‘ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT “CORNELL UNIVERSITY; DATE DUE DEMCO 38-297 Cornell oo Library Li Select extra-tropi i ll Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000680508 SELECT EXTRA-TROPICAL PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE FOR [INDUSTRIAL CULTURE OR NATURALISATION, WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTRIES AND SOME OF THEIR USES. BY BARON FERD. VON MUELLER, K.C.M.G., M.D., Pu.D., F.R.S. “Omnia enim in usus suos creata sunt,”—SyRacu, Xxxix, 21, 26. INDIAN EDITION. CALCUTTA: OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING. 1880. © CALCUTTA: PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, 8, HASTINGS STREET. TO COLONEL THE HONOURABLE SIR ANDREW CLARKE, K.C.M.G., C.B., C.LE., FIRST COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC WORKS OF INDIA, ‘AN ENLIGHTENED AND GENEROUS PATRON OF INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS, THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. PREFACE. I he the volumes issued by the Victorian Acclimation Society from 1871 to 1878 five contributions have appeared concerning such industrial plants as are available for culture in extra-tropical countries or in high mountain-regions within the tropics. These writings were mainly offered with a view of promoting the intro- duction and diffusion of the very many kinds of plants which in temperate geographic latitudes may be extensively reared in forests, on fields or pastures. The work thus originated, however, became accessible merely to the members of the Society, while frequent calls arose for these or some similar data not only throughout the Australian communities, but also abroad. The whole has therefore now been reissued in a rearranged and largely supplemented form, and in this instance for use in Upper India under the auspices of the Central Government at Calcutta, which honoured me in reprinting this work with its present numerous additions; and it devolves on me to add that this reissue met with the ready concurrence of the Honourable Sir Bryan O’Loghlen, Bart., Acting Chief Secretary of Victoria. As stated in the preface to the original essays, they did not claim completeness either as a specific index or as a series of notes on the respective technologie applicability of the plants enumerated. But what these writings perhaps may aspire to is the aim of bringing together, closely arrayed, some condensed data in popular language on all the principal utilitarian plants hitherto known to prosper in extra-tropical zones. Information of this kind is widely scattered through many and often voluminous works in several languages, yet such volumes apply chiefly to countries with a climatic zone Vi PREFACE. far more narrowthan that of the colony for which these pages originally were mostly written. Only a few of the books which it was desirable to consult were at my command; hence the necessity of successive further supplements, even irrespective of needful references to future discoveries, because in the progress of geographic, medical, technologic, and chemical inquiries many new plants of utilitarian value are likely to be disclosed, and new uses of known plants to be elucidated. Thus, for instance, among the trees and shrubs or herbs and grasses occurring in the middle and higher altitudinal zones of Africa, or nearer to us of New Guinea and the Sunda Islands, many specific forms may be expected to occur, which we could transfer to other extra-tropical countries or to mountains in equinoctial regions. Indeed, the writer would modestly hope that his local efforts may prove to be of usefulness algo in other parts of the globe, and in this hope he is cheered by the generous action of an enlightened American, Mr. Ellwood Cooper, the Principal of the Santa Barbara College of California, who deemed the publications, first offered for Australian use, also worthy of reissue in America. Moreover, gradual or partial reprints appeared also in weekly journals of Sydney and San Francisco and some other periodicals. It was stated before that the rapid progress of tillage almost throughout all colonial dominions is causing more and more a desire for general and particular indica- tions of such plants, which a colder clime excludes from the north- ern countries, where many of the colonists spent their youth; and it must be clear to any reflecting mind that in all warmer latitudes,. as compared with the Middle-European zones, a vastly enlarged scope exists for cultural choice of plants. ‘Indicative as these notes merely are, yet they may thus facilitate the selection. More exten- sive information can then be followed up in larger works extant elsewhere, or which authorship may call forth for local requirements in other countries. The writer should even not be disinclined, under fair support and encouragement, to issue collateral to the present volume also another, exclusively devoted to the industrial plants of the hotter zones for the promotion of tropical culture, particularly in our Australian continent, Considerable difficulty was experi- PREFACE. vil enced in drawing the limits of the remarks admissible into the present pages, because a certain plant may be important only under particular climatic conditions and cultural applications, or it may have been overrated in regard to the copiousness and relative value of its yield. Thus it was not alway easy to sift the chaff from the grain when these notes were gathered ; they might under less rigorous restrictions indeed have been indefinitely extended ; and although the author for more than twenty years has been watching for industrial tests the plants introduced by him into the Melbourne Botanic Garden, he had still to a very large extent fo rely implicitly on the experience of other observers elsewhere. Here also it may at once be stated that in all instances when calculations of measurements and weights were quoted, such repre- sent the maximum always, as far as hitherto on record. To draw prominent. attention to the primarily important among the very many hundreds of plants referred to in these pages, the leading species have been designated with an asterisk. It has not been easy in numerous instances to trace the first sources of that inform- ation on utilitarian plants which we find recorded in the various volumes. of phytologic or technologic literature; many original observations are, however, contained in the writings of Bernardin, Bentley, Brandis, Brockhaus, Candolle, Chambers, Collins, Drury, Flueckiger, Asa Gray, Grisebach, Hanbury, Hooker, King, Lange- thal, Lawson, Lindley, Lorentz, Loudon, Martius, Masters, Meehan, Michaux, Nuttall, Oliver, Pereira, Philippi, Porcher, Rosenthal, Roxburgh, Seemann, Simmonds, Stewart, Trimen, Wittstein, and also some others to whose names reference is made cursorily in the text. The volumes of the Agricultural Department of Washington, of the Austrian Apotheker-Verein, of the Journal of Applied Science, of the Bulletin de la Société d’Acclimation de France, and of several other periodicals, have likewise afforded data utilised on this occasion. In grouping together, at the close of this volume, all the genera enumerated, according to the products which they yield, facility is afforded for tracing. out any series of plants about which special economic infétmation may be sought, or which may prominently vill PREFACE, engage at any time the attention of the cultivator, the manufac- turer, or the artisan. Again, in placing together in index-form the respective industrial plants according to their geographic distribu- tion, as has likewise been done in the concluding pages, it is rendered easy to order or obtain from abroad the plants of such other countries with which any settlers or colonists may be in relation through commercial, literary, or other intercourse. Lists like the present may aid also in naming the plants and their pro- ducts with scientific correctness in establishments of economic horticulture or in technologic or other educational collections. If the line of demarkation between the plants admissible into this list and those which should have been excluded has occasionally been extended in favour-of the latter, then it must be pleaded that the final value of any particular species for a peculiar want, locality, or treatment cannot often be fully foretold. Many plants of primary importance for rural requirements alluded to now have long since been secured by the intelligent early pioneers of immigra- tion, who timely strove to enrich also the cultural resources of their adopted country ; and in the seefforts the writer, so far as his public or private means did ever permit, has endeavoured for the past quarter of a century to take an honourable share. But although such plants are introduced, they are not in all instances as yet widely diffused, nor in all desirable localities tested. For the sake of completeness even the most ordinary cultural plants have not been passed, as the opportunity seemed an apt one to offer a few cursory remarks on their value. The writer entertains a hope that a copy of this plain volume will be placed in the library of any State schools, to serve educational purposes also by occasional and perhaps frequent reference to these pages. The increased ease of communication, which has latterly arisen between nearly all parts of the globe, places us now also in a fair position for independent efforts to suggest or promote introductions of new vegetable treasures from unexplored regions, or to submit neglected plants of promising value to unbiassed original tests. It may merely be instanced that, after the lapse of more than three centuries since the conquest of Mexico, only the most scanty information is PREFACE. 1X extant on the timber of that empire, and that of several thousand tropical grasses not many dozen have been tried with chemical exactitude for pastoral purposes. For inquiries of such kind every civilised State is striving to afford in well-planned, thoughtfully directed, and generously supported special scientific establishments the needful aid, not merely for adding to the prosperity, comfort, and enjoyment of the present generation, but also with an antici- pation of earning the gratitude of prosperity ; and this as a rule is done with a sensitive jealousy to maintain also thereby for scientific dignity and industrial development the fair fame of the country. Friendly consideration will recognise that a desire to arouse more and more such a spirit for emulation has much inspired the writer to offer these pages, he trusting that enlightened statesmanship far and wide will foster this aim in the liberal and circumspect, manner evinced by the Government of the Indian Empire. Melbourne, December 1878. SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. ee re Aberia Caffra, Hooker. The Kai Apple of Natal and Caffraria. This tall shrub serves for hedges. The rather large fruits are edible, and can be converted into preserves. Allied South African species are A. Zeyheri and A. tristis (Sonder). Acacia acuminata, Bentham. A kind of Myall from Western Australia, attaining a height of 40 feet. The scent of the wood comparable to that of raspberries. It is the best of West Australian woods for charcoal, The stems much sought after for fence posts, very lasting, even when young. A similar tree with hard and scented wood is A. Doratoxylon (A. Cunn.). Acacia Arabica, Willdenow. North and Central Africa, also in South-West Asia, growing in dry, calcareous soil. This small tree can be utilised for thorny hedges, as also A. Seyal (Delile) and A. tortilis (Forskael). They all furnish the best gum arabic for medi- cinal and technical purposes. The lac insect lives also on the foliage, and thus in Sind the lac is mainly yielded by this tree. The stem attains a circumference of 10 feet. The astringent pods are valuable for tanning, also the bark, which is known as “ Baboot” bark ; the wood, known as “ Sunt,” is very durable if water-seasoned, extensively used for wheels, well- curbs, and many kinds of implements, also for the knees and planks of boats. A. gummifera (Willd.) and A. Ehrenbergiana (Hayne) are among the species, which yield gum arabie in North Africa. A. latronum (Willdenow) and A. modesta (Wallich) form thorny hedges in India (Brandis). A 2 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Acacia armata, R. Brown. Extra-tropical Australia. The Kangaroo Thorn. Much grown for hedges, though less manageable than various other hedge plants. Important for covering coast sand with an unap- proachable prickly vegetation. Acacia Catechu, Willdenow. India, Africa, up to 3,000 feet. Tree of 40 feet height. The extract prepared from the bark and heartwood is the catechu of medicine or cutch of tannery. Pure cutch is worth about £25 per ton; 4 tons of bark will produce 1 ton of cutch or terra japonica. A. Suma (Kurz) is closely allied. Acacia Cavenia, Hooker and Arnott. The Espino of the present inhabitants of Chili, the Cavan of the former population. A small tree with exceedingly hard wood, resisting underground moisture. The plant :is well adapted for hedges. The pods, called Quirinca, serve as cattle food (Dr. Philippi). The husks contain 32 per cent. tannin (Sievers), valuable as a dye material. Acacia Cebil, Grisebach. La Plata States. This is one of the most useful of all trees there, on account of its bark, which is exceedingly rich in tannic acid ; well worthy of introduction here; also as an ornamental tree. Numerous other Acaciz, particularly the Australian species, deserve yet tests for tannin. Acacia concinna, Candolle. India. Praised by Dr. Cleghorn as a valuable hedge shrub. The pod contains saponin. So is likewise A. latronum (Willd.), a hedge bush. Acacia ue neren Willdenow, var. mollissima.* (A. mollissima, illd.) The Black Wattle, From the eastern part of South Australia, through Victoria and New South Wales, to the southern part of Queensland ; in open plains a small or middle-sized tree,-in deep forest recesses a lofty tree of singularly rapid growth. Its wood can be used for staves and many other purposes, and it supplies an excellent firewood, but a chief use would be to afford the first shelter, in treeless localities, for raising forests. Its bark, rich in tannin, and its gum, not dissimilar to gum- arabic, render this tree highly important. The English price of the bark ranges generally from £8 to £11. In Melbourne IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 3 it averages about £5 per ton. It varies, so far as experiments made in my laboratory have shown, in its contents of tannin from 30 to 54 per cent. in bark artificially dried. In the mercantile bark the percentage is somewhat less, according to the state of its dryness—it retaining about 10 per cent. moisture. 14 lbs. of Black Wattle bark gives 1 Ib. of leather, whereas 5 lbs. of English Oak bark are requisite for the same results, but the tannic principle of both is not absolutely identical. Melbourne tanners consider a ton of Black Wattle bark suffi- cient to tan 25 to 30 hides; it is best adapted for sole leather and other so-called heavy goods. The leather is fully as dura- ble as that tanned with oak bark and nearly as good in colour. Bark carefully stored for a season improves in tanning power 10 t0 15 percent. From experiments made under the author’s direction it appears that no appreciable difference exists in the percentage of tannin in Wattle bark, whether obtained in the dry or in the wet season. The tannin of this Acacia yields a grey precipitate with the oxyde salts of iron, and a violet colour with sub-oxydes; itis completely thrown down from a strong aqueous solution by means of concentrated sulphuric acid. The bark improves by age and desiccation, and yields about 40 per cent. of catechu, rather more than half of which is tannic acid. Bichromate of potash added in a minute quan- tity to the boiling solution of mimosa-tannin produces a ruby- red liquid, fit for dye purposes: and this solution gives, with the salts of sub-oxyde of iron, black pigments; and with the ‘salts of the full oxyde of iron, red-brown dyes. As far back as 1823 a fluid extract of Wattle bark was shipped to London, fetching then the extraordinary price of £50 per ton, one ton of bark yielding 4 ewt. of extract of tar consistence (Simmons), thus saving much freight and cartage. For cutch or terra " japonica the infusion is carefully evaporated by gentle heat. The estimation of tannic acid in Acacia barks is effected most expeditiously by filtering the aqueous decoction of the bark after cooling, by evaporating and then re-dissolving the resi- due in alcohol and determining the weight of the tannic prin- ciple obtained by evaporating the filtered alcoholic solution to perfect dryness. ; The cultivation of the Black Wattle is extremely easy, being effected by sowing either broadcast or in rows. Seeds can be obtained in Melbourne at about 5 shillings per 1b., which con- tains from 30,000 to 50,000 grains; they are known to retain their vitality for several years. Seeds should be soaked in warm water before sowing. Any bare, barren, unutilised place might most remuneratively be sown with this Wattle Acacia ; the return would be in from 5 to 10 years. Full-grown trees, 4 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE which supply also the best quality, yield as much as 1 ewt. of bark. Mr. Dickinson states that he has seen 10 ewt. of bark obtained from a single tree of gigantic dimensions. The rate of growth of the tree is about 1 inch in diameter of stem annu- ally. It is content with the poorest and driest or sandy soil, although in more fertile ground it shows greater rapidity of growth. This Acacia is perhaps the most important of all tan-yielding trees of the warm temperate zones, for its strength in tannic acid, its rapidity of growth, its contented- ness with almost any soil, for the ease with which it can be reared and for its early yield of tanner’s bark, and indeed also gum and stave-wood. The variety dealbata (Acacia dealbata, Link) is generally known amongst Australian colonists as Silver Wattle. It prefers for its habitation humid river-banks, and attains there a height of sometimes 150 feet, supplying a clear and tough timber used by coopers and other artisans, but principally serving as select fuel of great heating power. The bark of this variety is much thinner and greatly inferior to the Black Wattle in quality, yielding only about half the quantity of tanning principle. It is chiefly employed for lighter leather. This tree is distinguished from the Black Wattle by the sil- very or rather ashy hue of its young foliage; it flowers early in spring, ripening its seeds in about 5 months, while the Black Wattle blossoms late in spring or at the beginning of summer, and its seeds do not mature before about 14 months. Acacia falcata, Willdenow. East Australia. One of the best of trees for raising a woody vegetation on drift-sand, as particularly proved at the Cape of Good Hope. Important also for its bark in tanneries, Acacia Farnesiana, Willdenow. Dioscorides’ small Acacia. Indigenous to South Asia; found westward as far as Japan ; a native also of the warmer parts of Australia, as far south as the Darling River ; found spon- taneously in tropical and sub-tropical America, but apparently not in tropical Africa. Professor Fraas has recognised in this Acacia the ancient plant. The scented flowers are much sought after for perfumery. This may also be utilised as a hedge plant, and a kind of gum-arabic may be obtained from it. Acacia fasciculifera, F. v. Mueller. South Queensland. Seventy feet high, branches pendent. Desirable for culture on account of the excellence of its easily- worked dark wood, IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 5 Acacia glaucescens, Willdenow. Queensland and New South Wales. Extreme height about 60 feet. A kind of Myall, with hard, dark, prettily grained, but less scented wood than that of some other species. Acacia harpophylla, F. v. Mueller. Southern Queensland, where this tree, according to Mr, Thozet, furnishes a considerable share of the mercantile wattle bark for tanning purposes. Wood, according to Mr. O’Shanesy, brown, hard, heavy and elastic, used by the natives for spears. Mr. Thozet observes that the tree attains sometimes a height of 90 feet, growing naturally on sand lands, almost to the exclusion of other trees and shrubs, furnishing wood of a violet odour, splitting freely and used for fancy turnery. The tree yields also considerable quantities of gum. Acacia homalophylla, Cunningham. The Victorian Myall, extending into the deserts of New South Wales. The dark-brown wood is much sought for turners’ work on account of its solidity and fragrance; perhaps its most extensive use is in the manufacture of tobacco pipes. Never a tall tree. Acacia horrida, Willdenow. The Doornboom or Karra-Doorn of South Africa. A formid- able hedge bush with thorns often 3 inches long, readily ‘available for impenetrable hedge copses. It exudes also a good kind of gum, but often of amber colour: so A. Giraffe, Burchell, which attains a great age; the trunk assumes a large size, furnishing a wood of great hardness. Acacia implexa, Bentham. Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland. A tree of middle size, content with poor soil. Wood firm and close, dark brown with yellowish stripes; much in demand for turnery, cog- wheels, and other purposes which need tenacity and strength (Dickinson). Bark available for tanneries. Acacia longifolia, Willdenow. South-Eastern Australia. This tree is introduced into this list inasmuch as the very bushy variety known as A. Sophora (R. Brown) renders most important services in subduing loose coast-sand ; it should therefore be disseminated on extensively bare sand-shores. To the recommendations of this bush can be added that it grows so quickly. The bark of A. longifolia is 6 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE only half as good as that of A. decurrens for tanning, and used chiefly for sheep-skins. The tree is, however, also of quick growth—20 to 30 feet in 5 to 6 years (Hartmann). Acacia macrantha, Bentham. From Mexico to Argentina ; also in the Galapagos group. This tree, usually small, provides the “ Cuji-pods” for tanning (Simmonds). Acacia melanoxylon, R. Brown.* The well-known Blackwood of our river flats and moist forest valleys, passing also under the inappropriate name of Light Wood. In irrigated glens of deep soil the tree will attain a height of 80 feet, with a stem several feet in diameter. The wood is most valuable for furniture, railway carriages, boat- building, casks, billiard tables, pianofortes (for sound-boards and actions), and numerous other purposes. The fine-grained. wood is cut into veneers. It takes a fine polish, and is con- sidered almost equal to Walnut. Our best wood for bending under steam. The air-dried bark contains from 15 to 28 per cent. tannin. For further details refer to the volumes of the Melbourne Exhibitions of 1862 and 1867, Acacia microbotrya, Bentham. In the waterless interior of South-West Australia. The ‘‘ Bad-jong.”” A comparatively tall species, which, according to Mr. Geo. Whitfield, produces often 50 lbs. of gum from one tree in a season. The aborigines store the gum in hollow trees for winter use ; it is of a pleasant, sweetish taste. Acacia pendula, All. Cunningham. New South Wales and Queensland. Generally in marshy tracts of the interior. One of the Myall trees. Acacia penninervis, Sieber. Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. A small tree, so hardy as to occupy sub-alpine localities. The bark contains about 18 per cent. of tannin. Acacia pycnantha, Bentham.* Victoria and South Australia. The Golden or Green Wattle of the colonists. This tree, which attains a maximum height of about 30 feet, is second perhaps only to A. decurrens in importance for its yield of tanner’s bark ; the quality of the latter is even sometimes superior to that of the Black Wattle, IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 7 but its yield is less, as the tree is smaller and the bark thinner. It is of rapid growth, content with almost any soil, but is gen- erally found in poor sandy ground near the sea-coast, and thus also important for binding rolling sand. Experiments instituted by me have proved the artificially dried bark to contain from 30 to 45 per cent. tanning principle, full-grown sound trees supplying the best quality. The aqueous infusion of the bark can be reduced by boiling to a dry extract, which in medicinal and other respects is equal to the best Indian catechu, as derived from Acacia catechu and A.suma. It yields about 30 per cent,, about half of which or more is mimosa-tannic acid. This ecatechu is also of great use for preserving against decay articles subject to exposure in water, such as ropes, nets, fishing- lines, &c. While, according to Mr. Simmons, the import of the bark of oaks, hemlock-spruce, into England becomes every year less, and while the import of sumach and gambir does not increase, the annual demand for tanning substance has since the last twenty years been doubled. A. pyenantha is also important for its copious yield of gum, which is in some localities advantageously collected for home consumption and also for export. By improved methods the fragrant oil of the flowers would doubtless be fixed, though its absolute isolation might be difficult and unremunerative. Acacia retinodes, Schlechtendal. South-East Australia. Ascertained already in 1846 by Dr. Hermann Behr to yield a good tanner’s bark and much gum. This Acacia is ever-flowering, and in this respect quite excep- tional. It likes river banks, but never grows beyond the height of a small tree. Acacia saligna, Wendland.* South-West Australia, where it is the principal tree chosen for tanner’s bark. It is a wide-spreading small tree, fit for avenues. The bark contains nearly 30 per cent. of mimosa-tannin, and is extensively used, by tanners in West Australia. The tree has proved in Algeria to resist the sirocco better than most species (Dr. Bonand). A. cyanophylla (Lindley) is a closely allied species, serving the same purposes. Acacia Seyal, Delile. In the Libyan and Nubian deserts. This thorny tree exudes a brownish kind of gum-arabic. It is adapted for the most arid desert country. In any oasis it forms a large and shady tree. Native name “ Soffar.” 8 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Acacia stenophylla, A. Cunningham, On banks of water-courses in the interior of Australia, as far south as the Murray River. A tree with exquisite, hard, dark wood, serving like Myall-wood. Acacia Verek, Guillemin & Perrottet. From Senegambia to Nubia. Affords the best white gum-arabic of the Nile region, and a large quantity of this commercial article. A. Htbaica (Schweinf.) and A. Stenocarpa (Hochst.) from the same region produce also a good mercantile gum. Acanthosicyos horrida, Welwitsch. In the deserts of Angola, Benguela, and Damarland. This thorny, cucurbitaceous, erect shrub bears fruits of orange size and colour, of pleasant acidulous taste. The seeds are also edible. The plant will live in the most arid desert land, and is one of the few which resist the scorching effects of even the sirocco. Acer campestre, Linné. The British Maple. Extends from Middle Europe to North Asia. Height 40 feet, in shelter and deep soil ; the yellow and purple tints of its foliage in autumn render the tree then parti- cularly beautiful. The wood is compact and fine-grained, and sought for choice furniture. The tree can be trimmed for hedge- growth. Comparatively quick of growth, and easily raised from seed. These remarks apply to many kinds of Maples. Acer dasycarpum, Ehbrhart. The White Maple of North America. Likes rather a warmer climate than the other American Maples, and therefore parti-. cularly desirable for us here. Height 50 feet; wood pale and soft, stem sometimes 9 feet in diameter. Much praised for street-planting ; growth comparatively rapid. It produces no suckers, nor is the tree subject to disease. A most beautiful tree, with a stout stem and a magnificent crown, growing best on the banks of rivers with limpid water and a gravelly bed, but never in swampy ground, where the Red Maple takes its place. The wood is of less strength and durability than that of its congeners, but produces excellent charcoal. The tree also yields Maple-sugar, though not in such quantity as A. saccha- rinum. Acer macrophyllum, Pursh. Large Oregon Maple. Tree up to 90 feet high, of quick IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 9 growth ; stem attaining 16 feet in circumference ; wood whitish, beautifully veined. A beautiful shade-tree ; delights on banks of streams. The inner bark can be utilised for baskets and superior mats; the wood is a substitute for hickory. The curled wood is splendid for ornamental work. Acer Negundo, Linné. The Box Elder of North America. A tree, deciduous like the rest of the Maples; attains a height of about 50 feet, and is rich in saccharine sap; according to Vasey it contains almost as much as the Sugar Maple. Proved well adapted for our coun- try. In California it is used extensively as a shade-tree. Cul- tivated, the stem attains about 8 inches in diameter in 8 years (Brewer). The wvod is yellow, marked with violet and rosy veins (Simmonds). Acer niveum, Blume. Continental and Insular India, up on the forest ranges. This is the tallest of the Maples, attaining a height of 150 feet. Several other large Maples worthy of cultivation, particularly in parks, occur on the mountains of India. Acer palmatum, Thunberg. This beautiful tree, with deeply cleft leaves, is indigenous to Japan, where various varieties with red- and yellow-tinged leaves occur. Should it be an aim to bring together all the kinds of Maples, which could be easily grown in appropriate spots, then Japan alone would furnish 25 species. Acer platanoides, Linné. The Norway Maple, extending south to Switzerland. Up to 70 feet high. The pale wood much used by cabinet-makers. Tint of the autumn foliage golden yellow. A tree of imposing appearance, much recommended for ornamental gardening ; it gives a denser shade than most of the other Maples. Acer pseudo-platanus, Linné. Middle and South Europe, West Asia. The Sycamore Maple or Spurious Plane. Attains a height of over 100 feet. The wood is compact and firm, valuable for various implements, instruments, and cabinet-work ;—for instance, for mangles, presses, dishes, printing and bleaching works, beetling beams, and in foundries for patterns (Simmonds). It furnishes like some other Maples a superior charcoal. Will admit of exposure to sea air. The sap also saccharine. 10 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Acer rubrum, Linné. The Red Maple of North America. A tree, attaining 80 feet ; wood close-grained. Grows well with several other Maples, even in dry, open localities, although the foliage may somewhat suffer from hot winds, but thrives most luxuriantly in swampy, fertile soil. It is valued for street-planting. The foliage turns red in autumn. The wood is of handsome appearance, used in considerable quantity for saddle-trees, yokes, chairs, and other furniture. That of old trees is sometimes cross-grained, and thus furnishes a portion of the curled Maple-wood, which is very beautiful and much in request for gun-stocks and inlay- ing. The tree yields also Maple-sugar, but, like A. dasycarpum, only in about half the quantity obtainable from A. saccharinum (Porcher). Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim.