chicory is one of our prettiest blue
Cichorium Intybus. flowers ; it is blue enough to call it
blue, although I must call attention to the fact that
blue in a pure state does not exist on the petal of
any flower, wild or cultivated. I might with justice
except the familiar forget-me-not, whose quality of
color is very nearly a pure one. But chicory some-
times shows a very good blue, so we will not quarrel
with it. The little flower straps are singularly
like those of the dandelion, and this fact betrays its
close relationship with the latter flower. Not only
these straps, but the center of the flower (the stamens

184 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD ANID GARDEN,

and styles) looks very much like
the dandelion. Under the micro-

scope the chicory blossom shows
a charming misty purple-blue
color which one wishes might
be oftener seen among our wild
flowers. It is common in west-
ern New York and in many
parts of New Jersey; but Gray
says it is “mainly east,” mean-
ing east, possibly, of such a point
as Buffalo. However, in many
localities north and northeast of
Boston it is quite absent. It can
be found in almost any empty
lot in either Brooklyn or Phila-
delphia, but I have never seen it
in the hill country south of the
White Mountains, or in the vi-
cinity of Lake Champlain. It
blooms from June to Octo-
ber. Endive (C. Endivia), the
slightly bitter root leaves of
which make an excellent
salad, is a very
near relative of
the blue chicory.

JULY TO OCTOBER. 185

Common Everlasting is so well known by
Everlasting. : ee = :

Gnaphalium every one that 1t needs no descrip-

polycephalum. tion here; yet the
little white flowers are so much like
miniature pond lilies under the micro-
scope that the resemblance is amus-
ing, and the regularly formed little
thing becomes beautiful; but what
appears to be tiny white petals are
in reality a number of scales called
the involucre, or flower envelop ;
the central whitish or yellow part
constitutes the flower head. An
analysis of this under a rather
powerful glass is quite interesting.
The plant is conspicuous in every
field by its cottony foliage, which is
pale sage-green in color. Pearly
everlasting (Anaphalis marga-
ritacea) has a broader flower
cluster, is generally whiter, and
grows in dry fields and near the
woods.
Bur-Marigold, or lhe bur-mari-

Beggar-ticks. gold is a wretch-

Bidens frondosa. ed weed with

Everlasting.

rather pretty conventional leafage, but unattractive

13

186 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

rusty-yellow flowers without rays. The seed vessels
are barb-pointed and catch on one’s clothes and in the
wool of sheep, and are thus transported to different
localities. I remember
spending “oceans” of
time divesting my woolen
stockings of the thorny
little objects, which I had
gathered unawares in the
passage through a pasture
on a certain slope of the
White Hills. <A knicker-
bocker suit is undoubtedly

best adapted to mountain
tramps, but one is a “tramp”
in reality if his stockings en-
counter the magic touch of the
beggar-ticks. Each separate seed
vessel demands individual atten-
tion; brushes are of no avail.
The bur-marigold blooms in
August.

a : Bidens chrysanthe-
There is another variety, called moides.

B. chrysanthemoides, which bears

pretty yellow-rayed flowers about two inches in di-
ameter which resemble coreopsis; the bur-marigold,
in fact, is closely related to the coreopsis and sun-

JULY TO OCTOBER. 187

flower, and the general resemblance of all three may
be accounted for as a family likeness. B. chrysan-
themoides grows in wet places and reaches a height
of about two feet.
; >

Bouncing Bet, Honneing nee
or Soapwort, comes to us
Saponaria from Europe;

officinalis. : .
she is a culti-

vated rather than a wild

character. Still, she has
escaped the confines of the gar-
den, and may be found any day
in summer basking in the sunshine
beside the road and in the vicinity of
some old homestead. The flowers are
the most delicate crimson pink imagi-
nable—a tint so light that we might
call it a pinkish white. It is well to
notice that the joints of the plant have

Bouncing Bet.

a swollen appearance; this is a char-
acteristic feature of members of the Pink family,
to which the soapwort belongs. The plant grows
from one to two feet high.

CHAPTER XIII.

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER.

Petunia to Tritoma.

Petunia.

Tue garden annual petunia gets its

P.nyctaginifiora name from petun, the aboriginal term
and P. vi0laeea. #04 tobacco. It belongs to the Night-
shade family, and is a near relative of common to-

Giant of California, Petunia.

bacco. The species P. nycta-
giniflora and P. violacea and
their hybrids are the common
petunias of our gardens. The
former variety is white, and
may still be obtained from the
seedsmen under that name.
The latter variety, with origi-
nally purple and magenta
flowers, has now become so
changed by supercultivation
that it is rarely presented in
its primitive form. The finest

of all the petunias are called Giants of California ;
they are hybrids raised in that country by a lady

188
*

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 189

whose health demanded outdoor exercise in a warm,
sunny climate; * these flowers measure four or five
inches across and possess exceedingly delicate and bril-
liant hues. Another beautiful petunia is called Green
Margin. It is supposed that a green flower does not
exist; but I have raised in my garden specimens of
this variety showing a broad corolla eighty
per cent of which was bright green; the
rest was magenta veined with ultramarine.
Molucca Balm is another green flower
sometimes seen in old gardens. The pe-
tunia is strong in purple-reds and steel-

blues, colors which are not sufficiently ap- é
preciated for their sober beauty. There “?™°*?™
are several paintings by that most spiritual artist,
Edward Burne-Jones, in which it is evident he has
imitated the petunia’s colors. I might instance the
one entitled “The Baleful Head,” where the armor
of Perseus is exactly the steel-blue-purple color of the
outside of a magenta petunia. ermesina splendens

is a lovely variety with flowers of a rich crimson-

* This magnificent strain of petunias was discovered among
Mr. W. Atlee Burpie’s Defiance petunias (another strain of splen-
did color and form) by Mrs. T. Gould, of Ventura, Cal. The
Giants of California, which I have cultivated with great success,
were raised from seed obtained from Peter Henderson & Co., New
York. The varieties were named Aurora, Midnight, Titania, and
Rainbow.

t

190 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

magenta hue. The double varieties I do not consider
esthetically a success. The plants bloom through
summer and early autumn.
Two near relatives of the
petunia are Wicotiana af-
Jimis, a sweet-scented, white-
flowered tobacco, whose blos-
soms open toward evening,
and WV. Zabacum, with. fun-
nel-formed, pink-edged flow-
ers which have no perfume;

the latter variety is hardly

Nicotiana Affinis.

beautiful enough to deserve
a place in the garden, and I have banished it from
mine. The tobacco blooms in late summer and early

autumn.
Larkspur. The larkspur of our gardens comes
Delphinium. —_ variously from Europe, Siberia, and

China. It has a lovely spear of deep blue or purple
flowers which gracefully waves to and fro in every
passing zephyr. It flowers in summer. D. formo-
sum colestinum is a charming large-flowered variety
with a soft, light, ultramarine-blue color. D. elatum
(Bee Larkspur) is cultivated from Europe, and is
quite tall, bearing flowers in a great variety of colors,
both single and double. These varieties are peren-
nial. D. Consolida is a European annual variety

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 191

which has here and there escaped from the garden
to the roadside. D. Ajacis (Rocket Larkspur) is a
common garden variety like the foregoing, except
that the flowers are crowded in a
long raceme (stalk), and are more
showy; and the spur is shorter. It
has something like ten distinct vari,
eties of color, mostly ranging through
blue; purple, and crimson. There
are three varieties native to this coun-
try, which are found mostly south
and west of Pennsylvania. They are
named D. azureum, with blue or
white flowers which appear in spring ;
D. tricorne, a dwarf variety one foot
high with flowers like the foregoing,

but more showy; and D. exaltatum,

Larkspur.

a tall variety resembling the garden
rocket, which flowers in summer. These wild varie-
ties are all perennials. A very beautiful blue variety,
which grows wild among the Pyrenees, is called D.
peregrinum; this is one of the bluest wild flowers
I have ever seen, excepting the gentians of the Alps
and Pyrenees. Larkspur is a member of the Crow-
foot family, and is therefore related to the butter-
cup, nigella, columbine, monkshood, baneberry, and
black snakeroot.

192 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Hollyhock. The old-fashioned hollyhock still

Althea rosea. holds its place in the modern gar-
den, but the old single variety is rapidly being dis-
placed by a new double one which is as full as the
fullest rose and quite as beautiful. The colors of
these double flowers are rose-pink, salmon, white,
primrose-yellow, lilac, magenta, deep red, and ma-
roon. Unfortunately, the double variety is not as
hardy as the single, but it is more beautiful in point
of color effect. For form I still consider the single
flower unsurpassed in beauty, and most decorative.
The hollyhock comes to us from Syria. It flowers in
summer and early autumn. The marsh mallow (4.
officinalis), the root of which is used to make marsh
mallow paste, is a very near relative of the hollyhock,
and grows wild on our Eastern coast. The clusters of
flowers are pale crimson-pink ; the corolla is about an
inch in diameter. Musk mallow (Afalva moschata),
formerly common in old-fashioned gardens but now
frequently met with beside the road, is also a rela-
tive of the hollyhock; one has only to look the lit-
tle flower square in the face to recognize at once a
family likeness between it and the queenly garden
favorite. The flowers of musk mallow are white, or
extremely pale magenta-pink; the leaves are cut
into slender lobes. It blooms in summer. J. ro-
tundifolia is a little plant with heart-shaped leaves

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 193

and pink-white flowers, which is found in similar
situations.
Scarlet Prof. Meehan calls the scarlet rose-
Rose-Mallow. mallow “ probably the most gorgeous
Hibiscus coceineus. Fall the plants indigenous to the
United States,” and I think he is quite right. A
glorious red-scarlet flower it certainly is, and scarlet
wild flowers are extreme-
ly rare—in fact, it would
be difficult for me to
think of more than this
one. The cardinal flower
is not scarlet, but intense
red. This scarlet mallow
grows in deep marshes
near the coast from
Carolina southward. It
has been cultivated and
grows well in the North,
if it is placed in the
greenhouse during the
cold months. The flow-
er has five large petals,

Searlet Rose-Mallow.

and measures six or eight

inches across. H. Moscheutos (Swamp Rose-Mallow)
is a similar flower with pale-pink petals, which grows
in the North. Both bloom in late summer. /Z.

194 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Syriacus is the name of the shrubby althzea, or rose

of sharon, which has a flower like the single holly-

hock, and thus unmistakably shows its relationship
with the latter flower. It is a native of the Levant,

Blazing-Star.

and flowers in late summer and
early autumn. It is interesting to
know that cotton (Gossypium her-
baceum) is a member of the Mal-
low family, and is therefore a dis-
tant relative of the hollyhock.
Blazing-Star. The blazing-star is
Liatris scariost. g )eantiful com-
mon wild flower, whose spherical,
purple flower-clusters are thickly
or thinly, as the case may be, ar-
ranged along the tall stem which
in New England, in swampy places
by the sea, attains a height of four
or five feet. Out West the plant
does not grow so high, but it is
very common, according to ac-
counts of Prof. Meehan, in In-
dian Territory, and is found as
far south as Florida. The purple
flowers are very beautiful, and re-

mind one of the garden beauty called mourning bride

(Scabiosa). The plant is in bloom in late summer.

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 195

Viper’s Bugloss, Along the banks of the Hudson, be-
or Blueweed. side Esopus Creek, and on waste
enum oulgare. round, in parts of the country where
civilization has its strongest foothold, there the blue-
weed’s seeds have obtained a lodgment; but
I have not found it yet in the fields of
New Hampshire. Gray says it came to
us from the old gardens of Europe, and

has become a weed in the fields from

Pennsylvania to Virginia and south-
ward, but I have found it on the
banks of the Neponset River near
Boston, and it is very common in
the vicinity of Hoboken. It pos-
sesses a charming esthetic color;
the green is soft and silvery,
and the blossom is violet-blue
when open and crimson-pink
when in the bud. The ecurv-
ing lines of the flower-bearing
branches are very beautiful. if
The plant is rough and bristly, “y
grows about two feet high, and vipers Bugioss, or Blue-
blooms during the early sum- oe

mer and on into September. Lycopsis arvensis (small
bugloss), about a foot high, bears smaller blue flowers
on a bristly stem. It is rarer than blueweed.

196 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

Monkshood. Aconite, or monkshood is a native of
Aconitum Virginia, but it finds its way north-
wnenaer ~vard along the Alleghanies until it
reaches New Jersey; and, although it is not common
in the latter State, it
can be found here and
there beside some little
stream, hanging its
dark-purple hoods over
the grass and neighbor-
ing weeds. Its slender
stems and loose hang-
ing flowers remind one
of the columbine, but
its manner of growth
is almost vinelike; it
appears as though it
would climb. The top
of the flower looks like
a helmet. It blooms
in summer and in Sep-

tember.

Gladiolus. The gladiolus

Gladiolus
communis,
and psittacinus. favorite of the

garden, but it has been s0
much improved by hybridiza-

is still a great

Monkshood.

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 197

tion that the old red and pink varieties are supplanted
by an infinite number of brilliant-hued flowers, many
of which come from M. Lemoine, the eminent hor-
ticulturist of France. G. communis comes from Eu-
rope, and bears pink and pink-striped white flowers ;
G. Byzantinus, of the Levant, bears larger and more
brilliantly colored flowers; G. blandus is the parent
of some of the white and pale-colored flowers; @.
cardinalis is the parent of the intense red variety,
some of whose flowers have a white stripe on each of
the three lower divisions. These are quite common.
G. psittacinus is a tall species with large yellow flow-
ers somewhat striped with reddish color; this and @.
cardinalis are the parents of G. Gandavensis (com-
monly cultivated), from which so many subvarieties
have been produced. But the fact is, these three last
varieties (excepting G. Gandavensis) it would be diffi-
cult for an inexperienced person to identify among
so great a host of hybrids. They come from the
Cape of Good Hope. The flowers named in the seeds-
men’s catalogues are more easily found in the garden.
Brenchleyensis is a common, intense red flower; Le-
moine’s Butterfly is beautifully streaked and blotched
in a variety of colors; Chrysolora is one of the finest
yellow varieties; Madame Monneret is a beautiful
rose-pink variety, and Ceres is a combination of white
and magenta-pink. There are an infinite number of

198 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

other beautifully colored flowers, but these varieties I
mention are “ personally known” to me and are like
old friends. I can testify
to their beanty. The glad-
iolus blooms in late sum-
mer and early autumn.
Tiger Flower. The charm-
Tigridia Pavonia. ing Tigri-
dia, or tiger flower, which
looks like a scarlet or yel-
low iris, comes to us from
Mexico. It flowers in sum-

mer and continues some-

Tiger Flower.

times into September. It
is a pity the blossoms are so frail; they rarely last
after midday. The center of the flower is spotted
like an orchid.
Mexican The sweet-scented little Mexican
Star Flower. star flower is becoming popular in
4illa bifora., the garden; as its name indicates, it
usually blooms, two flowers at a time; the flower
stalk is Y-shaped with a starlike, white blossom on
each branch. There are a couple of long, slender
leaves that look like grass; indeed, the whole plant is
so simple and modest that it can not fail to please
those who have the most fastidious taste. Another
Mexican flower, Bessera elegans (or coral drops), is a

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 199

frequent companion of the Milla bifora, and has
graceful little clusters of pumpkin-orange flowers
striped with cream-color; the leaves are also grass-
like. Both flowers bloom in summer. The Cyclo-
bothra flava is a pretty little russet-yellow flower
which I grow with the foregoing in one of the large
tubs of my garden, where these dainty characters will
show to the best advantage. Its slim stems remind
one slightly of carnation stalks; the flowers are
shaped like tiny inverted tulips. It is a native of
California, and belongs to the Lily family.
Spanish Bayonet, he yuccas (filamentosa and aloi-
Yucca filamentosa folia) are Southern plants, extend-
and aloo. ine into Mexico, and are cultivated
for ornament; they are not quite hardy in the ex-
treme North, but in New York and southward they
stand the winter cold well. Y. angustifolia and
gloriosa are less frequently met with. The flowers
are all a beautiful cream-white color; sometimes they
are tinged with purple. They bloom in summer.
Tritoma, Tritoma is an old-fashioned favorite
Tritoma Voaria. which goes by the popular name of
red-hot-poker, and warms up the garden by bloom-
ing in late summer. It comes from the Cape of
Good Hope. The flowers are most peculiarly graded
through yellow into dull scarlet, without seeming to
touch orange; they look like exaggerated grape-

900 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

hyacinths (Afuscar? botryoides) in reddish color in-
stead of blue. But the two flowers are related—
they belong to the Lily family. The grape-hyacinth
has escaped from the garden to the field; it bears a
dense cluster of tiny blue-violet flowers in early
spring. Our common hyacinth (ZZ. orzentalis), which
comes from the Levant, is likewise a family con-
nection. It is too well known to need any descrip-
tion here. The hyacinth presents yellow, red, and
blue under modified conditions; it is characteristic
of spring, but is more of a hothouse than a garden
flower. It seems a pity that the hyacinth and the
crocus, the latter a flower of easy cultivation and re-
splendent in color, should be less popular in the gar-
den than the showy Lady Washington geraniums
(Pelargoniums) of the summer season; but such
seems to be the case. The Lady Washington gera-
niums, I might add (the name is applied without
much restriction to the flowering geraniums), are
really those varieties with shrubby stems known as
P. cucullatum (cowled P.), P. cordatum (heart-leaved
P.), and P. angulosum (maple-leaved P.), whose flow-
ers sometimes measure two inches across.

CHAPTER XIV.

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER.

Coreopsis to Ladies’ Tresses.

Coreopsis. Bricgut-EyED coreopsis is one of the
Coreopsis tinctoria. cheeriest of our smaller garden flow-
ers, and it is another distinctly
American character. The variety
C. tinctoria, of Arkansas, is the
common coreopsis, or calliopsis of
all country gardens. It has ex-
tremely narrow leaflets, a smooth,
waving, and somewhat wiry stem,
and numerous flowers, which are
small and beautifully variegated
with wine-red and golden yellow;
one variety has tubular rays, but
it lacks effect. C. Drummondii
is a beautiful large golden-yellow
flower with a dark-red spot on

Coreopsis.

each ray, and leaves composed of oval-shaped leaf-

lets; C. coronata is a flower with broad and hand-
14 201

902 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

some golden-yellow rays whose red spot is very small,
and a disk which is yellow instead of brown. The
leaves are oblong, with tliree to five divisions. Both
of these varieties come from Texas, and they produce
larger and finer flowers in the cultivated state. All
three of the varieties mentioned are annuals; there
are two perennial varieties which are not quite so
common in the garden—they are C. lanceolata and
C. auriculata. Both grow wild in the West and
South, and both have entirely yellow flowers. The
former variety is commonly cultivated by the florists ;
the latter is taller and is leafy almost to the top; both
flower in early summer. The coreopsis is a very near
relative of the bur-marigold, and it closely resembles
the variety of that flower named Bidens chrysanthe-
modes. In the garden, coreopsis blooms all summer
and as late as September.

Dahlia, The common garden dahlia is also a
Dahlia variabilis. year relative of coreopsis. It comes
to us from Mexico. I fear we do not sufficiently ap-
preciate the fact that we are indebted to this country
and not to Europe for a great many of our most
beautiful garden flowers. The tuberose, Poinsettia
(Euphorbia pulcherrima), Tigridia, Milla bifiora,
Bessera elegans, zinnia, marigold, and yucca all come
from Mexico. The dahlia is named for a Swedish
botanist, Dahl, a contemporary of the great botanist

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 903

Linneus. Its large, conventional double flowers are,
in my estimation, not quite as beautiful as the single
ones. It blooms throughout the summer and in Sep-

tember.
Marigold. The marigold is an old garden fa-
Tagetes patula, vorite which has of late years been
and erecta,

greatly improved by the efforts of
the horticulturists. The common single varieties of
years ago no longer have a place in our gardens.
There are three distinct varieties: the African,
T. erecta, the French 7. patula, and T. signata.
These are again subdivided, on account of their dis-
tinct types, as follows:
T. erecta. African El Dorado, an immense flower which
sometimes reaches a diameter of four inches.
African quilled, smaller, with quilled rays.
African dwarf double, smaller plants,
T. patula. French tall, reaching a height of two feet.
French dwarf, not over a foot high.
Both varieties double.
T. signata. French (Legion d’Honneur), small single yellow

flowers with claret-spotted rays; height not
over seven inches.

