As panos MER Pyne EES ATE TMT A, y tise CHEER Ea ang “ Ribot ps ih LARA ARID th 5; i ate ja Siri Veet ei Cay Vea h thin, ‘ph Gornell University Library Sthaca, New York BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. Corneil University Library ' QK 139.R99K TTT 3 1924 000 582 001 am Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www. archive.org/details/cu31924000582001 KEY TO THE ROCKY -MOUNTAIN FLORA COLORADO, UTAH, WYOMING, IDAHO, MONTANA, SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA, AND PARTS OF NEBRASKA, SOUTH DAKOTA, NORTH DAKOTA, anv BRITISH COLUMBIA BY P. A. RYDBERG, Pu.D. Curator, New York Botanical Garden NEW YORK Published by the Author 1919 rr Copyright, 1919 Perr AxEL RYDBERG PRESS OF Steinman & Foutz, Lancaster. Pa. PREFACE In Europe, pocket manuals or so-called excursion floras have been very opular. These contain scarcely more than keys to the plants of the regions treated. The author, therefore, thought that a reprint of the keys found in his FLora or THE Rocky Mountains AND ADJACENT Piains* would be useful in a similar way; not that he thought that this little book would be sufficient in studying the vegetation of such a vast territory, for keys are never wholly satisfactory. A few hints may be given, however, to show how and to whom this book may be useful. The Key may be used in connection with the Flora, or independently. The Flora is too big a book to carry conveniently on a field excursion. The Key is easily carried in a pocket, and by means of it, the preliminary study and determinations can be done in the field while the flowers are fresh, and a more thorough study can be made at home afterwards with the aid of the Flora. In this way, the Key may be very useful to the field-botanist, the forester, the ranger, and the rachsman, who studies the vegetation on horse-back or on foot. It may also be conveniently used in the classroom, together with the Flora. In many cases the school or the students could not afford to buy a copy for each student or each two members of the class, . while it could be done in the case of a less expensive book. The drilling in how to determine a plant could be done by means of the Key, and when the plant is tentatively determined, the verifications may be done by means of one or two copies of the Flora, the description in it being read by the teacher or a member of the class. The Key may also be used independently. It may conveniently be used as a check-book for recording the local flora. Where an inexpensive book is desired, it will be useful, if not sufficient, for the classification of the plants of the Rockies. Many amateur botanists do not care as much for the technical description as for knowing the scientific and common names of the flowers. In this case, the Key may be sufficient, as all the accepted scientific names found in the Flora are also found in the Key. So are also all the common or popular names, except a few which: were mentioned in the text and which apply merely to that particular species. These names are, however, mostly given in the index. In the index are also given the most important synonyms of the scientific names of the genera, with a reference to which genus each belongs. The area covered by the Key, as well as by the Flora, include the entire states of Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, and extends eastward to Long. 102 W. in Nebraska, South Dakota and North Dakota; it also includes the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, south of Lat. 55 N. (their old northern boundary), and the Kootenay Districts of British Columbia. The book contains the keys to 1038 genera and 5897 species of flowering plants and fernworts, in other words of all that have been recorded within the region. It was also advisable to reprint the Glossary of the Flora, as it would be useful to those not too familiar with the scientific terms. P. A. RypBERG. New York Botanical Garden, September, 1918. * See advertizement on page 305 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE SPERMATOPHYTA Key TO THE FAMILIES............0..0005 2 aerdiirs th nes Sp rent a ono Leek 7 Key To THE GENERA AND SPECIES GYMNOSPERMAB i. occu shod di GAb eda dai jue shagewivavan _l7 ANGIOSPERMAE: Monocotyledones............. 0.0000 e eee eee 19 DicotyledGnS vy sos pe usc esey ewe daes wewkew: 60 PTERIDOPHYTA............. ee b raheienalanee 280 GPOSSARY is an andes mn dedin aia aatraauae Maes Aavind aa haem eae i 285 AT TUE a a soe ace th cas hye ye eed se sean EEE poe dae nag Pens ae 295 TaBLE OF Metric aND ENGLISH MEASUREMENTS 1 mm. = 145 inch _lline = 2 mm. 3mm. = !¢ inch ¥ inch = 3 mm. lem. = 35 inches 1 inch = 2.5 cm. 5cm. = 2 inches 1 span = 1 dm. 1 dm. = 4 inches 1 foot = 3 dm. lm. = 40 inches or 3% feet 1 yard = 9 dm. 300 m. = 1000 feet SPERMATOPHYTA SEED-BEARING OR FLOWERING PLANTS. PAGE borne the surface of an open bract or scale; stigmas wanting. pene ne R Class I. GYMNOSPERMAL 17 Ovules and seeds a a closed cavity fovaty) t pormes by one or more united modified , wit! 6 or more stigmas a e end. tnasse . Class 11. ANGIOSPERMAE 19 Cotyledons usually single; earlier leaves alternate; leaves mostly parallel-veined; stem endogenous. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES 19 Cotyledons mostly 2; earlier leaves opposite; leaves mostly netted-veined; stem exogenous. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES 60 KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Nakegp-SEEDED PLANTS. Perianth none; trees or shrubs with needle- or scale-like leaves not sheathing. Pistillate flowers in aments; fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. Carpellary scales subtended by bracts, never peltate; ovules inverted; buds scaly; wings of the seeds formed from a portion of the carpellary scales. 1. PINACEAE 17 Carpellary scales not subtended by bracts, mostly peltate or fleshy; ovules erect; buds naked; wings of the seeds, if present,'a part of the seed- coat. . : : . JUNIPERACEAE 18 Pistillate flowers single or in pairs, without carpellary scales; fruit drupaceous or baccate. 3. TAXACEAE 18 Perianth present, urn-shaped; pistillate flowers single or in pairs; horsetail-like shrubs with jointed branches and the leaves reduced to sheathing scales. 4, EPHEDRACEAE 18 Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE SreEp-vEssELED PLANTS. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Small lens-shaped, ellipsoid, or flask-shaped floating aquatics without leaves. 15. LEMNACEAE 49 Plants with true stems and leaves, the latter however, sometimes scale-like. Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, its members often bristles or mere scales, not corolla-like, or wanting. Flowers not in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (glumes). Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Flowers in elongate termina] spikes; fruit hidden among bristles. TYPHACEAE. 19 Flowers in globose lateral spikes; fruit not hidden among bristles. 6. SPARGANIACEAE 19 Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting. . Flowers in dense spikes subtended by an enlarged bract (spathe); fruit baccate; endosperm présent; emersed water or bog plants. : ; 14. ARACEAE 49 Flowers, if spicate, not subtended by a spathe; fruit drupaceous; endosperm wanting; submerged water plants Gynoecium of distinct carpels; stigma disk-like or cup-like. : . 7. GZANICHELLIACEAE 19 ‘ Gynoecium of united carpels; stigmas 2-4, sleedes. 8. NAJADACEAE 20 Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricate bracts (glumes). Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with their margins not united; stem mostly hollow; fruit a grain. 12. POACEAE 21 Leaves 3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins; stems solid; fruit an achene. i . 13. CYPERACEAE 40. Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usually corolloid. Gynoecium of distinct carpels. Petals similar to the sepals; anthers long and narrow; carpels coherent. ; : ‘ 9. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE 20: Petals different from the sepals, in ours white; anthers short and thick; carpels not coherent. 10. ALISMACEAE 20 Gynoecium of united carpels. Stamens numerous; water plants with broad netted-veined floating leaf- blades. 47. NYMPHAEACEAE 86- (7) 8 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Stamens 3-6. : Ovary and fruit superior. Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers; endosperm mealy. Calyx and corolla of free, very different members; stamens ree. 16. COMMELINACEAE Calyx and corolla of quite similar members and partly united; stamens partly adnate to the perianth. : 17, PONTEDERIACEAE, Stamens alike and fertile; endosperm fleshy, horny, or cartilagin- ous. Styles present, distinct or united; stigmas terminal. Styles distinct; capsule septicidal. 18. MELANTHACEAE | Styles united, often very short or obsolete during anthesis. Petals and sepals very unlike; capsules septicidal. 24. CALOCHORTACEAE Petals and sepals nearly alike; capsules loculicidal. Sepals and petals chaffy. 19. JUNCAEAE Sepals and petals not chaffy. . Herbs with bulbs, corms or rootstocks. Plants with bulbs, or corms, or short erect rootstocks. Flowers in umbels, at first included in and later subtended by a scarious invo- lucre. 20. ALLIACEAE Flowers solitary or racemose, or in Leuco- crinum_ by shortening of the stem the inflorescence umbel-like, without involucre. 21. LILIACEAE. Plants with elongate horizontal rootstocks. 22, CONVALLARIACEAE Shrubby plants with woody caudices, or trees. 23, DRACAENACEAE Styles wanting. Flowers perfect; plants not climbing. Leaves and bracts alternate; plants with bulbs; fruit acapsule. — 24, CALOCHORTACEAE Leaves or leaf-like bracts whorled; plants with rootstock; fruit a berry. 25. TRILLIACEAE Flowers dioecious; plants climbing or trailing. 26. SMILACACEAE Ovary and fruit wholly or partly inferior . Flowers regular; androecidm not reduced; stamens 3 or more. Aquatic plants, dioecious or polygamous. 11. ELODIACEAE Land-plants with perfect flowers. Stamens 6; leaves not equitant. 27. AMARYLLIDACEAE Stamens 3; leaves equitant. 28. IRIDACEAE Flowers irregular, perfect; terrestrial or epiphytic plants; stamens 1 or 2. 29. ORCHIDACEAE Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. A. Corolla wanting. I. Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers. Herbs. Land plants; styles distinct, cleft or foliaceous; ovaries 3-celled. 74. EUPHORBIACEAE Aquatic plants; styles simple, united into pairs; ovaries 4-celled. 75. CALLITRICHACEAE Trees or shrubs. Fruit 1-seeded; seeds without tufts of hairs. Fruit a nut or an achene. 33. CORYLACEAE Fruit a drupe or a samara. 101. OLEACEAE Fruit many-seeded; seeds each with a tuft of hairs. 30. SALICACEAE II. Calyx present at least in the staminate or in the perfect flowers. 1, Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments or ament-like spikes. Plant not parasitic; fruit a nut or an achene. Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments; fruit not with a bur or cup. Staminate flowers 2 or 3 together in the axils of the bracts, each with a calyx; pistillate flowers without a calyx. : 32. BETULACEAE Staminate flowers solitary in the axils of each bract, without a calyx; pistillate flowers with a calyx. . : 33. CORYLACEAE Staminate flowers in aments; pistillate ones often solitary. Fruit a nut, at least partly enclosed in a cup or bur. 31. FAGACEAE Fruit drupaceous, not enclosed in a cup or bur. (Garrya in) 95. CORNACEAE. 49 49 56 50 63 173 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 9 Plant parasitic; fruit berry-like. 125. LORANTHACEAE 221 2. Plowers, at least the staminate, not in aments. a. Ovary superior. Gynoecium of 1, or several and distinct carpels; stigma and style of each solitary. Carpel solitary. vary neither enclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a calyx- ube. ‘ Flowers not solitary in the axils of the leaves; land plants. Plants with scarious stipules; hg cymose. 3. CORRIGIOLACEAE. 81 Plants not with scarious i flowers clustered. URTICACEAE 66 Flowers solitary in the axils of Pa ee aquatic plants. 46. CERATOPHYLLACEAR 86 Ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-tube. Stamens borne under the gynoecium; calyx corolla--like; herbs. 40. NYCTAGINIACEAE 78 Stamens borne on the hypanthium or adnate to the calyx- ‘tube; calyx not corolla-like; shrubs. Hypanthium becoming fleshy in fruit, enclosing the tail-less achenes; calyx 4-merous; stamens 4 or 8; leaves silvery-scurfy: 89. ELAEAGNACEAE 160 Hypanthium not becoming fleshy;: achenes tailed; calyx 5-merous; leaves not scurfy. (Coleogyne and Cercocarpus in) 60. ROSACEAE 116 Carpels several. Stamens inserted below the ovary. (Genera in) 48. RANUNCULACEAE 86 Stamens inserted on the edge of a cup-shaped hypanthium. (Genera in) 60. ROSACEAE 116 Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels; stigmas or styles 2 or several. Ovary, by abortion, 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Leaves with sheathing stipules (ocreae). 37. POLYGONACEAE 66 Leaves estipulate, or stipules. if present, not sheathing. Trees or shrubs; ovary not seated in a hypanthium. . ULMACEAE 65 Herbs or vines. Stipules herbaceous; inflorescence spicate or racemose; leaf-blades palmately veined. 35. CANNABINACEAE 66 Stipules scarious, or hyaline, or none: inflorescence cymose: leaf-blades pinnately veined. Fruit a utricle, or achene, circumscissile or bursting irregularly. Stipules wanting. Flowers subtended by an involucre formed by more or less united bracts 37. POLYGONACEAE 66 Flowers not involucrate. Bracts not scarious. 38. CHENOPODIACEAE 74 Bracts scarious. 39. AMARANTHACEAE 78 Stipules present, scarious. 43. CORRIGIOLACEAE 81 Fruit a capsule, dehiscent vA apical or longitudinal valves. . ALSINACEAE 81 Ovary several-celled, or with several Rae several-ovuled. Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gynoecium in the per- fect flowers, not on a disk in the staminate flowers. Flowers perfect. Stamens not tetradynamous. | Stamens 2; inflorescence spicate. (Besseya in) 117. SCROPHULARIACEAE 206 Stamens 3-10; inflorescence cymose or axillary. Ovary 1-celled. Placentae parietal; pistils 2-carpillary. 57. SAXIFRAGACEAB 110 Placentae central or basal; pistils of 3-5 car- pels. Guilye not pettold, of 4 or 5 distinct sep- als. 4, ALSINACEAE 81 Calyx more or jae petaloid, campanulate, merely 5-lobed. (Glauz in) 100. PRIMULACEAE 117 Ovary 3-5-celled; leaves verticillate. 41. TETRAGONIACEAE 80 10 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Stamens tetradynamous. (Apetalous species in) 52. BRASSICACEAE Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 74. EUPHORBIACEAE Stamens perigynous or epigynous, inserted on the margin of a hypanthium or a disk. Fruit a samara. 78. ACERACEAE Fruit drupe-like or berry-like. (Apetalous speciesin) 79. RHAMNACEAE b. Ovary inferior. Flowers not in involucrate heads. Fruit a berry, or a drupe, or nut-like. Shrubs, with scurfy and usually silvery leaves. 89. ELAEAGNACEAE Herbs, not with scurfy leaves. Stamens as many as the perianth-members and alternate with them, or fewer. 41. TETRAGONIACEAE. | Stamens as many as the perianth-members and opposite them, or twice as many; water plants. Water plants, with whorled leaves. 92. HALORAGIDACEAE Land plants, parasitic or saprophytic, with alternate leaves. 126. SANTALACEAE Fruit a capsule. Sepals as many as the ovary-cavities. Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. 90. LYTHRACEAE Hypanthium adnate to the ovary. 91. ONAGRACEAE Sepals not of the same number as the ovary-cavities. Styles 2; leaves alternate. 57. SAXIFRAGACEAE Styles 6; leaves 2, basal. 128. ARISTOLCCHIACEAE Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads. Calyx corolla-like. 40. NYCTAGINACEAE Calyx not corolla-like. 133. AMBROSIACEAE B. Corolla present. I. Petals distinct, at least at the base. 1. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base. Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e., hypogynous. Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulent. Stamens numerous; anther-sacs opening by slits. Submerged water plants with minute axillary sessile monoe- ‘cious flowers; anthers with horn-like appendages. 46. CERATOPHYLLACEAE Land plants or rarely water plants with perfect or rarely dioecious flowers; anthers not with horn-like appendages. 48. RANUNCULACEAE Stamens definite (in ours 6) ; anther-sacs opening by hinged-valves. 49. BERBERIDACEAE Plants with succulent stems and leaves. 55. CRASSULACEAE Stamens on the margin of a hypanthium (the hypanthium very small in some Saxifragaceae}. Flowers regular or nearly so (actinomorphic). Endorsperm present, usually copious and fleshy. Herbs; stipules mostly wanting. Carpels as many as the sepals; succulent plants. 55. CRASSULACEAE Carpels fewer than the sepals, 2 or rarely 3, distinct or only partly united; plant scarcely succulent. 57. SAXIFRAGACEAE Shrubs or trees; fruit thin-walled follicles; stipules present. (Opulaster in) 60. ROSACEAE Endosperm wanting or scant; stipules mostly present. Carpels several or numerous, or, if solitary, becoming an achene. 60. ROSACEAE Carpel solitary, not becoming an achene. Ovary 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe; leaves simple. 62. AMYGDALACEAE Ovary several-ovuled; fruit a legume; leaves pinnately compound. 63. MIMOSACEAE Flowers irregular (mostly zygomorphic). Upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud; corolla not papilionaceous. 64. CAESALPINIACEAE Upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in bud; corolla papilionace- ous. 65, FABACEAE 2. Carpels several and united. a. Ovary superior. * Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacles. + Stamens numerous. 160 86 86 94 110 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Sepals imbricate. Filaments united in 3 or more sets; leaves pellucid-punctate. HYPERICACEAE Filaments distinct; leaves not punctate Calyx deciduous. 50. PAPAVERACEAE Calyx persistent. Stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid; nnd plants; petals and sepals 4 53. CAPPARIDACEAE Stigmas united into a disk; aquatic plants; petals and sepals numerous. 47. NYMPHAEACEAE Sepals valvate; stamens with united A tarerite . MALVACEAE +t Stamens few, not over twice as many as =e petals. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Anther-sacs opening by hinged valyee: . BERBERIDACEAE Anther-sacs opening by slits. Flowers monoecious. 74. EUPHORBIACEAE Flowers perfect. 42. PORTULACACEAE Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more, sometimes twice as many. Stamens 6 or less; petals 4: sepals 2 or 4. Sepals 2; endosperm present; flowers irregular; stamens diadelphous. 51. FUMARIACEAE Sepals 4, rarely more; endosperm wanting; flowers regular. capa 2-celled; stamens pag ea rarely 2 BRASSICACEAE Capsule 1-celled; stamens nob ‘tetradynamous. CAPPARIDACEAE Stamens, petals, and sepals of a same number, or sta- mens more, usually twice as many as the sepals or petals. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae. Sepals 2; or, if more (in Lewisia), plant scapose, with fleshy basal leaves and the flowers soli- tary on a jointed BCADE: PORTULACACEAE Sepals 4-5; plants isan eee. Sepals ‘distinct; petals not clawed; ovary sessile. 44, ALSINACEAE Sepals united; petals clawed; ovary more or less distinctly sup ieate. 45, CARYOPHYLLACEAE Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae. Stamens with united filaments and no stamin- odia. 81. MALVACEAE Stamens with distinct filaments. Staminodia present. 56. PARNASSIACEAE Staminodia wanting. Stigmas 2-cleft; plants insectivorous, with glandular-hispid leaves. 54. DROSERACEAE Stigmas entire; land plants, not insectiv- orous; leaves not glandular-hispid. Styles in ours distinct. Sepals persistent, united into a tube; leaves not pellucid-dotted. 84. FRANKENIACEAE Sepals distinct; leaves pellucid- dotted. 82. HYPERICACEAE Styles wholly united. Corolla regular or nearly so; sta- mens 8 or more. Sepals and petals 4; the latter not fugaceous. 53, CAPPARIDACEAE Sepals and petals 3 or 5; the latter fugaceous. _ 85, CISTACEAE Corolla irregular; one petal spurred ; stamens 5. 86, VIOLACEAE Ovary several-celled. Stamens adnate to the gynoecium. 106. ASCLEPIADACEAE 150 95 96 109 110 110 156 156 109 156 156 183 12 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Stamens not adnate to the gynoecium. Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments. Anthers opening lengthwise; corolla regular. Leaves punctate; filaments polyadelphous, i. é., united in three or more bundles. 82. HYPERICACEAE Leaves not punctate; filaments monadel- phous, 7. e., united in a single bundle Styles united around a central column from which they break at matur- ity. 66. GERANIACEAE Styles distinct or permanently and partly united; the tips and the stigmas free. Leaves simple; stamens 5. 68, LINACEAE Leaves compound; stamens 10-15. 67. OXALIDACEAE Anthers opening by pores: corolla irrezular. 73. POLYGALACEAE Stamens with distinct filaments. Anthers united; flowers irregular. 69. BALSAMINACEAE ~ Anthers distinct; flowers regular or nearly so. Anthers opening by pores. Gynoecium superior; fruit usually cap- sular. Herbaceous saprophytes without green leaves. 97. MONOTROPACEAE Herbs with green leaves and root- stocks, 96. PYROLACEAE Gynoecium inferior; fruit baccate or drupaceous. 99. VACCINIACEAE Anthers opening by slits. Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft, or foliaceous. 74. EUPHORBIACEAE Stigmas or styles distinct or united, : neither cleft nor foliaceous. Style wanting: dwarf water plants. 83. ELATINACEAE Styles present; not water herbs. Stamens 2, rarely 3. 101. OLEACEAE Stamens more than 3. Leaves punctate with trans- lucent dots. 72. RUTACEAE Leaves without translucent dots. Calyx irregular, one of the sepals spurred or saccate: anthers united around the stigma. 69. BALSAMINACEAE Calyx regular; none of the sepals saccate; anthers distinct. Style basal, arising between the nearly distinct lobes : of the ovary: leaves odd- pinnate. 70. LIMNANTHACEASE Styles not basal: leaves in ours abruptly pinnate, or digitate. 71. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE ** Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium (perigy- nous or hypogynous). Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct. fu f Sisdersuiew: 57. SAXIFRAGACEAE Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Fruit a samara. 78. ACERACEAE Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. Sepals manifest; petals involute; fruit capsular or dru- paceous; ours shrubs or trees. : 79. RHAMNACEAE Sepals minute or obsolete; petals valvate; fruit a berry; ours vines with tendrils. 80. VITACEAE 148 149 149 150 149 174 174 149 150 110 153 153 154 KEY TO THE FAMILIES . Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more. Hypanthium flat or obsolete; disk fleshy. Styles united, arising in the center, between the nearly distinct lobes of the ovary; small hydrophytic lants. 70. LIMNANTHACEAE styles not arising between the ovaries; trees or shrubs. Plants without secreting glands in the bark. Plants with resiniferous tissue; fruit drupaceous; seeds without aril; leaves in ours compound. 77. ANACARDIACEAE — Plants without resiniferous tissue; fruit a loculic- idal capsule; seed with a fleshy aril; leaves simple. 76. CELASTRACEAR Plants with secreting glands in the bark. 72, RUTACEAE Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate; disk obsolete or inconspicuous. 90. LYTHRACEAE 2. Ovary at least partly inferior. a. Stamens numerous. Ovary partly inferior. Fruit a capsule. 58. HYDRANGEACEAE Fruit a pome. 61. MALACEAE Ovary wholly inferior. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, very unlike each other; leaves ample. Trees or shrubs; fruit fleshy. 61. MALACEAE erbs with rigid hairs; fruit capsular. 87. LOASACEAEB Sepals and petals nearly alike, at least the latter numerous; leaves typically and in all ours mere scales or wanting; suc- culent plants armed with spines. 88. CACTACEAE b. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles wanting; stigmas sessile. 92. HALORIGIDACEAE Styles present. Plants without tendrils. Styles distinct. Ovules several in each cavity of the ovary; fruit a cap- sule or a fleshy many-seeded berry. Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate. Leaves opposite; fruit a leathery capsule. . 58. HYDRANGEACEAE Leaves alternate; fruit a berry. 59. GROSSULARIACEAE Fruit circumscissile. 42. PORTULACACEAE Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary; fruit a drupe or 2-5 more or less united achenes. Fruit drupaceous or,baccate; gynoecium 1-several- carpellary, if 2-carpellary the stigmas introrse. Ovule with a ventral raphe; leaves mostly alter- nate; blades lobed or compound. ; 94. ARALIACEAE Ovule with a dorsal raphe; leaves mostly op- posite; blades entire or merely toothed. : 95. CORNACEAE Fruit dry, a cremocarp; gynoecium 2-carpellary; stigmas terminal. 93. AMMIACEAE Styles united, or single. Ovary enclosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium or adnate to it. Anthers opening by pores; fruit a berry. . 99. VACCINIACEAE Anthers opening by slits; fruit a capsule. Ovary with parietal placentae. 2 87. LOASACEAE Ovary with central or basal placentae. ypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. 90. LYTHRACEAE Hypanthium adnate to the ovary. ‘ 91. ONAGRACEAE Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free. | . : 58. HYDRANGIACEAE Plants with tendrils; fruit a pepo; leaf-blades palmately veined. ‘ 129, CUCURBITACEAE II. Petals more or less united. A. Ovary superior. 1. Stamens free from the corolla. Gynoecium of a single carpel; corolla papilionaceous. ; 65. FABACEAE Gynoecium of several united carpels. Filaments united. 13 150 152 152 150 160 114 127 127 157 158 166 114 115 80 173 173 166 176 157 160 160 114 222 129 14 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Stamens diadelphous. 51. FUMARIACEAE Stamens monadelphous. Anther-sacs opening by slits; calyx and corolla regular. 67. OXALIDACEAE Anther-sacs opening by pores; calyx and corolla very irregular. 73. POLYGALACEAE Filaments distinct. Corolla regular; anthers distinct. Herbaceous saprophytes, without green leaves. 97. MONOTROPACEAE Herbs or shrubs with green leaves. Corolla of essentially distinct petals, 7. e., united only at the base; herbs with rootstocks. 96. PYROLACEAE Corolla of distinctly united petals; shrubs. 98. ERICACEAE Corolla irregular; one of the petals free; anthers united. 69. BALSAMINACEAE 2. Stamens partially adnate to the corolla. a. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, or twice as many or more; ovary 1-celled; placentae central or basal. 100. PRIMULACEAE b. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. * Corolla not scarious, veiny; fruit various, but not a pyxis. t+ Carpels distinct, except sometimes at the apex. Styles united; stamens distinct or gynandrous. 105. APOCYNACEAE Styles distinct; stamens monadelphous. 106. ASCLEPIADACEAE tf Carpels united. Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae. Corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud; leaves typically opposite and simple. 103. GENTIANACEAE Corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud; leaves al- ternate, in ours mostly basal and trifoliolate. 104. MENYANTHACEAE Ovary 2-3-celled, or falsely 4-celled, or if 1-celled with parietal placentae. Stamens 2, opposite to each other; corolla regular. 101. OLEACEAE Stamens usually more than 2, if only 2 not opposite to each other and the corolla irregular. Leaves with stipules or stipular lines. 102. LOGANIACEAE Leaves without traces of stipules. Stamens 5, if only 3-4, not didynamous. Fruit a capsule or berry; ovary not 4-lobed. Styles or stigmas usually distinct. Parasitic twining plants, with scale- like leaves. 108. CUSCUTACEAE Plants not parasitic; leaves normal. Inflorescence not scorpioid: flowers cymose or solitary; ovary 2-3 celled. Corolla plaited and the plaits convolute in the bud; flow- ers axillary, solitary or cymose-conglomerate; plants usually twining. 107. CONVOLVULACEAE Corolla merely convolute in the bud, not plaited; flowers cymose; plants never twin- ing. 109. POLEMONIACEAE Inflorescence more or less dis- tinetly scorpioid; ovary in ours 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. 110. HYDROPHYLLACEAB Fruit more or less drupaceous. 11. EHRETIACEAE Styles and stigmas wholly united. Ovules few. 109. CONVOLVULACEAE Ovules numerous. 95 149 150 174 174 174 149 176 181 183 181 179 179 183 184 190 193 183 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Median axis of the gynoecium in the same plane as the ayis of the stem; seeds mostly pitted. 116. SOLANACEAE Median axis of the gynoecium not in the same plane as the axis of the stem; seed tuberculate. (Verbascum in) 117. SCROPHULARIACEAE Fruit of 1-4 nutlets; ovary more or less dis- tinctly 4-lobed. Style or stigma furnished with a glandular ring. 112. HELIOTROPACEAE Style or stigma not furnished with a glandular ring. ‘Fruit 4 dry nutlets. 113. BORAGINACEAE Fruit more or less drupaceous. 111. EHRETIACEAE Stamens 4 and didynamous, or 2 or 1. Stamens 2 and opposite to each other; corolla regular. 101. OLEACEAE Stamens, if 2, not opposite to each other, nor the corolla regular. Carpels ripening into 2 or 4 nutlets, an achene, or a drupe. Style apical on the lobeless ovary. 114. VERBENACEAE Style arising between the 4 lobes of the ovary. 115. LAMIACEAE Carpels ripening into a capsule. Placentae of the ovary axile. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-5-celled; Jane ES SCROPHULARIACEAE Ovary 1- ee ours submerged water plants or bog plants. 18. LENTIBULARIACEAE Placentae of the ovary parietal. Herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants; leaves scale-like, not green. 119. OROBANCHACEAE Herbs with green leaves, not para- sitic. 120. MARTYNIACEAE ** Corolla scarious, veinless; fruit a pyxis. 121. PLANTAGINACEAE B. Ovary inferior. Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla. Stamens 10; anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks. VACCINIACEAE Stamens 5 or fewer; anther-sacs opening by longitudinal slits Corolla regular; anthers distinct. 130. CAMPANULACEAE Corolla irregular; anthers united. 131. LOBELIACEAE Stamens adnate to the corolla. Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules; calyx un- modified, at least not a pappus. Plants tendril-bearing. 129, CUCURBITACEAE Plants not tendril-hearing. , Ovules mostly on basal placentae; plants parasitic or saprophy- tic iiéaves opposite; fruit a berry; ee. LORANTHACEAE Leaves alternate; fruit a drupe oe ue root-parasites or saprophytes. 126. SANTALACEAE Ovules variously borne, but not on a basal placenta; plants not parasitic. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Leaves with stipules (often leaf-like and usually re- garded as leaves) adnate to the stem between the leaf-bases. 122. RUBIACEAE Leaves without stipules or if present these adnate to the petioles. 123. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes; low herbs with ternately dissected leaves. 124. ADOXACEAE Ovary with one fertile cavity; calyx often modified into a pappus. Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes. 127. VALERIANACEAE Flowers in involucrate heads. Flowers all with tubular corollas or none, or only the ray- flowers with ligulate corollas. 15 204 208 193 193 193 179 261 201 206 217 218 218 218 176 222 222 222 221 221 219 219 221 221 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Stamens distinct. ae Flowers hermaphrodite, surrounded by a cup-like in; 223. volucel; anthers versatile. 132. DIPSACEAE Flowers unisexual, not involucellate; anthers basifixed. 133. AMBROSIACEAE 223. Stamens united by the anthers. or if distinct (in Kuhnia) the flowers hermaphrodite and anthers basifixed. 134. CARDUACEAE 224 135. CICHORIACEAE 273 Flowers all with ligulate corollas. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Naxep-sEEpep PLAnNts. Family 1. PINACEAE. Pine Famtty. Leaves several together (in one species solitary), surrounded by a sheath at the base; cones maturing the second year. Cone-scales with dorsal, usually spine-armed appendages. Seeds with elongated wings attached to the seeds when they sta leaves mostly with two fibro-vascular bundles. PINus. Seeds with narrow or rudimentary wings, which remain attached to the scales when the seeds fall; leaves with a single fibro-vascular bundle. 2. CARYOPITYS. Cone-scales with inconspicuous terminal unarmed appendages. Seeds with rudimentary wings attached to the scales; cones subsessile, spreading. PINUS. Seeds with well-developed wings, which remain attached to the seeds; cones dis- tinctly stalked, pendulous. . STROBUS. Leaves not surrounded by sheaths; cones maturing the first year. Leaves in fascicles at the ends of short branches, deciduous: 5. LARIX. Leaves scattered along the branches, persistent. Branches smooth, not roughened by persistent leaf-bases. Cones erect, their scales and bracts deciduous from the persistent axis; leaves sessile with circular leaf-scars. 6. ABIES. Cones pendulous, their scales and bracts persistent; leaves petioled with trans- versal oval leaf-scars. 7. PSEUDOTSUGA. Branches roughened by persistent leaf-bases (sterigmata). Leaf-blades petioled with a single dorsal duct; anthers opening transversely; seeds with resin-vesicles. Leaves flat, with stomata only on the lower side, 2-ranked by twisting of the petioles; cones small, drooping. 8. TSUGA. Leaves not much flattened, keeled on the lower side, with stomata on both sides, spreading in all directions; cones elongated’ erect at least at first. 9. HESPEROPEUCE. Leaf-blades sessile, with two lateral ducts, in ours 4-angled and spreading in all directions; anthers opening longitudinally; seeds without resin-vesicles. i 10. PICEA. 1. PINUS (Tourn.) L. Harp Pinzs, Pitca Pines. Leaves in 4's or 5’s, with solitary fibro-vascular bundles and more or less deciduous sheaths; spines of the cone-scales long and slender. 1. P. aristata, Leaves in 2's or 3's, with usually two fibro-vascular bundles and persistent sheaths; spines of the cone-scales short or none, Cones 6-15 cm. long and 5-6 cm. in diameter; leaves 8-25 cm. long. Leaves 12-25 cm. long; cones 8-15 cm. long, ‘elongated-ovoid. 2. P. ponderosa. Leaves 8-15 cm. long; cones 6-9 cm. long, rounded-ovoid. 3. P. scopulorum. Cones 3-5 cm. long and ‘about 3 cm. in diameter. Cones spreading, or somewhat reflexed; scales with evident dorsal 1 SUES. P. Murrayana. Cones erect, more or less incurved; scales unarmed or nearly so, at least at matur- ity. . P. Banksiana. 2. CARYOPITYS Small. Nut-pines, Privons. Cones about 3 cm. long; leaves usually in pairs, seldom in threes. 1. C, edulis. Cones 4-5 cm. long; leaves singly or sometimes in pairs. 2. C. monophylla. 3. APINUS Necker. CrmpBra PInEs. Cones 8-15 cm. long; scales neither much thickened nor impressed around the scar, spreading at maturity. 1. A. flezilis. Cones 5-8 cm. long; scales much thickened and impressed around the_terminal scar, remaining closed. 2, A. albicaulis. 4, STROBUS Opiz. Wurre Pines. 1. S. monticola. 6. LARIX (Tourn.) Adans. Larcu, TAMARACK. Cones 1-2 em. long, subglobose; their scales few, longer than the bracts; a a 3-angled. A aricina. Cones 2-4 cm. long, ovoid; their scales numerous, shorter than the bracts. : : Leaves triangular; branches soon becoming glabrate. 2. L. occidentalis. Leaves quadrangular; branchlets tomentose. 3. L. Lyallii. 6. ABIES (Tourn.) Hill. Fir, Bavsam. Resin-ducts of the leaves within the soft tissues, remote from the epidermis. Bracts longer than the cone-scales; leaves dark green above, pale sa ge . A. balsamea. 17 18 PINACEAE Bracts much shorter than the cone-scales; leaves blue-green and glaucous. Bark of the trunk hard, not corky; cone-scales longer than broad. 2. A. lasiocarpa. Bark of the trunk elastic, corky; cone-scales broader than long. 3. A. arizonica. Resin-ducts of the leaves close to the epidermis on the lower side. : Bracts obcordate with a short acumination; leaves (except those of the cone-bearing branches) emarginate, dark green above, white beneath. . 4, A. grandis. Bracts truncate with a short acumination; leaves acute or acuminate, seldom obtuse at the apex, pale blue-green and glaucous 5. A. concolor. 7. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. Rep Fir, Fatse Spruce. 1. P. mucronata. 8. TSUGA (Endl.) Carr. Hemtocx. 1. T. heterophylla. 9. HESPEROPEUCE Lemmon. Buiack Hemuiock, Mountain HEMLocx. 10. PICEA Link. Sprruczs. 1. H. Mertensiana. Cone-scales rounded at the apex. Branchlets pubescent; cones 1.5-3 cm. long, persistent for several years; scales rigid, erose or dentate. é _i. P. Mariana. Hsconlete glabrous; cones 3-5 cm. long, deciduous in the first winter; scales rather Cone-scales entire or minutely denticulate on the margins; cones cylindric- oblong, 3.5—5 cm. long. 2. P. canadensis. Cone-scales erose on the margins; cones ellipsoid, 3-3.5cm. long. 3. P. albertiana. Cone-scales more or less rhomboid in. outline. Branchlets pubescent; cones 3-5 cm. long. 4. P. Engelmanni. Branchlets glabrous; cones 5-9 cm. long. 5. P. pungens. Family 2. JUNIPERACEAE. Junirprer Famity. Plants monoecious; cones dry; scales merely imbricate. 1. THUJA. Plants mostly dioecious; cones berry-like or drupe-like, with coalescent fleshy scales. Aments axillary; cones with smaller scales at the top; leaves all subulate and spreading. 2. JUNIPERUS. Aments terminal; pistillate cones with larger scales at the top; leaves at least of the mature plants scale-like and appressed. 3. SABINA. 1. THUJA L. Arsor Virar, Waite Cepar. 1. T. plicata. 2. JUNIPERUS (Tourn.) L. Junirer. Low shrub with depressed branches; leaves abruptly bent at the base, deeply channeled, abruptly acute. 1. J. sibirica. Tree or erect shrub; leaves straight or nearly so, shallowly channeled, gradually acuminate. 2. J. communis. 3. SABINA Haller. Rep CEpar. Fruit reddish-brown or bluish by a bloom, with dry fibrous sweet flesh. 1. S. utahensis. Fruit blue or blue-black, rarely copper-colored, with juicy resinous flesh. Trees or erect shrubs; fruit on straight peduncles. Leaves minutely dentate at the apex; fruit 5-8 mm. in diameter. Leaves not glandular or obscurely so; seeds usually 1. 2. S. monosperma. Leaves very glandular; seeds 2 or 3. 3. S. occidentalis. Leaves entire; fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, usually with more than one seed. 7 4. S. scopulorum. Prostrate shrub; fruit on recurved peduncles. 5. S. horizontalis. Family 3. TAXACEAE. Yew Famity. 1. TAXUS (Tourn.) L. Yew. 1. T. brevifolia. Family 4. EPHEDRACEAE. Joint Fir Famtty. 1. EPHEDRA L. Jorr Fre, Bricuam Tra. Scales and branches opposite; bracts opposite and connate, only the margins scarious. Scales distinct, subpertensist; filaments free above. 1. E. antisyphylitica, Scales connate, sheathing, scarious, deciduous; filaments adnate to the top of the bracts. Branches stout, more or less spreading; plant light brownish green. 2. EB. ne is. Branches slender, erect; plant bright yellowish green. 3. E. wae Scales, branches, and bracts in 3’s; bracts scarcely connate, those of the pistillate aments nearly wholly scarious and more or less unguiculate. Scales 2-3 mm. long, not becoming shreddy; fruit scabrous. 4. E. Torreyana. Scales 6-12 mm. long, becoming shreddy; fruit smooth. 5. E. trifurca. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Sxep-vesseLep PLANTS. Subclass I. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Family 5. TYPHACEAE. Cat-rait Famity. 1, TYPHA (Tourn.) L. Car-ram, Cat-ram Fuac: Racemes with the staminate and pistillate portions usually separate; pollen of simple grains; fruiting pedicels short, 1 mm. long or less. 1. T. angustifolia. Racemes with the staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous; pollen-grains in 4's; fruiting pedicels bristle-like, 2-3 mm. long. 2. T. latifolia. Family 6. SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reep Famity. 1. SPARGANIUM (Tourn.) L. Bur-rzep. Achenes broadly obovoid or cuneate-obpyramidal, sessile, long-beaked; stigmas usually 2; leaves somewhat keeled. 1. S. eurycarpum. Achenes fusiform (in S. minimum somewhat obovoid, but then short-beaked and short- stipitate) ; stigmas solitary. - Stipe and beak of the fruit each 2 mm. long or more; fruiting heads 1.5 cm. in diam- eter or more; anthers 3—4 times as long as broad. Leaves, at least the middle ones, strongly triangular-keeled; fruiting heads about 3 cm. in diameter; achenes brown, gradually tapering into the beak, which is fully as long as the body. 2. S. simplex. Leaves not keeled or only slightly so, narrow and slender; stem often floaous- beak of the achenes decidedly shorter than the body. Leaves usually 5-10 mm. wide, as well as the bracts conspicuously scarious- margined; heads 1.7—2 cm. in diameter; achenes gradually beaked. g , 3. S. multipedunculatum. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, not conspicuously scarious-margined; heads about 1.5 em. in diameter; achenes abruptly beaked. 4. S. angustifolium. Stipe and beak of the fruit short, less than 1 mm. long‘ fruiting heads about 1 cm. in diamater; stigmas oblong; anthers 1.5-2 times as long as broad. 5. S. minimum. Family 7. ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Ponpweep Famity. Stamens 4, the connectives with dilated appendages; drupelets sessile. 1. POTAMOGETON. Stamens 1-2, the connectives without appendages; drupelets manifestly stipitate. Stigmas sessile; anthers 2; flowers perfect, on long peduncles. 2. RUPPIA. Stigma terminating a long style; anther 1; flowers monoecious, the two kinds together in the same axils. 3. ZANNICHELLIA. 1. POTAMOGETON (Tourn.) L. Ponpwesp, FisHweep. Species with both floating and submerged leaves. Submerged leaves bladeless. 1. P. natans. Submerged leaves with proper blades. Submerged leaves of two kinds, oval or oblong ones and lanceolate and strongly curved ones; floating leaves with 30 or more nerves. 2. P. amplifolius. Submerged leaves of only one kind; floating leaves with less numerous nerves. Stipules free from the petioles and blades. Submerged leaves lanceolate. Submerged leaves all petioled, more than 7-nerved. 3. P. americanus. Submerged leaves all sessile or the uppermost short-petioled. Reruns of the same thickness as the stem; leaves not serrulate at the apex. Plant green; submerged leaves narrower than the floating ones. 7. P. heterophyllus. Plant red; submerged leaves as wide as the floating ones or wider. 4. P. alpinus. Peduncles thicker than the stem; leaves serrulate at_the apex. 5. P. augustifolius. Submerged leaves linear. ; Submerged leaves of nearly the same width throughout, coarsely reticu- late in the middle. . 6. P. epihydrus. Submerged leaves broader below the middle, without reticulation. kc 7. P. heterophyllus. Stipules adnate to the base of the linear-setaceous submerged leaves. 8. P. diversifolius. Species with submerged leaves only. Leaves with broad blades, lanceolate or oval, many-nerved. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, not amplexicaul. -9. P. lucens. Leaves more or less amplexicaul. _ 3 Leaves elongate-lanceolate, semi-amplexicaul, cucullate; the straight apex of the embryo pointing to the base of the fruit. 10. P. praelongus. 19 20 ZANNICHELLIACEAE Leaves rounded-ovate to short-lanceolate, amplexicaul, not cucullate; the curved embryo pointing inside the base of the fruit. 11. P. Richardsonii. Leaves narrowly linear to capillary. Stipules free from the petioles and the leaf-blades. Leaves 1.5-4 mm. wide. ; Pare Species without glands at the base of the leaves; leaves with 3 principal nerves and several fine ones. 12. P. compressus. Species with glands at the base of the leaves. Glands large and translucent; nerves mostly 3; the curved end of the embryo pointing inside the base of the fruit. 13. P. oblusifolius. Glands small, dull; nerves of the leaves 5-7; the straight end of the embryo pointing to the base of the fruit. 14, P. Friesii. Leaves seldom more than 1.5 mm. wide, often less. : Glands absent; nutlets keeled. 15. P. foliosus. Glands present; nutlets not keeled. 16. P. pusillus. Stipules adnate to the base of the leaves. | . Leaves 1.5 mm. wide or less, with entire margins. Stigma broad, sessile; nutlets indistinctly 1-keeled or keel-less. Leaves filiform, less than 0.5 mm. wide; stipular sheaths 3-8 mm. long. 17. P. filiformis. Leaves about 1 mm. wide; stipular sheaths 1-2 cm. long. | f 18. P. interior. Stigma capitate, on an evident style; nutlets with 2 lateral but no median keel. 19. P. pectinatus. Leaves several-nerved, 3-6 mm. wide, finely serrulate seen under a lens. 20. P. Robbinsii. 2. RUPPIA L. j Sheaths 6-10 mm. long; drupe about 2 mm. long or less. Drupe very oblique; beak 0.5-1 mm. long. 1. maritima. Drupe scarcely oblique, almost beakless. 2 1. pectinata. R, R. Sheaths 20-40 mm. long; drupe 3—4 mm. long. R. occidentalis. ay 3. ZANNICHELLIA (Mich.) L. Family 8. NAJADACEAE. Nagsas Famity. cgalustris. 1. NAJAS L. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, coarsely toothed; back of the leaves and internodes spiny; plant dioecious. 1. N. marina. Leaves 0.5-1 mm. wide, finely, almost microscopically serrulate; back of the leaves and internodes unarmed; plant monoecious. Drupe shining, with 30-50 rows of indistinct reticulations. 2. N. flexilis. Drupe dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. 3. N. guadalupensis. Family 9. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Arrow-crass Famity. Stem scapose; leaves all basal; flowers spicate or racemose. 1. TRIGLOCHIN. Stem leafy; flowers few, in loose racemes. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA. 1. TRIGLOCHIN L. Arrow-crass. Carpels 3; fruit linear-clavate, tapering at the base. 1. T. palustris. Carpels 6; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 2. T. maritima. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. 1. S. palustris. Family 10. ALISMACEAE. Warer-PLanTaINn FAmILy. Carpels in a ring on a small flat receptacle; flowers perfect. 1. ALISMA. Carpels in several series on a convex receptacle; flowers monoecious or dioecious. a 2. SAGITTARIA. 1. ALISMA L. Water-pLantaIN. Achenes longer than wide, grooved on the back, their inner edges not meeting; pedicels straight, ascending. 1. A. brevipes. Achenes as wide as long, ribbed on the back, their inner edges meeting; pedicels recurved. 2. A. Geyeri. 2. SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-Heap, SWAN or Swamp Potato. Leaf-blades usually without basal lobes; beak borne below the top of the achenes. . . S. graminea, Leaf-blades or some of them sagittate or hastate, with basal lobes; beak borne at the top of the achenes. Beak short, erect; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Basal lobes of the leaves acute or acuminate. 2. S. cuneata. Basal lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse. 3. S. hebetiloba. Beak of the achenes horizontal. Beak short; basal lobes of the leaves at least twice as long as the terminal one: bracts lanceolate. 4. S. longiloba. Beak long; basal lobes of the leaves usually shorter than the terminal one; bracts ovate. 5. S. latifolia, WATER-WEED FAMILY 21 Fammty 11. ELODEACEAE. Warer-weep Famtty. 1. PHILOTRIA Raf. Warer-weEep. Staminate flowers sessile, breaking off within the spathe; petals wanting. : i é 1. P. Planchonii. Staminate flowers on elongating pedicels, carrying them to the water surface; petals present. 2. P. iowensis. Famity 12. POACEAE. Grass Famity. Spikelets falling from the pedicels entire, naked or enclosed in bristles or bur-like invo- lucres, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered the lower flower staminate; no upper empty _glumes; rachilla not extending above the upper glume. Spikelets ae or somewhat compressed dorsally; empty glumes manifest; hilum punctiform. Lemma and palet hyaline, thin, much more delicate in texture than the empty glumes. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and the other pedicellate. 2 , ‘ : Tribe 1. ANDROPOGONEAE. . Spikelets not in pairs (Alopecurus, Polypogon, Cinna, etc.) Tribe 6. AGROSTIDEAE. Lemma, at least that of the perfect flower, similar in texture to the empty glumes, or thicker and firmer, never hyaline and thin. Lemma and palet membranous; the first glume usually larger than the rest. Tribe 2. ZOYSIEAE. Lemma and palet chartaceous to coriaceous, very different in color and ap- pearance from the remaining glumes. Tribe 3. PANICEAE. Spikelets much compressed laterally; empty glumes none or rudimentary; hilum ear. Tribe 4. ORYZEAE. Spikelets with the empty glumes persistent, the rachilla articulated above them, 1-many- flowered; upper lemnias frequently empty; rachilla often produced beyond the upper lemma. Spikelets Bet in an open or spike-like panicle or raceme, usually upon distinct pedicels. Spikelets 1-flowered. Empty glumes 4; palet 1-nerved. Tribe 5. PHALARIDEAE. Empty glumes 2, rarely 1; palet 2-nerved (except in Cinna.) Tribe 6. AGROSTIDEAE. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Lemma usually shorter than the empty glumes; the awn dorsal and usually a bent. Tribe 7. AVENEAE. Lemma usually longer than the empty glumes; the awn terminal and straight (rarely dorsal in Bromus) or none. Tribe 9. FESTUCEAE. Spikelets in two rows, sessile or nearly so. p : Spikelets on one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided poise Tribe 8. HLORIDEAB. Spikelets alternately on opposite sides of the axis, which is often articulated. Tribe 10. HORDEAE. TRIBE 1. ANDROPOGONEAE. Racemes singly disposed; apex of the rachis-internodes with a translucent cup-shaped appendage. 1. SCHIZACHYRIUM. Racemes disposed in pairs or more; apex of the rachis-internodes not appendaged. _ Rachis-internodes and pedicels sulcate, the median portion translucent, the margins thickened. 2. AMPHILOPHIS. Rachis-internodes not sulcate. Some or all of the racemes sessile. 3. ANDROPOGON. All of the racemes more or less peduncled. : Pedicellate spikelets wanting. 4, SORGHASTRUM. Pedicellate spikelets present and usually staminate. 5. Hocus. TRIBE 2. ZOYSIEAE. Only one genus represented. 6. PLEURAPHIS. TRIBE 3. PANICEAE. Spikelets naked, not involucrate. Empty glumes 2. : | Rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet; spikelets narrow. 39. SPARTINA. Rachis not so produced; spikelets globose or obovoid. Spikelets obovoid, turgid. 40. BECKMANNIA. Spikelets plano-convex. 7. PASPALUM. Empty glumes 3. 2 mpty glumes not awned. Spikelets in very slender 1-sided racemes, which are usually whorled or ap- proximate. 8. SYNTHERISMA. Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes. _ Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, long-hairy. 9. VALLOTA. Spikelets orbicular or lanceolate, if the latter, then glabrous. . PANICUM. Empty glumes awned or awn-pointed. 11. ECHINOCHLOA. Spikelets involucrate. Involucre of bristles. 12. CHAETOCHLOA. Involucre of two spine-bearing valves. 13. CENCHRUS. 22 POACEAE TRIBE 4. ORYZEAE. Spikelets perfect; empty glumes wanting or rarely rudimentary. 14. HOMALOCENCHRUS. TRIBE 5. PHALARIDEAE. Third and fourth glumes empty, awnless. 15. PHALARIS. Third and fourth glumes enclosing staminate flowers. 16. TORRESIA. TRIBE 6. AGROSTIDEAE. Lemma indurate when mature and very closely embracing the grain, or at least firmer than the empty glumes. _ i Spikelets all perfect, not in pairs. Lemma 3-awned. 17. ARISTIDA. Lemma, 1-awned or awnless. Awn twisted and bent. 18. STIPA. Awn not twisted. 3 Lemma broad; awu deciduous. Inflorescence paniculate or racemiform. 19. ORYZOPSIS. Inflorescence dichotomous. 20, ERIOCOMA. Lemma narrow, glabrous or with short, appressed hairs; awn, if any, per- sistent. 21. MUHLENBERGIA. Spikelets in pairs,one perfect and the other staminate or sterile, in a spike-like pan- i 22. LYCURUS. icle. Lemma usually hyaline or membranaceous at maturity, at least more delicate than the empty glumes. ree ; Stigma sub-plumose (i. e., with short hairs all around), projecting from the apex of the nearly closed glumes. Inflorescence spike-like. 7 Rachilla of the spikelets articulated above the empty glumes, which are there- fore persistent. 23. PHLEUM. Rachilla of the spikelets articulated below the empty glumes, hence the spikelets falling off entire. 24. ALOPECURUS. Inflorescence an open small panicle; dwarf arctic-alpine plant. 25. PHIPPSIA. Stigma plumose, projecting from the sides of the. spikelets; inflorescence an open or spike-like panicle. : Grain not permanently enclosed in the lemma and palet; pericarp opening readily at maturity. Flowering glumes long-hairy on the veins. 26. BLEPHARONEURON. Flowering glumes not long-hairy on the veins. 27. SPOROBOLUS. Grain permanently enclosed in the lemma and the palet; pericarp adherent. Spikelets readily falling off when mature. 28. POLYPOGON. Spikelets with the empty scales at least persistent. Palet 1-nerved and 1-keeled; stamen 1. 29. CINNA. Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled or sometimes wanting: stamens 3. Lemma naked at the base. 30. AGROSTIS. Lemma with long hairs at the base. Flowering glume and palet thin-membranous. 31. CALAMAGROSTIS. Flowering glume and palet chartaceous. 32. CALAMOVILFA. TRIBE 7. AVENEAE. Awn of the lemma inserted dorsally below the teeth. Flowers all perfect or the upper staminate. Grain free, unfurrowed; spikelets less than 1 cm. long. Lemma erose-toothed or shortly 2-lobed at the apex. 33. DESCHAMPSIA. Lemma 2-cleft or deeply 2-toothed at the apex; teeth awn-pointed. Awn twisted and bent. 34. TRISETUM. _ Awn if present not twisted, straight. 35. GRAPHEPHORUM. Grain furrowed, adherent to the glumes; spikelets exceeding 1 cm. in length. Ovary not crowned by a villous appendage. 36 AVENA. Ovary crowned by a villous appendage (awned species of) 70. BROMUS. Upper flowers perfect, the lower staminate. 37. ARRHENATHERUM. Awn of the lemma, inserted between the teeth. 38. DANTHONIA. : TRIBE 8. CHLORIDEAE. Plants with perfect flowers. Spikelets with 1 (rarely 2) perfect flowers. . Spikelets deciduous as a whole; rachis articulated below the empty glumes. Rachis produced above the upper spikelet; spikelets narrow. . 39. SPARTINA. Rachis not produced above the upper spikelet: spikelets globose. " ; : 40. KMANNIA. i Spikelets with at least the empty glumes persistent. oCBEe ve : Glumes above the perfect flower none; spikes digitate, very slender. c Glumes above the perfect flower 1-several; spikes an Spikes closely approximate, subverticillate. 42. CHLORIS. . Spikes scattered. 43. BOUTELOUA. Spikelets with 2-3 perfect flowers; spikelets alternate. 44. LEPTOCHLOA. Plants dioecious; spikelets of the two sexes very unlike. 45. BULBILIS. TRIBE 9. FESTUCEAE. Lemmas, at least of the pistillate spikelets, 3-lobed and 3-awned; plant dioecious. SCLEROPOGON. GRASS FAMILY 23 Lemmas entire or at most 3-lobed. : Hairs on the rachilla or the lemma very long and enclosing the latter. es ; 47. PHRAGMITES. Hairs, if any, on the rachilla and the lemma shorter than the latter. Stigmas barbellate on elongated styles; spikelets in threes in the axils of spinescent leaves. : 48. MUNROA. Stigmas plumose, sessile or on short styles. Lemma 1-3-nerved. Lateral nerves of the lemmas hairy. Lemma deeply 3-lobed. Internodes of the rachilla long, often half as long as the lemma; plants without stolons. 50. TRIPLASIS. Internodes of the rachilla short, many times shorter than the lemmas. Fertile flower one, with 2 empty lemmas below and one above. ; 49. BLEPHARIDACHNE. Fertile flowers 3 or more, with no empty lemmas below. : ‘ . . DASYOCHLOA. Lemma entire-or slightly 2-lobed; internodes of the rachilla short. Inflorescence a short congested raceme; leaf-blades with thick car- tilaginous margins. _,, 02. ERIONEURON. Inflorescence a panicle; leaf-blades not with cartilaginous margins. Panicle simple or compound, the spikelets on_ pedicels of vary- ing length. ° 52. TRIDENS., Panicle composed of long branches, along which the appressed spikelets are arranged on short pedicels. 54. DIPLACHNE. Lateral nerves of the lemmas glabrous. Callus of the lemma copiously pubescent with long hairs; panicle open. 55, REDFIELDIA. Callus of the lemma glabrous. Second empty glume similar to the first one or nearly so. Panicle narrow, dense and spike-like, shining; its branches erect. . . KOELERIA. Panicle open; its branches spreading. Rachilla continuous (except in E. megastachya); lemma decidu- ous; palet persistent; plants of dry soil. : 57. ERAGROSTIS. Rachilla articulated; lemma and palet both deciduous with the rachilla-internodes; water plants with 2-flowered spikelets. : 58. CATABROSA. Second empty glume very unlike the first one, broad at the summit. 59. SPHENOPHOLIS. Lemma 5—many-nerved. Spikelets with two or more of the upper glumes empty, broad and enfold- ing each other. A 60. MELICA. Spikelets with upper glumes flower-bearing or narrow and abortive. Stigmas arising at or near the apex of the ovary. Spikelets borne in one-sided fascicles which are arranged in a glom- erate or interrupted panicle; lemma herbaceous. 61. DACTYLIS. Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes. Glumes more or less compressed and keeled. Spikelets cordate, large. 62. BRIZA. Spikelets not cordate. Plants dioecious; lemma of the pistillate spikelets cori- aceous; palet strongly 2-keeled and serrate on the margin. 63. DISTICHLIS. Plants with perfect flowers or in some species of Poa dioe- cious; spikelets all alike; lemma thin; palet ciliate or smooth on the margin. Lemma scarious-margined; rachis glabrous or with webby hairs. 64. Poa. Lemma membranous, not scarious-margined; rachis with stiff hairs, extending into a hairy appendage. 35. GRAPHEPHORUM. Glumes rounded on the back, at least below. Lemma with a basal ring of hairs, prominently 7-nerved, toothed at the apex. 65. SCOLOCHLOA. Lemma naked at the base. Lemma obtuse or acutish and scarious at apex, usually toothed. Lemma distinctly 5—7-nerved; style present. 66. PANICULARIA. Lemma obscurely 5-nerved; style none. - 67. PUCCINELLIA. Lemma acute, pointed or more commonly awned at apex. Stigmas bilaterally plumose; flowers hermaphrodite. 68. FESTUCA. ; Stigmas subplumose, the branches arising on all sides; plant dioecious. 69. HESPEROCHLOA. Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary which is tipped by a hairy cushion. 70. BROMUS. TRIBE 10. HORDEAE. Spikelets usually single at the nodes of the rachis. ; si Empty ps peae Drbad, with their sides turned to the rachis. 24 POACEAE Glumes broad, several-toothed or several-awned. 73. TRITICUM. Glumes not toothed, 1-awned or awnless. Perennials; spikelets several-flowered. 72. AGROPYRON. Annuals or biennials; spikelets 2-flowered. | 74, SECALE. Empty glumes with their back turned to the rachis. 71. LoLruM. ’ Spikelets 2-6 at each node of the rachis, or if solitary the empty glumes arranged obliquely to the rachis. Spikelets 1-flowered or with a rudimentary second flower. 75. HORDEUM. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. z : Stee e. Rachis of spikes articulated, readily breaking up into joints. 76. SITANTON. Rachis of spikes continuous, not breaking up into joints. Empty glumes well developed. : 77. ELYMUS. Empty glumes wanting or reduced to short bristles. 78. HYSTRIX. 1. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees. Brarp-cRass, BUNCH-GRASS. 1. S. scoparium. 2. AMPHILOPHIS Nash. BEARD-GRASS. 1. A. saccharoides. 3. ANDROPOGON (Royen) L. Buvestem, Brarp-crass. Lemma of the sessile spikelets with a long geniculate awn, more or less spiral at the base. Outer two glumes of the sessile spikelets more or less hispidulous all over; hairs of the rachis-internodes usually 2 mm. long or less, mostly white. 1. A. provincialis. Outer two glumes of the sessile spikelets smooth or nearly so, except on the nerves; hairs of the rachis-internodes 3—4 mm. long, usually yellow. 2. A. chrysocomus. Lemma of the sessile spikelets awnless or with a short straight untwisted awn. — Marginal hairs of the pedicels and rachis-internodes copious, stiff. 3. A. Hallii. Marginal hairs of the pedicels and rachis-internodes scant, lax, crisp, or almost wanting. 4. A. paucipilus. 4, SORGHASTRUM Nash. Inpran Grass. 1. S. nutans. 5. HOLCUS L Jounson Grass, Broom Corn, Sugar Corn. 1. H. halapense. 6. PLEURAPHIS Torr. Buack Buncu-crass, GALLETA GRASS, Tososa Grass. Stem and leaf-sheath, at least the lower ones, densely woolly. 1. P. rigida. Stem and leaf-sheath not woolly. Outer glumes of the spikelets cuneate, awnless; nerves strongly divement. 2. P. mutica. Outer glumes linear or oblong, awned; nerves parallel. 3. P. Jamesii. 7. PASPALUM L. Paspauum. 1. P. stramineur. 8. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Cras-crass. Pedicels terete or nearly so, sparingly if at all hispidulous; lower sheaths glabrous; lemm rown in fruit. Spikelets more than 2 mm. long. 1. S. Ischaemum. Spikelets 1.25-1.5 mm. long. 2. S. paniceum. Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous, as also the sheath; lemma white in fruit. Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long; third glume with the nerves strongly hispid above the middle. : 3. S. sanguinale. Spikelets 3 mm. long or more; third glume with the nerves smooth or nearly so. S. marginatum. 9. VALLOTA Chase. 1. V. saccharata. 10. PANICUM L. Panic-crass, Witcu-crass. Inflorescence truly paniculate. cake Le agate long and narrow; spikelets lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate. nnuals. Branches of the panicle widely spreading, the well developed pulvinus in their axils long-hairy; spikelets lanceolate, acuminate. 1. P. barbipulvinatum. Branches of the panicle ascending, rarely spreading, the pulvinus glabrous or sparingly hairy; spikelets ovate to ellipsoid, acute. 2. P. capillare. Perennials, with long scaly rootstocks and stolons. 3. P. virgatum. Basal leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, obtuse. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. Stem and sheaths sparingly pubescent, with spreading papillate hairs. Vernal leaves glabrous or nearly so on the upper side. Autumnal stems branching from the lower nodes, forming a spreadiag bunch, 1~1.5 dm. high. 4. P. occidentale. Autumnal stems branching from the middle nodes, forming widely spreading mats. 5. P. tennesseense. Vernal leaves pubescent on the upper side, especially towards the base. Spikelets 1.8-2 mm. long; autumnal form decumbent- spreading. : 6. P. pacificum. Spikelets 1.6-1.8 mm. long; autumnal form not Genet aie 7. P. Huachucae. GRASS FAMILY 25 Stem and sheaths densely soft-pubescent; hairs scarcely papillate. 8. P. thermale. opie ete more than 2 mm. long. Blades of stem-leaves ploauated, narrowly linear Spikelets glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; stem branching only at the base. 9. P. perlongum. Spikelets densely pubescent; stem branching BEE . P. Wilcozianum. Blades of stem-leaves lanceolate. P. Scribnerianum. Inflorescence with racemiform branches. 1. P. obtusum. © 11. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Barnyarp Grass, JuNete Rice. 1. E. Crus-galli. 12. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Foxram Gaass. Inflorescence with the spikelets eee arranged; bristles 5-16 at the base of each spikelet, involucrate, tawny-orang 1. C. glauca. ° Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters on the branches; bristles 1-3 at ihe base of each spikelet, not involucrate. Second glume,of the spikelet as long as the lemma, or very nearly so; annuals. Panicle usually 1 cm. thick or less; bristles commonly green; spikelets about 2 mm. lon C. viridis. Panicle digunily 1-3 cm. thick; bristles usually purple; spikelets 3 25-8 nae long. 3. italica. Second glume manifestly shorter than the lemma; perennials. 4. C. composita. 13. CENCHRUS L. Bur-crass, SANDBUR, SANDSPUR. 1. C. carolinianus. 14. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. Rice Curt-crass. 1. H. oryzoides. 15. PHALARIS L. Canary-arass. O uter glumes not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle. 1. P. arundinacea. Outer glumes winged; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle. Spikelets narrow; third and fourth glumes much reduced; blades subulate-linear, airy. 2. P. caroliniana. Spikelets broad; third and fourth glumes thin, membranous; blades lanceolate, glabrous, rarely sparingly hairy. 3. P. canariensis. 16. TORRESIA R. & P. Sweer Grass, Hoty Grass. 1. T. odorata. 17. ARISTIDA L. Poverty Grass, WrRe-GRass. Awns neither twisted nor bent. Panicle narrow; branches erect or ascending. First glume much shorter than the second. Spikelets not crowded, usually 1-3, on branches naked at the base; awn over 2 cm. long; perennials. Second glume of the spikelets 2 cm. long or more, 1.5—2 times as long as the lemma. 1. A. longiseta. mecung sums of the spikelets 1.5 cm. long or less, scarcely exceeding the A. Fendleriana. spikelets ¢ crowded, 4—6 on the short branches, spikelet-bearing to near the ase; awn less than 2 em. long; annuals. Stem 3-6 dm. high; first glume 7-8 mm. long; middle ee 10-16 mm. long leaf-blades usually flat. . A. fasciculata. Stem 1-3 dm. high; first glume 4-6 mm. long; middle, awn 6-8 mm. long; leaf-blades strongly involute. A. bromoides. First glume nearly equalling the second; perennials with a iene panicle. . arizonica. Panicle open; branches 3-forked, divergent. 5. A. Humboldtiana. Middle awn twisted and divaricately bent near the base. 6. A. Curtissii. 18, STIPA L. Spar Grass, Porcupine Grass, Devit’s DaRNING-NEEDLES, FeaTHer Grass. Outer glume of the spikelet 2 cm. long or more. Awn plumose. 1. S. neo-mezicana. Awn not plumose. Base of the panicle exserted; lemma more than 12 mm. long; awn straight above the bend. Lemma 20-25 mm. long. 2. S. spartea. Lemma 12-15 mm. long. 3. S. Tweedyi. ase of the panicle usually included in the upper sheath; lemma 8-12 mm.long; awn slender and curled above the bend. 4. S. comata. Outer glume of the spikelet 1.5 cm. long or less. Panicle loose and open; branches spreading or reflexed. Awn plumose. 5. S. Porteri. Awn not plumose. : _ Callus acute; lemma 7-8 mm. long. 6. S. Richardsonii. Callus short, blunt; lemma about 4 mm. long. 7. S. canadensis. Panicle dense and spike-like. Awn glabrous, scabrous, or strigose, not plumose. 26 ; POACEAE Lemma long-hairy towards the apex. Lemma about 5 mm. long. . : Glumes green, rarely slightly tinged with purple; tem nearly glab- rous below. S. Lettermanii. Glumes purplish with paler margins; lemma pubescent throughout, though more densely so above. 9. S. pinetorum. Lemma about 8 mm. long. 10. S. Scribneri. Lemma equally hairy throughout. Sheaths glabrous. : ‘ ; Empty glumes scarious or hyaline; their nerves hence prominent. Lemma 4-6 mm. long, spindle-shaped when mature; callus short. Stem-leaves broader than the basal leaves, often flat; sheaths with a ring of hairs at the throat. 11. S. viridula. Stem-leaves as well as the basal leaves very narrow, involute; sheaths glabrous. i Plant green; sheaths close; inflorescence distinctly exserted. S. columbiana. Plant pale and glaucous; sheaths loose; inflorescence included or barely exserted; awn glabrous. 13. S. arida. Lemma, 6-7 mm. long, almost cylindric; callus long and pointed. 14. S. Nelsonii. Empty glumes firm, thickish, herbaceous; the nerves not prominent. emma about 5 mm. long; leaf-blades narrow and involute. 15. S. minor. Lemma 8-10 mm. long; leaf-blades broad. : Panicle slender; stem low and slender. 9. S. Scribneri. Panicle stout and dense; stem tall and stout. 16. S. Vaseyi. _ Sheaths and lower leaf-blade pubescent. 17. S. Williamsit. Awns plumose or subplumose at least below. Hairs of the awns less than 1 mm. long; empty glumes 10-12 mm. long. Ligules 1 mm. long or less. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, hairy. 18. S. Elmeri. Sheaths glabrous. 19. S. oregonensis. Ligules 2-4 mm. long. 20. S. Thurberiana. Hairs of the awns 3-6 mm. long; empty glumes 15-18 cam lone: , Ss. speciosa. 19. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Mountain Rice. Lemma glabrous, or pubescent with short appressed hairs. Spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 2.5-5 mm. long; leaves slender and involute. Awn less than 2 mm. long, much shorter than the glume; outer glumes 3-4 mm. long. 1. O. pungens. Awn 4-8 mm. long, much longer than the glume. Inflorescence very narrow, with short erect branches;outer glumes 3-5 mm. long. . O. exigua. Inflorescence at length open, with long spreading or reflexed_ branches; outer glume about 2.5 mm. long. 3. O. micrantha. Spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 6-8 mm. long; leaves broad and usually flat. : P 4. O. asperifolia. Lemma with long loose hairs. Inflorescence open; plant 3-6 dm. high. 5. O. Bloomeri. Inflorescence narrow and spike-like; plant 1-3 dm. high. 6. O. Webberi. 20. ERIOCOMA Nutt. Inpran Mitiet, Witp Rice. 1. E. hymenoides. 21. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Panicle contracted, narrow, spike-like, the short branches rarely spreading. Empty glumes awl-shaped; leafy and branched plants, with long rootstocks covered by imbricated scales. Lemma not awned; basal hairs not equalling the lemma. Empty glumes about equalling the lemma in length, sharp-pointed, about 3 mm. long. 3 1. M. mexicana. Empty glumes exceeding the lemma, generally twice as long, awned, about 5 mm. long. 2. M. racemosa. Lemma distinctly awned; basal hairs equalling the lemma. 3. M. comaia. Empty glumes lanceolate to ovate. Second glume not toothed or slightly so. Lemma awnless or rarely very short-awned. Empty glumes more than half as long as the lemma. Plant 1.5—7 dm. high; sheaths close; empty glumes acuminate, lanceolate. Lemma scabrous, green or dark. Panicle dense, obtuse, 5-10 mm. wide. 4. M. Wrightii. Panicle slender and lax, attenuate at the apex, less than 5 mm. wide. . 5. M. cuspidata. Lemma more or less purplish, sparingly long-hairy. , 6. M. Thurberi. Plant less than 1.2 dm. high; sheaths loose; lower leaves lanceolate, short, squarrose; empty glumes ovate, acute. 7. M. squarrosa. phy, ae less than half as long as the lemma, obtuse or abruptly Spikelets (excluding the awn if present) 1.5 mm. or more long. Plant with a strong perennial, scaly rootstock. -GRASS FAMILY 27 Empty glumes less than one-fourth as long as the lemma; stem diffuse, decumbent or creeping; plant ae tufted. M., Sehreberi. Empty glumes one-third as long as the eas or longer; stem erect or decumbent at the base only; plant tufted. . M. Richardsonis. Plant annual; rootstock, if any, very slender. - Lemma merely awn-pointed, decidedly purplish; plant 1-2 dm. high. Spikelets 2 mm. long or more; inflorescence short and rather dense; stem 0.5-1 mm. thick. 10. M. simplex. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; fuloneseenes slender and lax; stem very slender, filiform. M. filiformis. Lemma with a distinct’ awn 0.5-1 mm. He greenish; plant 4-6 em. high. 12. M. aristata. Spikelets about 1 mm. long; plant less than 4 cm. high, ea ol fit. Lemma long-awned. Leaf-blades erect, glabrous or minutely scabrous; stem and sheaths glabrous. Lemma glabrous; rootstock short and woody. 14. M. paucifiora. Lemma pubescent on the lower half; rootstock: slender, creeping, branched. 15. M. polycaulis. Leaf-blades spreading, as well at.the stem below the nodes and the sheaths scabrous-puberulent; lemma pubescent on the lower half; rootstock creeping. 16. M. curtifolia. Second glume sharply 3-5-toothed; flowering glume long-awned; awn at least one-half as long as the glume. Stem 3-6 dm. high, leafy; panicle 7-12 cm. long; awn ar rae bse gracilis. Stem 1-3 dm. high, almost naked above; panicle 3-7cm. bie! ‘awn 1-4 mm. long. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long; awn 2—4 mm.; leaf-blades neuzly stiff. M. subalpina. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; awn 1-2 mm.; leaf-blades Rliforim . M. filiculmis. Panicle open, its branches long and spreading. Plants densely cespitose, branched only at the bse. Secondary branches of the panicle single; bsal leaves short, ssronely recurved. gracillima. Secondary branches of the panicle fascicled ; basal leaves not recurved. 21. M. pungens. Plants diffusely branched, prostrate. 22. M. Porteri. 22. LYCURUS H.B.K. Texas Timoruy. 1. L. phleoides. 23. PHLEUM L. Tiworsy. Spikes usually elongated-cylindric; awns less than one-half the length of oho outer nes * pratense. Spikes short, ovoid or oblong; awns about one-half the length of the outer ee P. alpinum. 24. ALOPECURUS L. Foxratt. Awn about twice as long as the lemma. Spikes 8-12 mm. thick; empty glumes 3.5—-4.5 mm. long, abruptly acuminate. 1. A. occidentalis. Spike about 5 mm. ee empty glumes about 3 mm. long, obtuse. Stem erect, 3-5 high, slightly if at all geniculate at the have, pale; ligules 4-5 mm. long, acutish. A. pallescens. Stem decumbent, and geniculate at the base, 1-1.5 dm. high; ites 2 mm. long, obtuse. 3. A. Macounii. Awn scarcely exceeding the lemma. M Stem erect, 1.5-5 dm. high; spike cylindric, obtuse. 4. A. aristulaius. Stem geniculate at the base, 1 1-5 cm. high; spike oblong, acute. 5. A. caespitosus. 1 1 25. PHIPPSIA R. Br. 26. BLEPHARONEURON Nash. 27. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Drop-srep, Russ-crass. . P. algida. . B. tricholepis . Perennials. . First glume one-half as long as the second or less; plants not with long, scaly roos- stocks. Branches of the panicle verticillate. 1. S. argutus. Branches of the panicle scattered. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; first glume lanceolate. Sheath naked or sparingly ciliate at the throat: empty glumes glabrous. Plant 3 dm. ae or less; spikelets long-pedicelled; sheets sparingly villou 9. exanus. Plant 5-10 an high; spikelets short-pedicelled; sheaths glabrous. 2. S. airoides. Sheath with a conspicuous tuft of hairs at the throat;empty glumes scab- rous on the keel. Leaf-blades widely spreading, involute; sheath pubescent with long hairs, at least towards the base. 3. S. Nealleyi. 28 POACEAE Leaf-blades not widely spreading; sheaths glabrous, except the apex, and slightly on the margins. : Panicle narrow and spike-like. 4. S. strictus. Panicle not spike-like. Z : Panicle always exserted, oblong, comparatively narrow; its lower branches but little, if any, exceeding the upper ones. 5. S. flexuosus. Panicle usually more or less included in the sheath: its lower branches much exceeding the upper ones. 6. S. cryptandrus. Spikelets 4.5-5 mm. long; first glume subulate, usually awned. 7. S. heterolepis. First glume almost equalling the second; plants with long, scaly rootstocks. = 8. S. asperifolius. Annuals; empty glumes almost equal, ovate. 10. S. confusus. 28. POLYPOGON Desf. Brarp-crass. 1. P. monspeliensis. 29. CINNA L. Reep-arass. 1. C. latifolia. 30. AGROSTIS L. Rev-ror, Bent-crass, TICKLE-GRASS. Rachilla prolonged above the palet, naked or minutely pubescent; lemma equalling the empty glumes; palet nearly as long. Spikelets about 3 mm. long, purple; rachilla one-third to one-half as long as the flower. . A. aequivalvis. Spikelets about 2 mm. long: rachilla less than one-third as long as the flower. Empty glumes dark purple, broadly lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate; inflorescence short and open; stem few-leaved. 2. A. atrata. Empty glumes green, only tinged with purple towards the tip, narrowly lanceolate, gradually acute; inflorescence long and narrow; stem leafy. 3. A. Thurberiana. Rachilla not prolonged above the palet; lemma shorter than the empty glumes. Palet evident, 2-nerved, at least one-fourth as long as the lemma. Empty glumes obtuse, scabrous on the back; panicle dense; branches flower- bearing from the base, verticillate. 4. A. stolonifera. Empty glumes acute or acuminate, glabrous or scabrous on the keel only. Plant erect or decumbent at the base, but not extensively stoloniferous. Plant tall, usually over 3 dm. high; panicle large, open; spikelets over 2 mm. long. 5. A. alba. lant ow, alenaets 1-3 dm. high; panicle narrow; spikelets about 2 mm. ong or less. Lemma nearly as long as the empty glumes; palet about two-thirds as long as the lemma; plant erect. 6. A. humilis. Lemma one-third shorter than the empty glumes; palet about one-half as long as the lemma; plant decumbent at the base. 7. A. depressa. Plant extensively stoloniferous; stolons with short leaves; palet one-fourth to one-half as long as the lemma. 8. A. reptans. Palet lacking or minute. Plant with creeping rootstock. 9. A. foliosa. Plant tufted, without creeping rootstock. Panicle dense and narrow; branches ascending or erect, flower-bearing to near the base. Plant over 3 dm. high; empty glumes 2.5-3 mm. long. Panicle lobed or interrupted; branches densely verticillate and flower- bearing to the base; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, gradually attenuate; ligules 4-5 mm. long, lacerate; leaf-blades 6-10 mm. wide. 10. A. grandis. Panicle usually contiguous; branches few and some naked at the base; empty glumes lanceolate, abruptly pointed; ligules 2-4 mm. long, entire or toothed; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide. 11. A..asperifolia. Plant 1-2 dm. high; empty glumes 2 mm. long or less. Basal leaf-blades flat, 2 mm. wide; lemma two-thirds as long as the empty glumes, obtuse. 12. A. Rossae. Basal leaf-blades 1 mm. wide or less, conduplicate; lemma three-fourths 7 as long as the empty glumes, acute. 13. A. variabilis. Panicle open; branches more or less spreading, or sometimes reflexed. Lemma awnless or with a very short awn. Panicle oblong-ovold, its branches ascending. Plant 1-4 dm. high; empty glumes unequal, 1.5—2 mm. long. E 14. A. idahoensis. Plant 3-6 dm. high; empty glumes equal or nearly so, 3 mm. long. i 2 15. A. oregonensis. Panicle triangular-ovoid or broadly conic; branches at least in age divaricate or even reflexed. Leaf-blades filiform, 1 mm. wide or less, usually involute; the basal ones numerous; upper sheaths close. 16. A. oreophila. Leaf-blades usually flat, 1-3 mm. wide; upper sheaths loose. 17. A. hyemalis. Lemma awned; awn equalling or exceeding the glume. Panicle open, diffuse; branches spreading or ascending. Leaf-blades about 0.5 mm. wide; panicle broadly conic; branches very scabrous, in age spreading or reflexed. 18. A. geminata. Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; panicle ovoid; branches ascending. . 19. A. Bakert. Panicle narrow; branches nearly erect. 20. A. melaleuca. GRASS FAMILY 29 31. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Ruxp-crass. Awn of the lemma geniculate, exserted; callus-hairs usually much shorter than the glume. Awns es i greatly exceeding the empty glumes; plant tufted; leaf-blades Empty glumes very scabrous throughout; marcescent basal leaf-sheaths very long, loose and numerous. 1. C. purpurascens. Empty glumes nearly glabrous, except on the keels; marcescent basal leaf-sheaths short and few. 2. C. Vaseyi. Awns of the lemma about equalling the empty glumes. Empty glumes sharply keeled; spikelets strongly compressed; plant stoloniferous. . 3. C. montanensis. Rpey plupses not strongly keeled; spikelets not strongly conpressed; plants ed. Leaves usually involute; panicle very dense. Panicle very narrow, spike-like, usually red-purplish. 4. C. rubescens. Panicle lance-oblong, usually pale green. 5. C. Suksdorfii. Leaves usually flat; panicle ovoid, open. 6. C. luxurians. Awn of the lemma straight or nearly so, included; callus-hairs usually equalling the lemma (except in C. scopulorum and C. Cusickii). Panicle open, the lower branches spreading; leaf-blades usually flat; callus-hairs nearly or quite equalling the lemma. Empty glumes 4-6 mm. long, narrow, sharp-acuminate; awn of the lemma at- tached below the middle, exceeding the lemma. 7. C. Langsdorfii. Empty glumes 2-4 mm. long;awn of the lemma actached at or above the middle, shorter than the lemma. Awn attached near the middle of the lemma; spikelets usually purple. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long: panicle loosely flowered. 8. C. canadensis. Spikelets 2—2.5 mm. long; panicle densely flowered. 9. C. Macouniana. Awn attached near the apex of the lemma; spikelets pale or ae 10. C. blanda. Panicle more or less contracted. Leaf-blades flat or nearly so. Empty glumes smooth or nearly so, except on the veins. Callus-hairs copious, at least two-thirds as long as the lemma; plant with a rootstock. 11. C. Scribneri. Callus-hairs sparse, much shorter than the lemma. Plant tall, 9-12 dm. high; sheaths bearded at the summit; plant witha rootstock. 12. C. Cusickii. Plant lower, 3-8 dm. high; sheaths not bearded; plant tufted. 13. C. scopulorum. Empty glumes very scabrous; plant tufted. 14. C. elongata. Leaf-blades strongly involute. Panicle open. 15. C. lucida. Panicle dense, narrow, spike-like. F Spikelets 2 mm. long; empty glumes thickish, barely acute or obtusish. 16. C. micrantha. Spikelets 3-4.5 mm. long. ; Plant scarcely cespitose; empty glumes long-acuminate. Leaves filiform, soft; plant 4-6 dm. high, slender; empty glumes minutely scabrous on the veins. 17. C. neglecta. Leaves stiff and hard; plant 8-12 dm. high; empty pees strongly scabrous. 18. C. inexpansa. | Plant densely cespitose; empty glumes abruptly acute or short-acumin- ate, very scabrous. 19. C. americana. 32. CALAMOVILFA Hack. Ruep-crass, SAND-GRaSS. 1. C. longifolia. 33. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Harr-crass. Empty glumes not extending beyond the apex of the upper lemma; lower empty glume 1-nerved; denscly cespitose tufted perennials. Leaves neither stiff nor pungent. Awn inserted one-third to one-fifth from the base of the lemma; branches of the inflorescence at last spreading or reflexed. Awns long-exserted, at least half longer than the lemma. Empty glumes 3-4 mm. long; leaves filiform, revolute, scarcely 1 mm. wide; plant 2-3 dm. high. 1. D. curtifolia. Empty glinnos 4-5 mm. long; leaves broader and often flat, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; plant 3-5 dm. high. 2. D. alpicola. Awns scarcely exserted beyond the lemma. . 3. D. caespitosa. Awn inserted near the base of the lemma, slightly if at all exceeding it; branches of the inflorescence ascending. . 4. D. confinis. Leaves arcuate, strongly involute, very stiff and pungent. 5. D. pungens. Empty glumes extending beyond the apex of the upper lemma. Spikelets usually Sear ouepla: empty glumes lanceolate, purple, about 5 mm. long, the lower 1-nerved. 6. D. atropurpurea. Spikelets light green; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, both 3-nerved. Spikelets 3-5 mm. long; tufted perennials. __ Leaves filiform-involute; sheaths close; spikelets 3-4 mm. Tone ean Leaves involute but not filiform, or the stem-leaves flat; upper sheaths loose; spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 8. D. ciliata. Spikelets 5-8 mm. long; annuals. 9. D. calycina. 30 POACEAE 34. TRISETUM Pers. Fause Oar. Inflorescence lanceolate, open; lower orn glume shorter than and scarcely more than half as broad as the upper; leaf-blades broader than the sheaths and therefore with auricles at the base. Lemma about 7 mm. long; sheaths hairy. 1. T. canescens. Lemma about 5 mm. long; sheaths glabrous. : ; ¢ Ovary pubescent at the apex; panicle loose; its branches spikelet-bearing above the middle. _. 2. T. cernuum. Ovary glabrous; panicle denser; its branches spikelet-bearing to the base. 3. T. montanum. Inflorescence dense; oblong or oblong-lanceolate; lower empty glume nearly as broad as the upper; leaf-blades not broader than the sheaths, not auricled. Leaf-sheaths and blades long-hairy; upper part of the stem densely pubescent. 4. T. subspicatum. Leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous or the lowest sheath short-pubescent, with reflexed hairs; stem glabrous or slightly scabrous in the inflorescence. 5. T. majus. ~ 35. GRAPHEPHORUM Desv. Empty glumes nearly equal; inflorescence ‘narrow. A Sheaths and upper surface of the leaves pubescent; spikelets 3-flowered. 1. G. muticum. Sheaths and leaves scabrous. ? . Empty glumes barely equalling the lemma; spikelets 2 Hewered) rudiment long- hairy. . G. Wolfii, Empty glumes longer than the lemma; spikelets 3-4-flowered; rudiment short- hairy. 3. G. Brandegei. Empty glumes unequal; inflorescence open. 4. G. Shearii. 36. AVENA (Tourn.) L. Oars. Perennials, with rootstocks; empty glumes 5-12 mm. long; lemma hairy at the base. Empty glumes shorter than the flowers; panicle lax, narrow, and somewhat nodding; plant not tufted. 1. A. striata. amply See longer than the flowers; panicle narrow and spike-like, strict; plant ufted. Plant 1-1.5 dm. high; leaves strongly involute; callus of the lemma and prolonga- tion of the rachilla long-hairy. . A. Mortoniana. Plant 2-4 dm. high; leaves mostly flat; callus and rachilla short-hairy. : 3. A. Hookeri. Annuals; panicle open; empty glumes over 2 cm. long; spikelets 2—4-flowered. Lemma hairy, at least at the base; awn strongly twisted. 4. A. fatua. Lemma glabrous; awn scarcely twisted. 5. A: sativa. 37. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Oat-arass. 1. A. elatius. 38. DANTHONIA DC. Wu Oar-arass. Lemma hairy on the back; inflorescence spike-like, with short, erect branches. Empty glumes 15-20 mm. long, long-acuminate. 1. D. Parryi. Empty glumes 8-13 mm. long, acute. mpty glumes 11-13 mm. long, conspicuously nerved, broad; teeth of the lemma subulate, 1-2 mm. long. 2. D. thermalis. Empty glumes 8-10 mm. long, narrow; teeth of the lemma ovate, often only 0.5 mm. long. 3. D. spicata. Lemma glabrous on the back. Empty glumes acute; inflorescence spike-like, with erect branches; stem-leaves erect. 7 4 4. D. intermedia. Empty glumes long-acuminate; inflorescence racemiform or spikelet solitary; stem- leaves spreading or ascending. Lemma abruptly acuminate; spikelets usually 2-10, on spreading peduncles. : : 5. D. californica. Lemma not abruptly acuminate; spikelet usually solitary, if more than one, the peduncles erect. 6. D. unispicata. 39. SPARTINA Schreb. Marsu-crass. First glume awn-pointed, equalling the lemma; second glume long-awned. 1. S. pectinata First glume acute, shorter than the lemma; second glume acute. 2. S. gracilis. 40. BECKMANNIA Host. Stovucu Grass. 1. B. erucaeformis. 41. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. 1. S. paniculatus. 42, CHLORIS Sw. 1. C. brevispica. 43. BOUTELOUA Lag. Grama, Grama Grass, Mesquite Grass, BurraLo Grass . Spikes 1-4, rarely more; spikelets 25 o1 more. Spikes usually more than one. Awns manifestly arising from between the lobes of the lemma; annual. 1. B. polystachya. Awns terminating the lobes of the lemma; cespitose tufted Wersanisie . Stem densely villous below. 2. B. eriopoda. GRASS FAMILY 31 Stem glabrous. . Rachilla bearing the rudimentary glumes and awns glabrous; second glume strongly papillose-hispid on the keel. 3. B. hirsuta. Rachilla bearing the rudimentary glumes and awns with a tuft of lgon hairs at the apex; second glume scabrous and sparingly long-ciliate on F . the keel. 4. B. gracilis. _Spike solitary; tufted annual. 5. B. procumbens. Spikes 12 or more; spikelets in each few, less than 12. 6. B.curtipendula. 44. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. 1. L. filiformis. 45. BULBILIS Raf. Burrato Grass. 1. B. dactyloides. 46. SCLEROPOGON Philippi. 1. S. Karwinskyanus. 47. PHRAGMITES Trin. REED, CANE-GRASS. 1. P. Phragmites. 48. MUNROA Torr. Fatse Burrato GRAss. 1. M. squarrosa. 49. BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack. 1. B. Kingii. 60. TRIPLASIS Beauv. Sanp-Grass. 1. T. purpurea. 51. DASYOCHLOA Willd. - 1. D. pulchella. 52. ERIONEURON Nash. 1. E. pilosum. 53. TRIDENS R. «& S. Second empty glume 1-nerved. 1. T. muticus. Second empty glume 3—5-nerved. 2. T. elongatus. 54. DIPLACHNE Beauv. 1. D. acuminata. 55. REDFIELDIA Vasey. Buow-our Grass, SAND-GRASS. 1. BR. flexuosa. _ 66. KOELERIA Pers. June Grass. 1. EK. gracilis. . 67. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Srivx-crass, SKUNK-GRASS. Plant extensively creeping, rooting at the nodes; plant dioecious. 1. E. hypnoides. Plant not creeping, not rooting at the nodes; flowers perfect. Annuals, much branched, ascending or decumbent and geniculate at the base. Spikelets about 3 mm. broad; first empty glume only slightly shorter than the . second. 2. BE, megastachya. Spikelets 152 mm. broad; first empty glume. only two-thirds as long as the second. s Inflorescence open; branches at last more or less spreading; spikelets dark green or lead-colored. 3. B. Purshit. Inflorescence narrow; branches erect or strongly ascending; spikelets light yellowish green. 4. E. lutescens. Perennials, rigid, erect, often tufted. Spikelets scattered on the long branches. : Branches of the panicle widely spreading in age. 5. E. pectinacea. Branches of the panicle erect or strongly ascending. . Spikelets 3-9-flowered, on pedicels much longer. . E. trichodes. Spikelets 8—15-flowered, on pedicels scarcely as long. E. neo-mericana Spikelets clustered on short branches. . E. secundifiora. 58. CATABROSA Beauv. Broox-crass. 1. C. aquatica. 59. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Second empty glume much wider than the lemma, rounded or truncate and somewhat cucullate at the apex. : Intermediate nerves of the second glume almost as prominent as the lateral ones; leaf-blades firm, much broader than the sheaths and therefore with prominent auricles. 1. S. robusta. Intermediate nerves of the second glume faint, the lateral ones strong; leaf-blades soft, not much wider than the sheaths; auricles not prominent. 2. S. oblusata. Second empty glume oblanceolate, not much wider than the lemma, obtuse or acute. COND Second empty glume rather firm, as well as the lemma obtusish. 3. S. intermedia. Second empty glume thin and with a broad, scarious margin, acutish; Pig ne re . S. pallens. 60. MELICA L. Metic-crass. Lemma notched at the apex, awned. 1. M. Smithii. Lemma neither notched nor awned. Lemma attenuate at the apex. First empty glume 4 mm. long; second 5-6 mm. long. 2. M. subulata. First empty glume 6 mm. long; second about 8 mm. long. 3. M. Pammelii. 32 POACEAE Lemma obtuse. Stem bulbous at the base. Panicle narrow; lemma 7-8 mm. long. Spikelets usually nodding, flattened; second empty ake ad shorter than « the first flower. . M. spectabilis. Spikelets erect, terete; second empty glume as long as ee Honeys . M. bella. Panicle open; lemma 6 mm. long. 6. M. Macbridei. Stem not bulbous at the base. 7. M. Porteri. 61. DACTYLIS L. Oncnanp-crass. 1. D. glomerata. 62. BRIZA L. Quaxinc Grass, QUAKE-GRaSS. 1. B. maxima. 63. DISTICHLIS Raf. Akai Grass, SALT-cRAss, SPIKE-GRASS. Pistillate spikes 4-5 mm. wide; their floral glumes about 1.5 mm. wide in side-view; palet scabrous-ciliate on the keels; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less. —_—_i1.-‘D.. stricta. Pistillate spikes 5-8 mm. wide; their floral glumes about 2 mm. wide in side-view: palet distinctly dentate on the margins; leaf-blades usually over 2mm. wide. 2. D. dentata. 64. POA L. Buvr-crass, Meapow-arass. Annuals, but tufted; spikelets 3-5-flowered. I. ANNUAE. Perennials. Cobweb at the base of the lemma present, although scant in some species; lemma acute or acutish, exceptin P. compressa and P. lanata, and usually strongly keeled. Intermediate nerves of the lemma strong. Branches of the inflorescence in fruit ascending, the lower in 3’s or 4's; lemma acutish; cobweb copious; rootstock creeping. II. PRATENSES. Branches of the inflorescence in fruit reflexed or at least spreading; lemma usually acuminate or very acute; cobweb scant or sometimes none. Spikelets many, light green; branches of the inflorescence numerous, the lower in 3’s, or 4's, or 5's; rootstock creeping. Ill. PLATYPHYLLAE. Spikelets few, usually more or less purple, except in P. episentey branches of the inflorescence few, the lower usually in 2's, racely in 3’s, spikelet- bearing towards the ends. IV. REFLEXAE. Intermediate nerves of the lemma faint or obsolete. Stem compressed; lemma obtuse. V. COMPRESSAE. Stem not compressed; lemma acute or acuminate. _ Branches of the panicles reflexed; rootstock creeping. VI. APERTAE. Branches of the panicles not reflexed. VII. TRIFLORAE. Cobweb wanting. Spikelets rounded at the base; empty glumes very broad and their keel strongly arched; low tufted perennials, with short open panicle and broad leaves. VIII. ALPINAE. Spikelets acute at the base; empty glumes narrower, not strongly arched on their eels. : Plants with horizontal creeping rootstocks; not bunch-grasses. Spikelets strongly compressed; lemma strongly keeled, strongly 5-nerved, conspicuously scabrous; glumes very acute. IX. WHEELERIANAE. Spikelets not strongly compressed; lemma neither strongly compressed nor strongly nerved (except in P. pralensiformis), not conspicuously scabrous. Lemma acuminate, dark purple; innovations extravaginal. X. PHOENICEAE. Lemma obtuse or acutish, green or merely tinged with purple; innova- tions both extra- and intravaginal. XI. ARIDAE. Plants without extravaginal rootstocks; densely tufted bunch-grasses. Lemma 3-4 mm. long. Low alpine plants, with narrow panicles of few purplish spikelets; lemma ovate. , II. RUPICOLAE. Slender plants, 4-5 dm. high, with open panicles; lemma narrowly lanceolate in side-view. XIII. MULTNOMAE. Lemma 5 mm. long or more; plants comparatively robust. Spikelets decidedly flattened; lemma acute and keeled on the back. Pubescence on the nerves of the lemma, if any, not stronger than on the internerves; flowers perfect. Inflorescence dense and spike-like. XIV. EPILes. Inflorescence open; branches spikelet-bearing towards their o ends. XV. GRACILLIMAE. Pubescence of the nerves of the lemma villous or pilose, that of the internerves none or almost none; plants dioecious. : : XVI. FENDLERIANAE. Spikelets little flattened; lemma rounded on the backs towards the apex, almost straight, obtuse. XVII. BUCKLEYANAE. I. ANNUAE. Low, 1-2 dm. high; branches of the panicle spreading. 1. P. annua. Taller, erect, 2-5 dm. high; branches of the panicle erect. 2. P. Bigelovii. II, PRATENSES. : Lemma 3-4 mm. long; ligule truncate. 3. P. pratensis. Lemma 5 mm. long; ligule not truncate. 4, P. rhizomata. GRASS FAMILY 33 III. PLATYPHYLLAE. Ligules truncate or abruptly acute. 5. P. occidentalis. Ligules lanceolate, long attenuate. 6. P. callida. IV. REFLEXAE. Cobweb present but often scant. Lemmas obtuse; cobweb dense. 7. P. lanata. Lemmas acute or acuminate; cobweb scant. Internerves of the lemma more or less pubescent, at least below. Spikelets 3—4-flowered; stem-leaves usually folded or involute; plant usually less than 3 dm. high, tufted. Internerves of the lemma short-pubescent below; leaves filiform, involute; those of the sterile shoots usually arcuate. 8. P. cenisia. Internerves of the lemma long-hairy, at least below; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, usually conduplicate, rather firm. ‘Plant low, 1-3 dm. high, usually cespitose; lemma acute. ; | 9. P. arctica. Plant tall, 3-5 dm. high, not cespitose, with a creeping rootstock; ; floral glumes acuminate. 10. P. longipila. Spikelets 5—7-flowered; leaves all flat, 3-4 mm. wide; stem fully 3 dm. high. 11. P. callichroa. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; plants with creeping rootstocks: Intermediate nerves of the lemma pubescent; plant 3 dm. or less high; leaves mostly basal, firm; stem-leaves 1-2, usually conduplicate. 12. P. pudica. Intermediate nerves of the lemma glabrous; plant usually over 3 dm. high; sStem-leaves several, flat and flaccid. Hairs of the midnerves and lateral nerves copious and spreading. Lemma ovate, abruptly acute, usually purple. 13. P. refleza. Lemma lanceolate, gradually acute, usually pale green. . 3 14. P. nervosa. Hairs of the midnerves and lateral nerves few and appressed or none. 15. P. leptocoma. Cobweb lacking; internerves and the intermediate nerves glabrous; midnerves and lateral nerves hairy; habit like P. arctica. 16. P. alpicola. V. COMPRESSAE. One species. 17. P. compressa. VI. APERTAE. : Branches of the inflorescence short, usually in pairs. 18. P. aperta. Branches of the inflorescence very long, in 3’s to 5's. 19. P. macroclada. VII. TRIFLORAE. Lemma 5 mm. long. 5 Lemma 3 mm. long or less. Stem stout; leaves 2-5 mm. wide; ligule 3-4 mm. long, triangular; branches of the panicle at last spreading; second glume narrower than the lemma, three- fourths as long or more. 20. P. triflora. Stem slender; leaves seldom over 2 mm. wide; ligule about 1 mm. long, truncate: branches of the panicle ascending or erect. . . Flowers green; the second empty glume with broad, scarious margins and strong lateral nerves Inflorescence with erect branches; second empty glume narrower than the lemma. ’” 21. P. subtrivialis. Inflorescence with ascending branches; second empty glume not narrower 4. P. rhizomata. than the lemma. 22. P. interior. Flowers usually purple-tinged; scarious margin of the empty glumes scarcely evident and lateral nerves faint. 23. P. crocata. VIII. ALPINAE. . One species. 24. P. alpina. IX. WHEELERIANAE. Lower sheaths retrorsely strigulose. 5 Internerves of the acute lemma merely strigulose or scabrous. Nerves of the lemma scabrous; ligules short, truncate. Branches of the inflorescence ascending. 25. P. Olneyae. Branches of the inflorescence reflexed. _ 26. P. subreflera. Nerves of the lemma silky or villous on the lower portion. __ Ligules 2 mm. long, truncate; leaf-blades narrow, ascending. : re ze eee ai i . long, lanceolate, acuminate; leaf-blades broad, spreading. ats) Banas tics 28. P. Vaseyana. Internerves of the obtusish lemma villous, at least below. 29. P. tricholepis. Leaf-sheaths all glabrous and smooth. x . Ligules lanceolate, acute, 3 mm. long. 30. P. Tracyi. Ligules truncate, about 1 mm. long. 31. P. curta. X. PHOENICEAE. i ; i es of the lemma villous. Plant tall, 4 dm. high or more; nerves and internerv se ar eae igh; i f lemma glabrous. Plant low, usually less than 3 dm. high; internerves o g BE ErOUP tnieotd, 34 POACEAE XI. ARIDAE. Internerves of the lemma pubescent, at least below; stem stout; inflorescence dense; ligules acute. Intermediate nerves of the lemma strong; plant tall; glumes 5 mm. long. . 33. P. pratensiformis. Intermediate nerves of the lemma weak; glumes 3-4 mm. long. ; Keel and the marginal nerves of the lemma villous; empty glumes equalling the lemma. _, 34. P. arida. | Keel and marginal nerves of the lemma short-hairy, with appressed hairs; empty glumes shorter than the lemma. 35. P. Sheldoni. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; stem slender; inflorescence open; ligule obtuse. 36. P. glaucifolia. XII. RUPICOLAE. Midnerve and lateral nerves of the lemma pubescent; plant strict, 1-5 dm. high. Cobweb at the base of the flowers scant; stem slender and leafy, usually 3-5 dm. high. A 23. P. crocata. Cobweb none; stem 1-2 (seldom 3) dm. high, leafy mostly at the base. | Flowering glumes 3 mm. long or less, firm, obtuse. 37. P. rupicola. Flowering glumes about 4 mm. long, acute, thin. _ 38. P. Pattersoni. Nerves of the lemma glabrous; plant seldom over 5 cm. high. 39. P. Lettermani. XIIT. MULTNOMAE. One species. 40. P. Multnomae. XTV. EPILts. Plant green; lemma purple or dark green, abruptly acute; ligules acute. Blades of the stem-leaves about 3 mm. wide, flat; lemma more than 5 mm. long. dark purple. 41. P. paddensis. Blades of the stem-leaves 1-2 mm. wide; lemma 4—5 mm. long. Lemma purple, minutely scabrous, nearly smooth. 42. P. Cusickii. Lemma green, only tinged with purple, hispidulous-scabrous. 43. P. epilis. Plant pale; lemma very pale, long-attenuate or subcuspidate; leaves all filiform. Ligules lanceolate, acuminate. Panicle thick; branches with several 5-7-flowered spikelets; leaves very scabrous. . P. scaberrima. Panicle narrow, slender; branches very short, with 1-2, only 2-4-flowered spike- lets. 45. P. nematophylia. Ligules oblong, 1 mm. long, truncate; panicle dense and spike-like. 46. P. subaristata. XV. GRACILLIMAE. Lemma linear-lanceolate, 5—6 mm. long. 47. P. idahoensis. Lemma ovate, 4-5 mm. long. Plant 1-3 dm. high; panicle with ascending branches and many spikelets. 48. P. gracillima. Plant 0.5-1.5 dm. high; panicle with divaricate branches and few spikelets. 49. P. Vaseyochloa. XVI. FENDLERIANAE. Ligules 5-7 mm. long, acute or acuminate. 50. P. longiligula. Ligules short, rounded or truncate, or those of the innovations obsolete. Leaf-blades erect; spikelets 3—5- (rarely 6—7-) flowered. Lemma oblong; leaf-blades very slender, scabrous. 51. P. scabriuscula. Lemma ovate; leaf-blades more rigid. Panicle very narrow, its branches erect and spikelet-bearing to the base; lemma 4 mm. long. ; 52. P. longipedunculata. Panicle more open, its branches ascending, usually naked at the base. Plant low; panicle short; lemma 3.5—4 mm. long. 53. P. brevipaniculata. Plant tall; panicle elongated; lemma 5 mm. long. 54. P. Fendleriana. Leaf-blades spreading; spikelets 7—9- (rarely 5-6-) flowered. 