* The Sugar or Rock Maple; one of the largest of the genus. It is the national emblem of Canada. In the colder Ilati- tudes of North America 80 feet high. The wood is strong, tough, hard, close-grained, of rosy tinge, and when well seasoned used for axle-trees, spokes, shafts, poles, and furniture; when knotty or curly it furnishes the Birdseye and Curly Maple-wood. In the depth of winter the trees, when tapped, will yield the saccharine fluid, which is so extensively converted into Maple- sugar, each tree yielding 2 to 4 lbs. a year. The trees can be tapped for very many years in succession, without injury. According to Porcher, instances are on record of 38 lbs. of sugar having been obtained from a single tree in one season. ~ The tapping process commences towards the end of winter, The Sugar Maple is rich in potash, furnishing a large propor- tion of this article in the United States. The bark is an important constituent in several of the American dyes. The tree is particularly recommended for our Alpine regions. It bears a massive head of foliage on a slender stem. The au- tumnal colouring is superb. In the eastern states of North America the Sugar Maple is regarded as the best tree for shade- avenues. Numerous other Maples exist, among which as the tallest may be mentioned Acer Creticum, L., of South Europe, 40 feet; A. levigatum, A. sterculiaceum, and A. villosum, Wallich, of Nepal, 50 feet; A. pictum, Thunb., of Japan, 30 feet. Achillea millefolium, Linné. Yarrow or Millfoil. Europe, Northern Asia, and North America, A perennial medicinal herb of considerable astringency, per- IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. ll vaded with essential oil, containing also a bitter principle (achillein) and a peculiar acid, which takes its name from the generic appellation of the plant. Achillea moschata, Wulfen. Alps of Europe. The Genipi or Iva of the Alpine inhabitants. This perennial herb ought to be transferredto our snowy moun- tains. With the allied A. nana (Ti.) and A. atrata (L.), it enters as a component into the aromatic medicinal Swiss tea. Many species of this genus, including the Yarrow, are whole- some to sheep. A. fragrantissima (Reichenbach) is a shrubby aa from the deserts of Egypt, valuable for its medicinal owers. Achras sapota, Linné. The Sapodilla Plum of West India and Central Continental America. A fine evergreen tree, producing delicious fruit. Achras Australis, a tree yielding also tolerably good fruit, occurs in New South Wales. Other sapotaceous trees, producing table-fruit, such as the Lucuma mammosa (the Marmalade Tree), Lucuma Bonplandi, Chrysophyllum Cainito (the Star Apple), all from West India; and Lucuma Cainito of Peru, might also be subjected to trial culture in our forest valleys ; so furthermore many of the trees of this order, from which gutta-percha is obtained (species of Dichopsis TIsonandra, Sideroxylon, Cacosmanthus, Bassia, Mimusops, and Imbricaria Payenia), would prove hardy in sheltered woodlands, as they seem to need rather an equable, humid, mild clime, than the heat of the torrid zone. Aconitum Napellus, Linné. The Monk’s Hood. In the colder, especially mountainous, parts of Europe and Northern Asia. A powerful medicinal plant of perennial growth, but sometimes only of biennial duration, variable in its forms. It was first introduced into Australia, together with a number of other Aconits, by the writer of this communication. All the species possess more or less modified medicinal qualities, as well in their herb as in their root; but so dangerously powerful are they, that the plants can only he administered by the exercise of legitimate medical practice. Napellus root, according to Dr. Wittstein, contains three alka- loids: aconitin, napellin, and narcotin. The foliage contains also a highly acrid, volatile principle, perhaps chemically not unlike that of many other Ranunculaces. Aconitin, one of the most potent of any of the medicinal substances in existence, 12 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE can likewise be obtained from the Nepalese Aconitum ferox, and probably from several other species of the genus. Acorus Calamus, Linné. The Sweet Flag. Europe, Middle and North Asia, North America. A perennial pond or lake plant. The somewhat aromatic root is used as a stomachic, and also in the preparation of confectionery, in the distillation of gin and liqueurs, and in the brewing of some kinds of beer. The flavour of the root depends mainly on a peculiar volatile oil. Acrocomia mexicana, Karwinski. Mexico ; also in the cooler regions up to 3,000 feet. (Middle temperature, 17° Celsius; Drude.) A prickly palm, 20 feet high, aceempanied by very slender Chamzdora-Palms in the shade of Oak-forests. Actza spicata, Linné. The Baneberry. On forest mountains, mainly in limestone soil of Europe, North Asia, and North America. A perennial medi- cinal herb. Its virtue depends on peculiar acrid and bitter as well as tonic principles. In North America this species, and likewise A. alba, are also praised as efficacious antidotes against ophidian poisons. Adenostemum nitidum, Persoon. South Chili, where this stately tree passes by the appellations Queule, Nuble, and Aracua. Wood durable and beautifully veined. Fruit edible. Adesmia balsamica, Bertero. The Jarilla of Chili. A small shrub, remarkable for exuding a fragrant balsam of some technic value. Mgiceras majus, Gaertner. South Asia, Polynesia, North and East Australia. This spuri- ous mangrove tree extends far south in New South Wales. It may be employed for staying the off-flow of mud by the tide, and for thus consolidating shores subject to inundation by sea-floods. Aischynomene aspera, Linné. The Solah of tropical Asia. A large perennial erect or floating swamp-plant. ‘Introduced from the Botanic Gardens of Mel- bourne into the tropical parts of Australia. The pith hats are IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 13 made from the young stems of this plant. It is also a sub- stitute for cork in various appliances. The Solah is of less importance for cultivation than for naturalisation. Asculus flava, Aiton. North America. This showy tree rises to 60 feet. The wood is light, soft, and porous, not inclined to split or crack in dry- ing. It is valuable for troughs, bread-trays, wooden bowls, shuttles (Simmons). Asculus Hippocastanum, Linné. The Horse-Chestnut Tree. Indigenous to Central Asia. One of the most showy of deciduous trees, more particularly when during spring “it has reached the meridian of its glory, and stands forth in all the gorgeousness of leaves and blossoms.” Height 60 feet. Circumference of stem up to 16 feet. It will succeed in sandy soil on sheltered spots ; the wood adapted for furniture; the seeds a food for various domestic animals ; the bark a good tanning material. The wood remains free from insects. The tree ascends the Himalayas up to 10,000 feet. A variety is known with thornless fruits. Three species occur in Japan, and several, but none of great height, in North America and South Asia. — AKsculus Indica, Colebrooke. . In the Himalayas, from 3,500 to 9,000 feet, Height finally 50 feet; trunk comparatively short, occasionally with a girth of 25 feet.. Never quite without leaves. Can be used like the Horse-Chestnut as an ornamental shade-tree. Agaricus Cesareus, Schaeffer. In the Spruce-forests of Middle and South Europe. Trials might be made to naturalise this long-famed and highly deli- cious Mushroom in our forests. It attains a width of nearly one foot, and is of a magnificent orange colour. Numerous other edible Agaries could doubtless be brought into this country by the mere dissemination of the spores at apt localities. As large or otherwise specially eligible may here be mentioned A. extinctorius L., A. melleus Vahl., A deliciosus L., A. giganteus Sowerby, A. Cardarella Fr., A. Marzuolus Fr., A. eryngii Cand., A. splendens Pers., A. odorus Bulliard, A. auricula Cand., A. oreades Bolt., A. esculentus Wulf., A. mouceron Tratt., A. socialis Cand., all from Europe, besides numerous other highly valuable species from other parts of the globe. Professor Goeppert adds as edible species sold. in 14 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Silesia and other parts of Germany: A. decorus Fries, A. fusipes Bull, A. gambosus Fries, A. procerus Scop., A. scorodo- nius Fries, A. silvaticus Schaef., A. virgineus Wulf., A. volemus Fries, besides the almost cosmopolitan A. campestris Linné. Mushroom beds are best made from horse-manure, mixed with 3 loam, the scattering of the spawn (spores) to be effected when the temperature of the hot-bed has become reduced to 85° F., the sowing of the mushroom fragments to be made 3 inches deep and 4 inches apart; one inch sifted loam over the damp bed and some hay to cover the whole. After two . months, mushrooms can be gathered from the bed. In Japan mushrooms are reared on decayed split logs. Puff balls are also edible and some of them delicious (Meehan). Agaricus flammeus, Fries. In Cashmere a large and excellent edible mushroom (Dr. Aitchison). Agaricus ostreatus, Jacquin. On trunks chiefly of deciduous trees throughout Europe. The delicious Oyster Mushroom, renowned since antiquity (Fries). Agave Americana, Linné. The gigantic Aloe of Central America. It comes here into flower in about ten years. The pithy stem can be utilised for some of the purposes for which cork is usually employed,—for instance, to form the bottoms of insect-cases. The honey- sucking birds and the bees are very fond of the flowers of this prodigious plant. The leaves of this and some other Agaves, such as A. Mexicana, furnish the strong Pita-fibre, which is adapted for ropes, and even for beautiful textile fabrics. The strength of ropes of this fibre is considerably greater than that of hemp ropes, as well in as out of water. The leaves contain saponin. The sap can be converted into alcohol, and thus the « Pulque” beverage is prepared from the young flower-stem. Where space and circumstances admit of it, impenetrable hedges may be raised in the course of some years from Agaves. Agave rigida, Miller. (4. Iztli, Karwinsky.) Yucatan. The Chelem, Henequen, and Sacci of the Mexicans, furnishing the Sisal hemp. Drs. Perrine, Scott, and Engel- mann indicate several varieties of this stately plant, the fibre being therefore also variable, both in quantity and quality. The yield of fibre begins in four or five years, and lasts for half a century or more, the plant being prevented from flower- ing by cutting away its flower stalk when very young. The IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 15 leaves are from 2 to 6 feet long and 2 to 6 inches wide; the flower-stem attains a height of 25 feet, the panicle of flowers about 8 feet long, bearing in abundance bulb-like buds. Other large species of Agave, all fibre-yielding, are A. antillarum (Descourtil) from Hayti; A. Parryi (Engel- mann) from New Mexico; A. Palmeri (Engelmann) from South Arizona, up to an elevation of 6,000 feet. Agriophyllum gobicum. Eastern Asia. The “Soulkir” of the Mongols. Przevalsky says that this plant affords a great part of the vegetable food of the Ala-Shan nomads. Several other annual salsolaceous herbs belong to the genus Agriophylium. Agrostis alba, Linné. The Fiori or White Bent-Grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia, North Africa, North America. Perennial, showing a predilection for moisture; can be grown on peat soil. It is the Herd-Grass of the United States. It is valuable as an admixture to many other grasses, as it becomes available at the season, when some of them fail. Sinclair regards it as a pasture-grass inferior to Festuca pratensis and Dactylis glomerata, but superior to Alopecurus pratensis. The variety with long suckers (A. stolonifera) is best adapted for sandy pastures, and helps to bind shifting sand on the sea-coast, or broken soil on river banks. It has a predilection for moisture, and luxuriates even on saline wet soil or periodically inundated places, as well observed by Langethal. It is more a grass for cattle-country than for sheep pasture, but wherever it is to grow the soil must be penetrable. Its turf on coast-meadows is particularly dense and of remarkable fineness. For sowing only one-sixth of the weight of the seeds, as compared with those of the Rye-Grass, is needed. Agrostis rubra, Linné. (4. dorealis, Hartmann.) Northern Europe, Asia and America. A perennial grass called Red-top, and also Herd-Grass in the United States of North America. Mr. Meehan places it for its value as pasture among grasses cultivated there next after Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis (the latter there called Blue Grass), and before Dactylis glomerata (the Orchard-Grass of the United States). Agrostis scabra, Willdenow.* The Hair-Grass of North America. Recently recommended as one of the best lawn grasses, forming a dense turf. It will grow even on poor gravelly soil, and endure drought as well 16 Agrostis Solandri, F. v. Mueller. SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE as extreme cold, Its fine roots and suckers spread rapidly, forming soon dense matted sods (according to Dr. Channing). It starts into new growth immediately after being cut, is for its sweetness picked by pasture animals preferentially, has proved one of the best grasses for dairy ground, and sup- presses weeds like Hordeum secalinum. One bushel" of‘seed to an acre is used for pasture-land ; two bushels suffice for lawns. Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. Produces a large quantity of sweet fodder in damp localities (Bailey). Agrostis vulgaris, Withering. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, North America. One of the perennial grasses, which disseminate themselves with celerity, even over the worst of sandy soils. Though not a tall grass, it may be destined to contribute perhaps with Aira canescens and others largely to the grazing capabilities of desert lands; yet it will thrive also even in moist soil and Alpine regions, and is essentially a grass for sheep-country. Ailantus glandulosa, Linné. South East Asia. A hardy, deciduous tree, 60 feet high, of rather rapid growth and of very imposing aspect in any land- scape. Particularly valuable on account of its leaves, which afford food toa silkworm (Bombyx Cynthia) peculiar to this tree ; wood extremely durable, pale yellow, of silky lustre when planed, and therefore valued for joimers’ work; it is tougher than oak or elm, easily worked, and not liable to split or warp. In South Europe planted for avenues. For this purpose prevailingly staminate trees are not eligible on account of the strong odour of the flowers. Valuable also for reclaiming coast- sands, and to this end easily propagated by suckers and frag- ments of roots according to Professor Sargent. The growth of the tree is quick even in poor soil, but more so in somewhat calcareous bottoms. Thrives on chalk (Vasey). Professor Meehan states that it interposes the spread of the rosebug, to which the tree is destructive. Aira cespitosa, Linné. Widely dispersed over the globe. A rough fodder grass, best utilised for laying dry any moist meadows. Albizzia bigemina, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium bigeminum, Martius.) India, up to Sikkim and Nepal, ascending in Ceylon to 4,000 IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 17 feet. Available for our forests on account of its peculiar dark- and hard wood. Another congener, A. subcoriacea (Pithecolo- bium subcoriaceum, Thwaites), from the mountains of India is deserving, with numerous other tall species, of cultivation. Albizzia dulcis, F.v. Mueller. (Pithecolobinm dulce, Bentham.) Mexico. A valuable hedge plant. The sweet pulp of tie pod is wholesome. Albizzia Julibrissin, Durazzini. From the Caucasus to Japan. A favourite ornamental shade- acacia in South Europe. Albizzia latisiliqua, F. v. Mueller. (Lysiloma latisiliqua, Bentham.) Tropical America. A large spreading tree; diameter of trunk to 3 feet; wood excellent for select cabmet-work, excelling, according to Nuttall, the Mahogany in its variable shining tints, which appear like watered satin; it is white, hard, and close-grained. Albizzia Lebbek, Bentham. The Siris Acacia of South and Middle Asia, North Africa. Available as a shade tree. It produces also a good deal of gum. Albizzia lophantha, Benth. (Acacia lophantha, Willdenow.} South-West Australia. One of the most rapidly growing trees for copses and first temporary shelter in exposed localities, but never attaining to the size of a real tree. It produces seeds abundantly, which germinate most easily, For the most desolated places, especially in desert tracts, it is of great importance to create quickly shade, shelter, and copious vegeta- tion. Cattle browse on the leaves. The bark contains only about 8 per cent. mimosa-tannin; but Mr. Rummel found in the dry root about 10 per cent. of saponin, valuable in silk and wool factories. Saponin also occurs in Xylia dolabriformis of South Asia. In Australia found better still than the Broom- bush for shelter of new forest plantations in open sand-lands. Albizzia Saman, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobinm Saman, Bentham.). Mexico, A lofty tree, particularly valuable for wet saline country. The pulpy pods are edible. Albizzia stipulata, Bentham. ; South Asia to the Himalayas and China, An umbrageous tree of easy culture. B 18 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Alchemilla vulgaris, Linné. Europe, West Asia, Arctic North America, Alpine Australia. This perennial herb is important for moist dairy pastures. The same can be said of other congeners; for instance, A. alpina L., from the coldest parts of Europe, North Asia, and North America; A. Capensis (Thunberg) and A. elongata (Ecklon and Zeyher) of South Africa, some Abyssinian species, as well as 4. pinnata (Ruiz and Pavon) and other congeners of the Andes. Aletris farinosa, Linné. The Colic Root of the woodlands of North America. _ This pretty herb is of extreme bitterness, and can be medicinally administered as a tonic. Aleurites cordata, R. Brown. From Japan to Nepal, also in Bourbon. This tree for its beauty and durable wood deserves cultivation in our plantations in humid districts. The oil of the seeds serves as varnish. Perhaps, in localities free of frost, it would be of sufficiently quick growth. Aleurites triloba, R. and G. Forster. The Candlenut Tree, a native of the tropics of both hemispheres, which furnishes a valuable dye from its fruits, and copious oil from its seeds. I found the tree barely able to endure the winters of Melbourne. Alibertia edulis, A. Richard. Guiana and Brazil, southward to extra-tropic latitudes, widely dispersed through the drier regions. The fruit of this shrub is edible and known as “ Marmeladinha.” A. Melloana (J. Hooker), of South Brazil, seems to serve the same purpose. Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch. On sandy places around the Mediterranean Sea. It yields the Alkanna root used for dyeing oleaginous and other substances. It might be naturalised. Can be grown in almost pure sand. Allium Canadense, Kalm. : North American Garlic. Could be cultivated or naturalised on moist meadows for the sake of its top bulbs, which are much sought for pickles of superior flavour. 1 ! Allium roseum, Linné. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This, with Allium IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 19 Neapolitanum (Cyrillo), one of its companions, yields edible roots, according to Heldreich. Allium Schenoprasum, Linné. The Chives. Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. Available for salads and condiments. This species of Allium seems not yet so generally adopted in our culinary cultivation as Allium Ascalonicum (the Shallot), A. Cepa (the ordinary Onion), A. fistulosum (the Welsh Onion), A. Porrum (the Leek), and A. sativum (the Garlic). A. Scorodoprasum, or the Sand Leek of Europe and North Africa, resembles both Garlic and Shallot. A. Ampeloprasum is the British Leek, which extends over Middle and South Europe and West Asia, called in culture the Summer Leek, a variety of which is the Early Pearl Leek. Alnus glutinosa, Gaertner. The ordinary Alder. Throughout Europe and extra-tropical Asia, up to 70 feet high ; well adapted for river banks, recom- mended by Wessely for wet valleys in coast-sand; wood soft and light, turning red, furnishing one of the best char- coals for gunpowder; it is also durable under water, and adapted for turners’ and joiners’ work. The wood is also well suited for pump-trees and other underground work, as it will harden almost like stone. The tree is valuable for the utilis- ation of bog-land. A. incana (Willd.) extends to North America; it is of smaller size. The bark of several Alders is of great medicinal value, and a decoction will give to cloth saturated with lye an indelible orange colour (Porcher) ; it contains a peculiar tannic principle. American Alder extract has come into use for tanning; it renders skins particularly firm, mellow, and well coloured (Eaton). The bark contains 36 per cent. tannin (Muspratt). A. Oregana, Nuttall, of California and Oregon, rises to a height of 80 feet. Alnus nepalensis, D. Don. Himalayas, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet. Reaches a height of 60 feet. With another Himalayan Alder, A. nitida (Endlicher), it can be grown along streams for the sake of its wood. = Aloe dichotoma, Linné, fil. Damara and Namaqua-land. This species attains a height of 30 feet, and expands occasionally with its branches so far as to give a circumference of 40 feet. The stem is remarkably 20 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE smooth, with a girth sometimes of 12 feet. It is a yellow flowering species. A. Bainesii (Baker & Dyer) is almost as gigantic as the foregoing. Both doubtless yield medical gum- resin like many others. A. Barbers, which is closely related to A. Zeyheri, attains in Caffraria a height of 40 feet, with a stem 16 feet in circumference at 3 feet from the ground. Aloe ferox, Miller. South Africa. This species yields the best Cape Aloe, as observed by Dr. Pappe. The simply inspissated juice of the leaves of the various species of this genus constitutes the Aloe drug. It is best obtained by using neither heat nor pressure for extracting the sap. By re-dissolving the aqueous part in cold water, and reducing the liquid through boiling to dryness the extract of aloes is prepared. All species are highly valu- able, and can be used, irrespective of their medicinal import- ance, to beautify any rocky or otherwise arid spot. Aloe linguiformis, Miller. South Africa. According to Thunberg, from this species the purest gum-resin is obtained. Aloe plicatilis, Miller. South Africa. The drug of this species acts milder than that of A. ferox. Aloe purpurascens, Haworth. South Africa. Another of the plants which furnish the Cape aloe of commerce. .The South African Aloe arborescens (Miller) and A. Commelyni (Willdenow) are also drawn into use for aloe, according to Baillon, Saunders, and Hanbury. Aloe socotrina, Lamarck. (4. vera, Linné.) Hills of the Island of Socotra. Extending as a native plant along the Red Sea and the shores of India. Also cultivated in Barbadoes and elsewhere, thus yielding the Socotrin aloe and Moka aloe. Aloe spicata, Thunberg. South Africa. This also provides Cape aloe. It is an exceed- ingly handsome plant. Aloe vulgaris, Lamarck. The Yellow-flowered Aloe. Countries around the Mediter- ranean Sea, also Canary Islands, on the sandy .or rocky sea- IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 21 coast. Such places could also here readily be utilised for this and allied plants. Dr. Sibthorp identified this species with the Adén of Dioscorides; hence it is not probable that A. vulgaris is simultaneously also of American origin, although it Is cultivated in the Antilles, and furnishes from thence the main supply of the Barbadoes aloe. In East India this species also seemingly only exists in a cultivated state. Haworth found the leaves of this and of A. striata softer and more succulent than those of. any other aloe. It is said to be the only species with yellow flowers among those early known. It is also this species only which Professor Willkomm and Professor Parlatore record as truly wild in Spain and Italy. Aloe Zeyheri, Harvey. South Africa. A magnificent, very tall species; doubtless valuable like the rest. Aloexylon Agallochum, Loureiro. Cochin-China, on the highest mountains. The precious aloe wood, so famed for its balsamic fragrance and medicinal pro- perties, is derived from this tree. Alopecurus bulbosus, Linné. Middle and South Europe. An important grass for salt marshes. Alopecurus geniculatus, Linné. Europe, Asia, North Africa. A good fodder-grass for swampy ground ; easily naturalised. _Alopecurus pratensis, Linné.* Meadow Foxtail-Grass. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia. One of the best of perennial pasture-grasses, It attains to its full perfection only after a few years of growth, as noticed by Sinclair. For this reason it is not equal to Dactylis glomerata for the purpose of changing crops. Other- wise it is more nutritious than the latter, although the annual return in Britain proved less. Sheep thrive well on it, Sinclair and others found that this grass, when exclusively combined with white clover, will support from the sécond season five ewes and five lambs on an acre of sandy loam. But this grass, to thrive well, needs land not altogether dry. In all permanent artificial pastures this Alopecurus should form one of the prin- cipal ingredients, because it is so lasting and so nutritive. In our Alpine regions it would also prove prolific, and might 22 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE convert many places there gradually into summer pastures. It is early flowering, and likes the presence of lime in the soil. Alstonia constricta, F. v.’ Mueller. Warmer parts of East Australia, particularly in the dry inland districts. The bark of this small tree is aromatic bitter, and regarded as valuable in ague, also as a general tonic. It is allied to the Dita bark of India and North-Eastern Australia from Alstonia scholaris, R. Brown, and produces a peculiar alkaloid, alstonin (Baron von Mueller and L. Rummel). See Wittstein’s Organic Constituents of Plants (edit. Muell. 1878, p- 830). Alstremeria pallida, Graham. Chili. Palatable starch can be obtained from the root of this plant, which, for its loveliness alone, deserves a place in any garden. The tubers of others of the numerous Alstremerias can doubtless be utilised in a similar technic manner. Althea officinalis, Linné. The Real Marsh-Mallow. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia. A tall perennial herb, with handsome flowers. The mucilaginous root and also the foliage are used for medi- cinal purposes, The plant succeeds best on damp, somewhat saline soil, Amarantus Blitum, Linné. South Europe, North Africa, South-West Asia. This annual herb is a favourite plant among allied ones for spinage; but not only species of this genus, but also many other Amaran- tacee serve as culinary herbs. The dried plant contains 10 to 12 per cent. nitrate of potash. It arrives at maturity in two to three months, producing on good soil about 4: tons per acre, equal to about 400 lbs. saltpetre. “A. cruentus L., A. hypochondri- acus L., and A. caudatus L., are cultivated in Ceylon. A. fru- mentaceus, Hamilt., is closely allied to the first one mentioned, and attains 6 feet on slopes of mountains, when cultivated in South India for food-grain. The leaves serve as a vegetable. Amarantus paniculatus, Linné. In tropical countries of Asia and also America. An annual herb, yielding half a pound of floury nutritious seeds on a square yard of ground in three months, according to Roxburgh. Extensively cultivated in India, IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 23 Amelanchier Botryapium, Candolle. The Grape-Pear of North America. This handsome fruit tree attains a height of 30 feet. The purplish or almost black fruits are small, but of pleasant subacid taste, and ripen early in the season. It bears abundantly, so much so that Mr. Adams of Ohio calculated the yield at 300 bushels per acre annually, if the variety oblongifolia is chosen. It is the Dwarf June-berry of North America. This bush or tree will live in sandsoil ; but it is one of those hardy kinds particularly eligible for our Alps. Amyris terebinthifolia, Tenore. Brazil. Is perfectly hardy in Victoria and is content in dry ground without any irrigation. It proved one of the best among the smaller avenue trees, is beautifully spreading and umbrageous, and probably of medicinal value. Anacyclus Pyrethrum, Candolle. Countries near the Mediterranean Sea. The root of this perennial herb is used medicinally. Andropogon argenteus, Candolle. Pronounced by Leybold to be one of the best fodder-grasses of the Cordilleras of Chili. Andropogon australis, Sprengel. (Sorghum plumosum, Beauvois.) Tropical and also eastern extra-tropic Australia as far south as Gippsland. Brought under notice by Mr. Ch. Moore as an admirable perennial pasture-grass. The allied A. tropicus, Sprengel (Sorghum fulvum, Beauv.), of tropical Australia, South Asia, China, and Japan, serves similar purposes. Andropogon avenaceus, Michaux. (Sorghum avenaceum, Willd.) North and Central America. This tall perennial grass lives in ary, sandy soil, and should here be tried for growth of | fodder. Andropogon bicolor, Roxburgh. . Warmer parts of Asia. One of the annual tall Sorghums. It ripens its seeds in three or four months from the time of sowing, the produce in good soil being often upwards of one hundredfold. It is a wholesome grain. Andropogon Calamus, Royle. Central India. The Sweet Calamus of the Ancients. From 24 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE this species the Gingergrass Oil of Nemaur is distilled, an article much used in perfumery. Andropogon cernuus, Roxburgh.* (Sorghum cernuum, Willd.) One of the Guinea-Corns. India, where it is much culti- vated, and so also in other tropical countries. It is perennial, and forms the “staff of life” of the mountaineers beyond Bengal. It reaches a height of 15 feet, with leaves over 3 feet long. The thick stems are rooting at the lower joints, and cattle are very fond of them. The grain is white. The specific limits of the various Sorghums are not well ascertained, Andropogon citratus, Candolle. The Lemon Grass of India. It yields an essential oil for perfumery ; besides it is occasionally used for tea. This applies as well to Andropogon Nardus, L., and some allied grasses. Andropogon ‘erianthoides, F. v. Mueller. Eastern Sub-tropical Australia. Mr. Bailey observes of this perennial grass that “it would be difficult to find a grass superior for fodder to this; it produces a heavy crop of rich, sweet, succulent herbage ; it spreads freely from roots and seeds, and shoots again when fed down.” Andropogon falcatus, Steudel. India and Queensland. Considered by Mr. Bailey a good lawn-grass, of dwarf, compact growth, and of bright verdure. Andropogon Gryllos, Linné. In the warm, temperate, and the hot zone of the eastern hemi- sphere. A useful fodder-grass (Bailey). Andropogon Haleppensis, Sibthorp. South Europe, warmer parts of Asia and North Africa. Praised already by Theophrastos more than 2,000 years ago. Not easily repressed in wet ground. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 247 Pinus Smithiana, Lambert. (P. Khutrow, Royle.) On the Himalayai Mountains, at elevations from 6,000 to 11,000 feet. Attains a height of 150 feet, and the stem a girth of 15 feet. The wood is pale, even and straight-grained, but only durable under shelter. Pinus stenolepis, Parlatore. (Picea Veitchit, Lindley.) Japan. Up to 7,000 feet. A fine tree, attaining a height of 140 feet. Pinus Strobus, Linné.* Weymouth Pine or American White Pine. North-Eastern America, growing on any soil, but particularly adapted for deep rich soil in mountain valleys ; known to reach a height of 270 feet, with a stem of 8 feet diameter. It is the principal pine of the lumber trade of the Eastern States. One of the finest among ornamental conifers. The wood is soft, white, light, free of knots, almost without resin, easy to work, very durable, and much esteemed for masts, bridges, frames of buildings, flooring, oars, ete. It yields American turpentine and gallipot. Pinus Teda, Linné. Frankincense or Loblolly Pine. Florida and Virginia, in sandy soil, attaining a height of 80 feet. The timber is used for pumps, ete. It also yields turpentine in good quantity, though of inferior quality. The tree likes the regions near the coast, hence can be utilised for raising Fir forests on sea- sand. Pinus tenuifolia, Bentham. Mexico, at an elevation of 5,000 feet, forming dense forests. Height of tree 100 feet, stem up to 5 feet in diameter. Pinus Teucote, Chamisso and Schlechtendal. Okote or Torch Pine. Mexico, 5,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea-level. Tree 100 feet high, stem 3 to 4 feet in diameter, It yields the Brea turpentine and resin ; the wood is resinous and durable. Pinus Torreyana, Parry. California. An average cone of this Pine will contain about 130 seeds, weighing 8 ounces; they are edible (Meehan). Pinus Tsuga, Antoine. In the northern provinces of Japan, 6,000 to 9,000 feet above 248 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE the sea. The tree grows to only 25 feet high. Its timber is highly esteemed for superior furniture, especially by turners. It is of a yellowish-brown colour. Pinus Webbiana, Wallich. King-Pine, Dye-Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains, at an elevation of from 7,000 to 13,000°feet. A splendid Fir, reach- ing a height of 150 feet; the stem a circumference up to 30 feet. In compact forests the bare trunk is very short. The wood is of a pale colour, soft, coarse-grained, and very resin- ous, on the testimony of Mr. Webb equalling in texture and odour the Bermuda Cedar. The natives extract a splendid violet dye from the cones. Pinus Williamsonii, Newberry. California and Oregon, up to 12,000 feet. Height of tree 150 feet. Timber very valuable (Vasey). Piptadenia rigida, Bentham. Sub-tropical and extra-tropical South America. This acacia- like tree furnishes the angico-gum, similar to gum-arabic. The wood, according to Saldana da Gama, serves for naval constructions. Pipturus propinquus, Weddell. Insular India, South Sea Islands, and warmer parts of East Australia. This bush is higher and rather more hardy than Boehmeria nivea, but in fibre it is similar to that plant. P. velutinus (Wedd.) is closely allied. The few other species serve probably as well for fibre. Pircunia dioica, Moquin. Southern Brazil and La Plata States. A deciduous tree, for shady avenues grown in South Europe, as well as in many tropical countries, tested by the writer to be hardy in the lowlands of Victoria. It is comparatively quick of growth. Pisonia aculeata, Linné. Tropical and sub-tropical countries of both hemispheres, ex- tending as a native plant into New South Wales. ‘This ram- bling prickly bush can be chosen for hedge-copses. Pistacia lentiscus, Linné. The Mastic Tree. Mediterranean regions. A tall evergreen bush, exuding the mastic-resin, mostly through incisions into its bark. In Morocco it is extensively used for hedges. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 249 Pistacia Terebinthus, Linné. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, A tall bush or small tree with deciduous foliage. The fragrant Cyprian or Chio turpentine exudes from the stem of this species. Pistacia vera, Linné. Indigenous in the Orient, as far as Persia. A deciduous tree, 380 feet high, yielding the Pistacio-nuts of commerce, re- markable for their green almond-like kernels. The likewise deciduous P. Atlantica (Desfontaines) and the evergreen South European P. lentiscus (.), furnishing the mastic, rarely grow to the size of large trees. Pisum sativum, Linné. The Common Pea. Mediterranean countries and Western Asia. This annual of daily use could hardly be left disregard- ed on this occasion. Suffice it to say that the herbage as a nutritious fodder deserves more attention than it receives. The green fruit contains inosit-sugar and cholestrin fat. For field culture a sandy calcareous loam should be chosen for this plant, to ensure rich and safe harvests. Peas after four years’ ex- posure to the extreme frosts of Polaris Bay retained their vitality. A second species, P. Aucheri (Jaub. and Spach), which is perennial, occurs in Alpine elevations on the Taurus. Pittosporum tenuifolium, Banks and Bolander. New Zealand. This with P. eugenioides has proved very suitable for tall garden-hedges, for which these and several other species were first brought into notice by the writer. Pittosporum undulatum, Ventenat. South-East Australia. This tree with P. bicolor (Hooker) produces a wood well adapted for turners’ purposes and also as a substitute for boxwood (Oliver), The flowers furnish a highly fragrant volatile oil on distillation. Planera aquatica, Gmelin. North America. An elm-like tree, which can be chosen for plantations in wet localities. The wood is hard and strong. Platanus occidentalis, Linné. The true Plane Tree of the east part of North America, also known as Buttonwood. More eligible as an avenue tree than as a timber tree. Diameter of stem at times 14 feet. Wood dull red, light, not readily attacked by insects;.used in 250 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE the manufacture of pianofortes and harps; cuts into very good screws, also presses, dairy utensils, windlasses, wheels, and blocks. The young wood is silky white and often handsomely mottled (Robb). The tree likes alluvial river banks and has been successfully planted in morassy places, to cope with mias- matic effluvia. Platanus orientalis, Linné. The Plane Tree of South Europe and Middle Asia. One of the grandest trees for lining roads and for street-planting, deciduous like the other Planes, rather quick of growth, and not requiring much water. Attains a height of 90 feet. It resists, in large towns such as London, the smoke better than any other tree, growing vigorously even under such disadvantage. Itis of several centuries’ longevity. The wood is well adapted for furniture and other kinds of cabinet-work. Platanus racemosa, Nuttall. The Californian Plane Tree. A good promenade-tree, which, according to Professor Bolander, grows more rapidly and more compact than P. occidentalis. Wood harder and thus more durable than that of P. occidentalis, also less liable to warp. According to Dr. Gibbons the tree attains a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 8 feet; the wood is very brittle ; in use, however, by turners. Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griffith. Sikkim, up to 7,000 feet, extending to 27° south latitude. This Rattan Palm requires moist forest-land. Its canes are not durable, but this Palm is an object worthy of scenic horticulture, and would prove the hardiest among its congeners. P. elongata ascends, according to Drude, to 4,500 feet. Plectocomia macrostachya, Kurz. Tenasserim, at 3,000 feet elevation, therefore most likely hardy in temperate lowlands. Plectronia ventosa, Linné. South Africa. A hedge-bush, like P. ciliata (Sonder) and P. spinosa (Klotzsch). Poa Abyssinica, Jacquin. The Teff of Abyssinia. An annual grass. The grain there extensively use for bread of an agreeable acidulous taste. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 251 Poa airoides, Koeler. (Catabrosa aquatica, Beauvois.) Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, North America. The Water-whorl Grass. A creeping grass, suit- able for soil subject to inundation. Poa alpina, Linné. J Alpine and Arctic Europe, Asia, and North America. De- serves to be transferred to snowy mountains as a nutri- tious perennial pasture-grass. P. Sudetica (Haenke) and P. hybrida (Guadin) are mentioned also as excellent Alpine grasses. i Poa angustifolia, Linné. Europe, North Asia, North America, A perennial pasture- grass, allied to P. nemoralis. An excellent grass for moist meadows and river banks. Poa fertilis (Host.) may be a mere variety of this species. Poa aquatica, Linné. (Glyceria aquatica, Smith.) Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. This con- spicuous Water-grass attains a height of 6 feet. It is per- ennial, and deserves naturalisation in our swamps. It pro- duces a large bulk of foliage, and may be disseminated for fodder purp2ses. Poa Billardieri, Steudel. Australia, A perennial rigid grass, of some value for saline meadows. Poa Brownii, Kunth. (Eragrestis Brownti, Nees.) Tropical and Eastern extra-tropical Australia. It is here men- tioned as a valuable perennial species, keeping beautifully green in the driest Australian summer, even on poorsoil, The section Eragrostis of the genus Poa contains numerous species in the hotter parts of the globe. Of these many would doubt- less be hardy and prove of value as pasture in temperate climes. Poa Canadensis, Beauvois, The Rattlesnake Grass of South-East America. A valuable swamp-grass. Poa Chinensis, Koenig. South and East Asia, East Australia, Recommended by Mr. F. M. Bailey as a valuable pasture grass, perhaps: on account 252 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE of its tender panicles. Poa bulbosa, L., of Europe and West Asia, and P. compressa, L., of the same regions, will grow in pure sand, The latter is a good lawn-grass, Poa cynosuroides, Retz. North-Eastern Africa, South Asia. A harsh perennial grass, not serviceable for fodder, but mentioned by Royle as a fibre- plant of North-Western India, where it is valued as a material for ropes. In this respect it may not surpass the rough tufty variety of Poa caespitosa, F., so common on river banks of South-East Australia, from the leaves of which excellent nets are made by the natives. Poa digitata, R. Brown. South-Eastern and Central Australia. Valuable for fixing wet river-banks and slopes. It forms large stools. Cattle and horses relish it. Poa distans, Linné. Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia, North America. Perennial. It is one of the limited number of tender grasses, suited for moist saline soil, and thus affords pasturage on coast marshes. Poa fertilis, Host. (P. serotena, Ehrhart.) Europe, North Asia, North America. Perennial. Important for wet meadows, even with sandy subsoil. Its foliage is tender, tasty, and nourishing. In mixtures of grasses it keeps up the growth late into the autumn; it will prosper also in sandy and saline soil. Poa fluitans, Scopoli. (Glyceria fluitans, R. Brown.) Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia, North America. The Manna Grass. Perennial, Excellent for stagnant water and slow-flowing streams. The foliage is tender. The seeds are sweet and palatable, and are in many countries used for porridge. Poa maritima, Hudson. Europe, North Africa, North Asia, North America. Its long creeping roots help to bind the coast sand. This grass can also be depastured. Poa nemoralis, Linné. Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. This IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 253 perennial grass can be grown on shady forest land, as the name implies, but it accommodates itself also to open places, and will grow even among rocks. It endures Alpine winters. According to Lawson no better grass exists for displacing weeds on pleasure lawns ; the same may be said of Poa com- pressa, L. Poa pratensis, Linné. The ordinary English Meadow-grass. A perennial species, fit for any meadows, thriving early, and able to live also in Alpine localities. Better adapted for pasture than hay. It is suitable for moor land, when such is laid dry; although it shoots only once in ‘the season into flower, yet it forms a nutritious fodder, even on comparatively poor soil. It resists drought. It forms excellent sward, and with advantage can be used for intermixing it with other pasture grasses. In the United States it is known as the Kentucky Blue Grass or Penn- sylvania Green Grass, and is considered one of the best for lawns, by Professor Meehan, as it will crowd out all weeds in time. Poa trivialis, Linné.* Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. Also a good perennial grass for mixture on pasture land. One of the best grasses for sowing on ground recently laid dry. Recommend- able also as a lawn grass. Sinclair regarded the produce of this Poa as superior to many other kinds, and noticed the marked partiality which horses, oxen, and sheep evince towards it. To thrive well it wants rather moist and rich soil and sheltered places. It is a later grass than P. pratensis, is well adapted for hay, and gives good after-growth (Langethal). These few species of Poa have been singled out as recommend- able, because they-are well tested. Future experiments beyond Europe will add others to lists of recommendations like this. Podachenium alatum, Bentham. (Ferdinanda eminens, Lagasca.) Central America, up to a height of 8,000 feet. A tall shrub,. for the grandeur of its foliage in requisition for scenic effects. Podophyllum peltatum, Linné. North America. A perennial forest-herb, not without im- portance for medicinal purposes. The root contains the bitter alkaloid berber. Podophyllum Emodi (Wall.), occurring in the Indian mountains at heights from 6,000 to 14,000 feet, can probably be used like the American species. The berries of both are edible, though the root and leaves are poisonous. 254 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Pogostemon Patchouli, Pellet. Mountains of India. A perennial herb, famed for its power- ful scent arising from a volatile oil. P. parviflorus (Benth.) and P. Heyneanus (Benth.) belong to this species. Polianthes tuberosa, Linné. Mexico. The Tuberose. Seemingly introduced only into South Asia; valuable for perfume distillation. Polygala crotalaroides, Hamilton. Temperate Himalaya. Praised as an ophidian alexipharmic. To several other species both of the eastern and western hemispheres similar properties are ascribed, but we are almost entirely without any reliable medical testimony on these and many other supposed vegetable antidotes against snake-poison. Polygala Senega, Linné. North America. A perennial herb. The root is of medicinal value. Polygaster Sampadarius, Fries. South-Eastern Asia. One of the most palatable of all truffles. Polygonum tinctorium, Loureiro. Japan and China. An annual herb, deserving attention and local trials, as yielding a kind of indigo. Its growth would be vigorous. Various Polygonums contain tannin,.P. amphi- bium as much as 114 per cent. (Gard. Chron.), Polyporus giganteus, Fries. Dr. Goeppert records this and also the following. species a allowed to be sold for food in Silesia: P. frondosus (Fr.), P. ovinus (Fr.), P. tuberaster (Fr.), P. -citrinus (Pers.). Dr. Atkinson mentions as edible among the fungi of Cashmere P. fomentarius and P. squamosus. Populus alba, Linné. The Abele or White Poplar of Europe and Middle ik growing in the Himalayas up to 10,000 feet, ceasing at 4,000 feet. Height 90 feet. It proved an excellent avenue- tree, even in comparatively waterless situations, and gives by the partial whiteness of its foliage a pleasing effect in any plantation. The wood is pale, with a reddish tinge, brown near the centre, soft and light. It can be used for flooring; it is particularly sought for trays, bowls, bellows, and shoe-soles ; IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 255 also, according to Porcher, for wooden structures under water. “Sparterie ” for plaiting is obtained from the wood-shavings. The wood of this and some other Poplars is easily converted into paper-pulp, which again is cheaply bleached. Lines of Poplars along forest streams prevent the progress of wood conflagratious. The roots of Poplar spread widely. P. canes- cens (Sm.), the Grey Poplar, is either a variety of the Abele or its hybrid with the Aspen, and yields a better timber for carpenters and millwrights. Populus angustifolia, James. North America. A rather large tree of vigorous and rapid growth (Vasey) ; adapted for shelter-plantations, particu- cularly in wet localities. Populus balsamifera, Linné. The Tacamahae or Balsam Poplar of the colder, but not the coldest, parts of North America; also in Siberia and on the Himalaya Mountains, where it ranges from 8,000 to 14,000 feet. It attains a height of 80 feet. The tree may be lopped for cattle-fodder (Stewart and Brandis). Mr. Meehan says that it will grow near the ocean’s brink. Its variety is P. candicans (Ait.). Populus ciliata, Wallich. Himalaya, from 4,000 to 10,000 feet. Height up to 70 feet. with a straight trunk, which attains 10 feet in girth. Populus Euphratica, Olivier. From Algeria, dispersed to the Himalayas and Songaria, up to 18,500 feet. Height up to 50 feet. Wood harder than that of most Poplars, the inner wood turning black in old, trees. It is used for planking and boat-building (Stewart and Brandis), also for beams, rafters, boxes, panneling, turnery. Cattle will browse on the leaves. This is the Willow of the 137th Psalm, Populus grandidentata, Michaux. North America. Sixty feet high. The Soft Aspen. P. angulata (Ait.) is another large Poplar of North-Eastern America. Populus heterophylla, Linné. The Downy Poplar of North America, passing also by the name of Cottonwood. Height 60 feet. The wood is very 256 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE pale, soft, and fissile. All poplars, like willows, are very im- portant to eliminate miasma by absorbing humidity to an enormous extent from stagnant swampy localities; they are likewise good scavengers of back-yards. Populus monilifera, Aiton. (P. Canadensis, Desfontaines.) The Cottonwood Tree of North America. Height 150 feet, stem 4 feet in diameter. One of the best Poplars for the production of timber, which is soft, light, easy to work, suited for carving and turnery; it is durable if kept dry, and does not readily take fire. The wooden polishing-wheels of glass- grinders are made of horizontal sections of the whole stem, about one inch thick, as from its softness it readily imbibes the polishing material. It is also useful for rails and boards, and supplies a fair fuel. Judge Whitning says that it has no rival in quickness of growth among deciduous trees. Recom- mended by Wessely, together with P. alba and P. nigra, for fixing drift sand, on which they never become suffocated. Itis recommended to obtain, for planting along streets or near dwellings, cuttings from male trees only, as the minute downy seeds of the female trees are copiously wafted through the air, and have irritant effects on the respiratory organs. Of quick and luxuriant growth, thriving even in arid and exposed places. Populus nigra, Linné. The European Black Poplar, extending spontaneously to China; in the Himalayas up to 12,500 feet. The spreading variety one of the best of trees for lining roads. Wood similar to that of P. alba. It includes P. dilatata (Ait.), or as a con- tracted variety P. fastigiata (Desf.), the Lombardy Poplar. Greatest height 150 feet. Growth rapid, like that of all other Poplars. Wood soft, light, and of loose texture, used hy join- ers, coopers, and turners; also for matches; furnishing also superior charcoal for gunpowder. Bark employed in tanning, producing a fragrant leather ; it is, however, not rich in tannic acid. The tree requires damp soil. It retains its foliage longer than most Poplars. Populus tremula, Linné. The European Aspen. Height, 80 feet. It extends to Japan, where also a peculiar species, P. Sieboldi (Miq.), exists. The Aspen-wood is white and tender, and in use by coopers and joiners. Like the wood of other Poplars, much sought for paper-muills as an admixture to the pulp. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 257 Populus tremuloides, Michaux. ' The North American Aspen. Height, 50 feet. It extends west of California, where a particular species, P. trichocarpa (Torrey), occurs. All Poplars might be planted, like all Wul- lows, in gullies, to intercept forest fires; also generally on river banks. Portulacaria Afra, Jacquin. South Africa. Called Spekboorn. Affords the principal food for elephants; thus this succulent shrub may deserve natural- isation on stony ridges and in sandy desert land, as likely nourishing to sheep. Pouzolzia tuberosa, Wight. India. The turnip-shaped root of this herb is edible. The plant may prove hardy. Prangos pabularia, Lindley. Plateaux of Mongolia and Thibet. A perennial fodder-herb, much relished by'sheep, eligible for cold and arid localities and deserving naturalisation on Alpine pasture-grounds. Other perennial species exist near the Mediterranean Sea, on the Atlas, the Caucasus, and the Indian highlands. P. pabularia is regarded by some as the Silphium of Arrianus. Pringlea antiscorbutica, W. Anderson and R. Brown.* The Cabbage or Horse-radish of Kerguelen’s Island. The perennial long roots taste somewhat like horse-radish. The leaves in never-ceasing growth are crowded cabbage-like into heads, beneath which the annual flower-stalks arise. The plant ascends mountains in its native island to the height of 1,400 feet, but luxuriates most on the sea-border. To arctic and other antarctic cduntries it would be a boon. Probably it would live on our Alps. Whalers might bring us the roots and seeds of this remarkable plant, which seems to have never entered into culture yet. The plant was used by the celebrated Captain Cook and all subsequent navigators, touching at yonder remote spot, as cabbage, and it proved to possess power- ful properties against scurvy. Dr. Hooker observes that Pringlea can sectionally be referred to Cochlearia. The whole plant is rich in a pungent volatile oil. Through culture im- portant new culinary varieties may ‘likely be raised from this plant. The taste of this vegetable in its natural growth is like mustard and cress, and the Kerguelen’s Land Cabbage, when boiled, proved a wholesome and agreeable substitute for the ordinary cabbage. R 258 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Pritchardia filamentosa, Wendland. Southern California, where this Palm attains a height of 50 feet. Priva levis, Jussieu. Chili and the Argentine Republic. A perennial herb, the small tubers of which can be used for food (Philippi). Prosopis dulcis, Kunth. From Texas to the southern parts of the La Plata States. Vernacularly known as the Cashaw or Algaroba Tree. A thorny shrub, growing finally to a tree, attaming a stem of 1 foot- in diameter, adapted for live-fences. The wood is durable and . of extraordinary strength. This is one of the species yielding the sweetish Algaroba-pods for cattle fodder, and utilised even in some instances for human food. Argentina Algaroba-pods contain, according to Sievert, 25 to 28 per cent. grape sugar, 11 to 17 per cent. starch, 7 to 11 per cent. protein, of organic acids, pectin and other non-nitrogenous nutritive substances 14 to 24 per cent. They are also comparatively rich in potash, lime, and phosphoric acid. A sparkling drink called Aloja is made of the fruits. This and some allied species yield the Algarobylla bark for tanning ; the leaves contain according to Sievert 21 per cent. tannin. The pods also of several species are rich in tannic acid.. Mere varieties according to Bentham are: P. horrida, P. juliflora, P. siliquastrum, P. glandulosa, The latter variety exudes a gum not unlike gum-arabic, and this is obtained so copiously that children could earn two to three dollars a day in Texas while gathering it, latterly about 40,000 lbs. being bought by druggists there. The tree attains a height of 30 feet, and its wood is excessively hard. A short communication on the American Algaroba Tree was presented to the Parliament of Victoria by the writer in 1871. Pods of some Prosopis used as fodder have caused the death of horses in Jamaica. Prosopis pubescens, Bentham. i Texas, California, New Mexico. Likely available for hedges, with other species of other countries. Prosopis spicigera, Linné. India, extending to Persia. A thorny tree, also with edible pods, possibly hardy. It attains a height of 60 feet, but is of slow growth. Serves for head-lines. It can be chosen for desert land (Kurz). IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 259 Prosopis Stephaniana, Kunth. Syria and Persia, A shrubby species for hedge-growth. Prunus Americana, Marshall. (P. nigra, Aiton.) Canada, Eastern United States of America. A thorny tree, furnishing the Yellow and Red Plum of North America, The fruit is roundish and rather small, but of pleasant taste. Prunus Amygdalus, J. Hooker. (Amygdalus communis, Linné.) The Almond Tree. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea and Orient ; really indigenous on the Anti-Lebanon, in Kur- destan, Turkestan, and perhaps on the Caucasus (Stewart). Both the sweet and bitter almond are derived from this species. Their uses and the value of the highly palatable oil obtained by pressure from them are well known. This oil can well be chosen as a means of providing a pleasant substitute for milk during sea voyages, etc., by mixing, when required, with it half its weight of powdered gum-arabic, and adding then successively, while quickly agitating in a stone mortar, about double the quantity of water. Thus a palatable and whole- some sort of cream for tea or coffee is obtained at any moment. Oil of apricot seeds is much used in India like almond oil. There exist hard and soft-shelled varieties of both the sweet and bitter almond. Almonds can even be grown on sea-shores. The crystalline amygdalin can best be prepared from bitter almonds, through removing the oil by pressure, then subjecting them to distillation with alcohol, and finally precipitating with ether. The volatile bitter almond-oil—a very dangerous substance—is obtained by aqueous distillation. Dissolved in alcohol it forms the essence of almonds. This can also be prepared from peach kernels. Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton. Southern States of North America. Porcher regards it as one of the most beautiful and manageable evergreens of those States. It can be cut into any shape and is much employed for quick and dense hedges. It can be grown on coast land. Prunus Chisasa, Michaux. North America, west of the Mississippi. On the prairies it is only 8 to 4 feet high. Fruit spherical, red, rather small, with a tender, usually agreeable pulp. Other species with edible fruit occur in North America, such as P. pumila, (L.), P. Penn- sylvanica (L.), P. Virginiana (L.), P. serotina (Ehrh.), but their fruits are too small to render these plants of importance 260 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE for orchard culture, though they may also become enlarged by artificial treatment. Prunus ilicifolia, Nuttall. California. In deep rich soil, valuable for evergreen hedges of intricate growth. Fruit about }% inch diameter, red or black, of a pleasant sub-acid flavour, but somewhat astringent (Gibbons). Prunus Mahaleb, Linné. Middle and South Europe. It deserves some attention on account of its scented seeds and also odorous wood, the latter used in turnery for pipes and other articles. The flowers are in use for perfumes. Prunus maritima, Wangenheim. The Beach Plum of North America. A shrubby species, of service, not only for covering coast-sands, but also for its fruit, which is crimson or purple, globular, and measuring from $ to 1 inch. It is not necessary to enter here any notes on the generally known species of Prunus, which have engaged already for years the keen attention of many orchard cultiva- ‘tors. Cherry Tree bark contains 24 per cent. tannin, that of the Apricot tree 82 per cent. (Muspratt). Thus, we possess numerous varieties of the Cherry, P. avium (L.) and P. Cerasus (L.) ; of the Plum, P. domestica (L.) ; of the Apricot, P. Armeniaca (L.); and of the Cherry Plum, P. myrobalana (L.)—the latter Canadian, the others European and Oriental. Information on these and other varieties may be sought in “ Hogg’s Fruit Manual.” The Almond (Amygdalus commu- nis, L.) and the Peach (Amygdalus Persica, L.) belong also generically to Prunus, as indicated in 1812 by Stokes (“ Bot. Mat. Med.,” ii. 101) and in 1813 by F. G. Hayne (“Arznei- Gewiachse,” iv. 38), and finally settled by J. D. Hooker (Benth. and Hook., gen. pl. i. 610), for which, therefore, now the names P, Amygdalus and P. Persica should be adopted. The latter came originally from China, while P. Armenica seem indigenous to the Caucasian regions and perhaps the Hima- layas, and P. Cerasus originated from West Asia. Prunus serotina, Ehrhart. The Black Cherry Tree of North America. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavour ; wood valuable for cabinet and sash makers (A. Gray). In Virginia the tree attains aheight of 100 feet, with a stem 4 feet in diameter ; it prefers IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 261 rich porous soil in the upper parts of valleys. Wood pale red, dense, fine-grained ; when polished, as beautiful as mahogany wood (Robb and Simmonds). It will live on the poorest soil, and even within the salt spray of the coast. Wood close- grained, compact, not liable to warp, easily worked and ebonized. Readily raised from seeds and transplanted ; not succumbing under rough usage (Sargent). Prunus spinosa, Linné. The Sloe or Blackthorn. Wild in many parts of Europe. With its flowers it is one of the earliest plants to announce the spring. Its tendency to throw out suckers renders the bush less adapted for hedges of gardens than of fields, but these suckers furnish material for walking-sticks. The small fruits can be made into preserves. P. insititia (L.), the Bullace, with larger and sometimes yellow fruits, extends, as a variety, to North Africa and Middle Asia. Sir Joseph Hooker and other phytographers consider P. domestica not specifically dis- tinct from P. spinosa. Of medical value are P. Lauro-Cerasus (L.), the evergreen Cherry-Laurel from the Orient, and P. Padus (L.), the deciduous Bird’s Cherry, which extends from Europe to North Africa and West Asia. These and most other species contain in their foliage and in some other parts amyg- dalin. Perhaps some of the species from Eastern Asia, Cali: fornia, and tropical America are eligible for improving their - fruit through horticultural skill. The Sloe and others might with advantage be naturalised on forest streams. Prunus Virginiana, Linné. The Choke Cherry Tree of the United States. In a mild clime and fertile soil this tree attains a height of 100 feet and a stem of 16 feet. in circumference. The wood is compact, fine- grained, and not liable to warp when perfectly seasoned, of a dull, light-red tint, deepening with age. The fruit finally loses. its austerity. Psamma arenaria, Roemer and Schultes. (P. littoralis, Beauvois ; ” Calamagrostis arenaria, Roth.) The Moram, or Marrem, or Bent Grass. Sand-coasts of Europe, North Africa, and Middle North America. One of the most important of reedy grasses, with long descending roots, for binding moving drift-sands on the sea-shore, for the consoli- dation of which in Europe chiefly this tall grass and Llymus arenarius are employed. It delights in the worst of drift- sands, and for its full flourishing gradual accumulation of fresk sand around it becomes necessary (Wessely): hence it never 262 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE gets suffocated. The plant will by gradual up-growth finally form stems and roots sanded into a depth of fully 100 feet. Psamma Baltica (R. and 8.), from the Baltic and North Seas, serves the same purpose. Both can also be used in the manner of Sparta for paper material, for tyeing and for mats. Like Elymus arenarius, it is not touched by grazing-animals. It collects the sand-heaps at the tops of ridges, while the Elymus fastens their sides. Psidium acidum, Martius. ‘Higher regions on the Amazon River. A tree 30 feet high; its Guava-fruit pale yellow and of apple size. Psidium Araca, Raddi. From West India and Guiana to Peru and Southern Brazil, where it is found in dry high-lying places. This is one of the edible Guavas, recorded already by Piso and Marcgrav. The greenish-yellow berry is of exquisite taste. Psidium arboreum, Vellozo. Brazil ; province Rio de Janeiro. This Guava-fruit measures about one inch, and is of excellent flavour. Psidium Cattleyanum, Sabine.* The Purple Guava. Brazil and Uruguay. One of the har- diest of the Guava-bushes, attaining finally a height of 20 feet. The purple berries are seldom above an inch long, but of delicious flavour and taste, resembling thus far strawberries. P. buxifolium (Nutt.), of Florida, seems nearly related to this species. Psidium chrysophyllum, F.v. Mueller. (Abbevillea chrysophylia, Berg.) The Guabiroba Do Mato of South Brazil. This tree attains also a height of about 30 feet. The fruit generally not larger than a cherry. Perhaps other species of the section Abbevillea would be hardy and worthy of cultivation. -Psidium cinereum, Martius. Brazil ; provinces Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo. Also yield- ing an edible fruit. Psidium cordatum, Sims. The Spice Guava. West India. This one attains the height of a tree. Its fruit edible. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 2638 Psidium cuneatum, Cambessedes. Brazil ; province Minas Geraes. Fruit greenish, of the size of a Mirabelle Plum. Psidium grandifolium, Martius. Brazil ; provinces Rio Grande do Sul, Parana, Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes, where the climate is similar to Southern Queensland. A shrub of rather dwarf growth. The berries edible, size of a walnut. Te ia Raddi.* (P. pomiferum, Linné ; P. pyriferum, anné.) The large Yellow Guava. From West India and Mexico to South Brazil. For this handsome evergreen and useful bush universal attention should be secured anywhere in warm low- lands, for the sake of its aromatic wholesome berries, which will attain the size of a hen’s egg and can be converted into a delicious jelly. The pulp is generally cream-coloured or reddish, but varies in the many varieties which have arisen in culture, some of them bearing all the year round. Propaga- tion is easy from suckers, cuttings, or seeds. Many other berry-bearing Myrtaceew (of the genera Psidium, Myrtus, Myrcia, Marliera, Calyptranthes, Eugenia) furnish edible fruits in Brazil and other tropical countries, but we are not aware of their degrees of hardiness. Berg enumerates as escu- lent more than half a hundred for Brazil alone, of which the species of Campomanesia may safely be transferred to Psidium. Psidium incanescens, Martius. Brazil, from Minas Geraes to Rio Grande do Sul. This Guava- bush attains a height of 8 feet. Berry edible. Psidium lineatifolium, Persoon. Mountains of Brazil. Berry about one inch diameter. Psidium malifolium, F. v. Mueller. (Campomanesia malefolia, Berg.) Uruguay. Berry about one inch diameter. Psidium polycarpon, Al. Anderson.* From Guiana to Brazil, also in Trinidad. A comparatively small shrub, bearing prolifically and almost continuously its * yellow berries, which are of the size of a large cherry and of exquisite taste. 264 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Psidium rufum, Martius. Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, on Sub-Alpine heights. This Guava-bush gains finally a height of 10 feet, and is likely the hardiest of all the species producing palatable fruit. Psoralea esculenta, Pursch. North America. This herb is mentioned here, as the tuberous roots known as Prairie Turnips may by cultural processes be capable of great improvement, and of thus becoming a valuable esculent. Psychotria Kckloniana, F. v. Mueller. (Gramilia cymosa, E. Meyer.) South Africa. Dr. Pappé describes the wood of this tree as beautifully citron-yellow. Pterocarpus Indicus, Roxburgh. The Lingo of China and India. A tree of considerable dimen- sions, famed for its flame-red wood. It furnishes also a kind of dragon-blood resin. Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxburgh. India, ascending in Ceylon and the Circars to at least 3,000 feet altitude; hence this tree would doubtless grow without protection in those tracts of the temperate zone which are free from frost. It exudes the best medicinal kino, which contains about 75 per cent. of tannic acid. The foliage is deciduous. P. santalinus (Linné fil.), which provides the Saunders or Red Sandal Wood, is also indigenous to the mountains of India. Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Kunth, From Central Asiatic Russia to Persia. A kind of Walnut Tree, which, with P. stenoptera (Cas. de Cand.),on Dr. Hance’s recommendation, should be adopted as trees for both ornament and timber, and so perhaps also the Japanese species. Ptychosperma Alexandra, F. v. Mueller. The Alexandra Palm. Queensland, as well in tropical as extra- tropical latitudes, The tallest of Australian Palms, and one of the noblest forms in the whole empire of vegetation. It exceeds 100 feet in height, and is likely destined to grace any shady moist grove free from frost, as it seems less tender than most palms. The demand for seeds has already been enormous. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 265 Ptychosperma Arfakiana, Beccari. New Guinea, reaching elevations of 5,000 feet in comparatively temperate regions. Height up to 30 feet.. Ptychosperma Cunninghami, Hermann Wendland. East Australia, as far south as Illawarra; thus one of the most southern of all Palms. This also is a very high species, destined to take a prominent position in decorative plantations. Several species occur in Fiji and other islands of the Pacific Ocean, and others again might be obtained from India, but they are probably not so hardy as those mentioned. Though strictly speaking of no industrial value, these Palms are im- portant for horticultural trade, and are objects eminently fitted for experiments in acclimatisation. Ptychosperma disticha, Miquel. (Areca disticha, Griffith.) Assam, up to 4,000 feet. Ptychosperma elegans, Blume. (P. Seaforthia, Miquel; Seafor- thia elegans, R, Brown. Littoral forests of tropical Australia. Also a lofty magnifi- cent Feather-Palm. Its leaflets are erose. It may prove hardy. Ptychosperma Musschenbroekiana, Beccari. Ternate, up to 3,000 feet. Height of this palm 90 feet. Almost sure to be hardy in sheltered localities of the warmer temperate zone. Pueraria tuberosa, Candolle. South Asia, up to 4,000 feet. A. tall woody twiner. Its large tubers are edible and might improve by culture. Pugionium cornutum, Gaertner. From the Caspian Sea to China. ‘This herb is grown by the Mongols as a vegetable (Hance).. Punica granatum, Linné. The Pomegranate. North Africa and West Asia, in the Himalayas up to 6,000 feet. Well-known for its showy habit, rich-coloured flowers, peculiar fruit, and medicinal astringency but much overlooked regarding its value as- a hedge-plant. The bark contains 32 per cent. tannin (Muspratt). Pycnanthemum incanum, Michaux. North America. A perennial herb, in odour resembling both 266 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Penny-royal and Spearmint. It likes to grow on rocky wood- land, and on such it might be easily naturalised. Pycnanthemum montanum, Michaux. The Mountain Mint of North America. A perennial herb of pleasant, aromatic, mint-like taste. These two particular species have been chosen from several North American kinds to demonstrate that we may add by their introduction to the variety of our odorous garden-herbs. They may also be subjected with advantage to distillation. Pyrularia edulis, Meissner. Nepal, Khasia, Sikkim. A large umbrageous tree. The drupaceous fruit is used by the inhabitants for food. A few other species occur in Upper India, one on the high mountains of Ceylon and one in North America. The latter, P. pubera (Mich.), can be utilised for the oil of its nuts. Pyrus coronaria, Linné. The Crab Apple of North America. This showy species is mentioned here as worthy of trial culture, since it is likely that it would serve well as stock for grafting. Best grown in glades. Wood nearly as ‘tough for screw-work as that of the Pear Tree (Robb). It seems unnecessary to refer here to any of the forms of Pyrus communis (L.), P. Malus (L.), P. Cydonia (L.), and P. Germanica (J. Hooker), (Mespilus Germanica, L.), but it may passingly be observed that curious fruits have been produced latterly in North America in the hybridisation of the Apple with the Pear. Pearwood is one of the best substitutes for boxwood in xylography. Pyrus communis attains an age of over 300 years, fully bearing. Trees are known to have attained a circumference of 10 feet at 3 feet from the ground. At Garmouth a tree over 100 years old has borne up to 26,800 fruits annually, and in some years more. The circumference of its frond is 126 feet (Masters). A bitter glycosid—namely, Phlorrhizin—is obtain- able from the bark of apple and pear trees, particularly from that of the root; while a volatile alkaloid—namely, trimethy- Jamin—can be prepared from the flowers. Pyrus Japonica, Thunberg. Japan. One of the prettiest of small hedge-bushes. Under favourable circumstances it will produce its quince-like fruit. Pyrus nivalis, Jacquin. The Snow Pear. Middleand South Europe. This would be IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 267 adapted for orchards in higher mountain regions. The fruit becomes soft and edible through exposure to snow. P. amyg- daliformis (Villars) is probably the wild state of this tree. Pyrus salicifolia, Linné. Greece, Turkey, Persia, South-West Russia. Though its fruit, which slowly mollifies, is edible, this tree is mainly utilised as a superior stock for grafting. Quercus Aigilops, Linné. South Europe, also Syria. A nearly evergreen tree of the size of the British Oak. The cups, known as Valonia, used for tanning and dyeing; the unripe acorns, as Camata or Camatena, for the same purpose. Valonia is mainly exported from Smyrna to London (33,802 tons in 1876). Greece used to produce annually 10,000 tons, worth up to £18 per ton. Valonia (Wallones) produces a rich bloom on leather, which latter becomes also less permeable to water (Muspratt). The ripe acorns are eaten raw or boiled. The tree is also recommendable as a fine avenue tree. The wood is capital for furniture. Quercus agrifolia, Nee. California and Mexico. One of the most magnificent among evergreen Oaks, with dense, wide-spreading foliage. The thick bark available for tanning (C. Hoffmann), According to Dr. Gibbons this tree attains a height of 100 feet, a stem of 8 feet, and acrown 125 feet indiameter. Wood-cutters dis- tinguish two varieties, one with red and one with white wood. It grows near the sea, and luxuriates in deep soil of valleys and also on the tops of mountains. The value of its timber is not fully appreciated. Although brittle when green and _perish- able if exposed to the weather, it becomes almost as hard and strong as Live Oak if properly seasoned, and is especially adapted for ships’ knees. Quercus alba, Linné.