ei a et wey oe co a Sith ae Aa ems fee cates Tue estes eaten ey: Soeigrits ce Dem armnctt isle sr See RN . att eae * Seay SRA SESS a aL nh pee re *t rs rea y we Deeteattnred Caen sehen eh atet eh ribtseat Oey aah FY wis eh oe RUS, Rani steneke wives Rua cae Povi bs ter meeey Yevaax? ees Vert Argan eundonesey ss tack Nios Se peated, tN se nse 3 SAR ao asthe reciahS San rat sy ae HANS 3 3 ca 3 Cie CE Eg et As oy eoetkLe r' ete SAAR Mead Wer Witter tine ruaeriet tae Vestine rie bere — See ee et eel esa roves G ace are eee aa ae pa ete re ee aan a Br Cea Satine an preg r" Bee as eae 4 Wak PESTS nie Arye gee: ee anh es 2 es te: a Pe = Pea ha eae hengunett ean 3 ‘ dads htlanal tution iatite ~ ise dhens bao coche T ELSES SEES eS ieee Cote TDs vibra ee pretense bers abstels Haahha pynee ra it} EP eeetycm egret etteestthe= ei ame ile ine ee ee ia Prete an “hha ether sect 2S ApeedTaacs canetabtescdasnsipoe tnt sta SOU in abe Deemass POL Co er ood oar HS eth par yen : ebhedegy ¥uhibes wi ef RAN Deke te a sbeat bh ay ah huek efter ca ecygyeetben pee r hint Peete Sette StD SeGnlcciyue APEC GS BS O89 ae 9 C Cornell University Library Ithaca, Nem York BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE FISKE ENDOWMENT FUND THE BEQUEST OF WILLARD FISKE LIBRARIAN OF THE UNIVERSITY 1868-1888 1905 Tiina My v,. op a Yt Zs gs 2th Mae #IT A: Li EE EO : HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000522452 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES; COMPRISING ALL THAT ARE KNOWN TO BE NATIVES OF Che British Jsles. BY THE Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.LS., ~~ AUTHOR OF ‘INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,’ ‘OUTLINES OF BRITISH FUNGOLOGY,’ ETC. i) LONDON : LOVELL REEVE & CO., HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, 1863. PRINTED BY JON EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS. TO THE MOST HONOURABLE MARY ANTOINETTA, MARCHIONESS OF HUNTLY, This Work is Unseribe WITH EVERY FEELING OF ESTEEM AND RESPECT BY HER GRATEFUL AND HUMBLE SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. —_»— Tus Work is to be regarded as one of a series of Manuals of different branches of Botany, and not as a separate publi- cation, It is by no means the wish or intention of the Au- thor or Publisher, to offer it to the public in any spirit of opposition to the excellent author of the ‘ Bryologia Britan- nica.” On the contrary, it is hoped that it may be the means of calling the attention of many to his volume, of which it is impossible to speak in too favourable terms, as the slight sketch here presented may excite a wish to apply to the foun- tain-head for fuller information. As regards the execution, I can only say that every species of which I could obtain specimens has been carefully reviewed under the microscope; and as I had, through the kindness of Sir W. J. Hooker, unlimited access to the unrivalled col- lection in Kew, which, amidst a multitude of other authentic specimens, contains almost a complete series of those described by Mr. Wilson, there are very few species which I have been obliged to leave unexamined. I have quoted Mr. Wilson’s vili PREFACE. book throughout as “ Hooker and Wilson,” since the name of Sir William still remains on the title-page, but it is to be understood distinctly that the whole was prepared by Mr. Wilson. The figures are from the pencil of Mr. Fitch, with the exception of the magnified leaves, and the details of fruc- tification, for which I am myself answerable. The Work does not lay any claim to originality, but T have spared no pains to make it accurate. My best thanks are due to Sir W. J. Hooker for the assistance he has afforded, without which the volume could not have appeared, and to other kind friends who have helped me with specimens and information during the course of its preparation. Kine’s Ciirrn, May, 1863. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE I. Fig. 1. Prothallus of Sphagnum cuspidatum (after Hofmeister). Fig. 2. Archegonium of Phascum, showing the embryonic cell with its nuclous just after impregnation, magnified (after Hofmeister). Fig. 3. Antheridium and paraphyses of Mnium punctatum, magni- fied. The antheridium is ejecting the spermatozoids. Fig. 4. Antheridium of Sphagnum (after Hofmeister). Fig. 5. Perforated leaf-cells of Sphagnum, containing a spiral thread, and surrounded by narrow chlorophyllous cells, magnified. Fig. 6. Perforated cells of Leucobryum glaucum, enclosing chloro- phyllous cells. Fig. 7. Section of upper part of sporangium of Phascum cuspida- tun, magnified (after Lantzius-Beninga). e. columella. 8. spore-sac. a. walls of spore-sac. intermediate space. . inner wall of intermediate space. . outer wall of intermediate space. . wall of sporangium. Srec . EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fig. 8. Section of upper part of sporangium of Bartramia fontana, magnified (after Lantzius-Beninga). Ss SS columella. . spore-sac. . outer wall of spore-sac. intermediate space, traversed with threads. . inner wall of intermediate space. . outer wall of intermediate space. row of cells continued from m. . row of cells continued from top of intermediate space. . inner peristome, formed from the thickening of the outer wall of the cells in 2 and the inner wall of the cells in g. . row of cells continued from outer wall of intermediate space. . outer peristome, formed by the thickening of the outer. wall of the cells in g and of the inner wall of the cells in A. PLATE II. 1. Sphagnum cymbifolium. a b c. plant, nat. size. cells from stem, magnified. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium. 2. 5. compactum. a. b. c. d, plant, nat. size. cells from stem, magnified. leaf, magnified. sporangium. 3. 8. molluscum. a. b C plant, nat. size. cells from stem, magnified. leaf, magnified. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. xi 4. 8. acutifolium. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium with remains of veil, magnified. d. lid, magnified. 5. 8. squarrosum. a. plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. . ¢. sporangium with remains of veil, magnified. 6. Andreza alpina. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaves, magnified. c. portion of leaves, magnified. d, young sporangium, magnified. Ld é. sporangium ruptured, magnified. 7. A. rupestris. a. plant, nat. size. 6, c. leaves, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. PLATE JII. 1. Fontinalis squamosa. a. leaf, magnified. 8. sporangium with perichetium, magnified. ¢. portion of outer and inner peristome, magnified. 2. F. antipyretica. a. leaf, magnified. 6. leaf-cells, magnified. e. sporangium with perichetium, magnified. d, veil, magnified. é. sporangium with peristome, magnified. . Cryphea heteromalla. a. leaf, magnified. oo xii EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 8. leaf-cells, magnified. c. sporangium with perichetium, magnified. d. veil, magnified. 4. Daltonia splachnoides. a. leaf, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified. e. veil, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. 5. Hookeria lucens. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. e. veil, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. 6. H. lete-virens. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. PLATE IV. 1. Neckera complanata. a. leaves, magnified. 6. leaf-cells, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. veil, magnified. 2. N. crispa. a. leaf, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified. ce. veil, magnified. 3. N. pumila. a. leaf magnified. 6. sporangium magnified. c. part of peristome, magnified, seen from within. 4, N. pennata. a. leaf, magnified. 6, sporangium, magnified, with perichetium. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. . Homalia trichomanoides. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. . Hypnum nitens. a. rootlets, magnified. 5, tip of one more highly magnified. ce. leaves, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. PLATE V. . Hypnum albicans. a. leaf, magnified. 8, sporangium, magnified. c. lid, magnified. . H. lutescens. a. leaf, magnified. b. sporangium, magnified. . H. plumosum. a. leaf, magnified. 3. sporangium, magnified. . H. velutinum. a. leaf, magnified. 4. sporangium, with peristome, magnified. ec. sporangium, with lid, magnified. . H. rutabulum. a. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. c. part of peristome, magnified. d. ring, magnified. . H. rivulare. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. xiii xiv EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE VI. 1. Hypnum ruscifolium. a. leaf, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. 2. H. murale. a. leaf, magnified. 4. young veil, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. 3. H. riparium. a. leaf magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. ce. male inflorescence, magnified. d. antheridium, magnified. 4. H. polygamum. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 5. H. chrysophyllum. a. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. 6. H. stellatum. a. leaf, magnified. 4, sporangium, magnified. PLATE VII. 1. Hypnum palustre. a. leaves, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. 2. H. molle. a. leaves, magnified. 8. sporangium, magnified. 3. H. arcticum. a. leaf, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. . EL. stramineum. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. . AL. trifarium. a. leaves, magnified. . H. cordifolium. a. leaves, magnified. 4. young veil, magnified. e. sporangium, magnified. PLATE VIIT. . Hypnum cuspidatum. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. . H. Schreberi. a. leaves, from before and behind, magnified. . sporangium, magnified. . H. purum. a. leaves, from before and behind, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. . Thuidium tamariscinum. a, leaves, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. . Hypnum Blandovii. a. leaf, magnified. b. leaf, seen from behind, with down-like paraphylla. ¢c. sporangium, magnified. PLATE IX. . Hypnum splendens. a. leaf, magnified. 4, sporangium, magnified. XV xvi EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 2. H. brevirostre. a. leaves, from before aud behind, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 3. H. triquetrum. a. leaves, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 4, H. loreum. a. leaves, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified. 5. H. flagellare. a. leaves, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. PLATE X. 1. Hypnum squarrosum (a procumbent form). a. leaf from behind, magnified. 6, sporangium, magnified. 2. H. aduncum. a. leaves, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. 3. H. fluitans. a. leaves, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 4. H. revolvens. a. leaves, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 5. H. commutatum. a. leaf from behind, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 6. H. filicinum. a. leaves, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. XVii PLATE XI. a) . Hypnum uncinatum. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. . H. Crista-castrensis. a. leaf, magnified. t) 4. sporangium, magnified. 3. H. molluscum (different from the usual habit). a. leaves, magnified. 5. sporangium, magnified. 4, H. cupressiforme. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 5. H. scorpioides. a. leaf, magnified. 4, sporangium, magnified. c. male inflorescence, magnified. fon) . H.‘demissum. a. leaves from before and behind, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. PLATE XII. 1. Hypnum pulchellum. a. leaves, magnified. 8. sporangium, magnified. 2. H. denticulatum. a. leaf, magnified. 8. sporangium, magnified. 3. H. elegans. a. leaf, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. xviii EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 4, H. undulatum. a. leaf, magnified. 8. sporangium, magnified. 5. Pylaisia polyantha. a. leaf, magnified. b. sporangium, magnified. c. portion of peristome, magnified. 6. Homalothecium sericeum. : a. leaves, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. PLATE XIII. 1. Thamnium alopecurum. a. leaf, magnified. 8. veil, magnified. ec. sporangium, magnified. 2. Climacium dendroides. a. leaf, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified. c. portion of peristome, magnified. 8. Leucodon sciuroides. - a, leaves, magnified. b. leaf-cells, magnified. c. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome with ring, magnified. 4, Antitrichia curtipendula. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. c. portion of peristome, magnified. d. portion of inner peristome, more highly ‘magnified. 5. Leptodon Smithii. a. leaves, magnified. 6. veil, magnified. \ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, xix ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. . Anomodon viticulosum. a. leaf, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome seen from within, magnified. PLATE XIV. . Ancectangium compactum. a. sporangium, magnified. 4. sporangium after lid has fallen. c. leaf, magnified. d. leaf-cells, magnified. . Fissidens adiantoides. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. ce. portion of peristome, magnified. . F. taxoides. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. . Schistostega osmundacea. a. plant, magnified. 8. part more highly magnified. c. lid, magnified. . Edipodium Griffithii. a. leaf, magnified. 8. sporangium, magnified. . Dissodon splachnoides. a. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. c. portion of peristome, magnified. . Tayloria serrata. a. leaf, magnified. 52 XX EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 8. young veil, magnified. e. sporangium, magnified. d. sporangium, when dry. e. portion of peristome, magnified. PLATE XV. 1. Tetraplodon angustatus. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. c. veil, magnified. d. sporangium with lid, magnified. e. sporangium without lid, magnified. 2. T. mnioides. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium with lid, magnified. d. sporangium without lid. é. portion of peristome, magnified. 3. Splachnum sphericum. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium with lid, magnified. d. sporangium without lid. 4, 8. ampullaceum. a. plant, male and female, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. e. sporangium, magnified. 5. S. vasculosum. a. plant, male and female, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium with lid, magnified. d. sporangium without lid. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, xxi 6. Discelium nudum. a, plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. peristome with ring and spores, magnified. 7. Catoscopium nigritum. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaves, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. 8. Conostomum boreale. a. plant, nat. size. b sporangium, magnified. ce. portion of peristome, magnified. d. portion of one of the teeth, magnified. é. leaf, magnified. PLATE XVI. 1. Bartramia ithypbylla. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢é. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. 2. B. pomiformis. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ce. leaf-cells and margin, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. 3. B. Gideri. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. c. sporangium, magnified. XXil EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 4. B. calcarea. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢c. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of inner peristome of B. fontana, magnified. 5. Entosthodon Templetoni. a. plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. 6, Funaria hygrometrica. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢e. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of outer peristome, magnified. e. portion of inner peristome. 7. Meesia uliginosa. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. eé. spore, magnified. PLATE XVII. 1. Cinclidium stygium. a, plant, nat. size. 6, leaf, magnified. ¢, sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. 2. Mnium affine. a, female plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. male plant, nat. size. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 3. M. cuspidatum. a. plant, nat, size. b Cc. leaf, magnified. sporangium, magnified. 4, M. undulatum. a. plant, nat. size. b e. leaf, magnified. sporangium, magnified. 5. M. rostratum. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. c. sporangium, magnified. 6. M. punctatum. a, plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. 7. Amblyodon dealbatus. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. e. d. é 1. Zieria sporangium, magnified. . portion of peristome, magnified. portion of inner peristome, more highly magnified. PLATE XVIII. julacea. a. plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. ce. leaf-cells, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. 