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Botany for Poung People and Common Schools,

HOW PLANTS GROW,
A SIMPLE INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL BOTANY.

WITH

A POPULAR FLORA,

OR AN ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON PLANTS,
BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED.

ILLUSTRATED BY 500 WOOD ENGRAVINGS.

By ASA GRAY, M.D,

FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

NEW YORK:

IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, & CO.,
188 & 140 GranpD STREET.

1881.

OK
af r /
Os
88!
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by

IVISON AND PHINNEY,
in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York.

BOTANY FOR YOUNG PUOPLE.

Hurt Hirst.

HOW PLANTS GROW.

ConsIDER TNE LILIES OF THE ¥FIELD,
HOW THEY GROW : THEY TOIL Nov, NEITHER
DO THEY SPIN: AND YET I SAY UNTO YoU,
THAT EVEN SOLOMON IN ALL IIS GLORY
WAS NOT ARRAYED LIKE ONE OF THESE. —
Matthew vi. 28, 29.

Our Lorv’s direct object in this
lesson of the Lilies was to convince
the people of God’s care for them.
Now, this clothing of the earth with
plants and flowers — at once so beau-
tiful and so useful, so essential to all
animal life — is one of the very ways

> in which He takes care of his crea-
o tures. And when Christ himself’ di-
rects us to consider with attention the
BS ~ plants around us, — to notice how

2 BOTANY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.

they grow, — how varied, how numerous, and how elegant they are, and with what
exquisite skill they are fashioned and adorned, — we shall surely find it profitable
and pleasant to learn the lessons which they teach.

Now this considering of plants inquiringly and intelligently is the study of
Borany. It is an easy study, when pursued in the right way and with diligent
attention. There is no difficulty in understanding how plants grow, and are nour-
ished by the ground, the rain, and the air; nor in learning what their parts are,
and how they are adapted to each other and to the way the plant lives. And any
young person who will take some pains about it may learn to distinguish all our
common plants into their kinds, and find out their names.

Interesting as this study is to all, it must be particularly so to Young People.
It appeals to their natural curiosity, to their lively desire of knowing about things:
it calls out and directs (i. e. educates) their powers of observation, and is adapted
to sharpen and exercise, in a very pleasant way, the faculty of discrimination. To
learn how to observe and how to distinguish things correctly, is the greater part of
education, and is that in which people otherwise well educated are apt to be sur-
prisingly deficient. Natural objects, everywhere present and endless in variety,
afford the best field for practice; and the study when young, first of Botany, and
afterwards of the other Natura Sciences, as they are called, is the best train-
ing that can be in these respects. ‘This study ought to begin even before the
study of language. For to distinguish things scientifically (that is, carefully and
accurately) is simpler than to distinguish ¢deas. And in Naturau Hisrory* the
learner is gradually led from the observation of things, up to the study of ideas or
the relations of things.

This book is intended to teach Young People how to begin to read, with pleasure
and advantage, one large and easy chapter in the open Book of Nature; namely,
that in which the wisdom and goodness of the Creator are plainly written in the
VecrTaBLe Kincpom.*

* Natural History is the study of the productions of the earth in their natural state, whether minerals
plants, or animals. These productions make up what are called the Three Kingdoms of Nature, viz.: a

1. The Alineral Kingdom, which consists of the Minerals (earths, metals, crystals, &c.), bodies not
endowed with life.

2. The Vegetable Kingdom, which comprehends Vegetables or Plants.

8. The Animal Kingdom, which comprehends all Animals.

The natural history of the mineral kingdom is named MineRALocY.

The natural history of the vegetable kingdom is Borany, — the subject of this book.

The natural history of the animal kingdom is named ZojLocy.

BOTANY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE, 3

In the First Part of this book we proceed to consider, under four principal
heads or chapters, —

J. How Plants Grow, and what their Parts or Organs are, Cuaprer I. Page 5.

The Parts of a Plant, Secrion I. Page 5.
How Plants grow from the Seed, . WT “ 10
How Plants grow Year after Year, me His “* 23:
Different Forms or Kinds of Roots, Stems, and Leaves, IM, 8 Bw

II. How Plants are Propagated or Multiplied in Numbers, CuapTer II. Page 56.

How Propagated from Buds, Section J. Page 56.
How Propagated by Seeds, a Il “ 58.
Flowers: their Arrangement, their Sorts, &c., f Tl: 58:
Fruit and Seed, TM
TI. Why Plants Grow; what they are made for, and what
they do, Cuapter III. Page 85.
IV. How Plants are Classified, Named, and Studied, Cuapter IV. Page 93.
Classification, — as to the Plan of it, Sxzcrion I. Page 93.
Names of Plants, as Tk. ** 94,
The Natural System of Classification in Botany, fT, (96:
How to study Plants by the Flora, in Part IL, TV. £ 99:

The Seconp Part of the book consists of a Popular Flora for Beginners, viz.
a Classification and Description (according to the Natural System) of the Common
Plants of the country, both Wild and Cultivated.

Then follows a Dictionary of the peculiar terms which we have occasion to use
in describing plants, or their parts, combined with a full Index to Part I. Every
science, and every art or occupation, has terms or technical words of its own, and
must have them. Without them, all would be confusion and guess-work. In Bot-
any the number of technical words which a young student need to know is by no
means great, and a little diligent study and practice will make them familiar.

The first and most important thing for the student is, to know well the general
plan ofa plant and the way it grows; the parts plants consist of; the uses of the sev-
eral parts; their general forms, and the names which are used to distinguish them.
This is all very interesting and very useful in itself; and it is indispensable for study-
ing plants with any satisfaction or advantage to find out their names, their proper.
ties, and the family they belong to; i. e. to ascertain the kinds of plants.

4 BOTANY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.

Let the learners, or the class under their teacher, therefore, in the first place go
carefully once through the First Part of the book, or at least through the first two
chapters, verifying the examples and illustrations given, as far as possible, with their
own eyes, and searching for other examples in the plants and flowers around them.
Then they may begin to study plants by the Flora, or Second Part of the book, ac-
cording to the directions given in the last section of Chapter IV. Whenever they
meet with a word which they do not remember or clearly understand, they will look
it out in the Index, and refer back to the place in the first part of the book where
it is used and fully explained. Remember that every one has to creep before he
can walk, and to walk before he can run, Only begin at the beginning ;\ take pains
to understand things as you go on, and cultivate the habits of aceuracy and nice dis-
crimination which this study is eminently adapted to inspire. Then each step will
render the next one easy; You will soon make more rapid progress; will be able to
ascertain with facility the names and the structure of almost all common plants; and
will gradually recognize the various and interesting relationships which bind the
members of the vegetable creation together in natural families, — showing them to
be parts of one system; varied expressions, as it were, of the thoughts of their Di-
vine Author; planned in reference to one another; and evidently intended to enlarge
and enlighten our minds, as well as to gratify our senses, and nourish, clothe, warm,
and shelter our bodies. So the study of Botany — the most fascinating branch of
Natural History, especially for the young — becomes more and more interesting the
more we learn of it, and affords a constant and unalloyed intellectual gratification. °

When young students have thoroughly mastered this little book, they will be well
prepared to continue the study in the Lessons in Botany and Vegetable Phystol-
ogy, and in the Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, by the same
author.

The illustrations are referred to throughout by numbers, with “Fig.” prefixed.
The numbers occasionally introduced, within parenthesis-marks, and without any
prefix, (as on p. 25, line 1, and p. 36, line 9,) are references to former paragraphs,
where the subject, or the word used, has already been explained.

*,* The illustrations on the first page represent: ~ Fig. 1. Our commonest wild species of true Lily,
viz. the Canada Lily. Fig. 2. The Chalcedonian Lily, a native of Palestine, with scariet flowers, sup:
posed to be “The Lily of the Field” to which our Saviour referred in the Sermon on the Mount
Fig. 3. Lilies of the Valley, not true Lilies, but belonging to the Lily Family.

CHAPTER 12,

HOW PLANTS GROW, AND WHAT THEIR PARTS OR ORGANS ARE.

: ao :

\ = = S SO) 7
J f. ext N

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Szection Il.—The Parts of a Plant.

1. Piants are chiefly made up of three parts, namely, of
Root, Stem, and Leaves. These are called the plant’s Organs,
that is, its instruments. And as these parts are all that any
plant needs for its growth, or vegetation, they are called the
Oreans or VEGETATION.

2. Plants also produce lowers, from which comes the Pruitt,
and from this, the Seed. These take no part in nourishing the
plant. Their use is to enable it to give rise to new individuals,
which increase the numbers of that kind of plant, to take the
place of the parent in due time, and keep up the stock ; that
is, to reproduce and perpetuate the species. So the Flower
with its parts, the Fruit, and the Seed, are called the plant’s
Oreans or REPRODUCTION.

y 3. The different sorts of Lilies represented on the first page,
VN and the common Morning-Glory on this page, show all the
— parts.

\ @ 4, The Root (Fig. 4,7) is the part which grows downwards
\ into the ground, and takes in nourishment for the plant from the
. ,soil. It comrfonly branches again and again as it grows: its
smaller brahches or fibres are named Rootlets. Real roots never

. ‘ bear leaves, nor anything besides root-branches or rootlets.
go 5. The Stem (Fig. 4, s) is the part which grows upwards,
and bears the leaves and blossoms. At certain fixed places the

4. Morning.Glory, Stem bears a leaf or a pair of leaves.

6 HOW PLANTS GROW,

6. Leaves (Fig. 4, 2, 2) are generally flat and thin, green bodies, turning one face
upwards to the sky, and the other downwards towards the ground. ‘They make
the Foliage.

7. The Plant in Vegetation. We see that a plant has a body or trunk (in scien-
tific language, an axzs), consisting of two parts,—an upper and a lower. The
lower is the Root: this fixes the plant to the soil. The upper is the Stem: this
rises out of the ground, and bears leaves, which are hung out on the stem in the
light and air. The root takes in a part of the plant’s food from the soil: this the
stem carries to the leaves. The leaves take in another part of the plant’s food
from the air. And in them what the roots absorb from the ground, and what they
themselves absorb from the air, are exposed to the sunshine and digested ; that is,
changed into something proper to nourish the plant. For there is no nourishment
in earth, air, and water as they are; but vegetables have the power of making
these into nourishment. And out of this nourishment it prepares, the plant makes
more growth. That is, it extends the roots farther into the soil, and sends out
more branches from them, increasing its foothold and its surface for absorbing;
while, above, it lengthens the stem and adds leaf after leaf, or shoots forth branches
on which still more leaves are spread out in the light and air.

8. So the whole herb, or shrub, or tree, is built up. A tiny herb just ‘sprouted
from the seed and the largest tree of the forest alike consist of root, stem, and
leaves, and nothing else. Only the tree has larger and more branching stems and
roots, and leaves by thousands.

9. The Plant in Reproduction. After having attended in this way to its nourish-
ment and growth for a certain time, the plant sets about reproducing itself by seed.
And for this purpose it blossoms. Many plants begin to blossom within a few
weeks after springing from the seed. All our annuals, of which the Garden Morn-
ing-Glory (Fig. 4) is one, blossom in the course of the summer. Brennzals, such
as the Carrot, Parsnip, Mullein, and the common Thistle, do not flower before the
second summer; and shrubs and trees, and some herbs, do not begin until they are
several years old.

10. The object of the Flower is to form the Fruit. The essential part of the
fruit is the Seed. And the essential part of a seed is the Germ or Embryo it con-
tains. The Germ or Embryo is a little plantlet in the seed, ready to grow into
a new plant when the seed is sown. Let us notice these organs one after the other,
beginning with

AND WHAT THEIR PARTS ARE. 7

11. The Flower, Flowers are most interesting to the botanist; who not only ad-
mires them for their beauty, the exquisite arrangement and forms of their parts, and
the wonderful variety they exhibit, but also sees in the blossoms much of the na-
ture or character of each plant, and finds in them the best marks for distinguishing
the sorts of plants and the family they belong to. So let the student learn at once

12. What the Parts of a Flower are. A flower, with
all the parts present, consists of Calyx, Corolla, Sta-
mens, and Pistils. One from the Morning-Glory
(Fig. 4, f) will serve for an example. Here is one
taken off, and shown of about the natural size, the
corolla, Fig. 5, separated from the calyx, Fig. 6.
The calyx and the corolla are the Floral Envelopes,
or the leaves of the flower. They cover in the bud,
and protect the stamens and pistils, which are the
Essential Organs of the flower, because both of these
are necessary to forming the seed.

13. The Calyx —a Latin name for “ flower-cup ” —
is the cup or outer covering of the blossom (Fig. 6).
It is apt to be green and leaf-like.

14. The Corolla is the inner cup, or inner set of leaves, of the flower. It is very
seldom green, as the calyx commonly is, but is “ colored,” i. e. of some other color
than green, and of a delicate texture. So
it is the most showy part of the blossom.
Fig. 5 shows the corolla of the Morning-
Glory whole. Fig. 7 is the same, split
down and spread open to show

15. The Stamens, These in this flower
grow fast to the bottom of the corolla.
There are five stamens in the Morning-
Glory. Each stamen consists of two parts,
namely, a Filament and an Anther. The
Filament is the stalk; the Anther is a little
case, or hollow body, borne on the top of the filament. It is filled with a powdery
matter, called Pollen. Fig. 9 shows a separate stamen on a larger scale: jf, the
filament; a, the anther, out of which pollen is falling from a slit or long opening

down each side.

parts are on a larger scale. Here is a Stamen (Fig. 9), with
its stalk or Filament, f, and its Anther, a, discharging its yel-

HOW PLANTS GROW,

16. The Pistils are the bodies in which the seeds are formed. They be-
long in the centre of the flower. The Morning-Glory has only one pistil:
this is shown, enlarged, in Fig. 8. The Rose and the Buttercup have a
great many. A pistil has three parts. At the bottom is the Ovary, which
becomes the seed-vessel. This is prolonged upwards into a slender body,
called the Style. And this bears a moist, generally somewhat enlarged por-
tion, with a naked roughish surface (not having any skin, like the rest),
called the Stigma. Upon this stigma some of the pollen, or powder from
the anthers, falls and sticks fast. And this somehow enables the pistils to
ripen seeds that will grow.

17. Let us now look at a stamen and a pistil from one
of the flowers of a Lily (like those shown on a reduced
scale in Figures 1 and 2, on the first page), where all the

low dust or Pollen. And by its side is the Pistil (Fig.
10), with its Ovary, ov.; and this tapering into a Style,
st.; and on the top of this is the Stigma, stig. Now cut f-
the ovary through, and it will be found to contain young
seeds. Fig. 11 shows the ovary of Fig. 10 cut through
lengthwise and magnified by a common hand magnifying-
glass. Fig. 12 is the lower part of another one, cut in
two crosswise. The young seeds, or more correctly the
bodies which are to become seeds, are named Ovules. In the Lily these
are very numerous. In the Morning-Glory they are few, only six.

18. These are all the parts of the flower, —all that any flower has.
But many flowers have not all these parts. Some have only one flower-
cup or one set of blossom-leaves. Lilies appear to have only one set. Some
have neither calyx nor corolla; some stamens have no filament, and some
pistils have no style: for the style and the filament are not necessary
parts, as the anther and the ovary and stigma are. These cases will all
be noticed when we come to study flowers more particularly. Mean-
while, please to commit to memory the names of the parts of the flower,
Calyx, Corolla, Stamens, and Pistils, and the parts of these also, and
learn to distinguish them in all the common blossoms you meet with, until

they are as familiar as root, stem, and leaves are to everybody.

AND WHAT THEIR PARTS ARE. 9

19. Notice, also, that the calyx and the corolla, one or both, often consist of
separate leaves; as they do in the true Lilies. Each separate piece or leaf of a
corolla is called a Pétal: and each leaf or piece bf a calyx is called a Sépal.

20. The corolla, the stamens, and generally the calyx, fall off or wither away
after blossoming; while the ovary of the pistil remains, grows larger, and becomes

21. The Fruit. So that the- fruit is the ripened ovary. It may be a berry, a
stone-fruit, a nut, a grain, or a pod. The fruit of the Lily and also of the Morning-
Glory is a pod. Here is the pod or fruit of the
Morning-Glory (Fig. 4, fr. and Fig. 13), with
the calyx remaining beneath, and the remains
of the bottom of the style resting on its summit.
And Fig. 14 shows the same pod, fully ripe and
dry, and splitting into three pieces that the
seeds may fall out. This pod has three cavities
(called Cells) in it; and in each cell two pretty large seeds. Lily-pods have three
cells, as we may see in the ovary in the flower (Fig. 12), and many seeds in each.

