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SELECT EXTRA-TROPICAL PLANTS
READILY ELIGIBLE FOR
[INDUSTRIAL CULTURE OR NATURALISATION,
WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTRIES
AND SOME OF THEIR USES.
BY
BARON FERD. VON MUELLER,
K.C.M.G., M.D., Pu.D., F.R.S.
“Omnia enim in usus suos creata sunt,”—SyRacu, Xxxix, 21, 26.
INDIAN EDITION.
CALCUTTA:
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING.
1880.
©
CALCUTTA:
PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING,
8, HASTINGS STREET.
TO
COLONEL THE HONOURABLE SIR ANDREW CLARKE,
K.C.M.G., C.B., C.LE.,
FIRST COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC WORKS OF INDIA,
‘AN ENLIGHTENED AND GENEROUS PATRON OF INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS,
THIS VOLUME IS
RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.
PREFACE.
I he the volumes issued by the Victorian Acclimation Society from
1871 to 1878 five contributions have appeared concerning
such industrial plants as are available for culture in extra-tropical
countries or in high mountain-regions within the tropics. These
writings were mainly offered with a view of promoting the intro-
duction and diffusion of the very many kinds of plants which in
temperate geographic latitudes may be extensively reared in forests,
on fields or pastures. The work thus originated, however, became
accessible merely to the members of the Society, while frequent
calls arose for these or some similar data not only throughout the
Australian communities, but also abroad. The whole has therefore
now been reissued in a rearranged and largely supplemented form,
and in this instance for use in Upper India under the auspices
of the Central Government at Calcutta, which honoured me in
reprinting this work with its present numerous additions; and it
devolves on me to add that this reissue met with the ready
concurrence of the Honourable Sir Bryan O’Loghlen, Bart.,
Acting Chief Secretary of Victoria. As stated in the preface
to the original essays, they did not claim completeness either
as a specific index or as a series of notes on the respective
technologie applicability of the plants enumerated. But what
these writings perhaps may aspire to is the aim of bringing
together, closely arrayed, some condensed data in popular language
on all the principal utilitarian plants hitherto known to prosper
in extra-tropical zones. Information of this kind is widely scattered
through many and often voluminous works in several languages,
yet such volumes apply chiefly to countries with a climatic zone
Vi PREFACE.
far more narrowthan that of the colony for which these pages
originally were mostly written. Only a few of the books which
it was desirable to consult were at my command; hence the
necessity of successive further supplements, even irrespective of
needful references to future discoveries, because in the progress
of geographic, medical, technologic, and chemical inquiries many
new plants of utilitarian value are likely to be disclosed, and new
uses of known plants to be elucidated. Thus, for instance, among
the trees and shrubs or herbs and grasses occurring in the middle
and higher altitudinal zones of Africa, or nearer to us of New
Guinea and the Sunda Islands, many specific forms may be expected
to occur, which we could transfer to other extra-tropical countries
or to mountains in equinoctial regions. Indeed, the writer would
modestly hope that his local efforts may prove to be of usefulness
algo in other parts of the globe, and in this hope he is cheered by the
generous action of an enlightened American, Mr. Ellwood Cooper,
the Principal of the Santa Barbara College of California, who
deemed the publications, first offered for Australian use, also
worthy of reissue in America. Moreover, gradual or partial reprints
appeared also in weekly journals of Sydney and San Francisco
and some other periodicals. It was stated before that the rapid
progress of tillage almost throughout all colonial dominions is
causing more and more a desire for general and particular indica-
tions of such plants, which a colder clime excludes from the north-
ern countries, where many of the colonists spent their youth; and
it must be clear to any reflecting mind that in all warmer latitudes,.
as compared with the Middle-European zones, a vastly enlarged
scope exists for cultural choice of plants. ‘Indicative as these notes
merely are, yet they may thus facilitate the selection. More exten-
sive information can then be followed up in larger works extant
elsewhere, or which authorship may call forth for local requirements
in other countries. The writer should even not be disinclined, under
fair support and encouragement, to issue collateral to the present
volume also another, exclusively devoted to the industrial plants of
the hotter zones for the promotion of tropical culture, particularly
in our Australian continent, Considerable difficulty was experi-
PREFACE. vil
enced in drawing the limits of the remarks admissible into the
present pages, because a certain plant may be important only under
particular climatic conditions and cultural applications, or it may
have been overrated in regard to the copiousness and relative
value of its yield. Thus it was not alway easy to sift the chaff
from the grain when these notes were gathered ; they might under
less rigorous restrictions indeed have been indefinitely extended ;
and although the author for more than twenty years has been
watching for industrial tests the plants introduced by him into
the Melbourne Botanic Garden, he had still to a very large extent
fo rely implicitly on the experience of other observers elsewhere.
Here also it may at once be stated that in all instances when
calculations of measurements and weights were quoted, such repre-
sent the maximum always, as far as hitherto on record. To draw
prominent. attention to the primarily important among the very
many hundreds of plants referred to in these pages, the leading
species have been designated with an asterisk. It has not been
easy in numerous instances to trace the first sources of that inform-
ation on utilitarian plants which we find recorded in the various
volumes. of phytologic or technologic literature; many original
observations are, however, contained in the writings of Bernardin,
Bentley, Brandis, Brockhaus, Candolle, Chambers, Collins, Drury,
Flueckiger, Asa Gray, Grisebach, Hanbury, Hooker, King, Lange-
thal, Lawson, Lindley, Lorentz, Loudon, Martius, Masters,
Meehan, Michaux, Nuttall, Oliver, Pereira, Philippi, Porcher,
Rosenthal, Roxburgh, Seemann, Simmonds, Stewart, Trimen,
Wittstein, and also some others to whose names reference is made
cursorily in the text. The volumes of the Agricultural Department
of Washington, of the Austrian Apotheker-Verein, of the Journal
of Applied Science, of the Bulletin de la Société d’Acclimation de
France, and of several other periodicals, have likewise afforded data
utilised on this occasion.
In grouping together, at the close of this volume, all the genera
enumerated, according to the products which they yield, facility is
afforded for tracing. out any series of plants about which special
economic infétmation may be sought, or which may prominently
vill PREFACE,
engage at any time the attention of the cultivator, the manufac-
turer, or the artisan. Again, in placing together in index-form the
respective industrial plants according to their geographic distribu-
tion, as has likewise been done in the concluding pages, it is
rendered easy to order or obtain from abroad the plants of such
other countries with which any settlers or colonists may be in
relation through commercial, literary, or other intercourse. Lists
like the present may aid also in naming the plants and their pro-
ducts with scientific correctness in establishments of economic
horticulture or in technologic or other educational collections. If
the line of demarkation between the plants admissible into this list
and those which should have been excluded has occasionally been
extended in favour-of the latter, then it must be pleaded that
the final value of any particular species for a peculiar want,
locality, or treatment cannot often be fully foretold. Many plants
of primary importance for rural requirements alluded to now have
long since been secured by the intelligent early pioneers of immigra-
tion, who timely strove to enrich also the cultural resources of their
adopted country ; and in the seefforts the writer, so far as his public
or private means did ever permit, has endeavoured for the past
quarter of a century to take an honourable share. But although
such plants are introduced, they are not in all instances as yet
widely diffused, nor in all desirable localities tested. For the sake
of completeness even the most ordinary cultural plants have not
been passed, as the opportunity seemed an apt one to offer a few
cursory remarks on their value. The writer entertains a hope that
a copy of this plain volume will be placed in the library of any
State schools, to serve educational purposes also by occasional and
perhaps frequent reference to these pages. The increased ease of
communication, which has latterly arisen between nearly all parts
of the globe, places us now also in a fair position for independent
efforts to suggest or promote introductions of new vegetable
treasures from unexplored regions, or to submit neglected plants
of promising value to unbiassed original tests. It may merely
be instanced that, after the lapse of more than three centuries
since the conquest of Mexico, only the most scanty information is
PREFACE. 1X
extant on the timber of that empire, and that of several thousand
tropical grasses not many dozen have been tried with chemical
exactitude for pastoral purposes. For inquiries of such kind every
civilised State is striving to afford in well-planned, thoughtfully
directed, and generously supported special scientific establishments
the needful aid, not merely for adding to the prosperity, comfort,
and enjoyment of the present generation, but also with an antici-
pation of earning the gratitude of prosperity ; and this as a rule is
done with a sensitive jealousy to maintain also thereby for scientific
dignity and industrial development the fair fame of the country.
Friendly consideration will recognise that a desire to arouse more
and more such a spirit for emulation has much inspired the writer
to offer these pages, he trusting that enlightened statesmanship far
and wide will foster this aim in the liberal and circumspect, manner
evinced by the Government of the Indian Empire.
Melbourne, December 1878.
SELECT PLANTS
READILY ELIGIBLE FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
IN
EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES.
ee re
Aberia Caffra, Hooker.
The Kai Apple of Natal and Caffraria. This tall shrub serves
for hedges. The rather large fruits are edible, and can be
converted into preserves. Allied South African species are
A. Zeyheri and A. tristis (Sonder).
Acacia acuminata, Bentham.
A kind of Myall from Western Australia, attaining a height
of 40 feet. The scent of the wood comparable to that of
raspberries. It is the best of West Australian woods for
charcoal, The stems much sought after for fence posts, very
lasting, even when young. A similar tree with hard and
scented wood is A. Doratoxylon (A. Cunn.).
Acacia Arabica, Willdenow.
North and Central Africa, also in South-West Asia, growing
in dry, calcareous soil. This small tree can be utilised for
thorny hedges, as also A. Seyal (Delile) and A. tortilis
(Forskael). They all furnish the best gum arabic for medi-
cinal and technical purposes. The lac insect lives also on
the foliage, and thus in Sind the lac is mainly yielded by
this tree. The stem attains a circumference of 10 feet. The
astringent pods are valuable for tanning, also the bark, which is
known as “ Baboot” bark ; the wood, known as “ Sunt,” is
very durable if water-seasoned, extensively used for wheels, well-
curbs, and many kinds of implements, also for the knees and
planks of boats. A. gummifera (Willd.) and A. Ehrenbergiana
(Hayne) are among the species, which yield gum arabie in
North Africa. A. latronum (Willdenow) and A. modesta
(Wallich) form thorny hedges in India (Brandis).
A
2 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Acacia armata, R. Brown.
Extra-tropical Australia. The Kangaroo Thorn. Much grown
for hedges, though less manageable than various other hedge
plants. Important for covering coast sand with an unap-
proachable prickly vegetation.
Acacia Catechu, Willdenow.
India, Africa, up to 3,000 feet. Tree of 40 feet height. The
extract prepared from the bark and heartwood is the catechu
of medicine or cutch of tannery. Pure cutch is worth about
£25 per ton; 4 tons of bark will produce 1 ton of cutch or
terra japonica. A. Suma (Kurz) is closely allied.
Acacia Cavenia, Hooker and Arnott.
The Espino of the present inhabitants of Chili, the Cavan of
the former population. A small tree with exceedingly hard
wood, resisting underground moisture. The plant :is well
adapted for hedges. The pods, called Quirinca, serve as cattle
food (Dr. Philippi). The husks contain 32 per cent. tannin
(Sievers), valuable as a dye material.
Acacia Cebil, Grisebach.
La Plata States. This is one of the most useful of all trees there,
on account of its bark, which is exceedingly rich in tannic acid ;
well worthy of introduction here; also as an ornamental tree.
Numerous other Acaciz, particularly the Australian species,
deserve yet tests for tannin.
Acacia concinna, Candolle.
India. Praised by Dr. Cleghorn as a valuable hedge shrub.
The pod contains saponin. So is likewise A. latronum
(Willd.), a hedge bush.
Acacia ue neren Willdenow, var. mollissima.* (A. mollissima,
illd.)
The Black Wattle, From the eastern part of South Australia,
through Victoria and New South Wales, to the southern part of
Queensland ; in open plains a small or middle-sized tree,-in
deep forest recesses a lofty tree of singularly rapid growth.
Its wood can be used for staves and many other purposes, and
it supplies an excellent firewood, but a chief use would be to
afford the first shelter, in treeless localities, for raising forests.
Its bark, rich in tannin, and its gum, not dissimilar to gum-
arabic, render this tree highly important. The English price
of the bark ranges generally from £8 to £11. In Melbourne
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 3
it averages about £5 per ton. It varies, so far as experiments
made in my laboratory have shown, in its contents of tannin
from 30 to 54 per cent. in bark artificially dried. In the
mercantile bark the percentage is somewhat less, according to the
state of its dryness—it retaining about 10 per cent. moisture.
14 lbs. of Black Wattle bark gives 1 Ib. of leather, whereas
5 lbs. of English Oak bark are requisite for the same results,
but the tannic principle of both is not absolutely identical.
Melbourne tanners consider a ton of Black Wattle bark suffi-
cient to tan 25 to 30 hides; it is best adapted for sole leather
and other so-called heavy goods. The leather is fully as dura-
ble as that tanned with oak bark and nearly as good in colour.
Bark carefully stored for a season improves in tanning power
10 t0 15 percent. From experiments made under the author’s
direction it appears that no appreciable difference exists in the
percentage of tannin in Wattle bark, whether obtained in the
dry or in the wet season. The tannin of this Acacia yields a
grey precipitate with the oxyde salts of iron, and a violet colour
with sub-oxydes; itis completely thrown down from a strong
aqueous solution by means of concentrated sulphuric acid.
The bark improves by age and desiccation, and yields about
40 per cent. of catechu, rather more than half of which is
tannic acid. Bichromate of potash added in a minute quan-
tity to the boiling solution of mimosa-tannin produces a ruby-
red liquid, fit for dye purposes: and this solution gives, with the
salts of sub-oxyde of iron, black pigments; and with the ‘salts
of the full oxyde of iron, red-brown dyes. As far back as
1823 a fluid extract of Wattle bark was shipped to London,
fetching then the extraordinary price of £50 per ton, one ton of
bark yielding 4 ewt. of extract of tar consistence (Simmons),
thus saving much freight and cartage. For cutch or terra
" japonica the infusion is carefully evaporated by gentle heat.
The estimation of tannic acid in Acacia barks is effected most
expeditiously by filtering the aqueous decoction of the bark
after cooling, by evaporating and then re-dissolving the resi-
due in alcohol and determining the weight of the tannic prin-
ciple obtained by evaporating the filtered alcoholic solution to
perfect dryness. ;
The cultivation of the Black Wattle is extremely easy, being
effected by sowing either broadcast or in rows. Seeds can be
obtained in Melbourne at about 5 shillings per 1b., which con-
tains from 30,000 to 50,000 grains; they are known to retain
their vitality for several years. Seeds should be soaked in
warm water before sowing. Any bare, barren, unutilised place
might most remuneratively be sown with this Wattle Acacia ;
the return would be in from 5 to 10 years. Full-grown trees,
4 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
which supply also the best quality, yield as much as 1 ewt. of
bark. Mr. Dickinson states that he has seen 10 ewt. of bark
obtained from a single tree of gigantic dimensions. The rate of
growth of the tree is about 1 inch in diameter of stem annu-
ally. It is content with the poorest and driest or sandy soil,
although in more fertile ground it shows greater rapidity of
growth. This Acacia is perhaps the most important of all
tan-yielding trees of the warm temperate zones, for its
strength in tannic acid, its rapidity of growth, its contented-
ness with almost any soil, for the ease with which it can be
reared and for its early yield of tanner’s bark, and indeed also
gum and stave-wood.
The variety dealbata (Acacia dealbata, Link) is generally known
amongst Australian colonists as Silver Wattle. It prefers
for its habitation humid river-banks, and attains there a
height of sometimes 150 feet, supplying a clear and tough
timber used by coopers and other artisans, but principally
serving as select fuel of great heating power. The bark of
this variety is much thinner and greatly inferior to the Black
Wattle in quality, yielding only about half the quantity of
tanning principle. It is chiefly employed for lighter leather.
This tree is distinguished from the Black Wattle by the sil-
very or rather ashy hue of its young foliage; it flowers early
in spring, ripening its seeds in about 5 months, while the
Black Wattle blossoms late in spring or at the beginning of
summer, and its seeds do not mature before about 14 months.
Acacia falcata, Willdenow.
East Australia. One of the best of trees for raising a woody
vegetation on drift-sand, as particularly proved at the Cape of
Good Hope. Important also for its bark in tanneries,
Acacia Farnesiana, Willdenow.
Dioscorides’ small Acacia. Indigenous to South Asia; found
westward as far as Japan ; a native also of the warmer parts
of Australia, as far south as the Darling River ; found spon-
taneously in tropical and sub-tropical America, but apparently
not in tropical Africa. Professor Fraas has recognised in this
Acacia the ancient plant. The scented flowers are much
sought after for perfumery. This may also be utilised as a
hedge plant, and a kind of gum-arabic may be obtained
from it.
Acacia fasciculifera, F. v. Mueller.
South Queensland. Seventy feet high, branches pendent.
Desirable for culture on account of the excellence of its easily-
worked dark wood,
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 5
Acacia glaucescens, Willdenow.
Queensland and New South Wales. Extreme height about 60
feet. A kind of Myall, with hard, dark, prettily grained, but
less scented wood than that of some other species.
Acacia harpophylla, F. v. Mueller.
Southern Queensland, where this tree, according to Mr, Thozet,
furnishes a considerable share of the mercantile wattle bark
for tanning purposes. Wood, according to Mr. O’Shanesy,
brown, hard, heavy and elastic, used by the natives for spears.
Mr. Thozet observes that the tree attains sometimes a height
of 90 feet, growing naturally on sand lands, almost to the
exclusion of other trees and shrubs, furnishing wood of a violet
odour, splitting freely and used for fancy turnery. The tree
yields also considerable quantities of gum.
Acacia homalophylla, Cunningham.
The Victorian Myall, extending into the deserts of New South
Wales. The dark-brown wood is much sought for turners’
work on account of its solidity and fragrance; perhaps its
most extensive use is in the manufacture of tobacco pipes.
Never a tall tree.
Acacia horrida, Willdenow.
The Doornboom or Karra-Doorn of South Africa. A formid-
able hedge bush with thorns often 3 inches long, readily
‘available for impenetrable hedge copses. It exudes also a
good kind of gum, but often of amber colour: so A. Giraffe,
Burchell, which attains a great age; the trunk assumes a large
size, furnishing a wood of great hardness.
Acacia implexa, Bentham.
Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland. A tree of middle
size, content with poor soil. Wood firm and close, dark brown
with yellowish stripes; much in demand for turnery, cog-
wheels, and other purposes which need tenacity and strength
(Dickinson). Bark available for tanneries.
Acacia longifolia, Willdenow.
South-Eastern Australia. This tree is introduced into this list
inasmuch as the very bushy variety known as A. Sophora
(R. Brown) renders most important services in subduing loose
coast-sand ; it should therefore be disseminated on extensively
bare sand-shores. To the recommendations of this bush can be
added that it grows so quickly. The bark of A. longifolia is
6 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
only half as good as that of A. decurrens for tanning, and used
chiefly for sheep-skins. The tree is, however, also of quick
growth—20 to 30 feet in 5 to 6 years (Hartmann).
Acacia macrantha, Bentham.
From Mexico to Argentina ; also in the Galapagos group. This
tree, usually small, provides the “ Cuji-pods” for tanning
(Simmonds).
Acacia melanoxylon, R. Brown.*
The well-known Blackwood of our river flats and moist forest
valleys, passing also under the inappropriate name of Light
Wood. In irrigated glens of deep soil the tree will attain a
height of 80 feet, with a stem several feet in diameter. The
wood is most valuable for furniture, railway carriages, boat-
building, casks, billiard tables, pianofortes (for sound-boards
and actions), and numerous other purposes. The fine-grained.
wood is cut into veneers. It takes a fine polish, and is con-
sidered almost equal to Walnut. Our best wood for bending
under steam. The air-dried bark contains from 15 to 28 per
cent. tannin. For further details refer to the volumes of the
Melbourne Exhibitions of 1862 and 1867,
Acacia microbotrya, Bentham.
In the waterless interior of South-West Australia. The
‘‘ Bad-jong.”” A comparatively tall species, which, according
to Mr. Geo. Whitfield, produces often 50 lbs. of gum from
one tree in a season. The aborigines store the gum in hollow
trees for winter use ; it is of a pleasant, sweetish taste.
Acacia pendula, All. Cunningham.
New South Wales and Queensland. Generally in marshy
tracts of the interior. One of the Myall trees.
Acacia penninervis, Sieber.
Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. A small tree, so
hardy as to occupy sub-alpine localities. The bark contains
about 18 per cent. of tannin.
Acacia pycnantha, Bentham.*
Victoria and South Australia. The Golden or Green Wattle
of the colonists. This tree, which attains a maximum height
of about 30 feet, is second perhaps only to A. decurrens in
importance for its yield of tanner’s bark ; the quality of the
latter is even sometimes superior to that of the Black Wattle,
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 7
but its yield is less, as the tree is smaller and the bark thinner.
It is of rapid growth, content with almost any soil, but is gen-
erally found in poor sandy ground near the sea-coast, and thus
also important for binding rolling sand. Experiments instituted
by me have proved the artificially dried bark to contain from
30 to 45 per cent. tanning principle, full-grown sound trees
supplying the best quality. The aqueous infusion of the bark
can be reduced by boiling to a dry extract, which in medicinal
and other respects is equal to the best Indian catechu, as
derived from Acacia catechu and A.suma. It yields about 30
per cent,, about half of which or more is mimosa-tannic acid.
This ecatechu is also of great use for preserving against decay
articles subject to exposure in water, such as ropes, nets, fishing-
lines, &c. While, according to Mr. Simmons, the import of
the bark of oaks, hemlock-spruce, into England becomes every
year less, and while the import of sumach and gambir does
not increase, the annual demand for tanning substance has
since the last twenty years been doubled. A. pyenantha is
also important for its copious yield of gum, which is in some
localities advantageously collected for home consumption and
also for export. By improved methods the fragrant oil of the
flowers would doubtless be fixed, though its absolute isolation
might be difficult and unremunerative.
Acacia retinodes, Schlechtendal.
South-East Australia. Ascertained already in 1846 by Dr.
Hermann Behr to yield a good tanner’s bark and much gum.
This Acacia is ever-flowering, and in this respect quite excep-
tional. It likes river banks, but never grows beyond the height
of a small tree.
Acacia saligna, Wendland.*
South-West Australia, where it is the principal tree chosen for
tanner’s bark. It is a wide-spreading small tree, fit for avenues.
The bark contains nearly 30 per cent. of mimosa-tannin, and
is extensively used, by tanners in West Australia. The tree
has proved in Algeria to resist the sirocco better than most
species (Dr. Bonand). A. cyanophylla (Lindley) is a closely
allied species, serving the same purposes.
Acacia Seyal, Delile.
In the Libyan and Nubian deserts. This thorny tree exudes
a brownish kind of gum-arabic. It is adapted for the most
arid desert country. In any oasis it forms a large and shady
tree. Native name “ Soffar.”
8 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Acacia stenophylla, A. Cunningham,
On banks of water-courses in the interior of Australia, as far
south as the Murray River. A tree with exquisite, hard, dark
wood, serving like Myall-wood.
Acacia Verek, Guillemin & Perrottet.
From Senegambia to Nubia. Affords the best white gum-arabic
of the Nile region, and a large quantity of this commercial
article. A. Htbaica (Schweinf.) and A. Stenocarpa (Hochst.)
from the same region produce also a good mercantile gum.
Acanthosicyos horrida, Welwitsch.
In the deserts of Angola, Benguela, and Damarland. This
thorny, cucurbitaceous, erect shrub bears fruits of orange size
and colour, of pleasant acidulous taste. The seeds are also
edible. The plant will live in the most arid desert land, and
is one of the few which resist the scorching effects of even
the sirocco.
Acer campestre, Linné.
The British Maple. Extends from Middle Europe to North
Asia. Height 40 feet, in shelter and deep soil ; the yellow and
purple tints of its foliage in autumn render the tree then parti-
cularly beautiful. The wood is compact and fine-grained, and
sought for choice furniture. The tree can be trimmed for hedge-
growth. Comparatively quick of growth, and easily raised
from seed. These remarks apply to many kinds of Maples.
Acer dasycarpum, Ehbrhart.
The White Maple of North America. Likes rather a warmer
climate than the other American Maples, and therefore parti-.
cularly desirable for us here. Height 50 feet; wood pale and
soft, stem sometimes 9 feet in diameter. Much praised for
street-planting ; growth comparatively rapid. It produces no
suckers, nor is the tree subject to disease. A most beautiful
tree, with a stout stem and a magnificent crown, growing best
on the banks of rivers with limpid water and a gravelly bed,
but never in swampy ground, where the Red Maple takes its
place. The wood is of less strength and durability than that of
its congeners, but produces excellent charcoal. The tree also
yields Maple-sugar, though not in such quantity as A. saccha-
rinum.
Acer macrophyllum, Pursh.
Large Oregon Maple. Tree up to 90 feet high, of quick
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 9
growth ; stem attaining 16 feet in circumference ; wood whitish,
beautifully veined. A beautiful shade-tree ; delights on banks
of streams. The inner bark can be utilised for baskets and
superior mats; the wood is a substitute for hickory. The
curled wood is splendid for ornamental work.
Acer Negundo, Linné.
The Box Elder of North America. A tree, deciduous like the
rest of the Maples; attains a height of about 50 feet, and is
rich in saccharine sap; according to Vasey it contains almost as
much as the Sugar Maple. Proved well adapted for our coun-
try. In California it is used extensively as a shade-tree. Cul-
tivated, the stem attains about 8 inches in diameter in 8 years
(Brewer). The wvod is yellow, marked with violet and rosy
veins (Simmonds).
Acer niveum, Blume.
Continental and Insular India, up on the forest ranges. This
is the tallest of the Maples, attaining a height of 150 feet.
Several other large Maples worthy of cultivation, particularly in
parks, occur on the mountains of India.
Acer palmatum, Thunberg.
This beautiful tree, with deeply cleft leaves, is indigenous to
Japan, where various varieties with red- and yellow-tinged
leaves occur. Should it be an aim to bring together all the
kinds of Maples, which could be easily grown in appropriate
spots, then Japan alone would furnish 25 species.
Acer platanoides, Linné.
The Norway Maple, extending south to Switzerland. Up to
70 feet high. The pale wood much used by cabinet-makers.
Tint of the autumn foliage golden yellow. A tree of imposing
appearance, much recommended for ornamental gardening ; it
gives a denser shade than most of the other Maples.
Acer pseudo-platanus, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, West Asia. The Sycamore Maple
or Spurious Plane. Attains a height of over 100 feet. The
wood is compact and firm, valuable for various implements,
instruments, and cabinet-work ;—for instance, for mangles,
presses, dishes, printing and bleaching works, beetling beams,
and in foundries for patterns (Simmonds). It furnishes like
some other Maples a superior charcoal. Will admit of exposure
to sea air. The sap also saccharine.
10 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Acer rubrum, Linné.
The Red Maple of North America. A tree, attaining 80 feet ;
wood close-grained. Grows well with several other Maples,
even in dry, open localities, although the foliage may somewhat
suffer from hot winds, but thrives most luxuriantly in swampy,
fertile soil. It is valued for street-planting. The foliage
turns red in autumn. The wood is of handsome appearance,
used in considerable quantity for saddle-trees, yokes, chairs, and
other furniture. That of old trees is sometimes cross-grained,
and thus furnishes a portion of the curled Maple-wood, which
is very beautiful and much in request for gun-stocks and inlay-
ing. The tree yields also Maple-sugar, but, like A. dasycarpum,
only in about half the quantity obtainable from A. saccharinum
(Porcher).
Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim.*
The Sugar or Rock Maple; one of the largest of the genus.
It is the national emblem of Canada. In the colder Ilati-
tudes of North America 80 feet high. The wood is strong,
tough, hard, close-grained, of rosy tinge, and when well seasoned
used for axle-trees, spokes, shafts, poles, and furniture; when
knotty or curly it furnishes the Birdseye and Curly Maple-wood.
In the depth of winter the trees, when tapped, will yield the
saccharine fluid, which is so extensively converted into Maple-
sugar, each tree yielding 2 to 4 lbs. a year. The trees can be
tapped for very many years in succession, without injury.
According to Porcher, instances are on record of 38 lbs. of
sugar having been obtained from a single tree in one season.
~ The tapping process commences towards the end of winter,
The Sugar Maple is rich in potash, furnishing a large propor-
tion of this article in the United States. The bark is an
important constituent in several of the American dyes. The
tree is particularly recommended for our Alpine regions. It
bears a massive head of foliage on a slender stem. The au-
tumnal colouring is superb. In the eastern states of North
America the Sugar Maple is regarded as the best tree for shade-
avenues. Numerous other Maples exist, among which as the
tallest may be mentioned Acer Creticum, L., of South Europe,
40 feet; A. levigatum, A. sterculiaceum, and A. villosum,
Wallich, of Nepal, 50 feet; A. pictum, Thunb., of Japan, 30
feet.
Achillea millefolium, Linné.
Yarrow or Millfoil. Europe, Northern Asia, and North America,
A perennial medicinal herb of considerable astringency, per-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. ll
vaded with essential oil, containing also a bitter principle
(achillein) and a peculiar acid, which takes its name from the
generic appellation of the plant.
Achillea moschata, Wulfen.
Alps of Europe. The Genipi or Iva of the Alpine inhabitants.
This perennial herb ought to be transferredto our snowy moun-
tains. With the allied A. nana (Ti.) and A. atrata (L.), it
enters as a component into the aromatic medicinal Swiss tea.
Many species of this genus, including the Yarrow, are whole-
some to sheep. A. fragrantissima (Reichenbach) is a shrubby
aa from the deserts of Egypt, valuable for its medicinal
owers.
Achras sapota, Linné.
The Sapodilla Plum of West India and Central Continental
America. A fine evergreen tree, producing delicious fruit.
Achras Australis, a tree yielding also tolerably good fruit,
occurs in New South Wales. Other sapotaceous trees, producing
table-fruit, such as the Lucuma mammosa (the Marmalade
Tree), Lucuma Bonplandi, Chrysophyllum Cainito (the Star
Apple), all from West India; and Lucuma Cainito of Peru,
might also be subjected to trial culture in our forest valleys ;
so furthermore many of the trees of this order, from which
gutta-percha is obtained (species of Dichopsis TIsonandra,
Sideroxylon, Cacosmanthus, Bassia, Mimusops, and Imbricaria
Payenia), would prove hardy in sheltered woodlands, as they
seem to need rather an equable, humid, mild clime, than the heat
of the torrid zone.
Aconitum Napellus, Linné.
The Monk’s Hood. In the colder, especially mountainous, parts
of Europe and Northern Asia. A powerful medicinal plant of
perennial growth, but sometimes only of biennial duration,
variable in its forms. It was first introduced into Australia,
together with a number of other Aconits, by the writer of this
communication. All the species possess more or less modified
medicinal qualities, as well in their herb as in their root; but
so dangerously powerful are they, that the plants can only he
administered by the exercise of legitimate medical practice.
Napellus root, according to Dr. Wittstein, contains three alka-
loids: aconitin, napellin, and narcotin. The foliage contains
also a highly acrid, volatile principle, perhaps chemically not
unlike that of many other Ranunculaces. Aconitin, one of the
most potent of any of the medicinal substances in existence,
12 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
can likewise be obtained from the Nepalese Aconitum ferox,
and probably from several other species of the genus.
Acorus Calamus, Linné.
The Sweet Flag. Europe, Middle and North Asia, North
America. A perennial pond or lake plant. The somewhat
aromatic root is used as a stomachic, and also in the preparation
of confectionery, in the distillation of gin and liqueurs, and in
the brewing of some kinds of beer. The flavour of the root
depends mainly on a peculiar volatile oil.
Acrocomia mexicana, Karwinski.
Mexico ; also in the cooler regions up to 3,000 feet. (Middle
temperature, 17° Celsius; Drude.) A prickly palm, 20 feet
high, aceempanied by very slender Chamzdora-Palms in the
shade of Oak-forests.
Actza spicata, Linné.
The Baneberry. On forest mountains, mainly in limestone soil
of Europe, North Asia, and North America. A perennial medi-
cinal herb. Its virtue depends on peculiar acrid and bitter as
well as tonic principles. In North America this species, and
likewise A. alba, are also praised as efficacious antidotes against
ophidian poisons.
Adenostemum nitidum, Persoon.
South Chili, where this stately tree passes by the appellations
Queule, Nuble, and Aracua. Wood durable and beautifully
veined. Fruit edible.
Adesmia balsamica, Bertero.
The Jarilla of Chili. A small shrub, remarkable for exuding
a fragrant balsam of some technic value.
Mgiceras majus, Gaertner.
South Asia, Polynesia, North and East Australia. This spuri-
ous mangrove tree extends far south in New South Wales.
It may be employed for staying the off-flow of mud by the
tide, and for thus consolidating shores subject to inundation
by sea-floods.
Aischynomene aspera, Linné.
The Solah of tropical Asia. A large perennial erect or floating
swamp-plant. ‘Introduced from the Botanic Gardens of Mel-
bourne into the tropical parts of Australia. The pith hats are
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 13
made from the young stems of this plant. It is also a sub-
stitute for cork in various appliances. The Solah is of less
importance for cultivation than for naturalisation.
Asculus flava, Aiton.
North America. This showy tree rises to 60 feet. The wood
is light, soft, and porous, not inclined to split or crack in dry-
ing. It is valuable for troughs, bread-trays, wooden bowls,
shuttles (Simmons).