These types are quite distinct and are therefore
readily recognized. The names African and French
are misleading ; the plants originally came from South
America and Mexico. They are prolific bloomers,
and continue in flower from June until the middle
of October, when they are pretty sure of a veto on

904. FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

further production by Jack Frost! I have had a
symmetrical plant in my garden, of the French order,

El Dorado Marigold.

roundings altogether modern ;

which bore at one time seventy-
five blossoms in various stages of
development. The dark pinnate
foliage, decorative in character,
and the rich yellow-orange flow-
ers, gave the plant a distin-
guished appearance very far re-
moved from the commonplace.
There was a touch of convention-
ality about it which was quaint
and old-fashioned

as well as re-
freshing in the
midst of sur-

asters of the most approved typé,
poppies of rousing proportions
and rarest colors, sweet peas of
the newest varieties, mourning
brides in the latest fashion of
black, and a host of new annuals
which the old-fashioned garden
never saw. But the marigold of

Legion d’Honneur
Marigold.

the French order has still an atmosphere of old times

about it, particularly if we happen to catch the odor

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 205

of a freshly plucked flower. How quickly the famil-
iar strong scent carries us back in imagination to our
grandmothers’ gardens! The seed of the marigold
germinates in a remarkably short. space of time. If
it is soaked awhile in very warm water, and then
planted an eighth of an inch deep in light soil, in
some position where it gets the full benefit of the
warm sunshine, the baby plant will push its way to
the air above in thirty-six hours; ten weeks should
then elapse before the plant begins to bloom; the few
flowers which may appear before this time are pre-
mature and poorly developed. Young plants forced
into early bloom by a beginning in the greenhouse
ultimately amount to little.

The colors of the marigold are extraordinary:
golden yellow, orange-yellow, pure lemon-yellow, rus-
set-red edged with gold, and golden yellow spotted
with brownish-claret color—these are all rendered in
the purest tones on the gracefully curled rays.

Zinnia, The garden zinnia has only one pal-

Zinnia elegans. yable fault: it is unmistakably stiff.
Yet, putting aside this little defect, we may certainly
consider it a gifted flower. It has an astonishing
range of color, which comprehends nearly the whole
scale—white, cream, buff, pale yellow, deep yellow,
lemon-yellow somewhat toned down, orange, light
orange, scarlet, crimson, magenta, the three pink

206 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

tints which are dilutions of these three reds, per-
fectly pure pink, lilac, dull purple, dull violet, ma-
roon, and, finest of all, an intense deep red generally
called Jacqueminot-color.* This last I consider a
glorious flower whose full beauty can only be seen
under a bright artificial light. The zinnia, like the
marigold, comes from Mexico, and it blooms all sum-
mer and throughout September. Besides the colors
I have mentioned there are a great number of ss-
thetic ones of that delightfully subdued quality which
we call crushed strawberry, heliotrope, and so forth.
The flower grows nearly as large as the largest mari-
gold, and is somewhat of the same shape; in one va-
riety the rays are curled and twisted,t+ but in all the
others they have a uniform reflex curve; it is an an-
nual, and grows readily in common garden soil.
Mourning Bride, Lhe mourning bride (Scabiosa atro-
Scabiosa purpurea) has of late been greatly
atropurpures- in roved ; it was a favorite of the
old-fashioned garden, but the newer varieties are so
much larger and finer than the old that it would
scarcely be recognized as the same flower. The col-

ors are also greatly improved; they are white, pale

* This variety I have obtained from Peter Henderson & Co.,
New York.

+ Curled and crested zinnia. This remarkable variety was
brought out a few years ago by Peter Henderson & Co., New
York.

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 207

rose, deep pink, purple, palest yellow, and rich, dark
claret-maroon color. The last-mentioned variety is
most beautiful; it has the effect
of a fine piece of beadwork ; the
tiny anthers are pale lilac; and
the corollas, funnel-formed, are
the richest, darkest wine-red color
imaginable; the whole effect of

the flower is. black, and it is well
named Black Scabiosa. The flower stem
is exceedingly long and stiff, as well as
bare. The leafage is variously shaped, but
in general slightly resembles that of the
common wild daisy, except that it is larger
and broader. It blooms in late summer.
The flower might deceive one as to its fam-
ily connection ; it looks like a Composite,
sulack, but Gray has given it the position of the

latter’s next-door neighbor. It belongs to
the Teasel family. The distinguishing differences
which separate it from its Composite neighbors are
four separate stamens to each corolla (Composites
have their five stamens tied together by the connect-
ing anthers, which form a tube inclosing the style)
and an ovary, which becomes an akene in fruit con-
taining a hanging seed. The seeds of the Composites
do not hang, but are borne in stout shell-like akenes.

908 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

Mourning bride comes to us from the Old World.
Sometimes it is called the pincushion-flower ; the
light-colored anthers certainly do suggest pinheads.
Wild teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) is a weed I have
occasionally found along the roadsides in New Hamp-
shire, and it is closely related to the Scadiosa. It has
rather prickly stems, uninteresting lilac flower heads,
somewhat reminding one of Scabiosa, except that
they are oblong, and leaves which are united round
the stem. This is the nearest approach to Scabiosa
among the wild flowers of this country.

Sunflower. The sunflower is distinctly American,
Helianthus annuus. and comprises a large, varied, and
interesting division of the Composite family. JZ.
annwus is the large-flowered variety common in our
gardens; but there are many new varieties, some
smaller and some double, which are more beautiful.
A favorite small flower, about the size of Rudbekia
and similar to it in appearance, is called Sutton’s
Miniature. <A splendid large, double flower, resem-
bling a big yellow chrysanthemum, is named Globo-
sus fistulosus; its color is a magnificent golden-yel-
low, and its figure is very decorative. Oscar Wilde
is an extremely tall variety, with small single flowers,
which bloom in great profusion. 7. argophyllus is a
native of Texas, and is cultivated for the sake of its
beautiful white foliage ; its flowers are large and sin-

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 209

gle. Primrose is a lovely light-yellow flower with a
dark center ; the flowers are borne along the tall stem
from within a couple of feet of the ground. Of the
wild species the commonest is HZ. giganteus. In the
pine district of New Jersey and southward is another
common variety with long, narrow leaves and small
flowers with dark centers, named HZ. angustifolius.
H. oceidentalis is a Western variety with flowers
whose disks as well as rays are yellow, and leaves
which are broad below, but quite narrow above, on a
stalk not over three feet high. . heterophyllus is a
Southern variety, which has flowers with dark purple-
brown disks and golden rays, and leaves oval and
lance-shaped. The flowers are very few and are borne
on long stems. Maximilian’s Sunflower is a Western
variety under cultivation, whose small flower has a
yellow disk. /Z. annwus and HT. argophylius are an-
nuals; all the other wild varieties are perennials. The
sunflower blooms in late summer and in September.

Snow on the mountain, which is a

Snow ;
onthe Mountain, beautiful plant growing wild east and
Euphorbia west of the Mississippi, is rapidly
marginata,

coming in favor as a garden orna-
ment. It grows about two feet high, and its oval
leaves are broadly white-margined; those at the top
of the plant are nearly if not altogether white; it is
an annual which flowers in late summer. The flower

910 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

itself is inconspicu-
ous, but the five
white petal-like ap-
pendages and the
white leafage are
the interesting part

of the plant; Zu-
phorbia pulcherrima, or
Poinsettia, is its near rela-
tive, which comes to us from
Mexico. This variety is
characterized by a group of
bright scarlet leaves termi-
nating the branches. It is
most successful as a hothouse
plant in the colder climate
of the North, and its insig-
nificant flowers, surrounded

A by the vermilion leaves, ap-
Maximilian’s Sunflower. : :

pear in the winter. The
plant was named for Mr. Poinsett, who was minister
to Mexico in 1828 and also secretary of war under

President Van Buren.

Fireweed. The fireweed, curiously enough, flour-
Great Willow-herb. . ‘
Bae ishes on ground which has been at
Epilobium

angustifolium. some time burned over. That tract of
country which lies between Montpelier and Wells

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER.

River, Vt., is rugged and
covered with a wild and
tangled forest which has
been subjected to the wood-
man’s axe. This means (as
every one knows who is fa-
ailiar with the lumber com-
panies and their dealings
with New England forests)
a devastation of the land by
fire as well as axe. Conse-
quently this particular tract
of land I have alluded to is
peculiarly rich in fine speci-
mens of the magenta-pink
fireweed. Beautiful tall
spires of the delicate flower
are seen everywhere in the
blackened clearings—I say
clearings, because they are
called such, but in point of
fact the fireweed decorates
and cheers a wretched-look-
ing waste which would more
appropriately go by the
name of chaos. I know of
another spot, in the Pemi-

Fireweed.

211

212 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

gewasset Valley, where a sawmill was burned several
years ago, and now the site is covered by a luxu-
riantly shrubby growth of fireweed, which in August
is a glory of magenta-pink color. One may easily
understand why it is called Willow-herb, as its leaf is
exactly like that of the swamp willow. In Septem-
ber the pretty heads of magenta flowers are trans-
formed into clusters of curved and twisted seed-ves-
sels which are constantly shedding a disheveled mass
of stringy white silk, reminding one, perhaps, of the
wild gray hair of witches caught in the thicket.

It seems scarcely necessary to call attention to the
fact that the fireweed is closely related to the evening
primrose: a comparison of the two flowers shows a
remarkable similarity between them.

Joe-Pye Weea, J0e-Pye weed, oddly named for a
Eupatorium New England Indian doctor, is rather
Peper’ 4 conspicuous dull pale-magenta flow-

er whose fuzzy head towers five or six feet above the
lowlands in late summer and early autumn. The plant
will always be associated in my mind with Indian
doctors, who, by the way, have not yet finished their
“herb cures” among the country folk. There is such
a doctor in a New England village but four miles
from my summer home, who, I am given to under-
stand, does a thriving business—or shall I say com-
mands a wide practice ?—in a certain locality of cul-

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 913

tured New England! But we will not insinuate any-
thing regarding New England culture in connection

Joe-Pye Weed.

with quacks; so we will pass on from Joe-Pye weed
and Indian doctors to boneset.
‘aaneece This is a very close relative of the
Eupatorium other plant, and is also a favorite
pafoliatum. Verb among the country folk, for
whom it furnishes a popular medicine. Who does

not know all about “ boneset tea,” and who likes it?

214 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

S. cernua.

But boneset taffy (taken for a cough)
was quite another thing, and children
used to be very tolerant of it for reasons
which it is unnecessary to explain. The
plant grows about three feet high, has
a spreading leaf (more correctly a pair
of leaves) through the middle of which
the main stem appears to pass, and bears
a head of small, fuzzy white flowers
which are not bright or attractive enough
to look pretty. The plant flowers in late
summer and frequents low meadows.
Ladies’ Tresses, Toward the end of
Spiranthes cernua. summer and through
September the sweet smelling tiny flow-
ers called ladies’ tresses may be found
in the swamps or in the wet meadows.
The little plant is easily identified by
the spiral growth of the white blos-
soms about the stem, which is not
often over eight inches tall. This
flower belongs to the Orchis family,
and is a near relative of the pink and
yellow moccason-flowers which bloom in
the spring and early summer. There
is another variety of ladies’ tresses, called
S. gracilis, which grows in dry ground

JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER. 215

or on the side of a hill; this has a slenderer spike
with fewer flowers, which are often less twisted than
those of the other variety. The rattlesnake plantain
is closely related to ladies’ tresses—a fact which is
not surprising, as the appearance of the two flower
spikes is somewhat similar.

CHAPTER XV.

AUGUST TO NOVEMBER.
Golden-rod and Asters.

Golden-rod. Tur name golden-rod con-
nee jures up the thought of
an immense family of flowers thirty odd
members of which a person with a fair
knowledge of botany may easily identify
without searching through a wide tract of
country, and possibly without wandering
but a few yards beyond the highways of
our Northeastern States. In a quarter-mile
length of a road in Campton, N. H., I have
S. arguta. found no less than fifteen varieties of the

flower, “all well defined” (to quote the
words of Coleridge in reference to the smells of
Cologne). But this is rather unusual, and a short
exploration of a field, hillside, shady glen, and un-
frequented wayside might result in as good if nota
better “find.” There are a few very common varie-
ties of the golden-rod which may be recognized at

once by the following characteristics :
216

AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. ONT

S. arguta
is perhaps
z Be, the earliest

golden-rod,
and will be found
sometimes in full
bloom in the mid-
dle of July. Its
sharply toothed leaf is feather-

veined—that is, the veins spring

outward from each side of the
middle rib, just as the smaller di-
visions of a feather spring from its
quill. The main stem is smooth.
The slender flower stems, bearing
greenish-yellow (in effect) flowers,
spread widely apart and droop.

' S§. juncea is a smooth-stemmed
variety, from one to three feet high,
with narrow, elliptical, sharply toothed
leaves. Its flowers have from eight
to twelve tiny, light yellow rays. It
is very common, and immediately suc-
ceeds S. arguta, but it has smaller and
lighter colored flowers.

S.ulmifolia: similar to S. rugosa

8, ulmifolia. (once called S. altissima). Gray says,
15

918 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

“Too near S. altissima—distinguished only by its
smooth stem and thin, larger leaves.” Both these
varieties are early-flowering.

ao

S. nemoralis,

S. nemoralis is not over two

- feet high, and has dense plumes

of rich golden-yellow flowers
growing on the upper side of
their stems; the main stem is
grayish, with a cottony look, and
is sparingly furnished with dull
gray-green leaves. It blooms in
early August, and is found most-
ly in sterile fields. I consider
it the most brilliantly colored of
all the golden-rods.

S. Canadensis is coarse-grow-
ing, has rough, hairy stems and
leaves which are harsh to the
touch; the thick clusters of deep-
yellow flowers grow in a one-
sided way on their spreading
stems; the leaves are distinctly
three - veined (more _ correctly
speaking, three-ribbed). This va-
riety will grow from three to

five feet high, or may be higher.

S. rugosa is sometimes distinguished by a num-

AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 919

ber of smaller branches with little leaves, terminat-
ing with small flower clusters loosely grouped. The

stocky stem has broad
leaves, and grows nearly

as tall as S. Canadensis. ¢

It is an early-flowering
species.

S. lanceolata is a va-
riety whose tall stem is
set with narrow leaves
without teeth, and is
terminated with a dense
flat-topped flower clus-
ter, which is greenish
yellow in color effect.
The plume of this varie-
ty is too flat and bunchy
to be confused with the
gracefully curved ones
of the other varieties.

S. tenuifolia is a va-
riety similar to S. lance-

S. Canadensis.

olata but with slenderer leaves and narrower or

more club-shaped little flowers.

The leaves are one-

nerved and rather crowded on the stem; the flower
clusters are smaller than those of S. lanceolata. It
grows in sandy ground, and near the coast.

290 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

S. rugosa.

AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 2901

S. sempervirens is a tall seashore variety common
in salt marshes and among the rocks. It may be eas-

ily recognized by its stout stem,
thick, fleshy, lance-shaped leaves,
obscurely triple-ribbed, and showy
flowers, which, however, are not
nearly so yellow as those of S.
nemoralis, nor as beautiful. It
is common from Maine to Vir-
ginia.

S. bicolor is a white or cream-
colored variety; my drawing
shows how it looks in nine cases
out of ten. It is a very common
sort to me, as it is plentiful in
the White Mountain region; but
there are many localities where
its whitish flowers are rarely seen.
So unlike is it to the popular
notion of golden-rod that, upon
picking a specimen one time and
telling its name to an inquiring
friend who was walking with me,

“WH
S | EF

— —] a =

>, EE"

S. lanceolata.

the surprised response came: “What! that thing
golden-rod ? Nonsense!” There is just a slight

resemblance in the superficial appearance of the

flower to mignonette.

222 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

8. bicolor.

S. cesia gets its name from its blu-
ish stem. There is one of the castor-
oil plants which also derives its name
from its blue stem. But this is not
the most important characteristic of
this variety of golden-rod; the flowers
grow in tiny clusters at each juncture
of the feather-veined leaf with the
stem. This is also the character of
the white variety (S. decolor). The
blue-stemmed variety likes moist
and shady thickets beside the river,
or the subdued light of the hillside
where the wood adjoins the pasture.
It blooms very late, and I have
found it in good condition on the
20th of October.

S. latifolia is in all ways
nearly like S. cwsia, except that
it has a less bluish and_ less
branched stem and broader leaves
sharply toothed; the three or
four rays of the little flowers are
bright yellow. It is common
northward in shaded places, and
south along the mountains.

S. odora (sweet golden-rod) has

AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 228

fragrant leaves without toothed edges, which slightly
remind one of the odor of anise, and are shiny and
well formed, but the flowers are not particularly at-
tractive. It yields a volatile
oil. I found this variety com-
mon in the “Pines” of New
Jersey. It generally grows on
the edges of thickets in dry,
sandy soil.

S. speciosa is not quite as
common as some of the other
varieties, but it is very hand-
some. It grows from three to
six feet high, has large, dark-
green, slightly toothed leaves,
and its ample panicle of bloom,
formed by a number of erect
flower stems (racemes), is bright
golden yellow. The little blos-
som when placed under the
glass shows five or more good-
sized yellow rays. The stem

of this variety is very stout
and smooth.

S. cesia.

These fourteen varieties are commonly met with
from’ Maine southward to the pine barrens of New
Jersey. It must be remembered that there are in all

294 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

about seventy varieties. There is always a prepon-

derance of a certain variety in a particular locality—

S. speciosa.

for instance, beside the road
running parallel with the river
in Campton there is a great
quantity of the white-flowered
variety and little or no 8.
rugosa. This last-mentioned
flower is commoner in seyeral
meadow copses beside the river
than any of the varieties which
Gray mentions as the very
commonest. The golden -rod
is certainly our representative
American wild flower. Not
many years ago, when the sub-
ject of a national flower be-
came interesting, Mr. Louis
Prang, of Boston, published a
little tract suggesting the ar-
butus and golden-rod as com-
petitors for the position of hon-
or, and requested an expression
of choice from the people. The
response was decisive; and the

vote was cast by an overwhelming majority for the

golden-rod.

AUGUST TO NOVEMBER.

Golden-Rod gone to Seed.

)

993 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

Aster, or Starwort. There are between forty and fifty

Astor species of wild asters in our coun-
try, so I can only draw attention to the commoner
ones. Most of these have a distinct individuality,
which it will be impossible
for one to mistake who will
closely follow the deserip-
tions :

A. ericoides bears such
tiny white flowers that there
is no possibility of confusing
it with any other common
aster; it is enough to know
that the little white rays are
very fine and regular, and the
yellow centers are compact
like those of the daisy—in
fact, the flower looks -like a
miniature daisy, and would
never be taken for an aster by
one whose acquaintance with
wild flowers is slight. This
variety grows about two feet
high, has slender, wiry stems,
and small, narrow, plain-looking leaves. It is found
in partially shady, or open and dry places, and
blooms from midsummer until late in October. I

A. ericoides.

AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 297

have found this aster as early as August 8th in the
wayside places of Campton.

A. Tradescanti is a smooth variety, slender-
stemmed, with small, lance-
shaped leaves, and very small
white flowers closely encir-
cling the upper side of the
flowering branches.

A. paniculatus is a vari-
ety taller than A. Trades-
canti, with pale violet-tinted
or white flowers. Its stem
is much branched, and bears
narrow lance-shaped leaves
tapering at the end; those
below are sharply toothed.
This variety and A. Zrades-
canti grow in wet situations.

A. patens, sometimes
called spreading aster, is
common about the middle
of August beside the road
and on the edge of thickets,
and usually on dry ground,
but without a sunny ex-
posure. The center of the
flower is greenish yellow, A, patens,

928 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

and the rays are purple with quite a curvature; the

leaf has an elongated heart-shape and grows close

Kd |

A. Nove Angliz.

Ws
NG Ve Ne

to the stem. The flower
grows singly on avery thin
stem which bears a few
little leaflets. The main
stem, which is about two
feet high, is covered below
with very minute short
hairs.

A. Nove Anglie, the
New England aster, is com-
mon everywhere, and grows
taller than the preceding
variety; perhaps its stem
reaches an average height
of five feet. The flower
is a trifle smaller than that
of A. patens, but it bears
many more purple rays;

sometimes these are magenta-purple. A large flower

cluster terminates the coarse, hairy stem which is

covered to the very end with lance-shaped, dark-

green leaves. This variety frequents wet meadows,
and blooms about the middle or the end of August.
A. cordifolius is a small-flowered variety, whose

blue-lavender rays and variable (sometimes reddish,

AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 299

sometimes purplish) little flower centers are the best
means, in my opinion,
for its identification.
The stem is very much
branched above, and
these branches bear
numerous flower clus-
ters; the leaves are
sharp - pointed, heart-
shaped, and have slen-
der little stems. This
variety is common in
woodlands and on the
sloping banks of the
highway. It likes a
partially shaded locali-
ty, and blooms early
and late.

