x, ‘SA GRAY, ee uw MMT AT TTT Tig a iy il li i ct HAT “ei AK TP jj @ “WYORK:CINCINNATI:CHICACO Cornell University Library OF THE Rew Work State College of Hgriculture bere Ses ear aes rae an a 6 Caw ee ster MO BOG: aren SG 8 -, aB/b/yo. vate vuc MAY 23 "5 Octl7'S8X T Feha4iM ‘ QK 47. gers University Library Botany for young people and common schoo | LMT mann Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www. archive.org/details/cu31924000577225 Hotany for Poung People and Common Schools. HOW PLANTS GROW, A SIMPLE INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL BOTANY. WITH A POPULAR FLORA, OR AN ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON PLANTS. BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED. ILLUSTRATED BY 500 WOOD ENGRAVINGS. ‘By ASA GRAY, M.D, FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. “4 . fs fh Bp ey NEW YORK -:- CINCINNATI -:- CHICAGO “, °” AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY @ Uy GTS 2O49G Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by IVISON AND PHINNEY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York. w. P. 18 BOTANY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. Bart First. CONSIDER THE LILIES OF THE FIELD, HOW THEY GROW : THEY TOIL NOT, NEITHER DO THEY SPIN: AND YET I SAY UNTO YOU, THAT EVEN SOLOMON IN ALL HIS GLORY WAS NOT ARRAYED LIKE ONE OF THESE. — Matthew vi. 28, 29. Our Lorp’s direct object in this lesson of the Lilies was to convince F ep paz a tel ig of ieisine care for them. ow, this clothing of the earth with plants and flowers — at once so beau- . tiful and so useful, so essential to all animal life — is one of the very ways -Z\ .o in which He takes care of his crea- Ny o tures. And when Christ himself di- > rects us to consider with attention the fs plants around us, — to notice how 2 BOTANY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. they grow, — how varied, how numerous, and how elegant they are, and with what exquisite skill they are fashioned and adorned, — we shall surely find it profitable and pleasant to learn the lessons which they teach. Now this considering of plants inquiringly and intelligently is the study of Botany. It is an easy study, when pursued in the right way and with diligent attention. There is no difficulty in understanding how plants grow, and are nour- ished by the ground, the rain, and the air; nor in learning what their parts are, and how they are adapted to each other and to the way the plant lives. And any young person who will take some pains about it may learn to distinguish all our common plants into their kinds, and find out their names. Interesting as this study is to all, it must be particularly so to Young People. It appeals to their natural curiosity, to their lively desire of knowing about things: it calls out and directs (i. ¢. educates) their powers of observation, and is adapted to sharpen and exercise, in a very pleasant way, the faculty of discrimination. To learn how to observe and how to distingwish things correctly, is the greater part of education, and is that in which people otherwise well educated are apt to be sur- prisingly deficient. Natural objects, everywhere present and endless in variety, afford the best field for practice; and the study when young, first of Botany, and afterwards of the other NaturaL Sciences, as they are called, is the best train- ing that can be in these respects. This study ought to begin even before the study of language. For to distinguish things scientifically (that is, carefully and accurately ) is simpler than to distinguish ¢deas. And in Naturar History* the learner is gradually led from the observation of things, up to the study of ideas or the relations of things. This book is intended to teach Young People how to begin to read, with pleasure and advantage, one large and easy chapter in the open Book of Nature; namely, that in which the wisdom and goodness of the Creator are plainly written in the VEGETABLE Kinepom.* * Natural History is the study of the productions of the earth in their natural state, whether minerals plants, or animals. These productions make up what are called the Three Kingdoms of Nature, viz.: = 1. The Mineral Kingdom, which consists of the Minerals (earths, metals, crystals, &c.), bodies not endowed with life. 2. The Vegetable Kingdom, which comprehends Vegetables or Plants. 8. The Animal Kingdom, which comprehends all Animals, The natural history of the mineral kingdom is named Mineratocy. The natural history of the vegetable kingdom is Borany, — the subject of this book. The natural history of the animal kingdom is named ZouLocy. BOTANY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE, 3 In the First Parr of this book we proceed to consider, under four principal heads or chapters, — I. How Plants Grow, and what their Parts or Organs are, Cuaprter I. Page 5 The Parts of a Plant, Section I. Page 5. How Plants grow from the Seed, . sf II. “ 10, How Plants grow Year after Year, TNT: “* 123: Different Forms or Kinds of Roots, Stems, and Leaves, “IV. “ 34. I. How Plants are Propagated or’ Multiplied in Numbers, Cuarrer II. Page 56. How Propagated from Buds, Sxction I. Page 56. How Propagated by Seeds, we Il. “ 58. Flowers: their Arrangement, their Sorts, &c., « TI. “ 58: Fruit and Seed, IV OAT HI. Why Plants Grow; what they are made for, and what they do, Cuarter III. Page 85. IV. How Plants are Classified, Named, and Studied, Cuapter IV. Page 93. Classification, — as to the Plan of it, Section I. Page 93. Names of Plants, ue Il “ 94 The Natural System of Classification in Botany, « HI 96, How to study Plants by the Flora, in Part IL, $y Ng ORE 99: The Seconp Part of the book consists of a Popular Flora for Beginners, viz. a Classification and Description (according to the Natural System) of the Common Plants of the country, both Wild and Cultivated. Then follows a Dictionary of the peculiar terms which we have occasion to use in describing plants, or their parts, combined with a full Index to Part I. Every science, and every art or occupation, has terms or technical words of its own, and must have them. Without them, all would be confusion and guess-work. In Bot- any the number of technical words which a young student need to know is by no means great, and a little diligent study and practice will make them familiar. The first and most important thing for the student is, to know well the general plan of a plant and the way it grows; the parts plants consist of; the uses of the sev- eral parts; their general forms, and the names which are used to distinguish ther This is all very interesting and very useful in itself; and it is indispensable for studye ing plants with any satisfaction or advantage to find out their names, their proper. ties, and the family they belong to; i. e. to ascertain the kinds of plants. 4 BOTANY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE. Let the learners, or the class under their teacher, therefore, in the first place go carefully once through the First Part of the book, or at least through the first two chapters, verifying the examples and illustrations given, as far as possible, with their own eyes, and searching for other examples in the plants and flowers around them. Then they may begin to study plants by the Flora, or Second Part of the book, ac- cording to the directions given in the last section of Chapter IV. Whenever they meet with a word which they do not remember or clearly understand, they will look it out in the Index, and refer back to the place in the first part of the book where it is used and fully explained. Remember that every one has to creep before he can walk, and to walk before he can run. Only begin at the beginning; take pains to understand things as you go on, and cultivate the habits of accuracy and nice dis- crimination which this study is eminently adapted to inspire. ‘Then each step will render the next one easy; you will soon make more rapid progress; will be able to ascertain with facility the names and the structure of almost all common plants; and will gradually recognize the various and interesting relationships which bind the members of the vegetable creation together in natural families, — showing them to be parts of one system; varied expressions, as it were, of the thoughts of their Di- vine Author; planned ‘n reference to one another; and evidently intended to enlarge and enlighten our minds, as well as to gratify our senses, and nourish, clothe, warm, and shelter our bodies. So tne study of Botany — the most fascinating branch of Natural History, especially for the young — becomes more and more interesting the more we learn of it, and affords a constant and unalloyed intellectuai gratification. When young students have thoroughly mastered this little book, they will be well prepared to continue the study in the Lessons in Botany ana Vegetable Physiol- ogy, and in the Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, by the same author. The illustrations are referred to throughout by numbers, with “Fig.” prefixed. The numbers occasionally introduced, within parenthesis-marks, and without any prefix, (as on p. 28, line 1, and p. 36, line 9,) are references to former paragraphs. where the subject, or the word used, has already been explained. *," The illustrations on the first page represent: — Fig. 1. Our commonest wild species of true Lily viz. the Canada Lily. Fig. 2. The Chalcedonian Lily, a native of Palestine, with scariet flowers, sup posed to be “The Lily of the Field” to which our Saviour referred in the Sermon on the Mourt Fig. 3. Lilies of the Valley, not true Lilies, but belonging to the Lily Family. CHA PY ER 1. HOW PLANTS GROW, AND WHAT THEIR PARTS OR ORGANS ARE. 4. Morning-Glory. Section l.—The Parts of a Plant. 1. Puants are chiefly made up of three parts, namely, of Root, Stem, and Leaves. These are called the plant’s Organs, that is, its instruments. And as these parts are all that any plant needs for its growth, or vegetation, they are called the OrGans or VEGETATION. 2. Plants also produce Flowers, from which comes the Fruit, and from this, the Seed. These take no part in nourishing the plant. Their use is to enable it to give rise to new individuals, which increase the numbers of that kind of plant, to take the place of the parent in due time, and keep up the stock ; that is, to reproduce and perpetuate the species. So the Flower with its parts, the Fruit, and the Seed, are called the plant’s OrGAns OF REPRODUCTION. 3. The different sorts of Lilies represented on the first page, and the common Morning-Glory on this page, show all the parts. 4. The Root (Fig. 4, 7) is the part which grows downwards into the ground, and takes in nourishment for the plant from the soil. It commonly branches again and again as it grows: its smaller branches or fibres are named Rootlets. Real roots never bear leaves, nor anything besides root-branches or rootlets. 5. The Stem (Fig. 4, s) is the part which grows upwards, and bears the leaves and blossoms. At certain fixed places the stem bears a leaf or a pair of leaves. 6 HOW PLANTS GROW, 6. Leaves (Fig. 4, 7, 2) are generally flat and thin, green bodies, turning one face upwards to the sky, and the other downwards towards the ground. ‘They make the Folhage. 7. The Plant in Vegetation. We see that a plant has a body or trunk (im scien- tific language, an azis), consisting of two parts, — an upper and a lower. The lower is the Root: this fixes the plant to the’soil. The upper is the Stem: this rises out of the ground, and bears leaves, which are hung out on the stem in the light and air. The root takes in a part of the plant’s food from the soil: this the stem carries to the leaves. The leaves take in another part of the plant’s food from the air. And in them what the roots absorb from the ground, and what they themselves absorb from the air, are exposed to the sunshine and digested ; that is, changed into something proper to nourish the plant. For there is no nourishment in earth, air, and water as they are; but vegetables have the power of making these into nourishment. And out of this nourishment it prepares, the plant makes more growth. That is, it extends the roots farther into the soil, and sends out more branches from them, increasing its foothold and its surface for absorbing; while, above, it lengthens the stem and adds leaf after leaf, or shoots forth branches on which still more leaves are spread out in the light and air. 8. So the whole herb, or shrub, or tree, is built up. A tiny herb just sprouted from the seed and the largest tree of the forest alike consist of root, stem, and leaves, and nothing else. Only the.tree has larger and more branching stems and roots, and leaves by thousands. 9. The Plant in Reproduction. After having attended in this way to its nourish- ment and growth for a certain time, the plant sets about reproducing itself by seed. And for this purpose it blossoms. Many plants begin to blossom within a few weeks after springing from the seed. All our annuals, of which the Garden Morn- ing-Glory (Fig. 4) is one, blossom in the course of the summer. Biennials, such as the Carrot, Parsnip, Mullein, and the common Thistle, do not flower before the second summer ; and shrubs and trees, and some herbs, do not begin until they are several years old. 10. The object of the Flower is to form the Fruit. The essential part of the fruit is the Seed. And the essential part of a seed is the Germ or Embryo it con- tains. The Germ or Embryo is a little plantlet in the seed, ready to grow into a new plant when the seed is sown, Let us notice these organs one after the other, beginning with AND WHAT THEIR PARTS ARE 7 11. The Flower. Flowers are most interesting to the botanist; who not only ad- mires them for their beauty, the exquisite arrangement and forms of their parts, and the wonderful variety they exhibit, but also sees in the blossoms much of the nar ture or character of each plant, and finds in them the best marks for distinguishing the sorts of plants and the family they belong to. So let the student learn at once 12. What the Parts of a Flower are. A flower, with all the parts present, consists of Calyx, Corolla, Sta- mens, and Pistils. One from the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4, f) will serve for an example. Here is one taken off, and shown of about the natural size, the corolla, Fig. 5, separated from the calyx, Fig. 6. The calyx and the corolla are the Floral Envelopes, or the leaves of the flower. They cover in the bud, and protect the stamens and pistils, which are the Essential Organs of the flower, because both of these are necessary to forming the seed. 13. The Calyx —a Latin name for “ flower-cup ” — is the cup or outer covering of the blossom (Fig. 6). It is apt to be green and leaf-like. 14. The Corolla is the inner cup, or inner set of leaves, of the flower. It is very ‘seldom green, as the calyx commonly is, but is “colored,” i. e. of some other color than green, and of a delicate texture. So it is the most showy part of the blossom. Fig. 5 shows the corolla of the Morning- Glory whole. Fig. 7 is the same, split down and spread open to show 15. The Stamens. These in this flower grow fast to the bottom of the corolla. There are five stamens in the Morning- Glory. Each stamen consists of two parts, namely, a Filament and an Anther. The Filament is the stalk; the Anther is a little case, or hollow body, borne on the top of the filament. It is filled with a powdery matter, called Pollen. Fig. 9 shows a separate stamen on a larger scale: f, the filament; a, the anther, out of which pollen is falling from a slit or long opening down each side. , parts are on a larger scale. Here is a Stamen (Fig. 9), with its stalk or Filament, f, and its Anther, a, discharging its yel- HOW PLANTS GROW, 16. The Pistils are the bodies in which the seeds are formed. They be- long in the centre of the flower. The Morning-Glory has only one pistil: this is shown, enlarged, in Fig. 8. The Rose and the Buttercup have a great many. A pistil has three parts. At the bottom is the Ovary, which becomes the seed-vessel. This is prolonged upwards into a slender body, called the Style. And this bears a moist, generally somewhat enlarged por- tion, with a naked roughish surface (not having any skin, like the rest), called the Stigma. Upon this stigma some of the pollen, or powder from the anthers, falls and sticks fast. And this somehow enables the pistils to ripen seeds that will grow. 17. Let us now look at a stamen and a pistil from one of the flowers of a Lily (like those shown on a reduced scale in Figures 1 and 2, on the first page), where all the low dust or Pollen. And by its side is the Pistil (Fig. 10), with its Ovary, ov.; and this tapering into a Style, st.; and on the top of this is the Stigma, stig. Now cut the ovary through, and it will be found to contain young seeds. Fig. 11 shows the ovary of Fig. 10 cut through lengthwise and magnified by a common hand magnifying- glass. Fig. 12 is the lower part of another one, cut in two crosswise. The young seeds, or more correctly the bodies which are to become seeds, are named Ovules. In the Lily these are very numerous. In the Morning-Glory they are few, only six. 18. These are all the parts of the flower, —all that any flower has. But many flowers have not all these parts. Some have only one flower- cup or one set of blossom-leaves. Lilies appear to have only one set. Some have neither calyx nor corolla; some stamens have no filament, and some pistils have no style: for the style and the filament are not necessary parts, as the anther and the ovary and stigma are. These cases will all be noticed when we come to study flowers more particularly. Mean- while, please to commit to memory the names of the parts of the flower, Calyx, Corolla, Stamens, and Pistils, and the parts of these also, and learn to distinguish them in all the common blossoms you meet with, until they are as familiar as root, stem, and leaves are to everybody. AND WIIAT THEIR PARTS ARE. 9 19. Notice, also, that the calyx and the corolla, one or both, often consist of separate leaves; as they do in the true Lilics. Hach separate piece or leaf of a corolla is called a Pétal: and each leaf or piece of a calyx is called a Sépal. 20. The corolla, the stamens, and generally the calyx, fall off or wither away after blossoming; while the ovary of the pistil remains, grows larger, and becomes 21. The Fruit, So that the fruit is the ripened ovary. It may be a berry, a stone-fruit, a nut, a grain, or a pod. The fruit of the Lily and also of the Morning- Glory is a pod. Here is the pod or fruit of the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4, fr. and Fig. 13), with the calyx remaining beneath, and the remains of the bottom of the style resting on its summit. And Fig. 14 shows the same pod, fully ripe and dry, and splitting into three pieces that the seeds may fall out. This pod has three cavities (called Cells) in it; and in each cell two pretty large seeds. Liily-pods have three cells, as we may see in the ovary in the flower (Fig. 12), and many seeds in each. 22. Seeds, These are the bodies produced by the ripened pistil, from which new plants may spring. Here (Fig. 15) is a seed of Morning-Glory, a little enlarged. Also two seeds cut through lengthwise in two different directions, and viewed with a magnifying-glass, to show what is inside (Fig 16,17). The part of the seed that grows is 23. The Embryo, or Germ. This is a little plantlet ready formed in the seed. In the Morning-Glory it is pretty large, and may readily be got out whole from a fresh seed, or from a dried one after soaking it well in hot water. In Fig. 16 it is shown whole and flatwise in the seed, where it is a good deal crumpled up to save room. In Fig. 17, merely the thickness of the embryo is seen, edgewise, in the seed, surrounded by the pulpy matter, which is intended to nourish it when it begins to grow. In Fig. 18, the embryo is shown taken out whole, and spread out flat. In Fig. 19, its two little leaves are separated, and we plainly see what it consists of. It is a pair of tiny leaves on the summit of a little stem. The leaves (Fig. 19, ¢, c) are named Seed-leaves or Cotylédons ; the little stem or stemlet is named the Radicle, r. 10 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. Analysis of the Section. 1.* Plants consist of two kinds of Organs: those of Vegetation ; what they are: 2. those cf Repro duction; what they are, what their use. 4. The Root; what it is; rootlets. 5. The Stem; what it is, what it bears. 6. Leaves. 7. The Piant in Vegetation; action of the root, stem, and leaves: they change earth, air, and water into nour- ishment, and use this nourishment in growing. 8. Shrub or tree like an herb, only more extended. 9. The plant reproduces itself, by seed; blossoming. 10. Object of flowers, fruit, seed: all intended for producing the germ or embryo; what this is. : 11. Flowers, why particularly interesting to the botanist. 12. What the parts of a flower are; Floral Envelopes; Essential Organs, why so called. 13. Calyx. 14. Corolla. 15. Stamens; what they consist of; Filament; Anther; Pollen. 16. Pistils; how situated; parts of a pistil; Ovary, Style, Stigma; its use. 17. Stamens and pistil shown in another flower, and the parts explained: Ovules, what they are. 18. All these parts not always present; what ones often wanting. 19. Leaves of a corolla, called Petals; of a calyx, Sepals. 20. What becomes of the parts of a blossom. 21. Fruit, what it is, what it contains. 22. Seeds, what they are, what the part is that grows. 23. Embryo or Germ; what it consists of: Cotyledons or Seed-leaves; Radicle or Stemlet. Section IIl.— How Plants grow from the Seed. 24. Tiustrated by the Morning-Glory. We now know what all the parts of a plant are; that a plant, after growing or vegetating awhile, blossoms; that flowers give rise to fruit; that the fruit contains one or more seeds; and that the essential part of a seed is the embryo or germ of a new plant. To produce, protect, and nourish this germ, is the object of the flower, the fruit, and the xced. The object of the embryo is to grow and become a new plant. How it grows, is what we have now to learn. 25. Life in a Seed, But first let us notice that it does not generally grow at once. Aithough alive, a seed may for a long while show no signs of life, and feel neither the summer’s heat nor the winter’s cold. Still it lives on where it falls, in this slumbering way, until the next spring in most plants, or sometimes until the spring after that, before it begins to grow. There is a great difference in this respect in different seeds. Those of Red Maple ripen in the spring, and start about the mid- Ale of the summer. Those of Sugar Maple ripen in the fall, and lie quiet until the next spring. When gathered and laid up in a dry place, many sceds will keep alive for two, three, or several years; and in this state plants may be safely transported * The numbers are those of the paragraphs. HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 11 all around the world. How long seeds will live is uncertain. The stories of seeds growing which have been preserved for two or more thousand years with Egyptian mummies, are not to be believed. But it is well known that Sensitive Plants have been raised from seeds over sixty years old. Few kinds of seeds will grow after keeping them for five or six years; many refuse to grow after the second year; and some will not grow at all unless allowed to fall at once to the ground. There is no way of telling whether the germ of a seed is alive or not, except by trying whether it will grow, that is, will germinate. 26. Germination and Early Growth, Germination is the sprouting of a plant from the seed. Having just illustrated the parts of a plant by the Morning-Glory, from the root up to the seed and the embryo in the séed, we may take this same plant as an example to show how a plant grows from the seed. If we plant some of the seeds in a flower-pot, covering them lightly with soil, water them, and give them warmth, or if in spring we watch those which sowed themselves naturally in the garden the year before, and are now moistened by showers and warmed by sun- shine, we shall soon see how they grow. And what we learn from this one kind of plant will be true of all ordinary plants, but with some differences in the circum- stances, according to the kind. 27. The seed first imbibes some moisture through its coats, swells a little, and. as it feels the warmth, the embryo gradually wakes from its long and deep sleep, and stretches itself, as it were. That is, the tiny stem of the embryo lengthens, and its end bursts through the coats of the seed; at the same time, the two leaves it bears grow larger, straighten themselves, and so throw off the seed-coats as a loose husk; this allows the seed-leaves to spread out, as leaves naturally do, and so the secdling plantlet stands revealed. Observe the whole for yourselves, if pos- sible, and compare with these figures. Fig. 19 is repeated from p. 9, and repre- sents the embryo taken out of the seed, straightened, enlarged, and the two leaves a little opened. Fig. 16 and 17 show how the embryo lies snugly packed away in the seed. Fig. 20 shows it coming up, the seed-leaves above just throwing off the coats or husk of the seed. Fig. 21 is the same, a little later and larger, with the seed-leaves spread out in the air above, and a root well formed beneath. And Fig. 22 is the same a little later still. 28. At the very beginning of its growth, the end of the little stem which firs! comes out of the seed turns downward and points into the earth. From it the root is formed, which continues downwards, branching as it grows, and burying itself 12 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. more and more in the soil. The other end of the stem always turns upwards, and, as the whole lengthens, the seed-leaves are brought up out of the ground, so that they expand in the light and air,— which is the proper place for leaves, as the dark and damp soil is for the root. 29. What makes the root always grow downwards into the ground, and the stem turn upwards, so as to rise out of it, we no more know, than we know why newly-hatched ducklings take to the water at once, while chickens avoid it, although hatched under the same fowl and treated just alike. But the fact is always so. And although we know not how, the why is evident enough; for the root is thereby at once placed in the soil, from which it has to absorb moisture and other things, and the leaves appear in the air and the light, where they are to do their work. 30. Notice how early the seed- ——_Cottedons or ling plant is complete, that is, becomes a real vegetable, with all its parts, small as the whole thing is (Fig. 21). For it al- Raaicle or stemlet, ready possesses a root, to connect it with the ground and draw up what it needs from that; a stem, Root. to elevate the foliage into the light and air; and leaves, to take in what it gets directly from the 22 air, and to digest the whole in the light (as explained in the last section, Par. 7). That is, it already has all the Organs of Vegetation (Par. 1), all that any plant has before blossoming, so that the little seedling can now take care of itself, and live — just as any larger plant lives—upon the soil and the air. And all it has to do in order to become a full-grown plant, like Fig. 4, is to increase the size of its organs, and to produce more of them; namely, more stem with more leaves above, and more roots below. We have only to watch our seedling plantlets a week or two longer, and we shall see how this js done. Cotyledons or seed-\eaves. Radicle or stemlet. Plumule. HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 18 31. The root keeps on growing under ground, and sending off more and more small branches or rooélets, each one adding something to the amount of absorbing surface in contact with the moist soil. The little stem likewise lengthens upwards, and the pair of leaves on its summit grow larger. But these soon get their full growth; and we do not yet see, perhaps, where more are to come from. But now a little bud, called the Plumule, appears on the top of the stem (Fig. 22), just be- tween the stalks of the two seed-leaves; it enlarges and unfolds into a leaf; this soon is raised upon a new piece of stem, which car- ries up the leaf, just as the pair of seed-leaves were raised by the lengthening of the radicle or first joint of stem in the seed. Then another leaf appears on the summit of this joint of stem, and is raised upon its own joint of stem, and soon. Fig. 23 shows the same plant as Fig. 22 (leaving out the root and the lower part of the stem), at a later stage; ce, c, are the seed-leaves ; 2 is the next leaf, which came from the plumule of Fig. 22, now well raised on the second joint of stem; and /' is the next, still very small and just unfolding. And so the plant grows on, the whole summer long, producing leaf after leaf, one by one, and raising each on its own joint of stem, arising from the summit of the next below ;—~as we see in Fig. 4, at the beginning of the chapter, where many joints of stem have grown in this way (the first with a pair of leaves, the rest with one apiece), and still there are some unfolding ones at the slender young summit. 32. How tie Seedling is nourished at the Beginning, Growth requires food, in plants as well as in animals. To grow into a plant, the embryo in a seed must be fed with vegetable matter, or with something out of which vegetable matter can be made. When a plant has established itself, — that is, has sent down its roots into the soil, and spread out some leaves in the air, — it is then able to change mineral matter (viz. earth, air, and water) which it takes in, into vegetable matter, and so to live and grow independently. But at the beginning, before its organs are developed and established in their proper places, the forming plant must be sup- plied by ready-made vegetable matter, furnished by the mother plant. On this supply the embryo germinating from the seed feeds and grows, —just as the new- 14 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. born animal does upon the mother’s milk, or as the chick developing in the egg does upon the prepared nourishment the parent had laid up for the purpose in the yolk. 33. Tear open a fresh Morning-Glory seed, or cut a dried one in two, as in Fig. 17, and this supply will be seen, in the form of a rich and sweetish jelly-like matter, packed away with the embryo, and filling all the spaces between its folds. This is called the Allwmen of the seed (that being the Latin name of the white of an eg); and this is what the embryo feeds upon, and what enables its little stemlet (Fig. 19, r) to grow, and form its root downwards, and carry up and ex- pand its seed-leaves (r,c) in the air, and so become at once a plantlet (Fig. 21), with root, stem, and leaves, able to take care of itself, just as a chicken does when it escapes from the shell. 84. This moist nourishing jelly would not keep long in that state. So, when the seed ripens and dries, it hardens into a substance like thin dried glue or gum, which will keep for any length of time. And whenever the seed is sown, and absorbs moisture, this matter softens into a jelly again, or gradually liquefies, and the seed-leaves crumpled up among it drink it in at every pore. A portion is con- sumed in their growth, while the rest is carried into the growing stemlet, thence into the root forming at one end of it, and into the bud (or plumule, Fig. 22) which soon appears at the other end of it, — supplying the materials for their growth. 35. Notice the same thing in Wheat, Oats, or Indian Corn. The last is the best example, because the grain is so large that all the parts may be clearly seen with- out magnifying. The abundant m/k or soft and rich pulp of green corn is the same as the jelly in the seed of the Morning-Glory ; namely, it is the albumen of the seed, provided for the embryo (the chit or germ) to feed upon when growth begins. See Figures 44, 45, &c. This nourishing food (as we well know it to be) was produced by the mother-plant during the summer, was accumulated in the stalk at flowering-time, in the form of sugar, or syrup, was conveyed into the flowers and forming seeds ; a part was uscd to form the germ or embryo, and the rest was stored up with it in the seed, to serve for its growth into a plantlet the next spring. That it may keep through the winter, or longer, the sweet milk is changed into a starchy pulp, which hardens as the grain ripens into the firm and dry mealy part (or albumen), which here makes the principal bulk of the seed. But when sown, this meal softens and is slowly changed back into sugar again. And this, dissolved in the water the seed takes in, makes a sweet sap, which the HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 15 embryo imbibes and feeds on as it sprouts. That the meal or starch of the grain is actually changed into sugar at this time is clearly shown by malting, which is merely causing heaps of grain to sprout a little, and then destroying the life of the embryo by dry heat; when the grain (now malt) is found to be sweet, and to contain much sugar. 36. The nourishment which the mother-plant provides in the seed is not always stored. up outside of the embryo. In many cases it is deposited in the embryo itself, most commonly in the seed-leaves. Then the seed consists of nothing but the embryo within its coats. Maple-seeds are of this sort. Fig. 24 represents a seed of Red Maple in the lower part of the winged seed- vessel, which is cut away so as to show it in its place. Fig. 25 is the seed a little magnified, and with the coats cut away, bringing to view its embryo coiled up within and filling the seed completely. Fig. 26 is the embryo taken out, and a little unfolded ; below is the radicle or stemlet ; above are the two seed-leaves partly crumpled together. Fig. 27 is the embryo when it has straight- ened itself out, thrown off the seed-coats, and begun to grow. Here the seed-leaves are rather thick when they first unfold; this is on account of the nourishing matter which was contained in their fabric, and which is used mainly for the earliest growth of the radicle or stemlet, and for the root formed at its lower end, as we see in the next fig- ure (Fig. 28: a, the radicle or stemlet of the embryo; 3, 4, the two seed-leaves ; e, the root). By this time the little stock of nourishment is exhausted. But the plant, having already a root in the soil and a pair of leaves in the air, is able to shift for itself, to take in air, water, é&c., and by the aid of sunshine on its foliage to make the nourishment for its future growth. In a week or two it will have made enough to enable the next step to be taken. Then a little bud appears at the upper end of the stemlet, between the two seed-leaves, and soon it shows the rudiments of a new pair of leaves: (Fig. 28, d) ; a new joint of stem forms to support them (Fig. 29); this lengthens just as the stemlet of the embryo did, and so the plantlet gets a second pair of leaves, raised on a second joint of stem % 16 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. springing from the top of the first (Fig. 80). Meanwhile the root has grown deeper into the soil, and sent out branches. Having now more roots below, and, above, a pair of leaves besides the seed-leaves to work with, the seedling plantlet 28 all the sooner makes veg- etable matter enough to form a third pair of leaves and raise them on a third joint of stem (as in Fig. 31); and so it goes on, ; step by step. This nour- 90 ishment in the embryo of the Red-Maple seed was a few weeks before in the trunk of the mother tree, as a sweet sap, that is, as Maple-sugar. 37. Variations of the Plan of Growth, In the Morning-Glory, after the pair of seed-leaves, only one leaf is found upon each joint of stem (see Fig. 23 and 4). In the Maple there is a pair of leaves to every joint of stem, as long as it grows. In the Morning-Glory the food in the seed, for the growth to begin with, wa» stored up outside of the embryo; in the Maple it was stored up 7n 7, that is, ix its seed-leaves. The plan is evidently the same in both; but there are differ 31 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 17 ences in the particulars. While the same kind of plant always grows in exactly the same way, different kinds differ almost as much at the beginning as they do afterwards. The great variety which we observe among the herbs and shrubs and trees around us, — in foliage, flower, fruit, and everything, — gives to vegeta- tion one of its greatest charms., We should soon tire of plants or flowers made all after one exact pattern, however beautiful. We enjoy variety. But the bota- nist finds a higher interest in all these differences than any one else, because he discerns one simple plan running through all this diversity, and everywhere re- peated in different forms. He sees that in every plant there is root growing down- wards, connecting the vegetable with the soil; stem rising into the light and air, and bearing leaves at regular places, and then blossoms, and that the parts of one kind of blossom answer to those of another, only differing in shape; and he de- lights in observing how the tens of thousands of kinds of plants all harmonize with each other, like the parts of concerted music, — plainly showing that they were all contrived, as parts of one system, by one Divine Mind. 38. So in the beginning, in the growth of plants from the seed, although the general plan is the same in all, the variations are many and great. The plan is well shown in the two seedling plants which have served for illustration, namely, the Morning-Glory and the Maple. Let us now notice some of the variations, as exhibited in a few very common plants. A great deal may be learned from the commonest plants, if we will only open our eyes to see them, and “consider how they grow,” and why they differ in the way: they do. Take, for instance, 39. The Bean. Soak a bean in warm water (if a fresh one is not to be had) and remove the coats. The whole kernel consists of an embryo, as seen in Fig. 32. And almost the whole bulk of this embryo consists of two thick pieces, ¢,c, which are the cotyledons or seed-leaves. We may make out the plan of the whole thing better by spreading these thick seed- leaves wide open, as in Fig. 33. Here the two thick seed-leaves are seen from the inside, ¢, ¢ ; they are connected with the upper end of a stemlet, which is the radicle, r; and above this already shows the bud or plumule, p. 40. So the embryo of the Bean is the same in plan as that of the Maple (Fig. 27), only the stemlet is much shorter in proportion, and the seed-leaves very much larger and thicker. What is the reason of this difference ? 6 82: 18 MOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 41. The seed-leaves of the Bean are thickened by having so much nourishment stored up in them, so much of it that they make good food for men. And the object of this large supply is that the plant may grow more strongly and rapidly very short radicle, or stemlet, Pull off one of the seed-leaves, as in Fig. 87, and you may see the plumule or little bud, p, ready to develop leaves and stem upwards, while the other end of the radicle grows downward and makes the root; the rich store of nourishment in the seed- from the seed. It need not and it does not wait, as the Maple and the Morning-Glory do, slowly to make the second pair of leaves; but is able to develop these at once. Accordingly, the rudiments of these next leaves may be seen in the seed before growth begins, in the form of a little bud (Fig. 33, p), readv to grow and unfold as soon as the thick seed-leaves themselves appear above ground (Fig. 34), and soon making the first real foliage (Fig. 35). For the seed-leaves of the Bean are themselves so thick and ungainly, that, although they turn green, they hardly serve for foliage. But, having given up their great stock of nourishment to the forming root and new leaves, and enabled these to grow much stronger and faster than they otherwise could, they wither and fall off. It is nearly the same in 42. The Cherry, Almond, &c. Fig. 86 is an Almond taken out of the shell, soaked a little, and the thin seed-coat removed. The whole is an embryo, consisting of a pair of large and thick seed- leaves, loaded with sweet nour- ishment. These are borne on a which is seen at the lower end. HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 19 leaves supplying abundant materials for the growth. A cherry-seed is just like an almond, only on a smaller scale. Fig. 38 is the embryo of a Cherry, with the very thick seed-leaves a little separated. Fig. 39 is the same developed into a young plantlet. Fed by the abundant nourishment in the seed-leaves, it shoots up its stem and unfolds three or four leaves before the Maple (Fig. 28, 29) or the Morning-Glory (Fig. 20-22) would have made any. It is the same in the Chestnut and the Beech. In these, as in the Cherry and the Bean, the thick seed-leaves, which make the whole kernel, come up, turn green, and become thinner as they give up their load of nourishment to the growing parts; they evidently try to become useful green leaves ; but having been used for hold- ing nourishment, they remain too thick and clumsy for foli- age, and they soon die or fall off. But in 43. The Horsechestnut, the Acorn, and the Pea, the seed- leaves are so very thick, and so heavily loaded, that they never undertake to serve any other purpose than that of feeding the other parts as they grow. So they remain in the shell or husk; and, as they are not to rise out of the ground, there is no need for their stemlet, or radicle, to lengthen, except enough to get’ 20 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. out of the seed, and let the root form from the lower end of it, while the plumule develops from its upper end directly into a strong leafy stem. Fig. 40 is an acorn cut through lengthwise. The whole kernel consists of a pair of very thick seed- leaves, loaded with starch, &c., and completely enclosing the very small and short stemlet, or radicle, seen at the bottom. Fig. 41 is the acorn with the seedling Oak growing from it; the seed-leaves remaining in the shell, but feeding the strong root which grows downwards and the stem which shoots so vigorously upwards. 44, Acorns and horsechestnuts may not always be found germinating; but in the Pea we have a familiar case of this way of growing, whicl may be observed at any season by planting a few peas. Fig. 42 is a pea with the seed-coat taken off, after soaking. Were the seed-leaves are so thick that the pair makes a little ball; and the stout radicle or stemlet appears on the side turned to the eye. Fig. 43 shows the plantlet growing. The whole seed remains in the soil; the plumule, well nourished by the great stock of food in the buried seed-leaves, alone rises out of the ground as a strong shoot, bearing an imperfect scale-like leaf upon each of its earlier joints, and then producing the real leaves of the plant, while the radicle at the same time, without lengthening itself, sends down three or four roots at once. So the whole plant is quickly established, and all the early growth is made out of food provided for it the year before by the mother plant, and stored up in the seed. One more illustration we may take from 45. Indian Com. Here the food provided for the early growth is laid up partly in the embryo, but mostly around it. Fig. 44 is a grain cut through flat-wise; Fig. 45, another cut through the middle across its thickness ; and Fig. 46, the embryo, or germ, of another grain, taken out whole, — which may readily be done in green corn, or in an old grain after soaking it for some time in warm water. The separate embryo is placed to match that which is seen, divided, in the seed; r is the radicle ; p; the plumule ; and ¢, the seed-leaf or cotyledon, which in this plant is single; while in all the foregoing there was a pair of seed-leaves. The greater part of the grain is the meal, or albumen, the stock of nourish- ment outside of the embryo. In germinating, this meal is slowly changed HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 21 into sugar, and dissolved in the water which is absorbed from the ground ; the coty- ledon imbibes this, and sends it into the radicle, 7, to make the root, and into the plumule, p, enabling it to develop the set of leaves, wrapped up one within another, of which it consists, and expand them one after another in the air. Fig. 47 shows a sprouting grain, sending down its first root, and sending up the plumule still rolled together. Fig. 48 is the same, more advanced, having made a whole cluster of roots, and unfolded two or three leaves. Nourished abundantly as it is, both by the maternal stock in the grain, and by what these roots and leaves obtain and prepare from the soil and the air, the young corn gets a good start, is ready to avail itself of the summer’s heat, to complete its vegeta- tion, to blossom, and to make and lay up the great amount of nourishment which we gather in the crop. 46. The Onion. The cotyledon in Indian Corn, and most other plants which have only one, stays under ground. In the Onion it comes up and makes the first leaf, —a slender, thread-shaped one,— and in- deed it carries up the light seed on its summit. In Indian Corn, all the early joints of stem remain so short as not to be seen; although later it makes long joints, carrying up the upper leaves to some distance from one another. In the Onion, on the contrary, the stem never lengthens at all, but remains as a thin plate, broader than it is long, with the roots springing sheathing bases of the leaves covering it on the other. from one side of it and the 47. Number of Cotyledons or Seed-Leaves. Indian Corn (Fig. 46) and all such kinds of grain-plants, the Onion, Lilies, and the like, have only one seed-leaf or cotyledon to their embryo; therefore they are called MonocoryLeponovus Prants, and the embryo is called monocotylédonous,—a long word, meaning “with one cotyledon.” 48. The embryo of the Morning-Glory (Fig. 19), of the Maple (Fig. 27), Bean (Fig. 32-34), Almond, Peach, and Cherry (Fig. 36-388), Oak (Fig. 40), 22° HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. Pea (Fig. 42), and of all such plants, is décotylédonous, that is, has a pair of cotyledons, or seed-leaves, which is what the word means. Therefore all such plants are called DicotyLeponous Pants. 49. Pine-trees, and plants like them, generally have more than two cotyledons, in a circle; so their embryo is said to be poly- cotylédonous ; meaning “ with several or many cotyledons.” Fig. 49 is a magnified view of a Pine-seed, divided lengthwise, and showing the long and straight embryo lying in the middle of the albumen. The slender lower part is the radicle or stemlet; the upper part is a cluster of cotyledons or seed-leaves, in a close bundle; three of them can be seen as it lies, and there are as many more behind, Fig. 50 is this embryo as it comes up from the sced, its cotyledons (six in number) expanding at once into a circle of slender, needle-shaped leaves. 50. It is a pity these three words are so long; for the pupil should fix them thoroughly in his memory; because these differ- ences in the embryo, or plantlet in the seed, run through the whole life of the plant, and show themselves in many other differences which very strikingly distinguish one class of plants from another. Let it be re- membered, therefore, that Monveotyledonous Plants, or Monocotyledons, are those which have only one cotyledon or seed-leaf to their embryo. Dicotyledonous Plants, or Dicotyledons, are those which have a pair of cotyledons or sced-leaves to their embryo. Polycotyledonous Plants, or Polycotyledons, are those which have more than one pair of cotyledons or seed-leaves to their embryo. Analysis of the Section. 24. Flowers produce Fruit; this, the Seed; of this the essential part is the Embryo which grows. 25. It is alive; but lies dormant awhile. How long seeds may live. 26. Germination, the beginning of growth; what is needful for it. 27. What takes place, illustrated from the Morning-Glory. 28. How the stemlet grows by lengthening, and carries up the seed-leaves: how the root is formed and grows downwards. 29. Instinct of each part to turn in its proper direc- tion; and why. 30. The little seedling a complete plant in miniature; its parts. 81. How it goes on to grow: growth of the root; rootlets; of the stem. The Plumule or Bud. Development of the stem piece by piece, each with its leaf. 32. How the seedling is nourished at the beginning. Growth requires food. 33. How this is sup- plied by a deposit in the seed; Albumen. 384. It is kept in a solid form until the embryo starts, and is HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR. 23 then dissolved, turned into sugar, &c., and feeds the plantlet. 35. This illustrated in Wheat and Indian Corn. 36. Or else the same nourishment is deposited in the embryo itself, in its seed-leaves; illustrated by the Maple. 87, 88. Variations of the same plan of growth in different plants. The Maple compared with the Morning-Glory. 89-45. A great abundance of food stored up in the embryo causes a rapid and strong growth; illustrated by the Bean; 42. by the Cherry, Almond, &c.; 43, 44. by the Horsechestnut, Acorn, Pea, &c.; in these the seed-leaves do not come up in germinating; why. 45. In, Indian Corn; the stock of food partly in the strong embryo, partly outside of it. 46. The Onion; its seed-leaf lengthens and comes up, but the stem never lengthens at all. 47. Number of cotyledons or seed-leaves in different kinds of plants; Monocotyledonous. 48. Dico- tyledonous ; Polycotyledonous. 50. These differences always accompany other differences in the plant; Monocotyledonous, Dicotyledonous, and Polycotyledonous Plants. Secrion II.