22. Seeds, These are the bodies produced by the ripened pistil, from which new
plants may spring. Here (Fig. 15) is a seed of
Morning-Glory, a little enlarged. Also two seeds
cut through lengthwise in two different directions,
and viewed with a magnifying-glass, to show what
is inside (Fig 16,17). The part of the seed, that
grows is

28. The Embryo, or Germ. This is a little plantlet
ready formed in the seed. In the Morning-Glory it
is pretty large, and may readily be got out whole
from a fresh seed, or from a dried one after soaking
it well in hot water. In Fig. 16 it is shown whole
and flatwise in the seed, where it is a good deal
crumpled up to save room. In Fig. 17, merely the thickness of the embryo is
seen, edgewise, in the seed, surrounded by the pulpy matter, which is intended to
nourish it when it begins to grow. In Fig. 18, the embryo is shown taken out
whole, and spread out flat. In Fig. 19, its two little leaves are separated, and we
plainly see what it consists of It is a pair of tiny leaves on the summit of a little
stem. The leaves (Fig. 19, c, c) are named Seed-leaves or Cotylédons ; the little
stem or stemlet is named the Radicle, r.

10 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED.

Analysis of the Section.

1.* Plants consist of two kinds of Organs: those of Vegetation ; what they are: 2. those of Repro
duction; what they are, what their use.

4. The Root; what it is; rootlets. 5. The Stem; what it is, what it bears. 6. Leaves. 7. The
Plant in Vegetation; action of the root, stem, and leaves: they change earth, air, and water into nour-
ishment, and use this nourishment in growing. 8. Shrub or tree like an herb, only more extended.

®. The plant reproduces itself, by seed; blossoming. 10. Object of flowers, fruit, seed: all intended
for producing the germ or embryo; what this is.

11. Flowers, why particularly interesting to the botanist. 12. What the parts of a flower are; Floral
Envelopes; Essential Organs, why so called.

13. Calyx. 14. Corolla. 15. Stamens; what they consist of; Filament; Anther; Pollen. 16. Pistils;
how situated; parts of a pistil; Ovary, Style, Stigma; its use. 17. Stamens and pistil shown in
another flower, and the parts explained: Ovules, what they are. 18. All these parts not always
present; what ones often wanting. 19. Leaves of a corolla, called Petals; of a calyx, Sepals.
20. What becomes of the parts of a blossom.

21. Fruit, what it is, what it contains. 22. Seeds, what they are, what the part is that grows.
23. Embryo or Germ; what it consists of: Cotyledons or Seed-leaves; Radicle or Stemlet.

Srction I].— How Plants grow from the Seed.

24. Illustrated by the Morning-Glory, We now know what all the parts of a plant
are; that a plant, after growing or vegetating awhile, blossoms; that flowers give
rise to fruit; that the fruit contains one or more seeds; and that the essential part
of a seed is the embryo or germ of a new plant. To produce, protect, and nourish
this germ, is the object of the flower, the fruit, and the seed. The object of the
embryo is to grow and become a new plant. How it grows, is what we have now
to learn.

25. Life in a Seed. But first let us notice that it does not generally grow at once.
Although alive, a seed may for a long while show no signs of life, and feel neither
the summer’s heat nor the winter’s cold. Still it lives on where it falls, in this
slumbering way, until the next spring in most plants, or sometimes until the spring
after that, before it begins to grow. There is a great difference in this respect in
different seeds. Those of Red Maple ripen in the spring, and start about the mid-
dle of the summer. Those of Sugar Maple ripen in the fall, and lie quiet until the
next spring. When gathered and laid up in a dry place, many seeds will keep alive
for two, three, or several years; and in this state plants may be safely transported

* The numbers are those of the paragraphs.

HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 11

all around the world. How long seeds will live is uncertain. The stories of seeds
growing which have been preserved for two or more thousand years with Egyptian
mummies, are not to be believed. But it is well known that Sensitive Plants have
been raised from seeds over sixty years old. Few kinds of seeds will grow after
keeping them for five or six years; many refuse to grow after the second year;
and some will not grow at all unless allowed to fall at once to the ground. There
is no way of telling whether the germ of a seed is alive or not, except by trying
whether it will grow, that is, will germinate.

26. (Germination and Early Growth, Germination is the sprouting of a plant from
the seed. Having just illustrated the parts of a plant by the Morning-Glory, from
the root up to the seed and the embryo in the seed, we may take this same plant
as an example to show how a plant grows from the seed. If we plant some of the
seeds in a flower-pot, covering them lightly with soil, water them, and give them
warmth, or if in spring we watch those which sowed themselves naturally in the
garden the year before, and are now moistened by showers and warmed by sun-
shine, we shall soon see how they grow. And what we learn from this one kind
of plant will be true of all ordinary plants, but with some differences in the circum-
stances, according to the kind.

27. The seed first imbibes some moisture through its coats, swells a little, and,
as it feels the warmth, the embryo gradually wakes from its long and deep sleep,
and stretches itself, as it were. That is, the tiny stem of the embryo lengthens,
and its end bursts through the coats of the seed; at the same time, the two leaves
it bears grow larger, straighten themselves, and so throw off the seed-coats as a
loose husk; this allows the seed-leaves to spread out, as leaves naturally do, and
so the seedling plantlet stands revealed. Observe the whole for yourselves, if pos-
sible, and compare with these figures. Fig. 19 is repeated from p. 9, and repre-
sents the embryo taken out of the seed, straightened, enlarged, and the two leaves
a little opened. Fig. 16 and 17 show how the embryo lies snugly packed away in
the seed. Fig. 20 shows it coming up, the seed-leaves above just throwing off the
coats or husk ‘of the seed. Fig. 21 is the same, a little later and larger, with the
seed-leaves spread out in the air above, and a root well formed beneath. And Fig.
22 is the same a little later still.

28. At the very beginning of its growth, the end of the little stem which first
comes out of the seed turns downward and points into the earth. From it the root
is formed, which continues downwards, branching as it grows, and burying itself

12 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED.

more and more in the soil. The other end of the stem always turns upwards, and,

as the whole lengthens, the seed-leaves are brought up out of the ground, so that

they expand in the light and air,— which is the proper place for leaves, as the

dark and damp soil is for the root. :
29. What makes the root always grow downwards into

the ground, and the stem turn upwards, so as to rise out

of it, we no more know, than we know why newly-hatched

ducklings take to the water at once, while chickens avoid

it, although hatched under the same fowl and treated just

alike. But the fact ‘is always so.

And although we know not how,

the why is evident enough; for the root is thereby at once

placed in the soil, from which it

has to absorb moisture and other

things, and the leaves appear in

the air and the light, where they

are to do their work.

' 80. Notice how early the seed- Colpledoas ar

ling plant is complete, that is,

becomes a real vegetable, with

all its parts, small as the whole

thing is (Fig. 21). For it al- —— Raticle or stemiet.

ready possesses a root, to connect

it with the ground and draw up

what it needs from that; a stem, Root.

to elevate the foliage into the

light and air; and leaves, to take

in what it gets directly from the

air, and to digest the whole in the light (as explained in the last section, Par. 7).

That is, it already has all the Organs of Vegetation (Par. 1), all that any plant

has before blossoming, so that the little seedling can now take care of itself, and

live — just as any larger plant lives—upon the soil and the air. And all it has

to do in order to become a full-grown plant, like Fig. 4, is to increase the size of

its organs, and to produce more of them; namely, more stem with more leaves

above, and more roots below. We have only to watch our seedling plantlets a

week or two longer, and we shall see how this is done.

Cotyledons or seed-leaves.

Plumule.

22

HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 18

31. The root keeps on growing under ground, and sending off more and more
small branches or rootlets, each one adding something to the amount of absorbing
surface in contact with the moist soil. The little stem likewise lengthens upwards,
and the pair of leaves on its summit grow larger. But these soon get their full
growth; and we do not yet see, perhaps, where more are to come from. But now
a little bud, called the Plumule, appears on the top of the stem (Fig. 22), just be-
tween the stalks of the two seed-leaves; it enlarges and unfolds into a leaf; this
soon is raised upon a new piece of stem, which car-
ries up the leaf, just as the pair of seed-leaves were
raised by the lengthening of the radicle or first joint
of stem in the seed. Then another leaf appears on
the summit of this joint of stem, and is raised upon
its own joint of stem, and soon. Fig. 23 shows the
same plant as Fig. 22 (leaving out the root and the
lower part of the stem), at a later stage; c,c, are the
seed-leaves ; 7 is the next leaf, which came from the
plumule of Fig. 22, now well raised on the second
joint of stem; and /' is the next, still very small and
just unfolding. And so the plant grows on, the whole
summer long, producing leaf after leaf, one by one,
and raising cach on its own joint of stem, arising

from the summit of the next below ;—as we see in
Fig. 4, at the beginning of the chapter, where many joints of stem have grown
in this way (the first with a pair of leaves, the rest with one apiece), and still
there are some unfolding ones at the slender young summit.

32. low te Seedling is nourished at the Beginning, Growth requires food, in plants
as well as in animals. To grow into a plant, the embryo in a seed must be fed
with vegetable matter, or with something out of which vegetable matter can be
made. When a plant has established itself, — that is, has sent down its roots into
the soil, and spread out some leaves in the air, —it is then able to change mineral
matter (viz. earth, air, and water) which it takes in, into vegetable matter, and so
to live and grow independently. But at the beginning, before its organs are
developed and established in their proper places, the forming plant must be sup-
plied by ready-made vegetable matter, furnished by the mother plant. On this
supply the embryo germinating from the seed feeds and grows, —just as the new-

14 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED.

born animal does upon the mother’s milk, or as the ehick developing in the egg
does upon the prepared nourishment the parent had laid up for the purpose in the
yolk.

33. Tear open a fresh Morning-Glory seed, or cut a dried one in two, as in
Fig. 17, and this supply will be seen, in the form of a rich and sweetish jelly-like
matter, packed away with the embryo, and filling all the spaces between its folds.
This is called the Albumen of the seed (that being the Latin name of the white of

‘an egz); and this is what the embryo feeds upon, and what enables its little
stemlet (ig. 19, 7) to grow, and form its root downwards, and carry up and ex-
pand its secd-leaves (c,c) in the air, and so become at once a plantlet (Fig. 21),
with root, stem, and leaves, able to take care of itself, just as a chicken does when
it escapes from the shell. a

34. This moist nourishing jelly would not keep long in that state. So, when
the seed ripens and dries, it hardens into a substance like thin dried glue or gum,
which will keep for any length of time. And whenever the seed is sown, and
absorbs moisture, this matter softens into a jelly again, or gradually liquefies, and

the seed-leaves crumpled up among it drink it in at every pore. A portion is con-
sumed in their growth, while the rest is carried into the growing stemlet, thence into
the root forming at one end of it, and into the bud (or plumule, Fig. 22) which
soon appears at the other end of it, — supplying the materials for their growth.

35. Notice the same thing in Wheat, Oats, or Indian Corn. The last is the best
example, because the grain is so large that all the parts may be clearly seen with-
out magnifying. The abundant milk or soft and rich pulp of green corn is the
same as the jelly in the seed of the Morning-Glory ; namely, it is the albumen of
the seed, provided for the embryo (the chit or germ) to feed upon when growth
begins. See Figures 44, 45, &c. This nourishing food (as we well know it to be)
was produced by the mother-plant during the summer, was accumulated in the
stalk at flowering-time, in the form of sugar, or syrup, was conveyed into the
flowers and forming seeds ; a part was used to form the germ or embryo, and the
rest was stored up with it in the seed, to serve for its growth into a plantlet the
next spring. That it may keep through the winter, or longer, the sweet milk is
changed into a starchy pulp, which hardens as the grain ripens into the firm and
dry mealy part (or albumen), which here makes the principal bulk of the seed.
But when sown, this meal softens and is slowly changed back into sugar again.
And this, dissolved in the water the seed takes in, makes a sweet sap, which the

HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 15

embryo imbibes and feeds on as it sprouts. That the meal or starch of the grain
is actually changed into sugar at this time is clearly shown by malting, which is
merely causing heaps of grain to sprout’a little, and then destroying the life of
the embryo by dry heat; when the grain (now malt) is found to be sweet, and
to contain much sugar.

36. The nourishment which the mother-plant provides in the seed is not always
stored up outside of the embryo. In many cases it is deposited in the embryo
itself, most commonly in the seed-leaves. Then the seed consists of nothing but
the embryo within its coats. Maple-seeds are of this sort. Fig. 24 represents a
seed of Red Maple in the lower part of the winged seed-
vessel, which is cut away so as to show it in its place. Fig.
25 is the seed a little magnified, and with the coats cut away,
bringing to view its embryo coiled up within and filling the
seed completely. Fig. 26 is the embryo taken out, and a
little unfolded ; below is the radicle or stemlet ; above are the
two seed-leaves partly crumpled together.
Fig. 27 is the embryo when it has straight-
ened itself out, thrown off the seed-coats,
and begun to grow. Here the seed-leaves
are rather thick when they first unfold ; this
is on account of the nourishing matter which
was contained in their fabric, and which is
used mainly for the earliest growth of the
radicle or stemlet, and for the root formed

at its lower end, as we see in the next fig-
ure (Fig. 28: a, the radicle or stemlet of the embryo; 4, 4, the two seed-leaves ;
ce, the root). By this time the little stock of nourishment is exhausted. But the
plant, having already a root in the soil and a pair of leaves in the air, is able to
shift for itself, to take in air, water, &c., and by the aid of sunshine on its foliage
to make the nourishment for. its future growth. In a week or two it will have
made enough to enable the next step to be taken. Then a little bud appears at
the upper end of the stemlet, between the two seed-leaves, and soon it shows
the rudiments of a new pair of leaves (Fig. 28, d) ; a new joint of stem forms to
support them (Fig. 29); this lengthens just as the stemlet of the embryo did, and
so the plantlet gets a second pair of leaves, raised on a second joint of stem

16 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED.

springing from the top of the first (Fig. 30). Meanwhile the root has grown
deeper into the soil, and sent out branches. Having now more roots below, and,
above, a pair of leaves besides the seed-leaves to work with, the seedling plantlet

all the sooner makes veg-
etable matter enough to
form a third pair of leaves
and raise them on a third
joint of stem (as in Fig.
31); and so it goes on,
step by step. This nour- 30
ishment in the embryo of the Red-Maple seed was a few weeks before in the
trunk of the mother tree, as a sweet sap, that is, as Aaple-sugar.

37. Variations of the Plan of Growth. In the Morning-Glory, after the pair of
seed-leaves, only one leaf is found upon each joint of stem (see Fig. 23 and 4).
In the Maple there is a pair of leaves to every joint of stem, as long as it grows.
In the Morning-Glory the food in the seed, for the growth to begin with, was
stored up outside of the embryo; in the Maple it was stored up 7n @t, that is,-in
its seed-leaves. The plan is evidently the same in both; but there are differ-

HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 17

ences in the particulars. While the same kind of plant always grows in exactly
the same way, different kinds differ almost as much at the beginning as they do
afterwards. The great variety which we observe among the herbs and shrubs
and trees around us, — in foliage, flower, fruit, and everything, — gives to vegeta-
tion one of its greatest charms. We should soon tire of plants or flowers made
all after one exact pattern, however beautiful. We enjoy variety. But the bota-
nist finds a higher interest in all these differences than any one else, because he
discerns one simple plan running through all this diversity, and everywhere re-
peated in different forms. He sees that in every plant there is root growing down-
wards, connecting the vegetable with the soil; stem rising into the light and air,
and bearing leaves at regular places, and then blossoms, and that the parts of one
kind of blossom answer to those of another, only differing in shape; and he de-
lights in observing how the tens of thousands of kinds of plants all harmonize with
each other, like the parts of concerted music, — plainly showing that they were all
contrived, as parts of one system, by one Divine Mind.

38. So in the beginning, in the growth of plants from the seed, although the
general plan is the same in all, the variations are many and great. The plan is
well shown in the two seedling plants which have served for illustration, namely,
the Morning-Glory and the Maple. Let us now notice some of the variations, as
exhibited in a few very common plants. A great deal may be learned from the
commonest plants, if we will only open our eyes to sce them, and “consider how
they grow,” and why they differ in the way they do. Take, for instance,

39. The Bean. Soak a bean in warm water (if a fresh one is not to be had)
and remove the coats. The whole kernel consists 5
of an embryo, as seen in Fig. 82. And almost
the whole bulk of this embryo consists of two
thick pieces, ¢,¢, which are the cotyledons or
seed-leaves. We may make out the plan of the
whole thing better by spreading these thick seed-
leaves wide open, as in Fig. 33. Here the two
thick seed-leaves are seen from the inside, ¢, ¢ ;
they are connected with the upper end of a stemlet, which is the radicle, r; and
above this already shows the bud or plumule, p.

40. So the embryo of the Bean is the same in plan as that of the Maple (Fig.
27), only the stemlet is much shorter in proportion, and the seed-leaves very much
larger and thicker. What is the reason of this difference ?

18 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED.