Asculus Hippocastanum, Linné.
The Horse-Chestnut Tree. Indigenous to Central Asia. One
of the most showy of deciduous trees, more particularly when
during spring “it has reached the meridian of its glory, and
stands forth in all the gorgeousness of leaves and blossoms.”
Height 60 feet. Circumference of stem up to 16 feet. It
will succeed in sandy soil on sheltered spots ; the wood adapted
for furniture; the seeds a food for various domestic animals ;
the bark a good tanning material. The wood remains free
from insects. The tree ascends the Himalayas up to 10,000
feet. A variety is known with thornless fruits. Three species
occur in Japan, and several, but none of great height, in
North America and South Asia. —
AKsculus Indica, Colebrooke. .
In the Himalayas, from 3,500 to 9,000 feet, Height finally
50 feet; trunk comparatively short, occasionally with a girth
of 25 feet.. Never quite without leaves. Can be used like the
Horse-Chestnut as an ornamental shade-tree.
Agaricus Cesareus, Schaeffer.
In the Spruce-forests of Middle and South Europe. Trials
might be made to naturalise this long-famed and highly deli-
cious Mushroom in our forests. It attains a width of nearly
one foot, and is of a magnificent orange colour. Numerous
other edible Agaries could doubtless be brought into this
country by the mere dissemination of the spores at apt localities.
As large or otherwise specially eligible may here be mentioned
A. extinctorius L., A. melleus Vahl., A deliciosus L., A.
giganteus Sowerby, A. Cardarella Fr., A. Marzuolus Fr., A.
eryngii Cand., A. splendens Pers., A. odorus Bulliard, A.
auricula Cand., A. oreades Bolt., A. esculentus Wulf., A.
mouceron Tratt., A. socialis Cand., all from Europe, besides
numerous other highly valuable species from other parts of the
globe. Professor Goeppert adds as edible species sold. in
14 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Silesia and other parts of Germany: A. decorus Fries, A.
fusipes Bull, A. gambosus Fries, A. procerus Scop., A. scorodo-
nius Fries, A. silvaticus Schaef., A. virgineus Wulf., A. volemus
Fries, besides the almost cosmopolitan A. campestris Linné.
Mushroom beds are best made from horse-manure, mixed with
3 loam, the scattering of the spawn (spores) to be effected
when the temperature of the hot-bed has become reduced to
85° F., the sowing of the mushroom fragments to be made
3 inches deep and 4 inches apart; one inch sifted loam over
the damp bed and some hay to cover the whole. After two .
months, mushrooms can be gathered from the bed. In Japan
mushrooms are reared on decayed split logs. Puff balls are
also edible and some of them delicious (Meehan).
Agaricus flammeus, Fries.
In Cashmere a large and excellent edible mushroom (Dr.
Aitchison).
Agaricus ostreatus, Jacquin.
On trunks chiefly of deciduous trees throughout Europe. The
delicious Oyster Mushroom, renowned since antiquity (Fries).
Agave Americana, Linné.
The gigantic Aloe of Central America. It comes here into
flower in about ten years. The pithy stem can be utilised for
some of the purposes for which cork is usually employed,—for
instance, to form the bottoms of insect-cases. The honey-
sucking birds and the bees are very fond of the flowers of this
prodigious plant. The leaves of this and some other Agaves,
such as A. Mexicana, furnish the strong Pita-fibre, which is
adapted for ropes, and even for beautiful textile fabrics. The
strength of ropes of this fibre is considerably greater than that
of hemp ropes, as well in as out of water. The leaves contain
saponin. The sap can be converted into alcohol, and thus the
« Pulque” beverage is prepared from the young flower-stem.
Where space and circumstances admit of it, impenetrable
hedges may be raised in the course of some years from Agaves.
Agave rigida, Miller. (4. Iztli, Karwinsky.)
Yucatan. The Chelem, Henequen, and Sacci of the Mexicans,
furnishing the Sisal hemp. Drs. Perrine, Scott, and Engel-
mann indicate several varieties of this stately plant, the fibre
being therefore also variable, both in quantity and quality.
The yield of fibre begins in four or five years, and lasts for
half a century or more, the plant being prevented from flower-
ing by cutting away its flower stalk when very young. The
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 15
leaves are from 2 to 6 feet long and 2 to 6 inches wide;
the flower-stem attains a height of 25 feet, the panicle
of flowers about 8 feet long, bearing in abundance bulb-like
buds. Other large species of Agave, all fibre-yielding, are
A. antillarum (Descourtil) from Hayti; A. Parryi (Engel-
mann) from New Mexico; A. Palmeri (Engelmann) from
South Arizona, up to an elevation of 6,000 feet.
Agriophyllum gobicum.
Eastern Asia. The “Soulkir” of the Mongols. Przevalsky
says that this plant affords a great part of the vegetable food
of the Ala-Shan nomads. Several other annual salsolaceous
herbs belong to the genus Agriophylium.
Agrostis alba, Linné.
The Fiori or White Bent-Grass. Europe, North and Middle
Asia, North Africa, North America. Perennial, showing a
predilection for moisture; can be grown on peat soil. It is
the Herd-Grass of the United States. It is valuable as an
admixture to many other grasses, as it becomes available at
the season, when some of them fail. Sinclair regards it as a
pasture-grass inferior to Festuca pratensis and Dactylis
glomerata, but superior to Alopecurus pratensis. The variety
with long suckers (A. stolonifera) is best adapted for sandy
pastures, and helps to bind shifting sand on the sea-coast, or
broken soil on river banks. It has a predilection for moisture,
and luxuriates even on saline wet soil or periodically inundated
places, as well observed by Langethal. It is more a grass for
cattle-country than for sheep pasture, but wherever it is to
grow the soil must be penetrable. Its turf on coast-meadows
is particularly dense and of remarkable fineness. For sowing
only one-sixth of the weight of the seeds, as compared with
those of the Rye-Grass, is needed.
Agrostis rubra, Linné. (4. dorealis, Hartmann.)
Northern Europe, Asia and America. A perennial grass called
Red-top, and also Herd-Grass in the United States of North
America. Mr. Meehan places it for its value as pasture among
grasses cultivated there next after Phleum pratense and Poa
pratensis (the latter there called Blue Grass), and before
Dactylis glomerata (the Orchard-Grass of the United States).
Agrostis scabra, Willdenow.*
The Hair-Grass of North America. Recently recommended
as one of the best lawn grasses, forming a dense turf. It will
grow even on poor gravelly soil, and endure drought as well
16
Agrostis Solandri, F. v. Mueller.
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
as extreme cold, Its fine roots and suckers spread rapidly,
forming soon dense matted sods (according to Dr. Channing).
It starts into new growth immediately after being cut, is for
its sweetness picked by pasture animals preferentially, has
proved one of the best grasses for dairy ground, and sup-
presses weeds like Hordeum secalinum. One bushel" of‘seed to
an acre is used for pasture-land ; two bushels suffice for lawns.
Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. Produces a large
quantity of sweet fodder in damp localities (Bailey).
Agrostis vulgaris, Withering.
Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, North America. One of
the perennial grasses, which disseminate themselves with
celerity, even over the worst of sandy soils. Though not a
tall grass, it may be destined to contribute perhaps with Aira
canescens and others largely to the grazing capabilities of
desert lands; yet it will thrive also even in moist soil and
Alpine regions, and is essentially a grass for sheep-country.
Ailantus glandulosa, Linné.
South East Asia. A hardy, deciduous tree, 60 feet high, of
rather rapid growth and of very imposing aspect in any land-
scape. Particularly valuable on account of its leaves, which
afford food toa silkworm (Bombyx Cynthia) peculiar to this
tree ; wood extremely durable, pale yellow, of silky lustre when
planed, and therefore valued for joimers’ work; it is tougher
than oak or elm, easily worked, and not liable to split or warp.
In South Europe planted for avenues. For this purpose
prevailingly staminate trees are not eligible on account of the
strong odour of the flowers. Valuable also for reclaiming coast-
sands, and to this end easily propagated by suckers and frag-
ments of roots according to Professor Sargent. The growth
of the tree is quick even in poor soil, but more so in somewhat
calcareous bottoms. Thrives on chalk (Vasey). Professor
Meehan states that it interposes the spread of the rosebug,
to which the tree is destructive.
Aira cespitosa, Linné.
Widely dispersed over the globe. A rough fodder grass, best
utilised for laying dry any moist meadows.
Albizzia bigemina, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium bigeminum,
Martius.)
India, up to Sikkim and Nepal, ascending in Ceylon to 4,000
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 17
feet. Available for our forests on account of its peculiar dark-
and hard wood. Another congener, A. subcoriacea (Pithecolo-
bium subcoriaceum, Thwaites), from the mountains of India is
deserving, with numerous other tall species, of cultivation.
Albizzia dulcis, F.v. Mueller. (Pithecolobinm dulce, Bentham.)
Mexico. A valuable hedge plant. The sweet pulp of tie pod
is wholesome.
Albizzia Julibrissin, Durazzini.
From the Caucasus to Japan. A favourite ornamental shade-
acacia in South Europe.
Albizzia latisiliqua, F. v. Mueller. (Lysiloma latisiliqua,
Bentham.)
Tropical America. A large spreading tree; diameter of trunk
to 3 feet; wood excellent for select cabmet-work, excelling,
according to Nuttall, the Mahogany in its variable shining
tints, which appear like watered satin; it is white, hard, and
close-grained.
Albizzia Lebbek, Bentham.
The Siris Acacia of South and Middle Asia, North Africa.
Available as a shade tree. It produces also a good deal of gum.
Albizzia lophantha, Benth. (Acacia lophantha, Willdenow.}
South-West Australia. One of the most rapidly growing
trees for copses and first temporary shelter in exposed localities,
but never attaining to the size of a real tree. It produces
seeds abundantly, which germinate most easily, For the most
desolated places, especially in desert tracts, it is of great
importance to create quickly shade, shelter, and copious vegeta-
tion. Cattle browse on the leaves. The bark contains only
about 8 per cent. mimosa-tannin; but Mr. Rummel found in
the dry root about 10 per cent. of saponin, valuable in silk and
wool factories. Saponin also occurs in Xylia dolabriformis of
South Asia. In Australia found better still than the Broom-
bush for shelter of new forest plantations in open sand-lands.
Albizzia Saman, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobinm Saman, Bentham.).
Mexico, A lofty tree, particularly valuable for wet saline
country. The pulpy pods are edible.
Albizzia stipulata, Bentham. ;
South Asia to the Himalayas and China, An umbrageous tree
of easy culture.
B
18 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Alchemilla vulgaris, Linné.
Europe, West Asia, Arctic North America, Alpine Australia.
This perennial herb is important for moist dairy pastures.
The same can be said of other congeners; for instance, A.
alpina L., from the coldest parts of Europe, North Asia, and
North America; A. Capensis (Thunberg) and A. elongata
(Ecklon and Zeyher) of South Africa, some Abyssinian species,
as well as 4. pinnata (Ruiz and Pavon) and other congeners of
the Andes.
Aletris farinosa, Linné.
The Colic Root of the woodlands of North America. _ This
pretty herb is of extreme bitterness, and can be medicinally
administered as a tonic.
Aleurites cordata, R. Brown.
From Japan to Nepal, also in Bourbon. This tree for its
beauty and durable wood deserves cultivation in our plantations
in humid districts. The oil of the seeds serves as varnish.
Perhaps, in localities free of frost, it would be of sufficiently
quick growth.
Aleurites triloba, R. and G. Forster.
The Candlenut Tree, a native of the tropics of both hemispheres,
which furnishes a valuable dye from its fruits, and copious oil
from its seeds. I found the tree barely able to endure the
winters of Melbourne.
Alibertia edulis, A. Richard.
Guiana and Brazil, southward to extra-tropic latitudes, widely
dispersed through the drier regions. The fruit of this shrub
is edible and known as “ Marmeladinha.” A. Melloana (J.
Hooker), of South Brazil, seems to serve the same purpose.
Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch.
On sandy places around the Mediterranean Sea. It yields the
Alkanna root used for dyeing oleaginous and other substances.
It might be naturalised. Can be grown in almost pure sand.
Allium Canadense, Kalm. :
North American Garlic. Could be cultivated or naturalised
on moist meadows for the sake of its top bulbs, which are
much sought for pickles of superior flavour.
1
!
Allium roseum, Linné.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This, with Allium
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 19
Neapolitanum (Cyrillo), one of its companions, yields edible
roots, according to Heldreich.
Allium Schenoprasum, Linné.
The Chives. Europe, Northern Asia, and North America.
Available for salads and condiments. This species of Allium
seems not yet so generally adopted in our culinary cultivation
as Allium Ascalonicum (the Shallot), A. Cepa (the ordinary
Onion), A. fistulosum (the Welsh Onion), A. Porrum (the
Leek), and A. sativum (the Garlic). A. Scorodoprasum, or
the Sand Leek of Europe and North Africa, resembles both
Garlic and Shallot. A. Ampeloprasum is the British Leek,
which extends over Middle and South Europe and West Asia,
called in culture the Summer Leek, a variety of which is the
Early Pearl Leek.
Alnus glutinosa, Gaertner.
The ordinary Alder. Throughout Europe and extra-tropical
Asia, up to 70 feet high ; well adapted for river banks, recom-
mended by Wessely for wet valleys in coast-sand; wood
soft and light, turning red, furnishing one of the best char-
coals for gunpowder; it is also durable under water, and
adapted for turners’ and joiners’ work. The wood is also well
suited for pump-trees and other underground work, as it will
harden almost like stone. The tree is valuable for the utilis-
ation of bog-land. A. incana (Willd.) extends to North
America; it is of smaller size. The bark of several Alders is
of great medicinal value, and a decoction will give to cloth
saturated with lye an indelible orange colour (Porcher) ; it
contains a peculiar tannic principle. American Alder extract
has come into use for tanning; it renders skins particularly
firm, mellow, and well coloured (Eaton). The bark contains 36
per cent. tannin (Muspratt). A. Oregana, Nuttall, of California
and Oregon, rises to a height of 80 feet.
Alnus nepalensis, D. Don.
Himalayas, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet. Reaches a height
of 60 feet. With another Himalayan Alder, A. nitida
(Endlicher), it can be grown along streams for the sake of its
wood. =
Aloe dichotoma, Linné, fil.
Damara and Namaqua-land. This species attains a height of
30 feet, and expands occasionally with its branches so far as to
give a circumference of 40 feet. The stem is remarkably
20 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
smooth, with a girth sometimes of 12 feet. It is a yellow
flowering species. A. Bainesii (Baker & Dyer) is almost as
gigantic as the foregoing. Both doubtless yield medical gum-
resin like many others. A. Barbers, which is closely related
to A. Zeyheri, attains in Caffraria a height of 40 feet, with a
stem 16 feet in circumference at 3 feet from the ground.
Aloe ferox, Miller.
South Africa. This species yields the best Cape Aloe, as
observed by Dr. Pappe. The simply inspissated juice of the
leaves of the various species of this genus constitutes the Aloe
drug. It is best obtained by using neither heat nor pressure
for extracting the sap. By re-dissolving the aqueous part in
cold water, and reducing the liquid through boiling to dryness
the extract of aloes is prepared. All species are highly valu-
able, and can be used, irrespective of their medicinal import-
ance, to beautify any rocky or otherwise arid spot.
Aloe linguiformis, Miller.
South Africa. According to Thunberg, from this species the
purest gum-resin is obtained.
Aloe plicatilis, Miller.
South Africa. The drug of this species acts milder than that
of A. ferox.
Aloe purpurascens, Haworth.
South Africa. Another of the plants which furnish the
Cape aloe of commerce. .The South African Aloe arborescens
(Miller) and A. Commelyni (Willdenow) are also drawn into
use for aloe, according to Baillon, Saunders, and Hanbury.
Aloe socotrina, Lamarck. (4. vera, Linné.)
Hills of the Island of Socotra. Extending as a native plant
along the Red Sea and the shores of India. Also cultivated
in Barbadoes and elsewhere, thus yielding the Socotrin aloe
and Moka aloe.
Aloe spicata, Thunberg.
South Africa. This also provides Cape aloe. It is an exceed-
ingly handsome plant.
Aloe vulgaris, Lamarck.
The Yellow-flowered Aloe. Countries around the Mediter-
ranean Sea, also Canary Islands, on the sandy .or rocky sea-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 21
coast. Such places could also here readily be utilised for this
and allied plants. Dr. Sibthorp identified this species with
the Adén of Dioscorides; hence it is not probable that A.
vulgaris is simultaneously also of American origin, although
it Is cultivated in the Antilles, and furnishes from thence the
main supply of the Barbadoes aloe. In East India this
species also seemingly only exists in a cultivated state.
Haworth found the leaves of this and of A. striata softer and
more succulent than those of. any other aloe. It is said to be
the only species with yellow flowers among those early known.
It is also this species only which Professor Willkomm and
Professor Parlatore record as truly wild in Spain and Italy.
Aloe Zeyheri, Harvey.
South Africa. A magnificent, very tall species; doubtless
valuable like the rest.
Aloexylon Agallochum, Loureiro.
Cochin-China, on the highest mountains. The precious aloe
wood, so famed for its balsamic fragrance and medicinal pro-
perties, is derived from this tree.
Alopecurus bulbosus, Linné.
Middle and South Europe. An important grass for salt
marshes.
Alopecurus geniculatus, Linné.
Europe, Asia, North Africa. A good fodder-grass for swampy
ground ; easily naturalised.
_Alopecurus pratensis, Linné.*
Meadow Foxtail-Grass. Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia. One of the best of perennial pasture-grasses,
It attains to its full perfection only after a few years of growth,
as noticed by Sinclair. For this reason it is not equal to
Dactylis glomerata for the purpose of changing crops. Other-
wise it is more nutritious than the latter, although the annual
return in Britain proved less. Sheep thrive well on it, Sinclair
and others found that this grass, when exclusively combined
with white clover, will support from the sécond season five
ewes and five lambs on an acre of sandy loam. But this grass,
to thrive well, needs land not altogether dry. In all permanent
artificial pastures this Alopecurus should form one of the prin-
cipal ingredients, because it is so lasting and so nutritive. In
our Alpine regions it would also prove prolific, and might
22 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
convert many places there gradually into summer pastures. It
is early flowering, and likes the presence of lime in the
soil.
Alstonia constricta, F. v.’ Mueller.
Warmer parts of East Australia, particularly in the dry inland
districts. The bark of this small tree is aromatic bitter, and
regarded as valuable in ague, also as a general tonic. It is
allied to the Dita bark of India and North-Eastern Australia
from Alstonia scholaris, R. Brown, and produces a peculiar
alkaloid, alstonin (Baron von Mueller and L. Rummel). See
Wittstein’s Organic Constituents of Plants (edit. Muell. 1878,
p- 830).
Alstremeria pallida, Graham.
Chili. Palatable starch can be obtained from the root of this
plant, which, for its loveliness alone, deserves a place in any
garden. The tubers of others of the numerous Alstremerias
can doubtless be utilised in a similar technic manner.
Althea officinalis, Linné.
The Real Marsh-Mallow. Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia. A tall perennial herb, with handsome flowers.
The mucilaginous root and also the foliage are used for medi-
cinal purposes, The plant succeeds best on damp, somewhat
saline soil,
Amarantus Blitum, Linné.
South Europe, North Africa, South-West Asia. This annual
herb is a favourite plant among allied ones for spinage; but
not only species of this genus, but also many other Amaran-
tacee serve as culinary herbs. The dried plant contains 10 to
12 per cent. nitrate of potash. It arrives at maturity in two to
three months, producing on good soil about 4: tons per acre, equal
to about 400 lbs. saltpetre. “A. cruentus L., A. hypochondri-
acus L., and A. caudatus L., are cultivated in Ceylon. A. fru-
mentaceus, Hamilt., is closely allied to the first one mentioned,
and attains 6 feet on slopes of mountains, when cultivated in
South India for food-grain. The leaves serve as a vegetable.
Amarantus paniculatus, Linné.
In tropical countries of Asia and also America. An annual
herb, yielding half a pound of floury nutritious seeds on a
square yard of ground in three months, according to Roxburgh.
Extensively cultivated in India,
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 23
Amelanchier Botryapium, Candolle.
The Grape-Pear of North America. This handsome fruit tree
attains a height of 30 feet. The purplish or almost black
fruits are small, but of pleasant subacid taste, and ripen
early in the season. It bears abundantly, so much so that
Mr. Adams of Ohio calculated the yield at 300 bushels per
acre annually, if the variety oblongifolia is chosen. It is the
Dwarf June-berry of North America. This bush or tree will
live in sandsoil ; but it is one of those hardy kinds particularly
eligible for our Alps.
Amyris terebinthifolia, Tenore.
Brazil. Is perfectly hardy in Victoria and is content in dry
ground without any irrigation. It proved one of the best
among the smaller avenue trees, is beautifully spreading and
umbrageous, and probably of medicinal value.
Anacyclus Pyrethrum, Candolle.
Countries near the Mediterranean Sea. The root of this
perennial herb is used medicinally.
Andropogon argenteus, Candolle.
Pronounced by Leybold to be one of the best fodder-grasses of
the Cordilleras of Chili.
Andropogon australis, Sprengel. (Sorghum plumosum, Beauvois.)
Tropical and also eastern extra-tropic Australia as far south as
Gippsland. Brought under notice by Mr. Ch. Moore as an
admirable perennial pasture-grass. The allied A. tropicus,
Sprengel (Sorghum fulvum, Beauv.), of tropical Australia,
South Asia, China, and Japan, serves similar purposes.
Andropogon avenaceus, Michaux. (Sorghum avenaceum, Willd.)
North and Central America. This tall perennial grass lives
in ary, sandy soil, and should here be tried for growth of |
fodder.
Andropogon bicolor, Roxburgh. .
Warmer parts of Asia. One of the annual tall Sorghums.
It ripens its seeds in three or four months from the time of
sowing, the produce in good soil being often upwards of one
hundredfold. It is a wholesome grain.
Andropogon Calamus, Royle.
Central India. The Sweet Calamus of the Ancients. From
24 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
this species the Gingergrass Oil of Nemaur is distilled, an
article much used in perfumery.
Andropogon cernuus, Roxburgh.* (Sorghum cernuum, Willd.)
One of the Guinea-Corns. India, where it is much culti-
vated, and so also in other tropical countries. It is perennial,
and forms the “staff of life” of the mountaineers beyond
Bengal. It reaches a height of 15 feet, with leaves over
3 feet long. The thick stems are rooting at the lower joints,
and cattle are very fond of them. The grain is white. The
specific limits of the various Sorghums are not well ascertained,
Andropogon citratus, Candolle.
The Lemon Grass of India. It yields an essential oil for
perfumery ; besides it is occasionally used for tea. This applies
as well to Andropogon Nardus, L., and some allied grasses.
Andropogon ‘erianthoides, F. v. Mueller.
Eastern Sub-tropical Australia. Mr. Bailey observes of this
perennial grass that “it would be difficult to find a grass
superior for fodder to this; it produces a heavy crop of rich,
sweet, succulent herbage ; it spreads freely from roots and seeds,
and shoots again when fed down.”
Andropogon falcatus, Steudel.
India and Queensland. Considered by Mr. Bailey a good
lawn-grass, of dwarf, compact growth, and of bright verdure.
Andropogon Gryllos, Linné.
In the warm, temperate, and the hot zone of the eastern hemi-
sphere. A useful fodder-grass (Bailey).
Andropogon Haleppensis, Sibthorp.
South Europe, warmer parts of Asia and North Africa.
Praised already by Theophrastos more than 2,000 years ago.
Not easily repressed in wet ground.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 247
Pinus Smithiana, Lambert. (P. Khutrow, Royle.)
On the Himalayai Mountains, at elevations from 6,000 to
11,000 feet. Attains a height of 150 feet, and the stem a
girth of 15 feet. The wood is pale, even and straight-grained,
but only durable under shelter.
Pinus stenolepis, Parlatore. (Picea Veitchit, Lindley.)
Japan. Up to 7,000 feet. A fine tree, attaining a height of
140 feet.
Pinus Strobus, Linné.*
Weymouth Pine or American White Pine. North-Eastern
America, growing on any soil, but particularly adapted for
deep rich soil in mountain valleys ; known to reach a height of
270 feet, with a stem of 8 feet diameter. It is the principal
pine of the lumber trade of the Eastern States. One of the
finest among ornamental conifers. The wood is soft, white,
light, free of knots, almost without resin, easy to work, very
durable, and much esteemed for masts, bridges, frames of
buildings, flooring, oars, ete. It yields American turpentine
and gallipot.
Pinus Teda, Linné.
Frankincense or Loblolly Pine. Florida and Virginia, in
sandy soil, attaining a height of 80 feet. The timber is used
for pumps, ete. It also yields turpentine in good quantity,
though of inferior quality. The tree likes the regions near
the coast, hence can be utilised for raising Fir forests on sea-
sand.
Pinus tenuifolia, Bentham.
Mexico, at an elevation of 5,000 feet, forming dense forests.
Height of tree 100 feet, stem up to 5 feet in diameter.
Pinus Teucote, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
Okote or Torch Pine. Mexico, 5,000 to 8,000 feet above the
sea-level. Tree 100 feet high, stem 3 to 4 feet in diameter,
It yields the Brea turpentine and resin ; the wood is resinous
and durable.
Pinus Torreyana, Parry.
California. An average cone of this Pine will contain about
130 seeds, weighing 8 ounces; they are edible (Meehan).
Pinus Tsuga, Antoine.
In the northern provinces of Japan, 6,000 to 9,000 feet above
248 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
the sea. The tree grows to only 25 feet high. Its timber is
highly esteemed for superior furniture, especially by turners.
It is of a yellowish-brown colour.
Pinus Webbiana, Wallich.
King-Pine, Dye-Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains, at an
elevation of from 7,000 to 13,000°feet. A splendid Fir, reach-
ing a height of 150 feet; the stem a circumference up to 30
feet. In compact forests the bare trunk is very short. The
wood is of a pale colour, soft, coarse-grained, and very resin-
ous, on the testimony of Mr. Webb equalling in texture and
odour the Bermuda Cedar. The natives extract a splendid
violet dye from the cones.
Pinus Williamsonii, Newberry.
California and Oregon, up to 12,000 feet. Height of tree
150 feet. Timber very valuable (Vasey).
Piptadenia rigida, Bentham.
Sub-tropical and extra-tropical South America. This acacia-
like tree furnishes the angico-gum, similar to gum-arabic.
The wood, according to Saldana da Gama, serves for naval
constructions.
Pipturus propinquus, Weddell.
Insular India, South Sea Islands, and warmer parts of East
Australia. This bush is higher and rather more hardy than
Boehmeria nivea, but in fibre it is similar to that plant. P.
velutinus (Wedd.) is closely allied. The few other species
serve probably as well for fibre.
Pircunia dioica, Moquin.
Southern Brazil and La Plata States. A deciduous tree, for
shady avenues grown in South Europe, as well as in many
tropical countries, tested by the writer to be hardy in the
lowlands of Victoria. It is comparatively quick of growth.
Pisonia aculeata, Linné.
Tropical and sub-tropical countries of both hemispheres, ex-
tending as a native plant into New South Wales. ‘This ram-
bling prickly bush can be chosen for hedge-copses.
Pistacia lentiscus, Linné.
The Mastic Tree. Mediterranean regions. A tall evergreen
bush, exuding the mastic-resin, mostly through incisions into
its bark. In Morocco it is extensively used for hedges.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 249
Pistacia Terebinthus, Linné.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, A tall bush or
small tree with deciduous foliage. The fragrant Cyprian or
Chio turpentine exudes from the stem of this species.
Pistacia vera, Linné.
Indigenous in the Orient, as far as Persia. A deciduous tree,
380 feet high, yielding the Pistacio-nuts of commerce, re-
markable for their green almond-like kernels. The likewise
deciduous P. Atlantica (Desfontaines) and the evergreen South
European P. lentiscus (.), furnishing the mastic, rarely grow
to the size of large trees.
Pisum sativum, Linné.
The Common Pea. Mediterranean countries and Western
Asia. This annual of daily use could hardly be left disregard-
ed on this occasion. Suffice it to say that the herbage as a
nutritious fodder deserves more attention than it receives. The
green fruit contains inosit-sugar and cholestrin fat. For field
culture a sandy calcareous loam should be chosen for this plant,
to ensure rich and safe harvests. Peas after four years’ ex-
posure to the extreme frosts of Polaris Bay retained their
vitality. A second species, P. Aucheri (Jaub. and Spach),
which is perennial, occurs in Alpine elevations on the Taurus.
Pittosporum tenuifolium, Banks and Bolander.
New Zealand. This with P. eugenioides has proved very
suitable for tall garden-hedges, for which these and several
other species were first brought into notice by the writer.
Pittosporum undulatum, Ventenat.
South-East Australia. This tree with P. bicolor (Hooker)
produces a wood well adapted for turners’ purposes and also as
a substitute for boxwood (Oliver), The flowers furnish a
highly fragrant volatile oil on distillation.
Planera aquatica, Gmelin.
North America. An elm-like tree, which can be chosen for
plantations in wet localities. The wood is hard and strong.
Platanus occidentalis, Linné.
The true Plane Tree of the east part of North America, also
known as Buttonwood. More eligible as an avenue tree than
as a timber tree. Diameter of stem at times 14 feet.
Wood dull red, light, not readily attacked by insects;.used in
250 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
the manufacture of pianofortes and harps; cuts into very good
screws, also presses, dairy utensils, windlasses, wheels, and
blocks. The young wood is silky white and often handsomely
mottled (Robb). The tree likes alluvial river banks and has
been successfully planted in morassy places, to cope with mias-
matic effluvia.
Platanus orientalis, Linné.
The Plane Tree of South Europe and Middle Asia. One of
the grandest trees for lining roads and for street-planting,
deciduous like the other Planes, rather quick of growth, and
not requiring much water. Attains a height of 90 feet.
It resists, in large towns such as London, the smoke better
than any other tree, growing vigorously even under such
disadvantage. Itis of several centuries’ longevity. The wood
is well adapted for furniture and other kinds of cabinet-work.
Platanus racemosa, Nuttall.
The Californian Plane Tree. A good promenade-tree, which,
according to Professor Bolander, grows more rapidly and more
compact than P. occidentalis. Wood harder and thus more
durable than that of P. occidentalis, also less liable to warp.
According to Dr. Gibbons the tree attains a height of 100
feet and a diameter of 8 feet; the wood is very brittle ; in use,
however, by turners.
Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griffith.
Sikkim, up to 7,000 feet, extending to 27° south latitude.
This Rattan Palm requires moist forest-land. Its canes are not
durable, but this Palm is an object worthy of scenic horticulture,
and would prove the hardiest among its congeners. P. elongata
ascends, according to Drude, to 4,500 feet.
Plectocomia macrostachya, Kurz.
Tenasserim, at 3,000 feet elevation, therefore most likely hardy
in temperate lowlands.
Plectronia ventosa, Linné.
South Africa. A hedge-bush, like P. ciliata (Sonder) and
P. spinosa (Klotzsch).
Poa Abyssinica, Jacquin.
The Teff of Abyssinia. An annual grass. The grain there
extensively use for bread of an agreeable acidulous taste.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 251
Poa airoides, Koeler. (Catabrosa aquatica, Beauvois.)
Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, North
America. The Water-whorl Grass. A creeping grass, suit-
able for soil subject to inundation.
Poa alpina, Linné. J
Alpine and Arctic Europe, Asia, and North America. De-
serves to be transferred to snowy mountains as a nutri-
tious perennial pasture-grass. P. Sudetica (Haenke) and
P. hybrida (Guadin) are mentioned also as excellent Alpine
grasses. i
Poa angustifolia, Linné.
Europe, North Asia, North America, A perennial pasture-
grass, allied to P. nemoralis. An excellent grass for moist
meadows and river banks. Poa fertilis (Host.) may be a mere
variety of this species.
Poa aquatica, Linné. (Glyceria aquatica, Smith.)
Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. This con-
spicuous Water-grass attains a height of 6 feet. It is per-
ennial, and deserves naturalisation in our swamps. It pro-
duces a large bulk of foliage, and may be disseminated for
fodder purp2ses.
Poa Billardieri, Steudel.
Australia, A perennial rigid grass, of some value for saline
meadows.
Poa Brownii, Kunth. (Eragrestis Brownti, Nees.)
Tropical and Eastern extra-tropical Australia. It is here men-
tioned as a valuable perennial species, keeping beautifully
green in the driest Australian summer, even on poorsoil, The
section Eragrostis of the genus Poa contains numerous species
in the hotter parts of the globe. Of these many would doubt-
less be hardy and prove of value as pasture in temperate climes.
Poa Canadensis, Beauvois,
The Rattlesnake Grass of South-East America. A valuable
swamp-grass.
Poa Chinensis, Koenig.
South and East Asia, East Australia, Recommended by Mr.
F. M. Bailey as a valuable pasture grass, perhaps: on account
252 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
of its tender panicles. Poa bulbosa, L., of Europe and West
Asia, and P. compressa, L., of the same regions, will grow in
pure sand, The latter is a good lawn-grass,
Poa cynosuroides, Retz.
North-Eastern Africa, South Asia. A harsh perennial grass,
not serviceable for fodder, but mentioned by Royle as a fibre-
plant of North-Western India, where it is valued as a material
for ropes. In this respect it may not surpass the rough tufty
variety of Poa caespitosa, F., so common on river banks of
South-East Australia, from the leaves of which excellent nets
are made by the natives.