— How Plants grow Year after Year. 51. They Grow on as they Began. The seedling has all the organs that any plant has, — even the largest and oldest, — excepting what belongs to blossoms: it has all it needs for its life and growth, that is, for vegetation. It has only to go on and produce more of what it already has,— more roots beneath to draw up more moisture from the soil, and more stem above, bearing more leaves, exposing a larger surface to the light and air, in which to digest what is taken in from the soil and the air, and turn it into real nourishment, that is, into the stuff which vege- tables are made of. So, as fast as a young plant makes new vegetable material, it uses it for its growth; it adds to its root below, and to its stem above, and unfolds a new leaf or pair of leaves on every joint. Each joint of stem soon gets its full length, and its leaf or pair of leaves the full size; and now, instead of growing, they work, or prepare nourishment, for the growth of the younger parts forming above. 52. Simple Stems, In this way, piece by piece, the stem is carried up higher and higher, and its leaves increased in number; and the more it grows, the more it is able to grow, —as we see in a young seedling, beginning feebly and growing slowly for a while, but pushing on more and more vigorously in proportion to the number of leaves and roots it has produced. In this way, by developing joint after joint, each from the summit of its predecessor, a Simple Stem is made. Many plants make only simple stems, at least until they blossom, or for the first year. The Lilies, figured on the first page, and corn-stalks, are of this kind. Fig. 51 is a sort of diagram of the simple stem of Indian Corn, divided into its component pieces, to show how it consists of a set of similar growths, each from the summit 24 HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR. of the preceding one. There are old trees even, which consist of a simple, un- branched stem. Palm-trees, such as our Southern Palmetto (Fig. 79) are of this kind. But more commonly, as stems grow they multiply them- selves by forming Vv 53. Branches, or s¢de-shoots. These are formed both by roots and by stems. Roots generally branch much sooner than stems do. See Fig. 4, 20, 30, &e. 54. Roots send off their branches from any part of the main root, or start from any part of a stem lying on or in the soil; and they have no particular arrangement. 55. But the branches of stems spring only from particular places, and are arranged on a regular plan. They arise from the Axil of a leaf and nowhere else, except in some few pe- i culiar cases. The axil (from a Latin word meaning the armpit) of a leaf is the hollow or angle, on the upper side, where the leaf is attached to the stem. As branches come only from the axils of leaves, and as leaves have a perfectly | regular and uniform arrangement in each particular plant, the eS places where branches will appear are fixed beforehand by the places of the leaves, and they must follow their arrangement. In the axils, commonly one in each, branches first appear in the form of 56. Buds. A Bud is an undeveloped stem or branch. If large enough to have its parts distinguishable, these are seen to be undeveloped or forming leaves; and large buds which are to stand over winter are generally covered with protect- ing scales, —a kind of dry, diminished leaves. 57. Terminal Bud. So the plwmude or first shoot of the embryo (see Fig. 22, &c.) isa bud. But this first bud makes the main stem, and its growth, week after week, or year after year, carries on the main stem. Palms (as Fig. 79) grow in this way, by this bud only. Being always on the end of the stem, that is, terminating the stem, it is called the Terminal Bud. 58. Axillary Buds. But the buds which are to form branches appear on the sides of the stem; and since they are situated in the axils of the leaves, as just ex: SEX 51 THE ARRANGEMENT OF BRANCHES. 25 plained (55), they are named Avillary Buds. (See Fig. 52, 53.) These buds grow into branches, just as the first or terminal bud of the seedling grows to make the main stem. 59. The Arrangement of Branches, therefore, follows that of the axillary buds, and this that of the leaves. Now leaves are placed on the stem in two principal ways; they are either alternate or opposite. They are al- ternate when they fol- low one after another, there being only one to each joint of the stem, as in Morning- Glory (Fig. 4, all after the seed-leaves), and in the Linden or Bass- wood (Fig. 52), as well as the greater part of trees or plants. They are opposite when there are two leaves upon each joint of stem, as in Horsechest- nut, Lilac, and Maple (Fig. 31, 53); one leaf in such cases being always éxactly on the opposite side of the stem from its fellow. Now in the axil of almost every leaf of these trees a bud is soon formed, and in general plainly shows itself before summer is over. In Fig. 52, a, a, a, a, are the axillary buds on a twig of Bass- wood, — they are alternate, like the leaves, -—and ¢ is the terminal bud. Fig. 53, a twig of Red Maple, has its axillary buds opposite, like the leaves; and on the very summit is the ¢erminal bud. Next spring or sooner, the former grow into al- ternate branches ; the latter grow into opposite branches. These branches in their turn form buds in the axils of their leaves, to grow in time into a new generation of similar branches, and so on, year after year. So the reason is plain why the branching or spray of one tree or bush differs from that of another, each having its own plan, depending upon the way the leaves are arranged on the stem. 60. The spray (or ramification) of trees and shrubs is more noticeable in winter, 3 oO Tm ry See 26 HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR. when most leaves have fallen. Even then we can tell how the leaves were placed, as well as in summer. We have only to notice the /eaf-scars: for each fallen leaf has left a scar to mark where its stalk separated from the stem. And in most cases the bud above each scar is now apparent or conspicuous, ready to grow into branches in the spring, and showing plainly the arrangement which these are to have. Here, for instance, is a last year’s shoot of Horsechestnut (Fig. 54), with a large terminal bud on its summit, and with’ very conspicuous leaf-scars, J s ; and just above each is an axillary bud, 6. Here the leaves were opposite each other; so the buds are also, and so will the branches be, unless one of the buds‘on each joint should fail. Fig. 55 is a similar shoot of a Hickory, with its leaf-scars (2s) and axillary buds (6) alternate, that is, single on the joints and one after another on different sides of the stem; and these buds when they grow will make alternate branches. 61. The branching would be more regular than it is, if all the buds grew. But there is not room for all; so only the stronger ones grow. The rest stand ready to take their place, if those happen to be killed. Sometimes there are more buds than one from the same axil. There are three placed side by side on those shoots of Red Maple which are going to blossom. There are several in a row, one above another, on some shoots of Tartarean Honeysuckle. 62. The appearance of plants, the amount of their branching, and the way in which they continue to grow, depend very much upon their character and duration. 63. The Duration of Plants of different-kinds varies greatly. Some live only for a few months or a few weeks; others may endure for more than a thousand years. The mo-t familiar division of plants according to their duration and character is into Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees. 64. Terbs are plants of soft texture, having little wood in their stems, and in our climate dying down to the ground, or else dying root and all, in or before winter. 65. Shrubs are plants with woody stems, which endure and grow year after year, but do not rise to any great height, say to not more than four or five times the MODE OF LIFE IN ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 27 height of a man. And if they reach this size, it is not as a single main trunk, but by a cluster of stems all starting from the ground. 96. Trees are woody plants rising by a trunk to a greater height than shrubs. 67. Herbs are divided, according to their character and duration, into Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials. 68. Annuals grow from the seed, blossom, and die all in the same season. In this climate they generally spring from the seed in spring, and die in the autumn, or sooner if they have done blossoming and have ripened their seed. Oats, Barley, Mustard, and the common Morning-Glory (Fig. 4) are familiar annuals. Plants of this kind have fibrous roots, i. e. composed of long and slender threads or fibres. Either the whole root is a cluster of such fibres, as in Indian Corn (Fig. 48), Barley (Fig. 56), and all such plants; or when there is a main or tap root, as in Mustard, the Morning-Glory, &c., this branches off into slen- der fibres. It is these fibres, and the slender root-hairs which are found on them, that mainly absorb moisture and other things from the soil; and the more numerous they are, the more the plant can absorb by its roots. As fast as nourishment is received and pre- pared by the roots and leaves, it is expended in new growth, par- ticularly in new stems or branches and new leaves, and finally in flowers, fruit, and seed. The latter require a great deal of nour- ishment to bring them to perfection, and give nothing back to the plant in return. So blossoming and fruiting weaken the plant very much. Annual plants usually continue to bear flowers, often in great numbers, upon every branch, until they exhaust themselves and die, but not until they have ripened seeds, and stored up in them (as in the mealy part of the grain of Corn, &e., Fig. 44, 45) food enough for a new generation to begin growth with. 69. Biennials follow a somewhat different plan. These are herbs which do not blossom at all the first season, but live over the winter, flower the second year, and then die when they have ripened their seeds. The Turnip, Carrot, and Parsnip. the Beet, the Radish (Fig. 57), and the Celandine, are familiar examples of bien- uial plants. 70. The mode of life in biennials is to prepare and store up nourishment through the first season, and to expend it the next season in flowering and fruiting. Accord- ingly, biennials for the first year are nearly all root and leaves; these being the organs by which the plant works, and prepares the materials it lives on. Stem 56 Fibrous roots. 28 HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR. they must have, in order to bear leaves; for leaves do not grow on roots. Bat what stem they make is so very short-jointed that it rises hardly any; so that the leaves seem to spring from the top of the root, and all spread out in a cluster close to the ground. As the plant grows, it merely sends out more and more branches of the root into the soil beneath, and adds more leaves to the cluster just above, close to the surface of the warm ground, and well exposed to the light and heat of the sun. Thus consisting of its two working organs only, — root and leaves, — the young biennial sets vigorously to work. The moisture and air which the leaves take in from the atmosphere, and all that the roots take from the soil, are digested or changed into vegetable matter by the foliage while exposed to sunshine; and all that is not wanted by the leaves themselves is generally carried down into the body of the root and stored up there for next year’s use. So the biennial root becomes large and heavy, being a storehouse of nourishing matter, which man and animals are glad to use for food. In it, in the form of starch, sugar, mucilage, and in other nourishing and savory products, the plant (expending nothing in flowers or in show) has laid up the avails of its whole summer’s work. For what purpose? This plainly appears when the next season’s growth begins. Then, fed by this great stock of nourishment, a stem shoots forth rapidly and strongly, divides into branches, bears flowers abundantly, and ripens seeds, almost wholly at the expense of the nourishment accumulated in the root, which is now light, empty, and dead; and so is the whole plant by the time the seeds are ripe. 71. By stopping the flowering, biennials can sometimes be made to live another year, or for many years, or annuals may be made into biennials. So a sort of biennial is made of wheat by sowing it in autumn, or even in the spring and keep- ing it fed down in summer. But here the nourishment is stored up in the leaves rather than in the roots. 72. The Cabbage is a familiar and more striking example of a biennial in which the store of nourishment, instead of being deposited in the root, is kept in the 57 Radish. MODE OF LIFE IN PERENNIALS. 29 leaves and in the short stem or stalk. These accordingly become thick and nutri- tious in the Cabbage, just as the root does in the Turnip, or the base of the short stem alone in Kohlrabi, or even the flower-stalks in the Cauliflower; all of which belong to the same family, and exhibit merely different ways of accom- plishing the same result. 78. Perennials are plants which live on year after year. Shrubs and trees are of course perennial. So are many herbs; but in these only a portion gener- ally survives. Most of our perennial herbs die down to the ground before winter ; in many species all but certain separate portions under ground die at the close of the year; but some parts of the stem con- taining buds are always kept alive to renew the growth for the next season. ishment to begin the new growth with is also pro- vided. Sometimes this stock is laid up in the roots, as for instance in the Peony, the Dahlia (Fig. 58), And a stock of nour- and the Sweet Potato. Here some thick roots, filled Tiabillacrostas 59 Ground-Artichoke. with food made by last year’s vegetation, nourish in spring the buds on the base of the stem just above (a, a), enabling them to send up stout leafy stems, and send down new roots, in some of which a new stock of food is laid up during summer for the next spring, while the exhausted old ones die off; and so on, from year to year. 74, Sometimes this stock of food is laid up in par- ticular portions of branches of the stem itself, formed under ground, and which contain the buds; as in the ‘ Ground Artichoke and the Potato. Here these parts, with their buds, or eyes, are all that live over winter. These thickened ends of stems are called Tubers. In Fig. 59, a is a tuber of last year, now exhausted and 30 HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR. withering away, which grew in spring by one of its buds to make the stem (6) bear ing the foliage of the season. This sends out some branches under ground, which in the course of the sea- son thicken at the end as they receive a stock of nourishment prepared by this year’s foliage, and become new tubers (ec, a forming one; d, d, well-grown tubers of the season), to live over winter and make the next year’s growth. 75. Because they live under ground, these tu- bers are commonly sup- posed to be roots; but they are not, as any one may see. Their eyes are buds; and the little scales behind the eyes answer to leaves; while roots bear neither buds nor leaves. The fibrous roots which grow from these subterranean branches are very different in appearance from under-ground stems, as is plain to see in the Potato-plant. Fig. 60 shows a few of the real roots, as well as several branches of the stem, with potatoes form- ing in all stages at their tips. Fig. 61 is one of these form- ing potatoes magnified, show- ing a little scale behind each eye which answers to a leaf. 63 Solomon’s-Seal. Fig. 62 is a part of a slice through an eye, more magnified, to show that the eye is really a bud, covered with little scales. MODE OF LIFE IN PERENNIALS. 31 76. In some perennial herbs, prostrate stems or branches under ground are thickened with this store of nourishment for their whole length, making stout Rootstocks, as they are called; as in Sweet Flag, Solomon’s Seal (Fig. 63), and Ivis, or Flower-de- Luce (Fig. 64). These are perennial, and grow on a little way each year, dying off as much behind after a while; and the newer parts every year send out a new set of fibrous roots. ‘The buds which rootstalks produce, and the leaves or the scales they bear, or the scars or rings which mark where the old leaves or scales have fallen or decayed away, all plainly show that rootstocks are forms of stem, and not roots. The large round scars on the root- stock of Solomon’s Seal, which give the plant its name, (from their looking like impressions of a seal,) are the places from which the stalk bearing the leaves and flowers of each season has fallen off in autumn. Fig. 63, a@ is the bud at the end, to make the growth above ground next spring; 6 is the bottom of the stalk of this season; ¢, the scar or place from which the stalk of last year fell; d, that of the year before; and e, that of two years ago. X 77. Finally, the nourishment for the next year’s growth may be deposited in the leaves , \ wt themselves. Sometimes it occupies all the Wx leaf, as in the Houseleek (Fig. 65) and other Iris. fleshy plants. Here the close ranks of the thickened leaves are wholly above ground. Sometimes the deposit is all in the lower end of the leaf, and on the ground, or un- derneath, as in common Bulbs. Take a White Lily of the gardens, for example, in the fall, or in spring before it sends up the stalk of the season (Fig. 66). From the A bottom of the bulb, roots descend into the Houseleek. soil to absorb moisture and other matters from it, while, above, it sends up leaves to digest and convert these matters into real nourishment. As fast as it is made, this nourishment is carried down to the bot- 32 HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR. tom of each leaf, which is enlarged or thickened for containing it. These thick leaf-bases, or scales, crowded together, make up the bulb; all but its very short stem, concealed within, which bears these scales above, and sends down the roots frew underneath. Fig. 67 shows one of the leaves of the season, taken off, with its base cut across, that the thickness may be seen. After having done its work, the blade dies off, leaving the thick base as a bulb-seale. Every year one or more buds in the centre of the bulb grow, feeding on the food laid up in the scales, and making the stalk of the season, which bears the flowers, as in Fig. 1, 2. 78. An Onion is like a Lily-bulb, only each scale or leaf-base is so wide that it enwraps all within, making coat after coat. 67 Leaf, lower end cut off, 66 Bulb and lower Leaves of a Lily. 79. In shrubs and trees a great quantity of nourishment, made the summer before, is stored up in the young wood and bark of the shoots, the trunk, and the roots. Upon this the buds feed the next spring; and this enables them to develop vigorously, and clothe the naked branches with foliage in a few days; or with blos- soms immediately following, as in the Horsechestnut; or with blossoms and foliage together, as in Sugar Maple; or with blossoms before the leaves appear, as in Red Maples and Elms. The rich mucilage of the bark of Slippery Elm, and the sweet spring sap of Maple-trees, belong to this store, deposited in the wood the previous summer, and in spring dissolved and rapidly drawn into the buds, to supply the early and sudden leafing and blossoming. 80. In considering plants, as to “how they grow,” it should be noticed that all of them, from the Lily of the field to the tree of the forest, teach the same lesson of industry and provident preparation. No great result is attained without effort, and WHY THEY GROW SO VIGOROUSLY IN SPRING. 33 long preceding labor. Not only was the tender verdure which, after a few spring showers and sunny days, is so suddenly spread out over field and forest, all pre- pared beforehand, — most of the leaves, even, made the summer before, and snugly packed away in winter-buds,— but the nourishment which enables them to un fold and grow so fast was also prepared for this purpose by the foliage of the year before, and laid up until it was wanted. ‘The grain grows with vigor, because fed with the richest products of the mother plant, the results of a former year’s vegeta- tion. The Lily-blossom develops in all its glory without toil of its own, because all its materials were gathered from the earth and the air long before, by the roots and the leaves, manufactured by the latter into vegetable matter, and this stored up for a year or two under ground in the bottoms of the leaves (as starch, jelly, sugar, &c.), and in many cases actually made into blossoms in the dark earth, where the flower-buds lie slumbering in the protecting bulb through the cold winter, and in summer promptly unfold in beauty for our delight. Analysis of the Section. 51. The seedling is a complete plant on the simplest scale ; in growth it merely increases its parts, and multiplies them in number, as fast as it makes materials for growth. 52. Simple stems, how formed and carried up, piece by piece. 53. Branches: 54. of Roots, how they differ from those, 55. of Stems. Where these arise from; in what form they appear. 66. Buds, what they are. 57. Terminal Bud, what it makes. 58. Axillary Buds ; why so named ; what they make. 59. How branches are arranged, and what their arrangement depends upon: alternate; opposite. 60. The spray and buds of shrubs and trees in winter; Leaf-scars. 61. Why branches are not as regular and as many as the buds or leaves. 62, 63. The Duration and Character of Plants as affecting the way they grow. 64. Herbs. 65. Shrubs. 66. Trees. 67. Herbs are annuals, biennials, or perennials. 68. Annuals ; their mode of life ; character of their roots, intended only for absorbing; duration, &c. 69. Biennials ; how defined ; examples. 70. Character of their roots, and illustrations of their mode of life ; the first year, food made and stored up ; the second year, food expended, for what pur- pose. 71. How biennials may sometimes be made perennial, and annuals biennial. 72. The store of food may be kept in the leaves, or in the stems above ground ; Cabbage, &c. 73. Perennials ; what they are ; mode of life of perennial herbs from year to year ; accumulation of food in roots. 74. Accumulation of food in under-ground branches ; Tubers, as of Ground Artichoke. 75. Potato illustrated. 76. Accumulation in whole stems or branches under ground ; Rootstocks. 77. Accumulation of food in leaves, above ground, as in Houseleek ; or in the bottoms of leaves, usu- ally under ground ; Bulbs ; as of Lily, and, 78. of Onion. 79. Food, how stored up in shrubs and trees, and for what purpose ; used in leafing and blossoming* in spring. 80. A lesson taught by vegetation. 34 HOW PLANTS GROW. Section IV. — Different Forms or Kinds of Roots, Stems, and Leaves. 81. The Organs of Vegetation, or those that have to do with the life and growth of a plant, are only three, Root, Stem, and Leaf. And the plan upon which plants are made is simple enough. So simple and so few are the kinds of parts that one would hardly expect plants to exhibit the almost endless and ever-pleasing diver- sity they do. This diversity is owing to the wonderful variety of forms under which, without losing their proper nature, each of these three organs may appear. 82. The study of the different shapes and appearances which the same organ takes in different plants, or in different parts of the same plant, comparing them with one another, is called Morphology, and is one of the most interesting parts of Botany. But in this book for young beginners, we have only room to notice the commonest forms, and those very briefly, — although sufficiently to enable stu- dents to study all common plants and understand botanical descriptions. Those who would learn more of the structure and morphology of plants should study the Lessons in Botany. §1. Of Roots. 83. The Root is the simplest and least diversified of the three organs. Yet it exhibits some striking variations. 84. As to origin, there is the primary or original root, formed from the embryo as it grows from the seed, and the branches it makes. Annuals, biennials, and many trees are apt to have only such roots. But when any portion of their stems is covered by the soil, it makes secondary roots. These are roots which spring from the sides of the stem. Every one knows that most stems may be made to strike root when so covered and having the darkness and moisture which are gen- erally needful for roots. Perennial herbs and most shrubs strike root naturally in this way under ground. All the roots of plants raised from tubers, rootstocks, and the like (74-76), are of this sort, and also of plants raised from slips or cuttings. In warm and damp climates there are likewise many 85. Aerial Roots, namely, roots which strike from the stem in the open air. In summer we often find them springing from the joints of the stalks of Indian Corn, several inches above the soil. Some of these reach the ground, and help to feed the plant. In the famous Banyan-tree of India aerial roots on a larger scale strike from the spreading branches, high up in the air, grow down to the ground and into it, KINDS OF ROOTS. 35 and so make props or additional trunks. Growing in this way, there is uo limit 1o the extent of the branches, and a single Banyan will spread over several acres of ground and have hundreds of trunks all made from aerial roots. 86. Aerial Rootlets, or such roots on a small scale, are produced by several woody vines to climb by. English Ivy, our Poison Ivy, and Trumpet-Creeper are well- known cases of the sort. 87. Air-Plants. Roots which never reach the ground are also produced by certain plants whose seeds, lodged upon the boughs or trunks of trees, high up in the air, grow there, and make an ie Epiphyte, as it is called (from two Greek words meaning a plant on a plant), or an Air-Plant. The latter name refers to the plant’s getting its living altogether from the air; as it must, for it has no connection with the ground at any time. And if these plants can live on air, in this way, it is easy to understand that common vegetables get part of what they live on di- rectly from the air. In warm countries there are many very handsome and curious air- plants of the Orchis family. A great number are culti- vated in hot-houses, merely fixed upon pieces of wood m and hung up. They take no Air-plants of the Orchis family. nourishment from the boughs of the tree they happen to grow upon. 88. Parasitic Plants are those which strike their roots, or what answer to roots, into the bark or wood of the species they grow on, and feed upon its sap. ‘The Mistletoe is a woody parasitic plant, which engrafts itself when it springs from the seed upon the branches of Oaks, Hickories, or other trees. The Dodder is a com- 36 HOW PLANTS GROW. : mon parasitic herb, consisting of orange-color or whitish stems, looking like threads of yarn. These coil round the stalks of other plants, fasten themselves by little suckers in place of roots, and feed upon their juices. Living as such a plant does by robbing other plants of their prepared food, it has no leaves of its own, except little scales in their place, and has no need of any. 89. Shapes and Uses of Roots. Common roots, however, grow in the soil. And their use is to absorb moisture and other matters from the soil, and sometimes to hold prepared food until it is wanted for use, as was explained in the last section (70, 73). Those for absorbing are Fibrous roots, namely, slender and thread-shaped, as in Fig. 48, 56, and generally branching. Very slender roots of the sort, or their branches, are called /?ootlets ; and these do most of the absorbing. The roots of annuals are mostly fibrous, as they have nothing to do but to absorb; and so are the smaller branches of the roots of shrubs, trees, and other plants. Fleshy roots are those of herbs which form a thick and stout body, from having much nourishment deposited in them. They belong particularly to biennial herbs (69), and to many pe- rennials (73). Some sorts have names according to their shapes. The root is a TLup-root, when of one main body, and tapering downwards to a point; as that of a Carrot (Fig. 71), and of a seedling Oak (Fig. 41). And a tap-root is Conical, when stout, and tapering gradually from the upper end to a point below ; as a carrot (Fig. 71), parsnip, or beet. Spindle-shaped, when thicker in the middle, and tapering upwards as well as downwards, like a radish (Fig. 57); and Turnip-shaped, or Napiform, when wider than long, or with a suddenly tapering tip, as a turnip (Fig. 70). Roots are TL. Carrot, Clustered ov Fascicled when, instead of one main root, there are several or many of about the same size; as in Indian Corn (Fig. 48), and other grain (Fig. 56). Here the clustered roots are fibrous, being for absorbing only. When such roots, or some of them, are thick and fleshy, as they are when used as storehouses of food, they become Tuberous. The roots of the Dahlia, for in- stance (Fig. 58), are clustered and tuberous, or tuber-like. KINDS OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. 37 § 2. Of Stems. 90. Forms or Kinds of Stems. Differences in the size and consistence of stems, such as distinguish plants into herbs, shrubs, and trees, have already been noticed, in paragraphs 64, 65, and 66. A stem is Herbaceous, when it belongs to an herb, that is, has very little wood in its com- position, and does not live over winter above ground: Shrubby, when it belongs to a shrub, or is woody : Arboreous or Arborescent, when the plant is a tree, or like a tree; that is, when it is tall and grows by a single trunk. 91. The peculiar straw-stem of a grass or grain is named a Culm. It is gen- erally hollow, except at the joints, which are hard and solid; but in Indian Corn, Sugar-Cane, and some other Grasses, it is not at all hollow. 92. As to the mode of growth or the direction it takes in growing, the stem is Erect or Upright, when it grows directly upwards, or nearly so: Ascending, when it rises upwards at first in a slanting direction : Declined or Reevined, when turned or bent over to one side: Decumbent, when the lower part reclines on the ground, as if too weak to stand, but the end turns upwards more or less: Procumbent or Trailing, when the whole stem trails along the ground: Prostrate, when it naturally lies flat on the ground: Creeping or Running, when a trailing or prostrate stem strikes root along its lower side, where it rests on the ground: Climbing, where it rises by laying hold of other objects for support; either by tendrils, as in the Pea, Gourd, and Grape-Vine; or by twisting its leafstalks around the supporting body, as in the Virgin’s Bower; or by rootlets acting as holdfasts, as in the Ivy and Trumpet-Creeper (86) : Twining, when stems rise by coiling themselves spirally around any support, as in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4), Hop, and Bean. 93. Several sorts of branches are different enough from the common to have particular names. Indeed, some are so different, that they would not be taken for branches without considerable study. Such, for instance, as 94, Thorns or Spines, Most of these are imperfect, leafless, hardened, stunteu branches, tapering to a point. That they are branches is evident in the Hawthorn and similar trees, from their arising from the axil of leaves, as branches do. And on Pear-trees and Plum-trees many shoots may be found which begin as a leafy 38 HOW PLANTS GROW. branch, but taper off into a thorn. Prickles, such as those on the stems of Roses and Brambles, must not be confounded with thorns. These are growths from the bark (like hairs or bristles, only stouter), and peel off with it; while thorns are connected with the wood. 95. Tendrils, such as those of the Grape-Vine, Virginia Creeper (Fig. 72), and the Melon or Squash, are very slender, leafless branches, used to enable certain plants to climb. They grow out straight or nearly so until they reach some neighboring support, such as a stem, when the end hooks around it to secure a hold, and the whole ten- dril then shortens itself by coiling up spirally, so draw- e ing the growing Tepdeile-of, Virginie) Creeners shoot nearer to the supporting object. When the Virginia Creeper climbs the side of a building, the face of a rock, or the smooth bark of a tree, which the tendrils cannot lay hold of in the usual way, their tips expand into a flat plate (as shown in Fig. 73, the ends of a tendril magnified), which adheres very firmly to the surface. This enables the plant to climb up a smooth surface by tendrils, just as the Ivy and Trumpet-Creeper climb by rootlets (86). 96. Peduncles or Flower-stalks are a kind of branches, or stems, as is clear from their situation. They are either a continuation of the stem, as in the Lily of the Valley and the Chalcedonian Lily, represented on the first page; or else they rise out of the axil of a leaf, as in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4). Plainly, whatever comes from the axil of a leaf must be of the wature of a branch. So 97. Buds, that is axillary buds, are undeveloped branchex, as already explained in paragraphs 55 to 58. 98. The following kinds of branches are all connected with the ground in some way, and most of them act in such a way as to make new vlants. c KINDS OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. 39 99. A Stolon is a branch which reclines on the ground, or bends over to it, and strikes root (Fig. 74). Currant-bushes spread naturally by stolons, and so does White Clover. The gardener imitates the process where it does not naturally occur, or facilitates it where it does, by bending branches to the ground, and pinning them down, when they strike root where they are covered by the soil, and then the branch, having leaves and roots of its own, may be separated as an independent plant. In this way the gardener multiplies many plants by layering which he cannot so readily propagate by seed. Runner. 74 Sucker. Stolon. 100. A Ruuner (Fig. 74) is a very slender, thread-like, leafless stolon, much like a tendril, lying on the ground, and rooting and budding at the point; so giving rise to a new plant at some distance from the parent, and connected with it during the first year. But the runner dies in winter and leaves the young plant independent. The Strawberry-plant affords the most familiar illustration of runners. Each plant or offshoot, as soon as established, sends out runners of its own, which make new plants at their tip. In this way a single Strawberry-plant produces a numerous progeny in the course of the summer, and establishes them at convenient dis- tances all around. 101. A Sueker (Fig. 74) is a branch which springs from a parent stem under ground, where it makes roots of its own, while farther on it rises above ground into a leafy stem, and becomes an independent plant whenever the connection with the parent stem dies or is cut off. It is by suckers that Rose and Raspberry bushes multiply and spread so “by the root,” as is generally said. But that these subter- ranean shoots are stems, and not roots (though they produce roots), will plainly appear by uncovering them. 102. An Offset is a short branch, next the ground or below its surface, like a short stolon or sucker, bearing a tuft of leaves at the end, and taking root where this 40 HOW PLANTS GROW. rests on the soil; as in the Houseleek (Fig. 65), where one plant will soon produce a cluster of young plants or offsets all around it. 103. A Rootstock is any kind of horizontal stem or branch growing under ground. Slender rootstocks occur in the subterranean part of the suckers of Roses, of Pepper- mint, or of Canada Thistle, and of Quick-Grass or Couch-Grass (Fig. 75), which spreads so widely, and becomes so troublesome to farmers. They are well distinguished from roots by the leaves which they bear at every joint, in the form of scales, and by the buds which they produce, one in the axil of each scale. These buds, which are very tenacious of life, are what renders the plant so exceedingly difficult to destroy. For ploughing and hoeing only cut up the rootstock into pieces, each with a tuft of roots ready formed and with a bud to each joint, all the more ready to grow for the division. So that the attempt to destroy Quick-Grass by cut- ting it up by the roots (as these shoots are called), unless the Roalstucke 6 Quick eras: pieces are carefully taken out of the soil, is apt to produce many active plants in place of one. 104. Thickened or fleshy rootstocks, such as those of Solomon’s Seal (Fig. 63) and Iris (Fig. 64), have already been illustrated (76). 105. A Tuber is a rootstock thickened at the end, as already explained in the Potato and Ground Artichoke (74, 75, Fig. 59,60). The cyes of a tuber are lively buds, well supplied with nourishment for their growth. 106. A Corm or Solid Bulb, as of Gladiolus and Crocus (Fig. 76), is a sort of rounded tuber. If well covered with thick scales it would become 107. A Bulb. This is a (mostly subterranean) stem, so short as to be only a flat plate, producing roots from its lower surface and above covered with thickened scales, — as was fully explained in the last section (77). < 108. Bulbs are sealy, as in the Lily (Fig. 66), when the — Sorm of Crocus, with buds - scales are narrow ; or coated, as an onion, when the scales enwrap each other, and form coats. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEMS. 41 109. Bulblets are little bulbs, or fleshy buds, formed in the axils of leaves above ground, as in the Bulb-bearing Lily. Or in some Leeks and Onions they take the place of flower-buds. Falling off, they take root and grow into new plants. 110. The Internal Structure of Stems, Plants are composed of two kinds of ma- terial, namely, Cellular Tissue and Wood. The former makes the softer, fleshy, and pithy parts; the latter forms the harder, fibrous, or woody parts. The stems of herbs contain little wood, and much cellular tissue; those of shrubs and trees abound in the woody part. 111. There are two great classes of stems, which differ in the way the woody part is arranged in the cellular tissue. They are named the Mxdgenous, and the Endégenous. 112. For examples of the first class we may take a Bean-stalk, a stem of Flax, Sunflower, or the like, among herbs, and for woody stems any common stick of wood. For examples of the second class take an Asparagus-shoot or a Corn- stalk, and in trees a Palm-stem. These names express the different ways in which the two kinds grow in thickness when they live more than one year. But the difference between the two is almost as apparent the first year, and in the stems of herbs, which last only one year. 113. The Endogenous Stem. Znddgenous means “ inside- growing.” Fig. 77 shows an Endogenous stem in a Corn- stalk, both in a cross-section, at the top, and also split down lengthwise. The peculiarity is that the wood is all in separate threads or bundles of fibres running lengthwise, and scattered among the cellular tissue throughout the whole thickness of the stem. On the cross-section their cut ends appear as so many dots; in the slice lengthwise they show themselves to be threads or fibres of wood. Fig. 78 is a similar view of a Palm-stem (namely, of our Carolina Palmetto, of which whole trees aré represented in Fig. 79). It shows the endogenous plan in a stem several years old. Here the bundles of wood are merely increased very much in number, new threads having been Endogenous Stems. formed throughout intermixed with the old, and any in- crease in diameter that has taken place is from a general distention or enlargemert 42 HOW PLANTS GROW. of the whole. Such stems may well enough be called ¢ns¢de-growers, because their wood increases in amount, as they grow older, by the formation of new threads or fibres of wood within or among the old. 114. Moreover, endogenous stems are apt to make few or no branch- es. Asparagus is the only common example to the contrary; that branches freely. But the stalks of Corn and other grain, and those of Lilies (Fig. 1, 2) and the like, seldom branch until they come to flower ; and Palms are trees of this sort, with perfectly simple or branchless trunks, rising like col- umns, and crowned with a tuft of conspicuous and peculiar foliage, which all comes from the continued growth of a terminal bud. 115. The Exogenous Stem is the kind we are familiar with in ordi- nary wood. But it may be observed in the greater part of our herbs as well. It differs from the other class, even at the be- ginning, by the wood all occupying a certain part of the stem, and by its woody bundles soon appearing to run together into a solid layer. This layer of wood, whether much or little, is always situated around a central part, or pith, which MW Z SS ON ta ~ IW Dw Zz = A I\< Palmettos of various ages, and a Yucca, y. has no wood in it, being pure cellular tissue, and is itself surrounded by a bark which is mainly or at first entirely cellular tissue. So that a slice across an exoge- nous stem always has a separate cellular part, as bark, on the circumference, then a ring of wood, and in the centre a pith; as is seen in Fig. 80, representing a piece KINDS AND FORMS OF LEAVES. 43 of Flax-stem magnified; and also in Fig. 81, which shows the same structure in a woody stem, namely, in a shoot of Maple of a year old, cut both crosswise and lengthwise. 116. The difference becomes still more marked in stems more than one year old. During the second year a new layer of wood is formed outside of the first one, between it and the bark; the third year, another layer outside of the second, and so on, a new layer being formed each year outside of that of the year before. The increase is all on the surface, and buries the older wood deeper and deeper in the trunk. For this reason such stems are said to be exdgenous or outside-growing (from two Greek words which mean just this), a new layer being added to the wood on the outside each year as long as the tree or shrub lives. And so the oldest wood, or Heart-wood, is always in the centre, and the newest and freshest, the Sap-wood, at the circumference, just beneath the bark. 117. The heart-wood is dead, or soon becomes so. The sap-wood is the only active part ; and this, with the inner bark, which is renewed from its inner face every year, is all of the trunk that is concerned in the life and growth of the tree. 118. Plants with exogenous or outside-growing stems, especially those that live year after year, almost always branch freely. All common shrubs and trees of the exogenous class make a new set of branches every year, and so present an ap- pearance very different from that of most of those of the endogenous or inside- growing class. Exogenous Stems. § 3. Of Leaves. 119. Leaves exhibit an almost endless variety of forms in different plants; and their forms afford easy marks for distinguishing one species from another. So the different shapes of leaves are classified and named very particularly, — which is a great convenience in describing plants, as it enables a botanist to give a correct idea of almost any leaf in one or two words. We proceed to notice some of the principal kinds. 120. Their Parts, A leaf with all its parts complete has a Blade, a Footstalk, and a pair of Stipules at the base of the footstalk. Fig. 82 shows all three parts 44 HOW PLANTS GROW. in a Quince-leaf: 8, the blade; p, the footstalk ; and st, the stipules, looking like a pair of little blades, one on each side of the stalk. But many leaves have no stipules ; many have no footstalk, and then the blade sits directly on the stem (or is sessile), as in Fig. 138. Some leaves even have no blade; but this is uncommon; for in foliage the blade is the essential part. There- fore, in describing the shape of leaves, it is always the blade that is meant, unless something is said to the contrary. 121. Leaves are either s¢mple or compound. They are simple when the blade is all of one piece; com- pound, when of more than one piece or blade. Fig. 128 to 132, and 133, are examples of compound leaves, the latter very compound, having as many as eighty- one little blades. 122. Their Structure and Veining. Leaves are com- posed of the same two kinds of material as stems (110), namely, of wood or fibre, and of cellular tissue. The woody or fibrous part makes a framework of ribs and veins, which gives the leaf more strength and toughness than it would otherwise have. The cellu- lar tissue forms the green pulp of the leaf. This is spread, as it were, over the framework, both above and below, and supported by it; and the whole is protected by a transparent skin, which is termed the Hpidermis. 123. Ribs. The stouter pieces or timbers of the framework are called Ribs. In the leaf of the Quince (Fig. 82), Pear, Oak (Fig. 120), &c. there is only a single main rib, running directly through the middle of the blade from base to point; this is called the Midrib. But in the Mallow, the Linden (Fig. 83), the Maple (Fig. 84), and many others, there are three, or five, or seven ribs of nearly the same size. The branches of the ribs and the branchlets from them are called 124. Veins and Veinlets. The former is the general name for them; but the finest branches are particularly called Fe/nlets. Straight and parallel veins or fine ribs, like those of Indian Corn, or of any Grass-leaf, or of the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 3, 85), are called Nerves. This is not a sensible name, for even if in some degree like the nerves of animals in shape, they are not in the least like them in use. KINDS AND FORMS OF LEAVES. 45 Nor are what we call veins to be likened particularly to the bloodvessels of ani- mals. But this name is not so bad; for the minute fibres which, united in bun- dles, make up the ribs and veins, are hollow tubes, and serve more or less for con- veying the sap. 125. As to the vezning, or the arrangement of the framework in the blade, leaves are divided into two classes, viz.: Ist, the Metted-veined or Feticulated, and, 2d, the Parallel-veined or Nerved. 126. Netted-Veined or Reticulated leaves are those in which the veins branch off from the rib or ribs, and divide again and again, and some of the veins and veinlets run into one another, so forming reticulations or meshes of network throughout the leaf. This is shown in the Quince-leaf (Fig. 82) ; also in the Linden or Basswood (Fig. 83), and the Maple (Fig. 84), where the finer . meshes appear in one or two of the leaves. 127. Netted-veined leaves belong to plants which have a pair of seed-leaves to their em- Netted-veined Leaves of bryo (48), aid stems 83. Linden. 84. Maple. of the exogenous structure (115). That is, these three kinds of structure, in em- bryo, stem, and leaf, generally go together. 128. Parallel-veined or Nerved leaves are those in which the ribs and veins run side by side without branching (or with minute cross-veinlets, if any) from the base to the point of the blade, as in Indian-Corn, Lily of the Valley (Fig. 85), &c., or sometimes from the midrib to the margins, as in the Banana and Calla (Fig. 86). Such parallel veins have been called Nerves, as just explained (124). Leaves of this sort belong to plants with one cotyledon to their embryo (47), and with endogenous stems (113). 46 HOW PLANTS GROW. 129. Parallel-veined leaves, we see, are of two sorts; — 1. those with the veins or nerves all running from the base of the leaf to the point (Fig. 85); and, 2. those where they mostly run from the midrib to the margin, as in Fig. 86. etted-veined leaves likewise are of two sorts, the Feather-veined and the Radiate-veined. 130. Feather-veined (al- so called pinnately veined) leaves are those in which the main veins all spring from the two sides of one rib, viz. the midrib, like the plume of a feather from each side of the shaft. Fig- ures 82, 88-97, 120, 122, &c. represent feather-veined leaves. 131. Radtate-Veined (al- so called palmately veined) leaves are those which have three or more main ribs ris- ing at once from the place where the footstalk joins the blade, and commonly diverg- Heisgiiel Vener! Pegves ing, like rays from a centre ; the veins branching off from these. Of this sort are the leaves of the Maple (Fig. 84), Mallow, Currant, Grape-Vine, and less dis- tinetly of the Linden (Fig. 83). Such leaves are generally roundish in shape. It is evident that this kind of veining is adapted to round leaves, and the other kind for those longer than wide. 132. Shapes of Leaves, As to general shape, the following are the names of the principal sorts. (It will be a good exercise for students to look up examples which fit the definitions.) Linear ; narrow, several times longer than wide, and of about the same width throughout, as in Fig. 87. Lance-shaped or Lanceolate ; narrow, much longer than wide, and tapering up- wards, or both upwards and downwards, as in Fig. 88. Oblong ; two or three times longer than broad, as in Fig. 89. KINDS AND FORMS OF LEAVES. 47 Oval ; broader than oblong, and with a flowing outline, as in Fig. 90. Ovate ; oval, but broader towards the lower end; of the shape of a hen’s egg cut through lengthwise, as in Fig. 91. Orbicular ov Round ; circular or nearly circular in outline, as in Fig. 93. 87 88 93 Linear. Lance- Oblong. Oval, i Heart-shaped. Orbicular. shaped. 133. Some leaves taper downwards more than upwards. Of these the common- est forms are the Odblanceolate, or Inversely lance-shaped ; that is, shaped like a lance with the point downwards, as in Fig. 94. Spatulate ; roundish above, and tapering 94 95 96 7 into a long and narrow base, like the old form of the apothecary’s spatula, Fig. 95. Obovate, or Inversely ovate; that is, ovate with the narrow end at the bottom of the leaf, as in Fig. 96. Cuneate or Wedge-shaped ; like the last, a é ls " Oblanceo- Spatulate. Obovate, Cuneate or but with the sides narrowing straight down — he. Wealge shaped to the lower end, in the shape of a wedge, as in Fig. 97. 