41. The seed-leaves of the Bean are thickened by having so much nourishment
stored up in them, so much of it that they make good food for men. And the
object of this large supply is that the plant may grow more strongly and rapidly

very short radicle, or stemlet,
Pull off one of the seed-leaves, as in Fig. 87, and you may

see the plumule or little bud,
p, ready to develop leaves
and stem upwards, while the
other end of the radicle
grows downward and makes
the root; the rich store of

nourishment in the seed-
|

from the seed. It need not and it does not wait, as
the Maple and the Morning-Glory do, slowly to make
the second pair of leaves; but is able to develop
these at once. Accordingly, the rudiments of these
next leaves may be seen in the seed before growth
begins, in the form of a little bud (Fig. 33, p), ready
to grow and unfold as soon as the thick seed-leaves
themselves appear above ground (Fig. 34), and soon
making the first real foliage (Fig. 35). For the
seed-leaves of the Bean are themselves so thick and
ungainly, that, although they turn green, they hardly
serve for foliage. But, having given up their great
stock of nourishment to the forming root and new
leaves, and enabled these to grow much stronger and
faster than they otherwise could, they wither and fall
off. It is nearly the same in

42. The Cherry, Almond, &. Fig. 36 is an Almond
taken out of the shell, soaked a little, and the thin
seed-coat removed. The whole
is an embryo, consisting of a
pair of large and thick seed-
leaves, loaded with sweet nour-
ishment. These are borne ona
which is seen at the lower end.

HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 19

leaves supplying abundant materials for the growth. A cherry-seed is just like an
almond, only on a smaller scale. Fig. 38 is the embryo of a Cherry, with the
very thick seed-leaves a little separated. Fig. 39 is the same developed into a
young plantlet. Fed by the abundant nourishment in the seed-leaves, it shoots up
its stem and unfolds three or four leaves before the Maple (Fig. 28, 29) or the
Morning-Glory (Fig. 20-22)
would have made any. It is
the same in the Chestnut and
the Beech. In these, as in the
Cherry and the Bean, the thick
seed-leaves, which make the
whole kernel, come up, turn
green, and become thinner as
they give up their load of
nourishment to the growing
parts; they evidently try to
become useful green leaves ;
but having been used for hold-
ing nourishment, they remain
too thick’and clumsy for foli-
age, and they soon die or fall
off. But in

43. The Horsechestnut, the
Acorn, and the Pea, the seed-
leaves are so very thick, and
so heavily loaded, that they
never undertake to serve any
other purpose than that of
feeding the other parts as they
grow. So they remain in the
shell or husk; and, as they
are not to rise out of the
ground, there is no need for
their stemlet, or radicle, to
lengthen, except enough to get

20 HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED.

out of the seed, and let the root form from the lower end of it, while the plumule
develops from its upper end directly into a strong leafy stem. Fig. 40 is an acorn
cut through lengthwise. The whole kernel consists of a pair of very thick seed-
leaves, loaded with starch, &c., and completely enclosing the very small and short
stemlet, or radicle, seen at the bottom. Fig. 41 is the acorn with the seedling
Oak growing from it ; the seed-leaves remaining in the shell, but feeding the strong
root which grows downwards and the stem which shoots so vigorously upwards.

44, Acorns and horsechestnuts may not always be found germinating; but in
the Pea we have a familiar case of this way of growing, which may be observed
at any season by planting a few peas. Fig. 42 is a pea with the seed-coat taken
off, after soaking. Here the seed-leaves are so thick that the pair makes a little
ball; and the stout radicle or stemlet appears on the side turned to the eye.
Fig. 43 shows the plantlet growing. The whole seed remains in the soil; the
plumule, well nourished by the great stock of food in the buried seed-leaves, alone
rises out of the ground as a strong shoot, bearing an imperfect scale-like leaf upon
each of its earlier joints, and then producing the real leaves of the plant, while the
radicle at the same time, without lengthening itself, sends down three or four roots
at once. So the whole plant is quickly established, and all the early growth is
made out of food provided for it the year before by the mother plant, and stored
up in the seed. One more illustration we may take from

45. Indian Comm. Here the
food provided for the early
growth is laid up partly in the
embryo, but mostly around it.
Fig. 44 is a grain cut through
flat-wise; Fig. 45, another cut
through the middle across its
thickness ; and Fig. 46, the embryo, or germ, of another grain, taken out
whole, — which may readily be done in green corn, or in an old grain
after soaking it for some time in warm water. The separate embryo is
placed to match that which is seen, divided, in the seed; ~ is the radicle ;
p, the plumule ; and ¢, the seed-leaf or cotyledon, which in this plant is
single ; while in all the foregoing there was a pair of seed-leaves. The
greater part of the grain is the meal, or albumen, the stock of nourish-
ment outside of the embryo. In germinating, this meal is slowly changed

HOW PLANTS GROW FROM THE SEED. 21

into sugar, and dissolved in the water which is absorbed from the ground; the coty-
ledon imbibes this, and sends it into the radicle, 7, to make the root, and into the
plumule, p, enabling it to develop the set of leaves,
wrapped up one within another, of which it consists,”
and expand them one after another in the air. Fig.
47 shows a sprouting grain, sending down its first
root, and sending up the plumule still rolled together.
Fig. 48 is the same, more advanced, having made a
whole cluster of roots, and unfolded two or three
leaves. Nourished abundantly as it is, both by the
maternal stock in the grain, and by what these roots
and leayes obtain and prepare from the soil and the
air, the young corn gets a good start, is ready to avail
itself of the summer’s heat, to complete its vegeta-
tion, to blossom, and to make and lay up the great
amount of nourishment which we gather in the crop.

46. The Onion, The cotyledon in Indian Corn, and
most other plants which have only one, stays under
ground. In the Onion it comes up and makes the
first leaf, —a slender, thread-shaped one,— and in-
deed it carries up the light seed on its summit. In
Indian Corn, all the early joints of stem remain so
short as not to be seen; although later it makes long
joints, carrying up the upper leaves to some distance
from one another. In the Onion, on the contrary, the
stem never lengthens at all, but remains as a thin
plate, broader than it is long, with the roots springing from one side of it and the
sheathing bases of the leaves covering it on the other.

47. Number of Cotyledons or Seed-Leaves. Indian Corn (Fig. 46) and all such
kinds of grain-plants, the Onion, Lilies, and the like, have only one seed-leaf or
cotyledon to their embryo ; therefore they are called MonocotyLeponous PLants,
and the embryo is called monocotylédonous,—a long word, meaning “with one
cotyledon.”

48. The embryo of the Morning-Glory (Fig. 19), of the Maple (Fig. 27),
Bean (Fig. 32-34), Almond, Peach, and Cherry (Fig. 86-38), Oak (Fig. 40),

22 HOW PLANTS GROW £ROM THE SEED.

Pea (Fig. 42), and of all such plants, is dicotylédonous, that is, has a pair of
cotyledons, or seed-leaves, which is what the word means. Therefore ali such
plants are called DicotyLeponous Pants.

49, Pine-trees, and plants like them, generally have more than
two cotyledons, in a circle; so their embryo is said to be poly-
cotylédonous ; meaning “ with several or many cotyledons.” Fig,
49 is a magnified view of a Pine-seed, divided lengthwise, and
showing the long and straight embryo lying in the middle of the
albumen. The slender lower part is the radicle or stemlet; the
upper part is a cluster of cotyledons or seed-leaves, in a close
bundle; three of them can be seen as it lies, and there are as
many more behind. Fig. 50 is this embryo as it comes up from
the seed, its cotyledons (six in number) expanding at once into
a circle of slender, needle-shaped leaves.

50. It is a pity these three words are so long; for the pupil
should fix them thoroughly in his memory; because these differ-
ences in the embryo, or plantlet in the seed, run through the whole
life of the plant, and show themselves in many other differences
which very strikingly distinguish one class of plants from another. Let it be re-
membered, therefore, that

Monocotyledonous Plants, or Monocotyledons, are those which have only one
cotyledon or seed-leaf to their embryo.

Dicotyledonous Plants, or Dicotyledons, are those which have a pair of cotyledons
or seed-leaves to their embryo.

Polycotyledonous Plants, or Polycotyledons, are those which have more than one
pair of cotyledons or seed-leaves to their embryo.

Analysis of the Section.

24, Flowers produce Fruit; this, the Seed; of this the essential part is the Embryo which grows.
25. It is alive; but lies dormant awhile. How long seeds may live.

26. Germination, the beginning of growth; what is needful for it. 27. What takes place, illustrated
from the Morning-Glory. 28. How the stemlet grows by lengthening, and carries up the seed-leaves:
how the root is formed and grows downwards. 29. Instinct of each part to turn in its proper direc-
tion; and why. 30. The little seedling a complete plant in miniature; its parts. 31. How it goes on
to grow: growth of the root; rootlets; of the stem. The Plumule or Bud. Development of the stem
piece by piece, each with its leaf.

32. How the seedling is nourished at the beginning. Growth requires food. 83. How this is sup-
plied by a deposit in the seed; Albumen. 34. It is kept in a solid form until the embryo starts, and is

HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR. 23

then dissolved, turned into sugar, &c., and feeds the plantlet. 35. This illustrated in Wheat and
Indian Corn. 36. Or else the same nourishment is deposited in the embryo itself, in its seed-leaves;
illustrated by the Maple. 87, 88. Variations of the same plan of growth in different plants. The
Maple compared with the Morning-Glory. 89-45. A great abundance of food stored up in the embryo
causes a rapid and strong growth; illustrated by the Bean; 42. by the Cherry, Almond, &c.; 43,44. by
the Horsechestnut, Acorn, Pea, &c.; in these the seed-leaves do not come up in germinating; why.
45. In Indian Corn; the stock of food partly in the strong embryo, partly outside of it. 46. The
Onion; its seed-leaf lengthens and comes up, but the stem never lengthens at all.

47. Number of cotyledons or seed-leaves in different kinds of plants; Monocotyledonous. 48. Dico-
tyledonous ; Polycotyledonous. 50. These differences always accompany other differences in the
plant; Monocotyledonous, Dicotyledonous, and Polycotyledonous Plants.

Sectioy II].— How Plants grow Year after Year.

51. They Grow on as they Began. ‘The seedling has all the organs that any plant
has, — even the largest and oldest, — excepting what belongs to blossoms: it has
all it needs for its life and growth, that is, for vegetation. It has only to go on and
produce more of what it already has,— more roots beneath to draw up more
moisture from the soil, and more stem above, bearing more leaves, exposing a
larger surface to the light and air, in which to digest what is taken in from the soil
and the air, and turn it into real nourishment, that is, into the stuff which vege-
tables are made of. So, as fast as a young plant makes new vegetable material, it
uses it for its growth; it adds to its root below, and to its stem above, and unfolds
a new leaf or pair of leaves on every joint. Each joint of stem soon gets its full
length, and its leaf or pair of leaves the full size; and now, instead of growing,
they work, or prepare nourishment, for the growth of the younger parts forming
above.

52. Simple Stems. In this way, piece by piece, the stem is carried up higher
and higher, and its leaves increased in number; and the more it grows, the more it
is able to grow, —as we see in a young seedling, beginning feebly and growing
slowly for a while, but pushing on more and more vigorously in proportion to the
number of leaves and roots it has produced. In this way, by developing joint after
joint, each from the summit of its predecessor, a Simple Stem is made. Many
plants make only simple stems, at least until they blossom, or for the first year.
The Lilies, figured on the first page, and corn-stalks, are of this kind. Fig. 51 is
a sort of diagram of the simple stem of Indian Corn, divided into its component
pieces, to show how it consists of a set of similar growths, each from the summit

24 HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTLR YEAR.

of the preceding one. There are old trees even, which consist of a simple, un-
branched stem. Palm-trees, such as our Southern Palmetto (Fig. 79) are of this
kind. But more commonly, as stems grow they multiply them-

selves by forming
Vv 53. Branches, or side-shoots. These are formed both by
roots and by stems. Roots generally branch much sooner than
stems do. See Fig. 4, 20, 80, &e.
54. Roots send off their branches from any part of the
main root, or start from any part of a stem lying on or in the
soil; and they have no particular arrangement.

55. But the branches of stems spring only from particular
places, and are arranged on a regular plan. They arise from
the Axil of a leat and nowhere else, except in some few pe-

t culiar cases. The axil (from a Latin word meaning the
armpit) of a leaf is the hollow or angle, on the upper side,
where the leaf is attached to the stem. As branches come
only from the axils of leaves, and as leaves have a perfectly

| regular and uniform arrangement in each particular plant, the

places where branches will appear are fixed beforehand by the
places of the leaves, and they must follow their arrangement.
In the axils, commonly one in each, branches first appear in
the form of

56. Buds. A Bud is an undeveloped stem or branch. If
large enough to have its parts distinguishable, these are seen
to be undeveloped or forming leaves; and large buds which
are to stand over winter are generally covered with protect-
ing scales, — a kind of dry, diminished leaves.

57. Terminal Bud. So the plumule or first shoot of the
embryo (see Fig. 22, &e.) is a bud. But this first bud makes
the main stem, and its growth, week after week, or year after
year, carries on the main stem. Palms (as Fig. 79) grow in this way, by this bud
only. Being always on the end of the stem, that is, terminating the stem, it is
called the Terminal Bud.

58. Axillary Buds, But the buds which are to form branches appear on the
sides of the stem; and since they are situated in the axils of the leaves, as just ex-

r
61

THE ARRANGEMENT OF BRANCHES. 25

plained (55), they are named Axillary Buds. (See Fig.:52, 53.) These buds
grow into branches, just as the first or terminal bud of the seedling grows to make
the main stem.

59. The Arrangement of Branches, therefore, follows that of the axillary buds, and
this that of the leaves.
Now leaves are placed
on the stem in two
principal ways; they
are either alternate or
opposite. They are al-
ternate when they fol-
low one after another,
there being only one
to each joint. of the
stem, as in Morning-
Glory (Fig. 4, all after
the seed-leaves), and
in the Linden or Bass-
wood (Fig. 52), as well
as the greater part of
trees or plants. They
are opposite when there are two leaves upon each joint of stem, as in Horsechest-
nut, Lilac, and Maple (Fig. 31, 53); one leaf in such cases being always exactly
on the opposite side of the stem from its fellow. Now in the axil of almost every
leaf of these trees a bud is soon formed, and in general plainly shows itself before
summer is over. In Fig. 52, a, a, a, a, are the axillary buds on a twig of Bass-
wood, — they are alternate, like the leaves, —and ¢ is the terminal bud. Fig. 53,
a twig of Red Maple, has its axillary buds opposite, like the leaves; and on the
very summit is the terminal bud. Next spring or sooner, the former grow into al-
ternate branches ; the latter grow into opposite branches. These branches in their
turn form buds in the axils of their leaves, to grow in time into a new generation
of similar branches, and so on, year after year. So the reason is plain why the
branching or spray of one tree or bush differs from that of another, each having its
own plan, depending upon the way the leaves are arranged on the stem.

60. The spray (or ramification) of trees and shrubs is more noticeable in winter,

26 HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR.

when most leaves have fallen. Even then we can tell how the leaves were placed,
as well as in summer. We have only to notice the leaf-scars: for each fallen leaf
has left a sear to mark where its stalk separated from the stem. And in most
cases the bud above each scar is now apparent or conspicuous, ready to grow into
branches in the spring, and showing plainly the arrangement which these are to
have. Here, for instance, is a last year’s shoot of
Horsechestnut (Fig. 54), with a large terminal bud on
its summit, and with very conspicuous leaf-scars, Z s ;
and just above each is an axillary bud, 6. Here the
leaves were opposite each other; so the buds are also,
and so will the branches be, unless one of the buds on
each joint should fail. Fig. 55 is a similar shoot of a
Hickory, with its leaf-scars (2s) and axillary buds
(6) alternate, that is, single on the joints and one after
another on different sides of the stem; and these buds
when they grow will make alternate branches.

61. The branching would be more regular than it
is, if all the buds grew. But there is not room for
all; so only the stronger ones grow. ‘The rest stand
ready to take their place, if those happen to be killed.
Sometimes there are more buds than one from the same
axil. There are three placed side by side on those
shoots of Red Maple which are going to blossom.
There are several in a row, one above another, on
some shoots of Tartarean Honeysuckle.

62. The appearance of plants, the amount of their branching, and the way in
which they continue to grow, depend very much upon their character and duration.

63. The Duration of Plants of different kinds varies greatly. Some live only for a
few months or a few weeks; others may endure for more than a thousand years.
The most familiar division of plants according to their duration and character is
into Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees.

64. Tlerbs are plants of soft texture, having little wood in their stems, and in our
climate dying down to the ground, or else dying root and all, in or before winter.

65. Shrubs are plants with woody stems, which endure and grow year after year,
but do not rise to any great height, say to not more than four or five times the

MODE OF LIFE IN ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS. 27

height of a man. And if they reach this size, it is not as a single main trunk, but
by a cluster of stems all starting from the ground.