2. Bryum roseum. a . plant, nat. size. Xxiil XXIV EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of outer peristome, magnified. e. portion of inner peristome, magnified. 3. Leptobryum pyriforme. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. 4, Orthodontium gracile. a. plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. e. veil, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. eé. portion of outer peristome, magnified. 5. Aulacomnion palustre. a. female plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. c. leaf-cells, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e. gemmiferous plant, nat. size. Jj. gemme, magnified. g. gemme, more magnified. 6. Polytrichum septentrionale. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ec. sporangium, magnified. 7. P. juniperinum. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. c. sporangium, magnified. d, peristome, magnified. e. portion highly magnified. ~ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. XXV PLATE XIX. . Pogonatum nanum. a, plant, nat. size. 8. leaves, magnified. c. section of leaves, maguified. d. section of one of the lamella, magnified. e. young veil, magnified. J. sporangium, magnified. . P. aloides. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaves, magnified. e. young veil, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. . P. hercynicum. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. c. sporangium, magnified. . Atrichum undulatum. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. sporangium, without lid. . Diphyscium foliosum. a. plants, nat. size. 6. plants, magnified. c. sporangium, magnified. d. veil, magnified e. peristome, magnified. /. leaf, magnified, with two perichztial leaves. . Buxbaumia aphylla. a. plants, nat. size. é. sporangium, magnified. c. veil, magnified. XXV1 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, d. peristome, magnified. e. a portion of inner peristome, magnified. 7. Tetrodontium Brownianum. a, plant, nat. size. 6, plant, magnified. ce. leaf, magnified. d, pericheetial leaves, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. f. peristome, magnified. 8. Tetraphis pellucida. a. plant, nat. size. 4. gemmiferous plant, nat. size. c. leaf, magnified. d. gemmiferous apex, magnified. e. young veil, magnified. Jf. sporangium with lid, magnified. g. sporangium without lid. h, peristome, magnified (the transverse lines are too strongly marked). PLATE XX. 1. Zygodon conoideus. a. plant, nat. size, 6. leaf, magnified. ce. veil, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. 2. Z. viridissimus. a. plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. €. sporangium, magnified. d. sporangium, after lid has fallen. 3. Z. lapponicus. a. plant, nat. size. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. XXVH 8. leaf, magnified. c. veil, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. é. sporangium, after lid has fallen. . Orthotrichum cupulatum. a, plant, nat. size. &. leaf, magnified. e. veil, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome magnified. . O. anomalum. a, plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. ce. veil, magnified. d, sporangium with lid, magnified. é. sporangium, without lid. . O. diaphanum. . . plant, nat. size. leaves, magnified. veil, magnified. sporangium, magnified. portion of peristome, magnified. . O. pulchellum. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. Xe Ss s ce. young veil, magnified. d. sporangium with lid, magnified. é. sporangium without lid, magnified. . O. leiocarpum. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ce. veil, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. XXVill EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XXI. 1. Ptychomitrium polyphyllum. a. plant, nat. size. &. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. . Glyphomitrium Daviesii. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ce. veil, magnified (generally plicate). d. sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. ~ . Racomitrium aciculare. iS) a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaves, magnified. c. sporangium, magnified, d. portion of peristome, magnified. e. tip of tooth, more highly magnified. 4. R. heterostichum. a, plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. . Grimmia pulvinata. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. or d. portion of peristome, with ring, magnified. 6. Schistidium apocarpum. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaves, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. e. columella, with lid attached, magnified. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. XXxix 7. Hedwigidium imberbe. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. 8. Hedwigia ciliata. a. plant, nat. size. 4. leaves, magnified. e. tip of leaves, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. PLATE XXII. 1. Encalypta vulgaris. a, plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. c. veil, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e, tip of axis, with archegonia, paraphyses, and vaginula, magnified. 2. Cinclidotus fontinaloides, a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. c. veil, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome and tip of columella, round which the tips of some of the teeth are wound, magnified. 3. Tortula muralis. a. plant, nat. size. 5. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium and veil, magnified. d. sporangium with lid, magnified. 4. T. ruralis. a. plant, nat. size. 5. leaf, magnified. XXX EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. c. sporangium, magnified. d. peristome, magnified. e. part of peristome, more highly magnified. . Leptotrichum homomallum. ot a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. 6. Didymodon flexifolium. a. plant, nat. size. &. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. 7. Distichium capillaceum. a, plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢c. sporangium, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. e. Ying, magnified. 8. Desmatodon nervosus. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. sporangium without lid, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. PLATE XXIII. 1. Anacalypta lanceolata. a, plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified, d, sporangium without lid, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. . Pottia crinita. a. plant, nat. size, 8. leaf, magnified. e. young veil, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e. follicle of P. cavifolia. . Pottia Heimii. a. plant, nat. size, 8. leaf, magnified, ¢. sporangium, magnified. . Campylopus flexuosus. a. plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. ce. veil, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. e. part of peristome, margined. . Ceratodon purpureus. a. plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. ce. sporangium, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. e. tip of tooth, more highly magnified. . Leucobryum glaucum. a, plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ce. tip of leaf, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. e. part of peristome, magnified. . Dicranum scoparium. a. plant, nat. size. &. leaf, magnified. ce. part of peristome, magnified. . Dicranella heteromalla. a. plant, nat. size. XXxi XXxil EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. 9. Cynodontium Bruntoni. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. 10. Arctoa fulvella. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. e. sporangium, magnified. d, part of peristome, magnified. PLATE XXIV. ]. Blindia acuta. a, plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ce. tip of leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. é. sporangium without lid. J. part of peristome, magnified. 2. Seligeria calcarea. a. plant, nat. size. 5. plant, magnified. c. leaf, magnified (broader and more acute than usual). d. sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. 8. Brachyodon trichodes. a. plant, nat. size. b. plant, magnified. c. leaf, magnified. d, veil, magnified. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. é. sporangium, magnified. J. lid, magnified. XXXiil g. part of peristome, with ring, seen from within, magnified. . Campylostelium saxicola. a. plant, nat. size. 6. plant, magnified. ce. leaf, magnified. d. part of peristome, with ring, magnified. . Rhabdoweissia denticulata. a, plant, nat. size. &. leaf, magnified. 4 ce. sporangium, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. . Weissia controversa: a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. . Hymenostomum squarrosum. a. plant, nat. size. é. plant, magnified. ce. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e. mouth of sporangium, magnified. . Phascum bryoides. a. plant, nat. size. 6. plant, magnified. c. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. . Physcomitrella patens. a. plant, nat. size. 6. plant, magnified. c. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. XXXIV EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 10. Archidium phascoides. a, plant, nat. size. b. plant, magnified. c. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. XXXKV ADDENDA. p. 70. Under Neckera pumila, insert— N. Philippeana, Br. § Schimp. has been found in Scotland, but it is only a state of NV. pumila. p. 104, Before H. molle, insert— 43*, H. eugyrium, Schimp. ; tufted ; stems short, much branched ; leaves crowded, thin, elongated, flexuoso-falcate, deflexed, nerveless, serrulate at the tip only ; sporangium shorter; ring very broad. On wet rocks, Bangor, W. Wilson. Bearing fruit in summer. This is Hypnum palustre, vay., Br. Brit. p. 108. After Hypnum cordifoliwn, insert— 49*. H. giganteum, Schimp. ; dioicous; stem elongated, stout, pinnate or subbipinnate, ramulose, slightly radiculose ; stem-leaves large, more solid, very concave, spreading, broadly cordato-ovate; nerve reaching nearly to the tip ; angles decurrent; branch-leaves elongated ; terminal twisted, subulate ; sporangium horizontal, oblongo-cylindrical, ringless ; lid mammillary. In bogs, Cheshire, W. Wilson. Bearing fruit in early summer. A magnificent species, at once distinguished from H. cordifolium by its in- florescence. p. 117. Under Hypnum aduncum, insert— Hypnum aduncwm, vay. tenue, Bryol. Eur., is H. vernicosum, Lindberg, and EI. pellucidum, Wils. MSS., and has been found at Wybunbury bog by Mr. Wilson. p. 145. After Myurella julacea, insert— 2. M. apiculata, Schimp.; stem soft, brittle; leaves loosely imbricated or spreading, opaque, suddenly apiculate; tip recurved; teeth of peristome small, pale. On rocks amongst the Breadalbane mountains, Mr. Gardner. Bearing fruit on the Continent in summer. Bright glaucous-green. p. 169. Before Bartramia ithyphylia, insert-— 1*. Bartramia stricta, Brid. ; tufted; leaves erecto-patent, lanceolato- subulate; nerve excurrent; sporangium erect, symmetrical; peristome single. On the ground, Sussex, Mr. Mitten. Bearing fruit in early summer. The simple peristome and aristate nerve, in addition to the erect sporangium, readily distinguish this from B. ithyphylla. Mr. Wilson believes that ho has found B. marchica in Shanklin Chine. XXXVI ADDENDA. p. 194. Under Brywm erythrocarpum— Mr. Wilson considers var. y. murorum, Schimp., which is peculiar to mortared walls, and occurs at Bristol, and not unfrequently in North Wales, as a distinct species, under the name of B. murale, Wils. p. 197. Under Brywm pseudotriquetrum, insert— var. 8. cavifolium, Schimp. (Bryum neodamense, [tzigsohn), has been found near Southport by Mr. Wilson. p. 198. After Bryum pallens, insert— 23*. B. Duvalii, Voit; tufted, very soft, bright purple; stems tall; leaves distant, spreading, very decurrent, broadly ovato-lanceolate, quite entire ; nerve vanishing below the tip ; sporangium equal, constricted below the mouth when dry. In bogs. Found by Mr. Wilson, but I do not know the exact locality. p. 254. Under 7. oblongifolia, insert— Tortula oblongifolia has lately been found in Sussex. Iam mistaken in say- ing it is not taken up by Schimper. A description will be found compiled from the ‘ Bryologia Britannica,’ at p. 185 of the Synopsis. It is doubtful whether it really differs from 7. Vahliana. p. 286. Under Arctoa fulvella, insert— (Plate 28, fig. 10.) HANDBOOK | OF BRITISH MOSSES. Introductory Matter, CHAPTER I. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. Few words are taken with greater latitude in general accep- tation than the word Moss. The botanist assigns to it a defi- nite meaning, confining it to a peculiar division of plants, such members of which as are distributed through the British Isles it is proposed to illustrate in this volume. As used popularly, not only are Lichens and Liverworts included in the term, or even some of the more shrubby seaweeds, as for example Iceland Moss, almost the whole tribe of Jungermannia, and the Corsican Moss of our shops; but many Phanogams of a low tufted growth, such as some of the shorter Stone- crops, and other plants of a like habit, as, for example, Sedum acre, which is the Golden Moss of every cottager. Nor are the Greek or Latin words @pvov and muscus used by ancient authors with more discrimination, not only Algez, Lichens, and true Mosses being included, but even some more perfect plants. The doubt perhaps is whether Mosses were ever in- 7, B 2 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. cluded in the word Apvov, though there is probability in its favour; and therefore, while the term Muscologia has been objected to as a barbarous word, consisting partly of Latin and partly of Greek, Bryologia has scarcely fared better, though it appears unobjectionable except in the eyes of hypercriticism. The true Mosses, however, when accurately examined, are very distinctly separated by habit and character from other vegetable productions which are confounded with them,—ap- proaching indeed nearer to the Liverworts than other plants, though distinguished even on a superficial view from the more conspicuous of these, as the cup-bearing Marchantia, which is so common on our shady walks in the garden, or which, to the gardener’s annoyance, so often runs over the soil of his flowerpots,—by the absence of everything like a scaly habit, and the definite leafy axis; while they are separated from the leafy species of Jungermannie, not only by their urn- shaped and almost universally entire sporangia, but by the very different character of the foliage, for the leaves very rarely assume anything approaching the eccentric outline which is common in the more moss-like Liverworts ; while if we de- scend to minuter points, there is the absence of all admixture amongst the spores of spiral threads, even in the few indi- viduals which have a sporangium split into four or more equal lobes, after the manner of Jungermannie. Another less obvi- ous character consists in the different nature of the cellular product of the germinating spores, which in Mosses consists of more or less branched threads, with the single exception of the genus Sphagnum, in which it is scaly, and resembles the type which prevails in the Liverworts (Plate 1, fig. 1). As regards general appearance, Mosses form either patches consisting of numerous distinct individuals, or variously-sized tufts, with simple or branched stems varying from less than a PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 3 line to many inches in length, mostly of a clear unsullied green, but sometimes, especially when exposed to the sun, variously shaded with golden brown or different tints of red and purple, in a few cases only being almost devoid of colour, or of a very pale glaucous green. The stems are either erect or more or less inclined, sometimes indeed quite prostrate and closely attached to the soil or substance on which they grow. They are clothed with leaves, or in those cases where, at first sight, they seem absent, as in Buabaumia aphylla (Plate 19, fig. 6), with rudiments of leaves, which are for the most part symmetrical, and arranged round the axis in definite order, so as to present a more or less cylindrical appearance, or, in a few cases, so disposed as to make the stem or branches of the plants flattened or triangular. These leaves are usually without true stipules or the inflected lobes or sacs which are so common in Jungermannie, though in one or two genera, as Hypopterygium (Berk. Crypt. Bot. fig. 99 d@), there are either true stipules, or certain of the leaves assume the form of sti- pules, while in some Homalie there is an approach to inflected lobes. The habit of Mosses is indeed so peculiar, that when their distinguishing features have been once mastered there is seldom the slightest difficulty in distinguishing them at the first glance, and determining whether a Moss or Liverwort is before us. In those cases where the stem is much flattened, and indeed in all doubtful cases, every difficulty is removed if a single fruit is present, except in the small osculant group of Andreea, which in their sporangium and colouring approach nearer to Jungermannie. Mosses are naturally divisible, according to their external characters, into two great classes, which have received the names of Acrocarpous and Pleurocarpous, because in the one case, the fruit terminates the stem, and in the latter, it is B 2 4 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. apparently lateral, though in reality seated at the extremity of a greatly reduced branch. In most cases this distinction is at once evident from the habit, even where fruit is not pre- sent. In a few genera, however, as Fissidens, we have the fruit- bearing branches more distinct. But these are considered by many as belonging to a separate division (Cladocarpi), since the branch is more developed than in Pleurocarpi, though still very short. This division is not however adopted here.