* The White or Quebec Oak. A most valuable timber tree, 100 feet high; diameter of stem 7 feet. Trunk sometimes 65 feet long to first branch. This tree attains a great age; succeeds best in rich woodlands; and is of quicker growth than the English Oak. The timber is pliable, most durable, one of the very best of all woods for casks, also of first class value for cabinet-work, for machinery, spokes, naves, railway ties (Robb) ; it is also employed in ship-building; the young 268 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE saplings serve for hoofs and whip-handles. The bark: con- tains about 8 per cent. tannin (Gard. Chron.). Quercus annulata, Smith. A large evergreen Oak of Nepal, which provides a very good timber. It does not ascend quite so high asQ. incana. Q. spicata (Smith), another very large Himalayan Oak, ascends only to 5,000 feet ; it is known also from Borneo, Java, and Sumatra. Quercus aquatica, Walter. North America. Height of tree, 60 feet; it furnishes a superior bark for tanning, also wood for ship-building. This Oak should be chosen for planting in wet ground or for border- ing streams. Quercus Castanea, Nee. The Mexican Chestnut Oak. It furnishes edible acorns. Quercus Cerris, Linné. South Europe, South-West Asia. Turkey or Mossy-cupped Oak. Of the height of the English Oak, in suitable locali- ties, of quick growth. The foliage deciduous, or also ever-- green. The wood available for. wheelwrights, cabinet-makers, turners, coopers ; also for building purposes. Structure of the wood similar to that of the British Oak ; the sapwood larger, the heartwood of a more saturated brown, and the large rays more numerous, giving it a most varied and beautiful wainscot grain (Brandis). Quercus Chinensis, Bunge. North China. One of the hardiest among the evergreen Oaks. Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann. California. According to Vasey this evergreen Oak rarely exceeds 50-feet in height, but supplies the hardest oak-wood. on the Pacific coast. Dr. Gibbons observes that it holds a primary rank among Californian forest trees, but is of sparse occurrence; in suitable soil on the sides of mountains it is of giant growth, spreading out in magnificent proportions. In toughness and density of wood it represents the Live Oak of Florida. Quercus coccifera, Linné. The deciduous Kermes Oak of South Europe, North Africa IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 269 and South-West Asia. So called from the red dye furnished by the Coceus ilicis from this Oak. It also supplies tanners’ bark containing about 8 per cent. tannin (Muspratt). The huge and ancient Abraham’s Oak belongs to this species. The tree likes rich woods. Quercus coccinea, Wangenheim. The Black Oak of North America. Height 100 feet; stem diameter 5 feet. Foliagedeciduous. The yellow dye known as quercitron comes from this tree. It is much more power- ful than that of Woad (Bancroft). With alumina the tinge of the bark is bright yellow, with oxyde of tin it is orange, with oxyde of iron it is drab (Porcher). Q. tinctoria (Bartram) is a variety. The bark of the variety called Scarlet Oak is practically far inferior in value to that of the Black Oak (Meehan). Bark rich in tannic acid, about 8 per cent. (Gard. Chron.). Dr. Engelmann found the Black Oaks twice as fast in growth as the White Oaks of the United States. The Bartram’s Oak (Q. heterophylla) is according to him a hybrid between the Willow Oak and Scarlet Oak. Hybrid Oaks produce acorns fit to germinate. — Quercus cornea, Loureiro. China. Aun evergreen tree, 40 feet high. Acorns used for food. Quercus cuspidata, Thunberg.* Japan. The acorns, when boiled or roasted, are edible and regularly sold in Japan for food (Rein). A magnificent Oak, grand in its proportion, bears acorns in bunches or strings, of very sweet taste when baked like chestnuts, but only of the size of kidney beans (F. C, Christy). Quercus densiflora, Hooker and Arnott. Californian Chestnut Oak. A large evergreen tree of beautiful outline, dense foliage and compact growth. Bark very valu- able for tanning ; wood, however, subject to rapid decay (Prof. Bolander). Quercus Douglasii is another tall Oak of Cali- fornia. Quercus dentata, Thunberg.* Japan. This is one of the species on which the Oak Silkworm (the Yama Mayon) lives. Quercus dilatata, Lindley. From the Himalayas to Afghanistan, at elevations from 4,500 270 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE to 10,000 feet. Height up to 100 feet; crown very shady, lopped for sheep fodder. The hard, heavy, and durable wood much used for building purposes and implements (Madden), Quercus falcata, Michaux. North America. A tree attaining a height of 80 feet, with a stem 4 feet in diameter. Foliage deciduous. It lives in dry sandy ground, and can also be utilised for sea-coasts. Pro- duces an excellent tanners’ bark and also galls for superior ink. Quercus;Garyana, Douglas. North-West America, along the coast between the 38th and 50th degrees. A gigantic tree, 100 feet high or more, with a stem 6 feet in diameter. This, with Q. Douglasti (Hook. and Arn.) and Q. lobata, passes as Californian White Oak. The. timber is remarkably pale for an Oak, hard and fine-gained, of great strength and durability, well suited for almost every kind of construction for which the White or the European Oak is employed. ‘The acorns, being sweet and agreeable, form an excellent mast for hogs. Quercus glauca, Thunberg. The Kashi of Japan. A large and truly magnificent evergreen tree, 80 feet high. The hard and close-grained wood is chosen there for select tools, particularly planes and utensils (Christy). Quercus Ilex, Linné. The Holly Oak of South Europe; extending also to Algeria and to the Himalayas, which it ascends up to about 10,000 feet. Height of tree 50 feet. Wood in use for ship-build- ing, bark for tanning. From varieties of this tree are obtained the sweet and nourishing Ballota and Chestnut acorns. Quercus incana, Roxburgh. Himalayas, at elevations between 3,000 and 8,000 feet. A beautiful evergreen. tree of great dimensions. Mr. Simmonds reminds us that a silkworm (Antheraea Roylei), producing large cocoons, lives on this Oak. In its native localities Q. lanuginosa (D. Don) is associated with it. Q. lamellosa (Smith), of the same region, attains a height of 120 feet, with a straight trunk of 60 feet and 15 feet in girth (Brandis). Quercus infectoria, Oliver. Around the Mediterranean Sea. Only a small tree, with deciduous foliage. Chiefly from this tree the galls of com- IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 271 merce are obtained. A variety, Q. Lusitanica (Webb), or Q. Mirbeckii (Durieu), attains a height of 120 feet, with a stem girth of 20 feet. Some states of this are almost evergreen. Quercus lancifolia, Roxburgh. A tall: timber tree of the Himalayas. Wood valued for its durability. Quercus lobata, Nee. California. The Sacramento White Oak. Up to 150 feet high and 6 feet in diameter, with wide-spreading branches. The wood is brittle when green, but hard and tough when seasoned; its value has been much underrated (Gibbons). The acorns of this Oak used to form a large proportion of the winter food of the aboriginal inhabitants of North California. Quercus lyrata, Walter. The Overcup Oak of the South-Eastern States of North America, extending from South Illincis to Florida and Louisiana. A tree of majestic size, 80 feet high, with a stem 4 feet in diameter. Lately recommended as one of the most valuable for timber cultivation, especially for wet ground. Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux.* The Bur Oak of North America. Tree 70 feet high. The timber nearly as good as that of the White Oak. The bark contains about 8 per cent. tannin. Quercus macrolepis, Kotschy.* Greece. This Oak yields also Valonia, being closely allied to Q. egilops. Quercus Mongolica, Fischer.* Manchuria. It is on this tree and on Q. serrata (Thunberg) that the silk-insect peculiar to Oak trees mainly, if not solely, is reared, as shown by Dr. Hance. Quercus palustris, Du Roi. The Pin Oak or Marsh Oak of North America. Height 80 feet; of quick growth. The wood, though not fine-grained, is strong and tough. Quercus Phellos, Linné. The Willow Oak of the Eastern States of North America, 272 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE The acorns available for food, like those of several other species,—for instance, Q. glabra (Thunb.) of Japan. The comparative value of the very numerous Cis- and Trans- Atlantic Oaks, but little as yet understood either for avenue purposes or timber plantations, should be tested with care in botanic gardens. Even recently Oaks have been discovered on the mountains of New Guinea. Quercus Pinus, Linné. The North American Swamp Oak. A tree 90 feet high, available for wet: localities. Foliage deciduous, Wood strong and elastic, of fine grain; according to Porcher it is easy to split and not hard. A red dye is produced from the bark. Quercus Robur, Linné.* The British Oak. Extending through a great part of Europe and Western Asia, attaining a great age and an enormous size. Extreme height 120 feet. Two varieties are dis- tinguished: 1, Q. sessiliflora (Salisbury). The Durmast- Oak, with a darker, heavier timber, more elastic, less fissile, easier to bend under steam. ‘This tree is also the quickest of the two in growth, and lives on poorer soil. Its bark is also richer in medicinal, dyeing, and tanning principles. 2, Q. pedunculata (Ehrh.), This variety supplies most of the oak timber in Britain for ship-building, and is the best for cabinet- makers’ and joiners’ work. In Britain it is attacked by Sco- lytus multistriatus. The long-continued adherence of dead leaves in the cool and most verdant season renders this Oak not so well adapted for pleasure-grounds in the warmer parts of the temperate zone as many other, particularly evergreen Oaks. Quercus rubra, Linné. The Red Oak of North America. Height 100 feet; diameter of stem 4 feet. The wood is not of value, but the bark is rich in tannin. Autumnal tint of foliage beautifully red. The acorns, which are produced in great abundance, are relished by animals. Quercus semecarpafolia, Smith. In the Himalayas, up to 10,000 feet. The largest of the Oaks of India, upwards of 100 feet high, with a stem up to 18 feet in girth. Leafless for a short time. It furnishes a hard and heavy timber of fair quality. Quercus serrata, Thunberg. One of the twenty-three known Japan Oaks; extending to IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES, 273 China and Nepal.» A good avenue-tree, though deciduous. It yields the best food for the Oak Silkworm (Bombyx Yamamai). Quercus Sideroxylon, Humboldt. Mountains of Mexico, at 8,000 feet elevation. An Oak of great size, of compact timber, almost imperishable in water. Q. lanceolata, Q. chrysophylla, Q. reticulata, Q. laurina, Q. obtusata, Q. glaucescens, Q. Xalapensis (Humb.), and Q. acutifolia (Nee) are among the many other highly important timber Oaks of the cooler regions of Mexico. No printed records seem extant concerning the technology of the numer- ous Mexican Oaks, though doubtless their respective values are well known to local artisans. According to the abbé and surgeon Liturgie, one of the Mexican Oaks near San Juan nourishes a Bombyx the cocoons of which are spun by the natives into silk (‘Tschichatchef). Quercus Skinneri, Bentham. Mexico. The acorns of this Oak measure nearly 6 inches in circumference, and are available for various domestic animals. Quercus squamata, Roxburgh. One of the tallest of the Himalayan Oaks. Wood lasting. Quercus stellata, Wangenheim. The Post Oak of North-East America. Content with poor and even sandy soil, but not a large tree. For its very durable and dense wood it is much in requisition there for posts, and is particularly highly prized for ship-building. Quercus Suber, Linné. The Cork Oak of South Europe and North Africa; evergreen. It attains an age of fully two hundred years. After about twenty years it can be stripped of its bark every six or seven years ; but the best cork is obtained from trees over forty years old. Height of tree about 40 feet. Acorns of sweetish taste. Mr. Robinson found that young Cork Oaks obtained from the writer made a growth of 4 feet in a year in the humid Western Port district of Victoria. The bark of Q. pseudo- suber (Sant.) is inferior for cork, but the closely-allied Q. occidentalis (Gay), which is hardier than Q. Suber, produces a superior cork-bark. s 274 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Quercus Sundaica, Blume. One of the Oaks from the mountains of Java, where several other valuable timber Oaks exist. The existence of Oaks on the higher mountains of New Guinea has been demonstrated by Dr. Beccari; hence, in all probability, additional valuable evergreen species will be obtainable for our arboreta from thence. Quercus Toza, Bose. South Europe. One of the handsomest Oaks, and one of the quickest of growth. ‘Will live in sandy soil. It furnishes superior tanners’ bark. Quercus virens, Linné.* The Live Oak of North America, extending northward to Virginia, and perhaps the hardiest of the evergreen species. Fifty feet high, with a stem of sometimes 9 feet in diameter. Supplies a most valuable timber for ship-building ; it is heavy, compact, fine-grained ; it is, moreover, the strongest and most durable of all American Oaks. Like Q. obtusiloba (Mich.), it lives also on sea-shores, helping: to bind the sand, but it is then not of tallstature. Of many of the three hundred Oaks of both the western and eastern portions of the northern hemisphere, the properties remain unrecorded and. perhaps unexamined ; but it would be important to introduce as many kinds as possible for local test-growth. The acorns, when packed in dry moss, retain their vitality for some months. The species with deciduous foliage are not desirable for massive ornamental planting in the warmer parts of the temperate zone, because they shed their dead leaves tardily during the very time of the greatest verdure of other vegetation, Quillaja saponaria, Molina. Chili. A colossal tree. The bark is rich in saponin, and thus valuable for dressing wool and silk. Rafnia amplexicaulis, Thunberg. South Africa. The root of this bush is sweet like liquorice, and is administered in medicine. Rafnia perfoliata (E. Meyer), also from South Africa, furnishes likewise a medi- cinal root. Raphanus sativus, Linné. South Asia, up to 16,000 feet in the Himalayas, eastward to Japan. The Radish. R. caudatus (L.), the Radish with long IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 275 edible peds, is regarded by Dr.. Th. Anderson as a mere variety, and he thinks that all are sprung from the ordinary R. Raphanistrum (L.) of Europe. All Radishes succeed best in a calcareous soil, or aided by manure rich in lime. The root of the Black Radish is comparatively rich in starch. Remirea maritima, Aublet. Intratropical coast regions around the globe. A perennial creeper for binding sand. Reseda Luteola, Linné. The Weld. Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia, North Africa. A herb of one or two years’ duration. Likes cal- careous soil. A yellow dye (luteolin) pervades the whole plant. The plant must be cut before the fruit commences to develop, otherwise the pigment will much diminish. Reseda odorata, Linné. The true Mignonette.. North Africa and Syria. A herb of one or very few years’ duration. The delicate scent can best be concentrated and remoyed by enfleurage. Rhagodia Billardieri, R. Brown. Extra-tropical Australia. An important bush for binding moving sand on sea-shores. A herb of this Order, Atriplex erystallinum (J. Hooker), should be encouraged in its growth at the very edge of tides or sand-shores, where with Cakile maritima, Mesembrianthemum australe, and M. zquilaterale, it will form one of the most effectual first impediments to the influx of sea-sand. é Rhamnus catharticus, Linné. The Buckthorn. Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. It can be utilised as a hedge-plant. The berries are of medicinal value, as indicated by the specific name. The foliage and bark can be employed for the pre- paration of a green dye. Rhamnus chlorophorus, Lindley. China. From the bark a superior green pigment is prepared. R. utilis, from the same country, serves for the like purpose. This kind of dye is particularly used for silk, and is known as Lokao. 276 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Rhamuus frangula, Linné. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia. One of the very best woods for gunpowder. Recommended by Sir Joseph Hooker to be grown on the coppice system for this purpose. Rhamuus Grecus, Reuter. Greece. From this shrub, and to no less extent from the allied. R. prunifolius (Sibth.), are the green dye-berries collected in Greece, according to Dr. Heldreich. These shrubs grow on stony mountains up to 2,500 feet. Rhamuus infectorius, Linné. On the Mediterranean Sea and in the countries near to it. The berry-like fruits of this shrub are known in commerce as Graines d’Avignon and Graines de Perse, and produce a valuable green dye. Other species seem to supply a similar dye-material,—for instance, R. saxatilis (L.), R. amygdalinus (Desf.), R. oleoides (L.), K. tinctorius (W. and K.). Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Wendland and Drude. (Chamerops hystrix, Fraser). The Bule Palmetto of Florida and Carolina. Another hardy dwarf Fan Palm. Rhapis flabelliformis, Linné fil. China and Japan. This exceedingly slender Palm attains only a height of a few feet. The stems can be used for various small implements. Itis one of the best plants for table decoration. Rhaponticum acaule, Candolle. (Centaura Cynara, F. v. M.) On the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial herb. The root is edible. Rheum australe, Don.* (2. Lmodi, Wall.; R. Webbianum, Royle.) Himalayan regions up to 16,000 feet. From this species at least a portion of the medicinal Rhubarb is obtained; most likely several species furnish Rhubarb-root, and its quality depends probably much on the climatic region and the geo- logical formation in which the plant grows. Should we ‘wish to cultivate any species here for superior medicinal roots, then clearly localities in our higher and drier Alpine tracts should be chosen for the purpose. Hayne regards the presence of much yellowish pigment in the seed-shell as indicating a good medicinal Rhubarb-plant. As much as five lbs. of the IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 277 dried drug are obtained from a single plant several years old. An important orange-red crystalline substance, emodin, allied to chrysophaniec acid, occurs in genuine Rhubarb. A large proportion of the medicinal Rhubarb-root is now grown in England. Rheum officinale, Baillon.* Western China and Eastern Thibet on the high table-land. It furnishes the most of the true Turkey Rhubarb, not merely from the root, but also from the woody stem. Suited for mountainous regions. Recommended also as a scenic plant by Regel. Rheum palmatum, Linné.* From insular to Alpine North-Eastern Asia. A variety from the Tangut country of Mongolia or North Thibet yields an excellent medicinal root known as the Kiakhta or Khansu Rhubarb (Maximowicz) ; valuable also as a decorative plant. Rheum Rhaponticum, Linné, From the Volga to Central Asia. This species, together with R. Tataricum (L, fil.), R. undulatum (L.), and a few others, all Asiatic (one extending to Japan), provide their acidu- lous leaf-stalks and unexpanded flower-mass for culinary purposes. Rhubarb-leaves can also be used in the manner of Spinage. Rhizopogon magnatum, Corda. Europe. One of the edible truffles sold in the markets of Middle Europe, with R. rudbescens, Tul. Rhododendron maximum, Linné. s North-East America. Attains a height of 20 feet. Ir- respective of its being a fine acquisition for any garden copses, this bush seems of industrial importance, because Mr. C. Forster asserts that the wood of this and the allied Kalmia latifolia (L.) is equalled only by the best boxwood. This may give a clue to other substitutes for that scarce commo- dity, needed so extensively by the wood-engraver. Rhus caustica, Hooker and Arnott. Chili, where it is called the Litre. A small or middle-sized tree, the very hard wood of which is used for wheel-teeth, axletrees, and select furniture, The plant seems neither caustic nor otherwise poisonous (Dr. Philippi). ¥ 278 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Rhus copallina, Linné. North America, extending to Canada. A comparatively dwarf species. This can be used for tanning. A resin for varnishes is also obtained from this shrub. Rhus coriaria, Linné.* The Tanner’s Sumach. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The foliage of this shrub or small tree, reduced to powder, forms the Sumach of commerce. It is remarkably rich in tannic acid, yielding as much as 30 per cent., and is extensively used for the production of a superior Corduan- or Maraquin-leather and pale-coloured leathers and dress goods. Sumach allows the leather to carry more grease (Ballinent). Price in Melbourne £36 per ton. The cultivation presents no difficulty. It thrives best in loose calcareous soils and cannot endure stagnant water. The strongest Sumach is produced on dry ground. A gathering can be obtained from suckers in the first year. The duration of Sumach fields under manure extends to fifteen years. Sumach ean also be used for ink and various, particularly black, dyes. Under favourable circum- stances as much as a ton of Sumach is obtained from an acre. Rhus cotinus, Linné. The Scotino. Countries of the Mediterranean Sea, extending to the Himalayas. The wood of this bush furnishes a yellow pigment. The Scotino, so invaluable as a material for yellow and black dye, and as a superior tanning substance, consists of the ground foliage of this plant. It contains up to 24 per cent. tannin. Rhus glabra, Linné. North America, extending to 54° north latitude. This Sumach shrub will grow on rocky and sterile soil. It produces a kind of gall, and can also be used as a good substitute for the ordinary Sumach. This species can be easily multiplied from suckers. It will live on poor soil. American Sumachs con- tain generally from 15 to 20 per cent. tannin or occasionally up to 26 per cent. tannin, Rhus lucida, Linné. South Africa. This shrub proved in Victoria of particular adaptability for forming hedges ; it is evergreen, close grow- ing, and stands clipping well. About half a hundred South African species are known, of which probably some could be utilised like, ordinary Sumach, but hitherto we have remained IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 279 unacquainted with the nature and degree of any of their tanning and colouring principles. Rhus semialata, Murray. China and Japan, extending to the Himalayas. Attains a height of 40 feet. This shrub produces a kind of nutgalls. Rhus succedanea, Linné. The Japan Wax Tree, the produce of which has found its way into the English market. Rhus typhina, Linné. The Staghorn Sumach. North America, extending to Canada. This species will grow to a tree of 30 feet high. Its wood is of an orange tinge. Through incisions into the bark a kind of Copal is obtained. The leaves can be used like ordinary Sumach. This bush can be reared on inferior land. The leaves of American Sumach must be collected early in the season if a clear white leather like that from Sicilian Sumach is to be obtained. This can be ascertained by the colour of the precipitate made with gelatine. : Rhus vernicifera, Candolle. Extends from Nepal to Japan. It forms a tree of fair size, and yields the Japan varnish. It ascends in India to 7,000 feet, but Stewart and Brandis are doubtful whether the Japan species (R. Vernix, L.) is really identical with the Indian. Ribes aureum, Pursh. Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon. This«favourite bush of our shrubberies would likely in our forest streams produce its pleasant berries, which turn from yellow to brown or black. Professor Meehan mentions a variety or allied species from Utah, with berries larger than those of the black currant; they are quite a good table-fruit, and of all shades from orange to black. Allied to this is R. tenuiflorum (Lindl.), of Cali- fornia and the nearest States, with fruits of the size of red currants, of agreeable flavour, and either dark purple or yellow colour. R. aureum, R. palmatum, and some other strong American species have come into use for grafting on them the European Gooseberry (C. Pohl.) Ribes Cynosbati, Linné. The Prickly-fruited Gooseberry of Canada and the Northern 280 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE States of the American Union. The berries are large. There is a variety, not so objectionably burrlike-prickly. R. Cynos- bati has been hybridised with R. Grossularia, and the sequence has been a good result (Saunders). Ribes divaricatum, Douglas. California and Oregon. One of the Gooseberries of those countries. Berries smooth, black, about one-third of an inch in diameter, pleasant to the taste. Culture might improve this and many of the other species. R. Nuttalli (R. villosum, Nutt., not of Gay nor of Wallich) is an allied plant, also from California. , Ribes floridum, L’Heritier. The Black Currant of North America. The berries resemble in odour and taste those of R. nigrum. Allied to this is R. Hudsonianum (Rich.) from the colder parts of North America. . Ribes Griffithi, J. Hooker and T. Thomson. Himalaya, at the height of 10,000 to 13,000 feet. Allied to R, rubrum, bearing similar but larger berries of somewhat austere taste. R. laciniatum (H. and T.) is likewise a Himalayan species with red berries, and so is R. glaciale (Wall.). Furthermore, R. villosum, Wall. (R. leptostachyum, Decaisne), comes from the Indian highlands and seems worthy of notice. Ribes Grossularia, Linné. The -ordinary Gooseberry. Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, on the Himalayan mountains up to a height of 12,000 feet. This bush, familiar to every one, is mentioned here merely to indicate the desirability of naturalising it in any Alpine regions where it is not indigenous. Ribes hirtellum, Michaux. The commonest smooth Gooseberry of North America, par- ticularly in the New England States. It hkes moist ground. Ribes nigrum, Linné. The Black Currant. Middle and Northern Asia, Europe, North America, ascending the Himalayan and Thibet moun- tains to a height of 12,000 feet; also particularly fit to be dispersed through forests in elevated situations. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. Q281 Ribes niveum, Lindl. One of the Oregon Gooseberry-bushes. Berries small, black, of a somewhat acid taste and rich vinous flavour. Ribes rotundifolium, Michaux. North America, as far as Canada. Yields part of the smooth Gooseberries of the United States. The fruit is small, but of delicious taste. Unlike the ordinary Gooseberry, not subject to mildew. Careful cultivation has advanced gradually the size of the fruit (Meehan). Ribes rubrum, Linné. The ordinary Red Currant, Europe, North America, North and Middle Asia, in the Himalayan Mountains ceasing where R. Griffithi commences to appear. One of the best fruit- plants for jellies and preserves that could be chosen for colder mountain altitudes. The root-bark contains phlorrhizin. Perhaps other species than those recorded here, among them some from the Andes, may yet deserve introduction, irre- spective of their showiness, for their fruits. Richardia Africana, Kunth. (2. Aethiopica, Rosenthal.) From the Nile to the Cape of Good Hope. Important for scenic effects, particularly on the margins of waters. Easily moved at all seasons. The fresh root contains about 2 per cent, of starch. Ricinus communis, Linné.* The Castor Oil Plant. Indigenous to the tropical and sub- tropical zones of Asia and Africa. A shrubby, very decora- tive plant, attaining the size of a small tree. It was well known to the Egyptians four thousand years ago, and is also mentioned in the writings of Herodotus, Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Theophrastos, Plinius, and other ancient physi- cians, philosophers, and naturalists. The easy and rapid growth, the copious seeding, and the early return of produce render this important plant of high value in the warm tem- perate zone, more particularly as it will thrive on almost any soil, and can thus be raised even on arid places, without being scorched by hot winds. It may thus become an important plant also for culture in desert-tracts, and is evidently des- tined to be one of the most eligible oil-plants for technical uses, particularly for lubricating machinery, irrespective of the value of its oil for medicinal purposes. The seeds contain about 50 per cent. oil. To obtain the best medicinal oil, 282 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL’ CULTURE hydraulic pressure should be employed, and the seeds not be subjected to heat; the seed-coat should also be removed: prior to the extracting process being proceeded with. A screw- press suffices, however, for ordinary supply to obtain the oil, By decantation and some process of filtration it is purified. For obtaining oil to be used for lubrication of machinery or other technological purposes, the seeds may be pressed and prepared by various methods under application of heat and access of water. Castor oil is usually bleached simply by ex- posure to solar light, but this procedure lessens to some extent the laxative properties of the oil. It dissolves completely in waterless alcohol and in ether, and will become dissolved also in spirit of high strength, to the extent of three-fifths of the weight of the latter. Solutions of this kind may become valuable for various technical purposes, and afford some tests for the pureness of the oil. If pressed under heat it will deposit margaritin. Heated in a retort about one-third of the oil will distil over, and a substance resembling india-rubber remains, which saponises with alkalies. Other educts are at the same time obtained, which will likely become of indus- trial value. These facts are briefly mentsoned here merely to explain that the value of this easily-produced oil is far more varied than is generally supposed, and this remark applies with equal force to many other chemical compounds from vegetable sources, briefly alluded to in this present enumerative treatise. The seeds contain also a peculiar alkaloid—ricinin. The solid chemical compound of castor oil is the crystalline isocetic acid (a glycerid). The oil contains also a non-crystalline acid peculiar to it (ricinoleie acid), For the production of a particular kind of silk the Recinus plant is also important, inasmuch as the hardy Bombyx Arrindi requires for food the leaves of this bush. Even a few of the seeds if swallowed will produce poisonous effects. Robinia pseudacacia, Linné. The North American Locust Acacia. Height to 90 feet. The strong, hard, and durable wood is for a variety of purposes in use, and particularly eligible for treenails, axletrees, and turnery. The natives use the wood for their bows. Tree of rapid growth, and attains an age of several hundred years. It may be planted closely for timber-belts and hedge-shelter on farm-lands. It is one of the best trees for renovating exhausted land and for improving poor soil. Recommended by Wessely as one of the easiest grown of all trees on bare sand, though standing in need of twice as much mineral aliment as Pinus silvestris and nearly as much as poplars. It IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 283 pushes through shifting sand its spreading roots, which ‘attain a length of 70 feet. It will maintain its hold in hollows of drifts where even poplars fail (Wessely). The roots are poisonous. The allied R. viscosa attains a height of 40 feet. No less than four arborescent Robinias are recorded from Juan Fernandez. Roccella tinctoria, Candolle. Canary Islands, Azores, also in Middle and South Europe and North Africa. This Lichen furnishes the litmus, orseille or orchil for dyes and chemical tests. It is a question of interest whether it could be translocated and naturalised on the cliffs also of our shores, Other dye-lichens might per- haps still more easily be naturalised; for instance, Lecanora tartarea, L. parella, Pertusaria communis, Parmelia sordida, Isidium corallinum, and some others, which furnish the Cud- bear or Persio. Rosa centifolia, Linné. The Cabbage Rose. Indigenous on the Caucasus and seem- ingly also in other parts of the Orient. Much grown in South Europe and South Asia for the distillation of rose- water and oil or attar of roses. No pruning is resorted to, only the dead branches are removed; the harvest is from the middle of May till nearly the middle of June ; the gathering takes place before sunrise (Simmonds). From 12,000 to 16,000 roses, or from 250 Ibs. to 300 lbs. of rose petals, are required according to some calculations for producing a single ounce of attar through ordinary distillation. The flowers require to be cut just before expansion ; the calyx is separated and rejected; the remaining portions of the flowers are then subjected to aqueous distillation, and the saturated rose-water so obtained is repeatedly used for renewed distillation, when from the overcharged water the oil separates on a cold place and floats on the surface, from whence it can be collected after refrigeration by fine birds’-feathers. Rose oil consists of a hydrocarbon stearopten which is scentless, and an elacopten which is the fragrant principle. But some other methods exist for producing the oil; for instance, it may be got by distilling the rosebuds without water at the heat of a salt-water bath. ‘The odour may also be withdrawn by alcoholic distilla- tion from the roses, or be extracted by the “ enfleurage” process. The latter is effected by placing the flowers, collected while the weather is warm, into shallow frames covered with a glass plate, on the inner side of which a pure fatty substance has been thinly spread. The odour of the flowers is absorbed 284 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE by the adipose or oleous substance, though the blossoms do not come with it in direct contact ; fresh flowers are supplied daily for weeks. The scent is finally withdrawn from its matrix by maceration with pure alcohol. Purified Eucalyptus oil can be used for diluting rose oil, when it is required for the preparation of scented soap. a Rosa Damascena, Miller. Orient. Allied to the preceding species, aud also largely used for the production of essential oil of roses. Rosa Gallica, Linné. The French or Dutch Rose. Middle and South Europe, Orient. The intensely coloured buds of this species are par- ticularly chosen for drying. ‘These, however, may be got also from other kinds of roses, Rosa Indica, Linné. Noisette Rose. From Upper India to Chinaand Japan. Some. roses of the sweetest scent are derived from this species. Rosa levigata, Michaux. (R. Sinica, Aiton.) The Cherokee Rose. China and Japan. Considered one of the best hedge-roses, and for that purpose much employed in North America. It serves also well for bowers. Allied to the foregoing species. Rosa rugosa, Thunberg, of Japan, a large-fruited and large-leaved rose, is exceedingly well adapted for garden hedges. Rosa moschata, Miller. North Africa and South Asia as far east as Japan. From the flowers of this extremely tall climbing species also essen- tial oil is obtained. The attar thus derived from roses of not only different varieties, but even distinct species, must necessarily be of various qualities. In the Balkan Mountains, on basalt slopes facing south, the most odorous roses are pro- duced. At Kesaulik rose-distillation is the main industry. Shoots of rose-bushes are placed in trenches 3 feet deep and 5 feet apart. Irrigation promotes the growth. The gathering commences in the third and lasts till about. the fifteenth year (Simmons). Schlagintweit gives as the yield of attar in the Balkan ranges 34, of the petals in cool and z4, in warm weather by careful distillation and refrigeration. The pure oil as a European commodity is worth from £20 to £23 per pound. This is also the rose, according to Schlagintweit, used IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 285 for attar distillation in Tunis. Pure attar, valued at 30 shillings per ounce, is produced in Roumelia to the amount of £80,000 annually (Piesse). Rosa sempervirens, Linné. From South Europe through Southern Asia to Japan. One | of the best rose-bushes for covering walls, fences, and similar structures. The flowers of this species also can be utilised for rose oil. Rosa setigera, Michaux. North America, where it is the only climbing rose-bush. It deserves introduction on account of its extremely rapid growth, —10 feet to 20 feet in a season. Its flowers, however, are nearly inodorous. Other original species of roses deserve our attention, Sir Joseph Hooker admitting about thirty, all from the northern hemi- sphere. But on the snow-clad unascended mountains of Borneo, Sumatra, New Guinea, and Africa south of the equator, perhaps new roses may yet be discovered, as they have been traced south to Abyssinia already. Rosa spinosissima, Linné. Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia. Adapted for holding coast-sands ; unapproachable to pasture animuls, and not spreading like the Sweet Briar, R. rubiginosa (L.), into culture-land or pastures. Rosmarinus officinalis, Linné. The Rosemary. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. This well-known bush is mentioned here as a medicinal plant, from which a distilled oil is rather copiously obtainable. One of our best plants for large garden-edgings. The oil enters into certain compositions of perfumery. Royenia pseudebenus, E. Meyer. South Africa. Only a small tree, but its wood jet black, hard, and durable; thus in Capeland and Caffraria called ebony. R. pubescens (Wiilld.), according to Dr. Pappé, furnishes there a wood adapted for xylography ; this may give a clue to the adaptability of many other kinds of woods in the large Order of Ebenacee as substitutes for the Turkish boxwood. Rubia cordifolia, Linné. (2. Mungista, Roxburgh.) From the Indian highlands, through China and Siberia, to 286 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Japan ; also occurring in various parts of Africa, as far south as Caffraria and Natal. This perennial plant produces a kind of madder. Probably other species likewise yield dye-roots. The genus is represented widely over the globe, but, as far as known, not in Australia. Rubia peregrina, Linné. Middle and South Europe, South-West Asia. This perennial species also yields madder-root. Several other kinds deserve comparative test-culture. Rubia tinctorum, Linné. The Madder. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial herb of extremely easy culture. Soil fit for barley suits, also for madder. Its culture opens any deep subsoil and suffocates weeds, but requires much manure, leaving then, however, the land enriched. Any stagnant water in the soil must be avoided, if madder is to succeed. The harvest is in the second or third year. It can be raised from seeds or planted from offshoots. The roots merely dried and pounded form the dye. The chemical contents are numerous: in the herb, rubichloric and rubitannic acid ; in the root, alizarin, purpurin, rubiacin, rubian, ruberythrin acid, and _ three distinct resins ; also chlorogenin, xanthin, and rubichlorie acid. On the five first depend the pigments produced from the root. Madder is one of the requisites for alizarin ink. Since the manufacture of artificial alizarin from anthacene, a constituent of coal-tar, has commenced, the cultivation of madder has declined. Still it remains a valuable root, handy for domestic dye. Rubus Canadensis, Linné.* The Dewberry of North America. A shrub of trailing habit. Fruit black, of excellent taste, ripening earlier than that of R. villosus (Ait.), which constitutes the High Blackberry of the United States, with large fruits, Rubus Chamezmorus, Linné. The Cloudberry. North Europe, North Asia, North America, particularly in the frigid zone. A perennial but herbaceous plant ; a pigmy amongst its congeners. Nevertheless it is recommended for introduction to spongy, mossy, Alpine moors, on accouns of its grateful amber-coloured or red fruit. All the species can readily be raised from seeds. R. Articus (L.), also with edible fruit, is in the high north usually its IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 287 companion. A similar little herb, living for a great part of the year in snow—namely, R. Gunnianus (Hook.)—oceurs on the Alpine heights of Tasmania, from whence it might be easily transferred to snowy mountains of other countries. The fruit of R. Gunnianus is red and juicy, but not always well developed. Rubus cuneifolius, Pursh. The Sand Blackberry. North America.’ A dwarf shrub. The fruit is of agreeable taste. Rubus deliciosus, Torrey. On the sources of the Missouri. An erect shrub. Fruit raspberry-like, large and grateful. An exceedingly hand- some species. Rubus ellipticus, Smith. (2. flavus, Hamilton.) On the mountains of India (4,000 to 7,000 feet), also in Ceylon and Yunan. A large bush with yellow fruits, which are reckoned in flavour fully equal to the ordinary Raspberry (C. B, Clarke). Rubus fruticosus, Linné.* The ordinary Blackberry or Bramble. All Europe, North and South Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. The shrub bears well in a temperate clime. In some countries it is a favourite plant for hedges. It likes, above all, calcareous soil, though it is content with almost any, and deserves to be naturalised on the rivulets of any ranges. R. corylifolius (Sm.), R. suberectus (Andr.), and R. leucostachys (Sm.) are varieties like many other named kinds of European Black- berries, or perhaps belong to the closely allied R. caesius (L.), the English Dewberry ; or in some instances hybrid forms may have arisen from the two, although the generality of these various Blackberry bushes bear their fruit freely enough. Rubus geoides, Smith. Falkland Islands, Fuegia, Patagonia, and Chiloe. A herba-~ ceous kind of Raspberry-plant with greenish-yellow fruits, resembling the Cloudberry, and of a very agreeable taste. Best adapted for mountainous regions. Rubus Havaiensis, A. Gray. Sandwich Islands. The fruits of this bramble shrub are raspberry-like. 288 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Rubus Idaeus, Linné.* The ordinary Raspberry. Europe, Northern and West Asia. It is mentioned here to point out the desirability of natural- ising the plant on mountains and on river banks. The fruits contain a stereopten. Leaves a substitute for tea. Rubus imperialis, Chamisso. Brazil and Argentina. Furnishes superior fruits. Rubus lasiocarpus, Smith. India, reaching in the Himalayas an elevation of 8,000 feet, in Ceylon of 6,000 feet. The black fruit is very palatable. R. biflorus (Hamilton) ascends with R. rosifolius to 10,000 feet; its fruit, either red or orange, is sweet (J. D. Hooker). Rubus macropetalus, Douglas.* California and Oregon. An unisexual shrub. Fruit black, oval-cylindric, particularly sweet. Rubus occidentalis, Linné.* The Black Raspberry or Thimbleberry. North America. A species with woody stems and nice fruits, with a glaucous bloom, well flavoured and large. It ripens early. Rubus odoratus, Linné.* North America. A kind of Raspberry. A handsome species on account of its large purple flowers. Berry edible. Culture would doubtless enhance the value of the fruits of many of these Rubi. Hybridising might be tried. Rubus parvifolius, Linné. : East Asia, East and South Australia. In the Alps of Victoria it produces much finer fruits than in the lowlands. Rubus rosifolius, Smith. Tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa and Asia, also throughout the littoral forests of East Australia. This shrub bears in woody regions an abundance of fruits of large size, and these early and long in the season. Rubus rugosus, Smith, South Asia. The fruit, which ripens all the year round in temperate climes, is nearly twice the size of the ordinary Blackberry. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 289. Rubus strigosus, Michaux. North America. Closely allied to the European Raspberry. Its fruits large, also of excellent taste. It would lead too far to enumerate other kinds of Rubus, although about a hundred genuine species. occur, which render the genus one of very wide dispersion over the globe. Rubus trivialis, Michaux.* Southern States of North America. Another shrubby species with good edible fruits, which are large and black. The plant will thrive in dry sandy soil. Like many other species, rich in tannic acid. : Rumex acetosa, Linné. The Kitchen Sorrel. Europe, Middle and North Asia to Japan, also in the frigid zone of North America. A perennial herb. The tender varieties, particularly the Spanish one, serve as pleasant acidulous vegetables, but must be used in moderation, as their acidity, like that of the species of Oxalis (Wood Sorrel), depends on binoxalate of potash. The South African R. luxuriaus (L.) serves likewise as culinary sorrel. Rumex Patientia, Linné. Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia. Biennial. The young leaves furnish a palatable sorrel, like spinach. In cold climes it pushes forth its leaves before the frost is hardly gone, and thus comes in as one of the first vegetables of the season. Rumex scutatus, Linné. . The French Sorrel. Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Orient. Also perennial, and superior to the foregoing as a culinary plant. They are all of use against scurvy and most easily reared. Rumex vesicarius, Linné. South Europe, Middle Asia, North Africa. An annual herb of similar utility as the former ones. Ruscus aculeatus, Linné. Middle and South Europe, North Africa, South-West Asia. This odd plant is the only shrubby species of the genus. It serves for forming garden hedges. The young shoots of this and others are edible. 3 290 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Ruta graveolens, Linné. The Rue. Mediterranean countries and the Orient. The foliage of this acrid and odorous shrub, simply dried, consti- tutes the Rue-herb of medicine. The allied R. sylvestris (Mill,) is still more powerful in its effect. These plants and others of the genus contain a peculiar volatile oil and a glycosid (Rutin). Sabal Adamsoni, Guernsent. Dwarf Palmetto, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. A stemless Fan-Palm, with the two following and Chamerops Hystrix atiammg the most northerly positions of any American Palms. According to Count de Saporta it resists a temperature as low as 17° F. This Palm does well in marshy places, Sabal Palmetto, Roemer and Schultes.* Extends from Florida to North Carolina, also Bermuda Islands. The stem attains a height of 40 feet. This noble Palm delights on sandy coast tracts. Sabal serrulata, Roemer and Schultes. South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida: The stem grows to 8 feet high; particularly well adapted for sea-coasts. The leaves can be used for cabbage-tree hats and other pur- poses for which palm-leaves are sought. The fibrous spongy parts of the stem serve as brushes. Sabal umbraculifera, Martius. West India. Attains, according to Grisebach, a height of 80 feet, or, according to others, even over 100 feet. Though naturally a tropical Savannah-Palm, it has proved even hardier than the Orange. Another equally tall Antillan-Palm is 8. glaucescens (Loddiges). Sabbatia angularis, Pursh. North-East America. This biennial pretty herb is lauded as a substitute for gentian by American physicians, and might with other congeners be grown in medicinal gardens, though its naturalisation would not be desirable, as ‘stock avoid the bitter gentianaceous plants. Saccharum officinarum, Linné. The Sugar-Cane. India, China, South Sea Islands, not in- digenous in any part of America or Australia. Sugar-cane IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 291 having been cultivated in Spain and other countries on the Mediterranean Sea, it will be worthy of further trial at what distance from the equator and at what elevations in other parts of the globe sugar from cane can be produced to advan- tage. In the United States the profitable culture of cane ceases at 32° north latitude; in Japan it is carried on with advantage up to 36° north latitude, and even further north- ward (General Capron) ; the average yield there of raw sugar is 3,300 Ibs. per acre ; in China it extends only to 30° north latitude. In the last-mentioned country the culture of sugar- cane dates from the remotest antiquity; moreover, we have from thence a particular kind (S. Sinense, Roxb.), which is hardier and bears drought better than the ordinary cane ; this kind needs renewal only every second or third year, and ripens in seven months, if planted early in spring, but if planted in autumn and left standing for fully a year the return of sugar is larger. Moderate vicinity to the sea is favourable for the growth of canes. Prolific yields have been secured in East Australia as far south as 28°. The multiplication of all sorts of sugar-cane is usually effected from top-cuttings, but this cannot be carried on from the same original stock for an indefinite period without deterioration ; and as seeds hardly ever riper on the canes, new plants must from time to time be brought from a distance. Thus, New Caledonia has latterly supplied its wild-growing splendid varieties for replanting many sugar-fields in Mauritius. The Bourbon variety is praised as one of the richest for sugar; the Batavian variety, S. violaceum (Tussac), is content with less fertile soil, Many other varieties are known. Excessive rains produce a rank luxuriance of the canes at the expense of the saccharine principle. Rich manuring is necessary to attain good crops, unless in the best of virgin soil. The lower leaves of the stem must successively be removed, also superabundant suckers, to promote the growth upwards, and to provide venti- lation and light. Out. of the remnants of sugar-cane mol- lasses, rum, and taffia can be prepared. The average yield of sugar varies from 1 ton 6 cwt.to 3 tons for the acre. For fuller information the valuable local work of Mr. A. McKay, “The Sugar-cane in Australia,” should be consulted. The stately S. spontaneum (L.), which extends from India to Egypt, is available for scenic culture. It attains a height of 15 feet. Other tall kinds of Saccharum occur in South Asia. Sagittaria lancifolia, Linné. From Virginia to the Antilles. This very handsome aquatic 292 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE plant can doubtless be utilised like the following species. It attains a height of 5 feet. Sagittaria obtusa, Muehlenberg. (8. Zatifolia, Willdenow.) North America, where it replaces the closely-allied S. sagittifolia, A few other conspicuous species are worthy of introduction. The Tule or Wapatoo root of California is derived from a species of Sagittaria. Sagittaria sagittifolia, Linné. Europe, North and Middle Asia, east to Japan. One of the most showy of all hardy water-plants ; still not alone on that account deserving naturalisation, but also because its root is edible. If once established, this plant maintains its ground well, and might occupy spots neither arable nor otherwise utilised. Salix alba, Linné. The Huntingdon or Silky Willow of Europe, originally pro- bably from Middle Asia. Available for wet places not other- wise utilised. Height 80 feet, circumference of stem 20 feet ; of rapid growth. Wood eligible where lightness, pliancy, elas- ticity, and toughness are required; hence in request for wheel- floats and shrouding of water-wheels, as it is not subject to splinter ; also used for turnery, trays, fenders, shoe-lasts, light handles (Simmonds). Timber, according to Robb, the lightest and softest of all woods, available for bungs; it is planed into chips for hat-boxes, baskets, and wove bonnets, also for cricket bats, boxes, &, The bark is particularly valued as a tan for certain kinds of glove leather to which it imparts an agreeable odour. The Golden Osier, Salix vitellina (L.), is a variety. - The shoots are used for hoops and wicker-work. With other large Willows and Poplars one of the best scavengers for back yards where drainage cannot readily be applied ; highly valu- able also for forming lines along narrow watercourses or valleys in forests, to stay bush-fires. The charcoal excellent for gun- powder. The wood in demand for matches. Salix Babylonica, Tournefort. The Weeping Willow, indigenous in West Asia as far as Japan, sparingly wild, according to Stewart, in the Himalayas ; pro- bably also if Persia, Kurdistan, and China. One of the most grateful of all trees for the facility of its culture, rapidity of growth, and fitness for embellishments. Also as one of the quickest growing and most easily reared of all shade-trees, Dr. C. Koch. distinguishes another Weeping Willow as S. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES... 293 elegantissima from Japan. Important for consolidating river banks. Salix Capensis, Thunberg. (S. Gariepina, Burchell.) South Africa. This Willow might be introduced on account of its resemblance to the ordinary Weeping Willow. S. daph- noides (Vill,) of Europe and Asia, S. petiolaris (Smith), 8. cordata (Muehlenb.), S. tristis (Ait.), of North America, are among the best for binding sand. 8S. longifolia (Muehlenb.), also North Amerigan, is among those which form long flexible withes. Salix caprea, Linné. Europe, North and Middle Asia. The British Sallow or Hedge Willow ; grows also to a tree; wood useful for handles and other implements, the shoots for hoops. It is largely employed for the coal for gunpowder. Bark for tanning, particularly glove leather. The flowers are eagerly sought by bees. It is the earliest flowering Willow. Salix cordata, Muehlenberg. One of the Osiers of North America. Salix daphnoides, Villars. Middle Europe and Northern Asia, as far as the Amoor, ascending to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas. A tree of 60 feet in height, of remarkable rapidity of growth, attaining 12 feet in four years. It is much chosen to fix the ground at railway embankments, on sandy ridges and slopes, for which purpose its long-spreading and strong roots render it particularly fit. The twigs can be used for baskets, wicker-work, and twig- bridges (Stewart and Brandis). The foliage furnishes cattle fodder. The tree is comparatively rich in salicin, like S. pentandra (L.) and the following. Salix fragilis, Linné. The Crack-Willow. Indigenous in South-Western Asia. Height 90 feet, stem to 20 feet in girth. A variety of this species is the Bedford Willow, also called Leicester Willow, Salix Russelliana (Smith), which yields a light, elastic, tough timber, more tannin in its bark than oak, and more salicin (a substitute for quinine and most valuable as an anti-rheu- matic remedy) than most congeners. According to Sir H. Davy the young layers of the bark contain 16 per cent, tannin, the whole bark only about 7 per cent. One of the dwarf American Willows, perhaps §. tristis (Aiton), has been 294 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE traced on the coast-sands of California to send out root-like stems up to 120 feet in length. Salix Humboldtiana, Willdenow. Through a great part of South America, southward as far as Patagonia, there furnishing building-timber for inside struct- ures. This Willow is of pyramidal habit, attains a height of 50 feet and more. The wood is much in use for yokes and other implements. Many kinds of Willow can be grown for consolidating shifting. sand ridges. Salix lucida, Muehlenberg. One of the Osiers of North America. Salix nigra, Marshall. (8, Purshiana, Sprengel.) The Black Willow of North America. It attains a height of 30 feet. The Black Willow is one used for basket-work, although it is surpassed in excellence by some other species, and is more important as a timber Willow. Mr. W. Scaling, of Basford, includes it among the sorts which he recommends in his valuable publication, “ The Willow ” (London, 1871). Salix purpurea, Linné.* Of wide range in Europe and West Asia. One of the Osiers. In deep moist soil, not readily otherwise utilised, it will yield annually four to five tons of the best of rods, quali- fied for the finest work. Impenetrable, not readily inflam- mable, screens 25 feet high can be reared from it in five years. In localities exposed to storms, willow-screens fully 40 feet high can be raised. It is invaluable also for the reclamation of land along watercourses. Rich in salicin. From Mr. Scaling’s treatise on the Willow, resting on un- rivalled experience, it will be observed that he anew urges the adoption of the Bitter Willow (also called the Rose Willow or the Whipcord Willow), S. purpurea (L.), for game-proof hedges, this species scarcely ever being touched by cattle, rabbits, and other herbivorous animals. Not only for this reason, but also for its very rapid growth and remunerative yield of the very best of basket material, he recommends it for field hedges. Cuttings are planted only half a foot apart, and must be entirely pushed into the ground. The annual produce from such a hedge is worth 4s. to 5s. for the chain, For additional strength the shoots can be interwoven. In rich bottoms they will grow from 7 feet to 13 feet in a year. The supply of basket ma- terial from this species has fallen very far short of the IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 295 demand in England. The plant grows vigorously on light soil or warp-land, but not on clay. S. rubra (Huds.) is also admirably adapted for hedges. The real Osier, 8. viminalis (L.), is distinguished by basket-makers as the soft-wooded willow, and is the best for rods requiring two years’ age, and also the most eligible for hoofs, but inferior to several other species for basket manufacture. S. triandra (L.) is a prominent representative of the hard-wooded basket-willows, and comprises some of the finest varieties in use of the manufacturers. A crop in the third year after planting from an acre weighs about 12 tons, worth £3 for the ton. 8S. fragilis (u.) and S. alba (L.) are more important as timber willows, and for growing hoop-shoots. Their rapidity of growth recommends them also for shelter-plantations, to which advantage may be added their uninflammability and their easy propagation; the latter quality they share with most willows. Mr. Scaling’s renewed advocacy for the formation of willow plantations comes with so much force that his advice is here given, though condensed in a few words. Osier plantations come into full bearing in the third year; they bear for ten years and then slowly decline. The raw produce from an acre in a year averages 6 tons to 74 tons, ranging in price from £2 10s. to £3 10s. for the ton (unpeeled), Although 7,000 acres are devoted in Britain to the culture of basket-willows (exclusive of spinneys and plantations for the farmers’ own use), yet in 1866 there had to be imported from the Continent 4,400 tons of willow branches, at a value of £44,000, while besides the value of the made baskets imported in that year, was equal to the above sum. In recent years the importation into the United States of willow material for baskets, chairs, ete., has, according to Simmonds, been valued as approaching £1,000,000. Land comparatively valueless for root or grain crops can be used very remuneratively for osier. plantations. The soft- wooded willows like to grow in damper ground than the hard- wooded species. The best peeled willow branches fetch as much as £25 for the ton. Peeling is best’ effected by steam, by which means the material is also increased in durability. No basket-willow will thrive in stagnant water. Osier plantations in humid places should therefore be drained. The cuttings are best taken from branches one or two years old, and are to be planted as close as one foot by one foot and a half. No part of the cutting must remain uncovered, in order that only straight shoots may be obtained; manuring and ploughing between the rows is thus also facilitated, after the crop has been gathered, and this, according to the approved Belgian 296 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE method, must be done by cutting the shoots close to the ground after the fall of the leaves. The accidental intro. duction from abroad of the destructive saw-flies (particu- larly Nematus ventralis), which prey also on currant and gooseberry bushes, should be guarded against. Salix rubra, Hudson.* Throughout Europe, also in West Asia and North Africa; it is much chosen for osier beds. When cut down, it will make shoots 8 feet long in a season. Porcher regards it as one of the most valuable species for work in which unpeeled rods are used. Salix tetrasperma, Roxburgh. Mountains of India, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. Height of tree 40 feet. This thick-stemmed Willow is worthy of a place on the banks of watercourses. The twigs can be worked into baskets, the wood serves for gunpowder, the foliage for cattle fodder. Salix triandra, Linné.* (8. amygdalina, Linné.) The Almond-Willow; through nearly all Europe and extra- tropical Asia. Height of tree 30 feet. Shoots 9 feet long, for hoofs and white basket-work, being pliant and durable. The bark contains a good deal of salicin. 8S. lanceolata (Smith) is a hybrid between &. triandra and S. viminalis, according to Anderson. Salix viminalis, Linné.* The common Osier of Europe and North and West Asia; attains the height of 30 feet. One of the best for wicker- work and hoops; when cut, it shoots up to a length of 12 feet. It would lead too far to enumerate even all the more important Willows’ on this occasion. Professor Anderson, of Stockholm, admits 158 species. Besides these, numerous hybrids exist. Many of the taller of these Willows could be grown to advantage. Salpichroma rhomboidea, Miers. Extra-tropical South America, as far south as Magellan’s Straits. A half-shrub, with good-sized berries of vinous taste (Lorentz). Salvia Matico, Grisebach. Sub-Alpine Argentina, An important medicinal herb. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 297 Salvia officinalis, Linné. The Garden Sage. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A somewhat shrubby plant of medicinal value, pervaded by essential oil. Prefers calcareous soil. Among nearly half a ri species of this genus some are gorgeously orna- mental. Sambucus Canadensis, Linné. North-East America. The berries of this half-woody Elder are used, as well as those of Phytolacca decandra, for colouring vinous liquids. Dr. Gibbons observes that this species is recognised in the United States Pharmacopoeia, and that the Californian species (S. glauca and S. racemosa) possess similar medicinal properties. The flowers are gently excitant and sudorific, the berries diaphoretic and aperient (wine frequently manufactured from them), and the inner bark in large doses a hydragogue cathartic and emetic. S. xanthocarpa (F. v. Mueller) is a large Elder tree of extra-tropical East Australia. Sambucus nigra, Linné. The ordinary Elder. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. Known to have exceptionally attained a height of 35 feet. The flowers are of medicinal value, and an essential oil can be obtained from them. The wood can be utilised for shoe-pegs and other purposes of artisans. The berries are used for colouring port wine and for other purposes of dye. Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linné. North-East America. A perennial herb. The root important as a therapeutic agent, contains also dye principles. Sanguisorba minor, Scopoli. (Poteriwm Sanguisorba, Linné.) The Salad Burnet. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia. A perennial, easily disseminated and naturalised herb, particularly adapted for calcareous soils. Serves as salad and particularly as a sheep fodder. : Sanseviera Zeilanica, Willdenow. India. This thick-leaved liliaceous plant should not be passed in this enumeration, as it has proved hardy in places free of frost. Four pounds of leaves give about one pound of fibre, which unites with softness and silky lustre extraordinary strength and tenacity, serving in its native country for bow- strings. The plant might be left to itself in rocky unutilised places. Several allied species exist. 298 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Santalum album, Linné.* India, ascending to the temperate elevations of Mysore. A small or middle-sized tree, famed for its fragrant wood and roots. In the drier and stony parts of ranges the greatest fragrance of the wood is generated. 8. Freycenetianum (Gaudichaud) produces sandal-wood on the mountains of the Sandwich Islands up to 3,000 feet. Several other species occur in Polynesia. The precious sandal-oil is obtained by slow distillation from the heartwood and root, the yield being about two and a half per cent. Santalum cygnorum, Miquel. South-Western Australia, where this tree yields scented sandal- wood. Santalum Preissianum, Miquel. (S. acuminatum, A. de Can- dolle.) The Quandong. Desert country of extra-tropical Australia. The fruits of this small tree are called Native Peaches. As both the succulent outer part and kernel are edible, it is advisable to raise the plant in desert tracts. Santalum Yasi, Seemann. The Sandal Tree of the Fiji Islands, where it grows on dry and rocky hills. It is likely to prove hardy and’deserves, with a few other species from the South Sea Islands yielding scented wood, test culture in warm temperate regions. Santolina cyparissias, Linné. . Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A very aromatic and handsome bush, of medicinal value. There are several allied species. Saponaria officinalis, Linné. The Soapwort or Fuller’s Herb. Europe, North and Middle Asia. A perennial herb of some technologic interest, as the root can be employed with advantage in some final processes of washing silk and wool, to which it imparts a peculiar gloss and dazzling whiteness, without injuring in the least the most sensitive colours. Experiments instituted in the labo- ratory of the Botanic Garden of Melbourne render it highly probable that saponin, which produces the froth from the soapwort, is also present in the bark and root of Acacia (Albizzia) lophanta (W.). At all events, a substance closely resembling saponin was unexpectedly detected (in the course IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 299 of other investigations entrusted to Mr. Rummel) in the bark of this Acacia, and this substance occurred in so large a proportion as to constitute'10 per cent. of the dry bark, Sassafras officinale, Hayne. The deciduous Sassafras Tree, indigenous from Canada to Florida, in dry open woods. Height 60 feet. The stem has been known to attain a girth of more than 19 feet at 3 feet from the ground. 1t furnishes the medicinal Sassafras. bark and wood, and from this again an essential oil is attain- able. The deciduous and often jagged leaves are remarkable among those of Lauracee. They are used as a condiment in cookery. The root bark contains 58 per cent. tannin (Reinsch). Satureja hortensis, Linné. The Summer Savory. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual scent-herb, from which an essential aromatic oil can be distilled. The culture of this and allied plants is easy in the extreme. Satureja montana, Linné. The Winter Savory. On arid hilly places at and near the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb, frequently used as a culinary condiment along with or in place of the foregoing species, although it is scarcely equal to it in fragrance. Satureja Thymbra, Linné. | Countries on or near the Mediterranean Sea. A small ever- green bush, with the flavour almost of thyme. The likewise odorous 8. Graeca (L.) and 8. Juliana (L.) have been trans- ferred by Bentham to the closely cognate genus Micromeria ; they are in use since Dioscorides’ time, though not repre- ‘senting, as long supposed, the Hyssop of that ancient phy- sician. Saussurea Lappa, Bentham. (Haplotaxis Lappa, Decaisne.) Cashmere. The aromatic root of this perennial species is of medicinal value, and by some considered to be the Costus of the ancients. Saxono-Gothea conspicua, Lindley. The Mahin of Southern Chili, A middle-sized tree, with fine-grained yellowish timber. 