66. Trees are woody plants rising by a trunk to a greater height than shrubs.

67. Herbs are divided, according to their character and duration, into Annuals,
Biennials, and Perennials.

68. Annuals grow from the seed, blossom, and die all in the same season. In
this climate they generally spring from the seed in spring, and die in the autumn,
or sooner if they have done blossoming and have ripened their seed. Oats, Barley,
Mustard, and the common Morning-Glory (Fig. 4) are familiar annuals. Plants
of this kind have fébrous roots, i. e. composed of long and slender threads or fibres.
Either the whole root is a cluster of such fibres, as in Indian Corn (Fig. 48), Barley
(Fig. 56), and all such plants; or when there is a main or tap root,
as in Mustard, the Morning-Glory, &c., this branches off into slen-
der fibres. It is these fibres, and the slender root-hairs which are
found on them, that mainly absorb moisture and other things from
the soil; and the more numerous they are, the more the plant can
absorb by its roots. As fast as nourishment is received and pre-
pared by the roots and leaves, it is expended in new growth, par-
ticularly in new stems or branches and new leaves, and finally in
flowers, fruit, and seed. The latter require a great deal of nour-
ishment to bring them to perfection, and give nothing back to the
plant in return. So blossoming and fruiting weaken the plant very
much. Annual plants usually continue to bear flowers, often in great numbers,
upon every branch, until they exhaust themselves and die, but not until they have
ripened seeds, and stored up in them (as in the mealy part of the grain of Corn,
&e., Fig. 44, 45) food enough for a new generation to begin growth with.

69. Biennials follow a somewhat different plan. These are herbs which do not
blossom at all the first season, but live over the winter, flower the second year, and
then die when they have ripened their seeds. The Turnip, Carrot, and Parsnip.
the Beet, the Radish (Fig. 57), and the Celandine, are familiar examples of bien-
nial plants.

70. The mode of life in biennials is to prepare and store up nourishment through
the first season, and to expend it the next season in flowering and fruiting. Accord-
ingly, biennials for the first year are nearly all root and leaves; these being the
organs by which: the plant works, and prepares the materials it lives on. Stem

Fibrous roots.

28 HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR.

they must have, in order to bear leaves; for leaves do not grow on roots. But
what stem they make is so very short-jointed that it rises hardly any; so that
the leaves seem to spring from the top of the root,
and all spread out in a cluster close to the ground.
As the plant grows, it merely sends out more and
more branches of the root into the soil beneath, and
adds more leaves to the cluster just above, close to the
surface of the warm ground, and wap exposed to the
light and heat of the sun. Thus con&ting of its two
working organs only, — root and leaves, — the young
biennial sets vigorously to work. The moisture and
air which the leaves take in from the atmosphere,
and all that the roots take from the soil, are digested
or changed into vegetable matter by the foliage while
exposed to sunshine; and all that is not wanted by
the leaves themselves is generally carried down into
the body of the root and stored up there ‘for next
year’s use. So the biennial root becomes large and
heavy, being a storehouse of nourishing matter, which
man and animals are glad to use for food., In,it, in
the form of starch, sugar, mucilage, and in other nourishing and savory products,
the plant (expending nothing in flowers or in show) has laid up the avails of its
whole summer’s work. For what purpose? This plainly appRirg when the next.
season’s growth begins. Then, fed by this great stock of nourishment, a stem
shoots forth rapidly and strongly, divides into branches, bears flowers abundantly,
and ripens seeds, almost wholly at the expense of the nourishment accumulated in
the root, which is now light, empty, and dead; and so is the whole plant by the time
the seeds are ripe. 4

71. By stopping the flowering, biennials can sometimes be made to live another
year, or for many years, or annuals may be made into biennials. So a sort of
biennial is made of wheat by sowing it in autumn, or even in the spring and keep-
ing it fed down in summer. But here the nourishment is stored up in the leaves
rather than in the roots.

72. The Cabbage is a familiar and more striking example of a biemial in which
the store of nourishment, instead of being deposited in the root, is kept in the

57
Radish.

MODE OF LIFE IN PERENNIALS. 29

leaves and in the short stem or stalk. These accordingly become thick and nutri-
tious in the Cabbage, just as the root does in the Turnip, or the base of the short

stem alone in Kohlrabi, or even the flower-stalks in
the Cauliflower; all of which belong to the same
family, and exhibit merely different ways of accom-
plishing the same result.

73. Perennials are plants which live on year after
year. Shrubs and trees are of course perennial. So
are many herbs; but in these only a portion gener-
ally survives. Most of our perennial herbs die down
to the ground before winter ; in many species all but
certain separate portions under ground die at the
close of the year; but some parts of the stem con-
taining buds are always kept alive to renew the
growth for the next season. And a stock of nour-
ishment to begin the new growth with is also pro-
vided. Sometimes this stock is laid up in the roots,
as for instance in the Peony, the Dahlia (Fig. 58),

and the Sweet Potato. Here some thick roots, filled Dahlitcrodte:

59
Ground- Artichoke.

with food made by last year’s vegetation, nourish in
spring the buds on the base of the stem just above
(a, a), enabling them to send up stout leafy stems,
and send down new roots, in some of which a new
stock of food is laid up during summer for the next
spring, while the exhausted old ones die off; and so
on, from year to year.
74. Sometimes this stock of food is laid up in par-
ticular portions of branches
of the stem itself, formed
under ground, and which
contain the buds; as in the
d Ground Artichoke and the
Potato. Here these parts,

with their buds, or eyes, are all that live over winter. These thickened ends of

stems are called Tudbers.

In Fig. 59, @ is a tuber of last year, now exhausted and

30 HOW PLANTS

GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR.

withering away, which grew in spring by one of its buds to make the stem (4) bear-

ing the foliage of the season.

Potato.

This sends out some branches under ground, which

in the course of the sea-
son thicken at the end
as they receive a stock
of nourishment prepared
by this year’s foliage,
and become new tubers
(ce, a forming one; d, d,
well-grown tubers of the
season), to live over
winter and make the
next year’s growth.
75. Because they live
under ground, these tu-
bers are commonly sup-
posed to be roots; but
they are not, as any one
may see. Their eyes
are buds; and the little
scales behind the eyes
answer to leaves; while
roots bear neither buds

nor leaves. The fibrous roots which grow from these subterranean branches are
very different in appearance from under-ground stems, as is plain to see in the

Potato-plant. Fig. 60 shows
a few of the real roots, as
well as several branches of
the stem, with potatoes form-
ing in all stages at their tips.
Fig. 61 is one of these form-
ing potatoes magnified, show-
ing a little scale behind each
eye which answers to a leaf.

63
Solomon's-Seal.

Fig. 62 is a part of a slice through an eye, more

magnified, to show that the eye is really a bud, covered with little scales.

MODE OF LIFE IN PERENNIALS. 31

76. In some perennial herbs, prostrate stems or branches
under ground are thickened with this store of nourishment for
their whole length, making stout 2ootstocks, as they are called; as
in Sweet Flag, Solomon’s Seal (Fig. 63), and Iris, or Flower-de-
Luce (Fig. 64). These are perennial, and grow on a little way
each year, dying off as much behind after a while; and the newer
parts every year send out a new set of fibrous roots. The buds
which rootstalks produce, and the leaves or the scales they bear,
or the scars or rings which mark where the old leaves or scales
have fallen or decayed away, all plainly show that rootstocks are
forms of stem, and not roots. The large round scars on the root-
stock of Solomon’s Seal, which give the plant its name, (from
their looking like impressions of a seal,) are the places from
which ihe stalk bearing the leaves and flowers of each season
has fallen off in autumn. Fig. 63, @ is the bud at the end, to
make the growth above ground next spring; 6 is the bottom of
the stalk of this season; ¢, the scar or place from which the stalk
of last year fell; d, that of the year before;
and e, that of two years ago. (

77. Finally, the nourishment for the next ,
year’s growth may be deposited in the leaves ,\
themselves. Sometimes it occupies all the Sam 5 !
leaf, as in the Houseleek (Fig. 65) and other Iris.
fleshy plants. ere the close ranks of the
thickened leaves are wholly above ground.
Sometimes the deposit is all in the lower
end of the leaf, and on the ground, or un-
derneath, as in common Bulbs. Take a
White Lily of the gardens, for example, in
the fall, or in spring before it sends up the
stalk of the season (Fig. 66). From the
A bottom of the bulb, roots descend into the

Houseleek. soil to absorb moisture and other matters
from it, while, above, it sends up leaves to digest and convert these matters into
real nourishment. As fast as it is made, this nourishment is carried down to the bot-

3

32 HOW PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR.

tom of each leaf, which is enlarged or thickened for containing it. These thick
leaf-bases, or scales, crowded together, make up the bulb; all but its very short stem,
concealed within, which bears these scales above, and sends down the roots from
underneath. ‘Fig. 67 shows one of the leaves of the season, taken
off, with its base cut across, that the thickness may be seen. After
having done its work, the blade dies off, leaving the thick base as
a bulb-scale. Every year one or more buds in the centre of the
bulb grow, feeding on the food laid up in the scales, and making
the stalk of the season, which bears the flowers, as in Fig. 1, 2.

78. An Onion is like a Lily-bulb, only each scale or leaf-base
is so wide that it enwraps all within, making coat after coat.

66 67
Bulb and lower Leaves of a Lily. Leaf, lower end cut off.

79. In shrubs and trees a great quantity of nourishment, made the summer.
before, is stored up in the young wood and bark of the shoots, the trunk, and the
roots. Upon this the buds feed the next spring; and this enables them to develop
vigorously, and clothe the naked branches with foliage in a few days; or with blos-
soms immediately following, as in the Horsechestnut; or with blossoms and foliage
together, as in Sugar Maple; or with blossoms before the leaves appear, as in Red
Maples and Elms. The rich mucilage of the bark of Slippery Elm, and the sweet
spring sap of Maple-trees, belong to this store, deposited in the wood the previous
summer, andein spring dissolved and rapidly drawn into the buds, to supply the early
and sudden leafing and blossoming.

80. In considering plants, as to “how they grow,” it should be noticed that all of
them, from the Lily of the field to the tree of the forest, teach the same lesson of
industry and provident preparation. No great result is attained without effort, and

WHY THEY GROW SO VIGOROUSLY IN SPRING. 33

long preceding labor. Not only was the tender verdure which, after a few spring
showers and sunny days, is so suddenly spread out over field and forest, all pre-
pared beforehand, — most of the leaves, even, made the summer before, and snugly.
packed away in winter-buds,— but the nourishment which enables them to un-
fold and grow so fast was also prepared for this purpose by the foliage of the year
before, and laid up until it was wanted. The grain grows with vigor, because fed
with the richest products of the mother plant, the results of a former year’s vegeta-
tion. The Lily-blossom develops in all its glory without toil of its own, because all
its materials were gathered from the earth and the air long before, by the roots
and the leaves, manufactured by the latter into vegetable matter, and this stored
up for a year or two under ground in the bottoms of the leaves (as starch, jelly,
sugar, &c.), and in many cases actually made into blossoms in the dark earth, where
the flower-buds lie slumbering in the protecting bulb through the cold winter, and in
summer promptly unfold in beauty for our delight.

Analysis of the Section.

51. The seedling is a complete plant on the simplest scale ; in growth it merely increases its parts,
and multiplies them in number, as fast as it makes materials for growth. 62. Simple stems, how
formed and carried up, piece by piece. 53, Branches: 64. of Roots, how they differ from those,
55. of Stems. Where these arise from; in what form they appear. 66. Buds, what they are.
57. Terminal Bud, what it makes. 68. Axillary Buds ; why so named ; what they make. 59. How
branches are arranged, and what their arrangement depends upon: alternate; opposite. 60. The spray
and buds of shrubs and trees in winter; Leaf-scars. 61. Why branches are not as regular and as many
as the buds or leaves.

62, 63. The Duration and Character of Plants as affecting the way they grow. 64. Herbs. 65. Shrubs.
66. Trees. 67. Herbs are annuals, biennials, or perennials.

68. Annuals ; their mode of life ; character of their roots, intended only for absorbing; duration, &c.

69. Biennials ; how defined ; examples. 70. Character of their roots, and illustrations of their
mode of life ; the first year, food made and stored up ; the second year, food expended, for what pur-
pose. 71. How biennials may sometimes be made perennial, and annuals biennial. 72. The store of
food may be kept in the leaves, or in the stems above ground ; Cabbage, &c.

73. Perennials ; what they are ; mode of life of perennial herbs from year to year ; accumulation of
food in roots. 74. Accumulation of food in under-ground branches ; Tubers, as of Ground Artichoke.
75. Potato illustrated. 76. Accumulation in whole stems or branches under ground ; Rootstocks.
77. Accumulation of food in leaves, above ground, as in Houseleek ; or in the bottoms of leaves, usu-
ally under ground ; Bulbs ; as of Lily, and, 78. of Onion.

79. Food, how stored up in shrubs and trees, and for what purpose ; used in leafing and blossoming
in spring. 80. A lesson taught by vegetation.

34 HOW PLANTS GROW.

Section IV. — Different Forms or Kinds of Roots, Stems, and Leaves.

81. The Organs of Vegetation, or those that have to do with the life and growth
of a plant, are only three, Root, Stem, and Leaf. And the plan upon which plants
are made is simple enough. So simple and so few are the kinds of parts that one
would hardly expect plants to exhibit the almost endless and ever-pleasing diver-
sity they do. This diversity is owing to the wonderful variety of forms under which,
without losing their proper nature, each of these three organs may appear.

82. The study of the different shapes and appearances which the same organ
takes in different plants, or in different parts of the same plant, comparing them
with one another, is called Morphology, and is one of the most interesting parts of
Botany. But in this book for young beginners, we have only room to notice the
commonest forms, and those very briefly, — although sufficiently to enable stu-
dents to study all common plants and understand botanical descriptions. Those
who would learn more of the structure and morphology of plants should study the
Lessons in Botany.

§ 1. Of Roots.

83. The Root is the simplest and least diversified of the three organs. Yet it
exhibits some striking variations.

84. As to origin, there is the primary or original root, formed from the embryo
as it grows from the seed, and the branches it makes. Annuals, biennials, and
many trees are apt to have only such roots. But when any portion of their stems
is covered by the soil, it makes secondary roots. These are roots which spring
from the sides of the stem. Every one knows that most stems may be made to
strike root when so covered and having the darkness and moisture which are gen-
erally needful for roots. “Perennial herbs and most shrubs strike root naturally in
this way under ground. All the roots of plants raised from tubers, rootstocks, and
the like (74 —76), are of this sort, and also of plants raised from slips or cuttings.
In warm and damp climates there are likewise many

85. Aerial Roots, namely, roots which strike from the stem in the open air. In

. summer we often find them springing from the joints of the stalks of Indian Corn,
several inches above the soil. Some of these reach the ground, and help to feed
the plant. In the famous-Banyan-tree of India aerial roots on a larger scale strike
from the spreading branches, high up in the air, grow down to the ground and into it,

KINDS OF ROOTS. 35

and so make props or additional trunks. Growing in this way, there is no limit to
the extent of the branches, and a single Banyan will spread over several acres of
ground and have hundreds of trunks all made from aerial roots.

86. Aerial Rootlets, or such roots on a small scale, are produced by several woody
vines to climb by. English Ivy, our Poison Ivy, and Trumpet-Creeper are well-
known cases of the sort.

87. Air-Plants. Roots which never reach the ground are also produced by certain
plants whose seeds, lodged upon the boughs or trunks of trees, high up in the
air, grow there, and make an :
Epiphyte, as it is called (from
two Greek words meaning
a plant on a plant), or an
Air-Plant. The latter name
refers to the plant’s getting
its living altogether from the
air; as it must, for it has no
connection with the ground
at any time. And if these
plants can live on air, in this
way, it is easy to understand
that common vegetables get
part of what they live on di-
rectly from the air. In warm
countries there are many very
handsome and curious air-
plants of the Orchis family.
A great number are culti-
vated in hot-houses, merely
fixed upon pieces of wood ms
and hung up. They take no Air-plants of the Orchis family,

a i ))
Se |
ie”

% ,
att RS
KE

nourishment from the boughs of the tree they happen to grow upon.

88. Parasitic Plants are those which strike their roots, or what answer to roots,
into the bark or wood of the species they grow on, and feed upon its sap. ‘he
Mistletoe is a woody parasitic plant, which engrafts itself when it springs from the
seed upon the branches of Oaks, Hickories, or other trees. The Dodder is a com-

36 HOW PLANTS GROW.

mon parasitic herb, consisting of orange-color or whitish stems, looking like threads
of yarn. These coil round the stalks of other plants, fasten themselves by little
suckers in place of roots, and feed upon their juices. Living as such a plant does
by robbing cther plants of their prepared food, it has no leaves of its own, except
little scales in their place, and has no need of any.

89. Shapes and Uses of Roots, Common roots, however, grow in the soil. And their
use is to absorb moisture and other matters from the soil, and sometimes to hold
prepared food until it is wanted for use, as was explained in
the last section (70, 73). Those for absorbing are

Fibrous roots, namely, slender and thread-shaped, as in Fig.
48, 56, and generally branching. Very slender roots of the
sort, or their branches, are called ootlets ; and these do most
of the absorbing. The roots of annuals are mostly fibrous, as
they have nothing to do but to absorb; and so are the smaller
branches of the roots of shrubs, trees, and other plants.