Poa digitata, R. Brown.
South-Eastern and Central Australia. Valuable for fixing
wet river-banks and slopes. It forms large stools. Cattle
and horses relish it.
Poa distans, Linné.
Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia, North
America. Perennial. It is one of the limited number of
tender grasses, suited for moist saline soil, and thus affords
pasturage on coast marshes.
Poa fertilis, Host. (P. serotena, Ehrhart.)
Europe, North Asia, North America. Perennial. Important
for wet meadows, even with sandy subsoil. Its foliage is
tender, tasty, and nourishing. In mixtures of grasses it keeps
up the growth late into the autumn; it will prosper also in
sandy and saline soil.
Poa fluitans, Scopoli. (Glyceria fluitans, R. Brown.)
Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia, North America.
The Manna Grass. Perennial, Excellent for stagnant water
and slow-flowing streams. The foliage is tender. The seeds
are sweet and palatable, and are in many countries used for
porridge.
Poa maritima, Hudson.
Europe, North Africa, North Asia, North America. Its long
creeping roots help to bind the coast sand. This grass can
also be depastured.
Poa nemoralis, Linné.
Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. This
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 253
perennial grass can be grown on shady forest land, as the
name implies, but it accommodates itself also to open places,
and will grow even among rocks. It endures Alpine winters.
According to Lawson no better grass exists for displacing
weeds on pleasure lawns ; the same may be said of Poa com-
pressa, L.
Poa pratensis, Linné.
The ordinary English Meadow-grass. A perennial species,
fit for any meadows, thriving early, and able to live also in
Alpine localities. Better adapted for pasture than hay. It
is suitable for moor land, when such is laid dry; although
it shoots only once in ‘the season into flower, yet it forms a
nutritious fodder, even on comparatively poor soil. It resists
drought. It forms excellent sward, and with advantage can
be used for intermixing it with other pasture grasses. In the
United States it is known as the Kentucky Blue Grass or Penn-
sylvania Green Grass, and is considered one of the best for
lawns, by Professor Meehan, as it will crowd out all weeds
in time.
Poa trivialis, Linné.*
Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. Also a good
perennial grass for mixture on pasture land. One of the best
grasses for sowing on ground recently laid dry. Recommend-
able also as a lawn grass. Sinclair regarded the produce of
this Poa as superior to many other kinds, and noticed the
marked partiality which horses, oxen, and sheep evince towards
it. To thrive well it wants rather moist and rich soil and
sheltered places. It is a later grass than P. pratensis, is well
adapted for hay, and gives good after-growth (Langethal).
These few species of Poa have been singled out as recommend-
able, because they-are well tested. Future experiments beyond
Europe will add others to lists of recommendations like this.
Podachenium alatum, Bentham. (Ferdinanda eminens, Lagasca.)
Central America, up to a height of 8,000 feet. A tall shrub,.
for the grandeur of its foliage in requisition for scenic effects.
Podophyllum peltatum, Linné.
North America. A perennial forest-herb, not without im-
portance for medicinal purposes. The root contains the bitter
alkaloid berber. Podophyllum Emodi (Wall.), occurring in
the Indian mountains at heights from 6,000 to 14,000 feet,
can probably be used like the American species. The berries
of both are edible, though the root and leaves are poisonous.
254 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pogostemon Patchouli, Pellet.
Mountains of India. A perennial herb, famed for its power-
ful scent arising from a volatile oil. P. parviflorus (Benth.)
and P. Heyneanus (Benth.) belong to this species.
Polianthes tuberosa, Linné.
Mexico. The Tuberose. Seemingly introduced only into South
Asia; valuable for perfume distillation.
Polygala crotalaroides, Hamilton.
Temperate Himalaya. Praised as an ophidian alexipharmic.
To several other species both of the eastern and western
hemispheres similar properties are ascribed, but we are almost
entirely without any reliable medical testimony on these and
many other supposed vegetable antidotes against snake-poison.
Polygala Senega, Linné.
North America. A perennial herb. The root is of medicinal
value.
Polygaster Sampadarius, Fries.
South-Eastern Asia. One of the most palatable of all truffles.
Polygonum tinctorium, Loureiro.
Japan and China. An annual herb, deserving attention and
local trials, as yielding a kind of indigo. Its growth would
be vigorous. Various Polygonums contain tannin,.P. amphi-
bium as much as 114 per cent. (Gard. Chron.),
Polyporus giganteus, Fries.
Dr. Goeppert records this and also the following. species a
allowed to be sold for food in Silesia: P. frondosus (Fr.), P.
ovinus (Fr.), P. tuberaster (Fr.), P. -citrinus (Pers.). Dr.
Atkinson mentions as edible among the fungi of Cashmere P.
fomentarius and P. squamosus.
Populus alba, Linné.
The Abele or White Poplar of Europe and Middle ik
growing in the Himalayas up to 10,000 feet, ceasing at 4,000
feet. Height 90 feet. It proved an excellent avenue-
tree, even in comparatively waterless situations, and gives
by the partial whiteness of its foliage a pleasing effect in
any plantation. The wood is pale, with a reddish tinge, brown
near the centre, soft and light. It can be used for flooring;
it is particularly sought for trays, bowls, bellows, and shoe-soles ;
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 255
also, according to Porcher, for wooden structures under water.
“Sparterie ” for plaiting is obtained from the wood-shavings.
The wood of this and some other Poplars is easily converted
into paper-pulp, which again is cheaply bleached. Lines of
Poplars along forest streams prevent the progress of wood
conflagratious. The roots of Poplar spread widely. P. canes-
cens (Sm.), the Grey Poplar, is either a variety of the Abele
or its hybrid with the Aspen, and yields a better timber for
carpenters and millwrights.
Populus angustifolia, James.
North America. A rather large tree of vigorous and rapid
growth (Vasey) ; adapted for shelter-plantations, particu-
cularly in wet localities.
Populus balsamifera, Linné.
The Tacamahae or Balsam Poplar of the colder, but not the
coldest, parts of North America; also in Siberia and on the
Himalaya Mountains, where it ranges from 8,000 to 14,000
feet. It attains a height of 80 feet. The tree may be
lopped for cattle-fodder (Stewart and Brandis). Mr. Meehan
says that it will grow near the ocean’s brink. Its variety is
P. candicans (Ait.).
Populus ciliata, Wallich.
Himalaya, from 4,000 to 10,000 feet. Height up to 70 feet.
with a straight trunk, which attains 10 feet in girth.
Populus Euphratica, Olivier.
From Algeria, dispersed to the Himalayas and Songaria, up
to 18,500 feet. Height up to 50 feet. Wood harder than
that of most Poplars, the inner wood turning black in old,
trees. It is used for planking and boat-building (Stewart and
Brandis), also for beams, rafters, boxes, panneling, turnery.
Cattle will browse on the leaves. This is the Willow of the
137th Psalm,
Populus grandidentata, Michaux.
North America. Sixty feet high. The Soft Aspen. P.
angulata (Ait.) is another large Poplar of North-Eastern
America.
Populus heterophylla, Linné.
The Downy Poplar of North America, passing also by the
name of Cottonwood. Height 60 feet. The wood is very
256 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
pale, soft, and fissile. All poplars, like willows, are very im-
portant to eliminate miasma by absorbing humidity to an
enormous extent from stagnant swampy localities; they are
likewise good scavengers of back-yards.
Populus monilifera, Aiton. (P. Canadensis, Desfontaines.)
The Cottonwood Tree of North America. Height 150 feet,
stem 4 feet in diameter. One of the best Poplars for the
production of timber, which is soft, light, easy to work, suited
for carving and turnery; it is durable if kept dry, and does
not readily take fire. The wooden polishing-wheels of glass-
grinders are made of horizontal sections of the whole stem,
about one inch thick, as from its softness it readily imbibes
the polishing material. It is also useful for rails and boards,
and supplies a fair fuel. Judge Whitning says that it has no
rival in quickness of growth among deciduous trees. Recom-
mended by Wessely, together with P. alba and P. nigra, for
fixing drift sand, on which they never become suffocated. Itis
recommended to obtain, for planting along streets or near
dwellings, cuttings from male trees only, as the minute downy
seeds of the female trees are copiously wafted through the air,
and have irritant effects on the respiratory organs. Of quick
and luxuriant growth, thriving even in arid and exposed
places.
Populus nigra, Linné.
The European Black Poplar, extending spontaneously to
China; in the Himalayas up to 12,500 feet. The spreading
variety one of the best of trees for lining roads. Wood similar
to that of P. alba. It includes P. dilatata (Ait.), or as a con-
tracted variety P. fastigiata (Desf.), the Lombardy Poplar.
Greatest height 150 feet. Growth rapid, like that of all other
Poplars. Wood soft, light, and of loose texture, used hy join-
ers, coopers, and turners; also for matches; furnishing also
superior charcoal for gunpowder. Bark employed in tanning,
producing a fragrant leather ; it is, however, not rich in tannic
acid. The tree requires damp soil. It retains its foliage
longer than most Poplars.
Populus tremula, Linné.
The European Aspen. Height, 80 feet. It extends to Japan,
where also a peculiar species, P. Sieboldi (Miq.), exists.
The Aspen-wood is white and tender, and in use by coopers
and joiners. Like the wood of other Poplars, much sought
for paper-muills as an admixture to the pulp.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 257
Populus tremuloides, Michaux. '
The North American Aspen. Height, 50 feet. It extends
west of California, where a particular species, P. trichocarpa
(Torrey), occurs. All Poplars might be planted, like all Wul-
lows, in gullies, to intercept forest fires; also generally on
river banks.
Portulacaria Afra, Jacquin.
South Africa. Called Spekboorn. Affords the principal food
for elephants; thus this succulent shrub may deserve natural-
isation on stony ridges and in sandy desert land, as likely
nourishing to sheep.
Pouzolzia tuberosa, Wight.
India. The turnip-shaped root of this herb is edible. The
plant may prove hardy.
Prangos pabularia, Lindley.
Plateaux of Mongolia and Thibet. A perennial fodder-herb,
much relished by'sheep, eligible for cold and arid localities
and deserving naturalisation on Alpine pasture-grounds. Other
perennial species exist near the Mediterranean Sea, on the
Atlas, the Caucasus, and the Indian highlands. P. pabularia
is regarded by some as the Silphium of Arrianus.
Pringlea antiscorbutica, W. Anderson and R. Brown.*
The Cabbage or Horse-radish of Kerguelen’s Island. The
perennial long roots taste somewhat like horse-radish. The
leaves in never-ceasing growth are crowded cabbage-like into
heads, beneath which the annual flower-stalks arise. The
plant ascends mountains in its native island to the height of
1,400 feet, but luxuriates most on the sea-border. To arctic
and other antarctic cduntries it would be a boon. Probably
it would live on our Alps. Whalers might bring us the roots
and seeds of this remarkable plant, which seems to have never
entered into culture yet. The plant was used by the celebrated
Captain Cook and all subsequent navigators, touching at
yonder remote spot, as cabbage, and it proved to possess power-
ful properties against scurvy. Dr. Hooker observes that
Pringlea can sectionally be referred to Cochlearia. The whole
plant is rich in a pungent volatile oil. Through culture im-
portant new culinary varieties may ‘likely be raised from this
plant. The taste of this vegetable in its natural growth is like
mustard and cress, and the Kerguelen’s Land Cabbage, when
boiled, proved a wholesome and agreeable substitute for the
ordinary cabbage.
R
258 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Pritchardia filamentosa, Wendland.
Southern California, where this Palm attains a height of 50
feet.
Priva levis, Jussieu.
Chili and the Argentine Republic. A perennial herb, the
small tubers of which can be used for food (Philippi).
Prosopis dulcis, Kunth.
From Texas to the southern parts of the La Plata States.
Vernacularly known as the Cashaw or Algaroba Tree. A thorny
shrub, growing finally to a tree, attaming a stem of 1 foot-
in diameter, adapted for live-fences. The wood is durable and
. of extraordinary strength. This is one of the species yielding
the sweetish Algaroba-pods for cattle fodder, and utilised even
in some instances for human food. Argentina Algaroba-pods
contain, according to Sievert, 25 to 28 per cent. grape sugar,
11 to 17 per cent. starch, 7 to 11 per cent. protein, of organic
acids, pectin and other non-nitrogenous nutritive substances
14 to 24 per cent. They are also comparatively rich in potash,
lime, and phosphoric acid. A sparkling drink called Aloja is
made of the fruits. This and some allied species yield the
Algarobylla bark for tanning ; the leaves contain according to
Sievert 21 per cent. tannin. The pods also of several species
are rich in tannic acid.. Mere varieties according to Bentham
are: P. horrida, P. juliflora, P. siliquastrum, P. glandulosa,
The latter variety exudes a gum not unlike gum-arabic, and
this is obtained so copiously that children could earn two to
three dollars a day in Texas while gathering it, latterly about
40,000 lbs. being bought by druggists there. The tree attains
a height of 30 feet, and its wood is excessively hard. A
short communication on the American Algaroba Tree was
presented to the Parliament of Victoria by the writer in 1871.
Pods of some Prosopis used as fodder have caused the death
of horses in Jamaica.
Prosopis pubescens, Bentham. i
Texas, California, New Mexico. Likely available for hedges,
with other species of other countries.
Prosopis spicigera, Linné.
India, extending to Persia. A thorny tree, also with edible
pods, possibly hardy. It attains a height of 60 feet, but is
of slow growth. Serves for head-lines. It can be chosen for
desert land (Kurz).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 259
Prosopis Stephaniana, Kunth.
Syria and Persia, A shrubby species for hedge-growth.
Prunus Americana, Marshall. (P. nigra, Aiton.)
Canada, Eastern United States of America. A thorny tree,
furnishing the Yellow and Red Plum of North America, The
fruit is roundish and rather small, but of pleasant taste.
Prunus Amygdalus, J. Hooker. (Amygdalus communis, Linné.)
The Almond Tree. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea
and Orient ; really indigenous on the Anti-Lebanon, in Kur-
destan, Turkestan, and perhaps on the Caucasus (Stewart).
Both the sweet and bitter almond are derived from this species.
Their uses and the value of the highly palatable oil obtained
by pressure from them are well known. This oil can well be
chosen as a means of providing a pleasant substitute for milk
during sea voyages, etc., by mixing, when required, with it
half its weight of powdered gum-arabic, and adding then
successively, while quickly agitating in a stone mortar, about
double the quantity of water. Thus a palatable and whole-
some sort of cream for tea or coffee is obtained at any moment.
Oil of apricot seeds is much used in India like almond oil.
There exist hard and soft-shelled varieties of both the sweet
and bitter almond. Almonds can even be grown on sea-shores.
The crystalline amygdalin can best be prepared from bitter
almonds, through removing the oil by pressure, then subjecting
them to distillation with alcohol, and finally precipitating with
ether. The volatile bitter almond-oil—a very dangerous
substance—is obtained by aqueous distillation. Dissolved in
alcohol it forms the essence of almonds. This can also be
prepared from peach kernels.
Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton.
Southern States of North America. Porcher regards it as one
of the most beautiful and manageable evergreens of those
States. It can be cut into any shape and is much employed
for quick and dense hedges. It can be grown on coast land.
Prunus Chisasa, Michaux.
North America, west of the Mississippi. On the prairies it is
only 8 to 4 feet high. Fruit spherical, red, rather small, with
a tender, usually agreeable pulp. Other species with edible
fruit occur in North America, such as P. pumila, (L.), P. Penn-
sylvanica (L.), P. Virginiana (L.), P. serotina (Ehrh.), but
their fruits are too small to render these plants of importance
260 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
for orchard culture, though they may also become enlarged by
artificial treatment.
Prunus ilicifolia, Nuttall.
California. In deep rich soil, valuable for evergreen hedges
of intricate growth. Fruit about }% inch diameter, red or
black, of a pleasant sub-acid flavour, but somewhat astringent
(Gibbons).
Prunus Mahaleb, Linné.
Middle and South Europe. It deserves some attention on
account of its scented seeds and also odorous wood, the latter
used in turnery for pipes and other articles. The flowers are
in use for perfumes.
Prunus maritima, Wangenheim.
The Beach Plum of North America. A shrubby species, of
service, not only for covering coast-sands, but also for its fruit,
which is crimson or purple, globular, and measuring from $
to 1 inch. It is not necessary to enter here any notes on
the generally known species of Prunus, which have engaged
already for years the keen attention of many orchard cultiva-
‘tors. Cherry Tree bark contains 24 per cent. tannin, that of
the Apricot tree 82 per cent. (Muspratt). Thus, we possess
numerous varieties of the Cherry, P. avium (L.) and P.
Cerasus (L.) ; of the Plum, P. domestica (L.) ; of the Apricot,
P. Armeniaca (L.); and of the Cherry Plum, P. myrobalana
(L.)—the latter Canadian, the others European and Oriental.
Information on these and other varieties may be sought in
“ Hogg’s Fruit Manual.” The Almond (Amygdalus commu-
nis, L.) and the Peach (Amygdalus Persica, L.) belong also
generically to Prunus, as indicated in 1812 by Stokes (“ Bot.
Mat. Med.,” ii. 101) and in 1813 by F. G. Hayne (“Arznei-
Gewiachse,” iv. 38), and finally settled by J. D. Hooker (Benth.
and Hook., gen. pl. i. 610), for which, therefore, now the
names P, Amygdalus and P. Persica should be adopted. The
latter came originally from China, while P. Armenica seem
indigenous to the Caucasian regions and perhaps the Hima-
layas, and P. Cerasus originated from West Asia.
Prunus serotina, Ehrhart.
The Black Cherry Tree of North America. Fruit slightly
bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavour ; wood valuable for
cabinet and sash makers (A. Gray). In Virginia the tree attains
aheight of 100 feet, with a stem 4 feet in diameter ; it prefers
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 261
rich porous soil in the upper parts of valleys. Wood pale red,
dense, fine-grained ; when polished, as beautiful as mahogany
wood (Robb and Simmonds). It will live on the poorest soil,
and even within the salt spray of the coast. Wood close-
grained, compact, not liable to warp, easily worked and
ebonized. Readily raised from seeds and transplanted ; not
succumbing under rough usage (Sargent).
Prunus spinosa, Linné.
The Sloe or Blackthorn. Wild in many parts of Europe.
With its flowers it is one of the earliest plants to announce the
spring. Its tendency to throw out suckers renders the bush
less adapted for hedges of gardens than of fields, but these
suckers furnish material for walking-sticks. The small fruits
can be made into preserves. P. insititia (L.), the Bullace,
with larger and sometimes yellow fruits, extends, as a variety,
to North Africa and Middle Asia. Sir Joseph Hooker and
other phytographers consider P. domestica not specifically dis-
tinct from P. spinosa. Of medical value are P. Lauro-Cerasus
(L.), the evergreen Cherry-Laurel from the Orient, and P.
Padus (L.), the deciduous Bird’s Cherry, which extends from
Europe to North Africa and West Asia. These and most other
species contain in their foliage and in some other parts amyg-
dalin. Perhaps some of the species from Eastern Asia, Cali:
fornia, and tropical America are eligible for improving their
- fruit through horticultural skill. The Sloe and others might
with advantage be naturalised on forest streams.
Prunus Virginiana, Linné.
The Choke Cherry Tree of the United States. In a mild clime
and fertile soil this tree attains a height of 100 feet and a stem
of 16 feet. in circumference. The wood is compact, fine-
grained, and not liable to warp when perfectly seasoned, of a
dull, light-red tint, deepening with age. The fruit finally loses.
its austerity.
Psamma arenaria, Roemer and Schultes. (P. littoralis, Beauvois ;
” Calamagrostis arenaria, Roth.)
The Moram, or Marrem, or Bent Grass. Sand-coasts of Europe,
North Africa, and Middle North America. One of the most
important of reedy grasses, with long descending roots, for
binding moving drift-sands on the sea-shore, for the consoli-
dation of which in Europe chiefly this tall grass and Llymus
arenarius are employed. It delights in the worst of drift-
sands, and for its full flourishing gradual accumulation of fresk
sand around it becomes necessary (Wessely): hence it never
262 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
gets suffocated. The plant will by gradual up-growth finally
form stems and roots sanded into a depth of fully 100 feet.
Psamma Baltica (R. and 8.), from the Baltic and North Seas,
serves the same purpose. Both can also be used in the manner
of Sparta for paper material, for tyeing and for mats. Like
Elymus arenarius, it is not touched by grazing-animals. It
collects the sand-heaps at the tops of ridges, while the Elymus
fastens their sides.
Psidium acidum, Martius.
‘Higher regions on the Amazon River. A tree 30 feet high;
its Guava-fruit pale yellow and of apple size.
Psidium Araca, Raddi.
From West India and Guiana to Peru and Southern Brazil,
where it is found in dry high-lying places. This is one of the
edible Guavas, recorded already by Piso and Marcgrav. The
greenish-yellow berry is of exquisite taste.
Psidium arboreum, Vellozo.
Brazil ; province Rio de Janeiro. This Guava-fruit measures
about one inch, and is of excellent flavour.
Psidium Cattleyanum, Sabine.*
The Purple Guava. Brazil and Uruguay. One of the har-
diest of the Guava-bushes, attaining finally a height of 20
feet. The purple berries are seldom above an inch long, but
of delicious flavour and taste, resembling thus far strawberries.
P. buxifolium (Nutt.), of Florida, seems nearly related to this
species.
Psidium chrysophyllum, F.v. Mueller. (Abbevillea chrysophylia,
Berg.)
The Guabiroba Do Mato of South Brazil. This tree attains
also a height of about 30 feet. The fruit generally not
larger than a cherry. Perhaps other species of the section
Abbevillea would be hardy and worthy of cultivation.
-Psidium cinereum, Martius.
Brazil ; provinces Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo. Also yield-
ing an edible fruit.
Psidium cordatum, Sims.
The Spice Guava. West India. This one attains the height
of a tree. Its fruit edible.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 2638
Psidium cuneatum, Cambessedes.
Brazil ; province Minas Geraes. Fruit greenish, of the size of
a Mirabelle Plum.
Psidium grandifolium, Martius.
Brazil ; provinces Rio Grande do Sul, Parana, Sao Paulo, Minas
Geraes, where the climate is similar to Southern Queensland.
A shrub of rather dwarf growth. The berries edible, size of a
walnut.
Te ia Raddi.* (P. pomiferum, Linné ; P. pyriferum,
anné.)
The large Yellow Guava. From West India and Mexico to
South Brazil. For this handsome evergreen and useful bush
universal attention should be secured anywhere in warm low-
lands, for the sake of its aromatic wholesome berries, which
will attain the size of a hen’s egg and can be converted into
a delicious jelly. The pulp is generally cream-coloured or
reddish, but varies in the many varieties which have arisen in
culture, some of them bearing all the year round. Propaga-
tion is easy from suckers, cuttings, or seeds. Many other
berry-bearing Myrtaceew (of the genera Psidium, Myrtus,
Myrcia, Marliera, Calyptranthes, Eugenia) furnish edible
fruits in Brazil and other tropical countries, but we are not
aware of their degrees of hardiness. Berg enumerates as escu-
lent more than half a hundred for Brazil alone, of which the
species of Campomanesia may safely be transferred to Psidium.
Psidium incanescens, Martius.
Brazil, from Minas Geraes to Rio Grande do Sul. This Guava-
bush attains a height of 8 feet. Berry edible.
Psidium lineatifolium, Persoon.
Mountains of Brazil. Berry about one inch diameter.
Psidium malifolium, F. v. Mueller. (Campomanesia malefolia,
Berg.)
Uruguay. Berry about one inch diameter.
Psidium polycarpon, Al. Anderson.*
From Guiana to Brazil, also in Trinidad. A comparatively
small shrub, bearing prolifically and almost continuously its *
yellow berries, which are of the size of a large cherry and of
exquisite taste.
264 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Psidium rufum, Martius.
Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, on Sub-Alpine heights.
This Guava-bush gains finally a height of 10 feet, and is
likely the hardiest of all the species producing palatable fruit.
Psoralea esculenta, Pursch.
North America. This herb is mentioned here, as the tuberous
roots known as Prairie Turnips may by cultural processes be
capable of great improvement, and of thus becoming a valuable
esculent.
Psychotria Kckloniana, F. v. Mueller. (Gramilia cymosa, E.
Meyer.)
South Africa. Dr. Pappé describes the wood of this tree as
beautifully citron-yellow.
Pterocarpus Indicus, Roxburgh.
The Lingo of China and India. A tree of considerable dimen-
sions, famed for its flame-red wood. It furnishes also a kind
of dragon-blood resin.
Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxburgh.
India, ascending in Ceylon and the Circars to at least 3,000
feet altitude; hence this tree would doubtless grow without
protection in those tracts of the temperate zone which are free
from frost. It exudes the best medicinal kino, which contains
about 75 per cent. of tannic acid. The foliage is deciduous.
P. santalinus (Linné fil.), which provides the Saunders or
Red Sandal Wood, is also indigenous to the mountains of
India.
Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Kunth,
From Central Asiatic Russia to Persia. A kind of Walnut
Tree, which, with P. stenoptera (Cas. de Cand.),on Dr. Hance’s
recommendation, should be adopted as trees for both ornament
and timber, and so perhaps also the Japanese species.
Ptychosperma Alexandra, F. v. Mueller.
The Alexandra Palm. Queensland, as well in tropical as extra-
tropical latitudes, The tallest of Australian Palms, and one
of the noblest forms in the whole empire of vegetation. It
exceeds 100 feet in height, and is likely destined to grace any
shady moist grove free from frost, as it seems less tender than
most palms. The demand for seeds has already been enormous.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 265
Ptychosperma Arfakiana, Beccari.
New Guinea, reaching elevations of 5,000 feet in comparatively
temperate regions. Height up to 30 feet..
Ptychosperma Cunninghami, Hermann Wendland.
East Australia, as far south as Illawarra; thus one of the
most southern of all Palms. This also is a very high species,
destined to take a prominent position in decorative plantations.
Several species occur in Fiji and other islands of the Pacific
Ocean, and others again might be obtained from India, but
they are probably not so hardy as those mentioned. Though
strictly speaking of no industrial value, these Palms are im-
portant for horticultural trade, and are objects eminently
fitted for experiments in acclimatisation.
Ptychosperma disticha, Miquel. (Areca disticha, Griffith.)
Assam, up to 4,000 feet.
Ptychosperma elegans, Blume. (P. Seaforthia, Miquel; Seafor-
thia elegans, R, Brown.
Littoral forests of tropical Australia. Also a lofty magnifi-
cent Feather-Palm. Its leaflets are erose. It may prove hardy.
Ptychosperma Musschenbroekiana, Beccari.
Ternate, up to 3,000 feet. Height of this palm 90 feet.
Almost sure to be hardy in sheltered localities of the warmer
temperate zone.
Pueraria tuberosa, Candolle.
South Asia, up to 4,000 feet. A. tall woody twiner. Its
large tubers are edible and might improve by culture.
Pugionium cornutum, Gaertner.
From the Caspian Sea to China. ‘This herb is grown by the
Mongols as a vegetable (Hance)..
Punica granatum, Linné.
The Pomegranate. North Africa and West Asia, in the
Himalayas up to 6,000 feet. Well-known for its showy habit,
rich-coloured flowers, peculiar fruit, and medicinal astringency
but much overlooked regarding its value as- a hedge-plant.
The bark contains 32 per cent. tannin (Muspratt).
Pycnanthemum incanum, Michaux.
North America. A perennial herb, in odour resembling both
266 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Penny-royal and Spearmint. It likes to grow on rocky wood-
land, and on such it might be easily naturalised.
Pycnanthemum montanum, Michaux.
The Mountain Mint of North America. A perennial herb of
pleasant, aromatic, mint-like taste. These two particular
species have been chosen from several North American kinds
to demonstrate that we may add by their introduction to the
variety of our odorous garden-herbs. They may also be
subjected with advantage to distillation.
Pyrularia edulis, Meissner.
Nepal, Khasia, Sikkim. A large umbrageous tree. The
drupaceous fruit is used by the inhabitants for food. A few
other species occur in Upper India, one on the high mountains
of Ceylon and one in North America. The latter, P. pubera
(Mich.), can be utilised for the oil of its nuts.
Pyrus coronaria, Linné.
The Crab Apple of North America. This showy species is
mentioned here as worthy of trial culture, since it is likely
that it would serve well as stock for grafting. Best grown in
glades. Wood nearly as ‘tough for screw-work as that of the
Pear Tree (Robb). It seems unnecessary to refer here to any
of the forms of Pyrus communis (L.), P. Malus (L.), P.
Cydonia (L.), and P. Germanica (J. Hooker), (Mespilus
Germanica, L.), but it may passingly be observed that curious
fruits have been produced latterly in North America in the
hybridisation of the Apple with the Pear. Pearwood is one
of the best substitutes for boxwood in xylography. Pyrus
communis attains an age of over 300 years, fully bearing.
Trees are known to have attained a circumference of 10
feet at 3 feet from the ground. At Garmouth a tree over 100
years old has borne up to 26,800 fruits annually, and in some
years more. The circumference of its frond is 126 feet
(Masters). A bitter glycosid—namely, Phlorrhizin—is obtain-
able from the bark of apple and pear trees, particularly from
that of the root; while a volatile alkaloid—namely, trimethy-
Jamin—can be prepared from the flowers.
Pyrus Japonica, Thunberg.
Japan. One of the prettiest of small hedge-bushes. Under
favourable circumstances it will produce its quince-like fruit.
Pyrus nivalis, Jacquin.
The Snow Pear. Middleand South Europe. This would be
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 267
adapted for orchards in higher mountain regions. The fruit
becomes soft and edible through exposure to snow. P. amyg-
daliformis (Villars) is probably the wild state of this tree.
Pyrus salicifolia, Linné.
Greece, Turkey, Persia, South-West Russia. Though its fruit,
which slowly mollifies, is edible, this tree is mainly utilised as
a superior stock for grafting.
Quercus Aigilops, Linné.
South Europe, also Syria. A nearly evergreen tree of the
size of the British Oak. The cups, known as Valonia, used
for tanning and dyeing; the unripe acorns, as Camata or
Camatena, for the same purpose. Valonia is mainly exported
from Smyrna to London (33,802 tons in 1876). Greece used
to produce annually 10,000 tons, worth up to £18 per ton.
Valonia (Wallones) produces a rich bloom on leather, which
latter becomes also less permeable to water (Muspratt). The
ripe acorns are eaten raw or boiled. The tree is also
recommendable as a fine avenue tree. The wood is capital for
furniture.
Quercus agrifolia, Nee.
California and Mexico. One of the most magnificent among
evergreen Oaks, with dense, wide-spreading foliage. The
thick bark available for tanning (C. Hoffmann), According
to Dr. Gibbons this tree attains a height of 100 feet, a stem
of 8 feet, and acrown 125 feet indiameter. Wood-cutters dis-
tinguish two varieties, one with red and one with white wood.
It grows near the sea, and luxuriates in deep soil of valleys and
also on the tops of mountains. The value of its timber is not
fully appreciated. Although brittle when green and _perish-
able if exposed to the weather, it becomes almost as hard and
strong as Live Oak if properly seasoned, and is especially
adapted for ships’ knees.
Quercus alba, Linné.*
The White or Quebec Oak. A most valuable timber tree,
100 feet high; diameter of stem 7 feet. Trunk sometimes
65 feet long to first branch. This tree attains a great age;
succeeds best in rich woodlands; and is of quicker growth
than the English Oak. The timber is pliable, most durable,
one of the very best of all woods for casks, also of first class
value for cabinet-work, for machinery, spokes, naves, railway
ties (Robb) ; it is also employed in ship-building; the young
268 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
saplings serve for hoofs and whip-handles. The bark: con-
tains about 8 per cent. tannin (Gard. Chron.).
Quercus annulata, Smith.
A large evergreen Oak of Nepal, which provides a very good
timber. It does not ascend quite so high asQ. incana. Q.
spicata (Smith), another very large Himalayan Oak, ascends
only to 5,000 feet ; it is known also from Borneo, Java, and
Sumatra.
Quercus aquatica, Walter.
North America. Height of tree, 60 feet; it furnishes a
superior bark for tanning, also wood for ship-building. This
Oak should be chosen for planting in wet ground or for border-
ing streams.
Quercus Castanea, Nee.
The Mexican Chestnut Oak. It furnishes edible acorns.
Quercus Cerris, Linné.
South Europe, South-West Asia. Turkey or Mossy-cupped
Oak. Of the height of the English Oak, in suitable locali-
ties, of quick growth. The foliage deciduous, or also ever--
green. The wood available for. wheelwrights, cabinet-makers,
turners, coopers ; also for building purposes. Structure of the
wood similar to that of the British Oak ; the sapwood larger,
the heartwood of a more saturated brown, and the large rays
more numerous, giving it a most varied and beautiful wainscot
grain (Brandis).
Quercus Chinensis, Bunge.
North China. One of the hardiest among the evergreen
Oaks.
Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann.
California. According to Vasey this evergreen Oak rarely
exceeds 50-feet in height, but supplies the hardest oak-wood.
on the Pacific coast. Dr. Gibbons observes that it holds a
primary rank among Californian forest trees, but is of sparse
occurrence; in suitable soil on the sides of mountains it is of
giant growth, spreading out in magnificent proportions. In
toughness and density of wood it represents the Live Oak of
Florida.