134. Of course these shapes all run into one another by imperceptible degrees in different cases. The botanist merely gives names to the principal grades. Inter- mediate shapes are described by combining the names of the two shapes the leaf in question most recembles. For example : — Lance-linear, or linear-lanceolate, means between lineax ana lance-shaped. Lance-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, means between oblong and lanceolate in shape. Ovate-lanceolate, between ovate and lance-shaped ; and so on. 185. Or else a qualifying word may be used, as somewhat ovate, slightly heart- shaped, and the like. Thus, Fig. 92 is ovate in general form, but with the base a little notched, i. e. somewhat heart-shaped. It is one of the kinds which depend upon 48 HOW PLANTS GROW. 136. The shape at the base. This is concerned in all the following sorts : — Heart-shaped, or Cordate; when of the shape in which a heart is painted, the base having a recess or notch, as in Fig. 98. Kidney-shaped, or Reniform; like heart-shaped, but rounder, and broader than long, as in Fig. 99. Auricled, or Eared ; having a small projection or Jobe on each side at the base, like a pair of ears, as in Fig. 101. Arrow-shaped, or * =%*& %* Wild species at the West and South: perennials, with 4 separate petals and 8 to 5 pods. 5. Tatu Witp L. Stem 2° to 5° high; leaves parted into 8 or 5 narrow wedge-shaped pointed divis- ions; flowers many in a Jong raceme, blue-purple, in summer. D, exaltatum. Dwarr L. Stem I* high or less; the 5 divisions of the leaves cleft into linear lobes; flowers few, loose, and large, purpie-blue, in spring; pods spreading. D. tricérne. ‘ o 116 POPULAR FLORA. 7 Azure L. Leaves parted and cut into narrow linear lobes; flowers many in a close raceme, sky blue cr white; pods erect. D. azisreum, Aconite. (Monkshood, Wolfsbane.) Aconitum. Sepals 5, petal-like, dissimilar, the upper one largest and forming a hood or helmet. Petals only 2, and those are small and curiously shaped bodies, with a curved or hammer-shaped little blade on a long claw, standing under the hood. Pods as in Larkspur. — Flowers in racemes or panicles, showy, blue, or purple, varying to white. Herbage and roots poisonous. (Fig. 254, 255.) 1, GARDEN AconITE. Stem erect and rather stout, very leafy; divisions of the leaves parted inte linear lobes; flowers crowded. A. Napellus. 2. Witp A. Stem weak and bending, as if to climb; lobes of the leaves lance-ovate; flowers scattered, insummer. W. A. uncindtum. Four petals of Larkspur No. 1, united into one body. 247. Flower, &c. of Wild Columbine. 251, Flower of Larkspur No. 6, 252. Ite 254. Flower of Aconile. 255 Its parte dis 248, Apetal. 249. The ospods opens sepals and petals displayed. playedt e, the sepals; p, the petals ing. 250. A separate pu et, stamens and pistils on the fower-stalk, POPULAR FLORA. 117 2, MAGNOLIA FAMILY. Order MAGNOLIACES. Trees or shrubs, with aromatic or strong-scented and bitter bark, and alternate simple leaves, which are never toothed ; large, thin stipules form the covering of the buds, but fall off early. Flowers large, single at the ends of the branches; their leaves in threes, viz. 3 sepals colored like the petals, and 6 petals in two ranks or 9 in thrée ranks, their margins overlapping in the bud. Stamens very many, on the receptacle, with long anthers occupying, as it were, the side of the filament. Pistils many, packed and partly grown together one above the other, so as 257 to make a sort of cone in fruit. — We have only two genera. 1. Stipules flat, not adhering to the leafstalk. Petals 6, greenish-or- ange. Filaments slender. Pistils overlying each other and grown to- gether to make a spindle-shaped cone, dry when ripe, and sepa- rating into a sort of key-fruit. Leaves somewhat 8-lobed, and as if cut off at the end. One species only is known, the (Liriodéndron Tulipifera) TULIP-TREE. 2. Stipules making a round and pointed bud, adhering to the lower part of the leaf-stalk. Petals 6 to 9. Fil- aments below the anther very short. Cone of fruit rose-red and fleshy when ripe, the pistils opening on the back, the scarlet fleshy-coated seeds hanging by delicate and very 956. Small Laurel-Magnolia, 257. A atamen magnified. 258. Its cone of Sruit, elastic threads, Maeno.ia. thenesda'hangingias they drop. ‘ Magnolia. Magnidlia. Our wild species divide into Laurel-Magnolias, Cucumber-trees, and Umbrella-trees. § 1. LAUREL-MAGNOLIAS. Leaves thick, evergreen at the South; leaf-buds silky; flowers rather globe-shaped, appearing through the summer, white, very fragrant 1, Great LAuREL-MAGNotis4. Tree with leaves deep-green and shining above, rusty beneath when young; flower very large. 8. It has stood the winter as far north as Philadelphia. J£ grandiflora. 2. SMALL LAUREL-M. (or WHITE Bay). Shrub or small tree; leaves oblong, whitish beneath; flower about 2’ broad. Swamps. E. & S. M. glauca. 2. CUCUMBER-TREES. Leaves thin, scattered along the branches, « little downy beneath, buds silky; flowers not sweet-scented, nor showy, nor very large, appearing in spring. 8. Common CucuMBER-M. A tall tree; Jeaves oval or oblong, pointed; flowers greenish; young fruit resembling a very small cucumber. Common W. M. acuminata. . 118 POPULAR FLORA. 4, YELLow CvcumBER-M. A low tree; leaves ovate or a little heart-shaped; flowers cream-yellow. 5.; sometimes cultivated at the North. M. cordata. § 3. UMBRELLA-TREES. Leaves thin, large, those on the flowering shoots forming an umbrella-like circle underneath the blossom; leaf-buds smooth; flower large and white, not sweet-scented, ap- pearing in early spring; petals about 4’ long, tapering below. . EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-M. Leaves nearly 1° long, auricled at the base (Fig. 102). S. af. Fraseri. . COMMON UMBRELLA-M. Leaves 1° to 2° long, tapering into a short footstalk. Md. Umbrella. . There is, besides, the GREAT-LEAVED M., with much the Jargest flowers and leaves of all, the latter 2° or 8° long, scattered, heart-shaped at the base, and white-downy beneath; flower 8 or 10' broad. S. and cult. rarely. It does not belong exactly to either the above divisions. A. macrophylla. “TD 8. The PurrLe MaGno.ta, from Japan, is a shrub in some gardens and grounds, flowering before the leaves are out. Af. purpurea. 3. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. Order ANONACE. Trees or shrubs, resembling the Magnolia family, but the three petals of each set not overlapping each other in the bud; the bark and foliage not aromatic, but unpleasant-tasted; the seeds large and bony, their albumen variegated like a nutmeg; or cut into slits. Leaves entire, des- titute of stipules. Only one genus in this coun- try, and one species com- mon; the 1. Common Papaw. A smali tree, with dingy- purple flowers appear- ing in early spring rath- er before the leaves ; the 3 outer petals much larger than the 3 inner ones ; fruits eatable when ripe, in autumn, 2’ or 3’ long. Common West and South along rivers, in rich soil. 260 Branch of Papaw in flower, 261, Astamen. 262. Plower with ail out tne pistils taken Asinina triloba, off the receptacle, 263. Fruits; two of them cut through, 264, A seed cut through te show the variegated a’ bumen. 260 POPULAR FLORA. 119 4. MOONSEED FAMILY. Order MENISPERMACE. \ Woody climbers, with alternate leaves and small dicecious flowers (as shown in Fig. 16%, 168) ; the sepals ‘and petals each 4 or 6 and both of the same color, and a few one-seeded pistils, becoming small drupes in fruit, with a moon-shaped or kidney-shaped stone. We have two genera of one svecies each, the first common at the North, the second at the South. 1. Stamens 12 to 20: pistils 2 to 4. Flowers white: leaves rounded and angled shield-shaped. Fruit blue-black, ( Menispérmum) Moonsexrp. 2. Stamens 6, one before each petal. Flowers greenish: leaves heart-shaped. ( Cécculus) Coccuus. 5. BARBERRY FAMILY. Order BERBERIDACEA. Readily distinguished (with a single exception) by having the sepals and petals in fours, sixes, or eights (not in fives), and with just the same number of stamens as petals, one before each petal (on the receptacle), the anthers opening by an uplifted valve or door on each side. Pistil only one. Harm- less, except the May-Apple (also called MANDRAKE), which has rather poisonous roots, although the fruit is innocent and eata- ble. Having only one species of each genus, we may ascertain them by the following key : — 268 269 265. Shoot ; 266, cluster of leaves and raceme; 267. enlarged flower spread open ; 268. a petal more magnified ; and, 269. a stamen, with the anther opening, of the common Barberry. Shrubs with yellow bark and wood, and yellow flowers. Stamens and petals 6. Leaves appearing simple, in a cluster above « branching thorn, which is an altered leaf of the year before. Berries red, (Bérberis) BARBERRY Leaves scattered, pinnate, evergreen: no thorns. Berries blue, (Mahénia) * Manonta. Herbs,with perennial roots, all with compound or deeply lobed leaves. Flowers yellowish-green, small. Stamens and petals 6. Leaves decompound, from the root and also at the top of the stem, ( Caulophyllum) Conosn. 120 POPULAR FLORA, Flowers white, rather large: petals larger than the fugacious calyx. Stamens and narrow petals 8. The one-flowered scape and the 2-par‘ed leaves rising separately from the ground. Fruit a many- seeded pod opening by a lid, (Jeffersdnia) TWINLEAR Stamens 12 to 18: petals rounded, 6 to 9. Flowering stems 2-leaved at the top: : leaves shield-shaped and several-cleft, large, with a nodding flower in the fork, (Podophyllum) May-Arrur. 6. WATER-LILY FAMILY. Order NYMPHH ACES. Water-plants with flowers and leaves on long footstalks, rising out of the water or rest- ing on its surface; the leaves either shield-shaped or deeply heart-shaped. Petals and sta- mens generally very many.— To the proper Water-Lily fam- ily may here well enough be added the Water-shield and the Nelumbo, each of a sin- gle species. This gives us four genera, which are distin- guished as follows: — Fruit of Nelumbo. 270. Plower, bud, and leaf of White Water-Lily. 271. Flower with the parte cut away, all but two petal-like atamens, one ordinary stamen, and the compound pistil, 272. Slice across the 1l-celled pistil. 1. Leaves and flowers from very thick and long creeping rootstocks. Sepals and the many petals and stamens gradually blending into each other, and growing to the surface of the many-celled and many-seeded compound pistil. Flower white, sweet- scented, (Nymphea) Waite Warer-Liny. POPULAR FLORA. 121 2. Leaves and flowers from rootstocks like the last. Sepals 5 or 6, rounded, partly petal- like and yellow. Within these amass of small, square-topped bodies looking like and not much larger than the stamens, but really answering to petals; and above them the real stamens in great numbers, all under the many-celled and flat-topped pistil, (Nuphar) YELLow Ponp-Liy, 3. Leaves and small dull-purple flowers from a slender stem rising in the water; the oval leaves attached by the middle of the under side (centrally peltate). Sepals and petals narrow, each 4, and 12 to 18 stamens, all under the 4 to 16 separate and few-seeded pistils, (Brasénia) WATERSHIELD. 4. Sepals and petals (alike in many ranks) and stamens many, all falling off early, all un- der the pistils, which are 12 or more in number and separately embedded in the flat upper face of an enlarged top-shaped receptacle. In fruit they are round and eat- able nuts (Fig. 273). Leaves very large (1° or 2° broad), round, attached by the middle underneath, cupped, rising out of the water, as do the great greenish- yellow flowers also, on long stalks. Common W. & S. (Nelimbium) NELuMBo. 7. SIDESADDLE-FLOWER FAMILY. Order SARRACENIACEA. Bog-plants with hollow, pitcher-shaped or trumpet-shaped leaves, all from the root, making the curious genus Sidesaddle-Flower. Sarracénia. Sepals 5, colored, persistent; and below the calyx are 3 small bractlets. Petals 5, fiddle-shaped, curved inwards. Stamens very many, on the receptacle. Style with a broad and 5-angled umbrella-shaped top, covering the 5-celled ovary and the stamens. Pod many-seeded. Flower single, large, nodding on the summit of a long scape. 1. PurPLE SIDESADDLE-FLOWER, or PITCHER-PLANT. Petals deep purple, arched over the pistil ; leaves pitcher-shaped, yellowish-green, veined with purple, and with a broad wing down the inner side. Common N. &S. 8. purpurea. 2. Rep S. Petals red; leaves long, trumpet-shaped, with a nar- row side wing. S. S. rubra. 3. Sporrep S. Petals yellow ; leaves trumpet-shaped, 12! to 18' long, with a hooded top spotted with white on the back, and a narrow side wing. S. 8S. variolaris. 4. YeLuow S., or Trumpets. Petals yellow, drooping when old; leaves 1° to 8° long, trumpet-shaped, with an upright rounded top turned back at the sides, si’ 2 wing hardly any. Very common 8. 8. flava. Leaves of Purple 8. ; one of themcut off. 122 POPULAR FLORA. 8. POPPY FAMILY. Order PAPAVERACEA. Herbs with a milk-white, yellow, or reddish juice (colorless in Eschscholtzia), which is bitter or acrid and poisonous, alternate leaves, and flowers remarkable for having only 2 (rarely 3) sepals, which fall when the blossom opens, but 4 (or in one case 8 or 12) petals, which fall early. Sta- mens many, on the re. ceptacle. Pistil one, compound, but almost al- ways one-celled, many- seeded, the seeds borne on the walls or on pro- jections from them (pa- rietal), Eschscholtzia is remarkable for its calyx shaped like a pointed cap or a candle-extin- 278 281 278 . -— Ir t case: Bia Ran inaes guisher. — In most cases 275. A flower-bud casting itscalyx, 277. Pod of Celandine open- and, 276, a flower of Poppy. ing. 278. Frame of the of Eschscholtzia. we have only one spe- same, turned flatwise, and bea Theleapsbaped is h seeds still on it. calyx fallen off. y 8 HL Theped cies of each genus. Petals 4, crumpled or plaited in the bud, which nods before opening (except in the Prickly-Poppy). Ovary and pod incompletely several-celled, by plates or placentas projecting from the walls and covered with numberless seeds. Stigmas making a flat sessile cap. Pod hard, opening by pores under the edge of the cap of stigmas, (Papaver) * Popry. Ovary and pod strictly one-celled, opening by valves, and leaving the placentas as a slender frame between them. Flowers yellow, rarely white. Pod and leaves prickly. Style none: stigmas 4 or 6, (Argeméne) PRickLy-Poppy. Pod bristly. Style present: stigmas 8 or 4, (Styléphorum) CELANDINE-PorPy. Pod smooth, slender (Fig. 277): stigmas 2, (Chelidonium) CELANDINE. Ovary and long narrow pod 2-celled by a thick partition in which the seeds are em- bedded; stigma 2-horned, (Glaucium) * Horn-Porry. Petals not crumpled in the bud, which does not nod. Petals 8 to 12, narrow, white. Pod oblong. Juice orange-red, (Sanguinaria) BLoopRooT. Petals 4, broad, yellow. Sepals united into a pointed cap which falls off as a lid (Fig. 280, 281). Receptacle or end of the flower-stalk expanded and _ top- shaped. Stigmas 3 to 7, slender, unequal. Pod many-ribbed. Juice watery, colorless, but strong-scented, * ESCHSCHOLTZIA. POPULAR FLORA. 123 9. FUMITORY FAMILY. Order FUMARIACE. Tender herbs with a colorless juice, compound alternate leaves, and irregular flowers with only two small scale-like sepals, a flattened and closed corolla of 4 petals more or less grown together, the two outside ones larger with small spreading tips, the two inner small and with spoon-shaped tips stick- ing together face to face over the anthers and stigma: stamens on the receptacle, 6 in two sets or bundles, one before each of the larger petals, or all joined in one tube below. The middle anther of each set is two-celled; the side ones only one-celled. Pistil one, in the manner of the Poppy fam- ily. Pod one-celled. Bitterish, harmless plants, with singularly shaped flowers, some of them handsome. We have four gen- era, two of them of only one species each. 282, Bulb, and, 283, leaf and flowers uf Dicentra No. 1. 284. Flower, natural size. 285, 286. Same, taken to pieces, 237. Diagram vf the fower of a Corydal. 288. One of the sets of stamens umited. Flower heart-shaped, or with a spur on each side at the base. Petals all permanently united into a slightly heart-shaped (pale flesh-colored) corolla, which dries without falling and encloses the four-seeded pod. A delicate vine climbing by the tendril-like divisions of its thrice-pinnate leaves, (Adlimia) SMOKE-VINE. Petals less united, readily separated. Pod several-seeded, (Dicéntra) DicENTRA Flower with a projection or spur at the base on one side only. Ovary slender, forming a several-seeded pod, ‘ ( Corydalis) CORYDAL. Ovary" and fruit, round, small, one-seeded, not opening, (Fumaria) Fumirory.. 124 POPULAR FLORA. Dicentra. Dicénira (wrongly called Dielytra). The species are perennials with singular and handsome flowers in racemes, blossoming in spring. * Wild species, in rich woods; the decompound and finely cut leaves and naked flower-stalk rising separately from the ground, in early spring. Delicate low plants, chiefly found N. & W. 1. Durcuman’s Breecnres D. (Fig. 282-286.) Herbage from w sort of bulb of coarse grains; ~ corolla white, tipped with cream-color, with 2 very large spurs. D. Cucullaria. 2. SQuiRREL-Corn D. Underground shoots bearing little yellow tuber-like bodies, resembling grains of Indian Corn; corolla white and flesh-color, fragrant like Hyacinths. D. Canadénsis. * * Garden species, leafy-stemmed, 2° or 3° high, with Peony-like leaves. 3. SHowy D. Racemes drooping, one-sided; flowers pink-purple, 1’ long. Cultivated. D. spectdbilis. Corydal. Corydalis. Our two species are leafy-stemmed biennials, glaucous, with twice-pinnate leaves, and linear or slender pods. They grow in rocky places and flower in spring and summer. 1. GotpEN C. Low and spreading; flowers yellow in simple racemes; pods hanging. C. aitrea. 2. Pate C. Upright; flowers purplish and yellowish; racemes panicled; pods erect. C. glauca. 10. CRUCIFEROUS OR CRESS FAMILY. Order CRUCIFERE. Herbs, with alternate leaves, a sharp-tasted watery juice (never poisonous, but often very acrid or biting); perfectly distinguished by their cruciferous flowers, tetradyjnamous stamens, and by having the sort of pod called a silique or silicle (240, 241). The flower is called cruciferous because the 4 petals, with claws enclosed in tne 4-sepalled calyx, have their blade spreading so as to form the four arms of a cross. As to the stamens, they are 6 in number (on the receptacle), two of them always shorter than the other four. The pistil makes a pod, like that of the Celandine, &c. in the Poppy family (Fig. 277), except that a partition stretches across between the two thread-shaped placentas, and divides the cavity into two cells. When the pod opens, the two valves fall away, leaving the seeds attached to the edges of this frame. The whole kernel of the seed isan embryo. It is always bent or folded up, in various ways. The flowers of the whole family are so much alike, that the genera have to be distinguished by their pods and seeds. This makes the family too difficult for the beginner. But so many plants of the family are common in cultivation, that we add a tabular key, leading to the names of the principal kinds. 293 292 249. Flower of Mustard. 290. Stamens and pistil, more magnified. 291 Pod (silique) of Toothwort, opening. 292. Pod (silicle or pouca of Shepherd’s-Puise. 298. Same, with one valve fallen off. POPULAR FLORA. 12s 1. Pod (silique) generally several times longer than wide. Pod not splitting open when ripe, but becoming hard, beak-pointed. Seeds round. Flowers pink or purple. Pod thick, fleshy when young, (Raphanus) *RApDISH. Flowers yellow, turning whitish or purplish. Pod long, necklace-shaped, (Raphanus, § Raphanistrum) Jo1nTED-CHARLOCK Pod splitting, i.e. opening when ripe by two valves, which fall off and leave the partition. Pod ending ina beak. Seeds round. Flowers yellow. Calyx erect in blossom. Roots, stems, or leaves, &c. be- } (Brassica) | *TURNIP and coming fleshy in cultivation, *CABBAGE. Calyx open or spreading in blossom, (Sinapis) Mustarp. Pod not beaked, i. e. not ending in a strong-pointed tip. Seeds flat or oblong. Calyx unequal, two of the sepals projecting or pouch-shaped at the base. Flowers yellow or orange. Pod and seeds flat, ( Chetrdnthus) *WALLFLOWER. Flowers rose, purple, or white. Pods not flat. Stigmas thickened on the back. Seeds flat, (Matthiola) *Stock. Stigmas close-pressed together. Seeds oblong, (Hésperis) *Rockert. Calyx equal, i. e. the sepals all alike or nearly so. Pods flat. Flowers white or purple. Valves of the pod with a mid-nerve or vein, (.4rabis) Rock-Cress. Valves of the pod without a nerve. Stem-leaves alternate or scattered, (Cardamine) BITTER-CREss. Stem-leaves 2 or 8, whorled or clustered. Root fleshy, (Dentaria) Tooruworrt. Pods obtusely 4-sided, linear. Flowers yellow, (Barbarea) WinTER-CREss. Pods awl-shaped. Flowers pale yellow, (Sisymbrium) HepGE-Mustarp. Pods turgid, short-linear or oblong, (Nastirtium) Water-Cress. 2. Pod (silicle or pouch) short, the length not more than two or three times the breadth. Pod opening when ripe by 2 valves which fall off and leave the partition. Pod globose or ovoid, many-seeded, (Armoracia) HORSERADISH. Pod pear-shaped, rather flattish, many-seeded. Flowers yellow, (Camelina) FALSE-FLAX. Pod flat, with a broad partition. Seeds many, (Draba) Wuirtow-Grass. Pod flat, with a broad partition. Seeds 2 to 4. Flowers purple, large. Pod large, stalked above the calyx, (Lunaria) *HoneEstyY. Flowers white, small. Pod small, 2-seeded, (Koniga) *SweEeEt-ALyssum. Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white or purple. Seeds many; pod triangular-obcordate with a shallow notch, ( Capsélla) SHEPHERD’s-PURSE. Seeds only one in each cell. Petals all alike. Flowers very small, (Lepidium) PEPPERGRASS. Petals unlike; the two on the outer side of the flower larger, (Ibéeris) *CANDYTUFT. Pod not opening, 1-celled, 1-seeded, wing-like. Flowers yellow, (Isatis) *Woap Pod not opening, but jointed across the middle, fleshy. Flowers purplish, ( Cakile) Sea-RockEy ll. MIGNONETTE FAMILY. Order RESEDACEA. A family consisting of a few European herbs, with small and irregular flowers, which deserves notice merely because it contains the 126 POPULAR FLORA. Mignonette. Reséda. Sepals 4 to 7, green, not falling off, open in the bud. Petals 4 to 7, unequal, on broad claws, the small blade cleft as if cut into several narrow slips. Stamens 10 or more, borne on an enlargement of the receptacle, turned to one side of the blossom. Pod short and broad, one-celled, dividing at the top into 8 to 6 horns, opening between the horns long before the seeds are ripe. The seeds are kidney shaped, numerous, and parietal, that is, borne along the walls of the pod. —Herbs, with alternate leaves and small dull-looking flowers crowded in a raceme or spike. ~ 1. Common Micxonetre. Low and spreading; leaves some entire, others 3-cleft; sepals and petals 6or7. Cultivated for its very fragrant small flowers. R. odorata. 2. Dyen's-WrEED. Stem simple, upright, 2° high; leaves all entire, broadly lance-shaped; sepals and petals 4. A weed along road-sides in some places; used for dying yellow. R. Lutéota.* 12. VIOLET FAMILY. Order VIOLACEZ. Herbs with 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens borne on the receptacle, the lower petal rather different from the rest and enlarged at the bottom into a projecting sac or spur.” Stamens very short and broad, the anthers a little united by their edges around the pistil , Pistil one, with one style. Pod one-celled, with three rows of seeds on its walls. — Leaves with stipules, Roots and juice rather acrid. The common plants of the family belong to the genus, ~ 1. Violet. Viola. Flower nodding on the summit of the flower-stalk. Style club-shaped; stigma bent over to one side. — Flowering in spring, and some species continuing to blossom all summer. * Stemless species, i. v. leaves and naked flower-stalks all from rootstocks on or under ground. + Garden species from Europe spreading by runners or rootstocks above ground. % 1. SwEeEr orn Eneiisu VioLet. Leaves rounded heart-shaped; flowers blue-purple, also a white variety, very fragrant. Cultivated, generally double-flowered. V. odorata. + + Wild species, with tufted and fleshy uneven rootstocks. Flowers short-spurred. “ ++ Flowers purple or blue, nearly scentiless. 2. Common BuvE V. Flowers pretty large; side-petals bearded; leaves on long upright stalks, heart- shaped or kidney-shaped, the sides at the bottom rolled in when young, slightly toothed, or in the lobed or Hand-leaf variety cleft or parted in various degrees. Low grounds. V. cucullata. 8. Harry V. Leaves short-stalked and flat on the ground; flowers smaller; otherwise like the last. Dry soil, 8. & W. V. villosa. 4, ARROW-LEAVED V. Early leaves on short and margined footstalks, oblong-heart-shaped, halberd- shaped, arrow-shaped, lance-oblong or ovate. Varying greatly, hairy or smoothish; side petals or all of them bearded; flowers large for the size of the plant. Dry or moist ground. _‘V. sagittata. 6-Brrp’s-roor V. Leaves cut into fine linear lobes, petals lilac-purple, large, beardless. Moist sandy soil. V. pedata. ++ ++ Flowers small, white, faintly sweet-scented, the lower petal streaked. Small, in damp soil. 6. BLanp V. Leaves rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped; petals without’any beard. V. blanda.” 7. PRIMROSE-LEAVED V. Leaves oblong or ovate; side-petals generally bearded. V. primulefolia. ' POPULAR FLORA. 127 8 Lancr-LEAvED Vioter. Leaves lance-shaped, erect, smooth; petals not bearded. _‘V. danceolaa. ++ ++ ++ Flowers light yellow, small. 9. RounD-LEAVED V. Leaves round ovate and heart-shaped, spreading flat on the ground; side- lo. 11. 22, 13. 14. 15. petals bearded and brown-streaked inside. Cold woods, N. V. rotundifolia * * Leafy-stemmed species. + Wild species, perennial, with heart-shaped leaves, blossoming nearly all summer. Lone-spurrep V. Spur 3/ long, considerably longer than the pale bluish corolla. V. rostrata, MuHLENBERG's V. Low, spreading by runners; spur stout, not more than half the length of the pale violet corolla. Wet woods. V. Muhlenber git. Pate V. Spur much shorter than the cream-colored corolla; lower petal streaked. V. striata. Canava V. Tall; petals white above, violet-tinged beneath; spur very short. V. Canadensis. Downy V. Tall, leafless below, downy; corolla yellow, spur very short. V. pubescens. + + Cultivated or run wild; root annual or biennial. HEART’s-EASE OR Pansy V. Low; upper leaves oval, the lower heart-shaped; stipules large and leaf-like, pinnatifid; corolla yellow-whitish, violet-blue, and purple, varying or mixed, large and showy in the cultivated Pansy, becoming small when run wild. V. tricolor. 13. CISTUS FAMILY. Order CISTACEA. # This small family consists of low shrubby plants or perennial herbs, in Europe with a showy corolla which opens only once, in sunshine, the petals falling off at sunset. Here it contains only a few less handsome, or homely, weed-like plants. They may be known by the followiug marks. — Leaves some of them alternate. Calyx remaining after blossoming, of 5 sepals, three of them large and two smaller, often very small, the latter entirely outside in the bud and looking like bracts. Petals 5 or 38, all alike, overlapping each other in the bud, each with one edge covering the one before it, but covered by that behind it Sta- mens from 3 to 20 or more, all separate, borne on the receptacle. Pistil one, making a one-celled pod, with the seeds borne on three lines down the walls, or on projections from them, that is, with 294, Flower, &c., of Frostweed. 295. Its calys x and 3 parietal placentas. pistil. 206. Its ovary cut across and magnitie Petals 5, yellow, falling after the flower has opened for one day only. Style none. Petals crumpled in the bud, (Heliénthemum) FRrostwEup Style slender. Little shrubs with minute leaves on sandy shores, (Hudsdnia) Hupsonta Petals 3, purplish, persistent. Flowers very smalL (Léchea) PINWERD, 128 POVULAR FLORA. 14. ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY. Order HYPERICACEA. Herbs or low shrubs, with the leaves all opposite and dotted, as if punctured, with trans. parent or dark-colored dots, one or both; the juice generally acrid. Flowers with 4 or 5 persistent sepals, as many petals, and more numerous, commonly a great number of “sta- mens, and in 3 or 5 clusters, borne on the receptacle. Styles 2 to 5, commonly separate, or sometimes all united into one. Ovary only one, in fruit a pod, either one-celled with 2 to 5 (commonly 3) parietal pla- centas, or with as many cells and the placentas in the inner angle of each cell (Fig. 189, 190), when ripe splitting through the partitions (Fig. 212). 298 297 299 300 301 297. Flowers, &c. of St John’a-wort No. 4 298 Pistil of 3 united. 299. Pod cut across. 300. Plan of the flower of Marsh St, Jobn’s-wort, in a cross-section of the bud. 301. One of the clusters of three stamens. Sepals 5, all nearly alike in size and shape. Petals 5, flesh-colored, oblong, equal-sided, stamens about 9, in three sets, and a thick gland between each set, (Elodéa) Marsu St. JOHN’S-wort. Petals 5, yellow, unequal-sided. Stamens generally many, (Hypericum) Sr. Jown’s-wort. Sepals 4, in two pairs, one pair large, the other small; petals 4, (A'scyrum) St. PETER’s-wort. St. John’s-wort. Hypericum. * Stamens very many, in 5 sets. Styles 5, rarely 6 or 7. 1. Great St. Jonn’s-wort. Perennial herb, with stems branched, 3° to 5° high; leaves closely sessile, oblong; petals 1’ long, narrow. N. & W. HT. pyramidatumn. %* * Stamens very many. Styles 3 or splitting into 8. Perennials or shrubs. 2. SoruBBY S. Shrub 1° to 4° high, very bushy; branchlets 2-edged; leaves lance-oblong; styles at first all united into one (Fig. 190), when old splitting into three. W.&S. H. prolificum. 8. NAKED-FLOWERED S. Shrubby at the base, 1° to 4° high; branches sharply 4-angled; leaves oblong; cyme stalked and naked. S. & W. A. nudiflorum, 4. Common S. Herb 1° or 2° high, bushy-branched; stem somewhat 2-edged; leaves narrow-oblong, with transparent dots; sepals lance-shaped; petals bright yellow. A weed in pastures, &c. EH. perforatum POPULAR FLORA. iy 5. Corymnep §. Herb 1° to 2° high, with a terete stem, little branched; leaves oblong, dotted with black as well as with transparent dots, and so generally are the pale yellow petals; sepals oblong. Low grounds. Ef. corymbosum. %* * * Stamens few, 5 to 15. Styles 3, short. Pod one-celled. Slender annuals, growing in wet or sandy places, 4’ to 15! high: flowers very small. 6. SMALLS. Stem weak, with spreading branches, leafy to the top; leaves ovate or oblong, partly clasping, 5-ribbed. A. mitilum. 7. Canava 8. Branches erect, leaves lance-shaped or linear; cymes leafless. H. Canadense. 8. Pine-weED S. Bushy-branched, the branches wiry and very slender; the leaves very minute, awl-shaped, close-pressed to the branches; flowers minute, sessile along the branches. HZ. Sardthra. 15. PINK FAMILY. Order CARYOPHYLLACE. Herbs with opposite and entire leaves, which are not dotted, the stems swollen at the joints. Flowers regular, their parts in fives, sometimes in fours. Stamens never more than twice as many as the petals or sepals, and often fewer, on the receptacle or the calyx. Styles or stigmas generally separate, 2 to 5. Fruit a pod, which is generally one-celled, with the seeds from the bottom or on a central column. These are kidney-shaped, and have the embryo on the outside of the albumen, generally coiled around it.— Bland 304 308 307 202, Piece of Side:flowerlngiSandwotts 303. Flower magnified. 304. A seed divided, showing the embryo coiled around the outside a) she albumen. 305. Pisuil of Sand-Spurrey cut through leugthwise and magnified, #05. Lower part of the ovary of the same, ew, across, 307. Flower of a Catchfly cut through lengthwise, 308. A separate petal. 180° POPULAR FLORA. herbs: some are insignificant weeds; others have handsome flowers, and are cultivated for ornament. They form two main sub-families, one containing the Pinks, the other the Chick- weeds. For lack of room, only the principal genera can be given here, without the species, which are numerous. I. PINK Susramizy. Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals with long claws, which are en- closed in the tube of the calyx. The petals and the 10 stamens are generally raised more or less on a stalk within the calyx. lod many-seeded, openiug at the top. Flowers mostly rather large and showy. Calyx furnished with two or more scaly bractlets at the base. Styles 2, (Dianthus) * Pink. Calyx naked, i.e. without any bractlets at the base. Styles 2. Calyx cylindrical and even, (Saponaria) Soapwort Styles 2. Calyx oblong and strongly 5-angled, (Vaccaria) CowHERB. Styles 8. Calyx 5-toothed, (Silene) Carcuevy. Styles 5. Calyx with short teeth, which are not leaf-like, (Lychnis) * Lycunts. Calyx with leafy lobes, which are longer than the petals, (Agrostémma) Cock Le. II. CHICKWEED Supraminy. Sepals separate or nearly so. Petals without claws, spreading, sometimes wanting. Small or low herbs; many are weeds. Flowers small, mostly white, except in Sand-Spurrey. Pod 3-celled, many-seeded. Petals none. Prostrate annual weed, (Adolliigo) CARPETWEED. Pod one-celled, with several or many seeds. Styles 3 to 5. Stipules or little scales between the leaves none. Petals 2-cleft or parted, or notched at the end. Styles and petals 5. Pod opening by 10 teeth. ( Cerastium) MousE-EAR CIlICK WEED. Styles 3 or 4. Pod splitting into valves, (Stellaria) CHICK WEED. Petals entire, not notched nor cleft. Styles 8, fewer than the petals, (Arenaria) SANnpwort. Styles 5 or 4, as many as the petals, (Sagina) PEARLWoRT. Stipules in the form of scales between the bases of the leaves. Styles 3. Leaves not whorled. Petals purple, (Spergularia) SAND-SPURREY. Styles 5. Leaves in whorls, narrow. Petals white, (Spérgula) Sruxrey. 16. PURSLANE FAMILY. Order PORTULACACE. More or less fleshy herbs, with entire leaves, and flowers which open only in sunshine. Sepals fewer than the petals (i. e. sepals 2, petals 5), with a stamen before each one, or else with many stamens. Pod one-celled, with the seeds, like those of the Pink family, on stalks rising from the base of the cell. Harmless and tasteless herbs; the Spring-Beauty has handsome flowers in the spring in woods. The common Purslane is a well-known gar- den weed and pot-herb, and the Great-flowered Purslane, with its cylindrical fleshy leaves and large red or searlet flowers, is a common ornamental annual in cultivation. Calyx 2-cleft, the tube united with the lower part of the ovary. Petals opening only once. Stamens 7 to 20. Pod many-seeded, opening round the middle, the top falling off as a lid. Annuals. (Portulaca) PurstanE. POPULAR FLORA. 131 Calyx 2-leaved, free from the ovary, which makes a few-seeded pod, splitting into 3 valves. Stamens 5, one before each petal. Leaves 2 and opposite in our species, on a stem which comes from a small tuber. Flowers rose-color, in a raceme, open- ing for several days. ( Claytonia) Sprinc-BEauTY. 316 309, Halttats fowrenol the common Purslane, divided lengthwise and magnified. 310, Pod of the same, opening by a lid. Claytonia or Spring-Beauty. 312 "Its 2-cleft calyx and pod. 313. Ripe pod cut across, and splitting into three stlven 314, Seed, more magnified. 315. Same, cut through, to show the coiled embryo. 316. Embryo taken out. 17. MALLOW FAMILY. Order MALVACEA. Distinguished by the numerous monadelphous stamens (i.e. united by their filaments into a tube or column), with kidney-shaped one-celled anthers, and the five sepals or lobes of the calyx applied edge to edge without overlapping (i. e. valvate) in the bud, and persistent. Leaves almost always palmately. -veined, alternate, with stipules. Petals united at the bot- tom with the tube of stamens. There is often a sort of outer calyx, below the true one, called an involucel. All innocent plants, full of mucilage (it is extracted from the root of Marsh-Mallow), and with a very touch fibrous inner bark. Flowers often handsome. Anthers all at the top of the column cf united filaments (Fig. 317). Involucel or outer calyx present. Cells of the fruit many in a ring, separating whole when ripe, one-seeded. Involucel 9-parted. Separated little pods marginless. Plant soft-downy: root pe- rennial, (Althea) Marsi-MA.tow. Involucel about 6-parted. Separated pods with membranaceous margins. Plants tall, roughish: root biennial. Flowers large, (Althea, § A'lcea) * HottyHock. TInvolucel 3-6-cleft. A flat vlate covering the circle of vods. (Lavatera) * LAVATERA. UInvolucel 3-leaved. Circle of pods naked, around a narrow axis, ‘(Malva) Mattow. 132 POPULAR FLORA, Involucel or outer calyx none. Flowers dicecious, small, white. Pods or cells one-seeded, -(Napea) GLADE-MALLow. Flowers perfect. Cells of the pod 5 to 15. Seed only one in each cell. Flowers yellow or white, (Sida) Siva. Seeds 2 to 9 in each of the cells, (Abitilon) InpIAN-MALLOW. Anthers attached along the sides of the upper part of the slender column. Pod of 3 to5 cells, and splitting into as many valves. Involucel of many thread-shaped leaves. Calyx splitting down one side when the flower opens. Pod long, (Abelmdschus) * OKRA. Calyx not splitting down one side. Pod short. Seeds naked, (Hibiscus) Hisiscus. Involucel of 3 heart-shaped toothed leaves. Seeds bearing wool, (Gossypium) * Corron- 317, Stamens of Mallow united in a tube (monadelphous). 318, An anther more magnified. 319. Flowers and leaf of Marsh-Mallow, 320. Its compound pistil magnified. 321, Pod of Hibiscus surrounded by the calyx and involu- cel, 822, The pod splitting into 5 valves. Mallow. Malva. Involucel or outer calyx 3-leaved. Petals notched at the upper and broader end. Styles many. Little pods or cells many in a ring around a narrow axis or column (the whole shaped like a cheese), when ripe falling away separately, each one-seeded. — Herbs; flowering all summer. 1. Low Matiow. Root very long; stems spreading on the ground ; leaves round-kidney-shaped, long-stalked, scarcely lobed, crenate; flowers several in the axils, small, whitish. Very common weed in waste and cultivated ground. M. rotundifolia. 2. Hich M. Stem 8° high; leaves lobed; flowers large, rose-purple. Gardens. M. sylvestris. 3. Musk M. Stem 2° high; leaves 5-parted and the divisions cut into linear ‘obes (the smell faintly musky); flowers large, rose-color. Gardens. Af. moschata. 4. CuRLED M. Stem 4° to 6° high; leaves round, toothed, much curled around the edge; flow- ers small,white, sessile in the axils. Gardens. M. crispa. Hibiscus. Hibiscus. Flowers large, with an involucel of many narrow bractlets, and a 5-cleft calyx, which does not open down one side. Stamens in a long and slender column. Stigmas 5. Pod short, 5-celled, splitting when ripe into 5 valves, many-seeded; the seeds smooth or hairy, not long-woolly. Showy herbs or shrubs: flowering in autumn. POPULAR FLORA. 133 1. SHrupsy or ALTH«A Hrisgiscus. Shrub 5° to 10° high, smooth ; leaves wedge-ovate, toothed, 8-lobed ; flowers short-stalked, white, purple-red, &c. (single or double). Cultivated for orna- ment. Hl. Syriacus. 2. Great Rep H. Herb 8° high from a perennial root, smooth; leaves deeply cleft into 5 lance-linear lobes; corolla red, 8’ to11' broad! 8. and in gardens. Zi. coccineus. 8. HALBERD-LEAVED H. Herb 6° high from a perennial root, smooth; lower leaves 3-lobed, upper halberd-shaped; calyx bladdery after flowering; corolla flesh-colored, 3’ long. Hi. militaris. 4. Marsn H. Herb 6° high from a perennial root; leaves soft-downy and whitish underneath, ovate, pointed, the lower 3-lobed; base of the flower-stalks and leafstalks often grown together; corolla 5' broad, white or rose-color with a crimson eye. Salt marshes, &c. HH. Moscheitos. 5. Bhapper-Kermia H. (or Flower-of-an-Hour). Herb 1° to 2° high from an annual root, somewhat hairy; lower leaves toothed, upper 8-parted, with narrow divisions; corolla greenish-yellow with a dark-brown eye, opening only in midday sunshine; calyx bladdery after flowering, enclosing the pod. Gardens, &c. H. Tridnum. 18. LINDEN FAMILY. Order TILIACEZ. Has the tough and fibrous inner bark and the bland mucilage of the Mallow family. Its distinctions are shown in the only genus we have, viz. : — 323. American Linden, in flower. 324. Magnified cross-section of a flower-bud. 325. A wilt of stamens with the petal-like scale. 326. Pistil. 327, Fruit cut in twa, Linden or Basswood. Tilia. Sepals 5, thick, valvate (the margins edge to edge) in the bud, falling off after flowering. Petals 5, cream-color. Stamens very many, on the receptacle, in 5 clusters: anthers 2-celled. Pistil one: ovary 5-celled, with two ovules in each cell; in fruit woody, small, closed, mostly one-seeded. — Large, soft- wooded trees, with heart-shaped leaves, often oblique at the base. Flowers in a small cluster on @ slender and hanging peduncle from the axil of a leaf, and united part way with a narrow leaf-like bract. (Also called Lime-trees.) 184 POPULAR FLORA. 1. American Linpen or Basswoop. Leaves green, smooth, or in some varieties downy underneath; a petal-like body in the middle of each of the 5 clusters of stamens. T. Americana. 2. EvropEAN LinpEN. Leaves smooth or nearly so; stamens hardly in clusters, no petal-like bodies with them. Cultivated in cities, &c. as a shade-tree. T. Europea. 19. CAMELLIA FAMILY. Order CAMELLIACEA. Shrubs or small trees, with alternate and simple leaves, not dotted; large and showy flowers, with a persistent calyx of 5 overlapping sepals, and very many stamens, their fila- ments united at the bottom with each other and with the base of the petals. Anthers 2-celled. Fruit a woody pod of 3 to 6 cells, containing few large seeds. To this belongs the grateful Tra-pLant of China, and the " CAMELLIA, of our green-houses, Caméllia Japénica. LoxBLouiy-Bay, of swamps in the Southern States, Gordonia Lasidnthus. 20. ORANGE FAMILY. Order AURANTIACE. Like the last, this family hardly claims a place here, being only house-plants, except far south. Known by having 20 or more stamens in one row around a single pistil, and the leaves having a joint between the blade and the winged or margined footstalk : they (and the fra- grant petals) are punctate with transparent dots, looking like holes when held between the eye and the light, which are little reservoirs of fragrant oil. Fruita berry with a thick rind. ORANGE, Citrus Aurdntium. Lemon, Citrus Limonium. 21. FLAX FAMILY. Order LINACEZ. Herbs with tough fibres in the inner bark, simple leaves, and oily seeds with a mucilagi- nous coat ; consisting only of the Flax genus, which is known by the following marks : — 328. Common Flax. 329, Half of a flower, enlarged. 330. Pod, cut across Flax. Linum. Sepals 5, overlapping, persistent. Petals 5, on the receptacle. Stamens 5, united with each other at the bottom. Styles 5. Pod 10-celled and splitting when ripe into 10 pieces with one seed in each Flowers opening only for one day. POPULAR FLORA. 135 1. Common Fiax. Root annual; leaves lance-shaped; flower blue. Cultivated. L. usitatissimum. 2. Vircrnta FLAX. Root perennial; leaves oblong or lance-shaped; flowers very small, yellow. Dry woods. L. Virginianum. 22. WOOD-SORREL FAMILY. Order OXALIDACES. Small herbs with sour juice, compound leaves of three leaflets, and flowers nearly as in the Flax family, but with 10 stamens, a 5-celled pod, and two or more seeds in each cell. One genus, viz. ; ‘Wood-Sorrel. Ozxalis. Sepals, petals, and styles 5. Stamens 10; filaments united (monadelphous) at the base. Pod thin, 5-lobed. Leaflets obcordate. Flowering in summer. 1. Common W. One-flowered scape and leaves rising from a scaly rootstock, hairy; petals large, white with reddish veins. N. in cold and moist woods. O. Acetosélla. 2. VioLter W. Several-flowered scape and leaves, from a scaly bulb; petals violet. 0. violacea, 8. YELLow W. Stems ascending, leafy; flowers 2 to 6 on one peduncle, small, yellow. 0. stricta. 23. GERANIUM FAMILY. Order GERANIACE. Herbs or small shrubs, with scented leaves, having stipules, the lower ones opposite. 5 Roots astringent. Sepals 5, overlapping. Petals 5. Stamens 10, but part of them in some cases ‘without anthers: fila-. ments commonly united at the bottom. Pistils 5 grown into one, that is, all united to a long beak of the receptacle (except the 5 stigmas) ; and when the fruit is ripe the styles split away from the beak and curl up or twist, carrying 391. Leaf, and 332. Flowers of Wild Geranium. 333. Stamene and piatil 334. Fruit bursting. with them the five lit- . Seed. 336 Same, cut across. tla ene.seeded pods, as shown in Fig. 334. — There are three genera, viz. GERANIUM or Cranesbill; Eroprum, which differs in having only 5 stamens with anthers, and the fruit-bearing styles bearded inside; and PeLARGonrum, which has the corolla more or less irregular, generally 7 stamens with anthers, &c. The latter are the House Geraniums, from the Cape of Good Hope, of several species and many varieties. We describe only the wild species of true 136 POPULAR FLORA. Geranium or Cranesbill. Geranium. Petals all alike. All 10 stamens with anthers, every other one shorter. — Herbs. 1. Sporrep G. Stem erect, from a perennial root; leaves 6-parted, also cut and toothed, often whitish-blotched; petals pale purple. Borders of woods; fl. in spring and summer. G. maculatum. 2, CaroLina G. Stems spreading from a biennial or annual root; leaves 5-parted, and cut into nar- row lobes; flowers small; petals flesh-color, notched at the end. Waste places. G. Carolintanum 3. Hers-Rozverr G. Stems spreading; leaves 3-divided, and the divisions twice pinnately cleft; flowers small, purple. Moist woods and ravines; fl. summer. G. Robertianum. 24. INDIAN-CRESS FAMILY. Order TROPAOLACES. Twining, climbing, or trailing herbs, with a watery juice of a sharp taste like Mustard, alternate leaves, and showy irregular flowers, as in Indian-Cress (commonly called Nasturtium). Tropeolum. Calyx projecting into a long hollow spur behind, petal-like, 5-cleft. Petals 5, of two sorts, two of them borne on the throat of the calyx, the 3 others with claws. Stamens 8, unequal. Fruit 3-lobed, separating into 3 thick and closed one-seeded pieces. 1. Common I. or Nasturtium. Very smooth; leaves roundish, shield-shaped; flowers large; petals orange-yellow, the claws of 3 of them fringed. Cult. very common. T. majus. 2. Canary-BIRD I. Climbing high; leaves deeply lobed; petals pale yellow, cut-fringed. Cult. T. peregrinum. 25. BALSAM FAMILY. Order BALSAMINACES. Tender annuals, with a bland watery juice and very irregular flowers; such as those of the principal genus, 7 Balsam (or JEWEL-WEED). Impatiens. Calyx and corolla colored alike and diffi- cult to distinguish, in all of 6 pieces, the largest one extended backward into a large and deep sac ending in a little spur; and the two innermost unequally 2-lobed. Stamens on the receptacle, 5, very short, united over the pistil. This forms a thick-walled pod, which when ripe suddenly bursts with con- siderable force, or falls into 6 coiling pieces at the touch, scattering the rather large seeds. — Leaves simple, alternate. Flowers showy, produced all summer. 337. Flower of No. ¥. 338. Calyx and corolla displayed. 1. GARDEN Batsam. Flowers very showy, white, red, or pink, often double, clustered in the axils of the crowded lance-shaped leaves. Garden annual. L. Balsémina. 2. PALE JEWEL-WEED. Flowers pale-yellow, sparingly spotted, the hanging sac broader than long; leaves ovate or oblong. Common in rich and shady or wet soil. T. pallida. 3. SpotreD JEWEL-WEED. Flowers orange, spotted with reddish-brown; sac longer than broad. I. fuive. POPULAR FLORA. 137 26. RUE FAMILY. Order RUTACEZ. Strong-scented, sharp-tasted, and bitter-acrid plants, the leaves dotted with transparent dots like punctures (which are filled with volatile oil) ; the stamens on the receptacle, as many or twice as many as the petals, Herbs, very strong-scented, with perfect flowers. Stamens 8 or 10. Leaves decompound. Flowers yellow: petals concave. Pod roundish, (Ruta) * Rux. Leaves pinnate. Flowers white or purple, large: petals slender: stamens long. Pods 5, flattened, slightly united, (Dictamnus) * FRAXINELLA. Shrubs or trees. Stamens 4 or 5, only as many as the petals. Flowers dicecious. Pistils 2 to 5, making fleshy pods with one or two black seeds. Leaves pinnate. Stems prickly, (Zanthécylum) PRrick.y-AsH. Flowers polygamous. Pistil 1, making a 2-celled, 2-seeded key, winged all round. Leaflets 8. Stems not prickly, (Ptélea) Hop-TREE. 27. SUMACH FAMILY. Order ANACARDIACEZA. Trees or shrubs witha milky or a resinous-acrid juice (in some cases poisonous), and al- ternate leaves : — of which we have only the genus Sumach. Rhus. Flowers small, greenish-white or yellowish. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5; the latter borne on an en- largement of the receptacle which fills the bottom of the calyx. Styles or stigmas 3, on a one-celled ovary, which makes a one-seeded little stone-fruit with a thin flesh. FJ. summer. Nos. 4 and 6 are poisonous to most people when touched. 1. StacHorn Sumacu. Small tree; branches and stalks velvety-hairy; leaves pinnate, pale be- neath; flowers and crimson-hairy sour fruit very many, in a great crowded panicle. BR. typhina. 2. SMootu S. Shrub; branches and stalks very smooth, pale: otherwise like the last. . R. glabra. 8. Dwarr S. Shrub 1° to 4° high; branches and stalks downy; leaves pinnate, with the stalk wing- margined between the shining leaflets; fruits red and hairy. R. copallina. 4. Porson S. or DoGwoop. Shrub smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7 to 13, entire; panicles slender in the axils; fruit smooth. Poisonous to most people. Swamps. R. venenita. 