Fleshy roots are those of herbs which form a thick and stout
body, from having much nourishment deposited in them. They
belong particularly to biennial herbs (69), and to many pe-
rennials (73). Some sorts have names according to their
shapes. The root is a :

Tap-root, when of one main body, and tapering downwards
to a point; as that of a Carrot (Fig. 71), and of a seedling
Oak (Fig. 41). And a tap-root is

Conical, when stout, and tapering gradually from the upper
end to a point below ; as a carrot (Fig. 71), parsnip, or beet.

Spindle-shaped, when thicker in the middle, and tapering
upwards as well as downwards, like a radish (Fig. 57); and

Turnip-shaped, or Napiform, when wider than long, or with
a suddenly tapering tip, as a turnip (Fig. 70). Roots are

11. Carrot. Clustered or Fascicled when, instead of one main root, there
are several or many of about the same size; as in Indian Corn (Fig. 48), and other
grain (Fig. 56). Here the clustered roots are fibrous, being for absorbing only.
When such roots, or some of them, are thick and fleshy, as they are when used
as storehouses of food, they become Tuberous. The roots of the Dahlia, for in-
stance (Fig. 58), are clustered and tuberous, or tuber-like.

KINDS OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. 37

§ 2. Of Stems.

90. Forms or Kinds of Stems. Differences in the size and consistence of stems,
such as distinguish plants into herbs, shrubs, and trees, have already been noticed,
in paragraphs 64, 65, and 66. A stem is

Herbaceous, when it belongs to an herb, that is, has very little wood in its com-
position, and does not live over winter above ground:

Shrubby, when it belongs to a shrub, or is woody :

Arboreous or Arborescent, when the plant is a tree, or like a tree; that is, when
it is tall and grows by a single trunk.

91. The peculiar straw-stem of a grass or grain is named a Culm. It is gen-
erally hollow, except at the joints, which are hard and solid; but in Indian Corn,
Sugar-Cane, and some other Grasses, it is not at all hollow.

92. As to the mode of growth or the direction it takes in growing, the stem is

Erect or Upright, when it grows directly upwards, or nearly so:

Ascenaing, when it, rises upwards at first in a slanting direction:

Declined or Recwned, when turned or bent over to one side:

Decumbent, when the lower part reclines on the ground, as if too weak to stand,
but the end turns upwards more or less:

Procumbent or Trailing, when the whole stem trails along the ground:

Prostrate, when it naturally lies flat on the ground:

Creeping or Runnin, when a trailing or prostrate stem strikes root along its
lower side, where it rests on the ground:

Okimbing, where it rises by laying hold of other objects for support; either by
tendrils, as in the Pea, Gourd, and Grape-Vine; or by twisting its leafstalks around
the supporting body, as in the Virgin’s Bower; or by rootlets acting as holdfasts, as
in the Ivy and Trumpet-Creeper (86) :

Twining, when stems rise by coiling themselves spirally around any support, as
in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4), Hop, and Bean.

93. Several sorts of branches are different enough from the common to have
particular names. Indeed, some are so different, that they would not be taken for
branches without considerable study. Such, for instance, as

94. Thorns or Spines. Most of these are imperfect, leafless, hardened, stunted
branches, tapering to a point. That they are branches is evident in the Hawthorn
and similar trees, from their arising from the axil of leaves, as branches do. And
on Pear-trees and Plum-trees many shoots may be found which begin as a leafy

88 HOW PLANTS GROW.

branch, but taper off into a thorn. Prickles, such as those on the stems of Roses
and Brambles, must not be confounded with thorns. These are growths from the
bark (like hairs or bristles, only stouter), and peel off with it; while thorns are
connected with the wood.

95. Tendrils, such as those of the Grape-Vine, Virginia Creeper (Fig. 72), and
the Melon or Squash, are very slender, leafless branches, used to enable certain
plants to climb.
They grow out
straight or nearly
so until they reach
some neighboring
support, such as a
stem, when the end
hooks around it
to secure a hold,
and the whole ten-
dril then shortens
itself by coiling up
spirally, so draw-
* ing the growing

Tendrils of Virginia Creeper. shoot nearer to the
supporting object. When the Virginia Creeper climbs the side of a building,
the face of a rock, or the smooth bark of a tree, which the tendrils cannot lay
hold of in the usual way, their tips expand into a flat plate (as shown in Fig. 73,
the ends of a tendril magnified), which adheres very firmly to the surface. This
enables the plant to climb up a smooth surface by tendrils, just as the Ivy and
Trumpet-Creeper climb by rootlets (86).

‘96. Pedancles or Flower-stalks are a kind of branches, or stems, as is clear from
their situation. They are either a continuation of the stem, as in the Lily of the
Valley and the Chalcedonian Lily, represented on the first page; or else they rise
out of the axil of a leaf, as in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4). Plainly, whatever
comes from the axil of a leaf must be of the nature of a branch. So

97. Buds, that is axillary"buds, are undeveloped branches, as already explained
in paragraphs 55 to 68.

98. The following kinds of branches are all connected with the ground in some
way, and most of them act in such a way as to make new plants.

KINDS OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. 389

99. A Stolon is a branch which reclines on the ground, or bends over to it, and
strikes root (Fig. 74). Currant-bushes spread naturally by stolons, and so does
White Clover. The gardener imitates the process where it does not naturally
occur, or facilitates it where it does, by bending branches to the ground, and pinning
them down, when they strike root where they are covered by the soil, and then the
branch, having leaves and roots of its own, may be separated as an independent
plant. In this way the gardener multiplies many plants by layering which he
cannot so readily propagate by seed.

Runner. 74 Sucker. Stolon.

100. A Runner (Fig. 74) is a very slender, thread-like, leafless stolor, much like
a tendril, lying on the ground, and rooting and budding at the point; so giving rise
to a new plant at some distance from the parent, and connected with it during the
first year. But the runner dies in winter and leaves the young plant inuependent.
The Strawberry-plant affords the most familiar illustration of runners. Lach plant
or offshoot, as soon as established, sends out runners of its own, which make new
plants at their tip. In this way a single Strawberry-plant produces a numerous
progeny in the course of the summer, and establishes them at convenient iis.
tances all around.

101. A Sucker (Fig. 74) is a branch which springs from a parent stem under
ground, where it makes roots of its own, while farther on it rises above ground into
a leafy stem, and becomes an independent plant whenever the connection with the
parent stem dies or is cut off. It is by suckers that Rose and Raspberry bushes
multiply and spread so “by the rooi,” as is generally said. But that these subter-
ranean shoots are stems, and not roots (though they produce roots), will plainly
appear by uncovering them.

102. An Offset is a short branch, next the ground or below its surface, like a
short stolon or sucker, bearing a tuft of leaves at the end, and taking root where this

40 HOW PLANTS GROW.

rests on the soil; as in the Houseleek (Fig. 65), where one plant will soon produce
a cluster of young plants or offsets all around it.

103. A Rootstock is any kind of horizontal stem or branch growing under ground.
Slender rootstocks occur in the subterranean part of the suckers of Roses, of Pepper-
mint, or of Canada Thistle, and of Quick-Grass or Couch-Grass
(Fig. 75), which spreads so widely, and becomes so troublesome
to farmers. They are well distinguished from roots by the
leaves which they bear at every joint, in the form of séales, and
by the buds which they produce, one in the axil of each scale.
These buds, which are very tenacious of life, are what renders
the plant so exceedingly difficult to destroy. For ploughing and
hocing only cut up the rootstock into pieces, each with a tuft of
roots ready formed and with a bud to each joint, all the more
ready to grow for the division. So that the attempt to destroy
Quick-Grass by cut-
ting it up ‘by the
roots (as these shoots

a are called), unless the
Rootstock of Quick-grass. pieces are carefully
taken out of the soil, is apt to produce many active plants in place of one.

104. Thickcned or fleshy rootstocks, such as those of Solomon’s Seal (Fig. 63)
and Iris (Fig. 64), have already been illustrated (76).

105. A Tuber is a rootstock thickened at the end, as already explained in the
Potato and Ground Artichoke (74, 75, Fig. 59, 60). The eyes of a tuber are lively
buds, well supplied with nourishment for their growth.

106. A Corm or Solid Bulb, as of Gladiolus and Crocus
(Fig. 76), is a sort of rounded tuber. If well covered with
thick scales it would become

107. A Bulb. ‘This is a (mostly subterranean) stem, so
short as to be only a flat plate, producing roots from its lower
surface and above covered with thickened scales, — as was
fully explained in the last section (77). a

108. Bulbs are scaly, as in the Lily (Fig. 66), when the — “orm of Crevus, with bude.
scales are narrow ; or coated, a3 an onion, when the scales enwrap each other, and
form coats.

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEMS. 41

109. Bulblets are little bulbs, or fleshy buds, formed in the axils of leaves above
ground, as in the Bulb-bearing Lily. Or in some Leeks and Onions they take the
place of flower-buds. Falling off, they take root and grow into new plants.

110. The Internal Structure of Stems. Plants are composed of two kinds of ma-
terial, namely, Cellular Tissue and Wood. The former makes the softer, fleshy, and
pithy parts; the latter forms the harder, fibrous, or woody parts. The stems of
herbs contain little wood, and much cellular tissue; those of shrubs and trees
abound in the woody part.

111. There are two great classes of stems, which differ in the way the woody
part is arranged in the cellular tissue. They are named the Exdgenous, and the
Endégenous.

112. For examples of the first class we may take a Bean-stalk, a stem of Flax,
Sunflower, or the like, among herbs, and for woody stems any common stick
of wood. For examples of the second class take an Asparagus-shoot or a Corn-
stalk, and in trees a Palm-stem. These names express
the different ways in which the two kinds grow in thickness
when they live more than one year. But the difference
between the two is almost as apparent the first year, and
in the stems of herbs, which last only one year.

113. The Endogenous Stem. Lndégenous means “ inside-
growing.” Fig. 77 shows an Endogenous stem in a Corn-
stalk, both in a cross-section, at the top, and also split
down lengthwise. The peculiarity is that the wood is all
in separate threads or bundles of fibres running lengthwise,
and scattered among the cellular tissue throughout the
whole thickness of the stem.. On the cross-section their
cut ends appear as so many dots; in the slice lengthwise
they show themselves to be threads or fibres of wood.
Fig. 73 is a similar view of a Palm-stem (namely, of our
Carolina Palmetto, of which whole trees are represented
in Fig. 79). It shows the endogenous plan in a stem
several years old. Here the bundles of wood are merely

increased very much in number, new threads having been
formed throughout intermixed with the old, and any in-
crease in diameter that has taken place is from a general distention or enlargement

72
Endogenous Stems.

42 HOW PLANTS GROW.

of the whole. Such stems may well enough be called inside-growers, because their
wood increases in amount, as they grow older, by the formation of new threads or
fibres of wood within or among the old.

114. Moreover, endogenous stems
are apt to make few or no branch-
es. Asparagus is the only common
example to the contrary ; that
branches freely. But the stalks
of Corn and other grain, and those
of Lilies (Fig. 1, 2) and the like,
seldom branch until they come to
flower ; and Palms are trees of
this sort, with perfectly simple or
branchless trunks, rising like col-
umns, and crowned with a tuft of
. conspicuous and peculiar foliage,
which all comes from the continued
growth of a terminal bud.

115. The Exogenous Stem is the
kind we are familiar with in ordi-
nary wood. But it may be observed
in the greater part of our herbs as
well. It differs from the
other class, even at the be-
ginning, by the wood all
occupying a certain part of
the stem, and by its woody
bundles soon appearing to
run together into a solid

Palmettos of various ages, and a Yucca, y.

layer. This layer of wood,

whether much or little, is always situated around a central part, or pith, which
has no wood in it, being pure cellular tissue, and is itself surrounded by a bark
which is mainly or at first entirely cellular tissue. So that a slice across an exoge-
nous stem always has a separate cellular part, as bark, on the circumference, then a
ring of wood, and in the centre a pith; as is seen in Fig, 80, representing a piece

KINDS AND FORMS OF LEAVES. 43

of Flax-stem magnified; and also in Fig. 81, which shows the same structure in
a woody stem, namely, in a shoot of Maple of a year old, cut both crosswise and
lengthwise.

116. The difference becomes still more
marked in stems more than one year old.
During the second year a new layer of
wood is formed outside of the first one,
between it and the bark; the third year,
another layer outside cf the second, and so
on, a new layer being formed each year
outside of that of the year before. The
increase is all on the surface, and buries the older wood deeper and deeper in the
trunk. For this reason such stems are said to be exdgenous or outside-growing
(from two Greek words which mean just this), a new layer being added to the wood
on the outside each year as long as the tree or shrub lives. And so the oldest wood,
or Heart-wood, is always in the centre, and the newest and freshest, the Sap-wood,
at the circumference, just beneath the bark.

117. The heart-wood is dead, or soon becomes so. The sap-wood is the only
active part ; and this, with the inner bark, which is renewed from its inner face every
year, is all of the trunk that is concerned in the life and growth of the tree.

118. Plants with exogenous or outside-growing stems, especially those that live
year after year, almost always branch freely. All common shrubs and trees of
the exogenous class make a new set of branches every year, and so present an ap-
pearance very different from that of most of those of the endogenous or inside-
growing class.

Exogenous Stems.

§ 8. Of Leaves.

119. Leaves exhibit an almost endless variety of forms in different plants; and
their forms afford easy marks for distinguishing one species from another. So the
different shapes of leaves are classified and named very particularly, — which is
a great convenience in describing plants, as it enables a botanist to give a correct
idea of almost any leaf in one or two words. We proceed to notice some of the
principal kinds.

120. Their Parts. A leaf with all its parts complete has a Blade, a Footstalk,
and a pair of Stipules at the base of the. footstalk. Fig. 82 shows all three parts

44 HOW PLANTS GROW.

in a Quince-leaf: 6, the blade; y, the footstalk ; and st, the stipules, looking like a
pair of little blades, one on each side of the stalk. But many leaves have no
stipules ; many have no footstalk, and then the blade sits directly on the stem (or is
sessile), as in Fig. 138. Some leaves even have no blade; but this is uncommon;
for in foliage the blade is the essential part. There-
fore, in describing the shape of leaves, it is always
the blade that is meant, unless something is said to
the contrary.

121. Leaves are either simple or compound. They
are simple when the blade is all of one piece; com-
pound, when of more than one piece or blade. Fig.
128 to 152, and 133, are examples of compound leaves,
the latter very compound, having as many as eighty-
one little blades.

122. Their Structure and Veining, ‘Leaves are com-
posed of the same two kinds of material as stems (110),
namely, of wood or fibre, and of cellular tissue. The
woody or fibrous part makes a framework of ribs
and veins, which gives the leaf more strength and
toughness than it would otherwise have. The cellu-
lar tissue forms the green pulp of the leaf. This is
spread, as it were, over the framework, both above
and below, and supported by it; and the whole is protected by a transparent skin,
which is termed the Zpidermis.

123. Ribs. The stouter pieces or timbers of the framework are called ids.
In the leaf of the Quince (Fig. 82), Pear, Oak (Fig. 120), &c. there is only a single
main rib, running directly through the middle of the blade from base to point ; this
is called the Midrib. But in the Mallow, the Linden (Fig. 83), the Maple (Fig.
84), and many others, there are three, or five, or seven ribs of nearly the same size.
The branches of the ribs and the branchlets from them are called

124. Veins and Veinlets. The former is the general name for them; but the finest
branches are particularly called Veinlets. Straight and ‘parallel veins or fine ribs,
like those of Indian Corn, or of any Grass-leaf, or of the Lily of the Valley (Fig.
8, 85), are called Nerves. This is not a sensible name, for even if in some degree
like the nerves of animals in shape, they are not in the least like them in use.

KINPS AND FORMS OF LEAVES. 45

Nor are what we call veins to be likened particularly to the bloodvessels of ani-
mals. But this name is not so bad; for the minute fibres which, united in bun-
dies, make up the ribs and veins, are hollow tubes, and serve more or less for con-
veying the sap.

125. As to the veining, or the arrangement of the framework in the blade, leaves
are divided into two classes, viz.: 1st, the Wetted-veined or Reticulated, and, 2d,
the Parallel-veined or Nerved.

126. Netted-Veined or Reticulated leaves are those in which the veins branch off
from the rib or ribs, and divide again and again, and some of the veins and veinlets
run into one another,
so forming reticulations
or meshes of network
throughout the leaf.
This is shown in the
Quince-leaf (Fig. 82) ;
also in the Linden or
Basswood (Fig. 83),
and the Maple (Fig.
84), where the finer
meshes appear in one
or two of the leaves.