Quercus coccifera, Linné.
The deciduous Kermes Oak of South Europe, North Africa
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 269
and South-West Asia. So called from the red dye furnished
by the Coceus ilicis from this Oak. It also supplies tanners’
bark containing about 8 per cent. tannin (Muspratt). The
huge and ancient Abraham’s Oak belongs to this species. The
tree likes rich woods.
Quercus coccinea, Wangenheim.
The Black Oak of North America. Height 100 feet; stem
diameter 5 feet. Foliagedeciduous. The yellow dye known
as quercitron comes from this tree. It is much more power-
ful than that of Woad (Bancroft). With alumina the tinge
of the bark is bright yellow, with oxyde of tin it is orange,
with oxyde of iron it is drab (Porcher). Q. tinctoria (Bartram)
is a variety. The bark of the variety called Scarlet Oak is
practically far inferior in value to that of the Black Oak
(Meehan). Bark rich in tannic acid, about 8 per cent. (Gard.
Chron.). Dr. Engelmann found the Black Oaks twice as fast
in growth as the White Oaks of the United States. The
Bartram’s Oak (Q. heterophylla) is according to him a hybrid
between the Willow Oak and Scarlet Oak. Hybrid Oaks
produce acorns fit to germinate. —
Quercus cornea, Loureiro.
China. Aun evergreen tree, 40 feet high. Acorns used for food.
Quercus cuspidata, Thunberg.*
Japan. The acorns, when boiled or roasted, are edible and
regularly sold in Japan for food (Rein). A magnificent Oak,
grand in its proportion, bears acorns in bunches or strings, of
very sweet taste when baked like chestnuts, but only of the
size of kidney beans (F. C, Christy).
Quercus densiflora, Hooker and Arnott.
Californian Chestnut Oak. A large evergreen tree of beautiful
outline, dense foliage and compact growth. Bark very valu-
able for tanning ; wood, however, subject to rapid decay (Prof.
Bolander). Quercus Douglasii is another tall Oak of Cali-
fornia.
Quercus dentata, Thunberg.*
Japan. This is one of the species on which the Oak Silkworm
(the Yama Mayon) lives.
Quercus dilatata, Lindley.
From the Himalayas to Afghanistan, at elevations from 4,500
270 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
to 10,000 feet. Height up to 100 feet; crown very shady,
lopped for sheep fodder. The hard, heavy, and durable wood
much used for building purposes and implements (Madden),
Quercus falcata, Michaux.
North America. A tree attaining a height of 80 feet, with
a stem 4 feet in diameter. Foliage deciduous. It lives in dry
sandy ground, and can also be utilised for sea-coasts. Pro-
duces an excellent tanners’ bark and also galls for superior ink.
Quercus;Garyana, Douglas.
North-West America, along the coast between the 38th and
50th degrees. A gigantic tree, 100 feet high or more, with a
stem 6 feet in diameter. This, with Q. Douglasti (Hook. and
Arn.) and Q. lobata, passes as Californian White Oak. The.
timber is remarkably pale for an Oak, hard and fine-gained, of
great strength and durability, well suited for almost every
kind of construction for which the White or the European Oak
is employed. ‘The acorns, being sweet and agreeable, form an
excellent mast for hogs.
Quercus glauca, Thunberg.
The Kashi of Japan. A large and truly magnificent evergreen
tree, 80 feet high. The hard and close-grained wood is chosen
there for select tools, particularly planes and utensils (Christy).
Quercus Ilex, Linné.
The Holly Oak of South Europe; extending also to Algeria
and to the Himalayas, which it ascends up to about 10,000
feet. Height of tree 50 feet. Wood in use for ship-build-
ing, bark for tanning. From varieties of this tree are obtained
the sweet and nourishing Ballota and Chestnut acorns.
Quercus incana, Roxburgh.
Himalayas, at elevations between 3,000 and 8,000 feet. A
beautiful evergreen. tree of great dimensions. Mr. Simmonds
reminds us that a silkworm (Antheraea Roylei), producing
large cocoons, lives on this Oak. In its native localities Q.
lanuginosa (D. Don) is associated with it. Q. lamellosa
(Smith), of the same region, attains a height of 120 feet,
with a straight trunk of 60 feet and 15 feet in girth (Brandis).
Quercus infectoria, Oliver.
Around the Mediterranean Sea. Only a small tree, with
deciduous foliage. Chiefly from this tree the galls of com-
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 271
merce are obtained. A variety, Q. Lusitanica (Webb), or Q.
Mirbeckii (Durieu), attains a height of 120 feet, with a stem
girth of 20 feet. Some states of this are almost evergreen.
Quercus lancifolia, Roxburgh.
A tall: timber tree of the Himalayas. Wood valued for its
durability.
Quercus lobata, Nee.
California. The Sacramento White Oak. Up to 150 feet
high and 6 feet in diameter, with wide-spreading branches.
The wood is brittle when green, but hard and tough when
seasoned; its value has been much underrated (Gibbons).
The acorns of this Oak used to form a large proportion of the
winter food of the aboriginal inhabitants of North California.
Quercus lyrata, Walter.
The Overcup Oak of the South-Eastern States of North
America, extending from South Illincis to Florida and
Louisiana. A tree of majestic size, 80 feet high, with a
stem 4 feet in diameter. Lately recommended as one of
the most valuable for timber cultivation, especially for wet
ground.
Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux.*
The Bur Oak of North America. Tree 70 feet high. The
timber nearly as good as that of the White Oak. The bark
contains about 8 per cent. tannin.
Quercus macrolepis, Kotschy.*
Greece. This Oak yields also Valonia, being closely allied to
Q. egilops.
Quercus Mongolica, Fischer.*
Manchuria. It is on this tree and on Q. serrata (Thunberg)
that the silk-insect peculiar to Oak trees mainly, if not solely,
is reared, as shown by Dr. Hance.
Quercus palustris, Du Roi.
The Pin Oak or Marsh Oak of North America. Height
80 feet; of quick growth. The wood, though not fine-grained,
is strong and tough.
Quercus Phellos, Linné.
The Willow Oak of the Eastern States of North America,
272
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
The acorns available for food, like those of several other
species,—for instance, Q. glabra (Thunb.) of Japan. The
comparative value of the very numerous Cis- and Trans-
Atlantic Oaks, but little as yet understood either for avenue
purposes or timber plantations, should be tested with care in
botanic gardens. Even recently Oaks have been discovered
on the mountains of New Guinea.
Quercus Pinus, Linné.
The North American Swamp Oak. A tree 90 feet high,
available for wet: localities. Foliage deciduous, Wood strong
and elastic, of fine grain; according to Porcher it is easy to
split and not hard. A red dye is produced from the bark.
Quercus Robur, Linné.*
The British Oak. Extending through a great part of Europe
and Western Asia, attaining a great age and an enormous
size. Extreme height 120 feet. Two varieties are dis-
tinguished: 1, Q. sessiliflora (Salisbury). The Durmast-
Oak, with a darker, heavier timber, more elastic, less fissile,
easier to bend under steam. ‘This tree is also the quickest of
the two in growth, and lives on poorer soil. Its bark is also
richer in medicinal, dyeing, and tanning principles. 2, Q.
pedunculata (Ehrh.), This variety supplies most of the oak
timber in Britain for ship-building, and is the best for cabinet-
makers’ and joiners’ work. In Britain it is attacked by Sco-
lytus multistriatus. The long-continued adherence of dead
leaves in the cool and most verdant season renders this Oak
not so well adapted for pleasure-grounds in the warmer parts of
the temperate zone as many other, particularly evergreen Oaks.
Quercus rubra, Linné.
The Red Oak of North America. Height 100 feet; diameter
of stem 4 feet. The wood is not of value, but the bark is
rich in tannin. Autumnal tint of foliage beautifully red.
The acorns, which are produced in great abundance, are
relished by animals.
Quercus semecarpafolia, Smith.
In the Himalayas, up to 10,000 feet. The largest of the
Oaks of India, upwards of 100 feet high, with a stem up to
18 feet in girth. Leafless for a short time. It furnishes a
hard and heavy timber of fair quality.
Quercus serrata, Thunberg.
One of the twenty-three known Japan Oaks; extending to
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES, 273
China and Nepal.» A good avenue-tree, though deciduous.
It yields the best food for the Oak Silkworm (Bombyx
Yamamai).
Quercus Sideroxylon, Humboldt.
Mountains of Mexico, at 8,000 feet elevation. An Oak of
great size, of compact timber, almost imperishable in water.
Q. lanceolata, Q. chrysophylla, Q. reticulata, Q. laurina, Q.
obtusata, Q. glaucescens, Q. Xalapensis (Humb.), and Q.
acutifolia (Nee) are among the many other highly important
timber Oaks of the cooler regions of Mexico. No printed
records seem extant concerning the technology of the numer-
ous Mexican Oaks, though doubtless their respective values
are well known to local artisans. According to the abbé and
surgeon Liturgie, one of the Mexican Oaks near San Juan
nourishes a Bombyx the cocoons of which are spun by the
natives into silk (‘Tschichatchef).
Quercus Skinneri, Bentham.
Mexico. The acorns of this Oak measure nearly 6 inches
in circumference, and are available for various domestic
animals.
Quercus squamata, Roxburgh.
One of the tallest of the Himalayan Oaks. Wood lasting.
Quercus stellata, Wangenheim.
The Post Oak of North-East America. Content with poor
and even sandy soil, but not a large tree. For its very
durable and dense wood it is much in requisition there for
posts, and is particularly highly prized for ship-building.
Quercus Suber, Linné.
The Cork Oak of South Europe and North Africa; evergreen.
It attains an age of fully two hundred years. After about
twenty years it can be stripped of its bark every six or seven
years ; but the best cork is obtained from trees over forty years
old. Height of tree about 40 feet. Acorns of sweetish taste.
Mr. Robinson found that young Cork Oaks obtained from the
writer made a growth of 4 feet in a year in the humid
Western Port district of Victoria. The bark of Q. pseudo-
suber (Sant.) is inferior for cork, but the closely-allied Q.
occidentalis (Gay), which is hardier than Q. Suber, produces
a superior cork-bark.
s
274 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Quercus Sundaica, Blume.
One of the Oaks from the mountains of Java, where several
other valuable timber Oaks exist. The existence of Oaks on
the higher mountains of New Guinea has been demonstrated
by Dr. Beccari; hence, in all probability, additional valuable
evergreen species will be obtainable for our arboreta from
thence.
Quercus Toza, Bose.
South Europe. One of the handsomest Oaks, and one of the
quickest of growth. ‘Will live in sandy soil. It furnishes
superior tanners’ bark.
Quercus virens, Linné.*
The Live Oak of North America, extending northward to
Virginia, and perhaps the hardiest of the evergreen species.
Fifty feet high, with a stem of sometimes 9 feet in diameter.
Supplies a most valuable timber for ship-building ; it is heavy,
compact, fine-grained ; it is, moreover, the strongest and most
durable of all American Oaks. Like Q. obtusiloba (Mich.), it
lives also on sea-shores, helping: to bind the sand, but it is then
not of tallstature. Of many of the three hundred Oaks of both
the western and eastern portions of the northern hemisphere,
the properties remain unrecorded and. perhaps unexamined ;
but it would be important to introduce as many kinds as
possible for local test-growth. The acorns, when packed
in dry moss, retain their vitality for some months. The
species with deciduous foliage are not desirable for massive
ornamental planting in the warmer parts of the temperate
zone, because they shed their dead leaves tardily during the
very time of the greatest verdure of other vegetation,
Quillaja saponaria, Molina.
Chili. A colossal tree. The bark is rich in saponin, and
thus valuable for dressing wool and silk.
Rafnia amplexicaulis, Thunberg.
South Africa. The root of this bush is sweet like liquorice,
and is administered in medicine. Rafnia perfoliata (E.
Meyer), also from South Africa, furnishes likewise a medi-
cinal root.
Raphanus sativus, Linné.
South Asia, up to 16,000 feet in the Himalayas, eastward to
Japan. The Radish. R. caudatus (L.), the Radish with long
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 275
edible peds, is regarded by Dr.. Th. Anderson as a mere
variety, and he thinks that all are sprung from the ordinary
R. Raphanistrum (L.) of Europe. All Radishes succeed best
in a calcareous soil, or aided by manure rich in lime. The
root of the Black Radish is comparatively rich in starch.
Remirea maritima, Aublet.
Intratropical coast regions around the globe. A perennial
creeper for binding sand.
Reseda Luteola, Linné.
The Weld. Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia, North
Africa. A herb of one or two years’ duration. Likes cal-
careous soil. A yellow dye (luteolin) pervades the whole
plant. The plant must be cut before the fruit commences to
develop, otherwise the pigment will much diminish.
Reseda odorata, Linné.
The true Mignonette.. North Africa and Syria. A herb of
one or very few years’ duration. The delicate scent can best
be concentrated and remoyed by enfleurage.
Rhagodia Billardieri, R. Brown.
Extra-tropical Australia. An important bush for binding
moving sand on sea-shores. A herb of this Order, Atriplex
erystallinum (J. Hooker), should be encouraged in its growth
at the very edge of tides or sand-shores, where with Cakile
maritima, Mesembrianthemum australe, and M. zquilaterale,
it will form one of the most effectual first impediments to the
influx of sea-sand. é
Rhamnus catharticus, Linné.
The Buckthorn. Middle and South Europe, North Africa,
Middle Asia. It can be utilised as a hedge-plant. The
berries are of medicinal value, as indicated by the specific
name. The foliage and bark can be employed for the pre-
paration of a green dye.
Rhamnus chlorophorus, Lindley.
China. From the bark a superior green pigment is prepared.
R. utilis, from the same country, serves for the like purpose.
This kind of dye is particularly used for silk, and is known as
Lokao.
276 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Rhamuus frangula, Linné.
Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia. One of the
very best woods for gunpowder. Recommended by Sir Joseph
Hooker to be grown on the coppice system for this purpose.
Rhamuus Grecus, Reuter.
Greece. From this shrub, and to no less extent from the
allied. R. prunifolius (Sibth.), are the green dye-berries
collected in Greece, according to Dr. Heldreich. These
shrubs grow on stony mountains up to 2,500 feet.
Rhamuus infectorius, Linné.
On the Mediterranean Sea and in the countries near to it.
The berry-like fruits of this shrub are known in commerce as
Graines d’Avignon and Graines de Perse, and produce a
valuable green dye. Other species seem to supply a similar
dye-material,—for instance, R. saxatilis (L.), R. amygdalinus
(Desf.), R. oleoides (L.), K. tinctorius (W. and K.).
Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Wendland and Drude. (Chamerops
hystrix, Fraser).
The Bule Palmetto of Florida and Carolina. Another hardy
dwarf Fan Palm.
Rhapis flabelliformis, Linné fil.
China and Japan. This exceedingly slender Palm attains
only a height of a few feet. The stems can be used for
various small implements. Itis one of the best plants for
table decoration.
Rhaponticum acaule, Candolle. (Centaura Cynara, F. v. M.)
On the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial herb. The root is
edible.
Rheum australe, Don.* (2. Lmodi, Wall.; R. Webbianum, Royle.)
Himalayan regions up to 16,000 feet. From this species at
least a portion of the medicinal Rhubarb is obtained; most
likely several species furnish Rhubarb-root, and its quality
depends probably much on the climatic region and the geo-
logical formation in which the plant grows. Should we ‘wish
to cultivate any species here for superior medicinal roots,
then clearly localities in our higher and drier Alpine tracts
should be chosen for the purpose. Hayne regards the presence
of much yellowish pigment in the seed-shell as indicating a
good medicinal Rhubarb-plant. As much as five lbs. of the
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 277
dried drug are obtained from a single plant several years old.
An important orange-red crystalline substance, emodin, allied
to chrysophaniec acid, occurs in genuine Rhubarb. A large
proportion of the medicinal Rhubarb-root is now grown in
England.
Rheum officinale, Baillon.*
Western China and Eastern Thibet on the high table-land.
It furnishes the most of the true Turkey Rhubarb, not merely
from the root, but also from the woody stem. Suited for
mountainous regions. Recommended also as a scenic plant
by Regel.
Rheum palmatum, Linné.*
From insular to Alpine North-Eastern Asia. A variety from
the Tangut country of Mongolia or North Thibet yields an
excellent medicinal root known as the Kiakhta or Khansu
Rhubarb (Maximowicz) ; valuable also as a decorative plant.
Rheum Rhaponticum, Linné,
From the Volga to Central Asia. This species, together with
R. Tataricum (L, fil.), R. undulatum (L.), and a few others,
all Asiatic (one extending to Japan), provide their acidu-
lous leaf-stalks and unexpanded flower-mass for culinary
purposes. Rhubarb-leaves can also be used in the manner of
Spinage.
Rhizopogon magnatum, Corda.
Europe. One of the edible truffles sold in the markets of
Middle Europe, with R. rudbescens, Tul.
Rhododendron maximum, Linné. s
North-East America. Attains a height of 20 feet. Ir-
respective of its being a fine acquisition for any garden
copses, this bush seems of industrial importance, because Mr.
C. Forster asserts that the wood of this and the allied Kalmia
latifolia (L.) is equalled only by the best boxwood. This
may give a clue to other substitutes for that scarce commo-
dity, needed so extensively by the wood-engraver.
Rhus caustica, Hooker and Arnott.
Chili, where it is called the Litre. A small or middle-sized
tree, the very hard wood of which is used for wheel-teeth,
axletrees, and select furniture, The plant seems neither
caustic nor otherwise poisonous (Dr. Philippi).
¥
278 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Rhus copallina, Linné.
North America, extending to Canada. A comparatively
dwarf species. This can be used for tanning. A resin for
varnishes is also obtained from this shrub.
Rhus coriaria, Linné.*
The Tanner’s Sumach. Countries around the Mediterranean
Sea. The foliage of this shrub or small tree, reduced to
powder, forms the Sumach of commerce. It is remarkably
rich in tannic acid, yielding as much as 30 per cent., and is
extensively used for the production of a superior Corduan- or
Maraquin-leather and pale-coloured leathers and dress goods.
Sumach allows the leather to carry more grease (Ballinent).
Price in Melbourne £36 per ton. The cultivation presents no
difficulty. It thrives best in loose calcareous soils and cannot
endure stagnant water. The strongest Sumach is produced
on dry ground. A gathering can be obtained from suckers
in the first year. The duration of Sumach fields under manure
extends to fifteen years. Sumach ean also be used for ink and
various, particularly black, dyes. Under favourable circum-
stances as much as a ton of Sumach is obtained from an acre.
Rhus cotinus, Linné.
The Scotino. Countries of the Mediterranean Sea, extending
to the Himalayas. The wood of this bush furnishes a yellow
pigment. The Scotino, so invaluable as a material for yellow
and black dye, and as a superior tanning substance, consists
of the ground foliage of this plant. It contains up to 24 per
cent. tannin.
Rhus glabra, Linné.
North America, extending to 54° north latitude. This Sumach
shrub will grow on rocky and sterile soil. It produces a kind
of gall, and can also be used as a good substitute for the
ordinary Sumach. This species can be easily multiplied from
suckers. It will live on poor soil. American Sumachs con-
tain generally from 15 to 20 per cent. tannin or occasionally
up to 26 per cent. tannin,
Rhus lucida, Linné.
South Africa. This shrub proved in Victoria of particular
adaptability for forming hedges ; it is evergreen, close grow-
ing, and stands clipping well. About half a hundred South
African species are known, of which probably some could be
utilised like, ordinary Sumach, but hitherto we have remained
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 279
unacquainted with the nature and degree of any of their
tanning and colouring principles.
Rhus semialata, Murray.
China and Japan, extending to the Himalayas. Attains a
height of 40 feet. This shrub produces a kind of nutgalls.
Rhus succedanea, Linné.
The Japan Wax Tree, the produce of which has found its way
into the English market.
Rhus typhina, Linné.
The Staghorn Sumach. North America, extending to Canada.
This species will grow to a tree of 30 feet high. Its wood
is of an orange tinge. Through incisions into the bark a
kind of Copal is obtained. The leaves can be used like
ordinary Sumach. This bush can be reared on inferior land.
The leaves of American Sumach must be collected early in the
season if a clear white leather like that from Sicilian Sumach
is to be obtained. This can be ascertained by the colour of the
precipitate made with gelatine. :
Rhus vernicifera, Candolle.
Extends from Nepal to Japan. It forms a tree of fair size,
and yields the Japan varnish. It ascends in India to 7,000
feet, but Stewart and Brandis are doubtful whether the
Japan species (R. Vernix, L.) is really identical with the
Indian.
Ribes aureum, Pursh.
Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon. This«favourite bush of our
shrubberies would likely in our forest streams produce its
pleasant berries, which turn from yellow to brown or black.
Professor Meehan mentions a variety or allied species from
Utah, with berries larger than those of the black currant;
they are quite a good table-fruit, and of all shades from orange
to black. Allied to this is R. tenuiflorum (Lindl.), of Cali-
fornia and the nearest States, with fruits of the size of red
currants, of agreeable flavour, and either dark purple or yellow
colour. R. aureum, R. palmatum, and some other strong
American species have come into use for grafting on them the
European Gooseberry (C. Pohl.)
Ribes Cynosbati, Linné.
The Prickly-fruited Gooseberry of Canada and the Northern
280 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
States of the American Union. The berries are large. There
is a variety, not so objectionably burrlike-prickly. R. Cynos-
bati has been hybridised with R. Grossularia, and the sequence
has been a good result (Saunders).
Ribes divaricatum, Douglas.
California and Oregon. One of the Gooseberries of those
countries. Berries smooth, black, about one-third of an inch
in diameter, pleasant to the taste. Culture might improve
this and many of the other species. R. Nuttalli (R. villosum,
Nutt., not of Gay nor of Wallich) is an allied plant, also
from California. ,
Ribes floridum, L’Heritier.
The Black Currant of North America. The berries resemble
in odour and taste those of R. nigrum. Allied to this is
R. Hudsonianum (Rich.) from the colder parts of North
America. .
Ribes Griffithi, J. Hooker and T. Thomson.
Himalaya, at the height of 10,000 to 13,000 feet. Allied to
R, rubrum, bearing similar but larger berries of somewhat
austere taste. R. laciniatum (H. and T.) is likewise a
Himalayan species with red berries, and so is R. glaciale (Wall.).
Furthermore, R. villosum, Wall. (R. leptostachyum, Decaisne),
comes from the Indian highlands and seems worthy of
notice.
Ribes Grossularia, Linné.
The -ordinary Gooseberry. Europe, North Africa, Western
Asia, on the Himalayan mountains up to a height of 12,000
feet. This bush, familiar to every one, is mentioned here
merely to indicate the desirability of naturalising it in any
Alpine regions where it is not indigenous.
Ribes hirtellum, Michaux.
The commonest smooth Gooseberry of North America, par-
ticularly in the New England States. It hkes moist ground.
Ribes nigrum, Linné.
The Black Currant. Middle and Northern Asia, Europe,
North America, ascending the Himalayan and Thibet moun-
tains to a height of 12,000 feet; also particularly fit to be
dispersed through forests in elevated situations.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. Q281
Ribes niveum, Lindl.
One of the Oregon Gooseberry-bushes. Berries small, black,
of a somewhat acid taste and rich vinous flavour.
Ribes rotundifolium, Michaux.
North America, as far as Canada. Yields part of the smooth
Gooseberries of the United States. The fruit is small, but of
delicious taste. Unlike the ordinary Gooseberry, not subject
to mildew. Careful cultivation has advanced gradually the
size of the fruit (Meehan).
Ribes rubrum, Linné.
The ordinary Red Currant, Europe, North America, North
and Middle Asia, in the Himalayan Mountains ceasing where
R. Griffithi commences to appear. One of the best fruit-
plants for jellies and preserves that could be chosen for colder
mountain altitudes. The root-bark contains phlorrhizin.
Perhaps other species than those recorded here, among them
some from the Andes, may yet deserve introduction, irre-
spective of their showiness, for their fruits.
Richardia Africana, Kunth. (2. Aethiopica, Rosenthal.)
From the Nile to the Cape of Good Hope. Important for
scenic effects, particularly on the margins of waters. Easily
moved at all seasons. The fresh root contains about 2 per
cent, of starch.
Ricinus communis, Linné.*
The Castor Oil Plant. Indigenous to the tropical and sub-
tropical zones of Asia and Africa. A shrubby, very decora-
tive plant, attaining the size of a small tree. It was well
known to the Egyptians four thousand years ago, and is
also mentioned in the writings of Herodotus, Hippocrates,
Dioscorides, Theophrastos, Plinius, and other ancient physi-
cians, philosophers, and naturalists. The easy and rapid
growth, the copious seeding, and the early return of produce
render this important plant of high value in the warm tem-
perate zone, more particularly as it will thrive on almost any
soil, and can thus be raised even on arid places, without being
scorched by hot winds. It may thus become an important
plant also for culture in desert-tracts, and is evidently des-
tined to be one of the most eligible oil-plants for technical
uses, particularly for lubricating machinery, irrespective of
the value of its oil for medicinal purposes. The seeds contain
about 50 per cent. oil. To obtain the best medicinal oil,
282 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL’ CULTURE
hydraulic pressure should be employed, and the seeds not be
subjected to heat; the seed-coat should also be removed: prior
to the extracting process being proceeded with. A screw-
press suffices, however, for ordinary supply to obtain the oil,
By decantation and some process of filtration it is purified.
For obtaining oil to be used for lubrication of machinery or
other technological purposes, the seeds may be pressed and
prepared by various methods under application of heat and
access of water. Castor oil is usually bleached simply by ex-
posure to solar light, but this procedure lessens to some extent
the laxative properties of the oil. It dissolves completely in
waterless alcohol and in ether, and will become dissolved also
in spirit of high strength, to the extent of three-fifths of the
weight of the latter. Solutions of this kind may become
valuable for various technical purposes, and afford some tests
for the pureness of the oil. If pressed under heat it will
deposit margaritin. Heated in a retort about one-third of the
oil will distil over, and a substance resembling india-rubber
remains, which saponises with alkalies. Other educts are at
the same time obtained, which will likely become of indus-
trial value. These facts are briefly mentsoned here merely
to explain that the value of this easily-produced oil is far
more varied than is generally supposed, and this remark
applies with equal force to many other chemical compounds
from vegetable sources, briefly alluded to in this present
enumerative treatise. The seeds contain also a peculiar
alkaloid—ricinin. The solid chemical compound of castor oil
is the crystalline isocetic acid (a glycerid). The oil contains
also a non-crystalline acid peculiar to it (ricinoleie acid),
For the production of a particular kind of silk the Recinus
plant is also important, inasmuch as the hardy Bombyx
Arrindi requires for food the leaves of this bush. Even a few
of the seeds if swallowed will produce poisonous effects.
Robinia pseudacacia, Linné.
The North American Locust Acacia. Height to 90 feet.
The strong, hard, and durable wood is for a variety of purposes
in use, and particularly eligible for treenails, axletrees, and
turnery. The natives use the wood for their bows. Tree of
rapid growth, and attains an age of several hundred years.
It may be planted closely for timber-belts and hedge-shelter
on farm-lands. It is one of the best trees for renovating
exhausted land and for improving poor soil. Recommended
by Wessely as one of the easiest grown of all trees on bare
sand, though standing in need of twice as much mineral
aliment as Pinus silvestris and nearly as much as poplars. It
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 283
pushes through shifting sand its spreading roots, which
‘attain a length of 70 feet. It will maintain its hold in
hollows of drifts where even poplars fail (Wessely). The roots
are poisonous. The allied R. viscosa attains a height of 40
feet. No less than four arborescent Robinias are recorded
from Juan Fernandez.
Roccella tinctoria, Candolle.
Canary Islands, Azores, also in Middle and South Europe and
North Africa. This Lichen furnishes the litmus, orseille or
orchil for dyes and chemical tests. It is a question of
interest whether it could be translocated and naturalised on
the cliffs also of our shores, Other dye-lichens might per-
haps still more easily be naturalised; for instance, Lecanora
tartarea, L. parella, Pertusaria communis, Parmelia sordida,
Isidium corallinum, and some others, which furnish the Cud-
bear or Persio.
Rosa centifolia, Linné.
The Cabbage Rose. Indigenous on the Caucasus and seem-
ingly also in other parts of the Orient. Much grown in
South Europe and South Asia for the distillation of rose-
water and oil or attar of roses. No pruning is resorted to,
only the dead branches are removed; the harvest is from the
middle of May till nearly the middle of June ; the gathering
takes place before sunrise (Simmonds). From 12,000 to
16,000 roses, or from 250 Ibs. to 300 lbs. of rose petals, are
required according to some calculations for producing a single
ounce of attar through ordinary distillation. The flowers
require to be cut just before expansion ; the calyx is separated
and rejected; the remaining portions of the flowers are then
subjected to aqueous distillation, and the saturated rose-water
so obtained is repeatedly used for renewed distillation, when
from the overcharged water the oil separates on a cold place
and floats on the surface, from whence it can be collected after
refrigeration by fine birds’-feathers. Rose oil consists of a
hydrocarbon stearopten which is scentless, and an elacopten
which is the fragrant principle. But some other methods
exist for producing the oil; for instance, it may be got by
distilling the rosebuds without water at the heat of a salt-water
bath. ‘The odour may also be withdrawn by alcoholic distilla-
tion from the roses, or be extracted by the “ enfleurage”
process. The latter is effected by placing the flowers, collected
while the weather is warm, into shallow frames covered with a
glass plate, on the inner side of which a pure fatty substance
has been thinly spread. The odour of the flowers is absorbed
284 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
by the adipose or oleous substance, though the blossoms do
not come with it in direct contact ; fresh flowers are supplied
daily for weeks. The scent is finally withdrawn from its
matrix by maceration with pure alcohol. Purified Eucalyptus
oil can be used for diluting rose oil, when it is required for
the preparation of scented soap. a
Rosa Damascena, Miller.
Orient. Allied to the preceding species, aud also largely
used for the production of essential oil of roses.
Rosa Gallica, Linné.
The French or Dutch Rose. Middle and South Europe,
Orient. The intensely coloured buds of this species are par-
ticularly chosen for drying. ‘These, however, may be got also
from other kinds of roses,
Rosa Indica, Linné.
Noisette Rose. From Upper India to Chinaand Japan. Some.
roses of the sweetest scent are derived from this species.
Rosa levigata, Michaux. (R. Sinica, Aiton.)
The Cherokee Rose. China and Japan. Considered one of
the best hedge-roses, and for that purpose much employed
in North America. It serves also well for bowers. Allied
to the foregoing species. Rosa rugosa, Thunberg, of Japan,
a large-fruited and large-leaved rose, is exceedingly well
adapted for garden hedges.
Rosa moschata, Miller.
North Africa and South Asia as far east as Japan. From
the flowers of this extremely tall climbing species also essen-
tial oil is obtained. The attar thus derived from roses of
not only different varieties, but even distinct species, must
necessarily be of various qualities. In the Balkan Mountains,
on basalt slopes facing south, the most odorous roses are pro-
duced. At Kesaulik rose-distillation is the main industry.
Shoots of rose-bushes are placed in trenches 3 feet deep and
5 feet apart. Irrigation promotes the growth. The gathering
commences in the third and lasts till about. the fifteenth year
(Simmons). Schlagintweit gives as the yield of attar in the
Balkan ranges 34, of the petals in cool and z4, in warm
weather by careful distillation and refrigeration. The pure
oil as a European commodity is worth from £20 to £23 per
pound. This is also the rose, according to Schlagintweit, used
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 285
for attar distillation in Tunis. Pure attar, valued at 30
shillings per ounce, is produced in Roumelia to the amount of
£80,000 annually (Piesse).
Rosa sempervirens, Linné.
From South Europe through Southern Asia to Japan. One |
of the best rose-bushes for covering walls, fences, and similar
structures. The flowers of this species also can be utilised
for rose oil.
Rosa setigera, Michaux.
North America, where it is the only climbing rose-bush. It
deserves introduction on account of its extremely rapid growth,
—10 feet to 20 feet in a season. Its flowers, however, are
nearly inodorous.
Other original species of roses deserve our attention, Sir Joseph
Hooker admitting about thirty, all from the northern hemi-
sphere. But on the snow-clad unascended mountains of
Borneo, Sumatra, New Guinea, and Africa south of the
equator, perhaps new roses may yet be discovered, as they
have been traced south to Abyssinia already.
Rosa spinosissima, Linné.
Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia. Adapted
for holding coast-sands ; unapproachable to pasture animuls,
and not spreading like the Sweet Briar, R. rubiginosa (L.),
into culture-land or pastures.
Rosmarinus officinalis, Linné.
The Rosemary. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea.
This well-known bush is mentioned here as a medicinal plant,
from which a distilled oil is rather copiously obtainable. One
of our best plants for large garden-edgings. The oil enters
into certain compositions of perfumery.
Royenia pseudebenus, E. Meyer.
South Africa. Only a small tree, but its wood jet black,
hard, and durable; thus in Capeland and Caffraria called
ebony. R. pubescens (Wiilld.), according to Dr. Pappé,
furnishes there a wood adapted for xylography ; this may give
a clue to the adaptability of many other kinds of woods in the
large Order of Ebenacee as substitutes for the Turkish boxwood.
Rubia cordifolia, Linné. (2. Mungista, Roxburgh.)