55. P. Eatoni. XVII. BUCKLEYANAE. Ligules lanceolate, acuminate or attenuate. Empty glumes strongly nerved, elongate-lanceolate, almost equalling the very scab- rous or strigose lemma. Leaves 4—6 mm. wide, flat. 56. P. Canbyi. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, conduplicate or involute. Lemma strongly scabrous; leaves stiff; plant stout. 57. P. nevadensis. Lemma strigose, at least below; leaves filiform, flaccid; plant slender. 2 58. P. Helleri. Empty glumes not strongly nerved, ovate-lanceolate, usually much shorter than the emma. Plant yellowish epee spikelets yellowish or straw-colored. Lemma merely scabrous. 59. P. laevigata. Lemma more or less strigose on the lower portion. 60. P. lucida. Plant dark green; spikelets dark green or purplish. Leaf-blades almost 2 mm. wide, flat or conduplicate; lemma more than 4 mm. ong. , . . 61. P. Buckleyana. Leaf-blades less than 1 mm. wide, filiform, involute; lemma less than 4 mm. long. 62. P. Sandbergii. GRASS FAMILY 35 Ligules 1-2 mm. long, truncate, rounded or abruptly acute. “Plant 2-4 dm. high; leaves mostly basal and stiff, short, eelgan 8 cm. Jones ligules unded. . juncifolia Plant taller, 4-10 dm. high, leafy; leaves longer. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; nerves silky. 36. P. glaucifolia. Internerves of the lemma as well as the nerves scabrous. Leaves filiform, less than 1 mm. wide. 64. P. brachyglossa. Leaves flat or involute, but not filiform, 2-5 mm. wide. Ligules ovate or rounded,acute or obtuse :leavessoft. 65. P. confusa. Ligules truncate; leaves stiff. Inflorescence very narrow; branches erect. 66. P. truncata. Inflorescence more open, lobed; branches SSEEnNS . P. ampla. 65. SCOLOCHLOA Link. - S. festucacca. 66. PANICULARIA Fabr. Manna-crass. Spikelets ovate or oblong, 6 mm. long or less. - Lemma, 7-nerved, obscurely denticulate at the apex. Spikelets 2-4 mm. long; lemma broadly oval, 1.5-2 mm. long. Leaf-blades flat and lax;-lemma slightly scarious-margined; branches of the inflorescence long; empty glumes obtuse. , . Plant slender; branches of the inflorescence strongly nae: . P. nervata. Plant stout; branches of the inflorescence spreading or Toflezed, not nodding. elata Leaf-blades conduplicate, stiff, ascending; lemma distinctly scarious-mar- a branches of the inflorescence short, strongly gg apt droop- ‘ rigida Spikelets” 4-6 mm. long; lemma narrowly oval, 2-3 mm. long; inflorescence ample; brarches finally spreading. Lemma barely scarious-margined; empty glumes acute, lanceolate. a grandis. Lemma with broad scarious margins; empty glumes obtuse. 5. P. pulchella. Lemma 5-nerved, distinctly dentate at the apex, broadly scarious-margined. Spikelets 4-6-flowered. 6. P. paucifiora. Spikelets 2-flowered. 7. P. Holmii. Spikelets linear, 10 mm. long or more; lemma 7-nerved, erose. Spikelets 10-17 mm. long, on pedicels at least one-third their eae da Ss . . P. borealis. Spikelets 15-20 mm. long, subsessile or nearly so. 9. P. septentrionalis. 67. PUCCINELLIA Parl. Mrapow-crass. Leaves mostly basal; panicle less than 1 dm. long. 1. P. Lemmoni. Leaves scattered on the stem; panicle usuaily more than 1 dm. long. Lemma, 2-2.5 mm. long, distinctly: nerved. 2. P. Nuttalliana. Lemma 2 mm. long or less, obscurely nerved. 3. P. tenuiflora. 68. FESTUCA L. Furscun-crass. Perennials; stamens 3. Leaf-blades of the innovations narrow, 3 mm. wide or less, involute. Innovations extravaginal; 7. e., plants with creeping rootstocks and stolons; leaves smooth. Spikelets pubescent. 1. F. Kitaibeliana. Spikelets glabrous or scabrous. Body of the lemma 5-7 mm. long; leaf-blades rather firm. Stem-leaves with flat blades; innovationsnumercus. 2. F. rubra. Stem-leaves with filiform involute blades; innovations few. 3. F. vallicola. Body of the lemma about 4 mm. long; leaf-blades aiiormn SO’ ie es . F. Earlei. Innovations intravaginal; plants bunch-grasses. Ligules short, truncate or rounded. Body of the lemma 3-8 mm. long; leaf-blades long, persistent on the sheaths; palet obtuse or 2-toothed at the apex. Pulvini at the bases of the branches of the panicle none or obsolete; tufts easily separable. Lemma (without the awns) 3-4-mm. long, not half longer than the first glume; plant 1-2 (rarely 3) dm. high; inflorescence spike-like. Lemma lanceolate, long-acuminate and long-awned; panicle dense; leaf-blades short, scarcely filiform. Leaf-blades soft and sulcate, at least in age. . F. brachyphylia. Leaf-blades firm and terete, even in age. F. supina. Lemma oblong-lanceolate, abruptly Eon ea ‘into a short awn; panicle lax; leaf-blades narrowly filiform and soft. 7. F. minutiflora. Lemma oe the awns) 5-8 mm. long; plant usually over 3 dm. Old eRantia of the innovations brown and papery. 8. F. calligera. 36 POACEAE Old sheaths of the innovations neither brown nor papery. — Basal leaf-sheaths short remaining involute in age; blades of stem-leaves rarely 8 cm. long. i Awn short, less than half as long as the lemma; inflores- cence dense and narrow. 9. F. saximontana. Awn long, from nearly equalling to much exceeding the lemma; inflorescene open. 7 Awn little if at all exceeding the lemma in length; ovary glabrous. 2 Leaves scabrous. 10. F. ingrata. | Leaves smooth. 11. F. idahoensis. Awn much exceeding the lemma; ovary hispidulous at the apex. 12. F. occidentalis. Basal sheaths long and becoming flattened in age, often 1 dm. long; blades of the stem-leaves over 1 dm. long. 13. F. arizonica. Pulvini at the bases of the branches of the panicle rather conspicuous; tufts separable with difficulty. 14. F. viridula. Body of the lemma 8-12 mm. long; leaf-blades soon breaking off from the sheath; palet notched at the apex; bunch-grasses. we Branches of the panicle spreading or reflexed; spikelets shining; leaves smooth beneath. 15. F. altaica. Branches of the panicle erect or ascending; spikelets rather dull; leaves very scabrous. Plant 5-15 dm. high; basal sheaths long, loose, in age more or less flattened; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; second glume shorter than the spikelet. 16. F. campestris. Plant 3-5 dm. high; basal sheaths usually short and close even in age; empty glumes acute, lanceolate; second glume about equal- ling the spikelet. 17. F. scabrelia, Ligules elongate, 4-9 mm. long, acute. 18. F. Thurberi. Leaf-blades all flat, 4 mm. wide or more; perennials with rootstocks. ; Lemma abruptly acute, not at all keeled. 19. F. elatior. Lemma awned or awn-pointed, keeled at least above the middle. Awn or awn-point shorter than the lemma. . Lemma distinctly 5-nerved; awn from the cleft apex; panicle ciliate. 20. F. dasyclada. Lemma with indistinct intermediate nerves; awn terminal; panicle not ciliate. 21. F. sororia. Awn longer than the lemma, 22. F. subulata. Annuals; stamens usually solitary. Spikelets 5-13-flowered; both glumes subulate. 23. F. octoflora. Spikelets loosely 1—5-flowered; first glume subulate, the second lanceolate. Branches of the short panicle normally divergent, a pulvinus at the base of at least one of them. Spikelets usually 3-5-flowered, only the main branches of the inflorescence _divergent. 24. F. pacifica. Spikelets usually 1-3-flowered; all branches divergent or reflexed. 25. F. reflexa. Branches of the elongated narrow panicle erect and appressed. 26. F. megalura. 69. HESPEROCHLOA (Piper) Rydb. 1. H. Kingii. 70. BROMUS L. Brome-crass, Curss, CHEAT. Second empty glume 5—7-nerved; first empty glume 3-nerved. Lemma, compressed-keeled. Palet less than three-fourths as long as the lemma, which is scarcely toothed. Sheaths and usually also the blades hairy; lemma pubescent or hispidulous- scabrous. Lemma hispidulous-scabrous. Awns 10-15 mm. long. 1. B. Hookerianus. Awn 4—6 mm. long. 2. B. Flodmanii. Lemma pubescent; awns 4-8 mm. long. Lower branches of the panicle 7 cm. long or less, in fruit erect. Leaves flat, not canescent. 3. B. breviaristatus. Leaves involute, canescent. 4. B. subvelutinus. Lower branches of the panicle 1 dm. long or longer, ea in fruit. 5. B. latior. Sheaths and blades glabrous or rhinutely scabrous. Panicle narrow, strict; awn 4-6 mm. long. 6. B. polyanthus. Panicle open, spreading and nodding; awn 6—7 mm. long. 5. B. paniculatus. Palet more than three-fourths as long as the lemma, which is distinctly toothed at the apex. kat 8. B. unioloides. Lemma rounded on the back, broadly elliptic; introduced tufted annuals or biennials. Lemma nearly as broad as long, awnless or with a very short awn. 9. B. brizaeformis. Lemma much longer than broad, conspicuously awned. Lemma and glumes glabrous. Awn much shorter than the lemma, nearly erect. Sheaths glabrous. 10. B. secalinus. Sheaths densely pubescent. 11. B. racemosus. GRASS FAMILY 37 Awn fully as long as the lemma, at maturity strongly divergent; sheaths pubescent. 12. B. patulus. Lemma and glumes more or less pubescent. 13. B. hordeaceus. Second empty glume 3-nerved; first empty glume 1-nerved, except in B. Porteri. Awns shorter than the lemma; plants perennial with ‘rootstocks, all native except B. inermis. Inflorescence more or less drooping. Awn 6-9 mm. long; empty glumes sparingly pubescent or glabrous. 14. B. eximius. Awn 2-5 mm. long. Empty glumes decidedly pubescent. irst empty glume 3-nerved; inflorescencenariow. 15. B. Porteri. First empty glume 1-nerved; inflorescence open. Sheaths with a ring of dense hairs at the base of the blades. 16. B. latiglumis. Sheaths without a ring of hairs. 17. B. purgans. Ty glumes glabrous or merely scabrous on the nerves. ; emma evenly pubescent on the back; sheaths densely hairy. B. lanatipes. Lemma ciliate on the margins, glabrous or sparingly ‘hairy on the back; sheaths glabrous or the lower sparingly hirsute. 19. B. ciliatus. Inflorescence not drooping. Tnaieseaies narrow; its branches erect; lemma usually with awn 2-3 mm. ng. Pumpellianus. Inflorescanes broad: its branches spreading; lemma aaugity awnless. 21. B. inermis. Awn longer than the lemma; introduced tufted annuals. Spikelets numerous on slender, recurved pedicels; lemma 8-12 mm. long. 2. B. tectorum. Spikelets few; pedicels not recurved; lemma 12-30 mm. long. Awn less than 3 cm. long. 23. B. sterilis. Awn 3.5—-4 cm. long. 24. B. maximus. 71. LOLIUM L. Darwen, Rye-GRAss. Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet; perennial. 1. L. perenne. Empty glume longer than the spikelet; annual. 2. L. temulentum. 72, AGROPYRON Gaertner. Wuerat-Grass, QUITCH-GRASS, QUICK-GRASS. Rachis of the spike breaking up at maturity, the internodes falling ‘wath the spikelets; lemma long-awned. 1. A. Scribneri. iachis of the spike remaining continuous. Tufted plants with intravaginal innovations; no horizontal stolons (except in A. arizonicum). Lemma long-awned, 7. e., the awn usually longer than the body of the lemma. Basal leaf-blades shorter than the upper ones; spikelets slightly compressed; awns somewhat spreading. 2. A. Gmelini. Basal leaf-blades longer than the upper ones. Awn divergent. Spikelets remote on the axis, more or less compressed. Spikelets erect, empty glumes nearly equalling the spikelet. 3. Vaseyi. Spikelets qpeetne or ascending; empty glumes half as long as the spikele Empty glumes linear-oblong, acute or obtuse; stem-leaves 3 or 4, not glaucous. 4. A. spicatum. Empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or awn-pointed ; stem-leaves 6 or 7, glaucous. 5. A. arizonicum. Spikelets crowded on the axis, subterete. 6. A. Bakeri. ~ Awns erect. Plant tall, usually more than 3 dm. high, erect or ascending; empty glumes broadest below the middle; spike elongated. Stem stout; spike 7-10 mm. thick, erect, but usually unilateral; spikelets (exclusive of the awns) 15-25 mm. long. 7. A. Richardsoni. Stem slender; spike about 5 mm. thick, seldom unilateral; spikelets (exclusive of the awns) about 1 cm. "long. 8. A. caninoides. Plant 2-3 dm. high, decumbent at the base, geniculate; empty glumes broadest above the middle, scarious-margined; spike short and dense. 9. A. andinum. Lemma short-awned or awnless. Spikes stout and dense, 3-8 cm. long; empty glumes broadest above the middle. Lemma densely pubescent; empty glumes conspicuously white-margined. 10. A. latiglume. Lemma glabrous or scabrous; empty glumes not conspicuously white- margined. 11. A. biflorum. Spike aleader and lax, 7-20 cm.Jong; empty glumes broadest below the middle. Spikelets terete, appressed; empty glumes nearly as lone. ae ae spikelets. enerum. Spikelets flattened; empty glumes much shorter than the 5 spikelets. ‘ inerme. Stoloniferous plants with horizontal rootstocks, sometimes slightly tufted; innova- vations extravaginal. 38 POACEAE Lemma with a long, more or less divergént awn. ; Lemma pubescent. 14. A. albicans. Lemma glabrous or scabrous. . a Spikelets subterete, appressed. 15. A. Grifithsii. Spikelets compressed, spreading. 5. A. arizonicum. Lemma awnless or with a very short erect awn; empty glumes usually narrowly lanceolate, acuminate. . Sheaths conspicuously pilose. 16. A. Palmeri. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so. Lemma glabrous or merely scabrous. : Spikelets erect, nearly cylindric or slightly compressed. _ Spike elongate; empty glumes nearly equalling the spikelets. 17. A. pseudorepens. Spike short; empty glumes about half as long as the spikelets. 18. A. riparium. Spikelets much flattened, spreading. 19. A. Smithii. Lemma from villous to hispidulous. Lemma short-pubescent. : . Spikelets compressed, more or less spreading: lemma acuminate or strongly acute. 20. A. molle. Spikelets terete or nearly so, erect; lemma obtuse or acutish. Spike loose, elongate; lemma sparingly pubescent. 21. A. lanceolatum. Spike dense and short; lemma densely pubescent. 22. A. subvillosum. Lemma long-villous. 23. A. dasystachyum. 73. TRITICUM L. Wueat. Empty glumes distinctly keeled only at the apex; grain dull, neither glossy nor semi- translucent. . T. aestivum. Empty glumes distinctly keeled, almost winged, to the base; grain Blaney often some- what translucent. . T. durum. 74. SECALE L. Rye. 1. S. cercale. 75. HORDEUM L. Bartey, Squirret-Tait, FoxtTat. Lateral spikelets sessile; annuals. Lemma not awned, the awns represented by chartaceous lobes. 1. H. aegiceras. Lemma awned. . H. vulgare. Lateral spikelets stalked; lemma awned. Floret of the central spikelet sessile. Empty glumes of the central spikelets lanceolate. 3. H. pusillum. Empty glumes of central spikelet not lanceolate. Inner empty glumes of the lateral spikelets broadened. 4. H. maritimum. Empty glumes all setaceous. ateral floret not awned. Plant low, 5—25 cm. high; upper sheaths inflated. 5. H. depressum. Plant taller, 2-6 dm. bigh; upper sheath not conspicuously inflated. Lateral floret neutral or staminate; lemma of the central floret 6-8 mm. long. 6. H. nodosum. Lateral floret usually perfect; lemma of the central flower 10 mm. long. 7. H. boreale. Lateral florets long-awned. Awn 2-3 cm. long. 8. H. caespitosum. Awn. 4-6 cm. long. 9. H. jubatum. Floret of the central spikelets stalked. Empty glumes not ciliate. 10. H. montanense. Empty glumes or some of them ciliate. 11. H. murinum. 76. SITANION Raf. Empty glumes lanceolate, scarious-margined. eaf-blades not white-margined. 1. S. lanceolatum. Leaf-blades white-margined. 2. S. marginatum. Empty glumes setaceous, or cleft into setaceous divisions, not scarious-margined. ray glumes setaceous, entire; lowest flower perfect. emma soft-pubescent. 3. S. pubiflorum. Lemma glabrous. 4. S. elymoides. Empty glumes or some of them 2-cleft; lowest flower rudimentary. emma pubescent; sheaths and blades densely pubescent. Blades and sheaths short-hairy, subvelutinous. Awns at least 4 times as long as the lemma. 5. S. Hystrix. Awns 2-3 times as loug as the lemma. 6. S. cinereum. Blades and sheaths long-hairy. 7. S. ciliatum. Lemma glabrous or scabrous. Empty glumes subulate-lanceolate, bifid about two-thirds their length. 8 . S. insulare. Empty glumes setaceous, or cleft to near the base into setaceous divisions. Sheaths and blades more or less long-pubescent. » Lemma glabrous. 9. S. molle. Lemma scabrous. 10. S. strigosum. Sheaths and blades glabrous, scabrous, or puberulent; lemma smooth below, scabrous above. GRASS FAMILY 39 Awns of the lemma 3-4 cm. long, divergent; plant vey low. iS. rigidum. Awns of the lemma 4-7 cm. long; plant taller, more that 2 dm. high. Leaf-blades 2-5 mm. broad, flat or slightly involute. Plant perfectly glabrous; awn ascending. 12. S. glabrum. Plant puberulent or scabrous; awns divergent. 13. S. montanum. Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. broad, strongly involute. 14. S. basalticola. 77. ELYMUS L. Lyme-crass, Witp Rye, Rye-crass, Burrato Rys. Lemma, long-awned. Spike broad; spikelets spreading. Empty glumes lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate; spike dense. mpty glumes lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, thick ‘and strongly curved at the base; spike erect. Plant robust; spike scarcely exserted; lemma glabrous or nearly so. . virginicus. Plant slender; spike long-exserted; lemma scabrous-hispidulous. 4 jejunus. Empty glumes narrowly linear-lanceolate, neither conspicuously thickened nor curved at the base; spike often nodding. Empty glumes usually minute, less than 15 mm. long. 4. E. diversiglumis. Empty glumes 15-30 mm. long. Lemma. hirsute or villous. 3. E. canadensis. Lemma. hispidulous-scabrous to glabrous. Robust; spike usually included at the base; leaf-blades 8-15 mm. wide. 5. E. robustus. Slender: spike long-exserted; leaf-blades seldom more than 5 mm. wide. 6. E. brachystachys. Empty glumes setaceous, hirsute; lemma hirsute; spike laxer. 7. E. striatus. Spike narrow; spikelets erect, appressed. Lemma pubescent. Empty ees lanceolate, 5-nerved. 8. E. vulpinus. Empty glumes lance-subulate, indistinctly veined. 9. E. angustus. Lemma, scabrous or glabrous. aim hy glumes lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, 2—5-nerved. pike dense; spikelets more or less imbricate. Plants not tufted, with rootstocks; leaf-blades spreading. Sheaths and blades glabrous; glumes scabrous, at least above. E. glaucus. Sheaths and lower leaf-blades pubescent; glumes glabrous. 11. marginalis. Plants tufted; leaf-blades ascending. 12. E. nitidus. Spike lax; spikelets distant; glumes glabrous. 13. E. Petersonii. ome glumes li ear-subulate. pike 7-8 mm. thick; awns 30-40 mm. apne i E. Saundersii. Spike 5 mm. thick; awns 5-10 mm. lon E. Macounii. Lemma piveritenn:| or short-awned; awn less than one-thind the length of fhe body. Empty glumes strongly 3-5-nerved. Empty glumes thickened and strongly curved at the base, nos scarious-margined . . curvatus. Empty glumes neither thickened nor strongly curved at the base, more or less scarious-margined. 17. E. Howellii. , Empty glumes 1-nerved or indistinctly 3-nerved. semma glabrous or hispidulous. Empty glumes aristiform or narrowly subulate. lant stout, 1-2 m. high, tufted; spikelets 2-6 at each joint; lemma scab- rous-hispidvlous. 18. E. condensatus. Plant slender, 3-10 dm. high; spikelets 1 or 2 at each joint. Lemma, broadly lanceolate, acute or awn-pointed; rachis scabrous on the sharp angles; spikelets erect; plant with a horizontal root- stock. 19. FE. triticoides. Lemma narrowly lanceolate; rachis nearly terete, strigose; plant tufted. Spikelets usually in pairs; lemma awn-pointed. Lemma glabrous. 20. E. ambiguus. Lemma scabrous or scabro-strigose. 21. E. striyosus. Spikelets usually singly; lemma acuminate or acute. 2. EH. salinus. Empty glumes lanceolate-subulate, tapering from the rather broad base; lemma glabrous. 23. E. simplex. Lemma pubescent. Plants tufted; lemma long-attenuate, short-awned. 24. E. villifiorus. Plants not tufted, or somewhat so in E. cinereus, with horizontal rootstocks; lemma not long-attenuate. Lemma appressed-pubescent. Stem, sheath, and leaves glabrous or minutely strigulose. . E. arenicola. Stem, sheath, and leaves densely short pubescent. 26. E. cinereus. Lemma with spreading pubescence. Spike long; empty glumes lanceolate, silky-villous. 27. E. flavescens. Spike short; empty glumes subulate, scabrous. 28. E. innovatus. 78. HYSTRIX Moench. 1. H. Hystrix. 40 CYPERACEAE Family 13. CYPERACEAE. Srpcr Famiry. Flowers all perfect, or at least one in each spikelet perfect. Glumes of the spikelets 2-ranked. Perianth represented by bristles; inflorescence axillary. 1. DULICHIUM. Perianth wanting; spikelets in terminal, solitary or umbellate heads. 2. CYPERUS. Glumes of the spikelets spirally imbricate. Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on the achene. Basal empty glumes several. 3. RYNCHOSPORA. Basal empty glumes wanting, or 1 or 2. Spikelets solitary ; stem leafless; bristles usually present. 4. ELEOCHARIS. Spikelets several or numerous; stem leafy; bristlesnone. 5. STENOPHYLLUS. Base of the style not persistent as a tubercle. Base of the style swollen; bristles none. 6. FIMBRISTYLIS. Base of the style not swollen; bristles usually present. Flowers without any inner scales. Bristles much elongating in fruit, silky. Bristles 6, but each 4—6-cleft to near the base, therefore appearing numerous. 7. ERIOPHORUM. Bristles 6, simple, crisp. . 8. LEUCOCOMA. Bristles short, or little elongating, rarely wanting. 9. SCIRPUS. Flowers with a small inner scale between the flower a ig rachis. ae HEMICARPHA. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Achenes not enclosed in a perigynium. Spikes several, clustered; glumes subtending a single flower. 11. KOBRESIA. Spikes solitary; glumes subtending 2 flowers. 12. ELYNA. Achenes enclosed in a perigynium. 13. CAREX. 1. DULICHIUM L. C. Rich. 2. CYPERUS L. Gatincate, Nut-cRass. Glumes falling away from the persistent rachis of the flat spikelets. Style 2-cleft; achenes lenticular. 1. C. diandrus. Style 3-cleft; achenes 3-angled. Wings of the rachis none or very narrow. Annuals; stamen 1. f Glumes awned or mucronate. 2. C. inflexus. Glumes acute, neither awned nor mucronate. 3. C. acuminatus. Perennials; stamens 2 or 3. Glumes tipped with a curved or bent awn; perennials with a rootstock. ‘ 4. C. Fendlerianus, Glumes blunt or mucronate; perennials with a corm-like base. Heads oblong; spikelets ascending; stem rough. 5. C. Schweinitzii. Heads short; spikelets more or less spreading; stem smooth. Glumes broadly ovate; achenes 1.5-2 mm. long. 6. C. Houghtoni. Glumes oblong-ovate; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long. 7. C. Bushii. Wings of the rachis prominent and separating from it as interior scales. : . 8. C. erythrorhizos. Spike ets wholly falling away, usually leaving the two lower ‘glumes persistent. . C. strigosus. 3. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Braxep Rusu. 1. R. alba. 4, ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Sprxe-Rusu, WIRE-GRASS. Style-branches 2; achenes lenticular or biconvex. Sheath hyaline, and scarious at the summit. 1. E. thermalis. Sheath firm, not scarious at the summit. Annuals, with fibrous roots. Achenes black, shining. Achenes pale brown, dull. Spikelets narrowly oblong or subcylindric; glumes blunt, closely appressed. a 7 3. FE. ‘Engelmanni. Spikelets lance-ovoid or lance-oblong; glumes acutish, more spreading. . . E. monticola. Perennials, with rootstocks. : 5. E. palustris. Style-branches 3; achenes trigonous or turgid; perennials, with rootstocks. Achenes cancellate and longitudinally ribbed; spikelets flat. 6. E. acicularis. Achenes smooth, papillose or reticulate. Tubercle of the achenes short-conic to depressed, plainly distinguishable from 1. D. arundinaceum. 2. E. atropurpurea. the achene. Achenes papillose. Stem filiform; glumes obtuse. 7. E. tenuis. Stem flat; glumes acute. 8. E. acuminata. Achenes finely reticulated. _ 9. E. arenicola. Tubercle of the achenes long-conic, scarcely distinguishable from the body of the achene. 10. E. rostellata. 6. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. 1. S. capillaris. SEDGE FAMILY 41 6. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. 1. F. interior. 7. ERIOPHORUM L. Corron-crass. Spikelets solitary; involucre wanting. Plant stoloniferous. Glumes purplish-brown with narrow, pale margins. 1. E. Scheuchzeri. Glumes purplish-brown with white, broad margins. 2. E. Chamissonis. Plant tufted, not stoloniferous. Upper sheaths inflated; stem rough above. 3. E. callitrir. : Upper sheaths not inflated; stem smooth. 4. E. opacum. Spikelets several, subtended by foliaceous bracts. Leaf-blades triangular-channeled throughout. 5. E. gracile. Leaf-blades flat, at least below the middle. Midrib of the glumes not prominent at the tip of the glume. 6. E. angustifolium. Midrib of the glumes prominent to the very tip. 7. E. viridicarinatum. 8. LEUCOCOMA Ebrh. Atrine Corron-erass. e 1. L. alpina. 9. SCIRPUS L. Butruss, CLus-rusH, TULLE. Involucre of a single bract or wanting. Spikelets solitary, rarely two together; plants tufted (except No. 5). Annuals; stamens 2; bristles none. 1. S. coloradensis. Perennials, with rootstocks. Involucre none. 2. S. pauciflorus. Involucre present, consisting of one erect bract. Bract scarcely exceeding the spikelet, often shorter; bog plants. Bristles 6, longer than the achenes. 3. S. caespitosus. Bristles none. : 4. S. pumilus. Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet; aquatic plants. 5. S. sublerminalis. Spikelets normally more than one, usually several, sometimes numerous. Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral, in a single capitate cluster. Annuals, with fibrous roots, tufted; achenes dark, transversely wrinkled. Spikelets obtuse; achenes plano-convex. 6. S. Hallii. Spikelets acute; achenes 3-angular. 7. S. saximonianus. Perennials, with rootstocks; achenes plano-convex, obovate. Stem sharply 3-angled. Spikelets acute; bracts long; glumes awned. 8. S. americanus. Spikelets obtuse; bracts short; glumes mucronate. 9. S. Olneyi. Stem terete, striate. 10. S. nevadensis. Spikelets numerous in small clusters of 1-7, arranged in compound umbels; per- ennials with stout rootstocks. Style 2-cleft; achenes obovate and plano-convex, brown. Achenes 2 mm. long, nearly as long as the glumes; spikelets ovoid. . S. validus. Achenes 3 mm. long, distinctly shorter than the glumes; spikelet oblong- cylindric. ; 12. S. occidentalis. Style 3-cleft; achenes ohcordate, 3-angled, yellowish. 13. S. heterochaetus. Involucre of two or more leaves with flat blades; perennials, with rootstocks. Spikelets 3-10, capitate, relatively large. 14. S. paludosus. Spikelets numerous, in compound umbels or in umbellate heads, relatively small. Bristles downwardly barbed, not much exceeding the fruit. Style-branches 2; achenes plano-convex; bristles mostly 4. 15. S. microcarpus. Style-branches 3; achenes oblong, 3-angular; bristles 6. Plant dark green; glumes acute; achenes pale brown. 16. S. atrovirens. Plant pale; glumes rough-awned :achenes straw-colored. 17. S. pallidus. Bristles e ao much exceeding the glumes at maturity; achenes 3-angled, whitish. Spikelets all sessile; glumcs brown. : 18. S. cyperinus. Spikelets mostly pediceled; glumes mostly greenish black. 19. .S. atrocinctus. 10. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. 1. H. aristulata. 11. KOBRESIA Willd. : 1. K. bipartita. 12. ELYNA Schrad. 1. E. Bellardi. 18. CAREX (Rupp.) L. Srpez.* Spike one, androgynous; perigynia glabrous, thin, not margined or triangular, beaked; style withering, not continuous with the achene; stigmas three. Pistillate scales persistent; perigynia not stipitate, not becoming reflexed. Spike linear or linear-oblong; porewus not inflated. 1. NARDINAE. Spike orbicular to short-ovoid; perigynia inflated. 2. INFLATAE. Pistillate scales deciduous; perigynia stipitate, at least the lower reflexed at maturity. ATHROCHLAENAE. Spikes one to many; if one, plant not as above. ; : ; i Achenes lenticular and stigmas two; lateral spikes sessile; terminal spike partly é pistillate, or if staminate, the lateral spikes short, or heads dioecious. pike one. Spike orbicular to short-ovoid. 4. CAPITATAE. Spike linear. 5. DIOICAE. 42 CYPERACEAE Spikes more than one. - Perigynia not white-puncticulate. - 7 Rootstocks long-creeping, the culms arising singly or few together. Perigynia not thin or wing-margined, the beak obliquely cut. Culms not branching. . . Spikes densely aggregate into a globular-ovoid head, appearing like one spike. 6. FOETIDAE. Spikes distinct. . 7. DIVISAE. Culms becoming decumbent and branching. 8. CHORDORRHIZAE. Perigynia thin or wing-margined, the beak bidentate. 9. ARENARIAE. Rootstock not long-creeping, the culms densely cespitose. Spikes androgynous. : Perigynia abruptly contracted into the beak. : : : Spikes few (ten or less); perigynia green or tinged with reddish brown. 10. MUHLENBERGIANAE. Spikes numerous; perigynia yellowish or brownish. Perigynia yellowish; opaque part pf Nest seas transversely rugulose. 1. MULTIFLORAE. Perigynia brownish; opaque part of leaf-sheath not trans- versely rugulose. 12. PANICULATAE. Perigynia tapering into the beak. 13. STENORHYNCHAE. Spikes gynaecandrous or pistillate or rarely staminate. Perigynia at most thin-edged. Perigynia spreading at maturity. 14. STELLULATAE. Perigynia appressed. 15. DEWEYANAE. Perigynia narrowly to broadly wing-margined. 16. OVALES. Perigynia white-puncticulate. 17. CANESCENTES. Achenes triangular or lenticular; if lenticular, lower lateral spikes conspicuously peduncled, or terminal spike staminate and lateral spikes elongated. Achenes strongly constricted at base, rounded at apex. 18. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. Achenes not strongly constricted at base, pointed at apex. Spike one; perigynia rounded and beakless at apex. 19. POLYTRICHOIDEAE. Spikes one or more; when one, perigynia not both rounded and beakless at the apex. Perigynia both coriaceous and shining, the beak obliquely cut. Spike solitary. 20. OBTUSATAE. Spikes several. 21. NITIDAE. Perigynia not both coriaceous and shining. Spike one; perigynia triangular, glabrous, not reflexed or flattened. Perigynia prominently beaked, finely many-nerved. 22. RUPESTRES. Perigynia nearly beakless, 2-keeled but otherwise nerveless. 23. FIRMICULMES. Spikes one to many; when one, perigynia differing from above. Perigynia closely enveloping the achene, strongly tapering at base, _pubescent or puberulent; bracts sheathless or nearly so. Spike normally one. Spikes androgynous; leaf-blades very narrow. 24. FILIFOLIAE. Spikes dioecious. 25. SCIRPINAE. Spikes two or more. 26. MONTANAE. Perigynia not as above; or if so, bracts strongly sheathing. Lowest bract long-sheathing, its blades rudimentary. Leaf-blades flat; perigynia puberulent or pubescent. IGITATAE. Leaf-blades filiform; perigynia glabrous. 8. ALBAE. Lowest bract sheathless or long-sheathing; if long-sheathing, its blade well-developed. Lowest bract strongly sheathing; perigynia never strongly bidentate with stiff teeth. Achenes lenticular; stigmas two. 29. BICOLORES. Achenes triangular; stigmas three. Scales not dark-tinged. Pistillate spikes short-oblong to linear, erect. Perigynia tapering at base, triangular, closely enveloping the achenes. Rootstock lone creaming: 30. PANICEAE. Rootstock not long-creeping. 3 7 31. LAXIFLORAE. Perigynia rounded at base, suborbicular in cross-section, Toosely enyatoping achenes. RANULARES. Pistillate spikes elongate, linear to cylindric, slender peduncled, the lower drooping. Culms strongly reddish tinged at base, aphyl- lopodic. 33. DEBILES. Culms not strongly reddish tinged at base, phyllopodic. SEDGE FAMILY 43 Spikes slender, few-flowered; perigynia 4 mm. long or less, not inflated, the beak not becoming bidentate. 34. CAPILLARES. Spikes dense, many-flowered; perigynia longer, more or less inflated, the beak becoming bidentate. 35. LONGIROSTRES. Scales dark-tinged. 36. FRIGIDAE. Lowest bract sheathless, or sheathing; if sheathing, peri- gynia strongly bidentate with stiff teeth. Foliage pubescent; perigynia ca pie 7. PALLESCENTES. Foliage glabrous, or if rarely PEbeOnL, perigynia bi- dentate. Perigynia rough-papillose. 38. ANOMALAE. Perigynia at most granular-roughened. Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked; achenes triangular. Perigynia glaucous. 39. LIMOSAE. Perigynia not glaucous. 40. ATRATAE. Perigynia with strongly bidentate beak, or if not, achenes lenticular. Achenes lenticular; perigynia dull. 41. ACUTAE. Achenes triangular, or if rarely lenticular, perigynia shining. Perigynia coriaceous, little if at all inflated, often pubescent; bracts sheathless. . HIRTAE. Perigcnia glabrous, nanan inflated; if rarely Peoriaceous, the bracts sheat hing. rigynia little inflated; lower bract . strongly sheathing. 43, EXTENSAE. Perigynia little to much inflated; lower bract not strongly sheathing. Spike one. 44. PAUCIFLORAE. Spikes more than one. Perigynia finely and closely ribbed. 45. PSEUDO-CYPEREAE. Perigynia coarsely ribbed or nerve- less. 46. PHYSOCARPAE. 1. NARDINAE. Represented by one species in our range. 1. C. Hepburnii. 2. INFLATAE. Represented by one species in our range. 2. C. Engelmannii. 3. ATHROCHLAENAE. Densely cespitose: leaf-' Dale involute, 1 mm. wide; staminate flowers few; perigynia erect until full maturi 3. C. pyrenaica. Short-stoloniferous; jeaf-t niles flat, 1.5 mm. wide or more; staminate flowers conspicuous; perigynia early deflexed. 4. C. nigricans. 4, CAPITATAE. Represented by one species. 5. C. capitata. 5. DIOIcAr. Represented by one species in our range. 6. C. gynocrates. 6. FOETIDAE. Leaf-blades 2-3.5 mm. wide; perigynium little exceeding the Sealy Ab etary ; . C, vernacula. Leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide or less; perigynium much exceeding the scale at maturity. Perigynia membranous, not stipitate. 8. C. perglobosa. Perigynia not membranous, stipitate. 9. C. incurviformis. 7. DIVISAE. Rootstocks slender, light brownish; culms obtusely triangular, normally smooth; leaf- blades narrowly involute. Perigynia long-beaked ; heads dioecious or nearly so. 10. C. Douglasii. Perigynia short-beaked; heads androgynous. 11. C. stenophylla. Rootstocks stout; culms acutely triangular, normally rough above. Perigynia not strongly nerved ventrally; leaf-sheaths hyaline. Perigynia chestnut, thick, the beak about one-fifth as OES Sg the body. C. simulata. Perigynia blackish in age, plano-convex, the beak einen to one-half as long as the body. 13. C. praegracilis. Perigynia strongly nerved ventrally; upper leaf-sheaths Brepn-sertete, opposite the lades. 14. C. Sartwellii. 8. CHORDORRHIZAE. Represented by one species in our range. 15. C. chordorrhiza. 9. ARENARIAE. Represented by one species in our range. 16. C. siccata. 44 CYPERACEAE 10. MUHLENBERGIANAE. Sheaths tight, inconspicuously, if at all, septate-nodulose. 2 Densely cespitose; head ovoid, capitate; perigynia serrulate to ane ee os Wy ii. Rootstocks elongate; head linear, interrupted; perigynia serrulate at the apex only. Scales obtuse to short-cuspidate, not concealing the spreading perigynia. _ : Spikes with conspicuous staminate flowers; scales half as long as the perigynia. 18. C. vallicola. Spikes with inconspicuous staminate flowers; scales about as long as the peri- gynia. . _ 19. C. occidentalis. Scales strongly cuspidate, concealing the appressed perigynia. 20. C. Hookeriana. Sheaths loose and membranous, easily breaking, conspicuously septate-nodulose. 21. C. gravida. 11. MULTIFLORAE. Represented by one species in our range. 22. C. vulpinoidea. 12, PANICULATAE. Culms loosely cespitose; sheaths not copper-tinged at the mouth; head little interrupted; perigynia 2—2.75 mm. long, shining, not concealed by the scales. 23. C. diandra. Culms densely cespitose; sheaths copper-tinged at the mouth; head interrupted; peri- ynia 2.5-4 mm. long, dull, concealed by the scales. ; Leaves 1-2.5 mm. wide; perigynia 2.5-3 mm. long; scales Hoged wih reddish brown. . C. prairea. Leaves 2.5-6 mm. wide; perigynia 3-4 mm. long; scales chestnut-tinged. 25. C. Cusickii. 13. STENORHYNCHAE. Perigynia 3-4 mm. long, the beak much shorter than the body: scales strongly dark- inged. Leaves clustered at base; sheaths not cross-rugulose ventrally; culms slender. < 26. C. Jonesii. Leaves not clustered at base; sheaths cross-rugulose ventrally; culms stout. 7. C. nervina. Perigynia 4-6 mm. long, the beak longer than the body; scales not dark-tinged. 28. C. stipata. 14. STELLULATAE. Spikes in a small (6-10 mm. long) densely capitate brownish black head. 9. C. illota, Spikes more or less widely separate, not brownish black. Perigynia broadest in middle, the beak sparingly serrulate; culms weak. 30. C. laeviculmis. Perigynia broadest near base, the beak strongly serrulate; culms stiff. eak of the perigynia one-fourth as long as the body, the teeth short, and ventral suture inconspicuous. 31. C. interior. Beak of the perigynia longer, strongly bidentate, the ventral euuare conspicuous. . angustior. 15. DEWEYANAE. Culms densely cespitose; perigynia tapering at base, 4-5 mm. long, the upper part of the body covered by translucent scale. 33. C. Deweyana. Rootstocks slender, elongate; perigynia substipitate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long. Perigynia shallowly bidentate, the upper part of body not covered, by the scale. 34. C. lepltopoda. Perigynia deeply bidentate, the body covered by the scale. 35. C. Bolanderi. 16. OVALES. Lower bract or bracts conspicuous, several-many times the length of the head. Perigynia subulate, the beak much longer than body; lower bracts more than 1 dm. __ long, without yellowish brown margins at base. 36. C. sychnocephala. Perigynia lance-ovate, the beak shorter than the body; longer bracts less than 1 dm. long, with yellowish brown margins at base. Perigynia nerveless ventrally, tawny at orifice. 37. C. athrostachya. Perigynia nerved ventrally, hyaline at orifice. 38. C. tenuirostris. Bracts not conspicuous, rarely slightly exceeding the head. Beak of the perigynia flattened and serrulate to tip, often strongly bidentate. Scales about the length of the perigynia and nearly of the same width above, the perigynia nearly entirely concealed. Head stiff, the spikes approximate. Perigynia less than 5.5 mm. long, at most faintly nerved on inner face, loosely ascending; spikes suborbicular; lower bracts sooner, stiff. 39. C. : 3 adusia. Perigynia 5.5-7 mm. long, finely many-nerved on inner face, appressed; spikes oblong-elliptic: bracts not stiff. 40. C. petasata. Head not stiff, flexuous or moniliform. 41. C. aenea. Scales shorter than perigynia and noticeably narrower above, the upper part of perigynia largely exposed. Perigynia subulate to lanceolate, at least 214 times as long as wide. Perigynia subulate, the margin at the base almost obsolete. . . : i 42. C. Crawfordii. Perigynia lanceolate, the margin conspicuous to the base. 43. C. scoparia. SEDGE FAMILY 45 Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice as long as wide. Perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 3-4 mm. long. Perigynia brownish; spikes closely aggregate, pounded ane ebbii. ene yale So Spikes contiguous to widely separate, usually tapering Leaf- blades 2. 5 mm. wide or less; peneye spreading-ascending ; culms slender. . C. tenera. Leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide (averaging 4 mm. 2 perigynia appressed- ascending; culms stout. . C. tincta. Perizynia ovate or broader, 3.75-6 mm. long. Perigynia thick, abruptly short-beaked; ‘scales little, if at all, tinged with brownish red. 47. C. brevior. Perigynia thin, tapering to the beak; scales strongly tinged with chest- nut-brown. 48. C. Egglestonii. Beak of the perigynia slender, terete and scarcely, if at all, serrulate towards tip, el cut, at times becoming obscurely bidentate. Scales about the ‘length of the perigynia, and of nearly the same width above, the perigynia nearly entirely concealed. Culms and head stiff and rigid. Culms 1-3 dm. high, in large stools; scales strongly tinged with reddish brown; perigynia lanceolate. 49. C. phaeocephala. Culms taller, not in large stools; scales lighter-colored; perigynia ovate, in age golden yellow at base. 50. C. xerantica. Culms slender; head flexuous or moniliform. Scales light reddish brown tinged. 51. C. practicola. Scales chestnut-brown tinged. 52. C. Piperi. Scales shorter than perigynia ne notions 9 narrower above, the upper part of perigynia largely exposed. Perigynia thin and membranous, except where distended by the achene. Perigynia 3.5-5 mm. long; culms slender. Perigynia lance-ovate, very narrowly margined, spreading; culms biennial. . C. microptera. Perigynia ovate, strongly margined, appressed; culms annual. 54. C. festivella. Perigynia 4.5-6 mm. long; culms low. erigynia lanceolate to broadly ovate, nerveless or nearly so on inner face, the beaks conspicuous; culms slender, aeengine or decumbent. C. nubicola. Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, finely nerved ae inner face, the beaks . appressed; culms stiff, erect. 56. C. ebenea. Perigynia strongly plano-convex, the walls thick. Spikes densely capitate; beak of the perigynia obliquely cut, dark-tipped. 57. C. pachystachya. Spikes not capitate; beak of the perigynia bidentate, reddish-tipped. 58. C. Preslii. 17. CANESCENTES. Spikes androgynous; perigynia unequally biconvex. 59. C. disperma. Spikes gynaecandrous; perigynia plano-convex. Lowest bract bristle-like, much prolonged, many times exceeding its 1—5-flowered spike; spikes widely separate. 60. C. trisperma. Lowest b ract much shorter or none; spikes several—-many-flowered, the upper approxi- Spices 4, subglobose, closely a, ae dieets forming an ovate or subglobose head; perigynia scarcely beaked; scales white-hyaline. 61. C. tenuiflora. Spikes one-many, the lower more or less strongly separate; head elongate; peri- gynia shortly to strongly beaked; scales darker. Perigynia broadest near middle; beak short, smooth or moderately serrulate. Beak of the perigynia smooth or very nearly so; scales obtuse to acutish, strongly tinged with reddish brown or chestnut; spikes closely ap- proximate. Terminal spike strongly tapering at base; culms youn at apex only. 2. C. Lachenalii. Terminal spike little tapering at the base; culms usually very rough. 63. C. Heleonastes. Beak of the perigynia serrulate, or if smooth scales acutish to cuspidate and scarcely, if at all, tinged with reddish brown; lower spikes remote. Plant glaucous; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; ‘spikes many-flowered; perigynia scarcely beaked, appressed ascending, with emarginate or entire orifice. 64. C. canescens. Plant not glaucous; leaf-blades 1-2.5 mm. wide; spikes fewer-flowered ; perigynia distinctly beaked, loosely apresdling, with minutely biden- . __ tate orifice. 5. C. brunnescens. Perigynia ovate, broadest near the base; beak conenicuaus, 7 strongly serrulate. - arcta. 18. PHYLLOSTACHYAE. Perigynia with long smooth beak; foliage deep green. 67. C. durifolia. Perigynia with short sparingly serrulate beak; foliage light or glaucous green. 68. C. saximontana. 19. POLYTRICHOIDEAR. Represented by one peciess. 69. C. leptalea. 46 CYPERACEAE 20. OBTUSATAE. Represented by one species. 70. C. obtusata. 21. NITIDAE. Represented by one species in our range. 71. C. supina. 22. RUPESTRES. : Represented by one species. 72. C. rupestris. 23. FIRMICULMES. Represented by one species in our range. 73. C. Geyeri. 24, FILIFOLIAE. Leaf-blades filiform at base, 0.25-0.5 mm. wide; culms filiform, obtusely triangular. smoothish; lowest scale rarely awned. - Perigynia sharply triangular below, obpyramidal; basal iat ghd BIS TnED Tse, elynoides. Perigynia rounded on the angles, obovoid to globose; basal er mere) on ifolia Leaf-blades flattened at base, 1.5-2 mm. wide; culms stoutish, ener ly triangular, often much roughened; lowest scale conspicuously awned. oreocharis. 25. SCIRPINAE. Culms phyllopodic, the culm-leaves 6-10; scales concealing pene C. pseudoscirpoidea. Culms aphyllopodic, the culm-leaves 3-6; scales shorter than a a, Perigynia lanceolate, flattish, 4 mm. long. 78. C. stenochlaena. Perigynia broader, triangular, 3 mm. long or less. Scales very minutely hyaline-margined; perigynia SWRI Dab eee C. scirpoidea. Scales very broadly hyaline-margined; perigynia yellowisl-hirsut e. 80. C. scirpiformis. 26. MONTANAE. Basal spikes absent. one stoloniferous; scales about equalling the perigynia. 81. C. heliophila. out long stolons; scales much shorter than the perigynia. 82. c. Peckii. Basal spikes present. Lower bract exceeded by the culm, scale-like, pales eS at_base. C. umbellala. Lower bract normally exceeding the culm, leaf-like, not Hetine aaiced at base. Perigynia 2.75 mm. long or less, shallowly bidentate; rootstocks slender. 84. C. dejiexa. Perigynia longer, deeply bidentate; culms densely eae ~ CC. Rossii. 27. DIGITATAE. Basal spikes present; scales abruptly cuspidate. 86. C. pedunculata. Basal spikes absent; scales not abruptly cus mapidate. Staminate spike 3-6 mm. long; scales obtuse, one-half as long as the perigynia. 87. C. concinna. Staminate spike 8-22 mm. long; scales acute to acuminate, from little shorter than to exceeding the perigynia. Perigynia loosely pubescent, wider and longer than the scales; staminate spike nearly sessile; pistillate spikes few-flowered. 88. C. concinnoides. Perigynia appressed-pubescent, narrower and shorter than the scales; staminate spike noticeably peduncled; pistillate spikes many-flowered. 89. C. Richardsonii. 28. ALBAE. Represented by one species in our range. 90. C. eburnea. 29. BICOLORES. Mature perigynia whitish, ellipsoid, not fleshy or translucent. 91. C. Hassei. Mature perigynia orange or brownish, broader, fleshy, translucent. 92. C. aurea. 30. PANICEAR. Beak of the perigynia none or very short. Sheaths of the bracts short; plant glaucous; leaf-blades involute; spikes approximate. Sheaths of the bracts long; plant not glaucous; leaf-blades ft a ee ae, Fertilé culm-blades 3-5, 2-3.5 mm. wide; perigynia 3.5 mans long or less; spikes linear C. tetanica. Perule ¢ ules bladed 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide; perigynia longer: “pies oblong or linear- ong. Meadii. Beak of the perigynia straight, prominent. 96. C. vaginata. x 31. LAXIFLORAE. Represented by one species in our range. 97. C. blanda. 32. GRANULARES., Plants cespitose; bracts elongate, overtopping the spikes; staminate spike short-stalked. 98. C. Shriveri. Plants with long-creeping rootstocks; bracts short, rarely overto * th tam- inate spike long-stalked. = oe e. Coan ba SEDGE FAMILY 47 33. DEBILES. Represented by one species in our range. 100. C. Assiniboinensis. 34, CAPILLARES. Represented by one species in our range. 101. C. capillaris. 35. LONGIROSTRES. Represented by one species iu our range. 102. C. Sprengelii. 36. FRIGIDAE. Terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, the lateral ones pistillate. Terminal spike usually gynaecandrous, the lateral ones ovoid or short-oblong. 103. C. misandra. Terminal spike staminate (or with a few perigynia), the lateral ones oblong or linear- cylindric. Perigynia triangular, slightly compressed. 104. C. luzulina. Perigynia strongly compressed. 105. C. fissuricola. Terminal spike androgynous, the upper lateral staminate, the lower pistillate. Perigynia lanceolate, 1.5 mm. wide, tapering to the apex; splies ao usually 4. petricosa. Perigynia oblong-oval, 2.25 mm. wide, abruptly minutely peaked: spikes more numerous. 107. C. Franklinii. 37. PALLESCENTES. Represented by one species in our range. 108. C. abbreviata. 38. ANOMALAE. Represented by one species in our range. 109. C. amplifolia. 39. LIMOSAE. Pistillate spikes drooping. Plants strongly stoloniferous; leaf-blades involute, siaucouss 3 mm. wide or less; scales little exceeding the perigynia. C. limosa. Plant tufted; leaf-blades flat, not glaucous, wider; scales amueh exceeding the peri- gynia. 1 C. paupercula. Pistillate spikes erect. 112. C. Buxbaumii. 40. ATRATAE. Terminal spike in some plants pistillate and linear-cylindric or staminate only at apex, in others staminate. Scales not long-pointed, little exceeding the perigynia; beri flattened, sharp- edged. C Parryana. sealer long-pointed, 2-3 times as long as the perigynia; perigynia youd flattened. 4. idahoa. Terminal spike staminate or gynaecandrous, not pistillate and linear-cylindric. Terminal spike staminate. Culms few-leaved, strongly aphyllopodic, purplish tinged at base. Staminate scales obtuse, the midvein nearly or quite obsolete. Staminate scales obovate; pistillate scales with pete (or nearly so) midvein; perigynia nerveless. C. podocarpa. Staminate scales linear-lanceolate; pistillate scales "ith strong midvein; perigynia 2-nerved. C. venustula. Staminate scales with conspicuous more or less excurtent midvein. 117. C. spectabilis. Culms many-leaved, clothed at base with dried-up leaves of previous year, not purplish tinged at base. Perigynia flat. 118. C. Tolmiei. Perigynia round in cross-section, many-nerved. 119. C. Raynoldsii. Terminal spike gynaecandrous. Perigynia triangular in cross-section, nerveless or nearly so, 2.5 mm. long or less. 120. C. Halleri. Perigynia longer, many-nerved or with two prominent marginal nerves, more or less strongly flattened. Spikes contiguous, sessile or short-peduncled, forming a dense head; culms stiff, erect. Perigynia subinflated-triangular, scarcely compressed, the beak 1 mm. long. 121. C. Nelsonii. Perigynia strongly compressed, the beak 0.5 mm. long. Lowest spike slightly separate, short-peduncled; scales black, with very conspicuous white hyaline apex and upper margins. 122. C. albo-nigra. Spikes closely contiguous and sessile; scales black with inconspicuous hyaline apex and margins. 123. C. nova. Lowest spike (or spikes) strongly peduncled, usually distant, erect or nodding. Spikes 3-5, Hit oblong-cylindrie; walls of the perigynia not papery; peri- gees .5-4.5 mm. long, nerveless or obscurely nerved on the face, ull green to brownish black; scales from a little shorter to a little longer than the perigynia. Perigynia slightly inflated and sub-triangular, not strongly compressed. : 124. C. atrosquama. Perigynia strongly compressed. erigynia sharp-edged, the margins much narrower than the achene; lateral spikes linear. Scales shining, with the midvein conspicuous the whole length, exceeded by the perigynia. 125. C. be ia, 48 CYPERACEAE Scales dull with inconspicuous midvein, about covering the perigynia. 126. C. atratiformis. Perigynia widely margined, the margins as wide as the achene; lateral spikes oblong or linear-oblong or ovoid. NSE Perey granular-roughened; achenes short-stipitate. : pper pistillate scales exceeding the perigynia; lateral spikes ovoid; lowest peduncle less than the length of the spike. 27. C. chalciolepis. Upper _pistillate scales exceeded by the perigynia; lateral spikes oblong or linear-oblong; lowest peduncle 1-2 times as long as the spike. 128. C. atrata. Perigynia smooth; achenes strongly stipitate. 129. C. epapiliosa. Spikes 6-10, oblong-cylindric: walls of the perigynia papery; perigynia 5 mm. long, lightly 3-nerved, light green, much shorter than the peri- gynia. 130. C. Mertensii. 41. ACUTAE. Culms phyllopodic. Beak of the perigynia, if present, not deeply bidentate. 4 Lowest bract exceeded by the inflorescence; scales with obsolete or slender mid- vein; culms low, stiff, solitary or in small clumps, freely stoloniferous. Perigynia plano-convex, puncticulate, appressed. 131. C. concolor. Perigynia soon turgid, papillose, spreading. Scales ovate, exceeded by the perigynia. 132. C. scopulorum. Scales lanceolate, exceeding the perigynia. 133. C. chimaphila. Lowest bract exceeding the inflorescence; scales usually with a slender midvein or broad light-colored center; culms taller, less stiff, in eee, clumps. Perigynia turgid, spreading. 134. C. aperta. Perigynia not turgid, appressed or ascending. 2 Stolons absent; perigynia conspicuously nerved; leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide. Perigynia substipitate, glaucous, granular-roughened all over, the body two-thirds as wide as long. 135. C. lenticularis. Perigynia strongly stipitate, green, granular-roughened at the apex only, the body half as wide as long. 136. C. Kelloggii. Stolons present, long; perigynia nerveless or inconspicuously nerved; leaf- lades 2-6 mm. wide. Perigynia narrowly to very broadly elliptic, broadest below apex, less than 3 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. 137. C. aquatilis. Perigynia strongly obovate, broadest at the apex, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide. 138. C. substricta. Beak of the perigynia markedly bidentate, the body strongly ribbed. 139. C. nebraskensis. Fertile culms aphyllopodic. Lower sheaths smooth; scales not blackish. 140. C. Emoryi. Lower sheaths strongly hispidulous; scales blackish. 141. C. prionophylla. 42. HIRTAE. Beak of the perigynia much shorter than the body, the teeth 1 mm. long or less. Perigynia glabrous to sparsely pubescent. 142. C. lacustris. Perigynia densely or strongly pubescent. erves of the perigynia obscured by pubescence, the teeth of beak short. Leaf-blades flat, more than 2 mm. wide. 143. C. lanuginosa. Leaf-blades involute, 2 mm. wide or less. 144. C. lasiocarpa. Nerves of the perigynia prominent, the teeth of beak prominent, slender. 145. C. Houghtonii. Beak of the perigynia including teeth nearly as long as body, the teeth 1.5 mm. long or re more. Perigynia glabrous. Perigynia ovoid, the teeth less than 2 mm. long, erect or spreading; scales acute to aristate; leaf-blades glabrous. 146. C. laeviconica. Perigynia lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, the teeth 2-4 mm. long, widely spread- ing; scales long-aristate; leaf-blades pubescent beneath. 147. C. atherodes Perigynia hairy. 148. C. Sheldonii. 43, EXTENSAE. Perigynia 2-3 mm. long, the beak scarcely half as long as the body. 149. C. viridula. Perigynia 4-6 mm. long, the beak about as long as the body. 150. C. flava. 44. PAUCIFLORAE. Rhacheola present, conspicuously exserted; culms with many leaves. i 7 151. C. microglochin. Rhacheola absent or rudimentary, not conspicuously exserted; culms with few leaves. 152. C. pauciflora. 45. PSEUDO-CYPEREAE. Perigynia suborbicular in cross-section, more or less inflated. 153. C. hystricina. Perigynia obtusely triangular, scarcely inflated, closely enveloping achene. 154. C. comosa. 46. PHYSOCARPAE. Perleyale ey inflated; beak entire or emarginate; stigmas normally two and achenes enticular. Perigynia lanceolate; fertile culms filamentose at the base; rootstocks creeping. 155. C. miliaris. SEDGE FAMILY 49 Perigynia ovoid; fertile culms rarely if ever filamentose at the base; plant loosely ___ Stoloniferous. 156. C. sazatilis. Perigynia from little to much inflated; beak bidentate; stigmas normally three and _ achenes triangular. Pistillate spikes globose or short-oblong, 5-15-flowered. 157. C. oligosperma. Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric, 15-many-flowered. Lower perigynia not reflexed; bracts moderately exceeding the spikes. , Perigynia ascending; lower sheaths more or less strongly filamentose; culms sharply triangular. Perigynia 6-8 mm. long. erigynia oblong-ovoid, tapering into the beak; spikes loosely flowered at base. 158. C. Raeana. Perigynia ovoid or globose-ovoid, contracted into the beak; spikes more closely flowered. 159. C. vesicaria. Perigynia 8-10 mm. long, tapering into the beak. 160. C. exsiccata. Perigynia spreading at maturity; lower sheaths not filamentose; culms bluntly triangular below the spikes. 161. C. rostrata. Lower perigynia reflexed; bracts many times exceeding the spikes. 162. C. retrorsa. Family 14. ARACEAE. Arum Famity. Spadix terminal, with an oblong sheathing spathe; leaves petioled, with broad blades. . LYSICHITON. Spadix borne somewhat laterally on the leaf-like scape; spathe leaf-like, continuous to the scape; leaves narrowly linear, equitant. 2. ACORUS. 1. LYSICHITON Schott. Sxunx CaBBace. 1. L. kamischatcensis. 2. ACORUS L. Sweer Frac, CaLamus-Roor. 1. A. Calamus. Family 15. LEMNACEAE, Duckweep Famity. Rootlets solitary, without a fibro-vascular bundle. 1. Lemna. Rootlets several, each with a fibro-vascular bundle. 2. SPIRODELA. 1. LEMNA L. Ducxwenp. Fronds long-stalked, mostly submerged, forming large masses 1. L. trisulca. Fronds short-stalked or sessile, floating on the surface. Frond pale and usually strongly gibbous beneath. 2. L. gibba. Fronds green or purplish, not gibbous beneath. Frond oblong-obovate, indistinctly 3-nerved. 3. L. minor. Frond oblong or elliptical, indistinctly 1-nerved or nerveless. i 5. Frond unsymmetrical, without papules. . L. cyclostasa. Frond symmetrical, with a row of papules along the midvein. L. minima. 2. SPIRODELA Schleiden. Lancer Duckweep. 1. S. polyrhiza. Family 16. COMMELINACEAE, SpipErwort Famity. Petals all alike; perfect stamens 6; bracts leaf-like. 1. TRADESCANTIA. Petals unlikein shape and size; perfect stamens 3 or 2; bracts spathe-like. 2. COMMELINA. 1, TRADESCANTIA (Rupp.) L. SprpErwort. Sepals glandular-pilose; petals about 15 mm. long; capsule decidedly ellipsoid. Bracts broader than the leaves, strongly gibbous at the base; stem 2-3 dm. high, usually simple; pod densely glandular. 1. T. bracteata. Bracts not broader than the leaves, not strongly gibbous at the base; stem usually over 3 dm. high, branched. : Pod densely glandular-pubescent; sepals broadly lanceolate, densely glandular; plant bright green; branches shorter than the stem proper. 2. T. occidentalis. Pod glabrate. pubescent only in lines or at the apex. Pedicels strongly glandular; pods pubescent in lines; branches almost equalling the stem. 3. T. larimiensis. Pedicels glabrous or slightly glandular above; pods pubescent only at the apex. 4. T. universitaiis. Sepals glabrous or nearly so; petals about 10 mm. long; capsule subglobose. 5. T. scopulorum. 2. COMMELINA (Plum.) L. Day-rtowmrR, Drw-FLOWER. 11. C. crispa. Family 17. PONTEDERIACEAE. PickeREL-wEeepD Famity. Stamens unequal, the 2 posterior ones with ovate anthers, the third with a sagittate anther; capsule incompletely 3-celled; leaf-blades broad, long-petioled. 1. HETERANTHERA. Stamens all alike; anthers all sagittate; capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; leaf- blades linear, translucent, sessile. 2. ZOSTERELLA. 1. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Mop-PLANTAIN. 1. H. limosa. 2. ZOSTERELLA Small. Warer Star-crass. 1. Z. dubia. 50 MELANTHACEAE Family 18. MELANTHACEAE. Buncu-Friowrr Famicy. Plants with rootstocks (except in No. 3); petals and sepals glandless. Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-celled. 2 Anthers introrse; flowers involucrate with 3 bractlets. 1. TOFIELDIA. Anthers extrorse; flowers not involucrate. 2. XEROPHYLLUM. Anthers cordate or reniform, confluently 1-celled. : Flowers racemose, perfect, nodding; plants glabrous, with narrow leaves. 3. STENANTHELLA. Flowers paniculate, polygamous; more or less pubescent plants, with broad plaited leaves. Fuad 4. VERATRUM. Plants with bulbs; petals and sepals with a more or less distinct gland. Ovary partly inferior; gland obcordate. ; 5. ANTICLEA. Ovary wholly superior; gland obovate or semiorbicular. 6. TOXICOSCORDION. 1. TOFIELDIA Huds. Scorrish AsPHODEL. Stem glabrous, scapiform; seed unappendaged. Stem leafy at the base only; flowers short-pedicelled. 1. T. palustris. Stem with a leaf also at or above the middle; flowers sessile. 2. T. coccinea. Stem viscid-pubescent, at least above; seeds Spee . Bractlets broadly triangular, connate two-thirds their length. 3. T. intermedia. Bractlets lanceolate-triangular, connate half their length or less. 4. T. occidentalis. 2. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Turkry-BEaRD, BEAR-GRASS, MoosE-GRass, PINE-GRASS. Petals and sepals 7-10 mm. long. 1. X. tenaz. | Petals and sepals 4—6 mm. long. 2. X. Douglasii. 3. STENANTHELLA Rydb. 1. S. occidentalis. 4, VERATRUM (Tourn.) L. Wars Hetiesore, Fatse Hetiepore, SKUNK CABBAGE. Flowers greenish; bractlets foliaceous, often equalling or exceeding the flowers. 1. V. Eschscholizii. Flowers white or yellowish white; bractlets membranous, much shorter than the pedicels and flowers. Petals and sepals oval or broadly oblanceolate. 2. V. speciosum. Petals and sepals narrowly oblanceolate. 3. V. tenuipetalum. 6. ANTICLEA Kunth. Wuire Camas. Base of the stem not covered by conspicuous scarious sheaths; plant not tufted. Petals and sepals greenish, the former more or less contracted into a broad claw. : 1. A. chlorantha. Petals and sepals white or straw-colored, greenish only on the midrib, not at all clawed. Petals and sepals 7—13-nerved. Stem more or less leafy, 3-6 dm. high; petals white, 7-8 mm. long. 2 ee? 2. A. elegans. Stem scapiform, 1-2 dm. high; petals straw-colored, 5-6 mm. wae 3. A. alpina. Petals and sepals 5-6 mm. long, 3—7-nerved. oe Inflorescence usually simple, few-flowered ; petals and sepals usually nearly 6 mm. long; flowers not recurved after anthesis. 4. A. coloradensis. Inflorescence branched, many-flowered; petals and sepals rarely exceeding 5 mm. in length; flowers reflexed just after anthesis. 5. A. porrifolia. Base of the stem covered by numerous, conspicuous, scarious sheaths; plant growing in big clumps. 6. A. vaginata. 6. TOXICOSCORDION Rydb. Porson Camas, DeatH Camas. Pera znd eee ey re poate oe. i pper leaves without shea al e base; both petals and sepals distinctly clawed and subcordate at the base; gland with a thick, toothed margin. 1, F. venenosum. All leaves with distinct sheaths; petals long-clawed and subcordate at the base; en senels su baeseule: margin of the vied il defined. 2. T. gramineum. etals and sepals acute or acuminate at the apex; all leaves with sheaths; at the base and short-clawed or subsessile. Seale SUneANY Leaves less than 5 mm. wide; petals and sepals both cuneate at the base and short- clawed. : 3. T. acutum. Leaves over 5 mm. wide. Raceme simple; petals comparatively long-clawed and subcordate at the base. 4. T. Raceme branched; petals short-clawed, not subcordate at the Be ei 5. T. paniculatum. 19. Family JUNCACEAE. Rusa Famity. Leaf-sheaths open; capsule 1—3-celled, with axile or parietal placentae; seeds many. Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled, with basal placentae; seeds 3. 2 cones ae: RUSH FAMILY 51 1. JUNCUS (Tourn.) L. Rusx, Wire-crass. Lower bracts of the inflorescence terete, erect, appearing like a continuation of the stem; inflorescence therefore apparently lateral; stamens 6. Flowers several in a more or less compound panicle; seeds apiculate or acute; peren- nials with long rootstocks. T. EFFUSI. Flowers 1-5, of which one is subsessile and the others peduncled; seeds caudate, i. e., with white tails at each end; densely cespitose perennials. Il. SUBTRIFLORI. Lower bracts not appearing as a continuation of the stem, or if so, channeled on the upper side; inflorescence terminal. Leaves neither septate nor equitant. Leaves not fistulose. Flowers many. Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence; leaves narrowly linear, either flat or subterete and channeled; stamens 6. Perennials, with short cespitose rootstocks; stems simple. III. TENUES. Annuals; stem branching; seed apiculate. IV. BUFONII. Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads on the branches of the inflorescence; leaves flat, often grass-like; perennials with stoloniferous rootstocks. S VI. GRAMINIFOLII. Flowers solitary on the scape; plant 2-3 cm. high. VII. UNCIALES. Leaves fistulose (i. e., hollow); flowers few in small heads; lower sheath bladeless; seeds caudate; stamens 6. V. CASTANEI. Leaves septate. Leaves terete, not equitant. Septa poorly developed; heads 1-3. V. CASTANEI. Septa at developed; heads usually several (in J. eis ha ueually only DOSI on Leaves equibant laterally flattened so that one edge is towards the stem: seeds apiculate; perennials with creeping rootstocks. IX. ENSIFOLII. I. EFFUsI. Stem light green, striate when dry on account of the free hynodenmal fibro-vascular bundles; sepals and petals green. J. filiformis. Stem dark green or at the eet purplish, not striate; sepals and Heals brown. Stem terete; sheath naked or merely bristle-pointed; sepals and petals dark purplish brown. Inflorescence congested; branches 1-3 cm. long; petals and sepals acute or short- acuminate, almost equal in length. 2. J. ater. Inflorescence. open; branches 4-7 cm. long; sepals feng-araning ie, much exceed- ing the acute petals. 3. J. vallicola. Stem flattened; uppermost sheath often leaf-bearing; sepals and petals not very dark brown. 4. J. mexicanus. IL. SUBTRIFLORI. Upper ee merely bristle-pointed ; petals and sepals with green backs and dark brown margins. J. Drummondii. Upper sheaths leaf- -bearing; green backs of the petals and sepals jess ‘prominent. Sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, light brown; capsule acute. 6. J. Parryi. Sepals and petals broadly lanceolate, very dark brown; capsule Farag sis alli. III. TENUES. Seeds long-caudate; leaves terete with a shallow groove above. 8. J. Vaseyi. Seeds apiculate, not caudate; leaves flat, but usually involute, lunate in section. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths membranous, whitish. Auricles scarcely produced beyond the insertion, scarcely scarious; petals and sepals scarcely spreading. Perianth 3—4 mm. long, equalling the capsule. 9. J. interior. Perianth 4.5-5 mm. long, exceeding the capsule. 10. J. arizonicus. Auricles conspicuously produced beyond the point of insertion. Capsule oblong, narrow, 3-celled, equalling the perianth or nearly so; sepals and petals erect or appressed. Stem stout; leaves short and broad (1.5-2 mm. wide); sepals and petals 4-5 . ae long, scarious at the base only, as flowers in an open cym J. brachyphyllus. Stem senders leaves narrow and long; sepals and petal 3.5—4 mm. long, scarious to the apex, fuscous; flowers few, congested. 12. J. confusus. Capsule ovate or oval, 1-celled, three-fourths as long as the petals or less; petals and sepals spreading. 13. J. tenuis. Auricles edriiacinoda, yellowish brown; inflorescence Greenies: pousele ovate; petals and sepals spreading. . J. Dudleyi. IV. BUFONI. Capsule oblong to ovoid, trigonous, 3-4.5 mm. long, at maturity closely embraced by the ascending petals. 15. J. bufonius. Capsule subglobose or short-ovoid, 2-3 mm. long; petals and sepals at maturity loosely spreading, ascending, or squarrose. 16. J. sphaerocarpus. V. CASTANEI. Stem leafy only at the base, but the uppermost leaf often with a long sheath; perianth about 4 mm. long; leaves about 1 mm. in diameter; rootstock short, cespitose. 52 JUNCACEAE Lowest bract of the inflorescence more or less membranaceous, spreading; capsule obtuse or mucronate. 17. J. triglumis. Lowest bract of the inflorescence foliaceous, erect; capsule deeply retuse. _ 18. J. biglumis. Stem more or less leafy; leaves about 2 mm, in diameter; perianth 5—6 mm. long; root- stock longer, stoloniferous. 19. J. castaneus. VI. GRAMINIFOLII. Seeds caudate; ligules with lanceolate, acute auricles at the summit. Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high; leaves 5-20 cm. long; auricles aDOUy 4 rom. Jong. . J. Regelii. Stem about 2 dm. high; leaves 3-6 cm. long, spreading; auricles of the ligules about 2 mm. long. 21. J. Jonesii. Seeds not caudate; ligules with rounded auricles or none. Mae Leaves long, erect; auricles present. 22. J. longistylis. Leaves short and broad, ascending, spreading; auricles none. 23. J. orthophyllus. VII. UNCIALES. ne: One species. 24. J. uncialis. VIII. Nopost. Stamens 6; seeds not caudate, or slightly so in J. Mertensianus and J. nevadensis; peren- nials with creeping rootstocks. Inflorescence with short branches; flowers echinate-spreading or the lowest of the heads reflexed; capsule narrowly lanceolate. Heads 7-10 mm. in diameter; leaf-blades erect; petals usually longer than the sepals. 25. J. nodosus. Heads 10-16 mm. in diameter; leaf-blades usually spreading: sepals longer than the petals. 26. J. Torreyi. Inflorescence with elongated branches; flowers erect-ascending; capsule oblong. Capsule shorter than or rarely equalling the acuminate sepals and petals. Flowers dark brown. Capsule acute. 27. J. nevadensis. Capsule truncate or obtuse. Heads several; leaves terete; seeds not caudate. 28. J. truncatus. Heads solitary, or rarely 2-3; leaves somewhat flattened; seeds often caudate. 29. J. Mertensianus. Flowers light brown or straw-colored. 36. J. columbianus. Capsule longer than the obtuse or acutish petalsand sepals. 31. J. Richardsonianus. Stamens 3; seeds long-caudate; perennials with cespitose rootstocks. 32. J. Tweedyi. IX. ENSIFOLIT. Styles long, exceeding the petals by 1 mm. in length. 33. J. Tracyi. Style slightly, if at all exceeding the petals. Flower-clusters numerous, small, 5-12-flowered, light colored. 34. J. brunnescens. Flower-clusters few, 15-25-flowered. Flowers greenish or light brown; stamens 6; ligules of the sheaths usually without auricles. 35. J. parous. Flowers fuscous or very dark brown. Stamens 6; ligules of the sheaths usually produced into small auricles. ; ‘ 36. J. sarimontanus. Stamens 3; ligules without auricles. 37. J. ensifolius. 2. JUNCOIDES (Dill.) Adans. Woop-rusu. Flowers on slender pedicels in a corymbiform inflorescence. Petals and sepals 1.5-2 mm. long. Flowers and capsule pale green; leaves thin, shining; seeds brown, ellipsoid. 1. J. parviflorum. Flowers and capsule dark brown; leaves thick, dull; seeds yellow, aches bile at each end. 2. J. Piveri. Petals and sepals 3-3.5 mm. long. 3. J. glabratum. Flowers subsessile in head-like or spike-like clusters. Blades at least of the lower leaves flat, not attenuate into a subulate tip. Spikelets peduncled, forming a corymb. Flowers light yellow. 4, J. comosum. Flowers brown or ferruginous. 5. J. intermedium. Spikelets subsessile, forming a compound spike. Plant tall, 4-5 dm. high; inflorescence subcapitate; stem-leaves broad and flat: bractlets not ciliate. 6. J. subcapitatum , Plant 1-2, dm, rarely 4 dm. high. : Bractlets ciliate; spike usually elongate and often nodding; stem-leaves narrow, attenuate. 7. J. spicatum. Bractlets lacerate, not ciliate: spike short, capitate. 8. J. arcticum. Blades of the leaves attenuate into subulate, almost pungent tips. : Spikelets many-flowered; the lower on suberect or ascending peduncles; leaves erect. ‘ 9. J. hyperboreum, Spikelets few-flowered on arcuate-spreading peduncles; leave arcuate-spreading. 10. J. arcuatum. Family 20. ALLIACEAE. Onton Famity. Perianth-segments distinct or nearly so; style articulate to the 3-lobe : broad, spathaceous. i. oped Sepsiiles bracts ONION FAMILY 53 Perianth-segments united into a tube, with adnate filaments; style not articulate to the capsule; bracts not spathaceous, distinct. Filaments not united into a tube; pedicels articulate; capsule ovate or oblong. Filaments apparently in one series. Filaments opposite to the petals wing-appendaged at the base; anthers basi- fixed; flowers subcapitate. 2. DIPTEROSTEMON. Filaments all deltoid; anthers versatile; flowers umbellate. m . 3. HESPEROSCORDION. Filaments in two series; the inner adnate to the free part of the petals; anthers versatile. 4. TRITILEIA. Filaments united into a tube; pedicels not articulate; capsule tlgasireus, subglobose. . ANDROSTEPHIUM. 1. ALLIUM (Tourn.) L. Onron, Garuic, Leex, Curves. Bulb crowning a persistent rootstock; outer coat more or less fibrous. Leaves terete and hollow; umbels dense, subcapitate. 1. A. sibiricum. Leaves flat or channeled, not hollow. Umbels rarely nodding; petals and sepals long-acuminate; capsule not crested. Stamens and styles exserted. 2. A. validum. Stamens and styles included, half as long as the petals. 3. A. brevistylum. Umbels nodding; petals and sepals obtuse or acute; capsule 6-crested; stamens and style exserted. Leaves rounded-convex on the back, not keeled, lunate in cross-section. . A. recurvatum. Leaves almost flat or keeled, somewhat broadly Seated, in cross-section. Umbels many-flowered; leaves 3-5 mm. wide. . A. cernuum. Umbels few-flowered; leaves less than 3 mm. wide. é A. neo-mexicanum. Bulbs without a rootstock. Outer bulb-coat fibrous. Umbels bulblet-bearing; flowers few or sometimes none. Capsule with 6 rounded crests. 7. A. fibrosum. Capsule not crested. Petals and sepals ovate. 8. A. rubrum. Petals and sepals oblong-lanceolate. 9. A. canadense. Umbels not bulblet-bearing. Capsule not crested; involucre usually 3-leaved. Petals and sepals with a thick rounded keel. 10. A. aridum. Petals and sepals not thickened on the back. 11. A. Nuttallii. Capsule crested. Petals and sepals more than 1 cm. long; peduncles often 2 or 3; sheaths loose; bracts 3.° 12. A. macropetalum. Petals and sepals less than 1 cm. long; peduncles solitary; sheaths close. Bracts broadly ovate, usually 2, in flowers not reflexed; flowers white or light rose; several layers of the bulb-coat fibrous. Plant 1-3 dm. high; pedicels 8-12 mm. long; petals and sepals about 5 mm. long 13. A. textile. ‘ Plant 2-6 dm. neue pedicels 12-25 mm. long; petals and sepals 6-8 mma. long. 14. A. Geyeri. Bracts lanceolate, usually 3, soon reflexed; only outer bulb-coat fibrous; flowers red-purple. 15. A. Pikeanum. Outer bulb-coat not fibrous, but Pten more or less reticulate. Petals more or less serrulate or denticulate on the margins. Petals and sepals acuminate, the former serrulate near the apex. Petals and sepals long-acuminate, one-half longer than the stamens. 16. A. acuminatum. le aoe sepals abruptly acuminate, only slightly longer than the sta- 17. A. cuspidatum. Petals aud T senals obtuse, delicately denticulate below with spreading papillae. 18. A. simillimum. Petals entire, neither serrulate nor denticulate. Ovary and capsule crestless or indistinctly 3-crested. Petals and sepals obtuse or barely acutish. Leaves much longer than the scape. 18. A. simillimum. Leaves shorter than the scape. 19. A. scillioides. Petals and sepals acute or acuminate. Stamens exserted. 20. A. incisum. Stamens included. Reticulations of the bulb-coat irregular, narrow, with curved sides; the outer coat in age becoming fimbrillate. 20. A. fibrillum. Reticulations of the bulb-coat trapezoid, or elongated pent- or hex- agonal; the sides not strongly curved; no fimbrillae. Sepals ane petals neither gibbous at the pase, nor keeled on the Involucres 3-leaved; petals and sepals little exceeding the stamens. 22. A. tribracteatum. Involucres 2-leaved; petals and sepals at least half longer than the stamens. Petals and sepals half longer than the stamens; pedicels 8-15 mm. long. 23. A, Diehlii. Petals and sepals twice as long as the stamens; pedicels about 4 mm. long. 24. A. minimum. Sepals and petals gibbous on the base and more or less keeled on the back below. 54 ALLIACEAE Scape flattened; leaf-blades 5-8 mm. wide. Scape much exceeding the leaves in length; stamens about equalling the petals and aepae 25, A. Douglassii. Scape low, often exceeded by the leaves; stamens much shorter than the petals and sepals. Stamens two-thirds as long as ie sepals; capsule scarcely crested. 26. A. Tolmiei. Stamens half as long as the ad a capsules with 3 small crests. Cusickit. Scape not flattened; leaf-blades 2-4 aa eae. etals about twice as long as the stamens; capsule not crested. 28. A. .Brandegei. Petals barely exceeding the stamens; capsule with minute thick crests. 29. A. Nivii. Ovary and capsule distinctly 6-crested. Stamens and styles exserted; petals and sepals acute oF obtuse. A. stellatum. Stamens and styles not exserted; petals and sepals gerne Leaves more than one. anaes of the bulb-coats sinuate; leaves shorter than the Bulbecast thin, faintly reticulate; leaves 4-10 vier wide. 31. A. bisceptum. Bulb-coat thick, strongly reticulate; leaves 1-3 mm. wide. 32. A. Palmeri. Reticulations of the bulb-coats straight; leaves longer than the scapes. 33. A. pleianthum. Leaves eolney: longer than the scape. Petals and sepals long-acuminate, nearly twice as long as the stamens. 34. A. cristatum. Petals and sepals acute or short-acuminate, slightly longer than the stamens. 35. A. nevadense. 2. DIPTEROSTEMON Rydb. Perianth-tube funnelform, gradually widening into the limb; bracts broad, conspicuously exceeding the pedicels. 1. D. capitatus. Perianth-tube cylindro-campanulate, abruptly widening into the nls bracts narrow, often exceeded by some of the unequal pedicels. - . D. pauciflorus. 3. HESPEROSCORDUM Lindl. 1. H. lacteum. 4. TRITELEIA Dougl. Witp Hyacints. 1. T. grandiflora. 5. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr. 1. A. breviflorum. Family 21. LILIACEAE. Lity Famity. : Plant with a short rootstock; flowers subumbellate on subterranean pedicels from the crown of the rootstock; petals and sepals united into a long tube. 1. LEUCOCRINUM. Plant with ey or corms, either leafy-stemmed or scapiferous; petals and sepals distinct or nearly so. Bulb scaly; plant tall, leafy. Anuhers versatile; petals and sepals oblanceolate, clawed, with a Hnear nectariferous LiLium. ove. Ant) ba fixed near the base, slightly if at all versatile; petals and sepals obovate- oblanceolate, not clawed; nectary a shallow pit. Styles distinct from the middle; flowers purple, mottled with yellowish green; fruit winged. . 3. FRITILLARIA. Styles connate to the summit; flowers yellow or orange; fruit not winged. 4. OCHROCODON. Bulb tunicated. Anihers aed pele , 4 eaves asal or nearly so; flowers noddin 5. YTHRONIUM. Leaves several, alternate; flowers not nodding. chow bie Flowers in ours usually solitary; pedlenies not jointed; dwarf alpine plant. . LLoYD’ Flowers racemose; pedicels jointed below the middle; not alpine. ia Anthers versatile; scapose plants with racemose flowers. 8. HER , 1. LEUCOCRINUM Nutt. Srarn or Bersatesem, Mountain Lity, Witp TUBEROSE. 1. L. montanum. 2. LILIUM (Tourn.) L. Lity. Flower erect, solitary or subumbellate; petals and sepals unguiculate. Leaves linear. 1. L. umbellatum. Leaves lanceolate. : 2. L. montanum. Flowers several, racemose, nodding; petals and sepals not unguiculate. . 3. L. columbianum. LILY FAMILY 55 8. FRITILLARIA L. Ticer Liny, Leorarp Livy. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 1. F. lanceolata. Leaves narrowly linear. 2. F. atropurpurea, 4. OCHROCODON Rydb. Yettow Batt. 1. O. pudicus. 5. ERYTHRONIUM L. Doc-roora Viotet, ADDER-TONGUE, STAR-STRIKERS. Style more or less clavate. Anthers of the stamens subequal. Anthers 3-4 mm. long; rarely longer, light yellow. 1. E. parviflorum. Anthers 4-8 mm. long, usuajly purplish, in age yellowish. Petals 2-3 cm. long; their veins almost equal and equally distributed. : 2. E. obtusatum. Petals 3-5 cm. long (in secondary flowers sometimes smaller); midvein prom- inent, separated from the next veins by rather broad veinless spaces, side veins branched and arching towards the margin. 3. E. grandiflorum. Anthers of the inner set of stamens much longer than those of the outer; veining of petals resembling that of E. grandifiorum. 4. E. utahense. Style filiform or nearly so; petals narrowly linear-lanceolate. 5. E. leptopetalum. 6. LLOYDIA Salisb. Aur Lay. 1. L. serotina. 7. EREMOCRINUM M. E. Jones. Desert Lity. 1. E. albomarginatum. 8. QUAMASIA Raf. Camas, Buuz Camas, Witp Hyacrnra, ‘Swamp Srao. Flowers somewhat oblique, ahout 2 cm. long; divisions 3-veined, or some of them 4- or 5-veined. it 1. Q. Quamash. Flowers regular, about 3 cm. long; divisions all 5—7-veined. 2. Q. Suksdorfit. Family 22, CONVALLARIACEAE. Lity-or-THe-Vautiey FamIity. Stem leafy; leaves alternate. Sepals and petals distinct. Flowers white, in terminal racemes or panicles; anthers introrse; stem simple. Petals and sepals 3; stamens 6. 1. VAGNERA. Petals and sepals 2; stamens 4. 2. UNIFOLIUM. Flowers extra-axillary or terminal and solitary or in small umbelliform clusters; anthers extrorse or opening laterally; stem branched. Flowers extra-axillary, greenish white; filaments slender; anthers acute. Corolla campanulate. 3. STREPTOPUS. Corolla rotate. 4. KRUHSEA. x Flowers terminal, yellow; filaments dilated; anthers obtuse. 5. DISPORUM. Sepals and petals partially united into a tube; flowers axillary. 6. POLYGONATUM. Stem scapiform; leaves basal; flowers in terminal umbels, or solitary and iia ILINTONTA. 1. VAGNERA Adans. Witp Sprxenarp, Witp Lity-or-rae-VaLey, Fase Sotomon’s SEAL. Inflorescence paniculate. Petals and sepals scarcely half as long as the stamens; fruiu dark purple. 1. V. brachypetala. Pe.als and sepals almost equalling the stamens; fruit red with purple spots. a Leaf-blades acuminate, the lower contracted at the base into distinct petioles; style about 0.5 mm. long. 2. V. racemosa. Leaf-blades acute, all sessile and more or less clasping; style fully 1 mm. long. | 3. V. amplexicaulis. Inflorescence racemose. Leaves 6-12, sessile. Petals and sepals liuear or linear-lanceolate. 4. V. leptopetala. Petals oblong-lanceolate. Pedicels short, slightly if at all longer than the flowers or the fruit; leaves lanceolate, acute. 5. V. stellata. _ Pelicels long, the lower often 2~3 times as long as the flowers or the fruit. Raceme strict; pedicels strongly ascending; leaves narrowly lanceolate, long-attenuate. : 6. V. liliacea. Raceme zigzag; pedicels spreading; leaves broadly lanceolate, usually abruptly acuminate. 7. V. sessilifolia. Leaves 2-4, sheathing the low stem. 8. V. trifolia. 2. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Two-Leavep Sonomon’s SEAL. Leaves subsessile ;blades cordate-clasping, with shallow and narrow sinuses. 1. U. canadense. Stem-leaves distinctly petioled; blades with deep and open sinuses. 2. U. dilatatum. 3. STREPTOPUS Michx. TwisTep-sTaLx. Plant branched; Lo si geniculate; berry white. . S. amplezifolus. Plant simple; pedi 1 icels not geniculate; berry red. 2. S. curvipes. 56 CONVALLARIACEAE 4, KRUHSEA Regel. 1. K. streptopoides. 5. DISPORUM Salisb. Stigma, 3-cleft; fruit deeply lobed, obtuse, papillose. 1. D. trachycarpum, Stigma entire; fruit acutish, not papillose, but often pubescent. 2. D. oreganum. 6. POLYGONATUM (Tourn.) Hill. Sotomon’s SEat. 1. P. commutatum. 7. CLINTONIA Raf. 1. C. uniflora. Family 23. DRACAENACEAE.” Yucca Famity. Flowers perfect, large; ovary many-ovuled and fruit many-seeded. 7 Styles evident; petals and sepals thin, petaloid, spreading in anthesls, ” . YUCCA. Styles wanting; petals and sepals thick, inflexed. 2. CLISTOYUCCA. Flowers polygamo-dioecious; ovules 2 in each cell, but capsule often insended. OLINA. 1. YUCCA (Rupp.) L. Yucca, Spanish Bayonet, Soar-wEED, Soap-Root, Grass Cactus. Fruit a dry capsule. Leaves narrowly linear, very long. Style stout, swollen, green. 1. Y. glauca. Style not swollen, white. 2. Y. angustissima. Leaves linear-lanceolate, short; style not swollen, white. Leaves not papillose. 3. Y. Harrimaniae. Leaves densely rough-papillose at least on the back. 4. Y. Gilbertiana. Fruit fleshy. 5. Y. baccata. 2. CLISTOYUCCA (Engelm.) Trelease. JosHua TREE. 1. C. brevifolia. 3. NOLINA Michx. 1. N. Greenei. Family 24. CALOCHORTACEAE. Mariposa Lity Famity. 1. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. Seco Liy, Mariposa Lity, ButTtrerrry Liny. Capsule winged. Petals 1.5—2.5 cm. long, strongly arched and broadly pitted; leaves single; scape 1-4- flowered; bracts lanceolate. Stem 1-2 dm. high; gland broad. 1. C. elegans. Stem 3-4 dm. high; gland very small. 2. C. apiculatus. Petals 2.5-4 cm. long, less arched, not pitted; leaves usually 2; bracts linear. Purple spot of the petals lune-shaped, broader than long. 3. C. pavonaceus. Purple spot of the petals almost orbicular. 4. C. eurycarpus. Capsule not winged. Flowers white or lilac. Petals abruptly acuminate; gland oblong. Petals lilac, purplish, or light blue, with greenish midvein. 5. C. macrocarpus. Petals cream-colored, tinged with purple and sometimes with a purplish spot. 6. C. acuminatus. Petals rounded or merely acute at the apex. Anthers acute; gland broader than long. 7. C. Gunnisonii. Anthers obtuse; gland not broader than long. Stem erect, bulbiferous near the base. 8. C. Nuttallii. Stem flexuose, not bulbiferous. 9. C. flextiosus. Flowers yellow. 10. C. aureus. Family 25. TRILLIACEAE. Tritium Fairy. 1. TRILLIUM L. Waxe-rosin, Birts-Roor. Flowers sessile; leaves long-petioled; blades rounded. . i 5 Flowers peduncled; leaves subsessile, rhombic. z r peliolatum Family 26. SMILACACEAE. Smiuax Famicy. 1. NEMEXIA Raf. Carrion Fiower, Smivax. 1. N. lasioneuron. Family 27. AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryuuis Famity. Perennial herbs, with fleshy leaves (often spiny-toothed), clustered . anthers versatile; flowers in spikes or panicles. ages a Pee: AMARYLLIS FAMILY 57 Perennial herbs, with grass-like leaves, from a subterranean corm or ial rootstock ; anthers erect; flowers in ours umbellate. . HYPOXxIs. 1. AGAVE L. American Aton, Century PLant. 1. A. utahensis. 2. HYPOXIS L. Srar-crass. 1. H. hirsuta. Family 28. IRIDACEAE. Iris Famity. Styles alternate with the stamens; filaments more or less united; flowers rather small; sepals and petals similar. Filaments united to near the top; flowers blue or white, rarely tone purl SISYRINCHIUM. Filaments united only at the base; flowers rose or purple. Py OLSYNIUM. Styles opposite to and arching over the stamens, petal-like; laments distinct: snare large; sepals and petals unlike. 1. SISYRINCHIUM L. Buvs-ryep Grass. Stems bearing several peduncles from leaf-bearing nodes. 1. S. radicatum. Stems simple and leafless, with sessile terminal spathe (casually with a terminal leaf- bearing node and a peduncle). Outer bract of spathe little or not at all longer than the inner one, rarely surpassing it by more than one-third its length. Small and slender; flowers 10 mm. or less long; capsules less yee 3 mm. high. S. halophilum. Stouter; flowers 12 mm. or more long; capsules 4 mm. or more a h. Outer bract 2~3 cm. long; flowers becoming 14 mm. long. 3. S. occidentale. Outer bract 3-6 cm. long; flowers becoming 18 mm. long. 4. SS. idahoense. Outer bract of spathe conspicuously prolonged, sometimes 2—3 times longer than the inner one. Plant ear Sew g capsules among the bases of the leaves different in form from those of the terminal spathes. 5. S. heterocarpum. No basal capsules. Stem winged or margined. Perianth-segments not emarginate, narrowed to the aristulate tip. Stems and ali mostly 1-2 mm. wide; capsule obovoid-oblong, 6-7 mm. lon 6. S. alpestre. stems : and eaves mostly under 1 mm. wide; capsule obovoid or sub- globose, 3-5 mm. long. 7. S. septentrionale. Perianth-segments more or less retuse or abruptly contracted to the aristulate apex. Stems and leaves mostly 1.5—2.5 mm. wide; capsules. 4-6 mm. high. S. angustifolium. Stems and leaves mostly 1.5 mm. or less in width? ‘capsules 2-4 mm. Reacts of spathe smooth; valves of capsule ie S. mucronatum. Bracts of spathe minutely scabrellous; valves of capsule sparsely venose, 0. S. campestre. Stem practically marginless. 11. S. inalatum. 2. OLSYNIUM Raf. 1. O. grandiflorum. 2. IRIS L. Buus Fuac, FLEvR-DE-LIs. 1. I. missouriensis. Family 29. ORCHIDACEAE. Orcuis Famity. Fertile stamens 2; lip a large inflated sack. Sepals distinct; lip with an almost conical obtuse prolongation BELO CRIOSANTHES. Lower sepals united; lip rounded-saccate. 2. CYPRIPEDIUM. Fertile stamen 1. Pollinia caudate at the base, attached to a viscid disk or gland. Glands enclosed in a pouch-like fold; lip 3-lobed. 3. ORCHIS. Glands not encloséd in a pouch. Gland surrounded by a thin membrane; lip toothed at the epee. . COELOGLOSSUM. Gland naked; lip entire. Sepals 3—5-nerved; plants with rootstock or fibro-fleshy roots. Stem scapiform; leaves 1-2, basal; anther-sacks divergent; plants in ours with rootstocks. Basal leaves 2; ovary Beret: 5. LYSIAS. Basal leaf 1; ovary arcuat: 6. LYSIELLA. Stem leafy; anther-cells parallel or nearly so; plants with fechs-abroue roots. LIMNORCHIS. Sepals inerved: plants with rounded or oblong, undivided biennial corms. IPERLIA. 58 ORCHIDACEAE Pollinia not produced into caudicles. Pollinia granulose or powdery. Anthers operculate; leaves alternate. Green plants, with large leaves. _, 9. SERAPIAS. Plant white, turning brownish; leaves reduced, scale-like. 10. EBUROPHYTON. Anthers not operculate. Leaves green, borne on the stem. Leaves alternate; spike mostly twisted. 11. IBprDIUM. Leaves 2, opposite; spike not twisted. 12. OPHRYS. Leaves usually white-reticulate, basal. 13. PERAMIUM. Pollinia smooth or waxy. P , : Plants with corms or solid bulbs, rarely with coralloid roots; leaves not scale- like. Leaves unfolding before or with the flowers. Lip flat; flowers racemed. Aah; Leaves cauline; column short; pollinia clavate. 14. MALAXIS. Leaves basal; column elongated; pollinia globose. 15. LIPARIS. Lip saccate; flower solitary. 16. CYTHEREA. Leaf 1, unfolding after the flowering time. 17. APLECTRUM. Plants with coralloid roots,,bulbless; leaves reduced to scales. 18. CORALLORRHIZA. 1. CRIOSANTHES Raf. Ram’s-Heap, Ram’s-HEap Lapres’ SLIPPER. 1. C. arietinum. 2. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Laopiss’ Surprer. Leaves alternate; flowers solitary, terminal, or also several singly in the axils of the upper leaves. Sepals obovate to broadly obovate or oval, not longer than the lip; sterilestamen elliptic-cordate. . C. passerinum. Sepals lanceolate, attenuate, often longer than the lip. Lip white, purple-veined; sterile stamen ovate or obovate. 2. C. montanum. Lip yellow; sterile stamen triangular, yellow and purple-spotted. Lip 2-2.5 cm. long, broader than deep; lower sepal narrower than the upper one, exceeding the lip. 3. C. parviflorum. Lip 3-4 cm. long, deeper than broad; lower sepal fully as broad as the upper one or broader, usually shorter than the lip. 4. C. veganum. Leaves 2, opposite or nearly so; flowers usually several in a contracted. bracto spike. . Knightae. 3. ORCHIS (Tourn.) L. Orcuis. 1. O. rotundifolia. 4. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman. 1. C. bracteatum. 5. LYSIAS Salisb. Leaves orbicular or rounded oval; spur slightly clavate at the apex. 1. L. orbiculata. Leaves oval or ovate; spur strongly clavate and curved at the apex. 2. L. Menziesit. 6. LYSIELLA Rydb. 1. L. obtusata. 7. LIMNORCHIS Rydb. Boca Orca. Lip more or less lanceolate, i. e., broad near the base. Flowers greenish or purplish; lip not rhombic at the base. Spur decidedly clavate, thickened and obtuse at the apex, shorter than the lip. Petals purplish; spur only one-half to two-thirds the length of the lip, very saccate. Lip linear or nearly so, 5-7 mm. long; ovary slightly curved; spike usually _ elongated. . L. stricta. Lip lanceolate, fleshy, 4-5 mm. long; ovary strongly curved; spike usually short, 2. L. purpurascens. Petals greenish; spur almost equalling the lip. 3. L. viridiflora. Spur slender, scarcely thickened at all towards the apex, often acutish, equal- ling or slightly exceeding the lip; plant tall and stout; flowers comparatively large; sepals 4-6 mm. long. 4. L. media. Flowers white or nearly so; lip lanceolate, decidedly dilated, subrhombic at the base. Spur only slightly if at all exceeding the lip. Spur usually shorter than the lip and clavate. 5. L. borealis. Spur equalling or slightly exceeding the lip, slightly or not at all clavate. 6. L. dilatata. Spur from one-fourth to two-thirds longer than the lip. 7. L. leucostachys. Lip linear, 7. e., not at all dilated at the base. Spur shorter than the lip, decidedly saccate. Spur much exceeding the lip, filiform. Spike comparatively dense. Spike very lax. . L. stricta. . L. ensifolia, . L. laxiflora. oo ORCHIS FAMILY 59 8. PIPERIA Rydb. Woop Orca. Spur slightly exceeding the lip. 1. P. unalaschensis. Spur 2-3 times as long as the lip, filiform. Lip linear to lanceolate, about 6 mm. long; spike dense; spur tots mm. long. P mutitfiora. Lip ovate or ovate-lanceolate; spike looser; spur 10-12 mm. long. : P. elegans. 9. SERAPIAS L. Hetiesorine. 1. S. gigantea. 10. EBUROPHYTON Heller. 1. E. Austinae. 11. IBIDIUM Salisb. Laprzs’ TRESsES. Callesities at the base of the lip obsolete; lower sepals coherent with the petals and upper sepa: 1. G. strictum. Callosities nipple-shaped, directed downwards; lower sepals free. 2. G. porrifolium. 12. OPHRYS (Tourn.) L. Tway-suapE, Twiro.e. Lip broad, slightly 2-cleft at the apex, with or without a mucro in the sinus. Lip with distinct rounded auricles, slightly cleft at the apex; no ae 7% orealis. Lip with no aap but in their place two divergent small teeth at the base; mucro presen Lip nc raclilates lateral teeth small, without a papilla at the base. 2. O. convallarioides. Lip not unguiculate; lateral teeth prominent, with a papilla at the base. . caurina. Lip narrow, 2-cleft for about half its length into linear-lanceolate lobes, without a mucro, with narrow teeth at the base. 4. O. nephrophylla. 13. PERAMIUM Salisb. RatrLesNaAKE PLANTAIN. Lip evidently saccate, with recurved margins. 1. P. ophioides. Lip scarcely saccate, with incurved margins. 2. P. decipiens. 14. MALAXIS Soland. Avprr’s Moura. Lip ovate, acuminate. 1. M. monophylia. Lip broadly obcordate, with a tooth in the sinus 2. M. unifolia. 15. LIPARIS L. C. Rich. Twaysuape. 1. L. Loeselii. 16. CYTHEREA Salisb. Catypso, Venus’ SLIPPER. Beard of the lip yellow. 1. C. bulbosa. Beard of the lip white. 2. C. occidentalis. 17, APLECTRUM Nutt. Apam anp Eve, Purty-roor. 1. A. spicatum. 18. CORALLORRHIZA R. Br. Corat-Roor. Spur small, adnate to the ovary. Lip entire, ovate, sinuate; whole plant yellow. 1. C. ochroleuca. Lip with 2 lobes or teeth below the middle; plant brownish, rarely yellowish. Column about half as long as the petals; sepals erect. Lip unspotted; teeth or lobes small; spur very small. 2. C. Corallorrhiza. Lip spotted; lobes prominent; spur “manifest. 3. C. multifiora. Column almost equalling the petals; sepals reflexed. 4. C. Mertensiana. Spur lacking. Petals nal sepals 12-14 mm. long, elliptic. 5. C. striata. Petals and sepals 7-8 mm. long, oblong. 6. C. Vreelandii. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. Famity 30. SALICACEAE. Witiow Famtty. Bractlets incised; flowers with a cup-shaped disk; stamens usually more than 10; stigmas expanded; winter-buds with several scales 1. POPULUS. Bractlets entire or denticulate; flowers with one or more glands; stamens 2-7, in most species only 2; stigmas narrow; winter-buds with but 1 scale each. 2. SALIX. 1, POPULUS (Tourn.) L. Poptar, Corronwoop, ASPEN. Leaves not white-tomentose beneath, toothed or rarely entire. Petioles strongly flattened laterally. F Leaves suborbicular, acute or very short-acuminate, finely crenate or subentire. Leaf-blades with 2 conspicuous glands beneath at the base. fo 1. P. cercidiphylla. Leaf-blades not glandular at the base. 2. P. tremuloides. Leaves broadly deltoid, cordate, or ovate, abruptly acuminate, coarsely toothed, especially about the middle. Cup of the pistillate flowers 6-8 mm. broad. Pedicels equalling or exceeding the capsules; leaf-blades longer than broad; teeth few, less than 10 on each side. 3. P. Wislizeni. Pedicels shorter than the capsules; leaf-blades usually broader than long; teeth more than 10 on each side, sometimes obscure. 4. P. Fremontii. Cup of the pistillate flowers less than 5 mm. broad; teeth of the leaves many, more than 10 on each side; pedicels shorter than the capsule. Leaves flabellate-cordate, with a broad, concave, entire sinus. 5. P. Sargentii. Leaf-blades ovate, rounded or cuneate at the base, which is more or less toothed; only the blades of the young shoots cordate. 6. P. Besseyana. Petioles terete or nearly so. Petioles a Jesst half as long as the blades; blades cordate, ovate,or broadly lan- ceolate. Leaves green on both sides, abruptly long-acuminate. 7. P. acuminata. Leaves paler beneath, acute or somewhat acuminate. Fruit sessile, usually 3-carpellary. Ovary and capsule densely pubegcent, subglobose. 8. P. trichocarpa. Ovary and fruit glabrous, but slightly warty, ovoid. ‘ 9. P. hastata. Fruit pedicelled, 2-carpellary, glabrous; capsule ovoid. Twigs, petioles, and veins glabrous. 10. P. balsamifera. Twigs, petioles, and veins of the lower surface of the leaves more or less pubescent. 11. P. candicans. Petioles about one-third as long as the blade or less. Leaves cordate at the base. 12. P. Tweedyi. Leaf-blades lanceolate, usually acute at the base. 13. P. angustifolia. Leaves white-tomentose beneath, often lobed. 14, P. alba. 2. SALIX (Tourn.) L. Wuitiow. Capsule glabrous, or slightly silky when young in nos. 12, 14, and 16. Filaments hairy, at least below; bractlets caducous, light yellow; style very short, obsolete, or none, evident only in nos. 16 and 18; aments in all ours on short leafy branches. Stamens 3-7; stipe slender, 2-5 times as long as the nectaries. Petioles without glands; leaves remotely serrulate, thin. I. AMYGDALINAE. Petioles with glands; leaves densely glandular-serrate, firmer. i II. PENTANDRAE. Stamens 2; stipes usually very short. Leaf-blades lanceolate, acuminate. III. ALBAE. Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, rarely acuminate. : ; : IV. LONGIFOLIAE. Filaments glabrous; bractlets persistent, rarely light yellow. Trees, or erect or ascending shrubs, several dm. high; leaf-blades more than 1 cm. long; style evident. V. CORDATAE. Depressed prostrate shrubs, 1-3 cm. high; leaf-blades less than 1 cm. long; style none. VI. RETUSAE. Capsule hairy. | Filaments hairy; bractlets caducous; leaf-blades linear to lanceolate, not very veiny. ‘ F r ‘ NGIFOLIAE. Filaments glabrous, or if somewhat hairy, leaf-blades oval or orbicular, very veiny; bractlets persistent. CADEUIE Testers distinctly stipitate; style none or short, always shorter than the stipe. Stipe equalling or exceeding the bractlets; style 0.5 mm. lone or less. i VII. ROSTRATAE. Stipe shorter than the bractlets; style usually 1 mm. long. WAIT. CAPREAE. €0 WILLOW FAMILY 61 Capsule scarcely rostrate, subsessile or, if stipitate, stipe shorter than the style. Style evident, at least 0.5 mm. long. Leaves permanently silky or tomentose beneath. IX. ARGENTEAE. Leaves neither silky-white nor tomentose beneath. X. ARCTICAE. Style none; depressed or low shrubs, with entire strongly reticulate leaves. XI. RETICULATAE. I. AMYGDALINAE, Bractlets entire. Leaves narrowly lanceolate; petioles short. Bark of twigs brownish; aments long and lax; leaf-blades broadest below the mid- ong-acuminate. 1. S. nigra. Bark of twigs light yellow; aments short and dense; leaf-blades usually broadest at or above the middle, short-acuminate. 2. S. Wrightii. Leaf-blades broadly lanceolate; petioles slender, 6-15 mm. long. : 3. S. amygdaloides. Bractlets denticulate. 4. S. laevigata. II, PENTANDRAE. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, acute, drying blackish; bractlets of the staminate aments ovate, and of pistillate lanceolate, neither toothed. 5. S. erythrocoma. Leaves lanceolate to ovate; bractlets of the staminate aments obovate or spatulate, usually toothed; those of the pistillate aments oblong. Bractlets densely white-villous; stipe of the capsules scarcely twice as long as the nectaries. _ 6. S. serissima. Bractlets sparingly hairy; stipe of the capsules 3—4 times as long as the nectaries. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate; glands of the leaves very prominent; those on the petioles often stalked. 7. S. lucida. Leaves lanceolate; glands of the leaf-blades not very prominent; those on the petioles always sessile. Leaf-blades usually less than 1 dm. long, green on both sides; aments short. : 8. S. Fendleriana. Mature leaf-blades often 1 dm. long, glaucous beneath; aments elongate. 9. S. Lyallii. III. ALBAE. One species. 10. S. alba. IV. LONGIFOLIAE. Capsule glabrous or slightly silky when young. Leaves with close serrations, glaucous and prominently veined beneath. 11. S. melanopsis. Leaves entire or with distant serrations, neither glaucous nor strongly veined beneath. Styles none. Leaves permanently silky. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; ovary without a hairy swelling at the apex. 12. S. exigua. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide; ovary with a hairy swelling at the apex. 13. S. stenophylla. Leaves glabrous in age, or nearly so. Leaves linear-lanceolate; bractlets ovate or obovate, obtuse. 14. S. interior. Leaves narrowly linear; bractlets lanceolate, acute. : 15. S. linearifolia. Styles evident; aments dense; bractlets densely silky. 16. S. sessilifolia. Capsule permanently densely pubescent. Stigma sessile; leaves entire or nearly so. 17. S. argophylia. Stigma on a distinct style, which is 0.5 mm. long; leaves dentate. 18. S. macrostachya. V. CORDATAE. Leaves white-tomentose or white-villous beneath. : . Leaves entire, or minutely denticulate; aments 3-4 cm. long; bractlets silky-pilose. Leaves permanently appressed-silky. 19. S. Sandbergii. Leaves in age glabrous and shining, at least above. 20. S. lasiolepis. Leaves usually crenate, villous, 3-8 cm. long; aments 3-6 cm. iene bractlets densely i 21. S. Hookeriana. villous. Leaves glabrous or hairy, but not densely white-pubescent beneath. Branches without a bloom. ‘ : 2 Capsule long-stipitate; stipe in fruit 1.5-6 mm. long, equalling or exceeding the bractlets; style 0.5 mm. long or less. . Leaves dark green above; young branches not lizht yellow; aments on short leafy branches. : Mature leaves rather thin, dull; length of the blade less than three times its width. : 22. S. balsamifera. Mature leaves firm, dark green, shining above, pale beneath; length of the blade three times the width or more. ; Stipe in fruit 2-4 times as long as the bractlets; mature leaves slightly serrate. 