127. Netted-veined
leaves belong to plants
which have a pair of
seed-leaves to their em- SA ee
bryo (48), and stems 83, Linden. 84. Mayle,
of the exogenous structure (115). That is, these three kinds of structure, in em-
bryo, stem, and leaf, generally go together.

128. Parallel-veined or Nerved leaves are those in which the ribs and veins run side
by side without branching (or with minute cross-veinlets, if any) from the base to
the point of the blade, as in Indian-Corn, Lily of the Valley (Fig. 85), &c., or
sometimes from the midrib to the margins, as in the Banana and Calla (Fig. 86).
Such parallel veins have been called Werves, as just explained (124). Leaves of this
sort belong to plants with one cotyledon to their embryo (47), and with endogenous

stems (113).

46 HOW PLANTS GROW.

129. Parallel-veined leaves, we see, are of two sorts; — 1. those with the veins or
nerves all running from the base of the leaf to the point (Fig. 85); and, 2. those
where they mostly run from the midrib to the margin, as in Fig. 86. Metted-veined
leaves likewise are of two sorts, the Feather-veined and the Radvate-veined.

180. Feather-veined (al-
so called pinnately veined)
leaves are those in which
the main veins all spring
from the two sides of one
rib, viz. the midrib, like the
plume of a feather from
each side of the shaft. Fig-
ures 82, 88-97, 120, 122,
&c. represent feather-veined
leaves.

131. Radiate-Veined (al-
so called palmately veined)
leaves are those which have
three or more main ribs ris-
ing at once from the place
where the footstalk joins the
blade, and commonly diverg- Rarallel-yeined Leaves,
ing, like rays from a centre ; the veins branching off from these. Of this sort are
the leaves of the Maple (Fig. 84), Mallow, Currant, Grape-Vine, and less dis-
tinctly of the Linden (Fig. 83). Such leaves are generally roundish in shape. It
is evident that this kind of veining is adapted to round leaves, and the other kind
for those longer than wide. ,

132. Shapes of Leaves. As to general shape, the following are the names of the
principal sorts. (It will be a good exercise for students to look up examples which
fit the definitions.)

Linear ; narrow, several times longer than wide, and of about the same width
throughout, as in Fig, 87.

Lance-shaped or Lanceolate ; narrow, much longer than wide, and tapering up-
wards, or both upwards and downwards, as in Fig. 88.

Oblong ; two or three times longer than broad, as in Fig. 89.

KINDS AND FORMS OF LEAVES. 47

Oval ; broader than oblong, and with a flowing outline, as in Fig. 90.

Ovate ; oval, but broader towards the lower end; of the shape of a hen’s egg cut
through lengthwise, as in Fig. 91.

Orbicular or Round ; circular or nearly circular in outline, as in Fig. 93.

NWORe

Linear. Lance- Oblong. Ovate. Heart- peneped: Orbicular.
shaped.

93

133. Some leaves taper downwards more than upwards. Of these the.common-

94

est forms are the
Oblanceolate, or Inversely lance-shaped ; that is, shaped like a lance with the
point downwards, as in Fig. 94.
Spatulate ; roundish above, and tapering is x v
into a long and narrow base, like the old

form of the apothecary’s spatula, Fig. 95.

Obovate, or Inversely ovate; that is, ovate
with the narrow end at the bottom of the
leaf, as in Fig. 96.

Cuneate or Wedge-shaped ; like the last,

ecu x 7 5 Oblanceo- Spatnlate. Obovate. Cuneate or
but with the sides narrowing straight down bate. Wedge-shaped.
to the lower end, in the shape of a wedge, as in Fig. 97.

184. Of course these shapes all run into one another by imperceptible degrees in
different cases. The botanist merely gives names to the principal grades. Inter-
mediate shapes are described by combining the names of the two shapes the leaf
in question most resembles. For example : —

Lance-linear, or linear-lanceolate, means between linear and lance-shaped.

Lance-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, means between oblong and lanceolate in shape.

Ovate-lanceolate, between ovate and lance-shaped ; and so on.

135. Or else a qualifying word may be used, as somewhat ovate, slightly heart-
shaped, and the like. Thus, Fig. 92 is ovate in general form, but with the base a
little notched, i. e. ee ose It is one of the kinds which depend upon

48 HOW PLANTS GROW.

136. The shape at the base. This is concerned in all the following sorts : —

Heart-shaped, or Cordate; when of the shape in which a heart is painted, the
base having a recess or notch, as in Fig. 98.

Kidney-shaped, or Reniform ; like heart-shapéd, but rounder, and broader than
long, as in Fig. 99.

Auricled, or Eored ; having a small projection or /obe on each side at the base,
like a pair of ears, as in Fig. 101.

Arrow-shaped, or Arrow-headed ;
when such lobes at the base are

100 101 102

93°

Heart-shaped, Kidney-shaped, Arrow-shaped. Auricled, Halberd-shaped,
or cordate, or reniform, or eared. or hastate

pointed and turned backwards, like the base of an arrow-head, as in Fig. 100.

Halberd-shaped, or Hastate ; when such lobes point outwards, giving the whole
blade the shape of the halberd of the olden time, as in Fig. 102.

Shield-shaped, or Peltate; when the footstalk is attached to some part of the
lower face of the blade, which may be likened to a shield borne by the hand with
the arm extended. Fig. 104 represents the shield-shaped leaf of a Water-Penny-
wort. Fig. 103 is the leaf of another species, which is not shield-shaped. A
comparison of the two shows how the shield- 103 108
shaped leaf’ is made.

1387. As to the Apex or Point, we have the
following terms, the first six of which apply
to the base as well as to the apex of a leaf: —

Pointed, Taper-pointed, or Acuminate ;
narrowed into a tapering tip, as in Fig. 105.

Acute ; ending in an acute angle, Fig. 106.

Obtuse ; ending in an obtuse angle, or with a blunt or rounded apex; as in Fig. 107.

Truncate ; as if cut off square at the apex, as in Fig. 108.

Round-kidney- shaped. Shield-shaped.

KINDS AND FORMS OF LEAVES. 49

Retuse ; having a blunt or rounded apex slightly indented, as in Fig. 109.

Emarginate, or Notched ; as if a notch were cut out of the apex; Fig. 110.

Obcordate, or Inversely heart-shaped ; that is, with the strong notch at the apex
instead of the base, as in Fig. 111 and the leaflets of White Clover.

Cuspidate ; tipped with a rigid or sharp and narrow point, as in Fig. 112.

Mucronate ; abruptly tipped with a short and weak point, like a small projection
of the midrib, as in Fig. 113.

Awned, Awn-pointed, or Aristate ; tipped with a long bristle-shaped appendage,
like the beard (awn) of Oats, &c.

109

= MP OBO

Pointe. Acute. Obtuse. Truncate. Retuse. Notched, Obcordate. Cuspidate. Wastonales

188. As to the margin, whether whole, toothed, or cut, leaves are said to be

Entire ; when the margin is an even line, as in Fig. 99 to 102.

Toothed ; when beset with teeth or small indentations; of this there are two or
three varieties, as,

Serrate or Saw-toothed ; when
the teeth turn’ forwards, like
those of a saw, as in Fig. 114.

Dentate ; when they point
outward, as in Fig. 115.

Crenate ; when scalloped in-
to broad and rounded teeth, as |
in Fig. 116, l

Wavy (Repand or Undulate) ; \
when the margin bends slightly Y
in and out, as in Fig. 117. ¥ ae

Sinuate ; strongly wavy or =
sinuous, as in Fig. 118.

Incised or Jagged ; cut into deep and irregular, jagged teeth or incisions, as in
Fig. 119. This leads to truly

139. Lobed or Cleft Leaves, &c.. those with the blade cut up, as it were, into parts,
i. e. lobes or divisions. In a general way, such leaves are said to be lobed ; and the

Serrate. Dentete. Crenate. ‘Sin Sinuate. Incised or Jagged.

50 HOW PLANTS GROW.

number of projecting parts, or lobes, may be expressed by saying two-lobed, three-
lobed (Fig. 121), &c., according to their number. Or, more particularly, a leat’ is

Lobed ; when the pieces are roundish, or the incisions open or blunt, as in Fig.
120, 121; and

Cleft; when cut about half-way down, with sharp and narrow incisions, as in
Fig. 122, 123; and so two-cleft, three-cleft, five-cleft, &c., according to the number.

Parted ; when the cutting extends almost through, as in Fig. 124,125. And we
say two-parted, three-parted, &c., to express the number of the parts.

Divided ; when the divisions go through to the base of the leaf (as in Fig. 127),
or to the midrib (as in Fig. 126), which cuts up the blade into separate pieces, or
nearly so.

122 124

Pinnately

121 123 125 127
Lohed. Cleft. Partede Divided.

140. As the cutting is always between the veins or ribs, and not across them,
the arrangement of the lobes depends upon the kind of veining. Feather-veined
leaves have the incisions all running in towards the midrib (as in the upper row of
figures), because the principal veins all spring from the midrib; while radiate or
palmately veined leaves have them all running towards the base of the blade, where
the ribs all spring from the footstalk, as in the lower row of figures. So those of

KINDS AND FORMS OF LEAVES, 51

the upper row are called pinnately lobed, cleft, parted, or divided, as the case may
be, and those of the lower row palmately lobed, cleft, &c. The number of the lobes
or pieces may also be expressed in the same phrase. Thus, Hepatica has a pal-
mately three-lobed leaf (Fig. 121); the Red Maple a palmately five-cleft leaf (Fig.
84), and so on.

141. In this way almost everything about the shape and veining of a leaf may
be told in very few words. How useful this is, will be seen when we come to study
plants to find out their names by the descriptions.

142. All these terms apply as well to the lobes or parts of a leaf, when they are
themselves toothed, or lobed, or cleft, &c. And they also apply to the parts of the
flower, and to any flat body like a leaf. So that the language of Botany, which the
student has to learn, does not require so very many technical words as is commonly
supposed.

148. Compound Leaves (121) are those which have the blade cut up into two or
more separate smaller blades. The separate blades or pieces of a compound leaf
are called Leaflets. The leaflets are generally jointed with the main footstalk, just
as that is jointed
with the stem, and
when the leaf dies
the leaflets fall off
separately.

144. There are
two kinds of com-
pound leaves, the
pinnate and the
palmate.

145. Pinnate
leaves have their
leaflets arranged
along the sides of
the main footstalk,
as in Fig. 128, 129, 130.

146. Palmate (also called Digitate) leaves bear their leaflets all at the very end
of the footstalk; as in Fig. 131.

147. There are several varieties of pinnate leaves. The principal sorts are: —

Odd-pinnate. Pinnate with a teodril Abruptly pinnate.

52 HOW PLANTS GROW.

Interruptedly pinnate, when some of the leaflets of the same leaf are much smaller
than the rest, and placed between them, as in the Water Avens.

Abruptly pinnate, when there is no odd leaflet
at the end, as in Honey-Locust, Fig. 130.

Odd-pinnate, when there is an odd leaflet at
the end, as in the Common Locust (Fig. 128) and
in the Ash.

Pinnate with a tendril, when the footstalk is
prolonged into a tendril, as in Fig. 129, and all
of the Peatribe. |

148. Pinnate leaves may have many or few
leaflets). The Bean has pinnate leaves of only

131. Palmate leaf, of 5 leaflets. three leaflets.
149. Palmate leaves generally have few
leaflets; there is not room for many on the
very end of the footstalk. Common Clover
has a palmate leaf of three leaflets (Fig.
186); Virginia Creeper, one of five leaflets
(Fig. 72), as well as the Buckeye (Fig. 181) ;
while the Horsechestnut has seven, and some
Lupines from eleven to seventeen. ‘we WN
150. Twice or Thrice Compound Leaves are
not uncommon, both of the pinnate and of
the palmate sorts. While some leaves of
Honey-Locust are only once pinnate, as in
Fig. 130, others are doubly or twice pinnate,
as in Fig. 132. Those of many Acacias are
thrice pinnate. Fig. 133 represents one of
the root-leaves of Meadow-Rue, which is
of the palmate kind, and its general footstalk
is divided into threes for four times in suc-
cession, making in all eighty-one leaflets !
When a leaf is divided three or four times,
it is said to be decompound. This is ter-
nately decompound, because it divides each
time into threes.

132, A twice-pinnate leaf of Honey-Locuat

KINDS AND FORMS OF LEAVES. 53

151. Leaves without Distinction of Footstalk and Blade, or with no very obvious
distinction of parts. Of this kind, among several others, may be mentioned, —

Needle - shaped
leaves, such as
those of Pine-trees
and Larches (Fig.
134). These are
long, slender, and
rigid, and often with
little if any distinc-
tion of sides.

Awl-shaped or
Subulate leaves are
those which from a
broadish base ta-
per into a sharp
and rigid point, like

133
Ternately decomponnd, or four timescompound leaf.

one sort of those of the Red Cedar and Arbor Vite (Fig. 135,
those on the larger branchlets). Those on other branchlets, as
at a, are shorter, blunt, and scale-shaped.

Thread-shaped or SLiliform
leaves ; round and stalk-like, as
those of the Onion.

Equitant leaves, like those of
Iris (Fig. 64), which are folded
together lengthwise, as may be
seen at the base, where they
override each other. They grow
upright, with their faces looking
horizontally, instead of having an upper and a lower surface, as most leaves do.

Needle-shaped leaves of Larch. Awl-shaped leaves, &c.

54 HOW PLANTS GROW.

152. Stipules, as already explained (120), are a pair of appendages at the base of
the leaf, one on each side. These often grow fast to the base of the leafstalk,
as they do in the Rose and in Clover (Fig. 136; st,
the stipules). Or they may join with each other and
form a kind of sheath round the stem, as they do in
the Buttonwood and in Polygonum (Fig. 137).
Many leaves have no stipules at all. In many
cases they fall off very early, especially those that
serve for bud-scales, as in Magnolia.

153. The Arrangement of Leaves on the stem has
already been explained as to the two principal ways
(59). Leaves are either

Alternate, when they follow each other one by one,
as in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4) and the Linden
(Fig. 83); or

Opposite, when in pairs,
that is, two on each joint of
stem, one opposite the other,
as in Maples (Fig. 84). To
these may be added a third,
but less common arrangement,
viz. the

Whorled ; where there are
three, four, or more leaves on

1374
Stipules united. the same joint of stem, forming Whorled leaves.

a circle or whorl; as in Madder and Bedstraw (Fig. 137’). But this is only a
variety of the opposite mode.

Analysis of the Section.

81. Vegetation very simple in plan, very diversified in particulars. 82. The study of the forms of
the organs is Morphology.

83-89. Roots, their forms and kinds. 84. Primary or original; secondary; how they originate.
85. Aerial roots. 86. Aerial rootlets. 87. Air-Plants; how they live. 88. Parasitic Plants, their
economy. 89. Shapes of roots: fibrous; fleshy; the principal sorts.

90. Forms or kinds of stem; herbaceous, shrubby, arboreous. 91. Culm or straw-stem. 92. Direc-
tions or positions of stems. 93. Peculiar sorts. 94. Thorns or Spines, how shown to be branches;

ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION. 55
Prickles. 95. Tendrils. 96. Peduncles or Flower-stalks. 97. Buds. 98. Branches connected with
the ground. 99. Stolons. 100. Runners. 101. Suckers. 102. Offsets. 103. Rootstocks. 104. Fleshy
Rootstocks. 105. Tubers. 106. Corms. 107. Bulbs; 108. scaly and coated. 109. Bulblets.

110. Internal Structure of Stems; Cellular Tissue; Wood. 111. The two classes of stems. 112. Ex-
amples, both in herbs and trees. 118. Endogenous stem; how its wood is arranged. 114. External
appearance and growth. 115. Exogenous stem; common wood. 116. How it increases in diameter
year after year: Sap-wood and Heart-wood. 117. The latter dead, the former annually renewed. 118.
External appearance and mode of growth.

119. Leaves ; their varieties, why useful to learn. 120. Their parts: Blade, Footstalk, Stipules.
121. Simple and Compound. 122. Structure and Veining of leaves: woody or fibrous part; cellular
tissue or green pulp ; Epidermis or Skin. 128. Ribs. 124. Veins and Veinlets; Nerves, so called.
125. Two kinds of veining. 126. Netted-veined or Reticulated. 127. Class of plants that have this
kind of veining. 128. Parallel-veined or Nerved; class of plants that have this kind of veining.
129. Both kinds of two sorts. 130. Feather-veined or Pinnately veined. 131. Radiate-veined or Pal-
mately veined.

132 Shapes of leaves enumerated; as to general outline. 133. Those that taper downward. 134,
135. Intermediate shapes, how expressed. 136. Shapes depending upon the base. 187. Forms of
apex. 188. As to margin or toothing, &c. 189. Lobing or division. 140. How this is related to the
veining; how both the kind of lobing and the number of parts may be expressed, 141, so that a short
phrase will describe the leaf completely. 142. All the various terms apply as well to other parts, as
to calyx, corolla, petals, &c.