800 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Scandix grandiflora, Linné. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual herb, much liked there as a salad for its pleasant aromatic taste. Schima Wallichii, Choisy. India, up to 5,000 feet. A tree attaining a height of 100 feet. Timber highly valuable (C. B. Clarke). Schizostachyum Blumei, Nees. Java, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. A lofty Bamboo. A few other species, less elevated, occur in China, the South Sea and Philippine Islands, and Madagascar. The genus might well be united with Melocanna. The Bambvos being thus brought once more before us, it may be deemed advisable to place together into one brief list all other kinds which are recorded either as very tall or as particularly hardy. Accord- ingly, from Major-General Munro’s admirable monograph (“ Linnean Transactions,” 1868), the succeeding enumeration is compiled, and from that masterly essay, resting on very many years’ close study of the richest collections, a few pre- fatory remarks are likewise offered, to vindicate the wish of the writer of seeing these noble and graceful forms of vegeta- tion largely transferred to every part of Australia, where they would impress a grand tropical feature on the landscapes. Even in the far southern latitudes of Victoria, Tasmania, and New Zealand, Bamboos from the Indian lowlands have proved to resist our occasional night frosts of the low country, But in colder places the many Sub-Alpine species could be reared. Be it remembered that Chusquea aristata advances to an elevation of 15,000 feet on the Andes of Quito, indeed to near the zone of perpetual ice. Arundinaria falcata, A. racemosa, and A. spathiflora live on the Indian highlands, at a zone between 10,000 and 11,000 feet, where they are annually beaten down by snow. Forms of Bambusacex still occur, according to Grisebach, in the Kurilian archipelagus up to 46° _N., and in Japan even to 51°. We may further recognise the great importance of these plants, when we reflect on their mani- fest industrial uses, or when we consider their grandeur for picturesque scenery, or when we observe their resistance to storms or heat, or when we watch the marvellous rapidity with which many develop themselves. Their seeds, though gener- ally produced only in long intervals, are valued in many instances higher than rice. The ordinary great Bamboo of India is known to grow 40 feet in forty days, when bathed in the moist heat of the jungles. Delchevalerie witnessed the growth of some Indian Bamboos at Cairo to have been 10 IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 301 inches in one night. Their power of growth is such as to upset stone-walls or demolish substantial buildings. As shelter- plants for grazing-animals these tree-reeds are most eligible. The Bourbon Bamboo forms an impenetrable Sub-Alpine belt of extraordinary magnificence in yonder island. One of the Tenasserim Bambusas rises to 150 feet, with a diameter of the mast-like cane sometimes measuring fully one foot. The great West Indian Arthrostylidium is sometimes nearly as high and quite as columnar in its form, while the Dendro- calamus at Pulo Geum is equally colossal. The Platonia Bamboo of the highest wooded mountains of Panama sends forth leaves 15 feet in length and one foot in width. Arun- dinaria macrosperma, as far north as Philadelphia, rises still in favourable spots to a height of nearly 40 feet, and one of the Japan Bamboos, according to Mr. Christy, gains, even those in extra-tropical latitudes, the height of 60 feet. Through perforating with artistic care the huge canes of various Bam- boos, musical sounds can be melodiously produced when the air wafts through the groves, and this singular fact may possibly be turned to practice for checking the devastations from birds on many a cultured spot. Altogether twenty genera, with one hundred and seventy well-marked species, are circum- scribed by General Munro’s consummate care; but how may these treasures yet be enriched, when once the snowy mountains of New Guinea through Bamboo jungles become ascended, or when the Alps on the sources of the Nile, which Piolemezus and Julius Cesar already longed to ascend, have become the territory also of phytologic researches, not to speak of many other tropical regions as yet left unexplored! Europe pos- sesses no Bamboo; Australia, as far as hitherto ascertained, only one (in the interior of Arnhem’s Land). Almost all Bamboos are local, and there seems really no exception to the fact that none are indigenous to both hemispheres; all true Bambusas being Oriental. Observations on the growth of many Bamboos in Italy are recently offered by Chevalier Fenzi. The introduction of these exquisite plants is one of the easiest imaginable, either from seeds or the living roots. The consuls at distant ports, the missionaries, the mercantile and navigating gentlemen abroad, and particularly also any travellers, could all easily aid in transferring the various Bamboos from one country to the other—from hemisphere to hemisphere, Most plants of this kind once well established in strength under glass can be trusted out to permanent locations with perfect and lasting safety at the commencement of the warm season. Indeed, Bamboos arc hardier than most 302 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE intratropical plants, and the majority of them are not the denizens of the hottest tropical lowlands, but delight in the cooler air of mountain regions. In selecting the following array from General Munro’s monograph, it must be noted that it comprises only a limited number, and that among those which are already to some extent known, but as yet cannot be defined with precision in their generic and specific relation, evidently some oecur which in elegance, grace, and utility surpass even many of those now specially mentioned :— Arthrostylidium excelsum, Griseb. West India. Height to 80 feet, diameter one foot. Arthrostylidium longiflorum, Manro. Venezuela ; ascends to 6,000 feet. Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Steudel. Mexico ; ascends to 7,500 feet. Height to 30 feet. Arthrostylidium Schomburgkii, Munro, Guiana ; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height to 60 feet. Arundinaria acuminata, Munro. Mexico. Height to 20 feet. Arundinaria callosa, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height to 12 feet. Arundinaria debilis, Thwaites. Ceylon; ascends to 8,000 feet. A tall species. Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro. Sikkim ; ascends to 7,000 feet. Height to 15 feet. Arundinaria Japonica, 8. and Z. Japan. Height to 12 feet. Arundinaria Khasiana, Munro. Himalaya ; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height to 12 feet. Arundinaria suberecta, Munro. Himalaya ; ascends to 4,500 feet. Height to 15 feet. Arundinarta tesselata Munro. South Africa; ascends to 6,500 feet. Height to 20 feet. Arundinaria verticillata, Nees. Brazil. Height to 15 feet. Aulonemia Quexo, Goudot. New Granada, Venezuela, in cool regions. Tall, climbing. Bambusa Balcooa, Roxb. Bengalto Assam. Height to 70 feet. Bambusa Beecheyana, Munro. China. Height to 20 feet. Bambusa Brandisit, Munro. Tenasserim; ascends to 4,000 feet. Height to 120 feet, circumference 2 feet. Bambusa flecuosa, Munro. China. Height to 12 feet. Bambusa marginata, Munro. Tenasserim; ascends to 5,000 feet. Tall, scandent. Bambusa nutans, Wall. Himalaya; ascends to 7,000 feet. Bambusa pallida, Munro. Bengal to Khasia; ascends to 3,500 feet. Height to 50 feet. Bambusa polymorpha, Munro. Burma, in the Teak region. Height to 80 feet. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 303 Bambusa regia, Th. Thomson. Tenasserim. Height to 40 feet. . Bambusa Tulda, Roxb. Bengal to Burma. Height to 70 feet. Bambusa tuldoides, Munro. China, Hong, Kong, Formosa. Beesha capitata, Munro. Madagascar, Height to 50 feet. Beesha stridula, Munro. Ceylon. Cephalostachyum capitatum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height to 30 feet. Cephalostachyum pallidum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 5,000 feet. Tall. a pergracite, Munro. Burma. Height to 40 eet. Chusquea abietifolia, Griseb. West India. Tall, scandent. Chusquea capitulifiora, Trinius. South Brazil. Very tall. Chusquea Culcou, E. Desv. Chili. Height to 20 feet. Straight. Chusquea Dombeyana, Kunth. Peru; ascends to 6,000 feet. . _ Height to 10 feet. a tra Fendlert, Munro. Central America ; ascends to 12,000 eet. Chusquea Galleottiana, Ruprecht. Mexico ; ascends to 8,000 feet. Chusquea Gaudichaudiana, Kunth. South Brazil. Very tall. Chusgea Lorentztana, Grisebach. Sub-tropic Argentina, 30 feet high; not hollow. Useful for many kinds of utensils and structures. . Chusquea montana, Philippi. Chili; Andes. Height to 10 feet. Chusquea Muetleri, Munro. Mexico; ascends to 8,000 feet. Climbing. Chusquea Quila, Kunth. Chili. Tall. Chusquea scandens, Kunth, Colder Central America, Climbing, tall. Chusquea simpliciflora, Munro. Panama. Height to 80 feet. Scandent. Chusquea tenuiflora, Philippi. Chili. Height to 12 feet. Chusquea uniflora, Steudel. Central America. Height to 20 feet. Dendrocalamus flagellifer, Munro. Malacca. Very tall. Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni, Nees. Himalaya ; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height to 60 feet. Dendrocalamue Hookert, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height to 50 feet. Dendrocalamus sericeus, Munro. Behar ; ascends to 4,000 feet. Tall. Denochloa Tjankorreh, Bueshse. Java, Philippines; ascends to 4,000 feet. Climbing. . Gigantochloa heterostachya, Munro. Malacca. Height to 30 feet. Guadua capttata, Munro. South Brazil. Height to 20 feet. Guadua macrostachya, Rupr. Guiana to Brazil. Height to 80 feet. Guadua paniculata, Munro. Brazil. Height to 30 feet. 304 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Guadua refracta, Munro. Brazil. Height to 30 feet. Guadua Tagoara, Kunth. South Brazil; ascends to 2,000 feet. Height to 30 feet. Guadua virgata, Rupr. South Brazil. Height to 25 feet. Merostachys Claussent, Munro. South Brazil, Height to 80 feet, es Kunthii, Ruprecht. South Brazil. Height to 30 eet. Merostachys ternata, Nees. South Brazil. Height to 20 feet, Nastus Bourbonicus, Gmel. Bourbon, Sumatra; ascends to 4,000 feet. Height to 50 feet. Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, Munro. Abyssinia to Angola; ascends to 4,000 feet. Height to 50 feet. Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata, Munro. Pegu, Moulmein. Tall, scandent. Phyllostachys bambusoides, S. and Z. Himalaya, China, and Japan. Height to 12 feet. Phyllostachys nigra, Munro. China, Japan. Height to 25 feet. Platonia nobilis, Munro. New Granada, colder region. Pseudostachyum polymorphum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6 000 feet. Very tall. Teinostachyum Grifithi, Munro. Tall and slender. } Thamnocalamus Falconeri, J. Hook. Himalaya ; ascends tv 8,000 feet. Tall. Thamnocalamus spathiflorus, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 11,000 feet. Tall. Schizostachyum brachycladum, Kurz. Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems to 40 feet high, very hollow. The short branches give to this Bamboo a peculiar habit. One variety has splendidly yellow stems. Schizostachyum elegantissimum, Kurz. Java, at elevations from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Unlike all other Bamboos, this bears flowers at an age of three years, and is therefore of special importance for scenic effect. Height up to 25 feet, stems stout. It requires, like many allied plants, renewal after flowering. Schizostachyum Hasskarlianum, Kurz. Java. This and S. serpentinum afford the best kinds of Bam- boo vegetables for cookery, the young shoots, when bursting out of the ground, being used for the purpose. Kurz mentions as culinary “ Rebong ” Bamboos: Gigantochloa aspera, G. robusta, G. maxima, G, atter. For ornamental culture the IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 305 same meritorious writer singles out Schizostachyum brachy- cladum, the varieties of Bambusa vulgaris, with gaudy, glossy colouring of the stems, in contrast with the black-stemmed species of Phyllostachys from China and Japan. Schizostachyum irratum, Steudel. Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems to 380 feet high, re- markably slender. Schizostachyum Zollingeri, Steudel. Hills of Java. Much cultivated. Height up to 35 feet, stems slender. Schkuhria abrotanioides, Roth. ; From Peru to Argentina. This annual herb yields locally an insecticidal powder. Schoenocaulon officinale, A. Gray. (Asa Graya officinalis, Lind- ley ; Sabadilla officinalis, Brandt and Dierbach.) Mountains of Mexico. A bulbous-rooted herb with’ leafless stem, thus far specially distinct from any Veratrum. It fur- nishes the Sabadilla seeds and yields two alkaloids, veratrin and sabadillin; a resinous substance, helonin; also sabadil- lic and veratrie acid. The generic names adopted for this plant by Lindley and by Lierbach are coetaneous. Sciadopitys verticillata, Siebold. The lofty and curious Umbrella Fir of Japan, 140 feet high, pyramidal in habit. Resists severe frosts. Wood white and compact. Scilla esculenta, Ker. (Camassia esculenta, Lindley.) : The Quamash. In the western extra-tropical parts of North America, on moist prairies. The onion-like bulbs in a roasted state form a considerable portion of the vegetable food on which the aboriginal tribes of that part of the globe are living. It is a pretty plant and might be naturalised on moist mea- dows: Sclerachne cyathopoda, F. v. Mueller. Tropical and sub-tropical Australia. A perennial grass, valu- able according to Mr. P. O’Shanesy for green feed, yielding a large return. U 806 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Scorzonera crocifolia, Sibthorp. Greece. A perennial herb; the leaves, according to Dr. Held- reich, used there for a favourite salad and spinach. Scorzonera deliciosa, Guasson.* Sicily. One of the purple-flowered species; equal, if not superior, in its culinary use to the allied Salsify. Scorzonera Hispanica, Linné.* Middle and South Europe, Orient. The perennial root of this yellow-flowered herb furnishes not only a wholesome and palat- able food, but also serves as a therapeutic remedy much like dandelion. Long boiling destroys its medicinal value. Some other kinds of Scorzonera may perhaps be drawn into similar use, there being many Asiatic species. Scorzonera tuberosa, Pallas. On the Volga and in Syria. This species also yields an edible root, and so perhaps the Chinese Sc. albicaulis (Bunge), the Persian Se. Scowitzii (Cand.), the North African Sc. undulata (Vahl.), the Greek Se. ramosa (Sibth.), the Russian Se. As- trachanica (Cand.), the Turkish Sc. semicana (Cand.), the Iberian Sc. lanata (Bieberst.). At all events, careful culture may render them valuable esculents. Scutia Indica, Brogniart. South Asia. This, on Dr. Cleghorn’s recommendation, might be utilised as a thorny hedge-shrub. Sebea ovata, R. Brown. Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. This neat little annual herb can be utilised for its bitter tonic principle (Gentian-bitter). S. albidiflora (F. v. M.) is an allied species from somewhat saline ground.. These plants disseminate them- selves most readily. Secale cereale, Linné.* The Rye. Orient, but perhaps wild only in the country be- tween the Caspian and Black Seas. Mentioned here as the hardiest of all grain plants for the highest Alpine regions. There are annual and biennial varieties, while a few allied species, hitherto not generally used for fodder or cereal cul- ture, are perennial. The Rye, though not so nutritious as wheat, furnishes a most wholesome. well-flavoured bread, which keeps for many days, and is most extensively used in Middle IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 307 and North Europe and Asia. The grain, moreover, can be reared in poor soil and cold climates, where wheat will no longer thrive. In produce of grain, Rye is not inferior to wheat in colder countries, while the yield of straw is larger, and the culture less exhaustive. It is a hardy cereal, not readily subject to disease, and can be grown on some kinds of peaty or sandy or moory ground. The sowing must not be effected at a period of much wetness. Wide sand tracts would be uninhabitable if it were not for the facility to provide human sustenance from this grateful corn. It dislikes moist ground. Sandy soil gives the best grain. It is a very re- markable fact that since ages in some tracts of Europe, Rye has been prolifically cultivated from year to year without in- terruption. In this respect Rye stands favourably alone among alimentary plants. It furnishes in cold countries also the earliest green fodder, and the return is large. Dr. Sonder observed, in cultivated turf-heaths with much humus, that the spikelets produce three or even four fertile florets, and thus each spike will yield up to eighty beautiful seeds. Langethal recommends for argillaceous soils a mixture of early varieties of wheat and rye, the united crops furnishing grain for excel- lent bread. When the Rye-grain becomes attacked by Cordy- ceps purpurea (Fr.), or very similar species of fungi, then it becomes dangerously unwholesome, but then also a very im- portant medicinal substance—namely, Ergot—is obtained. The biennial Wallachian variety of Rye can be mown or depas- tured prior to the season of its forming grain. In Alpine regions Wallachian Rye is sown with pine-seeds, for shelter of the pine seedlings in the first year. Secale creticum, Linné. Though probably only a veriety of S. cereale (L.), it deserves specially to be mentioned as furnishing a bread of peculiar taste. Sechium edule, Swartz. West India. The Chocho or Chayota. The large starchy root of this climber can be consumed as a culinary vegetable, while the good-sized fruits are also edible. The fruit often germinates before it drops. The plant bears already in the first year and may ripen one hundred fruits in a year. The roots arestarchy. The plant comes to perfection in the warmer parts of the temperate zone. Selinum anesorrhizum, F. v. Meller. (Anesorrhiza Capensis, Ch. and Schl.) South Africa. The root of this biennial herb is edible. A. 308 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE montana (Eckl. and Zeyh.), a closely allied plant, yields like- wise an edible root; and so it is with a few other species of the section Anesorrhiza. Selinum Monnieri, Linné. From East Asia now extending to South Europe, preferring moist places. An annual herb, praised by the Chinese as valuable for medicinal purposes. Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher.* (Zuxodium sempervirens, Lambert.) Red Wood or Bastard Cedar of North-West America, chiefly California. A splendid tree, 360 feet high, occasionally with a diameter of the stem of 55 feet. The wood is reddish, close-veined, easily split, very durable, but light and brittle. The timber of mission buildings one hundred years old is still quite sound. One of the most colossal trees of the globe. Its growth is about 32 feet in sixteen years. Often found on metamorphic sandstone. Dr. Gibbons writes that this tree forms immense forests along the coast range for a distance of about 200 miles in a belt 20 miles wide. The soft, straight-grained, durable wood is suitable for external as well as internal finish. It constitutes almost the sole material for weather-boarding along the Californian coast; and for fence posts, foundations of buildings, and railway sleepers, it is almost the only material used. Dr. Gibbons records as the stoutest stem some of 38 feet diameter at 3 feet from the ground. Sequoia Wellingtonia, Seemann.* (Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley; Sequoia gigantea, Torrey, not Endl.) Mammoth Tree. California, up to 8,000 feet above the sea. This, the biggest of all trees, attains a stem of 320 feet in length and 112 feet in circumference, the oldest trees being estimated at 1,100 years. The total height of a tree has been recorded as occasionally 450 feet, but such heights have never been confirmed by actual clinometric measurements of trees existing now. A stem broken at 300 feet had yet a diameter of 18 feet. The wood is soft and white when felled; ’ afterwards it turns red. It is very durable. Traditional ac- counts seem to have overrated the height of the Mammoth Tree. In the Calaveras grove two of the largest trees, which may have been the tallest of all, were destroyed; the two highest now existing there are respectively 325 and 319 feet high, with a circumference of 45 and 40 feet at 6 feet from the ground, At the Mariposa grove the highest IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 309 really measured trees are 272,270, and 260 feet high, but one of these has the enormous circumference of 67 feet at 6 feet from the ground, while another, the height of which is not recorded, is 98 feet in girth at the ground and 64 feet at ll feet from it; the branches of this individual tree are as thick as the stems of large Elms. The height of the Calaveras-grove is 4,760 feet above sea-level. Accord- ing to Dr. Gibbons this giant of the forest has a far wider range than was formerly supposed, Mr. John Muir having shown that it stretches over nearly 200 miles at an alti- tude of 5,000 to 8,000 feet. From the Calaveras to the King River it occurs in small and isolated groves, but from the latter point south to Deer Creek, a distance of about 70 miles, there are almost unbroken forests of this noble tree. Growth of the tree about 2 feet a year under ordinary culture, much more in damp forest glens. Both Sequoias produce shoots from the root after the stem is cut away. Sesamum Indicum, Linné. The Gingili. Southern Asia, extending eastwards to Japan. This annual herb is cultivated as far as 42° north latitude in Japan. The oil, fresh expressed from the seeds, is one of the best for table use ; free of any unpleasant taste. It congeals with more difficulty than olive oil. There are varieties of this plant with white, red, and black seeds; the latter is the earliest and richest, but gives adarker oil. Yield 45 to 50 per cent. oil. Nearly a million acres are under cultivation with this plant in the Madras Presidency. The export of the oil from Bangkok in 1870 was valued, according to Simmonds, at £183,000 ; the market value is from 25 to 35 shillings per ewt. The plant succeeds still at Malta and at Gaza, and is much grown in Turkey. Parched and pounded, the seeds make a rich soup. In Greece the seeds are often sprinkled over cakes. One of the advantages of the culture of this plant consists in its quick return of produce. The soot of the oil is used for China-ink. : Sesbania aculeata, Persoon. The Danchi. Intra tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. This tall annual plant has proved adapted for desert regions. It yields a tough fibre for ropes, nets, and cordage, valued at from £30 to £40 for the ton. Several congeneric plants can be equally well utilised. Sesbania Asgyptiaca, Persoon. Africa, South Asia, North Australia. The foliage of this tall 310 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE perennial herb and of the allied annual S. brachycarpa (F. v. M.) serves as fodder, which cattle are ravenously fond of. According to Mr. T. Gulliver, the green pods, as well as. the seeds, are nutritious, wholesome, and of pleasant taste. Roxburgh mentions the leaves and young pods of S. grandi- flora as excellent for spinach. Sesbania cannabina, Persoon. South Asia. An annual herb of easy growth in wet localities, requiring less attention in weeding and otherwise than the Jute plant. The crop for fibre ripens in about five months. Sesleria coerulea, Arduino.* Most parts of Europe. Of this perennial grass Lengethal ob- serves that it is for dry and loose limestane what Elymus are- narius is for loose sand. It stands well depasturing by sheep, and is one of the earliest grasses in the season. S. dacty- loides, Nuttall (Buchloa dactyloides, Torrey), is the Buffalo Grass of Kansas. Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Linné. All around the globe on the shores of tropical and sub-tro- pical countries, occurring naturally as far south as Port Jackson. A perennial creeping herb, fit to fix the sandy silt on the edges of sea-coasts. Shepherdia argentea, Nuttall. The Buffalo Berry. From the Missouri to Hudson’s Bay. This bush bears red, acidulous, edible berries. Shorea robusta, Gaertner. The Sal Tree. India, up to 3,000 feet. It attains as a maxi- mum a height of 150 and a girth of 25 feet. One‘of the most famed of Indian timber trees. Drs. Stewart and Brandis found it on sandstone, conglomerate, gravelly and shingly ground, where loose water-transmitting soils are mixed with a large portion of vegetable mould. The climatic conditions within a Sal area may be expressed as—mean annual rainfall, 40 to 100 inches ; mean temperature, in the cool season 55? to 77°, in the hot season 77° to 85° F. Sal will stand the occa- sional sinking of the temperature below freezing point. The heart wood is dark brown, coarse-grained, hard, very heavy, strong, tough, with fibrous cross-structure, the fibres inter- laced. For buildings, river boats, and railway sleepers it is the IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 3ll most important timber of North India. It exudes a pale, aromatic, dammer-like resin. The Tussa silkworm derives food from this tree. Shorea Talura, Roxburgh. (S. daccifera, Heyne.) India, abounding in Mysore, where South European fruits prosper. On this tree also the Lac insect lives. It furnishes a peculiar dammer. Sison Amomum, Linné. Middle and South Europe. A herb of one or two years’ duration. It grows best on soil rich in lime. The seeds can be used for condiment. Smilax medica, Chamisso and Schlechtendal. Mexico. This plant produces mainly the sarsaparilla root of that country. Smilax officinalis, Humboldt. New Granada and other parts of Central America. This climbing shrub produces at least a portion of the Columbian sarsaparilla. Smilax papyracea, Duhamel. Guiana to Brazil. The origin of the principal supply of Brazilian sarsaparilla is ascribed to this species, although several others of this genus, largely represented in Brazil, may yield the medicinal root also. In warm humid gullies of the temperate zone these plants would likely succeed in establishing themselves. Smilax Australis (R. Br.) extends from the tropical coast parts of Australia to East Gippsland. Neither this nor the East Australian S. glycyphylla (Smith) nor the New Zealand Ripogonum scandens (Forst.) have ever been subjected to accurate therapeutic tests, and the same may be said of numerous other Smilaces scattered through the warmer countries of the globe. The Italian sarsaparilla, which is derived from the Mediterranean S. aspera (L.), has been introduced into medicine. Smilax rotundifolia, Linné. Eastern States of North America and Canada. A prickly climber with deciduous foliage. An immense local use is made of the roots for the bowls of tobacco-pipes, clay pipes being there almost unknown. It is estimated that nearly three millions of these briar-root pipes are now made a year. 312 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE The reed portion of these pipes is generally prepared from Alnus serrulata (Meehan). Smyrnium Olusatrum, Linné. . The Alisander. Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. ~A biennial herb, which, raw or boiled, can be utilised in the manner of celery, The roots and the fruitlets serve medicinal purposes. Solanum Atthiopicum, Linné. Tropical Africa. Cultivated there and elsewhere on account of its edible berries, which are large, red, giobular, and uneven. The plant is annual, Solanum betaceum, Cavanilles. (Cyphomandra betacea, Sendtner.) Central America. This shrub is cultivated as far south as Buenos Ayres and Valparaiso, also on the Mediterranean Sea, for the sake of its tomato-like berries. Solanum Dulcamara, Linné. Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A trailing half-shrub, with deciduous leaves. The stems are used in medicine and contain two alkaloids—dulcamarin and solanin, Solanum edule, Schumacher and Thonning. Guinea. The berry is of the size of an apple, yellow and edible. Solanum Fendleri, Asa Gray. New Mexico. A new kind of Potato, enduring a temperature of zero. Professor Meehan’s endeavours to obtain good-sized tubers have as yet not been successful. Tubers of good size have since been obtained according to Simmonds. The follow- ing plants are also spoken of by Dr. Rosenthal and others as new kinds of potato, perhaps to be developed through cultiva- tion: S. demissum (Lindley), 8. cardiophyllum (Lindley), S. utile (Klotzsch), S. verrucosum (Schlechtendal), S. Bulbocast- anum (Dunal), S. stoloniferum (Schlechtendal), all from Mexico and some from elevations 10,000 feet high ; S. Maglea, (Molina) from Chili, and 8. immite (Dunal) from Peru. Solanum Gilo, Raddi. Tropical America; much cultivated there for the sake of its large, spherical, orange-coloured berries, which are eatable. * IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 313 Solanum Guinense, La Marck. Within the tropics of both hemispheres. The berries of this shrub serve as a dye of various shades, particularly violet, for silk. Solanum indigoferum, St. Hilaire. . Southern Brazil. .A dye-shrub, deserving trial culture. Solanum Lycopersicum, Linné. (Lycopersiewm esculentum, Mill.) The Tomato. South America. Annual. Several varieties exist, differing in shape and colour of the berries. It is one of the most eligible plants with esculent fruits for naturalisa- tion in desert country. As well known, the Tomato is adapted for various culinary purposes. Tomato foliage can be placed round fruit trees, like the equally poisonous potato leaves, to prevent the access of insects, and an infusion of the herb serves also as an insecticide for syringing, as first adopted by Mr. Sircy. Solanum macrocarpum, Linné. Mauritius and Madagascar. A perennial herb. The berries are of the size of an apple, globular and yellow. 8. Thonningi (F. Jacq.), from Guinea, is a nearly-related plant. S. calyci- num (Moe. et Sess.), from Mexico, is also allied. Solanum Melongena, Linné. (8. ovigrum, Dunal; 8, esculentum, Dunal.) The Egg Plant. India and some other parts of tropical Asia, A perennial plant, usually renewed in cultivation like an annual. The egg-shaped large berries are known under the name of Aubergines or Bringals or Begoons as culinary esculents. Allied plants are S. insanum (L.), S, longum (Roxb.); S. serpentinum (Desf.), S. undatum (Lam.), 8. ferox (L.), S. pseudo-saponaceum (Blume), S. album (Dour.), which all bear large berries, considered harmless, but may not all represent well-marked species. Absolute ripeness of all such kinds of fruits is an unavoidable requisite, as otherwise even wholesome sorts may prove acrid or even poisonous. Probably many other of the exceedingly numerous species of the genus Sola- num may be available for good-sized edible berries. Solanum muricatum, L’Heritier. The Pepino of Peru. A shrubby species with egg-shaped edible berries, ‘which are white with purple spots, and attain a length of 6 inches. 314 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Solanum Quitoense, La Marck. Ecuador, Peru. A shrubby plant. The berries resemble small oranges in size colour, and taste, and are of a peculiar fragrance. To this the 8. Plumierii (Dun.), from the West Indian Islands, is also cognate, and the 8. Topiro (Kunth), from the Orinoco. Solanum torvum, Swartz. From West India to Peru, A shrubby species with yellow spherical berries of good size, which seem also wholesome. Other species from tropical America have shown themselves sufficiently hardy for inducing us to recommend the test culture of such kinds of plants. Many of them are highly curious and ornamental. Solanum tuberosum, Linné.* The Potato. Andes of South America, particularly of Chili, but not absolutely trans-equatorial, as it extends into Colum- bia. It is also wild in the Argentine territory. As a starch plant, the Potato interests us on this occasion particularly. Considering its prolific yield in rich soil, we possess as yet too few factories for potato starch. The latter, by being heated with mineral acids or malt, can be converted into dextrin and dextro-glucose for many purposes of the arts. Dextrin, as a substitute for gum, is also obtainable by subjecting potato- starch in a dry state to a heat of 400° F. Alcohol may be largely produced from the tubers. The berries and shoots contain solanin. Baron von Liebig remarks, “So far as its foliage is concerned, it is a lime plant; as regards its tuber, a potash plant.” lLangethal says, “It surpasses in easy range of cultivation all other root erops. Its culture suppresses weeds and opens up tke soil, besides preparing the land for cereals.” Seeds of the Potato berries should be sown in adapted places by explorers of new countries. The most for- midable potato disease of the last thirty years from the Pero- nospora infestans seems to have originated from the use of objectionable kinds of guano, with the introduction of which the murrain was contemporaneous. Solanum Uporo, Dunal. In many of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The large, red, spherical berries of this shrub can be used like Tomato. Proved hardy at Port Phillip. Solanum vescum, F. v. Mueller, The Gunyang. South-East Australia. A shrub yielding edible IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 815 berries, which need, however, to be fully ripe for securing absence of deleterious properties. Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrader and Wendland. North Africa and South Asia. A perennial herb. The berries are of the size of a cherry, and either yellow or scarlet. Sophora Japonica, Linné.* A deciduous tree of China and Japan, resembling the Labur- num, up to 60 feet hich; wood hard and compact, valued for turners’ work. All parts of the plant purgative; the flowers rich in yellow dye, used for silk. Sophora tetraptera, Aiton. (Var. Macnabiana, Graham, The Pelu of Chili and Patagonia, A small tree with exceed- ingly hard and durable wood, much used for cog-wheels and similar structures, The wood differs much from that of 8. Toramiro of the Easter Island (Dr. Philippi). Spartina cynosuroides, Willdenow. Eastern part of North America. A perennial grass of fresh- water swamps, there often called Prairie Grass; it can be utilised for fodder, and its value as paper material seems equal to that of Esparto. Spartina juncea, Willdenow. Salt marshes of North America. A grass with creeping roots ; it can be utilised to bind moist sand on the coast. A tough fibre can readily be obtained from the leaves. 