A. undulatus, or
the wavy-leafed aster,
is common on the edge
of woodlands, and in
the pastures. The
flowers, about as large
as a silver quarter, are
lavender - purple with

purple - edged yellow ” xs dita

930 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

centers. The wavy-edged leaves have a variety of
forms as they grow along the reddish stem; the
lowest ones are heart-shaped, and the upper ones
have singularly flaring stems which clasp the main
stalk of the plant; and
those which adjoin the
flower stems are small
and sharply pointed.
This variety flowers
early in August.

A. spectabilis is one
of the prettiest of the
Aster family, although
its flower heads are
few. It grows along
the coast between New
Hampshire and New
Jersey, where the sandy
soil is quite to its liking.

The flower rays are
bright purple and nearly
an inch long; although
in many instances much
shorter, these beautiful rays, perhaps sixteen to twenty
in number, bring the diameter of the flower to a size
equivalent to that of a silver dollar. This is a late
variety, and flowers from September to November.

f
f
A. undulatus.

AUGUST TO NOVEMBER, 231

A. longifolius grows about three feet high, has
lance-shaped leaves, which are firm and glossy, and a

A. spectabilis. A. Jongifolius.

characteristic flower envelope (involucre), which has
many little, curled-over, leaflike scales; the flowers,
which are about as large as a half dollar, are light
violet. The leaves of this aster are remarkably long ;
some of the largest, although narrow, reach a length
of four inches. It grows in low grounds, and blooms
in September and October.

939 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

China Aster, _Llie botanical name of the cultivated as-
Callistephus ter is from two Greek words meaning
Chinensis. beautiful crown. The flower comes
to us from China and Japan. There are so many
varieties that I can only mention those of prominent
type. The Victoria is an
old favorite, whose flow-
ers, in a great variety of
colors, are soft-rayed and
haveareflex curve. Truf-
faut’s aster is incurved and
has a large range of col-
ors. JBetteridge’s quilled
aster has distinct quills or
needles, and is a flower of
German fame ; in this va-
riety there is a flower per-
fectly yellow in tint which
J have obtained from Mr.
W. Atlee Burpee, of Phila-

Sick odes delphia. A yellow aster
seems an anomaly; but

there is no question about the color of this particu-
lar flower, whose basic tone is white, stained lemon-
yellow. The Triumph is a variety with brilliant red
flowers. One of the most beautiful newer varieties
is the Comet. This is a flower with reflex curling

AUGUST TO NOVEMBER. 233

rays, of a singularly translucent quality of color.
The white ones are particularly delicate and alto-
gether lovely. There are many new varieties of the
aster, but they do not diverge very greatly from the
types already mentioned.

The flower blooms in late summer and early
autumn ; the varieties forced to bloom in midsummer
can not be considered perfectly satisfactory. True
blue is not a color peculiar to the flower, and those
varieties named blue are, as a rule, strongly satu-
rated with purple; nor is there a scarlet aster; any
flower so called is most likely pure red with a crim-
son cast.

16

CHAPTER XVI.

SEPTEMBER AND
NOVEMBER.

Tron-weed to Chry-
ae santhemum.

Iron-weed, ) HE iron-weed
Vernonia has a formi-
Noveboracensis. Aahle Lada
name, which in plain English
means Mr. Vernon, and “ be-
longing to New York,”
but this fact does
not confine the
weed to the bound-
aries of this State.
It grows all along
the coast country,
beside the river
and the road, any-
where from three to five feet high; so it must surely
be seen by the most unobserving. Its rather sparing
cluster of crimson-magenta flowers shows itself about

the time of the asters, and it might easily be mistaken
234

Tron-weed.

SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 235

for a variety of the latter flower. But my drawing
shows that it is a very different character; the flow-
ers are formed remotely like bachelors’ buttons, and
have a tubular character, with the involucre (flower
envelope) covered with short bristles of a rusty-brown
color. The plant was named for Mr. Vernon, an
early English botanist. It blooms in August and
September. V. altessima is a tall variety with large
flowers which grows west and south of Pennsylvania.

Bittersweet. Bitter-sweet is a beautiful, climbing,
Celastrus scandens. twining shrub with which every one
ought to be familiar who travels over the country
road in early fall when the scarlet berries are re-
vealed inside of the open orange-colored pods with
charming effect amid the autumnal foliage. These
pretty berries conjure up thoughts of Dr. Holland’s
poem entitled Bitter-sweet, and, may I be permitted
to add, sweet cider. Although the climbing shrub
with its beautiful berry clusters is a familiar sight
beside the cider mills of New Jersey, it has no
connection, direct or implied, with that famous bev-
erage known as “Jersey lightning ” which, about the
time that the berries appear, is being distilled from
the juice of the ubiquitous and innocent apple; so we
must hope that the cider mentioned in the poem did
not have the remarkable strength attributed to this
New Jersey product.

936 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

Garget, In September the handsome purple
Phytolacea decandra, erries of the garget plant appear,
hanging their dark clusters against the hazy
olive foliage of early autumn. In summer

the rather inconspicuous white flowers,
which grow on slender stems and some-
what resemble
the white lilac,
are not apt to
attract notice ;
but the berries
are really beautiful and do not fail to catch
the eye. The name Phytolacca is a com-
bination of an incorrect Greek word for
plant with the French word Jac (lake),
which was derived from the crimson character of the

Garget.

berry juice. The juice has been used for coloring
purposes, but unsuccessfully, as it fades. Garget
reaches a height of from six to nine feet, and grows
in the thickets where the ground is low.
Closed or Bottle LHe closed or bottle gentian is an
Gentian, inhabitant of the woods northward.
Gentiana Andrewstt. Tts flowers are like tiny thick ten-
pins in shape, and are often a very good blue. The
blue flower, however, is a creation of the imagina-
tion; in reality it does not exist, and the so-called
blue is often a decided violet of dilute character ;

SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 937

this is the case with the violet, harebell, aster, and
blue-eyed grass. But the bottle gentian often shows
a decided pale vio-
let blue color, which
comes within the
category of blues; ¢
however, I can not
see the same blue
in the flower that
Thoreau talks about ;
he says, ‘a splendid
blue,. . . bluer than
the bluest sky.”
Now, if we will look
at that part of the
heavens which is ex-
actly at right angles
with the position
held by the sun on
a clear day, we will
see a color which
Ruskin calls “blue
fire.” If a piece of
white paper is held
up so that it receives

the full sunlight and is in juxtaposition with the
blue sky, it will be seen that the sky-blue is as bril-

938 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

liant as the white paper. This is a revelation which,
to say the least, is surprising. By no. possibility can
we obtain a blue color which is as bright as white,
either in the paint box or on the flower petal. So
those who, like Thoreau and Bryant, tell us about
flowers as blue as the sky, must be allowed a certain
latitude in their descriptions, as these are often poetic
without being scientifically true. The bottle gentian,
then, is so purplish that we can only call it blue by
sufferance; one moment’s comparison of the flower
with the blue sky. will prove this beyond question.
Not only in the White Mountains, but in -Pennsyl-
vania, it is one of the latest fall flowers. Southern
Europe has two splendid varieties of the gentian,
colored about as blue as a flower can well be—G@.
Alpina, which is cup-shaped or vase-shaped with a
pointed edge, and @. verna, which is a charming
deep blue; the flower cup has five round petal-like
divisions. Also, a flower of the Pyrenees shows a
good blue (Delphinium peregrinum), but this is not
as blue as the last-mentioned gentian. There is quite
a difference of opinion among botanists as to whether
the closed gentian is subject to cross-fertilization, or
simply fertilizes itself; Gray thought the former was
the case, and says that he has seen a bumblebee force
its way into the corolla; but Dr. Kunze concludes
that the flowers derive no aid from insects. - This

SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 289

only shows how much there is yet to be learned about
a common wild flower.

Fringed Gentian. The beautiful fringed gentian must
Gentiana crinita. eyer be
associated in one’s mind
with the poet Bryant,
who has written such
charming lines on it.
To him it was the flow-
er of hope which comes

“When...
. shortening days por- ©
tend

The aged year is near his
end,”

and with sweet and
quiet eye looks through
its fringes heavenward ;
and he thought it was
as blueas the sky. But
the blue of the flower
is not as true as its ex-
pression of hopeful de-
pendence ; there is in-
deed a marvelous heav-
enward-looking calm-

ness expressed by every

Y
one of its lines. The Fringed Gentian.

940 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

stem and corolla are both perpendicular, and the
“fringed lids” are spread out horizontally like the
extended palms of one who stands a supplicant before
Heaven. The flower cup is about two inches long
and has four divisions, which turn back flatly at the
top; these divisions are opened or closed according
to the brightness or dullness of the day. If a burst
of sunshine occurs on a dull day the flower expands
in a very few minutes. It always closes at night,
arid it will not open the next day if the sun does
not shine. It can by no means be called common;
I have found it in the vicinity of Boston and in
one or two localities on Long Island, but I have
never succeeded in finding it in the Pemigewas-
set Valley. It belongs generally in low grounds,
throughout our country, North and West. As it is
presumably. a biennial plant, one must not be sur-
prised if it is not found year after year in the same
spot. Prof. Meehan expresses the opinion that the
length of its life is still uncertain, and he says, “ Even
now the only certain point is that it dies after flower-
ing.” The time to look for the flower is in October ;
and S. R. Bartlett says:

“T know not why, but every sweet October
Down the fair road that opens to the sea,
Dear in the wayside grasses tinging sober,
Blooms my blue gentian faithfully for me.”

SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER.

Fall Dandelion, The au-
Leontodon tumn or

autumnalis. fall dans
delion is not nearly so
beautiful as its spring
relative, as it is lacking
in both the size and rich
color of the latter flower.
Still, the little yellow
blossom is pretty, and it
is common over hillside
pastures and sandy mead-
ows from July until No-
vember. Its flower stem
is bare, long, and scrawny-
looking, and has what
appears like tiny scales
(bracts) regularly ar-
ranged quite a distance
downward from the flow-
er. The leaves, similar to
those of the spring dan-
delion, but blunt-toothed,
are very-small and grow
close to the ground. I
found this flower plenti-
fully scattered over the

Leontodon autumnalis.

241

942 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

Clarendon hills south of Boston, but never found
many well developed specimens in the Pemigewasset
Valley or among the White Hills. In thé south-
westerly States, from Maryland to Kansas and Texas,
there is another flower which closely resembles this
fall dandelion, called the Cynthia dandelion;* this
variety may be easily distinguished from the other,
as it has naked flower stems (without the tiny bracts),
and the lower leaves are sharp-toothed ; there are also
long, very narrow, straight leaves, peculiar to this
Cynthia dandelion, which will not be found in either
of the other varieties. But the Cynthia stops bloom-
ing just about the time the fall dandelion begins ; so
there is small chance of one flower being mistaken
for the other.

Nightshade. About the time when the fall dande-

Solanum lion is blooming and the latest fringed
Puleamara. ~~ sentian flowers close their eyes to the
slanting sun of October we may see the thickets which
flank the roads just outside of Boston covered with
beautiful elliptical red berries, which hang in graceful
clusters from the thin protruding branches. These
berries possess exactly the same translucent quality of
color as the red cherry does—a pure red without a

* Its botanical name is both Cynthia dandelion and Krigia
dandelion ; the latter is given the preference in Gray’s Manual,
revised edition.

SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 243

trace of scarlet. Thoreau was keenly appreciative of
color; which he often accurately described; he says,
alluding to the nightshade berries: “I do not know

Nightshade.

any clusters more graceful and beautiful than these
drooping cymes of scented or translucent, cherry-
colored elliptical berries.” The tall, climbing, woody
stems are covered with dull, bluish-green, sharp-
pointed, heart-shaped leaves with vari-
ations like my sketch, by which one
may easily identify the shrub. It
grows in moist ground, and came to
this country from Europe. It is com-

mon in the proximity of our cities, Halbert Three-
eer lobed Leaf.

but I have rarely found it in the

Pemigewasset Valley, and then only beside some old

homestead. The little purple flowers grow in small

244. FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

clusters, and appear in summer. It is curious to
learn that the nightshade is closely related to the
potato (S. tuberosum), the eggplant (S. melongena),
and the pretty ornamental little shrub called Jeru-
salem cherry (8. Pseudo-Capsicum). A comparison
of the flowers of these plants will reveal the rela-
tionship by their similarity.
Winterberry, or At the very close of the season of
Black Alder. = flowers in autumn our attention will
Hen verticillata. be attracted to the brilliant scarlet
berries of the black alder which dot its gray stems
and cling to them long after
the leaves have dropped. The
leaves are light green, sharp-
pointed, and elliptical in shape,
and have a fine-toothed edge ;
they are two inches long. The
shrub is certainly very decora-
tive, and one wishes it were a
little more common; but while
it is plentiful in some localities,

it is quite absent in others, and

Black Alder.

disappointing on that account.
The smooth winterberry (Z. levigata) has longer,
narrower leaves, shining above, and long - pedun-
cled sterile flowers; the smooth alder (Alnus ser-
rulata) must not be confused with either of the

SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 245

foregoing species; it is a member of the Birch
family, and bears a calkin, like my sketch, in early
spring. It is not surprising to learn that the black
alder is a near relative of the Eng-
lish holly (Z. Agutfoliwm), to which it
bears a slight resemblance; but the
holly has that bold, spiny leaf which
gives it an additional charm. Our
own holly (Z. opaca) is a tree nearly
forty feet high, growing in New Eng-
land and southward, with oval, wavy-
margined, spiny-toothed, evergreen
leaves, and red berries. It is not as
beautiful as the English holly. The A

so-called mountain holly (Wemopan- Smooth Alder
atkin,

thes fasicularis) is not a true holly at

all; its berries are a deep red, with a dull surface. It
is common in the wet bogs northward, particularly in
the White Mountain district.

Cosmos. Cosmos is a beautiful white (or pale-
Cosmos bipinnatus. pink) flower which closely resembles
coreopsis or the single dahlia in form, and blooms in
early autumn. It is an annual which grows six feet
high sometimes, and its only enemy in the North
is Jack Frost, who appears too early in New Hamp-
shire for me to grow the plant successfully in my
garden. The dainty white flower comes to us from

946 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

Mexico, and grows wild there as well as in Texas;
it thrives better, therefore, in the gardens of the
South. The variety called
Pearl is considered the
best. The flower is cul-
tivated by the florists, and
“is seen in great luxuriant
clusters in their store win-
dows in New York and
Boston during the winter.
The Texan ladies who
visit Washington wonder
why we value a flower

which is a common weed

Cosmos.

in their native State. But
“a prophet is not without honor save in his own
country,” and the only fault of cosmos is, it hap-
pens to be too common in Mexico and Texas. For
us it is the dearest and the last flower of autumn,
excepting the chrysanthemum.
Chrysanthemum, he chrysanthemum is an Oriental
Chrysanthemum flower, which comes to us from
ie Japan and China; indirectly some
of the smaller varieties come from England and
France. But the florists have taken almost com-
plete possession of the flower, and as their hothouse
blooms are perfectly huge as well as gorgeous in col-

SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 947

or, our garden varieties suffer by comparison and are
consequently neglected. The Chrysanthemum family
is immense, and numbers some-
thing like four hundred distinct
varieties ; this number is con-
stantly being added to by newer
hybrids. But these florists’ chry-
santhemums are not hardy; they
are mostly of the Japanese class ;
it is the older Chinese varieties
which stand the cold of our
Northern winters best. The pom-
pon variety is quite as hardy as
any sturdy-going perennial. In
this class there are Alba perfecta,

ite : i i = Pompon
white ; Gaillardia, brown and yel Ghise pee mice

low mixed ; Golden Circle, golden

orange; Bob, crimson; and Rubra perfecta, magenta.
Of the hardy Chinese class there are: Diana, white;
King of the Crimsons, deep crimson ; George Glenny,
yellow; and Dr. Brock, golden yellow. These varie-
ties are recommended by Mr. John Saul, who is an
authority on such matters, and I can testify to the
excellence of his judgment. The King of the Crim-
sons I consider one of the finest of the dark red,
hardy chrysanthemums. One of the most beautiful
flowers of the anemone class is Princess; it is white.

948 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

In our more southern gardens these varieties will
be found blooming as late as Christmas, if Decem-
ber should be mild.

The chrysanthemum is indeed the last and most
beautiful autumn flower of all Flora’s train; and
whatever we may say of the rose, we must acknowl-
edge the lovely Golden Flower another queen—the
Queen of Autumn. When the summer flowers are
gone and the birds have flown southward; when the
chill winds come down from the icy regions of the
North, when there are no leaves, no blue sky—

“No t’other side the way ”—

then comes our Autumn Queen, and fills our laps
with a wealth of bloom the like of which we never
saw in June. Oliver Wendell Holmes sweetly sings
about the Golden Flower as though she were an angel
queen :

“ The fields are stripped, the groves are dumb ;
The frost-flowers greet the icy moon—
Then blooms the bright chrysanthemum.

“The stiffening turf is white with snow,
Yet still its radiant disks are seen
Where soon the hallowed morn will show
The wreath and cross of Christmas green ;
As if in autumn’s dying days
It heard the heavenly song afar,
And opened all its glowing rays,
The herald lamp of Bethlehem’s star.

SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER. 249

“Thy smile the scowl of winter braves,
Last of the bright-robed, flowery train,
Soft sighing o’er the garden graves:
‘Farewell! farewell !—we meet again !’
So may life’s chill November bring
Hope’s golden flower, the last of all,
Before we hear the angels sing
Where blossoms never fade and fall !”

17

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX
OF THE NAMES, COLORS, AND LOCALITIES OF
FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF THE UNITED STATES,
INCLUDING A FLORAL CALENDAR.

The names with the asterisk (*) are those of flowers not
mentioned in this book. The letter on the right of each common
name is the initial of the botanical name (or vice versa), also in
this index,

959 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

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253

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

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954 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

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255

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

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I6L ‘22 “aidy “SPOOM.TONT ‘mouruI0g, "OUT AL *YOOJMOAQ Jor ttt ttre ees eo ag ‘O70 MA. ‘£aseqourg
“sO “prsagqyiow
“idy ‘spoom Wu ‘MOUIULOQ ‘OUT M “‘4OOJMOID Ce eee Vv ‘pay ‘Aroqoueg,
git [trees Ses dycuaheie econeteraiatel | ies saear te tond daw al loeem neces ean Seis srarereretoaone Resngaa erare ss. a TOsTeM[eyY ‘wespeg
elt “‘4dag ‘suopied
‘eI ort] -4ne¢ | pos qq3rr ‘eIpay WoL {snomea | -canpmeray [oie etree reenter ceeeey tresrege
‘4dag ‘suopied
gg ‘06 | -ounr | [los WW 3ry ‘adoing WoL "STOLIVA |9JISOMUIOD [rete OD ‘u0jNg S,10;eyOeg
‘waded Pei “yoo nuoMANg *AqyTea0T s10[09) “Aqore,y ‘SHUILAIUVA GNV SHIOTS

257

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

28 ‘6h

GOT
@bL ‘Br
6.