From the Indian highlands, through China and Siberia, to
286
SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Japan ; also occurring in various parts of Africa, as far
south as Caffraria and Natal. This perennial plant produces
a kind of madder. Probably other species likewise yield
dye-roots. The genus is represented widely over the globe,
but, as far as known, not in Australia.
Rubia peregrina, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, South-West Asia. This perennial
species also yields madder-root. Several other kinds deserve
comparative test-culture.
Rubia tinctorum, Linné.
The Madder. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A
perennial herb of extremely easy culture. Soil fit for barley
suits, also for madder. Its culture opens any deep subsoil and
suffocates weeds, but requires much manure, leaving then,
however, the land enriched. Any stagnant water in the soil
must be avoided, if madder is to succeed. The harvest is in
the second or third year. It can be raised from seeds or
planted from offshoots. The roots merely dried and pounded
form the dye. The chemical contents are numerous: in the
herb, rubichloric and rubitannic acid ; in the root, alizarin,
purpurin, rubiacin, rubian, ruberythrin acid, and _ three
distinct resins ; also chlorogenin, xanthin, and rubichlorie
acid. On the five first depend the pigments produced from
the root. Madder is one of the requisites for alizarin ink.
Since the manufacture of artificial alizarin from anthacene, a
constituent of coal-tar, has commenced, the cultivation of
madder has declined. Still it remains a valuable root, handy
for domestic dye.
Rubus Canadensis, Linné.*
The Dewberry of North America. A shrub of trailing habit.
Fruit black, of excellent taste, ripening earlier than that of
R. villosus (Ait.), which constitutes the High Blackberry of
the United States, with large fruits,
Rubus Chamezmorus, Linné.
The Cloudberry. North Europe, North Asia, North America,
particularly in the frigid zone. A perennial but herbaceous
plant ; a pigmy amongst its congeners. Nevertheless it is
recommended for introduction to spongy, mossy, Alpine moors,
on accouns of its grateful amber-coloured or red fruit. All
the species can readily be raised from seeds. R. Articus
(L.), also with edible fruit, is in the high north usually its
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 287
companion. A similar little herb, living for a great part of the
year in snow—namely, R. Gunnianus (Hook.)—oceurs on the
Alpine heights of Tasmania, from whence it might be easily
transferred to snowy mountains of other countries. The fruit
of R. Gunnianus is red and juicy, but not always well
developed.
Rubus cuneifolius, Pursh.
The Sand Blackberry. North America.’ A dwarf shrub.
The fruit is of agreeable taste.
Rubus deliciosus, Torrey.
On the sources of the Missouri. An erect shrub. Fruit
raspberry-like, large and grateful. An exceedingly hand-
some species.
Rubus ellipticus, Smith. (2. flavus, Hamilton.)
On the mountains of India (4,000 to 7,000 feet), also in Ceylon
and Yunan. A large bush with yellow fruits, which are
reckoned in flavour fully equal to the ordinary Raspberry
(C. B, Clarke).
Rubus fruticosus, Linné.*
The ordinary Blackberry or Bramble. All Europe, North
and South Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. The shrub
bears well in a temperate clime. In some countries it is a
favourite plant for hedges. It likes, above all, calcareous soil,
though it is content with almost any, and deserves to be
naturalised on the rivulets of any ranges. R. corylifolius
(Sm.), R. suberectus (Andr.), and R. leucostachys (Sm.) are
varieties like many other named kinds of European Black-
berries, or perhaps belong to the closely allied R. caesius (L.),
the English Dewberry ; or in some instances hybrid forms may
have arisen from the two, although the generality of these
various Blackberry bushes bear their fruit freely enough.
Rubus geoides, Smith.
Falkland Islands, Fuegia, Patagonia, and Chiloe. A herba-~
ceous kind of Raspberry-plant with greenish-yellow fruits,
resembling the Cloudberry, and of a very agreeable taste.
Best adapted for mountainous regions.
Rubus Havaiensis, A. Gray.
Sandwich Islands. The fruits of this bramble shrub are
raspberry-like.
288 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Rubus Idaeus, Linné.*
The ordinary Raspberry. Europe, Northern and West Asia.
It is mentioned here to point out the desirability of natural-
ising the plant on mountains and on river banks. The fruits
contain a stereopten. Leaves a substitute for tea.
Rubus imperialis, Chamisso.
Brazil and Argentina. Furnishes superior fruits.
Rubus lasiocarpus, Smith.
India, reaching in the Himalayas an elevation of 8,000 feet,
in Ceylon of 6,000 feet. The black fruit is very palatable.
R. biflorus (Hamilton) ascends with R. rosifolius to 10,000
feet; its fruit, either red or orange, is sweet (J. D. Hooker).
Rubus macropetalus, Douglas.*
California and Oregon. An unisexual shrub. Fruit black,
oval-cylindric, particularly sweet.
Rubus occidentalis, Linné.*
The Black Raspberry or Thimbleberry. North America. A
species with woody stems and nice fruits, with a glaucous
bloom, well flavoured and large. It ripens early.
Rubus odoratus, Linné.*
North America. A kind of Raspberry. A handsome species
on account of its large purple flowers. Berry edible. Culture
would doubtless enhance the value of the fruits of many of
these Rubi. Hybridising might be tried.
Rubus parvifolius, Linné. :
East Asia, East and South Australia. In the Alps of Victoria
it produces much finer fruits than in the lowlands.
Rubus rosifolius, Smith.
Tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa and Asia, also
throughout the littoral forests of East Australia. This shrub
bears in woody regions an abundance of fruits of large size,
and these early and long in the season.
Rubus rugosus, Smith,
South Asia. The fruit, which ripens all the year round in
temperate climes, is nearly twice the size of the ordinary
Blackberry.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 289.
Rubus strigosus, Michaux.
North America. Closely allied to the European Raspberry.
Its fruits large, also of excellent taste. It would lead too far
to enumerate other kinds of Rubus, although about a hundred
genuine species. occur, which render the genus one of very
wide dispersion over the globe.
Rubus trivialis, Michaux.*
Southern States of North America. Another shrubby species
with good edible fruits, which are large and black. The plant
will thrive in dry sandy soil. Like many other species, rich
in tannic acid. :
Rumex acetosa, Linné.
The Kitchen Sorrel. Europe, Middle and North Asia to
Japan, also in the frigid zone of North America. A perennial
herb. The tender varieties, particularly the Spanish one,
serve as pleasant acidulous vegetables, but must be used in
moderation, as their acidity, like that of the species of Oxalis
(Wood Sorrel), depends on binoxalate of potash. The South
African R. luxuriaus (L.) serves likewise as culinary sorrel.
Rumex Patientia, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia. Biennial. The
young leaves furnish a palatable sorrel, like spinach. In
cold climes it pushes forth its leaves before the frost is hardly
gone, and thus comes in as one of the first vegetables of the
season.
Rumex scutatus, Linné. .
The French Sorrel. Middle and South Europe, North Africa,
Orient. Also perennial, and superior to the foregoing as a
culinary plant. They are all of use against scurvy and most
easily reared.
Rumex vesicarius, Linné.
South Europe, Middle Asia, North Africa. An annual herb
of similar utility as the former ones.
Ruscus aculeatus, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, North Africa, South-West Asia.
This odd plant is the only shrubby species of the genus. It
serves for forming garden hedges. The young shoots of this
and others are edible.
3
290 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Ruta graveolens, Linné.
The Rue. Mediterranean countries and the Orient. The
foliage of this acrid and odorous shrub, simply dried, consti-
tutes the Rue-herb of medicine. The allied R. sylvestris
(Mill,) is still more powerful in its effect. These plants and
others of the genus contain a peculiar volatile oil and a
glycosid (Rutin).
Sabal Adamsoni, Guernsent.
Dwarf Palmetto, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. A
stemless Fan-Palm, with the two following and Chamerops
Hystrix atiammg the most northerly positions of any
American Palms. According to Count de Saporta it resists
a temperature as low as 17° F. This Palm does well in
marshy places,
Sabal Palmetto, Roemer and Schultes.*
Extends from Florida to North Carolina, also Bermuda Islands.
The stem attains a height of 40 feet. This noble Palm
delights on sandy coast tracts.
Sabal serrulata, Roemer and Schultes.
South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida: The stem grows to
8 feet high; particularly well adapted for sea-coasts. The
leaves can be used for cabbage-tree hats and other pur-
poses for which palm-leaves are sought. The fibrous spongy
parts of the stem serve as brushes.
Sabal umbraculifera, Martius.
West India. Attains, according to Grisebach, a height of
80 feet, or, according to others, even over 100 feet. Though
naturally a tropical Savannah-Palm, it has proved even hardier
than the Orange. Another equally tall Antillan-Palm is 8.
glaucescens (Loddiges).
Sabbatia angularis, Pursh.
North-East America. This biennial pretty herb is lauded as
a substitute for gentian by American physicians, and might
with other congeners be grown in medicinal gardens, though
its naturalisation would not be desirable, as ‘stock avoid the
bitter gentianaceous plants.
Saccharum officinarum, Linné.
The Sugar-Cane. India, China, South Sea Islands, not in-
digenous in any part of America or Australia. Sugar-cane
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 291
having been cultivated in Spain and other countries on the
Mediterranean Sea, it will be worthy of further trial at what
distance from the equator and at what elevations in other
parts of the globe sugar from cane can be produced to advan-
tage. In the United States the profitable culture of cane
ceases at 32° north latitude; in Japan it is carried on with
advantage up to 36° north latitude, and even further north-
ward (General Capron) ; the average yield there of raw sugar
is 3,300 Ibs. per acre ; in China it extends only to 30° north
latitude. In the last-mentioned country the culture of sugar-
cane dates from the remotest antiquity; moreover, we have
from thence a particular kind (S. Sinense, Roxb.), which is
hardier and bears drought better than the ordinary cane ; this
kind needs renewal only every second or third year, and ripens
in seven months, if planted early in spring, but if planted in
autumn and left standing for fully a year the return of sugar
is larger. Moderate vicinity to the sea is favourable for the
growth of canes. Prolific yields have been secured in East
Australia as far south as 28°.
The multiplication of all sorts of sugar-cane is usually effected
from top-cuttings, but this cannot be carried on from the same
original stock for an indefinite period without deterioration ;
and as seeds hardly ever riper on the canes, new plants must
from time to time be brought from a distance. Thus, New
Caledonia has latterly supplied its wild-growing splendid
varieties for replanting many sugar-fields in Mauritius. The
Bourbon variety is praised as one of the richest for sugar; the
Batavian variety, S. violaceum (Tussac), is content with less
fertile soil, Many other varieties are known. Excessive
rains produce a rank luxuriance of the canes at the expense of
the saccharine principle. Rich manuring is necessary to attain
good crops, unless in the best of virgin soil. The lower leaves
of the stem must successively be removed, also superabundant
suckers, to promote the growth upwards, and to provide venti-
lation and light. Out. of the remnants of sugar-cane mol-
lasses, rum, and taffia can be prepared. The average yield of
sugar varies from 1 ton 6 cwt.to 3 tons for the acre. For
fuller information the valuable local work of Mr. A. McKay,
“The Sugar-cane in Australia,” should be consulted. The
stately S. spontaneum (L.), which extends from India to
Egypt, is available for scenic culture. It attains a height
of 15 feet. Other tall kinds of Saccharum occur in South
Asia.
Sagittaria lancifolia, Linné.
From Virginia to the Antilles. This very handsome aquatic
292 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
plant can doubtless be utilised like the following species. It
attains a height of 5 feet.
Sagittaria obtusa, Muehlenberg. (8. Zatifolia, Willdenow.)
North America, where it replaces the closely-allied S. sagittifolia,
A few other conspicuous species are worthy of introduction.
The Tule or Wapatoo root of California is derived from a
species of Sagittaria.
Sagittaria sagittifolia, Linné.
Europe, North and Middle Asia, east to Japan. One of the
most showy of all hardy water-plants ; still not alone on that
account deserving naturalisation, but also because its root is
edible. If once established, this plant maintains its ground
well, and might occupy spots neither arable nor otherwise
utilised.
Salix alba, Linné.
The Huntingdon or Silky Willow of Europe, originally pro-
bably from Middle Asia. Available for wet places not other-
wise utilised. Height 80 feet, circumference of stem 20 feet ;
of rapid growth. Wood eligible where lightness, pliancy, elas-
ticity, and toughness are required; hence in request for wheel-
floats and shrouding of water-wheels, as it is not subject to
splinter ; also used for turnery, trays, fenders, shoe-lasts, light
handles (Simmonds). Timber, according to Robb, the lightest
and softest of all woods, available for bungs; it is planed into
chips for hat-boxes, baskets, and wove bonnets, also for cricket
bats, boxes, &, The bark is particularly valued as a tan for
certain kinds of glove leather to which it imparts an agreeable
odour. The Golden Osier, Salix vitellina (L.), is a variety. -
The shoots are used for hoops and wicker-work. With other
large Willows and Poplars one of the best scavengers for back
yards where drainage cannot readily be applied ; highly valu-
able also for forming lines along narrow watercourses or valleys
in forests, to stay bush-fires. The charcoal excellent for gun-
powder. The wood in demand for matches.
Salix Babylonica, Tournefort.
The Weeping Willow, indigenous in West Asia as far as Japan,
sparingly wild, according to Stewart, in the Himalayas ; pro-
bably also if Persia, Kurdistan, and China. One of the most
grateful of all trees for the facility of its culture, rapidity of
growth, and fitness for embellishments. Also as one of the
quickest growing and most easily reared of all shade-trees,
Dr. C. Koch. distinguishes another Weeping Willow as S.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES... 293
elegantissima from Japan. Important for consolidating river
banks.
Salix Capensis, Thunberg. (S. Gariepina, Burchell.)
South Africa. This Willow might be introduced on account
of its resemblance to the ordinary Weeping Willow. S. daph-
noides (Vill,) of Europe and Asia, S. petiolaris (Smith), 8.
cordata (Muehlenb.), S. tristis (Ait.), of North America, are
among the best for binding sand. 8S. longifolia (Muehlenb.),
also North Amerigan, is among those which form long flexible
withes.
Salix caprea, Linné.
Europe, North and Middle Asia. The British Sallow or Hedge
Willow ; grows also to a tree; wood useful for handles and
other implements, the shoots for hoops. It is largely employed
for the coal for gunpowder. Bark for tanning, particularly
glove leather. The flowers are eagerly sought by bees. It is
the earliest flowering Willow.
Salix cordata, Muehlenberg.
One of the Osiers of North America.
Salix daphnoides, Villars.
Middle Europe and Northern Asia, as far as the Amoor,
ascending to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas. A tree of 60 feet in
height, of remarkable rapidity of growth, attaining 12 feet in
four years. It is much chosen to fix the ground at railway
embankments, on sandy ridges and slopes, for which purpose
its long-spreading and strong roots render it particularly fit.
The twigs can be used for baskets, wicker-work, and twig-
bridges (Stewart and Brandis). The foliage furnishes cattle
fodder. The tree is comparatively rich in salicin, like S.
pentandra (L.) and the following.
Salix fragilis, Linné.
The Crack-Willow. Indigenous in South-Western Asia.
Height 90 feet, stem to 20 feet in girth. A variety of this
species is the Bedford Willow, also called Leicester Willow,
Salix Russelliana (Smith), which yields a light, elastic, tough
timber, more tannin in its bark than oak, and more salicin
(a substitute for quinine and most valuable as an anti-rheu-
matic remedy) than most congeners. According to Sir H.
Davy the young layers of the bark contain 16 per cent,
tannin, the whole bark only about 7 per cent. One of the
dwarf American Willows, perhaps §. tristis (Aiton), has been
294 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
traced on the coast-sands of California to send out root-like
stems up to 120 feet in length.
Salix Humboldtiana, Willdenow.
Through a great part of South America, southward as far as
Patagonia, there furnishing building-timber for inside struct-
ures. This Willow is of pyramidal habit, attains a height of
50 feet and more. The wood is much in use for yokes and
other implements. Many kinds of Willow can be grown for
consolidating shifting. sand ridges.
Salix lucida, Muehlenberg.
One of the Osiers of North America.
Salix nigra, Marshall. (8, Purshiana, Sprengel.)
The Black Willow of North America. It attains a height of
30 feet. The Black Willow is one used for basket-work,
although it is surpassed in excellence by some other species,
and is more important as a timber Willow. Mr. W. Scaling,
of Basford, includes it among the sorts which he recommends
in his valuable publication, “ The Willow ” (London, 1871).
Salix purpurea, Linné.*
Of wide range in Europe and West Asia. One of the Osiers.
In deep moist soil, not readily otherwise utilised, it will
yield annually four to five tons of the best of rods, quali-
fied for the finest work. Impenetrable, not readily inflam-
mable, screens 25 feet high can be reared from it in five
years. In localities exposed to storms, willow-screens fully
40 feet high can be raised. It is invaluable also for the
reclamation of land along watercourses. Rich in salicin.
From Mr. Scaling’s treatise on the Willow, resting on un-
rivalled experience, it will be observed that he anew urges
the adoption of the Bitter Willow (also called the Rose
Willow or the Whipcord Willow), S. purpurea (L.), for
game-proof hedges, this species scarcely ever being touched
by cattle, rabbits, and other herbivorous animals. Not only
for this reason, but also for its very rapid growth and
remunerative yield of the very best of basket material, he
recommends it for field hedges. Cuttings are planted only
half a foot apart, and must be entirely pushed into the
ground. The annual produce from such a hedge is worth 4s.
to 5s. for the chain, For additional strength the shoots
can be interwoven. In rich bottoms they will grow from 7
feet to 13 feet in a year. The supply of basket ma-
terial from this species has fallen very far short of the
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 295
demand in England. The plant grows vigorously on light
soil or warp-land, but not on clay. S. rubra (Huds.) is also
admirably adapted for hedges. The real Osier, 8. viminalis
(L.), is distinguished by basket-makers as the soft-wooded
willow, and is the best for rods requiring two years’ age,
and also the most eligible for hoofs, but inferior to several
other species for basket manufacture. S. triandra (L.) is a
prominent representative of the hard-wooded basket-willows,
and comprises some of the finest varieties in use of the
manufacturers. A crop in the third year after planting from
an acre weighs about 12 tons, worth £3 for the ton. 8S.
fragilis (u.) and S. alba (L.) are more important as timber
willows, and for growing hoop-shoots. Their rapidity of
growth recommends them also for shelter-plantations, to
which advantage may be added their uninflammability and
their easy propagation; the latter quality they share with
most willows. Mr. Scaling’s renewed advocacy for the
formation of willow plantations comes with so much force
that his advice is here given, though condensed in a few
words. Osier plantations come into full bearing in the third
year; they bear for ten years and then slowly decline.
The raw produce from an acre in a year averages 6 tons
to 74 tons, ranging in price from £2 10s. to £3 10s. for
the ton (unpeeled), Although 7,000 acres are devoted in
Britain to the culture of basket-willows (exclusive of
spinneys and plantations for the farmers’ own use), yet in
1866 there had to be imported from the Continent 4,400 tons
of willow branches, at a value of £44,000, while besides the
value of the made baskets imported in that year, was equal
to the above sum. In recent years the importation into the
United States of willow material for baskets, chairs, ete., has,
according to Simmonds, been valued as approaching £1,000,000.
Land comparatively valueless for root or grain crops can be
used very remuneratively for osier. plantations. The soft-
wooded willows like to grow in damper ground than the hard-
wooded species. The best peeled willow branches fetch as
much as £25 for the ton. Peeling is best’ effected by steam,
by which means the material is also increased in durability. No
basket-willow will thrive in stagnant water. Osier plantations
in humid places should therefore be drained. The cuttings
are best taken from branches one or two years old, and are to
be planted as close as one foot by one foot and a half. No
part of the cutting must remain uncovered, in order that only
straight shoots may be obtained; manuring and ploughing
between the rows is thus also facilitated, after the crop has
been gathered, and this, according to the approved Belgian
296 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
method, must be done by cutting the shoots close to the
ground after the fall of the leaves. The accidental intro.
duction from abroad of the destructive saw-flies (particu-
larly Nematus ventralis), which prey also on currant and
gooseberry bushes, should be guarded against.
Salix rubra, Hudson.*
Throughout Europe, also in West Asia and North Africa;
it is much chosen for osier beds. When cut down, it will
make shoots 8 feet long in a season. Porcher regards it as one
of the most valuable species for work in which unpeeled rods
are used.
Salix tetrasperma, Roxburgh.
Mountains of India, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. Height of tree
40 feet. This thick-stemmed Willow is worthy of a place
on the banks of watercourses. The twigs can be worked into
baskets, the wood serves for gunpowder, the foliage for
cattle fodder.
Salix triandra, Linné.* (8. amygdalina, Linné.)
The Almond-Willow; through nearly all Europe and extra-
tropical Asia. Height of tree 30 feet. Shoots 9 feet long,
for hoofs and white basket-work, being pliant and durable.
The bark contains a good deal of salicin. 8S. lanceolata
(Smith) is a hybrid between &. triandra and S. viminalis,
according to Anderson.
Salix viminalis, Linné.*
The common Osier of Europe and North and West Asia;
attains the height of 30 feet. One of the best for wicker-
work and hoops; when cut, it shoots up to a length of 12
feet. It would lead too far to enumerate even all the more
important Willows’ on this occasion. Professor Anderson,
of Stockholm, admits 158 species. Besides these, numerous
hybrids exist. Many of the taller of these Willows could be
grown to advantage.
Salpichroma rhomboidea, Miers.
Extra-tropical South America, as far south as Magellan’s
Straits. A half-shrub, with good-sized berries of vinous taste
(Lorentz).
Salvia Matico, Grisebach.
Sub-Alpine Argentina, An important medicinal herb.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 297
Salvia officinalis, Linné.
The Garden Sage. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A
somewhat shrubby plant of medicinal value, pervaded by
essential oil. Prefers calcareous soil. Among nearly half a
ri species of this genus some are gorgeously orna-
mental.
Sambucus Canadensis, Linné.
North-East America. The berries of this half-woody Elder
are used, as well as those of Phytolacca decandra, for colouring
vinous liquids. Dr. Gibbons observes that this species is
recognised in the United States Pharmacopoeia, and that the
Californian species (S. glauca and S. racemosa) possess similar
medicinal properties. The flowers are gently excitant and
sudorific, the berries diaphoretic and aperient (wine frequently
manufactured from them), and the inner bark in large doses a
hydragogue cathartic and emetic. S. xanthocarpa (F. v.
Mueller) is a large Elder tree of extra-tropical East Australia.
Sambucus nigra, Linné.
The ordinary Elder. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia.
Known to have exceptionally attained a height of 35 feet.
The flowers are of medicinal value, and an essential oil can be
obtained from them. The wood can be utilised for shoe-pegs
and other purposes of artisans. The berries are used for
colouring port wine and for other purposes of dye.
Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linné.
North-East America. A perennial herb. The root important
as a therapeutic agent, contains also dye principles.
Sanguisorba minor, Scopoli. (Poteriwm Sanguisorba, Linné.)
The Salad Burnet. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle
Asia. A perennial, easily disseminated and naturalised herb,
particularly adapted for calcareous soils. Serves as salad and
particularly as a sheep fodder. :
Sanseviera Zeilanica, Willdenow.
India. This thick-leaved liliaceous plant should not be passed
in this enumeration, as it has proved hardy in places free of
frost. Four pounds of leaves give about one pound of fibre,
which unites with softness and silky lustre extraordinary
strength and tenacity, serving in its native country for bow-
strings. The plant might be left to itself in rocky unutilised
places. Several allied species exist.
298 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Santalum album, Linné.*
India, ascending to the temperate elevations of Mysore. A
small or middle-sized tree, famed for its fragrant wood and
roots. In the drier and stony parts of ranges the greatest
fragrance of the wood is generated. 8. Freycenetianum
(Gaudichaud) produces sandal-wood on the mountains of the
Sandwich Islands up to 3,000 feet. Several other species
occur in Polynesia. The precious sandal-oil is obtained by
slow distillation from the heartwood and root, the yield being
about two and a half per cent.
Santalum cygnorum, Miquel.
South-Western Australia, where this tree yields scented sandal-
wood.
Santalum Preissianum, Miquel. (S. acuminatum, A. de Can-
dolle.)
The Quandong. Desert country of extra-tropical Australia.
The fruits of this small tree are called Native Peaches. As
both the succulent outer part and kernel are edible, it is
advisable to raise the plant in desert tracts.
Santalum Yasi, Seemann.
The Sandal Tree of the Fiji Islands, where it grows on dry and
rocky hills. It is likely to prove hardy and’deserves, with a
few other species from the South Sea Islands yielding scented
wood, test culture in warm temperate regions.
Santolina cyparissias, Linné. .
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A very aromatic and
handsome bush, of medicinal value. There are several allied
species.
Saponaria officinalis, Linné.
The Soapwort or Fuller’s Herb. Europe, North and Middle
Asia. A perennial herb of some technologic interest, as the
root can be employed with advantage in some final processes
of washing silk and wool, to which it imparts a peculiar
gloss and dazzling whiteness, without injuring in the least the
most sensitive colours. Experiments instituted in the labo-
ratory of the Botanic Garden of Melbourne render it highly
probable that saponin, which produces the froth from the
soapwort, is also present in the bark and root of Acacia
(Albizzia) lophanta (W.). At all events, a substance closely
resembling saponin was unexpectedly detected (in the course
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 299
of other investigations entrusted to Mr. Rummel) in the
bark of this Acacia, and this substance occurred in so large a
proportion as to constitute'10 per cent. of the dry bark,
Sassafras officinale, Hayne.
The deciduous Sassafras Tree, indigenous from Canada to
Florida, in dry open woods. Height 60 feet. The stem
has been known to attain a girth of more than 19 feet at 3
feet from the ground. 1t furnishes the medicinal Sassafras.
bark and wood, and from this again an essential oil is attain-
able. The deciduous and often jagged leaves are remarkable
among those of Lauracee. They are used as a condiment
in cookery. The root bark contains 58 per cent. tannin
(Reinsch).
Satureja hortensis, Linné.
The Summer Savory. Countries around the Mediterranean
Sea. An annual scent-herb, from which an essential aromatic
oil can be distilled. The culture of this and allied plants is
easy in the extreme.
Satureja montana, Linné.
The Winter Savory. On arid hilly places at and near the
Mediterranean Sea. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb,
frequently used as a culinary condiment along with or in place
of the foregoing species, although it is scarcely equal to it in
fragrance.
Satureja Thymbra, Linné. |
Countries on or near the Mediterranean Sea. A small ever-
green bush, with the flavour almost of thyme. The likewise
odorous 8. Graeca (L.) and 8. Juliana (L.) have been trans-
ferred by Bentham to the closely cognate genus Micromeria ;
they are in use since Dioscorides’ time, though not repre-
‘senting, as long supposed, the Hyssop of that ancient phy-
sician.
Saussurea Lappa, Bentham. (Haplotaxis Lappa, Decaisne.)
Cashmere. The aromatic root of this perennial species is of
medicinal value, and by some considered to be the Costus of
the ancients.
Saxono-Gothea conspicua, Lindley.
The Mahin of Southern Chili, A middle-sized tree, with
fine-grained yellowish timber.
800 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Scandix grandiflora, Linné.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual herb,
much liked there as a salad for its pleasant aromatic taste.
Schima Wallichii, Choisy.
India, up to 5,000 feet. A tree attaining a height of 100 feet.
Timber highly valuable (C. B. Clarke).
Schizostachyum Blumei, Nees.
Java, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. A lofty Bamboo.
A few other species, less elevated, occur in China, the South
Sea and Philippine Islands, and Madagascar. The genus
might well be united with Melocanna. The Bambvos being
thus brought once more before us, it may be deemed advisable
to place together into one brief list all other kinds which are
recorded either as very tall or as particularly hardy. Accord-
ingly, from Major-General Munro’s admirable monograph
(“ Linnean Transactions,” 1868), the succeeding enumeration
is compiled, and from that masterly essay, resting on very
many years’ close study of the richest collections, a few pre-
fatory remarks are likewise offered, to vindicate the wish of
the writer of seeing these noble and graceful forms of vegeta-
tion largely transferred to every part of Australia, where they
would impress a grand tropical feature on the landscapes.
Even in the far southern latitudes of Victoria, Tasmania, and
New Zealand, Bamboos from the Indian lowlands have proved
to resist our occasional night frosts of the low country, But
in colder places the many Sub-Alpine species could be reared.
Be it remembered that Chusquea aristata advances to an
elevation of 15,000 feet on the Andes of Quito, indeed to near
the zone of perpetual ice. Arundinaria falcata, A. racemosa,
and A. spathiflora live on the Indian highlands, at a zone
between 10,000 and 11,000 feet, where they are annually
beaten down by snow. Forms of Bambusacex still occur,
according to Grisebach, in the Kurilian archipelagus up to 46°
_N., and in Japan even to 51°. We may further recognise the
great importance of these plants, when we reflect on their mani-
fest industrial uses, or when we consider their grandeur for
picturesque scenery, or when we observe their resistance to
storms or heat, or when we watch the marvellous rapidity with
which many develop themselves. Their seeds, though gener-
ally produced only in long intervals, are valued in many
instances higher than rice. The ordinary great Bamboo of
India is known to grow 40 feet in forty days, when bathed
in the moist heat of the jungles. Delchevalerie witnessed the
growth of some Indian Bamboos at Cairo to have been 10
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 301
inches in one night. Their power of growth is such as to
upset stone-walls or demolish substantial buildings. As shelter-
plants for grazing-animals these tree-reeds are most eligible.
The Bourbon Bamboo forms an impenetrable Sub-Alpine belt
of extraordinary magnificence in yonder island. One of the
Tenasserim Bambusas rises to 150 feet, with a diameter of
the mast-like cane sometimes measuring fully one foot. The
great West Indian Arthrostylidium is sometimes nearly as
high and quite as columnar in its form, while the Dendro-
calamus at Pulo Geum is equally colossal. The Platonia
Bamboo of the highest wooded mountains of Panama sends
forth leaves 15 feet in length and one foot in width. Arun-
dinaria macrosperma, as far north as Philadelphia, rises still
in favourable spots to a height of nearly 40 feet, and one
of the Japan Bamboos, according to Mr. Christy, gains, even
those in extra-tropical latitudes, the height of 60 feet. Through
perforating with artistic care the huge canes of various Bam-
boos, musical sounds can be melodiously produced when the
air wafts through the groves, and this singular fact may
possibly be turned to practice for checking the devastations
from birds on many a cultured spot. Altogether twenty genera,
with one hundred and seventy well-marked species, are circum-
scribed by General Munro’s consummate care; but how may
these treasures yet be enriched, when once the snowy mountains
of New Guinea through Bamboo jungles become ascended, or
when the Alps on the sources of the Nile, which Piolemezus
and Julius Cesar already longed to ascend, have become the
territory also of phytologic researches, not to speak of many
other tropical regions as yet left unexplored! Europe pos-
sesses no Bamboo; Australia, as far as hitherto ascertained,
only one (in the interior of Arnhem’s Land). Almost all
Bamboos are local, and there seems really no exception to
the fact that none are indigenous to both hemispheres; all
true Bambusas being Oriental. Observations on the growth
of many Bamboos in Italy are recently offered by Chevalier
Fenzi.
The introduction of these exquisite plants is one of the easiest
imaginable, either from seeds or the living roots. The
consuls at distant ports, the missionaries, the mercantile and
navigating gentlemen abroad, and particularly also any
travellers, could all easily aid in transferring the various
Bamboos from one country to the other—from hemisphere to
hemisphere, Most plants of this kind once well established
in strength under glass can be trusted out to permanent
locations with perfect and lasting safety at the commencement
of the warm season. Indeed, Bamboos arc hardier than most
302 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
intratropical plants, and the majority of them are not the
denizens of the hottest tropical lowlands, but delight in the
cooler air of mountain regions. In selecting the following
array from General Munro’s monograph, it must be noted
that it comprises only a limited number, and that among those
which are already to some extent known, but as yet cannot be
defined with precision in their generic and specific relation,
evidently some oecur which in elegance, grace, and utility
surpass even many of those now specially mentioned :—
Arthrostylidium excelsum, Griseb. West India. Height to 80
feet, diameter one foot.
Arthrostylidium longiflorum, Manro. Venezuela ; ascends to 6,000
feet.
Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Steudel. Mexico ; ascends to 7,500
feet. Height to 30 feet.
Arthrostylidium Schomburgkii, Munro, Guiana ; ascends to 6,000
feet. Height to 60 feet.
Arundinaria acuminata, Munro. Mexico. Height to 20 feet.
Arundinaria callosa, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet.
Height to 12 feet.
Arundinaria debilis, Thwaites. Ceylon; ascends to 8,000 feet.
A tall species.
Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro. Sikkim ; ascends to 7,000 feet.
Height to 15 feet.
Arundinaria Japonica, 8. and Z. Japan. Height to 12 feet.
Arundinaria Khasiana, Munro. Himalaya ; ascends to 6,000 feet.
Height to 12 feet.
Arundinaria suberecta, Munro. Himalaya ; ascends to 4,500 feet.
Height to 15 feet.
Arundinarta tesselata Munro. South Africa; ascends to 6,500
feet. Height to 20 feet.
Arundinaria verticillata, Nees. Brazil. Height to 15 feet.
Aulonemia Quexo, Goudot. New Granada, Venezuela, in cool
regions. Tall, climbing.
Bambusa Balcooa, Roxb. Bengalto Assam. Height to 70 feet.