8S. polystachya (W.) is a stately grass, adapted for saline soil. Spartina stricta, Roth. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Britain and also to North America. The Twin-piked Cord Grass. A rigid perennial with creeping roots, recommended for fixing and rendering solid any mud flats on low shores and at the mouths of rivers; only suitable for brackish ground. Spartium junceum, Linné. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The flowers of this bush provide a yellow dye. A téxtile fibre can be separated from the branches. Spergula arvensis, Linné, All Europe, North Africa, West Asia, This annual herb, 316 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE : though easily becoming a troublesome weed, is here men- tioned for the desirable completeness of this enumeration. The tall variety with large seeds (S. maxima, Weihe) can be chosen with advantage for the commencement of tillage on any sandy soil too poor for barley. It takes up the land only for about two months, if grown for green fodder, and increases much the yield of milk. It serves also for admix- ture to hay (Langethal). Spigelia Marylandica, Linné. The Pinkroot of North America, north to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. A perennial handsome herb, requiring as a ver- mifuge cautious administration. 8. anthelmia (L.) is an annual plant of tropical America and possesses similar medi- cinal properties, in which probably other species likewise share. Spilanthes oleracea, N. Jacquin. The Para Cress. South America. An annual herb of con- siderable pungency, used as a medicinal salad. Spinacia oleracea, Linné. Siberia. The ordinary Spinach, an agreeable culinary annual of rapid growth. It is of a mild aperient property. Two varieties are distinguished, the Summer and the Winter Spinach, the former less inclined to run into seed, but also. less hardy. Spinacia tetrandra, Stev. Caucasus. Also annual and unisexual like the preceding plant, with which it has equal value, though it is less known. Spinifex hirsutus, Labillardiére. On the whole coast of extra-tropical Australia. Highly valuable for binding coast-sand with its long creeping roots. Spinifex longifolius, R. Brown. On the tropical and western extra-tropical coast of Australia, ~ Available like the former. Spinifex squarrosus, Linné. India. Useful, like the two preceding plants. Tennant remarks that the radiating heads become detached when the seed is matured, and are carried by the wind along the sand, over the surface of which they are impelled by their elastic IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 317 spines, dropping their seeds as they roll along. The heads are so buoyant as to float lightly on water, and while the uppermost spiny rays are acting as sails, they are carried across narrow estuaries to continue the process of embanking beyond on any newly-formed sandbars. Spondias dulcis, G. Foster. Fiji, Tongan, and Society Islands. This noble tree is intro- duced into this list to indicate that trials should be instituted as regards the culture of the various good fruit-bearing species of this genus, one of which, S. pleiogyna (F. von. Mueller), transgresses in East Australia the tropical circle. The la- mented Dr. Seemann saw §. dulcis 60 feet high, and describes it as laden with fruit of agreeable apple-flavour called Rewa, and attaining over 1 lb. weight. Sporobus virginicus, R. Brown. Jamaica. Will luxuriate even in sandy maritime places, and keep perfectly green after three or four months’ drought. Horses become rapidly and astonishingly fat in feeding upon it (Tenman). S. Indicus and S. purpuraceus and 8. Jacquemonti are also highly spoken of as pasture grasses in the West Indian Islands. Stenotaphrum Americanum, Schranck. (8. glabrum, Trinius.) South Asia, Africa, warmer countries of America; not known from any part of Europe or Australia. Here called the Buffalo Grass. It is perennial, creeping, and admirably adapted for binding sea-sand and river banks, also for forming garden edges, and for establishing a grass sward on lawns much subjected to traffic ; it is, besides, of some value as pasture. ‘It was this grass which Mr. John C. Bell reared with so much advantage for fodder on the bare rocks of the Island of Ascension, and it was there where Australian Acacias took the lead to establish wood vegetation and for securing permanency of drinking-water. Sterculia Carthaginensis, Cavanilles. (S. Chicka, St. Hilaire.) South Brazil. This and some other South American species ‘furnish seeds of almond-like taste. Sterculia monosperma, Ventenat. (8. nobclis, R. Brown.) China. A middle-sized spreading tree. The large seeds can be used as chestnuts in a roasted state. 318 SILECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Sterclia quadrifida, R. Brown. Eastern and Northern Australia. This tree might be tried in rich and humid forest regions. It is the “Calool” of the natives. The black seeds are of a filbert taste, like those of some other Sterculig. As many as eleven of the brilliant scarlet fruits may be in a cluster, and each of them may contain up to ten or eleven seeds. Sterculia urceolata, Smith. Moluccas. Possibly hardy. Seeds edible. Sterculia urens, Roxburgh. Coromandel. Seeds edible. Stilbocarpa polaris, Decaisne and Planchon. Auckland’s and Campbhell’s Islands, and seemingly also in the southern extremity of New Zealand. A herbaceous plant with long roots, which are saccharine and served some wrecked people for a lengthened period as sustenance. The plant is recommended here for further attention, as it may prove through culture a valuable addition to the stock of culinary vegetables of cold countries. Stipa aristiglumis, F. v. Mueller. South-East Australia. Graziers consider this perennial grass as very fattening and yielding a large quantity of feed. Its celerity of growth is such that when it springs up it will grow at the rate of 6 inches in a fortnight. Horses, cattle, and sheep are extremely fond of it. It ripens seeds in little more than two months in favourable seasons. Stipa tenacissima, Linné.* (Macrochloa tenacissima, Kunth.) The Esparto or Atocha. Spain, Portugal, Greece, North Africa, ascending the Sierra Nevada to 4,000 feet. This grass has become celebrated since some years, having afforded already a vast quantity of material for British paper-mills. It is tall and perennial, and may prove a valuable acquisition, inasmuch as it lives on any kind of poor soil, occurring naturally on sand and gravel as well as on clayey or calcareous or gypseous soil, and even on the very brink of the coast. Possibly the value of some Australian grasses allied to the Atocha may in a like manner become commercially established, and mainly with this view paper samples of several grass kinds were prepared by the writer (vide “Report, Industrial Exhibition, Melbourne, 1867 ”’). IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 319 Even in the scorching heat and the arid sands of the Sahara the Atocha maintains itself, and it may thus yet be destined to play an important part in the introduced vegetation of any arid places of desert tracts, particularly where lime and gypsum exist. The very tenacious fibre resists decay and is much employed for the manufacture of ropes, also for baskets, mats, hats, and other articles. During 1870 the import of Esparto ropes into England was 18,500 at while the raw material to the extent of about 130, 000 tons was imported. Extensive culture of this grass has commenced in the south of France. It is pulled once a year, in the earlier part of the summer. The propagation can be effected from seeds, but is done usually by division of the root. Ten tons of dry Esparto, worth from £4 to £5 each, can under favourable circumstances be obtained from an acre. The supply has fallen short of the demand. Good writing-paper is made from Esparto without admixture ; the process is similar to that for rags, but cleaner. The price of Esparto paper ranges from £40 to £50 for the ton. Stipa arenaria (Brot.) is a closely allied and still taller species, con- fined to Spain and Portugal. Consul W. P. Mark deserves great praise for having brought the Atocha into commercial and manufactural recognition. Stipa pennata, 8S. capillata, and S. elegantissima will grow in pure sand. Streblus asper, Loureiro. South Asia. This bears a good recommendation for live fences, in being a shrub of remarkable closeness of branches. Styrax officinale, Linné. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A tall bush or small tree. The fragrant solid storax resin exudes from this plant, or is particularly obtained by pressure of the bark. Swertia Chirata, Bentham. (Ophelia Chirata, Grisebach.) Widely dispersed over the higher mountain regions of India. A perennial herb, considered as one of the best of tonics ; it possesses also febrifugal and antarthritic properties. Its ad- ministration in the form of an infusion prepared with cold water is the best. Besides O. elegans (Wight), some of the other Upper Indian, Chinese, and Japanese species deserve probably equal attention. Hanbury and Fliickiger mention as chiratas or chirettas of Indian bazaars: Ophelia angustifolia (D. Don), O. densiflora (Grisebach), O. elegans (Wight), and O. multiflora (Dalzell), besides species of Exacum and Andro- graphis, All come from the cooler uplands. 320 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Swietenia Mahagoni, Linné. The Mahogany Tree of West India, extending naturally to Florida and Mexico. The degree of endurance of this famous tree is not sufficiently ascertained. In its native mountains it ascends to 3,000 feet. Symphytum asperrimum, Sims.* The Prickly Pomfrey. Caucasus. The growth of this hardy plant may be recommended as an adjunct to lupine culture. The Hon. Arthur Holroyd, of Sydney, has recently devoted a special publication to this plant. He quotes on good autho- rity the return of foliage already in the first year as 20 tons to the acre, in the second year 50 tons, and every year after 80 to 120 tons on manured land. It yields a nutritive and re- lished forage in rapid and continuous reproduction. It is like- wise recommended for, green manure. Dr. Voelcker found much mucilage but little sugar in this plant. The massive root, known to penetrate to 9 feet depth, sustains the plant in vigour, admitting it to be cut almost throughout the year. The propagation is easy from root-cuttings, difficult from seeds, 4,000 of the former to an acre; it will thrive even in sand and tough clay, but prefers moist and even boggy land. In tropical countries cattle have a predilection for it; there it likes shade. The likewise borragineous Cynoglossum Moirisonii, D’Cand., of North America, yields three cuttings annually. Horses and cattle relish it. It ought to be naturalised along swamps, lagoons, and river banks. It can be dried for hay. Finally it is recommended as a plant for game. Symphytum officinale, Linné. The Comfrey. Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb. The root is utilised in veterinary practice. Symplocos ramosissima, Wallich. Himalaya, up to 7,500 feet. In Sikkim, according to Dr. Stewart, the yellow silkworm is reared on the leaves of this tree. Two allied species occur spontaneously in the forests of East Australia. Syncarpia laurifolia, Tenore. . Queensland and New South Wales. Vernacular name Turpen- tine Tree; attains a height of 200 feet, with a stem of great thickness. The wood is comparatively soft and brittle, but very durable, mostly used for flooring and cabinet-making, as it takes a high polish (Hartmann). IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 821 Tynoon glandulosum, A. de Jussieu. New South Wales and South Queensland. This evergreen tree deserves cultivation in sheltered warm forest-valleys on account of its rose-coloured wood. Some species.of Dysoxylon of East Australia produce also rosewood. Tacca pinnatifida, G. Forster. Sand-shores of the South Sea Islands. From the tubers of this herb the main supply of the Fiji arrowroot is prepared. It is not unlkely that this plant will endure a tempera te clime. The’ Tacca starch is much valued in medicine, and particularly used in cases of dysentery and diarrhea. Its characteristics are readily recognised under the microscope. Several other kinds of Tacca are distinguished, but their specific limits are not yet well ascertained. Dr. Seemann admits two (T. maculata and T. Brownii) for tropical Australia, one of these extending as a hill plant to Fiji. From the leaves and flower-stalks light kinds of bonnets are plaited. A Tacca occurring in the Sandwich Islands yields a large quantity of the so-called arrowroot exported from thence. Other species (including those of Ataccia) occur in India, Madagascar, Guinea, and Guiana, all deserving tests in reference to their value as starch plants. Tagetes glanduligera, Schranck. South America. This vigorous annual plant is said by Dr. Prentice to be palicifugous. Talinum patens, Willdenow. (2. paniculatum, Gaertner.) From Mexico to Argentina. A perennial succulent herb, which might easily be naturalised on coast rocks. It furnishes the “ Puchero” vegetable. Tamarindus Indica, Linné. : Tropical Asia and Africa, This magnificent, large, expansive tree extends northwards of Egypt, and was found by the writer of this list in North-Western Australia. Final girth of stem 25 feet not rare. Never leafless. Varieties occur, according 1o Brandis, with sweetish red pulp. It is indicated here, not without hesitation, to suggest trials of its acclima- — tion in regions of the temperate zone with a warm, humid, and: equable temperature. The acid pulp of the pods forms the medicinal Tamarind, rich in formic and butyric acid, irrespect- ive of its other contents. w 822 SELECT ‘PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Tamarix dioica, Roxburgh. India, up to 2,500 feet. An important shrub for binding newly-formed river banks, even in saline soil. Tamarix Gallica, Linné.* South Europe, North and tropical Africa, South Asia, ascend- ing the Himalayas to 11,000 feet. Attains in Algeria, accord- ing to Cosson, a height of 30 feet. This shrub or small tree adapts itself in the most extraordinary manner to the most different localities. It will grow alike in water and the driest soil, also in salty ground, and is one of the most grateful and tractable plants in culture; it is readily multiplied from cut- tings, which strike root as easily as a willow and push forth stems with unusual vigour. Hence it is one of the most eli- gible bushes for planting on coast sand to stay its movements, ‘or for linmg embankments. Furnishes material for a supe- rior charcoal (W. H. Colvill). Planted much in cemeteries. In Australia, first largely sent out by the writer. Tamarix Germanica, Linné. Europe and West Asia, ascending to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas. Likewise available for arresting the ingress of shifting sand, particularly in moist places, also for solidifying precipitous river banks. The allied T. elegans i elegans, Royle) attains a height of 20 feet. Tamarix orientalis, Forskal. (2, articulata, Vahl.) North and Middle Africa, South Asia. A fast-growing tree, attaining a height of 60 feet, the trunk occasionally ex- panding to a circumference of 12 feet. Springs up freely from seeds, and is also readily propagated from cuttings. Coppices well (Stewart and Brandis). The wood serves for ploughs, wheels, and many implements. Dye-galls and a kind of manna are also produced by this tree. The same, or an allied species, extends to Japan. Tanacetum vulgare, Linné. The Tansy. North and Middle Europe, North Asia, North- Western America. A perennial herb of well-known medicinal value, which mainly depends on its volatile oil, Taraxacum officinale, Weber. Dispersed over most of the temperate and cold parts of the globe, but apparently not a native of South-East Australia. This well-known plant is mentioned, as it can be brought IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 323 under regular cultivation to obtain the medicinal extract from its roots. It is also considered wholesome to gtazing-animals. The young leaves furnish a medicinal salad. It is also an im- portant honey plant and early in the season. Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Linné. South Africa. This bush deserves attention, being of medi- cinal value. As an odorous garden plantit is also very aecept- able. Taxodium distichum, Richard.* Virginian Swamp or Bald Cypress. In swampy places of Eastern North America, extending from 38° to at least 17° north latitude. Thought to attain occasionally an age of 2,000 years, A large und valuable tree, 100 feet high, with a stem circumference of sometimes 40 feet; of rapid growth, with deciduous foliage, like that of the Larch and Ginkgo. It is found fossil in the miocerie formation of many parts of Europe. The wood is fine-grained, hard, strong, elastic and durable, splits well, and thus much used for shingles, rails, and planks; itis almost indestructible in water. The tree requires a rich soil, a well-sheltered site, with much moisture and good drainage (Lawson). It yields an essential oil and a superior kind of turpentine. Useful for avenues on swampy margins of lakes or river banks. Porcher says, “ This tree, lifting its giant form above the others, gives a striking feature to many of the swamps of Carolina and Georgia; they seem like watch-towers for the feathered race.” _ Taxodium mucronatum, Teno. The famed Montezuma Cypress of Mexico, 120 feet high, with a trunk 44 feet in circumference ; it forms extensive forests between Chapultepec and Tescuco. Taxus baccata, Linné. Yew. Middle and South Europe and Asia, at 1,000 to 10,000 feet elevation. Generally a shrub, sometimes a tree 100 feet high, which furnishes a yellow or brown wood, exceed- ingly tough, elastic and durable, and much esteemed by turners; one of the best of all woods for bows. Simmonds observed that “a post of Yew will outlast a post of iron.” Much esteemed for pumps, piles, water-pipes, as more lasting than any other wood ; also for particular musical instruments, the strongest axletrees, ete. (Simmonds). The tree is of very slow growth, and attains a great age, perhaps several thousand years; some ancient ones are known with a stem of 50 feet 324 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE in girth. It should be kept out of the reach of grazing- animals, as leaves and fruit are deadly poisonous. Taxus brevifolia, Nuttal. (7. Lindleyana, Lawson.) North-West America. Western Yew. A stately tree, 75 feet high, with a stem of 5 feet in circumference. Wood beautifully white or slightly yellow, as fine and close-grained as the European Yew. The Indians use it for their bows. Tectona grandis, Linné fil. The Teak of South Asia. This superb timber tree has its northern limit in Bandalkhand, at ‘elevations of 3,000 feet, ascending to 4,000 feet; but then not of tallsize. In Western India, according to Stewart and Brandis, frost is not uncom- mon in the teak districts. Teak wood is held in the highest esteem by ship-builders; also used by cabinet-makers, for the panels of coaches, ete. It scarcely shrinks. Teinostachyum attenuatum, Munro. The hardy Bamboo of Ceylon, there growing on the mountains at elevations between 4,000 to 6,000 feet. It attains a height of 25 feet. Telfairia pedata, Hooker. Mozambique. A cucurbitaceous climber with perennial stems, attaining a length of 100 feet, with fringed lilac flowers of extraordinary beauty, and with fruits attaining a weight of 60 lbs. and containing at times ds many as 500 large seeds. The latter in a boiled state are eatable, or a large quantity of oil can be pressed from them. The root is fleshy. A second huge species of similar use, T. occidentalis (J. Hook.), occurs in Guinea. Terfezia leonis, Tulasne. South Europe, North America. This edible Truffle, together with other species of this and other genera, is deserving of naturalisation. Terminalia Buceras, J. Hooker. (Bucida Buceras, Linné.) From the Antilles to Brazil:- One of the Mangrove trees, thus living in salt water. Possibly hardy and calculated to conso- lidate mud shores. The Tussa silkworm inhabits, among other trees, several Terminalias. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 825 Terminalia Catappa, Linnd. India, ascending mountain regions. Few trees, as stated by Roxburgh, surpass this in elegance and beauty. We have yet to learn whether it can be naturalised in temperate climes, ‘which it especially deserves for its nuts. Several species extend in East Australia to sub-tropical latitudes. The seeds are almond-like, of filbert taste and wholesome. The astrin- gent fruits of several other species form an article of trade, sought for a lasting black dye. T. parviflora (Thwaites) forms a large tree in Ceylon, at elevations up to 4,000 feet. Terminalia Chebula, Retzius. On the drier mountains of India. The seeds of this tree are of hazel taste ; the galls of the leaves and also the young fruits, known as Myrobalams, serve for superior dye and tanning material. Some other congeners serve the same purpose. Tetragonia expansa, Murray. The New Zealand Spinach, occurring also on many places of the coast and in the desert interior of Australia. Known also from New Caledonia, China, Japan, and Valdivia. An annual herb, useful as a culinary vegetable, also for binding drift-sand. Tetragonia implexicoma, J. Hooker. Extra-tropical Australia, New Zealand, Chatham Island. A frutescent, widely expanding plant, forming often large natural festoons, or trailing and climbing over rocks and sand, never away from the coast. As a Spinach plant it is as valuable as the succeeding species. It is well adapted for the formation of bowers in arid places ; it helps also to bind sand. T. trigyna (Banks and Solander) seems identical. - Tetranthera Californica, Hooker and Arnott.* (Oreodaphne Ca- lifornica, Nees.) Oregon and California, where it is called the Mountain Laurel or Bay Tree. On the banks of rivers attaining a height of 100 feet, throughout pervaded by a somewhat camphoric odour. Wood hard, close-grained, durable, susceptible of a high polish, easily worked, used for superior flooring, turnery, and manifold other select work. The tree is easily cultivated, but not of quick growth (Dr. Behr and Prof. Solander). Tetranthera calophylla, Miquel. (Cylicodaphne sebifera, Blume.) Mountains of Java and the Neilgherries. From the kernels of the berries a tallow-like fat is pressed for the manufacture 826 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE of candles. The yield is comparatively large. Trial cultures with this tree might be instituted in humid forest valleys. T. laurifolia (Jacq.), of tropical Asia and Australia, and T. japonica (Sprengel), are noted as similarly utilitarian. Teucrium Marum, Linné. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A small somewhat shrubby plant, in use for the sake of its scent, containing a peculiar stearopten. TT. Scordium (L.) from Europe and Middle Asia, .. Chamaedrys (L.), T. Polium (L.), and T. Creticum (L.) from South Europe, are occasionally drawn into medical use. All these, together ‘with many other species from various countries, are pleasantly. odorous. Thapsia edulis, Bentham. (Monizia edulis, Lowe.) On the Island of Deserte Grande, near Madeira, where it is called the Carrot Tree. It might be of some use to bring this almost shrubby umbellate to the cliffs of our shores; though the root is inferior to a carrot, perhaps cultivation would improve it. T. decipiens, Benth. (Melanoselinum decipiens, Lowe), from Madeira, is of palm-like habit and desirable for scenic effects in plant-grouping. Theligonum cynocrambe, Linné.. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual Spinach plant of somewhat aperient effect. Thouarea sarmentosa, Persoon. Tropical shores of the eastern hemisphere. This curious and tender grass might be easily introduced, to help binding the sand on sea-beaches. Thrinax parviflora, Swartz. South Florida, West India, and also on. the continent of Central America. The stem of this Fan, Palm attains a height of 25. feet, or according to Chapman 40 feet, but extremely slender. It. belongs to the sand tracts of the coast and may endure a temperate clime. The fibre of this Palm forms material for ropes. T. argentea (Lodd.). is a-closely allied Palm. ‘The few other species of the genus deserve also trial culture. Thuya gigantea, Nuttall. North-West America, on the banks of the Columbia River. The Yellow Cypress of the colonists, also. known as Oregon Red Cedar. A straight graceful tree 200 feet high, in some IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 327 instances known to have attained even a height of 325 feet, with a stem 22 feet in diameter; furnishing a valuable build- ing-timber of a pale or light-yellow colour, known as the Oregon White Cedar-wood, susceptible of high polish. It is light, soft, smooth and durable, and makes the finest sashes, doors, mouldings, and similar articles (Vasey). Canoes carry- ing four tons bave been obtained out of one stem. The bast: can be converted into ropes and mats. ‘The tree can be trained into hedges and bowers, Thuya occidentalis, Linné. North America, particularly frequent in Canada. Northern White Cedar, or Arbor vite. A fine tree, 70 feet high; the wood is reddish or yellowish, fine-grained, very tough and resinous, light, soft, and well fit for building, especially for water-work; also for turnery and machinery. Michaux men- tions that posts of this wood last forty years; a house built of it was found perfectly sound after sixty years. It prefers moist soil. Valuable for hedge copses; it can also be trained into garden bowers. Porcher says that it makes the finest ornamental hedge or screen in the United States, attaining any required height and being very compact and beautiful ; such hedges, indeed, were observed by the writer himself many years ago in Rio de Janeiro. The shoots and also an essential oil of this tree are used in medicine; the bast can be converted into ropes. The branches serve for brooms. Thuyopsis dolabrata, Siebold and Zuccarini. Japan, A majestic tree, of conical shape and drooping habit, 50 feet high, attaining a stem 3 feet in diameter. It delights in shaded and rather moist situations, used in China and Japan for avenues. Quite hardy im England (Hoopes). It furnishes an excellent hard timber of a red colour. ' Thymelea tinctoria, Endlicher. (Passerina tinctoria, Pourr.) Portugal, Spain, South France. A small shrub. It yields a yellow dye. Cursorily it may be noted here that some of the Australian Pimele contain a blue pigment, which has not yet been fully tested. Their bark produces more or less of daph- nin and of the volatile acrid principle for which the bark of Daphne Mezereum (L.) is used. These are remarkably de- veloped in the Victorian Pimelea stricta (Meissn.). The bark of many is also pervaded by a tough fibre, that of the tall Pimelea clavata (Labill.), a West Australian bush, being particularly tenacious, and used for whips. 328 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Thymus capitatus, Hoffmann and Link. (Saturgja capitata, Linné). Around the whole Mediteranean Sea. Since the times of Hippocrates, Theophrastos, and Galenus, this small scented shrub has been employed in medicine. Thymus Mastichina, Linné. Spain, Portugal, Morocco. A half-shrub of agreeable scent, used also occasionally in medicine. Thymus Serpillum, Linné. Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb of some medicinal value. It would live on the highest Alps. An essential oil can be obtained from it. One particular variety is lemon- scented. Thymus vulgaris, Linné. The Garden Thyme. South Europe. This small shrubby plant is available for scent and for condiments. It is also well adapted for forming garden-edges. The essential oil of this plant can be separated into the crystalline thymol aud the liquid thymen and cymol. T. aestivus (Ruet.) and T. hie- malis (Lange.) are closely cognate plants. Several other species ‘with aromatic scent occur on the Mediterranean Sea. Tilia Americana, Linné. The Basswood Tree or North American Linden Tree, growing to 52° north latitude. Height of tree 80 feet, diameter of stem 4 feet. The wood is close-grained and firm, as soft as deal; used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly pianofortes. Specially valuable for the cutting- boards of curriers and shoemakers, bowls, pails, shovels, panel- ling of carriages (Robb). As the wood is free of knots, it is particularly eligible for turnery and carving, and certain por- tions of machinery. The tree is highly valued for street-plant- ing in its native land. It also furnishes the linden bast. Tilia heterophylla (Vent.), the Silver Lime of North America, and Tilia Manchurica (Rupr.), of South Siberia, might be tested. Tilia argentea, Desfontaines.* The Silver Lime Tree of South-East Europe. The wood is not attacked by boring insects. The flowers are deliciously fragrant and yield on distillation a precious oil. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 329 Tilia Europea, Linné. The common Lime of Europe, extending naturally to Japan, the large-leaved variety of South European origin. Height up to 120 feet, exceptionally 50 feet in girth. The wood pale, soft, and close-grained; sought for turnery, carving, and by shoemakers and glovers to cut the leather on it ; also for toys (Simmonds). The flowers yield a highly aromatic honey (Meehan), The bast excellent for mats, Tillandsia usneoides, Linné. From Carolina and Florida to Uruguay and Chili, on trees. Might be naturalised in fcrests, In its native country a favourite material for upholsterers’ work, Tinguarra Sicula, Parlatore. In the countries on the Mediterranean Sea, The root is edible and celery-like, Todea Africana, Willdenow. South Africa, South-East Australia, New Zealand, Most important for scenic effects in wet places; as an export article the aged stems of this fern are much sought and endured wide transits, which were initiated by the writer, Stems weighing above a ton have been found bearing from 500 to 600 fronds. Supplies of this massive fern in the gullies to be mantained for future generations by the dispersion of the dust-like spores. Torreya Californica, Torrey. (7, myristica, Hooker.) In California, extending from the coast to the Sierras, A sym- metrical tree, 100 feet high, with a clear and straight trunk of 30 feet, 6 feet in diameter (Dr, Gibbons), The wood is hard and firm, Torreya grandis, Fortune. China, A tree 60 feet high, with an umbrella-shaped crown ; it produces good timber, Torreya nucifera, S. and Z. (Caryotaxus nucifera, Zuccarini.) Japan, Height of tree about 30 feet, From the nuts the Japanese press an oil used as an article of food. Torreya taxifolia, Arnott. . Florida, A tree 50 feet in height, with a firm, close-grained, durable wood of a reddish colour, Very durable also under- ground, Prostrated trees did not decay in half a century. 330 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Dry timber very light, fine-grained, slightly more yellow than that of the White Pine (P, J, White), It yields a red turpen- tine (Hoopes). Touchardia latifolia, Gaudichaud. In the Hawaian Islands, A shrub allied to Boehmeria nivea, yielding a tough and easily separable fibre, as first shown by Dr. Hillebrand. Probably best adapted for humid warm gullies. Tragopogon parvifolins, Linné. The Salsify. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia. Biennial, The root of this herb is well known as a useful culinary vegetable, Trapa bicornis, Linné fil.* The Leng or Ling or Links of China. The nuts of this water-plant are extensively brought to market in that country, The horns of the fruit are blunt. The kernel, like that of the two following species, is of an excellent taste, The plant is regularly cultivated in lakes and ponds of China, Trapa bispinosa, Roxburgh.* Middle and South Asia, where it is called ‘‘ Singhara,” ex- tending to Ceylon and Japan; found also in Africa as far south as the Zambesi. The nuts are often worked into starch ; they can be converted into most palatable cakes or porridge, They may be stored for food. The produce is copious and cheaply maintained by spontaneous redissemination. It lasts through several years, In some countries, for instance in Cashmere, the nuts form an important staple of food to the population, To this species probably belong T, Cochin Chin- ensis (Lour.) and T. incisa (Sieb. and Zucc.). Trapa natans, Linné.* # The ordinary Waternut. Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia, North and Central Africa. Recorded as an annual. T. quadrispinosa (Roxb,), from Sylhet, is an allied plant, Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Brown. From Abyssinia and South Asia to extra-tropical Australia. An annual herb, perhaps available for green manure, The dromedaries show an extraordinary predilection for this herb (Giles). Several other species deserve trial for fodder, IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 331 -Tricholena rosea, Nees. * South Africa, This perennial grass promises to become valu- able for desert country, together with T. Teneriffe and other congeners, : Trifolium agrarium, Linné. The perennial Yellow Clover or Hop Clover. All Europe, Western Asia. Of considerable value in sandy soil as a fodder herb. It is easily naturalised. Trifolium Alexandrinum, Linné.* The Bersin Clover. North-Eastern Africa, South-Western Asia, South Europe. Much grown for forage in Egypt, where it is used as the main fodder. On the Nile it gives three green crops during the season, each up to 2 feet high. Seeds of this and other clovers must be sifted to free them from the destructive Dodder plants or Cuscutas. About 20 Ibs. of seeds are required for an acre (Morton). Recorded as annual. Trifolium Alpestre, Linné. Europe, West Asia. Perennial. Content with lighter soil than that needed for most Clovers, but its constituents must be fairly marly or limy. It is early out and very palatable (Langethal).. Trifolium fragiferum, Linné. The Strawberry Clover. Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia. A perennial species, well adapted for elay-soils. Foliage closer and more tender than that of the White Clover, but its vegetation later (Langethal). Morton recommends it for moist sandy soil. Trifolium hybridum, Linné.* The Alsike Clover. Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. A valuable perennial pasture-herb, particularly for swampy localities. It succeeds where the ground becomes too sandy for Lucerne and too wet for Red Clover, but does not with- stand drought so well, while it produces a heavier bulk of forage than White Clover, and maintains its ground when such has become too much exhausted for other Clovers. The seed being very small, less than half the quantity is required for the same area than of Red Clover. é Trifolium incarnatum, Linné. The. Carnation Clover; also called Crimson or Italian Clover. 