5. Poison Ivy. Smooth; stems climbing by rootlets; leaflets 3, large, ovate, either entire, notched, or lobed, variable on the same stem. Poisonous like the last. R. Toxicodéndron. 6. VENETIAN S. or SMOKE-TREE. Shrub, with simple oval or obovate leaves; branches of the panicle lengthening after flowering, and feathered with long hairs, making large light bunches. Cult. : fi. Cotinus. 28. GRAPE FAMILY. Order VITACEA. Shrubby plants with a watery and sour juice, climbing by tendrils; known by having a minute calyx with scarcely any lobes, the petals valvate (edge to edge) in the bud and fall- ing off very early, and the stamens (5 or 4) one before each petal ! — Only two genera. Grape. Vitis. Petals 5, cohering slightly at the top while they separate at the base, and generally thrown off with- out expanding. Berry with 4 bony seeds. Leaves lobed. Flowers polygamous in the wild species, and having the fragrance of Mignonette. 138 POPULAR FLORA. 1. EuRopEAN GrarE. Flowers all perfect; leaves deeply and sharply lobed. Cult. in several varie. ties, viz. Sweetwater Grape, Black Hamburg, &c.. V. vinifera. 2. NorrHERN Fox-Grapr. Leaves very woolly when young, remaining rusty-woolly beneath; ber: ries large, purple or amber-colored. — Improved varieties of this, without the foxy taste and the tough pulp, are the Isabella and the Catawba Grapes. V. Labrisca. 8. SumMER Grape. Leaves with loose cobwebby down underneath, smoothish when old ; panicles of fertile flowers very long and slender; berries small, ripe with first frost. V. estivalis. 4. Frost Grape. Leaves thin, heart-shaped, never woolly, not shining, sharply and coarsely toothed, little or not at all lobed ; panicles loose ; berries blue or black with a bloom, sour, ripening late. Common along river-banks, &c. V. cordifolia. 5. MuscapinE or SouTHERN Fox-Grape. Bark of the stem close, not thrown off in loose strips, as in the others; leaves round-heart-shaped, shining, not downy, very coarsely toothed; panicles small, with crowded flowers; berry large, musky, with a very thick and tough skin. A variety is the Scuppernong Grape. Common 8S. V. vulpina. Virginia-Creeper. Ampeldpsis. Petals 5, thick, opening before they fall. Leaves palmate with 5 leaflets (Fig. 74). Berries small, blackish. A very common tall- climbing vine, wild and culti- vated. A. quinquefolia. 340. Flower opening. 341. Same, with the 339. Twig of Grape-vine. petals fallen, 29. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Order RHAMNACE. Woody plants, with simple alternate leaves, known by having the stamens as many as the small petals (4 or 5) and one before each of them, both inserted on the calyx or ona fleshy cup which lines the tube of the calyx; the lobes of the latter valvate, i.e. edge to edge in the bud. Fruit of 2 to 5 cells, and one large seed in each. 342, Flowers of a Buckthorn, 343. Same, cut through lengthwise. Calyx free from the ovary, greenish. Petals shorter than the calyx, or none, (Rhamnus) BocKTHORN. Calyx below adherent to the ovary, its lobes petal-like (white in our species) and bent inwards, shorter than the stamens and long-clawed petals, ( Ceanothus) NEw-JEeRsEY TEA. POPULAR FLORA. 139, 30. STAFF-TREE FAMILY. Order CELASTRACE. Woody plants, with simple alternate or opposite leaves; the divisions of the calyx and the petals both overlapping in the bud; the stamens as many as the petals (4 or 5) and alternate with them, inserted on a thick expansion of the receptacle (disk) which fills the bottom of the calyx. Pod colored, of 2 to 5 mostly one-seeded cells, showy when ripe in autumn, especially when they open and display the seeds enveloped in a pulpy scarlet aril. Flowers polygamous or nearly dicecious, white, in racemes: disk cup-shaped: style long. Pod globular, orange-yellow. Leaves alternate. Our only species is a twin- ing shrub, sometimes called BrIrrERSWEET, ( Celdstrus) WAXwork. Flowers perfect, flat, dull green or dark purple, in axillary racemes: disk flat, covering the ovary, and bearing 4 or 5 very short stamens, the short style just rising through it. Pods red, lobed. Shrubs: leaves opposite, (Euénymus) BuRNING-BUSH Pods smooth, strongly lobed, or SPINDLE-TREE. Pods roundish, rough, (Eudnymus) STRAWBERRY-BUSH. 31. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. Order SAPINDACER, The proper Soapberry family belongs mostly to warmer climates; but we have shrubs and trees belong- ing to three of its sub- families : I. BLADDERNUT Sup. FAMILY. Flowers regular and perfect. Stamens 5, asmany as the petals, and alternate with them. Seeds bony. Leaves opposite, pinnate or with 8 leaflets, having stipules, and also little stipules (stipeds) to the leaflets. B15 346 Shrub: flowers white in racemes. Fruit of 3 bladdery pods united. (Staphyléa) BLADDERNUT. Il. HORSECHESTNUT Susramity. Flowers po- lygamous, some of them having no good pistil, mostly irregular and unsymmetrical. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, with claws, on the receptacle. Stamens generally 7, long. Style one. Ovary 8-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell, only one or two ripening in the fruit; which becomes #44, Red Buckeye, reduced in size. 345, Flower. 348, Same, @ leathery 3-valved pod. Seeds very large, like chest- with calyx and two petals taken away. 347. Magnified ovary, nuts. Fine ornamental trees, with opposite palmate divided Jengthwise. 348. Same, divided crosswise, showing the two ovules in each cel.. 349. Same, partly grown, only one seed leaves, and flowers in thick panicles. growing. 350. Ripe pod bursting. Petals 5, spreading; stamens declined: fruit prickly. Leaflets 7, ( désculus) *HORSECHESTNUT. Petals 4, unlike. with long claws in the calyx. Leaflets generally 5, (4sculus, § Pavia) BucKEYE 140 POPULAR FLORA. Ill. MAPLE Susramity. Flowers generally polygamous or dimcious, regular. Petals often none, but the culyx sometimes petal-like. Stamens 4 to 12. Styles 2, united below. Fruit a pair of keys united at the bottom (Fig. 208). Leaves opposite. Flowers dicecious, small and greenish: petals none: stamens 4 or 5. Leaves pinnate, with 8 to 5 veiny leaflets: twigs green, (Negiundo) NEGuNDO, Flowers polygamous or perfect. Leaves simple, palmately lobed, (Acer) Mapue. Buckeye. Aisculus, § Pavia. All wild species at the West and South: also cultivated for ornament: flowering in late spring cr sammer. 1. Fetip or Onto Buckeye. Petals small, erect, pale yellow, shorter than the curved stamens; young fruit prickly like Horsechestnut; a tree. River-banks, W. AB. glabra. 2. Sweet Buckeye. Petals yellow or reddish, erect, enclosing the stamens; fruit smooth. 4. flava. 3. Rep Buckeye. Petals red, also the tubular calyx: otherwise like the last. Shrub. 4#. Pavia. 4. SMALL-rLOWERED B. Leaflets stalked; petals white, rather spreading; stamens very long; fruit smooth; seed eatable, not bitter, as are the others; flowers ina long raceme-like panicle. Shrub. 5. & cult. A. parviflora. Maple. Acer. % Flowers in terminal racemes, with petals, greenish, in late spring: stamens 6 to 8. 1. Srrirep Marte. Bark green, with darker stripes; leaves large, with 3 short and taper-pointed lobes; racemes hanging. Small tree in cool woods; common, N. A. Pennsylvdnicum. 2. Mountain M. Bark gray; leaves 8-lobed; racemes erect; flowers small. Shrub, N. A. spicdtum. 8 Sycamore M. An imported shade-tree, with large strongly 5-lobed leaves, and large hanging racemes, flowering soon after the leaves appear. A, Pseudo-Platanus. * * Flowers in loose clusters, yellowish-green, appearing with the leaves, in spring. 4. Norway M. An imported shade-tree, with leaves resembling Sugar Maple, but brighter green on both sides, rounder, and with some long pointed teeth; flowers in an erect terminal corymb, with petals; wings of the fruit very large, diverging. A. platanoides. 5. Sucar or Rock M. Leaves with 3 or mostly 5 long-pointed lobes, their edges entire except a few coarse wavy teeth; flowers hanging on very slender hairy stalks, without petals; fruit with rather small wings, ripe in autumn. Tall tree; in rich woods, and commonly planted for shade. A. sacchérinum. * * * Flowers in early spring, considerably earlier than the leaves, on short pedicels, in small umbel-like clusters from lateral leafless buds: stamens generally 5: fruit ripe and falling in early summer. 6. WuITE or SttveER M. Leaves very deeply 5-lobed, cut and toothed, white beneath; flowers greenish-yellow, short-stalked, without petals ; fruit woolly when young, with very large and smooth diverging wings. Tree common on river-banks, and planted for shade. A. dasycdrpum. 7. Rep or Sorr M. Leaves whitish beneath, with 3 or 5 short lobes, toothed; flowers on very short stalks which lengthen in fruit, with linear-oblong petals, red or sometimes yeliowish- wings of the fruit small, reddish. Wet places: a common tree. A, rubrum POPULAR FLORA. 141 32. PULSE FAMILY. Order LEGUMINOSA. A large family, distinguished by the peculiar irregular corolla called papilionaceous (i. e. butterfly-shaped), and for having the kind of pod called a legume for its fruit. Leaves alternate, often compound, with stipules. Stamens generally 10, inserted on the calyx, Pistil one, simple. The papilionaceous corolla, which is familiar in the Pea-blossom and the like, consists of 5 irregular petals; viz. an upper one, generally largest and outside in the bud, called the standard ; two side petals, called wings, and two lower ones put together and commonly a little joined, forming a kind of pouch which encloses the stamens and style, and which, being shaped somewhat like the prow of an ancient vessel, is named the keel. A few flowers in the family are almost regular, or not papilionaceous. In one case (to be mentioned in its place) all but one petal is wanting. Another set have perfectly regular blossoms ; but are known by the pod and leaves. The legume is of every variety of shape and size. The whole kernel of the seed is an embryo, with thick cotyledons, as is familiar » 351, Papilionaceous corolla of Locust. in the Bean and Pea (Fig. 32, 42). We give the princi- pal sorts. 352. Its petals displayed : ¢, standard ; 353, Legume of w, w, wings ; &, the keel laid open. Pea, open. 354. Flower of False Indigo No. 2, 355. Same, with the petala removed. md 356. Flower of Amorpha, enlarged. 357. Stamens and piati' of the same. I. TRUE PULSE Famiuy. Corolla really papilionaceous, and the standard outside, wrapped around the other petals in the bud (in Amorpha, Fig. 356, only the standard is present). Leaves either sim- ple or only once compound. 142 POPULAR FLORA. * Stamens, 10, united by their filaments, either all into a closed tube (monadelphous, Fig. 187), or 9 in a tube split down on one side, and the 10th separate or nearly so (diadelphous, Fig. 186). Shrubs or trees, not twining nor climbing. Flowers white or rose-colored, in hanging racemes. Leaves odd-pinnate, (obinia) Locust-TREE. Flowers yellow, in small racemes. Pod bladdery. Leaves odd-pinnate, ( Colute) *BLADDER-SENNA. Flowers yellow, in hanging racemes. Pod narrow. Leaficts 3, ( Cytisus) # Lanunxum. Shrubs, with long twining stems. Flowers blue-purple in racemes, ( Wistirta) WISTARIA. Herbs. Stems not twining, climbing, nor with any trace of tendrils. Leaves simple: stipules winging the stem below the leaf. Flowers yellow. Pod inflated, many-seeded, (Crotalaria) RATTLEBOX,. Leaves of 5 to 15 palmate leaflets. Flowers in a long raceme, (Lupus) Lupine. Leaves abruptly pinnate, of 4 leaflets. Pod formed underground, (Alrachis) * PEANUT. Leaves odd-pinnate, of several or many leaflets. Leaflets serrate. Flowers single, white. Pod inflated, 2-seeded, (Cicer) * CuiceK-PKa. Leaflets entire. Flowers in a raceme or spike. Corolla broad. Pod flat, narrow, several-seeded, (Tephrosia) Hoany-PEa. Corolla narrow. Pod inflated or turgid, often 2-celled, (Astrdgalus) ASTRAGAL. Leaves of 8 (or rarely 5) leaflets. Pods like akenes or burs. Stipules cohering with the base of the leafstalk. Flowers in heads. Pod thin and small, in the persistent calyx, (Trifolium) CLovEr. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Leaflets not dotted, but generally serrate. Pods wrinkled, like akenes, coriaceous, (Melilotus) Mettior. Pods curved, or else coiled up in various ways, (Medicago) Mepicx. Leaflets, &c. sprinkled with dark dots, entire. (Psoralea) PSoRALEA. Stipules not at all united with the leafstalk. Pods very small and flat, closed, one-seeded, (Lespedeza) Busy-CLoven. Pods separating into several-seeded flat roughish joints, (Desmddium) T1cK-TREFOIL. Stems climbing or disposed to climb : leaves pinnate with a tendril at the end. Calyx with 5 leafy lobes. Seeds globular. Leaflets few, (Pisum) * Pra. Calyx-lobes or teeth not leafy. Tendril conspicuous. Style hairy along the inner side, (Ldthyrus) EVERLASTING-PEA. Tendril conspicuous. Style hairy round the tip, (Vieta) Vetcu. Tendril hardly any. Seed oblong, fixed by one end, (Faba) * Horse-Bean. Stems twining more or less: no tendrils to the leaves. Keel of the corolla coiled into a ring or spiral. Leaflets 3, with stipels, (Phaseolus) Bran. Leaflets 5 or 7. Flowers brown-purple. Tubers underground, (A'pios) Grounpnut. Keel not coiled or twisted. Leaflets 3, with stipels. Calyx 4-cleft, the lobes acute, (Galéctia) MitK-PEA. Calyx 4-toothed. Pods both above and under groand, (Amphicarpen) HoG-PEantut Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Flower large, purple-blue, (Clitoria) Burrexrry-Pea * * Stamens 10, separate, except at the very base. Petal only one! (Fig. 356.) Shrubs: leaves pinnate: flowers small, violet-purple, in a spike or raceme, (Amédrpha) AmorpHa POPULAR FLORA. 143 * * * Stamens 10, separate (Fig. 355). Petals 5, pea-like. Pod inflated, (Baptisia) Fausx-Inpico. Il. BRASILETTO Susramity. Corolla sometimes papilionaceous or nearly so, but then with the standard within the other petals, generally more or less irregular; the petals overlapping one av- other in the bud. Stamens 10 or fewer, separate. Trees, with simple round-heart-shaped leaves, but appearing rather later than the papilio- naceous purple-red flowers, (Cercis) RepD-BUD. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves and yellow flowers, not papilionaceous, (Cassia) SENNA. Trees, with the leaves, or some of them, more than once compound. Flowers dicecious or polygamous, not at all papilionaceous. Stamens 10, and petals 5, on the top of the funnel-shaped tube of the calyx. Pods broad and hard. Leaves very large, twice-pinnate, (Gymndcladus) Kenrucky CorrKE-TREE. Stamens and petals 3 to 5, on the bottom of an open calyx. Pods long and flat, hav- ing a sweet juice or pike inside. Leaves, some of them once pinnate, others twice pinnate. Tree with compound thorns, (Gleditschia) Honey-Locust. TI. MIMOSA Supramity. Flowers very small, in heads or spikes, regular: petals edge to edge in the bud, and sometimes united below. Leaves generally twice or thrice pinnate. Stamens very many and long, yellow or yellowish. (Cult. in greenhouses: some species are wild far South), * ACACIA. Stamens 5. Petals separate, whitish. Pod smooth, (Desmdnthus) DesMANTHUS. Stamens 4 or 6. Petals united into a cup, rose-color. Pod bristly, flat, breaking up into joints. Leaves closing suddenly when touched, (Mimésa) * SENSITIVE-PLADT. Stamens 10 or 12. Petals united into a cup, rose-color. Pod narrow, rough-prickly. Leaves rather sensitive. S, (Schrankia) Sensitive-BRirn. Locust-tree. Robinia. Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. Stamens diadelphous. Pod flat, several-seeded. Leaves odd-pinnate. — Trees, wild in the Southern, cult. in the Northern States. Fl. in early summer. 1 Common Locust-TREE. Tree with a pair of spines for stipules; flowers white, in slender racemes, sweet-scented; pod smooth. R. Pseudacacia. 2. CLammy L. Tree with clammy twigs; racemes thick; calyx purplish; pod rough. R. viscosa. 3. BuisrLy L. or Rosz-Acacta. Shrub, with bristly stalks and twigs; flowers large, rose-colored. R. hispida. Clover (or TREFOIL). Trifolium. Flowers many inahead. Calyx persistent, its teeth very slender. Corolla withering away or per. sistent after flowering; the petals grown together more or less into a tube below, and the diadelphous stamens united with it. Pod generally shorter than the calyx, thin, only one- or few-seeded. Low herbs: leaves with 8 leaflets, the stipules adhering to the base of the footstalk (Fig. 186). 1. Rep Ciover. Leaflets obovate or oval, with a pale spot on the upper side; flowers rose-red, in a dense head with leaves underneath it. Fields, cultivated. T. praténse. 2. Burrato C. Leaflets obovate, toothed : flowers rose-colored, pedicelled, in an umbel-like long- stalked head. Prairies, &c., W. & 8. T. reflécum. 8. WuirEe C. Low, smooth, creeping; leaflets obcordate or notched; flowers white, in a loose umbel- like head, raised on a long stalk. Fields, &c., everywhere. T. repens. 144 POPULAR FLORA. 4. Rapprr-roor ©. Silky, low, erect, and branching; root annual; leaflets narrow; flowers whitish in dense and soft-silky oblong heads. Common in poor dry land. T. arvense. 5, YeLLow C. Low, annual, smoothish; corolla yellow, turning brownish. Waste grounds. T. agrarium Melilot (or Swrer-CLover). Melilotus. Flowers in a raceme or spike, small. Corolla falling after flowering. Pod roundish and small, like an akene, hardly opening, containing only one or two seeds. — Annuals or biennials, with sweet-scented foliage; leaflets three, toothed. Growing in gardens and around houses. 1. YELLOW MxwiLor. Leaflets obovate or oblong, obtuse; corolla light yellow. M. officinalis, 2. Wuitr M. Leaflets as if cut off square at the end; corolla white. M. alba. Medick. Medicago. Flowers like those of Melilot, either few or many in a cluster. Pod curved or coiled, either kidney- shaped or rolled up spirally in various ways. Leaves of 3 leaflets. 1. Lucerne, or PureLE Mepick. Stems upright from a deep perennial root; leaflets obovate-oblong ; flowers purple in short racemes ; pods spiral. Cultivated for green fodder. M. satiwa. 2. Buack M. Stems reclining ; leaflets wedge-obovate; flowers yellow, in short spikes; pods curved (Fig. 858), wrinkled, turning blackish. Waste grounds. MM. lupulina. 8. Snait M., with 2-flowered peduncles, is sometimes cultivated in gardens, on account of its singular pods coiled like a shell (Fig. 359). M. scutellata. Everlasting-Pea or Vetchling. Lathyrus. * Lobes or teeth of the calyx not leafy. Style flattish. Otherwise the flowers nearly the same as in the true Pea. * Garden species, cultivated for ornament; with winged stems and only one pair of leaflets. 1. Sweet Pea. Root annual; flowers 2 or 3 on a long peduncle, sweet-scented L. odoratus. 2, GARDEN EVERLASTING-PEA. Root perennial; flowers many, pink or purple. L. latifolius. * * Wild species, with perennial roots and more than ‘one pair of leaflets. 3. Marsn E. Stems lightly winged or margined; leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, lance-linear or lance-oblong; stipules lance-shaped; flowers 2 to 5, purple. Moist ground, N. L. palustris. 4. Pate E. Leaflets 3 or 4 pairs, ovate, pale; stipules rather large, half heart-shaped; flowers 7 to 10, cream-color. Banks and thickets, W. & N. L. ochroleucus. 5. Veiny I. Leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, oblong or ovate; stipules very small; flowers many on the peduncle, purple. Shady banks, 8. & W. L. vendsus. 6. Beacu Pra. Leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, oval or obovate; stipules large and leafy; flowers 6 to 10 on the peduncle, purple. Shore of the sea, N. and of the Great Lakes. L. maritimus. Vetch or Tare. Vicia. Like the last, but with small and usually more numerous leaflets; and the thread-shaped style hairy round the end or down the outer side. * Perennials, all wild species: flowers small, in a raceme on a long peduncle. 1. Turrep V. Downy; Jeaflets many, lance-oblong, strongly mucronate ; flowers crowded, bent down in the spike, blue, turning purple, summer. Thickets, N. V. Cracca- POPULAR FLORA. 145 2. Carotina V. Smooth; leaflets 8 to 12, oblong; flowers many, whitish, tipped with blue, rather scattered on the peduncle, in spring. Banks, &c., common. V. Caroliniana. 8 American V. Smooth; leaflets 10 to 14, oval or oblong, very veiny; flowers 4 to 8 on the pe- duncle, purplish or bluish, in summer. N. V. Americana. * * Annual: flowers large, one or two together, sessile in the axils of the leaves. a. Common Tare. Leaflets 10 to 14, narrow; flowers violet-purple. Cultivated fields, V. sativa. Bean. Phaséolus. Keel of the corolla (with the included stamens and style) twisted or coiled, so as to form a ring, or one or more turns of a spiral coil. Stamens diadelphous. Pod flat or flattish, several-seeded. Seeds flattish. Plants twining more or less, in one cultivated variety short and erect. Leaves of three leaflets, the end leaflet some way above the other two (i. e. pinnate of 8 leaflets): and they have stipels or little stipules to the leaflets. Fl. summer. * Wild species: mostly found South and West. 1. PerenniaL Bean. Climbing high; leaflets round-ovate, pointed; flowers in long panicled racemes, purple; pods curved. Wooded banks, &c. P. perénnis. 2. Traine Bean. Annual, spreading on the ground; leaflets 3-lobed or angled; flowers few, crowded at the end of a long erect peduncle, purplish; pods narrow, straight. Sandy places. P. diversifolius. * * Cultivated Beans. 8. Common or Kipney BgAN. Known by its straight pods, pointed by the hardened lower part of the style, and the thick rather kidney-shaped seeds. The Dwarr or Busu Bran is a low and small variety which does not twine. The ScarLter Runner is w free climbing variety, gen- erally red-flowered. P. vulgaris. 4. Lima Bran. Known by its broad and flat, curved or scymitar-shaped pods, with few and large flat seeds. The Civer BEAN is a small variety of it. P. lunatus. False-Indigo. Baptisia. Flowers generally in racemes. Standard erect, with the sides rolled back: keel-petals nearly sepa- rate‘and straight, like the wings. Stamens 10, separate! Pod stalked in the calyx, bladdery, but rather thick-walled, pointed, containing many small seeds. — Perennial herbs, erect and branched, with palmate leaves of 3 leaflets. — The commonest are the following: — 1. YELLow FatseE-Inpico. Glaucous, bushy-branched; leaves almost sessile; leaflets small, wedge- obovate; flowers few at the ends of the panicled branchlets, yellow, produced all summer. Dry grounds, common. B. tinctoria. 2. Buuz F. Tall and stout; stipules lance-shaped, as long as the petiole; leaflets wedge-oblong; flowers many, large, blue, in a long raceme, in spring or early summer. (Fig. 854, 855.) Rich soil; common W. & S. and also cultivated in gardens. B. australis. Senna. Ciassia. Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, spreading, not papilionaceous, but a little irregular. Stamens 10, but chose on one side of the blossom commonly shorter, or without anthers; the anthers open at the top by two chinks or holes. Pods many-seeded.— Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate. The common species are herbs, with yellow flowers, in summer. 146 POPULAR FLORA. 1. MaryLanp Senna. Root perennial; stems 38° or 4° high; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, lance-oblong, 1' or more long, used for medicine instead of the imported senna. Rich soil. C. Marilandica. 2. ParTRIDGE-PEA S$. Annual, low, spreading; leaflets 10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, 4! long; flowers large and showy; anthers 10, six of them purple. Sandy fields. Co Chamecristt. 3. SensiTIVE S. Flowers small, short-stalked; anthers only 5: otherwise like the last. C. nictitans, 33. ROSE FAMILY. Order ROSACEL. A large and most important family of plants, distinguished by having alternate leaves with stipules, and regular flowers; their generally 5 petals (sometimes wanting) and sta- mens (generally numerous, at least above 10) inserted on the persistent calyx The seeds are few and their whole kernel is embryo, as is seen in an almond (Fig. 36), Apple-seed, or Cherry-seed (Fig. 38), &c. The family furnishcs some of our most esteemed fruits: all the plants are innocent, except the strong-scented foliage and bark, in the Almond sub- family. For figures illustrating this family, see those of Cherry-blossom (Fig. 193), Hawthorn-blossom (Fig. 194), the fruit of Apple and Quince, (Fig. 200 and 201), Peach (Fig. 350. Section of a Rose-bud. 361. American Crab-Apple. 202), Rose and Strawberry (Fig. 220 — 222), and the annexed figures. I. ALMOND Susramity. Pistil only one, free from the calyx, becoming a stone-fruit. — Trees or shrubs with simple leaves ; the bruised bark and foliage with a peculiar aromatic scent and flavor. — The plants of this division are all ranked under two great genera (Amygydulus and Prunus), but under several subgenera, here adopted for the convenience of the common names. Calyx with a rather deep cup. Petals rose or red-purple. Stone of the fruit rough. Flesh of the fruit becoming a dry husk. We have the dwarf Flowering-Almond in gardens, with double flowers. It does not form fruit here, (Amygdalus) * ALMOND. Flesh pulpy: surface downy (or in NECTARINE smooth), (Peérsiar) *PEACTIL. Calyx with a short and broad cup. Petals white. Stone of the fruit smooth, and Flattened, with grooved edges: skin of the fruit downy, CArmeniaca) * APRICOT. Flat or flattish, generally edged: fruit smooth, with a bloom, (Prunus) Pum. Roundish or globular: fruit smaller, smooth, without a bloom, (Crasus) CHERRY. II. ROSE Suspranizy. Pistils few or many (rarely only one), separate from each other and free from the persistent calyx, but sometimes (as in the Rose, Fig. 360) enclosed and concealed in its tube Stipules generally united with the bottom of the leafstalk on each side. POPULAR FLORA. 147 Pistils generally 6, makiny few-seeded pods. Petals broad: calyx open, 5-cleft. Shrubs or herbs, (Spirwa) MEADOW-8WEEF. Petals lance-shaped: calyx narrow, 5-toothed. Herbs, (Gillenia) InpIan-PHysic. Pistils only one or two, making akenes, enclosed in the narrow-mouthed tube of the calyx. Petals 5, yellow: stamens 12 or more: calyx bur-like, (Agrimdnia) AGRIMONY Petals none; but the 4 spreading lobes of the smooth calyx petal-like. Flowers perfect, in a spike: stamens 4, long (white), (Sanguisérba) BuRNE. Flowers moncecious, in a head: stamens many, (Poterium) * SALAD-BURNET. Pistils 3 to 10, making akenes: stamens many. (Stemless herbs.) Petals 5, yellow. Leaves of 8 leaflets, ( Waldsteinia) BARREN-STRAWBERRY. Petals 5, white. Leaves simple, rounded-heart-shaped, (Dalibarda) DALIBARDA. Pistils many, making akenes, or in Bramble berry-like in fruit. Calyx open, with 5 additional outer lobes (making 10) or 6 accessory teeth. Akenes tipped with a long feathery or hooked or twisted tail (style), (Geum) AVENS. Akenes seed-like; the short style falling off. Receptacle of the fruit dry and small, (Potentilla) CINQUEFOIL. Receptacle of the fruit becoming very large and pulpy, (Fragaria) STRAWBERRY. Calyx open, flat, 5-lobed. Ovaries in a head, becoming berry-like, (Rubus) BRAMBLE. Calyx with an urn-shaped or globular closed tube and 5 lobes, (Rosa) Ross. Ill. PEAR Susramity. Pistils 2 to 5, their styles more or less separate, their ovaries united with each other and with the thick tube of the calyx which encloses them and makes a fleshy fruit ( pome). Stipules free from the leafstalk. Trees or shrubs. Cells of the fruit containing only one or two seeds. {or SHapBusH. Petals long and narrow. Fruit berry-like, its cells becoming 10, (Ameldnchier) JUNE-BERRY Petals broad or rounded. Fruit drupe-like, containing 2 to 5 stones, ( Crategus) HAWTHORN. Fruit with 3 to5 parchment-like pips. Leaves pinnate: fruit berry-like, scarlet when ripe, (Pyrus, § Sorbus) Mountarn-Asu. Leaves simple. Flowers small in compound cymes: fruit small, berry-like, black or dark red, mawkish, (Pyrus, § Adenorachis) CHoKEBERRY. Flowers large in simple clusters or umbels: fruit fleshy. Petals tinged with red or rose: fruit sunk in at both ends, (Pyrus, § Malus) Arrie. Petals white: fruit tapering into the stalk, (True Pyrus) * PEAR. Cells of the fruit parchment-like and many-seeded, ( Cydonia) * Quince. Cherry. Prunus, § Cérasus, &e. * Flowers, like those of Plums, two or more together on separate footstalks from separate lateral buds, appearing at the same time with the leaves. 1. CuttrvaTED CHERRY: several varieties are commonly cultivated of the European, P. Cérasus. 2. Witp Rep CHerry. A small tree, with bright-green narrow leaves, and small light-red sour fruit. Common in rocky woods, &c. P. Pennsylvanica. * * Flowers in hanging racemes, appearing after the leaves, late in spring. Wild species. 8. CHoKE CHERRY. Shrub or small tree, with gray branches, broad and sharply serrate leaves, and astringent dark crimson fruit, ripe in summer. P. Virgintana. 148 POPULAR FLORA. 4. Witp BLack Cuerry. Shrub or large tree, with reddish-brown bark on the branches, oblong or lance-oblong leaves with short and blunt teeth, and purplish-black vinous fruit, ripe in autumn. P. serétina, Plum. Prunus. All are cultivated, except the Beach Plum ; but No. 2 is also wild; sois No. 3 in the Southwest. 1. Common Pium (P. doméstica), with all its varieties, probably came from the BuLLAce PLum (P. insititia), and that perhaps from the thorny Sto (P. spindsa). 2. Witp (Rep and YELLow) Ptum : well known for its very juicy pulp in a (red or partly yellow} tough skin; leaves coarsely serrate. P. Americana. 8. CHickAsAw PLUM: with lance-shaped finely serrate leaves, and small red, thin-skinned, cherry- like fruit. 5. P. Chicasa. 4. Beacu Pium. A low bush on the sea-coast, with the leaves downy beneath, and a small purple or crimson fruit. 0s P. maritima. Meadow-Sweet. Spira. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, broad or roundish. Pistils commonly 5, making little pods (follicles) with 2 or few seeds ineach. Nos. 1, 2, 4, and 6 are wild species, but also cult. in gardens and grounds. * Shrubs, with white flowers, except No. 2. 1. Common MEADOW-SWEET. Smooth, 2° or 8° high; leaves oblong or lance-oblong and wedge- shaped; flowers in a crowded panicle, sometimes pale flesh-color. Wet grounds. 8. salicifolia. Downy M., or HARDHACK. Leaves coated with wool beneath; flowers rose-color. _ 8. tomentosa. oo . IvAuiAn M., or MAYWREATH. Smooth; stems 8° or 4° long, recurved; leaves small, spatulate, entire; flowers small, in umbels on short leafy shoots. Cult.; fl. in spring. S. hypericifolia. 4, Ninepark M. Smoothish, 4° to 10° high; branches recurving; leaves rounded, 8-lobed ; flowers in umbels, in spring; pods 3 to 5, bladdery, turning purplish. Old bark of stems peeling off in thin layers. Rocky banks, N. & W., and cultivated. 8. opulifolia. 5. SORB-LEAVED M. Smooth, 8° to 6° high; leaves pinnate; leaflets oblong-lance-shaped, pointed, cut- toothed; flowers in a large panicle, in spring. Cultivated. 8. sorbifolia. * * Herbs, with perennial roots, and interruptedly pinnate leaves, and flowers in a crowded compound cyme, on a long naked stalk. All but No. 6 are foreign species. 6. QUEEN-OF-THE-PRAIRIE M. Smooth; leaflets 38 to 7 and some little ones; end-leaflet very large, parted and cleft; flowers peach-blossom-color,in summer. W. and cult. S. lobata. 7. EncLisH M. Leaves smaller than in the last, white-downy beneath; flowers white. 8. Ulmaria. oo . Dropwort M. Smooth; leaflets 9 to 21, besides the minute ones, linear-oblong, much cut; cvmes of a few slender branches; flowers white, single or double. 8. filipéndula. Indian-Physic. Gillenia. Calyx narrow or club-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 5, lance-shaped, rather unequal, white or pale rose. Stamens 10 to 20, short. Pistils and little pods 5. — Herbs, with perennial roots, and leaves of three cut-toothed thin leaflets. Flowers in a loose corymb or panicle, in summer. 1, Common Inp1AN-Prrysic (or BowmMan’s Root). Leaflets oblong; stipules small and entire. W. and cultivated in gardens. G. trifoliata. 2. WxsTERN I. (or AMERICAN Ipecac). Leaflets lance-shaped, more cut than in the last, as are the large stipules. W. G. stipulacea. POPULAR FLORA. 149 Avens. Geum. Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, 5-cleft, and with 5 additional little lobes between. Petals 5. Stamens many. Pistils many in a head, making akenes, which are tipped with the style, remaining as a long, naked or hairy tail. Pereunial herbs: flowers single or somewhat corymbed. — In all our common species the style is jointed and hooked round in the middle. x Upper and mostly hairy joint of the style falling off, leaving the lower and smooth portion, which remains hooked at the end: flowers rather small: root-leaves mostly interruptedly pinnate; stem- leaves or lobes 3 to 5. Dry woods and fields. 1. Wuitz AvEens. Smoothish or downy; petals white, as long as the calyx, akenes bristly. G. album. 2. Viretnian A. Bristly-hairy, stouter than the last; petals greenish-white, shorter than the calyx; akenes smooth. G. Virginianum. 8. YeLLow A. Rather hairy, large; petals yellow, longer than the calyx. G. strictum. * «* Upper joint of the style persistent and feathered with long hairs; flowers rather large, nodding. 4, Water A. Root-leaves with a large and rounded-lobed end-leaflet, and some very small ones below; stem-leaves few, 8-cleft or of 3 small leaflets; petals not spreading, somewhat notched at the broad summit, purplish. — Wet banks of streams. G. rivale. Cinquefoil. Potentillu. Calyx open or flat, 5-parted, and with 5 additional outside lobes alternate with the others, making 10. Petals 5. Stamens many. Pistils many in a head, on a dry receptacle, making seed-like akenes, the styles falling off. %* Leaves palmate. Herbs, with yellow flowers. 1. Norway Crnquerolt. Erect, coarse, hairy; leaflets 3, obovate, cut-toothed. Fields. P. Norvégica. 2. CANADA C. Runner-like stems decumbent or spreading; leaflets 5, obovate-oblong; peduncles long, axillary, 1-flowered. Fields and banks. P. Canadeénsis. 8. SitvERy C. Low, with spreading branches, white-woolly, as are the 5 leaflets beneath. P. argentea. %* %* Leaves pinnate. Herbs (except No. 5): receptacle of the fruit hairy. 4, SILVER-WEED. Creeping, sending up leaves of 9 to 19 cut-toothed leaflets, besides little ones inter- posed, silvery-white beneath, and single long-stalked yellow flowers. Wet banks, N. P. Anserina. 5. SHrupsy C. Shrub very bushy, 2° to 4° high; leaflets 5 or 7, crowded near the end of the short footstalk, lance-oblong, entire, silky beneath; flowers yellow. Bogs. P. fruticosa. 6. MarsH C. Stems ascending from a scaly creeping base; leaflets 5 or 7, crowded, serrate, lance- oblong; flowers dull purple. Cold bogs, N. P. palistris, Bramble. Rubus. Calyx open, deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Pistils many; their ovaries ripening into little berry-like grains (or rather drupelets), making a kind of compound berry. —Rather shrubby or herbaceous pe- rennials. §1. RASPBERRY. Fruit falling from the dry receptacle, usually with the grains lightly cohering. * Leaves simple, lobed: flowers large and showy: petals spreading. 1. PurpLe Frowertnc-RAspBerry. Bristly and clammy with odorous brownish glands ; leaves rounded, with 8 or 5 pointed lobes; flowers in a corymb, rose-purple; fruit flat. Rocky banks, N. Fl. summer. R. odoratus. 2, Wuirk FLowerinc-R. Like No. 1, but the flowers white and smaller. N. W. & cult. R. Nutkinus. 150 POPULAR FLORA. * %* Leaflets 3 or 5, white-downy beneath: flowers small: petals white, erect. 3. GARDEN RAsrBerRy. Stems with some slender hooked prickles as well as bristles; petals shorter than the calyx; fruit red, &c., the grains minutely downy. Cult. R. ddeus. 4. Witp Rep R. Stems very bristly; petals as long as the calyx; fruit pale red, very tender. Very common N. R. strigosus. 5. Buack R. (or THIMBLEBERRY). Plant glaucous all over; the Jong recurved stems and stalks beset with hooked prickles; fruit dark purple. Borders of woods and fields. BR. occidentalis. §2. BLACKBERRY. Fruit of large grains, remaining on the juicy receptacle, black or dark purple when ripe: petals white, spreading; leaflets 3 or 5. 6. Hicu Buackperry or BramMBue. Stems mostly erect, angular, bearing stout curved prickles; young shoots hairy and glandular; leaflets ovate or oblong, pointed, downy underneath and prickly on the midrib; flowers large, in racemes; fruit large, sweet. A. villosus. 7. Low B. (or Dewserry). Stems long, trailing; leaves smaller and nearly smooth; flowers fewer, and the large sweet fruit ripe earlier than in the last. Sterile or rocky ground. R. Canadensis. 8. Sanp B. Stems low, but erect, with stout hooked prickles; leaflets wedge-obovate, whitish-woolly beneath; fruit sweet. Sandy soil. New Jersey & S. LR. cuncifolius. 9. Running Swamp-B. Stems slender, creeping, hooked-prickly; leaves nearly evergreen, shining, obovate; flowers small; fruit of few grains, reddish until ripe, sour. Wet woods, N. &. hispidus. Rose. Rosa. Calyx with an urn-shaped hollow tube (Fig. 860), bearing 5 leafy lobes at the top, 5 petals and many stamens, and within enclosing many pistils attached to its walls. The ovaries ripen into bony and hairy akenes, and the calyx makes a fleshy or pulpy, red and berry-like fruit (kip). — Shrubs, with pinnate leaves of 3 to 9 leaflets. (Stigmas just rising to the mouth of the calyx, except in No. 1.) * Wild Roses. But No. 1 is cultivated, especially in double-flowered varieties, and the Sweet-Brier, which came from Europe, is also kept in gardens, for its sweet-scented leaves. lowers in all bright rose-color. 1. Prairie Rose. Stems climbing high, prickly; leaflets 3 or 5, large; petals deep rose-color turning pale; styles cohering together, and projecting out of the tube of the calyx; flowers in corymbs, scentless, in summer. Edges of prairies and thickets; W. and cult. * R. setigera. 2. Sweer-Brier R. (or EGLanrine). Stems climbing, and with stout hooked prickles; leaflets 5 or 7, roundish, downy and bearing russet fragrant glands beneath; hip pear-shaped. Road-sides, gardens, &c. R. vubiginosa. 8. Swamp R. Stems erect, 4° to 7° high, with hooked prickles; leaflets dull, 5 to 9; flowers in corymbs; hips rather bristly, broader than long. R. Carolina. 4. Low Witp R. Stems 1° to 8° high, with mostly straight prickles; leaves smooth and commonly shining; flowers single or 2 to 8 together; hips as in the last Common. R. lucida. 5. Brand R. Low, pale or glaucous, with few or no prickles; calyx and globular hips very smooth. Rocks: flowering early in summer. N. R. blunda. * * Cultivated species are very numerous and much mixed. The commonest are: — Cinnamon Rose, FR. cinnamdmea. DAMASK R., 2. Damascéna. Scoren or Burnet R., 2. spinosissima. CaBbaGE or HunDRED-LEAVED R., 2. centifolia. POPULAR FLORA. 151 Moss R., R. centifolia, var. muscdsa. Cun R., R. Indica. WiitTE R., BR. alba. CHEROKEE R. at the South, R. devigata. YELLOW R., R&R. lutea. Mutrirtora R., R. multiflora. Hawthorn. Crategus. , Calyx with a globular or pear-shaped tube coherent with the 2- to 5-celled ovary, making a pome with as many one-seeded stones. Petals 5, roundish. Styles 2 to5. Thorny small trees or shrubs. Flowers in spring, mostly in corymbs, white, or with a red variety of the cultivated. 1. Enetish HAwrnorn (or WHITE THORN). Leaves obovate, with a wedge-shaped base, lobed and cut; styles 2or 3; fruit small, coral-red. Cult. for hedges and ornament. C. Oxyacantha. 2. WasHincton H. Leaves broadly ovate, truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, often cleft or cut; styles 5; fruits coral-red, not larger than peas. 8S. C. cordaa. 8. SCARLET-FRUITED H. Smooth; leaves round-ovate, thin, toothed or cut, on slender stalks: fruit scarlet, oval, 4! in diameter. C. coccinea. 4. Pear H. (or BLACKTHORN). Downy, at least when young; leaves thickish, oval, ovate, or wedge-obovate, narrowed into a short or margined footstalk; flowers large; fruit large, crimson, or orange-red, eatable. C. tomentosa. 5. CocksruR H. Smooth; leaves wedge-obovate or inversely lance-shaped, merely toothed above the middle, thick, shining; fruit dark red; thorns very long. C. Crus-galii. bv. Summer H. Rather downy; leaves obovate or wedge-shaped, often cut; flowers few (2 to 6); fruit rather pear-shaped, yellowish or reddish. S. C. flava. Apple. Pyrus, § Malus. 1. Common APPLE. Leaves ovate, serrate, downy beneath; flowers white tinged with pink. Every. where cultivated. P. Matus. 2. SIBERIAN CRAB-A. Leaves ovate, serrate, smooth; calyx smooth. Cult. occasionally. P. baccata. 8. AMERICAN CrAB-A. Leaves broadly ovate or heart-shaped, cut-toothed or somewhat lobed, smoothish; flowers rose-color, sweet-scented; fruit greenish, fragrant (Fig. 861). Common. W. P. coronaria. Mountain-Ash or Rowan Tree. Pyrus, § Sorbus. Both the wild and the foreign species are planted for the beauty of their bright scarlet fruits, in broad compound cymes, ripe in autumn. Fl. white, summer. 1. AMERICAN M. Leaflets 13 to 15, lance-shaped, taper-pointed, smooth. Wild, N. P. Americana. 2. EUROPEAN M. Leaflets shorter, broader, paler, and not pointed; fruit larger. P. aucuparia. Quince. Cydonia. 1. Common Quince. Flowers single at the tips of the branches, white; lobes of the calyx leaf-like and downy, as well as the ovate entire leaves; fruit pear-shaped. Cult. C. vulgaris. 2. JAPAN Quince. Shrub, hardly of the same genus, for the flowers are on side spurs of the thorny branches, earlier than the smooth leaves; calyx top-shaped, with short lobes; petals large and red; fruit like a small apple, very hard. Cultivated for ornament. G Japénica. 152 POPULAR FLORA. 34. CAROLINA-ALLSPICE FAMILY. Order CALYCANTHACES. A small family of a few rather curious shrubs, with opposite leaves; represented by the Carolina-Allspice. — Calycunthus. Flowers somewhat on the plan of the rose, having a large number of simple pistils contained in a sort of closed calyx-cup, or hollow receptacle, and attached to its inner surface. But the outside is covered with sepals or calyx-lobes, which are colored like the petals (brown-purple); these are many and narrow, in several rows. Stamens many, on the top of the cup; filaments hardly any; anthers long, tipped with u point. Ovaries making large akenes, enclosed in the large and dry hip. Seed-leaves of the embryo rolledup. Shrubs, with rather aromatic bark, &c., and opposite entire leaves, without any stipules. Flowers large, when bruised giving out a fragrance resembling that of strawberries. Wild in the Southern States, especially in and near the mountains; and also cultivated, especially the first species. 362. Flowering branch of Carolina Allspice. 363 Half of acalyx-cup of the same, cut through lengthwise. (Compare it with a Rose, Fig. 360.) 364. A ripe fruit or hip. 1. Common C. Leaves oval or roundish, downy beneath. Commonly cult. in gardens. C. fidridus. 2. SmootH C. Leaves oblong, smooth, green both sides; flowers smaller. C. levigatus. 3. GLAucous C. Leaves oblong- or lance-ovate, pointed, glaucous or whitened beneath. (. glaucus. 35. LYTHRUM FAMILY. Order LYTHRACES. Herbs with entire and mostly opposite leaves, and no stipules; the calyx tubular or cup- shaped, bearing from 4 to 7 petals and 4 to 14 stamens on its throat, and enclosing the many-seeded ovary and thin pod. Between the 4 to 7 teeth of the calyx are as many additional projections or supernumerary teeth. Style one. Flowers regular, or nearly so. Calyx cylindrical, several-ribbed or angled: petals 4 to 7, rather unequal: stamens twice as many as the petals: pod 2-celled, (Lythrum) LyTHrum.* Calyx short bell-shaped: petals 5: stamens 10 or 14, long and protruded: pod with 3 to 5 cells: leaves often whorled, (Nes@a) NEsma. Flowers with an irregular tubular calyx, spurred or projecting at the base on the upper side. Very unequal petals, and 12 unequal stamens in two sets. Pod few-seeded, bursting through one side of the calyx, (Ciphea) Cupnga. * Sometimes called Loosestrife ; but this name properly belongs to plants of another family. — POPULAR FLORA. 153 36. EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. Order ONAGRACEZ. Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, known by having the parts of the blossom in fours, the tube of the calyx coherent with the 4-celled ovary, and often prolonged beyond, its summit bearing 4 petals, and 4 or 8 stamens. Style 1, slender: stigmas generally 4. In green- house cultivation we have several species of Fucus1a, well known for their pretty hanging flowers, the smaller kinds called Ladies’ Eardrop. The showy part is a colored (generally red) calyx, its 4 lobes longer than the purple petals. Fuchsias are shrubs; the rest of the family are herbs. CLARKrA, known by the long-clawed petals, and broad petal-like stigmas, is sometimes cultivated, and so are several Evening-Primroses. The commonest wild plants of the family are EVENING-PRIMROsES and WILLOW-HERBS. Evening-Primrose. (nothéra. Calyx with the tube continued on beyond the ovary, bearing 4 narrow lobes turned down, 4 gen- erally obcordate petals, and 8 stamens. — Several species are cultivated more or less commonly in flower-gardens. The following are common wild, and have yellow flowers, in summer. 1. Common E. Tall; leaves lance-shaped; flowers in a spike, opening at sunset or in cloudy weather, sweet-scented; pod cylindrical; root biennial. Fields, &c. CE. biénnis. 2. Low E. Stems several from a perennial root, 1° to 8° high; flowers large, opening in sunshine; pods rather club-shaped, and 4-winged, stalked. W. & S. G. fruticosa. 8. SMALL E. Stems 4° to 1° high; flowers small, 4’ wide, open in sunshine; pods club-shaped, scarcely stalked, strongly 4-angled. Fields, &c. G., pumila. Willow-herb. Epilobium. Calyx with its tube not continued beyond the ovary. Petals 4, purple or whitish. Stamens 8. Pod long and slender, many-seeded; the seeds bearing a long tuft of downy hairs. 1. Great W. Stem simple, 4° to 7° high; leaves lance-shaped; flowers showy, pink-purple, in a long loose spike; petals on claws, widely spreading; stamens and style turned down. Rich ground, especially where it has been burned over or newly cleared. E. angustifolium. 2. SmaLu W. Branching, 1° to 2° high; leaves lance-oblong, commonly purple-veined; flowers very small; petals purplish. Wet places, everywhere. E. coloratum. 87. CACTUS FAMILY, Order CACTACEA. Fleshy and generally prickly plants, without any leaves, except little scales or points, of very various and strange shapes, generally the petals and always the stamens very numer- ous, and on the one-celled ovary, which in fruit makes a berry. Being house-plants (with one exception) they must here be passed by, merely mentioning the Prickiy-Pear Cactus, which grows in dry sandy or rocky places, southward, and consists of flat and rather leaf-like rounded joints of stem, growing one out of another, prickly at the buds, and bearing yellow flowers of rather few petals; the ovary making a large berry full of sweet and eatable pulp. Opintia vulgaris. 154 POPULAR FLORA. 38. GOURD FAMILY. Order CUCURBITACES. Succulent or tender herbs, with alternate and radiate- veined leaves, and with tendrils. Flowers commonly mo- neecious, in the axils. Fertile flowers with the tube of the calyx coherent with the ovary. Petals often united with each other into a monopetalous corolla, and united with or borne on the cup of the calyx. Stamens generally 3, and more or less connected by their anthers or their filaments, or by both ; the anthers curiously contorted. Fruit a pepo (224), berry, or pod. Seeds large and flat; the whole kernel is an em- bryo. The most important plants of the family are those cultivated. 366 369 366. Stuminate flower of a Squash, with the corolla and upper part of the calyx cut away, to show the united stamens. 367. The latter, enlarged, and the mass of anthers cut across. 368. Separate stamen of a Melon, eularged, showing the long and contorted anther. 369. Embryo of Squash. 370, Section of same, a little enlarged, seen edgewise. Petals united into a large, bell-shaped, 5-lobed, yellow corolla. Stamens with three fila- ments united into a tube, except at the bottom: the anthers also firmly grown together; the turns of their long cells parallel, running straight up and down. Style 1: stigmas 8, each 2-lobed. Fruit large, firm-fleshy. Seeds with a blunt edge, (Cucirbita) *GouRD, i. e. Petals united only at the base or separate. Anthers loosely crooked. [Squasu and PumpKIN. Ovary and fruit many-seeded. Anthers and filaments 3, separate or separable. Petals white, with greenish veins. Peduncles very long. Fruit with a hard or woody rind variously shaped, (Lagendria) *BoTTLE-GourD. Petals yellow. Calyx with a bell-shaped cup. Seeds pointed and sharp-edged. Fruit narrow, rough-pimpled when young, ( Cucumis sativus) * CUCUMBER. Fruit thick, smooth, sweet. Fertile flowers perfect, (Cucumis Melo) *MuSKMELON. Petals buff or cream-color. Calyx with hardly any cup. Leaves much cut. Fruit large and smooth, sweet. Seeds thick-edged, smooth, ( Citrullus) * WATERMELON. Fruit a rough, reddish berry. Seeds wrinkled, (Momérdica) *BALSAM-APPLE. Ovary and fruit one-seeded or 4-seeded. Small-flowered climbers, wild in this country. Corolla of the sterile flowers 6-parted, white. The long racemes rather pretty in cultivation. Fruit an oval, weak-prickly, bladder-like pod, bursting at the top, and containing 2 fibrous-netted cells, with 2 large seeds in each. Leaves sharply 5-lobed, ( Echinocystis) BLADDER-CUCUMBER. Corolla of the wheel-shaped sterile flowers 5-lobed, greenish-white. Fruit a small, ovate, 1-seeded, prickly-barbed bur. Leaves 5-angled, (Sicyos) Bur-CUCUMBER. 89. PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. Order PASSIFLORACES. This small family of tendril-bearing vines, with alternate palmately-lobed leaves, is mainly represented by the POPULAR FLORA. 155 Passion-Flower. Passiflora. Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals 6, accompanied by a crown or ring formed of a double or triple fringe, inserted on the base of the calyx. Stamens 6, mona- delphous; the filaments making a loug sheath to the slender stalk of the ovary: this is one-celled and becomes an eata- ble berry, with many seeds in 8 or 4 rows on its walls. The species are mostly South American; and some large-flowered and handsome ones are cultivated in hot-houses. The early missionaries fancied that they found in these flowers emblems of the implements of our Saviour’s passion; the fringe repre- senting the crown of thorns; the large anthers fixed by their middle, hammers; and the 5 styles (tapering below and with large-headed stigmas), the nails. We have two wild species, common S. and W. 371. Passion-Flower No. 1, enlarged. 1. Smatu P. Leaves bluntly 8-lobed, otherwise entire; flowers greenish-yellow, 1' wide. P. lutea. 2. Maypop P. Leaves 8-cleft, the lobes serrate; flowers 2' broad, whité, with a triple flesh-colored and purple crown; fruit like a hen’s egg in shape and size. P. incarnata. 40. CURRANT FAMILY. Order GROSSULACEA, Consists of the Currants and Gooseberries, which belong to the same botan- ical genus. Shrubs, with alternate rounded and ra- diate-veined leaves; the tube of the calyx coherent with the one-celled ovary, and continued above it into a cup which is often colored, like a corolla, and bears the 5 little petals and 5 stamens. Seeds many, with a pulpy outer coat, borne upon the walls of the berry on two thickened lines (parietal placentas). 377 376 375 374 373 Garden Gooseberry : 372. with flowers ; 373, with fruit. 374, Cup of the calyx laid open, bearing the 5 little petals and stamens, 375. The pistil, 376. Young berry cut across. 377. Young berry divided Jengthwise. Gooseberry. Ribes, § Grossularia. Stems generaliy armed with thorns under the clusters of leaves, and sometimes with scattered prickles. Peduncles bearing single or few flowers. 156 POPULAR FLORA. . GARDEN GoosEBERRY. Thorns large; flower-stalks short; berry bristly or smooth. FR. Uva-crispa. . Prickty Witp G. Thorns slender or none; flowers greenish, long-stalked; stamens and style not projecting; berry prickly; leaves downy. Woods, N. R. Cyndsbati. 8. SmaLu Witp G. Thorns very short or none; flowers purplish or greenish, very short-stalked; sta- mens and 2-cleft style a little projecting; berry small, smooth. Low grounds, N. R. hirtéllum. noe Smoory Witp G. Thorns stout or none; flowers greenish, on slender stalks; stamens and the twa styles very long and projecting (4! long); berry smooth. Woods, common W. = &. rotundifolium. > Currant. Ribes. Stems neither thorny nor prickly. Flowers iu racemes, appearing in early spring. Berries small. Rep CurRAnNT. Leaves rounded heart-shaped and somewhat lobed; racemes from lateral separate buds, hanging; flowers flat, greenish or purplish; berry smooth, red, and a white variety. Gar- dens, &c. Wild on Mountains, N. R. ribrum. Fetip C. Stems reclined; leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5-lobed; racemes erect; flowers greenish, flattish; pale red berry and its stalk bristly, strong-smelling. Cold woods, N. R. prostratum. . Witp Buack C. Leaves on long foot-stalks, slightly heart-shaped, sharply lobed, sprinkled with dots both sides; racemes rather drooping; flowers oblong, yellowish-white; berries oblong, black, rather spicy. Wooded banks. R. fléridum. . GARDEN Buack C. Leaves on shorter footstalks, less dotted; racemes looser, and black berries larger than in No. 8. Gardens. R. nigrum. . Missourr or BurFALo C. Leaves smooth; racemes with leafy bracts; flowers (calyx) long and tubular, bright yellow, spicy-fragrant. Cultivated for ornament. R. adreum. ae p oo > on 41 STONECROP FAMILY. Order CRASSULACES. Herbs with thick and fleshy leaves (except in one pe- culiar plant of the family, viz. the Ditchwort); the flowers remarkable for being perfectly regular and symmetrical throughout, i. e. having the sepals, petals, and pistils all of the same number and all separate, or nearly so (except in Ditchwort); the stamens also of the same number, or just twice as many. Pods containing few or many seeds. Mostly small plants: several are found in gardens. 378. Flower of Stonecrop, Flowers with petals, and their pistils entirely separate from each other. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10, (Sedum) Sronecropr. Sepals, petals, and pistils 6 to 20. Stamens 12 to 40, (Sempervivum) HousELrEk. Flowers with 5 sepals, no petals, and 5 pistils grown together below. Leaves thin, lance- shaped, (Pénthorum) DircHwort. Stonecrop or Orpine. Sedum. 1. Mossy Sronecrop. Small and creeping, moss-like; the stems thickly covered with little ovate thick and closely sessile leaves; flowers yellow. Cultivated for garden edging, &c. 8. acre. POPULAR FLORA. 157 2. THREE-LEAVED S. Stems spreading, 3! to 8! high; leaves wedge-obovate or oblong, thelower ones in whorls of 3; the earliest flower with the parts in fives, the rest generally in fours; petals white. Rocky woods, S. and W. and in gardens. S. ternatum. 3. HanDsomx S. Stems 4! to 12 high; leaves thread-shaped; flowers crowded; petals rose-purple Rocky places, 8. W. and cultivated. S. pulchéllum 4. GREAT S. or Live-ror-EVER. Stems 2° high; leaves oval; flowers in a close compound cyme, purple. Gardens. S. Telephium. 42. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Order SAXIFRAGACEA. Herbs, or in the case of Hydrangea, &c. shrubs, differing from the last in having the pistils fewer than the petals, and generally more or less united with each other and with the tube of the calyx. Petals 5 (rarely 4), on the calyx. Stamens 5 or 10, or in Mock- Orange many. Herbs. Leaves generally alternate. Petals 5. Styles only 2. Stamens 10, short. Petals entire. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Pod 2-beaked or pods 2, many-seeded, (Saxzifraga) SAXIFRAGE. Stamens 5. Petals small, entire (greenish or purplish), between the short lobes of the bell-shaped calyx. Pod 1-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded. Flowers in a long panicle, (Heichera) ALUM-ROOT. Stamens 10, short. Petals pinnatifid, whitish, slender. Styles and pod short, one- celled, the latter few-seeded at the bottom, opening across the top. Stem 2-leaved below the slender raceme, (Mitella) MirrEwort, Stamens 10, and the 2 styles much longer than the slender-clawed petals. Pod slen- der, few-seeded at the bottom. Flowers white in a short raceme on a naked scape, (Tiarella) FALsE-MITREWoRT. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Tube of the calyx coherent with the ovary. Seeds many. Flowers small, in compound cymes; some of the marginal ones generally large and neutral (Fig. 169), or in cultivation nearly all the flowers becoming so. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8or10. Styles 2, diverging, and between them the little pod opens, (Hydrangea) HyDRANGEA. Flowers large, somewhat panicled. Petals 4 or 5, white, showy. Stamens 20 or more. Styles 3 to 5, united below: pod with as many cells, very many- seeded, (Philadélphus) Mocx-ORAnGE. Saxifrage. Sazifraga. 1. EARLY SAXIFRAGE. Leaves all clustered at the root, obovate, toothed; scape 4! to 9! high, many- flowered; flowers white, in early spring. Damp rocks. 8. Virginiénsis. 2. Swamp 8S. Leaves all at the root, lance-oblong, 3' to 8! long; scape 1° or 2° high, clammy, bearing many small clustered greenish flowers. Bogs and wet ground, N. 8S. Pennsylvanica. Hydrangea. Aydrdngea. 1. GARDEN HypDRANGEA. Leaves very smooth; flowers mostly large neutral ones, blue, purple, or pink. A well-known garden and house plant. H. Horténsia, . Witp H. Leaves thin, nearly smooth, sometimes heart-shaped; flowers mostly perfect, white. H. arboréscens, 158 POPULAR FLORA. Mock-Orange (or Syringa). Philadélphus. 1. Common M. or Syrinca. Flowers cream-colored, fragrant, in large panicles; styles separate. Cultivated. P. coronarius. 2. ScenrLess M. Flowers larger and later than in the first, few on the spreading branchlets, pure white. Cultivated; also wild S. Leaves tasting like cucumbers. P. inodorus. 48. PARSLEY FAMILY. Order UMBELLIFERA. Herbs with small flowers in compound umbels, the 5 petals and 5 stamens on the top of the ovary, with which the calyx is so incorpvrated that it is not apparent, except some- times by 5 minute teeth. Styles 2. Fruit dry, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into two akenes. Stems hollow. Leaves generally compound, decompound, or much cut. Some species are aromatic, having a volatile oil in the seeds: most, but not all, of these are harmless. Others contain a deadly poison in the roots and leaves. The deadly poisonous sorts are marked +: the most deadly is the Water-Hemlock, also called Musquash-root, and Beaver-Poison. — The kinds in this large family are known by their fruit, and are too difficult for the beginner. The principal common kinds are merely enumerated in the fol- lowing key. (Fig. 148 shows the compound umbel in Caraway, a good and familiar example of the family.) 379. Partof Stem, leaf, umbel, &c of Poison-Hemlock. 380. A separate umbellet. 381. A flower magnified. 382 A fruit 383. Lower oalf of it cut off. Bu. Fruit of Sweet Cicely ; the two long akenes separating. POPULAR FLORA. 159 Seeds flat on the inner face, where the two akenes or parts of the fruit join. Fruit covered all over with hooked prickles, (Sanicula) SANICLE. Fruit prickly on the ribs only. Umbel becoming concave, (Daucus) *CARROT. Fruit not prickly, but winged on the margin. Flowers yellow, all alike, (Pastinaca) *PARSNIP. Flowers white, the outer corollas larger, (Heracleum) Cow-Parsnip. Flowers white or whitish, all alike. Akenes 5-ribbed on the back. Leaves simply pinnate, (Archémora) CowBANE.t Akenes 3-ribbed on the back. Leaves decompound, (Angélica) * ANGELICA. Fruit not prickly, winged on all sides, (Levisticum) *LOVAGE. Fruit neither prickly nor winged. Flowers yellow. Plant sweet-aromatic; leaflets long and slender, (Feniculum) *FENNEL. Flowers white. Umbels with neither involucre nor involucels. Divisions of the leaves very slender, (Carum) *CARAWAY. Divisions or leaflets wedge-shaped, (Apium) *CELERY. Umbels with 3-leaved involucels, but no involucre, (Z2thisa) Foou's-PARSLEY. Umbels with both involucres and involucels. Leaves decompound, finely divided, (Petrosehnum) *PARSLEY. Leaves 2 or 3 times compound; leaflets coarse, (Cictta) WatrEer-HEMLOCK.t Leaves simply pinnate, (Stum) WaTER-Parsnip.} Seed grooved or hollowed down the whole length of the inner face. (Flowers white.) Herbage rather unpleasant-scented: leaves decompound, finely cut, (Conium) Potson-HEMLOCK.t Herbage, fruit, &c. sweet-scented. Fruit narrow-oblong, ribbed, (Cherophyllum) CHERVIL. Fruit long, tapering downwards, (Osmorrhiza) SwEET-CICELY. Seed and fruit curved in at the top and bottom, or kidney-shaped, strong-scented. Flowers white, (Coridndrum) *CORIANDER. 44. ARALIA FAMILY. Order ARALIACEZ. Much like the last, but often shrubs or trees; the styles almost always more than two, and the fruit becoming berry-like. Also the umbels are not regularly compound, but either simple or panicled. Flowers often polygamous. Here belongs the true or English Ivy, with evergreen simple leaves, which thrives in some places in northern exposures ; also the following wild plants. Aralia. Aralia. Petals, stamens, and styles 5. Flowers white or greenish in summer. Berries black. Herbage, roots, &c. aromatic. Leaves compound or decompound, large. 1. Prickty A. or ANGELICA-TRKEE. Shrub or low tree with a stout simple stem, very prickly; leaves very large; leaflets ovate; umbels many in w large panicle. §S. and cult. A. spinosa. 2. Bristty A. Stem 1° high, bristly below, woody at the base; leaves twice pinnate; umbels few. corymbed. Rocky woods. N. A, hispida. 8. SprKENArRD A. A stout spreading herb; with thick sweet-spicy roots; leaves very large and de- compound; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped; umbels many, panicled. Rich woods. A. racemdsa. 160 POPULAR FLORA. 4. SARSAPARILLA A. Roots very long and slender, horizontal (used as a substitute for sarsaparilla); the compound long-stalked leaf, and the naked flower-stalk bearing few umbels, rising separately from the ground. Moist woods. A. nudicailis. Ginseng. Aralia, § Ginseng. Styles 2 or 8. Flowers white. Berries red or reddish when ripe. Low herbs with simple stems, bearing at the top a whorl of leaves and one long-stalked umbel. 1. TrRuE GinsENG. Root long and large, warm-aromatic; leaflets 5. Rich woods,N. A. guinguefolia 2. Dwarr G. (or Grounpnur). Root round, sharp-tasted; leaflets 3 or 5; stem 4‘ to 6! high. Damp woods, N. Fl. spring. A. trifolia. 45. CORNEL FAMILY. Order CORNACEA. Shrubs or trees (except our Dwarf Cornel), the calyx coherent with the ovary, which makes a berry-lhke stone-fruit; represented (except by the TureLo or PepreRIDGE-TREE, Nyssa, here omitted) only by the genus 1. Cornel (or Dogwood). Cornus. Petals 4 and stamens 4, on the ovary. Teeth of the calyx 4, very small. Style 1. Ovary 2-celled, in fruit berry-like with a 2-seeded stone. Leaves entire, opposite, except in No. 7. Flowers in spring or early summer. * Flowers greenish, in a head, which is surrounded by a 4-leaved involucre resembling a large white corolla ; fruit bright red. 1. Dwarr Cornet (or BuncHBERRY). Herb low, with 4 or 6 leaves near the top. Dump woods. C. Canadensis. 2. FLOWERING C. or DoGwoop. Tree; leaves of the co- rolla-like involucre obcordate. C. filbrida. * * Flowers white, in flat and open cymes: shrubs 3. ROUND-LEAVED C. Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, woolly beneath ; fruit pale blue. Woods. C. cireinata. 4. Sttkey C. Branches purple; young stalks and lower side of the ovate or oblong leaves silky woolly; fruit 385. Dwarf Cornel. 386. A separate flower enlarged. 387 A fruit cut across, pale blue. Swamps. C. sericea. 5. Rep-Oster C. Branches red-purple; leaves ovate, smooth, white and roughish beneath; fruit white. Wet banks of streams. C. stolonifera 8. PanicLep C. Branches gray; leaves lance-ovate; cymes convex; fruit white. C. paniculata. 7. ALTERNATE-LEAVED ©. Branches greenish streaked with white; leaves crowded at the ends ot the shoots, but alternate; leaves pointed; fruit bright blue. Hill-sides. C. alternifolia. POPULAR FLORA. 161 II. Monopetalous Division. 46. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Order CAPRIFOLIACEX. Shrubs or woody twiners (or one or two are herbs), distinguished by having a mono- petalous corolla bearing the 4 or 5 stamens, and borne on the ovary, and the leaves opposite without stipules. : 2 392 390 389 388. Flower of Trumpet-Honeysnekle 389 Small-flowered Honeysuckle. 390. A separate flower. 391. An ovary divided lengthwise, and magnified. 392, Flowers, &v. of Fly-floneysuckle, No. Ll, Herb creeping: the naked flower-stalk forking and bearing two sweet-scented, drooping, pretty flowers, with 4 5-lobed and purple-tinged corolla hairy inside, but the stamens only 4, (Linnea) TwInFLOWER. Shrubs or woody vines. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 4 or 5. Style one, slender: stigma one. Corolla elongated, mostly irregular. Berry several-seeded, (Lonicéra) HoNEYSUCKLE. Corolla elongated, nearly regular. Pod many-seeded, (Diervilla) BusH-HoNEYSUCKLE. Corolla short bell-shaped, regular. Berry 2-seeded, (Symphoricarpus) SNOWBERRY. Style hardly any: stigmas generally 3: corolla very short and open, 5-cleft, regular. Flowers small, white, very many, in compound cymes. Leaves pinnate. Berry 3-seeded, (Sambicus) ELDEr.. Leaves simple. Fruit berry-like with one flat stone, (Vibirnum) Visurnum. 162 POPULAR FLORA. Honeysuckle. Lonicéra. Teeth of the calyx very short. Corolla tubular below, irregular and 2-lipped, four lobes belongin_ to one lip and one to the other, except in No. 1. $1. Twining woody plants: flowers long, crowded in little heads at the end of the branches, or in ses sile whorls in the axils of the uppermost leaves. * Corolla long and narrow, appearing regular, the 5 short lobes nearly equal. 1. Trumrer H. Uppermost pair of leaves united into one rounded body; corolla red, yellowish inside (also a yellow variety), scentless. Wild S. and cultivated. L. sempérvirens. * * Corolla 2-lipped: uppermost leaves on the flowering branches united round the stem into one flat or cup-shaped body, except in No. 2. 2. Common H. or WoopsinE. Leaves all separate; flowers purple-red outside, large, sweet-scented ; berries red. Cultivated; as also the next. L. Periclymenum. 3. Irattan H. Leaves glaucous; flowers blush-colored, sweet-scented; berriesyellow. L. Caprifolium. 4, WiLp Sweet-H. Flowers smaller; otherwise nearly asin No. 8. S. and cultivated. L. grata. 5. WiLD YELLow-H. Leaves thick, very glaucous both sides; several pairs united, flowers pale yel- low; the tube rather long. W. and 8. L. flava. 6. SMALL-FL. H. Leaves glaucous; flowers small, yellowish and purplish or crimson. L. parviflora, 7. Harry H. Leaves, &c. hairy, dull green, not glaucous; flowers clammy, orange. N. L. hirsuta. § 2. Twining: leaves all separate, a pair of flowers in the axil of some of them, on a short 2-leaved foot- stalk. Cult. from Japan and China. 8. JAPAN H. Slender, hairy; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish outside, white inside, sweet. L. Jupénica. § 8. Upright bushes: leaves all separate; flowers two on an axillary peduncle; their two ovaries often united at the base or into a double berry (Fig. 392): corolla short, irregular. 9. TarTartan H. Very smooth; leaves somewhat heart-shaped; flowers rose-color, handsome, in spring. Cultivated for ornament. L. Tartdvrica. 10. Fuy H. Leaves petioled, ovate or heart-shaped, thin, u little hairy below and on the margins; corolla almost equally 5-lobed, greenish-yellow; ovaries separate. Woods, N. L. ciliata. 11. Swamp Fiy-H. Leaves sessile, oblong; peduncles long; corolla deeply 2-lipped, whitish. In swamps, N. L. oblongifolia Elder. Sambicus. 1. Common Exper. Leaflets 7 to 11, smooth; cymes flat; berries dark purple. S. Canadensis. 2. RED-BERRIED E. Stems more woody; leaflets 5 or 7, downy beneath; cymes convex or pyramid. like; berries bright red. Cold woods, N.; fl. spring. S. pubens, Viburnum. § Vibianum. Shrubs or small trees, which have a variety of names. Leaves simple. Cymes flat. Fruit berry-like, with one flat stone. To the genus belongs the LAuREsTINus, cultivated in houses. All the following are wild in this country; but « variety of No. 6 is well known as a cultivated ornamental shrub. Flowering in spring or early summer. * Flowers all alike, small and perfect: fruit blue or black. . Nakep Y. or WyrHe-rop. Leaves thickish, entire, or wavy-toothed. Swamps, N. VT. nudum, POPULAR FLORA. 163 2. Swrer V. or SHEEP-BERRY. Leaves ovate, pointed, very sharply serrate, on long and margined footstalks; cymes sessile; fruit rather large, eatable. A small tree. V. Lentago. 3. BLack-HAaw V. Leaves oval, blunt, shining; otherwise like No. 2. S. and W. V. prunifolium 4. AkRow-woop V. Leaves round-ovate, coarsely toothed, strongly marked with straight veins, smooth; cymes small, stalked; fruit small, bright blue. Shrub, in wet places. V. dentatum. 5. MAPLE-LEAVED V. or Dockmackiz. Leaves roundish and with 3 pointed lobes, coarsely toothed, downy beneath; cymes long-stalked. Rocky woods: a shrub. V. acerifolium. * * Flowers at the margin of the cyme neutral, consisting merely of a large and flat corolla, white (just as in Hydrangea, p. 69, and Fig. 169.) 6. SNOWBALL V. or CRANBERRY-TREE. Leaves with 3 pointed lobes, smooth; fruit red, sour. Swamps, N. — The SNowBALL-TREE or GUELDER-Roszx is a cultivated state of this, with all the flowers become neutral. V. Opulus. 7. HopsiesusH V. Branches long and spreading, often taking root; leaves large, round-ovate or heart-shaped, many-veined, scurfy beneath; cyme sessile, very broad; fruit red, turning blackish. Damp woods, N. ° V. lantanoides. 47. MADDER FAMILY. Order RUBIACES. Well distinguished by its regular monopctalous corolla, bearing 4 or 5 stamens alternate with its lobes, and itself borne on the ovary (the calyx being coherent); and the leaves in whorls, or else opposite and with stipules between them. 393. Piece of Madder, in flower. 394. Half of a flower, magnified. 395. Young fruits. 396. Ripe fruit. 397. Common Bluets. 398, Section of a flower lengthwise, magnified, and the corolla laid open. 399. Corolla of another flower Aid open, and the style, 164 POPULAR FLORA. 1. Leaves in whorls. Ovary 2-celled, separating in the ripe fruit into two closed and one-seeded pieces: teeth or limb of the calyx small or hardly to be discerned. Stamens 6 and the corolla 5-parted. Fruit berry-like when ripe, (Rubia) *MavDvER. Stamens and divisions of the wheel-shaped corolla 4, rarely 8. Fruit a pair of dry or fleshy akenes, smooth in some species, in others rough, in others beset with hooked prickles, making little burs, (alum) BEDsTRAaw. 2. Leaves opposite, and with stipules, either as little scales or forming a small sheath. Shrub: flowers (white) many in a close round head (Fig. 145), ( Cephalinthus) BuTTONBUSH Small herbs. (Corolla 4-lobed.) Flowers twin, on one ovary, which makes a double-eyed red berry. Small creeping evergreen, with round leaves. Corolla bearded inside. (Afitchella) PARTRIDGE-BERRY. Flowers separate, peduncled. Fruita dry pod. Stems erect. ( Oldenldndia, § Houstinia) BLUETS. 48. VALERIAN FAMILY. Order VALERIANACES. Herbs, with strong-scented roots, opposite leaves, and no stipules, a 5-lobed monopetalous corolla bearing only 2 or 3 stamens, and borne on the ovary, which makes a small one- seeded dry fruit. Flowers small, in cymes or clusters, white or purplish. Limb of the calyx crowning the fruit in the form of feathery bristles, ( Valeriana) * VALERIAN. Limb of the calyx only one or more blunt teeth, (Fedia) Lams-Lerruce. 49. TEASEL FAMILY. Order DIPSACE, Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, and perfect flowers in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, and with a chaffy bract under each blossom. Corolla tubular or funnel- form, with 4 or 5 lobes, bearing 4 stamens, and itself borne on the ovary, which becomes an akene in fruit, containing one hanging seed. Flowers in a rough-chaffy head: calyx cup-shaped, short: lobes of the corolla 4. Stem and leaves rough or prickly, (Dipsacus) TEASEL. Flowers larger than the chaff: calyx with long-awned or bristle-shaped lobes: lobes of the corolla 4 or 5, unequal, (Scabidsa) *ScaBrous. 50. COMPOSITE or SUNFLOWER FAMILY. Order COMPOSITA. Known by having what were called compound flowers, which are really a number of lowers closely crowded into a head, and this surrounded by an in- volucre which was taken for a calyx. The Scabious bas its flowers in such heads. But the distinguishing mark of the present family is that its five stamens are united by their anthers, or syngene- sious. Fig. 400 shows the stamens, their anthers connected into a tube, through which the style passes. Fig. 401 shows this tube split down on one side and spread open flat. What gives the whole head so much the appearance of one large blossom is, that, POPULAR FLORA. 165' in most cases, these flowers have a strap-shaped corolla. This will be understood by sup- posing a long tubular corolla to be split down on one side and spread out flat. In the Cichory (Fig. 402), Dandelion, and the like, all the flowers are strap-shaped. But in Sun- flower, Coreopsis (Fig. 404), Aster, and many others, only the flowers round the margin are strap-shaped ; these are called rays or ray-flowers, and at first view much resemble the petals of a many-petalled blossom, — all the more so, be- cause in Coreopsis and Sun- flower these ray-flowers are neutral, having neither sta- mens nor pistils. But in As- ters and Daisies, they are pis- tillate, having a pistil only. The blossoms, which in these cases fill the body of the head, and are so small that the su- perficial observer is apt to take them for stamens or pis- tils, are regular and perfect, with a tubular and 5-lobed corolla (Fig. 405 a). They are called disk-flowers. In Thistles, Thoroughwort, Wormwood, and some kinds of Ground-’ sel, all the flowers are of this sort, i. e. there are no rays, but all the flowers tubular. In all, the’ ovary is one-celled and one seeded, and makes an akene in fruit. The corolla being on the ovary, the latter is of course covered by the tube of the calyx adherent to it. Sometimes there is no limb or border to the calyx; then the akene is naked, as in that of Mayweed (Fig. 406). When the limb of the calyx is present in any form on the ovary or akene, it is named the pappus (which means seed- down). In Cichory the pappus or calyx is a ring or cup crowning the akene (Fig. 407) ; in Sunflower it consists of two chaffy scales, which fall off early (Fig. 408); in Helenium 402. Flowers of Cichory, all with strap-shaped corollas. 403. Head of Cichory-flowers, ded lengthwise and enlarged. 166 POPULAR FLORA. there are five chaffy and pointed scales (Fig 409). But more commonly the pappus con- sists of bristles, or downy hairs (as its name denotes). Asters, Groundsels,-and especially Thistles, afford most familiar examples of sucha hairy or downy pappus; those of Thistles, &c. in autumn sailing about in every breeze. Fig. 411 shows the very soft downy pappus of Sow- Thistle. Fig. 410, that of the Dandelion; this is raised upon a long beak to the akene, which lengthens greatly after flowering. This family contains about an eighth or tenth part of all Flowering plants. But it is too dif_i- 404. Half of a head of flowers of Coreopsis. cult for the beginner. So we here barely men- tion a few of the common plants which belong to it. ~ Ray-flower, Ray-flower, neutral. neutral, 405. Slice of the same, enlarged, with one ray-flower, and part of another, and one perfect disk-flower (a), with its bract or chaff (5). 1. Among those which have no rays, or strap-shaped esa are Thisiles, Burdock, Everlasting “and Cudweed, Wormwood, Thoroughwort or Eupatorium, Bulton-Snakeroot, and Ironweed. 2. With rays or strap-shaped corollas at the margin (either neutral or pistillate), and tubular flowers in the centre; Coltsfoot, Aster, Fleabane, Daisy, Golden-rod, Sunflower, Coreopsis, Mayireed, Chamomile, Se. 3. With all the flowers strap-shaped and perfect (and 407 409 410 au in this division the plants have a milky juice): Cichory or Succory (Fig. 402), Salsify, Hawkweed, Sow-thistle, Dandelion, and Lettuce. POPULAR FLORA. 167 51. LOBELIA FAMILY. Order LOBELIACEA. Herbs with milky (acrid-poisonous) juice, alternate leaves, and scattered floweis, the stamens free from the peculiarly irregular corolla, which is split down on one side (Fig. 184), and borne with it on the many-seeded ovary. We have only one genus, viz. : — Lobelia. Lobelia. Calyx with its short tube adherent to the 2-celled ovary, and with 5 slender teeth or lobes. Corolla unequally 5-lobed, and split down to the bottom on the upper side! Stamens 5, united into a tube both by their filaments and their anthers! Style one. Pod opening at the top. The following are the commonest wild species (all but Nos. 3 and 4 in low grounds); fl. summer and fall. 1. CARDINAL-FLOWER L. Tall, smooth, with a raceme of large, brilliant red flowers. _L. cardindlis. 2. GREAT Buvg L. Rather hairy, 1° or 2° high; leaves lance-oblong; flowers 1! long, crowded in a leafy raceme, light blue. L. syphilitica. 8. SprxkeD L. Stem simple, straight, and slender, 1° to 8° high, including the long and naked spike- like raceme of small pale-blue flowers; lowest leaves obovate or oblong. L. spicata. 4. Inp1aAn-Tospacco L. Branching, 8! to 18' high; leaves ovate-oblong; flowers very small, in irregular leafy racemes, pale blue; pods inflated. Open places. L. inflata. 52. CAMPANULA FAMILY. Order CAMPANULACEA. Like the last family in all general respects, except that the showy corolla is regular, 5-lobed; the 5 stamens separate ; the stigmas and the cells of the pod 3 or 5. Juice milky. The principal genus is Campanula or Bellflower. Campanula. So called from its generally campanulate or bell-shaped corolla (Fig. 179 and 412). The following are the commonest species. * Wild species: stigmas and cells of the pods 3. 1, HaresBext C. A slender and very pretty plant, growing on shaded cliffs, 5! to 12' high; root-leaves round or heart-shaped, long-stalked, toothed ; stem-leaves very narrow, entire; flowers nodding, the bright blue corolla bell-shaped, 4' or more long. C. rotundifolia. 2. Marsu C. Aslender plant growing among grass, in wet places, with rough-angled stem and lance-shaped leaves; a few small pale flowers on diverging peduncles. C. aparinoides. 8. TALL C. Stem tall, leafy, ending in a leafy loose spike (1° or 2° long) of blue flowers; corolla wheel-shaped; style long and curved. Rich low ground. C. Americana. * * Garden species: stigmas and cells of the pod 5. 412. Harebell. 4. CANTERBURY BELLS. Hairy, with stout stems, very large blue (or white) flowers, and broaa appendages of the calvx covering the pod. C. Médiun. 168 POPULAR FLORA. 53. HEATH FAMILY. Order ERICACEA. Distinguished generally by the anthers opening by a pore or small hole at the top of each cell, and from all the other orders with a monopetalous corolla, except the two foregoing, by having the stamens free from the corolla, as many or twice as many as its lobes. But the petals are sometimes entirely separate, especially in the third and fourth sub-families. Fruit several-celled. Style one. This large order comprises four very distinct sub-fami- lies, viz. :— 413. Half of a Cranberry-blossom, magnified. 414. A Checkerberry piant, or Aromatic Wintergreen. 415. Slice across the ‘' berry,’’ and the pod in- side. 416. Wintergreen, No. 3, 417. A flower, natural size. 418. Asta: men, 419, Pod cut across, 420. A pistil. 421. A seed. I. HUCKLEBERRY Svupraminy. Teeth of the calyx, corolla, and stamens on the ovary, the tube of the calyx coherent with its surface. Style and stigma one. Anthers of two nearly separate cells, tapering upwards into a tube or tip, which opens at the end. Shrubs, &c. Ovary 10-celled with one ovule in each cell; berry with 10 largish seeds, or rather stones, in a circle, (Gaylussacia) HuCKLEBERRY. POPULAR FLORA. 169 vary with many ovules in each cell, making small seeds. Stamens 10, rarely 8, included in the cylindrical or cblong-bell-shaped 5-toothed corolla. Berry blue or black, sweet, many-seeded, ( Vaccinium) BuUEBERRY. Stamens 10, longer than the open bell-shaped 5-cleft corolla. Berry ripening few seeds, mawkish, (Vaccinium stamineum) DEERBERRY. Stamens 8, much projecting beyond the deeply 4-parted reflexed corolla. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, red, sour, (Vaccinium, § Oxycéccus) CRANBERRY. Il. HEATH Supramity. Calyx, corolla (generally monopetalous), and stamens free from the ovary, inserted on the receptacle. Shrubby plants (except Checkerberry), sometimes small trees. 1. Corolla remaining dry after blossoming. Stems covered with very small and narrow leaves. Only house-plants in this country, (Erica) *HEarTuH. 2. Corolla falling off after blossoming. Fruit a berry or berry-like. Trailing small-leaved evergreen. Corolla roundish, (Arctostaphylos) BEARBERRY. Fruit a dry pod enclosed in a berry-like calyx, (Gaultheria) CHECKERBERRY.* Fruit a naked dry pod. Corolla salver-shaped, with a slender tube. A trailing, scarcely woody ever- green, with round-heart-shaped leaves, (Epigea) MAy-FLOWER.+ Corolla ovate or oblong-cylindrical, 5-toothed, (Andrémeda) ANDROMEDA. Corolla of 5 separate petals, regular, white. Flowers in panicled racemes, appearing in summer, (Clethra) SwEEet-PEPPERBUSH. Flowers in umbels. Leaves rusty-woolly beneath, (Ledum) LABRADOR-TEA. Flowers irregular, rose-purple, two of the petals nearly separate, (Hhodora) Ruopora. Flowers bell-wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches, (Kadlmia) AMERICAN LAUREL. Flowers bell-shaped or short funnel-shaped without pouches, 5-lobed. Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen, (Rhododéndron) RHODODENDRON. Stamens 5. Leaves falling in autumn, (Azalea) AZALEA. III. WINTERGREEN or PYROLA Supramity. Calyx, &c. free from the ovary; the 5 separate petals and 10 stamens on the receptacle. Low and herbaceous, or nearly so, and with evergreen leaves. Flowers ina raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Style long, (Pyrola) WINTERGREEN. Blowers in a general corymb or umbel, or only one or two. Style very short, ( Chimdphila) PipsissEwa. IV. INDIAN-PIPE Susramity. Low herbs growing in leaf-mould in woods, destitute of green foliage (parasitic on roots), having white or flesh-colored scales in place of leaves. Flower one, nodding at first. Calyx of 2 to 4 scales: petals of 5 spatulate scales : stamens 10, (Monétropa) INDIAN-PIPE. Flowers several in a scal7 raceme; the terminal blossom with 6 petals and 10 stamens, all the others with only 4 petals and 8 stamens, (Hypépttys) Pingsar. * Called WINTERGREEN in the country in most places; also BoxBERRY or PARTRIDGE-BERRY; but the latter name rightly belongs to Mitchella, and that of Wintergreen to Pyrola, which is so named in England. ¢ Also called TRaminc-ArsButus and GRounp-LauREL. Nearly the earliest-flowering plant in the Northern States. prized for the rich spicy fragrance of its pretty rose-colored blossoms. 170 POPULAR FLORA. Huckleberry. Gaylussacia. Differing from Blueberries in the rather spicy and sweet berry having 10 large seeds, or rather small stones. ‘Ihe foliage and young shoots in the common species are sprinkled with waxy or sticky dots. Flowers purplish in racemes. 1. Brack or Common H. Branches, leaves, &c. clammy when young; racemes and pedicels short; fruit black, without any bloom. Very common, furnishing the principal huckleberries of the market, ripe late in summer. G. resindsa. 2. Pate H. or BruE-TanGie. Leaves and fruit glaucous; pedicels long and drooping. G. fronddsa. 8. Dwarr H. Branches rather hairy ; leaves thickish and shining ; racemes long, with leaf-like bracts. E. near the coast. : G. dumésa. Blueberry. Vaccinium. Flowers white or tinged with pink, in short clusters, rather earlier than the leaves. Berries blue or black, and generally with a bloom, many-seeded. Leaves deciduous. 1. Common BLUEBERRY. Stem 5° to 10°high; leaves ovate, oval, or oblong. Swamps. V. corymbdsuin. 2. Low B. Stems 1° high, and obovate or oval glaucous leaves smooth. V. vacillans 3. Dwarr B. Stems 4° to 1° high, smooth, leaves lance-oblong, fringed with fine bristle-pointed ieeth, smooth, shining doth sides. Dry woods, &c. This is the earliest blueberry or blue huckleberry in the market. V. Pennsylvdnicum. 4. Canapa B. Stems 1° or 2° high; branchlets and lance-oblong leaves downy: otherwise much like the last. N. V. Canadénse. Cranberry. Vaccinium, § Oxycéccus. Slender, almost herbaceous, creeping or trailing, growing in bogs, with their small leaves rather crowded, entire, thickish, and evergreen, whitened beneath. Flowers single, nodding on the summit of* a slender stalk, pale rose-colored, the corolla almost divided into 4 long and narrow petals turned back. Berries ripe in autumn. 1. LARGE CRANBERRY. Stems 1° to 3° long; leaves oblong, blunt, nearly flat, almost 4' long; berries 2 to 1’ long, deep red (the principal cranberry of the market). V. macrocarpon. 2. SMALL CRANFERRY. Stems hardly 1° long; leaves ovate, acute, not half as large as those of No.1, the margins more rolled back; berries much smaller, often speckled. N. and in mountain bogs. V. Oxycdceus. Kalmia or American Laurel. Kadlmia. Flowers (in early summer) showy, in corymbs or umbels: an anther is at first lodged in each of the 10 pouches of the corolla. Leaves evergreen, very smooth. 1. Mountarn L. or K. Leaves lance-ovate, bright green both sides; flowers large, pale or deep rose- color, in terminal corymbs; pedicels, &c. clammy. Stems 4° to 10° high. K. latifolia. 2. SHEEP L. or LamBxiLy. Leaves lance-oblong, blunt, pale beneath, petioled, mostly opposite, flowers small, purple; the corymbs becoming lateral; shrub 1° or 2° high. K. angustifolia. 8. Pate L. Leaves oblong, sessile, opposite, white-glaucous beneath; flowers few, large, lilac-purple. Swamps, N. K. glauca. Rhododendron (or Rose-Bay). Rhododéndron. Calyx very small or obscure. Corolla large, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, more or less bent to one side slender. Shrubs or low trees, with evergreen leaves and a corymb or umbel of large aud handsome flowers from a terminal scaly bud, in early summer. We have only one common species, viz.: — POPULAR FLORA. 171 Great R. or Lauret. Leaves lance-oblong, 4! to 10’ long, green both sides; flowers 1' wide, pale rose or white, greenish, and spotted in the throat. Damp, deep woods. R. maximum. Azalea. Azalea. Shrubs, like Rhododendron, but with thin and deciduous leaves; the long stamens only 5. Our two common wild species (wrongly called Honeysuckle) grow in swamps. 1. Purpuie A. or PINXTER-FLOWER. Flowers rather earlier than the leaves; corolla funnel-skaped with long recurved lobes, pink-purple or rose-color. A. nudiflora. 2. CLamMmy or WuitE A. Flowers white, clammy, sweet-scented, later than the leaves, which are whitish or pale beneath. Common E. A, viscosa. Wintergreen (or Shin-leaf). Pyrola. Leaves evergreen, rounded, all next the ground, around the base of a scape bearing a raceme of greenish-white (or rarely rose-colored) nodding flowers. Petals 5, all separate, not spreading. Stamens 10: filaments awl-shaped, naked. Style long. Pod 5-lobed. * Style turned down and curved. 1. RounD-LEAvED W. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lance- shaped. Moist woods. P. rotundifolio. 2. OVAL-LEAVED W. Leaves broadly oval, thin; flowers many; calyx-lobes ovate, short. P. elliptica. 8. SmaLLt W. Leaves roundish, thick, small; flowers few; cells of the anther pointed. P. chlordntha * * Style straight. 4. ONE-SIDED W. Leaves thin, ovate; flowers small, all on one side of the raceme. P. seciinda. Pipsissewa. Chimdphila. Leaves evergreen, oblong or lance-shaped, toothed, crowded or scattered on short ascending stems. which bears at the summit from 1 to 7 fragrant flesh-colored flowers in a corymb or umbel. Petals orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10; their filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle. Stvle very short: stigma broad and flat. Dry woods; fl. early summer. 1. UMBELLED P. (or PRINCE’s-PINE). Leaves lance-shaped with uw tapering base, serrate, bright green, not spotted; flowers 4 to 7. C. umbellota, 2. SpotreD P. Plant smaller, 3’ to 5’ high: leaves lance-ovate, obtuse at the base, biotched with white, flowers 1 to 4. C. maculata. 54. HOLLY FAMILY. Order AQUIFOLIACEZ. Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small regular (often polygamous) flowers in the axils; the minute calyx and the 4-6-parted (greenish or white) corolla free from the ovary. Stamens 4 to 6, attached to the very base of the corolla, alternate with its divisions. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas nearly sessile. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 4 to 6 small seedlike stones. — Consists mainly of the genus Holly. lex. Containing several species, some with deciduous, others with evergreen leaves. 1. American Houiy. Leaves thick and evergreen, spiny-toothed, oval ; parts of the blossom in fours; fruit red. — Tree with ash-colored bark and white wood. I. opaca. 172 POPULAR FLORA. 2. WINTERBERRY H. or BLACK ALDER. Leaves thin and deciduous, serrate, veiny, obovate or ob- long; peduncles very short; parts of the blossom often in sixes; fruit red. Shrub: low grounds. This belongs to the section Prinos. L. verticillata. 55. EBONY FAMILY. Order EBENACEX. Of this small family, we have only one species, a tree, which deserves notice, viz. : — 423 Persimmon. Diospyros. Tree with alternate thickish leaves; in their axils some trees bear clustered staminate flowers, with a 4-cleft corolla and about 16 stamens; others single and larger perfect flowers, with a 4lobed corolla and 8 stamens. Calyx 4-cleft, rather large, thickish. Corolla pale yel- low. Pistil one, with 4 styles: the ovary ripening into a plum-like fruit, which is very astringent when green, but sweet and yellow and eatable after frosts, con- 422 et taining 8 large and bony flat seeds. 422 Fertile flower. 423. Corolla and stamens of the same, laid open. D. Virginiana. 424, Fruit, 425. Section of the same. 56. PLANTAIN FAMILY. Order PLANTAGINACEA. Consists mainly of the genus of low stemless herbs called Plantain (or Rib-Grass). Plantago. Flowers greenish, on a scape, in a close spike. — Calyx of 4 persistent sepals. Corolla salver-shaped, thin, withering on the pod, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, generally with very long and weak filaments, borne on the corolla. Style and stigma one, slender. Pod 2-celled, opening crosswise, the top falling off as a lid, the loose partition falling out with the seeds. Leaves generally with strong ribs. 1. Common PLantain. Leaves ovate: or slightly heart-shaped, several-ribbed; seeds 7 to 16. P. major. 2. VirerntA P. Small (2! to 7! high), hairy; leaves oblong, 3-5-ribbed; seeds 2. P. Virginica. 8. Enetish P. or RippLe-Grass. Hairy, with long lance-shaped or linear leaves, and u short and thick spike or head, on a scape 1° or 2° high; seeds 2. Com- mon E. P. lanceolata. 4. SgastpE P. Smooth; leaves linear, thick 428 and fleshy; seeds 2. Salt marshes on the ; ead : 429 426 ae 426. Young spike of common Plantain, 427 A flower magnifiet. 428 Pis coast. P. maritima. or of the same. 429. Fruit, opening by a lid, the withered corolla on the pie POPULAR FLORA. 173 57. LEADWORT FAMILY. Order PLUMBAGINACES. Familiar to us in two plants only, viz. MarsH-RoseMAry on the coast, and TurIFT in gardens; known by having a dry and scaly funnel-shaped calyx, and 5 petals united only at their base, with a stamen before each, and 5 styles on a single one-seeded ovary. Flowers (rose-color) in a round head on a long and naked scape: leaves very narrow, all in a close tuft at the root, (Arméria) THRIFT. Flowers (lavender-color) spiked or sessile along the branches of a forking panicle: leaves spatulate, thickish, on petioles, nearly all of them from the stout rootstock, (Stdtice) MARsH-ROSEMARY. 430. Calyx and corolla of Thrift; separated. 431. Pistil of the same, with its 5 styles: also the lower part of an ovary more magnified, cut across. 58. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Order PRIMULACEA. Herbs, with regular perfect flowers; completely distinguished by having the stamens of the same number as the lobes to the corolla and one before each, inserted on the tube; the pistil with a one-celled ovary or pod, with one large placenta rising from its base, and bear- ing many or few seeds. Leaves under water pinnately divided into thread-like divisions; flowering stems hollow, and inflated between the joints, (Hottonia) FEATHERFOIL. Leaves simple and entire or barely toothed. Calyx with its tube coherent with the base of the ovary. Flowers very small, white, in racemes. Leaves alternate, (Sdmolus) BROoOKWEED. Calyx and corolla free, inserted on the receptacle. Leaves all at the root: flowers in an umbel. Calyx tubular: corolla salver-shaped: stamens included, (Primula) PRIMROSE. Calyx and corolla 5-parted, turned back: anthers long, and filaments very short, connected, (Dodecatheon) DoDECATHEON. Leaves several in a whorl at the summit of the slender stem. Calyx and corolla 7-parted, wheel-shaped, with narrow divisions, ( Trientalis) STAR-FLOWER. Leaves (mostly opposite or whorled) borne along the whole length of the stem: corolla 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, yellow, (Lysimdchia) LoosEstrire. Corolla wheel-shaped, blue or purple: pod opening by a lid, (Anagdllis) PIMPERNEL. Loosestrife. Lysimachia. This is the only genus in the Primrose family of which we have more than one common wild spe cies. The 5 stamens have their filaments a little monadelphous at the base, and often unequal. Fi. in summer. 1. Srricr L. Leaves opposite or scattered, lance-shaped: stem ending in a long raceme leafy at the base; divisions of the corolla lance-oblong. Low grounds. L. stricta. 174 POPULAR FLORA. 2. Four-LEAveD L. Stem simple; leaves lance-ovate, in whorls of 4 (sometimes of 3 or 6); flowers long-stalked from the axil of the leaves. Sandy grounds. L. quadrifolia. 8. CitraTE L. Leaves opposite, lance-ovate, with a rounded or heart-shaped base, on long ciliate footstalks; flowers long-stalked from the upper axils; divisions of the corolla ovate, pointed, and with wavy or slightly toothed margins. Low grounds. L. ciliata. 4. LANCE-LEAVED L. Leaves lance-shaped, oblong, or linear, narrowed into a short margined foot- stalk; flowers, &c. nearly as in No. 3, S. & W. in low grounds. L. lanceolata, 59. BIGNONIA FAMILY. Order BIGNONIACE. Plants with mostly opposite leaves, and large and showy flowers: the corolla 2-lipped or rather irregular, bearing on its tube 4 stamens (2 long and 2 short) or only 2, often with rudiments of the other one or three. Fruit a large 2-celled pod, with many large seeds: the whole kernel is a flat embryo. Calyx free and corolla on the receptacle, as it is in all the following families with mono~ petalous corolla. Woody plants, with winged seeds, in long pods. Vine climbing by rootlets: leaves pinnate. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed: sta- mens 4, (Técoma) TRUMPET-CREEPER, 432, Corolla of Catalpa Inid open, with the stamens, Tree, with simple heart-shaped leaves, 433. Winged seed of ‘Trumpet-Creeper. and white flowers (purple-tinged or dotted) in large panicles. Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped and 2-lipped: stamens generally 2, with vestiges of one or three others, (Catdlpa) CATALPA, Rank clammy herb (cult. and wild S. W.) with wingless seeds in a large and long-pointed fruit, the outer part of which is fleshy and falls off from the inner fibrous-woody part: this is crested and long-beaked, the beak at length splitting into 2 hooked horns. Corolla full-colored : stamens 2 or 4, perfect, (Martynia) UNICORN-PLANT. 60. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. Order OROBANCHACEA, Herbs parasitic on the roots of trees, &c., readily known by their irregular monopetalous corolla, 4 stamens, in two pairs ; the ovary one-celled with innumerable small seeds on the walls. Also, like other parasitic plants, they are entirely destitute of green herbage, yel- lowish or brownish throughout, and with scales in place of leaves, Stems slender and branched, with few ana small scales and many flowers scattered along the branches, (Epiphéegus) BEECH-DROFS. Stems short and thick, covered with broad scales, so that the plant resembles a fir-cone Flowers under the upper scales: stamens projecting, ( Conépholis) SQUAW-ROOT. Stems or naked and 1-flowered scapes slender, from a scaly base: stamens included in the curved and salver-shaped corolla, (Aphyllon) Nakep BROOM-RAPE. POPULAR FLORA. 175 61. FIGWORT FAMILY. Order SCROPHULARIACES. Herbs with a 2-lipped or more or less irregular monopetalous corolla, and 4 stamens in pairs (2 long and 2 short), or only 2 perfect stamens; rarely all 5 present: style 1: the ovary 2-celled and making a many-seeded pod (few-seeded in some Speed- wells and Cow-wheat). Flowers often showy. Two ijobes always belong to the upper lip, three to the lower. 434. Corolla of » Pentstemon, faid open, showing the 4 perfect stamens and the fifth as a sterile naked filament. 435. Stamens (with a piece of the corolla) of another Pentste- mon, with the sterile filament bearded. 436. Piece of Purple Gerardia. 437, Corolla laid open, showing the 4 stamensin pairs. 438. Style and calyx of the same, 439. Part ofa pod. 440, Flower of Toadfiax. 441. Plant of Hedge-Hyesop. 442, Flower laid open; one pair ef good stamens; ene pair of ster- ile filaments. * Corolla wheel-shaped or with a very short tube, the lobes more or less unequal. Calyx and corolla 5-cleft: stamens 6, some of them rather imperfect, (Verbdscum) MULLEIN. Calyx and corolla 4-parted: stamens 2, (Verdnica) SPEEDWELI. * * Corolla more or Jess tubular, bell-shaped and irregular, or 2-lipped. + Upper lip or lobes covering the lower in the bud (except sometimes in Monkey-flower). Corolla with its 2-lipped mouth closed by a palate, i. e. an inward projection of the lower lip: stamens 4. Corolla with a slender spur at the base on the lower side, (Linaria) TOADFLAX. Corolla sac-like at the base on the lower side, (Antirrhinum) SNAPDRAGON. Corolla 2-parted: the lower lip sac-shaped in the middle; the short tube with 2 protuber- ance at the base on the upper side: stamens 4, { Collinsia) CoLLinsia 176 POPULAR FLORA. Corolla ovoid, small, dull greenish purple, with 4 short unequal erect lobes, and one small recurved one (the lower). Stamens 4andarudiment, (Scrophularia) Ficworn Corolla shaped like a turtle’s head, the mouth closed or nearly so, without a palate. Sta- meus 4 with woolly anthers; anda sterile filament besides, (Chelone) TURTLEHEAD, Corolla open at the irregular or 2-lipped mouth. Stamens 4, and a sterile filament besides (Fig. 484, 435), (Pentstemon) PENTSTEMON. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip with the sides turned back, the lower lip turned down. Stamens 4, no vestige of the fifth. Calyx elongated, 5-angled, 5- toothed. Stigmas with 2 broad lips, (Mimulus) MonkEY-FLOWER. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped, open. Stamens only 2 perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments included, or none. Corolla yellow or whitish, (Gratiola} HeupoE-Hyssor. Sterile filaments long, protruding from the purple or blue corolla, (Jlysdnthes) Fatse-PIMPELNEL. + + Lower lip or the side lobes covering the others in the bud. Corolla (large, purple or white) tubular, open; the border slightly 5-lobed, (Digitalis) *FoxGLove. Corolla salver-shaped. Flowers in a spike. Stamens 2, projecting, longer than the 4 lobes of the corolla, ( Verdnica Virginica) CULVER’S-ROOT. Stamens 4, included: lobes of the corolla 5: calyx tubular, 5-toothed, (Btichnera) BLUE-HEARTS. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, somewhat irregularly 5-lobed. Stamens 4, (Gerdrdia) GERARDIA. cree tubular, decidedly 2-lipped, the narrow upper lip erect or arched, enclosing the 4 stamens. Flowers ina spike. Pod many-seeded. Bracts large and colored, scarlet in our species. Calyx tubular, ( Castilleia) PAINTED-cUP Bracts green, small. Leaves pinnatifid, (Pedicularis) LousEworr. Mullein. Verbdscum. Flowers in a long terminal spike or raceme. Corolla 5-parted, almost regular. Stamens 5, unequal. but generally all with anthers. Root biennial. 1. Common M. Tall, woolly throughout; the simple stem winged by the prolonged bases of the leaves: flowers yellow, in a long thick spike; two of the filaments smooth. Fields, &c. V. Thap sus. 2. Morn M. Green, smoothish; stem 2° or 8° high; leaves toothed; flowers yellow or white in a lwose raceme; filaments all bearded with yellow wool. Road-sides. V. Blattaria. Speedwell. Verdnica. Flowers small; one or two of the lobes of the 4-parted border of the corolla always smaller than the others. Stamens 2, protruding. Pod flattened, many-seeded in the common species. § 1. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube longer than the border. Pod not notched at the end. 1. CuLveEr’s-roort 8. A tall perennial, with lance-shaped pointed leaves in whorls, and whitish flowers crowded in clustered spikes. Woods, W. and 8., and cultivated in gardens. V. Virginica. §2. Corolla wheel-shaped, tube very short, pale blue or white. Pod notched at the end. Leaves opposite. * Flowers in single racemes from the axils of the leaves. 2. Water S. Smooth; stems rooting at the creeping lower part, then erect; leaves sessile by a heart- shaped base, ovate-lanceolate; corolla pale blue with darker stripes. Brooks. V. Anagallis 8 Brook S.or BrooktimE. Leaves ovate or oblong, on petioles; otherwise like the last. J” Americana. 4. Marsi S. Smooth, slender; leaves sessile, linear, acute; raceme zigzag. loose. V. scutellata, 6. Common S. Downy; stems creeping; leaves wedge-oblong, serrate; raceme dense. Dry ground, in open woods. V. officinalis. POPULAR FLORA. 177 * * Flowers in a terminal loose raceme. §. THYME-LEAVED 8. Smooth and small, 2! to 4! high from a creeping base; leaves ovate®or oblong, the lowest petioled and rounded. Fields, everywhere. V. serpyllifolia. * * * Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves. Root annual. 7. Purstane 8. or NeckwEED. Smooth, branching, erect; lower leaves oval or oblong, toothed, and petioled; uppermost oblong-linear, sessile, and entire. Cult. grounds, &c. V. peregrina. 8. Corn S. Hairy; lower leaves ovate, crenate, petioled; the unper sessile, lance-shaped, and entire. Cultivated grounds. V. arvensis. Toadflax. Lindaria. 1. Common T. (BurTEr-AnD-Eces, RAmstTEpD). Stems branching, crowded with the pale linear leaves; flowers crowded in a close raceme, large and showy, pale yellow with the palate orange- colored. A weed in fields and road-sides. L. vulgaris. 2. Wiup T. Stem very slender, simple, with scattered linear leaves; prostrate shoots at the bottom with broader leaves; flowers very small, blue, in a slender raceme. Sandy soil. L. Canadénsis. Gerardia. Gerdrdia. Plants with large and showy somewhat leafy-racemed flowers; the corolla a little irregular, but hardly 2-lipped. Stamens woolly or hairy; the 4 anthers approaching in pairs. Fl. late summer and autumn. * Corolla rose-purple: calyx bell-shaped, with 5 short teeth: plants low and bushy-branched. 1. Purpie G. Leaves linear, rough-margined; flowers 1' long, short-stalked. G. purpirea. 2. SLENDER G. Leaves linear; flower about 4' long, on a long and slender stalk. G. tenuifolia. * * Corolla yellow, with a rather long tube, woolly inside: calyx 5-cleft, leaf-like. 3. Downy G. Stem (3° or 4° high) and oblong or lance-shaped leaves clothed with a fine close down, upper leaves entire, lower ones sinuate or pinnatifid. Woods. G. flava. 4. SmootH G. Smooth throughout and glaucous, 8° to 6° high; lower leaves twice pinnatifid, upper once pinnatifid or entire. Rich woods. G. quercifolia. 5. Cur-LEAvED G. Rather downy, bushy-branched, 2° or 8° high, very leafy; leaves pinnatifid, the crowded divisions cut and toothed. G. pedicularia. 62. VERVAIN FAMILY. Order VERBENACES. Herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite leaves, a 2-lipped or unequally 5- (or rarely 4-) lobed corolla, and 4 stamens in pairs (i. e. 2 long and 2 short ones): the pistil with a single ovary and only one seed in each cell; the fruit either berry-like with 4 stones, or dry and splitting into 2 or 4 akenes, or in Lopseed consisting of a single akene. This family is in- termediate between the foregoing order and the next. The two following are the com- monest genera. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped. Ovary 1-celled, simple. Herb, in woods, with small whitish flowers in slender and loose spikes; the calyx containing the akene, turned down in fruit, (Phryma) LopsEEp. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, with 5 slightly unequal lobes. Flowers in spikes or heads, summer and autumn, (Verbéna) VERVAIN. 178 POPULAR FLORA. Vervain. Verbena. * Snuowy VERRENAS: low and showy-flowered species, in gardens in summer, the greater part from South America, viz. V. Melindres (red) and others, now much mixed. And there is one species of this sort wild in Western prairies, viz.: — 1. AusBLer’s VERBENA. | Rather hairy; leaves pinnatifid or cut; spikes flat-topped in blossom, like a corymb; corolla light purple, &c. V. Aubletia. * * CommMoN VERVAINS: weeds or weed-like plants, in fields and road-sides, with small flowers in long spikes, which are generally panicled. 2. Common V. Erect, slenderly branched, 1° to 8° high; leaves sessile, cleft or pinnatifid and cut- toothed; spikes very slender; flowers very small, purplish. V. officinalis. e WuirE V. Leaves petioled, ovate or oval, serrate; spikes of white flowers very slender. V. urticifolia. Buive V. Leaves petioled, lance-shaped or lance-oblong, the lower often cut or 2-lobed at the base: spikes of blue flowers thick and close; stem 4° to 6° high. V. hastata. ba a Low V. Stems $0 to 1° high; leaves lance-linear, sessile, scarcely toothed; spikes one or few, thickish; flowers purple. S. and W. V. angustifolia. 63. SAGE or MINT FAMILY. Order LABIATA. Herbs with square stems and opposite aromatic leaves, a 2-lipped (or rather irregular) corolla, 4 stamens in pairs (2 long and 2 shorter), or else only 2 sta- mens, and a 4-parted ovary, in fruit making 4 akenes around the base of the single style. That is, among the families with 2-lipped or irregular monopetalous corollas this is at once known by the 4- lobed ovary, making 4 akenes. The leaves are commonly more or less dotted with small glands, which contain a volatile oil, peculiar to each species. This gives the warm aromatic properties which all plants of this family possess. By distillation, the oil is extracted from several species, as from Peppermint and Spearmint, Lavender, Pen- nyroyal, &¢ Or the dried foliage is used for seasoning or for herb drinks in the case of Summer-Savory, Marjoram, Thyme, Catnip, 443 444 ; : . 443, Flower of Garden Sage. and Sage. The following are the common genera or kinds of this 444. Pistil of the same, the 4- 5 Jobed ovary in the boitom of large family. the calyx, half of which is eut away, * Stamens 4, turned down so as to rest upon the lower lip of the corolla. Flowers in racemes, white: calyx soon reflexed, its upper lobe large and round: upper lip of the corolla 4-cleft, the lower entire. Leaves ovate, fragrant, (Ocimum) *SwEET-BASIL. Flowers in a naked and peduncled spike, pale blue: calyx narrow, 5-toothed: the 5 lobes of the corolla almost equal: stamens short: leaves narrow, hoary, (Lavandula) * LAVENDER. * * Stamens 4, ascending, and projecting from the upper side of the corolla. Akenes veiny. Corolla cleft down the upper side, the lower lobe much larger than the other 4. Flowers purplish, rarely white, in a spike, (Teicrium) GERMANDEBR Corolla with the border cleft into 5 almost equal lobes, blue. Stamens very long, curved: lobes of the corolla turned rather forward, ( Trichostéma) BLUE-CURLS. Stamens slightly projecting from the equally 5-lobed corolla, (Isdnthus) Fats PENNYROYAL. POPULAR FLORA. 179 * * * Stamens 4 or 2, not turned down, and not protruding from the upper side of the flower. Corolla scarcely at all two-lipped, almost equally 4-lobed. Flowers small. Stamens 4 with anthers, almost equal in length, (Mentha) Mint. Stamens only 2 with anthers. Flowers in dense axillary whorls, (Licopus) Wartir-Horelounp. Corolla evidently 2-lipped: stamens 2, or only 2 with anthers. Upper lip nearly flat or spreading, 2-lobed or notched at the end. Calyx equally 5-toothed, bearded in the throat. Cymes terminal, (Cunila) Dirrany. Calyx 2-lipped: upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Throat of the calyx bearded: corollasmall: 2 sterile filaments, ([7edéoma) PENNYROYAL. Throat of the calyx naked; that of the large corolla bearded; the middle lobe of its lower lip large and hanging, fringe-toothed, ( Cpllinsdnia) Horsz-Baum. Upper lip of the corolla arched, entire or slightly notched, holding the stamens. Calyx equally 5-toothed, tubular: lips of the large corolla long and narrow. Flowers crowded in close and leafy-bracted heads, (Mondrda) Horsr-Mint. Calyx 2-lipped. Upper lip with 3 bristle-pointed teeth. Flowers in heads, (Blephilia) Buepmiuta. Upper lip entire or 3-toothed. Anthers with only one cell, on the end of a long connective astride the end of the filament, (Sdlvia) Sacer. Corolla 2-lipped: stamens 4, all with anthers. Upper and inner pair of stamens longer than the lower or outer pair, And curved downwards. Flowers spiked, small. Herbs tall, (Lophdnthus) Grant-Hyssor. Both pairs of stamens ascending under the upper lip. Flowers in terminal spikes or clusters, (Neépeta) Carnir. Flowers few in the axils of kidney-shaped leaves, (Glechoma) Grounv-Ivy. Upper pair of stamens shorter than the lower or outer pair. Upper lip of the corolla flat and open, or barely concave. Stamens distant or diverging, not approaching under the upper lip. Calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, 15-nerved. Stamens long, (Hyssopus) *Hyssor. Calyx 10 to 13-nerved, ovate, bell-shaped, or short tubular. Calyx naked in the throat. Flowers in dense heads or clusters, (Pycnanthemum) MountTatn-Minv. Flowers clustered in the axils or spiked, (Satureia) *SuMMER-SAvory. Calyx hairy in the throat. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts, ( Origanum) Maryoram. Flowers loosely clustered: bracts minute, (Thymus) *TuyME. Stamens with their anthers approaching in pairs under the upper lip. Calyx tubular. Flowers in w head-like cluster, surrounded with awl- shaped bracts, ( Clinopodium) Bastt. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped and 2-lipped: corolla curved upwards. Flowers few in loose clusters, (Melissa) *BALM, Upper lip of the corolla concave, the whole throat inflated and funnel-shaped. Flowers large in naked spikes, (Physostéegia) FALSE-DRAGONHEAD. Upper lip of the corolla arched or hood-like. Calyx 2-lipped, closed over the fruit, and Very veiny, the lips toothed: flowers in a bracted short spike, (Brunella) SELF-HEAL. Not veiny, becoming helmet-shaped; lips entire, Scutellavia) SCULLCAP. 180 POPULAR FLORA. Calyx not 2-lipped, 10-toothed. Clusters axillary, head-like, (Marribium) Horgenounn Calyx not 2-lipped and only 5-toothed, Funnel-shaped and much larger than the corolla, (Moluccélla) *MoLucca-BALM. Bell-shaped or top-shaped, much shorter than the corolla. Anthers opening crosswise: calyx-teeth spiny-pointed, (Galedpsis) Hemp-NETTLE. Anthers opening lengthwise. Corolla not enlarged in the throat: stamens turned down after shed- ding their pollen, (Stachys) HEDGE-NETTLE. Corolla enlarged in the throat: calyx-teeth not spiny, (Lamium) DeAD-NETTLE. Corolla not enlarged in the throat: calyx top-shaped with spiny teeth. Akenes 3-angled. Leaves cleft and cut, (Leonirus) MOTHERWORT. Mint. Mentha. Herbs with sharp-tasted leaves and small whitish or purplish flowers: upper lobe of the short co- rolla either entire or notched. 1. Wrup Mint. Flowers in head-like clusters around the stem in the axils of the petioled leaves; plant hairy, or in one variety smonthish. Wet places. M. Canadensis. 2. PEPPERMINT. Smooth; clusters of flowers crowded in short spikes; leaves petioled, oblong or ovate. AM. pipérita. 3. SPEARMINT. Nearly smooth, spikes panicled; leaves lance-ovate, almost sessile. ML. viridis. Horse-Mint. Monarda. Herbs with mostly simple stems, and rather large flowers in close head-like clusters at the summit of the stem, and around it in the axils of the upper leaves, surrounded by large bracts. * Root perennial: upper lip of the narrow corolla entire, the 2 stamens projecting from it: leaves lance-ovate or slightly heart-shaped. 1. Baum H. or Osweco TEA. Green, rather hairy; corolla long, bright red; uppermost leaves and bracts tinged with red. Moist banks, N., and in gardens. AL. didyma. 2. Common H. Pale, smoothish or soft downy; flowers purplish or whitish, smaller. IM. fistuldsa. * * Root annual: upper lip of the corolla notched: stamens not projecting. 8. Dorrrp H. Leaves lance-shaped; bracts yellowish and purple; corolla yellowish, purple-spotted. Sandy soil, S. M. punctata. Scullcap. Scutellaria. Well marked by the tubular ascending corolla (mostly blue or bluish-purple) with a strongly arched upper lip; the calyx with two short entire lips, closed after the corolla falls, and having an enlargement on the back, the whole becoming of the shape of a helmet. Fl. summer. * Flowers small, in axillary one-sided racemes. 1. Map-poe 8. Smooth, branched, slender; leaves lance-ovate or oblong, pointed, serrate, on slender stalks. Wet places. 8S. lateriflora. * * Flowers in terminal racemes. %. Larcer §. Hairy and rather clammy, 1° to 30 high; leaves heart-shaped or ovate, wrinkled veiny; upper lip of the corolla blue, the lower pale and purple-spotted. S.and W. _ S. versicolor. 8. Harry S. Hairy, 1° to 3° high, slender: leaves ovate, crenate, obtuse, veiny. S. pilosa. POPULAR FLORA. 181 4. NARROW-LEAVED S. Minutely hoary or downy, slender, 1° or 2° high; leaves lance-oblong or linear, entire; raceme short, as in the foregoing. E. and S. 8. sntegrifolia. * *® * Flowers single, in the axils of the leaves. 5. DwarF S. Minutely downy, 3! to 6' high; leaves round-ovate or the upper ‘lance-ovate, entire. ¥ long. Dry or sandy banks of rivers, &c. 8. pdrvuia. 6. StenpER S. Slender, 1° or 2° high; leaves lance-ovate, serrate, with a roundish or slightly heart- shaped base, sessile; flowers 3! long. Wet woods. 8. galericulata. 64. BORRAGE FAMILY. Order BORRAGINACES. Herbs with alternate entire leaves, not aromatic, commonly rough: the flowers regular, with a 5-leaved calyx, 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens on the tube, one style, and a 4-lobed ovary, making 4 akenes. Flowers generally in one- sided raceme-like clusters, coiled up at the tip, and unfolding as the blossoms expand. Innocent mucila- ginous and slightly bitter plants, the roots of some species yielding a red dye. 451 ea 445, Branch of Forget-me-not, in flower. 446. The corolla laid open, with the stamens, magnified. 447. The pistil with its 4-lobed ovary ; calyx, &c. cur away. 448. Two of the ripe akenes in the calyx; the two sepals towards the eye and two of the ukenes removed, ) 449. Akene cut through lengthwise, magnified ; the whole kernel embryo. 450. Flowers of Comfrey. 451. Corolla enlarged, laid open, show- ing the sharp scales inside, and the stamens, 445 450 * Ovary 4-parted, making 4 akenes around the base of the style. Akenes or lobes erect, fixed by the lower end, separate from the style, not prickly. Corolla somewhat irregular (the lobes rather unequal), funnel-shaped (blue or purple). Its throat naked and open: stamens protruding, rather unequal, (Zchium) Virrr’s-Bucwoss, Its throat closed by 5 blunt scales; tube curved: stamens included, (Lycépsis) BuG.oss. Corolla, &c. perfectly regular. Its throat closed by 5 converging scales, one before each lobe. Corolla wheel-shaped; its lobes acute. Plant rough-bristly, (Borrago) *BoRRAGE. Corolla tubular and somewhat funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, (Symphytum) CoMFREY. Its throat open, naked or with 5 small projections. Akenes mostly stony. Lobes of the tubular corolla acute and erect, (Onosmodium) FALSE-GROMWELL. Lobes of the trumpet-shaped corolla spreading, rounded, short. Akenes fleshy. Plant very smooth, (Merténsia) Lunawort. 2 POPULAR FLORA, Lobes of the salver-shaped or funnel-shaped corolla spreading, rounded. Each with one edge outside and one inside in the bud: corolla very short, (Myosotis) Scorpion-GRass or FORGET-ME-NOT. Two lobes covering the others in the bud. Corolla short, white or whitish, funnel-shaped, (Lithospérmum) GROMWELL. Corolla long, orange-yellow, salver-shaped, (Lithospérmum, § Butschta) Puccoon. Akenes or lobes of the ovary prickly, fixed by their side or upper end to the base of the style. Corolla salver-shaped, with 5 scales in the throat. Erect, prickly on the margins only. Flowers small, (Echinospérmum) STICKSEED. Oblique or flattened from above , short-prickly or rough allover, ( Cynogléssum) HOUND’S-TONGUE. * * Ovary not lobed, but splitting when ripe into 4 akenes: corolla short, ( /elwtropium) *HELIOTROPE. 65. WATERLEAF FAMILY. Order HYDROPHYLLACE. Herbs with lobed, compound, or toothed and mostly alternate leaves; the regular flowers much like those of the Borrage Family, except as to the ovary, which is globular and only one-celled and bears the few or many ovules and seeds on the walls (pari- etal), or on two projections from them. In Waterleaf, Nemophila, &., the two placentas, bearing the few seeds, broaden and make 452. Flower of Virgie Waterleaf, 453. Cordiia laid open, and stamens, a kind of linine to the 454. Calyx and young pod, with the style. 5 pod. Corolla bell shaped or wheel-shaped ; its lobes and the stamens always 5. Style 2-cleft above. The Water- leaf furnishes our principal plants of the family that are common wild. But some Ne- mophilas and Phacelias, from Texas and California, are showy garden annuals. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones. Stamens not projecting beyond the corolla. Calyx without appendages or teeth between éhe divisions, large in fruit, (Ellisia) Evuista. Culyx with 5 reflexed teeth between the divisions, (Nemdphila) *NEmMorniva. Leaves alternate: appendages of the calyx none or minute: stamens long. Mostly annuals: seeds on the walls of the pod, or two narrow placentas, (Phaceélia) PHACELIA. Perennials, with scaly-toothed rootstocks. Seeds 1 to 4, enclosed in a membrane which lines the pod. Flowers white or bluish, clustered: filaments bearded below, (Hydrophyllum) WaATERUEAF. Waterleaf. Hydrophyllum. 1. Virers1a W. Smoothish, 1° or 2° high; leaves pinnately divided into 6 or 7 narrow and toothed or cleft lobes; calyx hairy. Rich woods. HT. Virginicum. 2. Canapa W. Smoothish ; leaves rounded, palmately lobed, longer than the peduncle; calyx smooth. Rich woods- A. Canadénse, POPULAR FLORA, 183 66. POLEMONIUM FAMILY. Order POLEMONIACES. Herbs, not twining (but Cobza climbs by tendrils), with regular flowers, all the parts in fives, except the pistil, which is 3-velled and the style 3-cleft at the top, the 5 spreading lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, i. e. overlapping so that one edge of each is outside of that behind it, but inside . of the next one. Flowers generally handsome. All the kinds here given are cultivated ; but the Phloxes are wild in this country (especially W. and 8.), and so is one Polemonium. Gilias are pretty garden annuals from California, &e. Cobea, which is placed here, though very different from the rest, is a great flowered vine from Mexico. il 455 : 457 455, Flowers of Phlox. 456. Flowers of Polemonium. 457. Pod of Folemonium, cut across, Climbing by tendrils on the pinnate leaves: flowers axillary, single: calyx leafy: corolla bell-shaped, large, but dull-colored, (Cobéa) *CoBamA. Not climbing: flowers in panicled cymes or clusters. Stamens inserted at very unequal heights on the long tube of the salver-shaped corolla, short, included: calyx narrow, 5-angled: seeds only one in each cell. Leaves all entire, sessile, and opposite, except the uppermost, (Phlox) PHuox. Stamens all inserted at the same height. Leaves mostly alternate and compound. Corolla almost wheel-shaped (light blue): stamens turned towards the lower side of the flower: leaves pinnate, (Polemonium) PoLemontum. Corolla funnel-shaped or salver-shaped: stamens not turned to one side: seeds several. Leaves once to thrice pinnately divided, (Gilia) GILIa. Phlox. Phlox. * Perennial herbs, growing in open woods, and in gardens. 1. PANICLED P. Stem stout, 2° to 4° high; leaves Jance-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, pointed taper- ing or the upper ones heart-shaped at the base; panicle large and broad; corolla pink or white, the lobes entire. FJ. summer. P. paniculata. 2. Sporrep P. Stem 1° or 2° high, slender, simple, purple-spotted; lower leaves lance-shaped, upper- most lance-ovate, tapering upwards from the rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; panicle narrow; calyx-teeth rather blunt; corolla pink-purple, or varying to white in gardens, the lobes entire. Fl. summer. P. maculata. 8. Harry P. Stems slender, ascending, 1° or 2° high, clammy-hairy; leaves lance-shaped or lance- linear; cyme flat; calyx-teeth long, awn-pointed; lobes of the rose-pink corolla entire. Fl. early summer P. pilosa. 4. Runnine P, Spreading by creeping runners, bearing roundish and thickish smooth leaves; flow- ering stems 4’ to 8’ high, with oblong leaves; flowers few and large; lobes of the red-purple corolla round and entire. FI. early summer. P. réptans. 184 POPULAR FLORA. 5. SpreapInG P. Stems ascending, 9! to 18! high, rather clammy; leaves ovate-oblong or broad lance-shaped; cyme loosely-fluwered; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla generally obcordate and rather distant from each other. Fl. spring, N. & W. P. divaricata. 6. Grounp P. or Moss-Pinx. Plant creeping and tufted in flat mats; leaves awl-shaped or lance linear, small, crowded; corolla pink or rose-color, with a darker eye, sometimes white. Fl. spring, in sandy or rocky soil. 8. & E. P. subulata. * * Garden annual from Texas. 7. Drummonp’s P. Rather clammy, branched; leaves lance-oblong, the upper heart-shaped at the base; corolla crimson, purple or rose-color, lobes entire. P. Drumméndit. Polemonium. Poleménium. 1. Brugz P. (Called in gardens Jacob's Ladder or Greek Valerian.) Stem erect, 1° or 2° high, leafy; leaflets many; seeds several. Gardens. P. cerileum, 2. Witp P. Stems weak, spreading; leaflets 7 to 11; flowers few. Woods, W. & 8. P. reptans. 67. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. Order CONVOLVULACES. Twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate leaves and regular flowers: calyx of 5 sepals: corolla 5-plaited or 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Pistil making a round pod, with 2 to 4 cells and one or two large seeds erect from the bottom of each cell. (For illustrations see Fig. 4 to 7,13 to 22.) Dodders are leafless parasitic plants of the family. Plants with foliage, and bearing large flowers, open onlv for one day. Style one. Stamens protruded beyond the mouth of the tubular or trumpet-shaped and crimson or scarlet corolla, ( Qudmoclit) QUAMOCLIT. Stamens included in the tube of the almost entire corolla. Stigma thick, 2-lobed: corolla bell-shaped: pod 4-celled, 4-seeded, (Batatas) SwEET-PoTato. Stigma capitate, thick, with 2 or 3 lobes: corolla funnel-form: pod with 2 or 3 cells, and 2 seeds in each cell, (Jpom@a) MorninG-Guory- Stigmas 2, long, linear or oblong. {[BInDWEED.* Calyx naked at the base: corolla bell-shaped, ( Convélvulus) *CoNVOLVULUS or Calyx covered by 2 large bractlets: corolla funnel-form, ( Calystégia) BRACTED-BIND WEED. Plants with leafless whitish, reddish, or yellowish thread-lke stems, twining over other plants, and attaching themselves to their bark, on which they feed: flowers in clus- ters: corolla bell-shaped, with 5 scales inside the stamens: pod 2-celled, cells 2-seeded: embryo spiral, without any cotyledons, (Ciscuta) DoppER. Quamoclit. Qudmoclit. 1. CYPRESS-VINE Q. Leaves narrow, pinnately dissected into thread-shaped divisions; limb of the corolla rather deeply 5-lobed. Garden annual. Q. vulgaris. 2. SCARLET Q. Leaves heart-shaped, entire or nearly so; corolla scarcely lobed, Q. coccinea * The low THREE-COLORED ConvoLvuLus (C. tricolor) is a garden annual. POPULAR FLORA. 135 Morning=Glory. Jpom@a. 1. Common M. Annual; stem hairy, the hairs bent downwards; leaves heart-shaped, entire; flowers 3 to 5 on the peduncle; flowers purple or pink varying to white, opening early in the morning, ciosing in bright sunshine; pod 8-celled. Cult. &e. I. purpurea, 2. WiLp M. (or Man-oF-THE-EAaRTH). Smooth; root huge, perennial; leaves heart-shaped, entire or some of them narrowed in the middle; flowers 1 to 5 on a peduncle, white with purple in the tube, opening in sunshine. Sandy banks. I. pandurdtus. 68. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Order SOLANACEZ. Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, with a colorless bitter or nauseous juice (often poisonous) ; alternate leaves; and regular flowers, with 5 (or in cultivated plants sometimes 6 or 7) mostly equal stamens and one pistil. Ovary with 2 or more cells, in fruit becoming a many-seeded berry or pod. Corolla plaited in the bud, or valvate, i. e. the lobes placed edge to edge. 459 458. Upper part of the corolla of Stramonium (Fig. 177) in bud. 459. Cross-section of the same, to show how it is plaited and folded. 460. Flower of Tobacco. 461. Its pod and calyx. 462, Same, with the upper part cut away 463. Flowers and berries of Bittersweet Nightshade. 464. Flower of Henbane. 465. Pod of the same, opening by a hid. Corolla wheel-shaped : stamens closely converging or united around the style (Fig. 182, 188). Fruit a berry. Anthers longer than the very short filaments, and Connected with each other, opening lengthwise. Berry several-celled, (Lycopérsicum) *Tomarto, Not grown together, opening at the top by two pores, (Solanum) NIGHTSHADE, Anthers shorter than the filaments, heart-shaped, separate, opening lengthwise. Berry pod-like, inflated, the pulp very pungent (Cayenne or Red Pepper), (Capsicum) *CAPSIOUM. 186 POPULAR FLORA. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, or very open and short funnel-shaped, with an almost entire border: anthers separate, shorter than the filaments: ca- lyx enlarged and enclosing the berry. Calyx 5-lobed, becoming a bladdery bag around the (eatable) berry, (Physalis) GrounD-CHERRY. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions becoming heart-shaped: berry dry, (Nicdndra) *APPLE-OF-PERU, Corolla funnel-shaped, bell-shaped, or tubular: stamens separate: filaments slender. Calyx 5-parted, leafy, spreading: stamens curved or unequal. Corolla bell-shaped : stamens curved: fruit a black berry (deadly poi- sonous), (Atropa) *DeaDLY NIGHTSHADE. Corolla funnel-shaped: stamens unequal: fruit a pod, (Petinia) *¥PETUNIA. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Shrubby, with vine-like branches and narrow leaves: corolla funnel-shaped, small: fruit a berry, (Lycium) *MATRIMONY-VINE. Herbs (annuals), unpleasant-scented, mostly large-flowered. Fruit a pod. Corolla (dull and veiny) and stamens rather irregular: pod in the urn-shaped calyx, opening at the top by a lid (Fig. 465), (Hyoscyamus) HENBANE. Corolla perfectly regular, generally long funnel-shaped. Calyx 5-angled, long, falling away after flowering: pod large and prickly, 2-celled and becoming 4-celled, 4-valved. (Flower, Fig. 177, 458), (Datura) STRAMONINM, Calyx not angled, remaining around the smooth pod, which opens by several slits at the top, (Nicotiana) *ToBacco. The only genus which needs to have the species enumerated is the Nightshade. Solanum. * Anthers blunt: plants not prickly. 1, Common NigHtTsHapE. A very common low, much-branched, homely weed, in damp or shady grounds ; root annual; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers very small, white; berries black, small, said to be poisonous. 8. nigrum. 2. Birrerswret N. Stem rather shrubby, climbing; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, some of them halberd-shaped or with an ear-like lobe at the base on one or both sides; flowers blue-purple, in small cymes; berries bright red. Around dwellings, &c. (The flowers are represented in Fig. 182, as well as Fig. 463.) S. Dulcamara. 3. JERUSALEM-CHERRY N. A low tree-shaped shrub, with lance-oblong and smooth entire leaves, scattered and small white flowers, succeeded by large bright red berries like cherries. Cultivated in houses, &c. S. Pseudo- Capsicum. 4. Potato or TusErovs N. Shoots under ground bearing tubers (Fig. 60); leaves interruptedly pinnate; the leaflets very unequal, some of them minute; corolla only 5-angled (Fig. 183), white or blue. Cultivated. 8. tuberdsum. * %* Anthers long and taper-pointed: stems and leaves prickly. 5. Eco-Puanr N. Leaves ovate, wavy or somewhat lobed, downy; berry oblong, purple or whitish, from the size of an egg to that of a melon, eatable when cooked. Cult. S. Melongéna. 6. Horsz-Nerrie N. Leaves ovate or oblong, wavy or angled, hoary-hairy; corolla bluish; berry yellow. A weed, S. S. Carolinense. POPULAR FLORA. 187 69. GENTIAN FAMILY. Order GENTIANACES. Smooth herbs with a colorless bitter juice; the leaves, with two exceptions, opposite, sessile, and entire ; the regular flowers having as many stamens as there are lobes to the corolla, and alternate with them; stigmas or branches of the style 2; pod one-celled, with many and usually very small seeds on the walls, usually in two lines. — Tonic, generally very bitter plants: none of them poisonous. Flowers commonly large and handsome. Leaves simple, opposite and sessile. Corolla with the lobes convolute, i. c. each with one edge in and one out, in the bud. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5- to 12-parted, white or pink, in cymes. Style 2-parted. (Two or three handsome-flowered species in salt marshes, and one or two on river-banks, &c., especially South), (Sabbdtia) SABBATIA, Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, commonly blue. Style very short or none: stig- mas 2, broad, (Gentiana) GENTIAN. Leaves simple, alternate or all from the root, round-heart-shaped, floating on the water, with very long footstalks, which bear near their summit a cluster of small white flowers, along with some spur-shaped bodies. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes folded inwards in the bud, (Limnanthemum) FLoATING-HEART. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; footstalks long, alternate, their base sheathing the thickish rootstock or the lower part of a scape, which bears a raceme of white flowers. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes white-bearded inside, their edges turned inwards in the bud. One species, in bogs, ( Menydnthes) BucKBEAN. Gentian. Gentiana. * Stamens separate: no plaits or fringes between the lobes of the corolla. 1. FIVE-FLOWERED GENTIAN. Slender, branching; leaves lance-ovate; branches about 5-flowered; corolla light blue, hardly 1! long, with 5 pointed naked lobes. Fl. late summer and autumn; as do all the species. G. quinqueflora. 2. FrincED G. Leaves lance-shaped or lance-ovate; flowers single on a long naked stalk; corolla 2' long, sky-blue, with 4 obovate beautifully fringed lobes. Low grounds. : G. crinita. * * Anthers cohering with each other more or less: corolla with 5 plaited folds. 8. CLosEep G. Stout, leafy to the top, the flowers in sessile clusters, terminal and in the axils of the upper lance-oblong leaves; corolla pale blue or purplish, rather club-shaped, with the mouth con- tracted, and with 6 fringe-toothed plaits, the lobes hardly any. G. Andréwsii. 4. Soapwort G. The light blue corolla more open and bell-shaped, its lobes short and broad, but longer than the intervening plaits; otherwise much as No. 3. S. and W. G. Saponaria. 6. Wurtisu G. Leaves lance-ovate with a heart-shaped clasping base; corolla dull white or yellowish, with lobes longer than the plaits. S. and W. G. aba, 70. DOGBANE FAMILY. Order APOCYNACEA. Plants with a milky and acrid juice, a tough inner bark, generally opposite and entire leaves, and regular flowers: corolla 5-lobed, the lobes convolwe in the bud (one edge in, 13 188 POPULAR FLORA. the other out) ; the 5 stamens on the corolla alternate with its lobes; the anthers generally more or less adherent to the stigma. Ovaries 2; but the stigmas, and often the styles also, united into one; the fruit two separate pods. Seeds generally many, and with a tuft of down at one end. Corolla with a funnel-shaped tube and a wheel-shaped 5-parted border: style one. Leaves generally in whorls. Shrub, with large rose-colored flowers, (Nerium) * OLEANDER. Leaves opposite, evergreen in the common creeping species. FI. blue, (Vinca) *PERIWINKLE. Leaves alternate, very many, narrow. Erect herbs with pale-blue salver-shaped flow- ers: seeds not tufted, (Amsénia) AMSONIA. Corolla bell-shaped, white or pinkish: style none. Herbs, with opposite leaves. (Apdcynum) DOGBANE. Dogbane. Apécynum. 1. SPREADING D. Branches of the low erect stem widely diverging; leaves ovate or oval; cymes few- flowered; lobes of corol- la recurved; tube shorter than the calyx. Thickets, &e. A. androsemifolium. 2. Hemp D. or Inpian HEmp. Stem and branches erect or ascending; cymes few- flowered; lobes of the co- rolla not recurved, the ~ tube not longer than the 467 ‘ calyx. A. canndbinum. 466. Summit of a plant of Dogbane, No. 1, with flowers and pods. 467. Flowers, enlarged. 468. Flower with the corolla cut away, to show the stamens, 469. The stamens taken away, to show the pistils ; two ovaries, with their two large stigmas united into one mass. 470. A seed, with itstuftof long hairs =e or down at one end. 469 71. MILKWEED FAMILY. Order ASCLEPIADACES. Plants with milky juice, tough bark, and in other respects like the Dogbane family, but with the 5 short stamens all united by their filaments into a ring or tube, the anthers grown fast to the large stigma, and the grains of pollen in each cell cohering into a waxy or tough mass. Flowers in simple umbels. Pods a pair of many-seeded follicles: seeds furnished with a long tuft of silky down at one end (Fig. 229). The flowers in this family are curious, but are too difficult for the beginner. The two common genera may be distin- guished as follows : — Corolla 5-parted, reflexed: five hoods to the stamens, with a horn in each, (Asclépias) MILKWEED. Corolla, &c. asin Milkweed, but the hoods without any horn, (Acerdtes) GREEN-MILKWEED. POPULAR FLORA. 189 72. JESSAMINE FAMILY. Order JASMINACEA. Shrubby, mostly climbing plants, with opposite and mostly compound (pinnate) leaves, and perfect flowers with asalver-shaped corolla of 5 or more lobes overlapping in the bud, but only 2 stamens. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 or 3 ovules erect from the base of each cell, No wild species ; but in gardens and houses we have the common (Jasminum) *JESSAMINE. 73. OLIVE FAMILY. Order OLEACEZ. Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves; the corolla, when there is any, 4-lobed, and the lobes valvate (edge to edge) in the bud, but the stamens only 2 and short: sometimes there are 4 distinct petals; and all our species of Ash are without petals. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules hanging from the top of each cell: the fruit often one-celled and one-seeded ; either a stone-fruit, as in the Olive and Fringe-tree ; a berry, as in Privet; a pod, as in Lilac ; or a key, as in the Ash. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, with a 4-lobed border: flowers perfect, in thick panicles. Leaves simple, entire. Corolla salver-shaped with a long tube: fruit a flat 4-seeded pod, (Syringa) *Livac. Corolla short, funnel-shaped; fruit a 1- or 2-seeded berry. Low shrub, (Ligustrum) *PRIVET. Corolla of 4 very long and narrow petals, barely united at the bottom. Drupe one-seeded. Low tree or shrub, with simple leaves, and slender drooping panicles of delicate snow-white blossoms, ( Chionanthus) FRINGE-TREE. Corolla none: even the calyx small or sometimes none: stamens 2, rarely 3 or 4, on the receptacle: fruit a key, winged at the top or all round, one-seeded. Trees, with opposite pinnate leaves, (Frdxinus) Asn. Lilac. Syringa. a Common Litac. Leaves more or Jess heart-shaped; flowers lilac or white, in spring. Cultivated: one of the cominonest ornamental shrubs. 8. vulgaris. 2. Persian Lruac. Leaves oblong or lance-shaped; clusters more slender. Cultivated. S. Pérsica. Ash. Frdzinus. The flowers in all our species appear in early spring, in clusters, and are dicecious, or nearly so. * Key winged from the top only: leaflets stalked. Wuire Asn. Shoots and stalks smooth; leaflets 7 to 9, pale (smooth or downy) beneath; body of the key marginless and blunt. F, Americana. 2. Rep As. Shoots and stalks velvety; leaflets 7 to 9, downy beneath; body of the key 2-edged, acute at the base, the wing long and narrow. F. pubéscens. GREEN AsH. Smooth throughout; leaflets 5 to 9, green both sides; key as in No. 2. F. viridis. * * Key winged all round, oblong. i ig 4. BLack AsH. Leaflets 7 to 11, sessile; oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, green both sides; ne calyx to the fertile flowers. Swamps; common N. F. sambucifolia. 5. Buus Asu. Branchlets square; leaflets 7 to 9, short-stalked, lance-ovate. W. F. quadrangulata. 190 POPULAR FLORA. Hil. Apetalous Division. 74. BIRTHWORT FAMILY. Order ARISTOLOCHIACEA. Verbs or twining vines, with perfect and large sonar the tube of the 3-lobed calyx coherent with the 6-celled and many-seeded ovary. Leaves mostly heart- shaped or kidney-shaped, and entire, on long foot- stalks, alternate, or else from the rootstock at the surface of the ground. Lobes of the calyx edge to edge in the bud, usu- ally dull-colored. 471. Plant of Canada Asarum or Wild-Ginger, in flower. 472 Magui- fied flower divided lengthwise, and the calyx spread out flat. 473. Flower, with the lobes of the calyx cut away, and the ovary cut across, 474. A sep- arate stamen, more magnified ; outstae view. 475. Magnified seed divided lengthwise. Stemless herbs, with u pair of leaves and a flower between them from the spicy-tasted and creeping rootstock: calyx short, 3-cleft or 3-lobed; stamens 12, with filaments, which are united only with the base of the thick 6-lobed style, and are pointed above the anthers, (Asarum) WILD-GINGER. Twining shrubs or else low herbs: calyx a crooked tube, with a narrow throat and a slightly 3-lobed spreading border: stamens 6, sessile on the outside of the 3 lobes of the sessile stigma, i. e. two anthers or 4 cells to each lobe, attached to the stigma by their whole length: fruit a 6-valved pod, filled with numerous flat seeds, (Aristolochia) BrrTHWoxt. Birthwort. Aristoldchia. +, SNAKEROOT B. or VinGINIA SNAKEROOT. Herb 8 to 15' high; several stems from a tufted root, downy; flowers borne next the ground, in general shape much like the letter S; leaves oblong- heart-shaped or halberd-shaped. Rich woods; becoming scarce. A. serpentaria. 2 Pipz-vine B. A tall woody climber, with rounded kidney-shaped leaves, 8' or 12' broad when full grown; flower 14/ long, curved like a Dutch pipe; greenish outside, and with the short 8-lobed border brown-purple within. Alleghany Mountains, or near them; and cultivated for arbors. A. Sipho. POPULAR FLORA. 191 75. MIRABILIS FAMILY. Order NYCTAGINACES. Has some wild representatives far west and south, viz.: Oxybapuus, &c., with several flowers in a calyx-like involucre, the funnel-shaped calyx rose-purple, and exactly like a corolla. And in gardens Mrrasi.is or Four-o’Cxock (so called from the flowers opening late in the afternoon) is common. Here there is only one flower in the bell-shaped invo- lucre, which exactly imitates a calyx, while the large funnel-shaped calyx is just like the corolla of a Morning-Glory. Stamens 5: style one. Leaves opposite, heart-shaped, long- stalked. The Common Four-o’CLock or Mrrasitis, from Mexico, well known in gardens, is M. Jaldpa. 76. POKEWEED FAMILY. Order PHYTOLACCACEA. Is represented with us by one, and that a very common, species of Pokeweed. Phytoldcca. Sepals 5, rounded, concave, petal-like, white. Stamens 10, under the ovary. Ovary green, composed of 10 one- seeded ovaries united into one: styles 10, short and separate. Fruit a dark crimson 10-seeded berry. A coarse rank herb, with a thick, acrid, and poisonous root, a large pithy stem, and alternate oblong leaves; the flowers in racemes opposite the leaves. Low and rich ground, everywhere common; flowering all summer, ripening its abundant berries in autumn. P. decdndra. 476, Summit of a flowering branch of Poke- weed. 477, Froit-bearing branch. 478, A flower, enlarged. 479, Young fruit. 480. Same, cut across. 481. Seed divided lengthwise, and magnified. 482. Embryo, more magnified. 77. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Order CHENOPODIACEA, Homely herbs, with mostly alternate leaves, without stipules, and no dry scaly bracts among the small and greenish flowers; the calyx enclosing the one-celled and one-seeded 192 POPULAR FLORA. ovary, but not adhering to it, and bearing from one to five stamens. Styles 2 to 9, short. Weeds (several called Pig wrens), abounding in cultivated or waste grounds, and some are pot-herbs. The small flowers and fruits make them too difficult for the beginner. The following key will lead the student to the name of the principal common kinds. Leafless fleshy herbs, in salt marshes, with perfect flowers in fleshy spikes, (Salicérnia) SAMPHIRE. Leafy herbs, with broad or broadish, generally tender leaves, not prickly: calyx wingless. Flowers perfect. In clusters or spiked heads: calyx becoming berry-like, altogether making a strawberry-like red pulpy fruit, (Blitum) Burrs. In small sessile clusters collected in spikes or panicles: calyx dry and herba- ceous. Akene thick and hard, below adherent to the calyx. Leaves smooth, (Beta) *BEET. Akene very thin and breaking away from the seed. Leaves often mealy. Pigweeds, ( Chenopodium) GoosEroort. Flowers moncecious: the fertile ones single in the axils of the leaves. Sea-coast, and one rarely cultivated as a pot-herb, (A'tripler) Oracne. Flowers dicecious, in spiked clusters: calyx over the fruit, with 2 to 4 horns or pro- jections: leaves arrow-shaped, (Spinacia) *Srinacu. Leafy and much-branched plants on the sea-shore; the leaves awl-shaped and prickly- tipped: flowers perfect: calyx winged in fruit, (Salsola) SattTwort. 78. AMARANTH FAMILY. Order AMARANTACES. Herbs, much like the last family in almost every character, except that the flowers are furnished with 3 or more dry and scale-like thin bracts: these are sometimes brightly colored, so as to make showy clusters or bunches, and, being dry, they do not wither after blossoming. The little one-seeded pod in many cases is a pyxis (242), that is, it opens round the middle, the upper part falling off, as a lid. The common species belong mainly to two genera: — 483. Pod of Am a F ‘ af 4 aranth opening by Flowers in spiked or panicled clusters, terminal or axillary: stamens 5 or 3, separate: ld. little pod opening by a lid. To this belongs one kind of PraweEn, and the Prince's Featner, Love-Lirs-BLEEDING, Coxcoms, &c., in gardens and enriched soil, (Amardntus) AMARANTH. Flowers in a head: stamens 5, monadelphous, and the filaments 8-cleft, the middle lobe bearing the anther, (Gomphréna) *GLOBE-AMARANTH 79. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Order POLYGONACER. Herbs with alternate entire leaves, and mostly perfect flowers; with a calyx of 4 to 6 sepals (separate or united at the base), and 3 to 9 stamens inserted on its base : ovary one- celled making a one-secded akene; its styles or stigmas 2 or 3 Besides, this family may always be known by the stipules which form a sheath above each joint (asin Fig. 137). The watery juice is often sour, as in Rhubarb and Sorrel, sometimes sharp and biting. POPULAR FLORA. 193 Calyx of 5 (rarely 4) nearly similar sepals, all more or less petal-like. Stamens 4 to 9: akene generally small: cotyledons narrow, (Polygonum) Knorwrep. Stamens 8: styles 3: akene triangular, shaped like a beechnut, much longer than the calyx: cotyledons very broad and folded in the mealy albumen: root annual: leaves nearly halberd-shaped: flowers white, corymbed, (Fagopyrum) *Buck WHEAT. Calyx of 6 sepals, and All alike and petal-like (white): stamens 9: styles 8, (Rheum) *RHUBARB. Three outer ones herbaceous and spreading: three inner larger, especially after flow- ering, when they close over the triangular akene: flowers dicecious: leaves sour, eared or halberd-shaped, (Rumex, § Acetosella) SorREL. Flowers perfect or polygamous: leaves bitter: coarse herbs, (Rumex) Dock. Knotweed. Polygonum. * Flowers single or several together in the axils of the leaves, greenish or whitish: sheaths (stipules) cut-fringed or torn into narrow shreds. 1. Common Knotweep, Knorerass, or Goosecrass. Spreading on the ground, small; leaves sessile, lance-shaped or oblong, pale; a variety has nearly upright stems and oblong or oval leaves. The commonest weed in yards and waste places. . P. aviculare. 2. SLENDER K. Upright, somewhat branched; leaves linear, acute, sheaths fringed. Dry soil. P. ténue. : * * Flowers in terminal heads, spikes, or racemes. + Not twining nor climbing, and leaves not heart-shaped nor arrow-shaped: calyx petal-like and 5-parted, except in No. 10. 3. OrrentaL K. or Prince’s FEATHER. Tall annual, 4° to 7° high; leaves ovate; spikes of rose- colored flowers long and nodding; stamens 7; akene flattish. Gardens. P. orientale. Water K. Stems floating in water, or rooting in mud, or upright; leaves lance-shaped or oblong; spike thick and short; flowers rose-red; stamens 5; styles 2. P. amphibium. PENNSYLVANIA K. Stem upright, 1° to 8° high; leaves lance-shaped; spike oblong, thick, erect, its peduncle beset with club-shaped bristles or glands; flowers rose-colored; stamens 8; akene flat. Moist ground. P. Pennsylvdnicum. Lapy’s-Tuums K. Stems, &c. like the last and next, but no bristles on the peduncle; leaves with a darker spot on the upper side; spike short and thick, erect; flowers greenish-purple; stamens 6. Very common in waste places. P. Persicaria. 7. SMARTWEED or WATER-PEPPER K. Upright, annual, 1° or 2° high, very acrid and biting to the taste; leaves and also the greenish sepals marked with fine transparent dots; spikes short but loose, drooping; akene flattish or bluntly triangular. Moist ground, common in waste places, yards, and near dwellings. P. Hydropiper. Witp SMARTWEED K. Upright, 1° to 8° high from a perennial root, biting like the last, and the leaves dotted; spikes very slender, erect, whitish or flesh-color; stamens 8; styles 8; akene sharply triangular. Wet places. P. acre. 3. Minp Warter-Perrer K. Upright, 1° to 8° high; often creeping at the base and rooting in water; leaves roughish, not biting, narrowly lance-shaped; spikes slender, erect, rose-color; stamens 8; style 8-cleft at the top; akene sharply triangular. Shallow water. P. hydropiperoides. io. Virctnta K. Stem 2° to 4° high, angled; leaves large, ovate or lance-ovate, taper-pointed; flow- ‘a e = ow ° 194 POPULAR FLORA. ers scattered in a long and naked slender spike; calyx greenish, 4-parted; stamens 5; styles % bent down in fruit. Thickets. P. Virginianum. ~ + Somewhat climbing, or supported by recurved sharp prickly bristles on the strong angles of the stems, &c.; flowers white or flesh-color in small racemes or heads; root annual. The prickly angles cut like a saw, whence the plants are called Tear-Thumb. 11. ARROW-LEAVED K. Leaves arrow-shaped (Fig. 100), short-stalked; akene 8-angled. P. sagittatum. 12. HALBERD-LEAVED K. Leaves halberd-shaped (Fig. 102), long-stalked ; akene flattish. Low grounds. P. arifolium. + + + Twining annuals, with smooth stems and greenish or whitish flowers in panicled racemes; leaves heart-shaped and partly halberd-shaped. 13. CLimpine K. Smooth, climbing high over shrubs, &c.; racemes leafy; 3 of the calyx-lobes more or less winged in fruit. Thickets in low ground. P. dumetorum. 14. Brspweep K. Low, stems roughish; racemes corymbed; three of the calyx-lobes ridged in the middle. Cult. and waste grounds. P. Convélvulus. 80. LAUREL FAMILY. Order LAURACEX. Trees or shrubs, with spicy bark and leaves; the latter marked with transparent dots ander a magnifying-glass, alternate and simple; the calyx of 6 petal-like sepals. Stamens 9 or 12 on the very bot- tom of the calyx; the anthers opening by up- lifted valves. Pistil sim- ple, with a one-celled ovary, in fruit forming a berry or drupe, one- seeded. Flowers gener- ally polygamous or dic- cious in spring.— A very well-marked family, most- ly in hot countries, but 484. Sterile flower of Sassafras. 485. Fertile flower of the same. 485 Magnified stamen, WE POSSESS two or three with two glands at the base, the anther openingby two large and two smallvalves 487. Pistil, with the ovary divided to shaw the ovule hanging from the top. 488, Leaf and cluster of fruit. representatives. 489. Lower hulf of fruit, cut across, Flowers perfect : stamens 9, with good anthers, and 8 sterile ones. Tree, with entire oblong leaves; common South, (Persea) Rep-Bay. Flowers ditecious or nearly so, greenish-yellow: stamens 9, about 8 of them with yel- low glands at the base of the filaments (Fig. 486). Anthers 4-celled and 4-valved. Tree: flowers in stalked corymbs, appearing with the leaves; some of the latter 3-lobed, (Stissafras) SASSAFRAS. Anthers 2-celled and opening by a single valve to each cell. Shrub: flowers in ses- sile clusters, appearing earlier than the entire leaves, (Bénzoin) Sricepusn POPULAR FLORA. 