Bambusa Beecheyana, Munro. China. Height to 20 feet.
Bambusa Brandisit, Munro. Tenasserim; ascends to 4,000 feet.
Height to 120 feet, circumference 2 feet.
Bambusa flecuosa, Munro. China. Height to 12 feet.
Bambusa marginata, Munro. Tenasserim; ascends to 5,000 feet.
Tall, scandent.
Bambusa nutans, Wall. Himalaya; ascends to 7,000 feet.
Bambusa pallida, Munro. Bengal to Khasia; ascends to 3,500
feet. Height to 50 feet.
Bambusa polymorpha, Munro. Burma, in the Teak region.
Height to 80 feet.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 303
Bambusa regia, Th. Thomson. Tenasserim. Height to 40 feet.
. Bambusa Tulda, Roxb. Bengal to Burma. Height to 70 feet.
Bambusa tuldoides, Munro. China, Hong, Kong, Formosa.
Beesha capitata, Munro. Madagascar, Height to 50 feet.
Beesha stridula, Munro. Ceylon.
Cephalostachyum capitatum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000
feet. Height to 30 feet.
Cephalostachyum pallidum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 5,000
feet. Tall.
a pergracite, Munro. Burma. Height to 40
eet.
Chusquea abietifolia, Griseb. West India. Tall, scandent.
Chusquea capitulifiora, Trinius. South Brazil. Very tall.
Chusquea Culcou, E. Desv. Chili. Height to 20 feet. Straight.
Chusquea Dombeyana, Kunth. Peru; ascends to 6,000 feet.
. _ Height to 10 feet.
a tra Fendlert, Munro. Central America ; ascends to 12,000
eet.
Chusquea Galleottiana, Ruprecht. Mexico ; ascends to 8,000 feet.
Chusquea Gaudichaudiana, Kunth. South Brazil. Very tall.
Chusgea Lorentztana, Grisebach. Sub-tropic Argentina, 30 feet
high; not hollow. Useful for many kinds of utensils and
structures. .
Chusquea montana, Philippi. Chili; Andes. Height to 10 feet.
Chusquea Muetleri, Munro. Mexico; ascends to 8,000 feet.
Climbing.
Chusquea Quila, Kunth. Chili. Tall.
Chusquea scandens, Kunth, Colder Central America, Climbing,
tall.
Chusquea simpliciflora, Munro. Panama. Height to 80 feet.
Scandent.
Chusquea tenuiflora, Philippi. Chili. Height to 12 feet.
Chusquea uniflora, Steudel. Central America. Height to 20 feet.
Dendrocalamus flagellifer, Munro. Malacca. Very tall.
Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni, Nees. Himalaya ; ascends to 6,000
feet. Height to 60 feet.
Dendrocalamue Hookert, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000
feet. Height to 50 feet.
Dendrocalamus sericeus, Munro. Behar ; ascends to 4,000 feet.
Tall.
Denochloa Tjankorreh, Bueshse. Java, Philippines; ascends to
4,000 feet. Climbing. .
Gigantochloa heterostachya, Munro. Malacca. Height to 30 feet.
Guadua capttata, Munro. South Brazil. Height to 20 feet.
Guadua macrostachya, Rupr. Guiana to Brazil. Height to 80 feet.
Guadua paniculata, Munro. Brazil. Height to 30 feet.
304 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Guadua refracta, Munro. Brazil. Height to 30 feet.
Guadua Tagoara, Kunth. South Brazil; ascends to 2,000 feet.
Height to 30 feet.
Guadua virgata, Rupr. South Brazil. Height to 25 feet.
Merostachys Claussent, Munro. South Brazil, Height to 80
feet,
es Kunthii, Ruprecht. South Brazil. Height to 30
eet.
Merostachys ternata, Nees. South Brazil. Height to 20 feet,
Nastus Bourbonicus, Gmel. Bourbon, Sumatra; ascends to 4,000
feet. Height to 50 feet.
Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, Munro. Abyssinia to Angola; ascends
to 4,000 feet. Height to 50 feet.
Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata, Munro. Pegu, Moulmein. Tall,
scandent.
Phyllostachys bambusoides, S. and Z. Himalaya, China, and Japan.
Height to 12 feet.
Phyllostachys nigra, Munro. China, Japan. Height to 25 feet.
Platonia nobilis, Munro. New Granada, colder region.
Pseudostachyum polymorphum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to
6 000 feet. Very tall.
Teinostachyum Grifithi, Munro. Tall and slender. }
Thamnocalamus Falconeri, J. Hook. Himalaya ; ascends tv 8,000
feet. Tall.
Thamnocalamus spathiflorus, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to
11,000 feet. Tall.
Schizostachyum brachycladum, Kurz.
Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems to 40 feet high, very
hollow. The short branches give to this Bamboo a peculiar
habit. One variety has splendidly yellow stems.
Schizostachyum elegantissimum, Kurz.
Java, at elevations from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Unlike all other
Bamboos, this bears flowers at an age of three years, and is
therefore of special importance for scenic effect. Height up
to 25 feet, stems stout. It requires, like many allied plants,
renewal after flowering.
Schizostachyum Hasskarlianum, Kurz.
Java. This and S. serpentinum afford the best kinds of Bam-
boo vegetables for cookery, the young shoots, when bursting
out of the ground, being used for the purpose. Kurz mentions
as culinary “ Rebong ” Bamboos: Gigantochloa aspera, G.
robusta, G. maxima, G, atter. For ornamental culture the
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 305
same meritorious writer singles out Schizostachyum brachy-
cladum, the varieties of Bambusa vulgaris, with gaudy, glossy
colouring of the stems, in contrast with the black-stemmed
species of Phyllostachys from China and Japan.
Schizostachyum irratum, Steudel.
Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems to 380 feet high, re-
markably slender.
Schizostachyum Zollingeri, Steudel.
Hills of Java. Much cultivated. Height up to 35 feet, stems
slender.
Schkuhria abrotanioides, Roth. ;
From Peru to Argentina. This annual herb yields locally an
insecticidal powder.
Schoenocaulon officinale, A. Gray. (Asa Graya officinalis, Lind-
ley ; Sabadilla officinalis, Brandt and Dierbach.)
Mountains of Mexico. A bulbous-rooted herb with’ leafless
stem, thus far specially distinct from any Veratrum. It fur-
nishes the Sabadilla seeds and yields two alkaloids, veratrin
and sabadillin; a resinous substance, helonin; also sabadil-
lic and veratrie acid. The generic names adopted for this
plant by Lindley and by Lierbach are coetaneous.
Sciadopitys verticillata, Siebold.
The lofty and curious Umbrella Fir of Japan, 140 feet high,
pyramidal in habit. Resists severe frosts. Wood white and
compact.
Scilla esculenta, Ker. (Camassia esculenta, Lindley.) :
The Quamash. In the western extra-tropical parts of North
America, on moist prairies. The onion-like bulbs in a roasted
state form a considerable portion of the vegetable food on
which the aboriginal tribes of that part of the globe are living.
It is a pretty plant and might be naturalised on moist mea-
dows:
Sclerachne cyathopoda, F. v. Mueller.
Tropical and sub-tropical Australia. A perennial grass, valu-
able according to Mr. P. O’Shanesy for green feed, yielding a
large return.
U
806 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Scorzonera crocifolia, Sibthorp.
Greece. A perennial herb; the leaves, according to Dr. Held-
reich, used there for a favourite salad and spinach.
Scorzonera deliciosa, Guasson.*
Sicily. One of the purple-flowered species; equal, if not
superior, in its culinary use to the allied Salsify.
Scorzonera Hispanica, Linné.*
Middle and South Europe, Orient. The perennial root of this
yellow-flowered herb furnishes not only a wholesome and palat-
able food, but also serves as a therapeutic remedy much like
dandelion. Long boiling destroys its medicinal value. Some
other kinds of Scorzonera may perhaps be drawn into similar
use, there being many Asiatic species.
Scorzonera tuberosa, Pallas.
On the Volga and in Syria. This species also yields an edible
root, and so perhaps the Chinese Sc. albicaulis (Bunge), the
Persian Se. Scowitzii (Cand.), the North African Sc. undulata
(Vahl.), the Greek Se. ramosa (Sibth.), the Russian Se. As-
trachanica (Cand.), the Turkish Sc. semicana (Cand.), the
Iberian Sc. lanata (Bieberst.). At all events, careful culture
may render them valuable esculents.
Scutia Indica, Brogniart.
South Asia. This, on Dr. Cleghorn’s recommendation, might
be utilised as a thorny hedge-shrub.
Sebea ovata, R. Brown.
Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. This neat little
annual herb can be utilised for its bitter tonic principle
(Gentian-bitter). S. albidiflora (F. v. M.) is an allied species
from somewhat saline ground.. These plants disseminate them-
selves most readily.
Secale cereale, Linné.*
The Rye. Orient, but perhaps wild only in the country be-
tween the Caspian and Black Seas. Mentioned here as the
hardiest of all grain plants for the highest Alpine regions.
There are annual and biennial varieties, while a few allied
species, hitherto not generally used for fodder or cereal cul-
ture, are perennial. The Rye, though not so nutritious as
wheat, furnishes a most wholesome. well-flavoured bread, which
keeps for many days, and is most extensively used in Middle
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 307
and North Europe and Asia. The grain, moreover, can be
reared in poor soil and cold climates, where wheat will no
longer thrive. In produce of grain, Rye is not inferior to
wheat in colder countries, while the yield of straw is larger,
and the culture less exhaustive. It is a hardy cereal, not
readily subject to disease, and can be grown on some kinds of
peaty or sandy or moory ground. The sowing must not be
effected at a period of much wetness. Wide sand tracts would
be uninhabitable if it were not for the facility to provide
human sustenance from this grateful corn. It dislikes moist
ground. Sandy soil gives the best grain. It is a very re-
markable fact that since ages in some tracts of Europe, Rye
has been prolifically cultivated from year to year without in-
terruption. In this respect Rye stands favourably alone
among alimentary plants. It furnishes in cold countries also
the earliest green fodder, and the return is large. Dr. Sonder
observed, in cultivated turf-heaths with much humus, that the
spikelets produce three or even four fertile florets, and thus
each spike will yield up to eighty beautiful seeds. Langethal
recommends for argillaceous soils a mixture of early varieties
of wheat and rye, the united crops furnishing grain for excel-
lent bread. When the Rye-grain becomes attacked by Cordy-
ceps purpurea (Fr.), or very similar species of fungi, then it
becomes dangerously unwholesome, but then also a very im-
portant medicinal substance—namely, Ergot—is obtained.
The biennial Wallachian variety of Rye can be mown or depas-
tured prior to the season of its forming grain. In Alpine
regions Wallachian Rye is sown with pine-seeds, for shelter of
the pine seedlings in the first year.
Secale creticum, Linné.
Though probably only a veriety of S. cereale (L.), it deserves
specially to be mentioned as furnishing a bread of peculiar taste.
Sechium edule, Swartz.
West India. The Chocho or Chayota. The large starchy
root of this climber can be consumed as a culinary vegetable,
while the good-sized fruits are also edible. The fruit often
germinates before it drops. The plant bears already in the
first year and may ripen one hundred fruits in a year. The
roots arestarchy. The plant comes to perfection in the warmer
parts of the temperate zone.
Selinum anesorrhizum, F. v. Meller. (Anesorrhiza Capensis, Ch.
and Schl.)
South Africa. The root of this biennial herb is edible. A.
308 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
montana (Eckl. and Zeyh.), a closely allied plant, yields like-
wise an edible root; and so it is with a few other species of
the section Anesorrhiza.
Selinum Monnieri, Linné.
From East Asia now extending to South Europe, preferring
moist places. An annual herb, praised by the Chinese as
valuable for medicinal purposes.
Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher.* (Zuxodium sempervirens,
Lambert.)
Red Wood or Bastard Cedar of North-West America, chiefly
California. A splendid tree, 360 feet high, occasionally with
a diameter of the stem of 55 feet. The wood is reddish,
close-veined, easily split, very durable, but light and brittle.
The timber of mission buildings one hundred years old is still
quite sound. One of the most colossal trees of the globe. Its
growth is about 32 feet in sixteen years. Often found
on metamorphic sandstone. Dr. Gibbons writes that this
tree forms immense forests along the coast range for a
distance of about 200 miles in a belt 20 miles wide. The soft,
straight-grained, durable wood is suitable for external as well
as internal finish. It constitutes almost the sole material for
weather-boarding along the Californian coast; and for fence
posts, foundations of buildings, and railway sleepers, it is almost
the only material used. Dr. Gibbons records as the stoutest
stem some of 38 feet diameter at 3 feet from the ground.
Sequoia Wellingtonia, Seemann.* (Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley;
Sequoia gigantea, Torrey, not Endl.)
Mammoth Tree. California, up to 8,000 feet above the sea.
This, the biggest of all trees, attains a stem of 320 feet in
length and 112 feet in circumference, the oldest trees being
estimated at 1,100 years. The total height of a tree has been
recorded as occasionally 450 feet, but such heights have never
been confirmed by actual clinometric measurements of trees
existing now. A stem broken at 300 feet had yet a diameter
of 18 feet. The wood is soft and white when felled;
’ afterwards it turns red. It is very durable. Traditional ac-
counts seem to have overrated the height of the Mammoth
Tree. In the Calaveras grove two of the largest trees, which
may have been the tallest of all, were destroyed; the two
highest now existing there are respectively 325 and 319
feet high, with a circumference of 45 and 40 feet at 6
feet from the ground, At the Mariposa grove the highest
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 309
really measured trees are 272,270, and 260 feet high, but
one of these has the enormous circumference of 67 feet at
6 feet from the ground, while another, the height of which
is not recorded, is 98 feet in girth at the ground and 64
feet at ll feet from it; the branches of this individual
tree are as thick as the stems of large Elms. The height
of the Calaveras-grove is 4,760 feet above sea-level. Accord-
ing to Dr. Gibbons this giant of the forest has a far wider
range than was formerly supposed, Mr. John Muir having
shown that it stretches over nearly 200 miles at an alti-
tude of 5,000 to 8,000 feet. From the Calaveras to the
King River it occurs in small and isolated groves, but from the
latter point south to Deer Creek, a distance of about 70 miles,
there are almost unbroken forests of this noble tree. Growth
of the tree about 2 feet a year under ordinary culture, much
more in damp forest glens. Both Sequoias produce shoots
from the root after the stem is cut away.
Sesamum Indicum, Linné.
The Gingili. Southern Asia, extending eastwards to Japan.
This annual herb is cultivated as far as 42° north latitude in
Japan. The oil, fresh expressed from the seeds, is one of the
best for table use ; free of any unpleasant taste. It congeals
with more difficulty than olive oil. There are varieties of this
plant with white, red, and black seeds; the latter is the
earliest and richest, but gives adarker oil. Yield 45 to 50 per
cent. oil. Nearly a million acres are under cultivation with
this plant in the Madras Presidency. The export of the oil
from Bangkok in 1870 was valued, according to Simmonds, at
£183,000 ; the market value is from 25 to 35 shillings per ewt.
The plant succeeds still at Malta and at Gaza, and is much
grown in Turkey. Parched and pounded, the seeds make a
rich soup. In Greece the seeds are often sprinkled over cakes.
One of the advantages of the culture of this plant consists in
its quick return of produce. The soot of the oil is used for
China-ink. :
Sesbania aculeata, Persoon.
The Danchi. Intra tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa,
and Australia. This tall annual plant has proved adapted for
desert regions. It yields a tough fibre for ropes, nets, and
cordage, valued at from £30 to £40 for the ton. Several
congeneric plants can be equally well utilised.
Sesbania Asgyptiaca, Persoon.
Africa, South Asia, North Australia. The foliage of this tall
310 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
perennial herb and of the allied annual S. brachycarpa (F. v.
M.) serves as fodder, which cattle are ravenously fond of.
According to Mr. T. Gulliver, the green pods, as well as. the
seeds, are nutritious, wholesome, and of pleasant taste.
Roxburgh mentions the leaves and young pods of S. grandi-
flora as excellent for spinach.
Sesbania cannabina, Persoon.
South Asia. An annual herb of easy growth in wet
localities, requiring less attention in weeding and otherwise
than the Jute plant. The crop for fibre ripens in about five
months.
Sesleria coerulea, Arduino.*
Most parts of Europe. Of this perennial grass Lengethal ob-
serves that it is for dry and loose limestane what Elymus are-
narius is for loose sand. It stands well depasturing by sheep,
and is one of the earliest grasses in the season. S. dacty-
loides, Nuttall (Buchloa dactyloides, Torrey), is the Buffalo
Grass of Kansas.
Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Linné.
All around the globe on the shores of tropical and sub-tro-
pical countries, occurring naturally as far south as Port
Jackson. A perennial creeping herb, fit to fix the sandy silt
on the edges of sea-coasts.
Shepherdia argentea, Nuttall.
The Buffalo Berry. From the Missouri to Hudson’s Bay.
This bush bears red, acidulous, edible berries.
Shorea robusta, Gaertner.
The Sal Tree. India, up to 3,000 feet. It attains as a maxi-
mum a height of 150 and a girth of 25 feet. One‘of the most
famed of Indian timber trees. Drs. Stewart and Brandis
found it on sandstone, conglomerate, gravelly and shingly
ground, where loose water-transmitting soils are mixed with a
large portion of vegetable mould. The climatic conditions
within a Sal area may be expressed as—mean annual rainfall,
40 to 100 inches ; mean temperature, in the cool season 55? to
77°, in the hot season 77° to 85° F. Sal will stand the occa-
sional sinking of the temperature below freezing point. The
heart wood is dark brown, coarse-grained, hard, very heavy,
strong, tough, with fibrous cross-structure, the fibres inter-
laced. For buildings, river boats, and railway sleepers it is the
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 3ll
most important timber of North India. It exudes a pale,
aromatic, dammer-like resin. The Tussa silkworm derives
food from this tree.
Shorea Talura, Roxburgh. (S. daccifera, Heyne.)
India, abounding in Mysore, where South European fruits
prosper. On this tree also the Lac insect lives. It furnishes
a peculiar dammer.
Sison Amomum, Linné.
Middle and South Europe. A herb of one or two years’
duration. It grows best on soil rich in lime. The seeds can
be used for condiment.
Smilax medica, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
Mexico. This plant produces mainly the sarsaparilla root of
that country.
Smilax officinalis, Humboldt.
New Granada and other parts of Central America. This
climbing shrub produces at least a portion of the Columbian
sarsaparilla.
Smilax papyracea, Duhamel.
Guiana to Brazil. The origin of the principal supply of
Brazilian sarsaparilla is ascribed to this species, although
several others of this genus, largely represented in Brazil,
may yield the medicinal root also. In warm humid gullies
of the temperate zone these plants would likely succeed in
establishing themselves. Smilax Australis (R. Br.) extends
from the tropical coast parts of Australia to East Gippsland.
Neither this nor the East Australian S. glycyphylla (Smith)
nor the New Zealand Ripogonum scandens (Forst.) have ever
been subjected to accurate therapeutic tests, and the same may
be said of numerous other Smilaces scattered through the
warmer countries of the globe. The Italian sarsaparilla,
which is derived from the Mediterranean S. aspera (L.), has
been introduced into medicine.
Smilax rotundifolia, Linné.
Eastern States of North America and Canada. A prickly
climber with deciduous foliage. An immense local use is
made of the roots for the bowls of tobacco-pipes, clay pipes
being there almost unknown. It is estimated that nearly
three millions of these briar-root pipes are now made a year.
312 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
The reed portion of these pipes is generally prepared from
Alnus serrulata (Meehan).
Smyrnium Olusatrum, Linné. .
The Alisander. Middle and South Europe, North Africa,
Western Asia. ~A biennial herb, which, raw or boiled, can be
utilised in the manner of celery, The roots and the fruitlets
serve medicinal purposes.
Solanum Atthiopicum, Linné.
Tropical Africa. Cultivated there and elsewhere on account
of its edible berries, which are large, red, giobular, and uneven.
The plant is annual,
Solanum betaceum, Cavanilles. (Cyphomandra betacea, Sendtner.)
Central America. This shrub is cultivated as far south as
Buenos Ayres and Valparaiso, also on the Mediterranean Sea,
for the sake of its tomato-like berries.
Solanum Dulcamara, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A
trailing half-shrub, with deciduous leaves. The stems are
used in medicine and contain two alkaloids—dulcamarin and
solanin,
Solanum edule, Schumacher and Thonning.
Guinea. The berry is of the size of an apple, yellow and
edible.
Solanum Fendleri, Asa Gray.
New Mexico. A new kind of Potato, enduring a temperature
of zero. Professor Meehan’s endeavours to obtain good-sized
tubers have as yet not been successful. Tubers of good size
have since been obtained according to Simmonds. The follow-
ing plants are also spoken of by Dr. Rosenthal and others as
new kinds of potato, perhaps to be developed through cultiva-
tion: S. demissum (Lindley), 8. cardiophyllum (Lindley), S.
utile (Klotzsch), S. verrucosum (Schlechtendal), S. Bulbocast-
anum (Dunal), S. stoloniferum (Schlechtendal), all from
Mexico and some from elevations 10,000 feet high ; S. Maglea,
(Molina) from Chili, and 8. immite (Dunal) from Peru.
Solanum Gilo, Raddi.
Tropical America; much cultivated there for the sake of its
large, spherical, orange-coloured berries, which are eatable.
*
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 313
Solanum Guinense, La Marck.
Within the tropics of both hemispheres. The berries of this
shrub serve as a dye of various shades, particularly violet, for
silk.
Solanum indigoferum, St. Hilaire. .
Southern Brazil. .A dye-shrub, deserving trial culture.
Solanum Lycopersicum, Linné. (Lycopersiewm esculentum, Mill.)
The Tomato. South America. Annual. Several varieties
exist, differing in shape and colour of the berries. It is one
of the most eligible plants with esculent fruits for naturalisa-
tion in desert country. As well known, the Tomato is adapted
for various culinary purposes. Tomato foliage can be placed
round fruit trees, like the equally poisonous potato leaves, to
prevent the access of insects, and an infusion of the herb
serves also as an insecticide for syringing, as first adopted by
Mr. Sircy.
Solanum macrocarpum, Linné.
Mauritius and Madagascar. A perennial herb. The berries
are of the size of an apple, globular and yellow. 8. Thonningi
(F. Jacq.), from Guinea, is a nearly-related plant. S. calyci-
num (Moe. et Sess.), from Mexico, is also allied.
Solanum Melongena, Linné. (8. ovigrum, Dunal; 8, esculentum,
Dunal.)
The Egg Plant. India and some other parts of tropical Asia,
A perennial plant, usually renewed in cultivation like an annual.
The egg-shaped large berries are known under the name of
Aubergines or Bringals or Begoons as culinary esculents.
Allied plants are S. insanum (L.), S, longum (Roxb.); S.
serpentinum (Desf.), S. undatum (Lam.), 8. ferox (L.), S.
pseudo-saponaceum (Blume), S. album (Dour.), which all bear
large berries, considered harmless, but may not all represent
well-marked species. Absolute ripeness of all such kinds of
fruits is an unavoidable requisite, as otherwise even wholesome
sorts may prove acrid or even poisonous. Probably many
other of the exceedingly numerous species of the genus Sola-
num may be available for good-sized edible berries.
Solanum muricatum, L’Heritier.
The Pepino of Peru. A shrubby species with egg-shaped
edible berries, ‘which are white with purple spots, and attain a
length of 6 inches.
314 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Solanum Quitoense, La Marck.
Ecuador, Peru. A shrubby plant. The berries resemble
small oranges in size colour, and taste, and are of a peculiar
fragrance. To this the 8. Plumierii (Dun.), from the West
Indian Islands, is also cognate, and the 8. Topiro (Kunth),
from the Orinoco.
Solanum torvum, Swartz.
From West India to Peru, A shrubby species with yellow
spherical berries of good size, which seem also wholesome.
Other species from tropical America have shown themselves
sufficiently hardy for inducing us to recommend the test
culture of such kinds of plants. Many of them are highly
curious and ornamental.
Solanum tuberosum, Linné.*
The Potato. Andes of South America, particularly of Chili,
but not absolutely trans-equatorial, as it extends into Colum-
bia. It is also wild in the Argentine territory. As a starch
plant, the Potato interests us on this occasion particularly.
Considering its prolific yield in rich soil, we possess as yet too
few factories for potato starch. The latter, by being heated
with mineral acids or malt, can be converted into dextrin and
dextro-glucose for many purposes of the arts. Dextrin, as a
substitute for gum, is also obtainable by subjecting potato-
starch in a dry state to a heat of 400° F. Alcohol may be
largely produced from the tubers. The berries and shoots
contain solanin. Baron von Liebig remarks, “So far as its
foliage is concerned, it is a lime plant; as regards its tuber, a
potash plant.” lLangethal says, “It surpasses in easy range
of cultivation all other root erops. Its culture suppresses
weeds and opens up tke soil, besides preparing the land for
cereals.” Seeds of the Potato berries should be sown in
adapted places by explorers of new countries. The most for-
midable potato disease of the last thirty years from the Pero-
nospora infestans seems to have originated from the use of
objectionable kinds of guano, with the introduction of which
the murrain was contemporaneous.
Solanum Uporo, Dunal.
In many of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The large, red,
spherical berries of this shrub can be used like Tomato.
Proved hardy at Port Phillip.
Solanum vescum, F. v. Mueller,
The Gunyang. South-East Australia. A shrub yielding edible
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 815
berries, which need, however, to be fully ripe for securing
absence of deleterious properties.
Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrader and Wendland.
North Africa and South Asia. A perennial herb. The berries
are of the size of a cherry, and either yellow or scarlet.
Sophora Japonica, Linné.*
A deciduous tree of China and Japan, resembling the Labur-
num, up to 60 feet hich; wood hard and compact, valued
for turners’ work. All parts of the plant purgative; the
flowers rich in yellow dye, used for silk.
Sophora tetraptera, Aiton. (Var. Macnabiana, Graham,
The Pelu of Chili and Patagonia, A small tree with exceed-
ingly hard and durable wood, much used for cog-wheels and
similar structures, The wood differs much from that of 8.
Toramiro of the Easter Island (Dr. Philippi).
Spartina cynosuroides, Willdenow.
Eastern part of North America. A perennial grass of fresh-
water swamps, there often called Prairie Grass; it can be
utilised for fodder, and its value as paper material seems equal
to that of Esparto.
Spartina juncea, Willdenow.
Salt marshes of North America. A grass with creeping roots ;
it can be utilised to bind moist sand on the coast. A tough
fibre can readily be obtained from the leaves. 8S. polystachya
(W.) is a stately grass, adapted for saline soil.
Spartina stricta, Roth.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Britain
and also to North America. The Twin-piked Cord Grass. A
rigid perennial with creeping roots, recommended for fixing
and rendering solid any mud flats on low shores and at the
mouths of rivers; only suitable for brackish ground.
Spartium junceum, Linné.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The flowers of this
bush provide a yellow dye. A téxtile fibre can be separated
from the branches.
Spergula arvensis, Linné,
All Europe, North Africa, West Asia, This annual herb,
316 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE :
though easily becoming a troublesome weed, is here men-
tioned for the desirable completeness of this enumeration.
The tall variety with large seeds (S. maxima, Weihe) can be
chosen with advantage for the commencement of tillage on
any sandy soil too poor for barley. It takes up the land
only for about two months, if grown for green fodder, and
increases much the yield of milk. It serves also for admix-
ture to hay (Langethal).
Spigelia Marylandica, Linné.
The Pinkroot of North America, north to Pennsylvania and
Wisconsin. A perennial handsome herb, requiring as a ver-
mifuge cautious administration. 8. anthelmia (L.) is an
annual plant of tropical America and possesses similar medi-
cinal properties, in which probably other species likewise share.
Spilanthes oleracea, N. Jacquin.
The Para Cress. South America. An annual herb of con-
siderable pungency, used as a medicinal salad.
Spinacia oleracea, Linné.
Siberia. The ordinary Spinach, an agreeable culinary
annual of rapid growth. It is of a mild aperient property.
Two varieties are distinguished, the Summer and the Winter
Spinach, the former less inclined to run into seed, but also.
less hardy.
Spinacia tetrandra, Stev.
Caucasus. Also annual and unisexual like the preceding
plant, with which it has equal value, though it is less known.
Spinifex hirsutus, Labillardiére.
On the whole coast of extra-tropical Australia. Highly
valuable for binding coast-sand with its long creeping roots.
Spinifex longifolius, R. Brown.
On the tropical and western extra-tropical coast of Australia,
~ Available like the former.
Spinifex squarrosus, Linné.
India. Useful, like the two preceding plants. Tennant
remarks that the radiating heads become detached when the
seed is matured, and are carried by the wind along the sand,
over the surface of which they are impelled by their elastic
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 317
spines, dropping their seeds as they roll along. The heads
are so buoyant as to float lightly on water, and while the
uppermost spiny rays are acting as sails, they are carried
across narrow estuaries to continue the process of embanking
beyond on any newly-formed sandbars.
Spondias dulcis, G. Foster.
Fiji, Tongan, and Society Islands. This noble tree is intro-
duced into this list to indicate that trials should be instituted
as regards the culture of the various good fruit-bearing species
of this genus, one of which, S. pleiogyna (F. von. Mueller),
transgresses in East Australia the tropical circle. The la-
mented Dr. Seemann saw §. dulcis 60 feet high, and describes
it as laden with fruit of agreeable apple-flavour called Rewa,
and attaining over 1 lb. weight.
Sporobus virginicus, R. Brown.
Jamaica. Will luxuriate even in sandy maritime places, and
keep perfectly green after three or four months’ drought.
Horses become rapidly and astonishingly fat in feeding upon it
(Tenman). S. Indicus and S. purpuraceus and 8. Jacquemonti
are also highly spoken of as pasture grasses in the West
Indian Islands.
Stenotaphrum Americanum, Schranck. (8. glabrum, Trinius.)
South Asia, Africa, warmer countries of America; not known
from any part of Europe or Australia. Here called the
Buffalo Grass. It is perennial, creeping, and admirably
adapted for binding sea-sand and river banks, also for forming
garden edges, and for establishing a grass sward on lawns
much subjected to traffic ; it is, besides, of some value as pasture.
‘It was this grass which Mr. John C. Bell reared with so
much advantage for fodder on the bare rocks of the Island of
Ascension, and it was there where Australian Acacias took the
lead to establish wood vegetation and for securing permanency
of drinking-water.
Sterculia Carthaginensis, Cavanilles. (S. Chicka, St. Hilaire.)
South Brazil. This and some other South American species
‘furnish seeds of almond-like taste.
Sterculia monosperma, Ventenat. (8. nobclis, R. Brown.)
China. A middle-sized spreading tree. The large seeds can
be used as chestnuts in a roasted state.
318 SILECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Sterclia quadrifida, R. Brown.
Eastern and Northern Australia. This tree might be tried in
rich and humid forest regions. It is the “Calool” of the
natives. The black seeds are of a filbert taste, like those of
some other Sterculig. As many as eleven of the brilliant
scarlet fruits may be in a cluster, and each of them may
contain up to ten or eleven seeds.
Sterculia urceolata, Smith.
Moluccas. Possibly hardy. Seeds edible.
Sterculia urens, Roxburgh.
Coromandel. Seeds edible.
Stilbocarpa polaris, Decaisne and Planchon.
Auckland’s and Campbhell’s Islands, and seemingly also in
the southern extremity of New Zealand. A herbaceous plant
with long roots, which are saccharine and served some wrecked
people for a lengthened period as sustenance. The plant is
recommended here for further attention, as it may prove
through culture a valuable addition to the stock of culinary
vegetables of cold countries.
Stipa aristiglumis, F. v. Mueller.
South-East Australia. Graziers consider this perennial grass
as very fattening and yielding a large quantity of feed. Its
celerity of growth is such that when it springs up it will
grow at the rate of 6 inches in a fortnight. Horses, cattle,
and sheep are extremely fond of it. It ripens seeds in little
more than two months in favourable seasons.
Stipa tenacissima, Linné.* (Macrochloa tenacissima, Kunth.)
The Esparto or Atocha. Spain, Portugal, Greece, North
Africa, ascending the Sierra Nevada to 4,000 feet. This
grass has become celebrated since some years, having
afforded already a vast quantity of material for British
paper-mills. It is tall and perennial, and may prove a
valuable acquisition, inasmuch as it lives on any kind of poor
soil, occurring naturally on sand and gravel as well as on
clayey or calcareous or gypseous soil, and even on the very
brink of the coast. Possibly the value of some Australian
grasses allied to the Atocha may in a like manner become
commercially established, and mainly with this view paper
samples of several grass kinds were prepared by the writer
(vide “Report, Industrial Exhibition, Melbourne, 1867 ”’).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 319
Even in the scorching heat and the arid sands of the Sahara
the Atocha maintains itself, and it may thus yet be destined
to play an important part in the introduced vegetation of any
arid places of desert tracts, particularly where lime and gypsum
exist. The very tenacious fibre resists decay and is much
employed for the manufacture of ropes, also for baskets, mats,
hats, and other articles. During 1870 the import of Esparto
ropes into England was 18,500 at while the raw material
to the extent of about 130, 000 tons was imported. Extensive
culture of this grass has commenced in the south of France.
It is pulled once a year, in the earlier part of the summer.