FEI “06
oI

“20y
-oune

“ydeg
“Sny

“ydag
- oun
kB
bea Vv
‘aune
‘ABW

“ydag
“any

‘any
-ounr

“ssBid
9u9 UT ‘SMO
“PBaUT 4SIOW

‘sppey Apueg
‘syueq
popeys
*£MDOW
*Spoom

yor ‘uedQ

*[los pooxy)
‘jlos Arp
pus punoid
sdweag

*spuod puv
SUIBIS MO[S

“Spoom Tory

‘SJOHory
‘suree.14S
Su0ly

‘070
‘sopispror

‘THOS [eraniry

‘mOuITIOD

‘xO pav “ely 01'S
“AM 09 ‘SSB "H

‘squl UI “g
pure ‘N uowWOD

‘momW0RD
‘suopied
“eulgo “N WodT

‘preaqynos pus
“aur 0} “ed “HN
‘prsamjsom pus
“xa, pus "BA 01'S
“WUIl 07 "HN

"paeayqynos
pus “STA 09 “OWT

‘moUIION

“paeajsom pus

$0981S OUBITV "N

an q-y@[OIA
eed

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A104

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ptrteseeeceeeeseeesse(Sepy gas) JaSre] ‘Sela anid

terete terete eereser seer ess Gg (ssp ry pafsa-enig
wesc eee reece eee tereeeerseeeeessee 7 (SEN ONTDLe
been ewan eens pence eee ee ste eens ‘O ‘teaentg

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apevine a siaiguesersie-aiecaveiscaiars <erateiers aie + q ‘qreay-Surpestg

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eareleeene +++++ (arpaey[ren 00s) IaMOTT JORUVTG

seiesess+y toBery “qaoMIOPPVTL
*(S2UDHINA 014D7NI2L19) BBS) JIOMIOPPBIT
(aojdurep 208) uoldwuep 19ppe[g

“9 ‘sooreyeug Hoe
ore Sect tee ee eeeeeeeeesener ess ggoIqeog -HOBT
‘(opury DIYeQDNY 9s) Wesng pesd-yoelg

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Phebe ress ee essere sees eee eeeeey gQMS- Taq

sees" (Ondy, ‘QIOMeIyT 808) dvp s,doysig:
Ke as ited UMNYPAT, 998) JOON

all oeotards Siestrahosslatoyancisiseece's eleteioe “(JO418Q 98) SON S,PIIg:

pictata: eaisieieacaere, Wee eee renee eee fe) ‘eSpoH ‘poompurg

958 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

‘sny | ‘sapispeor | ‘uur 01'M “ON *10[OO ‘apyons e%
96 -oune |‘saoejd4yooy| Jo "szur 07 “AN -£ou0 -AouoH ft? SSSA TN stosta ‘gpponsf£em0T-ysng
qdag ‘Jos ‘etdand.
& sny ores oN Id ‘uomuI0g 3, ~A9[OLA, “esis [<trhee* eee cera ee eee ee cee eens Ty ‘Jo. AOD-YSN x
‘0
208 ‘981 | “any ‘sdureag mrconssire larg) “MOTIAK faysoduroN | src rts” eseTY ‘plosrweu-ing
“sopIs :
190 -peol pus . ‘WOUITIOD ‘atdand.
-se soovd a1SB AA ‘edoing, wodgt -BVUISVYL ‘aursodur0op, see nee bee eee beeen eee ence sot lara are ag ‘yoopangy
“M pus -
‘oun “spoom ‘N dey “UCI
18 ‘key | ploo ‘dueq pus ‘pul 03 “TN “ou. *poomsoq dete eee eee see a tiisieans Pema gy ‘£a18q-young
“2ny “Spleg Pay Ae Si
él -eunt Apues ‘AIC “BA OF “a ‘N sanyq-343rT ‘e3BI0g re eee eee ee eee "Tl ‘yews ‘ssojang
Pe Cnn Dee Coes ata aise ncay ca | Sve ieloeorage Bare Seaianay prisss:|srsesseessseesses (qooaqBUg WOB[_ eas) ouvgsng
‘ou
“Ayo | “sexo -ysryuid io] “qeoq
‘aune 4SIONL “mOuIUIOZ ystuaad -yong ojos ‘og ‘ospeq Surquil[D ‘4voyayong»
420 | ‘SPIeYy ‘septs ‘etdan
Zor | -oung |-pvor ‘spooy “mOmUIOD -JO]OLA. 53 “8 ‘saupbyna mnie
‘sny “saqoup “qofora
-oune | pae syxoo.rg “aourut09 BBd | MOMBLT fost srt sess ‘A ‘ueowemy ‘QUITO
eg frreectte [chess eeten ental estes teers site ee [orem eeee[eet eee Ma Le steerer areas “+++ (preysnpy 608) vbr DowssDlg
eaareer JIATY WEMG Gas) DO fipr.14g2 BWODYIDA »
“suop1e3 yuid-vque3
AST ‘sapIspBoy ‘sdoang wodT -BUL O[8g “HUI Se BOC EG «3 “eq Sujounog
“‘spuno13 MOT Og :
giz pue smopragy “uoururog PEANOWHE Reads Fa ‘sheen qagquog
SOL ‘SPT |" i i‘ (ssojang s,tediA oes) poomontd
eer | learn Sus sieve aye vy il ee aafats'u aieiciasarategs sudadglltonesveioids aietets | rs aevalersjauaia al tasiiales sfsasa fea ara +" (GYeaJ9A 88) UTBAIOA ONT
*punoid
Assis “B[V pus “TOI 0F “‘gsmnyq
8P pue 4sIoy “MA “Bp oy aN | puverqa | -aeppepy foc fee ereeereeeeree conn giontg
‘sadeg sooth *yuscmoang “Syp007] Sucre) “Ape ‘SHILEIUVA NV Sq10adS

259

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

GOL [oriserrirtestsessesleeseesessesetereeslsveseeseeeefeseerrsersslereeesees (Hagantg 998) DLoypUnjo. DIuDduUDD
(Slleq AinqiejuROH ves) wn2payy Djnundwnd»
CY @ ae eo rrereerereereverees sss noodDr DIJIUWHO
q eens eee rey **(qqUIOBAH PITA 908) 2uasm4yg DissnwDD
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rel Sree tert asin ERIS By seats EMI NTEN Bes geval a a sea passe jessie ievaeesets a bebe RS wunidas snjnajoauogp qo wn2das n2r6ajshjnp
9 rettesssereesleeceeeesesesceecesscseersecresfereseesserss[esrseress+ (DIOMTIBTT USIOAL €88) siugsnpod 0Y370
‘ajdand. 4

‘Ol pue ‘uur 07 -yurd 10
6¢ ‘M “@lT OF “a 'N eyueseyl “SIqIIO sreseesceseccsucrscessecessconnauand uobodojpy)
BES re rrr is rs ee ee fd eweeedle *(eulqo ‘194SV 99S) s7suauzyD snydajs2709D
eer 7 ** (TUNITY 1978 998) S2.498N7Dd 0770)
es ee Cd eee Cee eee Peer eens Fe reteset cree aD OHINT “BIE

‘suepied f
ane pue ssnoq ‘adoyyT fey 3

Zel ‘FTO! “TIos quarry pooy jo ed¥Q uwri01g "OvIT MA. Tan SANS AEST STOLE LINE CN Meee, ‘auido ay “eTTBO
ot aiid is Y seal aaa . i *(eizqjoyosyosq ves) Addog BIaAO; [8D
98 : 0] D2WIDY es) Ysng OdITeD
Ost . “'"* DOUBLLL ‘BN pUsTeO
OST : sreteesss mudmg “epnpuaeo
OST * eZuvIO Jo VdUlIg ‘B[NpUe|BO
Ost veeeeeee = JOggaq] “BINPUOTED
Ost cb Salsas vale |onre's aaicearts Blgdow Medsiem eRe +++ gsnomg or] “B[npuayes

3 ‘9308.10

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6pI ‘4 | -aune¢ | ‘Tlos <puvg ‘Sadoing WO, BN eq foysodusog [esses ag ssapuzaya vynpusypp9
PL [etter cte[eeteeet ee eeteeleceeeceeettersenteenlettaeseneerefenteeteceere tttesseeesresereseseee (Spry qoaug eas) SNUTETED

“any ‘soanjsed *paBATNOS ‘aduB10
POL ‘sine ‘sta s1q . ‘nomu09 “pay *poomMATIW |'**** SSSTSTRNS F-GHa Rast: oie Bini ate esiRaesee ‘poo Apseyng

“sony

‘key | -sed Ax901 “moTTas

e01 ‘adv pue ST ‘aouuI0g aadaeq yooymorg [ott SL eI. § ‘Aveo ‘dno10yng
: ‘uourlm0o .

I6L ‘any “‘spunoid ‘OaTIBU “AA “moTTOs
‘gor ‘) | -oune MOT ‘adoing wIods ‘a awodead | "JOoJmoAD [ott ar Sourur0g ‘dnosrey3ng
aL [treteeeeleseettsetesees|teeeereer sees reser relists feseeeesesee:[rossarrerrers ee CeeUpEOT 098) SER pur 1947Ng

960 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

“<ine ‘(Bal ABSIOL MON 92S) SNUDILAWP SNYzPOUDIN «
‘oune “SOSAB]L ‘uoum09, “uMoIg 181-489 ee ee er Boi ge, a ‘Sela WL-98O%
F ‘(BOIUIBILA OUITIG 99S) UBIUIZITA ‘AYYOIBO«
“‘(BUITALINUB VUBIG as) Akdaeys ‘Apyoyeo «
rad Sens Cinna ttfteereeseesssleseeresseess|(QIOUMION OUSTIG 098) SUOMOP-IUSIN ‘ABYOIBO,
‘Tlos “‘suapied “ystusei3
badd ‘Sny | qo ‘Auang ‘BdIIJY WOl, Appny ‘asindg
66 Seles siete eriay shall Sraiare' nia Kinralayiieds sppeteitee | Sonia sao! sERas eacaE
sgl ‘qdag | ‘sopispeor ‘uOUTUIOD
‘IST ‘Go | -oung |‘saoujdaqysem| ‘adoing wor “OUT AA, “AQ[SIVT
86. | “3dag | par-gapreos
‘SBI BA any ‘punoigd MOT “mOUIULOZ daaq “*Bl[QQo'T fai sebe ges as ySiehe pes n(o gerisuny genet ee Se ‘IOMOLA yeulpiep
‘esr “sapIspvo. ‘suapied
‘96 ‘SG eune DUS SPIRE “THON O49 UE PIE ‘OUTLAA “Aa[saVg indy So alah die HARNEY OY SRR Yiulioay Oke UKE TEED
¢8 es Cry ae eneeeneene t[rrsereeescetterecereeeeeel(ogung § pleydeyg ees) s2.107sngq-vsing vyjasdng
“eny[q
‘any “Tos “suapie3 -4ajola pue “ena
-oune qqsy * ony ‘edoung WoL ‘oquqan Spar -eduieg net esbetheseibyBisl® arhzensltiery Se ange ey ‘slteq £1nq.19308O,
‘qdog “‘suopaes “moTTOL
-A[ne | "[los wary ‘BoMOULY ‘doi, pues poy “euBUueg ‘I ‘no1puy DUUDD
68 seer eee ce od ee rs Oe sreteesreesessagygog gyngApuso,
06 “ydag ‘suopied eva pus
‘99 “eg -oune [Ios qasrT ‘adoang WOOL atding “preysn A SunOS dle laieaeinek Sik SHORTY Boar ‘aeprey ‘qynjApuep
68 ee ek ce as wee ewer ee ee ee ee ee t[rtttteresesesssececsss rend gs arqqog ‘yynyApusp
“4dag ‘suapied “MOT[OL
6IT ‘GIL | -AIne | ‘Tos aqsry | ‘woweury ‘g wo emg “UINTUBIay [ser Gamony palg-sre0eD
“Ane ‘syueq *preaMyNos
eer | ‘oun PaPooA, pus ‘mur oo Ta] | “oaTTAA “yurg Frere erneereeeeeereenng Ucieyg ‘ordurag
Apne “SapIspeod
eer | ‘ane | paw sprara | -1roi-a-N Iseq “OIL ‘yutg. fo aualeis arahelemnais Sapeteas ‘-g “appelg ‘mordureg
ssolug Peds squomuorsmg, “Syv007 *s0]09 “Apneg, ‘SUILAIUVA NY Salodds

~ 261

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

“Ane
‘aune

"40
Ain
“AIO.
aka
‘any
AO

‘spoom Aq
“SapIs
-peol pue
saouid ayse
“‘saoetd
ANI 10 LI
“spunoid
dureq

‘SSI! pus ‘WOT

07

‘M8 09 HN
“WUT, pus

‘BMOT 03 “HN

‘adoing Woda

“MOUIMIO

*I0[OO
“WseLd
“aN[G-IO101A|
“2M,

“qyeoH

‘eqisodurog

“mad

“Old

‘suopied
‘BIS wold

“oqty.
pur yard
‘MOTTOA,

i [iste sos Kumaly ed.loap ‘unueyyaessigO

“*SIpABlrey ‘wnuIEyyuBsAlUO
‘yoorg “aq ‘winuwoeyyuesdsiy9
sreeieere ts euviq ‘wnureyyuessiyO
‘uINnUBESpLNg wnweyUessIgQ
niateiniate Gog ‘unuTayyaessiyO
*eqoojied eqry ‘wnueyqjuessigo
(1978 ‘SUSAY 99S) JOOY o7BlODIOUOS
*(4110q,

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Burd, ) wyofntyd. BOrY Os
"reese ss(@MaSSISAIY 88S) DIDIJAQuN DYdowWry OQ

Th mpmanu DpydnuryD

epteteieinty Watiicioles SER CHIee Sia ctehiaie seciesieities ey ‘£r00199)
asian a Bisbee ih pea ‘1e9-@SNo}yl Pela ‘paeaxo1gO

tr eeseeeeeerteeesee renee egs (rOUTIIOD ‘paemLADO

i (pBey-e[j1n, 908) 0.1Qn)6 aucjayD

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“Gd Saeed

99S) wnazn? 10 wnuD2Uu2j{0.109D basa ae
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Tr reseeeeee(aggMS-lO}YG VS) SUBPUDIS 87.198D19)

962 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

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BS “‘spunoi3 728A, bs “N OF aca 'N *MOTIIA, ‘asoy ES RASS Se rissa a Siete ‘£qqnaiqg ‘troyonbuly,
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: ‘Tos Arp pue :
2h ‘0S : ssoutd Asseiy) ‘wowM09 “MOTOR sae et altered sere ae TTT ‘oyenbuig.
83 y Be “Qoorayeus YORI 99s) vsowaon.. vbnso1WI2O,
est : 7 (AIODTIYD 99s) SNgAZUT wWNIL0Y910.
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Sug “suapse3 “yutd 10 :
SOT aun | “[Ios wy 3ry ‘eIsieg WoL] porated |‘aysodutog |i aS WN WAY? LY.
“‘suopied aq
Arn. cf | ‘sprey pue ‘monvalno pure yard
Sor eung | sepispeoy | woz pedvosy “OSTEO © Sumaneg treeeeeeeeeeeees or CuniuayLiDg wnwayzUDshsy
gor foot fet ein cetarbes toa kgueahnaancaraiaoin Ghaee's 6k chwinia s'avelatete S baaiclegnts “-(woysanagy 29s) soproruayztod wnuaypunshiy
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‘suopies ‘aqITTM ‘par
ecr ‘queso eq} WIOIg | ‘MOTIOA ‘aysodui0p ooo gaumung ‘umureyyUessIgD
1S poh eee ee eee ees * epojied viqny ‘unueqjuesh1yO
TG : treeeeeeeee ogegoulig ‘unureqyuessig
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“saBeg ois yuowmonaug, *Auywoory "10109 “ApoE ‘SUILGIUVA ANY Salodas

263

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX,

Ter

OFT
6&T

‘syueq
pure spoom
yor ‘dureq

“syOO1 Oplsog

“TIOS 9STON
“‘Tlos pooy)

‘Tos 9st
*SPOOM
soul ‘plop

“gsuryeq
pue spunoid
37SBM

‘Tos poop
‘syueq
IOApI pus
sapIspeoy
“JOS pooy)
‘Tos poop

[08 poop

‘OW pus
“eMoy “WOT 09 “AA
“Ld 0} "AN YINOG

‘mOWIUIOD

“Sy pure “stan CBA
“M 01°X (N SOM
‘suopie3
‘BINIOF[BO WO,
‘suopies
“erpuy WO.

“WUT 09 “M “0 ‘N
0} “WT "N ‘SJUL UT
“suopies
_ ‘preayjnos pus

“TIT ‘Teurep “IA

‘suepsey

“‘mOUIULOZD)
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‘ueder wo1g
‘suopies
‘(puqéy ¥)
‘suapied
‘qoqigL Wor

“YOTOTA
aed
“MOT[AA PUG
qa[1B0g
“oq
puv onig
“ONY M pus
ONT q-FOLOLA,

“‘snOLIvA.

*MO][OA YST
-usals o[8q

“yurd
OSU,

“YSIPPod

‘oqTgn
-ystusaiy)

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qusrt

"“MO[[IA

‘eV ABL

“4OOJMOID

“‘QIOMZLA
‘OMS

“‘qguereuly

“ANT

‘rodeo

*yOOJMOID

*qOOJMOIO
“yooJMoIQ
*JOOJMOIO

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s[reeeeeseeeeeess (gaeSafe Biassag 99s) sdoiqg [e109

votes" (pBaIqIPION 92s) D270 f2.19 8179d09
(PIP ‘PIeMPUI_ 9eS) s2swaaty snjnajzoauogy
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settee sess ees(a2 414 DIYIQDNG BOS) IAMO[Y FTOD
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vet ee eee eeneeetenereeeeeens sen prt Ms fQuTqumNog!
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*(MOUIWIOD ‘O[JSTUL, 99S) §NjJD7090UD] SNIIUD >

Steen reset nee ee ene renee sees sess 9273409 DIU0IULO
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964 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

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POL saeco seeceneade Shalea wa sane te reser ery 109900,
OFS a sonnel. a sereeeeessss TiBag ‘SOUISOD
“‘Suapied ‘sexay, “yuid
Shs ‘THOS pooy | pus oolxeyy wor | pus oztt7,4 |‘aytsodwoy peteeeeseresereerseses snamyurd?eg SOUWSOQ
86 Pee eee eee eee lence terete rece enene lee eetccn ses fteteeteteereleeeeaneenseeee ‘+++ (adig weIpuy 9as) que esdi0—)
*(AaISO-poy ‘POOMZO(T 98) 0-12f21070]8 SNULOD *
‘(SULIOMOL ‘POOMSO 99s) Dp2.Lo0y sN2.L0D
18 Ribiuguyaassen : (Aar9q-YouNg 99S) s2suapnUDd snULO9
06 . ery ee ae aa "(WON S,1O[eYDVg 99S) JaMOBUIOH
“Spleg “mouLUuIOo ‘atd.und
qyeoya Ul ‘adoing wo. pay “yurg PMA ReNECE Heber ES POD CT OOr TLAODy
“MOT[OL PUB!
‘suapied pus pei-deap ; ;
10s ‘eC ‘Tlos qysrt psy “IY “WUT poxit ‘oytsodurog jG Heeler TERM mmeN centage ipa YTy sisdo0a.0g
‘sUapied pue
‘Tos duep |‘preayynos pue ‘vA :
B0% 10 YON 0} TIT pue ‘yor, || “MOTIAA |'aqSOduOD, verre ete tees settee ees paMpOadUD] s2sdoe109
“MOTIOL
sixd ‘suapies ‘sods 7
‘106 ‘981 “TOS 4q Bry ‘Sexo, WOOLY MOOV, | aSOdUIOD |rocrt rst ettt tress epUOMUNAT s2sdoasog
*MOT[OA
‘suop.ies ‘yods
T0% *[los yUSrT ‘sexay, WO woorwp, joqsodwmiog [tests trtttste etre sees 9nUuo0tod $2sd0a.10Q
‘syueq pue “pLeAYINOS
B08 spooa TaNT pur ‘TIT 02 "8A “MOTIAA |aUTSOUUIOD [ort ttt eet ee paDNILUND s2sdo0.109
: *(JOOY [BION Bes) 0.L07/2}]NW 0Z1Y-L0]]DL0) x
‘UUI, pue
qdag “@MOy “OT 09 AA “TMOG ’
-A(ne ‘spoom Aq “puy 07 ‘AN -yst[dang “SITIO, wee enee seen eR mir | ‘ooy 18.100 =
“sade jh oat “qusumModyAug “Aq vO] “4010, RStULE “SAILTIUVA UNV Salads

265

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

ThS ‘qdog | ‘splay pue ‘mOTIUIOD “mores to

“est ‘eoL] ~ady soinjstd. ‘edoing wo -PlOS Gory |*aztsodum0g [rst ttt "yy ‘WOUND ‘mOTTepueqd
‘oune “syUeq “qSom -ordand
IBY | pus somwrg | -YNos pus AY |-gapora eyeg |‘aysodurog [vst sreseeesesess cer STa4sa AA ‘ASTBC
“ANE | ‘sMopvout “q WOUIUIOD aqtya ‘194
gor | ‘aung | pue spre ‘adommmy wor |-uad mopfox|aqsodutog |+-0tt tte trettetrereneeresig tgha-xg ‘Asreq
got |r Hi | sana osnnayate iat «||| saeatans| avasscoishs e/aiauavora,s «|| Ad fmnoigielsiegaictatel] weghatns siabiger ‘ (As1eq ystSugz eos) ysysuq ‘Asreq
“qdeg “TIos ‘suepie3
ere ‘zoe | “Suny | aqSy ‘gory ‘oorxoy Worg ‘snore |raqsodmiog |tretttt reeset ee ee teeter ees “++ suqniupa viyyoq
“AB *punois ‘suopred “moT[os
PLT ‘SOT “adv duvqg ‘adoing wor weploy ‘sy 4ieuy SIE Seiecaiatinge oxeistateieisie pealannigiese ge ssieisine AAT DOME.