* A third division (Syncladei) comprises the Sphagna,in which the branches are produced in fascicles, and these have several other peculiarities, insomuch that some authors exclude them from Mosses altogether, while a fourth (Schistocarpi) includes the genera in which the sporangium is cleft longitudinally into four or more lobes of greater or less length. * In the Tasmanian Bartramia pusilla, Wils., there is an approach to Cla- docarpous Inflorescence. , CHAPTER II. NATURE OF MOSSES. Mossss are for the most part aerial vegetables, attached by rootlets to the soil or substance on which they grow, and de- riving their nutriment partly from this matrix, but partly also from the moisture of the surrounding air, or, in aquatic species, from the water in which they are immersed. In dry weather they are often completely dormant, and assume a peculiar contracted, shrivelled appearance, as if they were dead, and very different from their condition in active growth. The first shower however revives them, and the functions of all their parts are as vigorous as ever. Some species are strictly aquatic, though very rarely bear- ing fruit when completely immersed. In several cases the base alone is constantly moist, but the upper part of the plant, though exposed to a burning sun, is kept moist by ca- pillarity. If however such species are accidentally dried up, they revive when the soil is again saturated with moisture. Others flourish only when exposed pretty constantly to the spray of waterfalls, or when entirely shaded from the sun, in caves, or under the shelter of rocks or in their crevices. Some, as species of the exotic genus Meteortum, hang down in loose ’ locks from the branches of trees, giving the woods a dismal 6 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. appearance, like that produced by Alectoria jubata or the pre- valence of Usneoid Lichens, or the pendulous downy Tilland- sia. A small number of species seem to affect the dung of graminivorous or carnivorous animals, or other animal sub- stances, the species peculiar to the one seldom if ever occur- ring on the other. Mosses, like Pheenogams, are moncecious, dicecious, or poly- gamous, and in some rare cases syneecious, and for the most part definitely so, though a few instances occur in which the position of the male and female fructification is not constant. In moneecious or polygamous species the fruit is generally produced abundantly ; but in those which are strictly dic- cious, especially where the male and female plants form dis- tinct and often distant patches, it is frequently extremely rare, from the difficulty arising to the impregnation of the young female fruit. In such cases multiplication depends entirely upon some subsidiary mode of reproduction, especially where a single sex only, as is often the case, exists in a given district. Mosses belong to that higher and more important division of Cryptogams which not only makes a near approach to Phzenogams in habit, but which differs essentially from the lower Cryptogams, as Fungals and Alege, in the more com- plicated nature of the fructification, and the various phases which the whole plant exhibits during the progress of evolu- tion. In Ferns and their allies the result of germination is the production of a cellular expansion of various forms, whether globose or scale-like or irregular, whether more or less diffe- rentiated and distinct from the spore itself or confluent with it externally or internally or both, on which or within the sub- stance of which, at least in the more normal cases, two organs are produced of different sexes, the one of which, called an NATURE OF MOSSES. 7 ‘archegonium,’ consists of a pitcher-shaped cyst, within which there is a single free cell at the base, which is destined, after impregnation, to produce first an embryo and then by con- tinued development a perfect plant like the parent, which either once only or annually through a shorter or longer suc- cession of years gives rise to fruit, consisting of a sporangium filled with spores, destined after germination to go through the same circle of phenomena. In some cases two different kinds of spores are produced, one of which gives rise to the male, the other to the female organs. In Mosses, on the contrary, and their allies, the object after germination is to form a more or less filamentous or scale-like stratum, resembling either a little green Lichen or one of the verdant thread-like Conferve, such as Lyngbya mu- ralis, which clothes damp trees or the soil at the base of walls on the northern side, or that which is least exposed to the direct rays of the sun, and, when this is perfected, nodules ap- pear, which by cell formation give rise to the proper plant, whether symmetrical or unsymmetrical, whose office is to pro- duce fruit. On this plant then, either in the same or in dis- tinct individuals, male and female organs are produced (Plate I. fig. 2, 3, 4), resembling more or less closely the antheridia and archegonia of Ferns. In the latter there is a cell at the base analogous to that in the archegonia of Ferns, which is destined to be fertilized by spermatozoids formed in the tissue of the antheridia. The result however of fertilization is totally different from that which obtains in Ferns. There a distinct plant was pro- duced from the fertilized cell, the result of germination being a prothallus, and the result of impregnation the true plant ; whereas in Mosses and Moss-allies the cell-division of the basal cell of the archegon is a sporangium, or, as it is fre- 8 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. quently called, a capsule or theca, which, with various modifi- cations, gives rise to the spores. In many cases life ceases in the parent plant after the for- mation of the sporangia, but in others a new growth is pro- duced, which in time gives rise to a new set of archegons and antheridia, and in some species this is repeated indefinitely. The whole process, then, from the formation of the spore to the fertilization of the embryonic cell in the Fern, answers to the same process in the Moss up to the fertilization of the rudiment of the sporangium in the archegon, but in the latter case there are two distinct stages, the one extending to the formation of the first cell of the young plant, the other to the. fertilization of the cell in the archegon; and it is well to dis- tinguish these as the prothalloid and thalloid stages respec- tively ; while in Ferns the first result of germination may more fitly be called the pro-embryonic stage. It is not right to give the same name to organisms which are by no means strictly analogous in the two cases. Having made these general remarks on the relations of Mosses and Ferns and their respective allies, I shall proceed in the next chapter to offer a few observations on the several parts, beginning with the germination of the spores,—their primary development in the sporangia being reserved till I speak of the structure of the fruit. CHAPTER III. ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. a.—Tue spores of Mosses, like those of most Fungi and of many other Cryptogams, consist of a grumous mass contain- ing occasionally minute oil-globules enclosed in a double mem- brane, the inner one of which is hyaline and perfectly even, and lines the outer one, which is more or less coloured and often minutely sculptured. When the spores are sufficiently moistened, either on their proper matrix or within the folds of compressed leaves, as in Fissidens, and the temperature is favourable, the outer mem- brane swells and ultimately bursts, giving egress to the inner membrane, which soon protrudes and forms a little obtuse tube. This elongates rapidly, and becomes septate and ulti- mately branched, so as to form, together with the threads pro- ceeding from other spores, a felt-like mass, which is often of a bright green, and in this stage is often mistaken for some species of Conferva. The joints are more or less filled with chlorophyll so long as the threads are in a healthy state. The threads proceed- ing from a single spore are capable of forming several fer- tile buds, but whether in many cases more than one of these comes to perfection depends upon the favourable or unfavour- 10 WANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. able circumstances under which they may be placed. Some- times the primary cell of the spore after the first septum is formed, becomes itself septate, and gives rise to a cellular nodule, and ultimately to a young plant, but more frequently the new plants appear on different parts of the threads, often towards the extremity of the branches or at their tips. Dr. Hicks, in the twenty-third volume of the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society, has described wonderful changes which take place in these threads, and their conversion into several genera of Alge, besides the formation of zoospores; but as he does not identify the species to which the observed threads belonged, and the production of zoospores is a cir- cumstance so extremely anomalous, we find it difficult to be- lieve that he had really portions of some Moss before him, and not the threads of Alge accidentally intermixed. The reader can, however, refer to his paper and form his own con- clusions, if he has no opportunity of testing his observations by actual experiment. Some of Kiitzing’s early papers may, however, previously suggest some necessary caution. The threads arising from the germination of the spores have received various names, as ‘cotyledonoids,’ ‘protonemata,’ ‘ proembryo,’ ‘ prothallus.’ The first of these is objectionable because they have no analogy with true cotyledons, and the third because an intermediate stage must take place before the cell capable of impregnation is produced in the archegon, the result of which, after all, is a sporangium and not an em- bryo. The production of the plant from the threads is rather gemmiparous than embryonic, and I therefore strongly object to the term ‘ proembryo,’ which inevitably more or less directly leads to confusion. The second name at least is free from error, and if the Moss plant may be called a ‘thallus, the fourth name may be admitted. If new terms were not ob- ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF Mossrs. Ill jectionable, I should prefer that of ‘ prophyton,’ which simply indicates that it is the forerunner of the true plant. 6.—After a time, whatever privileged portion of the threads may give rise to a bud, fibrous rootlets strike downwards from the base, and the bud itself is gradualiy elongated upwards, according to the character of the plant, into the true axis, clothed with its proper foliage, and in time giving rise to the true fruit, whether male or female, on the same or different plants. These threads are sometimes persistent, as in Ephe- merum serratum and Ephemerella recurvifolia, but in general they vanish almost entirely long before the plant has arrived at maturity. In Sphagnum the course is not precisely the same. The first result of germination, instead of a thread as in the more typical Mosses, is a scale-like expansion (Plate 1, fig. 1) re- sembling closely the young state of a Jungermannia, and pro- ducing buds from the notches of the margin. The prothalloid stage of Mosses must not be confounded with a growth of a very similar appearance, which takes place from the rootlets of some Mosses, as for example, in Pogona- tum aloides (Plate 19, fig. 2), which is produced after the death of the old plant, and forms a green velvety mass, which at first sight cannot be distinguished from a true prothallus. Conferva velutina of authors owes its origin to such a growth, and another supposed Conferva is due to a similar development in Schistostega osmundacea (Plate 14, fig. 4), the necklace- like ultimate joints of which refract light so strongly that it has been supposed to be phosphorescent. Rootlets, it has just been observed, are produced at the base of the fertile buds, and this at a very early stage of their development. They are for the most part more slender than the primary threads, more or less distinctly but obliqaely ar- 12 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. ticulated, branched, and very irregular in outline, though with rare exceptions smooth and even. They are often hyaline at the tips, but below of a more or less decided brown, inclining sometimes to purple, red, tawny, etc., and, as the plant ad- vances in growth, multiply exceedingly (Plate 4, fig. 6). They penetrate more or less deeply ‘into the soil, or crumbling and decayed surface of rocks or bark, and sometimes on calcareous rocks absorb the portion immediately beneath them, so that each part, like the shields of Lecidea immersa, is sunk in a little cavity. They are, however, by no means confined to the base of the stem, but frequently, though by no means uni. versally, they clothe almost the whole surface more or less densely, between the intervals of the leaves, often forming, as in Aulacomnion palustre (Plate 18, fig. 5), a thick woolly mass. In some cases they are produced also from the base of their leaves, or even from their disk. Conferva castanea and Con- ferva muscicola, of English Botany, are undoubtedly develop- ments of this nature. But not only do these roots occa- sionally give rise to a mass resembling the true primary threads as mentioned above, but amongst certain Hypna they produce a little bud, quite different from the parent plant, which gives rise to the sexual organs which were necessary for the reproduction of the species constituting what is called the quasi-monoicous inflorescence. In Atrichum undulatum (Plate 19, fig. 4) they form a sort of rope, which frequently generates buds. The adventitious rootlets not only seem to fix the plant firmly, but they often act as a protection from severe cold, and in many cases either absorb nutriment directly from the matrix like the primary roots, or they imbibe and retain for a time the moisture which is necessary for the support of the plants. In some cases, where the branches are closely packed, ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF Mossts. 13 or the plants always more or less immersed in water, as in Sphagnum, they are altogether wanting, or present only in an early stage of growth. c.—The stem is sometimes merely rudimentary, the axis being reduced to a mere point, but it is sometimes much elongated, as in our common Polytrichum, and occasionally, as in the exotic Polytrichum giganteum and P. dendroides, it becomes hard and almost woody, but as far as I have seen, does not present, as has been asserted, concentric lines of growth (Berk. Crypt. Bot. fig. 107). It consists more or less of elongated cells, some of which occasionally show a spiral structure, as in Dawsonia superba (Crypt. Bot. fig. 108), and in a few instances faint scalariform markings (Crypt. Bot. fig. 107 c). The walls are generally thin, but occasionally considerably thickened. In Sphagnum, the external cells of the stems, like those of the leaves, sometimes, as in S. cymbi. folium, contain one or more spirals (Plate 2, fig. 1), and in some species, as in S. molluscum, the apex projects and is per- forated (Plate 2, fig. 3). The stem may be either perfectly simple or variously branched, erect or decumbent, and in some cases pendulous. Tt often gives off shoots at the base, which creep along the matrix or are quite subterraneous, and then occasionally con- founded with the roots. After a time the tips of these creep- ing stolons rise above the surface and give rise to new plants. One mode of branching, by which the plant is renewed from year to year, is known under the name of innovations, and is very common amongst Acrocarpous Mosses, a new growth being produced year after year, just as the old stem is losing its active vitality and has matured its fruit, and frequently immediately beneath the fructification. Two branches are pretty generally produced at the same time, and thus the 14 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. branching in each tuft, when torn to pieces, appears dichoto- mous throughout, each fork representing a year’s growth. Thus a tuft of Moss may be entirely dead below, though still fixed by the rootlets, while the circumference is perfectly green and luxuriant. In Pleurocarpous Mosses, on the contrary, true ramification constantly takes place, and the fruit is in fact terminal on a very short branch, whose leaves differ con- siderably from those of the main stem or branches. In Cla- docarpous Mosses the branch (p. 4) is merely a little more developed. The branches are sometimes irregularly disposed, sometimes decidedly pinnate or bipinnate, and sometimes fasciculate. The stem is occasionally quite unbranched below, as in Clima- cium dendroides (Plate 13, fig. 2) or Thamnium alopecurum (Plate 13, fig. 1), and the branches collected above, in which case they are called ‘ dendroid,’ from the resemblance of the whole to little trees. The stem is in general cylindrical, but it is sometimes flat- tened or depressed, and in some cases is distinctly triquetrous. d.