23. S. Mackenziana. Stipe slightly if at all exceeding the bractlets. Mature leaves lanceolate, strongly serrate. 24. S. cordata. Mature leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire. 25. S. pedicillaris. Leaves yellowish green; young branches light yellow; aments naked or sub- tended by a few small leaves. 62 SALICACEAE Leaves usually long-acuminate, serrate. : 26. S. lutea. Leaves acute or rarely short-acuminate, entire or indistinctly crenulate. 27. S. Watsonii. Capsule short-stipitate or subsessile; stipe in fruit less than 1.5 mm. long and much shorter than the bractlets; style 0.5-1 mm. long. Leaves more or less dentate, rarely subentire. , . . Young leaves and twigs rather densely pubescent with long white hairs; the former glandular-denticulate or dentate. , Bractlets fuscous. is 28. S. Barklayi. Bractlets yellowish or light brown. 29. S. commutata. Young leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent. Capsules 7-8 mm. long; leaf-blades broadly ovate or obovate, glandular- dentate. 30. S. Tweedy. Capsule 4-6 mm. long; leaf-blades narrowly obovate to lanceolate. Leaves dark green above, not reticulate. Leaves blackening in drying, finely glandular-dentate. 31. S. conjuncta. Leaves not blackening in drying. f Leaves thin, ovate, elliptic, or obovate, light green and dull above; capsule ovoid. 32. S. padophylla. Leaves thick, firm, shining above; capsule lance-ovoid. Style 0.5-1 mm. long; aments on short leafy branches, 2-3 cm. long. 33. S. monticola. Style 1-1.5 mm. long; aments subsessile, 3-4 cm long. 34. S. curtiflora. Leaves yellowish green, conspicuously reticulate, thin. . Leaves acute or acuminate, serrate. 35. S. pseudomyrsinites. Leaves obtuse or rounded at the apex, crenate. 36. S. myrtillifolia. Leaves entire, linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or oblong; aments subsessile, nake Leaves permanently silky; a low shrub. 37. S. Wolfii. Leaves glabrous in age; tree or tall shrub. 20. S. lasiolepis. Branches with a bloom, purple. 38. S. irrorata. VI. RETUSAE. One species. 39. S. Dodgeana. VII. ROSTRATAE. Leaves linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate. Leaves sharply serrate, narrowly lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long. 40. S. petiolaris. Leaves entire or nearly so, linear, less than 5 cm. long. Leaves more or less silky, oblanceolate; branches purplish, asuety with a bloom. 41. S. Ge yeriana. Leaves not silky, linear; branches without a bloom. 42. S. gracilis. Leaves ovate to obovate or broadly oblanceolate. Bracts fuscous, obovate or cuneate. 43. S. discolor. Bracts yellow, linear-oblong or lanceolate. Mature leaves thin, glabrous. 44. S. perrostrata. Mature leaves firm, pubescent or tomentose beneath. 45. S. Bebbiana. VIII. CAPREAE. Capsule 8-10 mm. long; at least the staminate aments not leafy-bracted. Leaves obovate, entire or nearly so, densely silky and fulvous, almost velutinous when young, in age glabrate above; bractlets fuscous, obovate. 46. S. Scouleriana. Leaves oblanceolate, closely and finely serrulate, puberulent when young; bractlets yellow, oblong. 67. S. MacCalliana. Capsule 6 mm. long or less; aments leafy-bracted. Bractlets black, thinly pilose; style about 1 mm. long; leaves glabrate in age. > " 47. S. Lemmoni. Bractlets brownish, villous; style about 0.5 mm. long; leaves silvery-silky beneath. 54. S. argyrocarpa. IX. ARGENTEA. Aments more than 1 cm. broad; ovary over 5 mm. long. Leaves obovate, ovate, or broadly oblanceolate. Bractlets obovate, fuscous; leaves usually obovate. Twigs white-villous; leaf-blades entire. 48. S. alazensis. Twigs puberulent; leaf-blades usually glandular-denticulate. . S. Barratiiana. Bractlets oblong, yellow; leaf-blades usually broadly oblanceolate. ; 63. S. Seemannii. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; bractlets oblong. Leaves silvery-silky beneath, not strongly reticulate; bractlets black. on 50. S. bella. Leaves white-tomentose beneath, strongly reticulate; bractlets brown. 51. S. candida. Aments less than 1 cm. broad; ovary less than 5 mm. long. Leaves broadly obovate. ; Twigs puberulent; bractlets light brown; stamen 1. 52. S. sitchensis. Twigs glabrous; bractlets blackish; stamens 2. 53. S. Drummondiana. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate. WILLOW FAMILY 63 Bracers yellow or brown; stipes 3—4 times as long as the nectaries; style less than 0.5 mm. long. 54, S. argyrocarpa. Bractlets fuscous; stipes less than twice as long as the ag Style about 0. 5 mm. long; bractlets obtuse. 55. S. arbusculoides. Style 1-2 mm. long. Branches without a bloom; leaves tomentose beneath. 56. S. pellita. Branches with a bloom; leaves white-silky beneath. os Aments peduncled and leafy-bracted. . S. subcoerulea. Aments sessile and naked. 58. S. pachnophora. X. ARCTICAE. Aments on leafy peduncles. Leaves grayish villous on both sides, less so on the upper. Twigs white-villous or silky; branches yellow or grayish. eaves villous; capsules densely pubescent. 59. S. brachycarpa. Leaves silky; capsules finely and sparingly pubescent. 60. S. idahoensis. Twigs puberulent; branches usually purplish. Bractlets black or with blackish tips. Leaves oblong, 2-3 cm. long; bractlets obovate; viens divergent. S. pseudolapponum. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, 3-6 cm. long; prastlets oblong; branches ascending. Os S. glaucops. Bractlets yellow, oblong. - S. Seemannii. Leaves glabrate or when young covered with white hairs pareilel to the midrib. Shrubs not creeping, although often depressed. Leaves broadly oval, often minutely glandular-dentate. 64. S. subcordaia. Leaves narrower. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, or ovate. ~Leaves 2—4 cm. long; ca, sule 3-5 mm. long. Bractlets yellow or, brown, oblong; leas elliptic or oblanceolate, thin, darkening in drying; twigs purple. 65. S. desertorum. Bractlets fuscous at the apex; leaves opiates not -blackening in drying. . S. pseudolapponum. Leaves 4-6 cm. long. Bractlets fuscous; leaves elliptic or oblong, enone or acute, usually reticulate; glabrous only in age. S. glaucops. Bractlets yellow or brown; leaves usually sire asniate glabrous except when very young, not reticulate. Leaves entire or sparingly plandular-denticuiate, oblanceolate. S. Austinae. Leaves finely serrulate, elliptic, jannesitte. or oblanceolate. 67. S. MacCalliana. Leaves linear-lanceolate. 68. S. saskatchewana. Shrubs creeping; arctic or alpine. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate; aments many-flowered. S. petrophila. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate; aments Tew flowered, 70. S. cascadensis. Aments naked, from lateral buds. Leaves oblanceolate, strongly veined. 71. S. Nelsonii. Leaves elliptic, not strongly veined. 72. S. chlorophylla. XI. RETICULATAE. Leaves covered beneath with long white silky hairs. 73. S. Fernaldii. Leaves at least in age not silky. Leaf-blade over 1 cm. long; aments comparatively mary ones Filaments very hairy on the lower part; leaves strongly reticulate; bracts broadly obovate, fuscous, the upper portion almost glabrous. 74. S. orbicularis. Filaments almost glabrous; leaves less strongly reticulate; bracts cuneate-oblong, yellow, almost glabrous. 5. S. sazimontana. Léaf-blade 1 cm. or less long; aments few-flowered; bractlets Aolew, eae glabrous. j nivalis. Famity 31. FAGACEAE. Bercy Famity. 1. QUERCUS (Tourn.) L. Oax. Leaves lobed or divided, not evergreen; lobes rounded, obtuse or acute, but not spinulose- ippe Leaves bright green, early deciduous. Upper scales of the cup with caudate prolongations. 1. Q. macrocarpa. Upper scales of the cup not prolonged. Mature leaves softly pubescent, almost velvety beneath, deeply divided. Scales of the cup thin, not much thickened on the back. os ‘Q. submollis. Scales of the cup corky-thickened on the back. Q. utahensis. More phe glabrate, puberulent, or somewhat subbaccent, but not velvety eneat. 64 FAGACEAE Cup flat, covering less than one-fourth of the acorn. 3 4. Q. Vreelandii. Cup hemispheric, covering one-third to one-half of the acorn. Mature leaves very thin, glabrate beneath or puberulent only on the veins; cup covering about one-half of the acorn. 5. Q. leptophylla. _ Mature leaves firm, puberulent beneath; cup covering about one-third of the acorn. aide Leaves mostly oblong in outline, lobed half way to the midrib or less, rather dull. 6. Q. Gunnisonit. _ Leaves obovate in outline, divided deeper than half way to the mid- rib, very shining above. Lobes of the leaves broadly oblong, rounded at the apex. ; 7. Q. Gambellii. Lobes of the leaves ovate or triangular, acute. 8. Q. novomexicana. Leaves pale or bluish green, more persistent. : Leaves broadly obovate, with narrow sinuses. 9. Q. Eastwoodiae. Leaves oblong-obovate, or elliptic; sinuses broad. Lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse or acutish, not mucronate. 10. Q. venustula. Lobes triangular-ovate, mucronate. 11. Q. Fendleri. Leaves persistent, usually evergreen, entire, sinuate or dentate, or if more deeply lobed, the lobes with spinulose tips. Cup hemispheric; acorns barrel-shaped. _ Scales of the cups decidedly corky-thickened on the back. ‘ Leaves decidedly crisp, sinuately lobed; lobes siete eee ee . Q. pungens. Leaves flat, sinuate-dentate or entire; teeth mucronate, or sometimes slightly spinulose-tipped. 7 Acorns 6—7 mm. thick; cup shallow, enclosing about one-third of the acorn; leaves usually sinuate-dentate. 13. Q. undulata. Acorns about 1 cm. thick or more; cup deeper, enclosing about half of the acorn. Leaves usually entire, except those of the young shoots. 1 . Q. grisea. Leaves lobed, with few (5-7) lobes. 15. Q. panciloba. Scales of the cups thin, only slightly thickened on the back; leaves glabrate and shining above in age. 16. Q. Wilcozii. Cup more or less turbinate; acorns elongated-ovoid. 17. Q. turbinella. Famity 32. BETULACEAE. Breca Famity. Bracts_ cf the mature pistillate aments membranous, in ours 3-lobed, deciduous aur the ruit. . BETULA. Bracts of the mature pistillate aments thickened and woody, persistent. 2. ALNUS. 1. BETULA (Tourn.) L. Brrcu. Bark cer nUne into layers or sheets, the very thin outer layer peeling into small shreds; trees. all trees. Bark chalky white to silvery gray. Leaves broadly ovate, with acute apex, mostly subcordate base, and spreading teeth; twigs mostly glabrous; middle lobe of the bractlets acute, slightly longer than the rounded lateral ones. 1. B. subcordata. Leaves narrowly ovate, with long-acute or acuminate apex, rounded or cuneate base, and teeth directed forward; twigs pubescent; middle lobe of the bractlets narrow, rounded at the apex, about twice as long as the acute or obtuse lateral ones. 7 : 2. B. papyrifera. Bark yellowish or reddish brown, often very dark; twigs very glandular. Leaves ovate, very thin, dark green, acute at the apex, irregularly doubly-serrate, with long-pointed, slender teeth. 3. B. occidentalis. Leaves deltoid or ovate, thick, bronze-green, long-acuminate at the apex, coarsely and more regularly serrate. 4. B. alaskana. Bark not separating into layers; outer bark not peeling into shreds. Samara-wing broader than the body. aloe and branchlets glandular-resiniferous, not hairy. avers, of the bractlets spreading, obliquely ovate, auricled at the base; Trees. Leaves very thin; fruiting aments narrowly cylindric, elongate, less than 1 cm. thick; Jateral lobes of the bractlets obtuse or rounded; claw much shorter than the middle lobe. 5. B. Piperi. Leaves thick; fruiting aments broadly cylindric, stout, more than 1 cm. thick; lateral lobes of the bractlets mostly acute; claw_as long as the middle lobe. : . 6. B. utahensis. Lateral lobes of the bractlets ascending, obliquely rhombic, not auricled at the base; shrubs or trees. Shrubs or small shrub-like trees; bark shining, dark red-brown, smooth: leaves broadly ovate, usually less than 4 cm. long, coarsely and irregu- larly serrate, thin, dark green, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly rounded at the base; twigs densely glandular-resiniferous. 7. B. fontinalis. BIRCH FAMILY 65 Trees, often very large, never shrub-like; bark ashy gray or brown, rough- ened; leaves ovate, sometimes lobed, 4-7 cm. long, finely serrate, dull bronze-green, acute at the apex, truncate at the base; twigs but slightly ’ glandular-resiniferous. 8. B. montanensis. Twigs and branchlets more or less pubescent, not or sparingly glandular-resini- ferous; shrubs or shrub-like trees. Leaves oval or rhombic-ovate. Leaves narrowly oval or rhombic-ovate, 6 cm. long or more, sharply serrate or dentate; apex acute, base cuneate; twigs finely pubescent, not glandu- lar; middle lobe of the bractlets triangular, obtuse; lateral lobes rounded, obliquely rhombic; fruiting aments 2-4 cm. long. 9. B. Sandbergii. Leaves broadly oval, less than 4 cm. long, acute at both ends, serrate or serrate-crenate; twigs pubescent and sparingly glandular; middle lobe of the bractlets rounded, as broad as or broader than the ascending lateral ones; fruiting aments less than 2cm.long. 10. B. Elrodiana. Leaves obovate, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base; twigs puberulent and with scattered coarse hairs, sparingly glandular. 11. B. obovata. Samara-wing narrower than the body; shrubs mostly low. Twigs and branchlets pubescent, slightly glandular. 7 eaves finely crenate or crenate-serrate, oval, acute at both ends; twigs at first puberulent, at length glabrate. 12. B. crenata. Leaves coarsely serrate, obovate, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the ___ base; twigs with long scattered coarse hairs. 13. B. glandulifera. Twigs and branchlets glabrous, densely glandular-resiniferous; leaves obovate or orbicular, crenate-serrate. 14. B. glandulosa. 2. ALNUS (Tourn.) Hill. Axpmr. Nut bordered on each side with a-membranous wing-margin, fully as broad as the nut; twigs resinous-granuliferous; stamens 4. Leaves irregularly serrate, usually very oblique at the base, etaholy ra eae . A. fruticosa. Leaves incised and sharply double-serrate, green on both sides. Nut merely acute-margined. Leaves distinctly lobed and doubly serrate; stamens 4. Mature leaves pubescent, especially beneath, usually glaucous beneath; bark white-speckled. 3. A. incana. Mature leaves glabrous, except on the veins beneath and in their axils, green on both sides; bark not speckled. 4, A. tenuifolia. Leaves not lobed, merely sinuate and glandular-dentate; stamens 1-3, usually 2. _ 5. A. rhombifolia. Famity 33. CORYLACEAE. Haze.tnour Famtzy. Pistillate flowers many in a cylindric ament; nuts small, enclosed in a bladder ie . OSTRYA. Pistillate flowers few in a head-like ament; nut large, in a leaf-like involucre. 2. CORYLUS. 2. A. sinuata. 1. OSTRYA (Mich.) Scop. Inonwoop, Hop-HornBeam. 1. O, virginiana. 2. CORYLUS (Tourn.) L. Hazexnvr. Twigs glabrous or nearly so; beak of the involucre fully twice as long as the nut, strongly ribbed. _ 1. C. rostrata. Twigs decidedly hirsute, sometimes somewhat glandular; beak of involucre not more than half longer than the nut, not strongly ribbed. 2. O. californica. Famity 34. ULMACEAE. Em Famity. Fruit a samara; embryo straight. 1. ULMUs. Fruit a drupe; embryo with conduplicate cotyledons. 2. CELTIS. 1. GLMUS (Tourn.) L. Ex. 1. U. americana. 2. CELTIS (Tourn.) L. Hackserry. Leaf-blades neither coriaceous nor pale beneath, nor strongly rugose. Leaves smooth above. 1. C. occidentalis. Leaves very rough, pustulate-scabrous above. 2. C. crassifolia. Leaf-blades coriaceous, strongly reticulate and rugose, paler beneath, often yellowish green. Leaf-blades strongly pubescent beneath. Mi i Pedicels 1320 Tinh. long, more than twice as long as the fruit; be arts rata Pedicels 4-10 mm. long, usually less than twice as long as the fruit; leaf-blades des ela hispidul the veins sud in thole avila - i ispi on the ve’ . Leaf-blades glabrous beneath, or slightly hispidulous Ea CET. 66 CAN NABINACEAE Famity 35. CANNABINACEAE. Hemp Famity. Erect herbs; leaves digitately divided to near the base; pistillate flowers in axitlary stiff spikes. F _1. CANNABIS. Twining vines; leaves merely digitately lobed; pistillate flowers in drooving ament-like spikes with imbricate bracts. 2. HUMULUS. 1. CANNABIS L. Hemp. 1. C. sativa. 2. HUMULUS L. Hops. Leaf-blades 3-7-lobed about half-way to the base, with ovate, acute or short-acuminate lobes; those of the inflorescence 3-lobed or undivided. J. H. Lupulus. Leaf-blades 5—7-divided to near the base, with lanceolate, long-acuminate divisions; those of the inflorescence 5-cleft. 2, H. neomexicanus. Famity 36. URTICACEAE. Nerrie Famity. Herbs with stinging hairs; leaves opposite; flowers not involucrate. 1. URTICA. Plants without stinging hairs; leaves alternate; flowers involucrate by toate Deace. . PARIETARIA. 1. URTICA (Tourn.) L. Nerruz. Stipules membranous, oblong or broadly lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, often 1 cm. long. Stem and leaves densely pubescent. Stem and lower surface of the leaves coarsely velvety. 1. U. holosericea. Stem finely strigose; lower surface of the leaves finely short-pubescent. 2. U. Breweri. Stem nearly glabrous; leaves puberulent, in age becoming glabrate. 3. U. Lyalilii. Stipules narrowly lanceolate or linear, attenuate. Teeth of the leaves ovate, strongly directed forward. Stem glabrous except the presence of a few bristles; leaves thin, almost glabrous, not strongly veined. Petioles one-third to one-half as long as the cordate or broadly ovate leaf- blades. . U. cardiophylla. Petioles one-fifth to one-third as long as the lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaf-blades. 5. U. viridis. Stem more or less strigose or hirsute; leaves decidedly hairy, especially on the very 4 strong veins. Leaf-blades lanceolate, scarcely cordate at the base. Stem sparingly strigose and bristly. 6. U. gracilis. Stem densely strigose, scarcely at all bristly. 7. U. strigosissima. Leaf-blades broad, deeply cordate at base. 8. U. dioica. Teeth of the leaves broadly triangular, not strongly directed forward; stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so. 9. U. gracilenta. 2. PARIETARIA (Tourn.) L. Prxurrory. Leaf-blades lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, twice as long as the petioles or longer. Plant comparatively dark green; stem densely puberulent; sepals lanceolate, acute. “ : 1. P. pennsylvanica. Plant very light green; stem long-villous; sepals ovate, often obtuse. 2. P. occidentalis. Leaf-blades oblong or ovate-oblong, 0.5—2 cm. long, not twice as long as the petioles. 3. P. obtusa. Famity 37. POLYGONACEAE. Boucxwarat Famity. Leaves without stipules; flowers or flower-clusters subtended by involucres of partly united bracts; stamens mostly 9. Involucres from tubular to campanulate, of several united bracts. Involucres awaless, campanulate or turbinate, 4—8-toothed or -lobed. ‘ 1. ERIOGONUM. Involucres awn-pointed. Involucres herbaceous; flowers exserted; achenes lenticular. ’ 2. OXYTHECA. Involucres leathery or horny; flowers included; achenes 3-angled. Involucres with 3-6 awn-tipped spurs near the base, 1-3-flowered, in open dichotomous panicles. 3. CENTROSTEGIA. Involucres without spurs, 1-flowered. Involucres 6-angled, sulcate; filaments adnate to the base of the peri- anth. 4, CHORIZANTHE. Involucres 3-angled; filaments adnate to the whole tube of the perianth. 2 5. ACANTHOGONUM. Involucres bract-like, 2-cleft. 6. PTEROSTEGIA. Leaves with sheathing stipules (ocreae); flower-clusters not involucrate; stamens 4-8. Stigmas tufted. 2 Sepals 6; styles 3; achenes triangular. 7. RUMEX. Sepals 4; styles 2; achenes lenticular. 8. OXYRIA. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 67 Stigmas not tufted. Leaf-blades jointed at the base; ocreae 2-lobed, becoming lacerate; filaments, at least the inner, dilated. : 9. POLYGONUM. Leaf-blades not jointed at the base; ocreae not 2-lobed; filaments slender. Ocreae cylindric, truncate. 10. PERSICARIA. Ocreae oblique, more or less open on the side facing the leaf. Herbs, not climbing or twining; sepals neither winged nor keeled. Flowers in simple spike-like racemes; plants with thickened tuberous rootstocks. . 11. BISTORTA. Flowers gaa racemes or panicles; rootstocks not tuberous-thick- ene Racemes in terminal corymbs; plants smooth. Embryo in the center of the endosperm; leaves sagittate or cordate. 12. FAGOPYRUM. Embryo at one side of the endosperm; leaves neither sagittate nor cordate. 13. ACONOGONUM. Racemes not in terminal corymbs; plant prickly; embryo at one side of the endosperm. 14. TRACAULON. Herbaceous vines, with twining stems; sepals winged or keeled. 15, BILDERDYKIA. 1, ERIOGONUM Michx. Umsrenoa Pian. Achenes 3-winged; perianth not accrescent; perennials with a Unieke taproot and short . ALATA. crown. Achenes merely 3-angled; perianth accrescent in fruit. Perianth with a stipe-like base; bracts verticillate, leaf-like. Involucres in branching cymes; perennials with a branched woody caudex; flower- ing bra nches scapiform. II. ERIANTHA. Involucres in simple or compound umbel-like or head-like clusters. Perianth pubescent. Perianth yellow; leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate. Involucres undulate-dentate, tomentose, many, umbellate; embryo : straight; perennials with a cespitose caudex. III. FLava. Involucres deeply lobed, solitary, or 2 or 3 together; embryo curved; _ perennials, subacaulescent or suffruticose. IV. CAESPITOSA. Perianth white; leaf-blades ovate or elliptic; cespitose subacaulescent erennials. V. PYROLAEFOLIA. Perianth glabrous; perennials with a cespitose caudex, with the leaves clustered at the ends of the branches. VI. UMBELLATA. Perianth without stipe-like base. Ovaries and fruit pubescent; involucres few, capitate or subcymose; perennials _ with scapiform stems. VII. LACHNOGYNA. Ovaries and fruit glabrous or nearly so. Involucres in head-like or umbellate clusters. A . Perianth-lobes very unequal; perennials with a pulvinate-cespitose woody caudex. VIII. HETEROSEPALA. Perianth-lobes equal or nearly so. . ‘ . Heads solitary or, if more than one, proliferous-umbellate, with the central head sessile; cespitose perennials. IX. CAPITATA. Heads several, paniculate, corymbose or cymose-umbellate. Herbs with perennial caudices; heads paniculate, almost ebracteate; perennials with a stout rootstock. X. ELATA. Leafy undershrubs, with fascicled leaves; heads cymose-umbellate; suffruticose perennials. h XI. FASCICULATA. Involucres in open cymes. Bracts scale-like. 7 ; Involucres, except those of the forks of the inflorescence, sessile, the uppermost conglomerate. . Cymes repeatedly dichotomous or trichotomous. Perianth-lobes very dissimilar; perennials. XII. DICHOTOMA. Perianth-segments not very dissimilar. Perennials, shrubby at least at the base. XIII. CoRYMBOSA. Annuals, with a strict herbaceous stem. XIV. ANNUA. Cymes with more or less raceme-like branches. Perennials. XV. RACEMOSA. Annuals. XVI. VIRGATA. Involucres all peduncled, never conglomerate; scapose annuals (except E. tenellum); leaves basal, petioled. XVII. PEDUNCULATA. Bracts leaf-like. : : : Primary stem-leaves scale-like, with a pair or a fascicle of secondary well-developed leaves in their axils; caulescent_ annuals. XVIII. Divaricata. Primary stem-leaves well-developed, also often with secondary leaves in their axils, ee Perianth petaloid, not closely investing the achenes; involucres toothed or lobed. ; i ae Involucres sessile; leaves basal, petioled; bracts sessile, elliptic; scapose annuals. XIX. PUBERULA. 68 POLYGONACEAE Involucres peduncled; leaves and bracts similar, verticillate, linear; caulescent annuals. XX. SPERGULINA. Perianth herbaceous, closely investing the achene; involucre divided to near the base: leaves spatulate; caulescent annuals. XXI. SALSUGINOSA. I. ALATA. Involucres hairy, 3-3.5 mm. long and 1.5-2 mm. wide; stem and leaves manifestly hirsute and tomentose. 1. E. alatum. Involucres glabrous, 2-2.5 mm. long and of the same width; stem_and leaves nearly glabrous. 2. E. triste. II. ERIANTHA. Perianth whitish; style hairy at least to the middle. 3. E. Jamesii. Perianth yellow; style hairy only at the base. . Involucres 6-8 mm. long; leaf-blades oblong or oblanceolate. 4. EB. Bakeri. Involucres 9-10 mm. long; leaf-blades suborbicular to oval. 5. E. arcuatum. III. Fuava. Perianth (externally) pubescent throughout. : P Involucre elongated-obconic, 6-8 mm. long. 6. E. Piperi. Involucre turbinate, 4-5 mm. long. Stipe-like base of the perianth very short; old leaf-bases permanently tomentose. Leaf-bases thickened; Derentn copiously pubescent; Wat hinges silky above; involucres usually several. E. flavum. Leaf-bases not thickened; leaf-blades slightly floccose above, involucres few. Perianth 6-7 mm. long. 8. E. chloranthum. Perianth about 4 mm. long 9. E. polyphyllum. Stipe-like base of the perianth ie des old leaf-bases ele preus. 10. E. xanthum. Perianth pubescent at the base only. 11. E. androsaceum. IV. CAESPITOSA. Involucres with comparatively short, ovate, merely spreading aed long-peduncled; leaves linear or nearly so, revolute; stems ‘short, leafy. 12. E. thymoides. Involucres with long reflexed lobes. Densely cespitose, subacaulescent; involucre solitary. Perianth in flowers 3-4 mm. long. 13. E. caespitosum. Perianth in flowers 2 mm. long. 14. E. andinum. Caulescent, suffruticose; involucres 1-5. Perianth greenish yellow, 6-8 mm. long; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate. 15. E. sphaerocephalum. Perianth ochroleucous, 5 mm. long; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate. 16. E. fasciculifolium. V. PYROLAEFOLIA. One species. 17. E. pyrolaefolium. r VI. UMBELLATA. Leaf-blades ovate or cordate. 18. E. compositum. Leaf-blades from obovate or orbicular to oblanceolate. Involucres solitary. 19. E. Porteri. Involucres several, umbellate. Perianth deeply yellow. Leaves not densely tomentose beneath. Umbels simple; leaves spatulate. 20. E. neglectum. Umbels more or less compound; leaves oblanceolate. 21. E. biumbellatum. Leaves densely tomentose beneath. Inflorescence more or less compound. 22. E. stellatum. Inflorescence simple. Leaf-blades obovate-spatulate or oval; perianth 6-7 mm. long. 7 23. E. umbellatum. Leaf-blades rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oval; ite a 7-8 mm. long. . E. Rydbergii. Perianth ochroleucous, in age turning purplish susecdatoned Scape naked up to the umbel; leaves spatulate. Perianth about 6 mm. long; leaf-blades spatulate-oblong or elliptic, glabrous above at maturity. 25. E. subalpinum. Perianth about 8 mm. long; leaf-blades oval or ovate, permanently tomen- tose above. 26. E. aridum, Scape with at least one whorl of leaves below the amine leaf-blades oblanceo- late. . E. heracleoides. VII. LACHNOGYNA. Leaves and scape silky; the latter elongate, 1 dm. high or more; perennials with a taproot and cespitose crown. Inflorescence irregularly branched. 28. E. lachnogynum. Inflorescence subcapitate. 29. E. Tetraneuris. Leaves lanate, subsessile, obtuse; scape short, less than 3 cm. long, or none; pulvinate- cespitose perennials; involucres capitate. Leaf-blades elliptic or oval, not strongly revolute; scape 1-3 cm. long. Perianth yellow; lobes of the involucres lanceolate, more than twice as long as the tube. 30. E. longilobum. Perianth white or pinkish; lobes of the involucres not twice as long as the tube. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 69 Lobes of the involucres oblong or ovate, with a more or less scarious white or pink margin. i 31. E. Shockleyi. Lobes of the involucres triangular, not scarious-margined. x 32. E. pulvinatum. Leaf-blades linear-oblong, strongly revolute; scape none or very snort 33. E. acaule. VIII. HETEROSERALA. Heads several, cymose-proliferous, the central head sessile. 34. E. proliferum. Heads solitary. Involucres about 7 mm. long; leaf-blades oval. 35. E. orthocaulon. Involucres 4-5 mm. long. Perianth bright yellow or in age purplish; leaf-blades about as broad as long. 36. E. ovalifolium. Perianth cream-colored, ochroleucous, or isabel-colored. Perianth 2.5—3.5 mm. long; leaf-blades rounded-oval or ovate. ¥ . 37. E. depressum. Perianth 4-5 mm. long; leaf-blades elliptic, oblong, or spatulate. 38. E. ochroleucum. IX. CAapITaTa. Perianth yellow. 3 Bracts and involucres membranous; the former broadly lanceolate; the lobes of the latter ovate or triangular; densely pulvinate-cespitose perennials. Perianth bright yellow. ‘ 39. E. chrysops. Perianth ochroleucous, sometimes tinged with rose. 40. E. Kingii. Bracts and involucres firm; the former subulate or narrowly lanceolate (except in E. medium); the lobes of the latter lanceolate; perennials with a cespitose woody caudex. ’ Perianth ochroleucous. 41. E. loganum. Perianth golden yellow. Leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong, tomentose on both sides. 42. E. chrysocephalum. Leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, in age preenee above. 43. E. medium. Perianth white or rose-colored. Perianth glabrous; perennials with a cespitose woody caudex. Lobes of the involucres lanceolate, acute, not scarious-margined. Heads about 1 cm. broad; perianth fully 3 mm. long; leaf-blades 3-8 cm. long. 44. E. Brandegei. Heads about 0.5 cm. broad; perianth about 2 mm. long; leaf-blades 1-2 cm. on: : 45. E. depauperatum. Lobes of the involucres oval to orbicular, scarious-margined. Leaves glabrate above; perianth 3—5 mm. long; involucres in small heads. Lobes of the involucres much shorter than the tube. 46. E. coloradense. Lobes of the involucres about as long as the tube. 47. E. pauciflorum. Leaves white-tomentose on both sides; perianth 2.5 mm. long; involucres solitary. 48. E. mancum. Perianth pubescent. f Y Suffruticose leafy-stemmed perennial, with decumbent branches, villous. . EB. multiceps. Pulvinate perennial, acaulescent, silky-hirsute. 50. E. villiflorum. X. ELATA. One species. 51. E. elatum. XI. FASCICULATA. ee One species. 52. E. polifolium. XII. DIcHOTOMA. Stem leafy, suffrutescent; outer perianth-segments suborbicular. ‘ ’ 53. E. niveum. Stem scapiform, with a cespitose woody caudex; outer perianth-segments oval. Inflorescence more or less floccose. ss . : Involucres 5-6 mm. long; branches of the inflorescence ascending-spreading. 54. E. dichotomum. Involucres 3-4 mm. long; branches of the inflorescence eu onely ascending, almost erect. 55. E. lachnostegium. Inflorescence glabrous. 56. E. strictum. XIII. CORYMBOSA. Branches of the inflorescence not grooved. Perianth yellow. : 2 Plants more than 2 dm. high; leaves not heath-like. Leafy shrubs; inflorescence shorter than the stem. | Leaf-blades elliptic, oval, or broadly spatulate; involucres glabrous. 57. E. aureum. Leaf-blades oblanceolate; involucres tomentose. 58. E. idahoense. Undershrubs, leafy only at the base; inflorescence longer than the stem. Involucres villous-tomentose; leaf-blades equally white on both sides. Leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate; branches of ve Pufloresentice stronely ascending. . E. oren ; Leaf-blades broadly spatulate; branches of the inflorescence more spreading. 60. E. lagopus. 70 POLYGONACEAE Involucres glabrate; leaves usually less tomentose above. Leaf-blades oblanceolate or broadly oblong, not strongly revolute. Involucres strongly angled, all sessile. 61. E. Thompsonae. Involucres not strongly angled; those of the forks peduncled. 62. E. campanulatum. Leaf-blades linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, usually with revolute margins. Involucres in the forks peduncled. 63. E. brevicaule. Involucres all sessile. 64, E. micranthum. Plants depressed, less than 1 dm. high, with heath-like leaves. 65. E. contortum. Perianth white or rose-colored. : Suffruticose plants, leafy only at the base; inflorescence longer than the stem. Involucres tomentose, all sessile. 66. E. spathulatum. Involucres glabrous, at least in age. Leaf-blades spatulate or elliptic. , Pedicels of the lower forks scarcely longer than the involucres; lobes of the latter as broad as long; perianth 3 mm. long. . 67. E. spathuliforme. Pedicels of the lower forks several times as long as the involucres; lobes of the katter longer than broad; perianth 2 mm. long. 68. E. Ostlundi. Leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear. . Involucres all sessile. 7 ‘ Leaves mostly flat; involucres narrowly turbinate; perianth 2-2.5 mm. long. 69. E. lonchophyllum. Leaves mostly revolute; involucres campanulate; perianth 3-3.5 mm. long. 70. E. nudicaule. _ Involucres in the forks of the inflorescence, at least the lower, distinctly peduncled. . Involucres broadly campanulate, about as wide as long. _ 1. E. scoparium. Involucres turbinate, decidedly longer than broad. Branches of the inflorescence almost erect. 72. E. grangerense. Branches of the inflorescence ascending-spreading. Leaf-blades narrowly linear-oblanceolate or linear, usually revolute. 73. E. tristichum. Leaf-blades spatulate to oblanceolate, flat. 74. E. salicinum. Shrubby plants, with the leafy stem usually longer than the inflorescence. Leaves not revolute or scarcely so, distinctly petioled. Leaf-blades relatively broad, oblong to rounded-oval or obovate, obtuse. Involucres 4-5 mm. long. 75. E. Fendlerianum. Involucres 2-3 mm. long. Branches of the inflorescence divaricate. 76. E. divergens. Branches of the inflorescence ascending. Leaf-blades rounded or subcordate at Tne Dae decidedly crisp. . BE. Jonesii. Leaf-blades acutish at the base, not crisp, except sometimes the margins. Inflorescence and stem loosely floccose, in age inclined to become glabrate. 78. E. corymbosum. Inflorescence and stem permanently and densely white- tomentose. 79. E. salinum. Leaf-blades narrow, spatulate to linear, mostly acute at the apex. ee many times compound, copiously branched; internodes ong. Inflorescence tomentulose, broom-like, with strongly ascending branches; involucresabout 1.5 mm. long. 80. E. effusum. Inflorescence glabrous, lax and with spreading branches; involucres 2-2.5 mm. long. 74. E. salicinum, Taree en ess compound; branches and internodes short, mostly spreading. Involucres in the forks peduncled; peduncles slightly floccose. : 81. E. microthecum. Involucres all sessile; peduncles densely white-tomentose. 2 7 . E. nebraskense. Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, strongly revolute, subsessile. Peduncles not thickened upwards. Leaves glabrous or loosely floccose above. Stem 1-4 dm. high; leaves floccose above. 83. E. Simpsoni. Stem less than 1 dm. high; leaves glabrous above. : 84. EB. Mearnsii. Leaves densely villous on both sides. 85. E. bicolor. Peduncles clavate-thickened upwards. E. clavellatum. Branches of the inflorescence strongly angled and deeply grooved 87. E. sulcatum. XIV. ANNUA. aia One species. 88 XV. RACEMOSA. Leaves crowded on the short branches of the caudex; blades abruptly narrowed at the base or subcordate. 89. E. racemosum. wo Fe . E. annuum. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 71 Leaves scattered on the fruticose branches; blades tapering at the base. Leaf-blades elliptic or oblanceolate. si : 90. “E. Wrightii. Leaf-blades linear. 91. E. leptocladon. XVI. ViIRGATA. Stem neither divaricately branched, nor densely floccose. Involucres cylindric; perianth-segments oblong or oval; plant with few branches. Involucres about 3 mm. long. 92. EB. vimineum. Involucres about 2 mm. long. 93. E. Baileyi. Involucres campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long; perianth-segments cuneate, flabellate, or fiddle-shaped; plants with numerous branches. Branches not incurved in age; leaf-blades ovate or oblong. . . 94. E. densum. Branches incurved in age; leaf-blades orbicular or subreniform. 95. E. nidularium. Stem divaricately branched, densely floccose. 96. E. Plumatella. : XVII. PEDUNCULATA. Perennials with a woody caudex. 97. E. tenellum. Annuals. Perianth glabrous or in E. Thomasii and E. nutans somewhat pubescent; segments mostly obtuse or rounded at the apex. Peduncles not glandular. Scape and its branches glabrous. : eduncled reflexed or at least divaricate; leaves tomentose on both sides, less so above. Involucres 1.5—-2 mm. long; perianth 1.5-2 mm. long. Peduncles shorter than the involucres; outer perianth-lobes ovate or subreniform. Pevianth pale yellow; outer segments subreniform. : “ 98. E. Hookeri. Perianth white; outer segments ovate. 99. E. deflerum. Peduncles longer than the involucres; outer perianth-segments obovate or panduriform; perianth white or pinkish. 100. E. cernuum. Involucres 0.5 mm. long; perianth 1-1.5 mm. long, yellowish with red- dish veins. 101. E. Wetherillii. Peduncles erect or ascending. Leaves more or less tomentose beneath. Involucres 1.5-2 mm. long. Perianth yellow; segments similar. 102. E. pusillum. Perianth white or rose-colored; segments unlike. Involucres campanulate;. outer perianth-segments flabellate. 103. E. rotundifolium. Involucres turbinate; outer perianth-segments not flabellate. Outer perianth-segments oblong-ovate, the inner ones entire. 104. E. insigne. Outer perianth-segments subreniform, the inner ones 3- toothed, much smaller. 105. EB, turbinatum. Involucres scarcely 1 mm. long; perianth yellowish or white, usually somewhat hispidulous at the base. 106. EB. Thomasii. Leaves age glabrate or sparingly pilose. 107. E. Gordonii. Scape more or less pubescent, at least at the nodes. : eaves white-lanate beneath. 108. E. subreniforme. Leaves green on both sides, sparingly pilose. 109. E. trinervatum. Peduncles glandular; leaves tomentose. P Outer perianth-segments oval, emarginate or retuse, the inner ones oblong. 110. E. nutans. Outer perianth-segments ovate-cordate, the inner ones oblong-ovate, acute. 111. E. Parryi. Perianth pubescent; segments ovate or lanceolate, acute. ; Peduncles and usually also the scape glandular; leaves green, merely hirsute be- : neath. 112. E. glandulosum. Peduncles and scape not glandular. Leaves floccose or tomentose beneath. 113. E. Ordii. , Leaves green, merely pilose or hirsute. : Accessory branches at the lower forks of the inflorescence many and nearly as strong as the primary ones; all divaricate. Scape slightly if at all inflated. 114. E. trichopodum. Scape strongly inflated under the first node. 115. E. fusiforme. - Accessory branches of the lowest node of the inflorescence few and small or none; branches ascending; scape usually inflated. 116. E. inflatum. XVIII. DivaRicaTa. Leaves green, puberulent; involucres 5-cleft. usually sessile. 117. E. divaricatum. Leaves floccose beneath; involucres 5-toothed, peduncled. 118. E. angulosum. XIX. PUBERULA. i One species. 119. E. puberulum. XX. SPERGULINA. Leaves green, merely pilose; scape glandular. 120. E. spergulinum. Leaves tomentose beneath; scape finely pubescent. 121. E. pharnaceoides. 72 POLYGONACEAE XXI. SALSUGINOSA. : One species. 122. E. salsuginosum. 2. OXYTHECA Nutt. Stem-leaves and bracts lanceolate, connate only at the base; involucres Poa . O. foliosa. Stem-leaves and bracts connate, forming a nearly circular disk; involucres sessile. _ 2. O. perfoliata. 3. CENTROSTEGIA A. Gray. 1. C. Thurberi. 4, CHORIZANTHE RB. Br. Involucre not strongly sulcate, 5-toothed; filaments adnate to the perianth nearly up to the base of the lobes. 1. C. Watsoni. Involucres strongly sulcate, 6-toothed; filaments adnate only to the lower part of the perianth-tube. Leaves linear-oblanceolate to linear. 2. C. brevicornu. Lower leaves broadly spatulate. 3. C. spathulata. 5. ACANTHOGONUM Torr. 1. A. rigidum. 6. PTEROSTEGIA F. & M. 1. P. drymarioides, 7. RUMEX L. Dock, Sorret. Flowers dioecious; foliage acid. Leaves with auricled or hastate bases. Inner perianth-lobes not developed into wings in fruit; achenes granular. 1. R. Acetosella. Inner perianth-lobes developed into wings in fruit; achenes smooth. 2. R. Acetosa. Leaves narrowed at the base, neither auricled nor hastate. 3. R. paucifolius. Flowers perfect, or andro-polygamous; foliage not acid. Inner perianth-lobes entire, undulate, or denticulate. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit without tubercles. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit more than 2 cm. broad; plants perennial, with deep-seated woody rootstock. 4. R. venosus. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit less than 1.5 cm. in diameter. » Plants perennial, with clusters of tuberous roots; inner perianth-lobes in fruit 1-1.5 cm. broad. Achene 7 mm. long or more; inner perianth-lobes in fruit broader than long; plant low. 5. R. salinus. Achenes about 5 mm. long; inner perianth-lobes in fruit longer than broad. 6. R. hymenosepalus. Plants with taproots or thickened rootstocks; inner perianth-lobes in fruit 5-10 mm. broad. Plants low, less than 3 dm. high, perennial, with short tuber-like root- stock; fruit maturing before the inner Herisntinobes bevdme enlarged. . R. praecoz. Plants tall, perennial, with a taproot, not with a tuber-like root- stock; inner perianth-lobes well enlarged in fruit. Basal leaves 2-3 cm. wide, acute or rarely rounded at the base. 8. R. hesperius. Basal leaves 5-20 cm. wide, rounded, cordate, or truncate at the ase. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit with rounded apex, not conspicu- ously punctate. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit 8-10 mm. wide. 9. R. confinis. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit 5-6 mm. wide. . 10. R. occidentalis. Inner perianth-lobes abruptly pointed, conspicuously punctate. Fruiting inner perianth-lobes about as broad as long, sinuate on the margin. _ 11. R. densifiorus. Fruiting inner perianth-lobes longer than broad, sharply dentate. 12. R. subalpinus. Inner perianth-lobes or at least one of them bearing a tubercle in fruit; perennials with a taproot. Only one perianth-lobe tubercled. Leaves dark green, more or less crisp; fruiting inner perianth-lobes 8-9 mm. broad, reniform. — 13. R. Patientia. Leaves pale green, not crisp; fruiting inner perianth-lobes 5-6 mm. broad, deltoid-ovate. 14. R. altissimus. All three perianth-lobes bearing tubercles. Peet Leaves dark green, crisp; fruiting perianth-lobes ovate to reniform, den- ticulate. 2 a . 15. R. crispus. Leaves pale green, not crisp; fruiting perianth-lobes deltoid, entire. 1 , . P R. mexi : Inner perianth-lobes in fruit spinulose-toothed on the margin. eer Tall plants; lower leaf-blades cordate at the base; one tubercle. 17. R. obtusifolius. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 73 Low plants; lower leaf-blades narrowed at the base; three tubercles. 18. R. maritimus. 8. OXYRIA Hill. Movunrtarn Sorren. 1. O. digyna. 9. POLYGONUM (Tourn.) L. Kwnotwrsp, Doorwerp, KNorterass. Fruit erect. Inflorescence of small axillary clusters scattered more or less thoroughout the plant; all except P. minimum with elongated stems or branches; perianth-lobes never keeled near the apex. Plants copiously leafy throughout; upper leaves scarcely reduced and more crowded. : Very slender and low annuals, with red wiry, terete, non-striate stems. 1. P. minimum. Stouter and larger plants, often perennial, with prominently striate stems, usually 3-8 dm. long ¥ ; Perianth-lobes with yellowish green margins; plant erect, with spreading branches in age; leaves broad, yellowish green. 2. P. erectum. Perianth-lobes with white, pink or purplish margins; plant prostrate or diffusely spreading; leaves from bright to pale bluish green. _. Leaves thick, prominently veined, oblong, oval, or spatulate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, usually pale; ocreae very conspicuous; faces of the achenes granular. 3. P. buxiforme. Leaves thin, not prominently veined, bright green; ocreae not conspicu- ous; faces of the achenes finely striate. Perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, acute; leaves 2-4 cm. long. 4. P. aviculare. Perianth 2-2.5 mm. long; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long, acuminate; leaves mostly less than 2 cm. long. 5. P. neglectum. Plants with the upper leaves more scattered and reduced; mostly erect perennials. Upper bracts not subulate; achenes mostly dull. Lobes of the perianth with yellowish margins; perianth 3-4 mm. long; achenes about 3 mm. long, nearly smooth. 6. P. ramosissimum. Lobes of the perianth with whitish or pinkish margins; perianth 2-3 mm. long; achenes 2—2.5 mm. long, distinctly granulate or striate. Plant copiously branched and broom-like; leaf-blades linear or nearly so; achenes granulate. 7. _P. prolificum. Plant sparingly branched, mostly below; leaf-blades oblanceolate to elliptic; achenes finely striate. 8. P. rubescens. Upper bracts subulate; achenes smooth and shining. 9. P. sawatchense. Inflorescence aggregate at the ends of the branches, or more scattered in P. parony- chioides, in which, however, some of the perianth-lobes are keeled near the apex; bracts leaf-like and usually broader than the narrowly linear leaves; plants dwarf annuals. : Perianth-lobes not keeled. Leaves several, gradually merging into the bracts; achenes blunt-angled and strongly striate. 10. P. Watsonii. Leaf usually solitary and much longer than the bracts; achenes sharp-angled and obscurely striate. 11. P. unifolium. Some of the perianth-lobes keeled near the apex. : Bracts herbaceous or the uppermost with a very narrow scarious margin. Bracts linear; ocreae conspicuous; inflorescence interrupted. a 12. P. paronychioides. Bracts oblong or narrowly oblong; ocreae inconspicuous; inflorescence con- tiguous and dense. 13. P. Kelloggii. Bracts with broad white petaloid margins. 14. P. polygaloides. Fruit reflexed. Upper bracts much reduced and subulate. 2 erianth 1.5-2.5 mm. long; leaves narrowly linear. 15. P. Engelmannii. Perianth 3-5 mm. long. cs Outer perianth-lobes oblong, obtusish, thickened and green or purplish on the back; lower leaves oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate. 16. P. Douglasii. Outer perianth-lobes obovate, rounded at the apex, merely with a narrow midrib; lower leaves linear. : Inflorescence long, lax, virgate; ocreae of the bracts sneonerdeyous: . P. majus. Inflorescence dense, crowded at the ends of the branches; ocreae of the - bracts contiguous and conspicuous. 18. P. spergulariforme. Upper bracts foliaceous, relatively broad lanceolate or oblong. erianth 3.5—4 mm. long; lower leaves oblong or nearly so. Achenes included. 19. P. montanum. Achenes exserted. 20. P. commizxtum. Perianth 2—2.5 mm. long; lower leaves obovate, very acute. 21. P. Austinae. 10. PERSICARIA (C. Bauhin) Mill. Smarrweep, Lapy’s Tuums, Water PEPPER. Racemes terminal only and usually solitary; plants aquatic perennials. Ocreae without spreading foliaceous tops. Plant usually floating, or decumbent and rooting; leaves of an oblong type, glabrous, acute or obtuse. 1. P. coccinea. 74 POLYGONACEAE Bien ey diffuse and emersed; leaves of a lanceolate type, pobserenh, acumin- P. Muhlenbergii. Ocreae vith spreading foliaceous tops; leaf-blades narrowly oblong or lanceolate (broader in floating forms), pubescent. . P. Hartwrighiii. Racemes axillary as well as terminal, numerous; annuals. Ocreae without marginal bristles. Racemes erect; glands on the branches and inflorescence numerous, stalked. i omissa. Racemes drooping; glands on the branches and inflorescence ome Styles united only at the base. . P. incarnata. Styles united to about the middle. “oes Leaves. deep green on both sides. 6. P. lapathifolia Leaves pale beneath. 7. P. incana. Ocreae bristle-fringed. Racemes oblong or cylindric, about 1 cm. thick in fruit; perianth not punctate, usually pink to red-purple. 8. P. Persicaria. Racemes slender, loosely flowered, about 5 mm. thick in fruit; perianth white or pale green, copiously punctate. Racemes erect; achenes smooth and shining. P. punctata. Racemes nodding at least in fruit; achenes granular and aul. . P. Hydropiper. 11. BISTORTA (C. Bauhin) Mill. Brsrort. Racemes not viviparous, not bulblet-bearing, oblong, 1-2 cm. thick. Perianth 5-6 mm. long; leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong, or eau cuca Wa . bistortoides. Perianth 3-4 mm. long; basal leaf-blades linear. 2: B. linearifolig. Racemes viviparous, bul fisicbearing below, linear, 5-8 mm. thick. 3. B. vivipara. 12, FAGOPYRUM (Tourn.) Mill. Buckwuear. 1. F. Fagopyrum. 13. ACONOGONUM Reichenb. 1. A. phytolaccaefolium. 14. TRACAULON Raf. Terar-roums. 1. T. sagittatum. 15. BILDERDYKIA Dum. Fatse BuckwHerat, BInDWEED. Outer sepals merely keeled at maturity. 1. B. Convolvulus. Outer sepals developing conspicuous wings. 2. B. scandens. Famity 38. CHENOPODIACEAE. Gooseroot FamIty. Embryo annular. Stems and branches not jointed; leaves not scale-like. Flowers perfect, all with perianth, not inclosed in a pair of bracts. Fruit inclosed in the calyx. Calyx in fruit not transversely winged. Sepals 3-5; stamens 1-5. Fruiting calyx herbaceous. 1. CHENOPODIUM. Fruiting calyx fleshy, red. 2. BLITUM. Sepals 1; stamens 1. 3. MONOLEPIS. Gaignt in fruit transversely winged. Flowers paniculate; leaves ample, sinuate, flat. 4. CYCLOLOMA. __ Flowers spicate; leaves linear, terete. . Kocuia. Fruit laterally flattened, exserted from the marcescent cay ou CORIOSPERMUM. Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the pistillate inclosed in two accrescent bractlets. Pericarp not hairy. Bracts compressed; leaves more or less farinose; testa mostly coriaceous. Pistillate flowers without perianth. 7. ATRIPLEX. Pistillate flowers with 2-3 hyaline sepals shorter ae the bracts. . ENDOLEPIS. Bracts ob-compressed; testa membranous. Pericarp hastate with crested margins, 2-toothed apex; herbs more or less farinaceous, with toothed leaves. 9. SUCKLEYA. Pericarp obovate or orbicular, entire; undershrubs with pours leaves. . GRAYIA. Pericarp densely hairy, conic; low and tomentose shrubs. 11. EUROTIA. Stems and branches fleshy, jointed; leaves scale-like; flowers sunk into the rachis of e spike. Flower-clusters decussately opposite; branches opposite. 12. SALICORNIA. Flowers spirally arranged; branches alternate. 13. ALLENROLFIA. Embryo spirally coiled. Shrubs with monoecious bractless flowers; staminate flowers in spikes, without peri- anth; pistillate ones solitary, axillary; fruiting calyx ianavorsely winged. 14. SARCOBATUS. Herbs with perfect bracteolate flowers. Fruiting calyx transversely winged; leaves spiny. 15. SALSOLA. Fruiting calyx not winged; leaves fleshy, not spiny. 16. DonpIa. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 75 1, CHENOPODIUM (Tourn.) L. Goosrroot, PigwrEp, Lams’s QUARTER. Leaves more or less mealy or glabrate, never glandular or sweet-scented, sinuately lobed: dentate or entire; embryo forming a complete ring. Stamens 5; calyx not at all fleshy in fruit. Leaves entire or sinuately toothed, but not with large, acute (except in C. murale), . divaricate teeth; seeds 1-1.5 mm. in diameter. Calyx-lobes carinate; at least the upper panicles exceeding the leaves. Pericarp easily separating from the seeds. Leaves linear or oblong, entire or slightly sinuately toothed. Whole plant almost perfectly glabrous; glomerules 1—4-flowered, in very lax spikes; leaves narrowly linear. 1. C. subglabrum. Leaves more or less mealy beneath; glomerules several-flowered; spikes denser. : 3 Leaves thin; inflorescence not very dense; spikes somewhat interrupted below. Leaves all narrowly linear, 1-nerved, entire. 2. C. leptophyllum. Lower leaves at least oblong or lanceolate, 3-nerved and often somewhat hastately toothed. 3._C. pratericola. Leaves thick; inflorescence dense and crowded; leaves oblong. Plant densely mealy, yellowish. 4. C. desiccatum. Plant only slightly mealy, dark green. 5. C. aridum. Leaves broadly ovate or triangular, more or less hastate at the base. Plant densely farinose. Plant low and spreading. 6. C. incanum. Plant tall and erect. 7. C. albescens. Plant sparingly farinose or glabrate, tall. Leaves very thin, distinctly hastate; inflorescence lax. . 8. C. Fremoniit. Leaves thick, only slightly hastate, rounded at the apex. " 9. C. atrovirens. Pericarp firmly attached to the seeds. Leaves subentire or merely hastately toothed. Leaves linear; calyx closed in fruit. 10. C. inamoenus. Leaves broader, oblong, lanceolate, ovate or elliptic. Calyx open in fruit; plant ill-scented. 11. C. hians - Calyx closed in fruit. Leaves thick, more or less farinose, none of them cuspidate. 12. C. Watsoni. Leaves thin, glabrate; inflorescence lax. : “Seeds 1 mm. in diameter; upper leaves cuspidate. 13. C. Berlandieri. Seeds about 1.5 mm. in diameter; upper leaves long-acu- . minate. 14. C. lanceolatum. Leaves more or less sinuately dentate; inflorescence dense. Leaves densely mealy. 15. C. album. Leaves green or nearly so. 16. C. paganum. Calyx-lobes not carinate; panicles mostly axillary, shorter than the leaves. Leaves glabrate; seeds horizontal. 17. C. murale. Leaves farinose and glaucous beneath; seeds vertical. 18. C. salinum. Leaves with large divaricate acute lobes; seeds about 2 mm. in diameter. ; : 19. C. hybridum. Stamens 1-2; calyx reddish and ae fleshy in fruit. Plant usually more than 1 dm. high, erect; leaves usually BTS gM ae eee . C. rubrum. Plant less than 2 dm. high, prostrate; leaves entire or merely pactenely weotbod: . C. humile. Leaves glandular, sweet-scented, pinnately lobed; embryo horseshoe-shaped. Lobes of the leavesrounded or broadly oblong, moreor less toothed. 22. C. Botrys. Lobes of the leaves lanceolate, entire. 23. C. incisum. 2. BLITUM L. Srrawserry Burs, SrrawBERRy Picweep. Leaves more or less dentate, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base; inflorescence dense; glomerules 5-10 mm. in diameter. Inflorescence naked above; seeds with acute margins. 1. B. capitatum. Inflorescence leafy throughout; seeds round-margined. 2. B. virgatum. Leaves entire, except the hastate teeth at the cuneate base; inflorescence slender and naked above; glomerules 3-6 mm. in diameter. 3. B. hastatum. 8. MONOLEPIS Schrad. Poverty Weep. Leaves lanceolate, hastately lobed; flower-clusters several-flowered; pericarp somewhat eshy. ‘ : . 1. M. Nuttalliana. Leaves spatulate to linear-spatulate, entire; pericarp thin. Flower-clusters 10—20-flowered; pericarp easily separating from the seed. 7 2. M. spathulata. Flower-clusters 1—-3-flowered ; pericarp adherent to the seed. 3. M. pusilla. 4, CYCLOLOMA Mog. WincED PIGWEED, TUMBLEWEED. 1. C. atriplicifolium. 76 CHENOPODIACEAE 5. KOCHIA Roth. Perennial undershrubs; leaves linear-filiform, fleshy. A Branches tomentulose, soon glabrate; lore somewhat hairy when young; fruit nearly glabrous. 1. K. americana. Branches and leaves densely and permanently hairy; fruit very pubescent. dh 2: vestita. Annual; leaves lanceolate, not fleshy. 3. K. scoparia. 6. CORISPERMUM (A. Juss.) L. *Buc-sEEp. Fruit with a distinct wing, about 0.5 mm. wide. Spike lax; lower bracts much narrower than the fruit. 1. C. nitidum. Spikes dense; lower bracts usually overtopping, and rarely narrower _than the a . marginale Fruit merely acute-margined, scarcely at all winged. ‘ Plant glabrous. 3. C. emarginatum. Plant more or less villous. 4. C. villosum. 7. ATRIPLEX (Tourn.) L. Oracuz, Satt-Busu, SHAD-SCALES. Annuals. Bracts united only at the base; radicle inferior. Bracts thin, rounded-ovate, mucronate. 1. A. hortensis. Bracts thick, deltoid or lanceolate, acute. : Leaves not hastate. 2. A. lapathifolia. Leaves more or less hastate. 3. A. hastata Bracts united to about the middle; radicle superior. Bracts lanceolate or lance-oblong, not tubercled on the back; often laciniate below. 4, A. phyllostegia. Bracts broader; if narrow, broadest above the middle. Bracts broadly cuneate, truncate at the apex, seldom with tubercles. Leaves triangular or cordate-ovate. Plant low, decumbent, 1 dm. high or less; leaves less ‘than 2 cm. long. A, subdecumbens. Plant larger, 3-10 dm. high; leaves 1.5—2.5 cm. long. Bracts subentire, corky at the apex; fruit short-peduncled ; leaves cordate-ovate. 6. A. saccaria. Bracts bluntly 3-toothed at the herbaceous apex; fruit subsessile; leaves more triangular-ovate. 7. A. truncata. Leaves linear. 8. A. Wolfii. Bracts rhombic-orbicular to triangular, conspicuously toothed on the margins and usually appendaged or tubercled on the back. Bracts with linear, subulate, or oblong appendages on the back. Staminate flowers few, mixed with the pistillate ones. A. Caput-Medusae. Staminate flowers in terminal clusters. 6. A. saccaria. Bracts with triangular lobes and appendages. Leaves thin, more or less toothed or hastate. Bracts ovate, acute, longer than broad; branches urea or nearly so. 10. A. rosea. Bracts suporeeiler: as broad as long; branches distinctly round- angled. Leaves subsessile, only the lowest with short-winged petioles, very thin, usually cuspidate-acuminate; staminate spikes, if present, elongated. 11. A. expansa. Leaves petioled, firmer, acute; staminate spikes, if present, very short. 12. A. argentea. Leaves ovate or oblong, entire, usually less than 2 cm. long. Leaves more or less 3-ribbed; branches ascending. Leaves strongly ribbed; faces of the bracts with short thick ap- pendages. 13. A. Powellii. Leaves obscurely ribbed; bracts without dorsal 1 app pendages. 'ydbergit. Leaves 1-ribbed; branches spreading, ee Leaves ovate or oblong, 2-7 mm. long; bracts ovate, tubercled below the middle. 15. A. tenuissima Leaves linear, 7-17 mm. long; bracts ovate-oblong, tubercled at or above the middle. 16. A. Greenei. Perennials. Bracts not winged on the back. Plant monoecious; lateral wings decurrent on the pedicels. 17. A. gracilliflora. Plant dioecious; lateral wings not decurrent. Bracts with entire or merely wavy (rarely slightly denticulate) margins, with- out appendages on the back. Bracts small, 3-4 mm. long, longitudinally veined. Bracts united to above the middle; shrub not spinescent. 18. A. lentiformis. Bracts nearly free; shrub spinescent. 19. A. Torreyi. Bracts larger, 5-10 mm. long, not veined. Leaves reniform, coarsely sinuately dentate; free portion of the bracts reniform. 20. A. hymenolytra. Leaves entire; bracts not reniform. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 77 Leaves broadly oval or obovate; bracts obovate or suborbicular. Bracts entire. 21. A. confertifolia. Bracts dentate or denticulate, at least near the base. 22. A. collina. _ Leaves oblanceolate; bracts lance-oblong. 23. A. subconferta. Bracts with a distinctly toothed margin or appendaged on the back. Bracts broadest above the middle. Bracts aoe om less toothed on the margin, only rarely tuberculate on e back. Bracts 3-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth the longest. Bracts oblong-cuneate; leaves oblanceolate-cuneate. 24. A. Gardneri. Bracts broadly obovate-cuneate; leaves linear. 25. A. tridentata. Bracts several-toothed at the apex. 26. A. pabularis. Bracts entire, spongy, strongly tuberculed or appendenes on the back. Fi 27. A. corrugata. Bracts broadest below the middle, strongly tuberculate or appendaged. Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate. Leaves oblanceolate, oblong, or narrowly spatulate, subsessile, or short-petioled. Plant low; staminate flowers brown, in panicles; leaves short- petioled. 28. A. oblanceolata. Plant usually tall; staminate flowers yellow, in interrupted spikes; leaves sessile. Bracts ovate, sessile or nearly so; leaf-blades oblanceolate to oblong. 29. A. Nuttallii. Bracts fusiform, stalked; leaf-blades ye Meee to linear. . A. falcata. Leaves broadly spatulate, conspicuously petioled; staminate flowers brown, in interrupted spikes. 31. A. cuneata. Leaves oval, sessile. 32. A. buzifolia. Bracts broadly 4-winged. Leaves oval, abruptly acuminate. 33. A. Garrettii. Leaves from oblong or spatulate to linear, not acuminate. Wings thick, laciniate-toothed. 34. A. aptera. Wings thin, sinuately dentate or subentire. Wings when fully developed 4-6 mm. wide, distinctly dentate. Leaves comparatively broad, linear-oblong to spatulate, 4-10 mm. wide; sinus at the apex of the fruit narrow; free portion of the bract one-half to three-fourths as long as the width of the wing. 35. A. canescens. Leaves very narrow, linear, 2-5 mm. wide; sinus of the strongly reticu- late bract broad; free portion of the bract less than half as long as the width of the wing. 36. A. tetraptera. Wing very broad and thin, fully 8 mm. wide, merely sinuate; leaves linear. 37. A. occidentalis. 8. ENDOLEPIS Torr. Leaves thin, lanceolate, 1-nerved. 1. E. Suckleyi. Leaves thick, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate; the lower 3-nerved. 2. E. dioica. 9. SUCKLEYA A. Gray. 1. S. Suckleyana. 10. GRAYIA H. & A. Hop Sacz. Plant spiny; leaves 1-3 cm. long, spatulate; bracts 8-12 mm. wide. 1. G. spinosa. Plant not spiny; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, linear-oblanceolate; bracts 4-6 mm. wide. A 2. G. Brandegei. 11, EUROTIA Adans. Wuutre Sacer, Winter Sace, Winter Far. Branches erect, not spinescent; monoecious or some plants only pistillate; pubescence of mixed stellate and simple hairs. : _ 1. E. lanata. Branches ascending or spreading, becoming more or less spinescent; dioecious; pubescence of stellate hairs only. 2. EB. subspinosa. 12. SALICORNIA (Tourn.) L. Guasswort, SAMPHIRE. Annual with a taproot. 1..S. rubra. _ Perennial with a creeping rootstock. 2. S. utahensis. 13, ALLENROLFIA Kuntze. Burro Weep. 1. A. occidentalis. 14, SARCOBATUS Nees. Greasewoop, CuIco. 1. S. vermiculatus. 15. SALSOLA L. Satrwort, Russian THISTLE. 1. S. Pestifer. 16. DONDIA Adans. Sea Burrz. Sepals more or less fleshy, but none of them carinate; leaves narrowed at the base. Plant perennial, stout. 78 CHENOPODIACEAE Seeds tubercled. 1. D. Torreyana. Seeds not tubercled. 2. D. intermedia. Plant annual, more slender. 3. D. nigra. Sepals very fleshy, one or two decidedly carinate. Leaves subulate, broadest at the base; flowers crowded. Plant depressed, spreading. 4. D. depressa. Plant erect, strict. 5. D. erecta. Leaves narrowed at the base; spike slender; flowers not crowded. 6. D. occidentalis. Famiry 39. AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranta Famity. Anthers 2-celled; green plants with alternate leaves. Perianth present in all flowers. 1. AMARANTHUS. Perianth wanting in the pistillate flowers. 2. ACNIDA. Anthers 1-celled; stellate or woolly plants with mostly opposite leaves. Filaments united into a short cup at the base; calyx neither crested nor spiny; plants stellate, diffuse. 3. TIDESTROMIA. Filaments united into a long tube; calyx crested and tuberculate or spiny at matur- ity; plants woolly, erect. 4. FROELICHIA. 1. AMARANTHUS (Tourn.) L. Amaranru, PicwEeD, TUMBLEWEED. Sepals clawed; flowers in terminal and axillary spikes. Monoecious; sepals fimbriate; utricle circumscissile; leaf- saeas linear or linear- lanceolate. A. fimbriatus. ~ Dioveiouss sepals not fimbriate; utricle indehiscent; leaf-blades iho omte or obovate. Bracts lanceolate, not exceeding the flowers; spike not very long. A. Torreyi. Bracts subulate, pungent, exceeding the flowers; spikes very lon. . A. Palmeri. Sepals not clawed. Plants tall, simple; flowers in terminal and axillary panicles; sepals 5. Stamens 3; sepals 1-2 mm. long; bracts 5 mm. long or more. 4. A. Powellii. Stamens 5; sepals 2-3 mm. long; bracts 3-5 mm. long. Spikes stout, 8-14 mm. thick, strict; pistillate sepals obtuse or truncate. Inflorescence tinged with red; ‘pistillate sepals 1.5-2 oe long; plant glabrous. A. Wrightii. Inflorescence pale green; pistillate sepals 3 mm. long; plait villous. A. retroflexus. spe slender, 4-6 mm. thick, usually drooping; stem Sapa: pistillate sepals ute. 7. A. hybridus. Plant low, “much branched; flowers in small axillary spike-like panicles,shorter than the leaves Sepals 3-5, well developed. Sepals 4- 5; bracts lanceolate, a little longer than the sepals; plant prostrate. 8. A. blitoides. Sepals 3; bracts much longer than the sepals, pungent. ; Plant erect, glabrous. 9. A. graecizans. Plant prostrate or diffuse, pubescent. 10. A. pubescens. Sepals of the pistillate flowers, all except one, minute or wanting. : 7 ll. A. californicus. 2. ACNIDA L. Water-HEemp. Pistillate inflorescence of slender interrupted spikes; fruit circumscissile. 1. A. tamariscina. Pistillate inflorescence of closely clustered spikes; fruit indehiscent or a be splitting. t altissima. 3. TIDESTROMIA Standl. 1. T. lanuginosa. 4, FROELICHIA Moench. Stout, 4-12 dm. tall; crest of fruiting calyx continuous, dentate. 1. F. campestris. Slender, 2-5 dm. high: crest of fruiting calyx interrupted, forming aisblngs spines. _ . gracilis. Famity 40. NYCTAGINACEAE. Fovur-o’cLock Famity. Bracts distinct. Fruit crested or winged; bracts in a whorl at the base of the head-like cluster; peri- anth salverform. Bracts conspicuous. Wings not completely encircling the fruit, interrupted above and below. ABRONIA. Wings completely encircling the fruit. 2. TRIPTEROCALYX. Bracts inconspicuous or lacking. 3. SELINOCARPUS. Fruit globular, neither crested nor winged; bracts attached each to a pedicel of the umbel-like or corymbose inflorescence; perianth funnelform. 4. HERMIDIUM. Bracts united. Fruit neither strongly tubercled nor winged. FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY 79 Fruit not ribbed; involucre herbaceous, little if at all enlarging in fruit, not be- coming membranous. Stamens usually 5; involucre campanulate, not enlarged in rages Flowers several in each. involucre. QUAMOCLIDION. Flowers solitary in each involucre. = HESPERONIA. Stamens 3; involucre rotate, somewhat enlarged in fruit in the manner of the next genus, but not membranous. 7. ALLIONIELLA. Fruit ribbed; involucre rotate, in fruit becoming much enlarged ang re membranous. LLIONIA. Fruit with two rows of strong tubercles on the back and surrounded by two-toothed inflexed wings. . WEDELIELLA. 1. ABRONIA Juss. Sanp Versena, SAND Purrs. Fruit biturbinate, i. ¢., tapering at both ends, irregularly ridged or crested. Flowers about 2 cm. long; limb 5-10 mm. wide. Bracts broadly obovate, over 1 cm. long. A. fragrans. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, less than 1 cm. long. ‘A. nudata. Flowers shout 1 cm. long; limb 3-5 mm. wide; bracts ovate to gies eee 5-8 mm. Petioles of f the stem-leaves shorter than the very thick blades; Plant low, about 1 dm. high. A. pumila. Petioles of the stem-leaves much longer than the moderately tier’ blades; plant slender, 2-4 dm. high. 4. A. ammophila. Fruit turbinate or obpyramidal, i. e., almost truncate above, distinctly winged, the ‘wings very broad above. Plant almost acaulescent; stem and leaves greatly surpassed by the Jone peduncles. nana. Plant with an elongated stem. Bracts broadly ovate or obovate, acute or obtusish. Stem distinctly viscid-pubescent; leaves scabrous-puberulent; bracts 1-1.5 cm. ong. Blades of the stem-leaves elliptic; bracts broadly obovate 12 te mm. wide, obtusis. é salsa. Bilge is the stem-leaves lanceolate; bracts oval, acute, Nae ie mm. allax Stem auele puberulent or glabrous; leaves glabrous; bracts 44 mm. long. Stem puberulent; leaves long- petioled; bracts 8-15 mm. long. 8. A. elliptica. Stem glabrous; leaves short-petioled; bracts 5mm.long. 9. A. glabra. Bracts oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, attenuate or cuspidate. Stem glabrous. 10. A. lanceolata. Stem more or less pubescent. — . Y Stem puberulent; wings with double lamina, coriaceous. 11. A. Carletoni. Stem villous; wings with single lamina, membranous. 12. A. villosa. 2. TRIPTEROCALYX Hook. Sanp Purrs. Flowers 3 cm. or more long; limb about 1 cm. wide; peduncles longer than the leaves. 1. T. cyclopterus. Flowers 1.5—2 cm. long; limb about 5 mm. wide. Stem glabrous or nearly so; peduncles often nearly equalling the leaves: T. pedunculatus. Stem densely pubescent; peduncles at least in flower much shorter than the leaves. . TI. micranthus. 3. SELINOCARPUS A. Gray. S. diffusus. 4, HERMIDIUM §8. Wats. 1. H. alipes. 5. QUAMOCLIDION Choisy. Fovr-o’ctocx. 1. Q. multifiorum. 6. HESPERONIA Stand. 1. .H. limosa. 7. ALLIONIELLA Rydb. ; 1. A. oxybaphoides. 8. ALLIONIA Loefl. UmBre.ia-wort. Leaves cordate to broadly ovate-lanceolate, all distinctly petioled. Leaf-blades cordate or deltoid. 1. A. nyctaginea. Leaf-blades ovate, rounded or cuneate at the base. Stem glabrous; leaves thin and soft; inflorescence not bracteate. 2. A. floribunda. Stem hirsute; leaves thick and fleshy; inflorescence bracteate. 3. A. polyatricha. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or linear, sessile, or only the lower short-petioled. Stem more or less hirsute as well as viscid. Fruit pubescent. ~ Leaves ovate or broadly oblong, as well as the stem conspicuously hirsute. A, hirsuta. Leaves linear-lanceolate, almost glabrous; stem sparingly hirsute, or glabrous except under the nodes. 5. A. pilosa. Fruit glabrous. 6. A. Carletoni. Stem glabrous below, not hirsute, viscid-puberulent above. 80 NYCTAGINACEAE Flowers solitary in the involucre, on short slender pedicels; fruit nearly glabrous. . glabra. Flowers 2-3 in the involucres, subsessile; fruit decidedly pubescent Lower leaves ovate, rounded at the base. . Az sessilifolia. Lower leaves lanceolate to linear, tapering at the base. Leaves of the cymes much reduced and bract-like; upper portion of the stem densely and finely puberulent. 9. A. bracteata. Leaves of the cymes neither much reduced nor bract-like. Leaves erect or ascending; lobes of the involucre rounded or broadly triangular-ovate. Plant prostrate or diffuse; involucres and branches of the inflor- escence densely viscid-! hairy. 10. A. diffusa. Plants more simple, erect or ascending; branches of ‘the inflorescence usually merely viscid-puberulent. Leaves from ovate- or obovate- to Hacapranees ere usually over 5 mm. wide. 11. A. decumbens. Leaves narrowly linear, less than 5mm. wide. 12. A. linearis. Leaves divergent, distinctly petioled; lobes of the involucre elliptic or oval. 13. A. divaricata. 9. WEDELIELLA Cockerell. 1. W. incarnata. Famity 41. TETRAGONIACEAE. Carpet-weep FamMity. Hypanthium wanting; capsule loculicidal; leaves whorled. 1. MOLLUGO. Hypanthium manifest; capsule circumscissile: leaves opposite. 2. SESUVIUM. 1. MOLLUGO L. Invian CuickweED, CARPET-WEED. 1. M. verticillata. 2. SESUVIUM L. Sxra Porstane. 1. S. sessile. Famity 42. PORTULACACEAE. Pursiane Famity. Ovary wholly superior. Styles or stigmas 3-8; sepals not accrescent; inflorescence not secund. Sepals deciduous, scarious; capsule 3-valved; plant with fleshy rootstock or root; ours with terete leaves. 1. Sepals persistent, at least in part herbaceous. Capsule 3-valved; styles 3. Plants with a corm, or a fleshy root, crowned with a short caudex; cauline leaves opposite; ovules usually 6. 2. CLAYTONIA. Plants annual, or perennial, athe slender rootstocks; ovules usually 3. Stem-leaves opposite. Stem-leaves a single pair; plant neither rooting at eee nodes nor flagelliferous. 3. Stem-leaves of several pairs; plant floating and noe PEC rat Ge nodes, usually flagelliferous. ‘RUNOCALLIS. Stem-leaves alternate. Leaves very fleshy; perennials, with bulblets and ereepine stems or stolons. NAIOCRENE. Leaves not fleshy; erect annuals, without b ulblets and stolons. 6. MONTIASTRUM. Capsule circumscissile near the base. Sepals 6-8; scape jointed above the middle, with 2 or more subulate bracts at the joint. - 7. LEWISIA. Sepals 2; scape not jointed near the middle. Plants with a thick perennial root, bearing one or several short caudices. : OREOBROMA. Plants with a globular corm and a slender stem bearing 2-3 verticil- : late leaves. 9. EROCALLIS. Styles or stigmas 2; capsule 2-valved; sepals scarious and accrescent; inflorescence secund. 10. SPRAGUEA. Ovary partly inferior, circumscissile; ours low spreading leafy Apna. age flat leaves. . PORTULACA. 1. TALINUM Adans. Fame-FLOWER. Plant scapose, from a corm-like rootstock. Flowers about 1 cm. wide; stamens 5-10. 1. T. parviflorum. Flowers 2-3 cm. wide; stamens 30 or more. 2. T. calycinum. Plant low and spreading, from a branched rootstock; flowers axillary. 3. T. brachypodum. 2. CLAYTONIA (Gronov.) L. Spring Beauty, GRoUND-NUT. Plants with corms; basal leaves few. Stem-leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 1-ribbed or indistinctly ie Corolla orange. 1. C. chrysantha. Corolla white or pink. Sepals oblong to oval, rounded at the apex; corms usually with 1 or 2 stems. Stem-leaves petioled; corolla white, with rose-colored veins. 2. C. virginica. * PURSLANE FAMILY 81 Stem-leaves sessile; flowers pink. 3. C. rosea. Sepals rhombic-ovate; corms with several stems. 4. C. multiscapa. Stem-leaves broadly lanceolate, distinctly triple-ribbed. 5. C. lanceolata. Plants witha short caudex and a fleshy taproot; basal leaves clustered. 6. C. megarrhiza. 3. LIMNIA L. Spaniso Lerruce, Seuaw Letrucer, Sovuaw Capac, Miners’ Lettuce. Plants with perennial scaly rootstocks; stem-leaves not united. 1. L. asarifolia. Plants annual, or perennial by offsets. Stem-leaves free; bractlets present. Stem-leaves rounded or rhombic-ovate. 2. L. sibirica. Stem-leaves linear. 3. L. arenicola. Stem-leaves more or less united; bractlets lacking. or only one below the lowest pedicel. Stem-leaves broadly ovate to orbicular. Blades of the basal leaves reniform or rhombic to spatulate. Racemes elongate; flowers more or less fascicled; seeds about 2 mm. long. : 4. L. perfoliata. Racemes short, only slightly exceeding the subtending leaves; seeds about 1 mm. long. 5. L. depressa. Blades of the basal leaves linear to spatulate; seeds 1 mm. long or less. Racemes elongate. 6. L. parviflora. Racemes very short. Stem-leaves 1-2 cm. long; seeds minutely muricate. 7. L. utahensis. Stem-leaves less than 1 cm. long; seeds conspicuously granulated. 8. L. spathulata. Stem-leaves linear. 9. L. exigua. 4, CRUNOCALLIS Rydb. Water Sprinc-BEavry. 1. C. Chamissonis. 5. NAIOCRENE (T. & G.) Rydb. 1. N. parvifolia. 6. MONTIASTRUM (A. Gray) Rydb. 1. M. lineare. 7. LEWISIA Pursh. Brrrer-root, Rep-wEap Louisa. 1. L. redeviva. 8. OREOBROMA Howell. Breap-roor. Bracts neither sepal-like nor closely subtending the calyx. Sepals not erose-denticulate. Petals 10-12 mm. long; leaves usually more ‘than, 2mm. wide. 1. O. nevadensis. Petals less than 10 mm. long; leaves 2 mm. wide or less. 2. O. minima. Sepals erose-denticulate. 3. O. peorares, Bracts 2, sepal-like and closely subtending the calyx. 4. O. brachycalyz. 9. EROCALLIS Rydb. 1. E. triphylla. 10. SPRAGUEA Torr. Pussy-paws. 1. S. multiceps. 11. PORTULACA (Tourn.) L. Porsuans, Pussury. Leaf-blades flat, glabrous in the axils or nearly so; petals yellow. Stem prostrate; sepals pointed in the bud; seeds obscurely granulate. 1. P. oleracea. Stem ascending; sepals obtuse in the bud; seeds echinate-tuberculate. 2. P. retusa. Leaf-blades terete or nearly so, pilose in the axils; petals red or purple. 3. P. pilosa. Famity 43. CORRIGIOLACEAE. Wuirtow-wort Famtty. 1. PARONYCHIA (Tourn.) Adans. Watriow-worr. Flowers solitary; leaves scarcely exceeding the bracts; plants densely pulvinate. _ Leaves elliptic, thick, not spinulose-tipped. 1. P. pulvinaia. Leaves linear, chartaceous, spinulose-tipped. Leaves straight, ascending; spinules of the sepals less than 1 mm. long. 2. P. brevicuspis Leaves arcuate-spreading; spinules of the sepals more than 1 mm. long. 3. P. sessiliflora. Flowers more or less clustered; leaves much longer than the bracts. Plants low and diffuse, less than 1 dm. high; calyx fully 3 mm. long. # Inflorescence much contracted; bracts exceeding the flowers. 4. P. depressa. Inflorescence more open; bracts shorter than or merely equalling the ee . P. diffusa. Plants taller, 1 dm. or more high; stems erect or ascending; calyx 2-2.5 mm. long. Branches of the cymes ascending; calyx about 2.5 mm. long; pels lanceolate, gradually acuminate. . . P. Jamesii. Branches of the cymes divaricate; calyx about 2 mm. long; sepals oblong, abruptly acuminate. 7. P. Wardii. Famity 44. ALSINACEAE. Cuickweep Famity. Stipules wanting. Capsule (s) enn with twice as many valves or teeth as there are styles; petals deeply 2-cleft. 82 ALSINACEAE Capsule short, ovate or oblong, opening with usually 6 valves; styles usually 3. INE. Capsule long, cylindric, often curved, opening with usually 10 teeth at the apex; styles usually 5. 2. CERASTIUM. Capsule opening with as many, entire or at length 2-cleft, valves as there are styles; petals entire or merely notched at the apex (except in Arenaria Kingii). Styles ce than the sepals, or rarely of the same number and then opposite Flowers with a rather prominent, glandular, 10-lobed disk under the ovary; plants fleshy. 3. AMMODENIA. Flowers with no or a very inconspicuous disk; plants scarcely fleshy. Seeds with a basal membranous appendage (strophiole) at the hylum. 4. MOEBRINGIA. Seeds not strophiolate. Valves of the capsule entire. 5. ALSINOPSIS. Valves of the capsule at last 2-cleft. 6. ARIA. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. 7. SAGINA. Stipules present. Leaves whorled; styles 5. 8. SPERGULA. Leaves opposite; styles usually 3. Styles distinct; sepals not spinulose-tipped. 9. TISSA. i 10. LOEFLINGIA. Stigmas sessile; sepals spinulose-tipped. 1, ALSINE L. Cuickwrep, Starworr. Plant not viscid. x F Basal leaf-blades spatulate to rhombic-obovate, petioled; plants annual. Leaf-blades all ovate or rhombic-ovate. Flowers cymose. | ‘ 1. A media Flowers solitary in the axils. 18. A. washingtoniana. Stem-leaves small, lanceolate. 2. A. nitens. All leaves sessile. Upper bracts at least scarious; perennials with rootstocks. Petals minute or none. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; branches of the inflorescence at last reflexed. : 3. baicalensis. Leaves linear; branches of the inflorescence ascending. 4. A. alpestris. Petals equalling or exceeding the sepals. Leaves broadest at about the middle, narrowed at the ae 5. A. longifolia. Leaves broadest near the base. Calyx 4-5 mm. long; stem not villous. Stem 2-3 dm. high, many-flowered; leaves narrowly lanceolate to nearly linear. Sepals laeibeotalbe: very acute, nearly equalling the capsule. A. Sstricitflora. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse = mucronate, scarcely more than half as long as the mature ie pedicels in fruit spreading. A. longipes. Stem 3-15 cm. high, usually 1-3-flowered, rates 4-6-flowered. Leaves narrowly lanceolate; sepals lanceolate, Roots acute. - aeta. san ra ovate or ovate-lanceolate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, ob- 9. A. Edwardsii. Calyx 2-3° tee, ‘long; stem 1 dm. high or less, 3-10-flowered, usually villous. 10. A. subvestiia. None of the bracts scarious. Leaves linear to lanceolate, more than four times as long as broad; plants perennial, with running rootstocks. Petals equalling or exceeding the sepals. Plant low, less than 1 dm. high, bluish green. 8. A. laeta. Plant slender, light green, more than 1 dm. high. 11. A. crassifolia. Petals much shorter than the sepals, or none. Sepals with narrow scarious margins, acute; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base; midrib not unusually, surene petals usually lacking. A. borealis. Sepals arth broad scarious margins, acuminate; eae linear-lanceolate, with a strong midrib; petals usually present. Leaves 2-8 mm. wide, broadest near the base. 13. A. brachypetala. Leaves 8-15 mm. wide, broadest near the middle. 14. A. ozyphylia. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ovate or oval, J than four times as long as broad; cespitose perennials, except No. Leaves thin. Stem glabrous or nearly so. Sepals acute or acuminate. 15. A. crispa. Sepals obtuse. 16. A. obtusa. Stem distinctly pubescent. Leaves sessile; flowers more or less cymose. 17. A. calycantha. CHICKENWEED FAMILY 83 Leaves short-petioled; flowers solitary in the axils. 18. A. washingtoniana. Leaves thick. Petals equalling or exceeding the sepals; branches simple, ascending. Leaves ovate, bluish green, with strong nadnde petals longer than the obtusish sepals. . A.. Edwardsii. Leaves oval, bright green; midrib not a, - petals equalling the acute sepals. 19. A. Palmeri. aie! shorter than the sepals; branches divaricately branched, spread- A. polygonoides. Plant more or less viscid. especially the upper portion; perennials with rootstocks. Plant tall, 1-3 dm. high, erect; leaves linear to lanceolate. Leaves linear or linear-lancealate, 2-5 mm. wide. 21. A. Curtisii. Leaves lanceolate, 5-10 mm. wide. 22. A. Jamesiana. Plant low, diffusely cespitose; leaves ovate. 23. A. americana. 2. CERASTIUM L. Movusn-rar CHICKWEED. Annuals; pod 2—3 times as long as the calyx. Pedicels in fruit 1-3 times as long as the calyx, straight or nearly so. C. brachypodum. Pedicels in fruit 5 times as long as the calyx or longer; strongly dlirved above. nutans. Perennials or rarely annuals; pods 1-2 times as long as the calyx. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, mostly obtuse, or barely acutish. Petals 1 cm. long or more, fully twice as long as the sepals. Sepals, at least the outer ones, oval, obtuse, scarious-margined at the tip as well as on the sides. 3. P. pulchellum. Sepals lanceolate, acute, scarious nostly on the margins only. Leaves and stem distinctly, although not copiously villous. 4. C. alpinum. Leaves and stem finely pilose. 5. C. Earlei. Petals less than 1 cm. long. Petals much exceeding the sepals. Leaves thick with a promineut midrib. Plant tall, 4-5 dm. high; leaves linear-oblong. 12. C. Leibergii. Plant low, depressed, less than 1 dm. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate. , 18. C. thermale. Leaves thin; midrib not prominent. Sepals tinged with purple; stem depressed, 1-3-flowered. 6. C. Beeringianum. Sepals light green; plant not depressed, s-12-Bowered. C. variabile. Petals scarcely if at all exceeding the sepals; branches eee or ascending. Plant low and cespitose; leaves rather thick, all subsessile. 8. C. Buffumae. Plant taller and simple; leaves thin, the lower spatulate and with winged petioles. 9. C. vulgatum. Leaves, at least the lower ones, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute. Leaves of the inflorescence short, broadly ovate, the rest linear. 10. C. oreophilum. Leaves all linear or lanceolate, or rarely linear-oblong. Inflorescence racemose-cymose, with almost erect branches, as well as the calyx copiously viscid. 11. C. elongatum. Inflorescence cymose, with ascending or spreading branches. Lower leaves linear-oblong, 5-8 mm. wide; often obtuse. 12. C. Leibergii. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, usually less than 5 mm. wide, all acute or acuminate. Petals 12-14 mm. long, more than twice as long = ape sepals. C. graminifolium. Petals 10 mm. long or less, rarely twice as long as the sepals. Stem villous with reflexed hairs. Leaves thin and flaccid, those of the sterile shoots and fascicles much narrower than those of the main stem. 14. C. angustatum. Leaves firm, with a thick midrib, all alike or those of the sterile shoots broader. 15. C. campestre. Stem finely glandular-puberulent. Leaves thin and soft, all linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate; midrib not prominent. 16. C. scopulorum. Leaves thick and firm; midrib prominent. Stem 1 dm. high or more; plant green; leaves not coriaceous, acute. 7. C. strictum. Stem depressed, less than 1 dm. high; plant yellowish green; leaves coriaceous, the lower often obtuse. 18. C. thermale. 3. AMMODENIA J. G. Gmel. 1. A. oblongifolia. 4. MOEHRINGIA L. Stem terete; leaves oval or elliptic-oblong; sepals obtuse or acutish. 1. M. lateriflora. 84 ALSINACEAE cy Stem angled; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate; sepals very acute or acuminate. 2. M. macrophylla. 5. ALSINOPSIS Small. Sanpwort. Annuals. : Plant puberulent above; petals exceeding the sepals. 1. A. tenella. ; Plant glabrous; petals scarcely equalling the sepals. 2. A. dawsonensis. Cespitose perennials. Sepals acute or acuminate. 2 he 5 - Leaves pungent, arcuate-spreading; sepals 1-nerved or indistinctly 3-nerved. _ 3. A. occidentalis. Leaves not pungent; sepals distinctly 3-nerved. ; Petals 6-8 mm. long, much exceeding the, sepals. 4. A. macrantha. Petals small, scarcely equalling the sepals. a Plant densely glandular-puberulent. 5. A. propinqua. Plant glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 3-nerved, acutish, flat. ‘ Leaves linear-subulate, usually over 1 cm. long; plant cespitose, but not densely tufted, 3-10 cm. high. . A. verna. Leaves linear-lanceolate, less than 1 cm. long; plant densely tufted, about 2 cm. high. _ 7. A, quadrivalvis. Leaves usually 1-nerved, obtuse, more or less triangular in cross-sec- tion, fleshy. 8. A. Rossii. Sepals obtuse. . : Petals equalling or somewhat exceeding the sepals; plant 1-5 cm. high. : 2 9. A. obtusiloba. Petals twice as long as the sepals; plant about 1 dm. high. 10. A. laricifolia. 6. ARENARIA L. Sanpwort. Annuals; leaves ovate, 4-7 mm. long. 1. A. serpyllifolia. Perennials. Leaves neither narrowly linear nor pungent. Plant low and spreading; stems less than 1 dm. long; leaves ovate-oblong, less than 1 cm. long. Sepals obtuse or acute; midrib not very prominent; leaves glabrous. . A. cylindrocarpa. Sepals acuminate; midrib very prominent; leaves puberulent. 3. A. polycaulos. Plant taller; stems 2—4 dm. long; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, more than 1 cm. ong. 4. A. confusa. Leaves narrowly linear, more or less rigid and pungent. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Inflorescence contracted and head-like. Bracts ovate, not scabrous-ciliolate, only scarious-margined. 5. A. congesta. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, scabrous-ciliolate, wholly scarious, except the midrib. : 6. A. cephaloidea. Inflorescence more open. Sepals obtuse, or some acutish, or apiculate. Plant glabrous. Bracts linear-lanceolate, scarcely scarious-margined. 8. A. nardifolia. Bracts ovate-lanceolate or ovate, broadly scarious-margined, with green midrib. 9. A. lithophila. Plant more or less glandular. Sepals 4-5 mm. long; petals about twice as long as the sepals. . A. formosa. Sepals 2-3 mm. long; petals half longer than the sepals. 11. A. salmonensis. Sepals distinctly acute or acuminate. Petals deeply 2-cleft. 12. A. Kingii. Petals not deeply 2-cleft. Plant with a cesvitose perennial caudex; all bracts usually broadly lanceolate and broadly scarious-margined. Capsule scarcely exceeding the sepals; leaves ascending. Flowers all pedicelled, in open regular cymes; inflorescence more or less glandular. Leaves distinctly pungent; plant sparingly glandular- puberulent. Sepals 4-5 mm. long; plant not densely tufted. 13. A. uintahensis. Sepals 3 mm. long; plant low, densely tufted. 14. A. compacta. Leaves more fleshy, not pungent; inflorescence and calyx densely glandular-pubescent. 15. A. Tweedyi. Flowers mostly subsessile, in small glomerules at the ends of the branches of the very irregular cymes. ‘ 16. A. Burkei. Capsule almost twice as long as the sepals; leaves spreading. 17. A. aculeata. Plant suffrutescent, the perennial portion of the stems often 1-2 dm. high; lower bracts subulate, only the upper scarious. 18. A. glabrescens. CHICKENWEED FAMILY 85 Sepals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate. Cymes open, not densely congested. Plant more or less glandular. Branches of the inflorescence long and pias ere sepals equalling or exceeding the petals. 19. A. lazifiora. see of the inflorescence comparatively short and strongly ascend- sepals usually shorter than the petals. 20. ‘endleri. Plant nerfectiy glabrous. 21. A. Eastwoodiae. Cymes densely coneested. subcapitate. Caudex of numerous procumbent branches covered with dried leaves; sepals long-acuminate, longer than the petals. 22. A. Franklinit. Caudex multicipital; sepals short-acuminate, shorter quan, the petals. . A. Hookeri. 7. SAGINA L. Prartwort. Stem short, od sterile rosettes at the base; perennials. Basal leaves filiform; petals shorter than the green sepals. 7 iS. Sages Basal leaves subulate; petals longer than the purple-tinged sepals. 2 S. nivalis. Stem slender, 5-10 cm. high, without sterile rosettes at the base; annals re occidentalis. 8. SPERGULA L. Srurry, Corn Spurry. 1. S. arvensis. 9. TISSA Adans. Sanp Spurry. Stipules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, longer than broad. 1. T. rubra. Stipules broadly triangular, as broad as long or broader. Stipules triangular, about as long as broad; internodes of the stem much shorter than the leaves; seeds rough. 2. T. salina. Stipules very broadly triangular, almost twice as broad as long; middle internodes about equalling the nodes; seeds smooth. 3. T. sparsifiora. 10. LOEFLINGIA L. 1. L. texana. Famity 45. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Famity. Calyx with at least twice as many ribs (usually 10) as calyx-teeth, running both into the teeth and the sinuses. Styles 5, alternate with the foliaceous calyx-lobes. 1. AGROSTEMMA. Styles either 5 and opposite the short calyx-lobes or fewer than 5. Styles mostly 3; capsule usually septate at the base. 2. SILE: Styles 5; capsule 1-celled to the base. 3. AW AHUBERGRELA: Calyx 5-angled’ or 5-ribbed. etals with a crown; calyx not strongly angled. 4. SAPONARIA, Petals without a crown; calyx strongly 5-angled. 5. VACCARIA. 1. AGROSTEMMA L. Corn Cockts, Corn Campion. 1. A. Githago. 2. SILENE L. Catcuriy, Campion. Annuals. Glabrous or nearly so, or the upper nodes glutinous. 1. S. antirrhina. Viscid-pubescent or hirsute throughout. 2. S. noctiflora. Perennials. Calyx mosey 10-nerved, rarely strongly inflated in fruit, not constricted at the mou Caulescent herbs, rather tall, not densely matted, with rootstocks. Inflorescence paniculate or thyrsoid at the end of the stem, not leafy; flowers more than 1 cm. long Blade of the petals parted and cleft into 4-6 linear negmenis: oregana. Blades of the petals bifid; each lobe sometimes with a lateral tooth. Blade sma) scarcely exceeding the small appendages; plant viscid- tomentose. 4. S. Spaldingii. Blades conspicuous, much longer than the appendages; plant viscid- puberulent or glabrous. Stipe of the capsule over 5 mm. long; fruiting calyx ers con- tracted below. S.r Stipe of the capsule short, less than 5 mm. long; eaigee ie if at all contracted below. Plants comparatively few-flowered; inflorescence not verticil- lately racemose or spicate; *pranches mostly ascending and bracts shorter than the calyx. Stem nearly glabrous; flowers solitary or 3-5 in an open cyme; leaves grass-like. 6. S. monantha. Stem aad throughout or viscid above; leaves not grass- eer short, its lobes rounded, with pas ar scarious mar- S. columbiana. Gsipe: Tong; its lobes ovate; margins sane dilated. Calyx eeued in fruit, purple-veined; stem viscid above. 86 CARYOPHYLLACEAE Plant very viscid; leaves thick, the basal ones nar- rowly linear-oblanceolate; calyx less inflated 8. S. Lyallii. Plant usually viscid only above; leaves thiu, the we. basal ones oblanceolate or spatulate; calyx much inflated and rounded below. 9. S. multicaulis. Calyx scarcely inflated in fruit, narrowed downward; veins green; plant not viscid. 10. S. Douglasii. Plants many-flowered, more or less verticillately racemose or spicate, with erect branches; lower bracts longer than the calyx. Claw and auricles of the petals narrow; the Eons ie ai ‘couleri Claw and auricles of the petals broad; ‘the latter. ciliate. allii. Inflorescence leafy; flowers borne in the axils of the branches, ies than 1 cm. 13. S. Menziesii. ong. Plant subacaulescent, densely cespitose-pulvinate. 14. S. acaulis. Calyx 15—20-nerved, strongly inflated in fruit and more or less constricted at the mouth. 15. S. vulgaris. 3. WAHLBERGELLA Fries. Tall, usually 3 dm. high or more, several to many-flowered, in narrow cymes Petals included. 1. W. Drummondii. Petals exserted. Ovary sessile; blades of the petals emarginate. i Ovary stipitate; blades of the petals 2-cleft. Low, about 1 dm. high; flowers solitary, or 2 or 3; seeds winged. Flowers in anthesis erect; fruiting calyx not much inflated. Petals usually exserted; claw broad; blade short and broad, emarginate. Claws of the petals and the filaments naked; plant cau see : . affinis. Claws of the petals and the filaments ciliate; plant puberulent. ee delete . W. Kingii. Petals usually included; claws and blades narrow; the latter bifid; filaments glabrous. 6. W. montana. Flowers in anthesis nodding; fruiting calyx much inflated. Petals slightly exserted; calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate; five of he stamens adnate to the petals for one-third their length. . W. attenuata. Petals included; calyx-lobes short, rounded-ovate; five of the stamens only slightly 8. adnate to the petals at the base. W. apetala. 4. SAPONARIA L. Soapwort, Bouncine Bet. 1. S. officinalis. 5. VACCARIA Medic. Cow-HEerB, Cow Cocke. 1. V. Vaccaria. 2. W. striata. 3. W. Parryi. Famity 46. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. Hornwort Famity. 1, CERATOPHYLLUM L. Hornwort. 1. C. demersum. Famity 47. NYMPHAEACEAE. Water Lity Famity. Petals small, stminaodia-like; stamens hypogynous. 1. NYMPHAEA. Petals at least as large as th sepals; staemens epigynous. 2. CASTALIA. 1. NYMPHAEA (Tourn.) L. YeLtow Ponp Lity, SpaTTER-DOCK. Leaves 1-3 dm. long, the sinus extending about one-third their length; petals cuneate to oblanceolate, truncate; stigma 10-25-rayed. Sepals 9-12; flowers 6—10 cm. in diameter; stamens red. 1. N. polysepala. Sepals usually 6; flowers 4-7 cm. in diameter; stamens yellow. 2. N. variegata. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, the sinus extending fully one-half their length; petals spatulate, thin; stigma 7—10-rayed; flowers about 2.5 cm. in diameter. 3. N. microphylla. 2. CASTALIA Salisb. Water Liny, Ponp Liny. 1. C. Leibergii. Famity 48. RANUNCULACEAE. Crowroor Famity. Carpels 1-ovuled; fruit of achenes. etals wanting; sepals often petal-like. Sepals imbricate in the bud; leaves all alternate, or only those subtending the inflorescence opposite. Flowers subtended by opposite or verticillate leaf-like Denebe. Styles short, not elongating in fruit. . ANEMONE. Styles much elongating in fruit, plumose. 2 PULSATILLA. Flowers not subtended by opposite or verticillate bracts. Leaves ternately compound. 3. THALICTRUM. CROWFOOT FAMILY 87 Leaves Palmiately cleft. 4. TRAUTVETTERIA. Sepals valvate in the bud; leaves all opposite. Stamens erect; sepals thickish, more or less converging; staminodia: wanting. IORNA. Stamens spreading; sepals spreading from the base. Flowers mostly paniculate; sepals white or yellow, firm, without a border; staminodia wanting. 5. CLEMATIS. Flowers solitary; sepals blue or purple, thin; staminodia usually present. 7. ATRAGENE. Petals usually present. . Sepals spurred; small annuals with basal linear leaves; receptacle in fruit elongate- cylindrical; stamens 5. 8. MYOSURUS. Sepals not spurred; plant usually bearing cauline as well as basal leaves; receptacle in fruit spherical, conical or short-cylindric; stamens more than 5. Achenes transversely wrinkled; petals white. 9. BATRACHIUM. Achenes not transversely wrinkled. 2 Achenes not ribbed. Petals yellow, at least without; sepals deciduous. Achenes without an empty upper portion; plants not scapose. 10. RANUNCULUS. Achenes with the lower half enclosing the seed; the upper portion empty, flattened and spongy; plants scapose. 211. COPTIDIUM. Petals pink, rose-colored, or white; sepals marcescent-persistent. BECKWITHIA. Achenes longitudinally ribbed; petals yellow. Achenes compressed; leaves simple, crenate or lobed. 13. HALERPESTES. Achenes terete; leaves compound. 14. CYRTORHYNCHA. Carpels with several ovules; fruit of follicles or berries. ypanthium not developed; petals wholly superior. Flowers regular Petals inconspicuous or none, not spurred. Fruit of follicles; flowers sotitary. Follicles sessile: leaves simple or cleft. Petals wanting; leaf-blades entire or merely noerDeys . CALTHA. Petals present, but small, linear; leaf-blades gee parted and toothed. 6. TROLLIUS. Follicles stipitate; petals clawed; leaves Gampound or dissected. Petals hooded and nectariferous at the cummis loaves ternate. 7. COPTIS. Petals filiform or linear beyond the neetariferous cous leaves pin- nately dissected. YSOCOPTIS. Fruit a berry; leaves twice or thrice ternately eonanaut, 19. ACTABA. Petals conspicuous, produced into a spur or at least saccate at the base; leaves ternately compound. 20. AQUILEGIA. Flowers irregular. - Posterior sepal spurred. 21. DELPHINUM. Posterior sepal hooded, helmet-shaped or boat-shaped. 22. ACONITUM. Hypanthium somewhat developed, lined at the mouth by a fleshy pareynops disk. . PAEONIA 1, ANEMONE (Tourn.) L. Winp-FLowEeR, ANEMONE. Plants with tuberous roots; sepals 6—20. 1. A. tuberosa. Plants with a rootstock; sepals 5-6, rarely more. Achenes densely villous. Style filiform, usually deciduous; heads of fruit spherical or nearly so; involucral leaves short-petioled or subsessile. Leaves ternate; segments broadly cuneate or flabelliform, crenate or slightly cleft. 2. A. parviflora. Leaves 2~4 times ternate; segments linear to oblong or oblanceolate. Styles 1-3 mm. long; ieaves 2-3 times ternate. Achenes merely strigose on the back, densely villous on the sides; styles 2-3 mm. long; leaf-blades glabrate; segments oblanceolate. . A. tetonensis. Achenes villous all over; style 1-2 mm. long. Leaflets thick, glabrate, strongly veined; repnentd oblanceolate, acutish. A. lithophila. Leaf-blades thin, usually long-hairy, not strongly veined: segments linear to lanceolate acute. globosa. Styles 4-6 mm. long; leaves 3-4 times ternate; ee narrowly linear. . Drummondii. Styles subulate, persistent; heads of fruit from rounded oblong to cylindric; involucral leaves long-petioled. a elongate, cylindric; styles about 1 mm. long; flowers ually subumbel- cylindrica, Heads of fruit rounded-oblong; styles about 2 mm. long; flowers fnaly cymose. Petals greenish white, 1 cm. long or less; styles in fruit divergent. 8. A. virginiana. Petals white, 1.5 cm. long; styles suberect. 9. A. riparia. 88 RANUNCULACEAE Achenes not villous. Achenes wing-margined; plant stout. i ; Sepals yellow; styles very long, reflexed. 10. A. Richardsoni. Sepals white or pink; styles not reflexed. Flowers cymose; achenes sparsely hirsute when young, a We styles long, straight. 11. canadensis. Flowers subumbellate; achenes glabrous, stipitate; styles short, uve . A. zephyra. Achenes not wing-margined, pilose; style minute; plant angers flowers solitary. ipert. 2. PULSATILLA Adans. Pasquz-FLowER, BLUE a Witp Crocus, Lion’s Brarp (Fruit). Flowers purple or violet, seldom white; involucral leaves sessile, balmintely divided into linear lobes. ludoviciana. Flowers white or tinged with purple; involucral leaves petioled, vernate aa twice pin- nately dissected. 2. P. occidentalis. 3. THALICTRUM L. Meapvow Rvs, Mat-or-THE-Mist. Flowers perfect. Plant 2 dm. or less (rarely 3 dm.) high; achenes turgid; Hlaaton is AU (ae, ; alpinum. Plant 3-10 dm. highs achenes flat and very oblique; filaments clavate. 2. T. sparsiflorum. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Achenes turgid, thick-walled; ribs thick and almost corky, separated by acute grooves. Plants polygamous; stem-leaves subsessile, the basal ones petiol Achenes, petiolules, and lower surfaces of the leaves decidedly viscid-pubes- cent. dasycarpum. Achenes, petiolules, and the lower surfaces of the leaves glabrous or slightly viscid-puberulent. 4. T. purpurascens. Plants dioecious; all leaves petioled. Achenes equally acutish at both ends; leaves very thin and nek geroney veined. dioicum. Achenes more acute at the upper end than at the lower; leaves firm, strongly veined. 6. T. venulosum. Achenes more or less flattened, thin-walled; ribs not thick, separated by wide, shallow, rounded grooves. Achenes sessile. Achenes more than twice as long as broad, slightly if at all oblique. Achenes about 4 times as long as broad, 6-8 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. 7. T. occidentale. Achenes less than 3 times as long as broad. Achenes 6-8 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. Lee 8. T. megacarpum. Achenes 4-5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. 9. T. columbianum. Achenes not quite twice as long as broad, Pasay sbliane. 10. T. Fendleri. Achenes stipitate. 11. T. stipitatum. 4, TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. Fause Buasane. Styles in fruit about one-third as long as the body of the achenes; filaments broader than the anthers. 1. T. grandis. Styles in fruit less than one-fourth as long as the body of the achenes; Semen not broader than the anthers. 2. T. media. 5. CLEMATIS L. Vircin’s Bower, Waire Ciematis, TRAVELER’s Joy, Prre-STEM. Plant dioecious; flowers white, paniculate. Inflorescence usually longer than the leaves, its branches and the pedicels strongly ascending; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; sepals oblanceolate. 