195 81. MEZEREUM FAMILY. Order THYMELEACE. Shrubs, with very tough and acrid bark; entire generally alternate leaves; and perfect flowers, with a tubular calyx colored like a co- rolla, bearing 8 or 10 stamens, free from the simple pistil. Ovary one- celled, one-ovuled, mak- ing a berry in fruit. —We have one wild plant of the family ; Daphne Mc- zereum is a hardy low shrub in gardens, and D. odora in houses. Flowers appearing earlier than the leaves. 490. Flowering branchlet of Leath- erwood. 491. Branch with follage Ce Se im jaid open. Calyx salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, generally rose-color, the border 4-lobed: stamens 8, in two sets, included; filaments hardly any, (Daphne) *DAPHNE. Calyx tubular, pale yellow, with no spreading border, obscurely 4-toothed: stamens 8, with long protruded filaments, (Dirca) LEATHERWOOD. 82. NETTLE FAMILY. Order URTICACEA. Moneecious, dicecious, or barely polygamous herbs, shrubs, or trees, with stipules, and a regular calyx, free from the ovary, which forms a one-seeded fruit. Divides into four dis- tinct subfamilies which might be reckoned as families, viz.: — I. ELM Supramity. Trees, with alternate simple leaves, and polygamous or often nearly perfect flowers: styles or long stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled, a hanging ovule in each cell: stamens 4 to 9. Flowers earlier than the leaves. Fruit a thin key, winged all round, one-seeded (Fig. 207), (TUlmus) ELM. Ovary one-celled, with one hanging ovule: stamens 6 or 6. Fruit a smalldrupe. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, (Celtis) HACKBERRY. Il. BREADFRUIT Supramity. Trees, with « milky or colored juice, and alternate leaves; the flowers in heads or catkin-like spikes, the fertile ones fleshy in fruit, or both kinds in a fleshy receptacle Styles 1 or 2: ovary becoming an akene in fruit. Inner bark often tough and fibrous. Flowers, of both kinds mixed, enclosed in a pear-shaped fleshy receptacle like a rose-hip which is pulpy when ripe, (Ficus) *F1c. 196 POPULAR FLORA- Flowers moneecious, both kinds in separate catkin-like spikes; the calyx, &c. in the fer- tile sort becoming fleshy and eatable, making a berried multiple fruit (248, Fig. 223). Stamens 4. Styles 2, (Morus) MULBERRY Flowers dicecious: the fertile ones collected in a close and round head which is fleshy in fruit. Stamens 4. Style 1. Sterile flowers in spikes. Leaves round-ovate or heart-shaped, rough above, soft- downy beneath, some of them palmately lobed, (Broussonétia) *PAPER-MULBERRY. Sterile Mowers in racemes. Leaves oblong, smooth above, entire; branchlets spiny, (Macliura) *OsAGE-ORANGE. IN. NETTLE Susramity. Herbs (in this country), with opposite or alternate leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and a colorless juice. Flowers moncecious or dicecious, in spikes, racemes, &c., not in catkins. Stamens of the same number as the sepals. Ovary one-celled, and style or stigma only one; fruit an akene. Plants beset with stinging bristles. Leaves opposite: sepals 4 in both kinds of flowers: stigma a little tuft, (Urtica) NETTLE. Leaves alternate: sepals 5 in the sterile, 4 unequal or 2 in the fertile, fowers: stigma awl-shaped, (Lapértea) Woop-Nerrve. Plants destitute of stinging hairs, and Very smooth: leaves opposite: sepals 3 or 4, separate: stigma a tuft, (Pilea) CLEARWEED. Smooth or hairy: leaves often alternate: calyx in the fertile flowers a cup with a narrow mouth enclosing the ovary. Stigma long and thread-shaped: flower-clusters naked, in spikes, (Baehmerin) FALSE-NETTLE. Stigma a little tuft: flowers in axillary cymes or clusters, accompanied by leafy bracts, (Parietaria) PELLITORY. IV. HEMP Susramity. Herbs, with dicecious flowers, a colorless juice, fibrous tough bark, and opposite, or sometimes alternate, palmately-lobed or compound roughish leaves. Sterile flowers in compound racemes or panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 stamens. Fertile flowers crowded, and with only one sepal, which embraces the ovary and akene: stigmas 2, long. Herb erect, annual: leaves of 5 to 7 lance-shaped toothed leaflets. Stamens drooping. Fertile flowers in spiked clusters, each with a narrow bract, ( Cannabis) Hemp. Herb twining: root perennial: leaves heart-shaped and lobed. Fertile flowers in short and scaly catkins, with broad and thin bracts, in fruit making a sort of membranaceous cone, (Himulus) Hop. 83. PLANE-TREE FAMILY. Order PLATANACES. ‘This consists only of the genus Plane-Tree. Platanus. Flowers moneecious, in separate round catkin-like heads. No calyx nor corolla to either kind. Sterile flowers consisting of short stamens and club-shaped scales intermixed: fertile flowers, of little scales and ovaries, which become club-shaped akenes, covered below with long «airs. Style awl- shaped, simple. Trees, with colorless juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves and sheathing stipuies. Only one species in this country, viz.: — AMERICAN P., Sycamore, or BuTTONWooD. A well-known tree by river-banks. P. occidentalis POPULAR FLORA. 197 84. WALNUT FAMILY. Order JUGLANDACER. Timber and nut trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules; the sterile flowers in hanging catkins and with an irregular calyx; the fertile ones single or few together at the end of a shoot; their calyx coherent with the ovary, and 4-toothed at its summit. Fruit a kind of stone-fruit; the outer part becoming dry when ripe, and forming a husk, the stone incompletely 2-celled or 4-celled, but with only one ovule and seed, The whole kernel is a great embryo, with the cotyledons separated, lobed, and crumpled. — Only two genera : — Catkins of the sterile flowers single; the bracts or scales united with the calyx: stamens 8 to 40. Fertile flowers with 4 small petals between the teeth of the calyx: short styles and stigmas 2, fringed: husk of the fruit thin, and not separating into valves or regular pieces. Bark and bruised leaves strong-scented and staining brown. Leaf- buds nearly naked, (Juglans) WALNUT. Catkins 3 or more on one peduncle: stamens 3 to 8; anthers almost sessile. No petals in the fertile flowers: stigma large, 4-lobed. Husk of the fruit splitting into four pieces or valves, which separate from the smooth stone or shell. Wood very hard and tough. Leaf-buds scaly (Fig. 55), : (Carya) Hickory. Walnut. Juglans. 1. Buack Watnur. Leaves and stalks smoothish; leaflets many, lance-ovate, taper-pointed; fruit round, the thin husk drying on the very rough stone. Common W. J. nigra. 2. BUTTERNUT, or GRAY-BARKED W. Leaves, stalks, and oblong fruit clammy-downy when young, the stone with more ragged ridges, and tree smaller than No. 1. J. cinerea. 8. TRUE or Enciish W. Smooth; leaflets only about 9, oblong; fruit round; husk separating from the thin and nearly smooth stone. Cultivated, from the South of Europe. J. régia. Hickory. Caérya. * Fruit and stone round or roundish. 1. SHacpBarK H. (also called SHELLBARK or SweEer H.) Bark on the trunk shaggy. and scaling off; leaflets generally 5, three of them lance-obovate, the lower pair smaller and oblong-lanceolate, finely serrate; husk thick; stone roundish, thick or thin; seed very sweet: furnishes the hickory- nuts of the market. C. alba, 2. Mockernur H. Bark cracked on the larger trunks ; leaflets 7 to 9, roughish-downy beneath, slightly serrate, oblong-lanceolate; catkins hairy; husk and stone very thick; seed sweetish but small. Common 8. and W. C. tomentosa. 8. Prenut H. Bark close and smooth; leaflets 6 to 7, smooth, lance-ovate, serrate; fruit pear-shaped or obovate, the husk and stone rather thin; seed sweetish or bitterish, small. C. glabra. 4. Brrrernut or Swamp H. Bark of trunk smooth; buds little scaly: leaflets 7 to 11, Jance-oblong, smooth; husk and stone of the fruit thin and tender; seed very bitter. Wet woods. C. amara. * * Fruit and thin stone narrowly oblong: husk thin. 6. Pecan-nur H. Leaflets 18 or 15, oblong-lanceolate, oblique, serrate; stone olive-shaped, thin; seed very sweet. W.&S. C. oliveformis. 198 POPULAR FLORA. 85. OAK FAMILY. Order CUPULIFER. Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, and moneecious flowers; the sterile flowers in slender catkins (or in head-like clusters in the Beech) ; the fertile flowers surrounded with an involucre which forms a cup, bur, or bag around the nut. Fertile flowers scattered, or 2 or 3 together, their Involucre one-flowered, of many little scales, forming a cup around the base of the hard and roundish nut or acorn (Fig. 205), ( Quercus) OAK. Involucre containing 2 or 3 flowers, becoming a very prickly and closed bur enclos- ing the nuts, and splitting into 4 thick pieces. Nuts 1 to 8, roundish or flattish, thin-shelled. Sterile catkins long, (Castanea) CHESTNUT. Nuts 2, sharply 3-angled. Sterile catkins like a head-like cluster, (Fagus) BEECH. Involucre a leafy cup, lobed or torn at the end, longer than the bony nut, (Cérylus) Haze. Fertile flowers also collected in a kind of catkin. Nut small like an akene. Involucre an open 3-lobed leaf, 2-flowered, (Carpinus) HorNBEAM. Involucre a closed bladdery bag, one-flowered, the whole catkin making a fruit like a hop in general appearance, (Osirya) Hor-Hornpeam. Oak. Quercus. * Acorn ripening the first year, therefore borne on shoots of the season: cups stalked, except in No. 2: kernel generally sweet-tasted. 1. OveERrcuPr or BuR Oak. Leaves obovate, sinuate-pinnatifid, whitish-downy beneath; acorn 1! or 14' long, in a deep cup with a mossy-fringed border. Q. macrocarpa. 2. Posr OAK. Leaves oblong, pale and rough above, grayish-downy beneath, pinnatifid, with 5 to 7 blunt lobes; cup saucer-shaped, much shorter than the acorn. Small tree. Q. obtusiloba. 3. Wire Oak. Leaves smooth when full grown, pale beneath, pinnatifid; the lobes 4 to 9, oblong or linear, entire; cup much shorter than the oval or oblong acorn. Rich woods. Q. alba. 4. Swamp CueEstnutT-Oak. Leaves obovate, whitish-downy beneath, coarsely and bluntly toothed or sinuate; cup thick, hemispherical, with stout or pointed scales; acorn oval, 1! long. Q@. Prinus. 5. YELLow CuEstnut-Oak. Leaves lJance-oblong, or oblong, acute, whitish, but scarcely downy beneath, rather sharply and evenly toothed; cup thin, and acorn smaller than in No. 4. Rich woods. Q. Castanea. 6. CHINQUAPIN OAK. Much like No. 4, but a mere shrub, 2° to 6° high, with a thin cup and a smaller acorn. Sandy, barren soil. Q. prinoides. * % Acorn ripening in the autumn of the second year; ripe fruit therefore on wood two years old, sessile: kernel bitter. + Leaves entire or nearly so, narrow. 7. Live Oak. Leaves thick, evergreen, hoary beneath, oblong, small. Sea-coast, S. Q. virens. 8. WitLow Oak. Leaves light green, smooth, lance-linear, tapering, 3' or 4’ long. S. & W. Q. Phellos. 9. SHINGLE or LaurEL OAK. Leaves shining above, rather downy beneath, lance-obiong, thickish; cup saucer-shaped; acorn globular. Common 8S. & W. Q. émbricaria, POPULAR FLORA. 199 + + Leaves or some of them a little lobed, broader upwards. 10. Warer Oak. Leaves smooth and shining, spatulate or wedge-obovate, with a tapering base; cup very short; acorn globulur. Swamps, 8. Q. aquatica, 11. Brack-Jack Oak. Leaves thick and large, broadly wedge-shaped, and with 3 or 5 obscure lobes at the summit, shining above, rusty-downy beneath, the lobes or teeth bristle-pointed. Small tree, in barrens. Q. nigra. + + + Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, long-stalked, the lobes or teeth bristle-pointed. 12. Bear or Scrus OAK. Leaves wedge-obovate, slightly about 5-lobed, whitish-downy beneath. A crooked shrub, 3° to 8° high; in barrens and rocky woods. Q. ilicifolia. 18. SPANISH OAK. Leaves grayish-downy beneath, narrow above, and with 8 to 5 irregular and nar- row often curved lobes; acorn very short. Dry soil, S. & E. A fine tree. Q. falcata. 14. QuERciTRON OAK. Leaves rusty-downy when young, becoming nearly smooth when old, oblong- obovate, sinuate-pionatifid; cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly; acorn globular or depressed. Large tree; the inner bark thick and yellow, used for dyeing. Q. tinctoria. 15. ScarLer Oak. Very like the last, but the oval or oblong leaves smooth and shining, deeply pin- natifid (turning deep scarlet in autumn), the lobes cut-toothed; acorn rather longer than wide. Large tree, common in rich woods. Q. coccinea. 16. Rep Oak. Leaves smooth, pale beneath, oblong or rather obovate, with 4 to 6 short lobes op each side; acorn oblong-oval, 1’ long, with a short saucer-shaped cup of fine scales. Common tree in rocky woods, &c. Q. rubra. 17. Pin or Swamp SpANIsH Oak. Leaves smooth and bright green on both sides, deeply pin- natifid, oblong ; the lobes diverging, cut and toothed, acute; acorn globular, only 4 long. Low grounds, N. Q. palistris. 86. BIRCH FAMILY. Order BETULACEA. Monecious trees, with simple serrate leaves, and both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins (Fig. 146), two or three blossoms under each scale. Sterile flowers each with 4 stamens and a small calyx: fertile flowers with 1 2-celled ovary bearing 2 long stigmas, and in fruit - becoming a scale-like akene or small key. Only two genera: — Sterile flowers with a calyx of one scale: fertile flowers 3 under each 8-lobed bract; each consisting of a naked ovary, in fruit becoming a broad-winged little key. Bark and twigs aromatic, (Betula) Biren. Sterile flowers generally with a 4-parted calyx: fertile catkins short and thick, with hard | scales, not falling off: fruit generally wingless, (Alnus) ALDER. Birch. Betula. 1. Wurre Biren. A small and slender tree, with white outer bark; leaves triangular, very taper- pointed, on long and slender stalks. Common E. B. alba. 2. Paper B. A large tree, with white outer bark, peeling off in papery layers, and ovate or heart shaped leaves. Common N. B. papyrdacea. 3. River B. Tree, with ovate and angled acutish leaves, on short stalks, a brownish close bark, and shart woolly fertile catkins. Common S. & W. B. nigra. 200 POPULAR FLORA. 4. CHerry or Sweer B. Tree, with heart-ovate and pointed leaves, downy on the veins beneath and a close bark, bronze-colored on the twigs, which are spicy-tasted, like the foliage of Check erberry. Common N. B. lenta 87. SWEET-GALE FAMILY. Order MYRICACEA. Shrubs (generally low), with fragrant alternate leaves; and with catkins much as in the Birch family, but short and with only one naked blossom under each scale; the ovary forming a little nut or dry drupe. Flowers moneecious: fertile catkins round and bur-like: fruit a smooth little nut. Leaves lance-linear, pinnatifid. Fern-like, whence the common name, ( Comptonia) SwEET-FERN. Flowers dicecious: scales of the fertile catkins falling off, and leaving only the small round fruits, which are incrusted with wax, and so appear like drupes. Leaves entire or serrate, (Myrica). One species in wet grounds, N., with wedge-lanceolate pale leaves, (M. Gale) Swret-GA.e. One on the sea-coast with lance-oblong, shining leaves, and waxy fruit, (Jf cerifera) BAYBERRY. 88. WILLOW FAMILY. Order SALICACEZ. Dicecious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of blossoms in catkins (often earlier than the foliage); the flowers naked (without any calyx or corolla), one sort of two or more stamens under a scaly bract; the other of a one-celled pistil with two styles or stigmas, making a many-seeded pod: the seeds bearing a long tuft of down. Leaves alternate and simple: wood soft and light: bark bitter.— The Willows are of very many species, and are much too difficult for the beginner. 494. Shoot and catkin of sterile flowera of the Com- mon White Willow, 495. A scale separated, with its flower, consisting of two stamens and a little gland, magnified, 496. Shoot and fertile catkin of the same. ae - pistillate flower with its scale and gland, mag nined. Scales of the catkins entire: stamens 2 to 6: stigmas short: leaves narrow, (Salix) Wittow Seales of the catkins cut-lobed: stamens 8 to 40: stigmas long: leaves broad. Scaly leaf- buds covered with a resinous varnish, (Pépulus) Porta POPULAR FLORA. 201 89. PINE FAMILY. Order CONIFERZ. The only familiar family of Gymnospermous plants (218, 250), consisting of trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped leaves, and moncecious or dicecious flowers of a very simple sort, and collected in catkins, except in Yew. In that the fertile flower is single at the end of the branch. No calyx nor corolla, and no proper pistil. Ovules and seeds naked. Sterile flowers of a few stamens or anthers, fixed to a scale. Cotyledons often more than one pair, some- times as many as 9 or 12, in a whorl. — For illustrations, see Fig. 49, 50, 134, 196, 197, 224 to 226, and 498, 499.— This family comprises some of our most important timber-trees, and the principal evergreen forest-trees of Northern climates. It 498, Fertile flowers, or young cone, consists of three well-marked subfamilies : — View of one a the ates so pa I. PINE Susramiry. Fertile flowers many in a catkin, which in fruit becomes a strobile or cone (250); the scales of which are open pistils (each in the axil of a bract), with a pair of ovules or seeds: borne on the base of each. Seeds scaling off with a wing. Cones ovate or oblong. Leaf-buds scaly. Flowers moneecious. Leaves 2 to 5 in a cluster, from the axil of a thin scale, evergreen, needle-shaped. Cone with thick or sometimes thin scales, (Pinus) Pine. Leaves many in a cluster (Fig. 184) on side spurs, and also scattered along the shoots of the season, needle-shaped, falling in autumn. Cone with thin scales, (Larix) Larcu. Leaves all scattered along the shoots, evergreen, linear or needle-shaped. Cone with thin scales, (Abies) Fir. Il. CYPRESS Supraminy. Fertile flowers few, in a rounded catkin, formed of scales which are generally thickened at the top, and without any bracts, bearing one or more ovules at the bottom. Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped. Leaf-buds without any scales. Flowers monecious. Cone dry, opening at maturity. Leaves deciduous and delicate, linear, 2-ranked. Cone round and woody, each shield- shaped scale 2-seeded, (Taxddium) Baup-CYPREss. Leaves evergreen, small, scale-like and awl-shaped (of two shapes). Cone woody and round; the scales shield-shaped, ( Cupréssus) CYPREss.* Cone of a few oblong and nearly flat loose scales (Fig. 498), (Thuja) ARBOR-VIT&.* Flowers dicecious, or sometimes moncecious. Fruit composed of a few closed scales, which become pulpy and form a sort of false berry, (Juniperus) JUNIPER. Ill. YEW Susraminy. Buds scaly: leaves linear. Fertile flower single at the end of a branch, ripening into a nut-like seed. This is enclosed in an open and at length pulpy, berry-like red cup, in our only genus, viz. (Taxus) Yew. * Our only Cupressus is C. thyoides, the WHITE CEDAR, rather common South. The ARBoR-VITA, Thuja occidentalis, so common North, and cultivated for evergreen hedges, is also called WuiTz CEDAx. Our Rep CEpDAR is a Juniper. 202 POPULAR FLORA. Pine. Pinus. * Leaves 2 or 3 in a sheath, rigid: bark of tree rough: scales of the cones woody, thickened on the back at the end, and commonly tipped with a prickly point. 1. JersEY or ScruB Pine. Leaves in twos, only about 2’ long, A straggling tree, S. & E. P. imops. 2. Rep Pine (wrongly called Norway Pine); leaves in twos, 5! or 6! long; scales of the cones not pointed. A large tree, N. P. resindsa. 3. YELLOw Pine. Leaves slender, in twos or threes, 8’ to 5! long; cones small, their scales tipped with a weak prickly point. P. mitis. 4. Pircn Pine. Leaves rigid, dark green, in threes, 3’ to 5! long; cones with a stout prickly point (Fig. 224). Common N. P. rigida. 5. Lopto“ty Pine. Leaves in threes, 6! to 10’ long, light green; cones 3! to 6! long. Light or ex. hausted soil. 8. P. Teda. 6. LONG-LEAVED Pine. Leaves in threes, 8’ to 11' long, dark green; cones 6! to 8' long. Common S.& E. P. australis. * * Leaves 5 together, slender: bark of young tree smooth: scales of cone naked and not thickened. 7. Wire Pine. Leaves pale green; cones narrow, 4! or 5! long, hanging. A large tree, in moist woods North, with soft light wood. P. Strobue. Larch. Lariz. 1. AMERICAN LARCH or TAMARACK. Leaves very slender, short; cones not over 1! long, of few rounded scales. Swamps, N. L. Americana. 2. European Larcu. A cultivated tree, with longer leaves and much larger cones than our wild species, the scales three times as many. L. Europea. Fir or Spruce. Abies. * Cones upright on short side-shoots, falling into pieces when ripe, the scales separating from the axis: leaves flat, becoming more or less 2-ranked, whitish beneath. 1. Batsam Fir. Leaves narrowly linear; cones cylindrical, 3! or 4' long, 1’ thick, bluish. Damp woods and swamps, N. A. balsamea. * * Cones hanging from the ends of branches, not falling to pieces. - HemLock Spruce. Leaves linear, flat, 4 long, 2-ranked; cones oval, # long. Hills. A. Canadénsis. . Back Spruce. Leaves needle-shaped, 4-sided, not 2-ranked, uniformly green; cones ovate, 1! to 14' long, with thin edged scales. Swamps and cold woods. A. nigra. oOo pep is . Ware or SINGLE Spruce. Cones oblong-cylindrical, 1' or 2! long, the scales with thickish edges: otherwise nearly like the last: found only at the North. A. alba. . Norway Spruce. Cones cylindrical, 5' to 7! long; leaves longer than in our wild species. A handsomer tree, from Europe, now commonly planted as an evergreen. A. excélsa. On Juniper. Juniperus. 3. Common JuniPeR. Shrub spreading; leaves in whorls of three, linear-awl-shaped, prickly-pointed, green beneath, white above; berries dark purple. Dry hills, N. J. comminis. 2. Saven J. or RED CepaR. Shrub or tree; leaves small and much crowded, awl-shaped and loose on vigorous shoots; on others smaller, scale-like, and closely overlying each other in 4 ranks; berries purplish with a white bloom. Dry hills. Wood reddish, very durable. J. Virginiana. POPULAR FLORA. 203 CLASS II.— ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS. Stem having the wood in threads or bundles, interspersed among the pith or cellular part, not forming a ring or layer, and not increasing by annual layers. Leaves parallel-veined, not branching and forming meshes of network. To this some Arum;, Trillium, Greenbrier, &c. are exceptions, having more or less netted veins. 500. Endogenous stem of one year old, shown in a Corn-stalk, 601 One of several years o1d, of Palmetto. Parallel-veined leaves of the two kinds: 602, that of Lily of the Valley ; 603. one of Calla 604. Magnified section of the seed of Iris, showing the small monocotyledonous embryo, 605. Plantlet of Iris growing from the seed. Flowers with their parts mostly three or six, never five. Embryo monocotyledonous, i. e. of only ore true seed-leaf: so in germination the leaves are all alternate or one above another. Except the Palmetto and one or two Yuccas at the South (Fig. 79), and some Greenbriers, all the Endogens of this country are herbs. In warmer climates there are many Palms and other woody plants of the class, all having an appearance very different from our common trees and shrubs (113, 114). 505 204 POPULAR FLORA. KEY TO THE FAMILIES OR ORDERS OF CLASS I. f. Spadiceous Division. Flowers collected on a spadix (184), i. e. sessile and crowded in a spike or head on a thickened axis, and with or without a spathe or enwrapping bract (185). Trees or shrubs, with simple stems; the flowers having calyx and corolla, Patm Famity, 205 Herbs, the small and crowded flowers either naked or with a small perianth. Spadix surrounded by a large spathe: flowers generally naked: fruit a berry, Spadix without a spathe: perianth of 6 pieces, } Spadix without any proper spathe: perianth none: fruit an akene, CatT-TAIL F, 206 Spadix (as it might be called) raised above a small spathe, covered with blue and tubular, 6-lobed flowers. Belongs to the next division, PICKEREL-WEED F, 208 ARuM F, 205 EI. Petaloideous Division. Flowers not on a spadix and not enclosed by glumes or chaffy or scale- like bracts (as in Grasses and Sedges), but having a calyx and corolla, or a 6-leaved or 6-lobed (rarely 4-leaved) perianth colored like a corolla. Perianth free from the ovary, that is, inserted underneath the ovary, and Of 8 green or greenish sepals and 8 distinct and colored petals. Pistils many, in a ring or a head, making akenes, WatTER-PLANTAIN F. 206 ‘ Pistil 1: styles or sessile stigmas 8. Leaves whorled, veiny, Tritium F. 206 Pistil and slender style 1: leaves alternate, parallel-veined, SPIDERWORT F. 207 Of mostly 6 petal-like leaves in two ranks, three outside and three inside, or else 6- (rarely 4-) lobed, all colored alike. Stamens only 3, or 6 and the three on one side of the flower much shorter than the rest, PICKEREL-WEED F. 208 Stamens 6, or as many as the divisions of the perianth, all alike. Anthers turned outwards, i. e. on the outer side of the filament. Leaves in whorls: flowers perfect: long stigmas 3, INDIAN CucUMBER-RooT, 207 Leaves alternate, and with side tendrils, netted-veined between the ribs: flowers dicecious: styles or sessile stigmas 3, GREENBRIER F. 208 Leaves alternate, without tendrils: flowers perfect or polygamous: styles 8 or 3-cleft, CoLcuicum F. 209 Anthers turned inwards, i.e. on the inner side of the filament: style 1: stigmas 1 or 3, Lity F. 209 Perianth adherent to the ovary below, and therefore apparently borne on it Stamens 6: anthers turned inwards. Flowers regular or nearly so, AMARYLLIS F. 213 Stamens 3: anthers turned outwards. Flowers often irregular, Ints F. 214 Stamens only one or two and united with or borne on the style. Flowers irregular, of singular shapes, Orcnis F. 215 II. Glumaceous Division. Flowers not on a spadix, and without any corolla-like perianth, but with glumes, i. c. thin scales, such as the chaff or husk of Grain and Grasses. Stems rush-like or straw-like. Glumes 6 in a whorl to each flower, like a calyx, Rusnv F. 216 Glume Gac. to eack Zcwer, the flower in its axil. Flowers collected into heads or spikes, Sepcx F. 216 Glumes 2 or 4 to each flower, in two sets, Gras F, 216 POPULAR FLORA. 205 I. Spadiceous Division. 90. PALM FAMILY. Order PALMA. Although some, like the Dwarf Palmettos of the Southern States, make only rootstocks not rising out of the ground, most Palms form trees, with a simple, unbranched, cylindrical trunk, growing by the terminal bud only, and always surmounted by a crown of large and peculiar, long-petioled leaves. These are fan-shaped in the Palmetto (Fig. 79), pinnate in the Date-Palm, &c. The flowers burst forth from a spathe; are small, but generally perfect, and furnished with a perianth of 6 parts, in two sets, the outer answering to a calyx, the inner to a corolla. Fruit a nut; that of the Cocoanut is a good illustra- tion. The principal Palms of our southern sea-coast belong to the genus (Chdmerops) PALMETTO. 91. ARUM FAMILY. Order ARACEA. Herbs with sharp-tasted or acrid juice, and more or less fleshy in their texture; the leaves either simple or compound, and commonly so much netted-veined that the plants might readily be mistaken for Exogens. The small flowers are closely spiked or packed on a fleshy axis, forming a spadix. The fruit is a berry, or sometimes dry and leathery, but containing some pulp or jelly. The following are the principal genera we meet with. Spathe present, forming a hood, wrapper, or a petal-like leaf. Flowers naked, i. e. without any perianth, moneecious, dicecious, or polygamous, Covering only the base of the long spadix, which is enclosed in the hooded spathe (Fig. 147). Stem simple, from a rounded corm: leaves com- pound, of 3 or more leaflets, (Aristema) Inpian-TuRNIe. Covering the whole length of the spadix. Leaves simple, arrow-shaped (Fig. 503) or heart-shaped: spadix on the end of a scape, bearing stamens only at the upper part. Spathe green, thick, and closely folded around the spadix: anthers sessile. Herb growing in shallow water, (Peltandra) ARRow-ARUM. Spathe white and petal-like, open, (Calla) Cauua. Flowers with a 4-leaved perianth or calyx, perfect, on a globular spadix, surrounded by a thick, shell-shaped, purplish spadix coming out of ground in earliest spring, some time before the great ovate and heart-shaped, veiny leaves; odor that of the skunk. Stamens 4, (Symplocdrpus) SKUNK-CABBAGE. Spathe none at all; the spadix naked, covered with flowers, which are perfect, with a perianth of 6 or sometimes 4 pieces, and as many stamens. Spadix on the summit of a scape rising out of the water: leaves oblong, on a long petiole, (Oréntium) GoLDEN-CLUR Spadix from the side of a leaf, or from a stem similar to one of the long and erect, linear, 2-edged or sword-shaped leaves: all springing from a sharp- aromatic and creeping rootstock, (Acorus) SwEEtT-FLAa. 206 POPULAR FLORA. 92. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. Order TYPHACE. Marsh herbs, with linear, sword-shaped leaves (erect, except they float in water), and moneecious naked flowers in dense spikes or heads, one sort consisting of some stamens only, the other of pistils only. Fruit a one-seeded akene. No spathe, except some open bracts or leaves. Flowers in one long spike or snadix, the upper part bearing stamens only, the lower slen- der pistils only closely packed together; ovary long-stalked and surrounded by slender down, (Typha) Cat-ratu. Flowers in separate heads, some bearing stamens only, others pistils only, each sur- rounded by several scales, but no down, (Sparganium) Bur-REEp. II. Petaloideous Division. 93. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. Order ALISMACLE. Marsh or aquatic herbs, with a distinct calyx of 3 green or greenish sepals and a corolla £ 3 white petals, 6 to many stamens on the receptacle, and many one-ovuled_pistils collected into a ring or head, becoming akenes in fruit. Leaves mostly oblong-heart-shaped. lance-shaped, or arrow-shaped, sometimes with cross veinlets, long-petioled. Flowers on scapes. Two genera are common. Flowers perfect with about 6 stamens, small, in an open panicle: pistils 15 to 20 in a ring: leaves not arrow-shaped, (Alisma) WaATER-PLANTAIN. Flowers moncecious or dicecious, in a loose saceme or spike; the sterile ones with many stamens; the fertile with many pistils in a head, making thin winged akenes. Leaves or some of them generally arrow-shaped, (Sagittaria) ARROWHEAD. 94. TRILLIUM FAMILY. Order TRILLIACES. Herbs with simple stems rising from a short rootstock, rather conspicuously netted- ~eined leaves in a whorl, and perfect and regular flowers : — containing in this country only the genus Trillium and the Indian Cucumber-root, which are here described. Trilliam.* Trillium. Stem bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 broad leaves and one rather large flower. Calyx of 3 green spreading sepals. Corolla of 3 spreading petals. Stamens 6, with short filaments and long erect anthers turned inwards, inserted on the receptacle. Pistil one, 3-celled, commonly with 3 to 6 lobes or ridges, and making a purple many-seeded berry in fruit: styles or long sessile stigmas 3, spreading. — They all grow in rich woods, and blossom in spring or early summer. 1 SEssILE FLOWERED T. Flower and the ovate leaves both sessile; petals rather erect, dark du! purple or greenish. W. & S. T. séssile- 4. Recurvep T. Leaves narrowed at the base into a footstalk; sepals turned down; petals nar- rowed at both ends; otherwise like No. 1. W. T. recurvatum. * Also called BirtHRoor, WaKkeE-Rowin, and THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE. POPULAR FLORA. 207 8. Noppinc T. Leaves nearly sessile, rhombic-ovate ; flower small, on a short peduncle curved down under the leaves; petals oblong-ovate, pointed, recurved, wavy. E. & S. T. cérnuum. 4. Erect T. or Birrnroor, Leaves sessile, round-rhombic with a very abrupt point; flower on a nearly upright pe- duncle; petals ovate, acutish, spreading, dull purple or some- times greenish-white. Common N. T. eréctum. 5. GREAT-FLOWERED T. Leaves and peduncle nearly as in No. 4; petals obovate, erect at the base, then gradually spreading much longer and broader than the sepals, white, turning rose-color when old. N.and W. Tf. grandiflorum. 6. ParnTED T. Leaves petioled, pale green, ovate, taper-pointed ; flower on an upright peduncle; petals Jance-ovate, point- ed, widely spreading, longer than the sepals, wavy, white, adorned with delicate pink-purple stripes at the base. Cold’ damp woods, &c. N. T. erythrocdrpum. 506. Flower of Trillium, natural size, Indian Cucumber-root. Medéola. Stem 1° to 3° high, from a white tuberous horizontal rootstock, having the taste of a cucumber, bearing near the middle a whorl of 5 to 9 obovate-lanceolate pointed sessile leaves, and at the top one of 3 ovate smaller leaves, and a few small greenish-yellow flowers in an umbel, on recurved stalks. Sepals and petals each 3, oblong and alike, recurved. Stamens 6: filaments longer than the anthers. Stigmas 8, sessile, long and thread-shaped. Ovary one, making a round 8-celled and few-seeded berry. One species, in damp woods; flowering in summer. M. Virginica. 95. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Order COMMELYNACEA. Tender herbs, with alternate parallel-veined leaves sheathing at the base, and perfect flowers, having 3 green or greenish sepals and 3 petals on the receptacle. Pistil one, with one long style and one stigma. Pod small, 3-celled or sometimes 2-celled, few-seeded. Flowers opening in the morning for only one day, the delicate (generally blue or purple) petals then melting away. There are two genera wild; and the Spiderwort is cultivated in every flower-garden. Flowers regular: the 3 petals and 6 stamens all alike: filaments bearded with joint- ed colored hairs : Jeaves Jance-linear, sessile, all alike, ( Tradescantia) SpiDERWoRT. Flowers irregular: two of the petals kidney- shaped on long claws, and one smaller: stamens unequal, only three of them with good anthers: filaments naked: lower leaves with sheathing footstalks, the uppermost sessile and somewhat heart-shaped, (Commelyna) Day-FLOWER 507. Flower of Spiderwort. 508. Pistil, magnefied; the ovary cut across, 208 POPULAR FLORA. 96. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. Order PONTEDERIACES. 4s represented by three or four plants in this country, of which much the commonest the Pickerel-weed. Pontedeéria. Perianth blue, of 6 divisions, unequally united below into a tube; the 3 upper divisions most united and making a 8-lobed upper lip, the 3 lower spreading and separate some way down, making a lower lip: after expanding, for one day only, the upper part coils up and withers away, while the base of the tube thickens and encloses the small one-seeded fruit. Stamens 6; the 3 lower on slender projecting filaments; the 8 upper inserted lower down on the tube, with very short filaments and generally imperfect anthers. Style 1: stigma 8-lobed. Stout herbs in shallow water, with long- petioled leaves and long peduncles or few-leaved stems (their leaves with sheathing footstalks, the uppermost one merely a sheathing spathe or bract), bearing a spike of flowers. 1. Common PICKEREL-WEED. Stems 2° or 3° high; leaves thickish, lance-ovate or ovate-oblong, and generally more or less heart-shaped at the base. Common everywhere; fl. all summer. P. cordata. 97. GREENBRIER FAMILY. Order SMILACEZ. Of this family, as here arranged, we have only a single genus, viz. : — Greenbrier. Smilaz. Known at once by being climbing plants (or disposed to climb) and having a tendril on each side of the footstalk of the leaf; and by the leaves being veiny between the ribs, almost as in Exogens, alternate, sometimes evergreen, simple, and entire. Flowers dicecious, in axillary umbels. Perianth generally of 6 equal and spreading greenish or yellowish separate pieces. The sterile flowers have as many stamens, with oblong or linear one-celled anthers fixed by their base to the filament, and turned inwards. The fertile flowers have a round ovary, with 8 short spreading styles or stigmas. Fruit a berry, with 2 or few large seeds. Fl. summer. * Stems woody and often prickly, yellowish-green: ovary and berry 2-celled and 2-seeded, black when ripe, generally with a bluish bloom. 1. Common G. or Carsrier. Leaves thickish, round-ovate or slightly heart-shaped, and with 5 to 9 ribs, green both sides; branchlets often square; prickles short; peduncles of the umbel not longer than the petiole. Moist thickets. 8S. rotundifolia. 2. GLAucous G. Leaves ovate, glaucous beneath ; peduncles longer than the petiole : otherwise nearly as No. 1. S. glauca. 3. Brisrty G. Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, large and thin, green both sides; stem below covered with long and weak blackish bristly prickles; peduncles much longer than the petioles. Thickets, N. and W. 8. hispida. 4. LAUREL-LEAVED G, Not prickly; leaves lance-oblong or lance-linear, thick and evergreen, with 3 to 5 ribs; peduncles of the umbel very short. Sandy soil, S. 8. laurifolia. * * Stem herbaceous, climbing, not prickly: ovary andglue-black berry 3-celled, 6-seeded. 6. CARRION-FLOWER G. Leaves thin, pale, mostly heart-shaped, with 7 to 9 ribs, sometimes rather downy beneath, long-petioled; peduncles 3! to 8’ long, longer than the leaves; flowers of the odor of carrion. Meadows and river-banks. S. herbacea. POPULAR FLORA. 209 98. COLCHICUM FAMILY. Order MELANTHACEZ. Herbs, with parallel-veined leaves; the flowers generally perfect or polygamous; the perianth of 6 similar divisions colored alike; the 6 stamens with their anthers turned out- wards. Ovary one, 3-celled, bearing 3 styles, which are generally separate, but some- times united into one. Many are acrid or poisonous plants, none more so than the common Veratrum or White-Hellebore, which is often called Joke, a name which properly belongs to Phytolacca, p. 191. Flower and leaves rising from a corm underground: perianth a long tube, bearing 6 sim- ilar petal-like lobes, ( Colchicum) *CoLcHicum. Flowers with a perianth of 6 separate leaves. Perianth persisting or withering without falling. Plants acrid-poisonous: flowers polygamous, in panicles, terminating the simple leafy stem. Divisions of the perianth on claws, bearing the stamens: leaves narrow: flowers cream-colored, turning greenish-brown with age, ( Melanthium) MELANTHIUM. Divisions of the perianth without claws, greenish. Leaves oval or oblong, partly clasping, plaited, (Veratrum) WuitTE-HELLEBORE. Perianth falling off after flowering. Plants not poisonous: stems generally forking: j leaves sessile or clasping, ovate or lance-oblong: flowers perfect, generally single, nodding: divisions of the perianth long and narrow. Styles united into one at the bottom. Perianth large, lily-like, yellowish: fruit a few-seeded pod. Flower-stalk not twisted or jointed. ( Uvularia) BELLWoRT. Styles united into one almost to the top. Divisions of the whitish or rose-colored perianth recurved: fruit a many-seeded red berry. Flower-stalks single in the axil of the leaves, and with a joint or abrupt bend or twist in the middle, (Stréptopus) TwisT-sTALK. Bellwort. Qvularia. 1. LARGE-FLOWERED B. Leaves oblong, clasping-perfoliate, i. e. the stem appearing to run through the lower part of the leaf; perianth pale greenish-yellow, 14' long. Rich woods, N. & W. (All the species flower in the spring.) U. grandiflora. 2. PERFOLIATE B. Like the last, but the flower smaller and yellow, and the anthers more pointed. Common E. U. perfoliata. 3. SESSILE-LEAVED B. Smaller than the rest; leaves sessile, not encompassing the stem; flower cream-color. U. sessilifolia. 99. LILY FAMILY. Order LILIACEZ. A large family, with much variety in appearance. Leaves parallel-veined, and sessile or sheathing. Flowers perfect and regular; the perianth of 6 divisions or lobes (or in one case with only 4), all colored alike, inserted on the receptacle free from the ovary. Stamens as many as the parts of the perianth, with their anthers turned inwards. Pistil one, with a 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary and a single style; but with as many stigmas or lobes to the stigma, as there are cells in the ovary. Fruit a pod or a berry. 210 POPULAR FLORA. Fruit a few-seeded berry: flowers small. Herbs from rootstocks: no bulbs. Stems much branched: leaves fine and thread-shaped, in clusters, (Asparagus) * ASPARAGUS Stems simple above ground and leafy. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong. Flowers axillary, nodding, greenish; perianth tubular, 6-lobed: stamens above the middle, on very short filaments. Rootstock thick, marked with broad round scars on the upper side (Fig. 63), (Polygonatum) SoLomon’s-SEAL. Flowers in a terminal raceme, white: perianth 6-parted, in one case 4-puarted, the divisions narrow and widely spreading, the stamens on its base: filaments slender, (Smilacina) SMILACINA: Stems or scape simple and leafless above ground; the broad leaves all from its base or from the slender rootstock. Flowers small, in a slender raceme, white; perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed (Fig. 3): leaves very smooth, (Convallaria) *LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY Flowers rather large, in an umbel, greenish-yellow or whitish: perianth 6-leaved: leaves of the plant ciliate, : (Clintonia) CLINTONIA Fruit a 3-celled pod, splitting into 3 valves when ripe. Perianth wheel-shaped, or sometimes erect or bell-shaped, 6-leaved: flowers on a scape or nearly naked stem, rising from a coated bulb: seeds round and black, few. Flowers in a corymb, white: style 3-sided, (Ornithégalum) *STAR-oF-BETHLEHEM. Flowers in a raceme, blue or purple: style thread-like, (Scilla) SQutu. Flowers in an umbel from a scaly bract or involucre, (Allium) Onton, Perianth funnel-shaped, bell-shaped, or globe-shaped, more or less united into a tube or cup, bearing the 6 stamens, except in some Day-Lilies. Scape and leaves from a coated bulb: flowers ina raceme. Leaves narrow. Perianth globular, blue, small, (Muscari) *GRAPE-HYACINTH. Perianth short, funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, 6-cleft, (Hyacinthus) *HyYAcintTH. Scape or stem leafy towards the bottom, from fibrous roots (no bulb), bearing a few large flowers in a cluster at the top: stamens curved to one side. Flower opening for only one day, (Hemeroedillis) *Day-LiLy Perianth bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, &c., but of 6 separate petal-like divisions: seeds many, mostly flat, pale. Simple-stemmed herbs from a scaly or coated bulb: stamens on the receptacle or attached to the very base of the deciduous perianth. Anthers fixed by their middle and swinging free: stems leafy to the top. No honey-bearing spots, or merely a groove at the bottom of each divis- ion of the perianth. Bulb scaly, (Lilium) Lity. A round and large honey-bearing spot near the bottom of each division of the perianth, (Petilium) *Crown-IiPeRiaL Anthers erect on the filament, appearing to be fixed by their base: stem or scape leafy only at or towards the bottom. Style none or hardly any: stigmas 8 on the long 8-sided ovary, (Tilipa) *Tuure Style long: ovary roundish: leaves 2, spotted, (£rythrénium) Docroorn-VI0LErT. Stems woody, palm-like, or not rising above the ground, from roots or rootstocks (no bulbs): leaves evergreen, sword-shaped. Flowers white, tulip- shaped, in a large, terminal, compound panicle, (Yucca) Yuoca POPULAR FLORA. 211 Smilacina (or FausE Soutomon’s-SEAL). Smilacina. 1. Racemep S. Minutely downy, 2° or 8° high, many-leaved; leaves lance-oblong, tapering abruptly at both ends, ciliate; flowers many, in compound racemes. Moist grounds. S. racemésa. 2. STAR-FLOWERED S. Nearly smooth, 1° or 2° high; leaves many, lance-oblong, slightly clasping, pale beneath; raceme simple and few-flowered. Moist thickets, &c., N. 8. stellata. 8. THREE-LEAVED §. Smooth, 3! to 6! high; leaves commonly 38, oblong, tapering into a sheathing base; flowers several, in a slender simple raceme. Bogs, N. S. wifolia. 4. Two-LEAVED S. Nearly smooth, 3' to 8’ high, with commonly 2 heart-shaped leaves, the lower one generally petioled; flowers in a simple short raceme; perianth 4-parted, reflexed; stamens 4. Moist woods, in spring. 8. bifolia. 1 Onion (Garttc and Lrrr). Allium. § 1. Onton proper, with hollow, stem-shaped leaves, and an open, widely spreading, star-shaped blossom. 1. GARDEN Onton. Scape naked, much longer than the leaves, hollow, swollen in the middle; flowers whitish; umbel often bearing small bulbs (top-onions); the large bulb turnip-shaped. Commonly cultivated. A. Cepa. 2. Cutves O. Scape naked, about as long as the slender leaves; all growing in tufts, from small bulbs; flowers purplish, crowded. Cultivated. A. Schenoprasum. § 2. Gartics and Leeks. Leaves flat or keeled and not hollow, except in No. 3. 8. Frey Garuic. Leaves thread-shaped, slender, round, but channelled on the upper side, hollow; bulbs small; umbel bearing flowers with a green-purple erectish perianth, or else only bulblets. Naturalized in low pastures and gardens. A, vinedle. 4, TRUE or ENGiisn GARLIC. Bulbs clustered and compound ; leaves lance-linear, nearly flat; umbel bearing pale purple flowers with an erectish perianth, or else bulblets. Cultivated in gar- dens; not common. A. satiwum. 6 GarpEen LEEK. Bulb single ; leaves linear-oblong, acute, somewhat folded or keeled ; flowers crowded in the umbel; perianth erectish, violet-purple. Rarely cultivated. A, Porrum. *. Witp Leek. Bulbs clustered, narrow, oblong, and pointed; leaves lance-oblong, blunt, flat, dying off by midsummer, when the naked scape appears with its loose umbel of white flowers; pod 8-lobed. Rich woods, N. and W. A, tricéccum. Day-Lily. Hemerocdllis. * Flowering stems tall, leafy towards the bottom, somewhat branched above: leaves Jong and linear, keeled, 2-ranked: stamens on the top of the narrow tube of the perianth: seeds black and wingless. 1, Common Day-Livy. Flower dull orange-yellow; sinner divisions wavy, blunt. Gardens. H. fulva. 2. YeLtow D. Flower light yellow; inner divisions of the perianth acute. Gardens. H. flava. * * Flowering stems naked, simple: leaves broad and flat, ovate or oblong, and often heart-shaped, with veins springing from the midrib, long-stalked ; stamens on the receptacle: seeds flat and winged (Funkia). 8. Wuire D. Flower white, funnel-shaped; leaves more or less heart-shaped. Gardens. H. Japdnica. 4. Biuz D. Flower blue or bluish, the upper part more bell-shaped than in No. 8; leaves scarcely heart-shaped, Gardens. #. corilea. 212 POPULAR FLORA. Lily. Lilium. * Foreign species, everywhere cultivated. Wire Lity. Leaves lance-shaped, scattered along the stem; flowers erect; perianth bell-shaped. white, smooth inside. L. album. 2. BuLB-peaninG L. Leaves lance-shaped, scattered along the tall stem, producing bulblets in their axils; flowers several, erect; perianth open-bell-shaped, orange-yellow, rough inside. L. bulbiferum. * * Wild species: flowers orange-colored, reddish, or yellow. 3. WILD ORANGE L. Stem 1° to 8° high, bearing scattered (or sometimes whorled) lance-linear leaves and 1 to 8 erect reddish-orange open-bell-shaped flowers, the 6 lance-shaped divisions narrowed at the base into claws, purplish-spotted inside. Common in light or sandy soil. L. Philadélphicum. 4. Witp YEetLow L. Stem 2° to 4° high, bearing distant whorls of lance-shaped leaves and a few nodding flowers on slender peduncles; perianth yellow or orange, with brown spots inside, bell- shaped with the divisions spreading or recurved to the middle. Moist meadows, and along streams. (Fig. 1.) L. Canadeénse. 5. SUPERB or Turk’s-car L. Stem 4° to 7° high, only the lower leaves in whorls; flowers many, bright orange or reddish, with strong brown-purple spots inside, more recurved and larger than the last, but very much like it. Rich low grounds. L. supérbum. Dogtooth Violet. Erythronium. 1. YEttow D. or ADDER's-roncuE. Leaves oblong-lance-shaped, pale-dotted, much blotched; flower pale yellow; style club- shaped, stout; stigmas united. Moist grounds: fl. in early spring. E. Americanum. 2. Wuite D. Flower white or bluish; the style less thick than in No.1. Rather com- mon W. E. albidum. 8. European D. Leaves ovate or oblong, scarcely spotted; flowers purple or rose-color; style thread-shaped and not thickened upwards; stigmas separate. Cultivated ; not common. E. Dens-canis. 509. Yellow Dogtooth-Violet. 510, The bulb. 61l. Perianth taid open, and stamens. 512, The pistil, enlarged. 613. Lower half of a pod, cut across and magnified. POPULAR FLORA. 213 100. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. Order AMARYLLIDACEA, Like the Lily Family, but with the (regular or slightly irregular) 6-cleft perianth cohe- rent below with the surface of the ovary, and therefore in appearance inserted on its summit. Stamens 6. Fruit a 3-célled pod. Herbs generally with naked stems or scapes, and long linear leaves, from a coated bulb, commonly with showy flowers. Herbage and bulbs acrid and poisonous. Flower with a cup or crown at the throat of the salver-shaped or funnel-shaped perianth. Stamens long, from the edge of the cup-shaped crown: anthers linear, swinging free: divisions of the perianth long and narrow, recurved. Flowers white, showy; the cluster leafy-bracted, (Pancratium) *PANCRATIUM. Stamens included in the cup, unequal: filaments very short. Flowers from a scale- like spathe, (Narcissus) *Nancissus. Flower without any cup or crown on the perianth. Anthers fixed by the middle and swinging free, linear or oblong: filaments generally curved. Flowers large and showy, generally red or pink, (Amargyllis) #*AMARYLLIS. Anthers erect on the filament. Flowers in a spike, funnel-shaped, white, very fragrant, (Polidnthes) *TuBEROSE. Flowers in an umbel, or single: perianth 6-parted down to the ovary. Flower single, from a 1-leaved spathe, white, nodding: three inner divisions of the perianth shorter than the three outer, and notched at the end: anthers long-pointed, (Galanthus) *SNowpRoP Flowers one or more from a J-leaved spathe, white, nodding; the 6 divisions of the perianth alike, often green-tipped: anthers blunt, (Leucdtum) *SNOWFLAKE. Flowers few, with 2 small bracts at the base of the pedicels; the star-shaped perianth yellow, closing and remaining on the pod. Leaves grass- like, hairy. Plant small, (Hypéxys) STAR-GRAss. Narcissus. Narcissus. * Tube of the flower slender; the cup or crown much shorter than the 6 spreading divisions; anthers borne on the inside of the cup, or 3 of them a little protruding, on short filaments. 