The propagation can be effected from seeds, but is done usually
by division of the root. Ten tons of dry Esparto, worth from
£4 to £5 each, can under favourable circumstances be obtained
from an acre. The supply has fallen short of the demand.
Good writing-paper is made from Esparto without admixture ;
the process is similar to that for rags, but cleaner. The price
of Esparto paper ranges from £40 to £50 for the ton. Stipa
arenaria (Brot.) is a closely allied and still taller species, con-
fined to Spain and Portugal. Consul W. P. Mark deserves
great praise for having brought the Atocha into commercial
and manufactural recognition. Stipa pennata, 8S. capillata,
and S. elegantissima will grow in pure sand.
Streblus asper, Loureiro.
South Asia. This bears a good recommendation for live
fences, in being a shrub of remarkable closeness of branches.
Styrax officinale, Linné.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A tall bush or small
tree. The fragrant solid storax resin exudes from this plant,
or is particularly obtained by pressure of the bark.
Swertia Chirata, Bentham. (Ophelia Chirata, Grisebach.)
Widely dispersed over the higher mountain regions of India.
A perennial herb, considered as one of the best of tonics ; it
possesses also febrifugal and antarthritic properties. Its ad-
ministration in the form of an infusion prepared with cold
water is the best. Besides O. elegans (Wight), some of the
other Upper Indian, Chinese, and Japanese species deserve
probably equal attention. Hanbury and Fliickiger mention
as chiratas or chirettas of Indian bazaars: Ophelia angustifolia
(D. Don), O. densiflora (Grisebach), O. elegans (Wight), and
O. multiflora (Dalzell), besides species of Exacum and Andro-
graphis, All come from the cooler uplands.
320 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Swietenia Mahagoni, Linné.
The Mahogany Tree of West India, extending naturally to
Florida and Mexico. The degree of endurance of this famous
tree is not sufficiently ascertained. In its native mountains it
ascends to 3,000 feet.
Symphytum asperrimum, Sims.*
The Prickly Pomfrey. Caucasus. The growth of this hardy
plant may be recommended as an adjunct to lupine culture.
The Hon. Arthur Holroyd, of Sydney, has recently devoted
a special publication to this plant. He quotes on good autho-
rity the return of foliage already in the first year as 20 tons
to the acre, in the second year 50 tons, and every year after 80
to 120 tons on manured land. It yields a nutritive and re-
lished forage in rapid and continuous reproduction. It is like-
wise recommended for, green manure. Dr. Voelcker found
much mucilage but little sugar in this plant. The massive
root, known to penetrate to 9 feet depth, sustains the plant
in vigour, admitting it to be cut almost throughout the year.
The propagation is easy from root-cuttings, difficult from seeds,
4,000 of the former to an acre; it will thrive even in sand and
tough clay, but prefers moist and even boggy land. In
tropical countries cattle have a predilection for it; there it
likes shade. The likewise borragineous Cynoglossum Moirisonii,
D’Cand., of North America, yields three cuttings annually.
Horses and cattle relish it. It ought to be naturalised along
swamps, lagoons, and river banks. It can be dried for hay.
Finally it is recommended as a plant for game.
Symphytum officinale, Linné.
The Comfrey. Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb.
The root is utilised in veterinary practice.
Symplocos ramosissima, Wallich.
Himalaya, up to 7,500 feet. In Sikkim, according to Dr.
Stewart, the yellow silkworm is reared on the leaves of this
tree. Two allied species occur spontaneously in the forests of
East Australia.
Syncarpia laurifolia, Tenore. .
Queensland and New South Wales. Vernacular name Turpen-
tine Tree; attains a height of 200 feet, with a stem of great
thickness. The wood is comparatively soft and brittle, but
very durable, mostly used for flooring and cabinet-making, as
it takes a high polish (Hartmann).
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 821
Tynoon glandulosum, A. de Jussieu.
New South Wales and South Queensland. This evergreen
tree deserves cultivation in sheltered warm forest-valleys on
account of its rose-coloured wood. Some species.of Dysoxylon
of East Australia produce also rosewood.
Tacca pinnatifida, G. Forster.
Sand-shores of the South Sea Islands. From the tubers of
this herb the main supply of the Fiji arrowroot is prepared.
It is not unlkely that this plant will endure a tempera te
clime. The’ Tacca starch is much valued in medicine, and
particularly used in cases of dysentery and diarrhea. Its
characteristics are readily recognised under the microscope.
Several other kinds of Tacca are distinguished, but their
specific limits are not yet well ascertained. Dr. Seemann
admits two (T. maculata and T. Brownii) for tropical Australia,
one of these extending as a hill plant to Fiji. From the leaves
and flower-stalks light kinds of bonnets are plaited. A Tacca
occurring in the Sandwich Islands yields a large quantity of
the so-called arrowroot exported from thence. Other species
(including those of Ataccia) occur in India, Madagascar,
Guinea, and Guiana, all deserving tests in reference to their
value as starch plants.
Tagetes glanduligera, Schranck.
South America. This vigorous annual plant is said by Dr.
Prentice to be palicifugous.
Talinum patens, Willdenow. (2. paniculatum, Gaertner.)
From Mexico to Argentina. A perennial succulent herb,
which might easily be naturalised on coast rocks. It furnishes
the “ Puchero” vegetable.
Tamarindus Indica, Linné. :
Tropical Asia and Africa, This magnificent, large, expansive
tree extends northwards of Egypt, and was found by the
writer of this list in North-Western Australia. Final girth
of stem 25 feet not rare. Never leafless. Varieties occur,
according 1o Brandis, with sweetish red pulp. It is indicated
here, not without hesitation, to suggest trials of its acclima- —
tion in regions of the temperate zone with a warm, humid, and:
equable temperature. The acid pulp of the pods forms the
medicinal Tamarind, rich in formic and butyric acid, irrespect-
ive of its other contents.
w
822 SELECT ‘PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Tamarix dioica, Roxburgh.
India, up to 2,500 feet. An important shrub for binding
newly-formed river banks, even in saline soil.
Tamarix Gallica, Linné.*
South Europe, North and tropical Africa, South Asia, ascend-
ing the Himalayas to 11,000 feet. Attains in Algeria, accord-
ing to Cosson, a height of 30 feet. This shrub or small tree
adapts itself in the most extraordinary manner to the most
different localities. It will grow alike in water and the driest
soil, also in salty ground, and is one of the most grateful and
tractable plants in culture; it is readily multiplied from cut-
tings, which strike root as easily as a willow and push forth
stems with unusual vigour. Hence it is one of the most eli-
gible bushes for planting on coast sand to stay its movements,
‘or for linmg embankments. Furnishes material for a supe-
rior charcoal (W. H. Colvill). Planted much in cemeteries.
In Australia, first largely sent out by the writer.
Tamarix Germanica, Linné.
Europe and West Asia, ascending to 15,000 feet in the
Himalayas. Likewise available for arresting the ingress of
shifting sand, particularly in moist places, also for solidifying
precipitous river banks. The allied T. elegans i
elegans, Royle) attains a height of 20 feet.
Tamarix orientalis, Forskal. (2, articulata, Vahl.)
North and Middle Africa, South Asia. A fast-growing tree,
attaining a height of 60 feet, the trunk occasionally ex-
panding to a circumference of 12 feet. Springs up freely
from seeds, and is also readily propagated from cuttings.
Coppices well (Stewart and Brandis). The wood serves for
ploughs, wheels, and many implements. Dye-galls and a kind
of manna are also produced by this tree. The same, or an
allied species, extends to Japan.
Tanacetum vulgare, Linné.
The Tansy. North and Middle Europe, North Asia, North-
Western America. A perennial herb of well-known medicinal
value, which mainly depends on its volatile oil,
Taraxacum officinale, Weber.
Dispersed over most of the temperate and cold parts of the
globe, but apparently not a native of South-East Australia.
This well-known plant is mentioned, as it can be brought
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 323
under regular cultivation to obtain the medicinal extract from
its roots. It is also considered wholesome to gtazing-animals.
The young leaves furnish a medicinal salad. It is also an im-
portant honey plant and early in the season.
Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Linné.
South Africa. This bush deserves attention, being of medi-
cinal value. As an odorous garden plantit is also very aecept-
able.
Taxodium distichum, Richard.*
Virginian Swamp or Bald Cypress. In swampy places of
Eastern North America, extending from 38° to at least
17° north latitude. Thought to attain occasionally an age
of 2,000 years, A large und valuable tree, 100 feet high,
with a stem circumference of sometimes 40 feet; of rapid
growth, with deciduous foliage, like that of the Larch
and Ginkgo. It is found fossil in the miocerie formation of
many parts of Europe. The wood is fine-grained, hard, strong,
elastic and durable, splits well, and thus much used for
shingles, rails, and planks; itis almost indestructible in water.
The tree requires a rich soil, a well-sheltered site, with much
moisture and good drainage (Lawson). It yields an essential
oil and a superior kind of turpentine. Useful for avenues on
swampy margins of lakes or river banks. Porcher says, “ This
tree, lifting its giant form above the others, gives a striking
feature to many of the swamps of Carolina and Georgia; they
seem like watch-towers for the feathered race.” _
Taxodium mucronatum, Teno.
The famed Montezuma Cypress of Mexico, 120 feet high, with
a trunk 44 feet in circumference ; it forms extensive forests
between Chapultepec and Tescuco.
Taxus baccata, Linné.
Yew. Middle and South Europe and Asia, at 1,000 to 10,000
feet elevation. Generally a shrub, sometimes a tree 100
feet high, which furnishes a yellow or brown wood, exceed-
ingly tough, elastic and durable, and much esteemed by
turners; one of the best of all woods for bows. Simmonds
observed that “a post of Yew will outlast a post of iron.”
Much esteemed for pumps, piles, water-pipes, as more lasting
than any other wood ; also for particular musical instruments,
the strongest axletrees, ete. (Simmonds). The tree is of very
slow growth, and attains a great age, perhaps several thousand
years; some ancient ones are known with a stem of 50 feet
324 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
in girth. It should be kept out of the reach of grazing-
animals, as leaves and fruit are deadly poisonous.
Taxus brevifolia, Nuttal. (7. Lindleyana, Lawson.)
North-West America. Western Yew. A stately tree, 75
feet high, with a stem of 5 feet in circumference. Wood
beautifully white or slightly yellow, as fine and close-grained
as the European Yew. The Indians use it for their bows.
Tectona grandis, Linné fil.
The Teak of South Asia. This superb timber tree has its
northern limit in Bandalkhand, at ‘elevations of 3,000 feet,
ascending to 4,000 feet; but then not of tallsize. In Western
India, according to Stewart and Brandis, frost is not uncom-
mon in the teak districts. Teak wood is held in the highest
esteem by ship-builders; also used by cabinet-makers, for the
panels of coaches, ete. It scarcely shrinks.
Teinostachyum attenuatum, Munro.
The hardy Bamboo of Ceylon, there growing on the mountains
at elevations between 4,000 to 6,000 feet. It attains a height
of 25 feet.
Telfairia pedata, Hooker.
Mozambique. A cucurbitaceous climber with perennial stems,
attaining a length of 100 feet, with fringed lilac flowers of
extraordinary beauty, and with fruits attaining a weight of
60 lbs. and containing at times ds many as 500 large seeds.
The latter in a boiled state are eatable, or a large quantity of
oil can be pressed from them. The root is fleshy. A second
huge species of similar use, T. occidentalis (J. Hook.), occurs
in Guinea.
Terfezia leonis, Tulasne.
South Europe, North America. This edible Truffle, together
with other species of this and other genera, is deserving of
naturalisation.
Terminalia Buceras, J. Hooker. (Bucida Buceras, Linné.)
From the Antilles to Brazil:- One of the Mangrove trees, thus
living in salt water. Possibly hardy and calculated to conso-
lidate mud shores. The Tussa silkworm inhabits, among
other trees, several Terminalias.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 825
Terminalia Catappa, Linnd.
India, ascending mountain regions. Few trees, as stated by
Roxburgh, surpass this in elegance and beauty. We have
yet to learn whether it can be naturalised in temperate climes,
‘which it especially deserves for its nuts. Several species
extend in East Australia to sub-tropical latitudes. The seeds
are almond-like, of filbert taste and wholesome. The astrin-
gent fruits of several other species form an article of trade,
sought for a lasting black dye. T. parviflora (Thwaites) forms
a large tree in Ceylon, at elevations up to 4,000 feet.
Terminalia Chebula, Retzius.
On the drier mountains of India. The seeds of this tree are of
hazel taste ; the galls of the leaves and also the young fruits,
known as Myrobalams, serve for superior dye and tanning
material. Some other congeners serve the same purpose.
Tetragonia expansa, Murray.
The New Zealand Spinach, occurring also on many places of
the coast and in the desert interior of Australia. Known also
from New Caledonia, China, Japan, and Valdivia. An annual
herb, useful as a culinary vegetable, also for binding drift-sand.
Tetragonia implexicoma, J. Hooker.
Extra-tropical Australia, New Zealand, Chatham Island. A
frutescent, widely expanding plant, forming often large natural
festoons, or trailing and climbing over rocks and sand, never
away from the coast. As a Spinach plant it is as valuable as
the succeeding species. It is well adapted for the formation
of bowers in arid places ; it helps also to bind sand. T. trigyna
(Banks and Solander) seems identical. -
Tetranthera Californica, Hooker and Arnott.* (Oreodaphne Ca-
lifornica, Nees.)
Oregon and California, where it is called the Mountain Laurel
or Bay Tree. On the banks of rivers attaining a height of
100 feet, throughout pervaded by a somewhat camphoric
odour. Wood hard, close-grained, durable, susceptible of a
high polish, easily worked, used for superior flooring, turnery,
and manifold other select work. The tree is easily cultivated,
but not of quick growth (Dr. Behr and Prof. Solander).
Tetranthera calophylla, Miquel. (Cylicodaphne sebifera, Blume.)
Mountains of Java and the Neilgherries. From the kernels
of the berries a tallow-like fat is pressed for the manufacture
826 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
of candles. The yield is comparatively large. Trial cultures
with this tree might be instituted in humid forest valleys.
T. laurifolia (Jacq.), of tropical Asia and Australia, and T.
japonica (Sprengel), are noted as similarly utilitarian.
Teucrium Marum, Linné.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A small somewhat
shrubby plant, in use for the sake of its scent, containing a
peculiar stearopten. TT. Scordium (L.) from Europe and
Middle Asia, .. Chamaedrys (L.), T. Polium (L.), and T.
Creticum (L.) from South Europe, are occasionally drawn into
medical use. All these, together ‘with many other species from
various countries, are pleasantly. odorous.
Thapsia edulis, Bentham. (Monizia edulis, Lowe.)
On the Island of Deserte Grande, near Madeira, where it is
called the Carrot Tree. It might be of some use to bring this
almost shrubby umbellate to the cliffs of our shores; though
the root is inferior to a carrot, perhaps cultivation would
improve it. T. decipiens, Benth. (Melanoselinum decipiens,
Lowe), from Madeira, is of palm-like habit and desirable for
scenic effects in plant-grouping.
Theligonum cynocrambe, Linné..
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual Spinach
plant of somewhat aperient effect.
Thouarea sarmentosa, Persoon.
Tropical shores of the eastern hemisphere. This curious and
tender grass might be easily introduced, to help binding the
sand on sea-beaches.
Thrinax parviflora, Swartz.
South Florida, West India, and also on. the continent of Central
America. The stem of this Fan, Palm attains a height of 25.
feet, or according to Chapman 40 feet, but extremely slender.
It. belongs to the sand tracts of the coast and may endure a
temperate clime. The fibre of this Palm forms material for
ropes. T. argentea (Lodd.). is a-closely allied Palm. ‘The few
other species of the genus deserve also trial culture.
Thuya gigantea, Nuttall.
North-West America, on the banks of the Columbia River.
The Yellow Cypress of the colonists, also. known as Oregon
Red Cedar. A straight graceful tree 200 feet high, in some
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 327
instances known to have attained even a height of 325 feet,
with a stem 22 feet in diameter; furnishing a valuable build-
ing-timber of a pale or light-yellow colour, known as the
Oregon White Cedar-wood, susceptible of high polish. It is
light, soft, smooth and durable, and makes the finest sashes,
doors, mouldings, and similar articles (Vasey). Canoes carry-
ing four tons bave been obtained out of one stem. The bast:
can be converted into ropes and mats. ‘The tree can be trained
into hedges and bowers,
Thuya occidentalis, Linné.
North America, particularly frequent in Canada. Northern
White Cedar, or Arbor vite. A fine tree, 70 feet high;
the wood is reddish or yellowish, fine-grained, very tough and
resinous, light, soft, and well fit for building, especially for
water-work; also for turnery and machinery. Michaux men-
tions that posts of this wood last forty years; a house built
of it was found perfectly sound after sixty years. It prefers
moist soil. Valuable for hedge copses; it can also be trained
into garden bowers. Porcher says that it makes the finest
ornamental hedge or screen in the United States, attaining
any required height and being very compact and beautiful ;
such hedges, indeed, were observed by the writer himself many
years ago in Rio de Janeiro. The shoots and also an essential
oil of this tree are used in medicine; the bast can be converted
into ropes. The branches serve for brooms.
Thuyopsis dolabrata, Siebold and Zuccarini.
Japan, A majestic tree, of conical shape and drooping habit,
50 feet high, attaining a stem 3 feet in diameter. It delights
in shaded and rather moist situations, used in China and
Japan for avenues. Quite hardy im England (Hoopes). It
furnishes an excellent hard timber of a red colour. '
Thymelea tinctoria, Endlicher. (Passerina tinctoria, Pourr.)
Portugal, Spain, South France. A small shrub. It yields a
yellow dye. Cursorily it may be noted here that some of the
Australian Pimele contain a blue pigment, which has not yet
been fully tested. Their bark produces more or less of daph-
nin and of the volatile acrid principle for which the bark of
Daphne Mezereum (L.) is used. These are remarkably de-
veloped in the Victorian Pimelea stricta (Meissn.). The bark
of many is also pervaded by a tough fibre, that of the tall
Pimelea clavata (Labill.), a West Australian bush, being
particularly tenacious, and used for whips.
328 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Thymus capitatus, Hoffmann and Link. (Saturgja capitata,
Linné).
Around the whole Mediteranean Sea. Since the times of
Hippocrates, Theophrastos, and Galenus, this small scented
shrub has been employed in medicine.
Thymus Mastichina, Linné.
Spain, Portugal, Morocco. A half-shrub of agreeable scent,
used also occasionally in medicine.
Thymus Serpillum, Linné.
Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb of some medicinal
value. It would live on the highest Alps. An essential oil
can be obtained from it. One particular variety is lemon-
scented.
Thymus vulgaris, Linné.
The Garden Thyme. South Europe. This small shrubby
plant is available for scent and for condiments. It is also well
adapted for forming garden-edges. The essential oil of this
plant can be separated into the crystalline thymol aud the
liquid thymen and cymol. T. aestivus (Ruet.) and T. hie-
malis (Lange.) are closely cognate plants. Several other species
‘with aromatic scent occur on the Mediterranean Sea.
Tilia Americana, Linné.
The Basswood Tree or North American Linden Tree, growing
to 52° north latitude. Height of tree 80 feet, diameter
of stem 4 feet. The wood is close-grained and firm, as soft
as deal; used in the construction of musical instruments,
particularly pianofortes. Specially valuable for the cutting-
boards of curriers and shoemakers, bowls, pails, shovels, panel-
ling of carriages (Robb). As the wood is free of knots, it is
particularly eligible for turnery and carving, and certain por-
tions of machinery. The tree is highly valued for street-plant-
ing in its native land. It also furnishes the linden bast.
Tilia heterophylla (Vent.), the Silver Lime of North America,
and Tilia Manchurica (Rupr.), of South Siberia, might be
tested.
Tilia argentea, Desfontaines.*
The Silver Lime Tree of South-East Europe. The wood is not
attacked by boring insects. The flowers are deliciously fragrant
and yield on distillation a precious oil.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 329
Tilia Europea, Linné.
The common Lime of Europe, extending naturally to Japan,
the large-leaved variety of South European origin. Height
up to 120 feet, exceptionally 50 feet in girth. The wood pale,
soft, and close-grained; sought for turnery, carving, and by
shoemakers and glovers to cut the leather on it ; also for toys
(Simmonds). The flowers yield a highly aromatic honey
(Meehan), The bast excellent for mats,
Tillandsia usneoides, Linné.
From Carolina and Florida to Uruguay and Chili, on trees.
Might be naturalised in fcrests, In its native country a
favourite material for upholsterers’ work,
Tinguarra Sicula, Parlatore.
In the countries on the Mediterranean Sea, The root is edible
and celery-like,
Todea Africana, Willdenow.
South Africa, South-East Australia, New Zealand, Most
important for scenic effects in wet places; as an export article
the aged stems of this fern are much sought and endured wide
transits, which were initiated by the writer, Stems weighing
above a ton have been found bearing from 500 to 600 fronds.
Supplies of this massive fern in the gullies to be mantained
for future generations by the dispersion of the dust-like spores.
Torreya Californica, Torrey. (7, myristica, Hooker.)
In California, extending from the coast to the Sierras, A sym-
metrical tree, 100 feet high, with a clear and straight trunk of
30 feet, 6 feet in diameter (Dr, Gibbons), The wood is hard
and firm,
Torreya grandis, Fortune.
China, A tree 60 feet high, with an umbrella-shaped crown ;
it produces good timber,
Torreya nucifera, S. and Z. (Caryotaxus nucifera, Zuccarini.)
Japan, Height of tree about 30 feet, From the nuts the
Japanese press an oil used as an article of food.
Torreya taxifolia, Arnott. .
Florida, A tree 50 feet in height, with a firm, close-grained,
durable wood of a reddish colour, Very durable also under-
ground, Prostrated trees did not decay in half a century.
330 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Dry timber very light, fine-grained, slightly more yellow than
that of the White Pine (P, J, White), It yields a red turpen-
tine (Hoopes).
Touchardia latifolia, Gaudichaud.
In the Hawaian Islands, A shrub allied to Boehmeria nivea,
yielding a tough and easily separable fibre, as first shown by
Dr. Hillebrand. Probably best adapted for humid warm
gullies.
Tragopogon parvifolins, Linné.
The Salsify. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia.
Biennial, The root of this herb is well known as a useful
culinary vegetable,
Trapa bicornis, Linné fil.*
The Leng or Ling or Links of China. The nuts of this
water-plant are extensively brought to market in that country,
The horns of the fruit are blunt. The kernel, like that of the
two following species, is of an excellent taste, The plant is
regularly cultivated in lakes and ponds of China,
Trapa bispinosa, Roxburgh.*
Middle and South Asia, where it is called ‘‘ Singhara,” ex-
tending to Ceylon and Japan; found also in Africa as far
south as the Zambesi. The nuts are often worked into starch ;
they can be converted into most palatable cakes or porridge,
They may be stored for food. The produce is copious and
cheaply maintained by spontaneous redissemination. It lasts
through several years, In some countries, for instance in
Cashmere, the nuts form an important staple of food to the
population, To this species probably belong T, Cochin Chin-
ensis (Lour.) and T. incisa (Sieb. and Zucc.).
Trapa natans, Linné.* #
The ordinary Waternut. Middle and South Europe, Middle
Asia, North and Central Africa. Recorded as an annual. T.
quadrispinosa (Roxb,), from Sylhet, is an allied plant,
Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Brown.
From Abyssinia and South Asia to extra-tropical Australia.
An annual herb, perhaps available for green manure, The
dromedaries show an extraordinary predilection for this herb
(Giles). Several other species deserve trial for fodder,
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 331
-Tricholena rosea, Nees.
* South Africa, This perennial grass promises to become valu-
able for desert country, together with T. Teneriffe and other
congeners, :
Trifolium agrarium, Linné.
The perennial Yellow Clover or Hop Clover. All Europe,
Western Asia. Of considerable value in sandy soil as a fodder
herb. It is easily naturalised.
Trifolium Alexandrinum, Linné.*
The Bersin Clover. North-Eastern Africa, South-Western
Asia, South Europe. Much grown for forage in Egypt,
where it is used as the main fodder. On the Nile it gives
three green crops during the season, each up to 2 feet high.
Seeds of this and other clovers must be sifted to free them
from the destructive Dodder plants or Cuscutas. About 20
Ibs. of seeds are required for an acre (Morton). Recorded as
annual.
Trifolium Alpestre, Linné.
Europe, West Asia. Perennial. Content with lighter soil
than that needed for most Clovers, but its constituents must
be fairly marly or limy. It is early out and very palatable
(Langethal)..
Trifolium fragiferum, Linné.
The Strawberry Clover. Europe, North Africa, Middle and
North Asia. A perennial species, well adapted for elay-soils.
Foliage closer and more tender than that of the White Clover,
but its vegetation later (Langethal). Morton recommends it
for moist sandy soil.
Trifolium hybridum, Linné.*
The Alsike Clover. Europe, North Africa, Western Asia.
A valuable perennial pasture-herb, particularly for swampy
localities. It succeeds where the ground becomes too sandy
for Lucerne and too wet for Red Clover, but does not with-
stand drought so well, while it produces a heavier bulk of
forage than White Clover, and maintains its ground when such
has become too much exhausted for other Clovers. The seed
being very small, less than half the quantity is required for the
same area than of Red Clover.
é
Trifolium incarnatum, Linné.
The. Carnation Clover; also called Crimson or Italian Clover.
3382 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Middle and South Europe. Though annual only, or sometimes
biennial, it is valued in some of the systems of rotations of
crops. In the south of England it is much sown on harrowed
stubble fields to obtain an early fodder of great fattening
value. It forms particularly a good fodder for sheep; if is
recommended especially for gypsum regions. A white flower-
ing variety exists. Bees are very fond of it (Darwin).
Trifolium medium, Linné.*
The Red Zigzag Clover, Europe, North and Middle Asia.
A deep-rooting, wide-creeping, perennial herb, mueh better
adapted for dry sandy places than T. pratense. It would also
endure the inclemency of the clime of higher Alpine regions, if
disseminated there. One of the best Clovers for forest regions.
For regular culture it needs lime, like most plants of its class.
More hardy than T. hybridum, less productive than T. pratense
(Langethal). It ought not to be omitted among mixed clo-
vers and grasses. According to Morton it is not so much
sought and relished by grazing-animals as many other Clovers.
T. Quartinianum (A. Rich) is an allied plant from Abyssinia,
where several endemic species exist. Some of the twenty-five
known Californian Clovers would deserve test culture.
Trifolium montanum, Linné.
Europe, West Asia. Perennial. Not without importance for
limy or marly ground.
Trifolium ochroleucum, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, West Asia. Pale-yellow Clover.
Perennial. This species is much cultivated in Upper Italy ;
its value is that of T. medium (Langethal).
Trifolium Pannonicum, Jacquin.
The Hungarian Clover. Perennial. Earlier in the season than
Red Clover, to which it is allied, but less tender in foliage
(Morton).
Trifolium pratense, Linné.*
The ordinary Red Clover. All Europe, North Africa, North
and Middle Asia, extending to Japan. A biennial or under
special circumstances also perennial herb, of great importance
for stable fodder. It prefers rich soil, and particularly soil
that is not devoid of lime; gypsum dressings are recom-
mended for its fields. It enters very advantageously nto the
rotation system of crops. This species also would live in
Alpine regions, where it would much enrich the pastures.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 333
Nectar sueked by humble bees, which also tends to facilitate.
the production of seeds.
Trifolium reflexum, Linné.
North America. The Buffalo or Pennsylvanian Clover. An-
nual or biennial; flower-heads larger than those of the Red
Clover ; likes alluvial flats.
Trifolium repens, Linné.*
The ordinary White Clover. Europe, North Africa, North
and Middle Asia, Sub-Arctic America, Perennial. Most
valuable as a fodder plant on grazing-land. It has a predi-
lection for moist soil, but springs again from dry spots after
rain. It likes soil containing lime, prospers on poorer ground
than Red Clover, is more nourishing and better digested and
less exhaustive to the soil.
Trifolium resupinatum, Linné.
The annual Strawberry Clover. From South Europe and
North Africa to Persia; also in the Canary Islands and Azores.
Admitted here, though annual, as this clover is cultivated with
predilection in Upper India; of tall growth and succulent
foliage.
Trifolium spadiceum, Linné.
Brown Clover. Europe, West Asia. Though only annual
or biennial, this has been recommended for wet sandy moor-
land, on which it redisseminates itself with readiness.
Trifolium subrotundum, Hochstetter.
_ The Mayad Clover. North and Middle Africa, ascending
to 9,000 feet. A perennial species, in its native countries
utilised with advantage for Clover culture. This by no means
closes the list of the Clovers desirable for introduction, inas-
much as about 15() well-marked species are recognised, many
doubtless of value for pasture. But the notes of rural observers
on any of these kinds are so sparingly extant that much
uncertainty ahout the yield and nutritive value of the various
kinds continues to prevail. Most Clovers come from the
temperate zone of Europe and Asia; only two are indigenous
to the eastern of the United States of North America, none
occurs in Australia, few are found in South Africa, several in
California and the adjoining countries, several also in Chili;
no species is peculiar to Japan.
334 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Trigonella Fenum Grecum, Linné.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. ‘The séeds of this annual
herb find their use in veterinary medicine.
Trigonella suavissima, Lindley.
Interior of Australia, from the Murray River and its tribu-
taries to the vicinity of Shark’s Bay. This perennial, fra-
grant, clover-like plant proved a good pasture herb. A
lithogram, illustrating this plant, occurs in the work on the
“ Plants Indigenous to Victoria.” Some of the many Euro-
pean, Asiatic, and African plants of this genus deserve our
local tests.
Triphasia Aurantiola, Loureiro.
South-East Asia. This shrub is worth cultivation for the
exquisite fragrance of its flowers. The fruits, though small,
are of pleasant sweetness. The plant may prove also adapted
for hedges. Glycosmis citrifolia (Lindley) and Claussena
punctata (Oliver), also both East Asiatic fruit shrubs, may
possibly show themselves hardy in sheltered forest regions of
temperate clime.
Tripsacum dactyloides, Linné.
Central and North America; known vernacularly as Gama
Grass. A reedy perennial grass, more ornamental than
utilitarian. It is the original Buffalo Grass, and attains a
height of 7 feet, assuming the aspect of maize. It is of
inferior value for fodder, but serves for binding sand. The
seeds are available for food.
Tristania conferta, R. Brown.
New South Wales and Queensland. A noble shady tree,
attaining a height of 150 feet. It is not only eligible as an
avenue tree, but also as producing select, lasting timber ; ribs
of vessels from this tree have lasted unimpaired thirty years
and more.
Trithrinax Acanthocoma, Drude.
Rio Grande do Sul, in dry elevations. A dwarf Fan Palm for
window or table decoration, attaining only a height of 6 feet ;
foliage not leathery.
Trithrinax Brasiliensis, Martius.
Rio Grande do Sul and Parana, Uruguay and Paraguay. A
very hardy Palm, not tall.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 335
Trithrinax campestris, Drude.*
Argentina, as far south as 82° 40'. Height 30 feet. One of
the most southern of all Palms, Another species occurs in
South Bolivia.
Triticum junceum, Linné. .
Europe and North Africa. A rigid grass with pungent leaves
and extensively creeping roots, requiring sea-sand for its
permanent growth. One of the best grasses to keep rolling
sand-ridges together, and particularly eligible where cattle
and other domestic animals cannot readily be prevented from
getting access.
Triticum vulgare, Villars.*
The Wheat. Apparently arisen through culture from Aigilops
ovata (L.), and then a South European, North African, and
Oriental plant. Traced back as an Egyptian and indeed also
Chinese culture plant to nearly 5,000 years. In Japan wheat is
of extraordinary precocity (Lartigne), and it is greatly recom-
mended as a forage plant. This is not the place to enter into
details about a plant universally known; it may therefore
suffice merely to mention that three primary varieties must
be distinguished between the very numerous sorts of cultivated
Wheat: 1. Yar. muticum, T. hybernum (L.), the Winter
Wheat or Unbearded Wheat; 2. Var. aristatum, T. estivum
(L.), the Summer Wheat or Bearded Wheat; 8. Var.
adherens, T. Spelta (L.), Wheat with fragile axis and adherent
grain, Metzger enumerates as distinct kinds of cultivated
Wheat :—
T. vulgare (Vill.), which includes among other varieties the
ordinary Spring Wheat, the Fox Wheat, and the Kentish
Wheat. It comprises also the best Italian sorts for plaiting
straw bonnets and straw hats, for which only the upper part
of the stem is used, collected before the ripening of the
grain, and bleached through exposure to the sun while kept
moistened, .
T. turgidum (L.), comprising some varieties of White and Red
Wheat, also the Clock Wheat and the Revet; Wheat.
7. durum (Desfont.), which contains some sorts of the Bearded
Wheat.
“J Polonicum (L.), the Polish Wheat, some kind of which is
well adapted for peeled Wheat.
T. Spelta (L.), the Spelt Corn or Dinkel Wheat, a kind not
readily subject to disease, succeeding. on soil of very limited
fertility, not easily attacked by birds, furnishing a flour of
336 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
excellence for cakes, also yielding a superior grain for peeled
Wheat. For preparing the latter it is necessary to collect
the, spikes while yet somewhat green, and to dry them in
baking- houses.
T. dicoceum (Schrank). (TZ. amyleum, Ser.) The Emmer Wheat.
Its varieties are content with and prolific on poor soil, produce
excellent starch, are mostly hardy in frost and not subject to
diseases. To this belongs the Arras Wheat of Abyssinia,
where a few other peculiar sorts of Wheat are to be found.