1. C. ligusticifolia. Inflorescence shorter than the leaves, its branches and the pedicels more spreading; leaflets broadly ovate, usually subcordate at the base; sepals spatulate. i 2 i > 2. C. brevifolia. Plant with perfect yellowish flowers, solitary in the axils. 3. C. orientalis. , 6. VIORNA Reichenb. VasE-viINE, LEATHER-FLOWER, OLD Man’s WHISKERS AND Lion’s Bearp (fruit). Sepals not or indistinctly dilated above. Calyx rounded-urceolate; sepals broadly ovate, merely the tips spreading. eaf-segments ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long. 1. V. Scottii. Leaf-segments linear to lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long. 2. V. Bakeri. Calyx elongated-campanulate; sepals oblong-lanceolate, about one-fourth or more of their length spreading. Middle and upper leaves heeaetle, thrice ternate; ultimate segments linear or linear-lanceolate. 3. V. hirsutissima. Middle and upper leaves distinctly petioled, twice ternate; ultimate segments lanceolate. 4. V. Wyethii. CROWFOOT FAMILY 89 Sepals decidedly dilated at the apex. Sepals acute or short-acuminate; plant in age glabrate; leataeemente Lane onesii. Sepals obtuse or merely acutish; plant permanently villous; leaf-segments linear. 6. V. eriophora. 7. ATRAGENE L. Be. Rus, Purpie Virain’s Bower. Leaves merely ternate. Staminodia uly decidedly spatulate; leaflets variously toothed or cleft, not long- acuminat: Lobes or teetii of the leaves rounded or obtuse at the apex; aie ovate. A. diversiloba. Lobes, or teeth of the leaves acute or acuminate; sepals intesctars. A. grosseserrata. Staminodia linear or none; leaflets entire or crenate above the middle, | long-acuminate. . columbiana. Leaves twice or thrice ternate; staminodia usually linear or lacking. Secondary leaflets merely toothed or cleft. Secondary leaflets broadly ovate, with broadly ovate teeth. 4. A. repens. Secondary leaflets lanceolate, with lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate lobes or teeth. A. pseudoalpina. Secondary leaflets divided to near the midrib. 6. A. tenuiloba. 8. MYOSURUS L. Movusz-ram. Se with a flat back, only slightly carinate, and tipped with a very shore appressed 1. M. minimus. Aphonee ‘strongly carinate on the back, Benes with a subulate, ascending beak. Beak more than half as long as the achene: proper; spike short and dense. 2, M. aristatus. Beak very short; spike of the achenes long and slender. 3. M., lepturus. 9. BATRACHIUM §. F. Gray. Waits Water Crowroot. Leaves all submerged and finely dissected, with linear to capillary aiamous . Divisions of the leaves rather few, flat, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide. B. Porteri. Divisions of the leaves very slender, filiform or capillary. Beak of the achenes nearly 1 mm. long. 2. B. longirostre. Beaks of the achenes minute or none. Petals 5-7 mm. long, broadly obovate; stamens many. Primary divisions of the leaves 1-1.5 cm. long, rather Fa scarcely col- lapsing when withdrawn from the water. trichophyllum. PEMery divisions of the leaves 1.5-3 cm. long, nace collapsing when . withdrawn from the water. 4. B. flaccidum. Petals less than 5 mm. long, oblong-obovate; stamens 5-12. Stem slender, but not capillary; leaves not very flaccid. 5. B. Drouetii. Stem capillary-filiform; leaves very flaccid. 6. B. confervoides. Upper leaf-blades floating, reniform, merely cleft or toothed, the rest submersed and with capillary divisions. 7. B, Grayanus. 10. RANUNCULUS (Tourn.) L. Gucnun Buttercup. Achenes smooth. Leaves linear to oval, entire, or merely denticulate or crenate, none divided or cleft. I. FLAMMULAE. Some of the leaves at least cleft. Sepals black-hai II. NIVALEs. Sepals not black- airy Some of the basal l leaves entire. Basal leaves linear or divided into 3 linear divisions. WV. DIGITATI. Basal leaves elliptic to reniform. III. GLABERRIMI. None of the leaves entire. Neither floating water plants nor creeping mud plants, if rooting at the nodes, the leaves not palmately lobed or dissected. Achenes turgid, marginless. Petals much exceeding the sepals. Basal leaves not divided aA the base. IV. AFFINES. Leaves all divided to the base; achenes glabrous. Leaves ternate, with simple linear divisions; plants very ‘low, 0.5 dm. or less, V. DIGITATI. Leaves 2-3 times ternate; plants 5-20 cm. high. VI. TRITERNATI. Petals sgarcely exceeding the sepals. Plants low, less than 1 aaa igh. VII. PYGMAEI!. Plants taller, 3-6 dm. hig! VIII. ABORTIVI. Achenes compressed, with a dtinet margi Beak of the achenes strongly hooked; Bona of fruit globose. IX. RECURVATI. Beak of the achenes straight or nearly so; achenes in ours glabrous. Beak short. Leaves, at least the basal ones, ip anetely ternate, the ter- minal division at least petiol . REPENTES, 90 RANUNCULACEAE Leaves palmately divided. XI. ACRES. Beak long. XII. HIsSpPIpI. Immersed aquatics or creeping mud plants, with palmatel ely. lobed, divided, or dissected leaves. TI. MULTIFIDI. Achenes prickly; annuals. XIV. MURICATI. I, FLAMMULAE. Plants rooting at the nodes. Stem filiform, prostrate; petals about 3 mm. long. 1. R. reptans, : Stem not filiform, at first ascending; petals about 5 mm. long. 2. R, unalaschensis. Plants erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes. : Leaves appressed-pubescent on the lower side. 3. R. microlonchus. Leaves glabrous. Blades of the basal leaves acute at the base. Re ; Petals spatulate or oblong, usually 6-8, 6-8 mm. long. 4. R. alismaefolius. Petals obovate, usually only 5. Petals 7-10 mm. long; afar over 2 dm. high; leaves not very thin. 5. R. Bolanderi. Petals 5-6 mm. long; plant low, seldom 2 dm. high; leaves very thin. 6. R. alismellus. Blades of the basal leaves cordate or at least rounded at ve Maa R. Populago. II. NIVALEsS. Leaf-blades spatulate or elliptic, 2—4-toothed at the apex. 8. R. Macauleyi. Leaf-blades of the basal leaves reniform or flabelliform, 3-5-lobed or Ae easel nivalis. III, GLABERRIMI. One species. 10. R. glaberrimus. IV. AFFINES. Achenes pubescent, with a short recurved beak; heads oblong to cylindric. Some of the basal leaf-blades merely crenate, the rest mostly 3-cleft at the apex, with a narrow middle lobe. Sepals densely villous. Petals broadly obovate, about 1 cm. long. 11. R. cardiophyllus. Petals wanting. 29. R. apetalus. Sepals not Hensel villous; petals oblong-obovate, 3-6 mm. ie ng. Petals 5-6 mm. long; heads of achenes oblong. R, inamoenus. Petals 3-5 mm. long; heads of achenes cylindric. x if: R. micropetalus. Basa] leaf-blades digitately or pedately cleft with acute lobes. Basal leaf-blades reniform or rounded-cordate. 14, R. affinis. Basal leaf-blades cuneate-flabelliform. 15. R. saxicola. Achenes glabrous; beak straight, usually slender. Plant glabrous, except the more or less villous sepals. Petals 7-12 mm. long; lobes of the basal leaves acutish. Basal leaf-blades cuneate-flabelliform; head of achenes somewhat oblong, 5-10 mm. long. Basal leaf-blades cleft half way down or less. 15. R. saxicola. Basal leaf-blades cleft more than half way down. 16. R. eximius. Basal leaf-blades reniform or at least truncate at the bases divided more than half way down; heads of achenes globular. 17. R. Suksdorfii. Petals 4-8 mm. long; lobes of the basal leaves obtuse or rounded. Heads of fruit decidedly oblong; basal leaf-blades orbicular, seldom reniform, the earliest not cleft more than half way down. : Leaves thick; petals about 4 mm, long. a R. utahensis. Leaves thin; petals about 6 mm. long. R. alpeophilus. Heads of achenes spherical or nearly so; Phpsal leaf- blades ‘decidedly reniform, cleft deeper than half way down. Lobes of the upper stem-leaves elliptical, oval or obovate. 20. R. Eschscholizii. Lobes of the upper stem-leaves linear to oblon Stem about 2 dm. high; lateral lobes of the’ basal ee 2-3-toothed. R,. Helleri. Stem less than 1 dm. high; lateral lobes of the onal leaves 4—5-toothed. 22. R. vericundus, Plant more or less pubescent. 23. R. ovalis, V. DIGITATI. One species. 24, R. Jovis. VI. TRITERNATI. Plant less than 1 am. high; petals about 5 mm. long; segments of the leaves very short, 3-5 mm, long; beak recurved. 25. R. Drummondii. Plant usually more than 1 dm. high; petals 5-18 mm. long; segments of the leaves 1 cm. or more long; beak slender, not recurved. Primary divisions of the basal leaves petiolate; segments linear, somewhat narrowed downward; stems usually several-flowered; roots fibrous. 26. R. stenolobus. Primary divisions of the basal leaves sessile; segments narrowly linear, almost fili- form, not narrowed downward; stems 1-2-flowered; roots fleshy-fibrous. 27. R. adoneus, i VII. PYGMAEI. Sepals glabrous or nearly so; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 2—3-toothed. 28. R. pygmaeus. CROWFOOT FAMILY 91 Sepals copiously pubescent; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 4—5-toothed. 22. R. vericundus. VIII. ABORTIVI. Basal leaves, at least some of them, merely crenate. Achenes pubescent; heads oblong to cylindrical. Petals present; sepals not petaloid. : 13. R. micropetalus. Petals wanting; sepals with petaloid margins. 29. R. apetalus. Achenes glabrous, with a minute beak; heads subglobose. Basal leaf-blades cordate at the base; plant glabrous. 30. R. abortivus. Basal leaf-blades rarely cordate at the base; plant, especially the stem, with spreading hairs. 31. R. micranthus. All the leaves divided or lobed; annuals. 32. R. sceleratus. IX, RECURVATI. Flowers small; petals only 2-5 mm. long; basal leaf-blades divided into 3 rhombic or cuneate-obovate, cleft divisions. Petals 2-3 mm. long. Stem glabrous; achenes glabrous. 33. R. Douglasii. Stem hairy; achenes usually hirsute when young. 34. R. Bongardi. Petals 4-5 mm. long; achenes glabrous. 35. R. Earlei. Flowers larger; petals 5-12 mm. long; basal leaves often biternately cleft into linear, lanceolate, ovate, or cuneate divisions; achenes glabrous. Pubescence of the stem appressed. 36. R. acriformis. Pubescence of the stem spreading. Stem low and slender, seldom more than 3 dm. high; petals oblong to oval. 37. R. occidentalis. Stem tall, 5-10 dm. high; petals broadly obovate. 38. R. montanensis. X. REPENTES. Petals less than 1 cm. long. Plant glabrous or nearly so. 39. R. oreganus. Plant decidedly pubescent. 2 Heads of achenes decidedly oblong, about 5 mm. thick. 40. R. pennsylvanicus. Heads of achenes globose, 7-12 mm. thick. a Plants not stoloniferous; primary segments of the leaves cuneate at the base; beak half as long as the body of the achene. 41. R. Macouniti. Plant producing long lateral branches, rooting at the nodes; primary segments of the lower leaves more or less truncate or subcordate at the base; beak one-third as long as the body of the achene. 42. R. rivularis. Petals more than 1 cm. long; stem creeping. 43. R. repens. XI. ACRES. One species. 44. R. acris. XII. HISPipi. Petals obovate: divisions of the leaves lanceolate or ovate. 45. R. platyphyllus. Petals elliptic; divisions at least of the upper leaves linear. 46. R. orthorhynchus. XIII. MULTIFIDI. Leaves deeply cordate at the base, their primary divisions lobed or dissected; style about two-thirds as long as the achene. Achenes callous-margined. 47. R. delphinifolius. Achenes marginless. Stem glabrous. 48. R. Purshii. Stem pubescent. 49. R. limosus. Leaves truncate or slightly cordate at the base, their primary lobes entire or merely crenate; styles minute. Floating water plants; at least some of the leaves cordate at the base. j 50. R. intertextus. Rooting mud plants; none of the leaves cordate at the base. 51. R. hyperboreus. XIV. MovRIcatTI. One species. 52. R. arvensis. 11. COPTIDIUM Beurl. 1. C. lapponicum. 12, BECKWITHIA Jeps. Scape 1-flowered, bractless; achenes 8-10 mm. long, inflated. 1. B. Andersonii. Scape 2-3-flowered, with a leaf-like}bract; achenes 3-4 mm. long, not inflated. 2. B. juniperina. 13. HALERPESTES Greene. 1. H. Cymbalaria. 14. CYRTORHYNCHA Nutt. Sepals spatulate or oblong-ovate, more or less contracted at the base. Leaf-segments thick, mostly acute; inflorescence corymbiform. 1. C. ranunculina. Leaf-segments thin, broad; inflorescence not corymbiform. 2. C. rupesiris. Sepals broadly round-ovate, not at all clawed; petals usually eau rt c ; . C. neglecia. 92 RANUNCULACEAE 15. CALTHA (Rupp.) L. Marsu-maricotp, Mrapow-Gowan. Stem scapiform or rarely with a small leaf, erect; sepals white or greenish white. Plant 1-3 dm. high, often 2-flowered; leaf-blades orbicular or oval, 3-10 cm. long. Filaments narrower than and twice as long as the anthers; follicles erect. C. leptosepala. Filaments broader than the anthers and only slightly longer; follicles ascending ‘or more or less spreading above. 2. C. rotundifolia. Plant 5-8 cm. high, one-flowered; leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long; filaments broader than the anthers and 2-3 times as long. 3. C. chelidonii. Stem leafy, creeping or floating. 4, C. natans. 16. TROLLIUS L. Guoss-rLower. 1. T. albifiorus. 17. COPTIS Salisb. Gotp-TuREap. 1. C. trifoliata. 18. CHRYSOCOPTIS Nutt. 1. C. occidentalis. 19. ACTAEA L. Baneserry. Filaments whitish; ome short; pedicels in fruit 1-3 cm. long. Fruit white, ellipsoid, 9 —12 mm. long. 1, A. eburnea. Fruit red. : Fruit ellipsoid, 10-12 mm. long. 2. A. rubra. Fruit spherical or nearly so, 5-7 mm. long. A. arguta. Filaments greenish; raceme elongate; pedicels very short, even in fruit at than 1 cm. long; fruit red. 4. A. viridifiora. 20. AQUILEGIA (Tourn.) L. Cotumsine. Plant very low; stem scapiform and 1-flowered; spur curved; flower Bie Eyer purnle. onesii Stem more or less leafy. Petals merely saccate, not spurred at the base; terminal leaflet rhombic, acute. A. Bastwoodiae. Petals spurred; all leaflets obtuse. Lamina of the petals longer than the strongly curved spurs, truncate. Stems many times exceeding the basal leaves; styles in fruit about one-fourth as long as the follicles. 3._A. brevistyla. Stem only slightly exceeding the basal leaves; styles in fruit about half as long as the follicles. Plant perfectly glabrous; flowers blue. 4. A. saximontana. Peduncles and follicles sparingly hairy; flowers sulphur-yellow or greenish. 5. A. larimiensis. Lamina of the petals shorter than the slightly curved or straight spurs. Spur not over 2 cm. long; flowers nodding. Sepals and ae red; spur usually straieht (except in No. 9). Lamina of the petals small, less than 4mm. long or none; sepals spread- ing or reflexed. Sepals 10-15 mm. long, shorter than or rarely equalling the spurs. 6. A. truncata, Sepals 15-25 mm. long, exceeding the spurs. 7. A. columbiana. Lamina of the petals 6-12 mm. long. Sepals spreading or reflexed, longer than the spurs. 8. A. formosa. Sepals ascending, usually shorter than the spurs. Sepals much longer than the lamina of the petals; were eae: atiuscula Sepals equalling or little exceeding the lamina of the petals; spur straight. Spur pradaaily tapering to the apex; jolneles'g) glabrous. . rubicunda. Spur cylindric-filiform for some distance near the apex; fol- licles pubescent. 11. A. eleganiula. Sepals and spurs wholly yellow; spur usually slightly curved. Leaves thick, densely pubescent beneath; spur slender, abruptly nar- rowed near the base. 12. A. micrantha. Leaves thin, glabrous or glabrate; spur gradually Taper to near the 13. A. flavescens. apex Spur 2.5-6 cm. long; flowers in anthesis usually erect. Basal leaves usually twice ternate; spur 3—4 cm. long. Sepals blue or white, ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse; spur 3-5 cm. ong. Stem (except the upper part) and petioles glabrous. Plant cae gs high; leaflets thin. rather large, not conspicuously glauc 14, A. coerulea. Plant 12 im. high; leaflets thick, small and conspicuously glaucou: 15. A. scopulorum. Stem and netisies glandular and villous throughout. 16. A. pallens. Sepals yellow, lanceolate, somewhat acuminate; spur oe 5-3 ar one oreophila Basal leaves usually thrice ternate; spur 4-7 cm. long; sepals yellow. CROWFOOT FAMILY 93 Spur 4-5 cm. long; sepals less than 2 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute; follicles strongly curved outward. 18. A. thalictrifolia. Spur 5-7 cm. long; sepals 2—4 cm. long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; fo icles almost straight. 19. A. chrysantha. 21. DELPHINIUM (Tourn.) L. Larkspur. A. Carpe and follicles 3, rarely 4 or 5. I. Pedicels erect or nearly so. a. Sepals white or merely tinged with blue or with a blue spot; follicles more than 1 cm. long, about four times as long as broad; seeds squamellate. (I. CAROLINIANA.) Lobes of the lateral petals divergent; lower pedicels elOnsate spur mostly erect; stem strigose-canescent through out. D. Penardii. Lobes of the lateral petals not divergent; lower pedicels 1S at elongate; spur mostly horizontal; stem usually glabrous below, viscid above. 2. D. virescens. b. Sepals dark blue; follicles less than 1 cm. long, only 2—3 times as long as broad; seeds not squamellate, but wing-margined. (II. STRICTA.) Lower petals blue and bearded; perennials with famcuinte pabeataa roots. Stem glabrous below. Stem glabrous throughout; pedicels equalling or eee the spur. Leaves pubescent; follicles glabrous. . D. Brownii. Leaves glabrous and glaucous; follicles strigose, . D. elongatum. Stem puberulent above; follicles viscid-villous. ne Pedicels shorter than the spurs. re D. distichum. Pedicels longer than the spurs. D. megacarpum. Stem more or less pubescent throughout, finely so uaa. viscid above. Spur with reflexed tip; upper petals with a lanceolate, 2-cleft apex; inflorescence appressed-pubescent. 5. D. simplex. Spur straight; upper petals with an polauely ovate-triangular apex, slightly 2-toothed; inflorescence villous 6. D. cyanoreios. Lower petals white; roots fleshy, fusiform. Stem leafy throughout, viscid. 7. D. diversicolor. Stem leafy only at the base, glabrous below. 8. D. Burkei. II. Pedicels ascending or spreading. a. Inflorescence few donee the lower pedicels elongate; sepals broad, spread- ing, dark blue; leaf-segments narrow; root short and thickened, often tuber-like. ait. BICOLORIA. ) Upper petals as well as the lower blue; pod straight. 9. D. Helleri. Upper petals white or yellowish, only veined with blue, the lower mostly blue. ollicles 1,5—-2 cm. long, more or less.arcuate, the upper portion divergent. Roots fascicled, thick, but not tuber-like; stem usually viscid, at least above; blades of the lateral petals about 10 mm. long. Spur fully half longer than the obtuse lateral ies D. Leonardi. Spur only slightly longer than the acute lateral sepals. pees color, Roots ae stem not viscid; blades of the lateral petals about 5 mm. lon Stem with sae, soft reflexed hairs. 12. D. Menziesii. Stem appressed-strigose or glabrous. Flowers dark blue. 13. D. Nelsonii. Flowers light blue. 14. D. dumetorum. soni jens a 1 cm. long, only the tips divergent; stem: strigose; root uber-like. Segments of the leaves al! narrow. 15. D. Nuttallianum. Segments of the basal leaves oblong to cuneate. 16. D.depauperatum. b. Lome pedicels not elongate; plant with a long woody taproot or a rootstock. 1. Segments of the basal leaves obtuse, mucronate. (IV. SCAPOSA.) Sepals light blue; lobes of the first basal leaves pe ee spur a little longer than the upper petals. D. coelestinum. Sepals dark blue; lobes of the first basal leaves doautiel to oblong; spur nearly twice as long as the upper petals. Follicles glabrous or sparingly viscid; stem usually 18. Dea scaposum. Follicles strigose; stem leafy. 19. D, rylorhizum. 2. Segments of all the leaves acute or acuminate. a. Plant not all viscid. *Follicles pubescent. (V. ROBUSTA.) Stem grayish strigose throughout. Leaves divided into cuneate, merely cleft, segments. 20. D. geranifolium. x Leaves repeatedly divided into linear lobes. Stem 3-5 dm. high; bractlets oblong, elas under the calyx. D, Geyeri Stem ig dm, high; bractlets eutiiater 53 mm. below the calyx. 24, D. robustum. Stem glabrous and a ga at least below. Plant cespitose, 2-4 dm. high. 34. D. glaucescens. Plavt not cespitose, 5-20 dm. high. Inflorescence dense; follicles Bcarcely at all arcuate. 94 RANUNCULACEAE Leaf-segments 3-7, broad, cuneate, merely cleft into roadly lanceolate lobes. Sepals yellowish white or light blue. 22. D. cucullatum. Sepals dark blue. 23. D. canmorense. Leaf-segments narrow, repeatedly dissected into linear or linear-lanceolate divisions. Inflorescence paniculate, strigose-puberulent; leaf- segments linear. 24. D. robustum. Inflorescence racemose, simole, glabrous or nearly so; leaf-segments natrowly lanceolate. D, elongatum, Inflorescence lax; follicles strongly sae 26. D. ramosum, ** Follicles glabrous. (VI. GLAUCA.) 27. D. Brownii. b. Plant more or less viscid, especially the pedicels. * Plant tall, 4-20 dm. high, not cespitose. Leaves dissected into linear lobes; follicles densely strigose. (VII. VISCIDA.) 28. D. viscidum. Leaves divided into cuneate or rhomboid, merely cleft, divisions. Follicles viscid-pubescent. (VIII. OCCIDENTALIA.) Flowers light blue, or yellowish, tinged With b blue or purple. . multifiorum. Flowers dark blue. 30. D. occidentale. Follicles glabrous. (IX. SUBALPINA.) Sepals obtuse. 31. D. reticulatum. D. Sepals acute or acuminate. : Sepals at most equalling the spur. 32. D. Barbeyi. Sepals much longer than the spur. 33. D. attenuatum. ** Plant less than 4 dm. high, cespitose. (X. ALPESTRIA. o Stem 2—4 dm. high, puberulent or glabrous. 34. D. glaucescens. Stem about 1 dm. high, viscid-pubescent. 35. D. alpestre. B. Carpels and follicles solitary; petals 2, united. (XI. CONSOLIDAE.) 36. D. Ajacis. 22. ACONITUM L. Aconite, MonxsHoop, WoLFsBANE. Hood boat-shaped, slightly saccate, almost semicircular in outline; stem slender, scarcely more than 3 dm. high; perennials with tubers. Ultimate divisions of the basal leaves linear, linear-oblong, or linear-lanceolate. . tenue. Ultimate divisions of the basal leaves lanceolate. 2. A. delphinifolium. Hood helmet-shaped, deeply saccate; stem stout, 4-10 dm. high; root fleshy, usually fusiform. Stem, at least the upper portion, viscid-pubescent. Primary divisions of the leaves cleft or toothed; upper end of pedicels not glabrous. Fronts oF the hood strongly concave, i. e., the beak porrect, almost hori- zonta: Lower sepals one-half to two-thirds as dans as the lateral ones. Beak of the hood almost as long as the portion below; inflorescence usually simple; follicles erect. 3. A. porrectum. Beak of the hood seldom one-half as long as the portion below; inflores- cence branched; follicles ascending-spreading. 4. A. divaricatum. Lower sepals at least three-fourths as long as the eer ones; leaf-seg- ments rather broad. ‘A. Bakeri. Front-line of the hood almost straight, i. e., the beak directed downward, or slightly porrect in A. columbianum. Segments of the leaves linear-1anceolate. 6. A. ramosum. Segments of the leaves lanceolate. Lateral sepals very oblique; upper margin aia sabe Gar . A. columbianum. Lateral sepals moderately oblique; upper margin slightly if at all con- cave. Flowers blue. 8. A. insigne. Flowers ochroleucous. 9. A. lutescens. Primary divisions of at least the stem-leaves entire; thickened portion of the pedicels glabrous. 10. A. patens. Whole iant glabrous. 11. A. glaberrimum. 23. PAEONIA L. Parony. 1. P. Brownii. Famity 49. BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Famity. Primary leaves reduced to spines; secondary ones fascicled in their axils, simple or uni- foliolate. ‘|. BERBERIS. Primary leaves pinnately compound, evergreen, no secondary ones in their axils. 2, ODOSTEMON. 1. BERBERIS (Tourn.) L. Barserry. 1. B. Fendleri. 2. ODOSTEMON Raf. Orecon Grapzs. Fruit becoming dry and inflated at maturity; leaflets less than 3 cm. long. 1. O. Fremontii. BARBERRY FAMILY 95 Fruit fleshy, not inflated at maturity, dark blue with a bloom; leaflets 3-10 cm. long. Leaflets 3-11; bud-scales ovate or rounded, deciduous. ‘ Prostrate, rising only 1-3 dm. over ground; leaves not very shining. = 2. O. Aquifolium. Erect, 3-15 dm. high; leaves very shining. . 3. O. nutkanus. Leaflets 13-17; bud-scales large, lanceolate, coriaceous, persistent. 4. O. nervosus. Famity 50. PAPAVERACEAE Juss. Poppy Famtty. Hypanthium not developed; calyx not calyptrate; pod not elongate, 3-20-carpellary. Ovary many-lobed, in fruit breaking up into many follicles, which at_ maturity break off into 1-seeded joints; leaves opposite. J 1, PLATYSTEMON. Ovary of two to many completely united and not separating carpels; leaves alternate. Capsule opening by valves, at least at the summit. Unarmed herbs; sepals neither horned nor hooded. 7 Petals in age thin, scarious-persistent; leaves basal, entire. 2, ARCTOMECON. Petals not scarious-persistent; stem leafy; leaves pinnately divided or obed, . CHELIDONIUM. Prickly-leaved leafy-stemmed herbs; sepals hooded or honed Bee deciduous. Capsule opening by dentiform lids under the stigma. 5. PAPAVER. Hypanthium more or less developed; calyx calyptrate, 7. ¢., the two sepals wholly united into a funnelform body, lifted off by the expanding petals; capstile elongate, 2-valved usually from the base to the apex. 6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. 1, PLATYSTEMON Benth. Cream-cups. 1. P. californicus. 2, ARCTOMECON Torr. & Frem. 1. A. humilis. 3. CHELIDONIUM (Tourn.) L. Czzanpine. 1. C. majus. 4, ARGEMONE L. Prickiy Poppy, Tuistim Poppy. Corolla yellow; leaves with light blotches. 1. A. mexicana. Corolla white; leaves not blotched. Prickles of the fruit not squarrose. : Stem unarmed, prickly, or bristly, but not hispidulous. Leaves acutely lobed; horns of the sepals glabrous. 2. A. intermedia. Leaves round-lobed; horns of the sepals bristly. 3. A. rotundaia, Stem hispidulous-pubescent as well as densely prickly. 4. A. hispida. Prickles of the fruit strong, recurved-spreading, squarrose. 5, A. squarrosa,. 6. PAPAVER (Tourn.) L. Poppy. Leaves densely hirsute; lobes lanceolate or oblong. . P. radicatum. Leaves glabrous or with a few bristles; lobes rounded. 2, P. pygmaeum. 6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA Cham. Caxirornia Poppy. Petals 8-25 mm. jong, broadly cuneate; stem scapiform; stamens many. Seeds superficially reticulate; lobes of the leaves oblong or linear, 1-2 mm. wide. 3 1. E. mexicana. Seeds deeply pitted; lobes of the leaves linear-filiform, about 0.5 mm. wide 2. BE. glyptosperma. Petals 3-6 mm. long, obovate; stem usually more or less leafy; stamens few. 3. B. minuscula. Famity 51. FUMARIACEAE, Fumirory Famity. = Both of the outer petals spurred at the base. 1. BICUCULLA. One of the outer petals spurred. Ovules several or many; fruit an elongated capsule. 2. CAPNOIDES. Ovules solitary; fruit an indehiscent nut. 3. FUMARIA. 1. BICUCULLA Adans. Dotcuman’s Breecuss, Buenpinc Heart. Flowers racemose; spur elongate, oblong, divergent. 1. B. occidentalis. Flowers solitary; spur very short and rounded. 2. B. uniflora, 2. CAPNOIDES Adans. Corypatis. Annuals or biennials, i Plants low, ascending or diffuse; corolla yellow. Pod glabrous. Bracts narrowly lanceolate; pod pendulous, torulose. 1. C. aureum. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, ovate, or obovate; pod erect, not torulose. : i . C. montanum. Pod covered with translucent vesicles. 3. C. crystallinum. Plants erect, tall, usually 3-6 dm. high; corolla rose or purplish, with purple tips. 4. C. sempervirens. 96 FUMARIACEAE Perennials with thickened roots; corolla white or tinged with purple. Bracts spatulate or oblanceolate, about 1 cm. long; dorsal crest of the hood narrow. Sepals reniform, laciniate. 5. C. Cusickii. Sepals narrowly hastate, with large toothed basal lobes. 6. C. hastatum. Bracts linear; dorsal crests of the hood obsolete. : : ; Corolla 2 cm. long; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, their auricles subentire; pod lance-obovoid. 7. C. Brandegei. Corolla 1.5 cm. long; sepals ovate, acute, their auricles toothed; pod broadly obovoid. 8. C. brachycarpum. 3. FUMARIA (Tourn.) L. Fumrrory. 1. F. officinalis. Famity 52. BRASSICACEAE. Mustarp Famity. I. Pod sessile, or short-stipitate (in no. 48-53); sepals erect, ascending, or connivent in anthesis (except in 32, 33 and 53); anthers not twisted (except in no. 48 and 50— 53). A. Pod compressed or flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Pod not didymous; plants not densely stellate, except in Smelowskya. Pod orbicular, oval, oblong or cuneate, strongly flattened; plant not stellate. Pod 1-celled, winged all around. 1, ISATIs. Pod 2-celled, not winged all around. Cells of the pod 1-seeded. . Pods ovate-cordate, acute at the apex, neither winged nor retuse. . CARDARIA. Pods orbicular, eiliptic or rarely ovate, retuse or notched at the apex, usually winged above. 3. LEPIDIUM. Cells of the pods 2-seeded. Pods more or less winged; cotyledons accumbent; hairs of the plant simple or none. 4. THLASPI. Pods wingless; cotyledons incumbent. Pods cuneate; plants with branched hairs. 5. BURSA. Pods elliptic; plants glabrous or minutely stellate. 6. HUTCHINSIA. Pod ovate or lanceolate, not strongly flattened; plant stellate. , 7. SMELOWSKYA. Pod more or less didymous; plants stellate. Seeds solitary in each cell; pods strongly flattened. 8. DITHYREA. Seeds several in each cell; pods more or less inflated. | 9. PHYSARIA. B. Pod neither compressed nor flattened contrary to the partition. 1. Anthers not sagittate at the base, not twisted. a. Pod terete or tetragonal. Pod short, scarcely more than twice as long as broad. Cotyledons accumbent; valves of the pods nerveless. Pubescence stellate or canescent with branched hairs; seeds flat. Petals white, 2-cleft. 35. BERTEROA. Petals yellow or tinged with red, not 2-cleft. 10. LESQUERELLA. Pubescence not stellate; seeds terete. Petals white; stout perennials with a thick taproot. 14. ARMORACIA,. Petals yellow or ochroleucous, rarely white; annuals, or perennials with rootstocks. 15, RADICULA. Cotyledons incumbent or folded transversely; valves of the pod 1- nerved; pubescence if any not densely stellate. Submerged water plants, with subulate leaves; pods subglobose or elliptical. 11. SUBULARIA. Land plants with ample leaves. Capsule obovoid, dehiscent, many-seeded. 12. CAMELINA,. Capsule globose, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. 13. NESTA. +t Pod long, several times as long as broad. * Pod oes beaked, merely tipped by a short style or a sessile stigma. t+ Pod terete or nearly so. Pubescence of simple hairs. Seeds in two rows in each cell of the pod. Seeds globose or oblong, turgid; valves of the pod nerve- less; cotyledons accumbent. Petals with a median nectary, usually yellow. 15. RADICULA. Petals without nectary, white. 16. SISYMBRIUM. Seeds flattened; valves of the pod 1-nerved; cotyledons partly incumbent. 17. TURRITIS. Seeds in 1 row in each cell of the pod. Pod subulate, tapering from the base to the apex. wie 18. ERYSIMUM. Pod cylindric or tapering both ways. Perennials with creeping rootstocks. 46. SCHOENOCRAMBE. Annuals, or perennials with taproots. MUSTARD FAMILY 97 Septum of the pod nerved, with longitudinal reticulations. 19. NORTA. 1 Septum of the pod nerveless, with transverse reticulations. 20. BRAYA. Pubescence of forked hairs, Flowers pedicelled, yellow to Borenrredlaned. rarely white: leaves pinnatifid or lobed. PHIA. Flowers sessile, rose or white; leaves toothed or entire. MALCOLMIA. tt Pod 4-angled. Stem-leaves clasping by a cordate base. 23. CONRINGIA. . Stem-leaves not clasping. Corolla white. 24, ARABIDOPSIS. Corolla yellow or purplish. seeds Lela leaf-blades entire or toothed. Hairs of the stem and leaves appressed, 2-branched, attached near the middle; partition of the pod not cross-veined, 25. CHEIRINIA. Hairs of the stem and leaves spreading, branched, attached at the end; partition of the pod cross- reticulate. 26. HESPERIS. Seeds flat; leaf-blades pinnatifid. 27. CAMPE. ** Pod with a long distinct beak. Pods indehiscent, constricted between the seeds, which are separ- ated from each other by false, spongy, transverse partitions. 28. RAPHANUS. Pods opening by valves, without transverse partitions. Beak flat and sword-like, 4-angled, or two-edged, contiguous with an internode, containing 1 seed. Valves of the pod with 3 strong nerves. 29. SINAPIS. Valves of the pod with 1 strong nerve. 30. ERUCA. Beak elongated-conic, seedless. 31. BRASSICA. b. Pod flattened parallelly to the broad partition. Fruit orbicular, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent; sepals somewhat spreading. Fruit not winged: pubescence of branched hairs, those of the fruit uncinate. 32, ATHYSANUS. Fruit winged, usually marked with fenestrations or sinuations on the margin; pubescence of simple hairs. 33. THYSANOCARPUS. Fruit 2-celled, 2-several-seeded, dehiscent (in some species of Draba ardily $0); sepals erect. Pod anbiedlar: Valves convex; filaments dilated and toothed near the base; plants stellate, leafy. Pod suborbicular, with flat margins; petals entire or nearly so. ALYSSUM. Pod oblong, slightly if at all compressed; aeiale notched. 35. BERTEROA. Valves flat; filaments not toothed; plant scapose, with simple hairs. 36. IDAHOA. Pod oblong, ovate or linear, rarely nearly orbicular; valves flat, or if convex not with flattened margins; filaments unappendaged. Valves nerveless, Valves elastically dehiscent; seeds in one row; pod long. Stem naked below, 2-3-leaved; cotyledons thick, very un- equal. 37. DENTARIA. Stem leafy; cotyledons flat, equal. 38. CARDAMINE. Valves not elastically dehiscent: seeds in two rows; pod usually short. DRABA Valves nerved and reticulate, not elastically dehiscent. Anthers not subsagittate ‘at. the base. Pod short, from orbicular to Hugar-eblone. Pod elongated-linear. Cotyledons accumbent. 40. ARABIS, Cotyledons incumbent. 23. CONRINGIA. Anthers subsagittate at the base. Stigma 2-lobed; seeds margined; cotyledons purictly accum- ARRY. DRABA. bent. Stigma entire, capitate; seeds marginless; dateleaone obliquely accumbent. 42, PHAENICAULIS. 2. Anthers sagittate at the base. Calyx urn-shaped, closed; blades of the petals narrow, undulate-crisp. Cotyledons accumbent; stem not succulent; flowers small. 43, CARTIERA. Cofvledans incumbent; stem more or less succulent; Pete comparatively Ze. . CAULANTHUS. Calyx Sie sain open; petals ample. od flat; anthers neither curved nor twisted. Stigma 2-lobed. : Lobes of the stigma over the placentae; perennials. 41. PARRYA. Lobes of the stigmas over the valves; annuals. 45. STREPTANTELLA. 98 BRASSICACEAE Stigma entire, captiare: seeds marginless. Cotyledons obliquely accumbent; low perennials, with pink or purplish flowers. 42, PHAENOCAULIS. Cotyledons incumbent; tall leafy plants, with greenish flowers. 46. CHLOROCRAMBE. Pod terete oe tetragonal; anthers curved or twisted (except in Schoeno- crambe Sepals unequal, the lower longer; hairs, at least are of them, stellate or branched. . HETEROTHRIX. Sepals equal or nearly so; hairs simple or none. Sepals erect or ascending in anthesis. Stigma distinctly lobed, its lobes sepended over the septum. lants with creeping rootstocks. . SCHOENOCRAMBE. Plants with taproots. 48. TTHELYPODIOPSIS. Stigma entire or, if distinctly lobed, the lobes expanded over the valves. Stigma conical; outer sepals gibbous ab the base. HESPERIDANTHUS. Stigma truncate; sepals scarcely siehaus at the base. Septum of the pod without a distinct midrib. 51. THELYPODIUM. Septum of the pod with a strong midrib. 52, PLEUROPHRAGMA. Sepals strongly spreading or reflexed in anthesis, goou deciduous. T. ‘ANLEYELLA. II. Pod terete, long-stipitate; sepals spreading or reflexed in anthesis; anthers curved and spirally twisted. 54, STANLEYA. 1. ISATIS L. Woap. 1. I. tinctoria. 2. CARDARIA Desv. 1. C. Draba. 3. LEPIDIUM L. Peprrercrass, CANARY-GRASS, BIRD-SEED. Style evident, at least equalling the wing-margins. Introduced annuals or bienni Upper leaves entire, perfoliately clasping. 1. L. perfoliatum. Leaves all pinnatifid, none clasping. 2. L. sativum. Native perennials. Pods 2-4 mm. wide. : None of the leaves pinnatifid. Basal leaves oblanceolate, entire-margined, thick; stamens 2. aD) 3. L. integrifolium. Basal leaves more or less toothed, thinner; stamens 6. Basal leaves truncate and 3-toothed at the apex. 4. L. Vaseyanum. Basal leaves oblanceolate, acute at the apex, serrate-crenate. 5. L. crenatum. Basal leaves at least pinnatifid. Segments of the basal leaves short, obovate or oblanceolate in outline; petals obovate. Styles 2-3 times as long as the wing-margins; racemes in age more or less elongate. Styles about 3 times as long as the wing-margins; leaves coriaceous segments entire or merely round-toothed, obtusish; Sinee glabrous; stem few-leaved 6. ‘L. scopulorum. Styles about 2 times as long as the wing-margins; leaves not cori- aceous; segments usually cleft or deeply toothed, acute. Upper stem-leaves linear, entire; plant glabrous or the upper part of the stem slightly puberulent. 7. L. Crandaliii. Leaves usually all pinnatifid; stem puberulent throughout. Stem glandular-puberulent; pod oval = ovate, narrowed towards the apex. L. montanum, Stem densely papillose-puberulent; pod Sie 9. L. papilliferum. Styles slightly exceeding the wing-margins; racemes numerous, short; plant puberulent. 10. L. brachybotryum. Segments of the basal leaves elongate, linear, oblong, or lanceolate. nly the lower leaves pinnatifid; pod broadly oval; style scarcely longer than the width of the wing-margins; petals orbicular. 11. L. alyssoides. Stem leaves except the uppermost also pinnatifid; pod narrower, acutish af both ends; style about twice as long as the width of the wing- margins; petals obovate to elliptic. Plant low, 3 dm. high or less; leaves or their lobes prcses linear. onesii Plant tall, 4-10 dm. high; upper leaves henedig | linear or oblong. 13. L. Eastwoodiae. ods 6-8 mm. wide. 14. L! Fremontii. Style obsolete, or at least shorter than the width of the wing-margins; annuals or bi- ennials Wing-margins of the fruit not produced at the apex into distinct lobes or teeth. Pods glabrous or rarely minutely puberulent when young. Petals conspicuous, at least equalling the sepals, spatulate or obovate. MUSTARD FAMILY 99 Style distinct, but short; blades of the petals broadly obovate, much ex- ceeding the sepals. 15, L. idahoense. Style none; blades of the petals spatulate. Pubescence, if any, of cylindrical or subulate hairs: petals well exceed- ing the sepals, at least in the earlier flowers. Stem glabrous or nearly so. Cotyledons accumbent; petals broadly spatulate. 16. L. virginicum. Cotyledons incumbent; petals narrowly spatulate or oblance- olate. 17. L. texanum. Stem densely pubescent. 18. L. hirsutum. Pubescence of iDe stem of short, clavate hairs; petals about equalling the sepa! Stem low, 1-3 dm. high, branched below; primary basal leaves sae ane ies serrate. 19. L. ramosum. Stem taller, 4-6 dm. high, simple below, branched above; primary basal leaves pinnatifid. 20. L. simile. Petals none or minute, scarcely more than half as long as the sepals, linear or linear-spatulate. Plants Lalas near the base; petals usually present (except in L. diver- gens Racemes usually numerous, on short branches from the axils of the upper leaves; pods broadest below the middle; wing-margins narrow. Axillary racemes very short and dense, usually shorter than the leaves; petals more than half as long as the a sepals. 21, L. ramosissimum,. Axillary racemes at last elongate; petals very minute or lacking. 22. L. divergens. Racemes elongate, terminal; pods broadest above the middle; wing- margins fully 0.5 mm. wide at the apex. 23. L. elongatum. Plant ample below, branched above; petals none; racemes elongate, terminal. 24. L. densiflorum. Pods hirsute, at least on the margins. Stem-leaves linear, mostly entire. 25. L. pubecarpum. Stem-leaves spatulate, toothed or laciniate. 26. L. Georginum. Wing-margins of the fruit produced at the apex into acute lobes or teeth. Stem erect, 3-5 dm. high. 27, L. Fletcheri, Stem decumbent, 3-15 cm. high. Pod obovate or elliptic; siemens 2; leaves linear or Hnebe 2 atulate. : . L, Bourgeauanum. Pod ovate; stamens 4; basal leaves often pinnatifid. 29. L, dictyotum. 4. THLASPI (Tourn.) L. Penny Cress, Penny-crass. Witp Sweet ALYSSUM. Pods orbicular in outline, broadly wing-margined and deeply notched at the apex; sepals green; annuals. 1. T. arvense. Pods obovate or oblanceolate-cuneate in outline, with narrow margins, acute, truncate or ey notched at the apex; sepals with white or rarely purplish margins; perennial Petals 2.5-3 mm. long; pod oblanceolate-cuneate, 2-2.5 mm. wide. 2. T. parviflorum. Petals 4-7 mm. long; pods cuneate or obovate-cuneate, 3 mm. or more wide. Pods acutish at the apex, neither emarginate nor retuse. 3. T. californicum. Pods rounded or truncate at the apex, emarginate or retuse. Pods rounded at the apex; sinus narrow. Caudex rather slender; stem 1-2 dm. high; petals spatilate, about 5 mm. long Nutiallii. Gander “stout, densely cespitose; stem less than 1 dm. hich; petals broadly obovate, 6-7 mm. long. T. coloradense. Pods truncate or nearly so at the apex; sinus very broad era open. Stem 2-3 dm, high; stem-leaves ample, broader than the basal ones; sepals green, with white margins. 6. T. glaucum. Stem 1 dm. or less; stem-leaves reduced; sepals and often also petals purplish. 7. T. purpurascens. 5. BURSA Weber. SHEpHERD’s Purse. 1. B. Bursa-pastoris. 6. HUTCHINSIA R. Br. 1. H. procumbens. 7. SMELOWSKIA C. A. Meyer. Basal leaves merely lobed, cuneate to oblanceolate in outline; pod 5-6 mm. long, tapering towards the base, 1. S. lobata. Leaves all deeply pinnatifid. Pod ovate, 4-5 mm. long, obtuse at the base; calyces and pedicels densely villous; leaves white-villous. 2. S. ovalis. Pod lanceolate or oblanceolate, 7-12 mm. long, tapering at each end. Segments of the basal leaves spatulate or oblong. 3. S. americana. Segments of the basal leaves linear or linear-oblong. 4. S. lineariloba. 8. DITHYREA Harv. 1. D. Wislizeni. 100 BRASSICACEAE 9. PHYSARIA A. Gray. Dousie BLappDER-Pop. Cells of the pods much inflated, the upper sinus acute, narrow. Pods deeply cordate at the base; lower sinus almost as deep as the upper. Pubescence short and close. 3: e Fe eeatEa: . P. lanata. Pubescence long and loose. : Pods not cordate at the base or slightly so; lower sinus none or very shallow. ells of the pods 5-10 mm. in diameter, without ridges on the sides. Some of the basal leaves more or less fiddle-shaped. ‘ Leaves of the decumbent flowering stems reduced; terminal lobe of the basal leaves rounded or reniform, very obtuse, entire. . 3. P. vitulifera. Leaves of the ascending flowering stems ample; terminal lobes of the basa] leaves rhombic or ovate, acute or sometime obtuse, sinuate. 4. P. floribunda. None of the basal leaves fiddle-shaped. : Basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, acute, 2-4 cm. long; pods slightly 5. P. acutifolia. cordate at the base. . Basal leaves rounded-obovate, 4-10 cm. long; pod acutish at the base. 6. P. brassicoides. Cells of the pods 10-18 mm. in diameter when fully developed, ridged ou the sides. 7. P. Newberryi. Cells of the pods not much inflated, the upper sinus shallow, open. 8. P. Geyert. 10. LESQUERELLA S. Wats. Buapper-pop. Ovary and pod stellate-pubescent. Pod ovoid or ellipsoid. Pod distinctly compressed and acute at the apex. 5 Pod _ 6-8 mm. long; plant usually more than 1dm. high. . Basal leaves broadly oval; septum of the pod elliptic in outline; style equalling the pod. 1. L. Shearis. Basal leaves oblanceolate to obovate; septum of the pod ovate in outline; style much shorter than the pod. . 2. L. curvipes. Pod 3-5 mm. long; plant usually 1 dm. or less high. Basal leaves linear-oblanceolate or linear. Pod strongly compressed above. Leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate; plant pulvinate. é 3. L. alpina. Leaves narrowly linear; plant multicipitous, with a_ subterranean 4. L. paroula. woody caudex. 5. L. intermedia. Pods slightly compressed. Basal leaves spatulate; pod not strongly compressed above. ; Plant densely pulvinate, 2-5 cm. high; leaves 2 cm. long or less; pedicels erect or nearly so. 6. L. condensata. Plant cespitose, 5-10 cm. high; leaves about 2 cm. long or more; basal leaves oblanceolate-spatulate; pedicels spreading, S-curved. 7. L. spatulata. Pod not compressed above. Basal leaf-blades rounded or broadly spatulate. Stem-leaves small, generally less than 1 cm. long, Bae ee Ope Ate: Basal leaf-blades obovate-spatulate; style shorter than the pod. 8. L. prostrata. Basal leaf-blades rhombic-ovate; style longer than the very acute pod. 9. L. Wardit. Stem-leaves oblanceolate or obovate, 1-2 cm. long. 10. L. montana. Basal leaf-blades linear-oblanceolate; stem-leaves narrowly BG: £ . L. arenosa. Pod globose. Plant perennial. Pod 2-3 mm, in diameter. Basal leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate. Stem very slender; stem-leaves oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long. Plant 5 cm. or less high; pod less than 2 mm. broad: pos purple. . LZ, rosea. Plant usually more than 5 cm. high; pod 2-3 mm. broad; petals yellow. Pedicels ascending. 13. L. versicolor. Pedicels in fruit recurved. 11. L. arenosa. Stem stouter, strict; stem-leaves linear, 2-6 cm. long. 14. L. ludoviciana. Basal leaf-blades broadly oval, ovate, or elliptic. Basal leaves repand-dentate; stems stout; raceme loose; pedicels re- curved. 15. L. Macounii. els upcurved. Basal leaves entire; stem slender; racemes congested; pedic 16. L. utahensis. Pod 5-6 mm. in diameter; stem-leaves broadly spatulate. 17. L. macrocarpa. Plant annual. 18. L. Gordoni. Ovary and pod glabrous, globose. Plant annual, 18. L. Gordoni. Plant perennial. Basal leaf-blades oblanceolate; stem-leaves narrowly so. Plants usually more than 3 dm. high; flowers and fruit corymbose. 19. L. Engelmanni. MUSTARD FAMILY 101 Plant usually less than 3 dm. high; inflorescence at least in fruit elongate, racemose, 20. L. stenophylia. Basal leaf-blades broadly oval. 21. L, ovalifolia. 11. SUBULARIA L. 12. CAMELINA Crantz. Fase Fuax. Stem glabrous. 1 Stem pubescent. 13. NESLIA Desv. 14. ARMORACIA Gaertn. Horsu-ravisu. 15. RADICULA Hill. Yetrow Warer-cress, Marsu-cress. Perennials with rootstocks; petals much exceeding the sepals. Pods papillose. Pods ovate; leaves coarsely toothed. Pods lance-oblong or linear, mostly curved; leaves pinnatifid. Leaves thin; petals white; fruit recurved. 1. S. aquatica. . C. sativa, 2. C. microcarpa. 1. N. paniculata. 1. A. Armoracia. 1. R. calycina. 2. R. trachycarpa. Leaves thick; petals yellow; fruit erect. 3. R. Columbiae. Pods not papillose. 4. R. sinuata. Annuals or biennials. Pods thickened towards the apex and truncate, curved, longer than the pedicels. R. clavata. Pods not thickened towards the apex, acute or obtuse. Pods spherical to oblong-ellipsoid, in the latter case shorter than the pedicels. Pedicels 4-10 mm. long. Pods 5-8 mm. long, 2-3 mm, thick; stem sparingly Eireate: R. pacifica. Pods 3-5 mm. long (rarely 6-7 mm. in R. palustris), 1 re mm, thick. Stem more or less hirsute. 7. R. hispida. Stem glabrous. Stem tall, 3-8 dm. high; stigma prominent, aolabel: R. terrestris. Stem low, divaricately branched, 1-3 dm. high: stigma scarcely thicker than the style. R. alpina. Pedicels 2-5 mm, long, pod globose. R. sphaerocarpa. Pods oblong to linear-cylindrical, equalling or longer than the dhect pedicels. Style about 1 mm. long. Leaves nearly all pinnatifid, with obtuse divisions. 11. R. obtusa. Leaves mostly sinuate, or if pinnatifid, with acute divisions. Pods short-ellipsoid, straight on straight pedicels. 10. R. sphaerocarpa. Pods elongate-ovoid, curved, on curved pedicels. 12. R. curvipes. Style minute, 0.5 mm. long or less. Pods 1.5 mm. thick or less, distinctly pedicelled; seeds tuberculate. _ Petals about 2 mm. long or more; pods linear, 1 mm. or less thick, . strongly curved. Leaves divided to near the midrib, their segments obtuse. 13. R. curvisiliqua. Leaves merely cleft, with acute segments. 14. R. Nuttaliiz. Petals rarely more than 1 mm. long; pods usually slightly tapering upwards, about 1.5 mm. thick, straight or slightly curved. Leaves pinnatifid. Low, slender, less than 2 dm. high; leaves not eee aaa base. yrata. Taller and stouter, over 2 dm. high; penile Pig the stem-leaves auricled at the base. R. Underwoodii. Leaves entire or merely sinuate. is R. integra. Pods fully 2 mm. thick, almost sessile; seeds pitted., 18. R. sessiliflora. 16. SISYMBRIUM (Tourn.) L. Warer-cress. 1. S. Nasturtium-aquaticum. 17. TURRITIS L. Towzr Mustarp. 1. T. glabra. 18. ERYSIMUM L. Hevce Musrarp. 1. E. officinale. 19. NORTA Adans. Tumpie Mustarp. 1. N. altissima. 20. BRAYA Sternb. & Hoppe. 1. B. purpurascens. 21. SOPHIA Adans. Tansy Mustarp. Leaves all pinnately dissected; pod not twisted. Pedicels ascending or spreading. Pods linear, 1 mm. wide, somewhat curved; seeds uniserial. Stem simple or with erect-ascending branches; pods 8-25 mm. long. Pods 15-25 mm. long; leaves mostly thrice pinnatifid. 102 BRASSICACEAE . Inflorescence elongate: pods nearly erect; pedicels ape 1 see long. ‘ophia. Inflorescence short; pods spreading; pedicels about 0. 5 mm. long. 2. S. soenanies, Pods 8-15 mm. long; leaves once or twice pinnatifid. Stem glabrous, or sparingly stellate or glandular puberulent. Leaf-segments all narrow, linear or oblong, or those of the lower leaves broad and obtuse, more or less grayish stellate. Stem grayish stellate, not at all glandular; leaf-segments all narrow. 3. S. gracilis. Stem very sparingly stellate, often glandular-puberulent; seg- ments of the lower leaves broad, very obtuse. 4. S. californica. Leaf-segments all broad, lanceolate or ovate, thin and bright green. Pods divergent; primary segments of the be ar oa leaves often entire. S. leptophylla. Pods ascending; primary segments of the ieee all sharply cut- lobed. 6. S. incisa. Stem densely glandular-pubescent. 7. S. viscosa. Stem diffusely branched; pods 5-8 mm. long. 8. S. purpurascens. Pods more or less clavate, 5-12 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; seeds usually more or less biserial. Pods 8-12 mm. long, mostly erect on spreading pedicels. Leaves and stem green, only sparingly stellate. Stem divaricately branched; branches making with the stem an angle of 45 degrees or more; pedicels 7-10 mm. long, usually shorter than the pod. 9. S. ramosa. Stem simple or with almost erect or strongly ascending branches. Petals much exceeding the sepals. Terminal segments of the upper leaves dbs eeneate: linear, entire; segments all narrow. S. filipes. Terminal segments not greatly elongate; te of the lower leaves obovate. 11. S. magna. Petals not much exceeding the sepals; segments narrow; terminal] segments of the upper leaves not elongate. 12. S. intermedia. Leaves and stem cinereous-stellate. Petals longer than the sepals, about 2 mm. long; upper leaves mostly once pinnate, with elongate, broad terminal segments. 13. S. andrenarum. Petals not longer than the sepals, about 1.5 mm. long; upper leaves usually more dissected; terminal segment narrow, not elongate. 14. S. halictorum. Pods 5-8 mm. long. Pods acute above, acuminate below; style obsolete. Pods ascending or spreading. 15. S. pinnata. Pods erect; leaves s sparingly stellate. 16. S. Nelsonii. Pods acuminate at bot: ends; style evident. 17. S. leptostylis. Pedicels erect. Pods over 1 mm. thick. Plant green and almost glabrous. 18. = poe Plant cinereous-pubescent. 19. artvegiana. Pods about 0.75 mm. thick; plant glandular-puberulent, ae the inflores- cence, or glabrous. 20. S. glandulifera. Lower leaves merely coarsely toothed or lobed; pod twisted. 21. S. perplexa. 22. MALCOLMIA R. Br. 1. M. africana. 23. CONRINGIA (Heist.) Link. Harn’s-rar. 1. C. orientalis. 24, ARABIDOPSIS (DC.) Schur. Movss-car Cress. Stem-leaves not auricalate-clasping or sagittate at the base. Annual. Perennial. Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping or sagittate at the base. Pubescent biennials or perennials. Pod 2 mm. thick; style obsolete. 3. A. virgata. Pod 1 mm. thick: style 0.5 mm. long. 4. A. stenocarpa. Glabrous annual. 5. A. glauca. 25. CHEIRINIA Link. W1up Wati-rLower, PRAIRIE-ROCKET, YELLOW PHLox. Petals less than 1 cm. long. Petals 4-5 mm. long. 1.C Petals 6-10 mm. long. Perennials or piennials: pods ascending. 2. C. inconspicua. Annuals; pods spreading. 3. C. repanda. Petals more than 1 cm. long. Petals light yellow. Biennials or short-lived perennials, not cespitose. A, Thaliana. A. Richardsonii. Ne . cheiranthoides MUSTARD FAMILY 103 é Pods almost terete, slightly compressed, tapering intoa style more than 2 mm. ong. 4. C. arida. Pods 4—angled; style only slightly narrower, very short. . Basal leaves, as well as whole plant, grayish-strigose, not ee : Pods widely spreading, 4-8 cm. long, stout; stem-leaves usually sinuate- dentate. 5. C. aspera. Pods strongly ascending or almost erect, 8-12 cm. long (except in C. brachycarpa). Stem-leaves usually sinuately dentate. 6. C. elata. Stem-leaves entire or rarely denticulate. . Stem-leaves linear or nearly so; pod usually twisted, slender. 7. C. asperrima. Stem-leaves oblanceolate; pod straight, stout. Pod about 8 cm. long, 1.5 mm. thick. 8. C. oblanceolata. Pod 4-6 cm. long, 2.5 mm, thick. 9. C. brachycarpa. Basal leaves, at least, silvery white; stem-leaves narrowly linear. Plant 2-3 dm. high; stem-leaves sinuate-dentate. 10. C. Bakeri. Plant 1-2 dm. high; stem-leaves entire. 11. C, argillosa. Low cespitose perennials. Leaves entire-margined or minutely denticulate. 12. C, nivalis. Leaves sinuate-dentate. 13. C. radicata. Petals varying from orange to brown or purple. Plant simple, 3-5 dm. high; basal leaves 5-10 cm. long, oblanceolate. 14, C. Wheeleri. Plant cespitose, 1-2 dm. high; basal leaves 2—4 cm. long, spatulate. Perennial with a branched caudex: stem usually more than 1 dm. high. P 15. C. amoena. Biennial; stem in flower a few cm. high, more elongate in fruit, leafy only at the base. 16. C. Pallasii. 26. HESPERIS (Tourn.) L. Damn’s Rocket, Dame’s VIOLET. 1. H. matronalis. 27. CAMPE Dulac. Winter Cress, Scurvy Grass. Pod obtusely angled; leaves with 1-4 pairs of divisions. Divisions of the basal leaves 1-2 small pairs; pod slender, ascending. eae : . C. americana. Divisions of the basal leaves 3-4 pairs; pod stouter, erect and appressed. 2. C, stricta, Pod sharply 4—angled; leaves with 4-8 pairs of divisions. 3. C. verna. 28. RAPHANUS L. Rapisu. 1. R. sativus. 29, SINAPIS L. Musrarp, Cuarnock. Beak sword-shaped, constituting more than half the length of the pod. _ 1. S. alba. Beak somewhat 4-angled, but flattened and 2-edged, constitucing about one-third the length of the pod. 7 2. S. arvensis. 30. ERUCA (Tourn.) Mill. Garpren Rocker. 1. E. Eruca. 31. BRASSICA L. Cassacs, Raps, Turnip, Buack Mustarp. None of the leaves clasping. Pod slender, 4—angled, erect, appressed to the stem. 1. B. nigra. Pod ascending, terete, but with a strong midvein. 2. B. juncea. Upper stem-leaves clasping. eaves glaucous, all glabrous except the very earliest ones; petals cream-colored, long-clawed. . B. campestris. Leaves not glaucous, the basal ones distinctly hairy; petals bright yellow, short- clawed. 4. B. Rapa. 32. ATHYSANUS Greene. 1. A. pusillus. 33. THYSANOCARPUS Hook. Pods pubescent; plant glabrous and glaucous. 1. T. trichocarpus. Pods glabrous. : 4 Plant more or less hirsute; pod entire-margined, fenestrate, or with thin round areas. : 2. T. elegans. Plant glabrous; pod toothed, rarely with fenestrations or thin areas. 3. T. amplectens. 34. ALYSSUM L. Atyssum, SweeT Atyssum. 1. A. alyssoides. 35. BERTEROA DC. Hoary Atyssum. 1. B. incana. 36. IDAHOA Nels. & Macb. Fiat-pop. 1. I, platysperma. 37. DENTARIA L. Toorawort, Mitx Maus. 1. D. rupicola. 104 BRASSICACEAE 38. CARDAMINE L. Birrer Crzss. Leaves all entire. Plant dwarf, less el 1 dm. high, with a slender rootstock; leaf- pages oval, usually entire-margine « Oy bellidifolia. Plant more than 1 dm. high; blades at least of the stem-leaves ginuately toothed. Plant 1-4 dm. high; upper leaves subsessile. . C. Douglasii. Plant 3-6 dm. high; all leaves petioled. Flowers about 1 cm. long; leaves not thick. Plant glabrous or nearly so. 3. C. cordifolia. Stem densely pilose; leaves also hairy. 4. C. infausta. Flowers about 0.5 cm. long; leaves thiclish, sinuately round lope « GC, Leibergii. Some of the leaves at least pinnate. Petals 5-12 mm. long. 3 . Petals 8-12 mm. long; leaflets 3, rhombie, 3—-lobed or sinuately peer . C. angulata. Petals about 5 mm, long; leaflets 1-9, the terminal one much larger, cordate, ovate, or reniform, sinuately toothed. Beak of the fruit about 2.5 mm. long. 7. C. vallicola. Beak of the fruit about 1 mm. Tone, e of Only a few of the leaves pinnate. 5. C. Leibergii. Most of the leaves pinnately 3—7-foliolate. 8. C. Breweri. Petals 2-4 mm. long. : Leaflets of the peomeleaved usually only 3. 9. C. unijuga. Leaflets of the stem-leaves 5-11 Leaves glabrous; seeds small, ‘more than 12 in each pod. Beak of the pod less than 1 mm. long. Stem few-leaved; petals 3-4 mm. long; racemes contracted, cor geal: form, shorter ‘than the subtending leaves. 10. C. umbellata. Stem very leafy; petals 2-3 mm. long; raceme elongate. Leaves thin; leaflets usually broad; stem glabrous or nearly so. 11. C, pennsylvanica. Leaves thick; leaflets of the upper leaves narrow, linear or oblong; stem densely hairy below. 12. C. multifolia. Beak of the pod more than 1 mm. Jong. ° 13. C. acuminata. Leaves with scattered hairs; seeds large, 6-12 in each pod. 14. C. oligosperma. 39. DRABA L. Wuuittow Grass, Drasa. Winter annuals. Style slender, 12 mm. long; filaments dilated. 1. D. asprella. Style obsolete. Pods hairy eaves all crowded on the lower part of the stem; flowers white; racemes short, on long naked peduncles. Pods linear, appressed-hirsute; leaves entire. 7 Inflorescence even in fruit corymbiform; petals minute or none. : : . D. micrantha. Inflorescence in fruit elongate; petals conspicuous. ‘ : : 3. D. coloradensis. Pods oblong or elliptic, with spreading branched pubescence, often stellate; leaves usually toothed. 4, D. cuneifolia. Tesver ere or less scattered on the stem; flowers yellow or in age sometimes ‘Saul ees obovate, ovate, or oblong; stem-leaves ample; pedicels longer than the pods. 5. D. nemorosa. Basal pir Sblanneblate to oblong; stem-leaves smaller, oblong-lanceolate; edicels shorter than the po Padicels divergent; leaves hirsute. 6. D. montana. Pedicels ascending; leaves stellate, not hirsute. 7. D. praealta. Pods glabrous. Pedicels in fruit reflexed; petals white. D.defleza. Pedicels ascending or spreading; petals yellow (except in No “12): Stem more or less leafy. Pods 2-4 mm. long; stem-leaves thick. 9. D. brachycarpa. Pods 6-8 mm. long; leaves thin. Basal leaves obovate; stem-leaves several, broad; pedicels twice as long as the pod. 10. D. lutea. Basal leaves oblanceolate; stem-leaves very few and small; pedicels slightly, if at all, longer than the pod. ll. D. nitiaa. Stem scapiform or with a single leaf; leaves in a basal rosette. Basal leaves spatulate; pods more than 1 cm. long. Basal leaves broadly spatulate, finely stellate; poate white. . D, Macouniana. Basal leaves spatulate, but not broadly so, hisute : as well as stellate; petals yellow. (Depauperate forms of) 11. D. nitida, Basal cha oblanceolate to linear, hirsute or glabrate; pods 5-8 mm. Basall Tapes oblanceolate or spatulate, hirsute. 13. D. crassifolia. Basal leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, glabrous, except the very sparingly ciliate margins. 14. D. Parryi. MUSTARD FAMILY 105 Perennials; style usually evident. Plants Ban Ose or nearly so. Pod 16-20 mm. long and 7-8 mm. wide. 15. D. eurycarpa. Pod less than 12 mm. long and 5 mm. wide. Petals yellow. Pods about twice as long as broad, 5-12 mm. long. Pods glabrous or nearly so. Leaves not stellate, glabrous, except the cillato margin: (Depauperate variety of) D. streptocarpa. Leaves more or less stellate over the whole aurvracé. ® Leaves broadly spatulate, long-ciliate, prs on the margin; midrib weak. 6. D. alpina. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, scarcely ciliate; midrib strong. D. glacialis. Pods pubescent. Leaves obovate, densely and finely white-stellate; midrib indistinct. 18. D. argyrea. Leaves ayaa or linear-oblong, sparingly stellate, with a strong midri' Plant cespitose, but not densely pulvinate; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, rather finely stellate, spreading, not densely imbricate. 19. D. incerta. Plant densely pulvinate; leaves linear-oblong, villous-hispid as well as stellate, densely imbricate. 20. D. densifolia. -Pods only slightly longer than broad. Leaves stellate or with branched hairs. Pod_ ovate or elliptic, SOU P Pods densely stellate, about’ 5 mm. long, fully 4 mm. wide; midrib of the leaves indistinct. eaves densely and closely stellate, aa D., ventrosa. Leaves sparingly long-hairy or glabrate above, D. sobolifera. Pods sparingly puberulent or glabrous, ner Toe than 3 mm. wide, 3-5 mm. long. Leaves oblong to linear; midvein strong. Plants not densely pulvinate; leaves linear or linear-ob- lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long. 23. D. oligosperma. Plant densely pulvinate; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, less than 5 mm. long, densely imbricate. 24. D. andina. Leaves obovate, thick; midvein indistinct. 25. D. uncinalis. Pod globose. 26. D. sphaerocarpa. Leaves glabrous except the unbranched ciliations on the margins. Leaves densely imbricate, short. Pod pubescent; midvein of the leaves obsolete. 27. D. sphaerula. Pod glabrous; midvein of the leaves prominent. 28. D. pectinata. Leaves not densely imbricate; pod pubescent, es mm. long. D. Nelsonii. Petals white. Leaves finely stellate. Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate. Midrib of the leaves strong; pods 4-5 mm. long. 23. D. oligosperma. Midribs of the leaves not strong; pods 6-8 mm. ie ait lapponica, Leaves broadly spatulate or obovate. Pod_oblong to linear, 6-12 mm. long. Pods 6-8 mm. long, not twisted. 31. D. nivalis. Pods 10-15 mm. long, more or less twisted. ee D. lanchocarpa. Pods broadly obovate, 3-4 mm, long. 5. D, uncinalis. Leaves hirsute-ciliate on the margins, oblanceolate. Style obsolete. . D. fladnizensis. Style about 1.mm. long. 34. D. oreibata. Plant leafy-stemmed. Petals white. Petals about 3 mm. long; pods 5-8 mm. lon; lant 1-2 dm. high, densely gist lah stellate: pods fone bi see the pedicels. na. Plants about 3 dm. high, greener; pods shorter than the Sediosin, 36. D. McCallae. Petals about 2 mm. long; pods more than 1 cm. long. 37. D. columbiana. Petals yellow. Plants Eaprous, except the margins of the leaves, which are occasionally cili- ate Leaves linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, thin. Leaves much shorter than the flowering stem; pods lance-linear. 38. D. chrysantha. Leaves almost equalling the flowering stem; pods ovate. 39. D. graminea. 106 BRASSICACEAE Leaves spatulate or broadly oblanceolate, thick. 40. D. crassa. Plant decidedly hairy. Pubescence long-! irsute, with simple or slightly pianehet hairs. 1. D. streptocarpa. Pubescence short, mostly of stellate or branched aaa Styles 1.5-2 mm. long; pods glabrous or slightly puberulent. Pod not twisted; pubescence rather sparse or minute; stem-leaves usually sharply toothed. Stem more or less hirsute. 42. D. spectabilis. Stem minutely appressed-stellate. 43. D. oxyloba. Pod twisted; pubescence dense and grayish; stem-leaves entire- margined or minutely denticulate. 44. D. Helleriana. Style 1 mm. long; pods densely pubescent. Stem erect or nearly so. Leaves thin, the basal ones usually over 2 cm. long, the cauline ovate to lanceolate. Petals 5 mm. or more long. Petals pale yellow; stamleaes often dentate. D. luteola. Petals bright yellow; stem-leaves entire-marined. D. surculifera. Petals a mm. long, pale yellow; stomleaves entire-mar- gin D. aureiformis. Leaves thick, the basal ones chigaetcleke 3 cm. long, the cauline lanceolate or oblong. 48. D. aurea. Stem decumbent. Leaves finely stellate; pods twisted. 49. D. decumbens. Leaves coarsely hairy, with branched hairs; pods not twisted. 50. D. brachystylis. 40. ARABIS L. Rock Cress, Witp CanpyTurT. Basal leaves lyrately lobed; perennials. I. LYRATAE, Basal leaves entire-margined or toothed. Pods erect or nearly so. Leaves coarsely hirsute. Stem-leaves neither cordate nor auricled at the base. - II. FURCATAE. Stem-leaves cordate or auricled at the base; biennials. III. HIRSUTAE. Leaves not coarsely hirsute; perennials. Pubescence, if any, sparse and consisting of 2—forked or rarely 3-forked hairs. . DRUMMONDIANAE. Pubescence of at least the lower leaves decidedly stellate. V. MICROPHYLLAE. Pods spreading or reflexed. Pods and calyx stellate. VI. PULCHRAE. Pods not stellate. Pods 3-4 mm. wide. VII. SUFFRUTESCENTES. Pods 1-2.5 mm. wide Pods spreading or ‘somewhat recurved on spreading pedicels. Pods only 1-1.5 mm. wide. VIII. MACOUNIANAE, Pods 1.5-2.5 mm. wide. Perennials, with a caudex. Plant tall, 3 dm. or more high, suffruticose at the base. IX. PERENNANTES. Plant low, 1-2 dm. high, cespitose. X. RECONDITAE. Stout biennials or short-lived perennials, 3 dm. high or more. XI. ARCUATAE, Pods and pedicels reflexed. XII. RETROFRACTAE, I, LYRATAE, Pods about 0.75 mm. wide; style more than 0.5 mm. long. 1. A. lyrata. Pods fully mm. wide; style almost obsolete. 2. A. ambigua. II. FURCATAE. Seeds not winged; leaves hairy; pods 1 mm. wide or less. 3. A. Nutiallii. Seeds winged at the lower end; leaves merely ciliate on the margins; beds. 1 ee mm. wide. 4, A. furcata. III. HIRSUTAE. All sepals narrowly oblong; two of them with slightly saccate bases; petals 3-5 mm. long, yellowish white, less t. an twice as long as the sepals. 5. A. ovata. Two of the sepals with strongly saccate bases, almost twice as broad as the others; petals 6-10 mm. long, pure white, fully twice as long as the sepals. 6. A. rupestris. IV. DRUMMONDIANAE. Stems 3 dm. high or more, solitary or 2 or 3 from the same root. Pods about 1.5 mm. wide. 7. A, Drummondii. Pods about 3 mm. broad. 8. A. connexa, Stems less than 3 dm. high, several from a cespitose caudex. Pods strictly erect, blunt. 9A Pods rather ascending, acute. 10. A . albertina. . Lyallii. MUSTARD FAMILY 107 V. MICROPHYLLAE. Stems more than 3 dm. Lp oe basal leaves 3-10 cm. long. 11. A. oblanceolata. Stems usually less than 3 dm. high, from a branched caudex; basal leaves 1-2 cm. long. Plant green; petals 7-8 mm. long; pods fully 2 mm. wide; stem-leaves Vorato lanceolate. . A. oreophila. Plant grayish; petals about 5 mm. long; pods 0.75-1.5 mm. wide; stem-leaves oblong or linear, the lower oblanceolate. ; Flowers few; pods more than 1 mm. wide; seeds somewhat 2-ranked; stem hirsute- ciliate below or glabrous. : _ 13. A. microphylla. Flowers many; pods less than 1 mm. wide; seeds strictly in one row; stem finely stellate. 14, A. Crandallii. VI. PULCHRAE. Seeds distinctly in two rows; stem-leaves not auricled. Petals purple, 8-10 mm, long. 15. A. pulchra. Petals white, 10-12 mm. long. 16. A. formosa. Seeds in one row; stem-leaves more or less auricled; petals 5-8 mm. long. . Leaves usually coarsely toothed; petals pink, 6-8 mm. long. 17. A. subpinnatifida. Leaves entire; petals white, 5-6 mm. long. 18. A. MacDougalii. VII. SUFFRUTESCENTES. Stems suffrutescent at the base; pods reflexed. 19. A. suffrutescens. Stems not suffruticose; pods spreading. 20. A. drepanoloba. VIII. MACOUNIANAE. Petals about 4 mm. long; pod 3-4 cm. long; basal leaves 1-2 cm. long. 21, A. Macounii. Petals about 8 mm. long; pod 4—6 cm. long; basal leaves 4-6 cm. long. 22, A. arcoidea, IX. PERENNANTES. One species. 23. A. perennans, X. RECONDITAE. Leaves finely stellate. Leaves thick, canescent; stems simple. Pod about 1.5 mm. wide, acute. 24. A. Lemmonii. Pod about 2 mm. wide, obtuse. 25. A. Egglestonii. Leaves thin, green; stem branched. 26. A. recondita. Leaves more coarsely hairy, with branched hairs or merely ciliate on the margins. Leaves densely hairy. 27. A. setulosa, Leaves sparingly hairy or merely ciliate. Plant green, not glaucous; pods 3 cm. long; seeds in one row but irregularly so. Leaves firm, ciliate or somewhat hairy. 28. A. rugocarpa. Leaves thin, almost perfectly glabrous. 29. A. oxylobuia. Plant glaucous or bluish-green; pods 4—5 cm. long; seeds in two rows. 30. A. spatifolia. id XI. ARCUATAE. Pedicels and calyx long-ciliate. 31. A. perelegans. Pedicels glabrous or merely stellate. Calyx more or less stellate; pevals 8 mm. long. a, Stem 3-6 dm. high; basal leaves 2—4 cm. long, entire. 33. A. Bourgovit. Stem 5-10 dm. high; basal leaves 5-10 cm. long, denticulate. 34. A. Selbyi. seas ie glabrous or nearly so. eaves decidedly stellate; plants biennial. Pods straight or slightly curved upwards, ascending-spreading. 32. A. brachycarpa. Pods more or less arcuate and somewhat drooping. Pods 8-10 cm. long; petals 8-10 mm. long. 35. A. Stokesiae. Pods 4-6 cm. long; petals 5-8 mm. long. Stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate. Petals 8-10 mm. long, purple. 36. A. dwaricarpa. Petals about 5 mm. long, white or pinkish. 37. A. densicaulis. Stem-leaves ovate, or oblong. 38. A. fructicosa. Leaves coarsely stellate-hirsute; plants perennial. Stem-leavez conspicuously sagittate at the base; sepals linear-oblong. prs . 7 39. A. gracilenta. Stem-leaves with inconspicuous auricles at the base; sepals broadly elliptic. Basal leaves sparingly hirsute; stem-leaves lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. long. y 40. A. Fendleri. Basal leaves densely hairy; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1—-1.5 cm. long. 27. A. setulosa. XII. RETROFRACTAE. aa pec hie cee adly perce ta peer ere ‘ts ( ants not densely cespitose; stem mostly solitary (except in A. lignifera); biennials. Pedicels of the fruit merely recurved. i ee . Leaves dentate. Leaves entire. Seeds in one row; pod 3-4 cm. long; sepals stellate. 42. A. lignifera. Seeds in two rows; pod less than 3 cm. long; sepals glabrous. f 43. A. brevisiliqua. 41. A. consanguinea. 108 BRASSICACEAE Pedicels in fruit strictly reflexed. Seeds in one row; pods 4~7 cm. long. Petals 6-10 mm. long; stem-leaves usually ample. Racemes not secund. 44, A. rhodantha. Racemes secund. 45, A. retrofracta. Petals about 5 mm. long; stem-leaves narrow, serrulate. 46. A. lignipes. Seeds in two rows; pod 1.5-3.5 cm. long 47. A. caduca. Plant densely cespitose; basal leaves lines obLiaeeuiatey perennials. 48. A. canescens. Stem-leaves scarcely sagittate at the base. a Plant 3 dm, high or more, Aare et stellate; flowers numerous. ce oa exilis. () Plant 1-2 dm. high, dens stellate below; flowers few. . pendulocarpa. 41. PARRYA R. Br. 1. P. platycarpa. 42, PHOENOCAULIS Nutt. Pod linear-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. wide; seed-coat not cellular. 1. P. cheiranthoides. Pod lanceolate, 7-10 mm. wide; seed-coat cellular. 2. P. Huddelliana. 43. CARTIERA Greene. 1. C. cordata. 44. CAULANTHUS S&S. Wats. Wuitp Cassace. Stem glabrous; upper leaves reduced. Stem inflated. Calyx densely villous. 1. C. crassicaulis. Calyx as well as the whole plant glabrous. 2. C. glaber. Stem not inflated. 3. C. procerus. Stem hirsute, leafy. 4. C, pilosus. 45. STREPTANTHELLA Rydb. 1. S. longirostris. 46, CHLOROCRAMBE Rydb. 1. C. hastatus. 47, SCHOENOCRAMBE Greene. Plant tall, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous. Leaves all linear, entire. an decumbent, slender; pods ascending, more or less arcuate; aie about 1 mm. ng. decumbens. Plant erect, stouter; pods erect or nearly so, straight; style hacinde: 0.5 mm. or less long. . S. linifolia. Some of the leaves pinnatifid. ; r 3. S. pinnata. Plant low, 1-2 dm. high, pubescent; leaves pinnatifid. 4. S. pygmaea. 48. THELYPODIOPSIS Rydb. Stipe very short, less than 1 mm. long or almost none; petals white or tinged with purple. Style 2 mm. or nearly so. Pod 7-9 cm. long. 1. T. elegans. Pod about 4 cm. long. 2. T. Bakeri. Style less than 1 mm. long; pod 5—7 cm. long. 3. T. wyomingensis. Stipe 2-5 mm. long; petals and sepals yellow. 4. T. aurea 49, HETEROTHRIX (B. L. Robins.) Rydb. 1. H. micrantha. 50. HESPERIDANTHUS (B. L. Robins.) Rydb. 1. H. linearifolium. 51. THELYPODIUM Endl. Upper leaf-blades auriculate at the base. Pods 3-5 cm. long. Petals 6-9 mm. long, about twice as long as the sepals. Pods 2-3 cm. long; basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate. Petals 5-6 mm. long; blades spatulate; pedicels nearly erect. 1. T. Palmeri. Petals 7-9 mm. long; blades obovate; pedicels spreading or ascending. 2. T. sagittatum. Pods 1—2 cm. long; basal leaves oval. 3. T. ovalifolium. Petals 10-15 mm. long, about three times as long as the sepals. Pods 4-5 cm. long, 1 mm. wide. - ee macropetalum. Pods about 3 cm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide. T. Nuttallii. Pods 5-10 cm. long, arcuate, spreading or ascending. Stem eke ee leaves coarsely aintiate dentate! petals obovate, more than 2 mm. . ambiguum. Stem lenders lower leaves entire or slightly sinuate; petals narrowly spatulate, barely 2 mm. broad. . I. eucosmum. Upper leaf-' ides attenuate at the base; leaves mostly laciniate. etals narrowly linear-oblanceolate. MUSTARD FAMILY 109 Pods divergent; raceme lax. 8. T. leptosepalum. Pods erect; raceme dense. 9. T. milleflorum. Petals spatulate; pods reflexed; raceme lax. 10. T. utahense. 52. PLEUROPHRAGMA Rydb. Pedicels not flattened, about 1 cm. long. és pe leh o2cc4 Stipe 0.5-1 mm. long; inflorescence short. 1. P. integrifolium. Stipe 2-3 mm. long; inflorescence elongate. 2. P. gracilipes. £ Pedicels flattened at the base, about 3 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long. 3. P. platypodum. 53. STANLEYELLA Rydb. 1 . S. Wrightit. 64. STANLEYA Nutt. Prince’s Piume. Middle cauline leaves sessile by an auriculate base. Eee Stem winged; petals greenish. 1. S, viridiflora. Stem not winged; petals yellow. 2. S. confertiflora. Middle cauline leaves petioled or sessile with a narrowed base. Plant white-villous, 3. S. Plant not white-villous. Blades of the petals linear-oblong to elliptic, bright yellow. Blades of the petals one-third to two-thirds as long as the claws. Pod arcuate, not tortuose. = Leaves arene hirsute. : Filaments hairy; lower leaves pinnatifid, with lanceolate or oblong lobes. . S. pinnata. Filaments glabrous; lower leaves runcinate, with triangular lobes. SS. runcinata. Leaves glabrous. 7. S. glauca. Pod decidedly tortuose. 6. S. bipinnata. Blades of the petals as long as the claws. Leaves glabrous. Leaves broadly lanceolate, the lower with short broad lobes; blades of the petals oblong; pod ascending. 8. S. integrifolia. Leaves linear-lanceolate, usually all entire; blades of the petals broadly . tomentosa. elliptic; pod recurved. 9. S. arcuata. Leaves finely puberulent. 10. S. canescens. Blades of the petals rounded-oval, ochroleucous. 11. S. albescens. Famity 53. CAPPARIDACEAE. Carer Famity. Pods elongate, linear; receptacle with an appendage or gland. Appendages tubular; petals cuneate-flabelliform, laciniate, very unequal. 1. CRISTATELLA. Appendages solid; petals entire, emarginate or 3-toothed, but not laciniate. Stamens 12—32; capsule sessile or short-stipitate. 2. JACKSONITA. Stamens 6; capsule long-stipitate. 3. PERITOMA. Pods short; receptacle without appendages. Pod oblong, flattened parallelly to the replum. 4, CELOME. Pod broader than long, more or less flattened contrary to the replum. 5, CLEOMELLA. 1. CRISTATELLA Nutt. 1. C. Jamesii. 2. JACKSONIA Raf. Cuammy-weEeb. 1. J. trachysperma. 3. PERITOMA DC. Bes Fiower, Inp1an Pink, Stink FLOWER. Petals yellow. 1. P. luteum, Petals purple, pink, or white. Petals 8-12 mm. long, usually 3—toothed. Stamens exserted. Pods 2.5—5 cm. long, broadly linear; calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate, longer than broad. 2. P. serrulatum. Pods 6-7 cm. long, narrowly linear; calyx-lobes broadly triangular, abruptly acuminate, broader than long. 3. P. angustum. Stamens included. 4, P. inornatum. Petals about 4 mm. long, entire. 5, P. Sonorae. 4, CELOME Greene. 1. C. platycarpa. 5. CLEOMELLA DC. Stipe longer than the pod; leaflets linear to oblong. Seeds rugose or tessellate; leaflets linear; pod rhombic. Petals 3-5 mm. long; pod about 6 mm. wide; seed transversely rugose. 1. C. angustifolia. Petals 2-3 mm. long; pod 3-4 mm. wide; seed tessellate. 2. C. plocosperma. Seeds smooth and unmarked. , Pod broadly rhombic; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate. Stem 2-3 dm. high; pod with sharp angles. 3. C. cornuta. 110 CAPPARIDACEAE Stem less than 1 dm. high; pod with rounded angles. 4, C. nana. _._ Pod ovate; leaflets linear. 5. C. oocarpa. Stipe shorter than the pod; leaflets oval or broadly oblong. 6. C. Palmerana. Famity 54. DROSERACEAE. Sunprew Famity. 1. DROSERAL, Sunpew. Leaf-blades suborbicular or broader than long. 1 Leaf-blades elongate. shes Leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate; seeds smooth. 2. D. longifolia. Leaf-blades linear or linear-oblanceolate; seeds muricate. 3. D. linearis. . D. rotundifolia. Famity 55. CRASSULACEAE. Srons-crop Famity. Stamens twice as many as the sepals. Flowers axillary, arranged i in elongate racemes or spikes; petals rose-colored, distinct. 1. CLEMENTSIA. Flowers terminal, in cymes or one-side racemes. Petals more or less united, erect; corolla tubular. 2. GORMANIA. Petals distinct. é Flowers polygamous or dioecious; carpels erect; petals in oe urplish. HODIOLA. Flowers perfect; carpels spreading; petals in ours yellow. 4. SEDUM. Stamens as many as the sepals; minute annual mud or water plants. 5. TILLAEASTRUM. 1. CLEMENTSIA Rose. Rep OrpIne. 1. C. rhodantha. 2. GORMANIA Britton. 1. G. debilis. 3. RHODIOLA L. Ross-root, Rosz-wort. Petals Bese: follicles 3-5 mm. long, the beak 0.5 mm. long, divergent_or recurved; di . integrifolia. Petals Sabapeley acuminate; follicles 6-8 mm. long; the beak 1 mm. long, ascending; polygamo-dioecious. 2. R. polygama. 4. SEDUM L. Srone-crop, Onpine. Leaves linear, linear-oblanceolate, or oblong, terete or nearly so. 1 Leaves lanceolate to oblong or spatulate, more or less flattened. Leaves of the flowering stems lanceolate, broadest at the base. 2. S. Douglasii. Leaves spatulate or obovate, narrow at the base. 3. S. Leibergii. 5. TILLAEASTRUM Britton. 1. T. aquaticum. . S. stenopetalum. Famity 56. PARNASSIACEAE. Grass or Parnassus FamIty. 1. PARNASSIA. Grass or Parnassus. Petals fimbriate on the sides, at least below; free portions of the staminodia very short and stout; leaf-blades reniform or cordate, usually broader than long. Petals obovate, 5-nerved; staminodial scales with 5-9 lobes; sepals meee i mbriata. Petals oblong, 3-nerved; staminodial scales with 3—5 lobes; sepals narrowly lanceolate, . P. rivularis. Petals entire, not fimbriate; free portion of the staminodia long. Petals 5-9-veined, usually exceeding the sepals; spews ise ‘than twice as long as the sepals; bract some distance from the bas Staminodia 7-15 in each fascicle; basal leaf- Tindies cordate or rounded at the base. Petals nearly twice as long as the sepals; hypanthium inconapiguous stamin- odia usually 9-15 in each fascicle. P; palustris. Petals only slightly exceeding the sepals; hypanthium conepicanne: obconic, fully half as long as the sepals and nearly as broad as high; staminodia 7-9 in each fascicle. 4. P. montanensis. Staminodia 5—7 in each fascicle; basal leaf-blades acute at the base. P. parvifiora. Petals 3-veined, thin, scarcely equalling the sepals; capsule twice as Jong as the sepals; bract none or near the base. . P. Kotzebue. Famity 57. SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxirrace Faminy. Placentae parietal, sometimes nearly basal. Flowers solitary and axillary to leaf-like bracts, or 2-4 in small corymbs, each sub- tended by a leaf-like bract; sepals 4; petals wanting. 1. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Flowers in more or less elongate racemes or panicles. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 equal or essentially equal carpels. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 111 naan Ne axial, from a slender bulbiferous rootstock; gynoecium 3-carpel- 2. LITHOPHRAGMA. lar Hlowersebelke a lateral shoot from a stout scaly rootstock; gynoecium 2-carpel- ary. Inflorescence racemose. Petals pinnately cleft or pinnatifid. appar e deeply campanulate or urn-shaped, deeper than the length of the sepals; capsule tapering into a beak. 3. TELLIMA. Hypanthium saucer-shaped or open campanulate, shallower than the length of the a Vag ; capsules abruptly beaked or beakless. Ovary more than half superior; disk inconspicuous; stigmas entire, terminating distinct styles. Stamens 10; placentae almost basal, eens few ovules. ELLA. Stamens 5; placentae parietal, bearing many ovules. 5. MITELLASTRA. Ovary wholly inferior, covered with the prominent disk; stigmas sessile, 2-lobed; stamens 5. 6. PECTIANTIA. Petals entire, toothed or 3-clefé above; stamens 5. ‘ . Hypanthium campanulate during anthesis; Ovary half inferior. OZOMELIS. Hypanthium turbinate during anthesis; ovary almost wholly in- erior. CONIMITELLA. Inflorescence paniculate; stamens 5; petals broadened “upward. 9. HEUCHERA. Gynoecium of 2 very unequal carpels. 10. TIARELLA. Placentae axial. Hypanthium well-developed, and accrescent, at maturity longer than the sepals. amens Plants with short Pulbipt easing) rootstocks; flower-stalk axial. Ovary half inferior; blade of the basal’ leaf ternately divided; stamens borne on the outer edge of a thickened disk. 11. HEMIEVA. Ovary two-thirds inferior or more; blade of the base leaf merely aa disk obsolete. 2. SUKSDORFIA Plants with horizontal rootstocks; flower-stalk a lateral’ shoot. Sepals imbricate; petals marcescent; seeds winged. 13. SULLIVANTIA. 6 Se valvate; petals deciduous; seeds wingless. 14. THEROFON. amens 1! Petals clawed; styles partially united; plants with thick gy see TELESONIX. Petals clawless; styles distinct; plants with slender Se Ps often with off- sets. Plants without caudices, producing only annual flowering stems. 16. SAXIFRAGA. Plants with perennial very leafy caudices, often with offsets, the flowering stems very different from the caudices. Leaves of the caudex with lobed blades, the a ag Ee USCARIA. Leaves of the caudex with serrate blades, each moor with an encrusted por . CHONDROSEA. Hypanthium only slightly developed, unchanged at iaetutttne a if slightly accres- cent, then flat and plants acaulescent. Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal. Plants acaulescent. Corolla essentially regular, the petals about equal in shape and length. 19. MICRANTHES. Corolla irregular, except sometimes that of the terminal flower, 3 of the petals with-blades of an ovate or lanceolate type and 2 of them narrower and longer. 20. SPATULARIA. Plants caulescent. Leaves without stipules. Carpels distinct: leaf-blades toothed. 21. LEPTARRHENA. Carpels partially united; leaf-blades entire or rarely with 3 apical tooth- like lobes. 22. LEPTASEA. Leaves with reniform or orbicular, shallowly lobed blades and wing-like stipules at the base of the petioles. 23. HETERISIA. Leaves opposite, except sometimes on the flower-stalks. 24, ANTIPHYLLA. a 1. CHRYSOSPLENIUM (Tourn.) L. Go.pen SAXIFRAGE, Water CARPET. Leaves all alternate; flowers clustered near the ends of the stems; stamens 4 1. C. tetrandrum. Lower leaves opposite; flowers solitary in the leaf-axils; stamens mosily 8. . C. americanum, 2. LITHOPHRAGMA Nutt. Srar-FLower, Prairiz Star, Woopianp Star. Hypanthium campanulate or hemispheric, mostly rounded at the base, adnate only to the base of the ovary. 112 SAXIFRAGACEAE Stem-leaves seldom bulbiferous in the axils; stipules long and narrow, the free portion triangular or lanceolate, not fimbriate. Hypanthium with the sepals 2-3 mm. long; petals about 2 mm. long. edicels short, in fruit not exceeding the capsule in length; Beeds soo enella. Pedicels in fruit much longer than the capsule; seeds muriculate. He . glabra. Hypanthium with the sepals 3-4 mm. long; petals 3-5 mm. ine . Irate australis. Stem-leaves usually bulbiferous in their axils; stipules short and broad, fee free yee porto rounded and fimbriate. ifera. Hypanthium deeply obconic, adnate to the lower half of the ovary. z EE TE: 3. TELLIMA R. Br. 1. T. grandiflora. 4. MITELLA (Tourn.) L. Mirerwort, Bisuopr’s Cap. 1. M. nuda. 5. MITELLASTRA (T. & G.) Howell. 1. AL. caulescens. 6. PECTIANTHIA Raf. Stamens opposite to the petals. 1. P. pentandra. Stamens opposite to the sepals. 2. P. Breweri. 7. OZOMELIS Raf. M:rrewort. Midvein of the sepals branched; side-veins simple; petals cuneate or oblanceolate, with lanceolate lobes or entire. Petals cuneate, about twice as long as the sepals, 3-fid with subequal Sa trifida Petals oblanceolate, slightly exceeding the sepals, entire or slightly and unequally toothed. 2. O. violacea. Midveins of the sepals simple; lateral veins branched; petals filiform or 3-fid, with filiform divisions, 1-neved. Petals 3-fid to the middle; hypanthium with the sepals 4-5 mm. ions O. stauropetala. Petals entire or 3-fid only at the apex; hypanthium with the sage 1.5-3 mm. long. Hypanthium with sepals 2-3 mm. long; leaf-blades indistinetly lobed and with shallow crenulations; petals often entire. O. stenopetala. Hypanthium with the sepals 1.5-2 mm. long; leaf-blades distinct lobed and deeply crenate; petals 3-cleft. 5. O. Parryi. 8. CONIMITELLA Rydb. 1. C. Williamsii. 9. HEUCHERA L. Atum-root, KatispELu. Stamens equalling or exceeding the sepals. Panicle open, not spike-like. Hypanthium turbinate, about as broad as long; stamens at least twice as long as the sepals. H. glabra. Hypanthium deeply campanulate or urceolate, about bites as long as broad; stamens slightly exceeding the sepals. Hypanthium strongly oblique. Hypanthium with the sepals more than 1 cm. long; petioles glabrous or sparingly short-bairy. 2. H. Richardsonii. Hypanthium with the sepals less than 1 cm. long; Eee sie oe ispida Hypanthium not strongly oblique. 4. H. rubescens. Panicle Con ete dense, spike-like. 5. H. bracteata. Stamens shorter than the sepals. ELPA short-campanulate to ‘saucer-shaped, together with the sepals 3-5 mm. on, Petioles more or less hirsute. 6. H. novomexicana. Petioles Selene or puberulent. a gee ium campanulate, yellowish or pinkish; sepals almost erect. eaf-blades deeply lobed; lobes again lobed and toothed; petals narrowly oblanceolate, nearly twice as long as the sepals. 7. gracilis. Leaf-blades merely once 5—7-lobed and toothed; oa spEoUlate, from equalling to half longer than the sepals. Base of the Ale blades with an open sinus, or anes cuneate; plant 1-3 dm. high. H. Hallii Base of the leat blades with a narrow sinus; lant 3-5 dm. ‘hig h. sae 6 grossulartefoitis Hypanthium saucer-shaped; sepals apresiing. Hypanthium with the sepals 4 mm. high, yellowish; blades of the petals rhombic. 10. H. flavescens. Hypanthium with the sepals 2-3 mm. high, greenish; petals oblanceolate or spatulate. Leaf-blades with shallow lobes. Sinus of the leaf-blades closed, the basal ae often overlapping: petals not exceeding the sepals. 11. H. utahensis. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 1138 Sinus of the leaf-blades open; petals exceeding the sepals. 12. H. parvifolia. Leaf-blades cleft at least one-half to the base. 13. H. flabellifolia. ge car deeply campanulate or urceolate, with the sepals 5-10 mm. long. lowering branches and petioles pubescent. Flowers greeoish: leaf-blades reniform or rounded, deeply cordate ‘at the base lobes and teeth rounded; petioles long-hairy. 14. H. chlorantha. Flowers yellowish; le1f-blades broadly oval to orbicular, truncate or slightly cordate at the base. Leaf-blades thick, densely glandular-pubescent, 1.5-4 cm. wide, rarely cordate at the base. 15. H. ovalifolia. Leaf-blades thin, glabrous, or hairy only on the veins, 3-6 cm. wide, cordate at the base. 16. H. cylindrica. Flowering branches and petioles glabrous or finely puberulent. Flowers yellowish; leaf-blades rounded-oval to orbicular, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, only the earliest reniform. 17. H. glabella. Flowers greenish; leaf-blades thin, reniform or rarely rounded, with deeply cordate base. 18. H. tenuifolia. 10. TIARELLA L. Fase Mrrerwort. 1. T. unifoliata. 11. HEMIEVA Raf. 1. H. ranunculifolia. 12. SUKSDORFIA A. Gray. 1. S. violacea. 13. SULLIVANTIA T. & G. 1. S, Hapemanii. 14. THEROPHON Raf. 1. T. majus. 16. TELESONIX Raf. Petals twice as long as the sepals; blades almost orbicular; beaks of the pistils united almost to the top. T. Jamesii. Petals equalling or slightly exceeding the sepals; blades obovate-spaiulate; beaks of the pistils united halfway up. T. heucheriformis. 16. SAXIFRAGA (Tourn.) L. Saxirrace. Flowers normal, none of them represented by clusters of bulblets. Sea bo not abruptly narrowed into claws; leaf-blades thick, the lower Paes sapere : rivularis Petals ara ptly narrowed into claws; leaf-blades thin, the lower ones o(jobed. . S. debilis. Flowers below the terminal one replaced by clusters of bulblets. Lobes of the stem-leaves linear to triangular-lanceolate; petals cuneate. 3. S. cernua. Lobes of the stem-leaves broad and rounded, as broad as long or Raper etals fiddle- shaped. 4. S. simulata. 17. MUSCARIA Haw. Saxrrrace. Leaves of the caudex with entire or slightly 3—-toothed blades. 1. M. adscendens. Leaves of the caudex with 3-cleft or prominently 3-lobed blades. Petals less than 2 mm. long. 2. Af. micropetala. Petals over 2 mm. long. Petals 2.5-3.5 mm. long. 3. M. delicatula. Petals 4.5—-7 mm. long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate; Bypen ease turbinate during anthesis. M. monticola. Sepals broadly ovate to half-orbicular; hypanthium éanipatiilate during an- thesis. 5. M. caespitosa. 18. CHONDROSEA Haw. 1. C. Aizoon. 19. MICRANTHES Haw. SaxiFRAGE. Filaments subulate or filiform-subulate, or sometimes narrowly linear. Cymules wholly or mainly aunrecave into a head or spike, 1 or 2 lower ones some- times remote or peduncled. Petals shorter than the sepals or about equalling them. Lower cymules sessile; petals about equalling the sepals. 1. M. Rydbergii. Lower cymules peduneled;: petals shorter than the sepals. ; Petals obovate to oval or orbicular-oval. 2. M. crenatifolia, Petals tone cuneate. 3. M. columbiana. Petals larger than the sepals. Sepals ovate to triangular. 4. M. rhomboidea. Sepals oval, rounded at the apex. 5. M. austrina. Cymules in narrow pyramidal panicles. Corolla present. Petals white. Leaves with blades narrowed into petiole-like bases. 6. M. Greenei. Leaves without petiole-like bases. 114 SAXIFRAGACEAE Panicle wide; peduncles of the lower cymules elongate. Petals with claw-like bases. 7. M. arnoglossa. Petals without claw-like bases. 8. M. oregana. Panicle narrow; peduncles permanently very short. 9. M. brachypus. Petals greenish. 10. M. montanensis. Corolla wanting or obsolete. 11. M. subapetala. Filaments clavate or spatulate. ~ Leaf-blades flabellate. 12. M. Lyallii. Leaf-blades ovate, oval, broadly oblong, or orbicular. : Leaf-blades narrowed at the base, neither cordate nor of an orbicular type. Cymules permanently compact. 13. M. occidentalis. Cymules lax and open. 14. M. sazimontana. Leaf-blades orbicular or nearly so. hadee Petals with elliptic-oblong or ovate blades, the claws stout. 15. M. aestivalis. Petals with suborbicular or reniform blades, the claws slender. 16. M. arguta. 20. SPATULARIA Haw. Saxirrace. Inflorescence with bulblets. . . Plants with all the flowers represented by clusters of bulblets, or with a single flower terminating the main axis. 1. S. Vreelandii. Plants with many flowers and some bulblets, at least with a flower terminating each branch of the stem. 2. S. Brunoniana. Inflorescence without bulblets. 3. S. ferruginea. 21. LEPTARRHENIA R. Br. 1. L. pyrolifolia. 23. LEPTASEA Haw. Yrutow SaxrrraGe, SporreD SAXIFRAGE. Leaf-blades not spine-tipped at the apex, more or less ciliate. Petals suborbicular or oval, 5.5-7 mm. long, each abruptly narrowed into a short- claw; plant less than 6 cm. high. 1. L. chrysantha. Petals elliptic to oblong, 9-13 mm. long, clawless; plant more than 6 cm. high. 2. L. Hirculus. Leaf-blades spine-tipped ac the apex. , Petals oblong, oblong-lanceolate, oval, or elliptic; plants without runners. Leaf-blades entire, with a single spine at the apex. Leaf-blades not ciliate, fleshy; flower-stalks bearing larger leaves than the caudices. 3. L. Van-Bruniiae. Leaf-blades ciliate, parchment-like; flower-stalks bearing smaller leaves than the caudices. 4. L. austromontana. Leaf-blades 3-toothed at the apex, the teeth spine-tipped. 5. L. tricuspidata. Petals broadly obovate; plants with runners producing an offset at the end. _ 6. L. flagillaris. 23. HETERISIA Rat. 1. H. Mertensiana. 24. ANTIPHYLLA Haw. Purpite on Mountain SAXIFRAGE. 1. A. opposilifolia. Famity 58. HYDRANGEACEAE. Hyprancea Famicy. Capsule obovoid or obconic, the beaks rising abruptly from the body. . . Pp 1. PHILADELPHUS. Capsule conic or ovoid, the beaks tapering gradually from the body. Filaments and anthers unappendaged; sepals and petals 5. Leaf-blades toothed; hypanthium short during anthesis. 2. EDWINIA. _ Leaf-blades entire; hypanthium long during anthesis. 3. FENDLERELLA. Filaments ss ae under the anthers; anthers appendaged at the top: sepals and petals 4. 4, FENDLERA. 1, PHILADELPHUS L. Mock ORANGE, SYRINGA. Leaf-blades thin, not leathery, usually toothed or denticulate, more than 3 cm. long; flowers several. Petals ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse at the apex. 1. P. Helleri Petals oblong to rounded-oval; rounded at the apex. Leaf-blades 3-5-ribbed, the lateral ribs or if 5-ribbed the second or stronger pair meeting the midrib some distance from the base of the blade. Bark of the second season_red or chestnut-brown, with conspicuous cross- cracks, at last peeling off. 2. P. Lewisii. Bark of the second season gray or yellowish, neither cross-cracked nor peeling off. ri 7 5 ie 4 . P. columbianus. Leaf-blades 5—ribbed, all ribs originating at the base of the blade. 4. P. Gordoni fs Bo es dpe eis eo ne entire; flowers mostly solitary. ee ypanthium mm. high. | : ; 5. P. micr Hus. Hypanthium about 2 mm. high, or in fruit 34 mm. high. ophy Styles wholly united or nearly so; stigmas sometimes also partly united, 6. P. occidentalis. Styles distinct for at least half their length; stigmas distinct. Ua, 7. P. minutus. HYDRANGEA FAMILY 115 2. EDWINIA Heller. Sepals slightly longer than the hypanthium at maturity. 1. E. americana. Sepals several times longer than the hypanthium at maturity. 2. E. macrocalyz. 3. FENDLERELLA Heller. 1. F. utahensis. 4, FENDLERA Engelm. & Gray. Hypanthium and lower surface of the leaves strigose, the upper surface Papo i . F. tomentella. Hypanthium and leaves sparingly strigose or glabrous. 2. F. falcata. - Famity 59. GROSSULARIACEAE. Goosreserry Famtty. Leaf-blades plicate (folded like a fan) in vernation; flowers regular; style not inclined. Plant armed with nodal spines and usually also. bristly. Pedicels not jointed near the flowers; bractlets if present enclosed in the bract: - hypanthium-tube well developed, deeply campanulate to aaeiene GROSSULARIA. Pedicels jointed below the short stipe-like base of the flower, Bearing the bractlets just below the node; hypanthium-tube short, saucer-shaped. 2. LIMNOBOTRYA. Plant unarmed; pedicels jointed just under the flowers; bractlets if present borne just under the node. RIBES. Leaf-blades convolute (rolled in) in vernation; flowers slightly irregular: styles somewhat declined. . CHRYSOBOTRYA. 1. GROSSULARIA (Tourn.) Mill. Gooszprraiss. Sepals white; filaments more than twice as long as the petals; style pubescent below. Filaments and anthers glabrous; ribs of the leaves distinct to sa base. G. missouriensis. Filaments and usually also the anthers hairy; ribs of the ation ‘united at the base on the lower surface. 2. G. nivea. Sepals mostly green or pune filaments not more than twice as long as the petals. Tube of the hypanthium externally glabrous; styles hairy towards ‘the base. Hypanthium-tube cylindric, usually longer than the sepals. 3. G. setosa. Hypanthium-tube campanulate or turbinate, not longer than the sepals. Stamens squstny the petals. Peduncles well SRRerted from the bud-scales; pce eat and sepals to- gether 8-10 mm. long. G. irrigua. Peduncles and pedicels together scarcely longer than the bud-scales; hypan- thium and calyx together 5-7 mm. long. 5. G. oxyacanthoides. Stamens about twice as long as the petals. Peduncles glabrous; bracts glabrous. G. inermis. Peduncles puberulent and often glandular; bracts wiuenent and glandular- ciliate. 7. G. Purpusi. Tube ot Niles Pe yoncehes pubescent; styles wholly glabrous; stamens about equalling e petals Length of the flowers 8 mm. or more; tube of the hypanthium o lari. not shorter than the sepals. 8. G. lepiantha. Length of the flower 7 mm. or less; tube of the hypanthium campanulate, shorter than the sepals. velutina. 2. LIMNOBOTRYA Rydb. Swamp Currants. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; fruit black. 7 . Lobes of the leaves acute, incised, the terminal one decidedly longer; basal sinus open; stem usually densely bristly. Nodal spines scarcely stronger than the bristles; stipitate base of the flowers almost obsolete; peduncle and ovary densely ‘glandular and the former also finely villous. 1. L. lacustris. Nodal spines usually much stronger than the bristles; stipe-like base of the flowers evident, 0.5-1 mm. long; peduncles and ovary sparingly glandular, but not at all villous. 2. L. echinata. Lobes of the leaves obtusish, toothed, the terminal one scarcely longer; basal sinus usually narrow; stem except in depauperate forms usually only slightly bristly; stipe-like base of the flower about 0.5 mm. long; peduncles pandas and some- times puberulent. L. parvula. Leaves pubescent and glandular on both sides; fruit bright red. e L. montigena. 8. RIBES L. Currants. Hypanthium-tube rather poorly developed, saucer-shaped or open-campanulate. erry not glandular-hispid. Berry red, without glands; racemes drooping; bracts BIROrI- OF ALS. triste. Berry black, with sessile glands; racemes erect; bracts subulate-linear. Racemes 6—-12-flowered; bracts 2-5 mm. long; leaves HEU, ike ee eagles beneath, with a shallow or no basal sinus. R. hudsonianum. Racemes 25-50-flowered; bracts minute, 1-2 mm. long; ieaves thin, essentially glabrous, usually with a deep basal sinus. .R. petiolare. 116 GROSSULARIACEAE Berry glandular-hispid. Berry red; sepals 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous without. 4, R. glandulosum. Berry black or dark-purple; sepals 3-4 mm. long, hairy without. . Sepals without gland-hairs; berry with a bloom. 5. R. laxiflorum. Sepals with gland-hairs; berry without a bloom. 6. R. coloradense. | Hypanthium-tube well developed, deeply campanulate to tubular. Fruit glabrous, black. 7. R. americanum. Fruit glandular-hispid. 7 Hypanthium-tube campanulate or urceolate; fruit black or blue. OT earl ee. glabrous or essentially so; fruit globose, with a bloom. .Hypanthium-tube greenish white, about 1 mm. long, less than half as long as the sepals. ‘ 8. R. Wolfii. Hypanthium-tube rose-colored or purplish, about 2 mm. long, more than half as long as the sepals. ; _ 9. R. nevadense. Leaves pubescent and usually very glandular; fruit ellipseid, without a bloom. 0. R. viscosissimum. Hypanthium-tube cylindric; fruit red. ‘ on eaves merely glandular-pruinose, not hairy; flowers whitish. P 11. R. reniforme. Leaves decidedly pubescent as well as glandular. i Bracts cuneate-obovate, the rounded or truncate summit several lobed; flowers whitish; styles pubescent. 12. R.cereum. Bracts oblong or rhombic, entire or glandular-dentate; flowers pinkish; styles glabrous. 13. R. inebrians. 4, CHRYSOBOTRYA Spach. Fiowerinc, GotpEN, Missouri, oR BuFFALO CURRANTS. Sepals less than half as long as the hypanthium-tube. 1. C. odoray. Sepals more than half as long as the hypanthium-tube. 2. C. aurea. Famity 60. ROSACEAE. Rose Famity. A. Fruit consisting of 1-5 dehiscent follicles. , Oatpels alternate with the sepals, or less in number; stipules none or deciduous. arpels 1—5, if more than one more or less united below; seeds shining, pear-shaped, with a bony coat; endosperm present. 2 1. OPULASTER. Carpels usually 5, distinct; seeds dull, linear or linear-lanceolate, with a thin coat; endosperm lacking. A ; Stamens inserted on the margin of the hypanthium; flowers perfect; shrubs or undershrubs with simple leaves. Filaments free; leaves entire or toothed. Carpels dehiscent on the ventral suture; shrubs with deciduous leaves. ; : 2. SPIRAEA. Carpels dehiscent on both sutures; cespitose tufted undershrubs with persistent leaves. Flowers racemose, rarely somewhat paniculate; stamens 20. 5 ; .. PETROPHYTUM. Flowers solitary, nearly sessile at the ends of the short branches; stamens 10. 4, KELSEYA. Filaments united at the base; leaves twice or thrice 3-cleft. 5. : . LUETKEA. Stamens inserted on the inside of the hypanthium; flowers dioecious; tall herbs with twice or thrice compound leaves. 