: ‘ON go ‘svar oy | ‘aqqan pue
‘gS SOW pus ‘aur | ‘ejueseur

“Aqne *s30q, yeog | 07H 'N ISAAA “OTT -yulg “SITIIO i ‘aq1qnqoods wnrpadiidhiDe

‘aune | ‘SpOOM MOT | ‘Usy ‘q pue‘auipL}| “MoT[ed
8g ‘<OUL pus s3oq 03M “BD 07 “ON aed “sIqOIO. eA BEM SHAS XBR ‘suaosaqnd wnipediidhio

; arte x malar
BG frvcecteeferee reteset tttertterereeefiseeetrerrealeorseererer adding s Apel eas) wnwoyiasn uarieped Ie)
“utd

OG frree et tefec tees ee eneesfe eee ee ences riossereseesleseereseeees|GQmMOLT UOSBODORT 988) aynvon wnepadidlig
A) ane ee Ce ee ' ee sls (giugadg ‘uorapuecl oes) uoTepueg wiqyUsD

: *MOTIA.

“qdog “paneid ‘suepies uapjo3
661 -oune pooy “Te9 pue muodaI0 ‘qossny “AWT . ry “pany nayzoqophg
GET [evecececfeeeetceestetes[eecettereeesersecetalectteccentestesesnerseeee ls ies (zappoq 298) 2za0u01 DInIsND
*(Zoqataqey 998) $270}726Ds N1.10]0j01) x

ke “punoid ‘suopied
oog | “ady Asseg ‘doing, wos ‘snore, “Sta PTE Eee eee e arene neers ese erent res SIO"
LY
‘AON ‘spoom YoIy | pus ‘WUIW 07 ‘on “OUTLM. *‘pasienyy [<8 e et te eteees eee teereesess 7 MOON OPTULOx
‘0, N09
*sZ0q sormeyZarTy ‘paren
qyeod pus |-qj10u pu ‘UUW 07

‘key |spoom Assom| “ed “fe 'N “GE 'N | “OMA Yeo [tty ueqmoug Sudeep,

Te Geo COO COO Cee ocr Coe cce Cee “+ (DILAA ‘tanwe.en 88s) PITA ‘Tqsemeac

18

266 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

.

Shr
T6r

882 ‘T6T |*°

“spunois
MOT

‘spoom uedQ

‘THos Wore,

S TO

“splay
ureds PIO

“THos Torey

“os pooy,

“Tos pooyy

“‘suepies ‘euIqO

‘HIV pue “qen 03
“M 8D 01D N

‘suapiey
“paremynos
“UOT 09 *

“‘suopied
pue “eA 07 “eg
“*pleayqynos
pus “Hed 0} SIMA
‘suopied
‘adoing, Wo.
‘suopied
‘ueder wo

pues ueder wo.

jen BES

“MOTIO A.

“onyg-Jopora
34SIT
“oyTq A

PUB JO[OLA

‘ous ‘yard
0} onj[q seg
“qsig
pue ong
*MOTIOX
“ON Q-3O[OLA

‘opyons
-£OUO fT

"qOoOJMOID

*4OOJMOID

*qOOJMOID

*JOOJMOION

*400JMOIO

Pe
‘te t+s+ (qaeay-Bulpss[g ees) s2/27qnj}Iads N1zUa0Iq
(Sayooe1g S, UBUIYOING Vs) DrLWPPNIND vAQUaIIg

) ‘NE 8,140 +
“Qooy-a[yuIIO ees) DYAYdrp DIwDzUET x
***(QenL ‘TBO ‘Addog 908) wnpr614 uosawWoLpuag

sores 99994109202 wmnrUrydaqg
“wnuribaiad wn.urydjag

tre teereseereereressereses qunsouos uniurydeq

“unin pxA wNULYydjag
sts (gag ‘aindsyre'y vas) wnzoja wnrurydjaq

threes sss opyosuog wnrurydjag

a ishoretsed ueteiecniats se abisaniosaes “unaunzn wnruydjeq
Ba ace (Qeyooy ‘andsyre'y as) sronlp wnrurydjag

a

‘MOTO ‘ATIT-AB Cx
seeee Ris bserprotene als Siscecsbenapeaaie are eae ‘onig ‘Ay- seq
BUL[SULUWOD 9eS) UOMIMIOD ‘19MOoTq-ABG
“**(qo11ep 99S) DJ0LNQ snonngy
(ajddy-u10q,], 99s) wn2U 0WD.YS DINn}JDG
treseceesseoprdoonm1o0o BInyeq

“SOpISpvoL “mol[od
puv saopveyy "eq 01H 'N wapjon |-aysoduog [tres tr eteet steer eee es teeeeeceon Greg ‘morapaeq
‘(916.124 0162.44 908). JreMq ‘MOlapued,y
“punois "xo, 0} puem “moTpos
qstory ~ynos “uey oy pH] wapjop |-ayrsodutog Jee shaw’ x4 wale M ‘erqquUsy ‘worspueag
‘sata | sp ommg, | WemaoHAUE *AqTB00T "10109 “Apres ‘SUILAIUVA GNV SaIOgaS

267

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

gst
cér

16
18

61
16

Or ‘6

oor

‘oun
‘oun
‘KEW
“ke

sae
“Arne
‘oun

‘ydeg
-oune

‘soinjsed
durep pue
sopispsoy

"SpooMm GoOny
“plow Jee]
‘spoom ory

Tos qUSrT

“‘sooeld 19M

“spoom Aq.

*punoid yor

"SOHO
Jo S1api0g

“soovtd
Apwys ‘yo

Barcolestre cers)
‘adoing wo.

‘UBy pues “UOT
03 °M ‘BE 09 “Bd

‘prea
4sem ‘dOUIIOD

“suopied
‘adoimg ‘g wor

“MOUTON
“Kal, pus “VY 01 “gS
“aul “"§ 03 "HN 'S
‘yLVY pus “UUTAL 07
“MUP CN OR CN

BieCedtetiecerg)

“XOL, PUB “BLT 03
Be “aUrAL 0} HN

“MOTTA

‘geen
10 YsTu9ed45)

“moqad oped
PUB OFT AA

‘ofdang

“OUT M
“ystuse13
pue o7tg MM

“oy
-USstyUld
“Ouran
Auld

“OTM

‘eqtsoduiog |"*

‘OMT

“AIOPUUN

‘oqyIsod u09 | °

*poomZo0q
‘poomsog

“AT
‘oueqsoq
“snyna

JOauog

“(qsIeyy

‘qIOM-SUOL “JQ 998) DJDInUDdUDD sSepol Ty
tereeuseneseeccesccceccsresesecoy (oupdTBoalaa

Aivisisiste epialeiaie s aaaiieies & tire ereeeeeeeoe Araaquopiet
sroeeereees (Ssorsng SJedIA 998) arpbyna wn2yor

(nj0a;n2 Dpasay 92S) PPM JO pea S, 0S0
Be PiesSHe Da hSat ie A SIaKS| (4a19q-young as) [eN10N j..eag

V ‘odig s,wemyownds

q ‘seqoeorg s,ueuyoyng

Prete reteseerereesereneeneg orp snd
“(paseo

-punoy ‘mMepung 998) nu0y2puNnjos D.19S01 x

*(peaBvol-pRoIyL ‘Mapung ses) s2w.tofyy D1as01g »

‘(SSBIH-MOTIITM 99S) VULAA NQDIT »

ere trtessy eiso-pay ‘poomsody

Ne Gani male ion | ‘ZULloMOLA ‘poomZo0qx
(ONZUOL S,1appV 99S) MOTI ‘JLOrA WIOOL-s,30q

str teeeesesseeees sony gare My GOLOLA UOOL-S, 30d x

¥ ‘durpseidg ‘aueqSoq
‘(dI[SMOD UBOLIOULYy eae DupHapl Uosy;DI0pOd +

Tener te eet ere ee er ereeeereree erg LaDDOUT
t[eteerereseeeeseees(TagBay gas) snizsaajhis snovsdiqy

! “(snz0f
“2UDU] LazSP 99S) snzofiimUuy snddodojdiq,

vre+++>*(gronsseuo0H-Ysng ees) vpyeu, 07720101

968 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

“Spoom

: ‘pO pae ‘sprey “TOUUIOD “oq. r
SBT ‘89 | -aune ‘soinjseg ‘qqu0u A(SOpT -USIMO]TIOA |"OUSOduION jt Trrseseeeeess sexy TIOUMMMOD ‘SUISBLIOAT
' 831 -qdag “SOpIspeo. “eSOIUII
22 ‘9 | -9une |*punoid uedoQ “mMOWWIOD, “MOUTOK | -Satueaq forests treseseeeseerg ‘ggoaulig-Sulmeag
ic “(O91
Cy CaCl e d eeecccees aiff wor etopatatars ‘|vvve-) xan 30 ernesuyo ees) omsisyornd oequoudnar
“(Carey
BOG [retiree eee eee fee eeee ete eset fe eee e ee trre/eoosecseeee-Lumong ang uO sMoug eas) DyoUbunw nequoydigg
“(saqeig pean
94} JO BIVJeSTIOg 998) D7Aydossjay DiquoydnTy
Is “'(paem o4q-30f 998) wnaindind wni.oppdng
a a oe oF srtetsss* Gasguog gas) wnjzn20f4ad wni.oppang
‘suepied ‘OUI pus | ‘esomwig
‘Ios poop Pus BIUIOJITBD eyuosey | -Buuaag fe wnuU22uU0D WNIpILDYONT »
"asduBI0
OST ‘6FT : PU MOT
‘QPL ‘url| “qdeg ‘suepie3 -jad ‘agra
‘OPL ‘GpI| -eUNe | ‘Tros yqsrT pus BIUsIOF TED “MOTOR Addog [ror g ‘norusofyp9 vizqoyosyosa
“(MOTTO
6 vesteces|eeeeseeeeerealeeererersersesseeseslesssserereesteseesesesess lon SooT Sapp 998) WNUDILIOWP WNUOLYDRAET
“UTM
‘JOTOTA YOOL-S,SOC 99S) WNPIQIV WNLUOLYBLAT x
*10109-YSop
*spunoid ‘equed
“MOTUUTIOD eu eg ['aysodurop | tts aunazydjapopyg UoLahr0g
LP . eee eee ree ee oe cy ‘(urequelg S,UIQoy 99s) snw0fip1q]2q Uu0sabrag
01% : }rstttss(pgaMadLy 8as) n20fsnbup wngopnda
I 3 y sapemears dul) saVeynes veeieeeies oe “*(gnqnqiy 808) suada. nabidgy
‘suapied
aun ‘saoetd ‘UOIIBATYTND WOT oq
90r ‘SOL ‘keqT ASSBID pedease A[OIBY pue yulg ‘aqisodurog wee eee ee eee ee ‘d ‘ksreq qsipsuq
‘any “‘Suap1es-Cayoqry
ret | -oune | “Tos aq3rq ‘adoang WOIT | anqq-owpry |-oqsodurog frvtsrss testes eees ee eee Coarpunt
‘soled | sy omg, | WeuMoTTT “AqTwOOT “10109 “qyong ‘SHILGIUVA GNV saIOgas

269

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

SSE ‘06
G ‘8B

08
eh

eh

Ole

“SpOOmM
Arp ‘uado
“Tos 3ySrT

‘Ios pood
‘saoe[d o78@ AL

“saoeld 49M
‘Tos WSrT

“punoid
J9A0-pouing

‘Tos qr]
“SpooaL
uy} paw

sasdoo 4sloy

*SPOOM
euld uedo

‘syueq pus
‘sTTouy ‘sound
-sed 9]11949,
“spoom pue

“YIV pus "BY 04'S
“BMOJ "SIA 0} “FN
“suapaes ‘eo
-Weuy *do1y wo
“‘Suapies ‘UOIBeAT}
-[N» wor podvo
-so ‘adoing wo1

“YTV pus “UU
07M BIA 01 DN
‘suepies
‘jUBAO'T 94} WOLT
‘qsom pus Y4.100
“Tey pus ‘uuIT 0}
“MOON pue “HN

‘suopie3
‘eulyO wold

. 210 977M
“Bld 07 “HN

‘aomw09

*premyyIOU
*‘mowWlop

sty Sq

*MOTIPA
‘ong ‘ytd
‘MOTTO

‘ontq 9qSrT

“ONTq-J91OLA
“WOSUIIT)

“equaseUL
aed

CAN

“OUT AA

“asTya

“OTT AL
“YSIMojlaA
“o7Iq
Aprvad

"WOMSLT
*390]9,0
-anog

“ese.10g

‘eSOIWILA
sulueag

‘aqisodwi0p,

“AIT

‘eqisodur0p

‘aqisodui0p

teresercay lgspeq LUMO ‘OAOTSXOT»

rs os siete sy *YOOTO,O-INO 7

Pe ee ‘oR Qou-oul-4e810,7

sabi 9 "(p0f1pL09 D1JALVIT, 998) JOMOP-UIBO,T
“(on0f

sonod vobhjog 908) WsaAISIOJOIM SULIIMOLT
oe “(ONnI_ s9d1e'] ‘F¥[y 99S) SI[-op-anapT

peter e tee e ee eee trrsseseees oy Song Jesse] ‘Sela

2s ans see eeeeetee ese eereeresesss err Dow XeLTe

i
é

Seen “a ‘paomorny
*‘(ava-esnoy Plata
‘pesMyOTGO 928) pesmyoryO svs-esnoWl PIT

OD ‘MoJ1OART

aiieis H4 eneare hee ++s+g ‘qeag s,momo]og asTeg
([e9gQ S,WOUMOTOY eS[V,J 9AS) PreueYIds os[eT
Trt OsIPL09 D]JIADLT, 98S) WOMOIWD OS[B
savsiaie's Sa esie'e 8 ciheaesetouaetess “w ‘sdosp-yooog osregg
(led ‘WoTepued ees) uOlfepued [TBA

.

rereeeeerecesnoneny (Ariag 10 Sndg ‘Suysepreaq

teen e eect nee n steerer eee sour MATIBOT ‘Sunsvpieag

970 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

“(MOT
A ‘ourtaessar 998) suauasadwmeas wn2WaAs}ays

62 er Salis nye andta's a ginal gbdisibes Sediavas| alls Neg werateralealfeeecliratetn waieiete “2%. <(qgaasIeqUI MA 898) Suaqunso1d DILIYRIND|
Gee -Apae MOT “mouIM0R “OUT “‘peemayog ee ert ee ey beens mesinssi ‘gad1ey
‘Bny | ‘spuv[poom
9st -oune Yong ‘mowM0Q, “qstuserp *10pPeH Signe Gio cicerasenase Sm ave metas ia Sere ‘g ‘unLoyrsz wnyDop
‘any “‘spunoig
-oune Apeygs “‘mOuIUIOD “OUTTA. “JOPPV 0 ‘aunmdy wniyMy*
e sda meee hisaiatelonladauians | a4 tenyseRG seks eka ae is Bie Sale nciste|Sineeatees sew fisaies seaewe +++ <(doapMoug 99s) s277DA2u snyzUD
any ‘suapie3 ‘sdyq mores’ oe ee peau!
ect ‘act| ‘Aine | “WosqysrT |‘preaqsom puv ‘ey| ‘pat [mq |'eysodurop j********* ae apes iie "hs onayoynd vipinipyoy
‘any
rae ‘Ane | ‘Tos yqsrqy ‘staple ‘snore, |'oqsodurog |i 7- spresnteaytisie ae + UDIZUALOT DIPLD)PLDY
‘3ny “Bld pus “ysydand
eS ‘Aqng |punoiZuedo] ‘xaJ, 0} ‘uBy-g = |pue moTlex|"eqtsodurop tress 999991000UD] DIPLO)
eet foc Lassen vissaie.aies eraysloadiete's scsccmpeennia’s dia usin algreuathavacgalll@aielece be, atanstarsi| mae ainantine ahreeaie +++ speosog BlOANY “BIPABTLED
‘suapaed ‘aidand
-ydag ‘pavayqqnos -UMO.1g puB
ect | -Ane |'punorguedo|pue ysom “ye “N} MOTIAA |'e3#S0du0p |****** sreereeseeessereessesss MADISILD DIPLDI20D
“qdeg
ect ‘ger | -Aine | ‘[fos qqsry “suapIBy ‘par daaq |‘aysodur0g Js epengig re uUuopohiqun viplnj vy
ui vrreseessss“(onig ‘AyrT-£Bq 998) 07DA0 DIyUNT
0g (oxyofronnd viobhijog 3as) vyesAjog pasurrg
cg crrseeeeses(ngZaLig ‘SH{OIO 998) SIQIIO-pasuy
eS “(DIM ‘ATdOQMBIYG 99S) DUD2U2O124 D1LDbDAT
‘(pate
ed Co Ce Ec -MOP-MOTIOA ‘AeqQaesyg eas) popu DILDbv.WT
dag “spoon ‘UI pue ‘eit
“sny | Aap ‘yong |o.'s “aUI, O7"H‘N] “MOTTAA *QIOMALGy [tt Pees ete es meeste es H ‘os[ey Woours ‘oao[sxoms
sade eeu “ymemaonang *Aqr[80071 “10109 “Ane ‘SUILMIUVA NV SHIOgdS

271

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

261
261

6IT ‘22

"0
oee ‘uct | any

“Tos qysrT
“spoom
a ‘gore.

‘Tos wqSrT

*punoid
AIp 10 MOT

‘Sploy pus
spoom uedQ

‘spunoi3 MOT

‘spmn0ag
ISIOA

“‘suapsey

“Bx ‘S}UW 04'S" UIP
0} "UUOD) “AA “IA

‘suopaes
‘BIUAOJITB,) WOL

“TOWIMIOD

OUEAOE)

~anapaed ‘ado
poop Jo adeo WoL

“BH 0} ‘SyUT
pues ‘ogo ‘BMoy
07 °S* ABC 0} “HN

BD 'N 01'9
“CUTAL 0} “HN

“sya oped.
pus oz A

“oA

‘ajdand
“OBIFI

‘atdand.
-ejuas ey

‘ajdand
quart

“SNOWBA

‘onyq-ould
-BUIBIT[N
qqart
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-OULIeu
BIN JUST

‘SLIT

"WIOMSLT

iii wisaes

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dak crmieris bane aR ‘snjorperp
* sisuafe[youeig ‘SNjOIpe[yD

eet cette teers reeees seers sgnpumg SnyOIPDLD

“oy ‘SUOSTID« .
Seen versa eters (Aa punoiy) 99S) PUNOAH-944-IeAOT[FD

beara’ doarereta:s Sen tis pi dueediuass +155 40]092.0) DID x
‘(SUOAY 998) 210024 WNID»
‘eIpIBIVH 998) 0270f1NUI} DIPLDAIAD) ~

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qjoowlsg ‘Qao[ 3X0 90s) D20ftv1anb wipsn1ay

‘“(aspeg Aumog ‘eao[sxOg 9e8) Davy DIPAVAIAD ~

“2D ‘PIAA ‘aInTuB1eH
“+ **@reqoy qieH 288) 22L9QOT ta)
i Sheeeeere essere roTaTTeg QUIBPBAL ‘UINIUBIAD
(PIE, ‘wnTTBIEp des) wnzDINODU wnLUD.19)
"ore" OqtOAR TT BT “LUNTUBLe A
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TUOSBeq 99S) uoySulysem ApS] ‘wniweIEH

“(aepuatg

‘og ‘Sunemopq ‘wnaB1ex
"srt eUTAazOod 9INBO ‘mINnTa e189

Speier *** puUsaa DUDIZUIY
*(MBYUSH PIZULI] 99S) 077219 DUDIZUAD
me (UBIQUeX 81390 99S) 2SMa1pUpP NUD22UEH
Dey FAMERS EE Siete esi. seme ES vurdyp puniyuay

“py ‘pesag ‘weyuey

pus oT

‘weruey)