—The stem and branches are partially or completely clothed with leaves, which are sometimes few and scattered below, though densely crowded above. In some cases, as in Buxbaumia (Plate 19, fig. 6) and Tetrodontium (Plate 19, fig. 7), they are more or less rudimentary, but such exceptions are not of frequent occurrence. They vary somewhat in structure. Sometimes they consist of a single stratum of cells, which usually contain chlorophyll throughout the whole lamina, but more frequently there is either a thickening at the base, which breaks up at times into two or three nerve-like divergent threads, or there is one central nerve of variable length and thickness, occasionally projecting far beyond the tip of the leaf, and forming a hair- like point. ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF Mossrs. 15 This nerve often projects beyond the surface of the leaf and especially below, and is sometimes plaited beneath, as in Dicranum scoparium (Plate 23, fig. 7), sometimes furnished with close parallel laminz above, as in Pogonatum nanum (Plate 19, fig. 1 c, d), and not unfrequently rough or echinulate. The cells vary greatly in size and form, those at the basal angles being often larger than the rest and less filled with chlorophyll. They also vary greatly in thickness, the walls of two contiguous cells being sometimes so blended together that their distinction is not visible, but occasionally very ac- curately defined (Plate 18, fig. 5c). The primary cell-wall is not always distinct, but in some genera it is well-defined and sometimes is very irregular in outline. The edge of the leaf is often serrated or crenulate through the whole or a part only of its course, the serratures consist- ing for the most part merely of cells projecting beyond their neighbours, so as to give a toothed outline. Sometimes, how- ever, the margin is distinctly thickened, and the serratures or inequalities, if present, may then consist of two or more cells. Indeed, this may be the case where there is no thickening. The cell-walls of the bordering cells are sometimes thicker than those of the rest. A portion of the surface of the leaf, especially towards the edge or tip, like the nerve, is sometimes rough with spine-like projections, arising from the protrusion of individual cells. In some genera the walls of the cells on either surface or on both are strongly granulated, but in such cases the granulations belong to the thickened walls of the cells (Plate 8, fig. 4). ~ ‘The leaves are generally symmetrical, but this is not always the case, especially where they are equitant, as in Fissidens (Plate 14, fig. 2,3). In some genera, as Hedwigia (Plate 21, fig. 8), they are strongly fringed, and in others, as Sphag- 16 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. num, as frequently eroded, though they never assume the ex- centric outline which is so common amongst Jungermannia, An approach however is made in Homalia trichomanoides (Plate 4, fig. 5) and in Schistostega osmundacea (Plate 14, fig. 4). In several cases the lamina, beyond the nerve or between the nerve and the margin, consists of more than one stratum of cells, as for example in Leucobryum glaucum (Plate 1, fig. 6), where the green cells are imbedded between two strata of white cells, whose walls are perforated, while in Sphagnum (Plate 1, fig. 5) the large perforated cells which contain a spiral thread have uniformly a border of narrow distinct green cells. The border of the leaf is often revolute, and sometimes in- volute, and the base variously amplexicaul. The whole leaf is sometimes convolute. In every case the leaves are sessile, and they are never deciduous. In some instances, as in Fonti- nalis (Plate 3, fig. 2), they are so closely folded that they are strongly keeled, and eventually split along the keel, so that each leaf looks as if it were double, a circumstance which has occasionally led to error. Their direction is extremely variable. They are often crowded and imbricated, frequently however they are patent, not unfrequently secund, while many instances occur in which, either wholly or in part, they are remarkably squarrose. In the species with flattened branches they are for the most part really or apparently distichous. In a dry state their direction is often different and sometimes distinctly spiral, while their surface becomes crisped, folded, or undulate. They are always arranged round the axis in some definite order. Sometimes they are two-ranked with the stem still cylindrical or flattened, sometimes three-ranked, but more ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 17 frequently they are arranged in spirals of five or eight, and in some cases the disposition is still more complicated. In a very few instances they are unequal in size, or accompanied by stipules. Though, however, the stems are almost universally destitute of true stipules, their place is supplied in several Hypnei by multitudes of irregular appendages (paraphylla) scattered with- out order over the surface. These are sometimes foliaceons, though often very delicate and jagged, but occasionally they are so repeatedly dichotomous or irregularly divided, that they approach in appearance to radicles, though evidently from their nature and development more nearly related to leaves. They answer in ‘all probability the same physiological purposes as the rootlets, protecting the stem from burning heat, and help- ing to retain moisture for its sustenance. The genus Thui- dium (Plate 8,:fig. 4) affords excellent examples. In point of colour, the leaves vary from bright or glaucous green to various shades of brown red or purple. In some species, from defect of chlorophyll, the leaves are nearly white, an appearance which is sometimes due to the cells, like the su- perficial cells of the aerial roots of Orchids, at length containing air rather than moisture, in which case a slight green tinge is communicated from adjoining or imbedded more minute and slender cells containing. chlorophyll. In most instances they revive perfectly on the application of water, though apparently quite dry and parched, and crumbling beneath the fingers ; but this is not always so strikingly the case where they are very membranous. Stomates do not occur, I believe, upon the leaves, though they are not uncommon on the surface of the sporangia, in which case they resemble very closely those of Phenogams. In one or two Mosses, as Pottia cavifolia (Plate 23, fig. 1 e), there is a little bag on the upper surface c 18 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. of the nerve, which ultimately splits longitudinally. The con- tents of this are probably reproductive, and I shall have to speak of other appendages of the nerve when I come to the consideration of the different modes of multiplication other than from the true fruit. T have now described the vegetative part of the plant, and proceed to state what is known of the fruit, which is of two kinds, male or female. e.—Now, as regards the male organs, whether collected in flower-like disks (perigonia), as in Polytrichum, in little buds, as Hypnum (Plate 6, fig. 3), in heads with the tips of the leaves reflected, as in Splachnum (Plate 15, fig. 4), in disks bordered with large leaves, as in Mnium (Plate 17, fig. 2), or in catkin-like appendages, as in Sphagnum, or associated more immediately with the female organs,—whether mixed with them as in Bryum, or placed beneath them as in Webera, —the structure is essentially the same. The antheridium consists of an oblong sac, sessile or substipitate, filled with cellular tissue, each ultimate cell of which at length gives birth to a spermatozoid with a straight or curved thread-like body, surmounted by two long, extremely delicate, flagelliform, motile threads, by means of which it can move about rapidly in fluid. The antheridia are usually accompanied by thread- like paraphyses, always more or less distinctly articulated (Plate 1, fig. 3). In Sphagnum the antheridia are axillary, and resemble in their delicate stem and globose form those of Jungermannie. In some cases they are developed in especial buds springing from the radicular fibres. Their number varies extremely ; while in some Mosses they are indefinite, in others they seldom exceed some fixed number. The paraphyses which separate the antheridia from each other, and which, like the other parts of fructification, present ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 19 a strange analogy to similar organs in Balanophore, vary somewhat in form. The resemblance however is more appa- rent than real, and is confined to certain species of Balano- phore without extending to the whole group. In Brywm they are simply filiform ; in Mnium the upper cells are much larger, and so contracted at the commissures as to constitute a moni- liform thread; in Polytrichum they are spathulate and divided above, both transversely and vertically, by numerous cells. In Diphyscium they present a curious object under the micro- scope, the outer membrane of each constituent cell bursting in the midst, so that each commissure has a little cylindrical sheath attached to it, contracted in the middle, and open both above and below. f—The female organs are far more complicated in their structure, and are disposed in little special offsets from the stem, or at its tip. Two parts have been distinguished in the floral bud, if it may be so called, the ‘ perigynium,’ which con- sists of leaves encircling the true bud, and the ‘ perigamium,’ the portion which contains the fruit; but these distinctions are of little consequence. I shall have occasion to speak of what is called the ‘ perichetium ’ afterwards. In an early stage of growth, the female fruit, or ‘ archegon,’ consists first of a single cell, then of an oblong cellular mass, closed above and without avy central cavity. As, however, cell-division proceeds, the cells recede from the centre, and leave a linear channel, at the base of which, in a slight dilata- tion, is seated a single cell fixed below and free above, which ultimately gives rise to the sporangium. The archegon, when fully formed, is flask-shaped and perfectly free above, with a long neck and an evidently cellular structure, the central channel being visible through the walls (Plate 1, fig. 2). The cells at the top of the archegon become loose and detached c2 20 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. / from each other, so that some of them fall off, and an aperture is left for the admission of the spermatozoids, which in moist weather soon find their way to the aperture, and travel down the channel to the basal cell, when ready for impregnation. After impregnation has taken place, cell division com- mences in this cell, and is continued till an oblong or subglo-. bose cellular mass is formed within the archegon, and distinct from it, stretching its walls, and in most cases lifted upwards by the elongation of a distinct stalk, till the archegon splits at the base, or more rarely in the centre forming above a little hood or veil to the body called a ‘ calyptra,’ or veil, and after: dehiscence, leaving behind a little sheath, called the ‘ vaginula,’ from the centre of which the fruitstalk grows, and which is in fact the foundation or extreme base of the archegon and con- fluent with the axis, as in the course of development, should the archegon have been at first lateral, it becomes terminal. According to the mode of dehiscence, the vaginula is more or less modified, and in many cases it is so incorporated with the axis, that the axis itself seems hollowed out, and the ex- ternal surface of the vaginula is rough with abortive arche- gons and paraphyses. In general only a single archegon in each group proceeds to perfection, though doubtless several may be impregnated, exactly as in a bunch of pear blossoms, though several may be impregnated and the ovules swell for a time, some one or more individuals will take the lead, abstract- ing the nourishment from the rest, so that their progress is ar- rested, and they ultimately become detached at the base of the peduncle. In some cases, as in Bryum roseum, several arche- gons are perfected. In Sphagnum the vaginula is lifted up on a cylindrical hyaline stalk, the sporangium itself being almost sessile, and the same structure obtains in Andreea. The veil itself is more or less persistent, sometimes falling ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 21 off at an early stage of growth, as in Mnium, but sometimes crowning the sporangium till it arrives at maturity, as in many Hypna. If it remains entire at the base, or is only split into several more or less symmetrical lobes, it is called mitriform ; but if the fissure is confined to one side only, it is termed cucullate (hood-shaped) or dimidiate. The base is sometimes fringed, as in Daltonia splachnoides (Plate 3, fig. 4), and some- times has little membranous appendages, as in several Enca- lypte. These are at first inflected, being derived from the sur- face of a conical appendage to the vaginula within the veil, which ultimately forms an ocrea to it (Plate 22, fig. 1). The surface is sometimes even, sometimes granulated, scaly, or spiny, aud sometimes grooved or costate. It is either quite naked or clothed with filaments, which are sometimes erect, sometimes dependent. In Polytrichum and Pogonatum they form a striking character, and are so much developed that they entirely conceal the minute veil. The top of the veil is for the most part oblique, and is thicker than the base, and sometimes granulated when the rest of the surface is even. This in a young state was formerly regarded as a real stigma, but it is rather analogous to the elongated fimbriated coat of the ovule in Gnetum, impregnation being effected by imme- diate contact of the spermatozoids with the embryonic cell, if so it may be called, where the result of impregnation is a sporangium and not a plant. Occasionally the veil swells towards the base long before the sporangium is large enough to force it out, as in Funaria (Plate 16, fig. 6) and Physcomitrium, in which cases it has a peculiar vesicular appearance. The fruitstalk is sometimes curved at the base, within the vaginula, as occasionally in Encalypia and Campylopus. It is often quite even, but not unfrequently the surface is distinctly 22 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. granulated. It is often perfectly straight above, but frequently decidedly curved, altering occasionally its direction as the sporangium swells. It is frequently twisted either to the right or left, and either enters abruptly into the sporangium, or gradually passes into it, forming with it or beneath it a little swelling or apophysis. Even in such cases as Splachnum luteum (Crypt. Bot. fig. 106 d), where the apophysis at length acquires such an enor- mous size and appears quite distinct, if we examine the stem and sporangium in an early stage of growth, we shall find that the apophysis belongs quite as much to the stem as the spo- rangium, though the exteraal cells in some instances are rather those of the sporangium. In Sphagnum, the fruitstalk is re- duced to a little bulb. The base of the fruitstalk, especially in Pleurocarpous Mosses, and sometimes the whole fruit, is immersed in leaves very dif- ferent from the rest, even from those of the perigynium, which together are called the perichztium. They are perfected at a later period than those of the perigynium, and require to be distinguished, because occasionally they afford good specific characters. The sporangium in most Mosses, when ready to develope the spores, consists of a central columella continued to the apex, a surrounding spore-sac, the inner membrane of which adheres to the columella, or is separated from it by threads as in Polyéri- chum, and the external wall, which may either be confluent with the outer wall of the spore-sac, as in Sphagnum, or free or connected by threads (Plate 1, fig. 7, 8). In Archidium there is ultimately no columella, and in Sphagnum the spore- sac, instead of forming a little cylinder round the columella, consists of a hemispherical, or more correctly a meniscoid, cyst at the top. ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES. 23 The walls of the spore-sac are generally even, but in Poly- trichum and some neighbouring genera they are strongly puckered. The spore-sac is at first filled with a nearly uni- form cellular mass. The component cells are at length diffe- rentiated, some remaining abortive, and others, by crucial cell- division, producing the spores within the cavity. In a few cases spores have been generated within the tissue of the colu- mella, but this is quite exceptional. In general they separate from each other, when mature retaining occasionally, as in Archidium, something of the angular form, produced by mu- tual pressure (Crypt. Bot. fig. 102), but sometimes they are perfectly globose. In an exotic Moss, Eucamptodon periche- tialis, the cell-division is continued further, and the eight re- sultant spores are permanently retained in the mother-cell, so far as observations have hitherto been carried (Crypt. Bot. fig. 99 e). In Splachnum they radiate regularly from the columella. When the columella has performed its functions, which con- sist probably in supplying nutriment to the spore-sac, it dries up, and sometimes remains attached to the tissue at the apex, with which it is either continuous, or, as in Polytrichum and Sphagnum, perfectly distinct. In Polytrichum it forms a di- lated membrane, closing up the spore-sac above and prevent- ing the too hasty dispersion of the spores. The top of the sporangium or lid, except in a very few genera, where it remains permanently attached, and the spores escape only by the decay or irregular rupture of the walls, separates from the rest, just in a line with the top of the spore-sac, by a regular horizontal fissure, the fissure being either quite uniform or furnished with a rigid or elastic ring, consisting of a varia- ble number of cells, sometimes only a single row, which either separate immediately on the bursting of the lid, or remain permanently attached. One of the best examples is afforded 24 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. by Funaria hygrometrica, in which it is rather complicated, and springs off the moment the lid bursts, each portion twist- ing up spirally from within outwards. The lid itself varies in form, and is either extremely short and convex, with or with- out a central apiculus, or more or less elongated, being some- times as long as or longer than the capsule. In most cases it falls off entirely, but sometimes it is suspended at the top of the dry columella, as in some Splachnee. Sometimes when falling it carries with it a part or the whole of the columella, as in Pottia and Schistidium (Plate 21, fig. 6 e). The mouth of the sporangium thus exposed by the rupture of the lid, and without taking the annulus into account, is either entirely naked, closed more or less perfectly with a narrow membrane spreading over the spore-sac, or furnished with one or two rows of more or less convergent teeth, sepa- rate or connected at the base, sometimes indeed so intimately connected as to form a plicate membrane variously modified, according as the upper portion of the constituent teeth is more or less free. The teeth are either four in number, or consti- tute some multiple of four, in the less numerous cases being frequently divided by lines in accordance with the general rule. Sometimes though free at the base, they are connected by transverse bars above, so as to constitute a network, as in Fontinalis (Plate 3, fig. 2); and sometimes the very tips of the teeth are connected so as to form a little membrane, as in Funaria (Plate 16, fig. 6). The teeth vary slightly in their origin, being occasionally more or less confounded with the annulus, or anomalous as to their formation, as in Polytrichum, Buxbaumia, and Tetraphis, but as a general rule, each individual of the outer row of teeth, or, as it is called, the outer peristome, arises partly from the thickening of the walls, especially towards their centre, of ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF MOSSES, 25 the vertical row of cells (Plate 1, fig. 8 2), which is continued within the lid from the corresponding row (f) in the outer wall of the space intermediate between the wall of the sporan- gium and the spore-sac, and partly of the contiguous walls of the cells (g) which spring immediately from the apex of the intermediate space (#). The inner peristome is formed from the thickening of the opposite sides, more towards the interior of these last cells (g) and the contiguous cell-walls (2), which are continued from the cells of the inner wall of the inter- mediate space (m). In other words, if we suppose the outer and inner walls of the intermediate space, consisting each of a single layer of cells, to be continued above, but connected beyond its apex by a single layer of cells (g),—the outer wall of the cells uniting the two walls continued upwards of the intermediate space, together with the inner wall of the conti- guous cells (#), will, when thickened, give rise to the outer peristome; while the inner wall of the uniting cells (g) and the outer wall of the cells continued from the inner wall of the intermediate space will yield the inner peristome. In some cases, where the whole wall is not thickened, but two or three thickenings take place in the same cell-wall, with intermediate free spaces, the number of teeth is deranged as in Tortula, but if two are formed, the fringe will still be symme- trical (Crypt. Bot. fig. 98 a). Sometimes the inner teeth arise at the angles of four contiguous cells, and if so, they will generally alternate with the teeth of the outer peristome. Sometimes, as in Tetraphis (Plate 19, fig. 8), the tissue within the lid splits up into four solid masses, which form the teeth, while in Polytrichum, the teeth, which are continuous with the membrane which closes up the ripe spore-sac, con- sist of several layers, which in the Antarctic Dawsonia, where there is no diaphragm, become distinct from each other and 26 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. form a short tuft of cottony threads. In Buxbaumiei the outer peristome appears to be derived from the outer strata of the walls of the sporangia, and not from the wall of the intermediate space, and traces of the same structure may be found in other Mosses, as Orthotrichum cupulatum (Plate 20, fig. 4). In the more normal peristomes, the teeth vary in form, length, sculpture, direction, connection, and many other points which it is needless to enumerate here, as they are indicated uuder each genus. These teeth, it may be observed, have not the slightest homology with the leaves, and therefore none with the petals of flowering-plants, being derived in a totally different way. They are not in fact modifications of leaves, but arise from the mere thickening of the walls of two contigu- ous strata of cells. They are not like the leaves, arranged spirally round the axis, but their bases are all in the same plane, and their symmetrical number is grounded on the same law which is so common amongst Cryptogams, even where or- ganisms are derived from the contents of cells, as for example, in the asci of Fungi and Lichens. Supposing the observation were correct, which describes the tip of the columella as oc- casionally producing leaves, this would be no confirmation of the doctrine that the teeth of the peristome are of similar origin, as they would be derived in a manner altogether differ- ent in the two cases. 27 CHAPTER IV. PROPAGATION OF MOSSES INDEPENDENT OF THE FRUCTIFICATION. In all plants, besides the normal mode of fructification, there are subsidiary modes of multiplying individuals, in contra- distinction to species, and these are peculiarly abundant in Cryptogams. Without some provision of this kind, many dicecious Mosses, in which the plants of the two sexes rarely if ever occur in the same tuft, would of necessity die out. Provision has however been made in various ways to supply the defect, or to be accessory to the more normal rule. The true rootlets, together with those which are produced so abundantly on the stem, or occasionally on other parts, are themselves not unfrequently a means of multiplication. With- out adverting particularly to those cases in which they develope plants of a different sex from the parent, the lower roots espe- cially as in some Phasca and Polytricha, send up to the sur- face green threads, which can scarcely be distinguished from those which are due to the germination of the spores, and which, like them, generate buds, which in due time give rise to perfect plants. Conferva velutina (Eng. Bot. t, 1556) is a well-known example. Threads are also produced from the surface of the leaves, 28 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. which propagate the plant, as in various Orthotricha. Con- ferva muscicola (Eng. Bot. t. 1638) is a case in point. These differ in degree of development. Sometimes they are green and cylindrical or clavate; sometimes they are scarcely distinguish- able from rootlets. In Andreea, the filaments assume a dif- ferent type, and from the quadrifarious division of their en- dochrome, so closely resemble some of the Palmelloid Alge, that it is not easy to draw the line between them. In other cases propagating granules are produced on the midrib, as in Pottia cavifolia (Plate 28, fig. 2 e), or articu- lated clavate processes at the tip of the midrib, where it ter- minates below the apex, as in the exotic Calymperes Afzelit (Crypt. Bot. fig. 100 4), or at the very tip, as in Calymperes rigida. Similar bodies to these last are produced on distinct. peduncles, as in Aulacomnion palustre and A. androgynum (Plate 18, fig. 5 gy), where there are sometimes vertical as well as transverse partitions, or in little rosettes, as in Tetraphis pellucida (Plate 19, fig. 8 8, d). Sometimes, again, buds are produced in the axils of the leaves, as in many Pleurocarpous Mosses. Even the leaves themselves occasionally throw out rootlets below, and may thus serve for propagation when broken off (Plate 8, fig. 5 4), while those of Leucobryum glaucum often produce new plants at their tips. The growth of Mosses from year to year by means of in- novations, may also be referred to the same category, or at least is closely analogous. But many annual, or at least ap- parently annual, species are propagated on the same spot year after year, not by innovations, but by radicular tubercles. 29 CHAPTER V. VARIATIONS OF MOSSES. SExvaLtty seems to be a necessary cause of variations. So long as plants are propagated by buds, or stolons, or gems, or by any other adventitious organ, there is some security for the produce being’ similar to the parent, though modifications even in these cases may be induced by varied climatic conditions, or other circumstances which may exercise a certain influence on the new plant. When we consider what wonderful modi- fications are effected in the evolution of the embryo in the animal world by mere change of position or a partial privation of atmospheric air during the development of the ovum, we may well be prepared for many curious phenomena amongst vegetables, whose germs may be placed under anomalous con- ditions. And if it is true that variations will take place when increase is due only to adventitious organs, what an immense source of change exists in growth by impregnation, where through countless ages cross-impregnation has taken place, spreading far and wide the peculiarities of individuals, in some modified form, if not in all their intensity, amongst succeed- ing generations. If the limits of species are often doubtful among Phino- gams, they are no less so amongst Cryptogams; and Mosses 30 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. form no exception to the rule. Races, species, subspecies, and varieties alike scarcely admit of accurate definition, and have different meanings according to the point of view from which they are regarded. While some Mosses admit at once of accu- rate separation from all others, without any intervening links, there are natural groups, especially amongst Hypnei, which admit of subdivision into others possessed of more or less predominant characters, but where it is almost impossible to say what is or is not a species. Take for example the com- mon Hypnum cupressiforme, and you will find some of its acknowledged varieties more palpably different from each other than some of the neighbouring species which are ad- mitted as distinct. Indeed this species may be pointed as ex- hibiting the greater part of the changes to which Mosses are subject. Besides difference of size, the stem with the leaves varies from compressed to nearly cylindrical, and in its mode of branching and length; the leaves differ in size, form, and direction, in the presence or total suppression of the nerve, and in the condition of the margin; the sporangium, in its inclination, length, and form, and the lid, in the degree of its development. All these, and other differences, occur in a single species. But differences occur also amongst Mosses in the areo- lation of the leaves, the length and curvature of the fruitstalk, the size of the apophysis,—whether belonging to the peduncle or sporangium,—the nature of the inflorescence, and, what is of the utmost importance as regards generic distinctions in the condition of the peristome, which in the same species, as in Encalypta vulgaris (Plate 22, fig. 1), may be present or entirely wanting ; or, as in Orthotrichum anomalum (Plate 20, fig. 5), there may be rudiments of an inner peristome, while in other cases there may be none. Great differences may also exist in the condition of the outer teeth, whether as regards their. VARIATIONS OF MOSSES. 31 more or less imperfect development, or the nature of their division, as in the Dicranei. From all these causes, the distinction of species. requires great caution ; and, after all that has been done towards reduc- tion, it is still quite certain that much still remains to be accomplished, and that many supposed species owe their dis- tinctions merely to changes which arise from climatic condi- tions or differences of habitat. 32 CHAPTER VI. HABITATS OF MOSSES. In speaking of the nature of Mosses (p. 5) we have already mentioned the sorts of situations and conditions under which they occur. While many are almost indifferent to their place of growth, whether on rocks or branches of trees, or on the ground, others are confined to a peculiar matrix, as those Splachna which require for their nutriment either the dung of an herbivorous or carnivorous animal, or the Mosses which affect some especial kind of rock—whether siliceous, as An- dreee, or calcareous, as Seligeria calcarea (Plate 24, fig. 2) or Encalypta streptocarpa—for their nutriment or growth. Sand- stone caves seem the peculiar requisite of Schistostega. A few Mosses seem to flourish peculiarly upon straw roofs, as Tortula ruralis (Plate 22, fig. 4), but they are by no means confined to such a situation. The decaying thatch merely supplies a richer nourishment than usual, exactly as it does to Agaricus furfuraceus and A. stipitarius, which are finer in such situations than elsewhere. . Elevation however has no’ less influence on the occurrence of various species. While some are almost ubiquitous, we should in vain seek for Conostomum boreale (Plate 15, fig. 8), Polytrichum sexangulare, or Pogonatum alpinum, at low alti- HABITATS OF MOSSES. 33 tudes, except in high latitudes. Other things being equal, the zones of Mosses in a given locality, on a high mountain, are as capable of accurate definition as those of Phenogams. In tropical climates a favourite situation of many delicate species is the thick coriaceous leaves which are so common there, atid so persistent ; and even in our own climate, a Moss may now and then occur on evergreen leaves, but then only by accident. The different nature of soil also, whether from its mechanical division or chemical composition, has a considerable influence on the production of species. The hard beaten sides of foot- paths, the loose crumbling matter at the base of rocks, the sand by the seashore, the rich moist banks of ditches, the grassy meadow, the naked clay, the deep recesses of woods, the peaty soil of heaths and moors, the damp margins of pools or swamps, and wet boggy ground, have their own ap- propriate species, not to mention the variety of Mosses which are more truly aquatic, whether in rapid streams or quiet waters. The mud-capped walls which are so frequent in odlitic districts produce always a multitude of species, some of them of rare occurrence elsewhere, while the little mounds made by ants are sometimes extremely productive. The Phasca seem to luxuriate especially in fallow fields where the soil is thin and not retentive of moisture, especially in cal- careous districts. Within a square yard half-a-dozen species may sometimes be found where these conditions exist. Though at a moderate distance from the sea a variety of species may occasionally be found in great perfection, there are very few which, like Schistidium maritimum, choose by preference situations constantly exposed to the spray of salt water. 