6. ARUNCUS. Carpels opposite to the sepals; stipules present, persistent; leaves pinnately dissected. 7. CHAMAEBATIARIA. hk. Fruits consisting of indehiscent achenes or drupelets. I. Carpels not enclosed in a fleshy hypanthium. a. Fruits of dry achenes. 1, es 2, one above the other; achenes usually 1—seeded and more or less flattened, arranged in a single circle; shrubs with simple leaves. : 8. SERICOTHECA. 2. Ovules and oo solitary; achenes usually turgid and, if many, spirally arranged. a. Seeds inserted at the distal end of the ovary, i. e., opposite the origin of the style, pendulous or in genera with basal styles ascending; _ Tadicle superior. Disk at the mouth of the hypanthium annular or obsolete; leaves and branches alternate. Style articulated to the ovary; hypanthium from campanulate to almost flat, neither contracted at the throat nor closely investing the achenes; flowers cymose or solitary. Style not basal. Style terminal or nearly so; ovules pendulous and anatropous. Stamens separated from the receptacle by an open space; no indication of an annular thickening at the base of the filaments. Hypanthium saucer-shaped to deeply campanulate; petals oblanceolate to obcordate or cuneate; _, Pistils usually more than 2. Filaments dilated, petaloid. 9. HORKELIA. Filaments filiform. 10. IVESIA. ROSE FAMILY 117 Hypanthium wheel-shaped; petals narrowly linear; pistils 2. 11. COMARELLA. Stamens inserted very near the base of the receptacle on a more or less evident annular thickening. 12, POTENTILLA.. Style lateral; ovules ascending and amphitropous. Achenes glabrous; herbs. Achenes numerous; stamens about 20. Leaves odd-pinnate. . Receptacle not enlarged in fruit; petals yellow, obtuse or retuse; leaves interruptedly pin- nate. 13. ARGENTINA. Receptacle somewhat enlarged in fruit, becom- ing spongy; petals red, acute or acuminate; leaves regularly pinnate. 14. COMARUM. Leaves trifoliolate; receptacle much enlarged and usually red in fruit, pulpy; petals white or pinkish. 15. FRAGARIA. Achenes 10-15; stamens 5; leaves trifoliolate. 16. SIBBALDIA. Achenes hairy; shrubs; style club-shaped; leaves pinnate; petals (in ours) yellow. 17. DASIPHORA. Style nearly basal; ovules ascending or nearly erect, orthotropous. Stamens and pistils numerous; beactlets present; leaves pin- nate. . DRYMOCALLIS., Stamens 5; bractlets wanting; leaves twice or thrice ternate. 19. CHAMAERHODOS. Style not articulate to the ovary; inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate; hypanthium indurate, closely investing the achenes in fruit. Hypanthium not prickly; petals lacking. 7 . Perennials, with rootstocks; stigmas muricate-papillose; leaf- lets toothed. 20. SANGUISORBA. Annuals or biennials, with taproots; stigmas brush-like; | eaf- lets pectinate-pinnatifid. 21. POTERIDIUM. Hypanthium prickly; petals present; prickles of the hypanthium J hooked. 22, AGRIMONIA. Disk at the mouth of the hypanthium produced into a cylindric tube, separating the stamens from the pistils; shrubs with opposite leaves and branches. 23. COLEOGYNE. b. Seeds inserted at the proximal end of the ovary, i. e., perfectly basal; radicle inferior. : Styles wholly deciduous. 24. WALDSTEINIA. Styles partly or wholly persistent. Hypanthium hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate, persistent. Pistils several or many. Flowers 8-10-merous; low depressed undershruhbs with cren- ate or entire leaf-blades. 2. RYAS. Flower usually 5—merous. i Sepals valvate; perennial herbs, with rootstocks; leaves pinnate, bractlets present. 1x Style conspicuously bent and distinctly geniculate above, the upper hairy portion ay deciduous. . GEUM. Style neither conspicuously bent nor distinctly geni- culate, the upper glabrous portion persistent or tardily deciduous. : Styles conspicuously elongating in fruit, plumose 27. SLEVERSLA. elow. : Styles not much elongating in fruit, not plumose. . ACOMASTYLIS. Sepals imbricate in bud; shrubs; leaves dissected into narrow lobes. a Bractlets present; pistils numerous. 29. FALLUGIA. Bractlets wanting; pistils few. 30. COWANIA. Pistils usually solitary; shrubs with 3-cleft leaves. 31. PURSHIA. Hypanthium salver-shaped, the limb deciduous; the tube persistent 7 and closely investing the fruit; shrubs. 32. CERCOCARPUS. ». Fruits of more o1 less fleshy drupelets; ovules-2, collateral. - Styles club-shaped: stigmas slightly 2—-lobed; receptacle flat; unarmed shrubs with exfoliating bark and simply digitately ribbed and lobed leaves. Drupelets capped by a hard pubescent cushion; sbyies glabrous. RUBACER. aap lets without cushion; styles hairy. 34, OREOBATUS. Styles filiform, glabrous; stigmas capitate; receptacle convex, hemispheric or pd par dee drupelets without cushion; leaves in most species compound and stem prickly or bristly. 35. RUBUS. II. Carpels enclosed ia the hypanthium which becomes Hey ae . Rosa. 118 ROSACEAE 1. OPULASTER Medic. Ninn-Bark. Carpels 3-5, united only at the base, turgid. Mature carpels glabrous, ovate, usually 5; leaves of the sterile shoots scarcely longer than broad. 1. O. capitatus. Mature carpels stellate, short-ellipsoid, abruptly acute, usually 3 or 4. : oo Leaf-blades deeply lobed, as broad as long, cordate at the pase a - 2. O. cordatus. Leaf-blades shallowly round-lobed, not cordate at the base, usually longer than broad; eastern species. 3. O. intermedius. Carpels 2, united half their length, or only 1. Carpels usually 2: stamens similar or nearly so. : Mature carpels more or less turgid; styles more or less spreading. : Bracts obovate or spatulate, often foliaceous and more or less persistent. 4. O. bracteatus. Bracts linear or linear-oblanceolate, membranous and caducous. Pedicels and the hypanthium almost glabrous; sepals stellate only on the inner surface and near the margin; shrub 1 m. high or more. 5. O. glabratus. Pedicels, hypanthium and calyx densely stellate; shrub 0.5 m. high or less. Leaves green on both sides, almost glabrous. 6. O. monogynus. Leaves paler and densely stellate beneath. 7. O. Hapemanii. Mature carpels flattened and decidedly keeled; styles erect. 8. O. malvaceus. Carpels usually solitary; every other filament longer and with more dilated base; eaves small, finely stellate. 9. O. alternans. 2. SPIRAEA L. Meapow Sweet. Panicle flat-topped; sepals erect or merely aati Petals pink or rose-colored; corymb small. 1. S. densiflora. Petals white, seldom tinged with rose; corymb larger. 2. S. lucida. Panicle elongate, conical or ovoid, or lanceolate. Sepals merely spreading; disk obsolete. Inflorescence glabrous; leaf-blades broadly oblanceolate to ohne 5. latifol . S. latifolia. Inflorescence pubescent; leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate. 4. S. alba. Sepals soon reflexed; disk usually rather conspicuous. Leaves not tomentose beneath. Stem glabrous; leaves serrate to near the base. 5. S. idahoensis. Stem more or less pubescent; leaves toothed above the middle. . 6. S. Menziesii. Leaves tomentose beneath. 7. S. Douglasii. 3. PETROPHYTUM (Nutt.) Rydb. Leaves spatulate, spreading; racemes short, 14 cm. long; bracts usually shorter than the flowers. 1. P. caespitosum. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, erect or ascending; inflorescence 4-10 cm. long, often 2 branched; bracts usually exceeding the flowers. . P. elatius. 4, KELSEYA (S. Wats.) Rydb. 1. K. uniflora. 6. LUETKEA Bong. 1. L. pectinata. 6. ARUNCUS (L.) Adans. Goat’s Brarp. 1. A. acuminatus. 7. CHAMAEBATIARIA (Porter) Maxim. FERN-Busu. 1. C. Millefolium. 8. SERICOTHECA Raf. Oczan Spray, Mountain Spray. Leaves grayish- or whitish-tomentose and villous beneath. Inflorescence ame well-compound; leaves usually over 3 cm. long. Leaf-blades abruptly contracted below, scarcely decurrent on the tioles, 4-10 cm. long. : 1. 5 discolor. Leaf-blades cuneate at the base and distinctly decurrent on the winged petioles, 2-5 cm. long. 2 2. S. dumosa. Inflorescence small and narrow, simple, racemose, or with a few short, spreading branches; leaves usually less than 2 cm. long, finely pubescent and green above, white silky-villous and tomentose beneath. 3. S. microphylla. Leaves glandular-atomiferous and slightly hairy on the veins beneath, not at all tomen- tose, 1-1.5 cm. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 4. S. glabrescens. 9. HORKELIA Cham. & Schlecht. Plant less than 3 dm. high; petals 2-3 mm. long. : ; Plant more than 3 dm. high; petals 3—6 mm. long. 1. H. parvifiora. Leaflets ovate or oval, 2-3 cm. long; bracts generally exceeding the inflorescence. 2. H. capitata. Leaflets obovate or cuneate, usually less than 2 cm. long; bracts shorter than the inflorescence. Hi. fusca. 10. IVESIA T. & G. Leaflets numerous, more or less crowded, usually divided to near the base. Stem leafy; stamens 20; claws of the white petals obsolete. l. I. Kingii. ROSE FAMILY 119 Stem few-leaved or scapiform; stamens 5; petals yellow or yellowish, clawed. Cyme corymbiform; hypanthium cup-shaped. Bractlets linear; stem decumbent. I. utahensis. Bractlets oblong or lanceolate; stem erect. I. mutabilis. Sup Oo bo Cyme subcapitate; ec campanulate. I. Gordonii. Leaflets comparatively few, obovate, merely incised. I. beneolens. 11. COMARELLA Rydb. 1. C. sabulosa. 12. POTENTILLA L. Cuinaqusroit, Five-FinGER. Cymes very leafy, many-flowered; annuals or biennials, rarely short-lived perennials; styles fusiform and glandular at the base. I. SUPINAE. Cymes not very leafy, generally rather few-flowered; perennials with rootstocks. Leaves digitate. Basal leaves 5-9-foliolate. Basal leaves without an additional pair of leaflets on the petioles. Plants more than 2 dm. high. Leaves green on both sides, sparingly hairy, not at all tomentose. II. NUTTALLIANAE. Leaves either densely hairy or more or less tomentose beneath. Leaflets merely crenate or cut-toothed, the toothing not extending half-way to the midrib. Leaflets densely pubescent beneath, if at all tomentose, the tomentum hidden under the long hairs, green and sparingly pubescent on the upper side. II. NUTTALLIANAE. Leaflets principally tomentose beneath, only ‘slightly hairy. ‘VV. GRACILES. Leaflets cleft more than half-way to the midrib into linear, oblong, or lance-oblong divisions. Stems ascending or decumbent at the base; stem-leaves few, reduced, with 3-5 leaflets. III. CANDIDAE. Stems leafy; most of the stem-leaves 7—foliolate ‘'V. PECTINISECTAE. Plants less than 2 dm. high. Leaves neither POnnenOss nor silky, green. VII. AURBAE. Leaves tomentose or silky, at least beneath. VIII. CONCINNAE. Basal leaves digitately 5-foliolate, with an additional pair of smaller leaflets on the petiole. VI. SUBJUGAE. Basal leaves 3-foliolate. Leaves more or less tomentose beneath. IX. NIVEAE. Leaves not tomentose. X. FRIGIDAE. Leaves odd-pinnate. Style much longer than the mature achene, filiform. Leaves with 1-3 more or less approximate pairs of leaflets; plants low. Leaves not at all tomentose. Style subterminal. VII. AUREAE. Style attached below the apex of the achene. XI. BREVIFOLIAE. Leaves more or less tomentose beneath. XII. RUBRICAULES. Leaves with 3-13 pairs of leaflets; plants usually comparatively tall. Leaves grayish or whitish, silky or tomentose, at Be peteatls LEUCOPHYLLAE. Leaves green on both sides or merely strigose. RW: MULTIJUGAE. Style not longer than the mature achene, thickened and glandular below; leaves usually more or less tomentose beneath. XV. MULTIFIDAE. I. SUPINAE. Achenes with a corky gibbosity on the upper suture; leaves all pinnate with 3-5 pairs of leaflets. 1. P. paradorza. Achenes not gibbous. Lower leaves pinnate with 2 approximate pairs of leaflets, mg, upper ternate; stem strict; inflorescence cymose. 2. P. rivalis. Leaves ail digitate; the basal ones rarely pinnate in P. monspeliensis. Leaves ternate. Petals about half as long as the sepals; achenes whitish, smooth; hypanthium in fruit 5 mm. wide or less. Stem slender; petals cuneate or obovate; sepals and bractlets 3-4 mm. long. Stem with L ieueS spreading branches: leaflets cuneate; inflorescence cymos 3. P. millegrana. Stem wih, erect or strongly ascending branches; inflorescence inclined to be falsely racemose; leaflets broadly obovate; plant decidedly glandular-puberulent. 4. P. biennis. Stem stout; petals obcordate; sepals and bractlets 5 mm. long; plants densely glandular. 5. P. Kelseyt. Petals equalling the sepals or nearly so; hypanthium in fruit about 7 mm. wide; stamens 15-20. 6. P. monspeliensis. Lower leaves digitately 5-foliolate, or ternate with the lateral leaflets 2—-cleft to near the base; stamens 5. 7. P. pentandra. II. NUTTALLIANAE. Calyx and leaves more or less glandular-atomiferous; whole plant yellowish or brownish green; leaves with strong ribs. 120 ROSACEAE Leaflets dissected into linear or oblong divisions. 8. P. brunnescens. Leaflets coarsely toothed with lanceolate teeth. 9. P. Nuttallii. Calyx and leaves not glandular-atomiferous; plant neither yellowish nor brownish; ribs of the leaves not prominent. Pubescence of the stem and petioles appressed. Leaflets coarsely toothed. Leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, toothed to near the bee P. jucunda. Leaflets cuneate-obovate, the middle ones mostly ioothel above the middle, entire at the base. ets 31. P. glaucophylla. Leaflets dissected at least half-way to the midrib. Leaves rather densely silky beneath. 11. P. rectiformis. Leaves glabrous except the veins. 12. P. glabrata. Pubescence of the stem and petioles spreading; ines loosely ‘hairy, often slightly tomentose beneath. 13. P. dascia. III. CANDIDAE. Segments of the leaflets lanceolate, acute; tomentum sparse. 22. P. viridescens. Segments of the leaflets oblong to linear, obtusish; tomentum dense. Pubescence of the petioles and stems appressed. Leaves densely yellowish silky above, snow-white, pope. and silky beneath. . P. candida. Leaves green and sparingly silky above, tomentose, but neither snow-white nor silky beneath. 15. P. Pecten. Pubescence of the petioles and stem spreading. 16. P. Bakeri. IV. PECTINISECTAE. Leaves green, finely silky ee slightly if at all tomentose. 17. P. pectinisecta. Leaves white-tomentose beneath Divisions of the leaflets scarcely revolute; petals 7-10 mm. long. Leaves loosely villons vorsen tose above. 18. P. longiloba. Leaves appressed-silky above. 19. Blaschkeana. Divisions of the leaflets narrowly linear, revolute; petals 5-7 oe a. fe fabelliformis. V. GRACILES. Leaflets cut-toothed or cleft with lanceolate teeth. Leaflets with a cuneate entire base; tomentum sparse. 21. P. intermittens. Leaflets toothed or cleft along their whole margins. Petioles with appressed or ascending hairs. Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high; inflorescence open, seateely aeaty. P. viridescens. Stem stout, 4-7 dm. high, erect, leafy as well as the inflonee anes: Leaves grayish green beneath, only slightly tomentose. 23. P. glomerata. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; stem densely hairy. 24, P. dichroa. Petioles with spreading hairs. Leaflets of at least the stem-leaves oblanceolate, sparingly hairy or glabrate above; petals often 1 cm. long. 25. P. gracilis. eae obovate, densely hairy above; plant 3-4 dm. high; petals 5-6 mm. ng. 26. P. camporum, Leaflets mete crenate with rounded or ovate teeth. 27. P. Filipes. : VI. SUBJUGAE. One species. 28. P. subjuga. VII. AUREAE. Leaflets toothed, the toothing not deeper than half-way to the midrib. Leaflets crenate with rounded or rounded-ovate, obtuse teeth. 29. P. Vreelandii. Leaflets closely toothed or cleft with lanceolate or oblong, acute or barely obtusish teeth or segments. Leaflets spatulate or obovate; teeth usually spreading. 35. P. concinnaeformis. Testes cuneate or cuneate-oblanceolate, toothed above the middle, teeth ascend- ng. Leaves. rather densely silky-strigose, the basal ones often inclined to be pin- P. diversifolia. Heaven "alightily pubescent, in age glabrous and somewhat ‘glaucous, digitate. 31. P. glaucophylia. Leaflets cleft or divided, the divisions extending two-thirds to the midrib or further. Leaflets cleft into oblong or lanceolate divisions, slightly ey urea: | in age glabrate. P. Leaflets divided into linear divisions, permanently strigose. 33. P; este tay VIII. CONCINNAE. Leaflets densely silvery-silky on both sides, only slightly if at all fomnese beneath. Leaflets deeply dissected. 15. Leaflets merely toothed. P. Pecten. Inflorescence many-flowered and dense. 34. P. fastigiata. Inflorescence few-flowered and open. 35. P. concinnaeformis. ROSE FAMILY 121 Leaflets densely white-tomentose beneath. Leaflets merely crenate or serrate. Leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, toothed except at the very base. Sepals ovate, acute. 36. P. concinna. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate. Leaflets obovate, few-toothed. (Occasionalformsof) 42. P. nivea. Leaflets oblanceolate, many-toothed. ED eg euerie | forms ue P. filip ae oblong, with entire margins, only 3-toothed (sedan 5toothed) at the . P. bicrenata. Leaflets enbly dissected. Bractlets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute; petals light yellow. Plant diffuse; sepals ovate; leaves more or less grayish oe _ ivisa. Plant erect or ascending; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; leaves green above. 39. P. quinquefolia. Bractlets linear, obtuse; petals 4 mm. long, golden-yellow; inflorescence rather dense. 40. P. modesta. IX. NIVEAE. Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, toothed or cleft, except at the very base; stem usually 1-2 dm. high, more or less leafy, several-flowered. Leaflets deeply cleft, the clefts extending at least half-way to the midrib. Inflorescence dense and congested. 41. P. Hookeriana. Inflorescence open, with slender pedicels. 39. P. quinquefolia. Leaflets coarsely toothed, the toothing rarely extending halt-way 2 the midrib. . nivea. Leaflets broadly cuneate, toothed only above the middle; stems usually less than 1 dm. high, scapiform, 1-2. flowered (rarely 3-flowered). 43. P. uniflora. X. FRIGIDAE. ene less than 1 dm. high, decumbent; leaflets obovate, short-pilose; petals 5-8 mm ong. P. emarginata. Stem 1-3 dm. high, erect; leaflets cuneate, flabelliform; petals 8-10 as long. P. flabellifolia. XI. BREVIFOLIAE. One species. 46. P. brevifolia. XII. RUBRICAULES. Leaves mostly greenish above, tomentose beneath. Segments of the leaves linear; stem nearly erect, slender; ecules almost linear. . P. tenerrima. Segments of the leaves lanceolate or oblong; sepals ladeaplata. Plant densely cespitose; segments of the leaves obtuse. Segments lanceolate, acute; leaflets only slightly fomegiose | poet viridior. Segments oblong to orbicular, obtuse. Segments of the leaves narrowly oblong. 48. P. sazimontana. Segments of the leaves oval to orbicular. 49. P. minutifolia. Plant with spreading branches; segments of the leaves eae eae . P. divisa. Leaves densely silky on both sides. Leaves with 2 or 3 pairs of leaflets; bractlets much shorter tian the sepals: stem strict. 50. P. filicaulis. Leaves with 3-5 pairs of leaflets; bractlets little if at all shorter than the sepals; stem decumbent-ascending. Leaflets deeply cleft. 51. P. Macounii. Leaflets merely toothed. 52. P. proxima. XIII. LEUCOPHYLLAE. Pistils 20 or fewer; bractlets much shorter than the acuminate sepals; tomentum if any loose and not dense. Plant tomentose throughout. 53. P. coloradensis. Plant green and nearly glabrous up to the inflorescence. 54. P. rupincola. Pistils usually more than 20. Leaves w: ite SOmeRtnee beneath; pubescence of the stem and petioles mostly ap- pressed. Leaves almost equally white-pubescent on both sides. Bractlets much shorter than the acuminate sepals. Leaflets not closely approximate, finely tomentose. 55. P. effusa. Leaflets closely approximate, coarsely appressed-silky Fg eer as tomentose. upina. Bractlets at least three-fourths as long as the acute separ. Inflorescence open; leaves silky and shining. P. Hippiana. Inflorescence dense; leaves loosely tomentose and oe dul. 58. P. argyrea. Leaves green.and merely silky above. Leaflets usually 9, all usually ascending, the upper pair decurrent. 59. P. propinqua. Leaflets 5-7, the lower spreading or reflexed, the upper pair not decurrent. Leaflets densely white beneath; teeth ovate. 60. P. pulcherrima. 122 ROSACEAE Leaflets thin, sparingly tomentose beneath; teeth lanceolate. __ 61. P. viridior. Leaves green beneath, only slightly tomentulose when young; pubescence of the stems and petioles spreading. 62. P. ambigens. XIV. MULTIJUGAE. Pedicels at least in fruit arcuate-spreading; stems usually diffuse or spreading; leaflets pinnately divided, with several or many, oblong or lanceolate divisions. : ; . 63. P. plattensis. Pedicels erect or ascending, straight; stem erect or ascending. Leaflets dissected to near the midrib. : : Stem and mature leaves glabrate; leaflets cuneate, cleft above the middle into oblong or ovate divisions. g ney Stem 1-3 dm. high; leaflets elongate-cuneate, with oblong divisions. | : 4. P, Nelsoniana. Stem about 1 dm. high; leaflets short-cuneate, merely toothed at the apex. 65. P. decurrens. Stem and mature leaves more or less hairy; leaflets obovate, at least the uppei pinnatisect. ' 4 . Divisions of the leaflets long, narrowly linear; stem 2-3 dm. high; leaflets many. 66. P. wyomingensis. Divisions of the leaflets oblong or oblanceolate; stem less than 2 dm. high; leaflets few. ane 67. P. ovina. Leaflets not dissected to near the midrib. Leaves not densely grayish-strigose. Sepals ovate or lance-ovate; bractlets lanceolate or oblong. Stem about 1 dm. high; leaflets 1 cm. long or less, toothed only at the apex. 65. P. decurrens. Stem 2-4 dm. high; leaflets more than 2 cm. long. 68. P. Drummonditi. Sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate; bractlets linear-subulate. 54. P. rupincola. Leaves densely grayish-strigose or silky. Stem 1-4 dm. high, ascending or decumbent; leaflets cuneate or linear-oblong, conduplicate, toothed at the apex only. 69. P. crinita. Stem stout, 6-7 dm. high; leaflets obovate-oblong, coarsely serrate. 62. P. ambigens. XV. MULTIFIDAE. Pubescence of the under side of the leaves silvery-white. Petioles and lower part of the stem silky villous with spreading hairs. ‘ . 70. P. paucijuga. Petioles and stem tomentulose and silky strigose. Segments of the leaflets linear or linear-oblong; branches of the inflorescence usually short and ascending. Leaflets usually white on both sides; petals and sepals 4-6 mm. long. Stem dec@mbent or ascending, 0.5—1 dm. high: leaflets 2 or 3 rather approx- imate pairs. 71. P. pseudosericea. Stem erect, 3-5 dm. high; leaflets 3-7 usually rather remote pairs. 72. P. bipinnatifida. Leaflets green above; petals and sepals about 3 mm. long. 73. P. virgulata. Segments of the leaflets lanceolate or oblong, usually green above; branches of the inflorescence long and erect. 74. P. platyloba. Pubescence of the under side of the leaves grayish. Petioles and stem appressed-pubescent. Segments of the leaflets narrowly linear; petals and sepals about 3 mm. long. 73. P. virgulata. Segments of the leaflets ovate, lanceolate, or oblong; petals and sepals 4-6 mm. ong. Leaves glandular-pruinose above and sometimes with scattered long hairs. 7 75. P. glabrella. Leaves short-strigose above. Margins of the leaf-segments not revolute. 76. P. pennsylvanica. 3 Margins of the leaf-segments revolute. 77. P. arachnoidea. Petioles and stem with spreading hairs. Flowers distinctly pedicelled; upper leaflets of the basal leaves with 9-13 segments: pubescence of the stem and petioles long. Plant dark green; leaves scarcely paler beneath. 78. P. atrovirens, Plant not dark green; leaves decidedly paler beneath. 79. P. strigosa. Flowers usually subsessile, densely conglomerate; upper leaflets of the basal leaves with 15-21 segments; pubescence of the stem short and dense. 80. P. lasiodonta. 13. ARGENTINA Lam. SILVER-WEED, GoosE Tansy. Achenes corky, with a deep groove; stem and petiole and rachis of the leaves densely pubescent, with at first ascending and later spreading hairs. Leaves silvery on both sides. Leaves green and glabrate above. 2. A. Anserina. Achenes not corky, without a roove; stem and petiole and the rachis of the leaves gla- brous or slightly appressed-hairy and glabrate; hypanthium acute at the base. 3. A. subarctica. 1. A. argentea. ROSE FAMILY 123 14, COMARUM L. Mars Crnouerom, PurPLe MarsHLocks, CowBERRY. 1. C. palustre. 15. FRAGARIA L. Srrawserry. Pubescence of scape and petioles divaricate, i. e., generally spreading at right angles or somewhat reflexed (scanty and less spreading in no. 3). Leaflets sessile; achenes superficial on the aes Flowers pinkish, nodding from the be as rey Flowers white, erect: or spreading, nodding aly in fruit. Calyx in fruit spreading or ascending; scape generally ge long divaricate 1. F. Helleri. hairs and a leafy bract. . F. bracteata. Calyx in fruit refiexed; leaflets rhombic-obovate, acute; Por and petioles sparingly hairy; hairs more ascending or appressed. 3. F. americana. Leafiets usually petiolulate; achenes set in usually deep pits. ant pe or less glaucous; petals usually orbicular and twice as long as the sepals. Secaie and bractlets elliptic. 4. F. truncata. Sepals and bractlets lanceolate. Sepals linear-lanceolate; leaflets cuneate, somewhat eoraceous: sharply toothed at the apex. F, cuneifolia. Sepals broadly lanceolate; leaflets broadly obovate or Pidaane cuneate, only a little longer than broad, with coarse acute teeth. 6. F. piatupefolg. Plant not glaucous; petals elliptic, generally exceeding the sepals by one-half, usually over 10 mm. long; achenes set in shallow pits; leaves firm. 7. F. grandiflora. Pubescence of the scape and petioles appressed or ascending; achenes in pits. -Plants not glaucous. Leaflets usually more than 3 cm. long, very veiny beneath; anes ee if prolifica. Leaflets usually 1-3 cm. long, not very veiny; runners few. 9. F. pumila. Plants more or less glaucous. Leaves rather thin. Leaflets obovate; scape several-flowered. 10. F. glauca. Leaflets oblong-cuneate; scape 1—4-flowered. 11. F. paucifiora, Leaves rather thick, firm; leaflets oblong-cuneate. 12. F. ovalis. 16. SIBBALDIA L. 1. S. procumbens. 17. DASIPHORA Raf. Suruspy Crnquerort, YELLow Ross. 1. D. fruticosa. 18. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr. Style fusiform, less than twice as long as the ovary. Sepals ovate to lanceolate, acute, rarely acuminate. Petals. white or cream-colored, often, however, turning more yellowish in drying. Petals allghtly if at all exceeding the sepals; inflorescence many-flowered, ense. Leaves densely hairy; petals orbicular or nearly so, 7-8 mm. long; cyme short and dense; stem densely short-hairy. 1. D. agrimonioides. Leaves sparingly hairy; petals obovate, 5-6 mm. long. Cyme short, flat-topped; leaflets rounded-obovate to fiabelliform; stem and petioles not conspicuously long-hairy. 2. D. corymbosa. Cyme elongate, narrow; leaflets more or less rhombic-obovate; stem and petioles conspicuously long-hairy, especially below. 3. D. convallaria. Petals much exceeding the sepals; cyme open, few-flowered; stem slender. . pseudorupestris. Petals yellow in anthesis. Leaflets with ovate teeth. Petals much exceeding the sepals in length. Bractilets lanceolate to linear; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Plant tall, 3-10 dm. high; cyme flat-topped. Leaflets rhombic-obovate, acute, at cae the terminal one; : inflorescence leafy. D. foliosa. Leaflets of the basal leaves orbicular to abavate obtuse; upper leaves reduced. 6. D. valida. Plant low, 2-3 dm. (rarely 4 dm.) high; cyme EON ae leaflets orbicular or rounded-obovate. 7. Dz. a elliptic or oval; sepals ovate; stem 1-1.5 aa hi By almost - pose. 8. D. pumila Petals slightly i ‘if at all exceeding the sepals, 5—7 mm. long. Bractlets ear-lanceolate, about two-thirds as long as the lanceolate sepals; leaflets obovate, irregularly or doubly foatbee, D. glandulosa. Bractlets oblong or oblong-lanceolate; sepals ovate lndteolts: leaflets more evenly simple-toothed, the lateral ones inclined to be orbicu- lar 10. D. arizonica. Leaflets incised, with lanceolate teeth. 11. D. incisa. 124 ROSACEAE Sepals oval or broadly ovate, rarely lanceolate, rounded and mucronate at the apex. Petals 7-8 mm. long, ascending in anthesis; leaves densely hairy; plant stout. D. agrimonioides. Petals less than 6 mm. long, spreading or reflexed in anthesis. Petals 4-6 mm. long; calyx and hypanthium in fruit together 10-12 mm. long; petioles conspicuously long-hairy; petals yellow. 12. D. oregana. Petals 2-4 mm. long; calyx and hypanthium in fruit together 6-10 mm. long; petioles mostly short-hairy; petals whitish. ; Petals obovate; sepals twice as long as broad. 13. D. albida. Petals orbicular or nearly so; sepals half longer than broad. | 14. D. micropetala. Style filiform or nearly so, more than twice as long as the ovary; plant about 2 dm. high; petals much exceeding the sepals; leaflets rhombic-obovate. 15. D. rhomboidea. 19. CHAMAERHODOS Bunge. 1. C. Nuttallii. 20. SANGUISORBA L. Burnet. 1. S. sitchensis. 21. POTERIDIUM Spach. 1. P. occidentale. 22. AGRIMONIA L. Acrimony. Fruiting hypanthium with several series of bristles, the lower bristles reflexed; sepals acuminate with tips incurved in fruit. 1. A. gryposepala. Fruiting hypanthium with 2-4 series of bristles, the latter erect, ascending or merely spreading; sepals acute. 2. A. striata. 23. COLEOGYNE Torr. Buack Buss. 1. P. ramoissima. 24. WALDSTEINIA Willd. Barren STRAWBERRY. 1. W. idahoensis. 25. DRYAS L. Dryap, Mountain AVENSs. Sepals liaear or linear-lanceolate; petals white, spreading. . Leaf-blades entire or with a few acutish teeth, shining and not conspicuously rugose above, broadest near the base. _1. D. integrifolia. Leaf-blades coarsely round-crenate, dull, strongly rugose and impressed-reticulate above, broadest near the middle. 2. D. octopetaia. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petals yellow, strongly ascending. Hypanthium and calyx densely hairy with black glandular hairs, only slightly to- mentose. 3. D. Drummondii. Hypanthium and calyx densely white-tomentose, not glandular. 4. D. tomentosa. 26. GEUM L. Avens. Sepals reflexed; upper internode of the style less than one-third as long as the lower. Petals white or ochroleucous; receptacle long-hairy; hairs at least half as long as the achenes. 1. G. canadense. Petals bright or golden yellow; receptacle short-hairy. Leaflets of the stem-leaves decurrent on the rachis, the upper ones confluent. . G. decurrens. Leaflets of the stem-leaves not decurrent. Upper internode of the style hirsute, the hairs about 1 mm. long; lower inter- node hirsute below, not glandular; petals orbicular, popnded at the base. 3. G. strictum. Upper internode of the style short-hispidulous at the base or glabrous: petals usually cuneate at the base, except in G. perincisum; lower internode _ of the style glandular-puberulent. Divisions of the upper stem-leaves ample, rhombic or cuneate; inflores- _ cence corymbiform, usually with short branches. 4. G. macrophyllum. Divisions of the upper small stem-leaves oblanceolate or rarely obovate; inflorescence open, with siender branches. Leaflets doubly serrate or dentate; terminal leaflet of the basal leaves rounded or reniform. 5. G. oregonense. Leaflets especially those of the upper leaves deeply incised; terminal leaflet of the basal leaves rhombic, ovate, or subcordate. p " E 6. G. perincisum. Sepals ascending or merely spreading; upper internode of the style at least half as long as lower internode, hirsute; petals flesh-colored, purple-veined. 7. G. rivale. 27. SIEVERSIA Willd. Otp Man’s Wuisxkers. Leaflets cuneate, toothed at the apex. Hypanthium at least in flower acute at the base; bractlets much exceeding the lance- olate sepals; petals elliptic. 1. S. triflora. Hypanthium in flower rounded or sunken at the base; bractlets about equalling or shorter than the ovate or ovate-lanceolate sepals; petals broadly elliptic. Bractlets linear or linear-subulate, equalling the sepals or slightly se ig them. : . S. grisea. Bractlets oblong-linear or lanceolate, shorter than the sepals. 3. S. Cee Leaflets dissected at least half way into linear or linear-lanceolate divisions. ROSE FAMILY 125 meee longer than the sepals; hypanthium and sepals usually strongly purple- in, ata. Biacusts shorter than the sepals; hypanthium and sepals yellowish and ouly slightly purple-tinged. ets, except in depauperate svecimens, 2-4 cm. long, ascending, scarcely glan nd. . flavula. Leaflets less than 1.5 em. long, spreading, conspicuously glandular-pruinose and hirsute. . S. brevifolia, 28, ACOMASTYLIS Greene. Leaves densely silky-canescent. A. sericea. Leaves puberulent, LOmew bot glandular-granuliferous or glabrate, not sil. . A. turbinata. 29. FALLUGIA Endl. Apacue Piume. 1. F. paradoza. 30. COWANIA D. Don. Cutrr Ross. 1. C. Stansburiana. 31. PURSHIA DC. 1. P. tridentata. 32. CERCOCARPUS H.B.K. Mountain Manocany. Leaves serrate or dentate. Hypanthium and leaves villous, with spreading hairs; leaves broadly obovate, 1.5-3 cm. long. 1. C. montanus. Hypanthium and leaves appressed-silky. eaves obovate-flabelliform, 1-2 cm. long. 2. C. flabellifolius. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, 2-4 cm. long. 3. C. argenteus, Leaves entire, from linear to elliptic, coriaceous, with more or less revolute margins, resinous. Leaf-blades 1.5-3 cm. long; tail of fruit 4—6 cm. long. Leaf-blades elliptic, only slightly revolute, in age merely tomentulose beneath ; petioles 3-5 mm. long. 4. C. ledifolius. Leaf-blades linear, strongly revolute, permanently white villous-tomentose be- neath; petioles 1-2 mm. long. hypoleucus. Leaf-blades 5-15 mm. long, narrowly linear, strongly revolute, only the midrib of the lower surface exposed; tail of fruit 3-4 cm. long. Leaves short-villous when young. 6. C. arizonicus. Leaves glabrous from the beginning. 7. C. intricatus. 33. RUBACER Rydb. Fuowertnc Raspperry, THIMBLEBERRY, SALMON Berry. 1. R. parviflorum. 34. OREOBATUS Rydb. 1. O. deliciosus. 85. RUBUS (Tourn.) L. Raspsrrry, BLACKBERRY, CLOUDBERRY. Stem herbaceous, never prickly, rarely bristly; floral aeanchies directly from the root- . stock or from stolons; stipules broad, free or nearly so. Petals spreading or ascending; filaments not dilated. Plants dioecious; drupelets many, coherent; petals large and bred, leaves merely lobed. R. Chamaemorus. Plants with perfect flowers; drupelets few, distinct; petals Since leaves pedately 5-foliolate. 2. R. pedatus. Petals pink or rose-color; plants not stoloniferous; floral branches directly from the rootstock. Petals oblanceolate or obovate, 10-15 mm. long, distinctly clawed; stem less dm. high, usually 1-flowered; leaflets rounded at ab the Sper acaulis. Petals broadly obovate, rounded or emarginate, scarcely nee 10 mm. long or less; stem leafy, 1-3 dm. high, 1-5-flowered; stem-leaves with rhombic acute leaflets. 4. R. arcticus. Petals white; plant stoloniferous. Plant who! y unarmed; flowers solitary or racemose. 5. R. pubescens. Plant sparingly glandular-hispid above and sometimes with afew weak bristles; flowers corymbose. R. transmontanus. Stem more or less woody, biennial o1 perennial, usually prickly or buistly, if unarmed or merely bristly, then the stipules narrow and more or less adnate. Stipules broad, free or nearly so; stem decumbent, prickly. 7. R. nivalis. Stipules narrow, linear-lanceolate or subulate, ediata to the petioles. Carpels united into a thimble-shaped aggregate fruit, separating from the dry receptacle. Flowers solitary or few; petals purplish, large, much exceeding the sepals; leaves green on both sides 8. R. spectabilis. Flowers clustered; petals white, usually shorter than the sepals; leaves more or less tomentose or at least glaucous beneath. Inflorescence corymbiform; fruit black or purple; stem prickly; leaves, when having more than 3 leaflets, pedately compound. 126 ROSACEAE Prickles of the inflorescence not flattened, straightish; leaflets dark green above, acuminate, with small teeth; stem ‘usually dark bluish, with a bloom. 9. R. occidentalis. Prickles of the inflorescence strongly flattened and curved; leaflets yellowish green above, acute, with coarse teeth; branches usually straw-colored. 10. R. leucodermis. Inflorescence racemose; fruit red; leaves, when having more than 3 leaflets, pinnately compound. Plant not at all glandular-hispid; inflorescence with weak prickles, villous. 11. R. melanotrachys. Plant more or less glandular-hispid, especially in the inflorescence. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, gradually acuminate; leaves glabrate beneath in age. Stem sparingly bristly; leaflets neither ene plicate nor strongly veined. : 1 peramoenus. Stem densely bristly; leaves strongly plicate ee strongly veined. 13. R. viburnifolius. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate abruptly acuminate. Young stems, petioles, and irflorescence neither densely tomen- tose nor puberulent. 14. R. melanolasius. Young stems, petioles and inflorescence densely tomentose or puberulent. 15. R. acalyphaceus. Carpels coherent to the fleshy receptacle; plant dioecious with decumbent stems and 1-3-foliolate green leaves. 16. R. macropetalus. 36. ROSA (Tourn.) L. Rose. Pistils numerous; styles as well as the upper part of the hypanthium persistent; sepals in fruit erect or ascending, persistent. Infrastipular prickles not present; branches mostly unarmed and young shoots bristly, but not prickly. ; Inflorescence corymbose, terminating the stems (or rarely the branches); plant suffruticose; stem usually dying back to near the ground; leaflets 9-11 Leaves pbrous or nearly so. Leaflets mostly 2-5 cm. long, not glaucous, decidedly acute; plant 3 dm. high or more; flowers corymbose. R. arkansana. Teasata rarely more than 2 cm. long, mostly counded at the apex, some- what glaucous beneath; plant 1-2 dm. high; flowers 1-3. : 2. R. Lunelilii. eaves densely pubescent, especially beneath. Upper stipules and bracts not densely glandular; jealets. 1.5—4 cm. long; plant 3-5 dm. high. 3. R. suffulta. Upper stipules and bracts densely glandular; leaflets seldom more than 1.5 em. long; plant 1-3 dm. high. 4. R. alcea. Inflorescence of solitary or few canyanibose flowers at the end of lateral branches; plant shrubby; leaflets usually 5 or 7, or 9 only on the young shoots. Hypanthium decidedly pear-shaped or elliptic, acute at the base, with a dis- tinct neck at the top. Sepals rarely more than 1 cm.long; bark yellowishgreen. 5. R. collaris. Sepals 2-3 cm. long; bark brown. Leaflets conspicuously glandular-granuliferous, but scarcely at all hairy beneath, rounded-oval, double-toothed. 6. R. Engelmannii. Leaflets densely pubescent, but rarely slightly if at all glandular-gran- uliferous beneath, mostly elliptic, simple-toothed. 7. R. acicularis. Hypanthium subglobose, almost without a neck. 8. R. Bourgeauiana. Infrastipular prickles usually present. Flowers mostly solitary: petals usually 2.5 cm. long or more; fruit 12-20 mm thick. Prickles straight or nearly so. Hypanthium densely prickly. 9. R. MacDougali. Hypanthium not prickly or rarely slightly so. Leaflets more or less double-toothed, more or less glandular-granulifer- ous beneath; stipules and rachis glandular. Leaflets very thin, pale and slightly send ule eros, but not muriculate beneath. R. nutkana. Leaflets thicker, dark green on both sides, eons glandular- muriculate beneath. 11. R. muriculata. Leaflets simple toothed, puberulent but not es beneath; rachis rarely glandular. . R. Spaldingii. Prickles more or less distinctly curved. Hypanthium prickly. Stem stout, 1 m. high or more; leaflets usually more tis 3 cm. long. 3 Underwoodii. Stem low, usually less than 3 dm. high; leaflets usually not more than 2 cm. long. 16. B. aciculaia. Hypantium smooth. tickles very large and flat; twigs densely qanduise and na pu eo urandii Prickles short and slender, not conspicuously antoneae twigs not con- spicuously glandular, mostly glabrous. Leaflets ied glabrous or merely glandular-granuliferous be- nea ROSE FAMILY 127 Stem 1 m. high or more; leaflets usually more than 2 cm. long, pale or light green, rather firm, rarely double-serrate, not glandular-granuliferous beneath; ‘calyx not ely glandular. . melina. Stem usually less than 3 dm. high; leaflets usually less than 2 cm. long, dark green, glandular-double-toothed; calyx usually covered with stalked glands. 16. R. aciculata. Leaflets sparingly pubescent beneath. 17. R. oreophila. Flowers mostly corymbose, if solitary the petals 2 cm. long or less; fruit rarely more than 1 cm. thick. Prickles more or less curved. Leaflets finely puberulent or glandular-granuliferous, or both beneath. Hypanthium ellipsoid; young shoots with rather few strong curved prickles. 18. R. neomexicana. E ee globose; young shoots with fine, often rather many prick- 19. R. puberulenta. Leaflets fpartectly glabrous. 20. R. manca. Prickles straight or nearly so. Hypanthium globose; neck usually obsolete. Stipules, petioles, and rachis conspicuously elandular: R. Fendleri. Stipules, petioles, and rachis not SouapieGounie ani usually glandless. Leaflets glabrous or nearly so. Leaves yellowish green; fruit orange; pEsmay several-flowered. 2. R. chrysocarpa. Leaves dark green above, paler beneath) a purplish red; flowers 1-3. . R. Woodsti. Leaflets more or less pubescent beneath. Leaflets elliptic or oval, equally green on both sides. Leaflets broadly oval, thin, 2-5 cm. long; plant nearly un- armed. 24. R. salictorum. Leaflets narrowly oval, less than 3 cm. long, rather firm; plant prickly. 25. R. ultramontana. Leaflets obovate, or if elliptic, more or less glaucous beneath. Leaflets thin, very sharply serrate, equally green on both sides; sepals with a few slender bristles near the margins; prickles very slender. 26. R. praetincta. Leaflets firmer, paler beneath; sepals ii aae bristles; prickles stouter. R. Macounii. Hypanthium elongate, pear-shaped, with a distinct ene bts 28. R. pyrifera. Pistils Shad styles deciduous with the upper part of the hypanthium, which falls off as a ng. Leaflets very thin, scarcely paler beneath, with distinct siecminmnia’ =i . R. gymnocarpa. Leaflets not very thin, pale and indistinctly reticulate beneath, 30. R. leucopsis. Famity 61. MALACEAE, Appie Famity. Cells of the fruit by false partitions twice as many as the styles. Flowers racemose; styles 3-5, rarely 2. 1. AMELANCHIER. Flowers solitary or in 2- or 3. “flowered corymbs; styles 2 2. PERAPHYLLUM. Cells of the fruit as many as the styles. Leaves pinnately compound; carpels leathery at maturity. 3. SORBUS. Leaves simple, more or less pinnately lobed; carpels bong ‘at maturity 4. CRATAEGUS. 1. AMELANCHIER Medic. SERvIcE-BERRY, JUNE-BERRY, SHADBERRY. Top of the ea winter buds, and leaves glabrous from the beginning; fruit juicy; styles mostly Sepals mostly sparingly hairy within. - Petals oblanceolate, 18-20 mm. long; leaves thin, green. 1. A. Cusickii. Petals oblong, 10-15 mm. long; leaves firmer, pailid. 2. A. basalticola. Sepals perfectly glabrous on both sides; petals 10-12 mm. long. Leaves green; styles 5, all united; twigs brown. Leaves moderately toothed; lower one-third of the blade entire; teeth rarely over 2 mm. long. 3. A. polycarpa. Leaves coarsely toothed to near the base; teeth 3-4 mm. long. 4. A. pumila. Leaves bluish-green; styles 4, two and two united; twigs eray. . A. Jonesiana. Top of the ovary and usually the wiuter buds pubescent; leaves iy beneath, at least when young. Fruit glabrous, in age purple, juicy; styles mostly 5, rarely 4. Leaves glabrous above, white-tomentose but soon glabrate beneath. Leaves mostly acute at the apex, toothed to near the base. Leaf-blades elliptic, finely toothed, short-acuminate. 5. A. canadensis. Leaf-blades oval, coarsely toothed, acute or obtuse. 6. A. humilis. Leaves truncate or rounded at the apex, mostly toothed above the middle. 128 MALACEAE Leaf-blades thin, usually oval. 7. A. florida. Leaf-blades firm, usually suborbicular. , 8. A. alnifolia. Leaves more or less ee pubescent on both sides, more or less pale. Leaves neither coarsely toothed nor strongly veined. 9. A. oreophila. _ Leaves coarsely toothed and strongly veined. _10. A. mormonica. Fruit eeu in age more or less pubescent, orange or yellow, not juicy; styles mostly or 2. Leaves coarsely toothed; branches gray. Leaf-blades suborbicular, truncate at the apex. Leaves dentate; teeth acute. 12. A. Bakeri Leaves crenate, teeth broad, rounder. 13. A. crenata. Leaf-blades oval, acute to rounded at the apex. 14. A. utahensis. Leaves finely toothed; branches brown or cherry-red. 15. A. prunifolia. 2. PERAPHYLLUM Nutt. Squaw Appie, Witp Cras. 1. P. ramosissimum. 3. SORBUS L. Mounrarn Asa. Leaflets acute or acuminate at the apex, serrate to near the base; inflorescence broad and flat-topped. . Leaflets linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, at least five times as long as broad. 1. S. angustifolia. Leaflets elliptic or oblong, abruptly acuminate or acute, 2-3 times as long as broad. A 2. S. scopulina. Leaflets mostly rounded at the apex, entire towards the base; inflorescence small, usually round-topped. 3. S. occidentalis. 4. CRATAEGUS L. Haw or Hawrnorn. Fruit black or nearly so when ripe; nutlets irregularly pitted on the faces; leaves glabrate beneath, more or less pubescent above. Inflorescence glabrous; spines mostly slender. Leaf-blades narrow, rhombic-oblanceolate or elliptic, scarcely lobed. Leaf-blades crenate; fruit 7-8 mm. in diameter; nutlets 5. 1. C. saligna. Leaf-blades irregularly serrate; fruit 8-10 mm. in diameter; es ueually 4. . rivularis. Leaf-blades broad, rhombic, lobed and incised. 3. C. erythropoda. Inflorescence pubescent; spines short and stout; leaf-blades broad, ovate or obovate, somewhat lobed above the middle. 4. C. Douglasii. Fruit red or red-purple; leaves pubescent beneath, at least on the veins. Teeth of the leaves not glandular; nutlets deeply pitted on the faces. 5. C. succulenta. Teeth of the leaves glandular; nutlets not pitted. Leaf-blades suborbicular. 6. C. chrysocarpa. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or obovate, more or less cuneate at the base. Leaf-blades mostly 5-9 cm. long, with shallow, acutelobes. 7. C. Williamsii. Leaf-blades 2-6 cm. long, with deep, often acuminate lobes. 8. C. columbiana. Famity 62. AMYGDALACEAE. Puium Famity. Drupe with pulpy exocarp; leaves not fascicled. . 1. PRUNUS. Drupe with almost dry exocarp, pubescent; leaves fascicled. 2. EMPLECTOCLADUS. 1. PRUNUS L. Pxums, CHERRIES. Flowers few, umbellate or corymbose. Fruit with a ventral groove and flat stone. (PLUMS.) Leaves oval or orbicular, rounded at the apex. 1. P. subcordata. Leaves lanceolate to obovate, acute or acuminate. Trees or shrubs, usually spiny; leaves serrate to near the base. 2. P. americana. Low undershrub, unarmed; leaves entire at the base. 3. P. prunella. Fruit without a ventral groove; stone subglobose. (CHERRIES.) Creeping shrub; flowers umbellate. 4. P. Besseyi. Erect shrubs or trees. Hypanthium decidedly obconic; flowers umbellate from naked, lateral buds. . P. ignota. Hypanthium campanulate or turbinate; flowers more or less corymbose. Leaves acute, serrate. Corymbs naked. 6. P. pennsylvanica. Corymb usually subtended by 1 or 2 leaves. P. corymbulosa. Leaves obtuse or rounded at the apex, crenulate. Leaves glabrous. 8. P. emarginata. Leaves pubescent. 9. P. prunifolia. Flowers many, racemose on leafy branches. (CHOKE CHERRIES.) Leaves more or less pubescent beneath. ; : Peduncles stout; pedicels pubescent, shorter than the fruit, He auans: eaves thick. - . P. valida. PLUM FAMILY 129 Peduncles slender; pedicels glabrous, longer than the fruit, persistent; leaves rather thin. li. P. demissa. Leaves glabrous on both sides. 12. P. melanocarpa. 2. EMPLECTOCLADUS Torr. Witp Atmonps. 1. E. fasciculatus. Famity 63. MIMOSACEAE. Mimosa Famity. Legumes flat; valves not separating from the continuous margins. 1. ACUAN. Legumes 4-angled; valves separating from the continuous margins. 2. MORONGIA. 1. ACUAN Medic. Prairre Mrmosa. 1. A. illinoensis. 2. MORONGIA Britton. Sensrrrve Brrer. 1. M. uncinata. Famity 64. CAESALPINIACEAE. Senna F amity. Leaves bipinnate; anthers opening lengthwise. 1. HOFFMANSEGGIA. Leaves simply pinnate; anthers opening by terminal pores. 2, CHAMAECRISTA. 1. HOFFMANSEGGIA Cav. Leaves, flowers, and pods with black glandular dots; pod short, straight on the back or nearly so. . H. Jamesii.. Leaves, flowers, and pods without glandular dots. ed Pod about 7 mm. wide, strongly arcuate. 2. H. depranocarpa. Pod 12-14 mm. wide, straight or nearly so. 3. H. repens. 2. CHAMAECRISTA Moench. Parrripcr Pra, SENSITIVE Pea, WILD SENsITIVE PLANT. 1. C. fasciculata. Famity 65. FABACEAE, Pra Famity. Filaments distinct. Leaves pinnate. Tribe I. SOPHOREAR. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. Tribe II. PODALYRIEAE. Filaments monadelphous or diadelphous. Rachis of the leaves not produced into a tendril or bristle-like appendage, represent- ing the terminal leaflet. Fruit 2-valved_or indehiscent, not a loment. Foliage not" glandular-dotted. seus re of 2 kinds; filaments mated el pRou leaves digitate; calyx 2- ped. Tribe III. GENISTEAE. sities all alike; filaments diadelphous; calyx 5-toothed. Leaflets toothed. Tribe IV. TRIFOLIEAE. Leaflets not toothed. Filaments all or at least 5 of them (alternately) dilated above; flowers umbellate, or solitary. Tribe V. LOTEAE. Filaments all filiform; flowers racemose or capitate. Herbs, shrubs, or trees; keel of the corolla neither curved nor coiled. Tribe VII. GALEGEAE. Herbaceous vines; keel of the corolla in ours coiled or at least Tribe XI. PHASEOLEAE. Filaments ec filiform; leaves odd-pinnate; flowers racemose or capitate. Tribe VII. GALEGEAE. Foliage iarduiar-dauiad: Pod prickly. Tribe VIII. GLYCYRRHIZEAE. Pod not prickly. : Tribe VI. PSORALEAR. Fruit a loment, 7. ¢., breaking up transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent reticulate internodes. Tribe IX. HEDYSARBEAR. Rachis of the leaves produced into a tendril or bristle-like appendage. Tribe X. VICIEAE. TRIBE I. SOPHOREAE. One genus. 1. SOPHORA. TRIBE II. PODALYRIEAE. One genus. 2. THERMOPSIS. TRIBE III. GENISTEAE. One genus. 3. LUPINUS. TRIBE IV. TRIFOLIEAE. Leaves digitate, in most 3-foliolate. 4. TRIFOLIUM. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Pod curved or coiled. 5. MEDICAGO. Pod straight. 6. MELILOTUS. TRIBE V. LOTEAE. Keel prolonged into an incurved beak; leaves odd-pinnate. Stipules foliaceous; flowers in umbels. 7. LOTUS. Stipules gland-like; flowers mostly solitary. 8. ACMISPON. 130 FABACEAE Keel blunt, not beaked. Legumes straight or nearly so, acute, dehiscent. Stipules foliaceous; leaves regulaly odd-pinnate. Stipules gland-like; leaves irregularly even-pinnate. Legumes curved, indehiscent, caudate-acuminate. TRIBE VI. PSORALEAE. Petal 1 (standard) ; leaves odd-pinnate. Petals 5. 9. HOSACKIA. 10. ANISOLOTUS. 11. SYRMATIUM. 12. AMORPHA. Wings and keel free from the filament-tube; ovules solitary; leaves digitate. PSORALEA. Wings and keel more or less adnate to the filament-tube; ovules 2-6; leaves odd- pinnate. Stamens 9 or 10. Stamens 5. TRIBE VII. GALEGEAE. Leaflets with stipels; pods margined on one edge; trees or shrubs. Leaflets without stipels; pods not margined; herbs or undershrubs. Stipules modified into spines. Stipules not modified into spines. Keel (lower petal) not produced into a beak. Leaves odd-pinnate, or unifoliolate or simple. Pods papery, strongly inflated Pods strictly 1-celled. Pods 2-celled. Pods terete or nearly so. Pods sharply 3-angled in cross-section. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. ONIX. PAROSELA. PETALOSTEMON. ROBINIA. PETERIA. PHACA. CYSTIUM. Pods coriaceous or chartaceous, if thin-walled, not inflated. Pods 2-celled with a perfect or nearly perfect partition. Pods fleshy, indehiscent or very tardily dehiscent. 21. GEOPRUMNON. Pods membranous, leathery or woody, dehiscent. Pods ovoid or oblong, rarely almost didymous, terete or vertically flattened, leathery or woody. ASTRAGALUS. Pods linear, ‘somewhat laterally ‘flattened, membranous. Pods 1-celled, the partition, if any, rudimentary . HAMosA. Lower suture strongly intruded, making the pod sagittate or ob- cordate in cross-section; pod membranous, rarely leathery. ‘TUM. Lower suture not intruded or merely slightly so; pods in the latter case woody Pods woody or chartaceous, never flattened laterally; both sutures not prominent. Pods more or less stipitate. Pods with two grooves on the upper aide, striculy 1-celled. THOLCOS. Pods without grooves on the upper aid usually with a Partial partiton. Leaves oliolate. Leaves odd-pinnate. 26. JONESIELLA. 27. RYDBERGIELLA. Pods sessile, usually without even a rudimentary partition. bial of the pods not winged. ods with a fleshy epicarp, in fruit cross-ribbed; leaf- is obscurely articulated to the rachis, fleshy, nar- 28. CTENOPHYLLUM. Pods "without fleshy epicarp; leaflets distinctly articu- lated to the rachis. Calyx cylindrical; flowers lars plant mostly low and cespitose. Calyx campanulate; flowers small. XYLOPHACOS. Corolla yellow; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, Pauling the tube; epee united; stem Corolla purple; calyx-lobes shorter than the tube; stipules free or nearly so; stem tall and slender Valves of the pods winged. CNEMIDOPHACOS. wiangular, much ai. MICROPHACOS. PTEROPHACOS. Pods membranous, usually somewhat factanet laterally, if terete, both sutures prominen Partial partition present. Partial parcition wanting. 33. ATELEPHRAGMA. Leaflets not spinulose-tipped; pods several-seeded. 4, Leaflets spinulose-tipped; pods 1—2-seeded. 35. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. Flowers racemose. Flowers capitate (some species of). Keel (ower petals) produced into a beak. a 37. HOMALOBUS. KENTROPHYTA. OREOPHACA. TRIFOLIUM. ARAGALLUS. PEA FAMILY 131 TRIBE VII. GLYCYRRHIZEAE. One genus. 38. GLYCYRRHIZA. TRIBE IX. HEDYSARIEAE. Leaves odd-pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets, without stipels. Pods 4-several-seeded, neither spiny nor dorsally toothed. 39. HEDYSARUM. Pods 1-2-seeded, more or less spiny or toothed. 40. ONOBRYCHIS. Leaves 3-foliolate, with stipels. 41. MEIBOMIA. TRIBE X. VICIEAE. Style reo hairy all around and below the apex; stamen-tube ugually oblique at the summi A VIcIA. Style flattened towards the apex, hairy on the inner side; Svanen urs usually truncate or nearly so. . LATHYRUS. TRIBE XI. PHASEOLEAE. Leaves 5~7-foliolate; style glabrous. 44, APIOS. Leaves 3-foliolate; style bearded along the inner side. 45. STROPHOSTYLES. 1, SOPHORA L. 1. S. sericea. 2. THERMOPSIS R. Br. Yettow Pea, Gorpen Pea, Prarais Bran. Legume erect or ascending. Fruit straight. Legume strictly erect and appressed to the peduncle, densely pubescent. Leaves strongly ascending; leaflets lance-oblong or oblanceolate; stipules lanceolate or oblong, more than twice as long as broad; raceme dense. 1. T. montana. Leaves spreading; leaflets rhombic-elliptic to cb as long as broad lower stipules at least ovate, very oblique, less than twice as long as bro Raceme lax; legume straight. 2. a “ovata. Raceme dense; legume somewhat curved. 4. T. xylorrhiza. Legume ascending, sparingly pubescent; stipules broad; raceme few-flowered. T. pinetorum. Fruit arcuate with spreading tips. Legume 4—6 cm. long. Legume 8-10 cm. long. Legume strongly divaricate or reflexed; inflorescence short. Fruit mostly horizontal, merely arcuate. Fruit reflexed, curved into half a circle or more. Leaves glabrous above. Leaves silvery on both sides. . zylorrhiza. . diwaricarpa. T T T. arenosa. tT. rhombifolia. T. annulocarpa. 8. LUPINUS (Tourn.) L. Lupine, Wotr’s Bean, BiuE Bonnet, : QuakeR BONNET. Perennials with rootstocks; cotyledons petioled after germination. Plant tall, 3 dm. high or more. Stem with apprescd hairs. Leaves glabrous above, at least in age. Flowers large, over 12 mm. long. Stem rather low and stout, canescent-strigose; leaflets broadly ob- PN SOUR lanceolate. I. PLATTENSES. Stem glabrous or almost so, tall; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate. X. POLYPHYLLI. Flowers small, less than 12 mm. long. II. PARVIFLORI. Leaves permanently pubescent above. Flowers Lari or ochroleucous. V. SULPHUREI. Flowers blue, purple, or white. Calyx produced backwards into a distinct spur or sack. Spur of the calyx 2-3 mm. long. III. CALCARATI. Spur of the calyx 1 mm. long or less. IV. ARGOPHYLLI. Calyx merely gibbous at the base, not produced backwards. lant green, usually not densely hairy; pubescence short, or if longer, very sparse. Keel moderately curved, lunate, the upper portion longer than the lower. VI. ALBICAULES. Keel strongly curved, the upper portion shorter than the lower. . FOLIOSI. Plant densely silvery or canescent with long hairs. Stem leafy; pubescence of the leaves appressed. VIII. ORNATI. Stent leafy at the base only, pubescence of the leaves longer and ooser. XIV. LEPIpI. Stem with spreading pubescence. Leaflets glabrous above, at least in age; flowers large. Bracts linear-subulate, long-attenuate, almost setaceous, much exceeding the flower-buds. IX. CYTISOIDES. Bracts lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the flower-buds. Stem tall, leafy throughout; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate, acute. X. POLYPHYLLI. Stem low, stout, leafy mostly towards the hase; lestlets broadly ob- lanceolate or ‘spatulate, mucronate. . AMNOPHILI. 132 FABACEAE Leaflets permanently pubescent above. Pubescence of the stem of one kind, usually short, except. a L. comatus. CYANEI. Pubescence of the stem of two kinds, viz., a short and dense _under-pubes- cence and scattered long silky hairs. XIII. LEUCOPHYLLI. Plant low, less than 3 dm. high, densely cespitose. Inflorescence much exceeding the leaves. Leaves mostly basal; petioles many times longer than the leaflets. XIV. LEPIDI. Leaves mostly cauline; jalcle of the cauline leaves only slightly, if at all, exceeding the leaflets in length. . Leaves densely canescent. XV. CANDICANTES. Leaves green. XVI. MONTICOLAE. " jatlocespence not exceeding the leaves. XVII. CAESPITOSI. nnuals. Cotyledons after germination petioled; pods 3-4-seeded. XVIII. CoNCINNI. Cotyledons after germination sessile, persistent, clasping the ae pon 2 seoted. . PUSILLI. I. PLATTENSES. ; One species. . 1. L. plattensis. II. PARVIFLORI. Calyx pam or saccate at the base, appressed-silky; banner pubescent on the back; eel ciliate. Leaflets oblanceolate, flat; racemes comparatively dense; flowers numerous, sub- verticillate. 2. L. pseudoparvifiorus. Leaflets linear, conduplicate; flowers scattered in a lax raceme. 3. L. stenophyllus. Calyx somewhat gibbous at the base, but not produced backwards into a spur or sack. Inflorescence, pedicels, and ary aa finely white-silky with ony appressed hairs. Flowers 15 mm. long; corolla white. 4. L. leucanthus. Flowers 12 mm. long or less; corolla purple or blue. Banner somewhat silky on the back: lower lip of the calyx twice as long as the upper; keel ciliate on the margins. 5. L. Scheuberae. Banner glabrous; keel not ciliate. Lower lip of the calyx only slightly longer than the upper; flowers about 10 mm. long; plant green. 6. L. laxispicus. Lower lip of the calyx much longer than the upper; corolla about 8 mm. a plant silvery. 7. L. tenellus. Inflorescence, pedicels, and calyces more loosely pubescent; hairs at least in age spread- ing. Flowers middle-sized, 8-12 mm. long. Banner pubescent on the back; plant silvery. 8. L. argenteus. Banner glabrous; plant green. Calyx strongly gibbous at the base; keel glabrous; stem purplish. 9. L. rubricaulis. sa not strongly gibbous; stem green. anner blue or purplish, not dark-spotted. Lower lip of the calyx about twice as long as the upper; leaves broadly oblanceolate. | 10. L. spathulatus. Lower lip of the calyx only slightly longer than the upper; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate. 11. L. alpestris. Banner light blue with a dark spot. 12. L. maculatus. Flowers about 6 mm. long. Leaflets narrowly oblanceolate. Lips of the calyx acutely 2- and 3-toothed. 13. L. floribundus. Lips of the calyx obtuse, merely retuse. 14. L. leptostachyus. Leaflets broadly oblanceolate. 15. L. parviflorus. : III. CALCARATI. Une species 16. L. calcaratus. IV. ARGOPHYLLI. Lower lip of the calyx about half longer than the upper; leaflets linear-oblanceolate. Petals and calyx-lobes narrow; wings fully twice as long as broad; lower lip of calyx narrowly lanceolate; plant greener; inflorescence lax. 17. L. larifiorus. Petals and calyx-lobes broad; lower lip of the calyx broadly lanceolate; plant silvery white; inflorescence dense. 18. L. aduncus. Lower lip of the calyx about twice as long as the upper; leaflets broadly lanceolate. Leaflets equally silvery white on both sides, usually conduplicate; their backs usually curved. | 19. L. argentinus. Leaflets grayish canescent, greener above, flat. 20. L. lupinus. V. SULPHUREI. Flowers 12-14 mm. long; uvper lip of calyx about 8 mm. long. 21. L. flavescens. Flowers 1 cm. long or less; upper lip of calyx very short, only 4 mm. long. Inflorescence loosely pubescent; flowers about 10 mm. long. 22. L. sulphureus. Inflorescence finely appressed-silky; flowers about 8 mm. long. 23. L. lucidulus. VI. ALBICAULES. One species. 24. L. albicaulis. PEA FAMILY 133 VII. FOoLtost. Flowers about 15 mm. long; pubescence long, sparse. 11. L. alpestris. Flowers 8-12 mm. long; pubescence short. Banner glabrous. Bracts linear-subulate, long-attenuate, 8-12 mm. long, longer than the buds. Flowers dark blue, ascending, in lax racemes; ca! vx Sppreased silky. L. adscendens. Flowers white in dense racemes, spreading; calyx ene sh spreading hairs. ingratus. Bracts lanceolate, SOE nun ae 4-7 mm. long; jones spreading; calyx with short spreading hair. Flowers dark blue or danke purple; stems simple, low, 1-3 dm. high, from a cespitose caudex, i Pubescence of the stem and leaves short. 27. L. Macounii. Pubescence of the stem and leaves rather long. 70. L. monticola. Flowers lilac or rose-colored, rarely white; plant tall, a om: nae branched. oliosus. Banner more or less pubescent. Corolla light blue or lilac, 7-8 mm. long; keel glabrous. 29. L. larus. Corolla 8-10 mm. long; keel ciliate on the margins. Corolla dark blue or purple; stems mostly simple. 30. L. pulcherrimus. Corolla light blue, or lilac, or pink; stem much branched. 8. L. argenteus. VIII. ORNATI. Bracts subulate, much longer than the flower-buds. 31. L. flexuosus. Bracts ovate or lanceolate, rarely exceeding the flower-buds. Flowers less than 12 mm. long. ant Flowers 6-7 mm. long. 32. L. tenuispicus. Flowers 8-10 mm. long. 33. L. Greenei. Flowers over 12 mm. long. Stem few-leaved, only slightly exceeding the long petioles of the basal leaves. Pubescence of the leaves long and rather loose, hirsute Vignes et silky. ydbergii. Pubescence of the leaves fine and short, strictly arpreeod and silky. Pubescence of the calyx and pedicels short, loose and spreading. 35. L. humicola. Pubescence of the calyx and pedicel densely and sinely ppp essed pubes: cent, silky. . L. Hellerae. Stems very leafy, many times exceeding the basal es ee foe mm. long; pubescence at least on the inflorescence brownish in a 37. Ss ornatus. Flowers ‘To-14 mm long; pubescence white-silky. 38. L. leucopsis. IX. CYTISOIDES. Stem arachnoid-villous; flowers 18—20 mm. long. 39. L. nootkatensis. Stem sparingly hairy or glabrous; flowers 10-18 mm. long. Stem decidedly pubescent with long spreading hairs. Banner ouly slightly shorter than the wings; plant 2-7 dm. woe. Wyethii. Banner much shorter than the wings; plant about 10 are hi Racemes dense; flowers about 12 mm. long, dark Tee a ciel, leaflets oblanceolate, long-hairy beneath. 41. L. amplus. Racemes lax; flowers about 10 mm. Jon light blue or ‘white, mostly singly; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate, short-hairy beneath. 42. L. marianus. rete | labrous or nearl alyx and bracts ete 43. L. Burkei. Calyx and bracts appressed-silky. 44. L. cytisoides. X. POLYPHYLLI. Stem decidedly hairy; leaflets oblanceolate. 45. L. glabratus. Stem glabrous or nearly so; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate. 46. L. polyphyllus. XI. AMMOPHILI. Keel ciliate on the margins; leaves rather thick. 47. L. ammophilus. Keel glabrous; leaves thin. 45. L. glabratus. XII. CYANEI. Pubescence of the stem long; leaves greener. 48. L. comatus. Pubescence rather short, leaves canescent or silvery. Pubescence of the leaves appressed. Corolla blue; banner with a light spot. Bracts linear-lanceolate to subulate, 5-8 mm. long. Corolla 12-14 mm. long; leaflets 3-7 cm. long. 49. L. sericeus. Corolla 10 mm. long or less; leaflets 2-3 cm. long. 50. L. apronosus. Bracts lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long. Leaflets densely pubescent above; corolla about aaa i Bass . L. Bakeri. Leaves sparingly pubescent or glabrate above; cores peor 10 mm. long. . DL. cyaneus, Corolla at first white; banner turning purplish; no light spot. 53. L. dichrous, 134 FABACEAE Pubescence of the leaves long and loose; corolla light purple or pink; banner with a dark spot. 54. L. flavicaulis. XIII. LEUCOPHYLLI. Racemes elongate, 1-3 dm. long, terminal. Flowers numerous in a very long and dense raceme. Bracts lanceolate, not much longer than the buds. Pubescence not very dense. Pubescence on the leaves appressed. __ 55. L. macrostachys. Pubescence on the leaves short, spreading. 56. L. retrorsus. Pubescence very dense, in age more or less rusty, and rather loose. 57. L. leucophyllus. Bracts subulate, much exceeding the buds; flowers about 16 mm. long. Pubescence of the leaves long and loose. 58. L plumosus. Pubescence of the leaves short, appressed. 59. L. Jonesii. Flowers in a long, but lax raceme. ‘ Z 60. L. barbiger. Racemes short, 3-5 cm. long, terminating short divaricate branches. 61. L. ramosus. XIV. LEPIDI. Stem trailing or decumbent. . s 62. L. depressus. Stem erect or ascending, if at all decumbent, only so at the base. Pubescence of the stem and leaves loose. 63. L. aridus. Pubescence of the stem and leaves appressed. Flowers 7-10 mm. long; stem mostly 1-leaved or leafless; pubescence short. Racemes short, dense, 2-5 cm. long; flowers about 10 long. 64. L. minimus. Racemes elongate, 8-9 cm. long; flowers 7-8 mm. long. 65. L. erectus. Flowers 12 mm. long or more; stem with several stem-leaves; pubescence long. 66. L. lepidus. XV. CANDICANTES. Flowers 9-10 mm. long or more. Peduncles short; raceme elongate. 67. L. psoralioides. Peduncles elongate; racemes short. 68. L. candicans. Flowers 6—7 mm. long. 69. L. Evermannii. XVI. MONTICOLAE. Flowers 9-10 mm. long; petals dark blue; banner with a light spot. 70. L. monticola. Flowers 7-8 mm. long; petals light rose, turning yellowish. 71. L. roseolus. XVII. CAESPITOSI. Plant loosely pubescent with long hairs. Racemes very short and dense, sessile; bracts lanceolate, about equalling the flowers; pubescence rather appressed. 72. L. caespitosus. Racemes elongate; bracts subulate, exceeding the flowers; Dube spreading. . Watsonii. Plant densely canescent. 74. L. Cusickii. : XVIII. ConcrInnI. One species. 75. L. micensis. XIX. PUSILLI. Racemes dense, subcapitate; lower lip of the calyx 2-3-toothed. Plant almost stemless; lower lip of the calyx oval or ovate. 76. L. brevicaulis. Plant with distinct leafy stem; lower lip of the calyx oblong-lanceolate. 77. L. Kingii. Racemes more elongate and less dense; lower lip of the calyx entire. Peduncles much exceeding the leaves. 78. L. scaposus. Peduncles very short, shorter than the petioles. Racemes lax, usually much exceeding the leaves; lower part of the calyx and pedicels glabrous. . 79. L. rubens. Racemes dense, slightly if at all exceeding the leaves; calyx and pedicels densely hirsute. 80. L. pusillus. 4. TRIFOLIUM (Tourn.) L. Cuover, TREFOIL. Heads not involucrate; bracts inconspicuous. Leaflets 5-7. I. MACROCEPHALA. Leaflets 3. Plants mostly tall; stem leafy; perennials with rootstocks. Corolla yellow. XII. AGRARIA. Corolla white, red, or purple. Calyx hairy. eads oblong. II. PLumosa. Heads spherical. Heads sessile; corolla red-purple; free portion at the stipules ovate. IT. PRATENSIA. Heads long-peduncled; corolla white or pink; free portion of the stipules elongate-lanceolate. IV. LONGIPEDIA. Calyx glabrous. Peduncles terminal; corolla dark red or purple. V. ALTISSIMA. Peduncles axillary; corolla white or rose-colored. VI. REPENTIA. PEA FAMILY 135 Plants low, pulvinate-cespitose perennials; stems scapiform. Calyx glabrous; leaflets minutely denticulate. VII. NANA. Calyx pubescent. eaflets oval or obovate, strongly veined, and sharply foot VIII. GYMNOCARPA. ee lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire-niargined ‘and not strongly eined. IX. DASYPHYLLA. Heads more or teas involucrate by rather conspicuous, usually more or less united bracts. Plants 10%) memes cespitose, subacaulescent; bracts if at all united only at the base, not aristate Plant densely pubescent. X. ANDINA. Plants glabrous. XI. PARRYANA. Plants with elongated leafy stem; bracts united to a monophyllous involucre; leaflets in ours spinulose denticulate. XII. INVOLUCRATA. I. MACROCEPHALA. One species. 1. T. macrocephalum. II. PLUMosa. One species. 2. T. plumosum. IIT. PRATENSIA. One species. 3. T. pratense. IV. LONGIPEDIA. Stem with spreading villous pubescence. Calyx two-thirds as long as the corolla; teeth 2-3 times as long as the calyx-tube. T. eriocephalum. Calyx scarcely half as long as the corolla; teeth only slightly longer i get Ve tube. 5. villiferum. Stem appressed-pubescent or glabrous. Banner broad, obtuse; calyx about one-third as long as the corolla. 6. T. macilentum. Banner narrow, acute or acutish; calyx one-half to one-third as long as the corolla. Plant cespitose from a woody root; stem ascending; corolla San eared usbyt Plant erect, with a creeping rootstock. Calyx-teoth a little longer than the tube, the upper ones scarcely exceeding it in length; plant usually less than 1.5 dm. high; corolla white. 8. T. orbiculatum. Calyx-teeth much exceeding the ape the lower twice as long or nearly so; plant usually over 1.5 dm. hi, Lower part of the calyx Areca upper part and the teeth villous, with spreading hairs; corolla rose or purple. Flowers 13-15 mm. long, reflexed in fruit. 9. T. confusum. Flowers 10-12 mm. long. Flowers reflexed in fruit; lateral veins of leaves arched. 10. T. harneyense. Flowers not reflexed; lateral veins of the leaves not arched. T. pedunculatum. Calyx hairy throughout; corolla white or yellowish white, rarely pinkish. lowers not reflexed in fruit. 12. T. longipes. Flowers reflexed in fruit. Pedicels 1.5-3 mm. long; leaflets broadly oval, ovate, or obovate. Stem low, decumbent, 1-3 dm. high; leaflets usually broadly obovate or oval. 13. T. latifolium. Stem tall, erect, 3-4 dm. high; leaflets ovate. 14. T. Aitonii. Pedicels almost none; leaflets linear-oblong to narrowly oval. 15. T. Rydbergii. V. ALTISSIMA. Calyx-teeth twice as long as the tube, contorted; leaflets linear to elipie T. Douglasii. Calyx-lobes scarcely longer than the tube; leaflets oval to elliptic or ager ents Leaflets broad and obtuse; flowers about 1.5 cm. long. 17. T. Beckwithii.: Upper leaflets lanceolate, acuminate; flowers about 1 cm. long. 18. T. Kingii. VI. REPENTIA. Plant ascending; corolla rose or pink, rarely white. 19. T. hybridum. Plant creeping; corolla white or tinged with pink. 20. T. repens. VII. NANA. Heads 1-3-flowered; flowers not reflexed; calyx-teeth lanceolate; caudex thick, densely cespitose, with short branches. 21. T. nanum. Heads several-flowered; flowers reflexed; calyx-teeth subulate; branches of the caudex more slender and elongate. Corolla purple, 15-20 mm. long. 22. T. Brandegei. Corolla white or light rose, 10-15 mm. long. 23. T. Haydenii. VIII. GYMNOCARPA. Flowers 10-12 mm. long. 24. T. subacaulescens. Flowers about 8 mm. long. 25. T. gymnocarpon. 136 FABACEAE IX. DASYPHYLLA. Flowers reflexed in fruit; bracts minute, truncate and toothed. Calyx two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the corolla, its teeth fully twice as long as the tube. 26. T. stenolobum. Calyx about half as long as the corolla, its teeth only slightly longer than the tube. anner acuminate; leaflets linear-lanceolate. 27. T. attenuatum. Banner obtuse, minutely mucronate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate ie elliptic. T. bracteolatum. Flowers not reflexed in fruit; bracts more conspicuous, lanceolate to subulate, long- attenuate, accent in the first species. Leaves as well as the whole plant spines 8 ira ees 29. T. anemophilum. Leaves green or brown, though somewhat silky Bracts narrow, 1-nerved; leaflets broadest at or below the middle. Calyx-teeth only slightly longer than the tube; bracts glabrous, much exceed- ing the calyx-tube. 30. T. lividum. Calyx-teeth fully twice as long as the tube; bracts pubescent, slightly if any exceeding the calyx-tube. Banner white or ochroleucous, merely tinged with purple; wings and keel dark purple; pubescence rather loose. 31. T. dasyphyllum. Banner as well as the other petals reddish purple; pubescence appressed. 32. T. scariosum. Bracts broader, 3-nerved; leaflets broader above the middle. 33. T. uintense. XX. ANDINA. One species. 34. T. andinum. XI. PARRYANA. Banner long-acute, much exceeding the wings; bracts ovate, exceeding the calyx, strongly purple-veined. 35. T. salictorum. Banner blunt, slightly exceeding the wings. Calyx-teeth only slightly unequal; bracts exceeding the calyces; upper stipules broadly obovate. 36. T. Parryi. Upper calyx-teeth much shorter than the lower; bracts not exceeding the calyces; upper stipules ovate. Peduncles 1-2 dm. long; bracts ovate. 37. T. inaequale. Peduncles less than 1 dm. long; bracts obovate in outline. 38. T. montanense. XII. INVOLUCRATA. Perennials. . Banner white; wings and keel tipped with dark purple: calyx-teeth twice as long as the tube. 39. T. spinulosum. Banner as well as the other petals purple; calyx-teeth a little longer than the tube. Corolla 12-15 mm. long; involucres to about the middle. 40. T. Fendleri. Corolla about 10 mm. long; involucres cleft to below the middle. 41. T. orydon. Annuals. Involucres much shorter than the flowers, not scarious; teeth long. Leaflets obovate or elliptic. Flowers 7-8 mm. long. 42. T. variegatum. Flowers more than 1 cm. long. 43. T. subsalinum, Leaflets linear. 44. T. oliganthum. ba eo poe equalling the flowers, scarious at least below, its teeth short or Figalucess glabrous, 8-10 mm. high, its lobes toothed; Hepes oe ternately divided, with setiform branches. T. cyanthiferum. Involucres ‘hairy, 5-7 mm. high, its lobes entire; calys-tooth, simple. T. microcephalum. . XIII. AGRARIA. One species. 47. T. procumbens. 5. MEDICAGO (Tourn.) L. Mepicx, Auratra, Lucerne, NoNnEsUcH. Pod_unarmed. Perennial, erect; corolla violet or blue; fruit spirally coiled in 2-3 turns. 1. M. sativa. Annual, prostrate; corolla yellow; fruit merely curved. 2. M. fapured: Pod prickly, densely spirally coiled, in 2-3 turns; corolla yellow. 3. M. hispida. 6. MELILOTUS (Tourn.) Hill. Sweet CLovEeR, Honey CLover. Corolla white; banner a little longer than the wings. 1. M. alba. Corolla yellow; banner about equalling the wings. 2. M. officinalis. 7. LOTUS (Tourn.) L. Brrp’s-root TREFoIL. 1. L. tenuis. 8. ACMISPON Raf. Leaves subsessile; petiolule of the terminal leaflet ascending. A, Leaves distinctly ’petioled; petiolule of the terminal leafiet reflexed, or at Rice ee 2. A. elatus. 9. HOSACKIA Dougl. Brrp’s-roor. 1. H. bicolor. PEA FAMILY 137 10. ANISOLOTUS Bernh. Derxr-wzep. Annual; lant villous; flowers subsessile in the axils of the leaves. 1. A. brachycarpus. Perenni: ; Plant appressed-pubescent; flowers mostly several together, on a peduncle (except often in No. 2). Leaflets closely crowded on the very short rachis, oblanceolate to linear; peduncles less than 5 cm. long; stem erect. Inflorescence 1—2-flowered, usually subsessile in the axils of the leaves; calyx-teeth equalling the tube. 2. As Wrightii. Inflorescence 2-—5-flowered, distinctly peduncled; calyx-teeth Shorter than the 3. A. puberulus. tube. Leafiets not crowded on the evident rachis; stem decumbent. Flowers about 1 cm. long; peduncles 1-2 cm. long; leaflets linear-oblong. 4. A. nummularius. Flowers 12-15 mm. long; peduncles 4-10 cm. long. Leaflets linear to oblong; bracts longer than the calyx; pods divaricate or re- flexed. 5. A. longebracteatus. Leaflets obovate or cuneate; bracts shorter than the calyx; pods erect or ascending. 6. A. rigidus. 11, SYRMATIUM Vogel. 1. S. decumbens. 12. AMORPHA L. Fatse Inpico, SHoE-sTRINGs. Tall shrub; leaflets 2-5 cm. long; pods usually 2-seeded; leaves petioled: pod curved. 1. - angustifolia. Low shrubs; leaflets 0.5—-1.5 cm. long; pods 1-seeded. Glabrous or nearly so; spikes usually solitary at the end of the branches; leaves peti- oled; pod straight. 2. A. nana. Densely canescent; spikes usually clustered; leaves subsessile; pod curved. 3. A. canescens. 13. PSORALEA L. Pomme ve Prarriz, Pomme BLANCHE, Breab-root, Inpian Turnip. Flowers small, less than 8 mm. long, in racemes or interrupted spikes; root not tuberous; pod indehiscent. (PSORALIDIUM.) : Stem-leaves reduced to scales. 1. P. juncea. Stem leaves all 3—5-foliolate. Flowers in racemes, 7. e., distinctly pedicelled. Pods globose; corolla, white, only the keel tipped with purple. - Racemes short and dense, elliptic 0: oblong; calyx-lobes obtuse. Leaflets linear to lance-oblong; fruit glabrous or spacuey strigose. Leaflets lance-oblong to linear. . lanceolata. Leaflets narrowly linear. 3. P. micrantha. Leaflets spatulate or obovate; fruit long-villous. 4. P. Purshii. Racemes lax, elongate, calyx-lobes acute. Leaves oblanceolate; pod densely villous. 5. P. stenostachys. Leaves narrowly linear; pod strigose. 6. P. stenophylla. Pods ovoid; corolla blue or purplish; raceme elongate, lax. Leaflets from linear-oblanceolate to obovate; pods with short beaks. 7. P. tenuiflora. Leaflets narrowly linear; pods with longer beaks. 8. P. linearifolia. Flowers in interrupted spikes. Leaves not silvery below; flowers about 6 mm. long; acai ge ape collina. Leaves silvery-white at least below; flowers 7-8 mm. long; bracts at least half as long as the calyx. : . Leaflets oval; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; calyx not inflated in fruit. 10. P. argophylla. Leaflets linear; bracts obovate; calyx inflated in fruit. 11. P. digitata. Flowers large, over 1 cm. jong, in dense, “head-like spikes; plant with a deep-seated, tuberous, farinaceous root; pod long-beaked, circumscissile or bursting irregularly. (PEDIOMELUM. ) Tall, leafy and branched, usually over 4 dm. high; strigose sheds rout lower calyx- teeth cuspidate-acuminate. P. cuspidata. Low and more simple, 1-3 dm. high; lower calyx-teeth not wasnidate amieieane. Plants with long scattered hairs, not cinereous; leaflets linear to obovate. Stem and peduncles hirsute, with spreading pubescence; lower calyx-lobe not much larger than the rest. 13. P. esculenta. Stem, short peduncles and peuteets with appressed Dubeeeeney Jone calyx- lobe much broader than the rest. ypogaea. Plant cinereous, with short appressed pubescence; leaflets gaa: My ovate or rounded-spatulate. Lowest calyx-lobe not much longer than the rest. Petioles with appressed pubescence; corolla nearly 2 a long. P, P nagalunilen: Petioles with spreading or reflexed hairs; corolla aheut i mm. long. 16. P. mephitica. Lowest calyx-lobe obovate or spatulate, obtuse, much ae than the rest. = 7. P. castorea. 14. PAROSELA Cav. Wing- and keel-petals inserted at the base of the staminal tube; pods exceeding the calyx; shrubs. (XYLODALEA.) 138 FABACEAE Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, the upper two much broader oe es rest. Leaflets 1-7, oblong or elliptic. Fremoniii. Leaflets 5-11, linear or linear-oblanceolate. P. Johnsoni. Calyx-lobes equalling the tube, all lanceolate, nearly similar. z P. amoena. Wing- and keel-petals adnate to or inserted on the staminal tube, some distance from the base; pod shorter than the calyx; mostly herbs, rarely shrubs (EUDALEA). Stem and leaves glabrous. : Annual; spike dense, cylindric. 4, P. alopecuroides. Perennial; spike either rather lax or few-flowered. Plant herbaceous: spike lax, elongate, several-flowered; tects obovate, per- sistent, enclosing the caly: xX. P. enneandra. Plant shrubby; spike head- iia, 2-10-flowered, very short; ‘bracts ovate, de- ciduous. . formosa. Stem and leaves pubescent. Calyx-lobes short, ovate, not subulate-tipped; spike lax; prostrate or decumbent villous herbs. 7. P. lanata. Calyx-lobes subulate-tipped, longer than the tube; plants erect or decumbent, with a short cespitose caudex; spike dense. Leaves 3-foliolate. 8. P. Jamesii. Leaves 5-foliolate. Stem low, 1-2 dm. high, decumbent at the base; spike sessile or short- peduncled. 9. P. carnescens. Stem tall, 3-5 dm. high, with the upper leaves reduced and spike rather long- peduncled. 10. P. aurea. 15. PETALOSTEMON Michx. Prarie CLover. Calyx glabrous except the teeth; corolla white. Spikes compact; bracts longer than the pada: leaflets 1.5-2.5 cm. 1GnE. P. candidus. Spikes looser; bracts shorter than the buds; leaflets usually less than 1.5 cm. long. 2. P. oligophyllus. Calyx pubescent. Corolla white or yellow; spike long and compact. Leaves glabrous; corolla white or ochroleucous. 3. P. compactus. Leaves sparingly silky; corolla yellow. 4. P. flavescens. Corolla rose or purple, very rarely white. Leaflets mostly 5, linear or nearly so. Pubescence of the calyx long silky-pilose; bracts lanceolate, acute; leaflets of the lower leaves oblong, obovate, or cuneate. Bracts glabrous or short-pilose. 5. P. Searlsiae. Bracts silky, long-pilose. 6. P. ornatus. Pubescence of the calyx dense and short; bracts ovate, villous, with a long subulate glabrous acumination. Leaflets eg conspicuously glandular-dotted; bracts longer than the calyces Stem and leaves glabrous or sparingly hairy. ze P. purpureus. Stem and leaves densely villous P. mollis. Leaflets spatulate-linear, not dlaniehiliar dotted: bracts oe eee than the calyces. 9. P. pubescens. Leaflets 7-17, oblong. 10. P. villosus. 16. ROBINIA L. Locust-TREE. Inflorescence, leaves and fruit glabrous. 1. R. Pseudacacia. Inflorescence and fruit hispid; leaves finely puberulent. 2. R. neomexicana. 17. PETERIA A. Gray. Leaflets linear-elliptic or lanceolate, acute and mucronate, 2-6 mm. long, or wanting; corolla 12-15 mm. long. 1. P. scoparia. Leaflets broadly elliptic, oval, or obovate, rounded and mucronate at the apex, 8-15 mun. long. 2. P. Thompsonae. 18. PHACA L. Rartrie-weep, RaTrLe-pop. Upper suture of the pod not acute; pod circular or oval in cross-section. Pod stipitate. Pod long-stipitate, not mottled; stipe longer than the calyx. Pod pendent; flowers ochroleucous. 1. P. americana. Pod on an ascending stipe; flowers purplish. 2. P. ampularia. Pod short-stipitate; stipe scarcely exceeding the calyx. Pod not mottled, erect or ascending. Pod ashy-strigose, with minute hairs. Pods sulcate above; leaflets broad. 3. P. Wetherillii. Pod not sulcate; leaflets narrow. 4. P. allochroa. Pod glabrous. 4 Flowers purplish; racemes long-peduncled; pods about 2 cm. long. . East Flowers white; racemes short-peduncled; pods 3-4 eta. long. woodiae. . P. lutesa. Pod mottled, spreading or reflexed. Leaflets linear or none; plant grayish pubescent. Terminal leaflet none, represented by the much produced rachis: lateral leaflets often also lacking. 7. P. longifolia. PEA FAMILY 139 Leaflets present; rachis not produced. Stem canescent, 1-2 dm. high; calyx-teeth saan ; picta. Stem glabrous or nearly so, 3-5 dm. high; calyx-teeth triangular. . P. Cusickii. Leaflets elliptic to broadly oval or obcordate. . Plant glabrous. P. artipes. Plant canescent. 11. P. Hookeriana. Pod sessile. Pod more than 12 mm. long. Plant densely cespitose, almost stemless; pod 3.5—5 cm. long: P. megacarpa. Plant distinctly caulescent and leafy; pod 3 cm. long or less. Whole plant glabrous. . P. Wardii. Plant, including the pods, pubescent. Calyx-teeth very short, scarcely one-third as long as the tube. 14. P. subcinerea. Calyx-teeth subulate, fully as long as the tube. lant appressed-pubescent, cespitose and much branched. Stem ascending. Trifarsscorte scarcely equalling the sie Pg 2-2.5 cm. long; corolla ochroleucous. Candolleana. Inflorescence exceeding the leaves; pod 12-15 mm. long; corolla purnlvs ie P. cerussata, Stem decumben P. serpens. Plant with short Oy aailaie pubescence; stem simple, elongate. 18. P. Silerana. Pod 8-12 mm. long. Stem slender and much branched, usually more than 1 dm. high; leaflets more than 5 mm. long, flat, oblong, oval, or obovate. Leaflets 5-11 pairs. Plant slightly strigose. Pod ovoid; plant 3-6 dm. high; racemes ey P. Bodinii. Pod ellipsoid; plant usually less than 3 dm. MRigh: racemes few- flowered. 20. a leptalea. Plant densely hirsutulous. 18. P. Silerana. Leaflets 4-6 pairs; plant more or less grayish-pubescent; ti pod globose-ovoid. i microcystis. Stem densely pulvinate-cespitose, with a thick caudex, only a few centimeters igh; leaflets minute, linear or lanceolate, conduplicate, 1-4 mm. long. Rachie ¢ of the leaves not spinose; pod slightly Pubendiont, mottled, 1 cm. jejuna Rachis of the leaves spinose; pod white-pubescent, 4-6 mm. long. 23. P. humillima. Upper suture of the pod straight or curved upwards, acute; pod in cross-section obovate, triangular-obovate, or slightly cordate. Plant, including the pods, perfectly glabrous, 2 dm. high or more; pods stipitate, somewhat leathery. Corolla ochroleucous; calyx-teeth nearly equalling the tube. 24. P. Beckwithit. ‘Corolla purple; calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube. 25. P. artemisiarum. Plant, including the pods, more or less hairy; pods sessile. Pods much over i cm. long, usually not mottled. Pods strongly inflexed; flowers white or ochroleucous, cued with purple. P. pubentissima. Pods net strongly incurved; upper suture straight or soni so; flowers ochro- leucous Plant strictly annual. Plant cinereous, with short hairs; pods puberulent. 27. P. annua. Plant, including the pods, grayish hoary. 28. P. sabulonum. Plant perennial or at least biennial, cespitose, low. Flowers mostly subsessile in the axils of the leaves; racemes if ped- uncled 2-3-flowered; leaflets mostly over 1 cm. lone, appressed-hairy. P. elatiocarpa. Flowers in peduncled several-flowered racemes; eet ae less than lcm. long, loosely hairy beneath, glabrate above. 30. P. lotifiora. Pods about 1 cm. long, mottled; plant diffusely cespitose. 31. P. sesquifiora. 19. CYSTIUM Stev. Plant cespitose, less than 1 dm. high, canescent, nearly stemless; pod not curved. 1. C. platytrope. Plant with elongate ami: 1-4 dm. high. Plant silvery canescent-strigose; eareilis pinkish. 2. C. Coulteri. Plant glabrous or slightly strigose, not silvery. Corolla purple. 3. C. diphysum. Corolla white or yellowish, purple only at the tip. Pod more than 1.5 cm. ne Pod short-ovoid, only slightly curved. 4. C. heliophilum. Pod elongate-ovoid, strongly curved. Calyx-teeth at least half as long as the tube; corolla ae mm. long. " lentiginosum. 140 FABACEAE Calyx-teeth about one-fourth as long as the tube; coro about 12 mm. ong. C. araneosum. Pod 1-1.5 cm. long. 7. C. salinum. 20. ONIX Stev. 1. O. Mulfordae. 21. GEOPRUMNON Rydb. Burrato Bzans, Grounp Puums, Burrato Peas, Prarie APPLES. Pods pubescent, abruptly pointed. Pods glabrous, pointless. Corolla purple; leaflets oblong to linear. Corolla yellowish-white, with purple keel; leaflets oval or obovate. 1. G. plattense. 2. G. crassicarpum. 3. G. succulentum. 22. ASTRAGALUS (Tourn.) L. Loco Weep, Miix VetTcu. Plants cespitose, subscapose, villous-pubescent; pods sulcate on bout sutures. . MOLLISSMI. Plants with elongate leafy stems. Pods not sulcate or slightly so on the lower suture, round or aly so in cross-section. ULIGINOSI. Pod deeply sulcate on the lower suture, cordate or triangular in cross-section. Leaves and stems strigose or glabrate; pods several-seeded. III. HYPOGLOTTIDES. Leaves and stem villous; pods few-seeded. IV. SPALDINGIANI. I. MOLLISSIMI. Pod glabrous, deeply sulcate. 1 Pod villous, slightly sulcate. Calyx densely villous; leaflets 6—12 pairs. . A. mollissimus. ods perfectly 2-celled; raceme elongate. 2. A. Bigelovii. The cells of the pod confluent at the apex; raceme short. 3. A. Thompsonae. Calyx sparingly nigrescent; leaflets 3-6 pairs. 4. A. anisus. - II. ULIGINOSI. Pod straight or nearly so. Calyx-tube 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. racts linear-lanceolate, long-attenuate, the lower almost as long as the calyces; calyx-teeth all narrow, subulate, fully half as long as the tube; pod glabrous. . A. canadensis. Bracts ovate to lanceolate, scarcely half as long as the calyces; calyx-teeth short, less than half as long as the tube, the upper broader; pod more or less hairy (except sometimes in the first). Upper calyx-teeth only slightly broader than the lower; bracts lanceolate. Calyx not black-hairy; pod not sulcate. . A. oreophilus. Calyx more or less black-hairy; pods somewhat sulcate on the lower suture. 7. A. Mortoni. Upper calyx-teeth about twice as broad as the lower, broadly triangular at the base; pod not sulcate. 8. A. spicatus. Calyx-tube about 3 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide. 9. A. ursinus. Pod decidedly arcuate. 18. A. palans. III. HYPOGLOTTIDES. Pod with appressed gray or black pubescence. Calyx-teeth short and broad; corolla purple. 10. A. terminalis. Calyx-teeth subulate. _ 7 Corolla purple or pink, seldom white; calyx-teeth much phon ae the tube. . A. striatus. Corolla sulphur-yellow, white, or pinkish; calyx-teeth almost equalling the tube. Leaflets elliptic, appressed-pubescent. 12. A. sulphurescens. Leaflets broadly obovate; pubescence looser. 13. A. oreganus. Pod villous with long spreading hairs. Corolla ochroleucous; bracts broadly spatulate to linear, obtuse. 14. A. virgultulus. Corolla purple; bracts ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, often acutish. Calyx biack-hairy; teeth decidedly shorter than the tube. 15. A. goniatus. Calyx not black-hairy; teeth about equalling the tube. 16. A. agrestis. : IV. SPALDINGIANIL. One species. 23, HAMOSA Medic. Plant acaulescent, sitvery white. ; ; Racemes several-flowered; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, about one-third as long as the tube. 1. H. scaposa. Raceniss 1-2-flowered; calyx-teeth elongate-lanceolate, more than half as long as the tube. . 2. H. calycosa. Plant caulescent, not silvery. Legume curved. : Plant glabrous or strigose. Pod less than 3 mm. wide, not mottled; corolla 5—6 mm. long. Leaflets lanceolate or oblong; pod finely strigose. 3. H. austrina. Leaflets cuneate or oblong, emarginate; pod glabrous. 4. H. Nuttalliana. 17. A. Spaldingii. PEA FAMILY 141 Pod 6 mm. wide, mottled; corolla about 1.5 cm. tone. 5. H. ampleza. Plant hirsute; pod over 4 mm. wide. 6. H. malaca. Legume straight. Racemes short, subcapitate; corolla light bluish purple; leaflets oblong to obcor- date, green. 7. H. leptocarpa. Racemes elongate, lax; corolla cream-colored; leaflets narrowly oblong or linear, grayish strigose. 8. H. atratiformis. 24, TIUM Medic. Stipe exceeding the calyx; pod not incurved. Pod not black-hairy; corolla white or ochroleucous. Pod erect, glabrous. Stipe much longer than the calyx. 1. T. eremiticum. Stipe scarcely exceeding the calyx. Pod with a partial septum. Pod glabrous; stipe 3-4 mm. long. 2. T. atropubescens. Pod strigose; stipe 1 mm. long. 3. T. obscurum. Pod without septum. 4. T. arrectum. Pod _reflexed. ae Plant villous; pod cordate in cross-section. 5. T. Drummondii. Plant appressed-pubsssent or glabrous; pod more or less triangular or inverted shaped in cross-section. Pod _2-3 cm. long; corolla 15—20 mm. long. Calyx not black-hairy; pod straight. 6. T. racemosum. Calyx black-hairy ; pod arcuate. 7. T. scopulorum. Pod less than 1.5 cm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. long. 8. T. Rusbyi. Pod black-hairy; corolla violet or purple. 9. T. alpinum. Stipe shorter than the calyx or almost none; pod incurved. Pod mottled; plant green, very slender. Stem slender, spreading. Raceme 1-5-flowered, short; leaflets obovate or orbicular. 10 sparsiflorum, Raceme 5—10-flowered; leaflets linear. il. owyheense. Ts Bs Stems stout, erect; raceme 5—15-flowered. Leaflets obovate or orbicular. 12. T. variegatum. Leaflets narrowly elliptic. 13. T. naturitense. Pod not mottled; plant cinereous. Pod appressed-pubescent. 14. T. Pod hirsute-villous, with spreading hairs. 15. T. 25. DIHOLCOS Rydb. Pod glabrous; body about 1.5 cm. long; upper calyx-teeth 3-4 mm. long; corolla white. 1. D. decalvans. Pod serlgose: upper calyx-teeth less than 3 mm. long. Body of the pod 12-15 mm. long; corolla usually purple. 2. D. bisulcatus. Body of the pod rarely 10 mm. long; corolla white or eaesiitan only the keel sometimes tipped with purple. Pod distinctly cross-ribbed. Corolla more than 1 cm. long; pod very acute at both ends; stipe 5 mm. long. 3. D. scobinatulus. Corolla less chat 1 cm. long; pod obtusish or abruptly acuminate at both ends; humistratum. desperatum. stipe 3 mm. long. 4. D. Haydenianus. Pod not cross-ribbed; corolla 6 mm. long. 5. D. micranthus. 26. JONESIELLA Rydb. 1. J. asclepiadoides. 27. RYDBERGIELLA Fedde & Sydow. Pod with a broad partition, almost 2-celled, except at the apex. 1. BR. scaphoides. Pod with a narrow, sometimes obsolete partial partition. Stipe of the pod 4-8 mm. long. Leaflets oblanceolate or oblong. 2. R. arcta. Leaflets obovate. 3. R. Preussii. Stipe of the pod 1-2 mm. long; leaflets oblong to oval. Plant glabrous; leaflets oblong, retuse. 4. R. praelonga. Plant hispidulous-strigose on the upper parts of the stem and the lower surface of the leaves. 5. R. Pattersonii. 28. CTENOPHYLLUM Rydb. Leaflets narrow. Leaflets filiform or nearly so, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide. 1. C. pectinatum. Leaflets linear, 2-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. 2 C. Grayi. Leaflets oblong to broadly obovate. . CO. adanum. 29. CNEMIDOPHACOS Rydb. Pod with a rudimentary partition. 1. C. reventoides. Pod without a partition. Calyx densely black-villous. 2. C. reventus. Calyx not black-hairy or with a few scattered black hairs. Calyx strigose with rather short hairs. 142 FABACEAE Corolla yellow. 3. C. flav Corolla pinkish. 4. C. con fertifiaris, Calyx mie attoae or hirsute with long loose hairs. Corolla purple; calyx-teeth 4—5 mm. long. 5. C. Corolla ochroleucous; calyx-teeth 2 mm. “long. 6. C. 30. XYLOPHACOS Rydb. Suzep-pop. Pod strigose or glabrous. Exocarp of the fruit not spongy; stem evident, but often short. Pod _ more or less curved. Plant sparingly hairy or glabrous, scarcely canescent; stem usually more or ess elongate. Calyx-tube about 10 mm. ‘long, white-hairy; plant sparingly silky. 1. X. stipularis. Calyx-tube 5-8 mm. long, black-hairy; plant strigose or glabrous. Pod 2-2.5 em. long, abruptly acute at both ends. 2. X. cuspidocarpus. Pod 2.5-4 cm. long, long-acuminate at both ends. 3. X. cibarius. Plant ceey canescent, with white silky appressed hairs; stem low, decumbent. Pod elongate; dorsal suture distinctly sulcate. Pod tapering at the base, not very thick. Calyx-teeth subulate, about half as long as the tube. 4. X. aragalloides. Calyx-teeth less than pet as long as the tube. 5. X. amphiozys. Pod not tapering at the bas Calyx with black hairs; leaflets oval; corolla white or cream-colored. ; eurekensis. Calyx without black hairs; leaflets rounded-obovate; corolla purple. 7. X. Shortianus. argillosus. urceolatus. Pod short-ovoid; neither suture distinctly sulcate. Pod mottled. Pod very strongly curved and vertically flattened at the middle; leaflets oval, acute, strigose. 8. X. Zionis. Pod omer curved; leafiets oblong, rounded or truncate at the apex, villous. 9. X. puniceus. Pod not mottled, slightly curved and turgid. a eat subulate, about half as lene as the tube; leaflets oblong- val. 10. A. argophyllus. Gui pe tebe: lanceolate, one-fourth as long as the tube; leaflets obovate. 11. X. uintensis. Pod straight or nearl ly so; plant canescent. Pod obcompressed, somewhat triangular; ventral suture a rene 1 . vespertinus. Pod compressed; both sutures prominent. Corolla purple; calyx with black hairs. 13. X. missouriensis. Corolla white or ochroleucous with purple-tipped keel; calyx without black hairs. 14. X. cymboides. Pacer of the fruit spongy at least in age; plant sub-acaulescent, less than 5 cm. ean: 7-11, rounded-obovate, obtuse. 15. X. pygmaeus. Leaflets 1-3, ‘broadly lanceolate, acute. 16. X. musinensis. Pod villous. Pod densely woolly, short-ovoid; plant canescent. Pubescence of the leaves strictly appressed. Leaflets elliptic to obovate; calyx-teeth one-fourth as long as the tube. Leaflets obovate, obtusish; peduncles much shorter bhan the leaves. xX. Newberryi. Leaflets oblanceolate, acute; peduncles about eae ‘the leaves. 18. X. consectus. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, rounded, truncate, or i at the apex; calyx-teeth half as long as the biack-villous tube. 19. X. Watsonianus. Pubescence of the leaves loosely woolly. Stems 1 dm. iong or less; bracts eanke or oblanceolate, only slightly exceed- ing the pedicels. Leaflets becurlly obovate, rounded at the avex; Diane ey floccose. 0. X. utahensis. Leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, acute; plant ivan tnae Corolla ochroleucous; only the keel ‘purple-tipped. 23. X. Purshii. Corolla purple. . X&. glareosus. Stems 2-4 dm. high; bracts subulate, at least half as gee as pee calyx. 23. X. inflezus. Pod sparingly villous, elongate; plant not canescent. 24. X! Parryi. 31. MICROPHACOS Rydb. Pod | shenely sulcate on the lower suture, transversely veined; leaflets narrowly linear- parviflorus. Pod merely flattened on the lower suture, cross-wrinkled; leaflets linear-oblong or linear, cuneate, truncate or emarginate. 2. M. microlobus. 32. PTEROPHACOS Rydb. 1. P. tetrapterus. 33. ATELOPHRAGMA Rydb. Pod stipitate, flat. Partial partition broad, making the pod almost 2-celled. 1. A. Arthuri. PEA FAMILY 1438 Partial partition narrow, less than one-third the width of the pod. Pod long-stipitate, glabrous at least in age. Plant loosely short-villous. 2. A. aboriginum. Plants appressed-silky or glabrous. Leaflets oblong. 3. A. Forwoodii. Leaflets linear. Plant grayish silky. 4, A. lineare. . Plant glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. 5. A. glabriusculum. Pod short-stipitate, hairy. Upper leaves not reduced; pod black-hairy. 6. A. Macounii. Upper leaves reduced, often unifoliolate; pod not black-hairy. : 7. A. tbapense. Pod sessile, more turgid. Racemes many-flowered; leaflets oblong; partition of the pod narrow. Racemes elongate; pod short-obovoid. 8. A. elegans. Racemes short; pod oblong. 9. A. Shearii. Racemes few-flowered; leaflets linear; partition of the pod broad. 1 34. HOMALOBUS Nutt. Legumes decidedly flattened laterally. Leaves simple or some of them rarely 3-foliolate; plants pueiate: es DONE pod sessile. ' . SIMPLICIFOLII. Leaves several-foliolate. Pod sessile or short-stipitate; stipe seldom exceeding the calyx. Legume ovai, ovate, broadly oblong, or elliptic. A. Brandegei. Pod without long black hairs. Il. TENELLI. Pod with long black hairs. III. DEBILES. Legume linear, 1.5 cm. long or longer. IV. CAMPESTRES. Pod long-stipitate; stipe decidedly longer than the calyx. Calyx not gibbous at the base, less than half as long as the corolla; pod mem- branous; leaflets linear or filiform. V. STENOPHYLLI. Calyx strongly gibbous at the base, more than half as long as the corolla; pod more coriaceous. VI. COLLINI. Legumes nearly terete. Pod sessile or short-stipitate; stipe if any shorter than the calyx. 2 . VII. FLEXvosI. Pod long-stipitate; stipe longer than the calyx. VIII. MAcROcARPI. I. SIMPLICIFOLII. Calyx-teeth about half longer than the calyx-tube; corolla ochroleucous or whitish. Calyx glabrous. 1. H. ligulatus. Calyx pubescent. eaves almost filiform, sparingly hairy, pungent-pointed; pods mottled. 2. H. exilifolius. Leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, canescent, not pungent; pods not mottled. 7 3. H. simplicifolius. Calyx-teeth about as long as the tube; corolla purple or pink. f Peduncles 1—flowered; bracts subulate, longer than the flowers. 4. H. uniflorus. Peduncles 3-10-flowered; bracts ovate to narrowly lanceolate, shorter than the flow- ers. Pods long-acute; bracts narrowly lanceolate; leaves usually narrowly oblanceolate. . H. caespitosus. Pods abruptly acute; bracts short, ovate to lanceolate, very scarious; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate. 6. H. brachycarpus. II. TENELLI. Pod strictly sessile . F aflets narrowly linear, often wanting. 8. H. lancelarius. Leaflets oblong to oval. ‘ Stems densely cespitose, 1-2 dm. high; racemes short, few-flowered. Racemes 2—6-flowered, shorter than the leaves; leaflets oblong to oblanceolate, acute, canescent. 