“4 ‘paso[d 40 oTog ‘wequey

972 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

“suopies ‘MOT -ontq
“SPIE -BATY[ND-WO1J Podvd} = -auLieUr
002 ady _pue Sosdog - -so ‘adoing wodg Bay aed “AIT srteereeeecereceececcecrorsees ot taanesT -odeiy
PEL footer retest setfeest eee eee ntsc esate [eeset tenses sees crores Dea da nhoiesiaisio (u0909 9as) wrvovg1ay wridlissop
‘gaaaa5ieie: ‘saluey sally “OVI
#9 Ayn Japan spooM| UI pus paenyqION | YsimecdH SUP LO) | 7 EPS BE tees PERE EE Sea e suada.t naahpooy
#9 Mec pees od Rbalsialae o noone alee eee state granti| nininiate oiayeieinyeye ll worancined de eA *(W1ej08[g-dYBuSaTI}BY BS) suodsaqnd vialipooy
“BMOT OF “AL
‘ABW | ‘Spoom pjoo | pus sqm ur “pyr
Fas} ‘adv ‘duzep ‘sdog | 07 °S‘°N UOUTULOD | “OUYAA —| “JOOFMOUD [rT ttt ttt rts sees 0D ‘peary ploy
912 ies ig [eeu ee aleeioe ers \aain thoes F saaie H eee * (oBepyfog 808) poy wapjoy
“sen ‘spuog “BLA 0} “SBT -uepjon umay |e Wspaiensosenas 2 z "4 . simaioes 0 ‘anip-weplons
sisdoshie
: ase YD 99S) 10]SY UepjoHs
4deg ‘suapie3 yep *9SOIUILI
amp | -pos 34311 “1e9 pue ‘a0 ‘gdang “BUlUaag frocesssrssrttetreres ess ng undund wrap0.
“quid
-eyues eur
‘suspied ‘aosullio | ‘asoiuig
_ Tos qqsrt te ‘310 Puy TRO pue oy A, “BulueAg, ee TTTTTEee sess sss sD ZOWD D1VAPO) %
17 a eo ee Cee ee Cece CeCe neces ararene = (SesearT aas) v.1qnp6 DzyLwhohiD
‘enSBIES ‘adoy = |'pedrays por
96f pooy jo adep WoL “MOTIOA, “StT
7 ae ee De Oe a Srnehe Perea ss f
te ee Ce cere c sds [Past ersraneretis ares v8
ou M pue
“‘suopied ystdand
961 ‘adoing “9 wo1g | pus ytd ** S2UNUIUOD SNIOIPDIY
261 2 Konci BIOJOSAIGH ‘SNTOIPSTH
GL ‘ ais aierdeaia tebe tes saga) ‘SnfOIDELD
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261 Tos wsrI |pooy josdep worg) IW sg “SHI oll as aE Cea S21]DULp.L09 SnjO!pD])
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273

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

608 “BAT or ey EE LE EMME Be rT “(DIEM Wamopng aas) snaywnb16 snyzuDNeT
4 *SUdAI
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“(aaMopUNg e1n}
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-4dag ‘punoi3 ‘suapied *moTTOs
gos | “any uedQ ‘sexo, W01g wepioy =j'aysodurog | st teres ssess snahydobin snyzunyay
goz [ccc alas fecaiatcaiain'e Srooatiogne Balers] ssieieyeise = nace “S}--+* (gaprey ‘semogung 09s) srnuup snyyunnarT
*“MOTIA
qdag “‘sua1req “Uey OF pus uepjo3
602 | “sny ould ‘premyqnos “"f *N [pues uMorg |‘eysodurog {== “tt sree senyofysnbun snyjyunrar
fi “(pee M-9Ze0Ug 9aS) a7DUWNIND 1UNIU2]2H x
gee tggn fccicceftettet yee euduaeledaan ee mre er sreteeeererereses*o(QGnIq 898) [[2qereH
“‘spunoid ‘uey pue

“qdag MOT pus “TUT 09 “MA BX)
691 | -oung | Sapispeoy jo'sjuro} MN [Hurd aySrq| cosoy [ute g SoeypreH

GEL hich, tickers R EWI MSIS SKE egies [adie ales vtess aise ees ei ees see rr ssss9*(TazeBTT-YOITM 08S) DI2U2HU24 SEWUDUDET
“Ae ‘OW pus ‘uUIpL 09 | “YStaeeid

19 ‘gune ‘saozid aM. ‘M “BL 03 ‘A ON Tea “STqOIO. eee e been ee eee eres eee esees SUBISALU VIMDUIQDET
‘Sny |'sdoq puv smo] ‘uUI pus ‘pay o4 | ‘eyueduTT

29 ‘ane -PBOUI JOM “MO *N 01 HN ysyjdung “SII, settee eer eecsserersereteecessegnoolsd DLMDUIQUET

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qstour “UOT O1' MA CRD) | "SITA8Is

a anes OIQ. [tittetttesseterseecres esses: u.ta90) DLDUIQDH

49 “AE pue sz0g

N 04 N eed =

treves/eress (DaBZULLT ‘SIGDIQ Vos) DPDIUQuY DIDUWAQDT

*(aourUI0D
Sal ‘89 sca lio Weare Yevaters Vetter ek adie [lasienniares sacanaalllerateared cessed ‘Zuysepreaq 90s) wnpoydeofjod wnipoydvuy
"en 01'S ‘ysyuse13
adv *SpOOA TORT “TUNA 07 ‘A 'N “OUTTA ‘Buasuly see eneraeunsensesenseuerrececessssou STAT DONOUE
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‘Ane |Apeys payeayy “QO[OTA

z -1dy -[NO 10 a4S@Ah ‘momm0D qu. vy “QOL eee eee eee ee ee seereeeenr Lar punoy
‘sUIOA
‘eT moypad

pue BMoy unig | 70 Meer Psd
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974 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

“palemygnos pus

“spuRt “OW "S 07 “Ay ‘ISBvOD
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“spooar 04 "SJUL pus "eq ‘apyjons
08 “Sey | ystour ‘prop | pue ju0 03 “a “N oT -Souog [oc tteteee seeeeeseeeseeen SySng-alqqoH
“(P20 M-OHBUSAIIIEY GOS) WNSOUIA WNIIDABH >
r6L veers s(Aqqnayy ‘eayyTy 9s) snowetfig snoszquy
S6r *(dureMg ‘Mo[[e]-esoy 9es) soznayosoyy wont
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e6I senecsceleeennesscnaces[sseerernassecrsnenes(esssarerererlessacecceses| ++ "(AGT IBOG ‘MOTLBI-OSOY 908) §19U29900 SnISIGEET
*(JaxDOY 99S) $270U0.120UL 52.1adsaT]
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*pavamy}.iou pue “Ustqia
‘idy | ‘spoom pus | “UUW pue ‘opt 04 | pu o[dind
8 “ref samjseg |'A ‘SeTeIg OMUBELY| -antg ered | -goojmoay | etree ete ory ngonw vaydaEy
“(MOTLPA ‘ATVT-Leq 998) vane $27) DI0.1aW ATT
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dag ‘suepaes pue My | “MoTpat
“sy ‘sured S10 pues “qon 0} ‘oy|pas uMoIg -aysodm0Q enema meen cere e eens wae neeees 8270fi6.40 SNYJUOI ATT ~
‘ydeg “preayynos puev “moT[o£
60g | “Sny | suasieg A1q | UUTPL SIA 0} OFGO| UEPTOS ITV |‘eqIsoduL0D “* s17D2Uap1000 SnY}UNyaFT
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sige [romans le viemiwna tna wns aeniaysnapteessins| ee 8 eg nce | Sain Asa chara Gites tavern ra ce
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60e | ‘“sny auld -yyNos pus ey = |puv uMOIAg |‘aqIsodwiog |**"""*** SRP ssn fiydo.wajzay snyyuniyerH
‘sodeg Pre “poems AU *Aq[B00T “10109, “Aporeg ‘SUILAIMVA ANY Salads

275

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

88
68

68

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SBI ‘TAT

8P

26 ‘T9

[os UST

‘TOs yqsrT

“soov[d
dueq

tele ne eee eenennee

‘Tos qqSrT

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Apueg
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91SBM pus
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“‘Spoom
qsjour ‘qory

‘Tros pooy
‘THOS pooy
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ploo ‘dureq

“puno.13 uedo
‘os poopy

‘suepied
‘edoing wot

“‘suopied
‘edoing WOdT

“‘suepie3
‘qUBAeT OY} WO1T
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SoYB'] 1VIIH 9u4
pus “pI 09 “on

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*g ‘@MOT 07 ‘TUOD

‘OW Pus “Bl 04'S
“SEM 0} “HN

‘suapaey
‘suopaeZ
‘etAg WOT
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pue “st ‘pul
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pue yard
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“MOT[OA

‘qoTOIA Ved
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pat-yarg

“snOTIeA

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“OUTA

*pasysnyy

“‘preqysnyy

“410M

‘aSO1-YI0Y

“QOL
‘appons
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tteeseessees(qang Kpueg eas) D2D1JaqQuN $7.aQT

Ba bic ++ -suauzataduas s2uaqT

“++ po1gqD.igny 82.4097

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‘qI0M-S,UOL “4G 998) wngotofuad wmwnoisadiyy

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ttt esreeeereseeeoy (UITeg-OSIOHy
SERS Pe TT ‘apqonsfeu0H
Peete ete nee nec ee ence nee sereeesor SHOOqATION

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276 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

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. ‘eD puv “ey 07 |"uM01Q-per
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gor frome sy thescl lta nid Hoses ratens Seamer ee : didininers ¥anicieae sda mis “punuaLopy Shit
cel bsg Rusiengaeeve's Bata nrats erwiaraiatatars 6 sierra veefeseeeeess+(Kopg-Surasopy 92s) vaundind pawoar
‘(PUBdWUBdI]Y 99S) WN2UaIaFT VNU ~
aun ‘TOs “eT pus ‘aU 07
‘Key | Sap ‘Apaeg | «ay “ep o GN “MOTION asng. ttt aie da eenmlnde eee “er “DIEM ‘oStpurs
‘any ‘soozid “UOWTUIOD
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puv aniq
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OLT uado ‘Liq “‘aoulM109, -onqq w8tT| -ereqod [ot i: ttrtesssseseer togoeqoy, uRIpur
‘(popu DUUD| 208) 40
‘spunoid MOT ‘ma80I3 me Lae SROs
bt puv sdweag “uourUI09 YSEMOT[OE A Titrtttntresesssseeeeseesereena (guog weIpUy
“OTN
86 “spooa. WORT “qoUTUIOD usmaig | cqyeoH foe wesible bin eters ++-qy odtg werpuy
“SPOOAL *pavAYINOS pus | -moypjad-qST ne
601 duep ‘gony | pul ‘aul 0. N|-maeid avg) API ott W ‘joey-raquinonyg uvipuy
IIL Sees Har ae en Z “(UINIZINISE N 9aS) ssaig UDIpUT
LL ates os Siete sites i y Sod ae re ieee “(poaay-Tamer das) ppyyod suaryoduiz
‘soovid Apeys 2
puv jsrour *preMqynos
ILL ‘panol3 4OA ‘mourwog sosteesesseseseseses mam sf suaipduy
OIL here oo we oe (ures[eg 998) Duzwns7nq suarzndwy
PS ‘(1aPi' V YORl_ vas) 0707)2923.100 wap
CE sctt++* (ATTOH UBoLseury ves) vondo xajy
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(Ca ado iad | rap namie cate ot (ean a niola is paaabeicaii || fea akciiceas | bualasianicipies | Maan oaerae (ATIOH yssuq ves) wn20fenbp xaiy
“U00)
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277

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

raed

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GIT “OTL

2eT

Fes ‘06
eh

bL

“sur pus s30q
yead plop

‘Tros
poos ‘dureq
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MOT

‘sT[la Supe
pues punoi3
Apeys ‘4Sion

‘spunoi3
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‘Tos Tory

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“privayy10n
pue ‘aUrpt
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‘MOTION

*preayjzi0ou
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‘xa, pue
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Sd1109vA.1ISUOO
‘JULIO UOT

‘suspies pue
S9L10}8sIISMOD
‘ellapey, Wot

‘Uy “GY Puy “UUIP
07 °M “BLA 09 “ 'N

*pareayynos
pur ‘aey aU
09M BA 09 “OTL

‘0 'N 09 “OM

“mOoTJo£
pues o3uv10
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“MOTTA

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“OVUM
“UMOIg

-atd.ind
pus useiy

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-WOSTULIQ,

‘antq

“PIOIA

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‘sq Areury

mevuitird:a cy 9)

“e1UeZ0'T

‘eATTO

‘eprys
-qU3IN

‘ayisodu0p

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‘aqisodunog | *

corse sssmonD 6 DLwyoy

sreees* (Iamery deeyg 99s) n270fsnbun prwyoy

tet et nena ete eeeeeeeeneneres seesereeeeu Gmbuog

aa: ¢ ‘peam efg-00¢

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ihe NSE SMe he RNS Sede oN ‘qid{ng-eq}-aL-yoer

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278 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

“* (ono fig) DLWIDY 9es) ureyunoW ‘jaine'T
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nr[rreeereesssos (Bag qaamg 89S) SNIV.LOpO Sn.LiYyZOT

‘Hos Wy 31 ‘suoprey ‘snowea | qoogzmoay forte Sabie KePENILS +++ q ‘goxooy ‘andsyrert
“suepied :
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sun | ‘spoos mol | ‘wey gy pus ‘um | “mopjed
8c ‘AB ue Sdog WW SLig “SITIO “59 MOTTA sat[euug ‘aeddig s, ApeT
ett ‘91 | Ret beuceal ow Rami nesaean Leases te Nakon (ures|eg 008) sodditg s.Apery
gg |° “Ganon WosBoo0]{ 9ES) Hurg ‘ueddyyg s, SApery
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8S Stns Rs eee nee eee Sees eae wnzipad2..dfig 90s) Molex weS18'T ‘seddtg s,Apert
ee Co Seas aaa navadG ce, Wraie| Wierd ig akeeavatee os aiajaleie ous <0 (onitsao soyzuandg ees) Sassel], So1pe'y
' *‘spoom *prvayyiou
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‘sung |puessoq pjoo| “eg 09 "HN ‘OTA. syyeoyy [ecctttee ft eeeeeessereesoury (gaz JOpBIqeTy
‘2ny “spunoi3 “paeaqynos “moTjed a i
dy uedQ pus ‘uO 1 “aN -plod qqsrT ‘aysoduroy ee rae a ‘porUrBaLd DIB »
ere por | iWidareraha einioaiecersl| Lardisnaienre“s Sareicerbia sade] eiais eisai ais Gini) aivians.¢ apatnw ened neeecotecd (uoljepueg IIA ves) uorzapung 0261.14
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ydag |soovid oysum “yurd “qeoqan
“Sny | ‘os 4stonr “moTAWOQ -equasen es ee Ce “sg Sqrg ‘peemjouy,
qdog |‘ssovjd ase “Aopoo-ysey | “yearn
“Sny | pue spiexz “MOUTON paw aga | -oNg sertetecccceeceecssseses yr (OMIUIOD ‘PIOMJOUSy
PA ae ee Ce Cee Cee Cee ‘+es+*(@uIOgLEL 008) saproyn pYoydauy
AUCH :
“Tos pus “£3 “0 07
daep paz |'M “@Ld “AA 09 ‘S}UU) “OITA pues
98 sung | sr Ayooy | ‘all pus vpeuep ysraid tt: i srrtrcessssscess TT \p970f240] DLO
‘e8ta | jo aang, | Mmaonsug “841900 “20109 Kyou ‘SUILAIYVA ANY SalOgas

‘279

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

*s80q
pure smo
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‘os 4p

‘spooa uedQ

“spunoi3
MOT FORT

“Pos qory
‘TIOS

qo ‘Aprys

Ayenreg

‘tos Aig.

‘OW pus ‘UUT
07 "M “8D 03 ‘HN

‘OW pure “uUrTT 04
“MO 'N OIF (N

‘OW pus “aU

07 "MM “8D 09 “HN
“ur98y4

aeou pue ‘suop

-1e3 ‘BISY ‘WY wold

“‘suepie3
‘edoing wot,

“premyynos
pus ‘aU 07 ‘eg

*peyjods
-UMO.1Q ‘MOT
-Jo4-930B10
pue mojpos
“uepfon

*‘pal-yap1e0s
pue
a3ue10-pad}
‘paqqjods
-UMOIg
*payjods

-UMOIg
‘adueloO
‘pal-japreos
‘peqods
-uMOIg

“AT

“ANT

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sereeesees(p91)0daH 88S) JeO[-IOATT 10 JIOMIOATT

LA | ‘Plea woren ‘ATVI

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ae a (AIT 4078 AA 088) N ‘TOxe MM OTAN ‘ATIT

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trereesss(dgg-s HIN], ‘ATIT 908) wngiadns wn2qvT
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tenet teense ners ee reneee stay QQTIOOrT

ress -sO.LuOnNDS $1.1700'T x
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seen teseeee'’(gunery daaqg vas) deayg ‘Janey

980 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

‘pO “SapIspvor
o6L -eung | pue sppay ‘mommm09 *OvTU AA, mopar ‘qoUINIOD ‘MOTTSNT
‘syueq pue |"eMoy pus ‘uUI_ 07
OF “ABQ | Spoom 4SIOW | “MO ‘N 0} AN OUT A AW [octet g ‘asuapounp wnweyuooyy
9st +|-+++(gydang ‘eJL1ysesoory 99s) 97.1092709' WnLYQAT
9sl +" (MOTION ‘9JI1JS8SOO'T 99S) 0792.19S piyoowmishT
; “(peavey
cl -IM0, ‘@JlIySesoo'T 99s) VI70f/24poN yryoowrshT
GES eepe ahe] Rig seis See etaeNs wenn os sensei te ely SN sate SoU a een ({7ewg ‘ssojsng as) szsuaawy sisdoohvT
*(Q[YOON-WA0D as) O6NY229 srUYyoN'T »
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‘e[dand.
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gct | -oune JOM ‘Ted 04 “TN aed sagoory [eeetreeetrerttereesseseeee rg taydang ‘ayqaysesoorT
‘Atue | ‘Tos Apues “ey pus
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‘any ‘spunoi3 ‘eo N pus “y1V .
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“qdag ‘pul put “eg 0} “qafOTA
gut | Ang | ‘squeq gem | “SUNN OF HN | FUeFT “Breqo'T prlabraeter sane n tae verses ppuDy 011990T
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281

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX,

60T
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908
808 ‘20z

861

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‘THOS qusrT

‘sapIspBoy

‘OW pu ‘UOIWL OF
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-W109 ‘premyynos
pues o1gO 0} "HN

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SOP SADA Cae eee

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“‘suapies
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‘suepred ‘nor
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“10[09-Ysey
10 OVAL

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“qoojMory

“400JMOIQ

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“AIIOQIBV

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‘aqtsoduiog |"*

‘aqyisodurog

(qooy-aaquinong ueIpUT 99s) H92u264L4 DjOapayT
"g ‘oomg-mopRoyL

Leese ee eene nee reeeeeereeeeoey OTe T ‘Qnd-MOPBOHL

dined SERNA YS BAe aime om ‘oo Apreg ‘ans-mopeant

SHR Page ‘éqneog MOPBITx
suynqry 98} Jamogéeyy
veheseeney Qdde-Avpx
“MO GS) N1aq-JO-[OsIBIy
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‘ZIOM-S,UTOL IG 99S) JIOM-SUGOC 4S YSICILy
*‘(apUdav'T] BIG vas) AIVUIOSOY YSICW

Lette ee eee reeeeneeeeseeeesenery UNOSLIBIT USIBHL

EHTS V ‘MOTRIN GSaeyq
‘eo MagUnOH.P Worse ‘plosavy

t|rcrerereeeeeess (gmpuaeg aes) depuey ‘pposuent

trettete Sgoueag ‘ploswen
vet eeerereeeeeeeseersss -QpeI0d [Gf ‘PlOSMBH

SHEERS HAIER PINES sacs are ‘aeonyy ‘pposirele
“***(COUIULOD ‘MOTB 998) D270f2punzos DAZOAT
serereesesee*(MOTIBIA YSU GOS) DIVYISOU VAID/T