1. Poet’s N. Scape flattish, tall, mostly one-flowered; flower white, the very short and flat crown yellow, generally margined with crimson or pink; sweet-scented; leaves bluntly keeled, rather glaucous. Gardens. N. poéticus. 2. Jonquit N. Flowers 1 to 4, on a round and slender scape, yellow, very fragrant, the cup saucer- shaped; leaves terete, channelled down one side. Gardens. N. Jonquilla, 8. Potyantuus N. Flowers several, on a flattish scape, white, with a bell-shaped cup, not fragrant, leaves flat, glaucous. Gardens. N. Tazetta. * * Tube of the flower short, funnel-shaped; the cup or crown very large, bell-shaped, with a wavy- crisped or toothed margin, equalling or longer than the 6 divisions of the perianth, and bearing the stamens on its base. 4. Darropit N. Flower one, large, sulphur-yellow, with a deeper yellow cup, on u flattened scape 1° high; leaves flattish. In all gardens; most common with flowers double, so that their structure is obscured. N. Pseudo- Narcissus. 214 POPULAR FLORA. 101. IRIS FAMILY. Order IRIDACES. Herbs with perennial roots, commonly with rootstocks, bulbs, or corms, and with equitant leaves (151, Fig. 64); the flowers perfect, regular or irregular; tube of the corolla-like || 314, Plant of Crested Dwarf Iris 515, ap of the style and the 8 petal-like stigmas, also 0 2of the stamens. 616. Magnified pistil and lengthwise: the foliage cutaway. 617, Lower part of a pod, divided crosswise. 618. Seed. 519. Magnified section of the same, showing the embryo. wer part of the (ube of the perianth, divided perianth below coherent with the surface of the ovary, and so appearing to grow from its summit; stamens only 3, one before each of the outer divis- ions of the perianth; their anthers turned outwards, i. e. looking towards the perianth and opening on that side. Ovary 3-celled, making a many-seeded pod: style one: stigmas 8, often flat or petal-like. Herbage, rootstocks, &c. generally acrid or sharp- tasted. Flowers generally showy, and from a spathe of one or more leaf-like bracts, or from the axils of the uppermost leaves, each one generally opening but once. Filaments monadelphous in a tube which encloses the style as in a sheath: stigmas thread-shaped: perianth 6-parted nearly to the ovary, widely spread- ing, opening in sunshine and for only one day. Flowers small, blue or purple, with 6 equal obovate divisions: stigmas simple: stems or scapes flat or 2-winged, from fibrous roots; leaves narrow and grass-like, (Sisyrinchium) BLUE-EYED-GRAgs. Flowers very large, orange and spotted with crimson and purple; the 3 inner divisions much smaller and narrowed in the middle: stigmas each 2-cleft: scape terete, from a coated bulb; leaves plaited, Filaments separate: stigmas flattened, or petal-like. (Tigridia) *T1GER-FLOWER. Perianth 6-parted down to the ovary, regular and wheel-shaped, the divisions obovate- oblong, all alike, yellow, with darker spots: seeds remaining after the valves of the pod fall, berry-like and black, the whole looking like a blackberry (whence the common name). Stems leafy below, from a rootstock: leaves sword-shaped, (Pardanthus) *BLACKBERRY-LILY. POPULAR FLORA. 215 Perianth irregularly 6-cleft; 3 of the lobes arched and making an upper lip, the 8 lower more spreading, yellow, orange, or reddish. Stem rising from a corm, and bearing many flowers in a one-sided spike, (Gladiolus) *CoRN-F La. Perianth 6-cleft; the divisions of two kinds, the 3 outer recurved or spreading, the 3 inner alternate with the others, smaller, erect, and differently shaped: stigmas 8, petal-like, one before each erect stamen. Generally with thick creeping rootstocks, (Iris) Iris. Perianth with a slender tube, rising (with the linear flat leaves) from a corm or solid bulb (Fig. 76); the summit divided into 6 roundish, equal, erect, or barely spreading divisions: stigmas 3, thick and wedge-shaped, some- what fringe-toothed. FI. in early spring, (Crocus) *CRocUs. Iris or Flowere-de-Luce. ris. * Common cultivated species in gardens: outer divisions of the perianth with a bearded crest. 1. Common Iris. Flowers several on a stem, 1° to 8° high, and much longer than the sword-shaped leaves, light blue or purple. I. sambucina. 2. Dwarr GARDEN Iris. Flowers close to the ground, hardly exceeding the sword-shaped leaves, violet-purple, the divisions obovate, the 3 outer recurved. FI. in early spring. L. pitmila, * * Wild species. 8. CrestTeD Dwarr Iris. Low and almost stemless, from rootstocks spreading on the ground; leaves short; flower pale blue, the tube thread-shaped (2! long) and longer than the spatulate divisions, the three outer divisions with a beardless crest. Fl. spring. S. and W., andin some gardens. J. cristata. 4. Lancer I. or Buug-Fuac. Stem stout, 1° to 3° high, bearing several crestless and beardless purple- blue and variegated flowers, their inner divisions much smaller than the outer; leaves sword- shaped, 3‘ wide. Wet places; flowering in late spring. L. versicolor. 5. SLENDER I. or BLuz-Fiac. Stem slender; leaves narrowly linear (4! wide),.and flower smaller than in No. 4: otherwise much like it. Wet places, E. I. Virginica. 102. ORCHIS FAMILY. Order ORCHIDACEA. Plants with irregular and often singular-shaped flowers, the perianth standing as it were on the ovary, as in the two preceding orders; but remarkable for having the stamens, only one or two, united with the style or stigma. This may best be seen in the Lapy’s SLIPPER, of which we have three or four common species: the slipper is one of the petals, in the form ofasac. The flowers of various sorts of ORcHIS are striking and peculiar ; but the family is too difficult for the young beginner, and therefore the kinds are not described here. Fig. 69 represents two air-plants of this family, belonging to tropical countries. Ill. Glumaceous Division. 103. RUSH FAMILY. Order JUNCACEAR. The true Rushes are known by having flowers with a regular perianth, which, although glumaceous, i. e. like the chaffy scales or husks of Grasses, is of 6 regular parts, like a calyx, enclosing 6 (or sometimes 3) stamens, and a triangular ovary. This bears a style tipped with 3 stigmas, and in fruit becomes a 3-seeded or many-seeded pod. There are two 216 POPULAR FLORA. common genera, each with several species: the parts are too small and difficult for the young student. Pod 1-celled and 3-seeded. Leaves flat and hairy, (Lizula) Woop-Rusu. Pod 3-celled, many-seeded. Leaves generally thread-shaped, or none at all, (Juncus) Rusu. 104. SEDGE FAMILY. Order CYPERACES. A large family of Rush-like or Grass-like plants, including the SepGEes, CLUBRUSHES, Bu.rusueEs, and the like, which have no perianth, but the flowers, collected in heads or spikes, are each in the axil of a single glume in the form of a chaff or scale. These plants are much too difficult for the young beginner. 105. GRASS FAMILY. Order GRAMINEA. The true Grasses make a large and most important family of plants, with straw stems (called culms, 91); leaves with open sheaths; and flowers with 2-ranked glumes or chaffy scales, a pair to each flower, and another pair to each spikelet. It includes not only the very numerous kinds of true Grasses, but also of Corn, i. e. the Cereal grains, of which Wueat, Barcey, Rye, Oats, Rice, and Maize or Inpran-Corn are the principal ; also SuGAR-CANE, BRoomM-Corn or GuinEA-Corn, and MILLET. SERIES ITI. FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. Plants destitute of flowers, and propagated by spores instead of seeds. See Part I., Paragr. 165, 308, 312 — 314. CLASS III. — ACROCENS. This class includes the Ferns, the Horsetatts, and the CLus-Mossss. CLASS IV.— ANOPHYTES. This class includes the Mosses and the Liverworts. CLASS V.— THALLOPHYTES. Includes the LicueEns, the ALG or SEAWEEDS, and the Fune1 or MusHRooms. INDEX TO PART L. AND DICTIONARY OF THE BOTANICAL TERMS USED IN THIS BOOK. *,* The numbers refer to the page where the term is explained or illustrated. Abortive : imperfectly formed. Abortive Flowers, 69. Abruptly pinnate, 52. Absorbing, 85. Accessory Fruits, 81. Achlamydeous Flower: without calyx or co- rolla, 68. Acorn, 79. Acrogens, 98. Aculeate: bearing prickles. Acuminate : taper-pointed, 48. Acute: ending in a point, 48. Adherent: naturally united to. Adnate: naturally grown fast to. Aerial Roots and Rootlets, 34, 35. Aggregated Fruits, 81. Air-Plants, 35. Akene: a seed-like fruit, 78. Albumen, of the seed, 14, 83. Albuminous: having albumen. Alternate (leaves or branches), 25, 54. a in the parts of the flower, 70. Ament: a catkin, 61. Angiospermous, 76, 97. Animal Kingdom, 2. Annual: living only one year or season. Annuals, 27. Anther, 7, 64. Antheriferous: bearing an anther. Apetalous: without petals, 67. Apple-Fruit, 77. Appressed: close pressed together, or pressed against another body. Aquatic: growing in water. Arboreous or Arborescent: tree-like or relating to a tree, 37. Aril: an additional covering of a seed, 83. Aristate: same as awned, 49. Arrow-shaped, or Arrow-headed, 48. Artificial System of Classification, 96. Ascending: rising gradually upwards, 37. Assimilation, 87. Auricled or Auriculate: bearing ears (auricles), or small appendages, 48. Awl-shaped: very narrow and pointed, 53. Awned, Awn-pointed, 49. Axil: the angle between a leaf and the stem on the upper side, 24. Axillary : situated in an axil. Axillary Buds, 24. « ~ Flowers, 59. Axis: the trunk or stem, or a line through the centre of any organ, 6. Baccate: berry-like (from Bacca, a berry). Bark, 42. Base: that end of any body by which it is at- tached to its support. Beak; a long and narrow tip to a fruit, &c. Bearded: beset or fringed with strong hairs or beard. Bell-shaped, 72. Berry: a pulpy simple fruit, 77. Biennial : living only two years. Biennials, 27 Bifid: two-cleft or split. Bilabiate: same as two-lipped, 72, 17&. Bipinnate : same as twice pinnate, 52. 218 INDEX AND Bipinnatifid : twice pinnatifid. Biternate : twice divided into threes Bladdery : thin and inflated. Blade of a leaf, 43; of a petal, 64. Border of a corolla, &c., 72. Bracts and Bractlets, 59. Branches, 24. Breathing-pores of leaves, 264, 265. Bristles; stiff and strong hairs. Bristly : beset with bristles. Budding, 56. Buds, 24, 38. Bulblets, 41, 57. Bulbous: like a bulb in shape. Bulbs, 31, 40, 57. Caducous : dropping off very early, as the calyx of Poppies and Bloodroot. Calyx, 7, 63. Campanulate : bell-shaped, 72. Capillary : slender and as fine as hair. Capitate: headed; bearing a round, head-like top; or collected in a head, as the flowers of Button-bush, 61. Capsule: a pod, 80. Cartilagineous or Cartilaginous : like cartilage. Caryopsis: a grain or seed-like fruit, 79. Catkin : a scale-like spike, as of Birch, &c., 61. Caulescent : having ‘a stem which rises out of the ground. Cells, in vegetable anatomy, 89. Cells of the ovary or fruit, 8, 74. Cellular Tissue, 41. Cereal: relating to corn or corn-plants, held by the ancients to be the gift of Ceres. Chaff: thin bracts, in the form of scales or husks. Ciliate: fringed with hairs along the margin, like the eyelashes fringing the eyelids. Circulation in plants, 86, 88. Class, 94. Classification, 93. Claw, of a petal, &e., 64. Cleft: cut about half-way down, 49, 50. Climbing, 37. Club-shaped: thickened gradually upwards. Clustered : collected in a bunch. Clustered Roots, 36. Coated Bulbs, 40. Coherent, calyx or ovary, 75. Column: the united filaments of monadelphous stament, as of the Mallow (Fig. 317), or! DICTIONARY the stamens and style united, as in the Or chis Family. Complete Flower, 67. Compound Corymb, Cyme, &c., 63. ef Leaves, 44, 51. ce Ovary, 73. u Pistil, 73. Compressed : flattened on two sides. Cone, as of the Pine, 82. Confluent : when two parts or bodies are blended together. Conical Root, 36. Connate: grown together from the first. Connective, of the anther, 66. Convolute, leaf, &c.: rolled up. Convolute, in the flower-bud, 183, 187. Cordate : heart-shaped, 48. Coriaceous : of a leathery texture. Corm, or Solid Bulb, 40, 57. Corolla, 7, 63. Corymb, 60. Corymbose, or Corymbed : in corymbs, or Jike a corymb. Cotyledons : seed-leaves, 9, 84. Creeping, 57. Crenate: the margin scalloped, 49. Cruciform : cross-shaped, as the corolla of the Cruciferous Family, 124. Crude Sap, 86. Crustaceous: of a hard and brittle texture. Cryptogamous, Cryptogamous Plants, 58, 97. Culm: a straw-stem, 37. Cuneate : wedge-shaped, 47. Cupule; the acorn-cup, and the like, 79. Cuspidate : tipped with a sharp rigid point, 49. Cut: said of leaves, &c., which appear as if cut or slit from the margin inwards, 49, 50. Cuttings, 56. Cyme, 62. Cymose: in cymes, or like a cyme. Deciduous: falling off, as petals generally do after blossoming, or leaves in autumn. Declined: turned to one side, or to the lower side, 37. Decompound: several times compound, 52. Decumbent: reclined on the ground, 37. Decurrent: said of leaves continued downwards on the stem, like a wing, as in Thistles. Definite : uniform and rather few in number Dehiscence: the regular opening of pods. Dehiscent Fruits, 79. OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Dentate: toothed; the teeth pointing outwards but not forwards, 49. Denticulate: toothed with minute teeth. Depressed : flattened from above. Diadelphous Stamens : united by their filaments in two sets, 73. Dicotylédonous, Dicotyledonous Plants, 22, 97. Diffuse: loosely and widely spreading. Digestion in plants, 87. Digitate, 51. Dicecious Flowers, 68. Dissected : cut into fine divisions. Distinct: of separate pieces, unconnected with each other, 71, 73. Divided: cut through or nearly so, 50. Divisions, 49. Double Flowers (so called), 69. Downy: clothed with soft and short hairs. Drupe: a stone-fruit, 78. Drupaceous: like a drupe. Dry Fruits, 77, 78. Eared : bearing ear-like projections, or auricles, at the base, on one or both sides, 48. Elaborated Sap, 87. Elliptical: regularly oval or oblong. Emarginate : notched at the end, 49. Embryo: the germ of a seed, 6, 9, 83. Endogenous Stem, Endogenous Plants, 41, 97. Ensiform: sword-shaped, as the leaves of Iris (Fig. 64). Entire: the margin even, not toothed or cut, 49. Epidermis: the skin of a plant, 44. Epiphytes : air-plants, 35. Equitant (riding astride), 53. Erect, 37. Essential Organs of the Flower, 7. Evergreen: holding the leaves green over winter. Exogenous Stem, Exogenous Plants, 41 - 43, 97. Exserted: protruded, or projecting, as the sta- mens in Fig. 45 Family, 94. Farinaceous: mealy or like meal. Fascicle: a bundle or close cluster, 63. Fascicled Roots, 36. Feather-veined, 46. Fertile Flower, 68. Fibrous Roots, 27, 36. Fiddle-shaped: obovate but contracted on each side near the middle. Filament (of a stamen), 7, 64. 15 219 Filiform: thread-shaped. Fleshy Fruits, 77, — Plants, 31. — Roots, 35. Floral: relating to the flower. Fioral Envelopes, 7. Flower, 5, 7, 58. Flower-bud : an unopened flower. Flower:clusters, 59. Flowering Plants, 58, 97. Flowerless Plants, 58, 97. Flower-stalks, 38, 60. Follicle: a simple pod opening down one side (Fig. 210), 80. Footstalk of a leaf, 43. Free: not united with any other part, as when the calyx is not united with the ovary, nor the petals with the calyx, &e., 75 Fringed: the margin beset with bristles,"&c., or finely cut into slender appendages. Fruit, 5, 9, 77. Fugacious: falling or withering very early. Funnel-shaped, or Funnel-form, 72. Generic name: the name of the genus. Genus: plural Genera, 94. Germ, 6, 9. Germinate: to grow from the seed, 11. Germination, 11. Gibbous: projecting or bulging on one side. Glands: a name given to very different things ; to little fleshy bodies in some flowers (p. 128) ; to places in the leaves of the St. John’s- wort, the Orange, &c., appearing like dots, which contain a volatile oil; and to the lar- ger oil-cells in the rind of the Orange and Lemon. Also hairs or any projections on the surface of leaves or stalks which contain or exude any aromatic, glutinous, or watery matter, are called glands; as on the leaves and footstalks of the Sweet-Brier and of the Flowering Raspberry, p. 149. Glandular: bearing glands, or gland-like. Glandular hairs: hairs tipped with a gland or head. Glaucous: whitish or whitened with a bloom, or fine powdery matter that rubs off, as that on a Cabbage-leaf. Globose: shaped like a ball or sphere. Globular: nearly globose. Glomerate : collected into close or a head-like cluster. Glumaccous: glume-like ; resembling or bearing glumes. 220 INDEX AND Glumes: the chaffy bracts or scales which make the coverings of the flowers of Grasses, Sedges, &c. Gourd-Fruit, 77. Grafting, 56. Grain, 78, 79. Granular: composed of small particles or grains. Growth, 89. ~ Gymnospermous (naked-seeded), Gymnosper- mous Plants, 76, 97. Gynandrous: stamens borne on the pistil or style, as in the Orchis Family. Hairy: bearing or covered with hairs, especially rather long ones. Halberd-shaped, 48. Hastate: same as halberd-shaped, 48. Head, 61. Heart-shaped, 48. Heart-wood, 43. Helmet: a name given to the upper sepal of Ac- onite (Fig. 254), &e. Herbaccous, 37. Herbarium: the botanist’s collection of dried plants. Herbs, 26. Hilum: the scar of the seed, or point by which it is attached, 83. Hirsute: hairy with stiff or beard-like hairs. Hispid: bearing still stiffer and stouter hairs or bristles. Hoary: grayish-white, or covered with a fine and close whitish down. Hooded: shaped like a hood or cowl; concave or arched. Horny: having about the texture of horn. Hybrid: a cross between two species. Imbricate or Imbricated : the parts overlapping , some of them outside and others inside in the bud. Imperfect Flowers, 68. Incised: irregularly and rather deeply cut, 49. Included: enclosed ; not sticking out. Incomplete Flowers, 67. Incurved : curving inwards. Indefinite: too numerous to be readily counted, and not uniform in number. Indehiscent: not splitting open, 78. Indigenous : native to the country. Inferior: growing bencath some other organ ; as the calyx bencath the ovary, 75. DICTIONARY Inflated : bladder-like, as if blown up. Inflexed: bent inwards. Inflorescence, 58. Inoculating, 56. Inserted: borne on, or attached to, 71, 75. Insertion: the place or the mode of the attacn ment of any organ to that which bears it. Interruptedly pinnate, 52. Inversely heart-shaped, 49. lance-shaped, 47. ovate, 47. Involucel, 62. Involucre, 62. Involute: with the end or edges rolled inwards, Irregular Flowers, or Corolla, &c., 71, 72. Jagged, 49. : Jointed : separating by a joint, or dividing across into two or more pieces. Keel: a projecting ridge on the under surface of a leaf, as of Day-Lily, &c. The two lower petals of a papilionaceous corolla united are also termed the Acel, or Keel Petals, 141. Keeled: furnished with a keel or projecting ridge on the lower side. Kernel of a seed, 83. Key, or Key-Fruit, 78, 79. Kidney-shaped, 48. Labiate: two-lipped, 72. Laciniate: slashed; cut into narrow and irregu. lar lobes. Lance-lincar, 47. Lance-oblong, 47. Lanceolate or Lance-shaped, 46. Lateral: belonging to, or borne on, the side. Leaflets: the picces of a compound leaf, 51. Leaf-buds : buds which develop leaves. Leaf-scars, 26. Leaves, 6, 43. Legume: a pea-pod, 80. Limb of a corolla, &e., 72. Lips, 72. Linear, 46. Linear-lanceolate, 47. Lobed : having lobes, 49, 50. Lobes: any strong divisions of a leaf, &c., 49. Lower side of a flower: that which looks away from the stem, and towards the bract. Lyre-shaped, a pinnatifid leaf with the end lobe largest and rounded, as in Radish (Fig. 57), 28, OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Membranaceous : of the texture of membrane or thin skin. Midrib: the middle rib of a leaf, 44. Mineral Kingdom, 2. Monadelphous, 73. Monocotylédonous, Monocotyledonous Plants, 21, 22, 97. Moneecious Flowers, 68. Monopetalous: the corolla of one piece, 72. Monosepalous: the calyx of one piece, 72. Morphology, 34. Mucronate, 49. Mulberry, 82. Multiple Fruits, 82. Naked Flowers, 68. Naked-seeded, 76. Names of Plants, 94. Napiform : turnip-shaped (Fig. 70), 36. Natural History, 2. Natural System, 96. _ Naturalized : introduced from a foreign country, but run wild. Nectariferous : honey-bearing. Needle-shaped, 53. Nerves, Nerved, 44, 45. Netted-veined, 45. Neutral Flowers, 69. Notched, 49. Nut, 78, 79. Nutlet: a little nut or stone. Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped, 49. Oblanceolate, 47. Oblique (leaves, &c.): unequal-sided. Oblong, 46. Oblong-lanceolate, 47. Obovate: ovate inverted, 47. Obtuse : blunt, 48. Odd-pinnate, 52. Offset, 39, 57. Open Pistils, 76. Opposite (leaves or branches), 25, 54. Orbicular: circular in outline, 94. Order, 94. Organs, 5; of Reproduction, 5, 58. “of Vegetation, 5. Oval, 47. Ovary, 8, 65. Ovate, 47. Ovate-lanceolate, 47. Ovules: rudimentary seeds, 8, 65. 221 Palmate, 51. Palmately cleft, lobed, &c., 50, 51. - veined, 46. Panicle, 62. Papilionaceous Flower or Corolla, 141. Pappus: thistle-down, and the like; the limb of the calyx in the Sunflower Family, 165. Parallel-veined, 45. Parietal Placenta, 74. Parted : cleft almost through, 50. Parasitic Plants, 35. Pedate: like a bird’s foot; palmately divided, with the side divisions two-parted. Pedicel : the footstalk of each separate flower of a cluster, 60. Pedicelled: raised on a pedicel. Peduncle: a flower-stalk. Peduncled : having a peduncle. Peltate: shield-shaped, 48. Pepo: a gourd-fruit, 77. Perennial : living year after year. Perennials, 29. Perfect Flower, 67. Perfoliate: where the stem apparently passes through the leaf, as in Bellwort, No. 1 and 2, p. 211. Perianth: the blossom-leaves, 64. Pericarp: seed-vessel, 77. Persistent: not falling off; remaining after flow- ering. Petal: a leaf of the corolla, 9, 64. Petiole: the footstalk of a leaf, 43. Petioled ; having a petiole or footstalk. Phenogamous (also called Phanerogamous) Plants, 58, 97. Pine-cone, 82. Pinnate, 51. Pinnately cleft, lobed, parted, &c., 50, 51. Ke veined, 46. Pinnatifid: same as pinnately cleft. Pistil, 8, 65. Pistillate Flowers, 68. Pitcher-shaped leaves, 121. Pith of a stem, 42. Placenta, 66, 74. Plumose: plume-like ; feathered. Plumule, 13, 84. Pod, 79. Pointed, 48. Pollen, 7, 64. Polyadelphous, 73. Polycotylédonous, 22. 222 INDEX AND Polygamous Flowers, 68. Polypetalous : of separate petals, 71. Polysepalous : of separate sepals. Pome: such a fruit as an apple or pear, 77. Pouch: see Silicle, 80. Prickles, 38. Procumbent: 37. Propagation from buds, 56. from seeds, 58. Prostrate, 37. Pubescent: downy; the surface bearing fine and soft hairs, or pubescence. Punctate: dotted, as if pierced with minute punctures ; as the leaves of the Orange and Lemon, St. John’s-wort, &c. Putamen: the stone of a drupe or stone-fruit, 78. Pyxis, 80. Race: a variety of a species which may be prop- agated from seed. Raceme, 60. Racemed or Racemose: bearing racemes. Radiate-veined, 46. Radical : belonging to the root. Radicle of the embryo, 9, 84. Ramification: branching, 25. Ray, 61, 165. Receptacle of a flower, 63. Reclined, 37. Recuryed: curved outwards or downwards. Reflexed: bent backwards or downwards. Regular Flowers, &c , 70, 72. Reniform: kidney-shaped, 48. Repand: wavy-margined, 49. Reproduction, 6, 58. Retuse: blunted, or slightly indented, 49. Revolute: rolled backwards. Reticulated : in the form of network, as the veins of one class of leaves, 45. Rhombic, Rhomboidal: like a rhomb in outline ; i. e. four-sided with the side-angles obtuse. Ribs, 44. Root, 5, 34. Rootlets, 5, 36. Rootstocks, 31, 40. Rose-hip, 81. Rotate: wheel-shaped, 72. Runner, 39, 57. Running, 37. Sagittate : arrow-shaped. Salver-shaped, 72 DICTIONARY Simara, 79. Sap, 86. Sap-wood, 43. Saw-toothed, 49. Scabrous: with a rough surface. Scale-shaped, 53. Scalloped, 49. Scaly Bulbs, 40. Scape : a naked flower-stalk arising from near or under ground. Scar of a seed, 83. Scion, 56. Sced, 5, 9, 82. Secd-coats, 83. Seed-leaves, 9, 84. Secd-sear, 83. Seed-stalk, 83. Sced-vessels, 77. Sepal: a leaf of the calyx, 9, 63. Separated Flowers, 68. Serrate : saw-toothed, 49. Serrulate : finely serrate. Sessile: sitting ; stalkless, 44, 60, 64. Setaceous: in shape like a bristle. Sheath: the stalk or base of a leaf, or any body enwrapping the stem. Sheathing: wrapped around the stem, like a sheath. Shield-shaped, 48. Shrubs, 26. Shrubby, 37. Silicle: a short silique, or pouch, 80. Silique: the pod of the Cress Family, 80, 124 Silky: clothed with a coat of fine and glossy. close-pressed hairs. Simple: of one piece, &c. Simple Fruit, 77. “Leaves, 44. Sinuate: with a strongly wavy outline, 49. Solitary: single, 59, &c. . Spadiceous : bearing a spadix. Spadix, 62. Spathaceous: having or like a spathe. Spathe, 62. Spatulate, 47. Species, 93. Specific name: the name of the species. Spicate or Spiked: arranged in a spike. Spike, 61. Spikelet: a small spike, or one of the divisions of a compound spike. Spines, 37 OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Spindle-shaped, 36. Spiny or Spinose :; bearing spines. Spores, 58. Spur: a slender hollow projection, as that of the upper sepal of Larkspur (Fig. 251), the lower petal of a violet (Fig. 73), &e. Stamens, 7, 64. Staminate Flowers, 68. Standard of a papilionaceous corolla, 141. Stellate: star-shaped. Stem, 5, 23, 27. Stemless: without a stem, or without one rising out of the ground. Stemlct, 9. Sterile Flowers, 68. Stigma, 8, 65. Stipel : the stipule of a leaflet. Stipules, 43, 54. Stock, 56. Stolon, 39, 57. Stoloniferous: bearing stolons. Stone-Fruit, 77, 78. Strap-shaped corolla, 165. Strawberry, 81. Stiate: marked lengthwise with fine lines Strobilaceous : resembling or bearing a Strobile : a fruit like a Pine-cone, 82. Style, 8, 65. Subclass, 97. Subfamily or Suborder ; a marked division of an order, such as might be considered impor- tant enough to form a separate order. See pp. 139, 146. Subgenus: a marked division of a genus, such as might perhaps be taken as a separate genus, Subulate: awl-shaped. Succulent: juicy. Sucker, 39, 57. Suspended: hanging from the top. Sword-shaped: erect and sharp-edged lance-lin- ear leaves, like those of Iris (Fig. 64). Superior: above some other part it is compound ee as “ovary superior,” 75; on the upper side. Symmetrical Flower, &c., 69. Syngenesious, 73, 164. Taper-pointed, 48. Tap-root, 36. Tendrils, 38. Terete: long and round, like ordinary stems ; 223 same as cylindrical, but it may taper, as stems generally do. Terminal : belonging to or borne on the summit Terminal Bud, 24. Terminal Flowers, 52. Ternate : in threes, or divided into three. Ternately compound, &c., 52. Thorns, 37. Thread-shaped, 53. Throat of a corolla or calyx: the summit of the tube inside. Thyrse: a close compound panicle, like that of the Horsechestnut, 62. Three-valved, &c., 80. Thrice compound, thrice pinnate, &c , 52. Tomentose: woolly, with a coat of soft entan- gled hairs or down. Toothed: the margin cut into short and sharp projections or teeth. Top-shaped : conical inverted, or with the point downwards. Trailing, 37. Trees, 27. Triadelphous, 73. Trifid: same as three-cleft. Triple-ribbed : when a stout rib rises from each side of a midrib above the base. Trumpet-shaped, 72. Truncate: as if cut off at the end, 48. Trunk, 37. Tubers, 29, 40, 57. Tuberous or Tuber-like Roots, &c., 36. Tube of a corolla, &c., 72. Tubular: tube-shaped, or with a tube, 72. Tumid: swollen or thickened. Turgid: nearly same as Tumid. Turnip-shaped, 36. Twice compound, 52. “pinnate, &e., 52. Twin: in pairs. Twining: climbing by coiling, 37. Two-lipped, 72. Two-valved, &c., 80. Umbel, 61. Umbellet, 62. Unarmed : not spiny or prickly. Undershrub : a very low, shrubby plane Undulate: wavy. Unsymmetrical Flowers, 70. Upper: in a flower, the upper side is that next the main stem and away from the bract f 224 Utricle: like an akene, but with a thin and loose pericarp. Valves: the pieces into which a pod splits, or by which an anther, &c. opens, 80. Varieties, 93. Vegetable Kingdom, 2. Vegetation, 6, 89. Veining of leaves, 44. Veinlets, 44. Veins, 44. Veiny: full of veins. Velvety: clothed with a coat of soft and fine hairs, like the pile of velvet. Vertical: upright, or in the direction of the length of a thing. Verticillate; same as whorled, INDEX AND DICTIONARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. Villous, or Villose: hairy with long and_ soft shaggy hairs. Viscid, or Viscous: glutinous. Wavy, 42. Wedge-shaped, 47. Wheel-shaped, 72. Whorl, 54. Whorled, 54. Winged: furnished with a broad and thin ap- pendage or wing-like border of any kind, as the seeds of Trumpet-Creeper (Fig. 228), or the fruit of Maple, Ash, and Elm (Fig. 206 —208). Wood, 41. Woolly: clothed with a coat of long and entan gled soft hairs, like wool. INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS IN THE POPULAR FLORA, ABELMOSCHUS, Abies, Abutilon, Acacia, Acerates, Aconite, Aconitum, Acorus, Acrogens, Acta, Adder’s-tongue, Adenorachis, Adlumia, sculus, Athusa, Agrimonia, Agrimony, Agrostemma, Alismacee, Allium, Almond, Almond Family, Althea, Alum-root, Amarantacez, Amaranth, Amaranth Family, Amarantus, Amaryllidaceze, Amaryllis, Amaryllis Family, Amelanchier, American Laurel, Amorpha, Amphicarpeea, Ampelopsis, Amsonia, 98, 210, 181, 169, Amygdalus, Anienrataeens: Anagallis, Anemone, Anemony, Andromeda, Angelica, Angiosperms or Angiosper- mous Plants, Anonacee, Anophytes, Antirrhinum, Apetalous Division, Aphyllon, Apios, Apium, Apocynacez, Apocynum, e, Anpieot Baia Apricot, Aquifoliaceze, Aquilegia, Arabis, Arachis, Araceze, Aralia, Aralia Family, Araliacee, Arbor-Vite, Arctostaphylos, Arenaria, Armeniaca, Aristolochia, Aristolochiaces, Ariszema, Archemora, Argemone, Armeria, Armoracia, 118, i] 98, 147, 115, Page 159 175 142 205 159 159 159. 201 169 130 146 190 190 205 159 122 ' 173 125 Arrow-Arum, Arrowhead, Arrow-wood, Arum, Arum Family Asarum, Asclepias, Ascyrum, Asimina, Ash, Asparagus, Aster, ‘ Astragal, Astragalus, Atriplex, Atropa, Aurantiacez, Avens, Azalea, _ Bald-Cypress, Balm, Balsam-Apple, Balsam Family, Balsaminacee, Baneberry, Baptisia, Barbarea, ~ Barberry, Barberry Family, Barren-Strawberry, Basil, Basswood, Batatas, Batschia, Bayberry, Bean, Bearberry, Beaver-Poison, Bedstraw, Beech, 147, 143, 142, Page 169 201 198 226 Beech-drops, Beet, Bellflower, Bellwort, Benzoin, Berberidacer, Berberis, Beta, Betula, Betulaceer, Bignoniaceee, Bignonia Family, Bindweed, Birch, Birch Family, Birthroot, Birthwort, Birthwort Family, Bitter-Cress, Bitternut, Bittersweet, Black-Alder, Blackberry, Blackberry-Lily, Black-Haw, Blackthorn, Bladder-Cucumber, Bladdernut, Bladdernut Family, Bladder-Senna, Blephilia, Blite, Blitum, Bloodroot, Blueberry, Blue-curls, Blue-eyed-Grass, Blue-hearts, Bluets, Boehmeria, Borrage, Borrage Family, Borraginacez, Borrago, Bottle-Gourd, Bowman’s-root, Boxberry, Bracted-Bindweed, Bramble, Brasenia, Brassica, Breadfruit Family, Brooklime, Brookweed, Broom-Rape Family, Broussonetia, Brunella, 169, 147 167 INDEX TO THE 174 192 Buchnera, Buckbean, Buckeye, Buckthorn, Buckthorn Family, Buckwheat, Buckwheat Family, Bugbane, Bugloss, Bulrush, Bunchberry, Bur-Cucumber, Burdock, Burnet, Burning-bush, Bur-Reed, Bush-Clover, Bush-Honeysuckle, Butter-and-Eggs, Buttercup, Butterfly-Pea, Butternut, Buttonbush, Button-Snakeroot, Buttonwood, Cabbage, Cactacez, Cactus Family, Calla, Caltha, Calycanthacer, 192 | Calycanthus, 192 | Cakile, 122 | Camelina, 170 | Camellia, 178 | Camelliaceze, 214 | Camellia Family, 176 Campanula, 164 | Campanulaceze, 196 Campanula Family, 181 , Candytuft, 181 , Canterbury Bells, 181 ; Capsella, 181 , Caprifoliacee, 154 | Capsicum, 148 | Caraway, 169 ' Cardamine, 184 , Cardinal-Flower, 149 | Carolina-Allspice, 121 ) Carolina-Allspice Family, 125 , Carpetweed, 195 , Carpinus, 176 | Carrion-flower, 173 Carrot, 174 Carum, 196 Carya, 179 Caryophyllacee. 209 194 119 119 192 199 199 174 174 184 199 199 206° 190 190 125 197 186 172 150 214 163 151 154 139 139 142 179 139, 176 129 Cassia, Castanea, Castilleia, Catalpa, Catbrier, Catchfly, Catnip, Cat-tail, Cat-tuil Family, Caulophyllum, Ceanothus, Celandine, Celandine Poppy, Celastracez, Celastrus, Celery, Cephalanthus, Celtis, Cerastium, Cerasus, Cercis, Cheerophyllum, Chameerops, Chamomile, Checkerberry, Cheiranthus, Chelidonium, Chelone, Chenopodiaceee, Chenopodium, Cherry, Chervil, Chestnut, Chick-Pea, Chickweed, Chickweed Family, Chimaphila, Chionanthus, Chives, Chokeberry, Clubrush, Cicer, Cichory, Cicuta, Cimicifuga, Cinquefoil, Cistaceze, Cistus Family, Citrus Citrulfus, Clarkia, Claytonia, Clearweed, Clematis, Clethra, Clinopodium. Clintonia. 148, 146, 147, 145 198 176 174 208 130 179 206 206 119 138 122 123 139 1389 159 164 195 130 146 143 159 205 166 168 125 122 176 191 192 147 159 198 142 130 130 169 189 211 147 216 142 166 159 1138 149 127 127 134 154 153 131 196 112 169 179 210 Clitoria, Clover, Club-Mosses, Cobeea, Cocculus, Cockle, Coffee-tree, Cohosh, Colchicum, Colchicum Family, Collinsia, Collinsonia, Coltsfoot, Columbine, Colutea, Comfrey, Commelyna, Commelynaceze, Compositee, Composite Family, Comptonia, Coniferz, Conium, Conopholis, Convallaria, Convolvulacez, Convolvulus, Convolvulus Family, Coptis, Coreopsis, Coriander, Coriandrum, Cornacez, Cornel, Cornel Family, Uornus, Corn-Flag, vorydal, Corydalis, Corylus, Cotton, Cowbane, Cowherb, Cow-Parsnip, Crab-Apple, Cranberry, Cranberry-tree, Cranesbill, Crassulacez, Crateegus, Cress Family, Crocus, Crotalaria, Crowfoot, Crowfoot Family, Crown-Imperial, Cruciferous Family, 142, 118, 123, 123, 134, 147, $| Day-Lil POPULAR FLORA. Cryptogamous Plants, Cucumber, Cucumber-root, Cucumber-tree, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cucurbitacez, Cudweed, Culver’s-root, Cunila, Cuphea, Cupressus, Cupuliferze, Currant, Currant Family, Cuscuta, Custard-Apple Family, Cydonia, 147, Cynoglossum, Cypress, Cypress Family, Cytisus Daffodil, Daisy, Dalibarda, Dandelion, Daphne, Datura, Daucus, f 210, Dead] Nighiehaiis, Dead Nettle, Deerberry, Delphinium, Dentaria, Desmanthus, Desmodium, Dewberry, Dianthus, Dicentra, 123, Dicotyledons or Dicotyledo- nous Plants, 97, Dictamnus, Dielytra, Diervilla, Digitalis, Diospyros, Dipsacez, Dipsacus, Dirca, 118, ? Dockmackie, Dodder, Dodecatheon, Dogbane, 227 Dogbane Family, 187 Dogtooth-Violet, 210, 212 Dogwood, 160 Draba, 125 Dutchman’s Breeches, 124 Dyer's Weed, 126 Ebenacee, 172 Ebony Family, 172 Echinocystis, 154 Echinospermum, 182 Echium, 181 Ege-Plant, 186 Eelantine, 150 Ellisia, 182 Elm, 195 Elm Family, 195 Elodea, 128 Endogens, 208 Endogens or Enddgenous Plants, 97, 203 Epigea, 169 Epilobium, 153 Epiphegus, 174 rica, 169 Ericacer, 168 Erodium, 185, 186 Erythronium, 210, 212 Eschscholtzia, 122 Euonymus, 139 Eupatorium, 166 Evening-Primrose, 153 Evening-Primrose Family, 153 Everlasting, 166 Everlasting-Pea, 142, 144 Exogens or Exogenous Plants, 97, 105 Faba, 142 Fagopyrum, 193 Ween 198 False-Dragonhead, 179 False-Flax, 125 False-Gromwell, 181 False-Indigo, 143, 145 False-Mitrewort, 157 False-Nettle, 196 False-Pennyroyal, 178 False-Pimpernel, 176 False Solomon’s-Seal, 211 Featherfoil, 173 Fedia, 164 Fennel, 159 Fennel-Flower, 113 Ferns, 216 Ficus, 195 Fig, 195 Figwort, 176 Figwort Family, 175 Flax Family, Fleabane, Floating-Heart, Flower-de-Luce, Flowering Plants, Flowerless Plants, F lower-of-an-Hour, Feniculum, Fool's-Parsley, Forget-me-not, Four-o’ Clock, Foxglove, Fragaria, Fraxinella, Fraxinus, Fringe-tree, Frostweed, Fuchsia, Fumaria, Fumariaceer, Fumitory, Fumitory Family, Funkia, Galactia, Galanthus, Galeopsis, Galium, Garlic, Gaultheria, Gaylussacia, Gentian Family, Geranitim Family, Gerardia, Germander, Geum, Giant-Hyssop, Gilia, Gillenia, Ginseng, Glade-Mallow, Gladiolus, Glaucium, Glechoma, Gleditschia, Globe-flower, Glumaceous Division, Golden-Club, Golden-rod, Goldthread, Gooseberry, Goosefoot, Goosefoot Family, Gordonia, Gossypium, 201, 97, 97, 118, 202 134 134 166 187 215 105 216 183 159 159 182 191 176 147 137 189 189 127 153 123 123 123 123 216 211 142 213 180 164 122 179 215 205 1382 INDEX TO Gourd, Gourd Family, Graminez, Grape, Grape Family, Grape Hyacinth, Grass Family, Gratiola, Greenbrier, Greenbrier Family, Green-Milkweed, Greek Valerian, Gromwell, Grossulacee, Grossularia, Ground-Cherry, Ground-Ivy, Ground-Laurel, Groundnut, Guelder-Rose, Gymnocladus, Gymnosperms spermous Plants, Hackberry, Hardhack, Harebell, Hawkweed, Hawthorn, Hazel, Heart’s-ease, Heath, Heath I'amily, nes edge-Hyssop, ed ce Mustard, Hedge-Nettle, Helianthemum, Heliotrope, Heliotropium, Hemerocallis, Hemlock, Hemlock-Spruce, Hemp-Nettle, Henbane, Hepatica, Heracleum, Hesperis, Heuchera, Hibiscus, Hickory, Hoary-Pea, Hobblebush, Hog-Peanut, Holly, Holly Family, Hollyhock, Honesty, THE 142, or Gymno- 98, 147, 210, 154 154 216 1387 137 210 216 176 208 208 188 184 182 155 155 186 179 169 160 163 143 111 196 148 167 166 151 198 127 169 168 179 176 125 180 127 182 182 211 159 202 180 186 112 159 125 157 | I 132 197 142 163 142 Honey-Locust, Honevsuckle, Honeysuckle Family, Hop-tree, Horehound, Horse-Balm, Horse-Bean, Horsechestnut, Horsechestnut Family, Horse-Mint, Horseradish, Horse-Nettle, Horsetails, Hottonia, Hound’s-tongue, Houseleek, Houstonia, Huckleberry, Huckleberry Family, Hudsonia, Hyacinth, Hyacinthus, Hydrangea, Hydrophyllacee, Hydrophyllum, Hyoscyamus, Hypericum, Hypopitys, Hypoxys, Hyssop, Hyssopus, Iberis, llex, Jlysanthes, Impatiens, Indian-Corn, Indian-Cress, Indian-Cress Family, Indian Cucumber-root, Indian-Mallow, Indian-Physic, Indian-Pipe, Indian-Pipe Family, Indian Tobacco, Indian Turnip, Tpomea, Tridaceze, #15, Tris Family, Tronweed, Isanthus, Isatis, Jacob’s Ladder, 171 | Jasminaceze, 171 | Jasminum, 131 | Jeffersonia, 125 | Jerusalem-Cherry, 179, 168, 147, 184, 180 125 186 Jessamine, 189 Jessamine Family, 189 Jewel-weed, 186 Jointed-Charlock, 125 Jonquil, 213 Juglandacee, 197 Juglans, 197 Juncus, 216 June-berry, 147 Juniper, 201, 202 Juniperus, 201, 202 Kalmia, 169, 170 Kentucky Coffee-tree, 143 Ketmia, 133 Knotgrass, 193 Knotweed, 198 Koniga, 125 Labiate, 178 Labrador-Tea, 169 Laburnum, 142 Ladies’ Eardrop, 153 Lady’s Slipper, 215 Lagenaria, 154 Lamium, 180 Lamb-Lettuce, 164 Lambkill, 170 Laportea, 196 Larix, 201, 202 Larkspur, 118, 115 Lauracez, 194 Laurel, 169, 170, 171 Laurel Family, 194 uaurel-Magnolia, 117 Lavandula, 178 Lavatera, 131 Lavender, 178 Leadwort Family, 178 Leatherwood, 195 Lechea, 127 Ledum, 169 Leek, 211 Leguminose, 141 Lemon, 134 Leonurus, 180 Lepidium, 125 Lespedeza, 142 Lettuce, 166 Levisticum, 159 Lichens, 216 Ligustrum, 189 Lilac, 189 Lilium, 210, 212 Lily, 210, 211 Lily Family, 209 Lily-of-the-Valley, 210 Lime-tree, 183 Limnanthemum, 187 POPULAR FLORA. Linacee, Linaria, Linden, Linden Family, Linnea, Linum, Liriodendror, Lithospermum, Liverleaf, Liverworts, Lobelia, Lobeliacez, Lobelia Family, Loblolly-Bay, Locust-tree, Lonicera, Loosestrife, Lophanthus, Lopseed, Lousewort, Lovage, Lucerne, Lunaria, Lupine, Lupinus, Luzula, Lychnis, Lycium, Lycopersicum, Lycopsis, Lycopus, Lungwort, Lysimachia, Lythracez, Lythrum, Lythrum Family, aclura, Madder, Madder Family, Magnolia, Magnolia Family, Mahonia, Maize, Mallow, Mallow Family, Malus, Malva, Malvacez, Mandrake, Maple, Maple Family, Marrubium, Marsh-Mallow, Marsh-Marigold, Marsh-Rosemary, Martynia, Matrimony-Vine, 175, 142, 161, 152, 131, 147, 131, 134 177 133 183 161 134 117 182 113 216 | 167 167 167 184 143 162 173° 179 177 176 159 144 125 142 142 216 130 186 185 181 179 181 173 152 152 152 196 164 163 117 117 119 216 132 131 151 132 181 119 140 140 180 131 113 173 174 186 ae lay-Apple, May-flower, Maypop, Mayweed, Maywreath, Meadow-Rue, Meadow-sweet, Medeola, Medicago, Medick, Melanthacex, Melanthium, Menispermacez, Menispermum, Mentha, Menyanthes, Mertensia, Mezereum, Mezereum Family, Mignonette, Mignonette Family, Milk-Pea, Milkweed, Milkweed Family, Millet, Mimosa, Mimosa Family, Mimulus, Mint, Mint Family, Mirabilis, Mirabilis Family, Mitchella, Mitella, Mitrewort, Mockernut, Mock-Orange, Molucca-Balm, Molucella, Mollugo, Momordica, Monarda, Monkey-flower, Monkshood, 229 113, 147, 142, 142, 142, 142, 179, 179, 157, 179, Monocotyledons, or Mono- cotyledonous Plants, Monopetalous Division, Monotropa, Moonseed Family, Morning-Glory, Morus, Mosses, 97, 184, 125 120 169 155 166 148 114 148 207 144 144 209 209 144 144 179 154 119 119 180 187 181 195 196 126 125 142 188 188 216 143 143 176° 180 178 191 191 164 157 157 197 158 180 180 130 154 180 176 116 203 161 169 119 185 196 216 230 Motherwort, Mountain-Ash, Mouse-ear Chickweed, Mulberry, Mullein, Muscari, Mushrooms, Muskmelon, Musquash-root Mustard, Myosotis, Myrica, Myricacez, Naked Broom-Rape, Napea, Narcissus, Nasturtium, Neckweed, Nelumbium, Nelumbo, Nemophila, Nettle Family, New-Jersey Tea, Nicandra, Nicotiana, Nigella, Nightshade, Nightshade Family, Nuphar, Nyctaginacese, Nymphea, Nympheacez, : 3 Oak Family, Oats, Ocimum, Cnothera, Oldenlandia, Oleacee, Oleander, Olive Family, Okra, Onagracee, Onion, Onosmodium, Opuntia, Orache, Orange, Orange Family, Orchidaceze, Orchis, Orchis Family, 147, 175, 125, 185, 210, 180 151 130 196 176 210 216 154 158 125 182 200 200 174 132 213 136 177 121 121 182 179 188 152 196 195 138 186 186 113 186 185 121 191 126 120 160 198 198 216 178 153 164 189 188 189 1382 153 211 181 153 192 134 134 215 215 215 INDEX TO THE Origanum, Ornithogalum, Orontium, Orpine, Osage-Orange, Osmorrhiza, Ostrya, Oswego Tea Oxalis, Oxalidacee, Oxybaphus, Peonia, Painted-Cup, Palme, Palmetto, Palm Family, Pancratium, Pansy, Papaver, Papaveraceze, Papaw, Paper-Mulberry, Pardanthus, Parietaria, Parsley, Parsley Family, Parsnip, Partridge-berry, Partridge-Pea, Passiflora, Passifloraceee, Passion-flower, Passion-flower Family, Pearlwort, Pecan-Nut, Pedicularis, Pelargonium, Pellitory, Peltandra, Pennyroyal, Penthorum, Pentstemon, Peony, Peperidge-tree, Peppergrass, Periwinkle, Persea, Persica, Persimmon, Petaloideous Division, 179 210 205 156 196 159 198 180 135 135 191 113 176 205 205 205 218 127 122 122 118 196 214 196 159 158 159 169 146 155 154 155 154 159 139 146 142 142 147 147 130 197 176 135 196 205 179 156 176 113 160 125 188 194 146 172 206 Petilium, Petroselinum, Petunia, Phacelia, Phenogamous Plants, Phaseolus, Philadelphus, Phlox, Phryma, Physalis, Physostegia, Phytolacca, Phytolaccacex, Pickerel-weed, Pickerel-weed Family, Pignut, Pilea, Pimpernel, Pine, Pine Family, Pinesap, Pink, Pink Family, Pinweed, Pinxter-flower, Pipe-vine, Pipsissewa, Pisum, Pitcher-Plant, Plane-tree, Plantaginacee, Plantago, Plantain, Plantain Family, Platanaceze, Platanus, Plum, Plumbaginacez, Podophyllum, Poison-Hemlock, Poison-Ivy, Poke, Pokeweed, Pokeweed Family, Polemoniaceze, Polemonium, Polemonium Family, Polianthes, Polyanthus, Polygonaceze, Polygonum, Polygonatum, Polypetalous Division, Pond-Lily, Pontederia, Pontederiacee, Poplar, 91, 142, 201, 146, 183, 213 200 Poppy, Poppy Family, Populus, Portulaca, Portulacacez, Potato, Potentilla, Poterium, Prickly-Ash, Prickly-Pear, Prickly-Poppy, Primrose, Primrose Family, Primula, Primulaceze, Prince’s-Feather, Prince’s-Pine, Prinos, . Prunus, Psoralea, Ptelea, Puccoon, Pulse Family, Pumpkin, Purslane, Purslane Family, Pycnanthemum, Pyrola, Pyrola Family, Pyrus, Quamoclit, Quercus, Quince, Radish, Ramsted, Ranunculaceze, Ranunculus, Raphanus, Raspberry, Rattlebox, Red-Bay, Red-bud, Red-Cedar, Reseda, Resedacez, Rhamnacez, Rhamnus, Rheum, Rhododendron, Rhodora, Rhubarb, Rhus, Ribes, Rib-Grass, Rice, Robinia, Rock-Cress, 147, 146, 147, 147, 113, 122 122 200 130 130 186 149 147 137 153 122 173 173 173 178 193 171) R 172 148 | RB: 142 137 182 141 154 130 130 179 169 169 151 184 198 151 125 177 112 114 125 149 142 194 148 202 126 125 138 138 193 169 169 193 137 156 172 216 142 125 POPULAR FLORA. Rocket, Rosa, Rose-Acacia, Rosacee, Rose, Rose-Bay, Rose Family, Rowan-tree, Rubia, Rubiacez, Rue, Rue Family, Rubus, Rumex, Rush, Rush Family, uta, Rutacez, e, Sabbatia, Sage, Sage Family, Sagina, Sagittaria, Salad-Burnet, Salicaceze, Salix, Salicornia, Saltwort, Salsify, Salsola, Salvia, Sambucus, Samolus, Samphire, Sand-Spurrey, Sandwort, Sanguinaria, Sanguisorba, Sanicle, Sanicula, Saponaria, Sarsaparilla, Sarracenia, Sassafras, Satureia, Savin, Savory, Saxifraga, Saxifragacez, Saxifrage, Saxifrage Family, Scabiosa, Scabious, Scarlet-Runner, Schrankia, Scilla, 147, 147, 147, 161, 125 | 150 143 146 150 170 146 151 164 163 137 137 149 193 216 215 137 187 216 187 179 178 130 206 147 200 200 192 192 166 192 179 162 173 192 130 130 122 147 159 159 130 160 121 194 179 202 Ay? 157 157 157 157 164 164 145 143 210 Scorpion--Grass, Scrophularia, Scrophulariaceze, Scullcap, Scutellaria, Seaweeds, Sedge Family, Sedum, Self-heal, Senna, Sempervivum, Sensitive-Brier, Sensitive-Plant, Shadbush, Shagbark, Sheep-berry, Shellbark, Shepherd’s-Purse, Shin-leaf, Sicyos, ida, Sidesaddle-Flower, 143, Sidesaddle-Flower Family, Silene, Silver-weed, Sinapis, Sisymbrium, Sisyrinchium, Sium, Skunk-Cabbage, Smartweed, Smilaceze, Smilacina, Smilax, Smoke-tree, Smoke-vine, Snakeroot, Snapdragon, apo ball, nowberry, Growdeen, Snowflake, Soapberry Family, Soapwort, Solanacez, Solanum, Spadiceous Division, Sparganium, Speedwell, Spergula, Spergularia, Spice-bush, Spiderwort, 210, 185, 176, 232 Spiderwort Family, Spikenard, Spinach, Spinacia, Spindle-tree, Spireea, Spring-Beauty, Spruce, Spurrey, Squash, Squaw-root, Squill, Squirrel-Corn, Stachys, Staff-tree, Staff-tree Family, Staphylea, Star-flower, Star-Grass, Star-of-Bethlehem, Statice, Stellaria, Stickseed, Stock, Stonecrop, Stonecrop Family, St. John’s-wort, St. John’s-wort Family, St. Peter’s-wort, Stramonium, Strawberry, Strawberry-bush, Streptopus, Stylophorum, Succory, Sumach, Sumach Family, Summer-Savory, Sunflower, Sunflower Family, Sweet-Alyssum, Sweet- Basil, Sweet-brier, Sweet-Cicely, Sweet-Clover, Sweet-Fern, Sweet-Flag, Sweet-Gale, Sweet-Gale Family, Sweet-Pea, Sweet-Potato, Sycamore, Symphytum, Symplocarpus, Symphoricarpus, Syringa, Tare, 207 159 192 192 139 147, 148 131 202 130 154 174 210 124 180 1389 1389 1389 173 213 210 173 130 182 125 156 156 128 128 128 186 147 139 209 122 166 137 137 179 166 164 125 178 150 159 144 200 205 200 200 144 184 196 181 205 161 158, 189 144 INDEX TO THE Taxus, Tea-Plant, Tear-Thumb, Teasel, Teasel Family, Tecoma, Tephrosia, Teucrium, Thalictrum, 1 Thallophytes, Thimbleberry, Thistle, Thorn, Thoroughwort, Three-leaved Nightshade, Thrift, Thuja, Thyme, Thymus, Thymeleacez, Tiarella, Tick-Trefoil, Tiger-flowex, Tigridia, Tilia, Tiliaceee, Toadflax, 4 Tobacco, Tomato, Tradescantia, Trailing-Arbutus, Trefoil, Trichostema, Trientalis, Trifolium, 1 Trilliaceze, Trillium, Trillium Family, Trollius, 1 Trumpet-Creeper, Trumpets, Tuberose, Tulip. Tulipa, Tulip-tree, Tupelo, Turnip, Turtlehead, Toothwort, Twinflower, Twinleaf, Twist-stalk, Typha, Typhacez, Umbelliferse, Umbrella-tree, Unicorn-Plant, 13, 98, 75, 42, 13, 201 142 214 206 206 125 161 206 206 158 118 174 Urtica, Urticacez, Uvularia, Vaccaria, Vaccinium, Valerian, Valeriana, Valerianacee, Valerian Family, Veratrum, Verbena, Verbenacex, Verbascum, Veronica, Vervain, Vervain Family, Vetch, Vetchling, Viburnum, Vicia, Vinca, Viola, Violacee, Violet, Violet Family, Viper’s-Bugloss, Virginia Snakeroot, Virgin’s-Bower, Virginia Creeper, Vitis, Vitacese, Waldsteinia, Wake-Robin, Wallflower, Walnut, Walnut Family, Water-Cress, Water-Hemlock, Water-Horehound, Waterleaf, Waterleaf Family, Water Lily, Water-Lily Family, Watermelon, Water-Parsnip, Water-Pepper, Water-Plantain, Water-Plantain Family, Watershield, Wheat, White-Bay, White-Cedar, White-Thorn, White-Hellebore, Whitlow-Grass, Wild-Ginger, Willow, 169, 177, 175, 175, 177, 161, 1 120, 196 182 121 120 201 151 200 Willow Family, Willow-herb, Winterberry, Winter-Cress, Wintergreen, Wintergreen Family, POPULAR FLORA. 200! Wistaria, 158 Wood, 172 | Wolfsbane, 125 Woodbine, 169, 171 | Wood-Nettle, 169 | Wood-Sorrel, THE END. 142 125 116 162 196 135 Wood-Sorrel Family, Wormwood, Wythe-rod, Yucca, Yew, Zanthoxylum, 233 185 166 162 210 201 137 ad uo AVS SERIES Cr BOTANIES ERT A = by the te ASA GR.:Y, !.L.D., of Harvard University bw ELEMENTARY AN) GRAMMAR SCHOOLS y's Hlow Plants Grow. With a Popular Flora. Boards, square ‘mile introduction to the study of Botai TVs “ays How Piants Behave. A Botany for Young People, Boards, squave Sv. aves c A sia: cy book showing how plants nove. climb, cct, he SOR DARY SCHOOLS vc dines cf Botany. (Based on Gray’s ‘* Lessons.”) Cloth, Bf Vise Sass, +. hb Flora. (Gray's ‘‘Field, Forest, and Gardsu Botany.”) Hei 70. pages . . . * . . Gia 2esuus in ‘oianx. Cl aus 8vu. 226 pages. : : tavay’ 7:4 Forest, and Garden Botany. New edition, contain=) rj a G.uy, Cloth Sve. 519 pages ‘ A ve G>.‘'s Schoc’ and Field Book of Baany, Comprising the eSSo! id ‘‘ Field, Forest, and Garden Botany.” A complete book SL NOOI Aa Cloth, 80, 745 pages : i “ , eile aie =GES AND ADVANCED STUDENTS sal of Bot tany. Seventh Idition, illustrated. For the wera U.S. and adjacent Canada. Cloth, 6vo. 926 pages the Sams. 4 nae t aie Thin paper, flexibie leather ; Leavitt's Sutlines of Botany, with Gray’s “Manual,” Sixth Edition, Oleih, 8vo. To83 pages Grey's Lessens and Maaeal of Batanty. Connie the Bteton in Botany” and the “Manual,” Sixth Edition. Cloth, 8vo. 1037 pages Gr ig Botanical Text-Book . Gray’s Structural Botany. Cloth, §vo. 454 pages ; - “G Goodale’s Physiologica! Botany. Cloth, 8vo. 558 pages . Gray, Watson, ond Robinson's Synoptical F'ora of North America. Vol. 1. Yt T) Pas cle d, Paper! large Syst) (218 pages, ‘ = The 2a: Tol. 1, Part I, Faseitle I]. Vaper, \irge feo, 915 pages a FoR? 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