7 9. H. vexillifiexus. Racemes 5-12-flowered, exceeding the leaves; leaflets oblong to elliptic, green, glabrate above. 10. H. miser. Stems more simple, 2 dm. high or more; racemes elongate. Pods erect, on long pedicels. af 11. H. grallator. Pods spreading or reflexed, on short pedicels. ; Pods bali plant canescent. 12. H. wingatanus. Pods hairy; plant green. 13. H. Clementis. Pod short-stipitate. ; Corolla white, tinged with purple. Both sutures of the pod curved. 14. H. acerbus. Lower suture of the pod straight. 15. H. Dodgeanus. Corolla ochroleucous. Legume glabrous. : ; : Stipe rarely exceeding the tube of the calyx; leaves usually epregne in age; leaflets oblong to oval, obtuse and mucronate. 16. H. dispar. Stipe of the mature legume usually exceeding the calyx-teeth; leaves strongly ascending; leaflets narrowly linear to linear-oblong, mostly acute. Stipe 3-4 mm. long; leaflets linear or linear-oblong; stem usually conspicu- ously strigose; calyx-teeth half as long as the ia er . H. tenellus. 144 FABACEAE Stipe 5-7 mm. long; leaflets narrowly linear; stem glabrous or nearly so; calyx-teeth usually nearly equalling the tube. 18. H. stipitatus. Legume strigose. 19. H. strigulosus. III. DEBILEs. Stem very slender, filiform and decumbent; pod sessile, ovate or oval. ie 20. H. debilis. Stém erect or ascending; pods stipitate and long-acute at both ends. 7 21. H. Bourgovii. IV. CAMPESTRES. Corolla ochroleucous, usually without any tinge of purple; upper leaves reduced to fili- form phyllodes or the rachis greatly produced, without a terminal leaflet; canescent rush-like plants, with deep-seated roots and stem branched below the surface; calyx-lobes less than half as long as the tube. Calyx more or less black-hairy; legumes tapering towards the base. : Calyx-lobes subulate, much longer than broad; leaves linear-subulate to linear, very acute. 22. H. campestris. Calyx-teeth about as broad as long, triangular; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, obtuse. 23. H. junciformis. Calyx white-hairy; teeth triangular; legumes linear; leaflets, if any, narrowly linear to filiform. 24. H. junceus. Coralla white, pink, purplish, or rarely ochroleucous, at least the keel tipped with dark Pape, terminal leaflet usually well developed; leafy plants with a cespitose cau- ex. Legume strigose, rarely becoming glabrate in age. Legume arcuate. Nee Leaflets 5; plant pulvinate-cespitose. _ 7. H. detritalis. Leaflets 7-11; plant cespitose, decumbent, but not pulvinate. 25. H. decumbens. Legume straight, or the end slightly curved upwards in H. oblongifolius. Leaflets strigose on both sides, usually densely canescent. Leaflets narrowly linear or narrowly lance-linear. Calyx-teeth almost as long as the tube; corolla purplish; plant 2-4 dm. high. 26. H. strigosus. Calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube; corolla ochroleucous, only the keel tipped with purple; plant less than 2 dm. high. 27. H. tenuifolius. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate or lance-oblong, 4-8 mm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide; plant less than 1 dm. high. : 28. H. divergens. Leaflets usually glabrous above, green. Calyx white-hairy, its teeth one-third as long as the tube; leaflets linear to lance-oblong ; racemes long and lax. 29. H. serotinus. Calyx usually black-hairy, its teeth fully half as long as the tube. egumes 2—2.5 cm. long; corolla about 1 cm. long; leaflets ample; plant erect, 2-4 dm. Highs Leaflets elliptic or oblong, obtuse, the terminal one short-stalked and serif ar to the rest; lower suture of the legume decidedly curved. 30. H. oblongifolius. Leaflets lanceolate or oblanceolate, somewhat falcate, the terminal one long-stalked, longer and tapering into the rachis without a distinct articulation. 31. H. decurrens. Legumes less than 2 cm. long; corolla 6-8 mm. long; leaflets small, less than 1 cm. long; plant decumbent-cespitose, less than 2 dm. high. Leaflets 1-5, the terminal narrowly oblanceolate, falcate, gradually tapering into the rachis. 32. H. paucijugus. Leaflets 7-17, the terminal one resembling the rest, short-stalked. Legumes linear with parallel sutures, 3 mm. wide. 33. H. microcarpus. Legumes obliquely oblanceolate, fully 3.5 mm. wide near the apex. 34, H. humilis. Legume glabrous from the beginning. Legumes about 1.5 cm. long; calyx-teeth less than half as long as the tube; leaf- lets linear or narrowly lance-linear. 35. H. Palliseri. Legumes 2-2.5 cm. long; calyx-teeth more than half as long as the tube; leaves lanceolate to oval. 36. H. hylophilus. V. STENOPHYLLI. Calyx-teeth obtuse; leaflets many, the terminal one present. 37. H. stenophyllus. Calyx-teeth very acute; leaflets few, the terminal one wanting or continuous with the rachis. 38. H. Episcopus. 4 VI. COLLINI. Pod straight. . : 39. H. collinus. Pod curved one-half to two-thirds of a circle. 40. H. curvicarpus. ; VII. FLEXUOSI. Z Pod oblong, over 5 mm. in diameter. Inflorescence short; flowers about 15 mm. long; pod glabrous. 41. H. Hallii. Inflorescence elongate and lax; flowers about 10 mm. long; pod pubescent. es 42. H. Fendleri. Pod linear, 2-3 mm. in diameter. Pod abruptly contracted into a short or obsolete stipe. PEA FAMILY 145 Stem decumbent; stipe minute or obsolete. 43. H. flexuosus. Stem erect; stipe almost equalling the calyx. 44, H. proximus. Pod gradually tapering into the short stipe. 45. H. Salidae. VIII. MACROCARPI. One species. 46. H. macrocarpus. 35. KENTROPHYTA Nutt. Stipules united only at the base, more or less herbaceous. _ , zg Plant 3-4 dm. high, usually erect; stipules lanceolate, with long ars a 1. K. impensa. Plant low; stipules lance-subulate, not spinulose-tipped. 2. K. viridis. Stipules united for about half their length, scarious. Leaflets linear-filiform, scarcely narrowed at the base; corolla ochroleucous, sub- sessile in the axils of the leaves. 3. K. montana. Leaflets lanceolate or oblanceolate, distinctly narrowed at the base. _ Corolla ochroleucous, about 4 mm. long, the keel usually purple-tipped; leaflets less than 5 mm. long. Flower-clusters subsessile or short-peduncled; calyx-lobes shorter than the tube. Leaves short-hairy; stipules with long spreading tips; leaflets about 3 mm. long. 4, K. minima. Leaflets long-hairy; stipules not with spreading tips; peace mm. long. . K. Wolfii. Flower-clusters on peduncles much exceeding the leaves; calyx-lobes equalling or exceeding the tube. 6. K. tegetaria. Corolla purple, about 6 mm. long; leaflets over 5 mm. long. 7. K. aculeata. 36. OROPHACA (T. & G.) Britton. Flowers sessile in the axils of the leaves, 12 mm. or more long; corolla ochroleucous; calyx-tube longer than the teeth; plant pulvinate-cespitose. Corolla 2 cm. or more long, glabrous; calyx-tube cylindrical, more than thrice as long as the teeth. 1. O. caespitosa. Corolla 15-18 mm. long, pubescent on the outside; calyx-tube short-cylindric, about twice as tong as the teeth. 2. O. argophylla. Flowers in small, neduncled 1~3-flowered racemes, purple or turning yellowish in age, less than 10 mm. long; calyx-tube campanulate, not longer than the tube-teeth, Plant pulvinate-cespitose; flowers 8-10 mm. long; inflorescence not exceeding the leaves. Flowers about 10 mm. long; pods puberulent. 3. O. tridactylica. Flowers about 8 mm. long; pods hoary. 4. O. aretioides. Plant broadly cespitose, with prostrate branches; flowers about 6 mm. long; ped- uncles usually exceeding the leaves; pods hoary. 5. O. sericea. 37. ARAGALLUS Necker. Loco-weep. Stipules adnate to the petioles only slightly at the base; pods pendent, 1-celled, many _times exceeding the calyx; plant often caulescent. I. DEFLEXI. Stipules decidedly adnate to the petioles; pods not pendent; plant acaulescent. Leaves strictly pinnate; leaflets opposite. Fruiting calyx inflated, enclosing the fruit; plants densely ata ad less than z : NANI. Fruiting calyx. not inflated, much exceeded by the.pod. Inflorescence 1-3-flowered; plants dwarf, pulvinate. Pods inflated, 1-celled, ovoid. III. INFLATI. Pods not inflated, oblong, almost 2-celled. IV. PARRYANI. Inflorescence many-flowered; plants mostly over 1.5 dm. high, not pulvinate: pod oblong, not inflated. V. CAMPESTRES. Leaflets verticillate. VI. VERTICILLARES. I. DEFLEXt. Plant more or less caulescent; racemes at least in fruit elongate; pods eae cm. long. - 1. A. deflexus. Plant subacaulescent; racemes short and head-like; pods about 1 cm. long. 2. A. foliolosus. II. NANI. Peduncles scarcely exceeding the leaves, 1—3-flowered; bracts broadly ovate. Leaflets 5-10 mm. long; corolla 20-25 mm. long. 3. A. mulliceps. Leaflets 3-6 mm. long; corolla about 15 mm. long. -4. A. minor. Pesuncies Bevidedly exceeding the leaves, many-flowered; bracts lanceolate or ovate- anceolate. Pubescence of the peduncles appressed or merely ascending; pods included in the calyx. Paauncles erect, strict; spike oblong, over 2 cm. long. Corolla yellow or whitish, more than 2 cm. long. 5. A. collinus. Corolla purple, less than 2cm. long. 6. A. Blankinshipii. Peduncles ascending, curved; spike subcapitate. 7. A. nanus. Pubescence of the peduncles loosely spreading; pods usually somewhat exserted. 8. A. Lagopus. III. INFLATI. Leaflets 11-23. | : Leaflets sparingly appressed-hirsute. 9. A. podocarpus. 146 FABACEAE Leaflets densely canescent. 10. A Hallii. Leaflets 5-11, densely canescent. 11. A. oreophilus. IV. PARRYANI. One species. 12, A. Parryi. V. CAMPESTRES. Plant not viscid. Corolla purple, rarely white. Calyx with spreading hairs. Calyx white-hairy; corolla usually light purple. Plant loosely pubescent; peduncles with long spreading rag agopus. Plant silky-canescent; peduncles with appressed fide - Plant low, densely cespitose; peduncles eeernaine curved, less than 5 cm. high; spike capitate. A. argophyllus. Plant tailer, over 1 dm. high; spike elongate. Calyx long-hairy; wings broad. 14. A. Besseyi. re short-hairy; wings narrow. 21. A. albertinus. Calyx black-hairy; corolla dark, bluish purple. lant white or grayish villous. 15. A. atropurpureus. Plant silky, with appressed hairs, green. 16. A. melanodontus. Calyx with appressed hairs. Legumes about 3 cm. long, short-stipitate and long-acuminate; corolla over 2 em. long. 17. A. Bigelovii. Legume 2 cm. long or less, sessile. Legumes villous, almost 2-celled; caudices densely white-hairy; corolla 12 mm. long. 18. A. plattensis. Leeuns appressed-silky or short-hairy; caudices not conspicuously white- airy. Legume nearly 2-celled; leaves white-silky. Corolla 12-15 mm. long; wings slightly oe A. monticola. Corolla about 2 cm. long; wings broadly and able emarginate. 20. A. sericeus. Legumes only half 2-celled. Leaves white-silky beneath; corolla 15 mm. long: [ee ascending. 21. A. albertinus. Leaves green or only slightly silky. Legumes spreading; leaves elliptic or oblong; corolla 15 mm. Jong. 22. A. dispar. Legumes erect or strongly ascending; leaflets lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, very acute. Leaves spreading; pod 15 mm. long, abruptly contracted into a short spreading beak; corolla 15 mm, long. 23. A. angustatus. Leaves erect; pod 20 mm. long, long-acuminate, nearly straight; Corols 18-20 mm. long. 24. A. Lambertii. Corolla yellow, ochroleucous or white, with a purple spot on the keel. Peduncles decumbent, curved, 1 dm. long or less. 25. A. alpicola. Peduncles erect, 2 dm. high or more. Peduncles with long loose hairs. 26. A. villosus. Peduncles appressed-hairy. Flowers 12-15 mm. long. Lower leaves with conspleuotsly shorter and pee leaflets; flowers more or less spreading. A. dispar. liv leaves similar to the upper or nearly so; flowers stnouels: ascend- . A. gracilis. Flowers ; 18-25 mm. long; pods coriaceous. Corolla yellow; banner and wings narrower than in the next, slightly notched; legume nearly 2-celled. 28. A. spicatus. Corolla white or straw-colored, banner and wings fully 1 cm. wide, deeply notched; legume half 2-celled. 29. A. albiflorus. Plant more or less viscid. Calyx not black-hairy; pods abruptly acuminate; base of the plant with long yellow hairs 30. A. viscidus. Calyx black- hairy; pods long-acuminate; base of the plant not yellow-hairy. 31. A. viscidulus. VI. VERTICILLATI. Bracts usually shorter than the flowers. Leaflets lance-oblong to elliptic, densely silky-pubescent. 32. A. Richardsonii. Leaflets linear-lanceolate, rather sparingly silky. 33. A. galioides. Bracts much exceeding the flowers. 34. A. splendens. 38. GLYCYRRHIZA (Tourn.) L. Liquorice. 1. G. lepidota. 39. HEDYSARUM (Tourn.) L. Hepysarum. Calyx-teeth shorter than the tube; reticulations of the pods polygonal. = Corolla sulphur-yellow; fruit glabrous. 1. H. sulphurescens. Corolla purple, rose, or rarely” white. Fruit glabrous, except as to a few hairs on the margins; internodes 6-8 mm. long. 2. H. americanum. Fruit distinctly appressed-pubescent; internodes 8-15 mm. long. PEA FAMILY 147 Corolla 12-15 mm. long; bracts linear-subulate, 5 mm. or more long. Leaflets oblong, elliptic, or oval, less than 3 cm. long. 3. H. boreale. Leaflets lanceolate, fully 3 cm. Tong. 4, H. lancifolium. Corolla 15-20 mm. long; bracts enor 2-4 mm. long. 5. H. marginatum. Calyx-teeth subulate, langer than the tube; reticulavions of the pods transversely elon- gate. usually reaching from the middle to the margins, without cross-veins. Flowers 15-20 mm. long. Calyx sparingly strigose; loments with 4-7 internodes; nodes more than half as wide as the internodes. 6. H. Mackenzit. Calyx canescent; loments with 2—5 internodes; nodes less than half as broad as the internodes. 7. H. utahense. Flowers 10-15 mm. long. Leaves glabrous above, at least in age. Leaflets elliptic-oblong, not fleshy; flowers 12-15 mm. long, purple; bracts lanceolate-subulate, 3-5 mm. long; internodes of the loments 3-5. 8. H. pabulare. Leaflets linear-oblong, somewhat fleshy; flowers about 10 mm. long, rose- purple; bracts lanceolate, 1.5—-2 mm. long; internodes of the fruit 1-3. 9. H. carnosulum. Leaves canescent on both sides. 10. H. cinerascens. 40. ONOBRYCHIS Scop. Sanp-Forn. 1. O. Onobrychis. 41. MEIBOMIA Heister. Tick-rrerom, Bedear’s Ticks. Leaflets neither coriaceous nor strongly reticulate beneath. 1. M. canadensis. Leaflets coriaceous, strongly reticulate beneath. 2. M. illinoensis. 42. VICIA L. Vercu, Witp Pza. Racemes 3—40-flowered; flowers 1—2.5 cm. long. Racemes one-sided, dense, 15—40-flowered. 1. V. cracca. Racemes lax, 3—10-flowered. Leaflets linear to oblong; stipules usually narrow, semi-sagittate and often entire. Leaves decidedly pubescent, rather thick and strongly veined. Stem low; leaflets linear to oblong. 2. V. trifida. Stem tall; leaflets oblong or elliptic, only those of the lower leaves some- times linear. 3. V. oregana. Leaves glabrous or siightly pybescent when young. Leaflets elongate, narrowly linear; plant low and erect. 4. V. sparsifolia. eet at least the upper ones, oblong or linear-oblong; plant tall and limbing. 5. Vz. dissilifolia. Leaflets broad: stipules broadly semi-sagittate or semi-orbicular in outline, sharply toothed. Leaflets usually oval, thin and not strongly veined, mostly entire and acute or rounded at the apex. 6. V. americana. Leaflets obovate-cuneate, firmer and more strongly velngd. truncate and toothed at the apex. V. pumila. Racemes 1—2-flowered. Flowers 1—1.8 cm. long, subsessile in the axils; annual. 8. V. angustifolia. Flowers 6-8 mm. long, on a distinct peduncle; perennial. 9. V. producta. 43. LATHYRUS (Tourn.) L. Vercuiine. Corolla purple. Stem winged; leaflets tinear, lanceolate, or oblong; flowers about ie mm. i . palustris. Stem wingless. Racemes 1-flowered. 11. L. Torreyi. Racemes several- to many-flowered. Tendrils much reduced; stem mostly erect. Leafiets 1 or 2 pairs; flowers 8-10 mm. long. Leaflets narrowly linear. 2. L. Sandbergi. Leaflets oval or oblong. 3. L. bijugatus. Leaflets 3 or 6 pairs; flowers 20-25 mm. long. Plant glabrous or nearly so. 4. L.ornatus. Plant decidedly villous-pubescent. 5. L. incanus. Tendrils usually well developed; plant more or less climbing. Corolla less than 18 mm. long. Leaflets linear to oblong-slliptic, thick, veiny. Leaflets oblong-elliptic. 6. L. coreaceus. Leaflets linear. 7. L. graminifolius. Leaflets broadly oval or ovate. Tendrils usually 3-cleft; leaflets moderately firm, strongly veined. Stipules large, often half as long as the small, 1- - cm. long leaf- lets. L. Schaffneri. Stipules very small in comparison with the oe 2-7 cm. long eaflets. 9. L. venosus. Tendrils simple; leaflets not strongly veined. 10. L. Nuttallii. Corolla 2 cm. long or more. Stipules large and broad, about half as long as the leaflets. Leaflets not linear. Leaflets rounded-oval, obtuse or rounded and mucronate at tha ape. 12. L. utahensis. 148 FABACEAE Leaflets elliptic, acute at both ends, cuspidate at the apex. 13. L. pauciflorus. Leaflets narrowly linear. 14. L. tenuior. Stipules narrow, less than half as long as the leaflets. Leaflets elliptic to oval. 15. L. decaphyllus. Leaflets linear-oblong or oblanceolate. 16. L. brachycalyz. Corolla white or yellowish. Tendrils well developed. Stipules large and broad, often half as long as the leaflets; corolla about 15 mm. long. 17. L. ochroleucus. Stipules smaller, much less than half as long as the leaflets; corolla about 20 mm. ong. 18. L. laetivirens. Tendrils reduced; stipules narrow and small. Corolla about 15-20 mm. long. Leaflets ovate or oval or obovate. 19. L. obovatus. Leaflets linear or lance-linear. 4. L. ornatus. Corolla 10-15 mm. long. Leaflets oval. 20. L. leucanthus. Leaflets linear. 21. L. arizonicus. 44, APIOS Moench. Grounp-NutT. 1. A. Apios. 45. STROPHOSTYLES Ell. Witp Bean. 1. S. paucifiora Famity 66. GERANIACEAE. Geranium Fami.y. Carpels rounded, their tails (styles) glabrous within, merely recoiling at maturity; leaves in ours palmately veined and lobed. ice XY 1. GERANIUM. Carpels spindle-shaped, their tails (styles) pubescent within, spirally coiled at maturity; leaf-blades in ours pinnately veined, pinnately lobed or dissected. 2. ERODIUM. 1. GERANIUM (Tourn.) L. CraneBitt, WILD GERANIUM. Petals 2-7 mm. long, at most slightly exceeding the calyx; plants annual or biennial, or sometimes perennial in G. thermale. Sepals not bristle-tipped; seeds smooth. Carpels wrinkled; stamens 10.- 1. G. molle. Carpels finely pubescent; stamens 5. * 2. G. pusillum. Sepals awn-tipped; seeds reticulate or pitted. Awn-tips less than 1 mm. long. Seeds reticulate; pedicels slightly hirsute, not glandular. 3. G. thermale. Seeds pitted; pedicels glandular-pubescent. 4. G. rotundifolium. Awn-tips 1-2 mm. long. Beak and branches of the style less than 3 mm. long. 5. G. carolinianum. Beak and branches of the style more than 4 mm. long; inflorescence open. Ki A 6. G. Bicknellii. Petals 1-3 cm. long; plants perennial, with rootstocks or caudices; seed reticulate. Petals white; style-column and carpels glandular. Leaf-blades thin, sparingly hirsute beneath; upper petioles retrorsely hirsute or glabrous; sepals slightly if at all glandular. 7. G. Richardsonii. Leaf-blades thick, strigillose beneath; upper petioles canescent; sepals densely glandular-pubescent. Leaf-blades with long lanceolate lobes; veins of the petals very strong. * 2 . . G. nervosum. Leaf-blades with short ovate lobes; veins of the petals rather weak. 17. G. Cowenii. Petals purple or rose. Plants with simple rootstocks or caudices; stem erect and simple below; style- column glandular-pubescent. Stem and petioles glandular-viscid; petals strongly veined. , . 9. G. viscosissimum. Stem and petioles retrorsely hairy, not glandular-viscid. Petioles of the upper leaves minutely puberulent; petals stronely veined. . G. strigosum. A Petioles of the upper leaves with long hairs; petals faintly welned: Stem nearly glabrous, sparingly hirsute; leaves short-strigose; inflor- escence open. eres 11. G. incisum. Stem and leaves densely hairy; inflorescence congested. : : i 12. G. canum. Plants with cespitosely branched caudices; stems usually diffusely branched. Petals obcordate to broadly obovate, light purple, with darker veins. Stem glandular-villous with long spreading hairs. Divisions of the leaves much longer than broad, with ovate or lanceolate, _ acute teeth. 13. G. Parryi. Divisions of the leaves about as broad as long, with broadly ovate, abruptly short-acuminate teeth. 14. G. Pattersonii. Stem, petioles, and calyx with short grayish pubescence. Pedicels and style-column densely glandular-pubescent. Leaves with broadly ovate teeth; petals distinctly emarginate. ; 15. G. Fremoniii. Leaves with lanceolate or lance-ovate teeth; petals scarcely emar- ginate. 16. G. caespitosum. GERANIUM FAMILY 149 Pedicels not glandular-pubescent; style-column rarely so. Basal leaves 4-6 cm. broad; middle division broadly spatulate, 3-lobed; lobes notched; sepals over 1 cm. long. = : 17. G. Cowenii. Basal leaves 2-3 cm. broad; middle division cuneate, 3-toothed at the apex; sepals less than 1 cm. long. 18. G. marginale. Petals narrowly obovate or oblong, dark purple. 19. G. atropurpureum. 2. ERODIUM L’Her. Srorxsitu, ALFILARTA, Pin CLover, FILAREE. 1. E. cicutarium. g Famity 67. OXALIDACEAE. Woop-sorrgL FamILy. Acaulescent herbs, with bulb-like rootstocks; petals violet or purple. 1. IONOXALIS. Caulescent plants, with slender horizontal rootstocks or with an annual taproot; petals yellow. 2. XANTHOXALIS. 1. IONOXALIS Small. Vioter Woop-sorREL. 1. I. violacea. 2. XANTHOXALIS Small. Yrttow Woop-sorret. Stem appressed-pubescent; capsule pubescent. 1. X. stricta. Stem loosely pubescent, or nearly glabrous; capsule glabrous. 2. X. Bushii. Famizy 68. LINACEAE. Ftiax Famtty. Stigmas introrse and more or less elongate; sepals glandless; Homer ous blue, rarely INUM white. F 5 Stigmas terminal and capitate; sepals, at least the inner ones, with marginal glands; flowers in ours yellow. 2. CATHARTOLINUM. 1. LINUM L. Fuax, Buus Fuax. Inner sepals ciliate; stigmas much elongate; introduced annual. 1.°L. usitatissimum: Sepals not ciliate; stigmas rather short; native perennials. Sepals over 5 mm. long at maturity, more than one-half as long = the peor: . L. Lewisii. Sepals less than 5 mm. long, less than one-half as long as the capsule. 5 3. L. pratense. 2. CATHARTOLINUM Reichenb. Yuriow Fuax. Styles distinct; capsules without cartilaginous thickenings at the bases of the sepals; sepals ovate, scarcely as long as the capsule; leaves oblong or oblong-linear; flowers in fastigiate cymes. : Outer sepals obtuse or merely acutish at maturity; capsule 3 mm. long. , : 1. C. sedoides. Outer sepais acuminate at maturity; capsule 4 mm. long. 2. C. Kingii. Styles more or less united; capsule with cartilaginous thickenings at the base of the sepals ; sepals lanceolate, much exceeding the capsule; leaves linear-lanceolate to subulate. Outer sepals copiously gland-toothed; staminodia none or entire. Stem, branches, and pedicels densely puberulent. 3. C. puberulum. Stem, branches, and pedicels not densely puberulent, usually glabrous. _ Sepals not more than half longer than the capsule, the inner ones with rela- tively coarse and conspicuously gland-tipped teeth. Petals 5-9 mm. long. ie Outer sepals with lateral ribs faint near the base; Deane pes Pua ates . C. australe. Outer sepals with lateral ribs prominent PREOUEAOUL: branches wing-. angled. C. compactum. Petals 10-20 mm. long. False septa of the capsule slightly thickened; sepals becoming 6-8 mm. long; petals 11-15 mm. long. * 6. C. rigidum. False septa thickened half their width; sepals becoming 9-11 mm. long; petals 17-20 mm. long. ‘ 7. C. Berlandieri. Sepais twice as long as the capsule, long-acuminate, aristate, the inner ones with very numerous, fine, inconspicuously gland-tipped teeth. ; 8. C. aristatum. Outer sepals entire or with few scattered teeth; staminodia 2-lobed. 9. C. subteres. Famity 69. BALSAMINACEAE. Jrwet-weep F amity. 1. IMPATIENS L. Tovucu-ms-Nor, JEwEL-wEeEb. Spur present. : 3 Spur porrect, 7. e., bent at a right angle to the sack, one-fourth as long as the same or less; sack as broad as long, pale yellow, unspotted or minutely so. i . 1. I. pallida. Spur strongly incurved, one-thicd as long as the sack or more; sack longer than broad. Sack at least two-thirds as broad as long, abruptly contracted into the spur; flowers ane orange or pinkish, with large spots or rarely unspotted. 2, I. biflora. 150 BALSAMINACEAE Sack one-half as broad as long or less, gradually tapering into the spur; flowers unspotted. ‘ 7 Sack about 2 cm. long; flowers light yellow. 3. I. occidentalis. Sack about 12 mm. long; flowers golden-yellow. 4, I. aurella. Spur wanting. 5. I. ecalcarata. Famity 70. LIMNANTHACEAE. Fatse Mermaip Famiy. 1. FLOERKEA Willd. Fause Merman. 1. F. occidentalis. Famity 71. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Catrrop FamIty. : Leaves digitately 1~-7-foliolate; stipules spiny; stamens with scale-like appendages. 1. FAGONIA. Leaves abruptly pinnate; stipules in ours not spiny. Shrubs with endosperm; fruit woolly; stamens with scale-like appendages. 2. COVILLEA. Herbs without endosperm; corolla mostly yellow; stamens without scale-like appen- ages. a Fruit dividing into 5 (by abortion sometimes fewer) carpels, each with 3-5 one- seeded compartments, spiny. 3. TRIBULUS. Fruit dividing into 8-12 (twice as many as the original carpels) one-seeded nutlets, merely tubercled. 4. _KALLSTROEMIA. 1. FAGONIA L. 1. F. californica. 2. COVILLEA Vail. Creosote Busy, HEDIONDILLA. 1. C. glutinosa. 3. TRIBULUS L. Bur-nvt. 1. T. terrestris. 4. KALLSTROEMIA Scop. Catrrop. Plant sparingly pubescent or glabrate; petals 3-5 mm. long; beak much shorter than the body of the fruit. 1. K. brachystylis. Plant densely hirsute; petals 5-6 mm. long; beak slightly shorter than the body. 2. K. hirsutissima. Famity 72. RUTACEAE. Rue Famity. Fruit a samara; cells of ovary 2-ovuled; trees or shrubs with digitately compound leaves. Fruit a capsule; cells of ovary 5- or 6-ovuled; undershrubs or low shrubs with simple 2 leaves. 'THAMNOSMA. 1. PTELEA L. Hop-rrez, SuHruspy TRerorv. 1. P. Baldwinii. 2. THAMNOSMA Torr. & Frem. Shrubby; corolla 8-10 mm. long; capsule distinctly stipitate. 1. T. montana. Herbaceous from a woody base; corolla about 4 mm. long; capsule sessile or subsessile. 2. T. texana. Famity 73. POLYGALACEAE. Muiixwort Famity. 1. POLYGALA (Tourn.) L. Mirxworr. Plants herbaceous, unarmed; keel with a fimbriate crest. Annuals; leaves verticillate, narrowly linear. 1. P. verticillata. Perennials; leaves alternate. Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate. 2. P. alba. Leaves lanceolate to ovate. 3. P. Senega. More or less spiny undershrubs; keel not crested, but with a beak. Plant 5-15 cm. high; flowers 7-10 mm. long. 4. P. subspinosa. Plant 3-10 dm. high; flowers 3-4 mm. long. 5. P. acanthoclada. Famity 74. EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurce Famity. Flowers not in involucres; calyx of several sepals. Corolla present in either the staminate or pistillate flowers, or in both. Stamens 5 or 6; filaments distinct. 1. CROTON. Stamens 10; filaments monadelphous. 2. DiTaxis. Corolla wanting. 3. TRAGIA. Flowers in involucres; calyx represented by a minute scale on the filament-like pedicels. Glands of ihe vals with petal-like appendages, these however sometimes much reduced. Leaves all opposite. Leaf-blades aoe at the base, inequilateral; glands 4. 4. CHAMAESYCE. Leaf-blades equilateral, not oblique at the base; glands 5. 5. ZYGOPHYLLIDIUM. * SPURGE FAMILY 151 Leaves alternate or scattered, at least below the inflorescence; annuals or bien- enials; bracts petal-like. 6. LEPADENIA. Glands of the involucres without petal-like appendages, entirely naked, sometimes with crescent-shaped horns. Stem 1 Lapped by an umbel; stipules none; involucres in open cymes, each with 4 glands and entire or toothed lobes. 7. TITHYMALUS. Stem not topped by an umbel; stipules gland-like; involucres in conglomerate cymes, each with a single gland, or rarely 4 glands and fimbriate lobes. . POINSETTIA. 1. CROTON L. Croron. ‘Annual; leaf-blades linear, lanceolate, or oblong, 3—5 times as long as the petioles. x exensis. Perennial; leaf-blades elliptic or oval, only a little longer than the penile. be . C. longipes. 2. DITAXIS Vahl. 1. D. humilis. 3. TRAGIA (Plum.) L. 1. T. ramosa. 4, CHAMAESYCE S. F. Gray. Spurcs, CaRPeT-wEEb. Leaf-blades entire. Annuals or biennials. Plants prostrate; leaves oblong to orbicular. Leaf-blades manifestly longer than broad, usually more than twice as long. 1. C. Geyeri. Leaf-blades as broad as long or nearly so. 2. C. serpens. Plants more or less ascending or erect; leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate. Capsule less than 1.5 mm. long. 3. C. revoluta. Capsule about 2 mm. long or more. ; Appendages of the glands conspicuous, white. 4. C. petaloidea. Appendages inconspicuous, greenish white, or obsolete. Stems low and erect; stipules subulate-setaceous; ous finely granu- late, obscurely angled. C. Parryi. Stems long and ascending; stipules triangular; seeds pg tae ‘s-analed, C. flagelliformis. Perennials. Leaves glabrous. Appendages fan-shaped, white, petaloid; stipules yelenigulars fimbriate. 7. C. albomarginata. Appendages crescent-shaped or semi-orbicular, greenish, pinkish, or yellowish; stipules subulate-setaceous. Appendages crescent-shaped, much narrower than the gland; leaves broadly deltoid-ovate; seeds transversely ridged; plant Pe = a reenei. Appendages conspicuous, semi-orbicular, fully as bea as the glands; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; seeds irregularly pitted; plant erect. 9. C. Fendleri. Leaves pubescent. 10. C. lata. Leaves toothed, but sometimes only at the apex; stems and branches prostrate; annuals. Capsules glabrous. Seeds strongly transversely wrinkled. 11. C. glyptosperma. Seeds pitted or irregularly and faintly wrinkled. Seeds deeply and irregularly pitted. 12. C. rugulosa. Seeds faintly pitted or wrinkled. Leaves oblong; seeds usually with a white bloom. 13. C. serpyllifolia. Leaves linear; seeds brownish, usually without a bloom. 14. C. albicaulis. Capsule pubescent. — . Leaf-blades and involucres glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 15. C. maculata. Leaf-blades and involucres copiously hirsute. 16. C. stictospora. 5. ZYGOPHYLLIDIUM Small. Srurce. Leaves entire; appendages of the glands triangular-ovate. 1. Z. hexagonum. Leaves serrate; appendages of the glands semi-orbicular. 2. Z. exstipulatum. 6. LEPADENIA Raf. SNow-oN-THE-MOUNTAIN. 1. L. marginata. 7. TITHYMALUS (Tourn.) Adans. Srurce. Leaves entire; glands of the involucres with processes, except in the first species. Perennials with a woody base; processes short and blunt, or none. Stem-leaves linear; capsule rough; seeds smooth. 1. T. Cyparissias. Stem-leaves from oblong or oblanceolate to orbicular; capsule smooth or slightly wrinkled; seeds ee Glands crenulate, fe) scurely horned; leaves small, ascending. "2. T. luridus. Glands distinctly horned; horns larger than the teeth (if any) between them; leaves large, spreading. Bracts rhombic-ovate, cuspidate; stem rather slender. 3. 7. philorus. Bracts rhombic-reniform, mucronate; stem stout. 4. T. robustus. 152 EUPHORBIACEAE Annuals or Perennials by means of sobols (suckers); processes of the glands long and horn-like Seeds with small deep pits; leaves very thin. 5. T. commutatus. Seeds with broad shallow pits; leaves firm. 6. T. mancus. Leaves distinctly serrulate; plants annual or biennial; glands without processes. Upper stem-leaves merely sessile; bracts manifestly longer than broad. . T. arkansanus. Upper stem-leaves with small auricles at the base; bracts mostly broader than long. i 8. T. missouriensis. 8. POINSETTIA Graham. Spurce. Gland me har ge of the involucre stalked; bracts and upper leaves slightly if at all dis- colored. Seeds not prominently tubercled; glands of the involucre 3-4; leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate. " . P. cuphusperma. Seeds prominently tubercled; gland of the involucre solitary; leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate (linear-lanceolate only in one variety). 2. P. dentata. Gland of the involucre sessile or nearly so; bracts and upper leaves discolored at the base; leaf-blades very variable, the upper usually fiddle-shaped. 3. P. heterophylla. Famity 75. CALLITRICHACEAE. Water Strarwort Famiy. 1. CALLITRICHE L. Water Srarwort. Characters of the family. Upper floating leaves obovate or spatulate, 3-nerved; flowers subtended by a pair of cts. 1. C. palustris. All leaves linear, 1-nerved; flowers bractless. 2. C. autumnalis. Famity 76. CELASTRACEAE. Srarr-rree Famity. Stamens as many as the petals and sepals. Fruit a loculicidal capsule; seeds with an aril. bby vines, with alternate leaves; ovary free from the disk; aril crimson. . CELASTRUS. Shrubs, with opposite leaves; ovary immersed in the disk. Capsule 3—5-celled, 3—5-lobed; aril orange or scarlet. 2, EUVONYMUS. Capsule 2-celled, unlobed; aril white or nearly so. 3. PACHYSTIMA. Fruit indehiscent, by abortion 1-seeded; aril wanting. 4. MORTONIA. Stamens more numerous than the sepals or petals; ovary 1-celled. 5. FORSELLESIA 1. CELASTRUS L. Waxworx, Surusspy Bitrersweet, STAFF-TREE. 1. C. scandens. 2. EUONYMUS (Tourn.) L. Burnina Busy, Wanoo. 1. E. atropurpureus. 3. PACHYSTIMA Raf. Movunrary Lover. Leaves decussately spreading; petioles abruptly contracted into the midrib; petals nearly as broad as long; stigma rounded. 1. P. Myrsinites. ‘ves arranged in one plane; petioles thickened, the thickening continued into the midrib; stigma 2-lobed. Stigma slightly 2-lobed; anthers equalling the filaments. 2. P. macrophylla. Stigmas deeply 2-cleft; anthers much shorter than the filaments. 3. P. Schaefferi. 4. MORTONIA A. Gray. 1. AL. utahensis. 5. FORSELLESIA Greene. Stamens 5-7. 1. F. meionandra. Stamens 10. 2. F. spinescens. Famity 77. ANACHARDIACEAE. Sumacu Famity. Drupe with pubescent exocarp; stone smooth. 1. RaUS. Drupe with glabrous, smooth exocarp; stone ribbed. 2. TOXICODENDRON. 1. RHUS (Tourn.) L. Sumacu, SkuNK-BUSH. Leaflets 11-21; inflorescence terminating leafy shoots. 7 Leaflets light green or yellowish green, rather dull, subsessile. 1. R. cismontana. Leaflets dark green above, shining, strictly sessile. 2. R. occidentalis. “ Leaflets 1-3, rarely 5; inflorescence axillary. Leaves densely villous. 3. R. Osterhoutii. Leaves puberulent or glabrous. _ Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate. Branchlets and leaves puberulent, at least when young. 4. R. trilobata. Branchlets and leaves glabrous, except a few scattered cilia on the petioles and veins. 5. R. oxyacanthoides. SUMACH FAMILY 153 Leaves 1-foliolate, or rarely some of them 3-foliolate with small lateral leaflets and a broad terminal one. 6. R. utahensis. 2. TOXICODENDRON (Tourn.) Mill. Porson Ivy, Porson Oak, Poison SuMACH. Leaflets thick, the terminal one decidedly‘longer than broad, its petiolule usually 1-2 cm. long; petals 3 mm. long. 1. T. Rydbergii. Leaflets thin, the terminal one nearly as broad as long, its petiolule 3-4 cm. long; petals 2.5 mm. long. 2. T. longipes. Famity 78. ACERACEAE. Mapte Famity. Leaves palmately lobed or rarely palmatedly compound; flowers aa penee er . ACER. Leaves pinnately compound; flowers dioecious. 2. NEGUNDO. 1. ACER (Tourn.) L. Mapte. Flowers in racemes or corymbs; petals and sepals both present; disk well developed: lobes of the leaves toothed. Flowers in long racemes, appearing after the leaves; leaves long-acuminate, with small lateral lobes; petals longer than the sepals. 1. A. spicatum. Flowers corymbose, appearing with the leaves; leaves not long-acuminate, deeply 3-—5-cleft; terminal lobe only slightly larger; petals and sepals greenish, sub- equal. Bark of the onezyear-old branches grayish; leaves and their lobes acuminate, not dotted beneath. Sinuses between the leaf-lobes shallow, open; terminal lobe broadly triangular- ovate. 2. A. Douglasii. Sinuses between the leaf-lobes deep and narrow; terminal lobe rhombic. 3. A. glabrum. Bark of the one-year-old branches white; leaves and their lobes acute, not acum- inate, with more or less numerous glandular red dots beneath. _ : 4, A. tripartitum. Flowers in umbels, appearing with the leaves; petais lacking; lobes of the leaves sinuate. 5. A. grandidentatum. 2. NEGUNDO (Ray) Ludwig. Box-niper, ASH-LEAVED Mapie. Branchlets glabrous, usually with a bloom; anthers acute, tapering into a tip one-half to one-fourth mm. long. 1. N. Nuttallii. Branchlets pubescent; anthers obtuse, merely mucronate. Wings of the carpels terminal, scarcely at all decurrent on the body; racemes seldom _over 1 dm. long in fruit. : 2. N. interius. Wings of the carpels extending down on the inner side almost to the bottom of the sinus; racemes in fruit 1.5—2 dm. long. 3. N. Kingii. Famity 79. RHAMNACEAE. Bucxtuorn FamIy. Fruit pulpy; petals small, clawless, or wanting; stigmas usually 2. 1. RHAMNUS. Fruit dry; petals hooded and long-clawed; stigmas 3. 2. CEANOTHUS 1. RHAMNUS (Tourn.) L. BucxrTHorn. Roney Sona or in sessile umbels, usually polygamo-dioecious or dioecious; winter- uds scaly. Shrub spinose; introduced species. 1. R. carthartica. Shrub not spinose; native species. ; Flowers 4-merous; petals present; seeds 2, grooved; leaves not strongly veiny. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate with a blunt apex. 2. R. lanceolata. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, not acuminate. 3. R. Smithii. Flowers 5-merous, apetalous; seeds 3, scarcely grooved; leaNes aan Vous . R. alnifolia. Flowers in peduncled umbels or corymbs, perfect; winter-buds not scaly, pubescent. Peduncles longer than the pedicels; leaves merely callous-denticulate. 5. R. Purshiana. Peduncles shorter than the pedicels, sometimes almost none; leaves finely but dis- tinctly serrate. 6. R. betulaefolia . 2. CEANOTHUS L. New Jersey Toa, Mountain Lauret, Snow Bruss, Derr Brusu. Leaves alternate, thin, triple-nerved. Leaf-blades rounded-oval, often cordate at the base, closely glandular-dentate or crenate. Peduncles often naked from lateral buds; leaves sparingly pubescent beneath, soon glabrate. | Leaves 3-6 cm. long; young branches long-hairy, soon glabrate. x 1. C. sanguineus. Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long; young branches finely puberulent. 2. C. Martini. Peduncles on leafy branches of the present season; leaves velutinous_ beneath. C, velutinus. 154 RHAMNACEAE Leaf-blades oblong to elliptic or ovate, glandular-serrate to subentire. Umbels panicled, mostly terminal; leaves dull beneath, glabrate or villous. Leaves thin, glossy above, 5) aringly hairy when young, glabrate in age; pedun- cles finely viscid-puberulent. 4, C. ovatus. Leaves thick, veiny, dull, as well as the peduncles more or Nae permanently villous. 5. C. pubescens. Umbels mostly axillary; leaves silky beneath. Leaf-blades distinctl: glandular-serrate; plant not spiny. 6. C. subsericeus. Leaf-blades obsoletely denticulate or entire; branches often ending in spines. . C. Fendleri. Leaves opposite, very small and thick, not triple-nerved. 7 Leaves entire or nearly so; petals white. &. C. Greggii. Leaves spinulose-toothed; petals bluish. 9. C. prostratus. Famity 80. VITACEAE. Grape FamIity. Eypeevuevs disk present; leaves in our species simple, Palmgtely, Velden and usually ITIS. Hypogynous disk wanting; leaves palmately 5-7-foliolate. 2. PARTHENOCISSUS. 1. VITIS (Tourn.) L. Grape. Twigs and leaves somewhat puberulent when young, glabrate in age, except the veins and their axils beneath; vine high-climbing. 1. V. vulpina. Twigs and leaves white-floccose when young; plant scarcely climbing. 2. V. arizonica. 2. PARTHENOCISSUS Planch. Virainta CREEPER, AMERICAN Ivy, WoopBINE. Aerial rootlets present; tendiils with disks. 1. P. quinquefolia. Aerial rootlets lacking; tendrils without disks. 2. P. vitacea. Famity 81. MALVACEAE. Ma tiow Famity. Style-branches filiform, stigmatose longitudinally on the exterior side. Stamens einDly monadelphous; flowers involucelled. Petals notched at the apex; carpels beakless, without internal Broceesc. ALVA. Petals not emarginate at the apex; carpels beaked, with an internal process above the seed. 2. CALLIRRHOE. Stamens more or less united in falanges in a double series; flowers without involucels. 3. SIDALCEA. Style-branches terminated by capitate stigmas. Lower seed at least from an ascending ovule; calyx more or less bracteolate. Carpels strongly reticulate on the lower part of the sides facing the adjacent car- pels, this portion enclosing the seeds, the upper part of ‘the carpels smooth and empty - SPHAERALCEA. Carpels ar differentiated in an upper and lower portion. Carpels thin-walled, loosely investing the 2 or 3 seeds, hirsute; tall perennials with maple-like leaves. 5. PHYMOSIA. Carpels reticulate, the rather thick walls closely surrounding the single seed; annuals with round-lobed leaves. 6. EREMALCHE. Lower seed at least pee DInete Ee el aes calyx without involucels or these repre- sented by 1-3 setaceous bractlect: Carpels 1-ovuled, the cell filled with: the seed; bractlets present. 7. DISELLA. Carpels 3—9-ovuled, several-seeded, dehiscent apically and dorsally; bractlets ab- sent. 8. ABUTILON. 1. MALVA (Tourn.) L. Mattow, Cuegsss (fruit). Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; carpels rugose-reticulate on the back, and with acute or winged margins. Calyx becoming much enlarged, and spreading under the fruit, nervose-reticulate; angles of the carpels margined and denticulate. 1. M. parvifiora. Calyx not much enlarged in fruit, mostly erect, not reticulate; carpels merely acute on the margins. 2. M. pusilla. Corolla about twice as long as the calyx; carpels not rugose on the backs, round-mar- gine Plant decumbent; leaves scarcely crisp; carpels smooth. 3. M. rotundifolia. Plant erect; leaves very crisp; carpels veiny-reticulate. 4. M. crispa. 2. CALLIRRHOE Nutt. Poppy Mauiow. 1. C. involucrata. 3. SIDALCEA A. Gray. Witp Hotiynock, Fatsz Matiow, Rose Matiow. Corolla yellowish white; plant with a creeping rootstock; leaves glabrous. ; : : 1. S. candida. Corolla pink, rose-colored, or lilac, rarely white; plants with a woody base; leaves pubes- ent. MALLOW FAMILY 155 Pubescence, especially that of the calyx and stem, stellate, without any longer hairs. Petals about 10 mm. long; carpels smooth. 2. S. oregana. Petals 15-20 mm. long; carpels reticulate on the back. 3. S. nervata. Pubescence of the calyx and the stem at least with some scattered long hairs. Calyx-lobes lanceolate; stem mostly single, erect. : Calyx stellate, with longer hairs on the margins; carpels puberulent, reticulate ' on the back. . S. campestris. Calyx hirsute, with branched hairs; carpels smooth and glabrous. : 5. S. neomerxicana. Calyx-lobes ovate, glandular-puberulent and with a few scattered long hairs; stems usually several, decumbent at the base. 6. S. crenulata. 4. SPHAERALCEA St. Hil. Grosz Matiow, Scarver Matiow. Leaves lanceolate; fruit ellipsoid to ovate. : Carpels with a cusp. 1. S. cuspidata. Carpels rounded at the apex. 2 f 2. S. angustifolia. Leaves pounded or rhomboid to reniform in outline; fruit depressed-globose to broadly ellipsoid. Leaves merely toothed or round-lobed, or at most cleft half-way down. 3 Plant low and depressed, 1 or rarely 2 dm. high; leaf-blades rounded-rhombic, coarsely toothed. 3. S. caespitosa. Plant tall, 3-6 dm. high; leaf-blades round-lobed. Serge Calyx-lobes 5-7 mm. long, acuminate, longer than the fruit; inflorescence more racemiform. 4. S. ambigua. Calyx-lobes 3-4 mm. long, merely acute, not longer than the fruit; inflores- cence thyrsoid. Leaves lobed less than half-way down. Capsule separating from the axis by means of a thread; leaves coarsely few-toothed; terminal lobe mostly acute. 5. S. Munroana. Carpels without a thread; leaves densely crenate; terminal lobe rounded. Calyx sparingly stellate, except at the base and on the margins of e lobes. 6. S.-marginata. Calyx densely stellate throughout. 7. S. arizonica. Leaves 3-cleft half-way down, the terminal lobe acute. 8. S. subrhomboidea. Leaf-blades divided to near the base. : Upper seedless portion of the carpels at least as large as the lower reticulate and seed-enclosing portion. tie Plant green, only slightly stellate; bractlets about two-thirds as long as the calyx; fruit ellipsoid. 9. S. Rusbyi. Plant grayish or whitish, densely stellate; bractlets scarcely half as long as the calyx; fruit depressed-globose. Primary divisions of the leaves cuneate, with rounded-ovate lobes; corolla about 12 mm. long. 10.S. grossulariaefolia. Primary divisions of at least the upper leaves with linear divisions; corolla 9-10 mm. long. 11. S. digitata. Upper smooth seedless portion of the carpels very small, much smaller than the lower reticulate portion. Primary divisions of the leaves rather broad, cleft or lobed. Leaves 3-parted; lateral segments deeply 2-cleft; lobes broadly oblong, oblanceolate, or obovate. Plant low, 1-2 dm. high; middle segment of the leaves slightly longer than the others; raceme crowded.: eerss ined. Plant tall, 3-4 dm. high; middle segment of the leaves usually half longer than the others; raceme elongate. 13. S. elata. * Leaves 5-parted to the base; segments all cleft into linear or linear-oblong . lobes. — 14. S. dissecta. Primary divisions of the leaves linear, not lobed. 15. S. leptophylia. 5. PHYMOSIA Desv. Witp Hoityyocx, Mapis-Leavep Matiow. Sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-attenuate; bractlets subulate,. three-fourths as long as the sepals. 1. P. Crandallii. Sepals Bea triangular-ovate, acute; bractlets scarcely more than half as long as the sepals. Calyx and pedicels stellate; bractlets subulate; petals 2-2.5 cm. long. lant sparingly stellate, green. 2. P. rivularis. Plant densely stellate-canescent. 3. P. acerifolia. Calyx and pedicels hirsute with branched hairs; bractlets lanceolate; petals 3 cm. or more long. 4. P. grandiflora. 6. EREMALCHE Greene. 1. E. exilis. 7. DISELLA Greene. Leaves reniform or orbicular. 1. D. hederacea. Leaves lanceolate, hastate. 2. D. sagittaefolia. 8. ABUTILON (Tourn.) Mill. INDIAN Matiow, VELVET Lear. 1. A. parvulum. 156 HYPERICACEAE Famity 82. HYPERICACEAE. Sr. Jonn’s-wort FamIity. 1. HYPERICUM (Tourn.) L. St. Jonn’s-worr. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals, both usually margined with black glands; stamens numerous; erect perennials. Sepals acuminate or at least decidedly acute. 1. H. formosum. Sepals obtuse or acutish. e Stem 3-5 dm. high; petals 8-10 mm. long. 2. H. Scouleri. Stem about 1 dm. high; petals 10-15 mm. long. 3. H. Nortonae. Petals slightly exceeding the sepals; black glands none; stamens 5-20; annuals or no. 4 often perennial, rooting at the nodes. Procumbent, often forming mats; leaves broadly oval. 4. H. anagalloides. Erect and simple; leaves oblong to lanceolate. 5. H. majus. Famity 83. ELATINACEAE. Warter-wort Famity. 1. ELATINE L. Warter-wort, Mup-PursLaNe. Flowers sessile; stamens 2-3, as many as the petals. Leaves oblanceolate; flowers usually 3-merous. 1. E. triandra. Leaves obovate. Flowers 3-merous; plant red; leaves 2 mm. long. = E. rubella. Flowers 2-merous; plant green; leaves 4-6 mm. long. E. americana. Flowers pedicelled; stamens 6-8, twice as many as the send and petals . E. Williamsii. Famity 84. FRANKENIACEAE. Franxenia Famity. 1. FRANKENIA L. 1. F. Jamesii. Famity 85. CISTACEAE. Rocx-rose Famity. 1. CROCANTHEMUM Spach. FRrost-wEep. 1. C. majus. Famity 86. VIOLACEAE. Vio.ietT Famity. Sepals auricled at the base; corolla spurred. 1, VIOLA. “Sepals not auricled at the base; lowest petal merely saccate at the base. 2. CALCEOLARIA. 1. VIOLA (Tourn.) L. Viotet, HearTS-EASE, PANsy. Plants acaulescent, or without manifest stems. Plants without stolons. Flowers violet-pui ple. Rootstock thick. Leaves not lobed nor parted. Leaves and scapes glabrous. Spurred petal glabrous, rounded at the apex. Peduncles of cleistogamous flowers usually 1-3 cm. long, pros- trate under the soil or dead leaves. 1. V. papilionacea. Peduncles of cleistogamous flowers usually 4-6 cm. long, erect or ascending. 2. V. pratincola. Spurred petal more or less bearded, retuse or emarginate. Spurred petal somewhat bearded, mostly retuse. V. retusa. V. nephrophylla. V. septentrionalis. . V. pedatifida. . V. Selkirkii. . V. renifolia. Spurred petal thickly bearded, emarginate. Leaves and scapes hirsutulous. Leaves 2—3-ternately parted. Rootstock slender. Flowers white. Plants stoloniferous. Flowers not yellow. CON MOTP oo Flowers white or lilac; petioles glabrous. 9. V. palustris. Flowers white; petioles after flowering pilose. 10. V. Macloskeyi. Flowers yellow. Stolons several, long, prostrate, leafy. 11. V. sempervirens. Stolons few, short, ascending, with 1-3 leafy bracts. 12. V. orbiculata. Plants caulescent. or with manifest stems. Leaves compound or much dissected. : ' Upper petals deep violet, the lower pale violet, with yellow base. 13. V. Beckwithii. All the petals pale yellow. 14. V. Sheltonii. Leaves simple, not dissected. Flowers yellow. First peduncles from the base of the stems. Basal leaves round, 5—7-lobed or -toothed. 15. V. venosa. VIOLET FAMILY 157 Basal leaves ovate to lanceolate, denticulate. Basal leaves 5-9 cm. long, ovate to elliptic. 16. V. linguaefolia. Basal leaves 2-5 cm. long. Basal leaves narrowly ovate, obtuse. 17. V. vallicola. Basal leaves lanceolate, acute or subacute. 18. V. Nuttallii, First peduncles from the upper half of the stem. Style and lateral petals beardless. 19. V. biflora. Style and lateral petals bearded. Upper part of stem and its leaves nearly glabrous. 20. V. glabella. Upper part of stem and its leaves densely short-pubescent. 21. V. pubescens. Flowers not yellow. ; Petals white on the inner face, with a yellow base, on the outer face usually ieee stolons present. 22. V. rugulosa. Stolons lacking. Stems usually 15-35 cm. bigh. 23. V. canadensis. Stems usually 10-15 cm. high. 24. V. scopulorum. Petals violet or purple. Stipules sharply or bristly toothed; perennials. Plant dwarf; leaves cuneate, glabrous. 25. V. bellidifolia. Plant over 1 dm. high, usually puberulent. Leaves 2-3 cm. long, seeds 1.5 mm. long. 26. V. adunca. Leaves 3-5 cm. long, seeds 2 mm. long. 27. V. montanensis. Stipules leaf-like, pPROIIAR at base; annuals. 28. V. Rafinesquii. 2. CALCEOLARIA Loefl. Grenn VIOLET. 1. C. verticillata. Famity 87. LOASACEAE. Loasa Famity. Stamens numerous; styles several, more or less distinct; seeds several or many. Styles and placentae 3; flowers subsessile. Placentae with horizontal lamellae between the seeds; these in two rows. Filaments 3-cleft at the apex, the middle tooth bearing the anther, the lateral ones cuspidate; seeds angled or with folds, not winged; annuals. 1. BICUSPIDARIA. Filaments not cleft; seeds very flat, more or less winged; perennials or bien- nials. 2. NUTTALLIA. Placentae without lamellae; seeds usually prismatic. Placentae filiform; ovules in one row, 10-40; seeds saat muricate, not striate; filaments free or nearly so. 3. ACROLASIA. Placentae broad, band-like; ovules in 1-2 rows, few; seeds distinctly striate, often rugose; filaments at the base united with the velals ai a ring. . MENTZELIA. Styles and placentae 5; flowers distinctly pedicelled. 5. EUCNIDE. tamens 5; styles simple; seed solitary. 6. PETALONYX. 1. BICUSPIDARIA (S. Wats.) Rydb. 1. B. tricuspis. 2. NUTTALLIA Raf. Sanp Lity, Bazine Star. Petal-like staminodia present; petals therefore apparently 10 or nearly that number. Petals golden or greenish yellow, rarely more than 2 cm. long. Seeds irregularly angled on the faces; petals greenish yellow. 1. N. lutea. Seeds not angled on the faces; petals’ golden yellow. 2 ; Une leaves entire, narrowly linear. 2. N. multicaulis. leaves pinnatifid or lobed. Petals obtuse; seeds broadly winged. Lower leaves at least deeply pinnatifid, with linear-oblong or lanceolate lobes. 3. N. multiflora. Leaves sinuately lobed or toothed, with triangular-ovate lobes or teeth. Stem glabrous; all leaves oblanceolate; capsule somewhat turbinate at the base. 4. N. lobata. Stem pubescent; upper leaves lanceolate,with broad clasping bases; capsule rounded at the base. 5. N. pterosperma. Petals acute. Capsule 7-10 mm. long; lobes of the leaves narrowly linear. 6. N. humilis. Capsule over 12 mm. long; lobes of the leaves not narrowly linear. Plants low, less than 4 dm. high; leaves less than 6 cm. long; petals less than 15 mm. long; seeds broadly winged. Leaves sinuately dentate or crenate, the lower ones oblanceolate or spatulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate. 7. N. integra. Leaves mostly pinnatifid. Plant simple below; lobes of the leaves short, » bopadly © oblong. » pumila. Plant much branched and suffruticose at the base; lobes of. the leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate. 9. N. densa. Plants tall, usually 4 dm. high, or more; leaves often 1 dm. long; pet tals 15-20 mm. long; seed less broadly winged. 158 LOASACEAE Leaves divided to near the midrib into linear-oblong or narrowly lanceolate lobes. 10. N. laciniata. Leaves sinuate or lobed halfway to the midrib; lobes triangular or ovate. i Stem erect; leaves tapering at the base, lobed. . 11. N. speciosa. Stem decumbent at the base; leaves, at least the upper ones, rounded at the base, sinuate. 12. N. crysantha. Petals straw-colored, usually more than 2 cm. long. Outer filaments dilated; petals 2-3 cm. long. ‘ Petals about 2 cm. long; upper leaves with broad bases, long-acuminate. 13. N. Rusbyi. Petals nearly 3 cm. long; none of the leaves broad at the base. Plant branched below; flowers subtended by solitary entire bracts. 14. N. nuda. Plant simple below; flowers subtended by several toothed bracts. 15. N. stricta. Filaments all filiform; petals 4-5 cm. long. 16. N. decapetala. Petal-like staminodia none; petals 5, yellow; a few of the outer filaments slightly dilated. Stem glabrous or nearly so, white and shining; upper stem-leaves neither with a broad base, nor long-acuminate. A 17. N. laevicaulis. Stem pubescent throughout, straw-colored, rather dull; upper stem-leaves long- acuminate and with a broad base. Petals 5-7 cm. long; leaves coarsely hirsute-scabrous. 18. N. acuminata. Petals 2.5-3 cm. long; leaves finely scabrous-puberulent. 19. N. parviflora. 3. ACROLASIA Presl. . Inflorescence congested; bracts broad, 3-lobed, membranous at the base. 1. A. congesta. Inflorescence open; bracts neither 3-lobed nor membranous. Seeds rather strongly muricate; upper leaves narrow; sepals lanceolate-subulate, half as long as the petals or longer. Petals 3-6 mm. long. | Leaves pinnatifid with many lobes; petals 5-6 mm. long. Leaves divided to near the midrib, with ascending foleey pant erect. . A. gracilis. Leaves divided one-half or one-third to the midrib, with divergent lobes; plant ascending or diffuse. 3. A. clenophora. Only the middle leaves pinnatifid with few lobes, or seldom all entire; petals 3—4 mm. long. 4. A. albicaulis. Petals 2-3 mm. long; plant very slender. . Leaves deeply pinnatifid, with narrow lobes. 5. A. Tweedyi. Leaves narrowly linear, entire. 6. A. lenerrima. Seeds minutely muricate (tubercles seen only under strong magnification); at least the upper leaves broadly ovate. 7 Petals 5 mm. long; sepals about half as long, lanceolate, acute; plant tall and stout. 7. A. latifolia. Petals 3-4 mm. long; sepals linear, obtuse, only one-third as long. as the petals. Plant tall, 3-5 dm. high; capsules 2-3 cm. long; lower leaves lanceolate or linear, some of them usually toothed. 8. A. dispersa. Plant low, less than 2 dm. high; capsule 12-15 mm. long; leaves all ovate, entire. 9. A. compacta. 4, MENTZELIA (Plum.) L. Sticx-uear. 1. M. oligosperma. 5. EUCNIDE Zucc. 1. E. urens. 6. PETALONYX A. Gray. Leaves of the branches reduced, less than 1 cm. long. 1. P. Thurberi. Leaves of the branches not reduced, about 2 cm. long. 2. P. Parryi. Famiry 88. CACTACEAE. Cactus Famity. Leaves evident, but small and deciduous; flowers without definite tube; seeds with a bony aril; stems jointed. 1. OPUNTIA. Leaves wanting; flowers with a more or less definite tube; seeds without aril; stems not conspicuously jointed. Flowers borne near the spine-bearing areolae. Plant-body more or less cylindric; spines arranged on definite ribs; flowers arising from near fully developed areolae, hence lateral on the stem. 2. ECHINOCEREUS. Plant-body usually globular or ellipsoid or short cylindric; fruit not spiny; stem tubercled or ribbed, if ribbed the flowers arising near young areolae, hence nearly terminal on the stem. Flowers large; fruit covered with bracts; seeds smooth. 3. ECHINOCACTUS. Flowers small; fruit naked or nearly so; seeds roughened; stems tubercled. , 4. PEDIOCACTUS. Flowers borne remote from the spines, at the base of the tubercles of the stem. 5. CORYPHANTHA. CACTUS FAMILY 159 | 1. OPUNTIA Hill. Purckcy Pear, Cuowna, Inpian Fria, Trew Cacrus. Internodes cylindrical; spines covered with a delicate sheath. Internodes very fleshy, turgid, easily detached. 1. O. echinocarpa. Internodes less fleshy, not easily detached. ~ Fuit dry; seeds angular. 2. O. acanthocarpa. Fruit fleshy; seeds not angular. Plants tall (1'to 3 meters high); flowers red. 3. O. arborescens. Plants low and spreading (less than 1 meter high). one Spines yellow; flowers olive-green. 4. O. Davisii. — Spines white; flowers yellow. 5. O. Whipple. Internodes flat and broad; sees not covered by a sheath. ulvini not densely woo! Fruit dry when seetine usually very spiny. Internodes very fleshy, often terete in section, the terminal one easily break- ing loose. 6. O. fragilis. Internodes never terete in section, but always much broader than thick. Internodes somewhat turgid; spines very long. 7. O. rutila. Internodes flat; spines medium length. Petals normally yellow. Spines stout, dark brownish. 8. O. polyacantha. Spines weak, white. 9. O. Schweriniana. Petals red. Filaments red. 10. O. rhodaniha. Filaments yellow. 11. O. zanthostemma. Fruit juicy, usually naked or nearly so. Internodes pubescent, always spineless. 12. O. basilaris. Internodes glabrous. Internodes often naked or sometimes bearing long, stout spines. Internodes pale, somewhat glaucous. 13. O. humifusa. : Internodes deep green. 14. O. Greenei. Internodes generally bearing several spines from each areole. Spines twisted. 15. O. tortispina. Spines not evidently twisted. Low and procumbent; internodes 5 to 10 cm. broad. 16. O. camanchica. Stout and somewhat ascending; internodes 12 cm. or more broad. O. utahensis. Pulvini densely long-woolly. Plant erect; one spine deflexed. 18. O. Palmeri. Plant prostrate; all spines defiexed. 19. O. rubrifolia. 2. ECHINOCEREUS Engelm. Hepcrnoc Cereus. Corolla greenish; ribs of the stem about 13. 1. EB. viridifiorus. Corolla red or purple; ribs usually less than 13. Ribs of the stem 8-12. Flowers scarlet; central spines 2-7. Central spines all terete; flowers 4—6 cm. long, yellowish inside. 2. E. aggregatus. Lower central spine quadrangular; flowers 8-10 cm. long. 3. E. Roemeri. Flowers purple or violet. Central spines 4-5, straight. 4. E. Engelmanni. Central spines solitary, ules at the base. Central spine terete; radials 12-25 mm. long, the lower pou. we, endleri. Central spine angular; radials 2~5 cm. long, the lateral ones strongest. . mojavensis. Ribs of the stem 5-7. Central eying present, 8 cm. long, angled and grooved; radials 6-8, strongly angled. Fi 7. E. goniacanthus, Central spine wanting; radials 3-59, almost terete. 8. E. paucispinus. 3. ECHINOCACTUS Link & Otto. Hzpcenoa Cacrus, Barren Cactus. Stem with definite ridges, not tuberculate. Scales of the hypanthium subulate, copiously woolly in their axils; fruit dry and clothed with wool. Uppermost central spine the broadest; ribs of the stem 15-20. 1. E. polycephalus. Lowermost central spine the broadest; ribs of the stem 13. 2.°E, xeranthemoides. Scales of He a ovate, orbicular, or cordate, not Satie in their axils; fruit not woolly One or more of cs central spines strongly hooked, neither annulate nor strongly compresset Central spines except the hooked one, flattened, elabrone: ions ipplet. Central spines all terete, pubescent. -- pubispinus. On or more of the central spines distinctly annular, strongly ‘Point flattened ‘ above, slightly if at all hooked. Radial spines 9-13; upper central spine angled. 5. E. cylindraceus. Radial spines over 20; upper three spines terete. 6. E. Wislizeni. 160 CACTACEAE Stem with the ribs more or less divided into tubercles. Tubercles terete. Radial spines 8-9; central ones 1-3; tubercles 1 cm. high. 7. E. subglaucus. Radial spines 10-14; central spines ‘4; tubercles low. 8. E. Johnsoni. Tubercles rhombic in cross-section; radial spines 13-15. 9. EB. Sileri. 4, PEDIOCACTUS Britton & Rose. 1. P. Simpsoni. 5. CORYPHANTHA (Engelm.) Lem. Larger spines curved upwards; tubercles not grooved; flowers borne at the base of older tubercles, hence lateral on the stem. 1. C. Grahami. Spines all straight; tubercles grooved; flowers borne at the base of young tubercles, hence nearly terminal. Flowers yellowish or greenish, merely tinged with red; central spines 1; berry scarlet, globose. Stem rend simple or nearly so; central spines stout, porrect; flowers about 2.5 cm. 2. C. missouriensis. Stems ‘tufted; central spine often wanting or small; flowers = oe oie : similis. Flowers purple; central spines several; berry green, ellipsoid. Stems tufted. depressed-globose; centra. spines 3-4. 4. C. vivipara. Stems usually simple, ellipsoid or oblong; central spines 4-12, a . 5. radiosa. Famity 89. EBELAEAGNACEAE. OLkEaAsTEeR Famity. Stamens 4; flowers perfect or polygamous; leaves alternate. 1. ELAEAGNUS. Stamens 8; flowers dioecious; leaves opposite. 2. LEPARGYREA.’ 1. ELAEAGNUS (Tourn.) L. Sitver-BERRY, SILVER-BUSH. 1. E. commutata. 2. LEPARGYREA Raf. BurraLo-BERRY, BULL-BERRY. Leaves green above; shrub not thorny. 1 Leaves silvery white on both sides; plant usually thorny. Leaves oblong; fruit ellipsoid; tall shrub or small tree. 2. L. argentea. Leaves rounded-oval or ovate; fruit globular; low shrub. 3. L. rotundifolia. . L. canadensis. Famity 90. LYTHRACEAE. Loosesrrire FamI ty. Hypauthium campanulate or turbinate, in fruit becoming globose or beminpher ie. Capsule bursting irregularly. IA. Capsule septicidal. _ ROTALA. Hypanthium cylindric. 3. LYTHRUM, 1, AMMANIA (Houston) L. 1. A. coccinea. 2. ROTALA L. 1. R. ramosior. 3. LYTHRUM L. Looszsrtrirs. 1. L. alatum. Famity 91. ONAGRACEAE. Eveninc-Primrose Famity. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, Reams by valves. Seeds with a tuft of silky h Hypanthium not sRolonees “‘peyond the ovary; flowers large. . CHAMAENERION. Hypanthium somewhat prolouged beyond the ovary. Hypanthium-tube cylindric, not inflated above the ovary, without scales within; flowers neither showy nor scarlet. Flowers regular; stamens and style not declined; petals purplish, pink or white, in ours yellow only in one species. 2. EPILOBIUM. Flowers irregular; stameus and style somewhat declined; petals yellow- ish. . CORDYLOPHORUM. Hypanthiam-tube inflated above the ovary, bearing a scales within; flow- ers irregular, showy scarlet. — . ZAUSCHNERIA. Seeds without a tuft of silky hairs, naked or tuberculate. Hypanthium not produced beyond the ovary; flowers male: Stamens 8; sepals deciduous; capsule linear. GAYOPHYTUM. Stamens 4; sepals persistent; capsule obovoid or vurbinate ISNARDIA. Hypanthium prolonged beyond the ovary into a Perey or funnelform tube. Anthers attached near the base, erect; petals never yellow. Calyx-lobes erect; petals minute, clawless; capsule membranous. 7. BOISDUVALLIA. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY 161 Calyx-lobes reflexed; petals showy, clawed; capsule coriaceous. Fertile stamens 4, the alternate ones rudimentary ‘peels 3-lobed. . CLARKLA. Fertile stamens 8; petals entire, rhombic. 9. PHAEOSTOMA. Anthers attached near the middle and versatile. Stigma divided into 4 linear lobes. Stamens equal in length; capsule terete or round-angled. Ovules and seeds horizontal, inserted in 2 or rarely more rows, prismatic-angled; petals yellow. 10. OENOTHERA. Ovules and seeds ascending, in one row, HOE aed buds droop- ing; petals white or pink. ANOGRA. Stamens un oe ge in length, the alternate iene: capsule crested or wing! plant acaulescent or low-stemmed. Capsules with more or less distinct double crests on the angles; seed furrowed along the raphe. 12. PACHYLOPHUS. Capsules winged or at least sharply angled on the angles. Plants acaulescent, cesvitose. 13. LAVAUXIA. Plans caulescent, with wiry diffuse stems. cea : 14, GAURELLA. Stigma discoid or capitate. Stigma discoid; hypanthium-tube funnelform above. Hypanthium-tube longer than the ovary; stigma entire. 15. GALPINSIA. Hypanthium-tube shorter than the ovary; stigma 4-toothed. 16. MERIOLIX. Stigma capitate Plant acaulescent; capsules 4-winged; hypanthium-tube tubular- cylindric. TARAXIA, Plant caulescent; capsules not winged; hypanthium-tube ob- conic or funnelform. Capsule linear, sessile, narrowed above. 18. SPHAEROSTIGMA. Capsule more or less clavate, pedicelled and obtuse. , 19. CHYLISMIA. Fruit indehiscent, nut-like. Hypanthium-tube filiform; filaments unappendaged: ovary 1-celled. 20. STENOSIPHON. Hypanthium-tube obconic; filaments with scales at the base; are 4-celled. AURA Flowers 2-merous; fruit indehiscent, obovoid and bristly with hooked! hairs. . CIRCAEA, 1. CHAMAENERION (Gesn.) Boehmer-Ludwig. Fire-wEeE. Style pubescent at the base; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, with the lateral veins confluent in marginal loops. Petals 15-20 mm. long; atammlsesee usually obtuse at the base. 1. C. exaltatum. Petals 8-12 mm. (rarely 15 mm.) long; leaves all acute at the base. 2. C. spicatum. Style glabrous; lateral veins of the leaves obsolete, not looped. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, entire or neatly so; pod about 3 mm. ee - latifoui atifolium. Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, denticulate; pod about 2 mm. thick . C. subdentatum. 2. EPILOBIUM (Gesn.) L. WitLow-HERB, Corron-wEED. Petals purple, pink or white. Perennials; stigma entire or merely notched. Leaves oblong, oval, ovate, or lanceolate, usually dentate or denticulate. Plants with rosettes or turions: leaves ovate or lanceolate, usually broadest below the middle, and distinctly denticulate or dentate (except some- times in nos. 8, 9, and 16) Stem pubescent throughout; leaves also pubescent, at least when young. Pubescence consisting of long silky hairs. 1. E. ursinum. Pubescence short and dense, crisp or glandular. Petals 7-8 mm. long. 2. E. Sandbergii. Petals 4-5 mm. long. Leaves ovate, permanently glandular, dark green. 3. E. Palmeri. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous in age, pale erect. . E. stramineum. Stem glabrous below; leaves glabrous or nearly so. Flowers Rie mm. long; petals purple or dark ‘pink; leaves ovate-lance- olate Leaves sessile or nearly so; innovations by turions. Seeds without apiculations; coma sessile. Plant tall, 5-10 dm. high; leaves dark eteem, apne dentate. andulosum. Plant low, 2-4 dm. high; leaves light green, more indistinctly denticulate. 5. E. ovatifolium. Seeds with a pale hyaline beak at the apex. 6. E. brevistylum. Leaves short-petioled; innovations by rosettes. 7. E. occidentale. 162 ONAGRACEAE Flowers 3-5 mm. long. Leaves all except the uppermost, short-petioled. Seeds pellucid-apiculate; leaves not very thin; pods strongly ascending or nearly erect. Innovations by rosettes. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, pale hag corolla white. E. americanum. Leaves broadly lanceolate, not pale, ‘corolla usually pink. E. adenocaulon. Innovations by turions. 10 E. latiusculum, Seeds not apiculate; leaves very thin; nods ascending-spreading. E. MacDougalii. Leaves all sessile or only the very earliest soumtiane short-petioled. Leaf-blades rounded at the base, broadly lanceolate to ovate. Petals purple, 5-8 mm. long, leaf-blades usually ovate. E. ovatifolium. Petals white, 4 mm. long; leaf-blades lanceolate. 12. E. rubescens. Leaf-blades acute at the base. Petals white or rarely pale pink. Leaf-blades ample, ovate or broadly lanceolate. Plant tall, 3-6 dm. high; pod and inflorescence more or less glandular. 13. E. stramineum. Plant 1-2 dm. high; whole plant perfectly glabrous, ex- cept the slightly crisp-hairy decurrent lines 14. E. saximontanum. Leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate, almost erect; plant slender, 1-3 dm. high. ae E. Drummondii. Petals pink-purple. E. delicatum. Plants with stolons or soboles, low, 1-2 (seldom 3) die, yes leaf-blades oval or oblong, indistinctly denticulate. Leaves more or less distinctly petioled. Petals white; plant 1-3 dm. high, stoloniferous. 17. E. alpinum. Petals purple or p: Plant 1-3 dec: high, soboliferous; flowers 5-7 mm. long. 18. E. Hornemannii. Plant usually less than 1 dm. high, stoloniferous; flowers less than 5 mm. long. Flowers nodding in the bud; pods cylindric; seeds smooth. 19. E. anagallidifolium. Flowers ascending in the bud; pods somewhat clavate; seeds papillose. 20. E. clavatum. Leaves aaaslier clam glabrous up to the hypanthium. Stem somewhat angled by the decurrent lines; plant stoloniferous; leaves oblong or linear, less than 1.5 em. long. 21. E. oregonense. Stem terete, without decurrent lines; plant more or less glaucous, soboliferous. Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate. 22. E. glaberrimum. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 23. E. platyphyllum. Leaves narrow, linear or linear-oblong, entire or minutely denticulate; capsule cinereous. Innovations of long subterranean shoots, bearing at their ends ovoid turions; petals white. Leaves and lower part of the stem glabrous. 24. E. wyomingense. Leaves and stem crisp-pubescent. 25. ‘E. lineare. Innovations leafy rosettes; petals pale; leaves 5-15 7 Ra Ee davuricum. Annuals with more or less shreddy, straw-colored bark; sigtse eet t. Seeds smooth; stem more or less strigose or crisp-hairy, not viscid; leaves lance- elliptic; calyx (with the tube of the hypanthium) about 2 mm. jong. 27. E. Lindleyi. Seeds muriculate; stem glabrous throughout or glandular above; leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate; calyx usually over 2 mm. long. Tube of the hypanthium funnelform, 1-3 mm. (rarely 4 mm.) long. Petals white, only slightly exceeding the calyx, 2-3 mm. long; capsule glabrous; tube of hypanthium 1-1.5 mm.long. 28. E. Tracyt. Petals pink or purple, 3.5—7 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx. Capsule and pedicels glabrous or sparingly puberulent. Leaves and bracts very thick, horny at the apex, the latter very short; ’ staminate flowers less than 2 mm. wide; root rather slender. 3. V. furfurescens. 222 VALERIANACEAE Fruit smooth, narrowly ovate; inflorescence of staminate plant rather dense, with short branches; corolla 3-4 mm. wide. 4. Vz. ceratophylla. Leaves thin, the cauline ones pinnate; veining distinctly pinnate; plants with rootstocks. Bases of the stem-leaves and nodes of the stem neither ciliate nor bearded; stem finely pruinose-puberulent. Fruit pilose; flowers perfect. 5. V. pubicarpa. Fruit glabrous; plant polygamo-dioecious. 6. V. puberulenta. Bases of the stem-leaves and the nodes of the stem ciliate or bearded; stem otherwise glabrous or slightly pubescent. Ovary and fruit at least when young pubescent. 7. V. micrantha. Ovary and fruit glabrous. Basal leaf-blades ovate-cordate. 8. V. ovata. Basal leaf-blades spatulate, oval or lanceolate, tapering at the base. Corolla of the pistillate plants 2-3 mm. long and slightly wider; inflor- escence in fruit elongate and narrow. 9. Vz septentrionalis. Corolla of the pistillate plants 3 mm. or more long; inflorescence even in fruit short, corymbiform or subcapitate. Lateral leaflets or lobes of the stem-leaves small, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. 10. V. acutiloba. Lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves ample, ovate to lanceolate, acute. Corolla 3-4 mm. long; leaflets from entire to slightly sinuate . V. occidentalis. Corolla 5-8 mm. long; leaflets from sinuate to coarsely toothed. Leaflets sinuate or sinuate-denticulate; corolla 5-6 mm. long; tube attenuate at the base. 12. V. Scouleri. Leaflets coarsely sinuate-dentate; corolla 6-8 mm. long, not con- spicuously narrowed below. 13. V. silchensis. Famity 128. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birtrawort Famiy. 1. ASARUM (Tourn.) L. Witp Gincer. 1. A. caudatum. Famity 129. CUCURBITACEAE. Govurp Famity. Fruit large, with a tough rind, 1-celled, with 3-5 placentae and ea ta seeds; corolla large, yellow, campanulate; flowers solitary in the axils. CUCURBITA. Fruit spiny, becoming papery and spongiose, 2—3-celled; seeds few; cordiia white, rotate; staminate flowers racemose or paniculate. 2.- MICRAMPELIS. 1. CUCURBITA (Tourn.) L. Gourp, Pumpkin, SduasH. 1. C. foetidissima. 2. MICRAMPELIS Raf. Baisam AprLE, Mock APPLE. 1. M. lobata. Famity 130. CAMPANULACEAE. Be.iriower Famity. Capsule opening by 2-5 lateral pores. Corolla campanulate or funnelform; flowers all well developed; ort turbinate. CAMPANULA. Corolla rotate; earlier flowers cleistogamous; capsule linear. SPECULARIA. Capsule thin-wailed, irregularly bursting between the ribs, obpyramidai: earlier flowers cleistogamous. HETEROCODON. 1. CAMPANULA (Tourn.) L. BrLirtowEer, HarEBett, BLUEBELL. Flowers more than 1 cm. long; plant simple or with erect or ascending branches. Style not exserted , Capsule erect, opening by pores near the summit, just below the base of the sepals. Hypanthium and pod club-shaped, constricted just below the sepals, often hairy; leaves entire; sepals obtuse. 1. C. uniflora. Hypanthium and pod tur inate, not constricted; sepals acuminate. Hypanthium villous; leaves saliently dentate. 2. €. lasiocarpa. Hypanthium glabrous: leaves entire or minutely denticulate. 3. C. Parryi. Capsule nodding, opening by pores near the base. Sepals erect; leaves thick. 4. C. petiolata. Sepals spreading or reflexed; leaves thin. 5. C. heterodoza. Style exserted. 6. C. MacDougalii. Flowers 5-8 mm. long; branches divaricate; stem retrorse-hispid. 7. C. aparinoides. 2. SPECULARIA (Heist.) Fabricius. Venus’s LooxkInc-cuass. Leaves cordate-clasping; capsule oblong. 1. S. perfoliata. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate; expense linear-cylindric. 2. S. leptocarpa. 3. HETEROCODON Nutt. 1. H. rariflorum. Faminy 131. LOBELIACEAE. Lose.uia Fami ty. _Anthers distinct, merely surrounding the pistil; stem-leaves reduced, subulate. bract-like. . NEMACLADUS. LOBELIA FAMILY 223 Anthers united; stem-leaves developed. Hypanthium cylindric or linear-clavate; pod at maturity 1-celled. Aquatic plants with two kinds of flowers, the submerged ones cleistogamous; pod splitting on one side. 2. HOWELLIA. Land plants of wet situations; flowers all alike; pod splitting ee a 1-3 slits, but the valves remaining united at the apex. OLEL! Hypanthium turbinate or oblong; pod 2-celled, 2-valved. Corolla with a closed tube. 4. PORTERELLA. Corolla split to near the base on the upper side. 5. LOBELIA. 1. NEMACLADUS Nutt. 1. N. ramoissimus. 2. HOWELLIA A. Gray. 1. H. aquatilis, 3. BOLELIA Raf. Corolla scarcely exceeding the obtuse sepals; stamens shorter than the sepals. B. brachyantha. Corolla and stamens much exceeding the acute sepals. 2: B: elegans. 4. PORTERELLA Torr. Pedicels longer than the floral leaves. 1. P. carnosula. Pedicels shorter than the floral leaves. 2. P. eximia. 5. LOBELIA (Plum.) L. Losetta, CARDINAL-FLOWER. Corolla red. _ Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 1. L. cardinalis. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear. 2. L. splendens. Corolla blue or whitish. Corolla 2—2.5 cm. long. 3. L. syphilitica. Corolla less than 1 cm. long. Stem leafy. ic as spatulate or obl#nceolate; raceme many lowered: pint Buber: 4, hirtella Stem-leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate; racemes few-flowered: stem and leaves glabrous 5. L. strictiflora. Stem scapiform; leaves all in a basal rosette, usually sapere . L. Dortmanna. Famity 132. DIPSACEAE. Trasex Famity. 1. DIPSACUS L. Tease. 1. D. sylvestris. Famity 133. AMBROSIACEAE. Racweep Famity. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads, the latter few (rarely solitary or none), marginal. Achenes turgid, obovoid or pear-shaped, marginless Involucres of 5 dilated-ovate, rigidly acuminate “practs; achenes with a large ter- minal areola, surrounded by a disk. 1. OXYTENIA. Involucres not with dilated rigidly acuminate bracts; terminal areola minute. Heads paniculate; corolla of the pistillate flowers Tudimentary or none, CYCLACHAENA. Heads gplestely or racemosely disposed; corolla of the pistillate flowers evi- den VA. Achenes flattened, wing-margined; involucres of 5 ovate or oblong herbaceous bracts and within them 1—2 large scarious ones subtending the aie bleed ICORIA. Staminate and pistillate flowers in different heads, the latter 1-4, witout corolla and enclosed in a nut-like or bur-like involucre. Involucres of the staminate heads with united bracts; receptacles low; rudimentary styles penicillate or fimbriate at the apex. Involucres of the solitary pistillate flower with 9—12 dilated scarious wings; anther- tips blunt. 5. HYMENOCLEA. Involucres of the 1-4-flowered pistillate heads not winged, but usually armed with spines or tubercles; anther setiferous-acuminate. Spines or tubercles of the 1-flowered pistillate heads in a single row. . awe 7 6. AMBROSIA. Spines of the 1—4-flowered pistillate heads in more than one Pan FRANSERIA. Involucres of the staminate heads with distinct bracts; receptacle cylindraceous; spines of the 2-flowered pistillate heads in several rows, uncinate. 8. XANTHIUM. 1. OXYTENIA Nutt. 1. O. acerosa. 2. CYCLACHAENA Fresen. HorsEwEED, CARELESS WEED. 1. C. ranthifolia. 3. IVA L. Marsa Exper, BozzLewEep, Sart Sage, Poverty Wesp. 1. I, axillaris. 224 AMBROSIACEAE 4. DICORIA T. & G. Upper leaf-blades broadly spatulate, ovate, or roundish. Inner bracts 10-15 mm. long; achenes with pectinate margins. 1. D. Wetherillii. Inner bracts 6-8 mm. long; ‘achenes with continuous erose margins. 2. D. canescens. Leaves all oblong-lanceolate to linear. Dene flowers solitary in the heads; teeth of the achenes connected y a scarious at oa 3. D. Brandegei. Fertile owers 2 in each head; achenes without scarious margins. 4. D. paniculata. 5. HYMENOCLEA T. & G. 1. H. Salsola. 6. AMBROSIA (Tourn.) L. Racwreep, Roman Wormwoop, Birrer-wEEb. Involucres of the staminate heads 3-ribbed; leaves palmately 3- BEEE or pene trifida. Involucres of the staminate heads not ribbed; leaves once to thrice pontine Annual; fruit with acute teeth. Leaves thin, not strongly veined, bipinnatifid. 2. A. elatior. Leaves thick, strongly veined, pinnate with broad toothed or cleft Seige 3. A. media Perennial with rootstock; fruit with unarmed or blunt tubercles. 4. A. psilostachya. 7. FRANSERIA Cay. Fruit not villous. Spines of the fruit flat, never hooked. Plant shrubby; leaves silvery white; pistillate heads mostly ae -flowered and 2- beaked. F. albicaulis. Plant annual; leaves strigose, not white; pistillate heads 1-flowered and 1-beaked. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnatifid. 2. F. acanthocarpa. Leaves pinnately 3—5-cleft. 3. F. montana. Spines terete, usually more or less curved. Bur 1-beaked, 1~2-flowered; leaves not tomentose beneath. Annual; divisions of the leaves oblong or linear-oblong, acute. 4. F. tenuifolia. Perennial with a suffrutescent base; leaf-segments linear, obtuse. 5. F. linearis. Bur 2-beaked, 2-flowered; leaves tomentose beneath; plants perennial with a rootstock. Leaves interruptedly pinnatifid, with lobed or coarsely Hop Ene divisions. discolor. Leaves pinnately 3—5-parted or entire; divisions or blades merely serrulate or entire. 7. F. tomentosa. Fruit villous; plant shrubby. 8. F. eriocentra. 8. XANTHIUM L. Cockiesur; CLOTBUR. Spines of the fruit about 20. 1. X. oligocanthum. Spines of the fruit 50-200. Bur and its spines merely puberulent or glandular, only alighely if at all hispid. 2. pennsylvanicum. Bur and especially its numerous spines very hispid as well as glandular. Prickles of the bur very numerous and dense, brownish-pubescent. 3. X. echinatum. Prickles of the bur fewer, scattered, yellowish-pubescent. Body of the bur oval or ovate. not twice as long as meee a 4. X. glanduliferum. Body of the bur oblong, twice as long as thick, densely spiny. Bur about 2 cm. long; spines not longer than the ae of the body. X. commune. Bur 2.5-3 cm. long; spines much longer than the width of the body. . X. speciosum. Famity 134. CARDUACEAE. Tuistie Famiiy. Anther-sacs not tailed at the base. Stigmatic lines at the base of the style-branches or below the middle: heads always discoid, never yellow or brown. Style-branches filiform or subulate, hispidulous. Tribe 1. VERNONIEAE. Style-branches more or less clavate, papillose-puberulent. Tribe 2. EUPATORIEAE. Stigmatic lines extending to the tips of the style-branches or to the appendage thereof. 7 Preeenti heads most commonly radiate and with yellow or brown disk-flow- Styie- branches of the perfect flowers with more or less distinct appendages, these usually strongly hairy outside, glabrous inside, but never with a ring of longer hairs Tribe 3. ASTEREAE. Style-branches of the ventatt flowers without appendages, or if with appendages, hese hairy on both sides and with a ring of longer hairs. Haus never capillary; style-branches rarely appendaged. Bracts of the involucres herbaceous or foliaceous. THISTLE FAMILY 225 Receptacle with chaffy paleae subtending the flowers. Tribe 6. HELIANTHEAE. | Receptacle naked, or in Gaillardia and in some species of Chaenactis with bristles; but not chaffy bracted. Plant-tissues without oil glands. Tribe 7. HELENIEAE. Plant-tissues, especially the leaves and the bracts with oil-tubes; cate therefore heavy-scented. Tribe 8. TAGETEAE. Bracts of the involucres dry and scarious. Tribe 9. ANTHEMIDEAE. Pappus capillary; style-branches often appendaged. Tribe 10. SENECIONEAE. Anther-sacs caudate at the base; heads never radiate and corollas yellow only in a few species of Cirsium. 2 rae Anthers not appendaged at the top; heads heterogamous or dioecious. Pistillate flowers with filiform corollas. Tribe 4. GNAPHALIEAE. Pistillate flowers with tubular-ampliate corollas. Tribe 5. ADENOCAULEAE. Anther with elongated cartilaginous, mostly caudate appendages at the top; flowers all hermaphrodite or the marginal neutral; corolla not filiform. Tribe 11. CYNAREAE. Tribe 1. VERNONIEAE. One genus. 1. VERNONIA. Tribe 2. EKUPATORIEAE. Achenes 5-angled without intervening ribs. Pappus double of 2—12 capillary bristles and as many or fewer outer short thin scales. 2. HOFFMEISTERIA. Pappus of wholly capillary bristles, mostly uniserial. 3. EUPATORIUM. Achenes 8-20-ribbed or 8-20-striate. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or partly colored, not striate. 6. LACINIARIA. Bracts of the involucres not herbaceous, striate-nerved. Pappus-bristles plumose; anthers distinct; bracts few. 5. KUHNIA. Pappus-bristles scabrous or barbellate; anthers united; bracts usually many. 4. COLEOSANTHUS. Tribe 3. ASTEREAE. A. Plants not dioecious. I. Marginal pistillate flowers, if present, ligulate. a. Ray-flowers yellow or none. 15 Fanpus of scales or awns or lacking, never of numerous capillary bristles. a. Bracts not conspicuously scarious-margined. Heads small, not over 4 mm. high, few-flowered; pappus more or less paleaceous. Disk-flowers usually fertile; leaves linear to filiform. 7. GUTIERREZIA. Disk-flowers sterile; leaves short, obovate or spatulate. AMPHIPAPPUS. Heads large,.many-flowered; involucre in all except one species viscid. Involucres hemispherical; pappus of a few deciduous awns. 9. GRINDELIA. Involucres turbinate; pappus of persistent linear, very acute paleae. VANCLEVEA. b. Bracts with conspicuous scarious fimbriate margins. ; *11. ACAMPTOPAPPUS. 2. Eanpus at least in part of numerous capillary bristles. a. Pappus double, the inner of capillary bristles, the outer of paleae or short bristles; involucres many-flowered, hemispherical with narrow imbricated bracts. 12. CHRYSOPSIS. b. Pappus wholly of capillary bristles. Heads discoid. Leaves resinous-punctate. 13. ERICAMERIA. Leaves not resinous-punctate. Involucres narrowly turbinate, its bracts more or less charta- ceous, keeled, arranged in definite (usually 5) vertical ranks; achenes elongate-linear; tips of style-branches subulate-fili- form. 14. CHRYSOTHAMNUS. Involucres broadly turbinate to hemispheric, its bracts more or less imbricate, but not in definite vertical ranks; achenes scarcely elongate-linear. Style-tips obtuse; involucral bracts narrow and poorly im- bricate. (Rayless species of) 45. ERIGERON. Siyletps poate bracts either broad or well imbricate or ot: Achenes truncate at the top, gradually tapering towards the base, usually cinereous-pubescent; bracts neither broad nor abruptly acuminate. Appendages or tips of the style-branches filiform; undershrubs with white-tomentulose stems and glandular-hairy foliage; leaves entire-margined. 21. MACRONEMA. Appendages or tips of the style-branches subulate to ovate. Leaves with spinulose-tipped teeth; corolla-tube slender. (Rayless species of) 17. SIDERANTHUS. 226 CARDUACEAE Leaves not spinulose; corolla-tube dilated above. 15. ISOCOMA. Achenes elongate-obovoid, i, ¢., tapering at both ends, but more so below, multi-striate, glabrous or slightly hairy; bracts of the involucres broad and abruptly acuminate: appendages of the style-branches ovate to short-subulate. 20. OONOPSIS. Heads radiate. Rays scarcely longer than the disk-flower. 18. PYRROCOMA. Rays conspicuous, much exceeding the disk. i . Leaves pinnate or toothed; lobes or teeth spinulose-tipped. Pappus of the fertile achenes deciduous in a ring; annuals, equally leafy throughout; bracts more or less foliaceous. 16. PRIONOPSIS. Pappus persistent. Bracts chartaceous, not foliaceous, merely with a green tip; plants annual, or perennial with a caudex, equally leafy throughout; pappus in age more or less spread- ing; achenes turbinate and densely silky. 17. SIDERANTHUS. Bracts more or less foliaceous, at least above; plants perennial with taproots, large basal leaves, and few and rather smail stem-leaves; pappus not spreading; achenes oblong, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 18. PYRROCOMA. Leaves entire or toothed, but teeth not spinulose-tipped. Bracts not longitudinally striate. Ss bs with glandular-punctate leaves. Heads large, solitary; involucral bracts in about 2 series; rays numerous. 19. STENOTOPSIS. Heads small, paniculate or corymbose; bracts well imbricate, in several series; rays few or none. 13. ERICAMERIA. Herbs or undershrubs; leaves not glandular-punctate. Bracts abruptly acuminate; stems leafy up to the sessile heads. 20. OONOPSIS. Bracts not abruptly acuminate. Style-appendages filiform, much longer than the stigmatic portion; low shrubs with whitish bark and foliaceous outer bracts. 21. MACRONEMA. Style-appendages of the stigmas ovate or triangu- lar, not longer than the stigmatic portion. Plants low, cespitose, with a woody caudex, more or less evergreen leaves, and solitary peduncled heads. 22. STENOTUS. Plants with wholly herbaceous stem, woody, if at all, only at the caudex; leaves not . evergreen. Bracts, at least the outer, foliaceous or with foliaceous tips. Disk-flowers tubular; plants with a tap- root. 18. PYRROCOMA. Disk-flowers more or less widened up- wards; plants with rootstocks or short caudices. Heads solitary; rays numerous. . TONESTUS. Heads corymbiform-cymose; rays small and narrow. 24. ORIOCHRYSUM. Bracts not at all foliaceous or merely with green tips. Bracts slightly if at all unequal and slightly imbricated; heads solitary or few, peduncled. 45. ERIGERON. : Bracts well imbricated and unequal in length. Rays not more numerous than the disk-flowers; receptacle alveo- late. Inflorescence racemose or panicu- late; bracts not in vertical rows. 25. SOLIDAGO. Inflorescence corymbiform; bracts in distinct vertical rows. 26. PETRODORIA. Rays more numerous than the disk- flowers; receptacle fimbriolate; heads corymbose. 27. EUTHAMIA. THISTLE FAMILY 227 Bracts of the involucres longitudinally striate; heads in con- gested corymbs. 28. OLIGONEURON. b. Ray-flowers blue, pink, or white. 1. Pappus a mere crown or of few scales or awn-like bristles. Pappus of a cup-shaped crown and a single awn; dwarf annuals, branched at the base. 29. MONOPTILON. Pappus of a series of long awns or that of the rays of short scales; annuals or perennials. 30. TOWNSENDIA. 2. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. a. Rays only slightly if at all exceeding the pappus; annuals. Bracts in 2-3 series, the outer foliaceous; stigma-tips acute. (31. BRACHYACTIS. Bracts in 1-2 series, narrow, not foliaceous; sueues obtuse. LEPTILON. b. Rays conspicuous, longer than the pappus, ieee equalling or exceed- ing the width of the disk Style-tips lanceolate or oblong to filiform. Bracts in a single series, with hyaline-scarious erose-fimbriate mar- gins; dwarf winter annuals. 32. EREMIASTRUM. Bracts in at least 2 or usually in more than 2 series. Pappus simple, of similar bristles. Plants rush-like, spiny. 33. LEUCOSYRIS. Plants not spiny. Perennials, with a rootstock or caudex. Bracts acuminate, as well as the leaves tipped with callous points or spines; plants with solitary heads at the ends of the stems or branches, and cespitose caudices. Achenes pubescent; bracts all narrow, the outer not passing into the leaves; heads distinctly peduncled. 34. XYLORRHI7ZA. Achenes glabrous; outer bracts broad, foliaceous, passing into the leaves; heads subsessile. 35. HERRICKIA. Bracts not acuminate, or if long-attenuate with soft ips. Pappus dilated at the apex; bracts narrow, more or less keeled. 36. UNAMIA, Pappus not dilated at the apex. Bracts broad, with a distinct keel or mid-vein, not at all foliaceous. 37. EUCEPHALUS. Bracts_ usually narrow. when broad _ neither keeled nor with a prominent midvein. Bracts more or less foliaceous or foliaceous- tipped, usually in several series; heads usually several, racemose or paniculate; silane -tife lanceolate to subulate, shorter than the se ed portion. STER. Bracts en foliaceous, narrow and in 1-3 Style-tips slender, usually twice as long as the stigmatic portions; achenes terete. 39. OREOSTEMMA. Style-tips ovate or triangular and acuminate-subulate; achenes flat. 40: ASTERIGERON. Annuals or biennials, or if short-lived perennials, with a taproot; bracts in many series, with herbaceous spreading or reflexed tips; stip mnn ape linear to fili- form. MACHAERANTHERA. Pappus double, the inner of capillary ites the outer of short bristles or scales. Inner pappus-bristles more or less thickened above; bracts thin-coriaceous, without Lat tips, shorter than the disk. OELINGERIA. Inner pa; aus ee filiform, not thickened above; bracts equalling the disk. 42. IONACTIS. Style-tips irianeales or ovate, obtuse or rarely acutish; bracts not foli- aceous. Involucres turbinate; bracts well imbricate, in several series, scarious- margined ; disk-flowers white. 43. LEUCELENE. Involucres hemispherical or broader; bracts not scarious-margined, in 1-3 series; disk-corollas yellow, rarely ochroleucous. 45. ERIGERON. II. Marginal pistillate flowers not ligulate, reduced to a filiform or narrow short tube. 47. ESCHENBACHIA. B. Heads unisexual, dioecious, discoid; pappus of the staminate flowers with clavate tips. 1 48. BACCHARIS. Tribe 4. GNAPHALIEAE. Shrubs; bracts coriaceous; receptacle naked; pistillate flowers numerous; corolla reduced to a short slender tube; hermaphrodite flowers few and sterile, their pappus with clavate tips. 49. BERTHELOTIA. 228 CARDUACEAE Herbs, if at all shrubby only at the base; bracts more or less scarious. —__ : Receptacle chaffy; style or style-branches of the hermaphrodite sterile flowers not truncate. Pistillate flowers all subtended by paleae and without pappus. . 7 Paleae in fruit enclosing the achenes and falling off with them, tipped with a hyaline appendage. 2 . Heads ovoid; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers boat-shaped, with erect conspicuous, hyaline tips, those of the 4-5 hermaphrodite flowers barely concave or plane. ‘ Lat Me Paleae subtending the central flowers hyaline and deciduous: bracts of the involucres in several series. 50. STYLOCLINE. Paleae subtending the central flowers coriaceous-herbaceous, ending in a hooked spine, persistent; bracts of the involucres none beside the paleaceous ones enclosing the marginal flowers. 51. ANCISTROCARPHUS. Heads globose; paleae subtending the pistillate flowers cucullate-saccate and utricular, the apex introrse and the ovate appendage inflexed or porrect; paleae and pappus of the hermaphrodite flowers lacking. 52, PSILOCARPUS. Paleae in fruit open and merely subtending the achenes, without a hyaline appendage. 53. DIAPERIA. Pistillate flowers of two kinds, the outer with, the inner without pappus, the latter and the central fertile hermaphrodite flowers not subtended by individual paleae, but the cluster surrounded by a ring of open scarious paleae, the outer subtended by boat-shaped ones. 54. OGLIFA. Receptacle not chaffy; style or style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers mostly truncate. Plants dioecious, or the pistillate heads with a few hermaphrodite flowers in the center. Pappus-bristles of the pistillate flowers falling off ina ring; central hermaph- rodite flowers none. 55. ANTENNARIA. Pappus-bristles of the pistillate flowers falling off separately; central hermaph- rodite flowers present in the pistillate heads. 56. ANAPHALIS. _ Plants not dioecious; flowers fertile throughout the heads, hermaphrodite in the middle, surrounded by pistillate ones. 57. GNAPHALIUM. Tribe 5. ADENOCAULEAE. Leaves cordate, white-woolly beneath. 58. ADENOCAULON. Tribe 6. HELIANTHEAE, A. Bracts (at least the outer series) not enclosing the achenes of the rays; plants not glandular-viscid. I. Disk-flowers hermaphrodite but sterile. Marginal pistillate flowers, with conspicuous rays. Achenes not flattened; ligules in ours white; involucres of very dissimilar sets of bracts. 59. MELAMPODIUM. Achenes flattened; ligules in ours yellow. Ray-flowers in 2-3 series; achenes falling away free. 60. SILPHIUM. Ray-flowers in 1 series; achenes adnate to 2 or 3 paleae and falling away with them. 61. ENGELMANNIA. Marginal pistillate flowers reduced to a truncate or obliquely-cleft tube; the ligules, if any, reduced to 2 or 3 small teeth. Acaulescent cespitose perennials; pappus of a pair of lanceolate membranous scales. 62. BOLOPHYTA. Caulescent annuals; pappus none. 63. PARTHENICE. II. Disk-flowers fertile. a. Ray-flowers fertile; the ligules with very short tube, persistent on the achenes and becoming papery in texture. Achenes of the disk compressed; leaves entire. 64. CRASSINA. Achenes obtusely 4-angled. Leaves toothed; paleae pointless, partly enclosing the achenes. : : 65. HELIOPSIS. Leaves entire; paleaelinear-lanceolate, not enclosing the achenes. _(§ Kalliac- lis, i. e., B. Careyana, of) 71. BALSAMORRHIZA. b. Ray-corollas deciduous from the achenes or wanting. 1. Pappus a crown or none, or of a few squamellae on the angles of the achenes, and rarely minute ones between. a. Achenes of the disk-flowers not obcompressed (except in Ratibida and Ximenesia): paleae usually more or less concave and clasping. Receptacle conic, subulate or columnar. Achenes 4-angled. Ray-flowers purplish or rarely whitish: disk-corollas almost without a tube; pappus coroniform. 66. BRAUNERIA. Ray-flowers yellow or none; disk-corollas with a short but mani- fest tube. Achenes Gvedteneulst coi ressed; apex of the achenes covered by the base of the corolla-tube. 67. GYMNOLOMIA Achenes nearly equally 4-angled; apex not covered by the base of the corolla. 68. RUDBECKIA. Achenes 5-angled; ray-flowers white. 70. GALINSOGA. THISTLE FAMILY 229 Achenes flattened, broad-margined or winged. 69. RATIBIDA. Receptacle from flat to convex. Achenes of the disk neither sharp-angled, margined, nor winged. Rays fertile, their achenes commonly 3-angled or obcompressed: plants with thick balsamiferous taproots. Pappus none; stem scapiform or with reduced leaves. 71. BALSAMORRHIZA. Pappus a lacerate chaffy crown or of distinct squamellae; stem low but leafy. 72. WYETHIA. Rays sterile or wanting; plants not with fleshy taproot. Pappus none or a minute ring. 67. GYMNOLOMIA. Pappus of 2 scarious awns. 73. HELIANTHUS. Achenes ont the disk thin-edged, margined or winged. Ray-flowers neutral; achenes scarcely winged. Pappus none or an awn to each angle of the achenes, 74, ENCELIA. Pappus of small teeth between the 2 or more awns or scales over the angles of the achenes. Plants scapose; achenes with a callous margin. 75. ENCELIOPSIS. Plants caulescent; achenes not margined. 76. HELIANTHELLA. Ray-flowers fertile; achenes winged; pappus-awns without inter- mediate squamellae. 77. XIMENESIA. b. Achenes obcompressed; paleae flat or hardly concave; involucres dis- tinctly double. Bracts of the involucres distinct or nearly so. Pappus in ours of small teeth, a mere border, or wanting. 78. COREOPSIS. Pappus of 2-4 barbed or hispid awns. 79. BIDENS. Bracts of the inner involucre united at least to near the middle. THELESPERMA. 2. Pappus of 5-many, linear to lanceolate squamellae with thickened axis and hyaline margins. Rays fertile; paleae of the receptacle thin and scarious; pappus-squamellae briate. 81. PTILONELLA. Rays sterile; paleae of the receptacle bristle-form; pappus-squamellae not fimbriate. 110. GATLLARDIA. B. Bracts of the involucres uniserial, partly or wholly enclosing the achenes of the fer- tile ray-flowers; plants glandular-viscid. Achenes of the inconspicuous rays laterally compressed and enclosed in the con- duplicately infolded involucral bracts. a rae several; corolla hairy; stout annuals with sessile or short-peduncled_ . Manta. Disk-flowers solitary; corolla glabrous; slender low annuals with small heads on filiform peduncles. 83. HARPAECARPUS. Achenes of ve ray-flowers with broad and rounded backs, or more commonly obcom- presse Ligules of the ray-flowers minute; achenes completely inyested by the whole involucral bract; disk-flowers solitary; heads small and Gr vee HEMIZONELLA. Ligules of the ray-flowers conspicuous; achenes enclosed 5 “the basal portion of the bracts, the dilated margins of which are abruptly infolded; disk- flowers several or many. rere about 5, with deeply 3-cleft ligules; disk- eowere sterile, without LAGOPHYLLA. Rag clown 8-20, with merely 3-lobed or toothed ligules; disk-flowers mostly fertile with pappus of 5-20 bristles. . BLEPHARIPAPPUS. Tribe 7. HELENIAE. I. Ligules persistent and becoming papery on the striate achenes; plants more or less woolly. Pappus of scales; rays 3-4, very broad; involucres of 4-10 coriaceous woolly bracts. . 4 . PSILOSTROPHE., Pappus none; rays 5-50; involucres of numerous thin herbaceous bracts. BAILEBYA. [I. Ligules deciduous or none. A. Achenes flat with only marginal nerves; disk-corollas 4-toothed. Pappus none or of a single bristle; bracts distinct; suffruticose plants. 89. MONOTHRIX. Pappus of a lacerate-ciliate crown and sometimes with an additional pair of short awns; bracts more or less connate; not suffruticose plants. 90. PERICOME. B. Achenes angled, not flat, nerved or striate. 1. Receptacle naked. a. Bracts of the involucres pale or colored, at least the margins and tips scari- ous. Corollas of the disk-flowers with reflexed or spreading lobes; bracts of the broadly campanulate involucres obovate or broadly ‘oblong. s Heads discoid. 96. HYMENOPAPPUS. Heads radiate; ligules obscurely toothed, yellowish or white. 97. LEUCAMPYX. 230 CARDUACEAE Corolla of the disk-flowers with linear, erect lobes; bracts of the turbinate involucres spatulate to linear-oblanceolate in two series; ligules if pres- ent deeply cleft, purple. 98. OTHAKE. b. Bracts of the involucres neither colored nor scarious. Pappus of numerous barbellulate white bristles, somewhat broadened and united at the base into a ring. 104. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS. Pappus of scales or wanting. ‘ s CHAOS either linear-prismatic or clavate-obpyramidal, i. ¢., very elongate. Bracts more or less carinate-concave and partly enfolding the achenes; leaves more or less floccose woolly. Low and diffuse winter annuals; anther-tips subulate; bracts herbaceous; tube of the disk-corollas equalling the throat. 103. ANTHEROPEAS. Perennials; anther-tips obtuse; bracts firm; tube of the disk- corollas shorter than the throat. 102. ERIOPHYLLUM. Bracts wholly herbaceous, broad and flat or merely concave, not embracing the achenes; plants not floccose-lanate. , Foliage impressed-punctate; leaves at least the lower opposite. Perennials, suffruticose at the base; leaf-segments oblong to linear. ‘ . PICRADENIOPSIS. Annuals; leaf-segments filiform or nearly so. 95. CEPHALOBEMBIX. Foliage not impressed-punctate; leaves alternate. Bracts obovate, cuneate or oblanceolate. Perennials with a woody caudex; leaves entire; pappus of 10 squamellae. 