143. Compound Leaves ; Leaflets. 144. The two kinds. 145. Pinnate leaves. 146. Palmate or
Digitate. 147. Varieties of pinnate leaves. 148. Number of leaflets. 149. Also of palmate leaves ;
why their leaflets are generally fewer than those of pinnate leaves. 150. Twice or thrice compound
and decompound leaves.

151. Leaves without distinction of blade and footstalk ; Needle-shaped ; Thread-shaped ; Aw!-
shaped; Equitant. 152. Stipules; often united with the footstalk, or with each other.

153, The arrangement of leaves on the stem: the three modes, viz. alternate, cpposite, whorled.

CHAPTER LI.

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED OR MULTIPLIED IN NUMBERS,
Section I.— How Propagated from Buds.

154. Pants not only grow so as to increase in size or extent, but also multiply,
or increase their numbers. This they do at such a rate that almost any species,
if favorably situated, and not interfered with by other plants or by animals, would
soon cover the whole face of a country adapted to its life.

155. Plants multiply in two distinct ways, namely, by Buds and by Seeds. All
plants propagate by seeds, or by what answer to seeds. Besides this, a great
number of plants, mostly perennials, propagate naturally from buds.

156. And almost any kind of plant may be made to propagate from buds, by
taking sufficient pains. The gardener multiplies plants artificially in this way,

157. By Layers and Slips or Cuttings. In laying or layering, the gardener bends
a branch down to the ground,— sometimes cutting a notch at the bend, or remov-
ing a ring of bark, to make it strike root the quicker, ——and covers it with earth;
then, after it has rooted, he cuts off the connection with the parent stem. Thus he
makes artificial stolons (99). Plants which strike root still more readily, such as
Willows, he propagates by cuttings or slips, that is, by pieces of stem, containing
one or more buds, thrust into the ground or into flower-pots. If kept moist and
warm enough, they will generally strike root from the cut end in the ground, and
develop a bud above, so forming a new plant out of a picce of an old one. Many
woody plants, which will not so readily grow from slips, can often be multiplied

158. By Grafting or Budding. In grafting, the cutting is inserted into a stem or
branch of another plant of the same species, or of some species like it, as of the,
Pear into the Quince or Apple; where it grows and forms a branch of the stock*
(as the stem used to graft on is called). The piece inserted is called a seton. In
grafting shrubs and trees it is needful to make the inner bark and the edge of the
wood of the scion correspond with these parts in the stock, when they will grow
together, and become as completely united as a natural branch is with its parent
stem. In budding or inoculating, a young bud, stripped from one fresh plant, is
inserted under the bark of another, usually in summer; there it adheres and gen-

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED. 57

erally remains quiet, as it would have done on the parent bough, until the next
spring, when it grows just as if it belonged there.

159. The object of all these ways of artificial propagation from buds is to pre-
serve and to multiply choice varieties of a species which would not be perpetuated
from seed. For as the fruit of all the natural branches is alike, so it remains
essentially unaltered when borne by branches which are made to grow as artificial
branches of another plant, or to take root in the ground as a separate plant. The
seeds of an apple or other fruit cannot be depended upon to reproduce the very
same sort of apple, — that is, an apple of the very same flavor or goodness. The
seeds will always reproduce the same species, but not the individual peculiarities.
These are perpetuated in propagation from buds. This kind of propagation is there-
fore very important to the cultivator. It takes place naturally in many plants,

160. By Stolons, Offsets, Runners, or Suckers, in ways which have already been
described (99 to 103, and Fig. 74). These are all forms of natural layering, and
they must have taught the gardener his art in this respect. For he merely imitates
Nature, or rather sets her at work and hastens her operations. Also,

161. By Tubers (74, 75, Fig. 59, 60). These are under-ground branches with
lively buds, well charged with prepared nourishment, rendering them more inde-
pendent and surer to grow. Potatoes and Ground-Artichokes are familiar illus-
trations of the kind. They are propagated year after year by their buds, or eyes,
being very seldom raised from the seed. Each annual crop of tubers is set free at
maturity, by the death of all the rest of the plant.

162. By Corms, Bulbs, and Bulblets; as explained in paragraphs 77 and 106 to
109. Fig. 76 shows a corm or solid bulb of Crocus, which itself grew by feeding
upon its parent, whose exhausted remains are seen underneath: it has already pro-
duced a crop of buds, to grow in their turn into another generation of corms, con-
-suming their parent in the process. Bulbs produce a crop of new bulbs from buds
in the axils of some of their scales. Tulips, Daffodils, and Garlics propagate very
freely in this manner, not only keeping up the succession of generations, but multi-
plying greatly their numbers.

Analysis of the Section.

154. Plants multiply as well as grow. 155. In two ways; all plants by seeds, many by buds.
156. Most kinds may be propagated by buds artificially. 157. By Layers and Slips or Cuttings. 158. By
Grafting or Budding. 159. Object gained by this mode of propagation. 160. It takes place naturally,
by Stolons, Offsets, &c. 161. By Tubers. 162. By Corms, Bulbs, and Bulblets.

58 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

Section II.— How Propagated by Seeds.

163. Propagation from buds is really only the division, as it grows, of one
plant into two or more, or the separation of shoots from a stock. Propagation
from seed is the only true reproduction. In the seed an entirely new individual is
formed. So the Seed, and the Fruzt, in which the seed is produced, and the Flower,
which gives rise to the fruit, are the Organs of Reproduction (2).

164, Every species at some period or other produces seeds, or something which
answers to seeds. Upon this distinction, namely, whether they bear true flowers
producing genuine seeds, or produce something merely answering to flowers and
seeds, is founded the grand division of all plants into two series or grades, that is,
into PHznogamous or FLowerine Puants, and CryproGamous or FLow-
ERLESS PLAnTs.

165. Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants do not bear real flowers, having stamens
and pistils, nor produce real seeds, or bodies having an embryo ready formed in
them. But they produce minute and very simple bodies which answer the purpose
of seeds. To distinguish them from true seeds, they are called Spores. Ferns,
Mosses, Lichens, and Seaweeds, are all flowerless plants, reproduced by spores.

166. Phenogamous or Flowering Plants are those which do bear flowers and seeds;
the seed essentially consisting of an embryo or germ, ready formed within its
coats, which has only to grow and unfold itself to become a plant; as has been
fully explained in the first and second sections of Chapter I.

167. Flowerless plants have their organs too minute to be examined without
nuch magnifying, and are too difficult for young beginners. The ordinary or
Flowering class of plants will afford them abundant occupation. We are to study
first the Flower, then the Fruit and Seed.

Section III. — Flowers.

§1. Their Arrangement on the Stem.

168. Inflorescence is the term used by botanists for flower-clusters generally, or
for the way blossoms are arranged on the stem. Everything about this is governed
by a very simple rule, which is this : —

169. Flower-buds appear in the same places that common buds (that is, leaf-
buds) do; and they blossom out in the order of their age, the earliest-formed first,

FLOWERS: THEIR ARRANGEMENT ON THE STEM. 59

and so on in regular succession. Now the place for buds is in the axils of the
leaves (axillary buds, 58), and at the end of the stem (terminal bud, 57): so these
are also the places from which flowers spring. Fig. 138 is a Trillium, with its
flower terminal, that is, from the summit of the stem.
Fig. 189 is a piece of Moneywort, with axillary flow-
ers, i.e. from the axils of the leaves. The Morn-
ing-Glory (Fig. 4) also has its flowers axillary.

170. Nolitary Flowers. In both these cases the
blossoms are solitary, that is, single. There is only
one on the plant in Trillium (Fig.
138). In Fig. 139, there is on-
ly one from the same axil; and
although, as the stem grows on,
flowers appear in succession, they
are so scattered, and so accom-
panied by leaves, that they cannot
be said to form a flower-cluster.

171. Flower-Clusters are formed
whenever the blossoms are more
numerous or closer, and the ac-
companying leaves are less con-
spicuous. Fig. 140 is a cluster
(like that of Lily of the Valley,
Fig. 3) of the kind called a

Terminal Flower. raceme. On comparing it with Azillary Flowers,
Fig. 139, we may perceive that it differs mainly in having the leaves, one under
each blossom-stalk, reduced to little scales, which are inconspicuous. In both, the
flowers really spring from the axils of leaves. So they do in all the following
kinds of flower-clusters, until we reach the Cyme.

172. Tue leaves of a flower-cluster take the name of Bracts. These are gen-
erally very different from the ordinary leaves of the plant, commonly much smaller,
and often very small indeed, as in Fig. 140. In the figures 141 to 144, the bracts
are larger, and more leaf-like. They are the leaves from whose axil the flower
arises. Sometimes there are bracts also on the separate flower-stalks (as on the
lower ones in Fig. 140): to distinguish these we call them Bracélets.

60 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

173, The flower-stalk or footstalk of a blossom is called a Peduncle (96). So
the flowers in Fig. 138, 189, &c. are peduncled or stalked. But in
Fig. 141 they are sitting on the stem, or sessile.

174. In clusters we need to distinguish two kinds of flower-stalks ;
namely, the stalk of the whole cluster, if there be any, and the stalk
of each blossom. In such cases we call the stalk of the cluster the
Peduncle, and the stalk of the individual flowers we name the Ped?-
cel. In the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 3, as in Fig. 140), there is the
peduncle or general flower-stalk (which is here a continuation of
the main stem), and then the flowers all have pedicels of their own.

175. Kinds of Flower-Clusters, Of those which bear their flowers on
the sides of a main stalk, in the axils of leaves or bracts, the prin-
cipal kinds are the Raceme, the Corymb, the Umbel, the Head, and
the Spike with its varieties; also the Panicle. In the head and
the spike the flowers are sessile. In the others they have pedicels
or footstalks of their own.

176. A Raceme is a cluster with the blossoms arranged along the
sides of a main flower-stalk, or its continuation, and all on pedicels
of about the same length. A bunch of Currant-blossoms or berries,
or the graceful cluster of the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 3, 140) are
good illustrations. Fig. 142 shows the plan of the raceme. Notice that a raceme
always blossoms from the bottom to the top, in regular order; because the lower
buds are of course the oldest.

141
Spike. Raceme. Corymb,

177. A Corymb is a flat-topped or convex cluster, like that of Hawthorn. Fig.

FLOWERS: THEIR ARRANGEMENT ON THE STEM. 61

143 shows the plan of it. It is plainly the same as a raceme with the lower
pedicels much longer than the uppermost. Shorten the body, or axis, of a corymb
so that it is hardly perceptible, and we
change it into

178. An Umbel, as in Fig.144. This is a
cluster in which the pedicels all spring from
about the same level, like the rays or sticks
of an umbrella, from which it takes its name.
The Milkweed and Primrose bear their
flowers in umbels.

179. The outer blossoms of a corymb or
an umbel plainly answer to the lower blos-
soms of a raceme. So the umbel and the
corymb blossom from the circumference
towards the centre, the
outer flower-buds being
the oldest. By that we
may know such clusters
from cymes. ae.

180. A Head is a flower-
cluster with a very short body, or axis, and without any pedi-
cels to the blossoms, or hardly any, so that it has a rounded
form. The Button-bush (Fig. 145), the Thistle, and the Red
Clover are good examples.

181. It is plain that an umbel would be changed into a head
by shortening its pedicels down to nothing; or, contrarily, that
a head would become an umbel by giving stalks to its flowers.

182. A Spike is a lengthened flower-cluster, with no pedicels to
the flowers, or hardly any. Fig. 141 gives the plan of a spike;
and the common Mullein and the Plantain are good examples.
A head would become a spike by lengthening its axis. A ra-
ceme would become a spike by shortening its pedicels so much
that they could hardly be seen. The Catkin and the Spadizx are
only sorts of spike.

183. A Catkin or Ament is a spike with scaly bracts. The flowers of the Wil.
low, Poplar, Alder, and Birch (Fig. 146) are in catkins.

Catkin,

62 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

184. A Spadix is a spike with small flowers crowded on a thick and fleshy body
or axis. Sweet-Flag adhd Indian-Turnip are common examples. In Indian-Tur-
nip (Fig. 147) the spadix bears flowers only near the
bottom, but is naked and club-shaped above. And it is
surrounded by a peculiar leaf or bract in the form of a
hood.

185. Such a bract or leaf enwrapping a spike or
cluster of blossoms is named a Spathe.

186. A set of bracts around a flower-cluster, such as
those around the base of the umbel in Fig. 144, is called
an Involucre.

187. Any of these clusters may be compound. That
is, there may be racemes clustered in racemes, making
a compound raceme, or corymbs in
corymbs, or umbels in umbels, making
a compound umbel, as in Caraway
(Fig. 148), Parsnip, Parsley, and all
that family. The little umbels of a
compound umbel are called Unmbel-
lets ; and their involucre, if they have
any, is called an Involucel.

188. A Panicle is an irreg-
ularly branching compound
flower-cluster, such as would
be formed by a raceme with
its lower pedicels branched.
Fig. 149 shows a simple
panicle, the branches, or
what would be the pedicels, ne
only once branched. A Campound:Urabel:
bunch of Grapes and the flower-cluster of Horsechestnut are
more compound panicles. A crowded compound panicle of this
sort has been called a Thyrse. iio

189. A Cyme is the general name of flower-clusters of the panels:
kind in which a flower always terminates the stem or main peduncle, and each of

147
Spadix and Spathe.

FLOWERS: THEIR PARTS. 63

its branches. The plan of a cyme is illustrated in the following figures. Fig.
150, to begin with, is a stem terminated by a flower, which plainly comes from
a terminal bud or is a terminal flower. Fig. 151 is the same, which has started
a branch from the axil /

of each of the uppermost Pees Oo ene
leaves; each of these WY
ends in a_ flower-bud. :

Fig. 152 is the same,

with the side branches

again branched in the

same way, each branch SS

ending in a flower-bud. SF

This makes a cluster 150 151
Plan of the Cyme.

looking like a corymb, as
shown in Fig. 143; but observe that here in the cyme the middle flower, a,
which ends the main stem, blossoms first; next, those flowers marked 08; then
those marked c, and so on, the centre one of each set being the earliest ; while in
the corymb the blossoming begins with the outermost flowers and proceeds regu
larly towards the centre. The Elder, the Cornel, and the Hydrangea (Fig. 169)
have their blossoms in cymes many times branched in this way; that is, they have
“compound cymes.

190. A Fascicle is only a close or very much crowded cyme, with very short
footstalks to the flowers, or none at all, as the flower-cluster of Sweet-William.

§ 2. Forms and Kinds of Flowers.

191. The Parts of a Flower were illustrated at the beginning of the book, in
Chapter I., Section I. Let us glance at them again, taking a different flower for
the example, namely, that of the Three-leaved Stonecrop. Although small, this
has all the parts very distinct and regular. Fig. 153 is a moderately enlarged view
of one of the middle or earliest flowers of this Stonecrop. (The others are like it,
only with their parts in fours instead of fives.) And Fig.154 shows two parts of
each sort, one on each side, more magnified, and separated from the end of the
flower-stalk (or Receptacle), but standing in their natural position, namely, below or
outside a Sepal, or leaf of the Calyx; then a Petal, or leaf of the Corolla ; then a
Stamen; then a Pistil.

e

64 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

192. This is a complete and regular, yet simple flower; and will serve as a pat-
tern, with which a great variety of flowers may be compared.

193. When we wish to designate the
leaves of the blossom by one word, we call
them the Perfanth. This name is formed
of two Greek words meaning “around the
flower.” It is convenient to use in cases
where (as in the Lilies, illustrated on the
first page) we are not sure at first view

whether the leaves of the flower are calyx
or corolla, or both.

194. A Petal is sometimes to be distin-
guished into two parts; its Blade, like the
blade of a leaf, and its Claw, which is a
kind of tapering base or foot of the blade.
More commonly there is only a blade; but
the petals of Roses have a very short, nar-
row base or claw; those of Mustard, a
longer one; those of Pinks and the like, a

Sepal. narrow claw, which is generally longer than
the blade (Fig. 808).

195. A Stamen, as we have already learned (15, 17), generally consists of two
parts ; its /vlament and its Anther. But the filament is only a kind of footstalk,
no more necessary to a stamen than a petiole is to a leaf. It is therefore sometimes
very short or wanting; when the anther is sess¢le. The anther is the essential part.
Its use, as we know, is to produce pollen.

196. The Pollen is the matter, looking like dust, which is shed
from the anthers when they open (Fig. 159). Here is a grain of
pollen, a single particle of the fine powder shed by the anther of a
Mallow, as seen highly magnified. In this plant the grains are beset

Petal. Stamen, Pistil. Pistil. Stamen. Petal.

155
with bristly points ; in many plants they are smooth; and they differ _ Pollen-grain,

greatly in appearance, size, and shape in different species, but are all just alike in
the same species ; so that the family a plant belongs to can often be told by seeing
only a grain of its pollen. The use of the pollen is to lodge on the stigma of the
pistil, where it grows in a peculiar way, its inner coat projecting a slender thread

FLOWERS: THEIR NATURE. 65

which sinks into the pistil, somewhat as a root grows down into the ground, and
reaches an ovule in the ovary, causing it in some unknown way to develop an
embryo, and thereby become a seed.