3382 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Middle and South Europe. Though annual only, or sometimes biennial, it is valued in some of the systems of rotations of crops. In the south of England it is much sown on harrowed stubble fields to obtain an early fodder of great fattening value. It forms particularly a good fodder for sheep; if is recommended especially for gypsum regions. A white flower- ing variety exists. Bees are very fond of it (Darwin). Trifolium medium, Linné.* The Red Zigzag Clover, Europe, North and Middle Asia. A deep-rooting, wide-creeping, perennial herb, mueh better adapted for dry sandy places than T. pratense. It would also endure the inclemency of the clime of higher Alpine regions, if disseminated there. One of the best Clovers for forest regions. For regular culture it needs lime, like most plants of its class. More hardy than T. hybridum, less productive than T. pratense (Langethal). It ought not to be omitted among mixed clo- vers and grasses. According to Morton it is not so much sought and relished by grazing-animals as many other Clovers. T. Quartinianum (A. Rich) is an allied plant from Abyssinia, where several endemic species exist. Some of the twenty-five known Californian Clovers would deserve test culture. Trifolium montanum, Linné. Europe, West Asia. Perennial. Not without importance for limy or marly ground. Trifolium ochroleucum, Linné. Middle and South Europe, West Asia. Pale-yellow Clover. Perennial. This species is much cultivated in Upper Italy ; its value is that of T. medium (Langethal). Trifolium Pannonicum, Jacquin. The Hungarian Clover. Perennial. Earlier in the season than Red Clover, to which it is allied, but less tender in foliage (Morton). Trifolium pratense, Linné.* The ordinary Red Clover. All Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, extending to Japan. A biennial or under special circumstances also perennial herb, of great importance for stable fodder. It prefers rich soil, and particularly soil that is not devoid of lime; gypsum dressings are recom- mended for its fields. It enters very advantageously nto the rotation system of crops. This species also would live in Alpine regions, where it would much enrich the pastures. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 333 Nectar sueked by humble bees, which also tends to facilitate. the production of seeds. Trifolium reflexum, Linné. North America. The Buffalo or Pennsylvanian Clover. An- nual or biennial; flower-heads larger than those of the Red Clover ; likes alluvial flats. Trifolium repens, Linné.* The ordinary White Clover. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, Sub-Arctic America, Perennial. Most valuable as a fodder plant on grazing-land. It has a predi- lection for moist soil, but springs again from dry spots after rain. It likes soil containing lime, prospers on poorer ground than Red Clover, is more nourishing and better digested and less exhaustive to the soil. Trifolium resupinatum, Linné. The annual Strawberry Clover. From South Europe and North Africa to Persia; also in the Canary Islands and Azores. Admitted here, though annual, as this clover is cultivated with predilection in Upper India; of tall growth and succulent foliage. Trifolium spadiceum, Linné. Brown Clover. Europe, West Asia. Though only annual or biennial, this has been recommended for wet sandy moor- land, on which it redisseminates itself with readiness. Trifolium subrotundum, Hochstetter. _ The Mayad Clover. North and Middle Africa, ascending to 9,000 feet. A perennial species, in its native countries utilised with advantage for Clover culture. This by no means closes the list of the Clovers desirable for introduction, inas- much as about 15() well-marked species are recognised, many doubtless of value for pasture. But the notes of rural observers on any of these kinds are so sparingly extant that much uncertainty ahout the yield and nutritive value of the various kinds continues to prevail. Most Clovers come from the temperate zone of Europe and Asia; only two are indigenous to the eastern of the United States of North America, none occurs in Australia, few are found in South Africa, several in California and the adjoining countries, several also in Chili; no species is peculiar to Japan. 334 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Trigonella Fenum Grecum, Linné. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. ‘The séeds of this annual herb find their use in veterinary medicine. Trigonella suavissima, Lindley. Interior of Australia, from the Murray River and its tribu- taries to the vicinity of Shark’s Bay. This perennial, fra- grant, clover-like plant proved a good pasture herb. A lithogram, illustrating this plant, occurs in the work on the “ Plants Indigenous to Victoria.” Some of the many Euro- pean, Asiatic, and African plants of this genus deserve our local tests. Triphasia Aurantiola, Loureiro. South-East Asia. This shrub is worth cultivation for the exquisite fragrance of its flowers. The fruits, though small, are of pleasant sweetness. The plant may prove also adapted for hedges. Glycosmis citrifolia (Lindley) and Claussena punctata (Oliver), also both East Asiatic fruit shrubs, may possibly show themselves hardy in sheltered forest regions of temperate clime. Tripsacum dactyloides, Linné. Central and North America; known vernacularly as Gama Grass. A reedy perennial grass, more ornamental than utilitarian. It is the original Buffalo Grass, and attains a height of 7 feet, assuming the aspect of maize. It is of inferior value for fodder, but serves for binding sand. The seeds are available for food. Tristania conferta, R. Brown. New South Wales and Queensland. A noble shady tree, attaining a height of 150 feet. It is not only eligible as an avenue tree, but also as producing select, lasting timber ; ribs of vessels from this tree have lasted unimpaired thirty years and more. Trithrinax Acanthocoma, Drude. Rio Grande do Sul, in dry elevations. A dwarf Fan Palm for window or table decoration, attaining only a height of 6 feet ; foliage not leathery. Trithrinax Brasiliensis, Martius. Rio Grande do Sul and Parana, Uruguay and Paraguay. A very hardy Palm, not tall. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 335 Trithrinax campestris, Drude.* Argentina, as far south as 82° 40'. Height 30 feet. One of the most southern of all Palms, Another species occurs in South Bolivia. Triticum junceum, Linné. . Europe and North Africa. A rigid grass with pungent leaves and extensively creeping roots, requiring sea-sand for its permanent growth. One of the best grasses to keep rolling sand-ridges together, and particularly eligible where cattle and other domestic animals cannot readily be prevented from getting access. Triticum vulgare, Villars.* The Wheat. Apparently arisen through culture from Aigilops ovata (L.), and then a South European, North African, and Oriental plant. Traced back as an Egyptian and indeed also Chinese culture plant to nearly 5,000 years. In Japan wheat is of extraordinary precocity (Lartigne), and it is greatly recom- mended as a forage plant. This is not the place to enter into details about a plant universally known; it may therefore suffice merely to mention that three primary varieties must be distinguished between the very numerous sorts of cultivated Wheat: 1. Yar. muticum, T. hybernum (L.), the Winter Wheat or Unbearded Wheat; 2. Var. aristatum, T. estivum (L.), the Summer Wheat or Bearded Wheat; 8. Var. adherens, T. Spelta (L.), Wheat with fragile axis and adherent grain, Metzger enumerates as distinct kinds of cultivated Wheat :— T. vulgare (Vill.), which includes among other varieties the ordinary Spring Wheat, the Fox Wheat, and the Kentish Wheat. It comprises also the best Italian sorts for plaiting straw bonnets and straw hats, for which only the upper part of the stem is used, collected before the ripening of the grain, and bleached through exposure to the sun while kept moistened, . T. turgidum (L.), comprising some varieties of White and Red Wheat, also the Clock Wheat and the Revet; Wheat. 7. durum (Desfont.), which contains some sorts of the Bearded Wheat. “J Polonicum (L.), the Polish Wheat, some kind of which is well adapted for peeled Wheat. T. Spelta (L.), the Spelt Corn or Dinkel Wheat, a kind not readily subject to disease, succeeding. on soil of very limited fertility, not easily attacked by birds, furnishing a flour of 336 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE excellence for cakes, also yielding a superior grain for peeled Wheat. For preparing the latter it is necessary to collect the, spikes while yet somewhat green, and to dry them in baking- houses. T. dicoceum (Schrank). (TZ. amyleum, Ser.) The Emmer Wheat. Its varieties are content with and prolific on poor soil, produce excellent starch, are mostly hardy in frost and not subject to diseases. To this belongs the Arras Wheat of Abyssinia, where a few other peculiar sorts of Wheat are to be found. A large-grained variety of Wheat is baked in Persia like rice (Colvill). T. monococcum (L.). St. Peter’s Corn, which is hardier than most other Wheats; exists in the poorest soils, but produces grains less adapted for flour than for peeled Wheat. Tropeolum majus, Linné. Peru. This showy perennial climber passes with impropriety under the name of Nasturtium. The herbage and flowers serve as cress, and are also considered antiscorbutic. A smaller species T. minus (L.), also from Peru, can likewise be chosen for a cress-salad ; both besides furnish in their flower- buds and young fruits a substitute for capers. A volatile oil of burning taste can be distilled from the foliage of both, and this is more acrid even than the distilled oil of mustard seeds... In colder countries these plants are only of one year’s duration. Numerous other species, all highly ornamental, occur in South America, and a few also in Mexico. Tyopxolum sessilifolium, Pcppig. Chili. Among the species of this genus one of the most eligible for its tubers, which can be consumed even in a raw state, and are larger than those of most other Tropxolums, while the stems are short and procumbent (Philippi). Tropeolum tuberosum, Ruiz and Pavon. Peru. The tuberous root serves as an esculent. Trophis Americana, Linné. West Indian Archipelagus. The foliage of this milky tree has been recommended as food for the silk-insect. In Cuba and Jamaica it is used as provender for cattle and sheep. Tuber estivum, Vittadini. ; The Truffle most in the markets of England. The White IN BXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES, 337 British Truffle, Chairomyces meandriformis (Vitt.), though large, is valued less. In the Department Vaucluse (France) alone about 60,000 Ibs. of Truffles are collected annually at a value of about £4,000. Many other kinds of Truffles are in_use. The Australian Truffle, Mylitta Australis (Berk.), or Notiohydnum Australe, attains sometimes the size of the Cocos-nut, and is also a fair esculent. It seems also quite feasible to naturalise the best of edible fungi of other genera, although such may not be amenable to regular culture. And efforts should be made for the introduction of all the best kinds of Truffles, as an insight into the manner in which vegetables of the fungus species can be transterred to wide distances has gradually been obtained. The total value of the export of Truffles from France in 1877 amounted to 13,567,000 francs (Simmonds), the total production in that year being valued at 20 millions of francs. The annual revenue of the Truffle ground of Carpentras is, according to Simmonds, £80,000. The great White North American Truffle (Tuber album) is as white as snow and as tender as curds (Millington). Tuber albidum, Fries. Occurs with T. estivum, but is smaller and less agreeable in taste. The means of transferring Truffles and any other edible fungi from one country to another require yet to be further studied and finally devised, but they appear quite feasible. Tuber cibarium, Sibthorp. Middle and South Europe. The Black Truffle. Like all others growing underground, and generally found in forest soil of limestone formations. It attains a weight over one pound. Experiments for naturalisation may be effected with every prospect of success by conveying the Truffle in its native soul and locating it in calcareous places of forest regions. As a condiment, or merely in a roasted state, it affords an aromatic food. The famous Quercy or Perigord Truffle is derived from this species. T. melanosporum (Vitt.), from France, Germany, and Italy, is of a still more exquisite taste than T. cibarium— indeed, of strawberry flavour. Tuber magnatum, Pico. Grey Truffle. South Europe. One of the most esteemed Truffles, with some garlic flavour. Hymenogaster Bulliardi (Vitt.) and Melanogaster variegatus (Tulasne) of South Europe are also excellent Truffles. x 838 SELECT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE Tuber rufum, Pico. Red Truffle, especially in vineyards. Much used for food, but smaller than the Terfezia Truffles. Ulex Europwus, Linné. Middle and South Europe, Azores, Canary Islands, The Whin, Gorse, or Furze. A bush important for covering quickly drift-sands on coasts. Too apt to stray as a hedge plant. Ullucus tuberosus, Lozano. (Melloca tuberosa, Lindley.) Andes of New Granada and Pern, up to an elevation of 9,000 feet. A perennial herb, the tubers of which are edible, Ulmnus alata, Michaux. The Whahoo Elm of North America. Height of tree 30 feet. Wood fine-grained, heavier and stronger than that of the White Elm, of a dull-red colour, used by wheelwrights, but like that of U. Americana not equal to the European Elm. Ulmus Americana, Linné. The White Elm of North America, also called Rock or Swamp Elm. A tree of longevity, fond of moist river-banks. One hundred feet high, trunk 60 feet, 5 feet in diameter. Manning mentions that trees have been known to attain a circumference of 27 feet at 3 feet from the ground, and of 18 feet where the branches burst forth. It is highly prized for street-planting in North America. Can be propagated like the European Elm from suckers. Almost indifferent to soil, The timber is light, used for wheelwrights’ work, bears driving of bolts well (Robb). It is durable if either kept quite dry or permanently submerged in water. Ulmus campestris, Linné.* The ordinary Elm, indigenous to South Europe and temperate Asia, as far east as Japan. Several marked varieties, such as the Cork Elm and Wych Elm, exist. The Elm in attainmg an age of several centuries becomes finally of enormous size. In Britain much attacked by Scolytus destructor. The wood is tough, hard, fine-grained, and remarkably durable, if con- stantly under water. Next to the Yew, it is the best of Eu- ropean woods, where great elasticity is required, as for archery bows. It is also used for keels, blocks, wheels, piles, pumps, gun-carriages, gunwales, various tools, ete. Wych Elm is preferred for bending purposes (Hassie). The bast is tough. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. 389 Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall. The evergreen Elm of Mexico and Texas. Ulmus Floridana, Chapman. The West Florida Elm. Forty feet high. Ulmus fulva, Michaux. The Slippery or Red Elm of North America. Sixty feet high. Splendid for street-planting (Vasey). There is a pendant branched variety. Wood red, tenacious. Useful for wagon hubs and wheels (Vasey). Regarded as the best North American wood for blocks of rigging, according to Simmonds. The leaves seem available for food of the silkmoth. Ulmus Mexicana, Planchon. Cordilleras of North America. This Elm attains a height of 60 feet or perhaps more. Many of these Elms are available as quick-growing avenue trees for shade-lines. Ulmus parvifolia, Jacquin. The evergreen Elm of China, Japan, and Queensland. A similar tree is found in the Himalaya Mountains. Ulmnus pedunculata, Fougeraux. (U. cihata, Ehrhart.) Europe and Asia, through their middle zone. A fine avenue- tree. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. The Cork Elm of North America, also called Western Rock Elm. Wood as valuable as that of U. ‘Americana, but much heavier. It is fine-grained and compact, tough, not liable to split, holds bolts better than most timber, extremely dur- able when constantly wet; deserves unqualified praise as a furniture wood for hardness, strength, beauty, and buff-reddish tint ; largely employed for piles, pumps, naves, tackle blocks, keels, heavy agricultural implements, such as mowirg and threshing machines, ploughs, gunwales (Robb, Sargent). Ulmus Wallichiana, Planchon. Himalayan Elm. In the mountains of India from 3,500 to 10,000 feet. A tree up to 90 feet high with deciduous foliage, the stem attaining a girth of 24 feet. UVniola paniculata, Linné, North-East America. This tall maritime grass can be chosen 840 SELEOT PLANTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CULTURE on account of its creeping roots to bind rolling coast-sands. It serves also as a nourishing forage plant on sand-tracts. Urena lobata, Linné. Intratropic girdle around the globe. This herb has recently been enumerated among plants with comparatively tenacious fibre. Urginia Scilla, Steinheil. (Sci//a maritima, Linné.) South Europe, North Africa. The medicinal Squill. The plant needs not regular cultivation, but settlers living near the coast might encourage its dissemination, and thus obtain the bulbs as drug from natural localities. Its peculiar bitter principle is called scillitin. The bulb contains 24 per cent, tannin. U. altissima (Baker) serves in South Africa as Squill. Uvularia sessilifolia, Linné. North America, in forests. This pretty herb is mentioned as yielding a good substitute for asparagus. Vaccinium alatum, Dombey. (Zhibaudia alata, Dunal.) Frigid regions of the Andes of Peru. A tall evergreen shrub, with pink berries of the size of a cherry. This highly orna- mental plant-could be grown in Sub-Alpine regions. Vaccinium Arctostaphylos, Linné. On Mount Olympus. The leaves, dried and slightly heated, furnish the Broussa tea, the material for a very palatable be- verage (G. Maw). Vaccinium bicolor, F. v. Mueller. (Zhibaudia bieolor, Ruiz and Pavon.) Cold zones of the Peruvian Andes. A ‘high evergreen bush, with red berries of the size of a hazel-nut. All Thibaudias seem best to form a section in the genus Vaccinium, some species of the latter—for instance, Vaccinium Imrayi (Hook.), from Dominica—mediating the transit. The species of the section Thibaudia are, as a rule, producing red berries of acid- ulous grateful taste. Many others may therefore deserve culture in forest ravines or on Alpine heights. They occur from Peru to Mexico, also in West India. One species, Vac- cinium melliflorum (Thibaudia meélliflora, R. and P.), has its flowers rich in honey-nectar. IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES, 341 Vaccinium caespitosum, Michaux. Canada and Northern States of North America. A deciduous- leaved small bush, with bluish edible berries. V. ovalifolium (Smith) is an allied species. Vaccinium corymbosum, Linné.* The Swamp Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. Canada and United States of North America. A good-sized shrub up to 15 feet high with deciduous foliage. Berries bluish black, rather large, aromatic, of sweetish taste, ripening late in the season. Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Michaux. (Oxycoccus erectus, Pursh.) Carolina and Virginia, on high mountains, An upright bush of a few feet in height, with deciduous leaves. The transpa- rent scarlet berries, according to Pursh, are of excellent taste.’ Vaccinium grandiflorum, Dombey. (Ceratostemma grandiflorum, _ Ruiz and Pavon.) Andes of Peru. soft 255 Atocha 318 Avens . 138 Avocado Pear . . 221 Ayapana . - 1238 Baboot Bark . . 1 Bad-jong . - 6 Bajree 220 Balm Herb 183 Bamboo Recd . . 34 Bamboos, 29, 33, 41, 42, 98, 139, 183, 300 | i) Page Bamia Cotton . 141 Bananas . . 190 Bandakai. ‘ 148 Baneberry - #12) Banyan Tree . 129, 131 Barley . 150 Barnyard Grass 212 Bartram’s Oak . 269 Basil - 2 201 Bay Tree. 325 Beach-plum 260 Bean, Straight . - 845 Beans. » 223, 224 Beebalm Tea . . 186 Beeches 125 Beet ‘ ‘ 44, Begoon . . 813 Bent Grass : 15, 261 Berbery . 5 . 43 Bermuda Grass « 92 Besswood Tree 328 Bilberry . 5 - 3842 » British Bog. 343 Birch cond fe 45, 46 Bird’ssfoot Trefoil . 173 Black Butt Tree 116 >» Gum Tree 200 Blackberry 287 - Sand : ib. Blackthorn. ‘ Blackwood ‘ . 6 Bloodwood Tree 110, 120 Blue Grass . 4b » Gum Tree 111 >, Palmetto . 276 Blueberry, early 343 6 Swamp . 341 Bluets ‘ 342 Bokhara Clover - 182 Bog Bean 184 Boldo é pi ac Box Elder 3 ',, Trees 51, ns, aye Bramble . : 287 Brasiletto-wood 220 Brazil-wood . . 52 Brea turpentine . 247 Bread Fruit Tree . 33 Bringal 313 Broom Bush . » O94 Page Broom Corn 25 Broussa Tea . 340 Buckthorn ‘ 275 Buck Wheat or Beach Wheat . . . 124 Buffalo Berry . . 810 » Grass, 51, 310, 317 Bul Pine : 236 Bunch Grass . 106 Bunya Bunya . » 29 Butter Tree | . 80 Butternut Tree 159 Buttonwood . 249 Cabbage . : . 257 i Kerguelen. 78. Cabul Clover . . 182 Cactus . 68, 206, 207 Caffir Corn 3 . 25 Cainito . 200 Cajaput Tree . . 181 Calambac . 5 . 28 Calool °. . 818 Camata . . t. Camatena . 267 Cambuca . | . 178 Camphor Tree . ~ 45 Canada Rice . . 356 Canary Grass . . 223 Candlenut Tree - 18 Canelo F . 104 Cape Gooseberry . 229 Caper-plant . 57 Caraway . . 69 Cardoon . - 92 Carob Tree 3 . 68 Carrot . - 98 » ‘Tree . . 3826 Cartagena Bark . 72 Cashaw Tree . 258 Cassava . - 177 Cassia Bark. . Castor Oil Plant . 281 Cat . : . 66 Catechu . ; 2 Catjang . ‘ - 53 Cat’s-tail Grass . 225 Cavan ° ‘ ‘ 2 Caviuna-wood . » 95 Cedar, Bastard 390 INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES. Page Cedar, Bermuda 248 » Deodar. 233 » of Lebanon . id. » NW: . 327 >» Redwood - 3808 » Singapore 66 White Oregon 327 ” Cedars . 90, 91 Celandine 70 Celery 28 » Pines 228 Chamomile 27 x annual 179 Chafar . - . 143 Chayota . - 307 Chelem . 14 Cherimoyer 27 Cherry . 260 » Capsicum . 57 » Choke 261 » Laurel . » 4b Chervil . 27, 69, 193 Chestnut Trees 63, 64 Chick Pea t . 71 Chicory . 72 Chicot : P 145 Chillies . 57 Chinese Cinnamon . 75 Chiretta’ . . . 819 Chives . , e Ad Chocho . F - 3807 Christ Thorn 211 Christmas Rose . 147 Chufa. $ . 93 Chusan Palm + . 69 Chusqueas . - 144 Cicely =. . 193 Cinnamon : . Ciruelillo ; - 106 Citron. F . 47 Cloudberry . - 286 Clover, Alsike . . 831 » Bersin . 2b. > Bird’s-foot 208 >» Brown. . 333 » Buffalo. > 26 » Carnation 331 » Hop. ib. >» Hungarian 332 > Mayad . 333 » Ordinary red . 332 » white 333 » Pale-yellow . 332 » Pennslyvanian 333 » Red Zigzag . 332 » Strawberry 331 Yellow . ib. Coapim ‘ . » 216 Page Coapinoie . 158 Coca |. . 107 Cock’s-foot Grass , 95 Cock’s-head Plant . 206 Cockshin Grass . 212 Cockspur Thorn . 85 Coffee Plant ee 9. Coigue . 7 - 125 Coihue - 4. Colic Root . 18 Columbia Bark - 72 Comfrey 3 . 3820 » Prickly . 2. Copal, Mexican «obi Copigué . é . 164 Coquito Palm . . 169 Cord Grass . 3815 Cotton é . 140 » Bush . . 164 » Wood Tree . 256 .|Coyam. . 125 Cramberry, British | 342 a large . 341 Cress 5 - 167 » Para . 316 Cuba Grass - 24 Cucumber ‘ - 88 Cuji-pods F - 6 Cumin . 3 - 89 Curly Palm - 163 Currant, Black . 280 |, Bed. . 281 Cutch =. 3 < 2 Cypress, Bald . 323 ay Montezuma 323 ‘is Swamp ad, - Yellow . 3826 Cypresses . 89, 90, 91 Cyrillo . - . 19 Danchi_ . 5 . 3809 Date Palm . » 225 » Plum " . 102 Deadly Nightshade. 38 Deccan Grass . . 218 .| Dewberry - . 286 Dhak : “A » O51 Dill ‘ a . 222 Dita Bark s 22 Divi Divi 5 - 52 Dog’s-tail Grass . 92 Dogwood . . . 3859 Doornboom « 5 Doorva Grass . 92 Doum Palm . 154 Dragon Tree 133 Drooping Gum Tyee. 110 Durra : - 26 Page Dwarf Fan Palm 70 Dyer’s Woad . . 157 Earth Chestnut . 8 » Nut 29 » Pea 350: Ebony-wood 102 » Tree ; - 175 Egg Plant - 313 Elder. 5 297 Elecampane . 156 Elemi $ . 651 Elms ‘ 150, 338, 339 Esparsette - . 206 Esparto 318 Espino : : 2 Estragon : - 82 Fan Palm 69, 82 Fenkelwortel . 59 Fennel . - 133 Fern Palm 91 Fenambucwood 52, 53 Fesque, Meadow . 127 Fichte . é . 243 Fig Tree . . - 128 Fiorin Grass. » 6 Fir, Balm of Gilead. 282 » Balsam wD. » Double Balsam . 236 » Great Silver . 237 » Noble White . 241 > Oyamel , . 245 » Red. . 241 » Sapindus . 242 » Scotch . 246 » Siberian Pitch . 720. » Spanish 244 >, Umbrella . 805 Yellow. . 237 Firethorn . 8 Flame Tree 48 Flax : : 170 » Lily. . 227 Flowering Rush 51 Fluted Gum Tree 119 Foehre . i . 246 Foxglove . . 99 Foxtail Grass . - 2 Fuji . ¥ . 852 Poller’ sherb . . 298 » Teazel 103 Furze F . 338 Galingale Rush « 98 Gama Grass (Pufiale Grass) . = 334 Gamboge a 137 INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES. : F Page Garlic 19 » North American 18 Genipi ll Gimletwood . ig Ginger . P . 855 Ginger-grass. - 24 Gingerbread Palm .' 154 Gingili . ‘ . 809 Ginkgo Tree . 139 Gobbo .. 148 ‘Gooseberry, Barbadoes 220 5 Cape . 229 Gooseberries 279, 280 Gorse 3 ; - 3838 Gourds. 2 88, 89 Gram ‘ : 71 >» Green. « 224 Grape Pear 23 » Fox 350 » Frost . 348 » Isabella. 349 > Muscadin 350 >» Summer. . 847 >» Wine. - 3849 Winter . 848 Grey Gum-Tree 117 Ground Almond - 93 Ground-Nut . 29 » ivy . 197 Guabiroba Do Mato . . 262 Guaparanga . 178 Guarana 220 Guavas 194, 262, 263 ’ Guinea-Corn 24, 26 » Grass . ; 218 Gunyang . A . 314 Gutta-percha Tree 157 Gutta Tabam . . td. Habhel . a 161 Hack-me-tack . 234 Hair-Grass 15 Hamat Kochata 37 Haricot . P . 224 Hawaia ‘ 142: Hawthorn 3 85 Hazel. ‘ 84 Hazel Tree 3 144 Heliotrope F 147 Hemlock . P 81 » Spruce . 282 s5 » Cali- fornian . 240 Hemp. 3 . 56 Henbane . . 153 Henequen. 14 Henna Bush . 167 Herd Grass {. «O15 Page Hickory Trees . 60, 61 Hinoki . . 90 Hognut-Tree . 60 Holly Oak . 270 Honey Locust . - 139 Hoop Koop . 168 Hop. 4 is » 151 » Hornbeam » 209 Hornbeam . 69 Horse-chestnut - 13 » Gram. 104 5, Radish 78, 186, 257 ” » Ker- guelen . . 257 Horse-shoe Vetch . 149 Hottentot Fig . . 185 Huahuoa . a . 166 Huanuco Bark . . Huckberry 137, 3 Blue 343, y Tree . 67 Huon Pine 94 Indian Corn .. . 854 » Fig . 207 Indigo. . 42,155 Ipecacuanha . - 68 Iron Bark Tree 110,113, 115, 116, 119 Tron Gum-Tree . 117 Iron-wood . 209 Iva . » i Jaborandi . 230 Jacaranda Wood . 95, Jack-Tree . 33 Jalap : : . 157 Janatsi-itsigo . 98 Japan Clover . 168 » Privet . 170 Jarilla 12 Jarosse . ‘ 165 Jarrah. 5 . 114 Jasmine « . 209 Jerusalem Artichoke 147 Jujub. . 357 Jute Plants. - 82 Kaawi Yam. . 99 Kafta 2 . 66 Kahikatea . 195 Kai Apple . : 1 Kale ‘ 7 . 84 Kamala . a . 177 Kamassi-wood . . 140 Kangaroo Grass . 27 5 Thorn. 2 Karaka . 84 Page Karra Doorn . s 5 Karri - ‘. 110 Kashi 3 é . 270 Kauri 3 - 97 » Pine . . 96 Kau-sun . . 856 Keaki . 355 Kentucky Blue ‘Grass 253 Kidney Vetch . - 28 Koho Khur . 152 Kolkas ., . - 80 Kumquat. - + %77 Lahual . -. . 194 Lalong Grass . - 155 Lamb’s Lettuce - 3845 Larch, American . 242 » Black - th » Chinese. « 238 >» Common - 239 » Himalayan . 2387 » Japan . 239 Laurel, Mountain 325 » Spice 170 » Warrior’s . 165 Lavender . » . 166 Leek 3 ; 19 Lemon . . 87,77, 219 » Grass « . 24 Leng s - 3830 Lentil . 107 Lettuce 164 Lever Wood 209 Light Wood 6 _Lime . "7 >» common 329 » ‘Tree, Silver 328 Linden Tree. . ab. Ling . . 830 Lingo . - 264 Links : . 3830 Liquorice - 140 Litchi . 197 Litmus. . - 283 Litre =. . 277 Lleuque . - 194 Loblolly Bay . 140 Locust Tree . - 139 Longan . - 197 Loongmur 58 Loquat . 228 Lotus Tree. 67 Loxa Bark 4 "3 Lucerne . 179 Lupines . 173, 174, 175 Madder . 286 Magnolia, :. 168 392 INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES. Page Mahin. c . 299 Mahogany Tree a 320 Mahwa . 3 358 Maize 2 ‘ . 854 Mallee . 3 » 116 "Mammoth Tree . 808 Mango Tree . . 177 Mangold Root . . 44 Mangrove Tree - 324 Manna Grass 252 >» Gum Tree 120 Manniu . 194 Manoa. ‘ - 94 Maples . - 89,10 Marjoram . - 209 Marmalade Tree » Marmeladinha . . (18 Marrem . qi . 261 Marsh Mallow . 22 Mastic Tree . - 248 Matai. 146, 196 Maté ‘ ‘: . 154 Matz P ‘ 240 Meadow Fescue 127 » Foxtail-Grass 21 » Grass, Eng- lish 253 3 Pea - 165 5 Saffron 79 Medick . 179 Medlar . P 85 Melou ¥ “ 88 Mesquite Grass 214 Messmate Tree 115 Mignonette 275 Millet Grass 188, 211 Millets . 26, 212, 213 Millfoll . P - 10 Mint, Mountain - 266 » Plants 183, 184 Miro F ® - 195 Mitchell Grass . 37 Monk’s Hood 11 Moram . ‘ . 261 Moreton Bay Fig 131 Morrel « 116, 186 Mortina . 342 Mosquito Grass . 214 Mossy-cupped oak -. 268 Mountain Ash . 107,121 Muermo . " . 122 Mublberries 186, 189 Mulga Grass. - 198 Mullein . : 156 Mustard . 2 . 49 Myall Trees. 1, 5,6 Myrobalams . 325 Myrtle wood . 125 Page Myrtles . 1938, 194 Nasturtium 336 Ngaio. . 192 Nika Palm 163 Ningala Bamboo . 33 Nonda Tree . - 217 Norfolk Isld. Palm . 163 Notra ‘ - 106 Nuble. 12 Nut Pine, Nepal 236 Nut Trees - 60, 84, 176 Oak Chestnut . . 269 Oaks 267—274 Oat Grass . 39 Ochro . 148 Ohelo ‘ . 843 Olive - 201 Onion, ordinary « » Welsh ab. Ooyala Yam 101 Orange 76 Orchard Grass . 15 Orchil . 283 Oregon Red Cedar ; 326 » larch - 242 Orris root . 157 Orseille . - 283 Osage Orange. .-:1%6 Osiers > s. 293, 294 Osnego Tea 186 Oyster Mushroom . 14 Pa-Koo : 139 Palisander Wood 95 Palixander _,, 158 Palmetto, Blue. 276 5 dwarf . 290 Palm Lilies . - 88 Palms .78, 79, 163, 250, 264 Palmyra . » 47 Pampas Grass . 84 Paper Mulberry 50 Papyrus 93 Para Grass 214 Parsimon . 103 Parsley 60 Parsnip . 222 » Chervil. - 69 Passion Flowers 218, 219 Pea,common . . 249 Pea-Nut . 5 » 29 Pea Tree . ‘ . 58 Peach Palm. » 40 Pearl Grass. - 182 Pear, Snow. - 266 . Page Pecan-Nut Tree 61 Pelu i 315 Pencil Cedar . | . 160 Penny-royal . 146, 184 Pennsylvania Green Grass . . 253 Pepins® . . 313 Peppermint 107, 183 Persimmon . - 108 Peru Bark trees 72,73 Petsi . s - 146 Pine, Aleppo . . 287 » American Pitch 245 aS 63) White 247 » Bishop’s’. 241 » Black 195 » Bootan . 236 ' ,, Brazilian 29 » Broom - 231 » Canary - 283 » Cheer 239 » Cluster 243 » Corsican . 238 » Dye . 248 » Hmodi 239 », Frankincense . 247 », Georgia . .« 281 » Giant 238 » Golden . . » Grey ‘ . »» Hudson’s. 245 » King. 248 »» Loblolly . 247 » Lofty . 236 » Long-leaved Yellow... 231 » Mahogany 196 » Mexican Swamp 234 » Moreton Bay . 29 »» Norfolk Island 7d; » Nut 7 . 240 » Okote . « 247 » Oregon . 235 » Pitch . . 245 » Pond. . 246 » Red. 245 » Screw . . 211 » Shake-Giant 238 » Southern . 231 4 Stone 240, 243 » Sugar . 238 » Swamp . . 231 » Torch . 247 » Trucker . « 244 » Weymouth 247 » White 236, 246 » x» ~ of New Zealand , 195 INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES. Page Pine, Yellow, of North America . 240 » Yellow, of Puget Sound . . 235 » Yellow Pitch 231, 244 Pinkroot . . 316 Pino Nut. “ 235 Piquillin Bush . 81 Pisang . 191 Pita-fibre . 14 Pitaya Bark 92 Pitury . . 104 Plane, spurious ‘ 9 » ‘Trees 249, 250 Plantain . a - 191 Plum Juniper . 161 Plums. 3 . 259 Pocoon, Yellow . 153 Pomegranate 265 Pompelmos . . 76 Poplars 171, 255, 256 Poppy . . 215 ‘Potato 314 Prairie Turnip . 264 » Grass 50 Praong . - 358 Pride of India . - 181 Puchero . 321 Pulas % 51 Pulque 14 Pumpkin . 89 Putchuck . 81 Pythagorean Bean 197 Quamash . 305 Quandong 5 298 Quebracho : 35 Queule . 12 Quirinca . 2 Radish : 274 Rambutan 7 197 Ramee 46 Rampostan 197 Ramtil Oil é ‘ ae Raspbe: é . 2 2 ar Pe ab. Rata “ “ 168 Ratanhia Root . 164 Rattlesnake Grass 251 Rauli_ . A 126 Red Brazil . 52 >, Cedar - - 162 »» Gum Tree 109,118,120 >> Mahogany 117 » Pine . . « 94 5» Sandal Wood 264 Red-top Grass 15, 127 Page Red-Wood Cedar 308 Reulé E 126 Rewa Rewa .« 164 Rheea . . 46 Rhubarb . 276 Rice 209 » Canada 356 » Paper Plant 126 Rima 7 - 94 Ringal : . 383 Roble. . J « 125 Romerillo dye . 148 Rose Apple. - 122 Roses . 283, 284 Rosemary . 285 Rosewood 81 Rue ‘ 290 Rye 306 Rye- -Grass 15, 172 Sabadilla 2 305 Sacci . . 14 Safflower . 59 Saffron . 3 86 Sage, Garden . 297 Saintfoin . 5 . 206 Salad, Burnet . 297 Sallow, British 293 Salmon-barked Gum- Tree 119 Salsify . . 330 Sal Tree . ‘ -. 310 Samphire. . » 86 Sandal Tree . - 29841 Sandstay . 167 Sapodilla Plum 11 Sarsaparilla 311 Sassafras Tree . - 299 Satin Wood 71 Saunders . « 264 Savory, Summer 299 » Winter ab, Scarlet Runner « 223 Scorzonera, Native . 185 Scotino . é 278 Scutch-Grass 92 Sea Lyme-Grass 106 Senna . - - 63 Seratella . ; - 208 Serradella 208 Shaddock 76 Shake-Giant Pine 238 Shallot . 19 Shamalo . ’ « 213 Sheoaks . . 64, 65 Silt Grass . . 218 Silver Fir 2380 Californian 231 ”? a Page Silver Fir, Great . 287 » » Cilician . 234 » Tree . . 168 Silvery Tree-Fern 99 Singhara Nut . 330 Siris Acacia. 17 Sisal hemp ci4 Sissoo Tree 96 Sloe. . 261 Snake Root 31,72 Soapwort . 298 Soja , 5 - 139 Solah 5 . 12 Soola Clover . - 146 Sorrel, French 289 » Kitchen ab. » Wood . 210 Soulkir 15 Sour Gum-Tree 200 Soursop . 123 Spadic . 107 Spear- Wood. 111 Speckboomn . . 257 Spikenard 196 Spinach . . . 816 » New Zealand 325 Spotted Gum-Tree . 114 Spruce, Black, 231, 241 4, Blue 240 » Hemlock 232 » Norway 234 » Red 235, 245 » Tideland 240 i“ ., White 231 Squash . ‘. 88 Squill 340 Squirting Cucumber 104, Star Anis ‘ - 155 » Apple . - it Strawberries 138, 134 Strawberry Tomato . 229 Stringy Bark Trees . tie Styrax Tree . . 168 Sugar Cane 290 » Gum-Tree 359 ugi 7 - « 87 Sulphur Root . + 222 Sumach .. - 278 » Staghorn . 279 Sumbul . E 124 Sunflower . - 146 », Artichoke. 147 Sunn hemp 86 Sunt . 1 Swamp Gum Tree 110 Sweet Calamus 23 » Fernbush . 80 394 INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES. Sweet Flag. » Gum-Tree » Potato . Sweetsop Sword Sedge Sycamore Fig Tree . . Tagasaste Tallow Tree Tamarack Tamarak . Tamarind Tanekaha Tangleberry Tanne . Tansy . Tapioca . Tare . » Lentil Taro . Tarragon Tata . Tea shrub Teak . 4 Teff : 3 Teon-itsigo Teosinte . Terra Japonica Thimbleberry . ‘Thyme, Garden Tideland spruce Timothy Grass Tivoli Yam. Tobacco . 3 Tomato . . Tooart 7 Tree Mallow . Trucker Pine . Truffle . : . Page - 12] - 171 156 - 128 . 167 131 Page Truffle, Black . - 3837 35 Grey . . 0b 3 Red. . . 838 ATuberose F « 264 Tuckahoe Truffle . 210 Tuggur . : - 28 Tule ‘ 3 - 292 Tulip Tree. - 17 x» Wood . . 146 Tupelos . 200 Turkey Oak . 268 Turnips » 2. Ss Turnsole ‘ . 87 Turpentine Tree . 320 Tugsock Grass . 9 Ulmo . . 122 Umbrella Palm . 163 Uvalho docampo . 123 Uvi Yam m . 99 Valonia . . 267, 271 Vegetable Marrow . 89 Vernal Grass . . 27 Vetch =. é . 3846 >», Wood . . DB Violet. i . 8 Vouvan . ‘toe Walnut Tree 106, 160, 264 Wandoo ‘ - 17 Wapatoo 7 - 292 Water Beach . - 58 » Lemon. . 219 » Melon . . 87 Waternut ‘ . 8380 Water-whorl Grass . 251 Wattle, black . é 2 s golden . 6 Page Wattle, gren. . 6 » silver . 4 Wax Myrtle . « 192 >» Palm * » 69 » Tree A « 279 Weld ‘ - 275 Wheat . . 335 Whin . 338 White Cedars 90, 91, 169 » Fir, noble . 241 » Gum-Tree . 117 » Thorn - 85 Whorl Grass; water. 251 Whortle berry, Brit. 342 Wild Oat - . 389 Willow Oak . 271 Willows . 292—296 Windmill Grass . 472 Winter ais - 229 Woad : . 157 Wood Sorrel . 210 Woodruff . 85 Wormwood » 82 Wungee - 87 r Yams 100 Yarrow « AG Yate Tree 3 - 10 Yellow Cedar . - 90 x» Pocoon . 153 » Wood - 182 Yew . ‘ - 68, 323 » Western . 324 York Gum Tree - 113 Yoksun . : 358 Zeloak . . . 157 Government Central Presa—No. 226 R. A. & C.~—26-2-80,——780, 2 hs