93. PLATYSCHKUHRIA. Annuals; leaves dissected; pappus wanting. 92. AMAURIOPSIS. Bracts linear. Bracts in one row or two subequal rows; plant not fleshy; achenes linear. Heads radiate, but ligules inconspicuous; pappus of opaque squameilae. 99. RIGIOPAPPUS. Heads discoid; pappus of hyaline squamellae. Achenes angled; squamellae with strong midribs. CHAMAECHENACTIS. Achenes scarcely angled; squamellae not conspicu- ously ribbed. 101. CHAENACTIS. Bracts in 2-3 rows; heads radiate; leaves more or less fleshy. HULSEA. Achenes obpyramidal, not 4 times as long as broad. Bracts of the involucres erect, not spreading nor reflexed. Involucres many-flowered; pappus present; achenes tapering below. Bracts of the involucres nearly equal and similar, all distinct. Bracts few; corolla flesh-colored; rays wanting. 100. CHAMAECHAENACTIS. Bracts numerous; corollas yellow; rays usually present. ‘ Leaves entire; squamellae short, obtuse or abruptly contracted into a point. 105. TETRANEURIS. Leaves pinnatifid; squamellae linear-lanceolate, at- tenuate but not awn-tipped. 106. RYDBERGIA. Outer bracts united below; leaves usually pinnatifid with narrow divisions. 107. HYMENOXYS. Involucres few-flowered; pappus wanting; achenes linear, 8-10- striate. 108. FLAVERIA. Bracts of the involucres spreading or reflexed. Leaves not decurrent on the stem; tubes of the disk-flowers moderately long. 109. DUGALDIA. Leaves decurrent on the stem; tubes of the disk-corollas very : short or reduced to a ring. 110, HELENIUM. 2. Receptacle with bristle-like chaffs. Involucral bracts spreading or reflexed. 111. GAILLARDIA. Involucral bracts erect. 101. CHAENACTIS. Tribe 8. TAGETEAE. Bracts of the involucres more or less united; style-branches of the disk-flowers elongate. Bracts of the involucres united only at the base; style-branches with conical tips, squamellae of the pappus many-aristate. 112. BOEBERA. : Bracts of the involucres united into a cup; style-branches obtuse. : me 113. THYMOPHYLLA. Bracts of the involucres distinct; style-branches very short, obtuse, without an appendage. 114. PECTIS. Tribe 9. ANTHEMIDEAE, Receptacle chaffy. Achenes flattened; involucres campanulate or obovoid, small; ligules short and broad. ; 115. ACHILLEA. Achenes terete, at least not flattened; involucres hemispherical, large; ligules elongate. Ray-flowers fertile; paleae of the receptacle membranous, subtending all the flowers. 116. ANTHEMIS. THISTLE FAMILY 231 Ray-flowers neutral; paleae of the receptacle subulate, stiff, subtending only the inner disk-flowers. 117. MARUTA. Receptacle naked or merely pubescent. Heads radiate; achenes 5-10-ribbed all around. . Ligules white, flat, spreading, longer than the disk-corollas. ; 119. LEUCANTHEMUM. Ligules yellow, concave, erect, not longer than the disk-flowers. - . 120. TANACETUM. Heads in ours discoid; achenes 2—5-ribbed. Anthers obtuse. , : ; : Heads solitary, peduncled; flowers in our species all alike (the ray-flowers found in other species lacking). ? 118. CHAMOMILLA. Heads in contracted panicles or glomerules, or in one species solitary; flowers of two kinds, the marginal pistillate, but without ligules. 121. SPHAEROMERIA. Anthers with pointed tips; heads racemose, rarely solitary; marginal pistillate flowers without ligules. Plants spiny; achenes and corollas cobwebby. 122. PICROTHAMNUS. Plants not spiny; achenes not cobwebby. 123. ARTEMISIA. Tribe 10. SENECIONEAE. Plants scapiferous, dioecious or nearly so. with large basal leaves appearing after flower- ing; hermaphrodite flowers usually sterile. 124, PETASITES. Plants not scapiferous; not dioecious; disk-flowers hermaphrodite, fertile. Involucres of many or several bracts. : Involucres lax, of commonly much overlapping or unequal bracts. Low annual herbs, with alternate leaves. Heads discoid; receptacle flat; corollas with very short tube. 126. PSATYROTES. Heads radiate; receptacle conical; disk-flowers with long tube. 125. CROCIDIUM. Suffrutescent perennial, with opposite leaves; heads radiate. 127. HAPLOESTES. Involucres of connivent erect herbaceous equal bracts, with or without smaller calyculate ones below. . Leaves mostly opposite; pappus of a single series of rigid bristles. 128. ARNICA. Leaves alternate; pappus of numerous soft bristles. 129. SENECIO. E {nvolucres of 4—6 firm concave erect and strongly overlapping bracts; shrubs with alternate leaves and discoid heads. 130. TETRADYMIA. Tribe 11. CYNAREAE. Achenes attached by the very base; flowers all alike o1 nearly so; hermaphrodite. Leaves not prickly; filaments glabrous: style-branches slender, free. Involucre globose; bracts subulate, spine- or awn-like, spreading, hooked at the tip. 131. ARCTIUM. Involucre oblong or obovoid; bracts appressed, muticous. 132. SAUSSUREA. Leaves more or less prickly; filaments bearded or papilose, rarely glabrous; style- branches more o. less united into a cylindrical body with a hair-ring below. Receptacie densely bristly: pappus plumose. 133. CIRSIUM. Receptacle deeply honeycombed, scarcely bristly; pappus not_plumose. f 134. ONOPORDON. Achenes obliquely attached by one side; marginal flowers usually neutral, with enlarged oblique corollas. 135. CENTAUREA. 1. VERNONIA Schreb. Inon-wEep. ‘ Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnately veined; bracts obtuse or acute. 1. V. corymbosa. Leaves linear or lance-linear; lateral veins indistinct; bracts short-acuminate. 2. V. marginata. 2. HOFMEISTERIA Walp. - 1. H. pleuriseta. 38. EUPATORIUM L. Jon-prs WreEp, THorovcuwort, Bonzset, WHITE. SNAKE-ROOT. Leaves verticillate in whorls of 3's; flowers pink or rose-colored. Leaf-blades lanceolate, acuminate, strongly reticulate and rugose. 1. E. Bruneri. Leaf-blades broadly ovate, acute, neither strongly reticulate nor rugose. : 2. E. maculatum, Leaves opposite; flowers white or slightly tinged with pink. Achenes hispidulous on the angles. Bracts unequal in length, distinctly ribbed only towards the base. = 3. E. texense. Bracts essentially equal in length, strongly ribbed to near the apex. 4. E. arizonicum. Achenes merely glandular-puberulent or glabrate. 5. E. occidentale. 4, COLEOSANTHUS Cass. : Leaf-blades ovate-cordate or deltoid. : ves subsessile or short-petioled, ovate, veiny, spinulose-toothed, acuminate; bracts firm-chartaceous, 3-6 mm. wide. 1. C atractylovdes. 232 CARDUACEAE Leaves slender-petioled, not spinulose-toothed; bracts thin, 2 mm. wide or less. Heads 30—50-flowered. Leaves thin, minutely puberulent; their teeth usually broadly triangular, acute; peduncles usually longer than the heads. 2. C. grandiflorus. Leaves thicker, densely scabrous-pubescent, veiny, their teeth rounded-ovate, obtuse or mucronate. 3. C. umbellatus. Heads 9—25-flowered. Tips of the bracts not spreading; leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long. Leaves distinctly petioled; blades subcordate, 2-5 cm. long. Leaves firm, crenate-dentate. 4. C. albicaulis. Leaves thin, crenate. 5. C tener. Leaves short-petioled; blades lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long. 6. C. brachyphyllus. Tips of the bracts squarrose-spreading; leaf-blades less than 1 cm. long. Leaves on the peduncles many, passing into the bracts; inner bracts much eaeen than the outer ones; upper parts of the plant velutinous and glandular. Stem and pedicels glandular-villous; head about aS mm. high, 20—-24- flowered; achenes 4—4.5 mm. long. C. microphyllus. Stem lanulose; heads about 11 mm. high, about. ae eee achenes about 3.5 mm. Jong. 8. Watsonii. , Leaves on the peduncles few; bracts gradually increasing in length up- wards; plant scabrous-puberulent. scaber. Leaves linear or oblong, sessile. Heads 30—40-flowered. rae Achenes glandular; bracts comparatively firm. 10. C. oblongifolius. Achenes hispidulous on the angles, not glandular; bracts thin. 11. C. linifolius. Heads 3-5-flowered. 12. C. longifolius. 5. KUHNIA L. Fatse Boneser. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, 3-ribbed, more or less toothed. Leaves densely puberulent beneath. Toner bracts abruptly acute or cuspidate. 1. K. glutinosa. Inner bracts gradually acuminate. 2. K. Hitchcockii. Leaves glabrous or nearly so beneath. 3. K. reticulata. Leaves linear, 1-ribbed, entire. 4. K. leptophylla. 6. LACINIARIA Hill. Buazine Star, Burron SNAKE-ROOT. Pare plumose. eads 15-60-flowered; corolla-lobes hairy within. 1. L. squarrosa. Heads 4—6-flowered; corolla-lobes glabrous within. 2. L. punctata. Pappus merely barbellate. Heads few, hemispheric, 15—45-flowered. Heads in a short raceme-like or corymbiform inflorescence; bracts obovate, with a dark rose-purple laciniate apex; leaves usually glabrous. 3. L. ligulistylis. Heads in a long spike-like inflorescence; bracts spatulate or obovate-oblanceolate, with a pale merely erose apex; leaves usually hispidulous or crisp-hairy. L. aspera. Heads oblong, 3—15-flowered, numerous in a long spike. Bracts obtuse, appressed. 5. L. spicata. Bracts acute, their tips spreading. 6. L. pycnostachya. 7. GUTIERREZIA Lag. Brown-weErp. Disk- and ray-flowers iv the head 4—7 each. Surface of the leaves marked with large dots, each bordered by a nyalie oo . G. lepidota. Surface of the leaves not lepidote, either puberulent or glabrous. Axils of the leaves with fasciculate branches. 2. G. fasciculata. Axils of the leaves without fasciculate branches. Plant ligneous only at the short persistent caudex. Leaves linear, usually 1.5-4 mm. wide. . Involucres oblong-turbinate, over 5 mm. high; outer bracts lanceolate; stems 3-4 dm. high. 3. G. scoparia. Involucres campanulate, somewhat turbinate at the base, less than 5 mm. high; bracts ovate; stems 1-2 dm. high. 4. G. diversifolia. Leaves linear-filiform, less than 1 mm. wide. Ligules of the rays nearly as long as the involucre. 5. G. filifolia. Ligules of the rays about half as long as the involucre. Heads usually peduncled and solitary at the ends of the branches. . G. divaricaia. Heads usually subsessile in clusters of 3-4 at the ends of the branches. Plant low, 1-2 dm. high; branches green; leaves 1-2 cm. long. : 7. G. juncea. Plants 2-5 dm. high; branches with straw-colored or gray bark; leaves 3-4 cm. long. 8. G. Sarothrae. Plant shrubby. Trevorueres “elongate, clavate-turbinate, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts oblong a cplone Involucres campanulate, only slightly turbinate at the base, at mm. wide; outer bracts ovate or obovate. 10. G. linearis. Disk- and ray-flowers in the head only 1-2 each. 11. G. glomerella. THISTLE FAMILY 233 8. AMPHIPAPPUS T. & G. 1. A. Fremontii. 9. GRINDELIA Willd. Gum-ptant, Resin-wEep. Involucres not viscid. 1. G. platylepis. Involucres more or less viscid. Leaves all entire, the basal ones 3-4 dm. long; bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer nearly filiform, rather thin. 2. G. oregana. Leaves, at least the basal ones, more or less dentate, the latter less than 2 dm. long; bracts lanceolate, with thick, rather fleshy tips. Heads radiate. , ' Pappus-awns apparently smooth; barbules seen only under a compound micro- scope. Tips of the outer bracts spreading, none reflexed. Stem-leaves serrate. 3. G. decumbens. Stem-leaves laciniate. 4. G. laciniata. Tips of the bracts squarrose, those of the outer ones strongly reflexed. Stem-leaves oval, ovate, or ovate-oblong with a broad base. Leaves bluish green, spinulose-dentate; heads very broad and flat, its bracts broad and even the squarrose tips ie ; exana. Leaves yellowish green, merely dentate; heads hemispherical, its bracts narrow and with terete squarrose tips. 6. G. squarrosa. Stem-leaves oblanceolate, rarely oblong. - Pappus-awns scarcely longer than the achenes, curved and twisted. Squarrose tips of the bracts short; leaves ‘subentire. 7, G. integerrima. Squarrose tips of the bracts long and slender; leaves serrate, with spreading teeth. 8. Brownii. Pappus-awns decidedly longer than the achenes, straight. eaves all finely serrate, dentate or subentire. Leaves finely and closely serrate. 9. G. serrulata. Leaves rather remotely dentate or subentire. : 10. G. perennis. Leaves coarsely toothed, the basal ones sublaciniate. 11. G. subincisa. Feppus bristles distinctly barbellate; barbules distinctly seen with a common pocket-lens. Stems tall, 4-8 dm. high, usually solitary; stem-leaves broadly oblong or obovate; bracts broad, only the outer ones squarrose-reflexed. 12. G. erecta. Stems low, about 3 dm. high, usually several from the base; stem-leaves oblanceolate or oblong; all bracts squarrose. 13. G. subalpina. Heads discoid. Stem-leaves oval or obovate. 14. G. inornaia. Stem-leaves oblanceolate or oblong. an Outer bracts strongly recurved, , the inner not squarrose. 15. G. fastigiata. All bracts squarrose. Bracts long and loose, but not none recurved. 16. G. aphanactis. Bracts short, strongly recurved-curled. 17. G. columbiana. 10 VANCLEVEA Greene. 1. V. stylosa. 11, ACAMPTOPAPPUS A. Gray. 1. A. sphaerocephalus. 12. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Gotpen Asrrr. Heads radiate. Involucres strigose. Heads sessile or subsessile, subtended by foliage-leaves. Leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate; hirsute. C. angustifolia. - Leaves oblanceolate, obovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, wicleate at least when young, except in C. imbricata. Plant about 1 dm. high or less; heads usually solitary. Involucres 5-8 mm. broad; leaves less than 1 cm: long. 2. C. caespitosa, Involucres 10-12 mm. broad; leaves 2-3 cm. long. 3. C. alpicola. Plant 2-6 dm. high; heads corymbose. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, decidedly acute, those subtending the heads narrowly linear. 4. C. foliosa. Leaves cplaberolae or obovate, those of the inflorescence elliptic or Disk % of the heads about 15 mm. broad; leaves strigose. Inner bracts with subulate, usually brownish and spreading tips. 5. C. caudata. Inner bracts merely acute. 6. C. amplifolia. Disk of the heads 10-12 mm. broad; leaves hirsutulous. 7. C. imbricata. Heads peduncled, naked or rarely subtended by one small leaf. Plant less than 1 dm. high; heads solitary at the ends of the ie ope epressa. Plant 2-3 dm. high; heads more or less corymbose. 234 CARDUACEAE Heads long-peduncled; peduncles 2-7 cm. long. 9. C. pedunculata. Heads short-peduncled. Plant finely silvery-canescent, scarcely at all hirsute. 10. C. mollis. Plant usually grayish-green, conspicuously hirsute on the stem; leaves hirsute-ciliate towards the base. Most of the leaves sessile. 7 Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse or merely apiculate; disk of the heads 15-20 mm. broad. 11. C. villosa. Leaves _ RACrOW hy oblanceolate, decidedly acute; disk 10-12 mm. bro: 12. C. hirsutissima. Most of he leaves distinctly petioled; disk 10-12 mm. broaa. Involucre more than 1 cm. high and broad; leaves oblanceolate. 13. C. Bakeri. Involucre scarcely 1 cm. high and broad; leaves linear-oblance- olate. 14. C. floribunda. Involucre hirsute or both hirsute and resinous-granuliferous. Leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sessile; plant densely hirsute with long white hairs. 15. C. barbata. Leaves oblanceolate, oblong, obovate or oval; plant not conspicuously long-hairy. Involucre densely hirsute, scarcely at all resinous-granuliferous. Leaves short, 1-2 cm. long, obovate, nearly all sessile. 16. C. Butleri. Leaves oblanceolate, the lower petioled. Plant 1-2 dm. high; heads usually solitary and sessile. 17. C. pumila. Plant 2-3 dm. high; heads peduncled and corymbose. Disk of the heads 8-10 mm. broad; leaves densely hirsute, not resinous, only the lower petioled. 18. C. columbiana. Disk of the heads 12-18 mm. wide; leaves distinctly resinous-granu- liferous, nearly all petioled. 19. C. grandis. Involucre sparingly hirsute, bees resinous-granuliferous. Upper Jeayes obovate, ova, only rarely oblong or broadly oblanceoiate, sessile. Heads sessile, subtended by oblong or obovate leaves. Leaves numerous, ascending, 3-5 cm. long; involucre about 1 cm. high. 20. C. resinolens. Leaves scattered, spreading, 1-2 cm. long; son 8-9 mm. high. C. fulcrata. Heads peduncled, naked or subtended by small finear leaves. Leaves densely hispid, not conspicuously eros horrida. Leaves conspicuously granuliferous, only sparingly HeEpidulous: ; viscida Upper leaves as well as the lower oblanceolate, most of ‘them petioled. eaves broadly oblanceolate; heads peduncled. Leaves decidedly hairy, sparingly granuliferous. Stem simple to near the top. 24. C. asprella. Stem profusely branched. 14. C. floribunda. Leaves sparingly hairy, conspicuously erative . C. hispida. Leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate; heads subsessile. om: C. stenophylia. Heads discoid; leaves lanceolate, hispid-ciliate, otherwise sisbeouc,. ‘minutely granu- liferous. 27. C. oregana. 18. ERICAMERIA Nutt. Heads radiate; bracts not in distinct ranks. Leaves linear-filiform or linear-oblanceolate. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, rarely 15 mm. long, curved; flowers as at nana, Leaves linear-filiform, mostly 15-20 mm. long, divaricate; flowers poe cane nia 2. E. resinosa. Leaves oblong-oblanceolate, short-cuspidate. 3. E. cervina. Heads discoid; bracts distinctly 5-ranked. 4. E. paniculata. 14. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt. Rassir Brusu. Bracts of the involucre acuminate. Achenes glabrous. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, scabrous-puberulent; plant less than 2 dm. high. 1. C. depressus. Leaves narrowly linear, slightly tomentulose or glabrous. Bracts thick, strongly carinate, glabrous. 3. C. pulchellus. Bracts thin, ‘not strongly carinate, arachnoid-ciliate. 2. C. Bigelovii. Achenes pubescent, usually strigose. , Bracts 4-6 in each vertical row, 3. C. pulchellus. Bracts 2-3 in eacb vertical row. Outer bracts long-acuminate, produced and more or less foliaceous. Leaves linear, more or less distinctly 3-nerved. 4. ©. Parryi. Leaves very narrowly linear, l-nerved. Leaves and branches green, or the latter slightly tomentulose. 5. C. altenuatus. THISTLE FAMILY 235 Leaves and branches white-tomentose. Leaves mostly erect, the upper reduced, not es aca the heads. ewberryi. Leaves arcuate-spreading, the upper longer tha the heads. ; . C, Howardii. Outer bracts short, neither produced nor foliaceous. Heads 5-8 mm. high; bracts thin, glabrous. Leaves 2-3 cm. long, over 1 mm. wide, light green. 8. C. Greenei. Leaves 1-2 cm. long, less than 1 mm. wide, dark gree: mn. : 9. C. filifolius. Heads about 1 cm. long; bracts thicker. Leaves less than 1 mm. wide; bracts glabrous. 10. C. albidus. Leaves 1 mm. broad or broader; bracts arachnoid-ciliate. Leaves 1-2 cm. long; involucre lanate as well as arachnoid. 11. C. collinus. Leaves 3-6 cm. long; involucre somewhat viscid, merely arachnoid- ciliate on the margin. 2. C. wyomingensis Bracts not acuminate. Bracts 6-7 in each vertical row. 13. C. formosus. Bracts 3-5 in each vertical row. Achenes pubescent; bracts acute or obtuse. Branches, at least when young more or less whitened with a pannose tomen- , tum; ‘ey Peppend nee | longer than the stigmatic portion; corolla 7-12 mm. long Bracts and mature leaves perfectly glabrous. Bracts ovate, or the outer triangular; involucre about half as long as the flowers. 14. C. virens. Bracts lanceolate to linear; involucre more than half as long as the lowers. Leaves nearly erect or strongly ascending, straight, 1-2 mm. wide. 15. C. graveolens. Leaves scarcely 1 mm. wide. Leaves spreading or refiexed, more or less falcate; lobes of the corollas lanceolate, mostly acute. 16. C. patens. Leaves erect, about 0.5 mm. wide; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, about 0.5 mm. long, erect in ace C. pinifolius. Bracts erose-ciliate on the margin, or tomentose, or both. nflorescence elongate-thyrsoid. 18. C. concolor. Inflorescence corymbiform, flat or round-topped. Bracts lanceolate, acute; leaves less than 2.5 mm. wide. Bracts more or less erose-ciliate on the thin margins. Mature leaves glabrous or nearly so, about 1 mm. wide, erect. 19. C. oreophilus. Mature leaves more or less densely white-tomentose; bracts lanceolate. Leaves 1 mm. wide or less, spreading. 20. C. plattensis. Leaves 1—2.5 mm. wide. Bracts narrow, linear-lanceolate, strongly carinate, almost glabrous, except the erose-ciliate margins. 21. C. pulcherrimus. Bracts usually broader, more or less densely tomentose and viscid as well as ciliate. Stems equally leafy throughout; leaves all alike, strongly ascending; bracts strongly carinate. 22. C. frigidus. Stems more leafy towards the ends; upper leaves much shorter; bracts slightly carinate. . C. pallidus. Bracts not at all ciliate on the thicker margin, but white-tomen- tose on the back. Bracts scarcely carinate; older branches not densely and. thickly woolly. 24. C. speciosus. : Bracts strongly carinate; older branches densely and thickly. woolly. 25. C. nauseosus. Bracts elliptical, nearly glabrous, the thinner ones obtuse; leaves 3-4 mm. wide. 26. C. salicifolius. Branches without tomentum; style-appendages shorter than the stigmatic por- tion; corolla 5-7 mm. long. Leaves and the white or straw-colored stem glabrous or nearly so, except the hispidulous-ciliate margins of the former. Leaves narrowly linear, 2 mm. wide or less. Bracts neither strongly carinate nor with conspicuous green tips. Leaves less than 1 mm. wide, 1-nerved. Bracts linear, the innermost rounded at the apex. 27. C. stenophyllus. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute. 28. C. laricinus. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, 3-nerved; bracts lanceolate. . pumilus. Bracts strongly carinate and with conspicuous green tips. Bracts acute; upper leaves not much reduced. 30. C. elegans. 236 CARDUACEAE Bracts obtuse; upper leaves much reduced. r 42. C. turbinatus. Leaves linear to lance-linear or oblanceolate, 2-8 mm. wide. Bracts linear, oblong, or lanceolate. : Bracts at least the outer ones with thick green tips. . 31. C. linifolius. Bracts comparatively thin, not green-tipped. - : Bracts linear-lanceolate, very acute. 32. C. stenolepis. Bracts oblong or lanceolate, the inner obtuse. Involucre not viscid; leaves hispidulous ciliate-dentate. 33. C. glaucus. Inflorescence densely viscid; leaves minutely denticulate. . C. viscidiflorus. Bracts ovate, oval, or the inner broadly elliptic, abruptly short-cus- pidate. 35. C. latifolius. Leaves and stems decidedly puberulent. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, rarely twisted. 36. C. lanceolatus. Leaves 1-2.5 mm. wide, usually twisted. : Leaves 3-nerved; inner bracts linear, acute; branches green or yellow- ish. 7. C. puberulus. Leaves 1-nerved, thick; inner bracts spatulate-oblong, rounded at the apex; branches white. 38. C. marianus. Achenes glabrous. oa Bracts acutish; leaves filiform. 9. C. filifolius. Bracts rounded at the apex; leaves linear. Branches white-tomentose when young; corolla 7-10 mm. long. Leaves linear, more or less involute; corolla-lobes deltoid-lanceolate. 5 39. C. leiospermus. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, not involute; corolla-lobes linear-lanceolate. 40. C. glareosus. Branches not tomentose; corolla 5-6 mm. long. Plant glabrous. Leaves linear-oblanceolate. 41. C. Vaseyi. Leaves filiform, the upper much reduced. 42. C. turbinatus. Plant decidedly puberulent; leaves narrowly linear. 38. C. marianus. 15. ISOCOMA Greene. Bracts acute, linear-lanceolate. 1. I. pluriflora. Bracts obtuse or obtusish, linear, oblong, or oblanceolate. ~ Leaves 1-ribbed, the lower often toothed. Plant herbaceous, except the suffruticose base; bracts comparatively oe . I. Wrightit. Plant shrubby; bracts mucb thickened, especially at the apex. 3. I. acradenia. Leaves triple-nerved, entire. «. I. scopulorum. 16. PRIONOPSIS Nutt. 1. P. ciliata. 17. SIDERANTHUS Nutt. Iron Pranv. Leaves spinescent-toothed, not pinnatifid. Heads discoid; perennials, with woody caudex. Heads peduncled. Heads sessile. Heads radiate; annuals. 2 grindelinides. Leaves oblanceolate, spinulose-tipped; plant more or less viscid. 3. i 4. Ww. S. aberrans. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, bristle-tipped; plant strigose. Leaves pinnatifid; perennials, with a short woody base; achenes some Stem more or less floccose or cinereous, especially when young. Plant cinereous pubescent, more or less glandular. Plant more or less floccose, not at all glandular. Plant neither floccose nor cinereous,. Plant perfectly glabrous or sparingly glandular-puberulent. 7. S. glaberrimus. Plant finely puberulent, or bispid. Heads hemispheric; bracts slightly glandular. 8. S. puberulus. Heads somewhat turbinate; bracts densely glandular-puberulent. 9. S. turbinellus. Ss. S. annuus. S. gracilis. hat flattened. . S. australis. S. spinulosus. ao 18. PYRROCOMA Nutt. Heads apparently discoid, the sterile rays being concealed in the pappus. Inner bracts recurved cuspidate. 1. P. subsquarrosa. Bracts not recurved cuspidate. Bracts oblong or oval; heads hemispheric. Leaves and bracts more or less spinulose-toothed, the latter with a narrow scarious margin. . 2. P. carthamoides. Leaves and bracts not spinulose-toothed, the latter with a broad scarious erose margin. Pappus sordid; plant almost glabrous. 3. P. rigida. Pappus brownish red; plant villous. 4. P. erythropappa. Bracts lanceolate; head campanulate-turbinate. 5. P. Cusickti. ‘ Heads distinctly radiate. Bracts except the innermost obtuse, obovate or oblong. 6. P. crocea., THISTLE FAMILY 237 Bracts mostly acute or acuminate. Plant not glandular. Heads large; disk 2 cm. or more in diameter; bracts in about 3 scries. Bracts alnfost of the same length. 7. P. insecticruris Outer bract decidedly shorter. Involucre and upper part of stem decidedly villous; bracts wholly foli- aceous. Bieta oblanceolate, abruptly acute; achenes hirsute. 8. P. Clementis Bracts lanceolate, long-acute; achenes glabrous. 9. P: villosa. Involucral bracts almost glabrous except the ciliate margins, chartace- ous at the base with foliaceous tips. Leaves and stem glabrous, or the latter slightly villous. Basal leaf-blades broadly lanceolate. 10. P. lapathifolic. Basal leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate. 11. P. integrifolia. Leaves hirtellous; stem hirsute-villous. 12, P. scaberula. Heads smaller; disk less than, 2 cm. in diameter. Bracts in 2-3 unequal series. Leaves 5-15 mm. wide; disk 1-2 cm. wide. Inflorescence corymbiform; bracts long-acute. 13. P. lanceolata. Inflorescence racemiform; bracts abruptly acute. Stem and bracts more or less white-woolly. 14. P. lagopus. Stem and bracts glabrous or nearly so. 15. P. Vaseyi. Leaves 2—4 mm. wide; disk 1 cm. or less wide. 16. P. tenuicaulis. Bracts nearly of the same length. Stem-leaves oblanceolate; bracts lone weuminaté: 17. P. acuminata. Stem-leaves lanceolate; bracts acute or short-acuminate. Plant villous. 18. P. inuloides. : Plant, except the upper parts, glabrate in age. 19. P. uniflora. Plant hirsute-villous, decidedly glandular. 20. P. hirta. 19. STENOTOPSIS Rydb. 1. S. interior. 20. OONOPSIS Greene. Dwarf; stem less than 1 dm. high; heads 6-10 mm. high. Plant more or less villous; leaves flat; heads radiate. Heads 6-8 mm. high; leaves 1-3 cm. long, not exceeding the stem. . O. multicaulis. Heads 8-10 mm. high; leaves 4-8 cm. long, often overtopping the stem. O. argillacea. Plant glabrous; leaves involute; heads discoid. __ = O. Engelmannit. Plant robust, 1.5-3 dm. high; heads 15-20 mm. high. r Heads discoid. Heads clustered, 10-15 mm. high; achenes glabrous. 4, O. Wardir. Heads solitary, 15 mm. high or more; achenes glandular. 5. O. monocephala. Heads radiate. 6. O. foliosa. 21, MACRONEMA Nutt. Heads radiate; branches glandular, not tomentose. Heads small, fastigiate-clusvered: disk 5-8 mm. in diameter. Leaves broadly obovate, mucronate-cuspidate. . M. obovatum. Leaves oblanceclats, acute or pointed. 2. M. Watsoni. Heads larger, solitary: disk 1 cm. or more in diameter. : Leaves oblanceolate, acute. 3. M. suffruticosum. Leaves spatulate, obtuse or mucronate. 4. M. grindelifolium. Heads discoid; branches white-tomentose. Leaves oblonz-oblanceolate. Outer bracts linear to oblong, acute. -5. M. discoideum Outer bracts broadly oblong, obtuse or mucronate. 6. M. obtusum. Leaves linear. 7. M. lineare. 22. STENOTUS Nutt. Plant glabrous or puberulent; leaves firm and evergreen. Leaves linear to filiform, 1 mm. wide. 1. S. stenophyllus. Leaves mostly oblanceolate. Bracts lanceolate, acute. Plant puberwent. Bracts in 3 series, broad, with broad scarious margins. 2. S. acaulis. Bracts in 2 series, narrow, with narrow scarious margins. 8. S. Andersonii. Plant glabrous. except the scabrous leaf-margins. Bases of the basal leaves much enlarged, ‘somewhat inflated and remaining for years on the short caudal branches; leaf-blades narrowly ob- lanceolate to linear. Stem-leaves oblanceolate, 1-4 cm. long. 4. S. caespitosus. Stem-leaves linear, 4-7 cm. long. 5. S. falcatus. Bases of the basal leaves neither much enlarged nor persistent; leaf-blades broadly oblanceolate or spatulate. 6. S. latifolius. Bracts oval or oblong, very obtuse. 7. S. armerioides. Plant floccose: leaves softer, not evergreen. 8. S. lanuginosus. 238 CARDUACEAE 23. TONESTUS A. Nels. Basal leaves oblanceolate, spatulate, or oblong; bracts lanceolate or oblanceolate. Bracts acute; plants glandular or viscid. Bracts lacerate or ciliate; stem-leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, long-ciliate. . T. laceratus. Bracts neither lacerate nor ciliate; stem-leaves oblanceolate, not ciliate. 2. T. Lyallii. Bracts obtuse; plant soft-pubescent or glabrate, scarcely viscid. 3. T. pygmaeus. Leaves and bracts linear. 4. T. linearis. 24. OREOCHRYSUM Rydb. Mountain Goxp. 1. O. Parryi. 25. SOLIDAGO L. Go.penrop. Leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent along the veins and on the margins. ; Leaves not triple-veined; branches of the inflorescence not recurved-spreading; heads not secund. Bracts of the inflorescence lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Leaves ciliate at the base. I. VIRGA-AUREAE. Leaves not ciliate at the base. IV. GLABERRIMAE. Bracts of the inflorescence oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse. Leaves, at least the basal ones, toothed; stem-leaves few; plants 1-4 dm. high. Il. HUMILEs. Leaves all entire: stem very leat, 4-8 dm. high. IIT. SPECIOSAE. Leaves triple-veined; heads more or less secund, on recurved-spreading branches (except usually in Nos. 9 and 11). Plants slender, not very leafy, 2-4 dm. high; stem-leaves nae oblanceolate or linear. . GLABFERRIMAE Plant tall, leafy, 4-10 dm. high. Stem-leaves lanceolate. V. SEROTINAE. Stem-leaves obovate. VI. RADULAE. ‘Leaves densely canescent. Bracts not squarrose. Lea\es lanceolate; bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate. V. SEROTINAE. Leaves, at least the lower ones, oblanceolate or obovate. VII. INCANAE. Bracts squarrose; leaves numerous, entire, elliptic. VIII. WARDIANAE. I. VirGa-AUREAE. Plants low and slender, 1-3 dm. high; inflorescence corymbiform; branches with a single or a few corymbose heads. Heads 7-9 mm. high; inner bracts linear-lanceolate, of about the same length as the flowers and pappus; plant 2-3 dm. high. 1. S. scopulorum. epee 5-7 mm. high; bracts lanceolate, the inner shorter than the flowers and the pappus; plant usually less than 2 dm. high. 2. S. ciliosa. Plants stout, 3-4 dm. high; inflorescence paniculate, but narrow; branches racemiform: heads 7-9 mm. High. Basal leaves broadly oblanceolate, acute: stem pubescent. 3. S. rubra. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse; stem glabrous up to the inflorescence. 4. S. laevicaulis. II. HUMILES. Plant low, 1-1.5 dm. high; inflorescence with few heads, short, congested. 5. S. decumbens Plant taller, 2-4 dm. high; inflorescence with many heads, elongate. Leaves not ciliate; bracts oblong; inflorescence usually narrow. 6. S. oreophila. Leaves ciliate at the base; bracts linear; inflorescence open. 7. S. dilatata. III. SPECIOSAE. One species. 8. S. pallida. IV. GLABERRIMAE. Heads less than 5 mm. high; stem slender. Inflorescence decidedly viscid; leaves indistinctly triple-veined. 9. S. viscidula. Inflorescence not viscid; leaves distinctly triple-veined. Plant glaucous; bracts thick, oblong, obtuse. 10. S. glaucophylla. Plant not glaucous: bracts not thick, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescence narrow, scarcely secund; bracts linear-lanceolate. 11. S. missouriensis. Inflorescence usually open and more or less secund; bracts oblong-lanceolate. 12. S. glaberrima. Heads 6-7 mm. high; stem stout. 13. S. concinna. V. SEROTINAE. Inflorescence narrowly rhombic in outline; branches ascending, almost straight, scarcely secund. 14. S. elongata. Inflorescence broad; branches recurved-spreading, distinctly secund. Leaves green, sparingly pubescent or glabrous; pubescence scabrous, mostly confined to the margins and the veins. Stem usually glabrous up to the inflorescence; leaves glabrous except on the margins and on the midveins. Veins of the leaves glabrous; heads 5-6 mm. high, in ashort panicle with strongly curved branches. 15. S. serotina. THISTLE FAMILY 239 Veins of the leaves pubescent below; heads 4-5 mm. Heh panicle with long branches. S. salebrosa. Stem more or less pubescent. Heads 5 mm. or more high; leaves pubescent. 17. S. polyphylla. Heads about 4 mm. high; plant comparatively slender. Leaves pubescent, at least on the veins. 18. S. canadensis. Leaves glabrous, except the scabrous-ciliolate margins. . S. serra. Leaves densely canescent, especially beneath. Leaves usually broadly lanceolate. Leaves scabrous above. 20. S. dumetorum. Leaves softly puberulent on both sides. 21. S. pruinosa. Leaves linear-lanceolate, finely and rather softly canescent on both sides, more or less yellowish gray. 22. S. gilvocanescens. VI. RADULAE. One species. 23. S. Garrettii. VII. INCANAE. Plant low, 1-2 dm. high; inflorescence corymbiform; branches not secund. Bracts oval to oblong, obtuse. 24, S. nana. Bracts lanceolate, acute. _., 25. S. nivea. Plants tall, 2-6 dm. high; inflorescence narrow, or if open with distinctly secund branches. Bracts oblong or linear, obtuse; stem-leaves scarcely triple-veined; inflorescence usually narrow. Stem-leaves oblanceolate. 26. S. pulcherrima. Stem-leaves spatulate or broadly oblanceolate. 27. S. radulina. Bracts lanceolate or ovate, acute; stem-leaves distinctly triple-veined; inflorescence usually more open. Stem-leaves oblanceolate or elliptic; bracts lanceolate. 28. S. trinervata. Stem-leaves obovate, thick; bracts ovate. 29. S. mollis. VIII. WARDIANAE. One species. 30. S. Wardii. 26. PETRADORIA Greene. Rock GoLpENROD. 27. EUTHAMIA Nutt. Busuy or FRAGRANT GOLDENROD. Outer bracts broader than the inner, which are obtuse. __ 1. E. camporum. Outer bracts narrow, all acute; lateral ribs of the leaves rather prominent. 2. E. occidentalis. 1. P. pumila. 28. OLIGONEURON Small. Rouas Gotprnrop. 1. O. canescens. 29. MONOPTILON T. & G. 1. M. bellidiforme. 30. TOWNSENDIA Hook. Bracts acuminate. Caulescent biennials or short-lived perennials. . Stems spreading, with branches from the base, which surpass them in length. 1. T. grandiflora, Stems erect or nearly so, simple or with short branches above. Stems over 3 dm. high, generally branched; basal leaves oblanceolate. _ Involucre 1.5-2 cm. broad, naked. 2. T. eximia. Involucre 2-3 cm. broad, generally subtended by leaves. 3. T. Vreelandii. Stems 1-2 dm. high, generally simple and monocephalous, sometimes several from one root; basal leaves spatulate. 4. T. Parryi. Acaulescent perennials, depressed, monocephalous. Plant pilose or hirsute. Plant arachnoid-lanuginose. Bracts acute or obtuse. Plant with evident leafy stems. Stems 5-20 cm. high; mostly annuals and biennials. Pappas of disk- and ray-flowers elongate bristles. eaves linear or oblanceolate; pappus of the rays nearly as long as that of the disk-flowers. 7. T. florifer. sar ti spatulate; pappus of the ray-flowers much shorter than that of the k-flowers. 8. T. ambigua. Pappus of the rays reduced to a crown of short squamellae. Bracts of the involucre in 3 series; pubescence of the stem_appressed; leaves linear. T. Fendleri. Bracts in 2 series; pubescence of the stem not strictly appressed; earlier leaves spatulate. _ 10. T. strigosa. Stem usually evident, but short, 1-5 cm. long; mostly cespitose perennials. Leaves more or less cinereous. Outer bracts rounded-obtuse at the apex; achenes almost glabrous. 11. T. montana. 5. T. alpina. 6. T. condensata. Outer bracts acute; achenes pubescent. eA 2 Heads distinctly peduncled; hairs of the achenes not _glochidiate-capi- tellate. 12. T. scapigera. 240 CARDUACEAE Heads subsessile; hairs of the achenes glochidiate-capitellate. Stem-leaves oblanceolate or linear. Pappus of the rays of bristles one-third to one-half as long as those of the disk-flowers; ray-flowers glandular-puberulent outside. 13. T. incana. Pappus of the rays reduced to a crown of short squamellae; ray- flowers glabrous. 10. T. strigosa. Leaves all decidedly spatulate; pappus-bristles of ray- and disk- flowers all alike. 14. T. arizonica. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 15. T. glabrella. Plant acaulescent; heads sessile among the rosulate leaves. Plant not lanate. Plant glabrate, cinereous only when young; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate. Bracts obtuse; ray-flowers with very short pappus. 16. T. Rothrockii. Bracts acute; pappus of disk- and ray-flowers alike, of long bristles. Leaves glabrous above. 17. T. Wilcoziana. Leaves strigose on both sides. Head 12-15 mm. high; pappus twice as long as the achenes; bracts lanceolate. 1s. T. intermedia. Head less than 1 cm. high; pappus a little longer than the achenes; bracts linear. 19. T. leptotes. Plant permanently cinereous; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate. 20. T. exscapa. Plant lanate. 21. T. spathulata. 31. BRACHYACTIS Ledeb. Bracts oblong or oblong-linear, obtuse. 1. B. frondosa. Bracts narrowly linear, acute. 2. B. angusta. 32. EREMIASTRUM A. Gray. 1. E. bellioides. 33. LEUCOSYRIS Greene. Spiny ASTER. 1. L. spinosa. 34, XYLORRHIZA Nutt. Ho.uty-teavep Aster. Leaves not spinulose-toothed. Glabrous or nearly so. 1, X. glabriuscula. More or less villous. Bracts only slightly unequal, linear-lanceolate. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, acute. 2. X. villosa. Leaves spatulate, cuspidate. 3. X. venusta. Bracts very unequal, the outer ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 4. X. Parryi. Leaves spinulose-toothed. Plant 1 dm. or less high, with a short caudex. Ligules 8-10 mm. long. X, Ligules 15-20 mm. long. x. Plant tall, shrubby. x 35. HERRICKIA Woot. & Stand. 36. UNAMIA Greene. SNrEzEWworT ASTER. Inner bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, the outer lance-subulate; ligules white. 1. . coloradensis. . Brandegei. . lanceolata. Non i . H. horrida. alba. Inner bracts oblong or ae obtuse or rounded at the apex; ligules yellowish, the outer lanceolate, obtusis 2. Uz lutescens. 37. EUCEPHALUS Nutt. Bracts all thin and acute, villous-ciliate on the margins; style-appendages subulate. Leaves ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate; heads 10-15 mm. high. 1. E. Engelmannii. Leaves lanceolate; heads 8-10 mm. high. 2. E. elegans. Bracts firmer, merely ciliolate. the outer obtuse. Bracts with more or less foliaceous tips; involucre and branches of inflorescence de- cidedly glandular, the leaves less so. 3. E. wasatchensis. Bracts without foliaceous tips; plant not glandular or very rarely so. Inner bracts acute. 4. E. qlaucus. All bracts obtuse or rounded and mucronate at the apex. 5. EB. formosus. 38. ASTER (Tourn.) L. AstEr. Involucres and peduncles glandular. Leaves ovate, oval, or the lower obovate, sharply and coarsely serrate: bracts well imbricate, very unequal, broadly lanceolate, not thick. I. ConsPIctl. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or linear, entire or, if slightly toothed, bracts linear-lanceo- late, almost equal in length. Lower leaves petioled. Stems stout, 3-5 dm. high, leafy; bracts lanceolate, firm, ascending. Stem-leaves lanceolate to ovate: disk of heads 1.5-2 em. broad. II. INTEGRIFOLIL. Stem-leaves narrowly linear; disk of heads about 1 cm. broad, III. PAUCIFLORI. THISTLE FAMILY 241 Stem low, slender, few-leaved,'0.5-2 dm. high; bracts narrowly linear-lanceo- late, with reflexed tips. IV. KINGIANI. Leaves all sessile. Bracts narrowly linear, almost equal in length, attenuate. Leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong. V. MODESTI. Leaves linear. VI. CAMPESTRES. Bracts thick, oblanceolate, well imbricate; leaves oblong or lanceolate. VII. OBLONGIFOLII. Involucres and peduncles not glandular. p . ; Outer bracts neither foliaceous nor equalling or surpassing the inner. Bracts more or less pubescent on the back. Bracts not bristle-pointed. . Heads solitary; plant less than 3 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate or the upper linear. _ VIII. ALPINI. Heads corymbose or paniculate; plant over 3 dm. high. Upper leaves more or less clasping and auricled at the base. 1X. MOLLEs. Upper leaves neither auricled nor clasping. Leaves obovate, broadly oblanceolate, oval or lanceolate, usually more or less toothed: bracts lanceolate, often tinged with purple. X. RADULINI. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate or linear, entire; bracts linear or oblanceolate, green-tipped. Pubescence villous. i XI. ANDINI. Pubescence hirsute or strigose. XII. GRISEI. Bracts bristle-pointed, squarrose. XIII. MULTIFLORI. Bracts glabrous, except the ciliate margins. ’ Bracts linear, oblong or lanceolate, all acute or acutish. Lower leaves long-petioled; blades cordate or ovate (rarely broadly lanceo- late), usually more or less serrate. XIV. SAGITTIFOLII, Lower leaves oblanceolate, linear, or lanceolate. Plants perfectly glabrous throughout. . Bracts whitish-coriaceous below and with a distinctly rhombic green tip above; upper leaves clasping. XV. LAEVES. Bracts linear-subulate, green nearly throughout; leaves narrowly linear, not clasping. XVI. PORTERIANI. Upper part of the stem and peduncles with at least pubescent lines. Heads usually numerous in a leafy panicle or compound corymb. Stem only with pubescent lines. XVII. SALICIFOLII. Stem, at least above, pubescent on all sides. XVIII. LONCHOPHYLLI. Heads few in a naked small corymb. XIX. OCCIDENTALES. Bracts oblanceolate, the outer obtuse. XX. ADSCENDENTES. Outer bracts foliaceous, equalling or surpassing the inner. Heads rather numerous in an open leafy panicle. XXT. FULCRATI. Heads few, in a usually simple, racemose, or corymbose inflorescence with nearly erect branches. XXII. FOLIos!. I. CoNnsPICUI. One species. 1. A. conspicuus. II. INTEGRIFOLII. Stem almost glabrous below; auricles of the thinnish leaves small; bracts narrowly linear, lanceolate. 2. A. integrifolius. Stem hirsute-villous throughout; auricles of the thick leaves broad; bracts oblong or lanceolate. 3. A. amplezifolius. III. PAUCIFLORI. < One species. 4. A. pauciflorus. IV. KINGIANI. One species. 5. A. Kingii. V. MODESTI. Stem net Buna: heads distinctly peduncled; leaves slightly if at all auricled at the base, Stem, especially upwards, with scattered long silky hairs; leaves not auricled, usually somewhat hairy. 6. A. major. Stem glandular-puberulent or glabrous below, not long-hairy. Leaves and lower part of the stem glabrous, the former not auricled. 7. A. modestus. Leaves short-pubescent, somewhat scabrous above; stem usually puberulent throughout; leaves with small auricles. 8. A. Sayianus. Stem short-hispid; heads crowded, often subsessile, subtended by bract-like leaves; leaves thick, strongly auricled at the base. 9. A. Novae-Angliae. ’ VI. CAMPESTRES. One species. 10. A. campestris. VII. OBLONGIFOLII. Leaves scabrous-hirsutulous, mostly spreading or reflexed. 11. A. Kumleini. Leaves glabrous, except the bristly-ciliate margins, ascending. 12. A. Fendleri. VIII. ALPINI. One species. 13. A. alpinus. IX. MOLLEs. : One species. 14. A. Jessicae. 242 CARDUACEAE X. RADULINI. Upper part of the stem and the involucres long-villous. 15. A. Richardsonit. Upper part of the stem and involucres short-pubescent. 16. A. meritus. XI. ANDINI. Stems decumbent or ascending, about 1 dm. high; leaves glabrate. 17. A. andinus. Stems erect, about 3 dm. high; leaves finely villous. 18. A. Williamsii. XII. GRISEI. Leaves rather copiously and permanently appressed-hirsutulous. Inflorescence falsely racemose; lower leaves triple-nerved. 40. A. subracemosus. Inflorescence corymbiform or paniculate; leaves all 1-nerved. Plant 3-4 dm. high; stem retrorse-hirsute below. 19. A. subgriseus. Plant 1-1.5 dm. high; hairs of the stem not retrorse. _ (20. A. griseolus. Leaves sparingly strigose and glabrate in age, or perfectly glabrous, except the hispidu- lous-ciliate margins. Bracts with a green tip and midvein Stem stout; leaves oblanceolate, the lower often triple-nerved: . A. Underwoodii. Stem slender; leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate or linear, ee nerved. 64. A. Nelsonit. Outer bracts green almost throughout. 21. A. violaceus. XIII. MULTIFLORI. Inflorescence very leafy, not corymbiform. Pubescence of the stem spreading or reflexed, hirsutulous. Heads less than 5 mm. high. 22. A. exiguus. Heads 6-8 mm. high. 23. A. crassulus. Pubescence of the wan appressed or ascending. Bracts very unlike in length, well imbricate, the outer much shorter; heads race- mosely arranged, each at the end of a short leafy branch (except in no. 25). Bracts Lota oblanceolate, the inner especially acutish; heads less than 5 m Stem much branched ; heads racemosely disposed on the more or less diverg- ing branches. A, multiflorus. Stem simple below; heads few at the ends of the aoe branches. 25. A. stricticaulis. Bracts broadly oblanceolate or the outer spatulate, very obtuse; heads over 5 mm. high. 26. A. polycephalus. Bracts almost equal in length or the outer sometimes longer; heads few or solitary at the ends of the main branches. Bracts thick, very squarrose, the outer spatulate, rounded at the apex; leaves thick, densely strigose. 27. A. commutatus. Bracts thin, slightly squarrose, oblanceolate, acute; leaves sparingly strigose, in age often glabrate. 28. A. falcatus. Inflorescence less leafy, corymbiform; leaves glabrous, merely hispid-ciliolate; disk 6-8 mm. wide; stem slender. Stem glabrous. 29. A. denudatus. Stem puberulent. 67. A. Hallii. XIV. SAGITTIFOLIL. Basal leaf-blades cordate or broadly ovate; upper stem-leaves lanceolate; achenes gla- rous. Petioles, midribs, and usually also the stem pubescent with long white hairs. 30. A. Wilsonii. Plant glabrous or sparingly short-pubescent. 31. A. Lindleyanus. Basal leaf-blades lanceolate; upper stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate or those of the inflor- escence lance-linear. Heads few; involucres 8-9 mm. high; rays about 15 mm. tongs acheves glabrous. A. MacCallae. Heads numerous; involucres 5-6 mm. high; rays 8-10 mm. ine ene hispidulous- strigose. 33. A. Buileri. XV. LAEVES. Bracts much shorter than the disk 34. A. brevibracteatus. Bracts about equalling the disk or ‘only slightly shorter. Leaves merely scabrous-ciliate. Green tips of the bracts broadly rhombic; leaves of the branches much reduced. 5. A. laevis. Green es of the bracts narrowly rhombic or rhombic-oblanceolate; leaves of the branches gradually but not conspicuously reduced. Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, auricled-clasping. 36. A. Geyeri. Stem-leaves narrowly linear, not auricled. 37. A. subsalignus. Leaves decidedly long-ciliate; bracts with oblong green tips. 38. A. Scribneri. XVI. PORTERIANT. One species. 39. A. Porteri. XVII. SALICIFOLII. Inflorescence falsely racemose; leaves linear to oblanceolate; leaves triple-nerved. 40. A. subracemosus. THISTLE FAMILY 243 Inflorescence paniculate or corymbiform; leaves not triple-nerved. Inflorescénce elongate, not flat-topped. Heads numerous in a much branched panicle; involucre well imbricate. Leaves distinctly toothed. Disk of the head about 1 cm. high and broad; leaves thickish. 41. A. salicifolius. Disk 6-8 mm. high and broad; leaves thin. 42. A. paniculatus. Leaves entire. rarely denticulate, with more or less clasping bases. Disk of the head nearly 1 cm. high and broad. Bracts linear-filiform, more or less squarrose. 43. A. hesperius. Bracts linear, erect. Ligules purple. 44. A. fluviatilis. Ligules white or sometimes pinkish. : Bracts not with white midrib; leaves narrowly linear. A. Osterhoutii. Bracts with white midrib; leaves ienoauiate or oblong-lanceolate. . A. laetivirens. Disk of the head 6-8 mm. high and broad. Bracts linear, nearly of the same length; leaves peony linear. A. longulus. Bracts oblong or linear-oblong, the outer shorter; aa broadly linear. . A. roseolus. Heads rather few, often solitary on the leafy branches; meee narrowly linear, nearly of the same length, the outer green. 49. A. Franklinianus. Inflorescence more or less flat-topped. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, firm; heads numerous. 50. A. corymbiformis. Leaves narrowly linear, thin; heads few. 51. A. junciformis. XVIII. LONCHOPHYLLI. Stem softly pubescent; leaves lanceolate, not pale. Stem crisp-puberulent above; upper ‘stem-leaves linear, sessile, J Bue scarcely auricled. A. lonchophyllus. Stem villous above; upper stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, gadis ene 53. A. eriocaulis. Stem hispidulous above; leaves linear, pale green. 54. A. leucopsis. XIX. OCCIDENTALES. Bracts linear-subulate, acuminate, the inner almost caudate. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, acuminate, or the upper linear-lanceolate. 55. A. subcaudatus. Leaves linear. 49. A. Franklinianus. Bracts linear, acute; lower leaves oblanceolate, the upper lanceolate, acute, usually auriculate-clasping. Disk about 1 cm. broad; stem-leaves linear or lance-linear; basal-leaves linear-ob- lanceolate; bracts distinctly imbricate in 3-4 series. 56. A. occidentalis. Disk 1. 2 on em. _ oF more wide; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire; bracts in about Bracts, "at + leant the outer ones, wholly green; plant 2-4 dm. pet A. Fremontii. Bracts with more or less distinct white margins below, we cnibbed above. Bracts with conspicuous rhombic-lanceolate green tips; dark green stem- leaves oblanceolate, all except the Hppermnesy -Crenste and petioled; rays dark blue. 8. ‘A. Umbachii. Bracts with less conspicuous lanceolate green tips; stom-leaves usually entire, light green and glaucous; rays light purple. 59. A. ciliomarginatus. XX. ADSCENDENTES. Heads few in a simple corymb. Heads less than 1 cm. high; upper leaves much reduced; stem 2-3 dm. high, slender. 60. A. armeriaefolius. Heads over 1 cm. high; leaves all ample; stems stout, 3-6 dm. net 81. A. diabolicus. Heads many in a leafy panicle. Heads about 1 cm. h; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate. Stems 2-3 dm. high; practs usually more or less pubescent on ue backs. Bracts with green midvein and tips, puberulent. 61. Underwoodii. Outer bracts wholly green, densely pubescent. 21. fe violaceus. Stems 4—6 dm. high; bracts glabrous on the backs; stem-leaves thick, oblanceolate; panicle elongate. 62. A. Tweedyi. Heads less than 1 cm. high; stem-leaves linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate. Bracts not spinulose-tipped. Lower leaves oblanceolate; bracts glabrous, except the ciliate margins; plant , 1-3.dm. high. 63. A. adscendens. Lower leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate. Bracts more or less hairy on the back. 64. A. Nelsonii. Bracts glabrous, except the ciliate mar; F . Leaves of the floral branches Rieder oa narrowly linear, ascending. . Nultlaliit. Leaves of the floral branches reduced, short, oblong, spreading. . A. halophilus. 244 CARDUACEAE Bracts with short spinulose or callous tips. ae Stem decidedly puberulent. 67. A. Hallii. Stem glabrous. 29. A. denudatus. XXI. FULCRATI. Outer bracts oblanceolate. Leaves broadly lanceolate with auriculate-clasping bases. Outer bracts very squarrose or reflexed; leaves entire. 68. A. proximus. Outer bracts appressed or slightly spreading; leaves distantly beathed. Outer bracts obtuse. . Burkei. Outer bracts acute. ea. a eee Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. 70. A. Mearnsii. Outer bracts linear, or subulate, or linear-oblanceolate. Leaves, at least the lower ones, toothed; bracts loose. 71. A. Douglasii. Leaves entire; bracts close. Outer bracts much exceeding the disk; some twice as long. Leaves narrowly linear, not auricled. 72. A. fulcratus. Leaves linear to oblong-oblanceolate or lanceolate, auricled. 73. aA: cordalenus. Outer bracts seldom exceeding the dis Leaves glabrous above; disk of he head 8-10 mm. high. : 74, A. Eatoniti. Leaves minutely scabrous-puberulent or pilosulous above. Bracts linear-subulate; stem short-villous above. 75. A. Hendersonii. Bracts linear-oblanceolate; stem short-pubescent with stiff hairs above. Branches and leaves strongly ascending; disk a mm. high and broad. A. oreganus. Branches ascending-spreading; leaves ieee disk 8-10 mm. high and over 1 cm. broad. 77. A. microlonchus. XXII. Fouiost. Plant tall. 4--8 dm. high. Bracts mainly linear or linear-lanceolate. Bracts and stem villous. 78. A. Kootenayi. Bracts glabrous, except the ciliate margins. Stem-leaves thick, scabrous above; stem rough-hispid, ab A. Forwoodii. Stem-leaves thinner, lanceolate to linear, acute; stem eons, or sparingly pubescent not hispid. Disk about 2 cm. wide; leaves sharply denticulate. 80. A. amplus. Disk 1-1.5 cm. wide; leaves usually entire. Stem-leaves nearly all sessile, linear-lanceolate, only slightly auriculate; plant slender. 81. A. diabolicus. Lower stem-leaves with winged petioles, the Le a sessile, clasping, with usually conspicuous auricles. 82. ‘A. frondeus. Outer bracts broadly lanceolate or oblanceolate. Outer bracts mostly acute. Leaves firm, broadly lanceolate; auricles of the upper leaves small; branches of the inflorescence crisp-hirsute. 83. A. Canbyi. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate; auricles of the stem-leaves large; branches of the inflorescence villous. 84. A. Cusickii. Outer bracts mostly obtuse 85. A. Burket. Plant low, 1-2 dm. high; heads iEaallly solitary. 86. A. apricus. 39. OREOSTEMMA Greene. 1. O. Haydeni. 40. ASTERIGERON Rydb. 1. A. Watsoni. 41. DOELLINGERIA Nees. Wuirtr Aster. 1. D. pubens. 42. IONACTIS Greene. Plant 2-3 dm. high; leaves linear, 1-2 cm. long. 1. I. stenomeres. Plant less than 2 dm. high; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long. 2. I. alpina. 43, LEUCELENE Greene. Heatu ASTER. Hanae leaves strigose, slightly glandular and not conspicuously hispid-ciliate. ower leaves broadly spatulate, upper linear-subulate; branches long “was slender. . arenosa. Leaves all linear-spatulate, or the upper linear; branches short. . Serotina. Upper leaves conspicuously hispid-ciliate, copiously glandular. Upper leaves linear-oblanceolate, the lower spatulate. Upper leaves linear-subulate, the lower linear or linear-oblanceolate. TLeaves of the branches 6-12 mm. long. Leaves of the branches 2-5 mm. long. 44, MACHAERANTHERA Nees. Tansy Aster, Viscip ASTER. Leaves once or twice pinnatifid; root annual; achenes terete. Green tips of the bracts short, not squarrose. Heads 6-7 mm. high; plant 3-5 . high. 1. M. parviflora. Nr ‘wal Sal . hirtella. L L. alsinoides. L, ericoides. oe ow THISTLE FAMILY 245 Heads about 1 cm. high; plant low, 1-2 dm. high. 2. M. humilis. Green tips of the bracts long, reflexed-squarrose. 3. M. tanacetifolia. Leaves spinulose-toothed; plant perennial or biennial; achenes compressed. Bracts linear-subulate; green tips in most longer than the straw-colored lower portion, squarrose reflexed. Stem and inflorescence distinctly viscid. Stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong, usually distinctly triple-veined. Leaves thin, coarsely but not saliently dentate; bracts over 1 mm. wide. 4. M. Bigelovii. Leaves thick aye: salient teeth; plant very glandular; bracts less than 1 mm. wide Achenes glabrous or minutely pubescent; stem eiabrous below. . varians. Achenes strigose; stem glandular-hispid throughout. 8. M. aspera. Stem-leaves linear or oblanceolate, 1-nerved. Plant 3-5 dm. high; heads numerous in a panicle or raceme. 7. M. viscosula. Plant 1-2 (seldom 3) dm. high; heads solitary or few. 8. M. Pattersonii. Stem strigose-puberulent; involucre slightly if at all viscid. Leaves all saliently toothed; inflorescence narrow, racemiform; heads sub- sessile. 9. M. sessiliflora. Leaves except the lowest entire or denticulate; inflorescence open; heads peduncled. Stem-leaves narrowly linear. 10. M. rubricaulis. Stem-leaves oblanceolate. 11. M. latifolia. Bracts ine with a lanceolate or rhombic green tip, which is usually much shorter than the straw-colored lower portion. Leaves cinereous. Bracts canescent, scarcely at all viscid or glandular. Stem-leaves linear; plant erect. 12. M. canescens. Stem-leaves narrowly oblanceolate; plant diffuse. 13. M. superba. Bracts densely viscid or glandular, especially the tips. Bracts in but 3 series, not at all squarrose; the outer wholly greenish. 14. M. angustifolia. Bracts in 4~—7 series with squarrose tips. Stem 1-2 dm. high; upper stem-leaves ample, almost as large and broad as the lower ones. 15. M. commizta. Stem 2-4 dm. high; upper stem-leaves smaller and narrower than the lower ones. Heads distinctly peduncled. Leaves very thin; stem-leaves entire or nearly so. 16. M. leptophylla. Leaves thick. Stem erect, rather simple; stem-leaves linear-oblanceolate or oblanceolate, spinulose-toothed. 17. M. viscosa. Stem divaricately branched, low; upper leaves small, linear or some linear-oblanceolate. 18. M. pulverulenia. Heads subsessile, racemosely disposed; stem-leaves linear-oblanceo- late, coarsely toothed. 19. M. divaricata. Leaves glabrous, or glandular-hispid or scabrous, not cinereous. Stem puberulent or glabrate, glandular only on the inflorescence. Bracts slightly if at all squarrose. Stem slender, with strongly ascending branches; leaves agra glabella. Stem divaricately branched; lower leaves sharply toothed. . M. ramosa. Bracts strongly reflexed-squarrose. Leaves all, except those of the smaller branches, toothed; achenes stri- gose. 22. M. Selbyi. Leaves all entire; achenes glabrous. 23. M. spectabilis. Stem densely glandular-hisp id. Bracts more or less pinta uinkwubescon and with squarrose tips. . cichoriacea. Bracts grayish puberulent; tips short, lanceolate, not Sauarrose. 25. M. Fremonitii. 45. ERIGERON L. FuraBane. Bracts of the involucre in 1-2 series of almost equal length, not thickened on the back. Rays inconspicuous, erect or ascending, usually involute and incurved, numerous; often inside them a series of rayless. pistillate flowers; leaves pe CRES. Rays conspicuous, spreading, flat; no rayless pistillate flowers inside. Plant without runners. Perennials with rootstocks or woody caudices. Leaves dissected or deeply cleft. III. ComMPositi. Leaves entire or merely toothed. Stems low, less than 2 dm. high, scapiform, usually bearing only one head; stem-leaves usually reduced. Involucre and peduncles villous with many-celled hairs; bracts comparatively broad. II. UNIFLORI. Involucre and peduncles hirsute to glandular-puberulent or glabrate, not long-villous. IV. RADIcATI. 246 CARDUACEAE Stem leafy, 2-10 dm. high, if lower bearing several heads; stem-leaves ample. Stems densely cespitose from a thick taproot; heads small, the disk rarely more than 1 cm. wide. Pappus double; stem hirsute. V. PUMILI. Pappus simple; stems strigose. VI. DECUMBENTES. Stems usually solitary from the ends of distinct (sometimes branched) rootstocks; heads large, the disk more than 1 cm. wide. Bracts with loose tips; rays broad; pappus simple; lower leaves broadly oblanceolate, the upper often reduced. Bracts villous. VII. ELATIORES. Bracts glandular-puberulent or glabrous. VIII. SALSUGINOSI. Bracts appressed, except the very tips; rays narrow; pappus double; perennials with short rootstocks. Upper stem-leaves ample, ovate to lanceolate, not much smaller than the lower, which are more or less distinctly 3-nerved; peduncles usually short, ascending. IX. MACRANTHI. Upper stem-leaves reduced, linear-lanceolate; none of the leaves 3-nerved; peduncles long and erect. X. GLABELLI. Annuals or biennials, or perennials by means of stolons and offsets. Stem-leaves broad, cordate-clasping; perennials with offsets. XI. PHILADELPHICI. Stem-leaves not cordate-clasping. : Stems rather simple, with a few large heads; disks about 1 cm. broad or more. XII. ASPERI. Stems much branched, leafy, with numerous small heads; disk 6-9 mm. wide. Stems strigose or sparingly hirsute except at the base, or glabrous; pappus-bristles of the ray-flowers usually lacking; annuals. XIII. Ramos. Stems and leaves densely short-pubescent with spreading hairs; pappus-bristles of the ray-flowers present. Annuals; pappus scant and simple. XIV. BELLIDIASTRA. Biennials (rarely perennials); pappus double, the outer of short subulate squamellae. XV. DIVERGENTES. Plants at first with a scapiform naked peduncle, later producing runner-like branches. XVI. FLAGELLARES. Bracts of the involucre in 3-4 series, more or less imbricate, thickened on the back, the outer usually successively shorter; perennials with cespitose caudices. Rays bluish, purplish, or white. Achenes terete or nearly so, several-nerved. XVII. CANI. Achenes flattened or quadrangular, 2—4-nerved. Leaves more or less distinctly triple-nerved. XVIII. Cags5PITOS!. Leaves not triple-nerved. Plants low, 2 dm. or less high; basal leaf-blades from broadly oval to nar- rowly linear-oblanceolate; heads solitary to few. Basal leaf-blades broadly oval or obovate. XIX. ASPERUGINEI. Leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate. Involucres glandular. XX. ARENARIOIDES. Involucres hirsute or strigose. XXI. LAETEVIRENTES. Plant taller, 3-4 dm. high; leaves filiform or narrowly linear. Leaves narrowly linear or linear-oblanceolate; achenes quadrangular, 4-nerved. NXIT. TETRAPLEURI. Leaves filiform; achenes flat, 2-nerved. XXIII. FILtrout. Rays yellow or ochroleucous. XXIV. LUTEI. I. ACRES. Bracts of the involucre linear, abruptly acute, never glandular; inner rayless pistillate flowers rare; inflorescence strictly racemiform, with almost erect branches. Low, 1-2 dm. high, usually branched at the base; stem-leaves sessile; peduncles short, not exceeding the subtending leaves. 1. E. minor. Taller, 3-6 dm. high, simple; lower stem-leaves petioled; basal leaves oblanceolate; peduncles elongate. 2. E. lonchophyllus. Bracts of the involucre Hnear-subulate, long-attenuate, and except in E. elatus more or less glandular-puberulent; inflorescence inclined to be corymbiform or panicu- late, branches ascending. Plant tall, 3-8 dm. high, apparently only biennial; heads numerous, corymbose. Bracts glandular-puberulent, rarely with a few hairs. Base of the involucre merely glandular-puberulent; whole plant glabrous or the margins of the leaves sparingly ciliate; stem-leaves denote. . E. politus. Base of the involucre sparingly hirsute; leaves hairy, at least an the margins and veins beneath; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblanccolate. . . +. E. droebachensis. Bracts hirsute or both hirsute and glandular-puberulent. Bracts both glandular-puberulent and hirsute; leaves more or less hairy. 5. E. yellowstonensis. Bracts not glandular; leaves glabrous except the ciliate margins. 6. EL. elatus, THISTLE FAMILY 247 Plant low, 1-3 dm. high, perennial; heads few or solitary. Involucres not black-hairy. Involucres glandular and hirsute. 7. E. jucundus. Involucres villous, not glandular. 8. E. alpinus. Involucre black-hairy. 9. E. unalaschkensis. 2 II. UNIFLORI. Ligules purple or white. # Ligules 0.5 mm. or less wide, erect; plant usually less than 1 dm. high; leaves and _ stem decidedly villous. 9. E. unalaschkensis. Ligules 1-1.5 mm. wide, spreading; plant about 1 dm. high: basal leaves glabrate: lower part of the stem strigose or glabrate. Involucres and peduncles with black-purple hairs. 10. E. melanocephalus. Involucres and peduncles white-hairy. Basal leaves sparingly hairy or glabrate. Basal leaves spatulate, obtuse. 11. E. simplez. Basal leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate. 92. E. Scribneri. Basal leaves densely villous. Stem 1-2 dm. high, leafy; basal leaves oblanceolate, often acutish. 12. E. grandiflorus. Stem 5-6 cm. high, scapiform; basal leaves cuneate-spatulate, often 3- , toothed. 18. E. lanatus. Ligules yellow. 14, E. aureus. III. COMPOSITI. Leaves divided into linear or spatulate divisions; plant with a cespitose caudex. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads radiate; leaf segments rather distant; peduncles 5-20 cm. long. Ee 15. E. pinnatisectus. Heads discoid; leaf segments crowded; peduncles 2-5 cm. long. i 16. E. mancus. Leaves once to thrice ternately divided. 4 Leaf-blades twice or thrice ternate. 17. E. compositus. Tieat-Blades SHEA ternately or pedate-quinnately cleft at the apex; divisions spatulate. Disk 10-15 mm. broad; bracts linear-subulate, scarcely scarious-margined; lobes of the leaves spatulate. 18. E. trifidus. Disk 7-10 mm. broad; bracts linear-lanceolate, scarious-margined; lobes of the leaves linear. 19. E. pedatus. Leaves flabelliform, lobed or twice 3-cleft at the apex; plant with a creeping rootstock. 20. E. flabellifolius. IV. RaADIcaTI. Head radiate. Involucre glandular-puberulent or glabrate, not hirsute. Stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so; involucres less than 12 mm. broad. Basal leaves linear-oblanceolate. 21. E. leiomerus. Basal leaves spatulate. 22. E. spathulifolius. Stem and leaves pubescent; involucres 12-15 mm. wide. Stem and leaves hirsute. 63. E. viscidus. Stem strigose; leaves puberulent, especially on the margins. 23. E. controversus. Involucre more or less hirsute or strigose, in some also slightly glandular-puberulent. Leaves and stem glandular scabrous as well as hirsute. 24. E. glandulosus. Leaves and stem hirsute or strigose, rarely glandular. Stem 1 dm. or more high, appressed-pubescent; disk over 1 dm. high; branches of the caudex or rootstock rather slender, often purplish. Leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, 1-3 mm. wide, strigose. Involucral bracts with appressed pubescence; rays purple. __ ; 25. E. gracilis. in Involucral bracts with spreading pubescence. 26. E. Engelmannii. Rays white; bracts narrowly linear. Rays usually purplish; bracts lance-linear. Leaves oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, 3-8 mm. wide, glabrous above, except the margins. 27. E. ursinus. Stem 4-7 cm. high; disk less than 1 cm. wide; caudex and its branches stout and short, not purplish. Leaves linear-oblanceolate to spatulate. Stem with appressed hairs, or glabrate. Leaves and stem glabrous or nearly so; stem almost leafless. _ . E. Evermannii. Leaves and stem distinctly strigose, the latter with several leaves. « 29. E. Peasei. Stem with more or less spreading hairs. : E Stems decumbent or ascending; leaves spreading, either softly hairy or glabrate in age. Pappus double; inner pappus of 10-12 bristles, 2 mm. long; outer pappus of small squamellae; rays white. 30. E. radicatus. Pappus simple or nearly so, consisting of many bristles, 3 mm. long; rays purple. 31. E. vetensis. Stems and leaves almost erect; the latter coarsely hirsute. Basal leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate ea ete linear. . E. nanus. 248 CARDUACEAE Basal leaves narrowly spatulate; stem-leaves oblanceolate. 38. E. condensatus. Leaves linear-filiform. 33. E. nematophyllus. Heads discoid; leaves narrowly linear. 34. E. Bloomeri. V. PUMILI. Pubescence of rather long hairs; branches of the stem almost erect. Heads radiate. Stems over 1 dm. high, when well developed, with more than one head each. Ray-flowers white. 2 A Outer pappus of small inconspicuous bristles; plant copiously hairy. : 35. E. pumilus. Outer pappus of broad squamellae; plant sparingly hairy. . 36. E. Brandeget. Ray-flowers blue or purplish; outer pappus conspicuous and squamellate. 37. E. concinnus. Stems usually less than 1 dm. high and usually monocephalous. Leaves spatulate. 38. E. condensatus. Leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate. 32. E. nanus. Heads discoid. 39. E. aphanactis. Pubescence very short; branches of the stems spreading. 72. E. Wootonii. VI. DECUMBENTES. Leaves 1-nerved, linear-oblanceolate; the lower usually obtusish. 26. EF. Engelmannii. Leaves 3-nerved, at least at the base, equally long-acuminate at both ends. Pubescence of the leaves loose, hirsute and somewhat glandular-puberulent. 40. E. decumbens. Pubescence of the leaves appressed-strigose. 41. E. microlonchus. VII. ELATIORES, Bracts very dénsely villous, squarrose; leaves entire. 42. E. elatior. Bracts sparingly villous; leaves usually dentate. Ligules white; bracts scarcely squarrose; stem sparingly pubescent. 43. E. Coulteri. Ligules blue or purple; bracts squarrose; stem densely pubescent above. 44. E. peregrinus. VIII. SALSUGINOSI. Rootstock thick: leaves thickish, acute; bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, with strongly spreading tips. Peduncles mostly solitary, finely strigose; stem single from the rootstock. 45. E. salsuginosus. Peduncles usually more than one, scabrous; stems several from a caudex. : i . E. eucephaloides. Rootstock slender; leaves thin, with long mucronate tips; bracts narrowly linear-subu- late, only slightly spreading. 46. E. Howellii. IX. MACRANTHI. Basal leaf-blades broadly obovate-spatulate, often denticulate; stem-leaves distant, shorter than the internodes, not ciliate on the margins; bracts glandular-puberulent, seldom with a few hairs. 47. E. superbus. Basal leaf-blades oblanceolate, entire; stem-leaves usually longer than the internodes, usually ciliate on the margins. Bracts linear-subulate, glandular-puberulent, not at all hirsute; leaves glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, minutely. ciliolate. Leaves dark green; bracts not with loose tips. 48. E. salicinus Leaves light green; bract with spreading tips. 49. E. eucephaloides. Leaves not dark green, dull, strongly hirsute-ciliate. 50. E. macranthus. Bracts linear, more or less hirsute. Stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so; the latter ciliate only on the margin and the veins below; bracts glandular-puberulent and with scattered hairs. . 1. E. speciosus. Stem and leaves hairy; bracts hirsute or both hirsute and glandular. Leaves hirsute. Pubescence scant, that of the stem long; leaves linear-lanceolate. : . E. conspicuus. Pubescence of the leaves and the involucres dense, that of the stem short. Plant tall, green; upper stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dis- tinctly triple-nerved. 52. E. subtrinervis. Plant low, canescent; upper stem-leaves lanceolate, scarcely triple- nerved. 54. E. incanescens. Leaves glandular-puberulent. 55. E. Vreelandii. X. GLABELLI. Involucre hirsute or strigose, not at all glandular. Leaves glabrous, except the ciliate margins. 56. E. glabellus. Leaves more or less pubescent. _ Pubescence loose and spreading. 57. E. fruticetorum. Pubescence appressed. 58. E. Earlei. Involucres more or less glandular, sometimes also hirsute. Leaves glabrous, except the ciliate margins. Stem pubescent, especially above, only slightly glandular. Bracts narrowly linear-subulate; ligules usually bluish or pink. THISTLE FAMILY 249 Involucre conspicuously hirsute as well as glandular; es low, usually with a single head. 59. E. rubicundus. Involucre slightly if at all hirsute; stem 3 dm. high or more, usually with more than one head. 60. EB. eximius. Bracts lance-subulate; ligules whi 43. E. Coulteri. Stem scarcely hairy, decidedly Sacer above. 61. E. Smithii. Leaves and stem more or less pubescent. Involucres about 18 mm. broad; plant conspicuously loner hey. E. formosissimus. Involucres about 15 mm. broad; plant less conspicuously ee more glandular. 63. E. viscidus. XI. PHILADELPHICI. Basal leaves crenate or dentate, with broad rounded or ovate teeth; as leaves lanceo- late, acute; rays white or pink. philadelphicus. Basal leaves dentate, with sharp, triangular, salient teeth; upper ama ses triangular- lanceolate, acuminate; rays rose-colored or purple. 65. E. purpureus. XII. ASPERI. Pubescence short, usually not dense. Pubescence appressed or rarely spreading; hairs not with pustulate bases. Heads small; disk 1 cm. or less wide; ligules white; basal leaves linear-oblanceolate, entire. 66. E. asper. Heads larger; disk 1-1.5 cm. wide; ligules blue or purple; basal ee usually more or less toothed, oblanceolate. 67. E. oblanceolatus. Pubescence spreading; hairs with pustulate bases; basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate; ligules white or rarely pale rose. 68. E. consobrinus. Pubescence long, dense, spreading or reflexed. 69. E. Drummondii. XIII. Ramos. One species. 70. E. ramosus. XIV. BELLIDIASTRA. One species. 71. E. Bellidiastrum. XV. DIVERGENTES. Stem simple below; rays usually white. 72. E. Wooloni. Stem branched at the base; rays usually purplish. 73. E. divergens. XVI. FLAGELLARES. Leaves and stems appressed-hairy. - 74. E. flagellaris. Leaves and stem densely short-pubescent with spreading hairs. Basal leaves oblanceolate, entire, or 3-lobed at the apex; leaves of the stolons linear; plant gray. 75. E. commiztus. Basal leaves obovate-spatulate, entire, or with several lateral lobes or teeth; leaves of the stolons oblanceolate; plant greener. 76. E. nudiflorus. XVII. CANI. Disk of the heads fully 1 cm. high and about 1.5 cm. wide; basal leaves sma tulave, obtuse. Leaves canescent. 77. Wyomingia. Leaves silvery white. 78. & argentatus. Disk of the heads 7-8 mm. high and about 1 cm. wide; basal leaves oblanceolate, mostly acutish. 79. E. canus. XVIII. CAESPITOSI. Stem leafy; stem-leaves almost as broad as the basal ones. Lower leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate; upper leaves narrowly linear; all acute and coarsely hairy;.rays usually lilac or purplish. 0. £. corymbosus. Lower leaves oblanceolate or linear-spatulate, usually obtusish; stem-leaves linear or oblong; all densely canescent; rays usually white. Stem erect, about 3 dm. high, usually with several heads; stem-leaves linear. 81. E. subcanescens. Stem decumbent at the base, 1-2 dm. high, with 1-3 (seldom more) heads; stem- leaves oblong. Plant not conspicuously glandular. 82. E. caespilosus. Plant conspicuously glandular. 83. E. nauseosus. Stem more or less naked above, decumbent at the base; stem-leaves at least the upper ones reduced. Stems about 2 dm. high; disk 10-12 mm. high and about 15 2 wide. E. nevadensis. Stems about 1 dm. high; disks about 6 mm. high and less than 7. cm. wide. 85. E. Eatonii. XIX. ASPERUGINEI. Leaves with a spreading rough pubescence. 86. E. asperugineus. Leaves strictly appressed-cinereous Disk 10-15 mm. wide; leaves finely and densely hairy; involucral bracts strigose. E. Tweedyi. Disk 5-10 mm. wide; leaves sparingly and coarsely hairy; involucral bracts hirsute and glandular-puberulent. 88. E. tener. XX. ARENARIOIDES. One species. 89. E. arenarioides. XXI. LAETEVIRENTES. Stems 1.5-2 dm. high, leafy. Ligules blue or purple, scarcely more than 1 mm. wide. 90. E. laetevirens. 250 CARDUACEAE Ligules white, 1.5-2 mm. wide. 91. E. montanensis. Stem 3-8 cm. high, scapiform, leafless or few-leaved. Pubescence of the stem appressed or ascending; stems decumbent at the base. Leaves grayish strigose, in age glabrate; bracts hirsute. Bracts linear, acuminate; ligules mostly purple, 7-8 mm. long. : 92. E. Scribneri. Bracts lance-linear, acute; ligules mostly white. 30. E. radicatus. Leaves and bracts silvery strigose. 101. E. pulvinatus. | Pubescence of the stem spreading; stems erect; leaves densely oak ae white. i arryi. XXII. TETRAPLEURI. Ligules fully 1 cm. long, white; involucres about 1 cm. broad. 94. E. ulahensis. Ligules 5-6 mm. long, sky-blue or pinkish; involucres 6-8 mm. broad. ‘ 95. E. sparsifolius. XXIII. FILIFrowi. Involucres hirsute. 96. E. filifolius. Involucres strigose. 97. E. linearis. XXIV. LUTEI. Bracts strigose or hirsute; plant cespitose; leaves narrowly linear. Stems scapiform, naked or with a few small leaves; bracts si ag E. luteus. Stems more or less leafy; bracts hirsute. Petioles of the leaves hirsute-ciliate. 99. E. ochroleucus. Petioles as well as the blades finely cinereous-strigose. 100. E. peucephyllus. Bracts long-villous; leaves spatulate. 14. E. aureus. 46. LEPTILON Raf. Horsewreep, CaNADA FLEABANE. 1. L. canadense. 47. ESCHENBACHIA Moench. 1. E. Coulteri. 48. BACCHARIS L. GrounpseL TREE. Pappus copious, in fruit elongating and surpassing the styles. Pappus-bristles in several series; plant 3-6 dm. high, herbaceous, with egies pare 1. B. Wrightii. Pappus-bristles.in one series; plants 1-5 mm. high, shrubby. Fertile heads hemispherical, 5-10 mm. broad; bracts all acute. 2. B. salicina. Fertile heads deeply campanulate, 3-5 mm. broad; outer bracts obtuse. 3. B. Emoryi. Pappus scant, little if at all elongating, in fruit not exceeding the styles. Achenes 10-nerved; leaves less than 2 cm. long, subentire. 4. B. sergiloides. Achenes 5-nerved; leaves 5-15 cm. long, serrate. 5. B. glutinosa. 49. BERTHELOTIA DC. 1. B. sericea. 50. STYLOCLINE Nutt. 1. S. micropoides. 51. ANCISTROCARPHUS A. Gray. 1. A. filagineus. 52. PSILOCARPHUS Nutt. Involucres with long loose wool; upper leaves not narrowed at the base. 1. P. elatior. Involucres with very short wool; leaves all narrowed at the base. 2. P. oreganus. 53. DIAPERIA Nutt. 1. D. prolifera. 54. OGLIFA Cass. 1. O. californica. 55. ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Cats-Paws, EVERLASTING. Pappus-bristles of the staminate heads with clavate or scarious-dilated tips. Plants surculose-proliferous with prostrate leafy stolons. Plant caulescent. Heads racemose or paniculate, long-peduncled; involucres almost glabrous. : I. RACEMOSAE. Heads in cymose clusters or rarely solitary; involucres woolly at the base. Bracts of the involucres with green or brown upper portion. : ; . ; II. ALPINAR. Bracts of the involucres with white or pink upper portion. Heads 5-8 mm. high. Bracts usually with bright pink upper portion. : A III. ROSEAE. Bracts with white upper portion. Leaves of the stolons narrowly oblanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long; bracts with dark spots. IV. NARDINAB. Leaves of the stolons rhombic to spatulate, 0.5-3 cm. long; bracts with dark spots only in no. 23. VY. ARIDAE. Heads 8-12 mm. high. Leaves tomentose on both sides. VI. APRICAE. Leaves glabrous above. VII. CAMPESTRES. THISTLE FAMILY 251. Plant acaulescent; heads subsessile among the rosettes of the basal leaves. . VIII. ROSULATAE. Plants not surculose-proliferous; stolons erect. Heads 4-5 mm. high; bracts nearly glabrous, scarious throughout; leaves silky- tomentose. TX. ARGENTEAE. Heads 6-10 mm. high; bracts tomentose at the base, only tips scarious; leaves. villous-tomentose. X. PULCHERRIMAE. Pappus-bristles of the small staminate heads not clavate; achenes puberulent; hairs. bifurcate at the apex; plant low and densely cespitose. XI. DIMORPHAE. I. RACEMOSAE. Leaves of the rosettes oval or spatulate; lowec pedicels 2-5 cm. long. é 1. A. racemosa. Leaves of the rosettes oblanceolate; lower pedicels 1 cm. long or less. 2. A. oblancifolia. II. ALPINAE. Leaves glabrous above. Leaves of the rosettes narrowly oblanceolate; heads usually several; bracts of the pistillate heads abruptly acuminate. > 3. A. alpina. Leaves of the rosettes broadly oblanceolate or spatulate; inner bracts acute or acum-. inate, the outer obtuse. Heads usually solitary. 4. A. monocephala. Heads 3-6 in a cluster. 5. A. chlorantha. Leaves tomentose on both sides; bracts acute or obtuse. Leaves of the rosettes broadly obovate-cuneate, subsessile. Heads 7-8 mm. high; leaves 8-10 mm. long; tips of bracts dark ia p . A. pulvinata. Heads 5-6 mm. high; leaves less than 8 mm. long; tips of the bracis light brown. . A. albescens. Leaves of the rosettes spatulate or oblanceolate, distinctly petioled. Heads 6-8 mm. high. 8. A. fusca. Heads 5-6 mm. high. i Bracts very dark, almost black at the base, but often with white tips. Inner bracts of the pistillate heads acute. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, acute or short-acuminate; tomentum very fine and appressed. 9. A. acuta. Leaves spatulate or broadly oblanceolate, obtuse; tomentum rather loose. 10. A. media. Bracts obtuse or rounded. 11. A. mucronata. Bracts moderately dark, umber-colored to light brown. Inner bracts not rose-colored. Leaves appressed-tomentose, shining and yellowish. Bracts of the pistillate heads linear-lanceolate, acute. 12. A. Sansoni. Bracts of the heads oblong, obtuse. Heads sessile; stolons decumbent. 13. A. flavescens. Heads peduncled; stolons ascending. — 14. A. confinis. Leaves white-tomentose, very rarely yellowish. Heads 2 or 3; leaves broadly obovate-spatulate. 15. A. aizoides. Heads several; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate. Bracts of the pistillate heads obtuse. Involucres more or less viscid; bracts with whitish tips. 23. A. sedoides. Involucres not viscid; bracts umber-colored. 2 : 16. A. umbrinella. Bracts of the pistillate heads acute. 17. A. Macounii. Inner bracts rose-colored. 18. A. concinna. ; III. ROSEAE. Leaves cuneate-spatulate, obtuse, without distinction between blade and petiole. 18. A. concinna. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, with distinct petioles. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, acute. 19. A. rosea, Leaves broadly spatulate, obtuse. 20. A. imbricata. IV. NARDINAE. One species. 21. A. corymbosa. V. ARIDAE. Stem-leaves 6-8 mm. wide, oblong or the uppermost lanceolate. 22. A. foliacea. Stem-leaves 2-5 mm. wide, linear or oblanceolate. ‘ ‘ Bracts with a large brown or green spot, more or less viscid. 23. A. sedoides. Bracts slightly if at all spotted, not viscid. : Bracts of the pistillate heads obtuse; plant 1-2 dm. high. 2 Bracts of the pistillate heads with oblong to linear upper portions. : . A. arida. Bracts of the pistillate heads with oval or obovate upper portions. 25. A. scariosa. Bracts of the pistillate heads acute, at least the inner ones. . Inflorescence and upper leaves glandular-hairy; leaves of the inflorescence large, scarcely smaller than the upper stem-leaves; bracts greenish. Leaves of the stolons 5-15 mm. long, rhombic-spatulate; tomentum very fine, appressed and silky. 26. A. microphylla. 252 CARDUACEAE. Leaves of the stolons spatulate, usually rounded at the apex, 15-30 mm. long, tomentum looser. 27. A. bracteosa. Inflorescence and upper leaves not glandular, the latter reduced; bracts brownish. 28. A. oxyphylla. VI. APRICAE. Plant tall, 2-3 dm. high; heads usually peduncled. : Leaves less than 2 cm. long and 5-8 mm. wide, usually not triple-nerved; heads 7-9 mm. high. 28. A. oxyphylla. Leaves over 2 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, triple-nerved; heads about 1 cm. high. 29. A. obovata. Plant low, usually less than 1 dm. high; heads subsessile. 30. A. aprica. VII. CAMPESTRES. Plant about 3 dm. high; basal leaves distinctly triple-nerved. 31. A. Howellii. Plant 1 dm. or less; ‘basal leaves not distinctly triple-nerved. . Inflorescence not glandular; bracts of the pistillate heads lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, acute; those of the staminate heads oblong, obtuse. 32. A. campestris. Inflorescence more or less glandular-hairy; bracts in both heads ovate to lanceolate, acute or acutish, in the staminate broader. 33. A. marginata. VIII. ROSULATAE. Bracts with white upper portion; leaves white on both sides. 34. A. rosulata. Bracts with brown upper portion; leaves glabrate above. 35. A. Sierrae-Blancae. IX. ARGENTEAE. Basal leaves oblanceolate. 36. A. oblanceolata. Basal leaves very narrowly linear-oblanceolate. 37. A. luzuloides. X. PULCHERRIMAE. Bracts with a large dark spot, those of the pistillate heads ovate to lanceolate, acute, those of the staminate heads ovate or oval, obtuse or acutish; pistillate heads ,. 6-10 mm. high, turbinate at the base. Plants 1-2 dm. high; ribs of the leaves not conspicuous; Guten bracts whey fuscous. . A. lanata. Plants 3-5 dm. high; leaves with conspicuous ribs; tips of the bracts brownish or white. 39. A. pulcherrima. Bracts with small dark spots or none; bracts of both staminate and pistillate heads with oblong or oval, obtuse tips, those of the staminate heads slightly broader. 40. A. anaphaloides. XI. DIMORPHAR. Plant without filiform stolons. Fruiting heads not over 1.5 cm. high; leaves oblanceolate; stem 1-3 cm. high. 41. A. dimorpha. Fruiting heads about 2 cm. high; leaves spatulate, loosely tomentose; stem 3-5 cm. gh. 42. A. macrocephala. Plants with filiform ascending stolons. 43. A. flagellaris. 56. ANAPHALIS DC. Prarty Evervastina. Leaves narrowly linear, 1-nerved; heads about 5 mm. high. 1. A. angustifolia. Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-nerved; heads 6-7 mm. high. Leaves comparatively thin, less tomentose above. 2. A. subalpina. Leaves comparatively thick, almost equaitly white-tomentose on both sides. rs 3. A. lanata. 67. GNAPHALIUM L. Cupwesp, EveruastINe. Bristles of the pappus not united at the base, falling off separately. Heads not leafy-bracted; involucral bracts well imbricate, scarious, white or tinged with brownish, rose, or yellow; plants mostly tall. Leaves tomentose on both sides; plants little if at all glandular; involucres tomen- tose at the base. Stem-leaves narrowed at the base, neither decurrent nor clasping . Perennial or biennial; stem 3-5 dm. high; HIROrEs Cen op pies white . rightii. Annual; stem 1-2 dm. high; inflorescence dense; bracts yellowish. . G. thermale. Stem-leaves not narrowed at the base, more or less decurrent, or at least auricled-clasping. Leaves with short broad adnate auricles at the base; bracts obtuse. Heads 5-6 mm. high, numerous, in glomerules ending the short spread- ing branches; bracts slightly if at all yellowish; plant tall; stem- leaves lanceolate or oblong, with rounded bases, cuspidate. : 7 3. G. proximum. Heads 4 mm. high, few, in small glomerules, ending the stem or few erect branches; bracts decidedly yellowish when young; plant low; leaves oblong to linear, merely acute or obtuse. Stem erect, strict; lower stem-leaves oblong-oblanceolate. . G. sulphurescens. Stem decumbent at the base; lower stem-leaves spatulate. in 5. G. lagonodioides. Leaves distinctly decurrent; bracts acutish; heads 4-5 mm. high. Bracts broadly ovate; inflorescence corymbiform. 6. G. Williamsii. THISTLE FAMILY 253 Bracts lance-ovate; inflorescence narrow. G. microcephalum. Leaves on the upper surface green and decidedly glandular, decuirent: involucres glabrous. G. Macounii. Heads lentyebratited ° involucral bracts little imbricate, brown or Poe plant low; involucre floccose at the base. - Plants loosely floccose; leaves broad, spatulate, oblong or Er ee . G. palustre. Plants appressed-somentore: leaves except the lowest narrowly oblanceolate or Stem diffusely branched; glomerules crowded, cymosely disposed. Upper leaves narrowly oblanceolate. 10. G. uliginosum. Upper leaves narrowly linear. 11. G. exilifolium. Stem mostly simple, erect; glomerules spicately sgpaeeH Aue rayi. Bristles of the pappus united in a ring at the base and falling off oeerten leaves ob- lanceolate or spatulate. 13. G. ustulatum. 58. ADENOCAULON Hook. 1. A. bicolor. 59. MELAMPODIUM L. 1. M. leucanthum. 60. SILPHIUM L. RosinwEEp, Compass PLANT. 1. S. integrifolium. 61. ENGELMANNIA T. & G. 1. E. pinnatifida. 62. BOLOPHYTA Nutt. 1. B. alpina. 63. PARTHENICE A. Gray. “1. P. mollis. 64, CRASSINA Scepin. Ligules large, much longer than the disk. 1. C. grandiflora. Ligules scarcely longer than the disk. 2. C. anomala. 65. HELIOPSIS L. Ox-rve. 1. H. scabra. 66. BRAUNERIA Neck. Pureie ConE-FLOWER. 1. B. angustifolia. 67. GYMNOLOMIA H.B.K. Perennials. Leaves lanceolate; caudex thick, lignescent. 1. G. multifiora. Leaves linear; caudex slender. 2. G. linearis. Annuals; leaves linear. Plant finely strigose. 3. G. annua. Plant hispid. 4. G. ciliata. 68. RUDBECKIA L. Conz-rLowrr, GotpEn Giow, NIGGER-HEADS. Heads radiate; disk in fruit spherical or oblong. Leaves entire or merely toothed; plant hispid. R. hirta. Leaves except the uppermost 3-5-cleft or Pinnatifid: plant glabrous or nearly so. R. ampla. Heads discoid; disk in fruit cylindraceous. Leaves pinnately parted. 3. R. montana. Leaves undivided, toothed or entire. 4. R. occidentalis. 69. RATIBIDA Raf. CoNnzE-FLOWER. Disk in fruit oblong, about 1 cm. long; pappus of 1-2 awn-like teeth, without intermediate squamellae. 1. R. Tagetes. Disk in fruit cylindraceous, 2-4 cm. long; pappus with a series of scugenellae. 2. R. columnifera. 70. GALINSOGA R. & P. 1. G. parviflora. 71. BALSAMORRHIZA Hook. Basam-Roort. Leaves entire or bluntly toothed, never pinnatifid. Plant white-tomentose. Leaves with entire margins or slightly undulate, sue a hasta sagittata. Leaves more or less distinctly toothed, ovate-lanceolate, with subcordate base. 2. B. tomentosa. Plant hirsute-puberulent; basal leaves cordate. Ligules linear, deciduous; achenes glabrous. 3. B. deltoidea. Ligules oval, becoming papery, and more or less persistent; a puperalens. ‘'areyana Leaves mostly pinnatifid or at least incisedly toothed. Plant canescent or white-tomentose. Plants loosely white-tomentose. 254 CARDUACEAE Stem 1-3 dm. high; segments of the leaves 1-3 cm. long, ovate, entire or slightly toothed. 5. B. incana. Stem 3 dm. or more high; segments of the leaves 3-5 cm. long, lanceolate, coarsely toothed. 6. B. floccosa. Plant finely canescent, tomentose only on the involucre; some of the leaves merely toothed. 7. B. terebinthacea. Plants more or less hispid, neither canescent nor tomentose. Disk 3-4 cm. broad; segments of the leaves mostly entire. 8. B. macrophylla. Disk 2-2.5 cm. broad; segments of the leaves mostly toothed. 9. B. hirsuta. ‘72. WYETHIA Nutt. Mute-zars. taveiner es bracts nearly equal, in 2-3 series; stem not white. Rays pale yellow or white; plant hispid. se right yellow. i W. helianthoides. Plant glabrous. 2. W. amplezicaulis. Plant pubescent. Plant sparingly hirsute or scabrous. 3. W. robusta. Plant densely pubescent. 4. W. arizonica Involucral bracts unequal, the outer much shorter, in 5-6 series; coe scabra. ‘73, HELIANTHUS L. Svun-rtower, GRrounpD ARTICHOKE. Annuals; leaves broad, ovate or cordate or lanceolate; disk purple or dark brown. Bracts ciliate, hispid, ovate or obovate, abruptly acuminate. Lower leaves at least ovate or cordate, distinctly toothed. 1. H. lenticularis. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly deltoid, minutely toothed or entire. Hi. aridus. Bracts not ciliate, canescent-strigose, lanceolate. 3. H. petiolaris. Perennials. Disk dark brown or purple. Leaves linear. Leaves rhombic-ovate. Disk yellow or light brownish. Bracts broadly lanceolate, acute, appressed. H. pumilus. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, more or less spreading or squarrose. H. orgyalis. H. subrhomboideus. re OR Leaves ovate. . H. tuberosus. Leaves lanceolate. Leaves rounded or obtuse at the base, subsessile. 8. H. divaricatus. Leaves tapering at the base, petioled. Stem more or less scabrous or hispid; upper leaves subsessile. Leaves and stem very scabrous. 9. H. Maximiliani. Leaves scabrous above, hirsute beneath: stem more or less hirsute. Upper leaves mostly alternate and indistinctly triple-nerved. 10. H. giganteus. Leaves usually all opposite, distinctly triple-nerved. Leaves lanceolate, thick, often mooshet yellowish green, the lower distinctly petioled. H. subtuberosus. Leaves linear-lanceolate, dark green, entire, all subsessile. : H. Cusickii. Stem, except the upper portion, glabrous and eee leaves mostly all petioled. Lower leaves coarsely toothed; bracts hirsute ciliate. 13. H. grosse-serratus. All leaves distantly and minutely denticulate or subentire; bracts not ciliate or ciliate merely at the base. Leaves lanceolate, often somewhat triple-ribbed. Leaves all opposite; bracts ciliate on the margins. 11. H. subtuberosus. Leaves mostly alternate; bracts ciliate only below the middle. . fasciculoris. Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, not tripleribbed. . A. Nuttallii, 74, ENCELIA Adans. Leaves densely white-tomentose. 1. E. farinosa. Leaves hispidulous-canescent. 2. E. virginensis. ‘75. ENCELIOPSIS (A. Gray) A. Nels. Plant white-tomentose; heads radiate. Stem scapiform; leaf-blades orbicular or spatulate; ligules 1-2.5 cm. long. 1. EB. nudicaulis. Stem leafy; leaf-blades rhombic-obovate; ligules 3.5—4 cm. long. 2. E. argophylla. Plant hispid-scabrous: heads discoid. 3. E. nutans. 76. HELIANTHELLA T. & G. Paleae of the receptacle soft and scarious. isk 2-3 cm. in diameter; leaves ovate to lanceolate, thin, not strongly reticulate. 1. H. quinquenervis. Disk less than 2 cm. wide; leaves oblanceolate to linear, strongly sateen THISTLE FAMILY 255 Disk about 1.5 cm. wide, yellow; bracts linear-lanceolate, sae pa “aes in about 2 series Parryji. Disk about 1 em. broad, purple; bracts unequal, in 3-4 series. Ligules 5-6 mm. long. 3. H. microcephala. Ligules more than 1 cm. long. +. H. scabra. Paleae of ine. receptacle firm-chartaceous. Stem more or less hirsute, rarely glabrous; leaves thin, not strongly reticulate. Douglasii. Stem more or less scabrous-puberulent; leaves rather firm and reticulate. 6. H. uniflora. 77, XIMENESIA Cav. 1. X. exauriculata. 78. COREOPSIS L. Ticxszep. Leaves pinnatifid. Achenes winged. 1. C. Atkinsoniana. Achenes wingless. 2. C. tinctoria. Leaves simple. 3. C. lanceolata. 79, BIDENS L. Bracar-ticks, BUR-MARIGOLD. Achenes flat, obovate or cuneate; leaves or segments broad. Leaves pinnately 3—5-foliolate. Outer bracts 4—8; achenes nearly black. 1. B. frondosa. Outer bracts 10-16; achenes brown. 2. B. vulgata. Leaves simple. Heads discoid, erect; corolla 4-toothed; achenes not tubercled. 3. B. comosa. Heads usually radiate, nodding; corolla 5-toothed. Outer bracts not much longer than the inner; achenes not corky on the angles. B. prionophylia. Outer bracts surpassing the rays; achenes with corky angles. 5. B. glaucescens. Achenes linear, tetragonal; leaf-segments small. Divisions of the leaves oblong or lanceolate. 6. B. Bigelovii. Divisions of the leaves linear. 7. B. tenuisecta, 80. THELESPERMA Less. Heads radiate. Leaf-segments linear-filiform, 1 mm. or less wide. ual or biennial; outer bracts subulate-linear, more than half as long as the in- ner. 1. T. trifidum. Perennial from a rootstock; outer bracts linear-lanceolate, half as long as the inner or less. 2. T. tenue. Leaf-segments linear, over 1 mm. wide; plant perennial or the first only biennial. Plant with a taproot, leafy throughout. 3. T. intermedium. Plant with a creeping rootstock or woody caudex, leafy only near the base. Involucre not cleft below the middle; throat of the disk- flowers campanulate, shorter than the lobes. 4. T. ambiguum. Involucre cleft below the middle; throat of the disk-flowers cylindraceous, longer than the lobes. 5. T. subnudum, Heads discoid; perennials, with a rootstock or woody caudex. fe Plant less than 2 dm. high; involucre with very broad scarious margins. 6. T. marginatum. Plants 3-6 dm. high; involucre with very narrow scarious margins. 7. T. gracile. 81. PTILONELLA Nutt. 1. P. scabra. 82. MADIA Molina. Ray-flowers 5-12; heads not glomerate. Heads on short branches, racemosely disposed. 1. M. racemosa. Heads on long branches, more corymbose. 2. M. dissitiflora. Ray-flowers 2-5, or none; heads glomerate. 3. M. glomerata. 83. HARPAECARPUS Nutt. 1. H. exiguus. 84, HEMIZONELLA A. Gray. 1. H. minima. 86. LAGOPHYLLA Nutt. 1. L. ramosissima. 86. BLEPHARIPAPPUS Hook. 1. B. glandulosus. 87. PSILOSTROPHE DC. Paper Fiower. Stem merely sparingly villous or floccose, not densely white-pannose. Squamellae of the pappus one-third as long as the disk-corollas, ovate, mostly ob- tuse; leaves broadly spatulate; ligules 8-12 mm. long, indistinctly nerved. akeri. Squamellae of the pappus one-half as long as the disk-corollas, lupeol, acute or acuminate; ligules 5-8 mm. Jong, distinctly veined. 256 CARDUACEAE Leaves oblanceolate, loosely villous; heads short-peduncled. 2. P. Tagetinae. Upper leaves linear or linear- oblanceolate, glabrate; heads ame ip eee ‘ sparsiflora. Stem densely white-pannose. 4. P. Cooperi. 88. BAILEYA Harv. & Gray. Witp Maricoxp. Plant leafy throughout; annual. 1. B. pleniradiata. Plant naked above, almost scapose; biennial. 2. B. multiradiata. 89. MONOTHRIX Torr. 1. Af. Stansburii. 90. PERICOME A. Gray. 1. P. caudata. 91, PICRADENIOPSIS Rydb. 1. P. oppositifotia. 92. AMAURIOPSIS Rydb. 1. A. dissecta. 93. PLATYSCHKURIA (A. Gray) Rydb. Stem scapiform or nearly so; leaves firm, oval to lanceolate. 1. P. integrifolia. Stem leafy; leaves thin, oblong. 2. P. oblongifolia. 94. HULSEA T. & G. 1. H. carnosa. 95. CEPHALOBEMBIX Rydb. 1. C. neomexicana. 96. HYMENOPAPPUS L’Her. Throat of the corolla campanulate, 1-2 mm. long, not over twice as long as the lobes. Pappus over 1 mm. long, equalling the corolla-tube or nearly so. Stem 3-6 dm. high, leafy throughout; heads numerous. Plant sparingly and loosely floccose; leaves glabrateinage. 1. H. tenuifolius. Plant densely tomentose; leaves permanently tomentose. 2. H. tomentosus. Stem less than 3 dm. high. Stem-leaves much verticad stem white-tomentose or nearly so; heads few. AH. Scaposus. Stem-leaves not much reduced; stem sparingly grayish-tomentose. H. cinereus. Pappug 17 1 mm. or less long, much shorter than the corolla-tube; sian loaves and heads Tusnne not hidden by the hairs of the achenes. Stem permanently densely white-tomentose; achenes silky. 4. H. arenosus. Stem sparingly grayish-tomentose, glabrate in age; achenes loosely villous. 5, H. cinereus. Pappus hidden by the hairs of the achenes, or sometimes none. Leaflets glabrate in age, at least above; ultimate segment 5-30 mm. long. 6. H. filifolius. Leaves permanently densely white-tomentose; ultimate nogmants short, 1-5 mm. long uleus. Throat at se corolla cylindro-campanulate, 1.5-4 mm. long, 3-4 times as long as the Pappu equalling the corolla-tube; plant dwarf. eads less than 1 cm. high and broad; corolla-tube 1.5-2 a long; stem not woolly at the bas H. parvulus. Heads ove 1 a high and 1.5 cm. broad; corolla-tube 3-4 mm. Te stem woolly al e base. Bracts more or less rose- or purple-tinged. 9. H. lugens. Bracts yellow-tinged. 3. H. seaports. i shorter than the corolla-tube; throat 3-4 mm. long; plant 2-4 dm. hi tem leafy at least half its height, decidedly woolly at the ‘base. 10. H. De: Stem leafy only at the base, not conspicuously woolly. 11. H. macroglottis. 97. LEUCAMPYX A. Gray. Witp Cosmos. 1. L. Newberryi. 98. OTHAKE Raf. Heads radiate; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate. 1. O. sphacelata. Heads discoid; leaves narrowly linear. 2. O. macrolepis. 99. RIGIOPAPPUS A. Gray. 1. R. leptocladus. 100. CHAMAECHAENACTIS Rydb. 1. O. scaposa. 101. CHAENACTIS DC. Monrnine Brivzs. Annuals. Corollas yellow; pappus of minute callous squamellae. Cc. Neovit. Corollas white or flesh-colored; pappus of well developed cindmmbilte, Stamens partly exserted; bracts all appressed. Involucral bracts acuminate; receptacle usually somewhat pee 2. C. carphoclinia. THISTLE FAMILY 257 Involucral bracts obtuse or merely acute; receptacle naked. Leaves bipinnatifid. 3. C. stevioides. Leaves simple, spatulate-linear. 4. C. Cusickii. Stamens included; some of the outer bracts with spreading tips. ‘ 5. C. macrantha. Perennials. Leafy-stemmed plants. Plant densely white-floccose. Leaves mostly basal, broadly obovate in outline, with approximate divergent divisions; branches of the inflorescence usually divergent at the base and curved upwards. 6. C. brachiata. Leaves scattered, ovate or lanceolate in outline; branches of the inflorescence ascending or erect, strict. Plant 1-3 dm. high, not fruticulose; leaves regularly pisnaend . C. achilleaefolia. Plant 3-4 dm. high. Leaves narrow, mostly regularly pinnatifid; plant often fruticulose at the base. 8. C. imbricata. Leaves broader, interruptedly pinnatifid, with smaller segments inter- posed between the larger ones; plant not fruticulose. f 9. C. cheilanthoides. Plant sparingly floccose, in age greener and glabrate. Squamellae about half as long as the corolla; low perennials, 1-2 dm. high, branched at the caudex. 10. C. humilis Squamellae at least two-thirds as long as the corollas. Bracts shorter than the disk; stem 2-4 dm. high; biennial: with a taproot, 11. C. Douglasii. Bracts equalling the disk; stems 1-2 dm. high, from a cespitose rootstock. 