A large-grained variety of Wheat is baked in Persia like
rice (Colvill).
T. monococcum (L.). St. Peter’s Corn, which is hardier than most
other Wheats; exists in the poorest soils, but produces grains
less adapted for flour than for peeled Wheat.
Tropeolum majus, Linné.
Peru. This showy perennial climber passes with impropriety
under the name of Nasturtium. The herbage and flowers
serve as cress, and are also considered antiscorbutic. A
smaller species T. minus (L.), also from Peru, can likewise be
chosen for a cress-salad ; both besides furnish in their flower-
buds and young fruits a substitute for capers. A volatile
oil of burning taste can be distilled from the foliage of both,
and this is more acrid even than the distilled oil of mustard
seeds... In colder countries these plants are only of one year’s
duration. Numerous other species, all highly ornamental,
occur in South America, and a few also in Mexico.
Tyopxolum sessilifolium, Pcppig.
Chili. Among the species of this genus one of the most
eligible for its tubers, which can be consumed even in a raw
state, and are larger than those of most other Tropxolums,
while the stems are short and procumbent (Philippi).
Tropeolum tuberosum, Ruiz and Pavon.
Peru. The tuberous root serves as an esculent.
Trophis Americana, Linné.
West Indian Archipelagus. The foliage of this milky tree
has been recommended as food for the silk-insect. In Cuba
and Jamaica it is used as provender for cattle and sheep.
Tuber estivum, Vittadini. ;
The Truffle most in the markets of England. The White
IN BXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES, 337
British Truffle, Chairomyces meandriformis (Vitt.), though
large, is valued less. In the Department Vaucluse (France)
alone about 60,000 Ibs. of Truffles are collected annually at
a value of about £4,000. Many other kinds of Truffles are
in_use. The Australian Truffle, Mylitta Australis (Berk.),
or Notiohydnum Australe, attains sometimes the size of the
Cocos-nut, and is also a fair esculent. It seems also quite
feasible to naturalise the best of edible fungi of other genera,
although such may not be amenable to regular culture. And
efforts should be made for the introduction of all the best
kinds of Truffles, as an insight into the manner in which
vegetables of the fungus species can be transterred to wide
distances has gradually been obtained. The total value of the
export of Truffles from France in 1877 amounted to 13,567,000
francs (Simmonds), the total production in that year being valued
at 20 millions of francs. The annual revenue of the Truffle
ground of Carpentras is, according to Simmonds, £80,000. The
great White North American Truffle (Tuber album) is as
white as snow and as tender as curds (Millington).
Tuber albidum, Fries.
Occurs with T. estivum, but is smaller and less agreeable in
taste. The means of transferring Truffles and any other
edible fungi from one country to another require yet to be
further studied and finally devised, but they appear quite
feasible.
Tuber cibarium, Sibthorp.
Middle and South Europe. The Black Truffle. Like all others
growing underground, and generally found in forest soil of
limestone formations. It attains a weight over one pound.
Experiments for naturalisation may be effected with every
prospect of success by conveying the Truffle in its native soul
and locating it in calcareous places of forest regions. As a
condiment, or merely in a roasted state, it affords an aromatic
food. The famous Quercy or Perigord Truffle is derived from
this species. T. melanosporum (Vitt.), from France, Germany,
and Italy, is of a still more exquisite taste than T. cibarium—
indeed, of strawberry flavour.
Tuber magnatum, Pico.
Grey Truffle. South Europe. One of the most esteemed
Truffles, with some garlic flavour. Hymenogaster Bulliardi
(Vitt.) and Melanogaster variegatus (Tulasne) of South Europe
are also excellent Truffles.
x
838 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
Tuber rufum, Pico.
Red Truffle, especially in vineyards. Much used for food, but
smaller than the Terfezia Truffles.
Ulex Europwus, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, Azores, Canary Islands, The
Whin, Gorse, or Furze. A bush important for covering
quickly drift-sands on coasts. Too apt to stray as a hedge
plant.
Ullucus tuberosus, Lozano. (Melloca tuberosa, Lindley.)
Andes of New Granada and Pern, up to an elevation of 9,000
feet. A perennial herb, the tubers of which are edible,
Ulmnus alata, Michaux.
The Whahoo Elm of North America. Height of tree 30
feet. Wood fine-grained, heavier and stronger than that of
the White Elm, of a dull-red colour, used by wheelwrights,
but like that of U. Americana not equal to the European Elm.
Ulmus Americana, Linné.
The White Elm of North America, also called Rock or Swamp
Elm. A tree of longevity, fond of moist river-banks. One
hundred feet high, trunk 60 feet, 5 feet in diameter.
Manning mentions that trees have been known to attain a
circumference of 27 feet at 3 feet from the ground, and of
18 feet where the branches burst forth. It is highly prized
for street-planting in North America. Can be propagated
like the European Elm from suckers. Almost indifferent to
soil, The timber is light, used for wheelwrights’ work, bears
driving of bolts well (Robb). It is durable if either kept
quite dry or permanently submerged in water.
Ulmus campestris, Linné.*
The ordinary Elm, indigenous to South Europe and temperate
Asia, as far east as Japan. Several marked varieties, such as
the Cork Elm and Wych Elm, exist. The Elm in attainmg
an age of several centuries becomes finally of enormous size.
In Britain much attacked by Scolytus destructor. The wood
is tough, hard, fine-grained, and remarkably durable, if con-
stantly under water. Next to the Yew, it is the best of Eu-
ropean woods, where great elasticity is required, as for archery
bows. It is also used for keels, blocks, wheels, piles, pumps,
gun-carriages, gunwales, various tools, ete. Wych Elm is
preferred for bending purposes (Hassie). The bast is tough.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 389
Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall.
The evergreen Elm of Mexico and Texas.
Ulmus Floridana, Chapman.
The West Florida Elm. Forty feet high.
Ulmus fulva, Michaux.
The Slippery or Red Elm of North America. Sixty feet high.
Splendid for street-planting (Vasey). There is a pendant
branched variety. Wood red, tenacious. Useful for wagon
hubs and wheels (Vasey). Regarded as the best North American
wood for blocks of rigging, according to Simmonds. The
leaves seem available for food of the silkmoth.
Ulmus Mexicana, Planchon.
Cordilleras of North America. This Elm attains a height of
60 feet or perhaps more. Many of these Elms are available
as quick-growing avenue trees for shade-lines.
Ulmus parvifolia, Jacquin.
The evergreen Elm of China, Japan, and Queensland. A
similar tree is found in the Himalaya Mountains.
Ulmnus pedunculata, Fougeraux. (U. cihata, Ehrhart.)
Europe and Asia, through their middle zone. A fine avenue-
tree.
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.
The Cork Elm of North America, also called Western Rock
Elm. Wood as valuable as that of U. ‘Americana, but
much heavier. It is fine-grained and compact, tough, not liable
to split, holds bolts better than most timber, extremely dur-
able when constantly wet; deserves unqualified praise as a
furniture wood for hardness, strength, beauty, and buff-reddish
tint ; largely employed for piles, pumps, naves, tackle blocks,
keels, heavy agricultural implements, such as mowirg and
threshing machines, ploughs, gunwales (Robb, Sargent).
Ulmus Wallichiana, Planchon.
Himalayan Elm. In the mountains of India from 3,500 to
10,000 feet. A tree up to 90 feet high with deciduous
foliage, the stem attaining a girth of 24 feet.
UVniola paniculata, Linné,
North-East America. This tall maritime grass can be chosen
840 SELEOT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE
on account of its creeping roots to bind rolling coast-sands.
It serves also as a nourishing forage plant on sand-tracts.
Urena lobata, Linné.
Intratropic girdle around the globe. This herb has recently
been enumerated among plants with comparatively tenacious
fibre.
Urginia Scilla, Steinheil. (Sci//a maritima, Linné.)
South Europe, North Africa. The medicinal Squill. The
plant needs not regular cultivation, but settlers living near the
coast might encourage its dissemination, and thus obtain the
bulbs as drug from natural localities. Its peculiar bitter
principle is called scillitin. The bulb contains 24 per cent,
tannin. U. altissima (Baker) serves in South Africa as Squill.
Uvularia sessilifolia, Linné.
North America, in forests. This pretty herb is mentioned as
yielding a good substitute for asparagus.
Vaccinium alatum, Dombey. (Zhibaudia alata, Dunal.)
Frigid regions of the Andes of Peru. A tall evergreen shrub,
with pink berries of the size of a cherry. This highly orna-
mental plant-could be grown in Sub-Alpine regions.
Vaccinium Arctostaphylos, Linné.
On Mount Olympus. The leaves, dried and slightly heated,
furnish the Broussa tea, the material for a very palatable be-
verage (G. Maw).
Vaccinium bicolor, F. v. Mueller. (Zhibaudia bieolor, Ruiz and
Pavon.)
Cold zones of the Peruvian Andes. A ‘high evergreen bush,
with red berries of the size of a hazel-nut. All Thibaudias
seem best to form a section in the genus Vaccinium, some
species of the latter—for instance, Vaccinium Imrayi (Hook.),
from Dominica—mediating the transit. The species of the
section Thibaudia are, as a rule, producing red berries of acid-
ulous grateful taste. Many others may therefore deserve
culture in forest ravines or on Alpine heights. They occur
from Peru to Mexico, also in West India. One species, Vac-
cinium melliflorum (Thibaudia meélliflora, R. and P.), has its
flowers rich in honey-nectar.
IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES, 341
Vaccinium caespitosum, Michaux.
Canada and Northern States of North America. A deciduous-
leaved small bush, with bluish edible berries. V. ovalifolium
(Smith) is an allied species.
Vaccinium corymbosum, Linné.*
The Swamp Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. Canada and
United States of North America. A good-sized shrub up to
15 feet high with deciduous foliage. Berries bluish black,
rather large, aromatic, of sweetish taste, ripening late in the
season.
Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Michaux. (Oxycoccus erectus, Pursh.)
Carolina and Virginia, on high mountains, An upright bush
of a few feet in height, with deciduous leaves. The transpa-
rent scarlet berries, according to Pursh, are of excellent taste.’
Vaccinium grandiflorum, Dombey. (Ceratostemma grandiflorum,
_ Ruiz and Pavon.)
Andes of Peru. soft 255
Atocha 318
Avens . 138
Avocado Pear . . 221
Ayapana . - 1238
Baboot Bark . . 1
Bad-jong . - 6
Bajree 220
Balm Herb 183
Bamboo Recd . . 34
Bamboos, 29, 33, 41, 42, 98,
139, 183, 300 |
i)
Page
Bamia Cotton . 141
Bananas . . 190
Bandakai. ‘ 148
Baneberry - #12)
Banyan Tree . 129, 131
Barley . 150
Barnyard Grass 212
Bartram’s Oak . 269
Basil - 2 201
Bay Tree. 325
Beach-plum 260
Bean, Straight . - 845
Beans. » 223, 224
Beebalm Tea . . 186
Beeches 125
Beet ‘ ‘ 44,
Begoon . . 813
Bent Grass : 15, 261
Berbery . 5 . 43
Bermuda Grass « 92
Besswood Tree 328
Bilberry . 5 - 3842
» British Bog. 343
Birch cond fe 45, 46
Bird’ssfoot Trefoil . 173
Black Butt Tree 116
>» Gum Tree 200
Blackberry 287
- Sand : ib.
Blackthorn. ‘
Blackwood ‘ . 6
Bloodwood Tree 110, 120
Blue Grass . 4b
» Gum Tree 111
>, Palmetto . 276
Blueberry, early 343
6 Swamp . 341
Bluets ‘ 342
Bokhara Clover - 182
Bog Bean 184
Boldo é pi ac
Box Elder 3
',, Trees 51, ns, aye
Bramble . : 287
Brasiletto-wood 220
Brazil-wood . . 52
Brea turpentine . 247
Bread Fruit Tree . 33
Bringal 313
Broom Bush . » O94
Page
Broom Corn 25
Broussa Tea . 340
Buckthorn ‘ 275
Buck Wheat or Beach
Wheat . . . 124
Buffalo Berry . . 810
» Grass, 51, 310, 317
Bul Pine : 236
Bunch Grass . 106
Bunya Bunya . » 29
Butter Tree | . 80
Butternut Tree 159
Buttonwood . 249
Cabbage . : . 257
i Kerguelen. 78.
Cabul Clover . . 182
Cactus . 68, 206, 207
Caffir Corn 3 . 25
Cainito . 200
Cajaput Tree . . 181
Calambac . 5 . 28
Calool °. . 818
Camata . . t.
Camatena . 267
Cambuca . | . 178
Camphor Tree . ~ 45
Canada Rice . . 356
Canary Grass . . 223
Candlenut Tree - 18
Canelo F . 104
Cape Gooseberry . 229
Caper-plant . 57
Caraway . . 69
Cardoon . - 92
Carob Tree 3 . 68
Carrot . - 98
» ‘Tree . . 3826
Cartagena Bark . 72
Cashaw Tree . 258
Cassava . - 177
Cassia Bark. .
Castor Oil Plant . 281
Cat . : . 66
Catechu . ; 2
Catjang . ‘ - 53
Cat’s-tail Grass . 225
Cavan ° ‘ ‘ 2
Caviuna-wood . » 95
Cedar, Bastard
390
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES.
Page
Cedar, Bermuda 248
» Deodar. 233
» of Lebanon . id.
» NW: . 327
>» Redwood - 3808
» Singapore 66
White Oregon 327
”
Cedars . 90, 91
Celandine 70
Celery 28
» Pines 228
Chamomile 27
x annual 179
Chafar . - . 143
Chayota . - 307
Chelem . 14
Cherimoyer 27
Cherry . 260
» Capsicum . 57
» Choke 261
» Laurel . » 4b
Chervil . 27, 69, 193
Chestnut Trees 63, 64
Chick Pea t . 71
Chicory . 72
Chicot : P 145
Chillies . 57
Chinese Cinnamon . 75
Chiretta’ . . . 819
Chives . , e Ad
Chocho . F - 3807
Christ Thorn 211
Christmas Rose . 147
Chufa. $ . 93
Chusan Palm + . 69
Chusqueas . - 144
Cicely =. . 193
Cinnamon : .
Ciruelillo ; - 106
Citron. F . 47
Cloudberry . - 286
Clover, Alsike . . 831
» Bersin . 2b.
> Bird’s-foot 208
>» Brown. . 333
» Buffalo. > 26
» Carnation 331
» Hop. ib.
>» Hungarian 332
> Mayad . 333
» Ordinary red . 332
» white 333
» Pale-yellow . 332
» Pennslyvanian 333
» Red Zigzag . 332
» Strawberry 331
Yellow . ib.
Coapim ‘ . » 216
Page
Coapinoie . 158
Coca |. . 107
Cock’s-foot Grass , 95
Cock’s-head Plant . 206
Cockshin Grass . 212
Cockspur Thorn . 85
Coffee Plant ee 9.
Coigue . 7 - 125
Coihue - 4.
Colic Root . 18
Columbia Bark - 72
Comfrey 3 . 3820
» Prickly . 2.
Copal, Mexican «obi
Copigué . é . 164
Coquito Palm . . 169
Cord Grass . 3815
Cotton é . 140
» Bush . . 164
» Wood Tree . 256
.|Coyam. . 125
Cramberry, British | 342
a large . 341
Cress 5 - 167
» Para . 316
Cuba Grass - 24
Cucumber ‘ - 88
Cuji-pods F - 6
Cumin . 3 - 89
Curly Palm - 163
Currant, Black . 280
|, Bed. . 281
Cutch =. 3 < 2
Cypress, Bald . 323
ay Montezuma 323
‘is Swamp ad,
- Yellow . 3826
Cypresses . 89, 90, 91
Cyrillo . - . 19
Danchi_ . 5 . 3809
Date Palm . » 225
» Plum " . 102
Deadly Nightshade. 38
Deccan Grass . . 218
.| Dewberry - . 286
Dhak : “A » O51
Dill ‘ a . 222
Dita Bark s 22
Divi Divi 5 - 52
Dog’s-tail Grass . 92
Dogwood . . . 3859
Doornboom « 5
Doorva Grass . 92
Doum Palm . 154
Dragon Tree 133
Drooping Gum Tyee. 110
Durra : - 26
Page
Dwarf Fan Palm 70
Dyer’s Woad . . 157
Earth Chestnut . 8
» Nut 29
» Pea 350:
Ebony-wood 102
» Tree ; - 175
Egg Plant - 313
Elder. 5 297
Elecampane . 156
Elemi $ . 651
Elms ‘ 150, 338, 339
Esparsette - . 206
Esparto 318
Espino : : 2
Estragon : - 82
Fan Palm 69, 82
Fenkelwortel . 59
Fennel . - 133
Fern Palm 91
Fenambucwood 52, 53
Fesque, Meadow . 127
Fichte . é . 243
Fig Tree . . - 128
Fiorin Grass. » 6
Fir, Balm of Gilead. 282
» Balsam wD.
» Double Balsam . 236
» Great Silver . 237
» Noble White . 241
> Oyamel , . 245
» Red. . 241
» Sapindus . 242
» Scotch . 246
» Siberian Pitch . 720.
» Spanish 244
>, Umbrella . 805
Yellow. . 237
Firethorn . 8
Flame Tree 48
Flax : : 170
» Lily. . 227
Flowering Rush 51
Fluted Gum Tree 119
Foehre . i . 246
Foxglove . . 99
Foxtail Grass . - 2
Fuji . ¥ . 852
Poller’ sherb . . 298
» Teazel 103
Furze F . 338
Galingale Rush « 98
Gama Grass (Pufiale
Grass) . = 334
Gamboge a 137
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES.
: F Page
Garlic 19
» North American 18
Genipi ll
Gimletwood . ig
Ginger . P . 855
Ginger-grass. - 24
Gingerbread Palm .' 154
Gingili . ‘ . 809
Ginkgo Tree . 139
Gobbo .. 148
‘Gooseberry, Barbadoes 220
5 Cape . 229
Gooseberries 279, 280
Gorse 3 ; - 3838
Gourds. 2 88, 89
Gram ‘ : 71
>» Green. « 224
Grape Pear 23
» Fox 350
» Frost . 348
» Isabella. 349
> Muscadin 350
>» Summer. . 847
>» Wine. - 3849
Winter . 848
Grey Gum-Tree 117
Ground Almond - 93
Ground-Nut . 29
» ivy . 197
Guabiroba Do Mato . . 262
Guaparanga . 178
Guarana 220
Guavas 194, 262, 263
’ Guinea-Corn 24, 26
» Grass . ; 218
Gunyang . A . 314
Gutta-percha Tree 157
Gutta Tabam . . td.
Habhel . a 161
Hack-me-tack . 234
Hair-Grass 15
Hamat Kochata 37
Haricot . P . 224
Hawaia ‘ 142:
Hawthorn 3 85
Hazel. ‘ 84
Hazel Tree 3 144
Heliotrope F 147
Hemlock . P 81
» Spruce . 282
s5 » Cali-
fornian . 240
Hemp. 3 . 56
Henbane . . 153
Henequen. 14
Henna Bush . 167
Herd Grass {. «O15
Page
Hickory Trees . 60, 61
Hinoki . . 90
Hognut-Tree . 60
Holly Oak . 270
Honey Locust . - 139
Hoop Koop . 168
Hop. 4 is » 151
» Hornbeam » 209
Hornbeam . 69
Horse-chestnut - 13
» Gram. 104
5, Radish 78, 186, 257
” » Ker-
guelen . . 257
Horse-shoe Vetch . 149
Hottentot Fig . . 185
Huahuoa . a . 166
Huanuco Bark . .
Huckberry 137,
3 Blue 343,
y Tree . 67
Huon Pine 94
Indian Corn .. . 854
» Fig . 207
Indigo. . 42,155
Ipecacuanha . - 68
Iron Bark Tree 110,113,
115, 116, 119
Tron Gum-Tree . 117
Iron-wood . 209
Iva . » i
Jaborandi . 230
Jacaranda Wood . 95,
Jack-Tree . 33
Jalap : : . 157
Janatsi-itsigo . 98
Japan Clover . 168
» Privet . 170
Jarilla 12
Jarosse . ‘ 165
Jarrah. 5 . 114
Jasmine « . 209
Jerusalem Artichoke 147
Jujub. . 357
Jute Plants. - 82
Kaawi Yam. . 99
Kafta 2 . 66
Kahikatea . 195
Kai Apple . : 1
Kale ‘ 7 . 84
Kamala . a . 177
Kamassi-wood . . 140
Kangaroo Grass . 27
5 Thorn. 2
Karaka . 84
Page
Karra Doorn . s 5
Karri - ‘. 110
Kashi 3 é . 270
Kauri 3 - 97
» Pine . . 96
Kau-sun . . 856
Keaki . 355
Kentucky Blue ‘Grass 253
Kidney Vetch . - 28
Koho Khur . 152
Kolkas ., . - 80
Kumquat. - + %77
Lahual . -. . 194
Lalong Grass . - 155
Lamb’s Lettuce - 3845
Larch, American . 242
» Black - th
» Chinese. « 238
>» Common - 239
» Himalayan . 2387
» Japan . 239
Laurel, Mountain 325
» Spice 170
» Warrior’s . 165
Lavender . » . 166
Leek 3 ; 19
Lemon . . 87,77, 219
» Grass « . 24
Leng s - 3830
Lentil . 107
Lettuce 164
Lever Wood 209
Light Wood 6
_Lime . "7
>» common 329
» ‘Tree, Silver 328
Linden Tree. . ab.
Ling . . 830
Lingo . - 264
Links : . 3830
Liquorice - 140
Litchi . 197
Litmus. . - 283
Litre =. . 277
Lleuque . - 194
Loblolly Bay . 140
Locust Tree . - 139
Longan . - 197
Loongmur 58
Loquat . 228
Lotus Tree. 67
Loxa Bark 4 "3
Lucerne . 179
Lupines . 173, 174, 175
Madder . 286
Magnolia, :. 168
392
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES.
Page
Mahin. c . 299
Mahogany Tree a 320
Mahwa . 3 358
Maize 2 ‘ . 854
Mallee . 3 » 116
"Mammoth Tree . 808
Mango Tree . . 177
Mangold Root . . 44
Mangrove Tree - 324
Manna Grass 252
>» Gum Tree 120
Manniu . 194
Manoa. ‘ - 94
Maples . - 89,10
Marjoram . - 209
Marmalade Tree »
Marmeladinha . . (18
Marrem . qi . 261
Marsh Mallow . 22
Mastic Tree . - 248
Matai. 146, 196
Maté ‘ ‘: . 154
Matz P ‘ 240
Meadow Fescue 127
» Foxtail-Grass 21
» Grass, Eng-
lish 253
3 Pea - 165
5 Saffron 79
Medick . 179
Medlar . P 85
Melou ¥ “ 88
Mesquite Grass 214
Messmate Tree 115
Mignonette 275
Millet Grass 188, 211
Millets . 26, 212, 213
Millfoll . P - 10
Mint, Mountain - 266
» Plants 183, 184
Miro F ® - 195
Mitchell Grass . 37
Monk’s Hood 11
Moram . ‘ . 261
Moreton Bay Fig 131
Morrel « 116, 186
Mortina . 342
Mosquito Grass . 214
Mossy-cupped oak -. 268
Mountain Ash . 107,121
Muermo . " . 122
Mublberries 186, 189
Mulga Grass. - 198
Mullein . : 156
Mustard . 2 . 49
Myall Trees. 1, 5,6
Myrobalams . 325
Myrtle wood . 125
Page
Myrtles . 1938, 194
Nasturtium 336
Ngaio. . 192
Nika Palm 163
Ningala Bamboo . 33
Nonda Tree . - 217
Norfolk Isld. Palm . 163
Notra ‘ - 106
Nuble. 12
Nut Pine, Nepal 236
Nut Trees - 60, 84, 176
Oak Chestnut . . 269
Oaks 267—274
Oat Grass . 39
Ochro . 148
Ohelo ‘ . 843
Olive - 201
Onion, ordinary «
» Welsh ab.
Ooyala Yam 101
Orange 76
Orchard Grass . 15
Orchil . 283
Oregon Red Cedar ; 326
» larch - 242
Orris root . 157
Orseille . - 283
Osage Orange. .-:1%6
Osiers > s. 293, 294
Osnego Tea 186
Oyster Mushroom . 14
Pa-Koo : 139
Palisander Wood 95
Palixander _,, 158
Palmetto, Blue. 276
5 dwarf . 290
Palm Lilies . - 88
Palms .78, 79, 163,
250, 264
Palmyra . » 47
Pampas Grass . 84
Paper Mulberry 50
Papyrus 93
Para Grass 214
Parsimon . 103
Parsley 60
Parsnip . 222
» Chervil. - 69
Passion Flowers 218, 219
Pea,common . . 249
Pea-Nut . 5 » 29
Pea Tree . ‘ . 58
Peach Palm. » 40
Pearl Grass. - 182
Pear, Snow. - 266
. Page
Pecan-Nut Tree 61
Pelu i 315
Pencil Cedar . | . 160
Penny-royal . 146, 184
Pennsylvania Green
Grass . . 253
Pepins® . . 313
Peppermint 107, 183
Persimmon . - 108
Peru Bark trees 72,73
Petsi . s - 146
Pine, Aleppo . . 287
» American Pitch 245
aS 63) White 247
» Bishop’s’. 241
» Black 195
» Bootan . 236
' ,, Brazilian 29
» Broom - 231
» Canary - 283
» Cheer 239
» Cluster 243
» Corsican . 238
» Dye . 248
» Hmodi 239
», Frankincense . 247
», Georgia . .« 281
» Giant 238
» Golden . .
» Grey ‘ .
»» Hudson’s. 245
» King. 248
»» Loblolly . 247
» Lofty . 236
» Long-leaved
Yellow... 231
» Mahogany 196
» Mexican Swamp 234
» Moreton Bay . 29
»» Norfolk Island 7d;
» Nut 7 . 240
» Okote . « 247
» Oregon . 235
» Pitch . . 245
» Pond. . 246
» Red. 245
» Screw . . 211
» Shake-Giant 238
» Southern . 231
4 Stone 240, 243
» Sugar . 238
» Swamp . . 231
» Torch . 247
» Trucker . « 244
» Weymouth 247
» White 236, 246
» x» ~ of New
Zealand , 195
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES.
Page
Pine, Yellow, of North
America . 240
» Yellow, of Puget
Sound . . 235
» Yellow Pitch 231, 244
Pinkroot . . 316
Pino Nut. “ 235
Piquillin Bush . 81
Pisang . 191
Pita-fibre . 14
Pitaya Bark 92
Pitury . . 104
Plane, spurious ‘ 9
» ‘Trees 249, 250
Plantain . a - 191
Plum Juniper . 161
Plums. 3 . 259
Pocoon, Yellow . 153
Pomegranate 265
Pompelmos . . 76
Poplars 171, 255, 256
Poppy . . 215
‘Potato 314
Prairie Turnip . 264
» Grass 50
Praong . - 358
Pride of India . - 181
Puchero . 321
Pulas % 51
Pulque 14
Pumpkin . 89
Putchuck . 81
Pythagorean Bean 197
Quamash . 305
Quandong 5 298
Quebracho : 35
Queule . 12
Quirinca . 2
Radish : 274
Rambutan 7 197
Ramee 46
Rampostan 197
Ramtil Oil é ‘ ae
Raspbe: é . 2
2 ar Pe ab.
Rata “ “ 168
Ratanhia Root . 164
Rattlesnake Grass 251
Rauli_ . A 126
Red Brazil . 52
>, Cedar - - 162
»» Gum Tree 109,118,120
>> Mahogany 117
» Pine . . « 94
5» Sandal Wood 264
Red-top Grass 15, 127
Page
Red-Wood Cedar 308
Reulé E 126
Rewa Rewa .« 164
Rheea . . 46
Rhubarb . 276
Rice 209
» Canada 356
» Paper Plant 126
Rima 7 - 94
Ringal : . 383
Roble. . J « 125
Romerillo dye . 148
Rose Apple. - 122
Roses . 283, 284
Rosemary . 285
Rosewood 81
Rue ‘ 290
Rye 306
Rye- -Grass 15, 172
Sabadilla 2 305
Sacci . . 14
Safflower . 59
Saffron . 3 86
Sage, Garden . 297
Saintfoin . 5 . 206
Salad, Burnet . 297
Sallow, British 293
Salmon-barked Gum-
Tree 119
Salsify . . 330
Sal Tree . ‘ -. 310
Samphire. . » 86
Sandal Tree . - 29841
Sandstay . 167
Sapodilla Plum 11
Sarsaparilla 311
Sassafras Tree . - 299
Satin Wood 71
Saunders . « 264
Savory, Summer 299
» Winter ab,
Scarlet Runner « 223
Scorzonera, Native . 185
Scotino . é 278
Scutch-Grass 92
Sea Lyme-Grass 106
Senna . - - 63
Seratella . ; - 208
Serradella 208
Shaddock 76
Shake-Giant Pine 238
Shallot . 19
Shamalo . ’ « 213
Sheoaks . . 64, 65
Silt Grass . . 218
Silver Fir 2380
Californian 231
”? a
Page
Silver Fir, Great . 287
» » Cilician . 234
» Tree . . 168
Silvery Tree-Fern 99
Singhara Nut . 330
Siris Acacia. 17
Sisal hemp ci4
Sissoo Tree 96
Sloe. . 261
Snake Root 31,72
Soapwort . 298
Soja , 5 - 139
Solah 5 . 12
Soola Clover . - 146
Sorrel, French 289
» Kitchen ab.
» Wood . 210
Soulkir 15
Sour Gum-Tree 200
Soursop . 123
Spadic . 107
Spear- Wood. 111
Speckboomn . . 257
Spikenard 196
Spinach . . . 816
» New Zealand 325
Spotted Gum-Tree . 114
Spruce, Black, 231, 241
4, Blue 240
» Hemlock 232
» Norway 234
» Red 235, 245
» Tideland 240
i“ ., White 231
Squash . ‘. 88
Squill 340
Squirting Cucumber 104,
Star Anis ‘ - 155
» Apple . - it
Strawberries 138, 134
Strawberry Tomato . 229
Stringy Bark Trees . tie
Styrax Tree . . 168
Sugar Cane 290
» Gum-Tree 359
ugi 7 - « 87
Sulphur Root . + 222
Sumach .. - 278
» Staghorn . 279
Sumbul . E 124
Sunflower . - 146
», Artichoke. 147
Sunn hemp 86
Sunt . 1
Swamp Gum Tree 110
Sweet Calamus 23
» Fernbush . 80
394
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES.
Sweet Flag.
» Gum-Tree
» Potato .
Sweetsop
Sword Sedge
Sycamore Fig Tree .
. Tagasaste
Tallow Tree
Tamarack
Tamarak .
Tamarind
Tanekaha
Tangleberry
Tanne .
Tansy .
Tapioca .
Tare .
» Lentil
Taro .
Tarragon
Tata .
Tea shrub
Teak . 4
Teff : 3
Teon-itsigo
Teosinte .
Terra Japonica
Thimbleberry .
‘Thyme, Garden
Tideland spruce
Timothy Grass
Tivoli Yam.
Tobacco . 3
Tomato . .
Tooart 7
Tree Mallow .
Trucker Pine .
Truffle . :
.
Page
- 12]
- 171
156
- 128
. 167
131
Page
Truffle, Black . - 3837
35 Grey . . 0b
3 Red. . . 838
ATuberose F « 264
Tuckahoe Truffle . 210
Tuggur . : - 28
Tule ‘ 3 - 292
Tulip Tree. - 17
x» Wood . . 146
Tupelos . 200
Turkey Oak . 268
Turnips » 2. Ss
Turnsole ‘ . 87
Turpentine Tree . 320
Tugsock Grass . 9
Ulmo . . 122
Umbrella Palm . 163
Uvalho docampo . 123
Uvi Yam m . 99
Valonia . . 267, 271
Vegetable Marrow . 89
Vernal Grass . . 27
Vetch =. é . 3846
>», Wood . . DB
Violet. i . 8
Vouvan . ‘toe
Walnut Tree 106, 160, 264
Wandoo ‘ - 17
Wapatoo 7 - 292
Water Beach . - 58
» Lemon. . 219
» Melon . . 87
Waternut ‘ . 8380
Water-whorl Grass . 251
Wattle, black . é 2
s golden . 6
Page
Wattle, gren. . 6
» silver . 4
Wax Myrtle . « 192
>» Palm * » 69
» Tree A « 279
Weld ‘ - 275
Wheat . . 335
Whin . 338
White Cedars 90, 91, 169
» Fir, noble . 241
» Gum-Tree . 117
» Thorn - 85
Whorl Grass; water. 251
Whortle berry, Brit. 342
Wild Oat - . 389
Willow Oak . 271
Willows . 292—296
Windmill Grass . 472
Winter ais - 229
Woad : . 157
Wood Sorrel . 210
Woodruff . 85
Wormwood » 82
Wungee - 87
r Yams 100
Yarrow « AG
Yate Tree 3 - 10
Yellow Cedar . - 90
x» Pocoon . 153
» Wood - 182
Yew . ‘ - 68, 323
» Western . 324
York Gum Tree - 113
Yoksun . : 358
Zeloak . . . 157
Government Central Presa—No. 226 R. A. & C.~—26-2-80,——780,
2
hs