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19

9829 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

“(gaJ, O39MSO 99S) VIUApIP DPLDUOW

681 wee treet te eeeeee leer eeeaneeteateseaaleneneseaseaalerencesecrerlscesrerstsso(UIBE BOON[OM 89S) 20a] 011200] 0AT
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qeqymoulos | ‘suapies ‘spuyist
681 ‘TIos pooy BdON[OM WOIy "mN80I15) “QUAL reece eneeeeeeerreeererecreces ony SUNT BOON[OL
“uu, pus
“Gor “pul ‘N “yuid
PIs ‘9g 07°M"O N 07 HN] -toswp | ‘stqo19 ise 7d ‘HUId eMOoLy UOSBOOOTL
9% all seeardiee «ele eie gee |esssovgsemes| ss So “(ophydep vp[224VT 998) ONIL, “OMIT,
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98 stow daeq “TDI AN 07H N. ystuaery, ‘aSBIJIXES teen e eee e nee es eee teen cress ese eses OONY DIANA
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96 spunoid Yortjo7"M "ON 0} HN] ‘OUT | “eseayixeg ae cess iT “onhiydyp 0119727
28 seen cence ese lee een ee eee teerereeelaseereserecaleseaeeense Sr[ereeseeees(K19q-eSplIyIVg Vas) suadas 07]9YI77 AT
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‘any [Ios qqSrT ‘suopied
80% “S6r ‘Arne ‘OOIXOW wold “OUT AA, “AWT as wane W ‘psoufeg DIN
601 “801 es eee ee ee Cr ee os rs on seree(oqa ‘pauanbuvs ppbhyog 82S) OMAN
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‘2ny episeq pure uMo.1q
69r |-eung (pus [los yory “WOWUIO) “ORT TIN | ‘POOMATAL | ty Smourur0g ‘peat
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pue
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Je |-eune | ‘fos <puvg | ‘yueaey oy} wor | ‘ystaeorp | -uoUsIT rid teteeeeseesesar tar auoubyyy
86L Gis Haid hewsinls Bose mr ihatae oe wae A tage Be ‘(p10yfig DIDI 98) JOMOLA 12S UOIXATT
281 eee oo es teeeseneceerloreeresereeeeerers( Kat GOslOg 99S) oatA AINDIOW
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“QOTHAN 828) s7qpurouFo sn720]27 2 x
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283

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX,

008

Bet
908 ‘FOe

“POL “BIT)

‘Tros Apueg
‘Tjos
boos ‘dureq

‘jros dwep
‘Apeys A1Vq,

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pus splat
‘[los pood

‘syueq Apues
‘srry Ayooy

Ss WU SrT

‘suapied meee
pure nisg wold
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“suapied
‘edomg wo1,

“sumeprBey

“MOTUUIOD

‘mOTIUIOD
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‘edoing Ulo1

“AY pues “Bp 07
“S “UOT 09 "A (N
‘S pus ‘poyeannD
‘gsuopied ‘Bot
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“SNOLIB A.
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AOTIPX

“OTT A
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pespe-pey

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“‘syTAaeury

‘sI[[Areury

_‘paeysn yy

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‘sua

“ss 'Brpuy Jo ssoiduig, ‘vany..INjseN
eR A 00 PrVMpH ‘wnyZANyseNy
Wap sdB[eqJ [8ISAIN ‘urn InIse NT
7? e1OINY ‘UUNI4INIS Ny
‘key esy ‘uINTANysSeN

Serr errr rere rere eer eee eee L ‘mnyangsen
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“*(snqyuedjog ‘SNSSIo1eN 39S) V72dZD], SNSS2I4DAT
“***** (IIpOTeC 99S) SNSS7I4DAT-OPNAST SNSSIILVAT

srteseeeessgourupfjod snssio.0Ar

sre eessncsss 9997979900 SRSSIOLDAT
‘+ ((Mbuor ees) DZNbuor snssv.NAT

sresessses(Qom-OUl-JosIO 89S) $2.039n7Dd s22080fh AT

Hedasslick siaiahle iS aisipieG a cele yng ‘oer ITAL ‘paeysny
‘oo -(aynroedF-3dBay 998) saprofizog tuwasnyy

Tete rien nereeeeseeeereeeeeeerecerees A COTSTINGT

rire ttereestererereerree rg gpg SUTMIMONL
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*(pN0f130] DLWIDY 9S) [aINeyT uleyanopy
*“(urequnoy ‘ATIOH 99S) AT[OH urequnoyw
Teeeereeresecesse*(qiomMpuBg oas) ASTed ULeyUNOW

a SpeH EM EOI a eet Spee at na ete ‘yulg SSOW

Pte tenets scene eecneeeeeee say USOT SUEION

‘(adid UeIpul oes) DLoy2un vdo.0UO;y
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reteteerestaveteseeetres(garigoy 808) POOUSHUON

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“SPIPE
pue spunoi3
popegs
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‘SpuB[pooaL
41g

uedQ ‘UBy pus ‘OW

pus o1SB A ‘adoing woiq

sh (pUuDIUIbALg $1491 928) PIvdg-S,UV-PIO

“(waandind pyapoy aes) vaandind v19Y.OUR) *

tr[rretereeeeeeses (gdoupung ees) oywnd V.139Y}0UZD

eden einpehata'S Suotnateienaeeaye “++ gisuapnossipy DLaYJOURD x
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rreeeeeeseessss(qiomi[ag das) 0270f2]78Sa8 D1SaY0O

srree*(ATUT-1978 AA any ‘AMA 898) N7D.LOpo DaYdwhyy
*‘(MOT[AA ‘A[IT-puog aes) nuaapy woydnjy

seas titterereeeseeeeeng (OUIMIOD ‘epeysIySINe

Ft eeeeeneeereeesreesg (qagMsroNIG) OPBUSTUSIN

s[oseses+* (QSin-8-I-aA0'T 99S) DuaaspuDG 01796LNT

*(MOWIWIOD ‘oDDeqQOY, 2aS) WnIDQNI, DUN21092AT
(polaMoy-a7it AA ‘OoDVQOT, 998) s2ufo DUDIZO9LNT

2 paitaeied ais Carsineieters sirseeeseeng Spay, KoBTaL MON x
tereresseseses(LaT punoly 3aS) DWO0YI07,) DJadany
‘(ayequnoy, ‘ATIOH

Ss) SLIDINIIISDs IO sisuapouND ‘seyzundoway
(SSOID-JOJBM 9S) apouzoyJo wN2,.LNjSDAT

stetterereaeteretere+ QgO%T ‘UUNT}AINISBN
ALU sould ‘uinty1n4sen
serees ST pag ‘UINIZINseN
‘+++ QIJoposlLL SUL SUINTIINISB NT
treeeereereres squinyy, WO], JO SUL ‘uMIZANISseN

984 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

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285

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

sor

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49
49

99

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“spunoid
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*tros Aq
‘oun “spoom
‘Avy | ysjour ‘gory

‘oune

‘ke | ‘Spoom qo
“SMOPBOUL

‘oune 70M

“suepies
‘adoing wo.

‘xaL,
pure “uuey, “f'n
04 °g “WUT 07 “OTL
“‘suopsed
‘adoing WoO.

*poyearqyno
“g pus “A “HCN
‘0 'N 09
“syw pu ‘papa
48am “TN WO.

‘OW pues ‘UUIPL
09M “8D 04 "TN

“WOT 03 “MON
put ‘¢ °'N 0} ‘H'N

“SNOLIGA
“ystd

-ind pus

MOT[IA BTVq

“‘SNOLIGA

‘OTT pus
ejdand
“Ul
“equeseul

-yuid
ysyjdang

“JTOLA

‘WOMSLA

*yOOJMOIO

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“STqOIQ

“** ((q Ul0Q 99S) sn~ayy LaavdvqT
*d [BJUALIO 998) 9707UaIUO Laandvg
*(Cq puBlsd] vas) aynvorzpnu szavndvqT
“"(Cq@ ding, 998) wn2on07)6 waandvg
Piearaay wniqnp taandvug

: O S.eIsseQ ‘Asueg

“++ qousng ‘Asuvg

Bila cmby teeteeeeersea Usaeg

abazahe Sees tirettteteeterereeereg tdng-paqureds

Ree SPREE ECEEE CE CCOSEESEES 009 c0--3
+(Auoeg 998) $770u29YJo DIU0H_ x

tertereeeererees(Qf9-XO, ‘Ssveq 90s) Asveq ef9-xO
“(Q9TOTA, ‘JAIIOG-POO MA .89S) 09907020 $27DXO
**(MO[TAA ‘TOIIOG-POOM 99S) 0792178 $270xOQ
“**** (OQIT AA ‘[OIIOG-POOM 99S) D17980;29H 827020

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*(A[Q019 JOaMg VES) 827478726U0] Dz2LY.110UWSC

sees SEARS alyiedesn cea supfizsraa.ag DEryALoulsox
*(qnIQ-ueploy ees) wno1nnNbv be eo

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rreteesssss(stT9IQ AMOUY 998) $272q029ad8 8749.10

pcerih s taaed sisienannasassheseit Gy ‘£soug ‘srqou0

ween eee ee seeeseesseorr hasan ‘SIQIIO

‘(2B9g-APOUIg 99s) stuvHjpnv p2UNdQye

986 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

‘Tros
qy3y ‘Apeys

sueniwg | ‘edoang worg | -yojorq_| -ouwqgoq |---°---* diniiaitats Bie shaconelana ¥/s tpatelw “Q ‘OpULMeds
6It fees Feee TS .. : “yZnoy 10 poqueog: S\ummozivied
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att. paqusos-asoy ‘uniuoZ1e[eg
alt “quruteddeg ‘umnim0Z18[ed
pags -yesor-Auuag ‘wniM0s1e[eg
006 poavot-oiden ‘uINTUOS1e[ag
SIL paavef-saqy ‘untuoZ1B[9q
Sit ** goysesioy ‘wunIU0s1ejoq
006 Paavol-7.1e9H ‘wuNTUoSIB [eq
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8It i ‘(qd v0YysesioY 9as) aynuozy wnu0bivjag
alt “Cg qulurseddag oes) wnsozuswo2 wnrUu0binjag
6IT Ca YSnoyY 10 peyusog ves) Hnpoy wn2u0db.avjag
Str : ‘d peave]-fa] 90s) wnzozad wnu0b.iwjag
sit ia * (q@ JopABdg Ves) sununbur wnruocbivpag
Paes (gq yesor-Auueg 99s) wnyoyndrsxa wnU0bavjag
008 “+ (papmog ‘gq eas) wnzo77NIND wnLUcbA_IET
008 **(peaee[-qavaH ‘qd 908) wnzop..oa wnu0binjag
pas “"(q payusos-asoy 9s) wnjzojz1dns wnU0banjag
006 ‘(paavel- ade ‘'q 90s) wnsojynbun wnu0binjpag
OIL SSEREEN (ZULIaMOLT ‘UMNIUB.I8y 998) wWN2UOb.npag
*(AT0JoG POO 9dS) SIsuapDUNH SILMINIIPA x
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‘(suajod auowauPp ads) PIL ‘leMorq-onbsegy
“saoRid ‘peddy
4qne qom pus “ygnog pus -yuid
28 ‘gune | Sap ‘spooa, 4seq uoUTMOD ‘OUT A srappeyy [occ een freq -eSpiqaeg
eune | ‘sepispeor | *xay, puy ‘UU 07
96 ‘Ae | PUB SPELT |'Ad ‘'Se7BIG OFNUBTIW) “MOTIOA “AOSV fore GNopeant PIE ‘drasreg
“spre. : : a
96 “Bny ‘smopeoyL “moUIUIOg, *MOTIP.A. EROPSAG AL PSUR ER Peete ote iat “*'@ ‘PILM womuioy ‘drusieg
(snssvaieg JO SSB.ID 99S) DUNIU2/0LNO VISSDULDT
eet foc ease wedasins < aietasbletpratoiiiays spnagara(aicre|lheraralieree sceiavare lhartegpatene-e wes |S aeaeeas Of he (‘q untdo 90s) wniafruuos szandng
seed | oa, | Moumosaug “An TwOOTT J0109 “Ayonvg ‘SUILAIUVA ANY salowas

287

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

“Spoom ‘[tos “oppowd aq} 0}

Apes tear “M'eH O'R 'N | -aso | ‘ayeey foc dete eeereeeeeeeeresrereeeerig lg masstsdld
* (Ba[BZY YUlg 10 [dang 99s) 1aMOT,A JopxUlT
oe shoots (gpg ZUMINO], Ges) JOMOT TOIYsNould
sapaaas “poem TOUIUIOD ‘Bo
poyeaning quoury ‘doy worg| ‘mweory ['QyURIeUTy [ot sreersseonr GOTAUIOD ‘pooMsIq
eee eee ee eT ‘QeS.1ep aes) vApunsap p990]0;hYT
c + (yUIg SSOJ Gas) DPDINGns LOY
Sees ees wee eee e ene eeee +++ q'Samquiypend Jo 124g ‘xorGd
“B[V 01 “yuid “una
‘spoom uedo ‘eq Wlorj ‘sys [-deep ‘yurg] -owmapog |*°"****** ey pektei settee ss mMUN0LDQ IO DPDAO LOIYT
“suBa.4S
Suo0[e ‘HIV pus ‘ep ‘oq
‘ny | pues spurt oy'g “UU, 0} «| pues Bjued “wna
86 -oung | -poom yory | ‘ed “N pue'e N | -eworeg | -oumjog [ret cesses pepmoput COPYUT
‘OFW pus “Vly
‘Aue | ‘spoom uado | 04 ‘g-"um paw “UsHigQa “Un
6 ‘gune | pae sat. ead O19 03 “BA “N 10 YU -omajog fitters tresses puetagnph Loyd
86 Pee eee ee ee Ge Acs PSU EeS TTL ae aiee suaeledeaonaiis aaron
*(Zanqult
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“‘suopied “uaNTo
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durep ‘£00 g “GUI 01°A N |-anqq ‘oepry] -ourejog [oot beteeeeeeerenee mangnspaIp LOTYT
‘suapie3
‘THOS 9U31T “1ea pga “SNOLIBA. ri cite ene stones -pgeengaE COPY T
(eroprpuess BIABTIIY M 998) 0200772 MM 02200 x
seaiae heres Seeiekd catevaee sprailss “guapuards vulsouliay “erunqed
“oh Ursus uaerD ‘eronged,
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Sabena bate Ree ae Ch “gouged, “elunjag
‘suapavs ‘ajdind puv
‘Tos 3y3rq | ‘wopomy ‘g worg| syueseq | usin [ot ak aligleagee tresses ceteesemaonjoin prungag
“suapied
‘jos qa3rr |‘voweury ‘gworg| -ommm | augin [oo ajaha ln wislacciadecs += puopiurbojohu veunjag

988 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

+++ +*(Teag S,WOMMOTOY des) wn.Loy27g wnznuobhyog

Pa es onaremareebiceade? eon aah sseanate
“]IOs aidaind =| ‘410 MyyIUL
601 “Stung | Spues ‘Arq Becoleranecerg) -qUIg jao epessfog)""°- teesrrteeseess spupbhjod 01pb6hjor
aun “preaynos pue “410 MYTTUL
601 ‘sO *[Ios AYOOW ‘UU Oo} “or 'N Mm “OUT AL 10 B[VBATOD i tee eee reer sees eM BaUas pyobhjog
*puno.id “mOsWUIIO
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0g “£eW [ISI ‘spoom| “AUT 0} HN -yulg = |do wpesAjog|*"**""""* ai dias ech Suet ees a ‘nyofonnd nypbhjoz
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go Bessjog| seeeeeeseeeeeess pamrBas nf DIDBRIOT x
20% ‘L0T Bisaiiiaemestasiae [is “+ ++ **(gs018qN, 99S) DSOLaQn) sayqUnr}0T
98S tance ges| Seo tsi 7575, Seng oF STA nS a eae *(qo81e9 99s) A1sog U0ESTg 10 ayog
‘oy :
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‘suapies pus “‘qo,1BOS
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6g SEGAOMIET ullgiseajeiniy.¢ gis etersine tamiele Ee srempeisietd bo ea) [eras rsrele tisleseeceeeeteel sos (QIMOW! SAHBUG 98) Saprossopborydo nyWobOg
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289

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

‘spuno13
Auuns ‘Apu

“suapaey

“197eM JUCU
-8848 10 [19S

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tre o+ +s (goRmnog eas) DLoyIpUDLE DIDINILOT

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5 --qjtipmoug ‘Addog
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bs ‘os requentg ‘Addog
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990 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

4dag : “sured “@MOT PUB “UUITY “MOTTAL
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A “UUTAL pus “Gor OF; “agg
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89 sy stash ei seseseiace “*'*"+(QI99UagG Wap]Ox) 99S) WOMSBY
69 eas es Gey nes need Ey seen ee . Pee eee teens (yearT-urgg oas) 097902779 DONT
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Aine | ‘sapispvor “TOIT 02 “AA BH | SmOSsuUTAO
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qdag “‘suopues “MOSUL
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“ydag Arp pue *ys800 Ie9T “MOT[aL

-A[ne spley. Apueg Be) Ss 04 qeyonquen ae “snqoep re ea wae ze) ‘read ATHOMIT
“sade ean “‘yaauuoNAUA ~AqTBO0T *10T0D ABT “SHILSIUVA ONV SH10adS

291

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

‘aseq od
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a “sny | ‘syueq teary} puy ‘uulyy 0} ‘Vg -YsoLd “MOTTRA [ott Spaavoy-preqreH ‘MoTey-esoryy,
‘ear ‘ogr| store [tre sre | sve ani ceer dinate Fb taiawagl A oeaeteater setts [eeee ener eens ecco
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“punoi3s > |‘adoinq wo.j ‘pozt
Apeys ‘gory |-yeanyeu A,sutredg ~pawysnpy [Citrine sieves ET Gano0gTy
“syueq yslout :
uP pue sesdog “wOUNTTOD ‘aytsodu0g cr ad aoe cl ‘oreqaeld S,UIqoy
2 *(qUB[Q [kO-10JSBL VES) szuN mud snUIOI
@er FL ‘ol (avidoruyy BIB) 22s) DUDILILP DIpPL_YOUT
70 ae ee ee Cece ed eee strsees|eseesseee" (KAT GOSIOg 808) UOLpUaponLTOT snyyy
19 SCT) | ee ec “ar ‘sesuappung v.Lopoysy
*(D809822 Da]DzZP VIS) WNRSOISIA UOLPUaPOPOYY
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19 3 [ees aie Bee -DUDD DLOPOYY VES) DLopoys UoLpuapopoyy
£9 se isteresa was 6 Fi) si fasels a Aibveime u SloikiaeSewielige “mnoyUog Uo“puapopoysy
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19 ‘aang | deep ‘dureq | ‘oro 03 ‘a orey A[LCON GOH fy oanwiepm Uuospuapopoygy
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992 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

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peat [ccf pee ana stv esbhaanazee | pasashah a suavetsiare.a}) ste]essssssssssee(omay ‘quouieny eas) auowony any
‘PABMYINOS puso] “MoTjaL
Aqne ‘Tos L1q “USI 09 "Bd “WA dav | aysodurog |+++++++rreeeeeereeeeeees++++smsongads mayaqpnary
“‘qdag *MOTIOL
-A[ne *S]9NDIT] MOT ‘mowINION, daeq ‘aqisodurog ee ee ee es p}02U290} DIYBQDNA x
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‘punoi3 -jSB9 SMOPBOL
“Aye Apues ‘prwayqjnos pue | ‘mores 72
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‘qdag *pleaqynos “qop.B0s ‘ ’
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293

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

Ter

Ter

gL

‘any
~eune

4dag
-ATne

‘fqn
‘aune
‘any
‘sr0r

*punoi3
Assen

“sapistiy 41g

‘spoow WORT

“spur
-poos 4SIopy

“‘syooy
meamjog

“0s 303rT

‘Tos Apues
‘sado11Bq ould’

‘sdarems ul

“sapispBo1
pues splat

‘suaIieq OUTg

“‘TyOs

POE UC lias

‘suopied
‘adoung Wodg

01M “8D 01'S 'N
‘g pue

“apy ‘BMol ‘WH
“(Or 09 ‘sseW “A

‘O(N ‘squr

“s}1WUUINS
"4uL AUO}s puw
‘SqOBPUOLIPY ‘si
OHA “98809 “HN

‘suapied
‘TGD WO.
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pas “yay “Ay
JO sape[s 03 “f 'N

‘aowUul0g

‘aourlm0g
‘pvemyinos
puv “gen “TITS
07 'f'N ‘gexonjaeN

‘suopiesd

‘[izeig WoL

“anqq-J@101A

“moy[od
-ysiuaeiy

“OTT AA

‘saofoo yst1d
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qsipped

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abeyance para eateries g ‘nan.tageg Jo DUD DILOG

--/-(aprg Surmamoyy vas) vaind.indo.jp vsorqnog

g ‘ApIeG ‘asBIsIxBg
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se tee eee Kas aypuroyfo sp.fosspg

ein (canayeniea veveee ceeeeeesoy Spray ertedesueg

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seis eid coy ae See Asaaeaeee’ os Yy ‘ureyanoyy ‘aompueg
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eres A ‘pons 818801610709 x

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994 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

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‘O79 ‘SPley.
aun ‘panos “WOWUIOD ‘ae013 “qeoq
ra ‘Ley atlas ‘odoin, Wody ous Appny asorig, «| [Pret Hales sitais Vossen . Sane sis okrg WY Yea10g daoyg
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8 ‘Ceye [spunois soy] 01H “N vourmg | -uosmTag vyywoyy fcc ee Sagiee srs ois palo x ‘pamey dasyg
“eT pus “UBT
‘sny “qaN 09 °S ‘UST
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‘aang “spanois “MmOT[OL
89 ‘SEAT uedo “mOMUION *UaPOry patisgdunog pertw te tases tenes oa aes g ‘mapToH *o1saueg
Pn Cee Ce choi ll aranasar Wa cevstehopsasisarantedts 3/81/26 aeeGhann ats: oa Ahatensde slaeone tone (o~pauag uaploy eas) snainv orauag
: (pbouag
601 nywbhjog 928) BZaueg 10 4OoIeYvUg wBooUEg
Ys) Cm pea SS] A el a (a a “ s"(s1upbB]Na D\]JUNLY BS) [BOY-J]IS
“‘qdog ‘SsoySvut *4svod Zu0Te “DBL
“any reg “Xz 01 ‘GN tmp eeq | -qaompvog | + -eeee eee eee ee eee ++ GapuoAvT-2ag
*(dvol[nyg 99s) 0.107 2.10707 02.1079) NIG.
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295

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

PAT ‘LST
69
OP

68

681

Ser

“‘spunoi3 70M
‘symeq Jaan

“LOS pooy
‘s30g

*s30q PIOD |

“squeq 4S!ON

‘spuno.i3
7STO UL
pus s30g
‘soovyd
Apeqg

‘spoom uedo

‘[los ATTaaBIH
“spunoizd
pareanin

pus ose

‘qsaM pus [INOS
“GUI 0} ‘Um0D
‘suopied
‘edoing WoL
“UUlA, pus “puy "N
03M “BLT 01H N
‘uUI pus
“UOT OF “AA “HE 'N
‘PAIBAJSIM PUB
“CULT “UBy "04
“MELON 09 HON

“@MO] Pus “TUT
03 "A ON 02H 'N

BieConercrecey@y

“prem
-qynos pue SUUITL
07°A 'N S9M

“prea
-qqnos pus ‘AxT
“KON 030 'N Wa

“aOUIUIOg

“AOA
“SnOolItA
“aU
‘OTM
“OTA

‘ae018
TmMp y2tT
pue afdund

-Tappeyl

“4o[OIA
-o[dang

‘MOSUILIO
-pai deog

“yuIg

"oT.