34 CHAPTER VII. ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MOSSES. We have already seen that the distribution of particular spe- cies of Mosses in a given area depends greatly upon soil and al- titude. When latitude is taken into consideration, conditions will be modified ; but within reasonable limits, like circum- stances will encourage the growth of the same or similar Mosses. Comparing the Bryology of the British Isles with that of Europe taken as a whole, we find a very large propor- tion of Continental species diffused amongst them ; a very few genera only being unrepresented; while notwithstanding the labours of British Bryologists, there are scarcely half-a-dozen of our Mosses which have not been found on the Continent.* The times of bearing fruit will differ in different localities ; but the characters agree wonderfully with those of the Conti- nental specimens, or where they differ, do not differ more than Continental specimens do from each other. * About 280 species out of 716, according to Schimper’s enumeration, occur on the Continent which do not occur in the British Isles. The following Con- tinental genera do not occur in our Flora :—Voitia, Sporledera, Bruchia, Tre- matodon, Angstremia, Conomitrium, Pharomitrium, Eustichium, Braunia, Cos- ceinodon, Pyramidula, Oreas, Psilopilum, Fabronia, Anacamptodon, Habrodon, Lescurea, Anisodon, Platygyrium, Thedenia; most of which contain only a single species, and of which the seven last are Pleurocarpous, the rest Acrocarpous, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MOSSES, 85 If we take analogous situations in the southern hemisphere we shall still find a certain proportion of species identical with those of the north, with the admixture however and pre- dominance of distinct forms. A few species are almost cosmopolitan, as Andreea rupestris, Weissia controversa, Ceratodon purpureus, Racomitriun lanu- ginosum, Funaria hygrometrica, Bryum argenteum, B. capillare, Polytrichum commune, and Hypnum cupressiforme. Other British species however occur in various parts of the world which cannot be considered as cosmopolitan. If we take New Zealand as a point of comparison, a country which is peculiarly rich in Cryptogams, we find that 249 species of Mosses are recorded, in Dr. Hooker’s Flora, as occurring in its islands. Of these 41, including the species above- mentioned or about one-fifth, are British or at least European species. In 39 genera there is not a single New Zealand spe- cies which is European; and in several of these, as Macro- mitrium, Racopilum, Rhizogonium, Dawsonia, etc., there are no European representatives. Meanwhile Hookeria, Isothecium, Homalia, and some other European genera, obtain an import- ance which they scarcely possess in any European flora, and indeed Pleurocarpous Mosses are predominant in beauty and luxuriance. If, however, the New Zealand Mosses be compared with those of Tasmania, we shall find that while the latter, including cosmopolitan forms, comprise about a third of European species, the remainder agree wonderfully with those of New Zealand. Of the 158 recorded species, about 120 are the the same with those of New Zealand, without mentioning British forms common to both. It will be found, moreover, that many of these species of a southern type extend to the Auckland and Campbell’s Isles, D2 36 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. and to the southern parts of South America, besides spreading slightly northwards. At the same time tropical forms are few in number, not exceeding five, dispersed through Bourbon, Mauritius, Java, Tahiti, and the Indian continent. About 27 Tasmanian Mosses occur in South Africa, but not generally belonging to the southern types. More tropical forms indeed might have been expected, as there is no severe frost to destroy the young plants, should spores by any accident have been wafted into the country. A very remarkable deviation from general laws occurs in the centre of Germany. In some situations the great boulders with which the plain is scattered produce alpine species of Moss, as if brought during the glacial period from some dis- tant regions. It is at once obvious that such species as ‘Andreea Rothii, Catoscopium nigritum, Grimmia trichophylla and G. leucophylla are not the natural produce of the plains of Germany, and these are not the only species which show similar anomalies in geographical distribution. The following orders of Mosses contain no European spe- cies, though they combine, for the most part, southern forms, together with others which may be considered Tropical or Subtropical, Syrrhopodontei, Hydropogonei, Octodblepharei, Leptostomei, Rhizogoniei, Phyllogoniei, Hypopterygii, Racopi- lacet. Fabronia has two European species amongst numerous exotics. With the exception of one or two Mosses in amber, we have no certain information as to their occurrence in what are com- monly called geological formations. 37 CHAPTER VIII. ON THE CULTIVATION OF MOSSES. But little has been effected in this direction. A few exotic Mosses are occasionally introduced by accident into our stoves, and in rare cases establish themselves, while some of the more striking exotic forms, as Octoblepharum albidum, are imported intentionally with the more minute Ferns, and linger for a year or two in their new home without attracting much atten- tion, while here and there attempts are made to raise Mosses from their spores, more with the intention, however, of watching their mode of development than with a view to their cultivation as objects of ornament. Few plants, however, will better repay attention. Where British species only are desired, or at least those of temperate regions, a little conservatory with rock-work on either side, capable of being well ventilated, and never heated except in severe weather or to prevent damp, answers the purpose ad- mirably. A few of the smaller Ferns or alpine plants may be introduced with advantage, but nothing of too coarse or rampant a growth. If mixed with some of the more striking Liverworts, to the suppression however of too luxuriant a growth of the common Marchantia, which in small quantities will not be unacceptable, a most pleasing effect may be pro- 38 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH ‘MOSSES. duced, and one which will be attractive to those who regard form more than brilliant colours. If proper soil were pre- pared, we have no doubt that the spores of such handsome Mosses as Splachnum rubrum and luteum, if imported carefully from their northern home, might be made to vegetate and pro- duce their lovely fruit. The subject is, at any rate, worth an effort ; and now that there are so many summer visitors to the north of Europe, it may not be difficult to procure living specimens. The great drawback to the cultivation of Mosses is the appearance of the white mycelium of a parasitic Fungus (Nectria muscivora) upon the patches, and possibly of one or two other byssoid productions whose nature has not at present been ascertained. The only mode of dealing with these, as far as we know, is to remove them with a small brush as fast as they are generated, or otherwise unsightly arid blotches are formed which mar the general effect. A list of Mosses easy of cultivation in a cool frame, or shaded shelf of a greenhouse, is given in Stark’s ‘ History of British Mosses, p. 44. The pots which contain aquatic species require to be placed in a pan of water. When the pots are removed in summer into the open air they require the protection of a net, as birds are very apt to pull np the Moss in search of insects. Mosses are not subject to many real parasites, though they form a welcome matrix to many fungi. One or two species, however, inhabit their sporangia or perigonia, while a minute Fusisporium sometimes infests the spore-sac, destroying the spores. 39 CHAPTER IX. ON THE USES OF MOSSES. Ir we confine ourselves to the economical uses of Mosses, we may almost speak of them in the terms in which owls are spoken of in Horrebow’s celebrated Chapter in the History of Iceland. Sphagnum alone is sometimes ground up to eke out a scanty supply of meal, but without a notion as to its possessing any nutritive qualities. Indeed, scarcely any part of the vegetable kingdom seems to supply so little nutriment to the animal world, though the tufts of Mosses afford harbour to myriads of insects, as they do a warm clothing to the trunks of trees. Scarcely a single species can be mentioned which has any real pretensions to afford a useful medicine ; and their other economical uses consist in their supplying an admirable substance for packing or stuffing, or in their capa- bility of being converted into miserable brooms or cushions. One species affords a substitute for lampwicks to the Esqui- maux. The continued growth of some of the bog species has a considerable share in the formation of peat, which, after the lapse of ages, is available to man in the shape of fuel. , In the economy of nature they are of immense importance, as they often constitute the first vegetation which appears on new soil, affording a nidus for the development of other 40 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. vegetables; and so, at length, in many instances, covering a naked surface with vegetable soil. The minute seeds of Rhododendra for instance, where Mnium punctatum abounds, find a more genial place of growth in their tufts than in any other locality where those lovely plants seem to be really at home, as in the slate districts of Wales. This property, however, of clothing naked soils, or of intru- ding where their presence is not desired, makes them often extremely annoying in the garden, where it is desired to keep gravel-walks trim and unsullied, or in pastures, where they usurp the place of nutritive Grasses. In the former case boiling water impregnated with salt, gas-water, or a solution of some poisonous mineral, may be used with advantage; in the latter the brush-harrow, followed by good manure, will be most likely to effect a cure. In an esthetic point of view, it is scarcely possible to speak of Mosses too highly. In elegance and delicacy of colouring they are individually surpassed by few Cryptogams, especially amongst the finer and more attractive kinds; and taken col- lectedly, they frequently give a tone to the colouring of rocks and foregrounds which the eye can at once appreciate. Even some of the smaller species, when in fruit and lighted up en masse by a partial sunbeam, are exquisitely beautiful from their red and olive tints. 4] CHAPTER X. COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF MOSSES. No plants are so easy to prepare for the herbarium as Mosses. They easily part with any moisture which they have imbibed, and if common care is used they are not liable to be spoiled by damp or seriously injured by the depredation of insects. Except in very wet weather, one or two changes of the drying- paper are quite sufficient. In collecting rare or delicate species, especially if they are in a good state of fruit, it is well to wrap the specimens at once, when gathered, in soft paper, which need not be opened till they are required for examination, when the calyptra or more fugitive parts will be preserved, which might otherwise be lost in the process of changing the drying-papers. Where specimens are abundant, it is always well to preserve some in their natural state, except the tufts are unmanageable. A portion however should be carefully disentangled, and thoroughly cleaned from any adherent soil, to show the mode of ramification. Where the fruit is easily destroyed by friction, it is well to keep some separate, in little capsules, gummed to the sheets in which the specimens are placed. It is in general convenient to glue the specimens from different localities on separate pieces of paper, which should either be of one fixed size or multiples of it; and they can 42 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. then be pinned into the common sheet or sheets which belong to the particular species. It is an excellent plan, whenever a specimen is examined microscopically, to sketch what is seen on the paper to which it is fastened. This precludes the neces- sity of repeated examination, and where specimens are rare prevents their being seriously injured. ‘The most convenient power perhaps for examining the leaves of Mosses is a one-third object-glass, while a one-fifth is quite sufficient for the examination of the peristome. Lower powers however will suffice for the determination of genera and species. CHAPTER XI. SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF MOSSES. THE main divisions of Mosses depend upon the situation of the fruit, its nature, and the mode of branching; but, as in other branches of natural history, it is impossible in any natural arrangement to frame characters which shall be free from exceptions. They are divided by authors according to these principles into five groups. 1. Pleurocarpi. Fruit lateral, springing immediately from the stem. 2. Cladocarpi. Fruit terminal, on short lateral branches. 3. Acrocarpi. Fruit terminal. 4, Schistocarpi. Fruit splitting longitudinally into four or more valves, adhering above. 5. Syncladei. Branches fasciculate. Of these the second is not strictly natural, and the character is difficult of application, as Acrocarpous and Cladocarpous species occur in the same genus. It has been proposed moreover to divide the first three groups into Stegocarpi and Cleistocarpi, the former comprising those in which the spores escape on the separation of the lid, the latter, as in Phascum, by the decay or irregular rupture of the sporangium; but as it is probable that in a really AA HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. natural arrangement the Phascoid Mosses must be distributed amongst those which are Stegocarpous, the distribution is not tenable. Generic characters depend upon the structure and situation of the fruit; but though the differences of the peristome afford in many cases admirable characters, in others great latitude must be taken in their use. Where natural groups are sought for, the same genus will sometimes comprise species with a single or double peristome, or in which it is altogether wanting. The old genus Gymnostomum is now properly dis- tributed amongst widely distant groups. The calyptra occasionally affords good characters, but it is sometimes deceptive. The vaginula is often of great import- ance, but it is not so obvious a source of distinction as parts which are more exposed to view. The comparative length of the lid is often employed as a mark of distinction by Con- tinental authors, but seldom with much advantage. The male inflorescence rarely affords good generic charac- ters, though it sometimes comes in aid of others, as in Bryum and Mnium. The reticulation of the leaves is often indicative of natural affinity, and occasionally is available for generic distinctions ; but the refinements of Continental Bryologists, especially in the genus Hypnum, are not calculated for prac- tical purposes ; and though their groups are generally natural, it is often impossible to reconcile them with the proposed dis- tinctions. The arrangement of Dr. Montagne, in Orbigny’s Diction- ary, as regards the Natural Orders into which the tribes are divisible, though laying no claim to originality, appears to be one of the most convenient, and was followed in the ‘ Intro- duction to Cryptogamic Botany,’ and, with few exceptions, is the same with that adopted here. SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF MOSSES. 45 Where genera approach so near as Trichostomum, Tortula, and some others, different views will be taken by Bryologists. But in whatever way the several species may be grouped, difficulties will arise as to the stability of characters ; and were those and some neighbouring genera again incorporated, there would still be difficulties as to the natural grouping of the species. On the whole, the state of Bryology must be considered as extremely imperfect. The entire subject clearly wants the revision of some master-mind. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA. Ir should be observed, that the characters of the Orders and Genera, in the following synopsis, are drawn up with a view to the Mosses of the British Isles alone, and not to Mosses in general, the object being to facilitate the reference of British species to their proper genera. In the enumeration of species, on the con- trary, exotic genera and species have been constantly kept jn view in the definitions. In scarcely any tribe of plants, however, is it so difficult to draw up precise characters, as the evident affinities of particular species militate more than usually against definite circumscriptions. Generic characters were originally con- fined to the parts of fructification; but if natural groups are desired, it is absolutely necessary to comprehend also in our characteristic phrases particulars about the mode of branching, and the nature of the leaf-cells, where these admit of definition. In a very few cases I have been compelled to propose genera, where anomalous species did not admit readily of association with others, though I have done so with reluctance. Section J.—PLEUROCARPI. Fruit lateral, or at the tips of very short branches. Orprr I. FONTINALEL. Sporangia sessile or subsessile; peristome double; inner peristome conical, cancellate. Genus 1. Fontinalis.—Sporangium sessile ; veil mitriform. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA. 47 Genus 2. Dichelyma.—Sporangium sessile or subsessile ; veil cucullate. Orvrr II. CRYPTOTHECITI. Peristome single or double; veil mitriform; stems cylin- drical; leaves imbricated. Genus 3. Cryphea.—Sporangium immersed ; veil small; peristome double. Ornvrr III. HOOKERET. Sporangium horizontally cernuous, succulent; peristome double; veil mitriform; stem mostly flattened; leaf-cells mostly large. Genus 4, Daltonia.—Sporangium suberect; veil fringed ; leaves spreading, cells small. Genus 5. Hookeria.—Sporangium cernuous; inner peri- stome divided halfway down into. sixteen processes, without intermediate cilia; veil not fringed; leaves flattened, cells large. Orver IV. NECKERETL. Fruitstalk mostly short ; peristome double; veil cucullate ; leaves mostly flattened ; stem more or less pinnate. Genus 6. Neckera—Sporangium erect, immersed, or ex- serted; veil large; inner peristome divided almost to the base ; leaves mostly undulated. Genus 7. Homalia.—Fruitstalk elongated ; inner peristome a membrane divided into sixteen keeled processes without in- termediate cilia; leaves not undulated. Oxnpre V. HYPNEL Sporangium cernuous; fruitstalk elongated ; veil cucullate ; 48 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES, inner peristome mostly with intermediate cilia; stem mostly cylindrical. Genus 8. Hypnum.—Cilia distinct; stem mostly without paraphylla; leaves even. Genus 9. Ptychodium.—Cilia rudimentary ; paraphylla nu- merous. Genus 10. Heterocladium.—Leaves of stem and branches heteromorphous; paraphylla few; upper reticulations narrow. Genus 11. Thuidium.—Leaves of stem and branches hetero- morphous ; paraphylla numerous ; upper reticulations rounded. Genus 12. Pseudoleskea.—Intermediate cilia present or ab- sent; paraphylla numerous ; reticulations oval-punctiform. Orver VI. ISOTHECII. Sporangium erect; fruitstalk elongated ; veil cucullate; pe- ristome single or double; leaf-cells minute. Genus 13. Isothectum.—Cilia of inner peristome more or less imperfect ; upper leaf-cells linear; secondary stems dendroid. Genus 14. Climacium.—Cilia of inner peristome wanting ; veil large ; lid adherent to the columella; habit dendroid. Genus 15. Cylindrothecium.—Peristome not hygrometric, inserted below the mouth of the sporangium ; inner peristome of sixteen narrow darker teeth; stem decumbent. Genus 16. Pylaisia.—Inner peristome divided almost to the base into sixteen teeth, bipartite or gaping at the keel ; intermediate cilia very short ; leaf-cells narrow ; stem creeping. Genus 17. Homalothecium.—Tntermediate cilia none ; teeth -of outer peristome solid; veil large, subpilose ; leaf-cells li- near ; stem partly creeping, partly assurgent. Genus 18. Orthothecitum.—Intermediate cilia short or want- ing; teeth of peristome thin; cells at base of leaves not quadrate. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA, 49 Genus 19. Myurella.—Intermediate cilia binate ; stem cy- lindrical ; leaves closely imbricated, papillose ; leaf-cells mi- nute, chlorophyllous. Genus 20. Platydictya.—Intermediate cilia present or ab- sent ; stem confervoid; leaves loosely set ; leaf-cells large. Genus 21. Philoscia.—Intermediate cilia wanting; stem succulent; leaves subbifarious ; leaf-cells narrow, elongated. Genus 22. Myrinia.—Inner peristome solid, dark ; interme- diate cilia wanting ; leaves even; leaf-cells large, rhomboid. Genus 23. Pterigynandrum.—Inner peristome rudimentary; veil naked ; leaves papillose ; upper leaf-cells rhomboid ; male and female fruit axillary. Genus 24. Antitrichia.—Fruitstalk short, curved; inner peristome of sixteen perforated teeth adhering to the outer ; cilia wanting ; leaf-cells minute ; stems procumbent, pinnate. Genus 25. Thamnium.—Inner peristome with intermediate cilia; upper leaf-cells elliptic; stem naked below, branched above; branches more or less two-ranked. Genus 26. Leucodon.—Peristome erect, single, or with very obscure traces of an inner membrane ; ring fragmentary ; leaf- cells punctiform. Genus 27. Anomodon.—Peristome double; inner of sixteen short fugacious processes ; leaf-cells very minute, opaque. Genus 28. Pterogonium.—Inner peristome membranous, half as long as the outer teeth, with rudimentary cilia; veil pilose ; leaves papillose ; leaf-cells elliptic. Genus 29. Leskea,—Peristome double, outer teeth staple- bent when dry; inner peristome with obscure intermediate cilia ; leaves papillose ; leaf-cells very minute, chlorophyllous. Genus 80. Leptodon.—Peristome double; inner membra- nous, divided above into short irregular teeth; veil pilose; leaf-cells punctiform. 50 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. OxpEr VII. ANG@CTANGIEI. Cladocarpous. Sporangium ovate or spherical; peristome none; veil cucullate. Genus 31. Anectangium. Orper VII DREPANOPHYLLEI. Mostly cladocarpous. Stems flat; leaves equitant ; peri- stome single, teeth bifid ; veil cucullate or conical. Genus 32. Fissidens.—Sporangium often cernuous ; fruit- stalk elongated ; veil cucullate or conical; teeth sixteen, bifid ; divisions slender, elongated; vaginula distinct. Onver IX. MIFLICHOFERIEL. Cladocarpous. Sporangium straight, with or without an apophysis ; peristome single or double; vaginula distinct. Genus 33. Mielichoferia.—Sporangium pyriform or clavate ; annulus large; peristome single, of sixteen teeth which are confluent below. Section II.—ACROCARPI. Orprr X. SCHISTOSTEGETL. Sporangium subglobose; spore-sac adnate with the walls; peristome none ; leaves distichous. ; Genus 34. Schistostega. Orprr XI. SPLACHNET. Sporangium apophysate ; spores radiating ; leaves diapha- nous, large-celled. Genus 35. Cidipodium.— Sporangium clavate, confluent with the apophysis and fruitstalk ; peristome none. SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA. 51 Genus 36. Dissodon.—Apophysis tapering; columella ex- serted when dry; peristome of sixteen short double teeth incurved when dry. Genus 37. Tayloria.—Apophysis clavate or subpyriform ; teeth sixteen or thirty-two, reflexed when dry. Genus 38. Tetraplodon.—Apophysis clavate or ovate ; peri- stome of sixteen double teeth, at first approximated in fours, reflexed when dry. Genus 39. Splachnum.—Apophysis large, spongy, distinct ; teeth sixteen, in pairs, reflexed when dry. Orver XII. DISCELIET, Sporangium subglobose, cernuous; ring large; teeth six- teen, cloven from the base ; veil twisted. Genus 40. Discelium. Orver XIII. OREADET. Sporangium small, subglobose, cernuous; peristome single, or obscurely double; veil cucullate. . Genus 41. Catoscopium.—Sporangium even, horizontal ; pe- ristome of sixteen short teeth, with traces of an inner peristome. Onvrr XIV. BARTRAMTET. Sporangium spherical, mostly striated ; leaves rigid, keeled, tocthed. Genus 42. Conostomum.—Peristome of sixteen teeth, united at their tips and forming a cone. Genus 43. Bartramia.—Sporangium oblique ; veil small, fugacious ; peristome double, single, or absent, Genus 44. Bartramidula.—Sporangium even; mouth small ; peristome none; spore-sac united above with the columella. E 2 52 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. Ornprr XV. FUNARIEL. Sporangium pyriform ; veil inflated below, subulate above ; leaf-cells large. Genus 45. Physcomitrium.—Veil 5-6-lobed, with a long, straight beak ; peristome none. Genus 46. Entosthodon.—Veil cucullate; peristome rudi- mentary, or of sixteen teeth. Genus 47. Funaria.—Sporangium oblique ; apophysis taper- ing ; ring very large; peristome double; teeth of outer row joined at the tips and forming a cribrose disk. Orper XVI. MEESIEI. Sporangium tapering below, gibbous behind ; fruitstalk very long; peristome double, not hygroscopic. Genus 48. Amblyodon.—Mouth of sporangium small, ob- lique; peristome double, outer of sixteen short teeth, inner longer, deeply divided; leaves loosely reticulated. Genus 49. Meesia—Mouth oblique ; peristome double, outer of sixteen short teeth, inner longer, deeply divided; leaf-cells small, crowded. Genus 50. Paludella,—Sporangium cernuous or suberect ; ring large; peristome double, outer of sixteen lanceolate teeth, inner a membrane divided halfway down into sixteen processes, without intermediate cilia. Orprr XVII. BRVET. Sporangium symmetrical, erect, or cernuous; peristome double ; veil cucullate; leaves mostly marginate. Genus 51. Cinclidium.—TInner peristome dome-shaped, with sixteen perforations opposite to the outer teeth. Genus 52. Mnium.—Sporangium ovate or oblong ; peristome SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS AND GENERA. 53 double, inner with intermediate cilia; paraphyses, of anthe- ridia clavate ; leaves large. Genus 53. Zieria.—Sporangium gibbous behind; neck long; inner peristome longer ; intermediate cilia rudimentary. Genus 54. Anomobryum.—Sporangium symmetrical ; peri- stome double; leaf-cells very narrow above, vermiform to- wards the nerve. Genus 55. Bryum.—Sporangium symmetrical, confluent with the narrow apophysis ; paraphyses of antheridia filiform, innovations from the apex ; leaf-cells rather large. Genus 56. Webera.—Sporangium symmetrical, confluent with the narrow apophysis; innovations mostly from the base; stems mostly slender; leaves narrow; leaf-cells hexagonal, elongated. Genus 57. Leptobryum.—Sporangium symmetrical, con- fluent with the narrow apophysis; innovations from the base ; leaves very narrow; leaf-cells above hexagonal, elongated. Annual. Genus 58. Orthodontium.—Sporangium symmetrical; spore- case small; peristome double; inner without intermediate cilia; leaves very narrow. Genus 59. Aulacomnion.—Sporangium furrowed, when dry; spores very small. Genus 60. 7immia.—Sporangium symmetrical; peristome double; inner divided halfway into about sixty-four cilia, at first united above. . Orpen XVIII. POLYTRICHEL Sporangium often quadrate; mouth mostly closed with a tympanoid membrane connected with the teeth or wall; veil mostly rough with dependent hairs. Genus 61. Polytrichum.—Sporangium angular, with a dis- 54 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES. tinct apophysis; spore-sac undulated; veil densely pilose ; nerve of leaf covered with longitudinal plaits. Genus 62. Pogonatum.—Sporangium oval or oblong; veil densely pilose; spore-sac undulated ; leaves densely lamellate. Genus 63. Oligotrichum.—Sporangium subcylindrical ; veil with scattered hairs or apical papille ; spore-sac undulated. Genus 64. tortuosa, 255. unguiculata, 258. Vahliana, xxxvi. vinealis, 257. Trematodon, 15%. Trichodon, 58, 275. cylindricus, 275. : Trichostomei, 56, 249. Trichostomum, 57, 260. convolutum, 261. crispulum, 261. mutabile, 261. SPECIES. Trichostomum—conii- nued. rigidulum, 260. tophaceum, 260. Ulota, 55, 228. Bruchii, 229. crispa, 229. crispula, 280. Drummondii, 228. Hutchinsie, 229. Ludwigii, 230. phyllantha, 230. Wrebera, 53, 200. acuminata, 200. albicans, 203. annotina, 202. carnea, 202, cruda, 202. elongata, 201. Ludwigii, 203. nutans, 201. polymorpha, 200. Tozeri, 204, Weissia, 59, 291. cirrhata, 292. controversa, 291. crispula, 293. mucronata, 292. pusilla, 289. verticillata, 293. _ Weissiei, 59, 287. ~ Zieria, 53, 187. demissa, 188. julacea, 187. Zygodon, 55, 217. conoideus, 217. Fosteri, 217. gracilis, 219. lapponicus, 219. Mougeotii, 218. viridissimus, 218. Zyzgodontei, 55, 217. PLATE I. Fig. 1. Prothallus of Sphagnum cuspidatum (after Hofmeister). Fig. 2. Archegonium of Phascum, showing the embryonic cell with its nucleus just after impregnation, magnified (after Hofmeister). Fig. 3. Antheridium and paraphyses of Mnium punctatum, magni- fied. The antheridium is ejecting the spermatozoids. Fig. 4. Autheridium of Sphagnum (after Hofmeister). Fig. 5. Perforated leaf-cells of Sphagnum, containing a spiral thread, and surrounded by narrow chlorophyllous cells, magnified. Fig. 6. Perforated cells of Leucobryum glaucum, enclosing chloro- phyllous cells. Fig. 7. Section of upper part of sporangium of Phascum cuspida- tum, magnified (after Lantzius-Beninga). c. 8. a, a. mM. kh. w. columella. spore-sac. walls of spore-sac. intermediate space. inner wall of intermediate space. outer wall of intermediate space. wall of sporangium. Fig. 8. Section of upper part of sporangium of Bartramia fontana, magnified (after Lantzius-Beninga). ~S . columella. . spore-sac. . outer wall of spore-sac. . intermediate space, traversed with threads, . inner wall of intermediate space. . outer wall of intermediate space. row of cells continued from m. . row of cells continued from top of intermediate space. . inner peristome, formed from the thickening of the outer wall of the cells in ¢ and the inner wall of the cells in g. . row of cells continued from outer wall of intermediate space. . outer peristome, formed by the thickening of the outer wall of the cells in g and of the inner wall of the cells in 2. wile) W. Bitch, del et ith. for) PLATE II. . Sphagnum cymbifolium. a. plant, nat. size. &. cells from stem, magnified. c. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium. . 8. compactum. a, plant, nat. size. &. cells from stem, magnified. c. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium. . S. molluscum. a. plant, nat. size. b. cells from stem, magnified. c. leaf, magnified. . 8. acutifolium. a, plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium with remains of veil, magnified. d, lid, magnified. . 5. squarrosum. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. e. sporangium with remains of veil, magnified. . Andrea alpina. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaves, magnified. c. portion of leaves, magnified. d. young sporangium, magnified. eé. sporangium ruptured, magnified. . A. rupestris. a. plant, nat. size. 6, c. leaves, magnitied. d, sporangium, magnified. Vincent Brooks, trap W Fitch. del et lith PLATE III. 1. Fontinalis squamosa. a. leaf, magnified. 6, sporangium with perichetium, magnified. e. portion of outer and inner peristome, magnified. 2. F, antipyretica. a. leaf, magnified. 6. leaf-cells, magnified. ce. sporangium with perichetium, magnified. d, veil, magnified. eé. sporangium with peristome, magnified. 3. Cryphza heteromalla. a. leaf, magnified. 5. leaf-cells, magnified. ¢. sporangium with perichetium, magnified. d. veil, magnified. 4, Daltonia splachnoides. a. leaf, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified. e. veil, magnified. d, part of peristome, magnified. 5. Hookeria lucens. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. c. veil, magnified. d, part of peristome, magnified. 6. H. lete-virens. a. leaf, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified. Varcent Brooks Irn. “s, Faven.deLer tith PLATE IV. . Neckera complanata, a. leaves, magnified. b. leaf-cells, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d, veil, magnified. . N. crispa. a. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. c. veil, magnified. . N. pumila. a. leaf magnified. 6. sporangium magnified. c. part of peristome, magnified, seen from within. . N. pennata. a. leaf, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified, with perichetium. . Homalia trichomanoides. a. leaf, magnified. 5. sporangium, magnified. ce. portion of peristome, magnified. . Hypnum nitens. a. rootlets, magnified. 8, tip of one more highly magnified. c. leaves, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. mk Brooks, ! Vince. r PLATE V. . Hypnum albicans. a. leaf, magnified. 5. sporangium, magnified. e. lid, magnified. . H. lutescens. a. leaf, magnified. b. sporangium, magnified. . H. plumosum. a. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. . H. velutinum. a. leaf, magnified. b. sporangium, with peristome, magnified. e. sporangium, with lid, magnified. . H. rutabulum. a. leaf, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. ce. part of peristome, magnified. d. ring, magnified. . H. rivulare. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. avianpganly Shs9g W Fitch, del et lath PLATE VI. . Hypnum ruscifolium. a, leaf, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. . H. murale. a. leaf, magnified. 6. young veil, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. . H. riparium. a. leaf magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. c. male inflorescence, magnified. d. antheridium, magnified. . H. polygamum. a. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. . H. chrysophyllum. a. leaf, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified. . H. stellatum. a. leaf, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. Vincent brooks tt PLATE VII. 1. Hypnum palustre. a, leaves, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified. 2. H. molle. a. leaves, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 3. H. arcticum. a. leaf, magnified. 4, sporangium, magnified. 4, H, stramineum. a. leaf, magnified: b. sporangium, magnified. 5. H. trifarium, a, leaves, magnified. 6. H. cordifolium. a. leaves, magnified. b. young veil, magnified. e, sporangium, magnified. neent Brouks, limp PLATE VIII. . Hypnum cuspidatum. a. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. . H. Schreberi. a. leaves, from before and behind, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. . H. purum. a. leaves, from before and behind, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. . Thuidium tamariscinum. a. leaves, magnified. &, sporangium, magnified, . Hypnum Blandovii. a. leaf, magnified. é. leaf, seen from behind, with down-like paraphylla. €. sporangium, magnified. 35 R Vincent Br PLATE IX. _ . Hypnum splendens. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 2. H. brevirostre. a. leaves, from before and behind, magnified. b. sporangium, magnified. 3. H. triquetrum. a. leaves, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. 4. H. loreum. a. leaves, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 5. H. flagellare. a. leaves, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. PLATE X. 1. Hypnum squarrosum (a procumbent form). a. leaf from behind, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 2. H. aduncum. a. leaves, magnified. 8. sporangium, magnified. 3. H. fluitans. a. leaves, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. 4. H. revolvens. a. leaves, magnified. b. sporangium, magnified. 5. H. commutatum. a. leaf from behind, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. 6. H. filicinum. a. leaves, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. PLATE XL . Hypnum uncinatum. a. leaf, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified. . H. Crista-castrensis. a. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. . H. molluscum (different from the usual habit). a. leaves, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. . H. cupressiforme. a. leaf, magnified. . sporangium, magnified. . H. scorpioides. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. ce. male inflorescence, magnified. . H. demissum. a. leaves from before and behind, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. Plate I W Fiteh,del.et lth. Vincent Brooks, imp [I co or PLATE XII. . Hypnum pulchellum. a. leaves, magnified. b. sporangium, magnified. . H. denticulatum. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. . H. elegans. a. leaf, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. . H. undulatum. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. . Pylaisia polyantha. a. leaf, magnified. b. sporangium, magnified. ce. portion of peristome, magnified. . Homalothecium sericeum. a. leaves, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. Plate 12 b 4 Fitch,del et lith. Vincent Brooks, brew PLATE XIII. . Thamnium alopecurum. a. leaf, magnified. 8. veil, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. . Climacium dendroides. a. leaf, magnified. 6, sporangium, magnified. ce. portion of peristome, magnified. . Leucodon sciuroides. a. leaves, magnified. b. leaf-cells, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome with ring, magnified. . Antitrichia curtipendula. a, leaf, magnified. 8. sporangium, magnified. c. portion of peristome, magnified. d. portion of inner peristome, more highly magnified. . Leptodon Smithii. a. leaves, magnified. 6. veil, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. . Anomodon viticulosum. a. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome seen from within, magnified. ae Ty os a Rie a oe Vincent Broaks, W.Fitch del etlith. PLATE XIV. . Ancectangium compactum. a. sporangium, magnified. &. sporangium after lid has fallen. ce. leaf, magnified. d. leaf-cells, magnified. . Fissidens adiantoides. a. leaf, magnified. &. sporangium, magnified. ce. portion of peristome, magnified. . F. taxoides. a. leaf, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. . Schistostega osmundacea. a. plant, magnified. 6. part more highly magnified. e. lid, magnified. . Cidipodium Griffithii. a. leaf, magnified. 6. sporangium, magnified. . Dissodon splachnoides. a. leaf, magnified. 4. sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. . Tayloria serrata. leaf, magnified. young veil, magnified. sporangium, magnified. ‘sporangium, when dry. £ s NS S&S portion of peristome, magnified. Plate 1A. ith We Eitch del. ethi PLATE XV. 1. Tetraplodon. angustatus. a. plant, nat. size. c. veil, magnified. &. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium with lid, magnified. é. sporangium without lid, magnified. 2. T. mnioides. a. plant, nat. size. ¢. sporangium with lid, magnified. 4. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium without lid. e. portion of peristome, magnified. 3. Splachnum sphericum. a. plant, nat. size. e. sporangium with lid, magnified. 6. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium without lid. 4, 5. ampullaceum. : a. plant, male and female, nat. size. d. leaf, magnified. c. sporangium, magnified. 5. S. vasculosum. a. plant, male and female, nat. size. ¢. sporangium with lid, mag. &. leaf, magnified. d, sporangium without lid. 6. Discelium nudum. a. plant, nat. size. e. sporangium, magnified. &. leaf, magnified. d. peristome with ring and spores, mag. 7. Catoscopium nigritum. a, plant, nat. size. e. sporangium, magnified. &. leaves, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. 8, Conostomum boreale, a. plant, nat. size. e. portion of peristome, magnified. 4, sporangium, magnified. d. portion of one of the teeth, mag. é. leaf, magnified. Vincent Brooks, rnp. W Fitch, del.et lith. PLATE XVI. 1. Bartramia ithypbylla. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. c. sporangium, magnified. d, portion of peristome, magnified. 2. B. pomiformis. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. c. leaf-cells and margin, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. 3. B. Gideri. a, plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. 4. B. calcarea. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ce. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of inner peristome of B. fontana, magnified. 5. Entosthodon Templetoni. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. 6. Funaria hygrometrica. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢é. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of outer peristome, magnified. e. portion of inner peristome. 7. Meesia uliginosa. a. plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. ce. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. é. spore, magnified. Plate 16 a Q 3 a Witch, delet, lith PLATE XVII. . Cinclidium stygium. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. . Mnium affine. a. female plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. male plant, nat. size. . M. cuspidatum. a. plant, nat. size. 8. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. . M. undulatum. a. plant, nat, size. b. leaf, magnified. c. sporangium, magnified. . M. rostratum. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. . M. punctatum. a. plant, nat. size. d. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. . Amblyodon dealbatus. . plant, nat. size. Q leaf, magnified. sporangium, magnified. . portion of peristome, magnified. s Uo & portion of inner peristome, more highly magnified. 3, mp. a ie ; é c ES ~4 PLATE XVIII. . Zieria julacea. a. plant, nat. size. d. leaf, magnified. c. leaf-cells, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. . Bryum roseum. a. plant, nat. size. d. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of outer peristome, magnified. e. portion of inner peristome, magnified. . Leptobryum pyriforme. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. . Orthodontium gracile. a, plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ce. veil, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. e. portion of outer peristome, magnified. . Aulacomnion palustre. a. female plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. c. leaf-cells, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. e. gemmiferous plant, nat. size. Jf. gemme, magnified. g. gemme, more magnified. . Polytrichum septentrionale. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. . P. juniperinum. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. e, sporangium, magnified, d, peristome, magnified, e. portion highly magnified. Vincent Brooks,tmp PLATE XIX. 1. Pogonatum nanwmn. a. plant, nat. size. d. section of one of the lamelle, mag. &. leaves, magnified. e. young veil, magnified. c. section of leaves, mag. f. sporangium, magnified. 2. P. aloides. a. plant, nat. size. ce. young veil, magnified. b. leaves, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. 3. P. hereynicum. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. e. sporangium, magnified. 4, Atrichum undulatum. a. plant, nat. size. ¢. sporangium, magnified. 4. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, without lid. 5. Diphyscium foliosum. a. plants, nat. size. d, veil, magnified. b. plants, magnified. _e. peristome, magnified. ¢. sporangium, mag. /f. leaf, mag., with two perichetial leaves. 6. Buxbaumia aphylla. a, plants, nat. size. ce. veil, magnified. 8. sporangium, magnified. d. peristome, magnified. e. a portion of inner peristome, magnified. 7. Tetrodontium Brownianum. a. plant, nat. size. d. pericheetial leaves, magnified. 6. plant, magnified. e. sporangium, magnified. ce. leaf, magnified. J. peristome, magnified. 8. Tetraphis pellucida. . plant, nat. size. . gemmiferous plant, nat. size. . leaf, magnified. . gemmiferous apex, magnified. young veil, magnified. sporangium with lid, magnified. . sporangium without lid. . peristome, magnified (the transverse lines are too strongly marked). meme Se asoearn 19. Plate W Fitch, del. et lith, PLATE XX. . Zygodon conoideus. a, plant, nat. size. c. veil, magnified. b. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. . Z. viridissimus. a. plant, nat. size. ¢. sporangium, magnified. 8. leaf, magnified. d, sporangium, after lid has fallen. . Z. lapponicus. a. plant, nat. size. c. veil, magnified. &. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e. sporangium, after lid has fallen. . Orthotrichum cupulatum. a. plant, nat. size. c. veil, magnified. b. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome magnified. . O. anomalum. a. plant, nat. size. ce. veil, magnified. b. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium with lid, magnified. eé. sporangium, without lid. . O. diaphanum. a. plant, nat. size. e. veil, magnified. 6. leaves, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. eé. portion of peristome, magnified. . O. pulchellum. a, plant, nat. size. e. young veil, magnified. 6. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium with lid, magnified. eé. sporangium without lid, magnified, . O. leiocarpum. a. plant, nat. size. ce. veil, magnified. 6. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. Vincent Brooks, Jzmp. PLATE XXI. . Ptychomitrium polyphyllum. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. c. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. . Glyphomitrium Daviesii. a. plant, nat. size. &, leaf, magnified. c. veil, magnified (generally plicate). d. sporangium, magnified. é. portion of peristome, magnified. . Racomitrium aciculare. a. plant, nat. size. &. leaves, magnified. e. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. e. tip of tooth, more highly magnified. . BR. heterostichum. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. e. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. . Grimmia pulvinata. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, with ring, magnified. . Schistidium apocarpum. a. plant, nat. size. &. leaves, magnified. ec. sporangium, magnified. d. portion of peristome, magnified. e. columella, with lid attached, magnified. . Hedwigidium imberbe. a. plant, nat. size. b. leaf, magnified. ec. sporangium, magnified, . Hedwigia ciliata. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaves, magnified. c. tip of leaves, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. W. Fitch, del et lith PLATE XXII. . Encalypta vulgaris. a. plant, nat. size. é. leaf, magnified. c. veil, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. “e. tip of axis, with archegonia, paraphyses, and vaginula, magnified. . Cinclidotus fontinaloides. . plant, nat. size. leaf, magnified. veil, magnified. a sporangium, magnified. portion of peristome and tip of columella, round which the tips of some of the teeth are wound, magnified. . Tortula muralis. s NS & a. plant, nat. size. c. sporangium and veil, magnified. 8. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium with lid, magnified. . T. ruralis. a. plant, nat. size. ce. sporangium, magnified. 6. leaf, magnified. d. peristome, magnified. e. part of peristome, more highly magnified. . Leptotrichum homomallum. a. plant, nat. size. e. sporangium, magnified. 5. leaf, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. . Didymodon flexifolium. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢é. sporangium, magnified. . Distichium capillaceum. a. plant, nat. size. e. sporangium, magnified. 6. leaf, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. e. ring, magnified. . Desmatodon nervosus. a, plant, nat. size. —¢. sporangium, magnified. 6. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium without lid, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. Fy A ZA, Plate 2 Vincent Brooks, Fitch del. vlith W PLATE XXUI. . Anacalypta lanceolata. ; a. plant, nat. size. ¢. sporangium, magnified. b. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium without lid, magnified. e. portion of peristome, magnified. . Pottia crinita. a. plant, nat. size. ec. young veil, magnified. 6. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. é. follicle of P. cavifolia. . Pottia Heimii. a. plant, nat. size. 6. leaf, magnified. ¢. sporangium, magnified. . Campylopus flexuosus. a, plant, nat. size. ce. veil, magnified. b. leaf, magnified. d, sporangium, magnified. e. part of peristome, margined. . Ceratodon purpureus. a, plant, nat. size. ce. sporangium, magnified. 6. leaf, magnified. d, part of peristome, magnified. e. tip of tooth, more highly magnified. . Leucobryum glaucum. a. plant, nat. size. c. tip of leaf, magnified. 6. leaf, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e. part of peristome, magnified. . Dicranum scoparium. a. plant, nat. size. &. leaf, magnified. c. part of peristome, magnified. . Dicranella heteromalla. a. plant, nat. size. ¢c. sporangium, magnified. 4. leaf, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. . Cynodontium Bruntoni. a, plant, nat. size. ce. sporangium, magnified. 6. leaf, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. 10. Arctoa fulvella. a. plant, nat. size. ¢. sporangium, magnified. b. leaf, magnified. d, part of peristome, magnified. See _ Se PLATE XXIV. . Blindia acuta. a. plant, nat. size. d, sporangium, magnified. d. leaf, magnified. é. sporangium without lid. c. tip of leaf, magnified. f. part of peristome, magnified. . Seligeria calcarea. a. plant, nat. size. 6. plant, magnified. c. leaf, magnified (broader and more acute than usual). d. sporangium, magnified. é. portion of peristome, magnified. . Brachyodon trichodes. a. plant, nat. size. é. sporangium, magnified. 6. plant, magnified. J. lid, magnified. ce. leaf, magnified. g. part of peristome, with ring, d. veil, magnified. seen from within, magnified. . Campylostelium saxicola. a. plant, nat. size. ce. leaf, magnified. 8. plant, magnified. d. part of peristome, with ring, mag. . Rhabdoweissia denticulata. a. plant, nat. size. ce. sporangium, magnified. b. leaf, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. . Weissia controversa. a. plant, nat. size. e. sporangium, magnified. 6. leaf, magnified. d. part of peristome, magnified. . Hymenostomum squarrosum. a. plant, nat. size. c. leaf, magnified. 6. plant, magnified. d. sporangium, magnified. e. mouth of sporangium, magnified. . 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