12. C. peduncularia. Subscapose perennials, with rosulate leaves and nearly naked peduncles. Leaves oblanceolate, elliptic, or linear in outline; plants with a cespitose caudex. Inner bracts acuminate: leaf-blades narrowly lanceolate in outline. 13. C. minuscula. Inner bracts merely acute; leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong in outline. C. alpina. Leaf-blades obovate-cuneate or flabellate in outline; plant with a cespitose root- stock. 15. C. Evermannii. 102. ERIOPHYLLUM Lag. Wootiy Yetiow Daisy. Leaves entire or merely the earlier ones toothed at the apex. Achenes glabrous or nearly so. 1. E. pedunculatum. Achenes decidedly pubescent or glandular. Leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate or linear. 2. E. gracile. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate. 3. E. integrifolium. Leaves more or less lobed or dissected. Achenes glabrous. Bracts acuminate, surpassing the disk. 4. E. multifiorum. Bracts abruptly acute, not surpassing the disk. 5. E. lanatum, Achenes hairy. 6. E. Watsoni. 103. ANTHEROPEAS Rydb. Daisy Dwarr. Pappus squamellae all oval or obovate, obtuse; leaves broadly spatulate or obovate; ligules yellow or reddish. 1. A. Wallacei. Pappus squamellae of the angles narrow, linear-lanceolate or linear; leaves linear or nearly so; ligules white. 2. A. lanosum. 104. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS A. Gray. 1. S. Fremontit. 105. TETRANEURIS Greene. Heads sessile among the leaves. 1. T. depressa. Heads distinctly peduncled. Stems scapiform, leafy only at the base. Leaves appressed-silky. Leaves not strongly 3-nerved on the broadened bases. 2 Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, 2-4 cm. long; scape stout, 5-10 cm. high. 2. T. septentrionalis. Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate; scape 10-20 cm. high. ; Leaves silvery-silky; ligules 6-8 mm. long. 3. T. acaulis.- Leaves greenish, sparingly silky; ligules 8-10 mm. long. | e 4. T. simplex. Leaves strongly 3-nerved on the broadened bases, narrowly linear-oblanceo- late. 5. T. trinervata. Leaves loosely villous or glabrate. . Leaves, scape, and involucre decidedly villous. . Involucre more than 1 cm. broad; scape 3-8 cm. long; plant densely cespi- tose-pulvinate; leaves not conspicuously broad-based. 6. T. lanigera. Involucre less than 1 cm. broad; scape 1-3 cm. (rarely 3-5 cm.) long; plant loosely cespitose; leaves conspicuously broad-based. 7. T. brevifolia. 258 CARDUACEAE Leaves glabrous or sparingly villous; scape finely pubescent or villous (long- villous only in T. Torreyana). . Branches of the caudex decidedly villous at the ends, with long, at first white, but later brownish hairs. 7 Pappus-scales lanceolate, acuminate, not awned; scape villous. 8. T. Torreyana. Pappus-scales oval, awned; scape silky. : Bracts oval. 9. T. arizonica. Bracts linear-oblong. J 10. T. Crandallit. Branches of the caudex not conspicuously villous. : Bases of the leaves not wider than the oblanceolate or almost linear blades; branches of the caudex short and stout. Leaves glabrous, scarcely punctate; bracts slightly shorter than the disk; ligules not strongly nerved. 11. T. epunctata. Leaves long-hairy, distinctly punctate; bracts three-fourths as long as the disk; ligules strongly nerved. . T. angustifolia. Bases of the leaves 24 times as wide as the linear leaf-blades; branches of the caudex or rootstock elongate. 13. T. fastigiata. Stems 2-3 dm. high, with 2-6 stem-leaves. ; . Basal leaves oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, more than 5 mm. wide; invo- lucre hemispheric. 4. T. leptoclada. Basal leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, less than 5 mm. wide; involucre nar- rower. 15. T. Ivesiana. 106. RYDBERGIA Greene. Basal leaves all dissected; plant villous. 1. R. grandiflora. Basal leaves, at least some of them, simple; plant more glabrate. 2. R. Brandegei. 107. HYMENOXYS Cass. Contorapo RuBBER PuantT. Perennials or biennials; inner bracts fimbriate or erose, abruptly acute, acuminate, or mucronate, unlike the outer ones; disk-corollas not expanded at the mouth. Plant low, perennial, usually with a multicipital caudex; outer bracts united at least one-third their length; plant long-hairy on the basal leaf-bases. Outer bracts not strongly thickened on the back. Outer bracts united to the middle; free portions ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 1. H. Richardsonii. Outer bracts united about a third their length; free portions narrowly lance- olate. Involucre 10-15 mm. broad; ligules 10-18 mm. long; plant 1-3 dm. high. 2. H. macrantha Involucre 8-10 mm. broad; ligules 5-8 mm. long; plant less than 1 dm. high. 3. H. pumila. Outer bracts strongly thickened on the back, subcarinate. Heads few, often solitary; ligules nearly rectangular-oblong. 4. H. Macounit. Heads several; ligules decidedly cuneate. Ligules light ycllow, at least twice as long as wide; pappus-squamellae aristate-pointed. : 5. H. floribunda. Ligules orange, half longer than wide; pappus-squamellae acute or acum- inate. 6. H. Earlei. Plant tall, biennial or short-lived perennials; outer bracts united only at the base. Leaves all dissected into narrowly linear divisions. Leaves of the stem very numerous, more or less lepidote-pubescent; segments narrow, rarely more than 1 mm. wide. Plant low, densely canescent; heads 1-3; squamellae not more than half as long as the corolla, not subulate-tipped. 7. H. canescens. Plant tall, greener; heads several or many; squamellae about half as long as the corolla, subulate-tipped. 8. H. biennis. Leaves of the stem not conspicuously numerous, glabrate and green; segments 1-3 mm. wide. 9. H. Greenet. Leaves, at least the lower ones, entire or with broad lobes 3-8 mm. wide. . F 10. H. helenioides. Annuals, with numerous heads; inner bracts not very different from the outer, neither abruptly acute nor mucronate, nor evidently erose; throat of the disk-corollas some- what funnelform. 11. H. odorata. 108. FLAVERIA Juss. 1. F. campestris. ‘< 109. DUGALDIA Cass. 1. D. Hoopesii. 110. HELENIUM L. Sneezewerp. Plant scabrous-puberulent throughout; bracts about equalling the disk; ligules about 1 cm. long or less. | 1. H. montanum. Plant flsbroue or minutely puberulent; bracts much longer than the disk; ligules gen- erally over 1 cm. long. 2. H. macranthum. 111. GAILLARDIA Foug. BLaNKET-FLowER. Lobes of the disk-corollas acuminate, covered with moniliform hairs. Plant perennial; ligules usually wholly yellow. 1. G. aristata. THISTLE FAMILY 259 Plant annual; ligules partly or wholly purple. 2. G. pulchella. Lobes of the disk-corollas short and baoad, acute or obtuse. “Plant hirsute or villous; leaves neither coriaceous nor conspicuously punctate. Papas sauemelles janceolate, awn-pointed. isk purple; leaf-segments more or less ascending. Leaves, except the earliest ones, pinnatifid with narrow divisions. 3. G. pinnatifida. Leaves entire or with broad divisions. Perennials with a thick root. 4. G. gracilis. Annuals or biennials; root not thick. 5. G. Mearnsii. Disk pale yellow; leaf-segments divaricate. 6. G. flava. Pappus-squamellae élliptic, muticous, or with a very short awn-tip; disk yellow. Squamellae with a distinct midrib, usually minutely awn-tipped- 7. G. Pringle. Squamellae without midrib and awn-tip. 8. G. arizonica. Plant minutely and sparingly puberulent; caudex thick and woody; leaves coriaceous, conspicuously punctate. Plant distinctly caulescent; leaf-blades spatulate to linear. 9. G. spathulata. Plani acaulescent, scapose; basal leaf-blades broadly obovate. 10. G. Parryi. 112. BORBERA Willd. Ferm Manricotp. 1. B. papposa. 113. THYMOPHYLLA Lag. Tiny Tm. Annuals; pappus-squamellae muticous. 1. T. aurea. Perennials; pappus-squamellae awn-tipped. 2. T. Thurberi. 114. PECTIS L. Lemon-scent. Flowers subsessile; pappus of a crown of 4 or 5 connate squamellae, sometimes with 1 or 2 additional awns. 1. P. angustifolia. Flowers coo” peduncled; pappus at least of the disk-flowers of 12-18 barbellate bristles. 2. P. papposa. 115. ACHILLEA (Vaillant) L. Yarrow, Mriror. Leaves pinnatifid to tripinnatifid. Bracts with dark brown, almost black margins. Involucre 5-6 mm. high, 4-5 mm. broad. Ultimate segments of the leaves long and linear, not thickened at the apex; bracts all acute. 1._ A. borealis. Ultimate segments of the leaves ovate, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, short, often hick ened at the apex; bracts except the outermost obtuse. Upper leaves 1-2 cm. broad, with spreading not densely conte divisions. A. Palmeri. Upper leaves 5-10 mm. broad, with short densely euseacd ee usca Involucre 3.5-4 mm. high, about 3 mm. broad. 4. A. subalpina. Bracts with light brown, yellowish, or straw-colored margins. Involucre 5-8 mm. high, 4 mm. broad or more. . Ultimate divisions of the leaves linear, not thickened, spreading, not crowded; bracts with light brown margins. 5. A. californica. Ultimate divisions lanceolate or ovate, usually thickened towards the apex, ascending and crowded; bracts and their margins of the same color, light yellowish or straw-colored. 6. A. pacifica. Involucre 4-4.5, rarely 5 mm. high, 2.5-4 mm. broad. Ultimate leaf-segments linear; rachis merely margined. Ligules 2.5-4 mm. long; leaf-segments ascending, crowded. 7. A. lanulosa. Ligules 1.5-2.5 mm. long; leaf-segments more or less spreading, not crowded. ; . A. occidentalis. Ultimate leaf-segments ovate or lanceolate; rachis distinctly winged. 9. A. millefolium. Leaves serrate or incised, not pinnatifid. 10. A. multiflora. 116. ANTHEMIS L. Corn CHAMoMILE. 1. A. arvensis. 117. MARUTA Cass. May Weep, Dog Fennet, Doc CHamomiLe. 1. M. Cotula. 118. CHAMOMILLA (Hall.) Gilib. CHamomite, PINEAPPLE-WEED, GREEN DoG-FENNEL. 1. C. suaveolens. 119. LEUCANTHEMUM (Tourn.) Mill. Ox-nyz Daisy. 1. L. Leucanthemum. 120. TANACETUM (Tourn.) L. Tansy. 1. T. vulgare, 121, SPHAEROMERIA Nutt. Plant shrubby, 2-4 dm. high, glabrous; heads several, corymbose. 1. S. diversifolia. Plant with cespitose caudices, 1.5 dm. or less high, silvery-canescent; heads solitary or in a small cluster. 260 CARDUACEAE Heads few, clustered. : Heads more or less peduncled; basal leaves obovate-cuneate, with 3-5 round lopes at the apex. ___ 2. S. argentea. Heads sessile in a capitate cluster; basal leaves once or twice ternately divided : into linear or oblong divisions. . S. capitata. Heads solitary; basal leaves simple, linear, or ternately cleft at the apex into linear divisions. 4. S. simplez. 122. PICROTHAMNUS Nutt. 1. P. desertorum. 123. ARTEMISIA L. Wormwoop, Mucwort, Cupwsep, Sace Brusa. Disk-flowers sterile, their styles undivided or with short erect branches; receptacle naked. Annual or perennial herbs; style of the disk-flowers undivided, ending in a cup- shaped penicillate appendix. I. DRACUNCULOIDES. Low shrubs or undershrubs; style of the disk-flowers usually more or less 2-cleft, each branch erect with truncate penicillate or erose apex. II. FILIFOLIAE. Disk-flowers fertile, their styles 2-cleft; branches more or less recurved. Marginal pistillate flowers present. Receptacle hairy. eads numerous, usually paniculate; plant more or less shrubby at the base. III. FRIGIDAE. Heads few, 1-12, racemose; plant low, herbaceous, from a rootstock, 1-3 dm. igh IV. LANATAE. Receptacle naked. Annual or biennial herbs with bipinnatifid leaves. V. ANNUAE. Perennials. Leaves silvery or silky or glabrate, but not tomentose beneath. Plants low, herbaceous perennial, with rootstocks; heads many-flowered, nodding in a simple racemose inflorescence; leaves divided into linear or oblong divisions. VI. NORVEGICAE. Plants more or less shrubby at the base; heads paniculate. Leaves pinnately dissected into narrow divisions (glabrate forms of A. Abrotanum, A. graveolens and A. tenuis). Leaves cuneate, 3-toothed at the apex or the upper entire. XIII. BIGELOVIANAE. Leaves more or less tomentose beneath. Leaves not dissected into narrowly linear more or less divergent divi- sions; these, if narrow, very few, directed forward and entire. Leaves greener and glabrate above, at least in age. Heads 60—-100-flowered; leaves twice pinnatifid with obtuse divisions, the lower long-petioled. VII. FRANSERIOIDES. Heads 5-50-flowered; leaves simple or once pinnatifid, or if bi- pinnatifid, with acute lobes and sessile or short-petioled. Leaves entire or with a few lobes, if dissected to near the midrib, the lobes rather broad {except in A. mexicana]. VIII. VULGARES. Leaves deeply dissected to near the midrib; divisions linear or oblong, usually more or less cleft. X. DISCOLORES. Leaves white-tomentose on both sides. IX. GNAPHALOIDES. Leaves once or twice dissected into linear or filiform, more or less spread- ing divisions. Leaf-segments broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, usually again lobed or toothed. X. DISCOLORES. Leaf-segments narrowly linear or filiform, mostly revolute. Leaves once pinnatifid; plant herbaceous; style of the ray-flow- ers long-exserted. XI. WRIGHTIANAE. Leaves twice pinnatifid; plant suffruticose; style of the ray- flowers short-exserted. XII. PONTICAE. Marginal pistillate flowers wanting; receptacle naked. Shrubs 1-50 dm. high; leaves canescent, not with raised midribs. Heads in terminal panicles; leaves entire, 3-5-toothed to 3-5-divided at the age . XIV. TRIDENTATAE. Heads axillary; leaves pinnatifid into linear divisions. XV. RIGIDAB. Dwarf undershrubs, scarcely more than 1 dm. high; leaves pinnatifid into linear- spatulate divisions, green, with the ribs raised beneath. XVI. PYGMAEAE. I. DRACUNCULOIDES. Leaves all entire or the lower 3-fid. Leaves densely pubescent when young. 1. A. glauca. Leaves glabrous. Involucre 3-4 mm. broad; lower stem-leaves 3-12 mm. wide; heads 30—100-flow- ered; outermost involucral bracts almost as long as the inner. 2. A. aromatica. Involucre 2-3 mm. broad; leaves 1-3 mm. wide; heads 20—40-flowered; outer bracts much shorter than the inner. 3. A. dracunculoides. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid. Heads very small, 2-3 mm. broad, numerous in large leafy panicles; plants mostly tall, 3-10 dm. high. THISTLE FAMILY 261 Biennials; heads mostly erect; outer bracts acute. Plant glabrous or nearly so. 4. A. caudata. Plant decidedly pubescent. 5. A. Forwoodii. Perennials, with a rootstock or caudex; heads nodding at least at first. Plant 3-10 dm. high; stem leafy. Stem tall, very leafy, 4-10 dm. high; bracts acute or Saag A. pacifica. Stem lower, 3-5 dm. high; stem-leaves rather small ana scattered; bracts obtuse or rounded at ‘the apex. 7. A. camporum. Plant less than 1 dm. high; stem scapiform; stem-leaves minute. 18. A. minuta. Heads larger, 4-5 mm. broad, not very numerous (except in A. Bourgeauana), in narrow spike-like panicles; plants low, rarely 3 dm. h, Involucral bracts glabrous or nearly so; disk-corollas PIanEONE, A. MacCallae. Involucral bracts more or less villous; disk-corollas usually with a few hairs on the Obes. Plant 3-4 dm. high; heads very numerous, in a dense panicle. A. Bourgeauana. Plant 1-3 dm. high; heads fewer, usually a spike-like panicle or racemose. 10. A. spithamaea. Il. FILIFOLLAE. Taller shrubs, 3-10 dm. high, with numerous heads in leafy panicles; heads 3—7-flowered. 11. A. filifolia. Low undershrubs, less than 1.5 dm. high, with racemose inflorescence; heads 10-15- flowered. Leaves ternate or biternate. 12. A. pedatifida. Leaves pinnatifid with 5-7 divisions. 18. A. minuta. III. FRIGIDAE. Plant tall, 6-10 dm. high, erect; leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid. 13. A. Absinthium. Plant lower, 2-4 dm. high, often decumbent at base; leaves twice ternate. 14. A. frigida. IV. LANATAE. Basal leaves twice pinnatifid into linear divisions; stem-leaves pinnate; heads 5-12. 15. A. scopulorum. Basal leaves pinnatifid into 3—5 linear-oblanceolate approximate divisions; stem-leaves ternately cleft or entire; heads 1-4. 16. A. Pattersoni. V. ANNUAE. One species. 17. A. biennis. VI. NORVEGICAE. Heads 6-10 mm. broad, usually more than 40-flowered; corollas hairy or rarely glabrous; bracts with fuscous margins. Plant more or less pubescent, at least on the leaves and peduncles. Plant silvery-silky; basal leaves 6 cm. long or less, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid with few divisions. ‘ : Plant less than 1 dm. high; leaves 1-1.5 cm. long; involucral bracts with in- conspicuous light brown margins, slightly tomentose, soon glabrous. 8. A. minuta. Plant 1-3 dm. high; leaves 2-6 cm. long; involucral EEGs with conspicuous dark brown or blackish scarious margins. A. Tyrrellii. Plant green; leaves twice pinnatifid, the basal ones more than 1 cm. long. Leaves and stem decidedly hairy; inner bracts ovate, acute, with narrowly lanceolate green center. 20. A’. saxicola. Leaves sparingly pubescent or glabrate; stem glabrous or nearly so; inner bracts obovate, obtuse or rarely acutish, with broadly lanceolate green center. 21. A. arctica. Plant glabrous. 22. A. laevigata. Heads 5-6 mm. broad, 30—40-flowered; corolla glandular-granuliferous; plant glabrous; bracts with light brown margins. 23. A. Parryi. VII. FRANSERIOIDES. One species, 24. A. franserioides. VIII. VULGARES. Leaf-segments again divided or lobed. Inflorescence much branched, pyramidal; heads very numerous; involucre campanu- late, 4 mm. high, 10-30- flowered; leaf-segments dbovate in outline. 25. A. “yulgaris. Inflorescence narrow, cylindric; heads fewer; involucre senuSnnrie, 3 mm. high, 25- 35-flowered; leaf-segments lanceolate, short, acute. . A. incompta. Leaves or their segments entire or nearly so. Heads not very numerous, comparatively large, 25-50-flowered; involucre hemis- hheric. Taitrescencd spike-like; suffruticose with a woody base; leayes ps ciiarse vept tien. eibergii ' Inflorescence open-paniculat Leaves lanceolate, thin, deeply lobed; involucre glabrous is or Pearly So. elatior. 262 CARDUACEAE Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or short-lobed, thicker, sparingly. floccose above; involucre arachnoid. _. 29. _A. arachnoidea. Heads very numerous in dense compound panicles (except in A. Lindleyana), 5-25- flowered; involucre campanulate or ellipsoid. . Peres leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, usually more than 4 mm. wide. nvolucre 4 mm. high; leaves large, 5-15 cm. long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late in outline, with very few divisions, directed forward. Lower leaves deeply divided into more or less falcate divisions. ; 30. A. Hookeriana. Lower leaves with shorter lobes or teeth directed forward. Heads nodding in anthesis, 15-25-flowered; involucre rounded-cam- panulate. 31. A. Douglasiana. Heads erect in anthesis, 5-15-flowered; involucre oblong or subcylindric. 32. A. Herriotii. Involucre 3 mm. high; leaves shorter; lobes of the lower leaves often spreading. Leaves of a lanceolate type; involucre campanulate, usually less than 3 mm. broad. 33. A. ludoviciana. Leaves of a cuneate type; involucre hemispheric, 3-4 mm. broad. Leaves with 3-5 ovate teeth at the apex, dark green. 34. A. cuneata. Leaves with 3-7 lanceolate lobes, yellowish green. 49. A. rhizomata. Upper leaves linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, less than 4 mm. wide. eads numerous, paniculate; leaves usually more than 5 cm. long; plant not suffruticose at the base. Inflorescence loose; branches long and heads scattered. Leaves entire, or the lower coarsely toothed or with short lanceolate lobes. 35. A. silvicola. Leaves, at least some of them, with long narrow, alternate, salient, fal- cate lobes. 36. A. falcata. Inflorescence dense and narrow; branches short; heads crowded; stem- leaves mostly pinnatifid. Bracts and upper surface of the leaves nearly zie rous lower surface minutely tomentulose. 7. A. potens. Bracts and upper surface of the leaves floccose; lower surface white- tomentose. 38. A. Underwoodii. Heads less numerous, in narrow spikes or spike-like panicles; leaves narrow, usually less than 5 cm. long, the lower toothed or rarely lobed towards the apex, the upper entire, linear or nearly so; plant suffruticose at the base. 39. A. Lindleyana. IX. GNAPHALOIDES. Leaves all entire or the basal ones merely toothed. Involucre 3-4 mm. high, 2-3.5 mm. broad; heads less than 25-flowered. Corollas dark brown or purplish; leaves usually less tomentose above, the lower serrate towards the apex. 40. A. gnaphaloides. Corollas light brown or yellow; leaves equally white-tomentose on both sides. Involucre 2-2.5 mm. broad; leaves very narrow, linear or lance-linear, acute. 41. A. pabularis. Involucre 2.5-3.5 mm. broad; leaves broader, if lance-linear, more or less acuminate. Upper leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute; heads densely crowded and usually erect. i 42, A. Purshiana. Upper leaves lanceolate to lance-linear, acuminate; heads less crowded, mostly spreading. (Entire-leaved forms of) 46. A. diversifolia. Involucre 4-5 mm. high, 4-7 mm. broad; heads 25—40-flowered (in A. longifolia some- times 20—25-flowered). Heads nodding or spreading; leaves equally floccose on both sides, not revolute, acute. Heads nodding, rather long-peduncled on elongate racemiform branches; leaves linear. 43. A. pudica. Heads spreading, subsessile or short-peduncled on shorter branches; stem- leaves lanceolate. 44. A. argophylia. Heads erect, peduncled; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, caudate-attenuate, often revolute-margined and greener above. 45. A. longifolia. Leaves, at least the lower ones, more or less lobed or divided. Lower leaves with simple divisions. Lower leaves with long and narrow lobes. Involucre 3—4 mm. high, 3-4 mm. broad. 46. A. diversifolia. Involucre 4-5 mm. high, 5—7 mm. broad. 44. A. argophylla. Lower leaves with short and broad often salient lobes. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; involucre 4—5 mm. high and about as broad. . : 47. A. platyphylia. Leaves 1-5 cm. long; involucre 3-4 mm. high, 2-3 mm. broad. Stem simple up to the inflorescence. Inflorescence dense and much branched; heads clustered. ; 2 48. A. Brittonii. Inflorescence lax, narrow, spike-like, with short racemiform branches. 49. A. rhizomata. Stem conspicuously branched, the branches ending in small simple or branched racemes. _ . 50. A. albula. Lower leaves and often the upper with narrow, again cleft or toothed, spreading givi- sions. THISTLE FAMILY 263 Heads 25-50-flowered; involucre 4-5 mm. high. 5-8 mm. broad. Heads erect, borne singly on peduncles 1-12 mm. long; leaves equally tomen- tose on both sides. 51. A. floccosa. Heads borne in small glomerules, sessile, only the terminal one erect; leaves less tomentose above. 52. A. candicans. Heads 20-30-flowered; involucre 3 mm. high, 2.5-3.5 mm. broad. 53. A. Flodmanii. X. DISCOLORES. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath, loosely floccose above, at least when young.’ Heads very numerous in a branched leafy panicle; leaves not i eee 54. A. discolor. Heads fewer, usually in a narrow spike-like or racemiform inflorescence; leaves revo- lute-margined. 55. A. Michauziana. Leaves minutely tomentulose beneath, glabrous above. Heads hemispheric, nodding at least in anthesis. 56. A. graveolens. Heads campanulate, erect in anthesis. 57. A. tenuis. XI. WRIGHTIANAE. Leaves sparingly pubescent or glabrous, green above. -Heads erect; involucre about 2 mm. broad. 58. A. Wrightii. Heads nodding; involucre about 3 mm. broad. 59. A. Bakeri. Leaves white-tomentose on both sides. 60. A. Carruthii. XII. PONTICAE. . One species. 61. A. Abrotanum. XIII. -BIGELOVIANAE. ve One species. 62. A. Bigelovit. XIV. TRIDENTATAE. Involucre 4—5 mm. high, 3-5 mm. broad; heads 7—15-flowered (rarely 5- or 6-flowered). Leaves mostly entire; heads numerous in a dense but not er hee’ panicle, . A. cana. Leaves, at least some of them, 3—-5-toothed at the apex; heads fewer in a narrow spike- like panicle. - uy Plant 1-3 dm. high; branches decumbent or spreading at the base. 64. A. arbuscula. Plant about 5 dm. high, with erect strict branches. 65. A. spiciformis. Involucre 2—4 mm. high, 2—2.5 mm. broad; heads 1-8-flowered. Leaves, at least some of them, 3-toothed at the apex. Shrubs 5-50 dm. high; heads numerous in ample panicles. Leaves cuneate. 66. A. tridentata. Leaves narrowly linear-cuneate or linear. 67. A. angusta. Shrub 1-4 dm. high; heads fewer. ; Heads glomerate in dense panicles; involucre turbinate. 62. A. Bigelovii. Heads in simple, raceme-like panicles; involucre campanulate. Heads 7-9-flowered; involucre densely canescent. 64. A. arbuscula. Heads 1-6-flowered; involucre nearly glabrous. 68. A. nova. Leaves 3-cleft into linear-filiform divisions. 69. A. tripartita. | XV. RIGIDAE. One species. 70. A. rigida. : XVI. PYGMAEAE. One species. 71. A. pygmaea. 124. PETASITES L. Sweet Coursroot, BuTrerBur. Leaf-blades sagittate or cordate, pinnately veined (except in P. vitifolia). Leaves not cleft. Leaves repand-denticulate, with numerous teeth. 1. P. sagittata. . Leaves angulately and sinuately few-lobed. 2. P. frigida. Leaves cleft one-third to one-half to the midrib; lobes dentate. Leaves not broader than long; only one pair of lateral veins rising from the base. : ¥ 3. P. corymbosa. Leaves decidedly broader than long; two or more pairs of lateral veins rising from the base. 4. P. vitifolia. Leaves round-reniform, pedately veined and lobed. 5. P. palmata. 125. CROCIDIUM Hook. 126. PSATHYROTHES A. Gray. VELVET-ROSETTES. Leaves not beset with long hairs. ; . Outer bracts obovate, larger than the inner; spreading tomentum long-villous. ; 1. P. ramosissima. Outer bracts oblong, not longer than the inner, erect; tomentum fine, furfuraceous. 1. C. multicaule. 2. P. annua. Leaves with scattered long-jointed hairs. 3. P. pilifera. 127. HAPLOESTES A. Gray. 1. H. Greggii. 128. ARNICA L. Arnica. Stem with several pairs of leaves, the upper not conspicuously reduced (except in A. Parryi); heads usually several. : 264 CARDUACEAE \ Heads nodding in the bud, usually discoid. I, ERADIATAE. Heads erect in bud, ra iate. Basal leaves cordate or ovate, long-petioled. Pappus white, merely barbellate; involucre turbinate (except in A. granulifera), not conspicuously glandular-hirsute (except in A. paniculata). Achenes densely hirsute; involucre densely villous at the base. II. CORDIFOLIAE. Achenes glabrous, glandular-puberulent, or with a few scattered hairs above. Involucre, peduncle, and achenes densely glandular-granuliferous. Involucre hemispheric; disk about 15 mm. high. III. GRANULIFERAE. Involucre turbinate; disk 10-12 mm_ high. IV. GRACILES. Involucre slightly villous at the base, scarcely glandular, turbinate; disk about 15 mm. high. V. LATIFOLIAE. Pappus tawny or brownish, distinctly plumose; involucre SaSemLy. glandular- hirsute. . DIVERSIFOLIAE. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, short-petioled. Pappus distinctly plumose, brownish. Achenes landular-granuliferous; involucre glandular-granuliferous and somewhat hirsute; leaves narrowly Heeirlanceolie: entire or nearly so. VII. LONGIFOLIAE. Achenes pubescent, not glandular; involucre usually glandular-hirsute (vil- lous in A. gracilenta and glandular-granuliferous in A. arcana). VIII. MOLLEs. Pappus merely barbellate, white or yellowish. Leaves numerous, more or less grayish, the larger more than 7 cm. long; pappus yellowish; heads many. IX. FOLIOSAE. Leaves rather few, green, the larger not more than 7 cm. long; pappus white; heads 123: X. ALPINAE. ag fee 1-3 pairs, ‘the upper much reduced, linear or linear-lanceolate; heads 1-3. Heads erect. Involucre hemispheric, glandular-hirsute; pappus brown, plumose. XI. PEDUNCULATAE. Involucres turbinate, villous at the base (glandular only in A. arnoglossa); pappus white, barbellate. X. ALPINAE. Heads nodding in bud. XII. LESSINGIANAE. I. ERADIATAE. : One species. 1. A. Parryi. II. CORDIFOLIAE. Heads numerous; involucre more or less glandular-hirsute; bracts linear. 2. A. paniculata. Heads 1-3, rarely 5; involucre villous, only with subsessile glands. Plant 3-4 dm. hig! h; leaves thin, usually coarsely toothed; bracts oblanceolate. Lower leaves with a close sinus, their teeth salient. 3. A. grandifolia. Lower leaves with an open sinus, their teeth directed alerts A. cordifolia. Plant 1-2 dm. (rarely 3 dm.) high; leaves thick, subentire, or with ‘few teeth: bracts linear-lanceolate. 5. A. pumila. III. GRANULIFERAE. One species. 6. A. granulifera. IV. GRACILES. Upper leaves not linear. Bracts linear-lanceolate; leaves thin, usually more or less dentate. 7. A. gracilis. Bracts oblanceolate; leaves thick, usually entire. 8. A. puberula. Upper steni-lenves linear, much reduced. 9. A. arnoglossa. V. LATIFOLIAE. Leaves decidedly hairy, especially above. 10. A. Jonesii. es nearly glabrous. ae chenes Jightly glandular-granuliferous, and with a few Senttersd ae above. Leaves not saliently toothed, merely denticulate. . «i. ventorum. Leaves saliently and coarsely toothed. os A. Menziesii. Achenes glabrous; leaves more or less toothed. 13. A. latifolia. VI. DIVERSIFOLIAE. : Leaves thin, nearly glabrous. 14. A. silvatica. Leaves thick, densely glandular-puberulent, at least above. 15. A. diversifolia. VII. LONGIFOLIAE. Involucre merely pup. or glandular-granuliferous; leaves not caudate-attenuate; stem usually over 3 dm. high. 16. A. longifolia. Involucre copiously hirsute, as well as puberulent; leaves aaa tas a é caudata. VIII. MOLLEs. Involucre villous, not at all glandular or viscid. 18. A. macilenta. Involucre more or less glandular or viscid. Involucre densely glandular-granuliferous, only with a few white ee arcana. Involucre decidedly villous or hirsute, as well as glandular. Middle stem-leaves broadly ovate, less than 5 cm. long; stem 2-3 dm. high. THISTLE FAMILY 265 Involucre less than 1 cm. high, villous at the base, only slightly glandular; bracts broadly lanceolate. 20. A. coloradensis. Involucre 12-15 mm. high, densely glandular-hirsute; bracts narrowly ob- lanceolate. 21. A. ovata. Middle stem-leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or epee nea Bracts oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate. . A. mollis. Bracts linear or lanceolate. Stem-leaves more or less sharply dentate, except at the base. Leaves nearly glabrous, except the margins. Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, broad at the base. 23. A. amplezxifolia. snp ois oblanceolate or narrowly ee narrowed at the Macounii. Leaves Gecitieaty pubescent, both villous and glanduter-granulferous. 5 rivularis Stem-leaves entire, sparingly denticulate, densely naeaa Tae Wee ees 6. A. subplumosa. IX. FOLIOSAE. ..Pubescence of the leaves long and soft, villous. Bracts obovate-oblanceolate, mostly obtuse. 27. A. tomentulosa. Bracts oblong-lanceolate, acute. Plant sparingly pubescent, with long flat hairs; leaves Tong-atute. . A. Chamissonis. Plant densely pubescent with fine hairs; leaves acute or sidan: Leaves broadly oblanceolate or lanceolate. 29. A. rhizomata. Leaves linear or lance-linear. 30. A. foliosa. Pubescence of the leaves very short and fine. Stem-leaves [near late iaes usually entire or callous-denticulate; involucre rarely more than 1 em. high Pubescence of the imvolnere and peduncle very short and fine. 31. A. ocreata. Pubescence of the involucre and peduncle longer and coarser. 32. A. celsa. Stem-leaves broadly lanceolate, more or less dentate; involucre usually more than 1 cm. high. 33. A. rubricaulis. X. ALPINAE. ‘Stem-leaves ovate. 20. A. coloradensis. Stem-leaves linear to lanceolate. Leaves glabrate in age, at least above. Involucre and peduncle more or less glandular-puberulent; achenes hispidulous. 9. A. arnoglossa. Involucre more or less villous, at least at the base; achenes canescent. Leaves and lower part of the stem glabrous or nearly so; leaves mostly acute; bracts green. Leaves strongly 3-ribbed. 34. A. Rydbergii. Leaves faintly 3-ribbed. 35 A tenuis. Leaves and stem villous when young; leaves mostly acuminate; practs purple- tinged. 36. A. alpina. Leaves densely villous-tomentose. 37. A. tomentosa. XI. PEDUNCULATAE. Stem with tufts of brown wool at the base. 38. A. pedunculata. Stem without tufts of wool at the base. 39. A. fulgens. XII. LESSINGIANAE. One species. 40. A. Louiseana. 129. SENECIO L. GrounpseL, Racwort, Squaw-weep. Perennials with a more or less developed rootstock or caudex; if the latter is less well- developed, it bears numerous fibrous-fleshy roots. Heads more or less nodding. Heads discoid; crown short, with fleshy-fibrous roots. I. Pupict. Heads radiate; rootstock well developed. II. AMPLECTENTES. Heads not nodding. Heads more than 15 mm. high and 20 mm. broad, solitary (seldom 2-3). Plant low, less than 2 dm. high, with rootstocks; DEBCElEnS, here, I, AMPLECTENTES. Plant tall, 3-5 dm. high, stout, with a short crown ana a cluster of fleshy- fibrous roots. Bractlets linear-filiform, almost equalling the involucre; bracts not black- tipped. : : XIX. MEGACEPHALI. Bractlets short; bracts usually tipped with black. Heads less than 15 mm. high and broad. Plants equally leafy throughout. Leaves or their divisions not narrowly linear or filiform. Leaves merely toothed or entire, not pinnatifid. Leaf-blades oval, elliptic, or obovate, usually obtusish; heads few; plants cespitose. TII. OccIDENTALES. a ca triangular or ovate to linear-lanceolate, distinctly acute; eads usually many. Dea blades, at least the lower ones, triangular or cordate; plants rowging in clumps. with fleshy-fibrous roots. V. TRIANGULARES. XVIII. INTEGERRIMI. 266 CARDUACEAE Leaf-blades neither triangular nor cordate. 3 Plant tall, 5-15 dm. high; heads numerous; plants with root- stocks. V. SERRAE. Plant low, 2-4 dm. high; heads few. Heads radiate. XVI. CRASSULI. Heads discoid. XVII. RAPIFOLII. Leaves pinnatifid. VI. EREMOPHILI. Leaves or their divisions linear-filiform; plants usually suffruticose at the ase. 7 VII. LONGILOBI. Plants with the stem-leaves more or less reduced upwards. Rootstock well developed, horizontal or ascending, woody. Stem leafy, more than 2 dm. high. Heads campanulate, rarely solitary. Stem stout; rootstock not cespitose; leaves callous-denticulate or saliently dentate. Heads discoid; leaves saliently dentate. XVII. RAPIFOLU. Heads radiate; leaves callous-denticulate. Leaves glabrous. VIII. GLAUCESCENTES. Leaves tomentose. IX. FOriost. Stem slender; rootstock usually more or less cespitose; leaves neither callous-denticulate, nor saliently and closely den- tate; stem-leaves in the larger forms usually pinnatifid. Basal leaves entire, more or less wie to . CANI. Basal leaves, at least most of them, toothed or pinnatifid. Leaves and stem more or less floccose, tardily becoming glabrate. XI. TOMENTOSI. Leaves and stem glabrous or slightly floccose when young. Heads turbinate, solitary. XIII. SUBNUDI. Stem subscapose, less than 2 dm. high. XIV. ANDICOLAE. Rootstock very short, erect, of short duration, with numerous fleshy-fibrous roots; leaves dentate or entire. Tall bog-plants, 5-15 dm. high; basal leaves tone eonieles. . HYDROPRHILI. Meadow or wood-plants, 2-5 dm. high; basal leaves comparatively short-petioled. Leaves sharply and densely dentate. XVI. CRASSULI. Leaves entire-margined or denticulate, seldom sinuate-dentate. VIII. INTEGERRIMI. Annuals Plant branched, more or less viscid; heads discoid, or with minute rays. XX. VULGARES. Plant simple, more or less floccose; heads radiate. XXI. PALUSTRES. I. Pupicl. Heads 12-20 mm. high, broadly campanulate. Auricles of the upper leaves small and entire; midvein of the leaves long Hllous. . S. accidens. Auricles of the Upper leaves large and usually toothed; midvein of the leaves not con- spicuously villous. 2. S. chloranthus. Heads 8-10 mm. high, narrowly campanulate. 3. S. pudicus. II. AMPLECTENTES. Stem 2 dm. or more high, leafy; leaves acute. Stem-leaves with clasping bases; stem high, slightly floccose when young. é 4. S. amplectens. Stem-leaves not clasping, usually short-petioled. 5. S. pagosanus. Stem less than 2 dm. high. Rootstock hard, scaly at the top; upper stem-leaves sessile. 6. S. seridophyllus. Rootstock fleshy, not scaly; stem-leaves usually petioled. Basal leaves gradually tapering into the petioles. Plant glabrous or nearly so; leaves dentate; bracts oblong. 7. S. Holmii. Plant arachnoid-floccose; leaves pinnatifid; bracts narrowly lanceolate. A . S. taraxacoides. Basal leaves abruptly contracted into the petioles. 9. S. Soldanella. III, OccIDENTALES. Plant 2-3 dm. high; stem-leaves obovate or oblong, clasping. Plant very leafy; involucres 10-15 mm. broad, short-peduncled or subsessile; achenes strigose. 10. S. carthamoides. Plant less leafy; involucres about 10 mm. broad, jong peduncle’) achenes glabrous. 1. itotdes. Plant about 1 dm. high: stem-leaves spatulate or obovate, scarcely clasping. Leaves obovate-spatulate; plant glabrous; achenes puberulent. ; 12. S. Fremoniii. Leaves oval, spinulose-dentate; leaf-margins scaberulous; surfaces with a few hairs; achenes glabrous. 13. S. invenustus. THISTLE FAMILY 267 IV. TRIANGULARES. Heads few; involucres 10 mm. high; lower leaf-blades cordate, ihe upper oval. S. variifolius. Heads usually many; involucres 6-8 mm. high; all leaves imnennee or the upper deltoid- ‘lanceolate. Stem 3—4 dm. high; leaves fleshy. 15. S. saliens. Stem 4-10 dm. high; leaves thin. 16. S. triengularis. V. SERRAE. Heads 12-15 mm. high; disk 8-15 mm. broad; whole plant dark green. 17. S. admirabilis. Heads 8-10 mm. high; disk 5-6 mm. wide: plant light green. Leaves oval-deltoid to lanceolate; panicles elongate. 18. S. Solidago. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to almost linear; panicles round-topped. Leaves, at least the lower, closely dentate; involucre VNR Gre Ce pects: . SETTA. Leaves entire; involucres turbinate-campanulate. 20. S. lanceolatus. VI. EREMOPHILI. Blades of the leaves sinuately lobed, the upper cleft halfway to the midrib. Bracts linear-subulate, not thickened on the back. 21. S. glauciifolius. Bracts linear, carinate on the back. 22. S. Kingit. Blades of the leaves pinnatifid or laciniate, cut usually to near the midrib. ‘Leaf-blades ovate in outline; divisions toothed or lobed. Involucres 6-7 mm. high, 5-6 mm. broad; bracts black- mE Pee 23. S. ambrosioides. Involucres 7-10 mm. high, 6-8 mm. broad. 24. S eremophilus. Leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate; divisions linear, entire. 25. S. Kuntzei. VII. LONGILOBI. Plant glabrous, at least in age. Leaves except those of the branches pinnately divided. Leaves oblanceolate, with lanceolate or oblong lobes or teeth. 25. S. Kunizeit. Leaves and their divisions linear-filiform. Bractlets one-third to one-half as long as the BERETS oe . filicifolius. Bractlets very short, subulate. . : Involucres campanulate; bracts 12-15. 27. S. Riddellii. Involucres almost cylindrical; bracts 8—10. 28. S. multicapitatus. Leaves entire, linear-filiform, or some rarely with a pair of filiform lobes. 29. S. spartioides. Plant more or less permanently tomentose. 30. S. longilobus. VIII. GLAUCESCENTES. Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate. Bracts long-attenuate, slightly if at all black-tipped; lower jeans broadly spatulate. . anacletus.. Bracts short, acute, with conspicuous black tips. Lower leaves broadly spatulate. 32. S. glaucescens. Lower leaves oblanceolate. 96. S. lapathifolius. Basal leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate. 33. S. lugens. IX. FOLtosl. Heads cylindro-campanulate; disk about 5 mm. wide. Bracts black-tipped. Bracts broadly linear, abruptly acute. 34. S. atratus. Bracts narrowly linear, long-acute. 35. S. milliflorus. Bracts not black-tipped. 36. S. foliosus. Heads openly campanulate; disk 8-10 mm. wide; upper stem-leaves much reduced. 37. S. sphaerocephalus. X. CAnNI. Heads 7-8 mm. high. Involucres as well as the whole plant densely white-tomentose. 38. S. Hallii. Involucres glabrate or nearly so. Plant densely tomaantoses basal leaves short-petioled; petioles scarcely exceeding the blades. Blades of the basal leaves obovate or spatulate. 39. S. Purshianus. Blades of the basal leaves linear or nearly so. 40. S. larimiensis. . Plant finely tomentose, becoming more glabrate in age; Peel leaves with slender * petioles, much longer than the blades. . S. Howellii. Heads 1 cm. or more high. Blades of the basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate: stem-leaves linear, entire. Plant 3-6 dm. high; involucres campanwate; upper leaves much reduced. 42. S. spatuliformis. Plant 1-2 dm. high; involucres turbinate-campanulate; upper leaves not much reduced. 43. Harbourii. Blades of the basal leaves spatulate or broadly oblanceolate; stem-leaves lanceolate- or oblong, usually more or less pinnatifid; heads hemispheric, canus. 268 CARDUACEAE XI. TOMENTOSI. Some of the basal leaves entire or dentate. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate. Plant conspicuously rosulate-stoloniferous; stem-leaves sinuately round-lobed. 0. S. Fendleri. Plant not stoloniferous; stem-leaves pinnatifid with toothed lobes or dentate. Lower stem-leaves acute; plant dark green. 5. S. plattensis. Lower stem-leaves obtuse or rounded at the apex; plant yellowish green- Basal leaves dentate; achenes hispidulous on the angles. 46. S. neomericanus. Basal leaves crenate; achenes glabrous. ~ 47, S. Leonardi. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate; achenes glabrous. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, serrate. 48. S. salicinus. Basal leaves lanceolate, sinuate-dentate. 49. S. canovirens. All leaves pinnatifid, with toothed segments. Heads discoid; leaves crisp. Heads radiate; leaves scarcely crisp. Caudex subligneous; plant tomentose; bracts shorter than the disk; achenes gla- brous. 50. S. Fendleri. Caudex not subligneous; plant glabrate in age. Achenes glabrous. 52. S. uintahensis. Achenes hispidulous. 53. S. multilobatus. XII. AUREI. 51. S. lanatifolius. Heads radiate. Leaves thick, more or less fleshy. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate. Plant low, less than 2 dm. high, often with several stems from the base; basal leaves short-petioled; achenes hispidulous on the angles; ligules yellow. Cyme dense; upper leaves usually pinnatifid with narrow lobes. 54. S. densus. Cyme more open; stem-leaves entire or merely crenate. Basal leaves subentire or 3-toothed at the apex. 55. S. tridenticulatus. Basal leaves crenate. 56. S. oblanceolatus. Plant about 4-6 dm. high, simple; achenes glabrous; ligules orange. ; Leaves serrate or subentire; basal leaves 1 cm. or more, slender-petioled. 57. S. longipetiolatus. Stem-leaves with long, triangular lobes; basal leaves 5 cm. long or less. 58. S. Rydbergii. Basal leaves cuneate, spatulate, or broadly oblanceolate, subentire at the base. Lower stem-leaves spatulate, with broad-winged petioles; upper ones sessile and with much enlarged bases. 72. S. dimorphophyllus. Stem-leaves neither broad-winged nor with much enlarged bases. Stem-leaves, like the basal ones, broadly obovate, coarsely toothed. 59. S. oodes. Stem-leaves reduced, either very narrow or else pinnatifid. Basal ie angularly dentate or crenate all around, or more or less yrate. Achenes glabrous. Basal leaves oval, crenate, or subentire. 60. S. laetiflorus. Basal leaves obovate, dentate or incised. 61. S. rubricaulis. Achenes hispidulous. . 62. S. mutabile. Basal leaves toothed above the middle. Basal leaves dentate. Lower stem-leaves cuneate; plant 3-4 dm. high. 63. S. subcuneatus. Lower stem-leaves oblanceolate; plant about 2 dm. high. 64. S. acutidens. Basal leaves crenate. 65. S. cymbalarioides. Leaves thin. Basal leaves distinctly crenate or dentate. Achenes glabrous. F Basal sl ae ng broad, from cordate to obovate or oval, not tapering at the base. Stem stout; heads 8-10 mm. high. Basal leaves usually subcordate at the base; stem-leaves lyrate- pinnatifid, with the lower lobes narrow. 66. S. pseudaureus. Basal leaf-blades obovate; stem-leaves pinnatifid, with broad divi- sions. 67. S. platylobus. Stem slender; heads 6-7 mm, high. 68.. S. flavulus. Basal leaf-blades oblanceolate. ie Plant subglaucous. 70. S. Willingii. | Plant not subglaucous. 69. S. mulinomensis. Achenes hispidulous. 71. S. Tweedyi. Basal leaves sinuate or entire. Stem-leaves pinnatifid with dilated-auricled bases. Plant low, 1-2 dm., rarely 3 dm. high; ligules mostly Pia eis 72. S. dimorphophyllus. Plant tall, 3-7 dm. high; ligules deep orange to brick-red. 73. S. crocatus. THISTLE FAMILY 269 Stem-leaves not with dilated-auricled bases. Stem-leaves entire or nearly so, not auricled. 74. S. Tracyi. Stem-leaves more or less lyrate-pinnatifid. Basal leaf-blades suborbicular, sinuate. 75. S. Pammelii. Basal leaf-blades oval or ovate. Plant densely cespitose; bracts 5-6 mm. long. 76. S. aquariensis. Plant not densely cespitose; bracts 7-8 mm. lon, g. 77. S. Farriae. Heads discoid. First basal leaves reniform. 78. S. nephrophyllus. None of the leaves reniform. Plant stout; stem-leaves with broad laciniate segments. 79. S. idahoensis. Plant slender; stem-leaves with narrow segments. Plant yellowish or light green; bracts not purple-tinged. 68. S. flavulus. Plant dark green. Basal leaves crenate; head 8-10 mm. high; bracts purple-tinged, linear. . 8. pauciflorus. Basal leaves wavy; heads about 6 mm. high; bracts broadly lanceolate or oblong, not purple-tinged. 81. S. fedifolius. XI. SUBNUDI. One species. 82. S. subnudus. XIV. ANDICOLAE. Blades of the basal leaves orbicular, rounded, subcordate, obovate or cuneate, toothed at least at the apex, obtuse. Heads 7-8 mm. high, several in a dense cluster. 83. S. Wardii. Heads 9-12 mm. high, solitary or a few in an open corymb. Rays golden yellow. 84, S. petrocallis. Rays paler yellow. Basal leaf-blades sub-reniform; plant subacaulescent. 85. S. Porteri. Basal leaf-blades oval or obovate; plant with a short stem. Involucre hemispherical to campanulate. . Flowering stems about 2 dm. high; heads 9-10 mm. high; basal leaves crenate-serrate, except at the very base; achenes hispidulous on the angles. 86. S. cognatus. Flowering stems less than 1.5 dm. high; heads 10-12 mm. high; achenes glabrous. Stem-leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, if toothed, only at the apex. . S. pentodontus. Stem-leaves lanceolate, the lower more or less pinnately lobed or toothed. 88. S. ovinus. Involucre turbinate. 89. S. turbinatus. Blades of the basal leaves elliptical to linear, entire or very rarely some of them 3-toothed at the apex, acute. Plant in age nearly glabrous, monocephalous, 5-6 cm. high. 90. S. alpicola. Plant more or less permanently floccose, with usually several heads, over 1 dm. high. 91. S. werneriaefolius. XV. HYDROPHILI. Leaves thick, entire or rarely minutely denticulate; inflorescence dense. Heads discoid; stem-leaves more or less clasping. 92. S. pacificus. Heads radiate; stem-leaves narrowed at the base. 93. S. hydrophilus. Leaves dentate; inflorescence open. 94. S. hydrophiloides. XVI. CRASSULI. Stem-leaves linear or linear-lanceolate. Stem naked above; disks 8-10 mm. broad. 95. S. pereziifolius. Stem leafy; disks 12-15 mm. broad. 96. S. lapathifolius. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Leaves firm; bracts very thick and fleshy. 97. S. crassulus. Leaves thin; bracts not very thick. 98. S. semiamplexicaulis. XVII. RAPIFOLIL. One species. 99. S. rapifolius. XVIII. INTEGERRIMI. Heads several. Bracts of the involucres narrowly linear-lanceolate, long-attenuate. Bracts without black tips; leaves entire-margined. Plant low, 1-3 dm. high, simple, more or less villous. 100. S. Scribneri. Plant tall, 4-10 dm. high, branched, glabrous. 101. S. integerrimus. Bracts usually black-tipped; leaves more or less dentate or denticulate. Leaves thick, the basal ones obovate, dentate. 102. S. Hookeri. Leaves thin, the basal ones oblanceolate or apatite merely denticulate. . S. dispar. Bracts of the involucres linear or oblong, rather abruptly acute, with a lanceolate or triangular black tip. ; Basal leaf-blades cordate to broadly oval, rather abruptly contracted into the petioles. : A ; Rays ochroleucous or white. 104. S. Leibergii. Rays deep yellow. 270 CARDUACEAE Leaves more or less dentate or denticulate; stem 3-10 dm. high. 105. S. exallatus. Basal leaves entire; stem 2-3 dm. high. 106. S. Flintii. Basal leaf-blades spatulate to qinéat-eblahesalate or rarely lanceolate, gradually tapering into the petioles. Bracts about half as long as the fully developed disk. Plant 6-8 dm. high; ‘inflorescence open, broad, eee! ae wide. atus. Plant 3-6 dm. high, slender; inflorescence 5-8 cm. road, Ra a few heads. ugens. Bracts more than half as long as the disk; inflorescence usually congested. Leaves crisp, as well as the stem, conspicuously arachnoid-hairy, “especially when young; inflorescence dense; heads less than 1 cm. hig! 108. S. conderiivia. Leaves not crisp, only slightly villous when young; inflorescence more open; eads usually over 1 cm. hi Leaves more or less dentate; inflorescence even in age a flat-topped corymb. 109. S. columbianus. Leaves merely callous-denticulate: inflorescence with a short-peduncled terminal head and the lateral ones usually very long-peduncled. 110. S. perplerus. Heads solitary. 111. S. solitarius. XIX. MEGACEPHALI,. One species. 112. S. megacephalus XX. VULGARES. ‘One species. 113. S. vulgaris. X XI. PALUSTRES. One species. . 114. S. palustris. 130. TETRADYMIA DC. Heads 4-flowered; bracts 4, lance-oblong; branches with scurvy-tomentose lines. Primary leaves linear to oblanceolate, permanently tomentose, more or less spreading. Primary leaves oblanceolate. 1. T. inermis. Primary leaves linear. - Primary leaves 2-3 cm. long, straight. 2. T. canescens. Primary leaves 1-1.5 cm. long, arcuately recurved, pungent-pointed; secondary leaves fascicled. 3. T. linearis. Primary leaves linear-subulate. Primary leaves erect, slender; secondary leaves linear, or spenulare Hien glabrate in age. T. glabrata. Primary leaves spreading, stiff, spine-like; secondary leaves oblanceolate. asi 5 uttallii. Heads 5-9- flowered; bracts 5-6, at least the inner broadly oval; branches white-tomentose throughout; plant spiny. Spines 5-12 mm. long, more or less curved. 6. T. spinosa. Spines 15-30 mm. long, straight. 7. T. longispina. 131. ARCTIUM L. Burpvocx. Involucre less than 2 cm. broad; inner bracts not exceeding the flowers. 1. A. minus. Involucre 2.5 cm. broad or more; inner bracts at least equalling the flowers. 2. A. Lappa. 132. SAUSSUREA DC. Leaves broadly ovate or the lower cordate; plant tall, 4-10 dm. high. 1. S. americana. Leaves lanceolate to linear. Leaves lanceolate; stem 1-2 dm. high; heads crowded. 2. S. densa. Leaves very narrowly linear-lanceolate; stem 3-4 dm. high; heads long-pedunlced. S. remotiflora. 133. CIRSIUM (Tourn.) Hill. Tistiz. Bracts of the involucre conspicuously arachnoid-pubescent. Bracts not reflexed, only the tips sometimes spreading; stem arachnoid. Inner bracts conspicuously dilated. I. PARRYANA. Inner bracts not dilated. Leaves not conspicuously decurrent. II. ERIOCEPHALA. Leaves conspicuously decurrent, forming wings on the stem. III. LANCEOLATA. Bracts squarrose and the lower reflexed. IV. NEOMEXICANA. Bracts of the involucre not arachnoid-pubescent, or only slightly so on the margins. Bracts all, except the outermost, with dilated fimbriate tips. V. CARLINOIDIA. Bracts all, except sometimes the vey innermost, without dilated fimbriate tips. Bracts neither with a dorsal ge ridge, nor a dark spot. Bracts, at least some of them, spinulose-ciliate on the margins. not very un- equal in length. LEIOCEPHALA. Bracts not spinulose-ciliate, regularly imbricate, the inner much longer. Innermost innocuous bracts not conspicuously elongate, their tips more or less spreading, usually crisp or twisted, sometimes erose. VII. Foutosa. Innermost innocuous bracts elongate and usually more or less reddish, straight, neither dilated, crisp or twisted. VIII. PULCHELLA. THISTLE FAMILY 271 Bracts with either a glutinous dorsal ridge or a black spot near the tip. Bracts with a dark spot, but not glutinous; their spines erect. ; IX. GRISEA. Bracts with a glutinous dorsal ridge. Flowers perfect. X. UNDULATA. - Flowers dioecious. XI. ARVENSIA. I, PARRYANA. Flowers light, not pinkish; leaves glabrate. Flowers light greenish yellow; leaves arachnoid, but not tomentose beneath. 1. C. Parryi. Flowers whitish; leaves somewhat tomentose beneath. 2. C. araneosum. Flowers pinkish; leaves densely white-tomentose beneath. 3. C. scariosum. II. ERIOCEPHALA. Anthers glabrous. Leaves densely tomentose on both sides. 4. C. subniveum. Leaves not densely tomentose on both sides. Flowers ochroleucous or white. ; Leaves with very short or no lobes and numerous almost parallel spines along the margins, not crisp. 5. C. Kelseyi. Leaves with deep divisions, often again lobed, crisp, and with the spines point- ing in various directions. Leaves white-tomentose beneath. Involucre densely arachnoid; bracts all narrowly linear-lanceolate. Heads not nodding, scattered on short branches in the axils of the leaves. 6. C. Hookerianum. Heads in a terminal dense cluster, at first nodding. : 7. C. scopulorum. Involucres only slightly arachnoid; outer bracts lanceolate. 25. C. oreophilum. Leaves glabrous on both sides; heads clustered in an elongate leafy spike. 8. C. polyphyllum. Flowers purple or pink. : Involucre densely arachnoid; bracts rarely spinulose-ciliate. Heads 3.5—4 cm. high, 4-6 cm. broad, not densely clustered; corolla red- purple. 9. C. edule. Heads 2.5-3 cm. high and about as broad. ; Heads sessile at the end of the stem; bracts linear-subulate; corolla purple. 10. C. Macounii. Heads scattered; bracts lance-subulate; corolla pink. 11. C. Tweedyi. Involucres only slightly arachnoid if at all; bracts except the innermost spinu- 11. i lose-ciliate. C. Eatonii. Anthers pubescent. 12. C. hesperium. : III. LANCEOLATA. One species. 13. C. lanceolatum. IV. NEOMEXICANA. Leaves densely white-tomentose; heads 3.5-6 cm. high, 4-8 cm. broad; bracts strongly squarrose, the outer reflexed. 14. C. neomexicanum. Leaves loosely floccose; heads 3-3.5 (rarely 4) em. high, 3.5-5 cm. broad; bracts spreading only in age. 15. C. nevadense. V. CARLINOIDIA. Flowers ochroleucous or white; bracts without glutinous ridge. Leaves pinnately divided. 16. C. Centaureae. Leaves merely sinuately lobed, the upper with broad clasping bases. 17. C. laterifolium. Flowers red. Bracts without glandular ridge; leaves deeply lobed, with lancet ghar . C. vernale. Bracts with glandular ridge; leaves slightly lobed, with broadly triangular lobes. 19. C. perplezans. VI. LEIOCEPHALA. Leaves green on both sides, glabrous or arachnoid beneath. Leaves crisp and very spiny; involucral bracts very spiny, the outer ones as long as the inner; corollas rose or pink. ; 20. C, Eatont. Leaves almost flat, with weak spines; involucral bracts well imbricate, the outer ones short and with short spines. 1. C. clavatum. Leaves tomentose beneath; involucral bracts with strong flat spines. 39. C. griseum. VII. Fouiosa. Plant acaulescent or nearly so; heads clustered. 22. C. acaulescens. Plant distinctly caulescent. Inner bracts with scarcely dilated, not erose linear-lanceolate tips. Heads 3.5-5 cm. high. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, with strong spines. 23. C. coloradense. Leaves nearly entire, spinulose-ciliate. 24. C. Butleri. Heads 2-3.5 cm. high. 272 CARDUACEAE Leaves green, distinctly decurrent. Lobes of the leaves lanceolate or triangular. 33. C. calcareum. Lobes of the leaves semi-orbicular. 34. C. lactucinum. Leaves more or less tomentose beneath, scarcely decurrent. Bracts broad and short, with flat spines. 35. C. spathulatum. Bracts narrow, with weak or slender spines. . Bracts greenish, sometimes slightly arachnoid on the margins, but not floccose; lobes of the leaves obtuse. 25. C. oreophilum. Bracts slightly floccose when young; lobes of the leaves acute. Involucral spines more or less spreading; bracts yellowish; leaves slightly lobed. 15.' C. nevadense. Involucral spines ascending; bracts greenish; leaves deeply lobed. : 26. C. olivescens. Inner bracts with conspicuous dilated, ovate or lanceolate, erose and twisted tips. Leaves not at all tomentose; heads usually solitary; corollas rose-purple. * . 27. C. Drummondii. Leaves eer or less tomentose beneath; heads usually clustered; corollas white or pale rose. Heads on short branches solitary in the axils of the leaves. : 28. C. magnificum. Heads subsessile and clustered at the end of the stem. : Plant more or less arachnoid as well as tomentose; leaves linear in outline. 29. C. foliosum. Plant not arachnoid, dark green; leaves broader. 30. C. lacerum. VIII. PULCHELLA. Leaves glabrous or at least glabrate in age. Spines of the middle bracts fully 1 cm. long and longer than the bracts. : 31. C. diffusum. Spines of the middle bracts 3-7 mm. long, shorter than the bracts. Divisions of the leaves linear to triangular; involucre campanulate. Divisions of the leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, often again pinnatifid; leaves ee decurrent. 32. C. bipinnatum. Divisions of the leaves ovate or triangular; leaves conspicuously decurrent. : 33. C. calcareum. Divisions of the leaves semi-orbicular, rounded-ovate; involucre hemispheric. 34. C. lactucinum. Leaves permanently tomentose, at least beneath. Tips of the inner bracts chartaceous, yellow, spreading, and slightly erose. , 35. C. spathulatum. Tips of the inner bracts soft, erect and usually purplish. Spines of the middle bracts more than 1 cm. long, stout. 36. C. nidulum. Spines of the middle bracts 3-6 mm. long, slender. Divisions of the leaves narrow; corolla rose-purple; involucre narrow. 37. C. pulchellum. Divisions of the leaves broad and short, ovate; corollas crimson; involucre broad. 38. C. arizonicum. IX. GRISEA. Leaves green above, tomentose beneath; bracts not viscid. Bracts, with short spines, the outer not spinulose-ciliate. 35. C. spathulatum. Bracts, with long spines. Spines of the bracts stout; heads 2.5-3 cm. broad. 39. C. griseum. Spines of the bracts slender; heads about 1.5 cm. broad. 40. C. modestum. Leaves loosely floccose on both sides; bracts decidedly viscid. 41. C. canovirens. X. UNDULATA. Leaves white-tomentose beneath. Flowers ochroleucous. Involucral bracts very viscid, with broad glutinous dorsal ridge; divisions of the leaves rather few; spines of the bracts short. Tips of the inner bracts more or less dilate and crisp; involucre of thetermina] head 4—5 cm. in diameter. 42. C. plattense. Tips of the inner bracts linear-lanceolate, neither dilated nor crisp; heads usually less than 4 cm. in diameter. Bracts very numerous and small, with small spreading spines. Stem-leaves deeply pinnately lobed, with rather stout spines. Lobes, at least of the lower leaves, oblong to rounded-ovate, obtuse. 43. C. Nelsonii. Lobes of the leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute. Heads more than 3 cm. broad; bracts linear-lanceolate. 44. C. palousense. Heads less than 3 cm. broad; middle bracts ovate-lanceolate or ovate. 45. C. Tracyt. Stem-leaves sinuate-dentate or sinuately lobed, merely spinulose; heads 2.5-3 cm. broad. 46. C. nebraskense. Bracts comparatively few and broad, with erect spines; leaves sinuate- dentate or slightly lobed. 7. C. brevifolium. Involucral bracts greenish or yellowish, scarcely viscid, with inconspicuous dorsal ridge; divisions of the leaves numerous; spines of the bracts long and slender. 48. C. acuatum. Flowers rose or purple, rarely white; dorsal viscid ridge not so prominent. THISTLE FAMILY 273 Involucres less than 4 cm. broad. Spines of the middle bracts 5-10 mm. long. Spines of the middle bracts slender and spreading. 48. C. acualum. Spines of the middle bracts stout and ascending. Upper leaves entire or with shallow lobes: involucre less than 2 cm. broad, very dark. 49. C. canescens. Upper leaves deeply pinnatifid: involucres about 3 cm. broad, light colored, except the viscid ridge. 50. C pulcherrimum. Spines of the middle bracts 5 mm. long or less, weak and spreading. Leaves, at least the upper ones, entire or slightly lobed, tomentose on both sides. 51. C. oblanceolatum. Leaves pinnately divided or deeply lobed. Leaves Bra etd pinnatifid, with narrow, Hest leeeeoleee lobes; plant yellowis C. Flodmanii. Leaves with triangular or ovate-lanceolate lobes. Bracts with very inconspicuous glandular THES, not at all viscid. 53. C. floccosum. _ Bracts with a conspicuous glandular ridge, surrounded by a viiscd Leaves tomentose on both sides. 54. GC. undulatum. Leaves glabrate and dark green above. 55. C. Engelmannii. Involucres 4—7 cm. in diameter. Spines of the involucral bracts rarely more than 5 mm. ae leaves not con- spicuously decurrent. C. megacephalum. Spines of the middle bracts fully 1 cm. long; leaves natrower conspicuously decurrent. C. ochocentrum.. Leaves greenish and sparingly fioccose on both sides; bracts aineunalen salts. very viscid, with stout erect or ascending spines. 41. C. canovirens. : XI. ARVENSIA. One species. 58. C. arvense. 134. ONOPORDON (Vaill.) L. Corron Tuistiz, Scorcu THIstTLe. 1. O. Acantium. 136. CENTAUREA L. Bive Borrtz, CornrLowerR, Bacuutor’s Burrons, Srar THISTLE. Involucral bracts with lacerate broad appendages; flowers blue. 1. C. Cyanus. Involucral bracts with 3-5 spines; flowers yellow. 2. C. solstitialis. Famity 1387. CICHORIACBAE. Cuicory Famity. : Pappus none; achenes with corky pericarp. 1. ATRICHOSERIS. be pus present. appus of plumose bristles, often more or less paleaceous at the base. Achenes truncate at the apex, not beaked. Flowers yellow; simple plants with fusiform roots. PTILOCALAIS. Flowers pink, rose, or white; branched plants with wash peau! 3. PTILORIA. Achenes with long beaks. Receptacle not chaffy. Involucres of 7-15 linear-acuminate equal bracts and smaller calyculate ones at the base; achenes obscurely ribbed; branched annuals with pin- natifid leaves. 4. NEMOSERIS. Involucres of several lanceolate-attenuate herbaceous bracts; no calyculate ones at the base; achenes 5—10-ribbed; leaves grass-like and heads soli- tary. 5. TRAGOPOGON. Receptacle chafty. 6. HYPOCHERIS. II. Peppus not plumose. a. Pappus consisting, at least partly, of squamellae or these reduced and united into a crown. . 1. Involucres simple and naked, 7. e., without smaller calyculate ones below: pappus of both squamellae oa bristles; flowers yellow. 7. ADOPOGON. _2. Involucres double, either imbricate or with smaller calyculate ones below. Flowers blue; pappus crown-like of small numerous blung squamellae in 2 or more series; tall perennials. CICHORIUM. Flowers ae pappus of large squamellae; low sail acaulescent or nearly so. deuamellse of the pappus 5, cleft at the apex with an awn in the notch; jnvolucres calyculate. UROPAPPUS. Squamellae of the pappus 20-30, very narrow, ifhanr ienceclate, taper- ing into a bristle-like apex; bracts nearly equal in two series. NOTHOCALAIS. b. rane of capillary bristles, not plumose, slightly if at all eee below. . Achenes not flattened. a. Pappus-bristles promptly deciduous, mainly together, only a few of the stouter ones in some species remaining. Achenes more or less narrowed into a beaks. Achenes without a cup-shaped shoulder, not cancellate. 274 CICHORIACEAE Achenes 5-ribbed; main bracts scarious-margined; receptacle ristly. 11. CALYCOSERIS. Achenes 10-striate; bracts not scarious: receptacle not bristly. 12. YOUNGIA. Achenes 5-ribbed, conspicuously cancellate-sculptured, with a cupu- late shoulder, from which the slender, 5-ribbed hollow beak arises. 13. GLYPTOPLURA. Achenes not beaked, columnar, 5-15-ribbed, truncate at the apex. Involucres of broad silvery-scarious bracts, regularly imbricate: bristles of the receptacle persistent. 14. MALACOLEPIS. Involucres of narrow acuminate or acute bracts, only slightly scari- ous-margined; bristles of the receptacle, if any, few and decidu- a. P “persistent, tardily fall ff. iy; oF bonsther only Bi . Pappus persistent, tardily falling off, separately, or together only by the breaking off of the beak. Beak of the achenes none or a mere attenuation. Flowers rose or purplish. Plants spiny and rush-like; leaves scale-like; achenes truncate at the summit. 16. PLEIACANTHUS. Plants not spiny. Stems rush-like and striate; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate or reduced; achenes tapering at the summit. 17. LYGODESMIA. Stems not rush-like; leaves ample; achenes tapering to the base. Annuals; heads 4-5-flowered ; achenes with 4—5 strong ribs. 18. PRENANTHELLA. Perennials; heads 8-30-flowered (rarely less); achenes terete or 4—5-angled. 19. NABALUS. Flowers yellow or white. Heads several, rarely solitary; stem leafy. Achenes tapering upwards; pappus white. Achenes not dilated into a pappiferous disk. Bracts in fruit more or less thickened_at the base or on the midrib. 20. CREPIS. Bracts not thickened on the backs. 21. HETEROPLEURA Achenes contracted into a more or less distinct beak, enlarged at the apex into a pappiferous disk. 3 12. YOUNGIA. Achenes not tapering upwards; pappus in ours sordid or reddish; bracts not thickened. Leaves simple and entire-margined or denticulate; inflor- escence in ours more or less corymbiform; bracts narrow,*green. 22, HIERACIUM. Leaves divided or lobed; inflorescence thyrsoid-panicu- late; bracts broad and colored. 19. NABALUS. Heads solitary on a leafless scape. 10. NOTHOCALAIS. Beaks of the achenes distinct and slender; plants scapiferous. Achenes 10-ribbed or 10-nerved, not spinose-muricate; involucres more or less imbricate. 23. AGOSERIS. Achenes 4—5-ribbed, muricate-spinulose at least near the apex; in- volucres of a single series of principal bracts and several or num- erous calyculate ones below. ‘ 24. LEONTODON. 2. Achenes flattened; leafy-stemmed plants with paniculate heads. Achenes narrowed at the top or beaked; pappus-bristles falling separately: involucres cylindraceous. : 25. LACTUCA. Achene truncate at the top; pappus-bristles falling off more or less in con- nection; involucres hemispherical or campanulate. 26. SONCHUS. 1. ATRICHOSERIS A. Gray. 1. A. platyphylla. 2. PTILOCALAIS Greene. us-squamellae oblanceolate or oblong, truncate or abruptly contracted into the awn. Papp eaves entire or with short lobes. ffi Leaf-blades proper lanceolate or elliptic; heads about 2.5 cm. sae eee ‘i . P. major. Leaf-blades proper linear or linear-lanceolate; heads less than 2 cm. high. 2. P. nutans. Leaves with long filiform lobes. ae 3. P. graciloba. Pappus-squamellae linear-lanceolate, gradually tapering into the awn. Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate; squamellae 4-5 mm. long. ze Hest og . P. tenuifolia. Leaves narrowly linear; squamellae 2 mm. long or less. 3. PTILORIA Raf. Desert Pink, FLowerine Straw. nnials. : Pe Heads 10-20-flowered; involucres over 1 cm. high; leaves broad, bungie: Pita short lobes. . Parryi. Heads 3-9- (mostly 5-) flowered. ae Pappus plumose to the base; involucres 7-10 mm. high. Leaves very narrow, almost filiform and usually entire. 2. P. tenuifolia. CHICORY FAMILY 275 Leaves, at least the lower ones, broad, oblanceolate in outline, and runcinate. 3. P. ramosa. Pappus merely scabrous or hirsutulous at the base. Leaves runcinate, but narrow; involucres 9-10 mm. high. 4. P. pauciflora. Leaves linear-filiform; involucres 5-6 mm. high. 5. P. myrioclada. Annuals or biennials. Pappus-bristles not dilated at the base; heads usually subsessile on oe branches. > virgata. Panis Beietles somewhat dilated at the base, often more or less united; heads panicu- ate. Bagore plumose to the base or nearly so; plant tall and slender. P. paniculata Pappus plumose only above the middle; plant usually low and sou Z 8. P. exigua. 4. NEMOSERIS Greene. Desert Cutcory. Ligules 10-15 mm. long; beak of the achenes much shorter than the body. 1. N. neomezicana. Ligules about 5 mm. long; beak of the achenes as long as the body. 2. N. californica. 5. TRAGOPOGON (Tourn.) L. Sausiry, Oyster Puant. Flowers yellow. Bracts 8— Si flowers chrome yellow; involucral bracts equalling or shorter than the flower: . T. pratensis. Bracts 10213, rarely less: flowers lemon yellow; involucres longer age the flowers. Flowers purple; involucral bracts much longer than the flowers. = T. Cine, 6. HYPOCHAERIS L. Car’s-rar, Gosmore. 1. H. radiala, 7. ADOPOGON Neck. 1. A. virginicus. 8. CICHORIUM (Tourn.) L. Cutcory. 1. C. Invybus. 9. UROPAPPUS Nutt. Awns 1-2 times as long as the short pappus-squamellae. 1. U. macrochaetus. Awns scarcely half as long as the long pappus-squamellae. 2. U. linearifolius. 10. NOTHOCALAIS (A. Gray) Greene. Bracts linear-lanceolate, scarcely spotted. Pappus distinctly paleaceous, of narrow squamellae gradually attenuate. 1. N. troximoides. Pappus of bristles only slightly broader and flattened at the base. 2. N. cuspidata. Bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, conspicuously spotted. 3. N. nigrescens. 11, CALYCOSERIS A. Gray. Flowers rose-colored; achenes with the short beak about 5 mm. long. 1. C. Wrightii. Flowers yellow; achenes with the long beak about 10 mm. long. 2. C. Parryi. 12. YOUNGIA Cass. Achenes conspicuously beaked; stem 1-2 dm. hi 1. Y. elegans. Achenes scarcely beaked, merely constricted poe the disk; stem 5 cm. or less high. 7 Y. nana. 13. GLYPTOPLEURA D. C. Eat. Corollas white, turning pink; leaves with broad white scarious margins and short broad teeth. 1. G. marginata. Corollas yellow, turning pink; leaves with very narrow white scarious margins and subu- late, setiform teeth. 2. G. setulosa. 14. MALACOLEPIS (A. Gray) Heller. SNnaxe’s Hrap. 1. M. Coulteri, 15. MALACOTHRIX DC. Deszert DaNnpELION. Divisions of the leaves filiform; plant scapose or nearly so. 1. M. glabrata. Divisions or lobes of the leaves not filiform; stem more or less leafy. _ Leaves sinuately runcinate; lobes entire or nearly so; achenes not winged. . 2. M. runcinata. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions toothed or lobed. Achenes wing-margined on 5 of the ribs; outer persistent bristles of the pappus present. 3. M. Torreyi. Achenes not winged; outer persistent bristles of the pappus none . M. sonchioides. 16. PLEIACANTHUS (Nutt.) Rydb. i P. spinosus. 17. LYGODESMIA D. Don. Witp Asparacus, SKELETON WEED, PRAIRIE PINK. Perennials, with deep-seated rootstocks. : Involucres 15-25 mm. high, 6-10-flowered. 1. L. grandiflora. 276 CICHORIACEAE Involucres 10 mm. high, Caen sip ie upper leaves reduced. 2. L. juncea Annuals; involucres 10-15 mm. 3. L. rostrata 18. PRENANTHELLA Rydb. 1. P. exigua. 19. NABALUS Cass. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. Basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate; inflorescence hirsute. 1. N. racemosus. Basal leaves cordate, sagittate, or hastate; inflorescence glabrous or puberulent. Leaves variously lobed or cleft; heads nodding; calyculate bracts pig es pi short. : albus. Leaves dentate; flowering heads not nodding; calyculate bracts linear, half as long as the bracts proper. 3. N. sagitiatus. 20. CREPIS L. Plant neither canescent nor furfurascent; heads hemispherical to turbinate. Involucres glabrous or tomentulose when young; neither hirsute nor glandular. Involucres and peduncles tomentulose, at least when young. 1. C. tomentulosa. Involucres glabrous or slightly puberulent when young. 2. C. glauca. Involucres and peduncles hirsute or glandular or both. Plant 3-10 dm. high; heads few or many. Leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong to linear-oblanceolate. Leaves eres Sa a petioles half as long to fully as long as the blades, Blades of ee basal leaves broadly oblanceolate; stem usually with 1-2 leaves; involucres over 1 cm. high. 3. C. petiolata. Blades of the basal leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceo- late; stem scapiform; involucres less than 1 cm. high. ae C. giaucella, Leaves subsessile or with short winged petioles. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; involucres with a few short hairs. 5. C. perplexans. Leaves hairy. Involucres more spqunely and usually short-hirsute; peduncles and stem usually glabrous; involucres less than 1 cm. high. 6. C. runcinata. Involucres, peduncles, and usually ae the stem, copiously glandu- lar-hirsute; involucre over 1 cm. . C. platyphylla. Leaf-blades obovate to ‘elliptic; involucres and T eawricles densely glandular- hispid with long hairs. Involucres over 1 cm. high; leaves hairy, 1.5-2 dm. long. : 8. C. riparia. Involucres 1 cm. or less high; leaves glabrous or nearly so. 9. C. denticulata. Plant 1-2 dm. high; heads solitary, rarely 2 or 3. 10. C. alpicola. Plant more or less canescent or furfurascent, especially the leaves; heads mostly narrow, often almost cylindric. Involucres glabrous, 5—7-flowered. Leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately lobed, with lanceolate to linear lobes. 11. C. acuminata. Leaves more or less twice dissected, with linear-filiform divisions. 12. C. sesilifovia. Involucres canescent. Involucres cylindric; principal bracts of the involucres 5-8 (rarely 9-14); flowers of the same number; bracts not black-hairy, except sometimes in C. gracilis. Leaves not divided to near the midrib; blade proper wider than the lobes Blade proper broadly lanceolate; lobes usually directed downward. 13. C. intermedia. Blade proper narrowly lanceolate to almost linear; lobes curved upwards or spreading. 14. C. angustata. Leaves dissected to near the midrib into linear-filiform divisions, the blade proper or rachis scarcely broader than the divisions. 15. C. gracilis. Tevelueres conipauulate; principal bracts of the involucres 9-18; flowers 10-20; plant low Involucres and peduncles without black hairs; achenes eas ogee : pumila. Involucres and peduncles with some black hairs intermixed with the tomen- tum; achenes more or less fusiform. Hairs glandular. 17. C. occidentalis. Hairs not glandular. Achenes meee at maturity brown or almost black. Stem low, 1-2 dm. high, as well as the petioles usually hispid with yellow hairs; leaves not long-acuminate. 18. C. subacaulis. seth tall, 4-5 dm. high, not hispid; leaves long-acuminate. i . 19. C. atribarba. Achenes not ribbed at maturity, greenish orreddish. 20. C. scopulorum. 21. HETEROPLEURA Schultz-Bip. 1. H. Fendleri. 22. HIERACIUM (Tourn.) L. Hawkweerp. Involucres of the rather large heads irregularly more or less THEN, Stem yellowish or whitish hirsute below. . H. columbianum. CHICORY FAMILY 277 Stem glabrous or puberulent. 2. H. scabriusculum. Involucres of the rather small heads of an almost single series of principal bracts and small calyculate ones below. Flowers yellow. Plant 4-10 dm. high, leafy. Involucres and octane ton densely hairy with long yellow pales: H. albertinum. Tnpalagis blackish and glandular, without or with uw a scattered yellow airs. Involucres 8—10 mm. high, with scattered yellow hairs. 4. H. griseum. Involucres 6-8 mm. high, without yellow hairs on the involucre or peduncles. F 5. H. cynoglossoides. Plant low, 1-3 dm. high, with 1-3 stem-leaves and few heads. 6. H. gracile. Flowers white or ochroleucous. 7. H. albiflorum. 23. AGOSERIS Raf. Goat Cutcory. Perennials. : Bee short, scarcely more than half as long as the body of the achune, sitiave through- . GLAUCAE. Boake, long, about as long as or longer than the body of the achene, scarcely striate at e mi Body of the achenes tapering at the apex. II. AURANTIACAE, Body of the achenes truncate at the apex. III. RETRORSAE. Annuals. IV. HETEROPHYLLAE. I. GLAUCAE. Leaves decidedly pubescent, even in age. Outer bracts linear-lanceolate to aplans, obtuse or acute. Outer bracts linear-lanceolate. Plant tall and stout, 3-5 dm. high; involucres broadly campanulate, about 2.5 cm. high and 2.5-3 em. wide. 1. A. taraxacifolia. Plant low, 1-2 dm. high; involucres less than 2 cm. high and 1-2 cm. wide. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, 6-10 cm. long; peduncle pleneen about 2 dm. high. ‘A. pubescens. Leaves oblanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, often lobed or taaunea peduncles 1 dm. 3. A. aspera. high or less. Outer bracts oblong or oblong-ovate. Scape low and stout, about 2 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate, Pe 1 dm. long. 4. villosa. Scape tall, about 6 dm. high; leaves 2-3 dm. long; flowers turning purple. 5. A. altissima. Outer bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 6. A. maculata. Leaves in age glabrate and glaucous. Bracts villous-ciliate, at least on the margins. Involucre turbinate; leaves narrowly linear; flowers light yelow, boric ae turbinata. Involucres campanulate to hemispherical; leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate. Inner bracts long-acuminate; plant less than 2 dm. high. » 8. A. attenuata. Inner bracts merely acute. Leaves obtuse or acute, entire or rarely toothed. Outer bracts much broader than tle i inner, often obtusish: plant gener- ally low and leaves short, obtuse. 9. A. pumila. Outer bracts usually not much broader than the inner; plant 3-5 dm. high; leaves long and acute. 10. A. scorzoneraefolia. Leaves acuminate, more or less pinnatifid. 11. A. agrestis Bracts glabrous; involucres if at all hairy, tomentose only at the very base. Outer bracts oval or ovate, obtusish; leaves 2-3 dm. long, oblanceolate; flowers rose-colored. 12. A. roseata. Bracts all linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; flowers yellow. Leaves entire or toothed; fiowers yellow, turning pink. Leaves linear-oblanceolate. 13. A. glauca. Leaves narrowly linear. 14. A. parviflora. Leaves pinnatifid, with narrow lobes; flowers yellow, turning purple. Bracts, with loose spreading tips; heads broadly campanulate. 15. A. rosea. Bracts appressed; heads more or less turbinate. . 16. A. laciniata. II. AURANTIACAE. ; Bracts all broad, ovate to elliptical, abruptly acuminate. 17. A. moniana. Bracts, at least the inner ones, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute. Inyelucres more or less regularly imbricate; beak about equalling the body of the achenes. Leaves densely pubescent. : Plant low; flowers purple. 18. A. arachnoidea. Plant tall; flowers yellow. 19. A. elata. Leaves glabrous or nearly so, somewhat hairy in No. 27. Flowers reddish brown or deep orange, changing into purplish. Bracts with purplish blotches; leaves glaucous. 20. A. purpurea. Bracts not with purplish blotches, if at all purplish only along the midrib. Leaves narrowly linear, glaucous, usually pinnatifid with linear lobes. 21. A. graminifolia. 278 CICHORIACEAE Leaves See usually entire, rarely with short broad lobes or All iaraels linear-lanceolate and acute. Plant tall, slender, 3-5 dm. high; leaves erect; heads 2-3 cm. high. 22. A. gracilens. Plant” low, 1-3 dm. high; leaves spreading; heads 1.5-2 cm. hig 23. A. nana. Outer bracts oblong or lanceolate, often obtuse. Plant low, 1 dm. high or less; inner bracts only slightly longer. 24. A. carnea. Plant taller, 3-5 dm. high; inner bracts much longer. 25. A. aurantiaca. Flowers light yellow, but often turning pinkish; inner bracts elongate in age. Involucres 2—2.5 cm. in diameter; plae tall and seputs goarcaly glaucous. elata Involucres less than 1 cm. in diameter; plant slender, glaucous, Scapes tall, 2.5-4 dm. high, much exceeding the leaves. 26. A. arizonica. Scapes low, about 1 dm. high, slightly if at all Seeding the leaves. A. leptocarpa. Involucres of two distinct sets of bracts, the inner narrowly fae 2-3 times as long af tte ovate or oval outer ones; beak 2-3 times as long as the body of the achenes. Leaves glabrous and glaucous, linear or oblanceolate, acuminate, with linear lobes, or entire. Outer bracts oblong-obtuse; lobes of the leaves linear to lanceolate, acute. 28. A. rostrata. Outer bracts acute or acuminate; lobes of the leaves narrowly linear. 29. A. tenuifolia. Leaves more or less pubescent, oblanceolate in outline. Leaves obtuse and with oblong-obtuse lobes. 30. A. obtusifolia. Leaves attenuate and with lanceolate, acute lobes. 31. A. grandiflora. III. RETRORSAE. One species. 32. A. retrorsa. IV. HETEROPHYLLAE. One species. 33. A. helerophylia. 24. LEONTODON L. Danpe ion. Outer bracts (calyculum) more or less squarrose. Outer hace are from the base; leaves deeply runcinate, with triangular to lanceo- late lobes. Achenes bright red. 1. L. erythrospermum. Achenes greenish or brownish. Bracts numerous; leaves broad and the terminal lobe large. . L. Tararacum. Bracts few; leaves narrow and the terminal lobe small. 3. L. mexicanum. Outer bracts or most of them is ae at the base and with spreading or reflexed tips; leaves with short lobes or sinuate. Bracts conspicuously corniculate, the outer about two-thirds as long as the inner; scape usually much exceeding the erect leaves; achenes spinulose-toothed above and tuberculate on some of the ribs to near the base, L. dumetorum. Bracts, at least the outer ones, not corniculate, the outer seria half as long as the inner; achenes merely tuberculate above, smooth below. 5. L. leiospermum. Outer bracts wholly appressed, short, the mere tip rarely spreading. Plant not dwarf; scape 5-20 cm. high; involucres 15 mm. or more high. Plant with a tuft of brown hairs at the base. 6. L. F aohesitn: Plant not with brown hairs at the base. Achenes brownish or greenish. Calyculate bracts in 2-3 series; achenes muricate to near the base. 7. L. monticola. Calyculate bracts in 1-2 series; achenes smooth below the middle. 8. L. angustifolium. Achenes bright red. 9. L. ammophilum. Plant dwarf; scape 2-10 cm. high; involucres 6-12 mm. high, dark green. Involucres campanulate, 10-12 mm. high; lobes of the leaves oblong or lanceolate, acutish, 10. L. rupestre. Involucres cylindro-campanulate, 6-8 mm. high, 5 mm. broad; lobes of the leaves broadly triangular, obtuse. 1l. L. scopulorum. 5. LACTUCA (Tourn.) L. Lerrucs. Achenes with a slender beak; pappus white. Outer bracts (calyculum) not more than half as long as the bracts proper; flowers yellow. rarely tinged with blue. Heads 6-15-flowered; achenes several-nerved, not rugose; leaves spinulose on the ribs. Leaves sinuate-dentate; achenes dark. 1. L. virosa. Leaves sinuately pinnatifid; achenes light colored. 2. L. Scariola. Heads 12-20-flowered; achenes 1—3-nerved, transversely rugose. Involucres about 1 cm. high. ‘ CHICORY FAMILY 279 Leaves linear-lanceolate, perfectly entire. 3. L. polyphylia. Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, at least some of them. 4. L. canadensis. Involucres 1.2—2 cm. high. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate in outline, with broad Lobe often spinulose on the midribs beneath. L. ludoviciana. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate in outline, entire de ‘with narrow lobes, never spinulose. 6. L. graminifolia. Bracts in 5-6 series, gradually increasing upwards, a distinct calewun therefore not evident; flowers blue. 7. L. pulchella. Achenes beakless; pappus tawny or brown. Lobes of the leaves broadly triangular or ovate, sinuately and salenlly eat: n spicata. Lobes of the leaves lanceolate or linear, again 1—3-lobed. 9. L. multifida. 26. SONCHUS (Tourn.) L. Sow-rsrst Le. Perennial; achenes slightly compressed; involucres usually glandular-pubescent; heads about 2 cm. high. ._ 8S. arvensis. Annual; achenes steonaly compressed; involucres usually glabrous; heads about 15 mm. ig. : Auricles of the leaves acute; achenes transversely wrinkled. 2. S. oleraceus. Auricles of the leaves rounded; achenes not transversely wrinkled. 3. S. asper. + PTERIDOPHYTA KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Leaves usually broad, entire or dissected, not scale-like; fern-like plants. Spores of one kind, minute, borne in sporanges. ; Vernation not spirally coiled; sporangia ringless, leathery, opening by a transverse Pace slit, arranged in spikes or panicles. 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 280 Vernation spirally coiled; sporangia. membranous, provided with a ring, which opens elastically. 2, POLYPODIACEAE. 280 Spores of two kinds, minute microspores (male) and larger macrospores (female), borne in sporocarps. Plant rooting in the mud; leaves 4-foliolate, petioled. a MARSILIACEAE. 283 Plant minute, floating; leaves entire or 2-lobed. . SALVINIACEAE. 283, Leaves scale-like or awl-like; moss-like or rush-like plants. Sporanges in an apical cone, borne under peltate bracts; stem usually hollow, rush- ke. 5. EQUISETACEAE. 283 Sporanges in the axils of small leaf-like bracts; stem solid. Leaves awl-like, elongate, borne on a short thick corm-like caudex: water plants. 6. ISOETACEAE. 283 Leaves scale-like, flat, borne on a distinct stem; land plants. Spores uniform, minute. 7. LYCOPODIACEAE. 283 Spores of two kinds, microspores and macrospores. 8. SELAGINELLACEAE. 284 Famity 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Apper’s Toncuge Famity. 1. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Moonwort. Frond-bud without hairs. Sporophyll and sterile leaf-blade not completely bent down in the bud. Sporophyll erect in the bud, the sterile leaf-blade erect or with the apex bent over; segments of the sterile leaf commonly cuneiform or fen-ShepPh _ . B. simplex. Sporophy]l and sterile leaf-blade with the apex or upper part bent down in thebud. Sterile leaf-blade sessile or subsessile, once pinnately divides. the segments lunulate or fan-shaped. Lunaria. Sterile leaf-blade usually stalked, entire to twice pinnately, aided” the seg- ments eee oblong or ovate. B. neglectum. e Sporog yt and sterile leaf-blade completely bent down in the bud; ifeaie leaf-blade ‘4. B. lanceolatum. Frond-bud hairy. Common stalk open along one side at base, usually long; sterile ie a sessile. B. virginianum., Common stalk completely closed at base, usually short; sterile leaf blade stalked. Sterile leaf-stalk 1-4 cm. long; plant very stout and fleshy 6. B. Coulteri. Sterile leaf-stalk usually 5 cm. long or more; plant not oe Hest en ener silaifolium. Famity 2. POLYPODIACEAE. Fern Famity. Fertile fronds, with contracted berry-like or necklace-like subdivisions, not foliaceous. Veins of the sterile fronds netted. 1. ONOCLEA. Veins of the sterile fronds free. 2. PTERETIS. Fertile and sterile fronds foliaceous, alike or differing; veins free. Sori on the under surface of the fronds, each provided with a special indusium not connected with the margin of the frond. Sori roundish. Indusia inferior or attached at base at one side of the sorus. Indusia inferior, stellate or split into spreading lobes. 3. WOODSIA. Indusia attached at base at one side of the sorus, at first_arched over it, finally thrown back or evanescent. 4, FILIX, Indusia superior. Indusia peltate. 5. POLYSTICHUM. Indusia orbicular-reniform, adherent at the sinus. Midveins and midribs united at a wide angle; fronds usually provided with true hairs, consisting of a single cell or a single row of cells. 6. THELYPTERIS. Midveins and midrib united at a very acute angle; fronds lacking true hairs. 7. DRYOPTERIS. Sori oblong or linear, or shaped like a horseshoe or shepherd's crook. Sori all straight or rarely slightly curved, single on the sides of the veins. 8. ASPLENIUM. Sori, at least in part, shaped like a horseshoe or shepherd s crook, crossing the fertile vein and more or less recurved upon it. 9. ATHYRIUM. 280 FERN FAMILY 281 Sori naked, or protected, at least at first, by the revolute or reflexed margins or por- tions of the margins of the frond. Margin of the frond flat or merely revolute, not modified. Margin of the frond revolute; sori more or less confluent, forming a marginal and, 16. NOTHOLAENA. Margin of the frond flat; sori dot-like on the veins. Stipes jointed to the rhizome. 15. POLYPODIUM. _ Stipes not jointed to the rhizome. 6. THELYPTERIS. Margin of the frond reflexed over the sori, more or less modified. Sori borne on the under side of reflexed lobes of the frond. 10. ADIANTUM. Sori not borne on the under side of the reflexed portions of the margin of the frond. Sori borne on a continuous vein-like receptacle connecting the ends of the veinlets. 11. PTERIs. Sori borne on the veins at or near their tips. Sori extending down the veins; edges of the fertile fronds finally open- ing out flat; sterile and fertile fronds markedly dissimilar. 12. CRYPTOGRAMMA. Sori marginal or submarginal; sterile and fertile fronds alike or some- what dissimilar. Sori confluent, forming a submarginal band; segments of the fronds glabrous or nearly so. 13. PELLAEA. Sori distinct or contiguous; segments usually pubescent, tomentose or scaly. 14. CHEILANTHES. 1. ONOCLEA L. Sensitive FrRn. l. O. sensibilus. 2. PTERETIS Raf. Osrricu Fern. 1. P. noduiosa. 3. WOODSIA R. Br. -- Stipe articulate near the base. . 1. W. glavella. Stipe not articulate. — Blades pulverulent, with flattened articulate hairs and stalked glands. 2. W. scopulina. Blades without articulate hairs, unless at the ends of the indusia or segments, glabrous or minutely glandular. Indusia very small, divided almost to the center into a few hair-like filaments. 3. W. oregana. Indusia large, cleft more or less deeply into several lobes. Lobes of the indusia divided at least halfway down into slender articulate flattened hairs. 4. W. mexicana. Lobes of indusia merely jagged, rarely with an occasional jointed extension, often glandular. 5. W. obtusa. 4, FILIX Adans. Blades of the fronds deltoid-lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, twice or thrice pinnate. Blades elongate deltoid-lanceolate, 3-12 dm. long; basal pair of pana ane longest . F. bulbifera. Blades broadly lanceolate, 2-4.5 dm. long; basal pair of pinnae usually slightly short- ened. 2. F. fragilis. Blades of the fronds deltoid-ovate, three to four times pinnate. 3. F. montana. 5. POLYSTICHUM Roth. Hoty Fern, Curistmas Fern. Blades normally simply pinnate; pinnae auricled or the upper side at base, obliquely truncate at the lower. Fronds very short-stalked; pinnae broadly lanceolate, falcate, on the Laer Lae . P. lonchitis. Fronds rarely very short-stalked; pinnae horizontal, slightly falcate, lanceolate or linear, acuminate. 2. P. munitum. Blades normally more compound. Blades proliferous below the apex. 3. P. Andersoni. Blades not proliferous. ; Pinnae serrate in the distal part, pinnately lobed at base. 4. P. scopulinum. Pinnae pinnately divided almost-throughout the blade, commonly fully bipinnate. = 5. P. Braunii. 6. THELYPTERIS Schmidel. Blades of the fronds bipinnatifid. . . ; Blades broadest at base, or only the basal pair of pinnae slightly shortened. 1, T. Phegopteris. Blades gradually much narrowed toward base. 2. T. Oreopieris. Blades of the fronds ternate or subternate, once to twice pinnate. : ‘ Fronds glabrous, excepting a few scales on the stipe, or with only occasional micro- scopic trichomes resembling rudimentary glands. 3. T. Dryopteris. Fronds distinctly glandular, especially the stipes and rachises; slands capitate. T. Robertiana. 7, DRYOPTERIS Adans. Suretp Fern, Mae FErn. Indusia comparatively large, not dot-like. Sori not close to the margin. 282 FOLYFODIACEAE Rachis usually conspicuously chaffy; fronds 4.5-40 cm. long. 1. D. fragrans. Rachis naked or not noticeably chaffy; fronds 16-110 cm. long. Pinnae triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly triangular-ovate. . 2. D. cristata. Pinnae linear-lanceolate from a somewhat broader base. 4. D. Filiz-mas. Sori close to the margin. 3. D. marginalis. Indusia minute, dot-like; blades bipinnatifid to tripinnate. Pinnules decurrent on the narrowly-winged midribs; indusia edad D. spinulosa. Larger pinnules not decurrent. Indusia, and frond when young, conspicuously glandular. 6. D. intermedia. Indusia glabrous or with only a few glands. 7. D. dilatata. 8. ASPLENIUM L. Spirenwort. Blade irregularly forking. 1. A. septentrionale. Blade not forking. Blade simply pinnate. Stipe brown below; rachis green. 2 Stipe and rachis chestnut-brown or blackish. ‘ Pinnae not auricled. 3. A. Trichomanes. Pinnae auricled at base on the upper or both sides. 4. A. platyneuron. Blade bi- to tripinnatifid. 5. A. Adiantum-nigrum. 9. ATHYRIUM Roth. Lavy Fern. Pinnules commonly somewhat cuneate at base, sometimes appearing short-stalked; in- dusia rarely seen, very minute and evanescent. 1. A. alpestre. Pinnules more or less parallel at base down to the rachis, at least on the upper side; indusia evident. Indusia straight or variously curved, often shaped like a jana sd s Pee A. filiz-foemina. Indusia mostly curved so as to appear circular with a narrow sinus. : ‘A. cyclosorum. 10. ADIANTUM (Tourn.) L. Martpen-Harr FERN, VENUS’-HAIR FERN. Stipes forked into two rachises, which bear on upper side pinnae interspersed with single . A. viride. leaflets. 1. A. pedatum. Stipes not forked at apex; blades alternately bipinnate or tripinnate. Rachises wavy-flexuose; leaflets very short-stalked. A. modesium. Rachises strongly divaricate-flexuose; leaflets mostly conspicuously staliced, 3. A. rimicola. 11. PTERIS L. Braxz, Bracken. 1. P. aquilina. 12. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. Rocx-Brake. ae scattered; leaf-texture very delicate; stipes brown or novel below or through- ut. . C. Stelleri. Fronds tufted; leaf-texture firm. Stipes straw-colored. 2. C. acrostichoides. Stipes chestnut-colored. 3. C. densa. 13. PELLAEA Link. Currr-praxs. Segments of the blade obtuse or acute, rarely a few mucronate. Blades once pinnate, the pinnae mostly two-parted; stipes repeatedly marked with transverse crack-like depressions. 1. P. Breweri. Blades once or twice pinnate; stipes not marked with transverse depressions. Stipes and rachises reddish brown, entirely glabrous or with only few occasional long flaccid jointed hairs. 2. P. glabella. Stipe and rachises purplish black, rather thickly clothed with adender flaccid jointed hairs. 8. P. atropurpurea. Segments sharp-pointed or mucronate; blades once pinnate above, bipinnate below. oe P. mucronata. 14. CHEILANTHES Sw. Lip-rern. Blades scaly, not tomentose. 1. C. Fendleri. Blades tomentose beneath, with or without scales. Blades without scales. 2. C. Feei. Blades having scales. Ultimate segments oblong-oval; upper surface at first scantily webby, ear Ble arouse gracillima Ultimate segments rounded, narrowed toward base; upper ata tomentose. 4, . Eatoni. 15. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. Blades tomentose, not farinose beneath. 1. N. Parryi. Blades whitish-farinose beneath, not hairy. : Rachises divaricate-flexuose. 2. N. Fendleri. Rachises straight or nearly so, not divaricate-flexuose. 3. N. nivea. 16. POLYPODIUM [Tourn.] L. Potypopy. 1 P. hespcrium. MARSILIA FAMILY 283: Famity 3. MARSILIACEAE, Marsitia. Fairy. 1. MARSILEA L. Sporocarps with two distinct acute teeth separated by a rounded sinus, the upper tooth the longer, straight or curved. 1. M. vestita. Sporocarps with the lower tooth short and blunt, the upper a mere rounded papilla or wanting. . 2. M. oligospora. Famity 4. SALVINIACEAE. Sarvinia Famity. 1. AZOLLA Lam. 1. A. caroliniana, Famity 5. EQUISETACEAE. Horsrrait Faminy. 1. EQUISETUM. Horserat. Stem annual; spike rounded at the top; stomata scattered in the grooves of the stem. Stems of two kinds, the fertile ones succulent, appearing earlier than the sterile ones. Fertile stems simple, soon withering, branchless. 1. E. arvense. Fertile stems, when older, producing branches, only the naked apex withering. Branches compound; ridges with 2 rows of hooked spinules. 2. E. sylvaticum. Branches simple; ridges with 3 rows of broad spinules. 3. E. pratense. Stems of one kind; branches simple or none. Teeth of the sheaths persistent; plant usually branched, at least in age. Sheaths loose; teeth grooved, black with white margins; central cavity one- sixth of the diameter of the stem. 4. E. palustre. Sheath close; central cavity one-half of the diameter of the stem or more. Sheaths 7-8 mm. long; stem stout, sparingly branched. 5. E. fluviatile. Sheaths less than 5 mm. long; stem slender, much branched. (Autumnal forms of) E. arvense. Teeth of the sheaths deciduous; plant unbranched or nearly so. 6. E. kansanum. Stem perennial, evergreen (except sometimes in E. laevigatum), mostly simple; spike apiculate, with a rigid tip; stomata in regular rows. Central cavity present; stem more than 6-angled, except sometimes in E. variegatum. Teeth of the sheaths deciduous; stem tall and stout, many-grooved. Stem tubercled, rough. Sheath close, usually with a black or dark ring near the base, then grayish and with a narrow dark border at the base of the teeth. Stem 1-2 m. high, stout; sheaths as broad as long. 7. E. robustum. Stem 0.3-1 m. high, slender; sheath longer than broad. E. off . E. affine. : Sheaths more ampliate above, green, with or without a narrow border, but no ring below. 9. E. intermedium. Stem not tubercled, smooth; sheaths enlarged upwards, with or without a dark margin, but rarely with a ring below. 10. E. laevigatum. Teeth of the sheaths persistent, white-margined; stem low, slender, 5-10-grooved. 11. E. variegaium. Central cavity wanting; stem 6-angled. 12. E. scirpoides. Famity 6. ISOETACEAE. QurLuwort FamIty. 1. ISOETES. Quitiwort. Submerged species; leaves without peripheral bast-bundles. Stomata absent; macrospores marked with confluent crests, more or less honey- combed. 1. I. occidentalis. Stomata present; macrospores spinulose or tubercled. Macrospores spinulose. 2. I. Braunii. Macrospores with low tubercles. 3. I. Bolanderi. Amphibious or terrestrial species; leaves with peripheral bast-bundles and stomata. Macrospores, with low blunt isolated or confluent crests; peripheral aN 4. . I. Howellii. Macrospores, with numerous minute tubercles or almost smooth; peripheral hast- bundles 3. 5. I. Nuttallii. Famity 7. LYCOPODIACEAE. C.uvus-moss Famity. 1, LYCOPODIUM L. Cuus-moss, Grounp Pins. Sporanges borne in the axils of ordinary leaves, which are not arranged in distinct spikes. Leaves hollow at base, all or mostly all ascending, of nearly one length. 1. L Selago. Leaves flattened, not hollow at base, spreading or deflexed, longer and shorter in alternating zones. 2. L. porophilum. Sporanges borne in the axils of bracts arranged in spikes on the aerial branches. Spikes sessile, or with stalks not more than 1 cm. long. 2 Aerial branches all simple. 3. L. inundatum, Aerial branches, at least in part, branched. 284 LYCOPODIACEAE Leaves of the ultimate divisions of the aerial branches in 4 rows. . L. alpinum. Leaves of the ultimate divisions of the aerial branches in more than 4 rows. Aerial branches tree-like. L. obscurum, Aerial branches not tree-like, mostly loosely forking or “forming compact tufts. Leaves of the ultimate divisions of the aerial branches in 5 rows. 6. L. sitchense. Leaves of the ultimate divisions of the aerial branches in 8 rows. . annolinum. Spikes borne on bracteate peduncles more than 2 cm. long. Leaves of the divisions of the aerial branches in 4 rows. 8. L. complanatum. Leaves of the divisions of the aerial branches in many rows. 9. L. clavatum. Famity 8. SELAGINELLACEAE. Lirrte Ciusmoss Famiy. 1. SELAGINELLA. Lirrin Crusmoss, SELAGINELLA. Stem rooting only at the base; bracts of the spike broad, thin, spreading: macrospores spinulose. S. selaginoides. Stem rooting mostly their whole length; bracts of the spike iecowen and thicker, ap- pressed and closely imbricate. Leaves without an apical bristle. 2. S. mutica. Leaves with a distinct apical bristle. Macrospores smooth or nearly so. 3. S. montanensis. Macrospores with a network of thickened ridges. Leaves abruptly acute; plant dense and tufted. Apical bristle yellowish green. : 4. S. Watsonii. Apical bristle white. Apical bristle 0.3-0.4 mm, long. 5. S. Wallacei. Apical bristle 0.6—1.5 mm. long. densa. 6. S. Leaves gradually tapering towards the apex; stem long, loose and spreading; apical bristle 0.5-1 mm. long. . S. Underwoodii. GLOSSARY Abnormal, Differing from the usual struc- jure. Abortion. Imperfect development or non- development of an organ. Abortive. Imperfectly formed, rudimen- tary, or barren. Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end. Acaulescent. Stemless or apparently so. Accrescent. Growing larger after flower- ing. Accumbent (cotyledon). Having the edges against the radicle or hypocotyl. Acerose. Needle-shaped, as the leaves of pines. Achene. A small, dry and hard, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit. Acicular. Slender needle-shaped. Aculeaie. Prickly; beset with prickles. Acuminate. Tapering at the end. Acute. Sharp-pointed, but less so than acuminate. Adnate. An organ adhering to a different one; united, as the inferior ovary with the calyx-tube. Adnate anther, one attached for its whole length to the filament. Adsurgent=assurgent. Adventitious. Out of the usual place. Adventive. Not indigenous, but appar- ently becoming naturalized. Aequilateral. Equal-sided. Aerial. Growing in or pertaining to the air; hence above the ground or the water. Aestivation. The arrangement of the parts in a flower bud. Alate. Winged. Albumen. See Endosperm. Alliaceous. Onion-like, in aspect or odor, or taste. Alternate. Not opposite to each other. Alveolar. Containing sockets or pits. Alveolate. Honeycombed; having angular depressions separated by thin parti- tions. Ament.