‘aqtsodu0,)
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seen eens been e cece nce ee eeane ‘93187 ‘uoSeipdeug

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Seek g ‘e8eqqep yang

sroretg ‘Bop-peyy ‘dvonyss
(ssp pofo-on[g 92s)

‘lpunpniuweg 10 wnyofrzsnbuo S‘unzyoursisyy

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labia (aresraA eas) Sof S1aTC US

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996 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN,

+ydog “syueq “squr Zu0Te ‘g ‘prem| “Moras 4
ee | “sny |papeys ‘ysioml] -yq1ou ‘uowM0D qusiug = |'eqtsodu09
“Tos
aye) qsiow pue “Moras .
6g | ~sny | syueq sasny “MOTION -ysideaiy) |‘aytsoduiog |"
‘any | ‘sasdoo puv *moTTat
ate | ‘Atar | sepisd|en ‘adaL 0} “OW yastT = |-aqsodurog |"
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see | Suny | pueysion [UU Ol-M AN] = 945g |-oqsodarog
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-ydag | ‘spoom pu ‘CUI “AN “MoTpad
11g | -Atng | sesdoo qstoyy | pus eg 0 "HN | -Wslusvery |‘eysodu0p
ball ‘ny ‘ *JoTOIA ‘apeys
—eunet | ‘SeNreig *XOL pus ‘UBy qastT -G31N
FRE ae hysidvenste sind tana: df avsteicvann a stsrenaaseve so vedisiall lg bla pia talate’s, Gusiatticleyare aeaceea cise
Pre Poehe Vintyaecoe ere [ee eacemomt
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gr [oct feecs nee ye Sealers Deayareeie Sens Rees os
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sreesesspa0unl obvprj0g

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297

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

TOL ‘OOL

661
48

98

418

86s
816

“suretd
Apurs pus
spooss ATH

‘spuB[pooa
yor

“punoi3 gong

“syueq
PapooM

‘sasdoo MOT

*4SB00
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saoujd Apueg

‘sasdog

“syoor Aq pu}
‘saysueul qeg,

‘sasdoo ‘spray
JO siap10og
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‘[fos “pues,

“SPlep o[l1948

‘soungseg

“uOUIUION,
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“BY JO “sjUI 09 “g
“OUT 0} “HN
‘si AMON
pus “xa, “uu
0} “AA BT OF “AN

‘xo pus
“uey op “UU
03 AA BLL 0} “ON
*uOULUIOQ

‘preaqynos.
pus ‘TIT 07 ‘sseyy

‘premyynos
pue ‘uni 03 ‘ay

“SA 0} OW
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“pavamyynos pus
“£¥ 03 FA pus “op

‘moUIUIOg

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“qo]0la-ontg

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edeseeaas ors Ta Sia Ses lahale Heel “4 ‘Teag s,uOULO[Og

terres pnofun obppnog

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trsseseeeesess quofinua, obnpr0g

tessess+sngo.0ads obppr0g

suatataduas obvp10g

sts -psobns obnp2j0g

seattle te --paopo obvpnog

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A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

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305

A SYSTEMATICAL INDEX.

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INDEX FOR LOCALITIES.

Africa, 14.

Alleghany Mountains, 61, 196.
Argentine Republic, 131.
Arkansas, 201.

Asia, 91.

Asia Minor, 11, 147.

Bergen Park, Col., 130.

Berkshire, 138, 169.

Boston, 3, 6, 29, 108, 138, 157, 195, 240,
242, 246.

Brooklyn, 19, 25, 159.

Buzzard's Bay, 35.

California, 148, 189, 199.

Campton, N. H., 22, 25, 48, 54, 76, 79
83, 88, 156, 158, 216, 224, 227.

Cape Cod, Mass., 63, 126, 164.

Cape of Good Hope, 116, 197, 199.

Carolinas, 108, 131, 153, 193.

Catskill Mountains, 99, 157, 168.

Central Park, 54.

Chili, 106, 111.

China, 190, 232, 246.

Clarendon Hills, Mass., 242.

Cologne, 216.

Concord, Mass., 138.

Constantinople, 12.

Crawford Notch, White Mountams,
30, 165.

Eastern States, 9, 23, 61, 100.
England, 3, 11, 42, 105, 141, 246.
Esopus Creek, N. Y., 195.

Europe, 12, 89, 90, 142, 190, 195, 197,
202, 288, 248.

Florida, 100, 194.

France, 74, 106, 107, 152, 197, 246.
Franconia Mountains, 12.
Franconia Notch, 71.

Germany, 90.
Gibraltar, 89, 92.
Greenland, 98, 145.

Haarlem, Holland, 11.
Hastings-on-the-Hudson, 83.
Himalayas, 63.

Hoboken, 195.

Holland, 11, 12.

Hudson, Valley of the, 157, 195.

Illinois, 131.

India, 116, 121, 147, 149.
Indian Territory, 194.
Italy, 8, 11, 91, 141.

Japan, 97, 105, 140, 282, 246.
Kansas, 104, 242.

Lake George, 169.

Lakewood, N. J., 108.
Levant, The, 91, 197, 200.
Long Island, N. Y., 19, 85, 240.
Louisiana, 152.

307

308 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN.

Maine, 63, 221, 223.

Maryland, 104, 242.

Massachusetts, 2, 3, 29, 61, 108.

Mexico, 49, 121, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206,
210, 246.

Missouri, 153.

Montpelier, 210.

Morristown, N. J., 102.

Mount Washington, 10, 97, 131, 165.

Nantucket, Mass., 35, 63, 104.

Neponset River, 195.

New England, 1, 2, 3, 82, 86, 96, 98,
117, 123, 126, 134, 153, 164, 194, 210,
212, 228, 245.

New Hampshire, 19, 26, 61, 70, 83, 84,
88, 102, 181, 138, 160, 195, 208, 230,
245.

New Jersey, 19, 53, 63, 70, 85, 86, 108,
121, 188, 160, 168, 196, 209, 228, 230,
235.

New York, 19, 53, 96, 100, 101, 105, 117,
160, 199, 234, 246.

Ohio, 5.

Palestine, 89.

Pemigewasset River, 40, 136.

Pemigewasset Valley, 12, 31, 58, 85,
211, 240, 242, 243.

Pennsylvania, 86, 132, 141, 191, 195,
238.

Persia, 12, 147.

Peru, 106, 111.

Philadelphia, 53.

THE

Prospect Park, Brooklyn, 2, 19, 102.
Public Garden, Boston, 5, 62.
Pyrenees Mountains, 238.

Rome, 141.
Roxbury, Mass., 4.

Saddle River, N. J., 70.
Scotland, 141, 165.

Siberia, 5, 190.

Silver Lake, Staten Island, 45.
South America, 111, 120, 131, 135, 208.
Spain, 89.

Squam Lake, N. H., 85.

St. Bernard Pass. 108.

Staten Island, 10, 51.
Switzerland, 108.

Syria, 192.

Texas, 92, 104, 153, 202, 208, 242, 246.
Thibet, 139.

United States, 198.

Vermont, 27.
Virginia, 195, 196, 221.

Waterville, N. H., 80.

Wells River, Vt., 210.

White Hills (the White Mountains),
2, 40, 83, 136, 156, 169, 242.

White Mountains, 2, 16, 25, 28, 29, 32,
35, 52, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 80, 88,
156, 221, 238, 245.

END.

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY’S PUBLICATIONS,

[NSECT LIFE, By Joun Henry Comstock, Pro-
fessor of Entomology in Cornell University. With Illustrations
by ANNA BotsForD Comstock, member of the Society of
American Wood Engravers. 12mo. Cloth, $2.50.

‘*A capital book for students, as well as a handbook for teachers, amateurs, and
those interested in Nature. . . . Any one who will go through the work with fidelity
will be rewarded by a knowledge of insect life which will be of pleasure and of benefit
to him at all seasons, and will give an increased charm to the days or weeks spent each
summer outside of the great cities, It is the best book of its class which has yet ap-
peared.” —New York Mail and Express.

“For class use no better book could be devised, But the amateur and summer
tourist will find it equally valuable, because it opens up realms of investigation and de-
light that are infinite in their extent and variety. . . . A work that must take first place
in the class to which it belongs.” —Pzladelphia Press.

‘© So easy has the author made the gaining of knowledge concerning insect life that
even adults who perhaps have never given the subject a thought are very likely, if they
take up the book, to become at once fascinated.” —Boston Globe.

“It is just the book for those who on their vacations wander among the ponds and
brooks, dandelions and locusts, long-horned beetles and roadside butterflies, and who
live in the isles and the forests for several weeks to come. . . . The book must take
first rank among works of its kind.”—NMew York Commercial Advertiser.

“The volume is admirably written, and the simple and lucid style is a constant de-
light. . . . Is sure to serve an excellent purpose in the direction of popular culture, and
the love of natural science which it will develop in youthful minds can hardly fail to bear
tich fruit.””"—Boston Beacon.

“A more agreeable introduction to the study of the ways of the tiny winged things
of the air and their metamorphoses in earth and water could not well be devised.”—
Detroit Free Press.

* A book like this is a good thing to put in the hands of young folks to make them
see what is outside of their little home and school world, and to teach respect for other
forms of life.’ —Brooklyn Eagle.

“The book teaches something on every page, yet on every page the student is told
to go to Nature, to search out and observe for himself. Nor is it the young only who
may find pleasure and profit in the use of this book... . The whole scheme and ex-
ecution of ‘Insect Life’ are admirable.” —Buffalo Express.

‘To teachers, students, and the general reader who is fond of Nature, the book
will commend itself, for it easily surpasses any volume in its field.”— Sax Francisco
Chronicle.

“ A very practical book, and one that anticipates every need of the amateur in starting
upon the study of insects. . . . Particularly desirable for summer vacation among the

fields and woods. . . . Prof. Comstock’s book fills a real want.”’—WMew York Times.

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.

D. APPLETON & CO.’S PUBLICATIONS.

AMIIIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND
GARDEN. By F. ScHuy_LerR MATHEWS. Illustrated with
200 Drawings by the Author, and containing an elaborate Index
showing at a glance the botanical and popular names, family,
color, locality, environment, and time of bloom of several hun-
dred flowers. 12mo. Library Edition, cloth, $1.75; Pocket
Edition, flexible covers, $2.25.

In this convenient and useful volume the flowers which one finds in the fields are
identified, illustrated, and described in familiar language. Their connection with gar-
den flowers is made clear. Particular attention is drawn to the beautiful ones which
have come under cultivation, and, as the title indicates, the book furnishes a ready
guide to a knowledge of wild and cultivated flowers alike.

“Tl have examined Mr. Mathews’s little book upon ‘ Familiar Flowers of Field and
Garden,’ and | have pleasure in commending the accuracy and beauty of the drawings
and the freshness of the text. We have loig needed some botany from the hand of an
artist, who sees form and color withuut the formality of the scientist. The book deserves
a reputation.”—L. H. Batley, Professor of Horticulture, Cornell University.

“Tam much pleased with your ‘Familiar Flowers of Field and Garden.’ It is a
useful and handsomely prepared handbook, and the elaborate index is an especially
valuable part of it. Taken in connection with the many careiul drawings, it would
seem as though your little volume thoroughly covers its subject.’’—Louis Prang

“‘ The author describes in a most interesting and charming manner many familiar
wild and cultivated plants, enlivening his remarks by crisp epigrams, and rendering
ide.tification of the subjects described simple by means of some two hundred draw-
ings from Nature, made by his own pen. . . . The book will do much to more fully
acquaint the reader with those plants of field and garden treated upon with which he
may be but partly familiar, and go a long way toward correcting many popular
errors existingsin the matter of colors of their flowers, a subject to which Mr. Mathews
has devoted much attention, and on which he is now a recognized authority in the
trade.”"—New York Florists’ Exchange.

‘A book of much value and interest, admirably arranged for the student and the
lover of flowers... Thetext is full of compact information, well selected and interest-
ingly presented, . . . It seems to us to be a most attractive handbook of its kind.”—
New York Sun.

“A delightful book and very useful. Its language is plain and familiar, and the
illustrations are dainty works of art, It is just the book for those who want to be
familiar with the well-known flowers, those that grow in the cultivated gardens as well
as those that blossom in the fields.” —Newark Daily Advertiser.

“«Seasonable and valuable. The young botanist and the Jover of flowers, who have
only studied from Nature, will be greatly aided by this work.”—Pittshurg Post.

“Charmingly written, and to any one who loves the flowers—and who does not ?—=
will prove no less fascinating than instructive. It will open up in the garden and the
fields a new world full of curiosity and delight, and invest them with a new interest in
his sight.”—Christian Work,

“« One need not be deeply read in floral lore to be interested in what Mr. Mathews
has written, and the more proficient one is therein the greater his satisfaction is likely
to he."—New York Mail and Express. :

“Mr. F. Schuyler Mathews’s careful description and graceful drawings of our
‘Familiar Flowers of Field and Garden’ are fitted to make them familiar even to those
who have not before made their acquaintance.” —New York Evening Post.

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 72 Fifth Avenue.

D. APPLETON & CO.’S PUBLICATIONS.

FAMILIAR TREES AND THEIR LEAVES.
By F. ScHuyLer MATHEWS, author of ‘‘ Familiar Flowers of
Field and Garden,” “The Beautiful Flower Garden,” etc. Il-
lustrated with over 200 Drawings from Nature by the Author
I2zmo. Cloth, $1.75.

**Tt is not often that we find a book which deserves such unreserved commendation
Tt is commendable for several reasons: it isa book that has been needed for a long
time, it is written in a popular and attractive style, it is accurately and profusely illus-
trated, and it is by an authority on the subject of which it treats.""— Public Opinion.

“Most readers of the book will find a world of information they never dreamed of
about leaves that have long been familiar with them. The study will open to them
new sources of pleasure in every tree around their houses, and prove interesting as well
as instructive.”—Saz francisco Call,

“A revelation of the sweets and joys of natural things that we are too apt to pass
by with but little or no thought. The book is somewhat more than an ordinary botan-
ical treatise on leaves and trees. It is a heart-to heart talk with Nature, a true appre-
ciation of the beauty and the real usefulness of leaves and trees.”’—Loston Courier.

“Has about it a simplicity and a directness of purpose that appeal at once to every
lover of Nature.”"—New Vork Mail and Express.

“Mr. Mathews’s book is just what is needed to open our eyes. His text is charm-
ing, and displays a loving and intimate acquaintance with tree life, while the drawings
of foliage are beautifully executed. We commend the volume asa welcome companion
in country walks.” —Philadelphia Public Ledger.

“‘The book is one to read, and then to keep at hand for continual reference.”—
Chicago Dial.

“‘The unscientific lover of Nature will find this book a source of enjoyment as well
as of instruction, and it will be a valuable introduction to the more scientific study of
the subject.” —Cleveland Plain Dealer.

“ This book will be found most satisfactory. It is a book which is needed, written
by one who knows trees as he knows peop‘e.”—Minneafgolis Fournai.

«A book of large value to the student. The reader gathers a wide and valuable
knowledge which will awaken new interest in every tramp through the forest.”——~Chz-
cag) Inter-Ocean,

“A most admirable volume in many ways. It meets a distinct and widely felt
want; the work is excellently done ; its appearance is very timely. . . . Written in a
clear and simple style, and requires no previous technical knowledge of botany to under-
stand it.”—Baltimore News.

“¢ This very valuable book will be prized by all who love Nature.” —T7ke Churchman,

“Of the many Nature books that are constantly inviting the reader to leave pave-
ment and wander in country bypaths, this one, with its scientific foundation, and its
simplicity and clearness of style, is among the most alluring.” —S¢, Paul Pioneer-Press.

New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 72 Fifth Avenue.

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY’S PUBLICATIONS,

AMILIAR FEATURES OF THE ROAD-
SIDE. By F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS, author of “ Familiar
Flowers of Field and Garden,” ‘‘ Familiar Trees and their
Leaves,” etc. With 130 Illustrations by the Author. 12mo,
Cloth, $1.75.

A faithful guide-book for our roadsides. . . . Can be unhesitatingly commended
for summer strolls.” —New York Evening Post.

“One who rides, drives, or walks into the country, particularly in these days of
bicycling, will find this book an invaluable and incessant source of elevating amuse-
ment.” —Philadelphia Press.

“Deserves to be the guide-book par excellence of the familiar wayside. . . . His
book, taken as a whale, is a treasure.” —New Vork Times.

“‘An admirable book for Nature lovers to take with them to the country, for it
reveals ina delightful way many mysteries ‘of insect and floral life, and comes as an
exquisite refreshment and welcome instructor.”’—Zoston Times.

“ A delightful study of Nature in her manifold forms. . . . Take this trip on the road
with Mr. Mathews, for he is a very entertaining lecturer, and has personal acquaint-
ance with buds and flowers.” —AM/inneapolis Fournal.

“‘ The book is certainly a charming one for all lovers of Nature, and can but inspire
a love of the waysides for any into whose hands it shall come.” —Soston Saturday
Evening Gazette,

“Tt is such a book as will direct the attention of its readers to those features of
everyday life with which they are often unacquainted, because they have never stopped
to give them attention.”—ersey City Evening Fournal,

“A beautiful book, and as interesting and instructive as it is beautiful. . .. The
lessons of the book are enforced so pleasingly as to make every page fascinating.” —
Chicago Inter-Ocean.

“A book to carry through one’s summer wanderings, to quicken one’s appreciation
of common beauties.” —Pkzladelphia Public Ledger.

** A book that ought to be in the satchel of every one who takes a vacation ; and
even stay-at-homes will find a new interest in their surroundings through its perusal.”
—Chicago Advance.

“A thoroughly charming book alike for the amateur naturalist and the lover of out-
door life.”"’—Bostonx Beacon,

“It is impossible to express the fascination of such a book as this.”—New York
Commercial Advertiser.

“The book is one for people who are fond of the country. It is not merely in-
structive, but is suggestive and stimulating, and helps people to use their own eyes to
advantage.” —Brocklyn Eagle.

‘* An introduction to a boundless world for which every lover of Nature will be
deeply grateful—luminous, learned, appreciative. . . . A valuable and delightful
- book.”—Mew Haven Leader,

‘“‘ The book is most interesting and instructive. and will be found to impart useful
knowledge in a most entertaining manner.”— Hartford Fost.

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.

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