197. As to the Prst#l, we have also learned that it consists of three parts, the
Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma (16); that the style is
not always present, being only a stalk or support for the
stigma. But the two other parts are essential, — the
Stigma to receive the pollen, and the Ovary to contain the
ovules, or bodies which are to become seeds. Fig. 156
represents a pistil of Stonecrop, magnified; its stigma
(known by the naked roughish surface) at the tip of the
style; the style gradually enlarging downwards into the
ovary. Here the ovary is cut in two, to show some of the
ovules inside. And Fig. 157 shows one of the ovules, or
future seeds, still more magnified.

198. Nature of the Flower. In the mind of a botanist,
who looks at the philosophy of the thing,

A flower answers to a sort of branch. ‘True, a flower
does not bear much resemblance to a common branch; but
we have seen (90-109) what remarkable forms and ap-
pearances branches, and the leaves they bear, occasionally
take. Flowers come from buds just as branches do, and
spring from just the same places that branches do (169). In fact, a flower is a
branch intended for a peculiar purpose. While a branch with ordinary leaves is
intended for growing, and for collecting from the air and preparing or digesting
food, —and while such peculiar branches as tubers, bulbs, &c. are for holding pre-
pared food for future use,—a blossom is a very short and a special sort of branch,
intended for the production of seed. If the whole flower answers to a branch,
then it follows that (excepting the receptacle, which is a continuation of the
flower-stalk ) — ¢

The parts of the flower answer to leaves. This is plainly so with the sepals and
the petals, which are commorily called the leaves of the blossom. The sepals or
calyx-leaves are commonly green and leaf-like, or partly so. And the petals or
corolla-leaves are leaves in shape, only more delicate in texture and in color. In
many blossoms, and very plainly in a White Water-Lily, the*calyx-leaves run into

fed Stigma.

Style.

Ovary.

157
Pistil. Ovule.

66

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

corolla-leaves, and the inner corolla-leaves change gradually into stamens, — show.
ing that even stamens answer to leaves.

198°. How astamen answers to a leaf, according to the botanist’s idea, Fig.
158 is intended to show. The filament or stalk of the stamen answers to the
footstalk of a leaf; and the anther answers to the blade. The lower part of the

figure represents a short filament, bearing an anther which
has its upper half cut away; and the summit of a leaf is
Fig. 159 is the whole stamen of a Lily
put beside it for comparison. If the whole anther corre-
sponds with the blade of a leaf, then its two cells, or
halves, answer to the halves of the blade, one on each side
of the midrib; the continuation of the filament, which con-
nects the two cells (called the connective), answers to the
midrib ; and the anther generally opens along what answer
to the margins of a leaf.

199. It is easy to see how a simple pistil answers to a
leaf. A simple pistil, like one of those of the Stonecrop
(Fig. 154, 156) is regarded by the botanist as if it were
made by the folding up inwards of the blade of a leaf,

placed above it.

Plan of a Stamen,

(that is, of what would have been a leaf on any branch of the common kind,) so
that the margins come together and join, making a hollow closed bag, which is the

160 161
Plan of Pistil.

ovary; a tapering summit forms the style, and some part of the
margins of the leaf in this, destitute of skin, becomes the stig-
ma. To understand this better, compare Fig. 160, represent-
ing a leaf rolled up in this way, with Fig. 156, and with Fig.
161, which are pistils, cut in two, that the interior of the ovary
may be seen. Jt is here plain that the ovules or seeds are at-
tached to what answers to the united margins of the leaf. The
particular part or line, or whatever it may be, that the ovules
or seeds are attached to, is called the Placenta.

200. Varieties or Sorts of Flowers, Now that we have learned
how greatly roots, stems, and leaves vary in their forms and

appearances, we should expect flowers to exhibit great variety in different species.
Tn fact, each class and each family of plants has its flowers upon a plan of its
own. But if studelits understand the general plan of flowers, as seen in the

FLOWERS: THEIR FORMS AND KINDS. 67

Morning-Glory, the Lily (Fig. 1-12), and the Stonecrop (191), they will soon
learn to understand it in any or all of its diverse forms. The principal varieties
or special forms that occur among common plants will be described under the
families, in the Plora which makes the Second Part of this book. There stu-
dents will learn them in the easiest way, as they happen to meet with them in
collecting and analyzing plants. Here we will only notice the leading Avnds of
Variation in flowers, at the same time explaining some of the terms which are
used in describing them.

201. Flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. There may be few
or many of each of these in any particular flower; these parts may be all separate,
as they are in the Stonecrop; or they may be grown
together, in every degree and in every conceivable
way; or any one or. more of the parts may be left
out, as it were, or wanting altogether in a particular
flower. And the parts of the same sort may be all
alike, or some may be larger or smaller than the
rest, or differently shaped. So that flowers may be
classified into several sorts, of which the following
are the principal.

202. A Complete Flower is one which has all the
four parts, namely, calyx, corolla, stamens, and _pis- 162
tils. This is the case in all the flowers we have Completeower of Talents
yet taken for examples ; also in Trillium (Fig. 138,
reduced in size, and here in Fig. 162, with the
blossom of the size of life, and spread open flat).

203. A Perfect Flower is one which has both sta-
mens and pistils. A complete flower is of course a. ,
perfect one; but many flowers are perfect and not
complete ; as in Fig. 163, 164.

204. An Incomplete Flower is one which wants at
least one of the four kinds of organs. This may
happen in various ways. It may be

Apetalous ; that is, having no petals. This is the
case in Anemony (Fig. 163), and Marsh-Marigold. For these have only one row
of flower-leaves, and that is a calyx. The petals which al@ here wanting appear

163
Tncompeete flower of Anemony.

68 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

in some flowers very much like these, as in Buttercups (Fig. 238) and Goldthread.
Or the flower may be still more incomplete, and

Naked, or Achlamydeous ; that is, without any flower-leaves at all,
neither calyx nor corolla. That is the case in
the Lizard’s-Tail (Fig. 164), and in Willows.
Or it may be incomplete by wanting either the
stamens or the pistils; then it is

205. Au Imperfect or Separated Flower. Of course,
if the stamens are wanting in one kind of blos-
som there must be others that have them. Plants
with imperfect flowers accordingly bear two sorts
of blossoms, namely, one sort

Staminate or Sterile, those having stamens only, and therefore not
producing seed; and the other

Pistillate or Fertile, having a pistil but no good sta-
mens, and ripening seed only when fertilized by pollen
from the sterile flowers. The Oak and Chestnut, Hemp,
Moonseed, and Indian Corn are so. Fig. 165 is one of
the staminate or sterile flowers of Indian Corn; these
form the “tassel” at the top of the stem: their pollen
falls upon the “silk,” or styles, of the forming ear below,

164
Flower of Lizard’s-Tail.

consisting of rows of pistillate flowers. Fig. 166 is one
of these, with its very long style. The two kinds of
flowers in this case are

Monecious ; that is, both borne by the same individ-
ual plant; as they are also in the Oak,
Chestnut, Birch, &c. In other cases

Diecious ; that is, when one tree or herb
bears flowers with stamens only, and another
flowers with pistils only ; as in Willows and
Poplars, Hemp, and Moonseed. Fig. 167 is

Moonseed Flowers. a staminate flower from one plant of Moon-

seed, magnified; and Fig. 168, a pistillate flower, borne by a plant from a different
root. There is a third way: some plants produce what are called

Polygamous flower that is, having some blossoms with pistils only or with

S

166
Indian Corn.

FLOWERS: THEIR FORMS AND KINDS. 69

stamens only, and others perfect, having both stamens and pistils, either on the same
or on different individuals. The Red Maple is a very good case of this kind; the
two or three sorts
of flowers look-
ing very differ-
ently when they
appear in early
spring; those of
one tree having
long red stamens
and no good pis-
til, those of other
trees having con-
spicuous _ pistils,
in some blossoms
with no good sta-
Hydrangea. mens at all, in

others with short ones. There are also what are called abortive or

206. Neutral Flowers; having neither stamens nor pistils, and so good for nothing
except for show. In the Snowball of the gardens and in richly cultivated Hydran-
geas all the blossoms are neutral, and no fruit is formed.
Even in the wild state of these shrubs, some of the
blossoms around the margin of the cluster are neu-
tral (as in the Wild Hydrangea, Fig. 169), consisting
only of three or four flower-leaves, very much larger
than the small perfect flowers which make up the rest of
the cluster. Also what the gardener calls Double Flowers,
when full, are neutral, as in double Roses and Buttercups.
These are blossoms which by cultivation have all their
stamens and pistils changed into petals. \

207. A Symmetrical Flower is one which has an equal i
number of parts of each kind or in each set or row. Blane
This is so in the Stonecrop (Fig. 153), which has five sepals in the calyx, five petals
in the’ corolla, ten stamens (that is, two sets of stamens of five each), and five
pistils. Or often it has flowers with four sepals, and tHfp there are only four

70 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

petals, eight stamens (twice four), and four pistils. So the flower of Trillium (Fig.
162) is symmetrical; for it consists of three sepals, three petals, six stamens (one
before each sepal and one before each petal), and
a pistil plainly composed of three put together,
having three styles or stigmas. Flax affords an-
other good illustration of symmetrical flowers (Fig.
170): it has a calyx of five sepals, a corolla of
five petals, five stamens, and five styles. In such
flowers, and in blossoms generally, the parts alter-
nate with each other; that is, the petals stand be-
fore the intervals between the sepals, the stamens,
when of the same number, before the intervals be-
tween the petals, and so on.

208. An Unsymmetrical Flower is one in which
the different organs or
sets do not match in
the number of their
parts. The flower of
Anemony, Fig. 168, is
unsymmetrical, having
many more stamens
and pistils than it has
calyx-leaves. And the
blossom of Larkspur
(Fig. 171) is unsym-

z 75 a metrical, because, while
BAPERO: it has five sepals or
leaves in the calyx, there are only four petals or co-
rolla-leaves, but a great many stamens, and only one,
two, or three pistils. The sepals and petals are dis-
played separately in Fig. 172; the five pieces marked a
s are the sepals; the four marked p are the petals. Mialets

209. A Regular Flower is one in which the parts of each sort are all of the same
shape and size. The flowers in Flax (Fig. 170) and in all the examples pre-
ceding it are regular. @While in Larkspur and Monkshood we have not only an
unsymmetrical, but

FLOWERS: THEIR FORMS AND KINDS. 71

210. An Irregular Flower; that is, one in which all the parts of thé same sort are
not alike. For in the Larkspur-blossom one of the sepals bears a long hollow
spur or tail behind, which the four others have not; and the four small petals are
of two sorts. The Violet-blossom (Fig. 173) and the Pea-blossom (Fig. 351) are
symmetrical (except as to the pistil), but irregular. Fig. 174 shows the calyx
and the corolla of the Violet above it displayed ; s, the five sepals; p, the five petals.
One of the latter differs from the rest, having a sac or spur at the base, which makes
the blossom irregular. So far, most of the examples in this section are from

211. Flowers with the parts all distinct, that is, of separate pieces ;— the calyx
of distinct sepals, the corolla of distinct petals (i. e. Polypetalous), the stamens dis-
tinct (separate, &c.), and all the parts growing in regular order out of the receptacle,
in other words, inserted on the receptacle. These are the simplest or most natural
flowers, the parts answering to so many leaves on a
short branch. But as in Honeysuckles (Fig. 389) the
leaves of the same pair are often found grown together
into one, so in blossom-leaves, there are plenty of

212. Flowers with their parts united or grown together.
The flower of Morning-
Glory (Fig. 4) is a good
example. Here is the ca-
lyx of five separate leaves
or sepals (Fig. 176); but
in the corolla (Fig. 175)
the five petals are com-
pletely united into a cup,
just as the upper leaves
of Honeysuckles are into
a round plate. Then, in
Stramonium (Fig. 177),
the five sepals also are 2
united or grown together A
almost to their tips into a Morning-Glory. Strumoniam,
cup or tube; and so are the fivé petals likewise, but not quite to their tips; and the
five teeth or lobes (both of the calyx and of the corolla) plainly show how many
leaves there really are in each set. When this is so in thegcorolla, it forms\what is
called a

72

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

213. Monopetalous corolla; i.e. a corolla of one piece. It is so called, whether it
makes a cup or tube with the border entire, as in Morning-Glory (Fig. 175), or with
the border lobed, that is, the tips of the petals separate, as in Stramonium (Fig. 177),

178, Trumpet-
Honeysuckle.

or even if the petals are united only at the bottom, as in the Potato-
blossom (Fig. 182). The same may be said of a calyx when the
sepals are united into a cup, only this is called Monosepalous. A mo-
nopetalous corolla (and so of a calyx) is generally distinguishable into
two parts, namely, its Zube or narrow part below, and its Border or
Limb, the spreading part above. It is regudar when all sides and lobes
of it are alike, as in Fig. 175,177, &c. It is ¢rregular when the sides
or parts are different or unequal in size or shape, as in Sage, Dead-
Nettle (Fig. 181), the common Honeysuckle, &e. It is

Tubular, when long and narrow without a conspicuous border, as
in Fig. 178, or

Trumpet-shaped ; tubular, gradually enlarging upwards, as in Trumpet-Creeper

and Trumpet-Honeysuckle (Fig. 178) ;

Funnel-shaped or Funnel-form (like a
funnel or tunnel); when the tube opens
gradually into a spreading border, as in
Morning-Glory (Fig. 175) and Stramoni-
um (Fig. 177) ;

Bell-shaped or Campanulate ; when the
tube is wide for its length and the border
a little spreading, like a bell, as in Hare-
bell (Fig. 179).

Salver-shaped ; when a slender tube F
spreads suddenly into a flat border, as in Phlox (Fig. 180).
Wheel-shaped or Rotate ; same as salver-shaped, with the tube very short or none,

as in the corolla of the Potato (Fig. 182) and the
Nightshade (Fig. 183).

Labiate or Two-lipped; when the border di-
vides into two parts, or dips, an upper and a
lower (sometimes likened to those of an animal
with gaping mouth), as in Sage, Dead-Nettle (Fig.

181, and the like. This is one of the irregular forms of monopetalous corolla,
and the commonest.

FLOWERS: THEIR FORMS AND KINDS. 73

214. Stamens united are also common. They may be united by their filaments
or by their anthers. In the Cardinal-flower (Fig. 184), and other Lobelias, both
the anthers (a) and the filaments (f) are united into a
tube. So also in the Pumpkin and Squash. Botanists
use the following terms to express the different ways
in which stamens may be connected. ‘They are

Syngenesious, when the anthers are united into a ring
or tube, as in Lobelia (Fig. 184 a), and in the Bas
flower, and all that family.

Monadelphous (i.e. in one brotherhood),
when the filaments are united all into one
set or tube, as in Lobelia (Fig. 184 /), and
the Mallow Family (Fig. 185); also in
Passion-flowers and Lupines (Fig. 187). 184. Lobelia.

Diadelphous (in two brotherhoods), when the filaments are united
in two sets. Fig. 186 shows this in the Pea, and the like, where

"_nine stamens are combined in one set and
. one stamen is left for the other.

ti Triadelphous (in three brotherhoods),
185. Mallow. when the filaments are united or collected

in three sets, as in the Common St. John’s-wort or Hy-

pericum (Fig. 297); and

Polyadelphous (in many brotherhoods), when combined
in more than three sets, as in some St. John’s-worts.

215. Pistils united are very common. Two, three, four,
or more grow together at the time of their formation,
and make a Compound Pistil. Indeed, wherever there \
is a single pistil to a flower, it is much oftener a compound pistil than a simple
one. But, of course, when the pistils of a flower are more than one, they are all
simple. Pistils may be united in every degree, and by their ovaries only, by their
styles only (as they are slightly in Prickly-Ash), or even by their stigmas only (as
in Milkweeds), or by all three. But more commonly the ovaries are united into
one Compound Ovary, while the styles or stigmas are partly separate or distinct.
Three degrees of union are shown in these figures. Fig. 188, two pistils of a Saxi-
frage, their ovaries united only part way up (cut across both above and below).

74 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

Fig. 189, pistil of Common St. John’s-wort, plainly composed of three simple ones,
with their ovaries completely united, while their slender styles are separate.

188

189
Compound Pistils of two and three cells.

Fig. 190, same of Shrubby St.
John’s-wort, like the last, but with
the three styles also grown together
into one, the little stigmas only sepa-
rate; but as it gets older this style
generally splits down into three, and
when the pod is ripe it also splits
into three, plainly showing that this
compound pistil consists of three
united into one. On turning now
to Fig. 8 and Fig. 10 to 12 on the
same page, it will be seen that the
pistil in Morning-Glory and in Lily
is a compound one, made of three

united even to their stigmas. This is shown externally, by the stigma being some-
what three-lobed in both. And it becomes perfectly evident on cutting the ovary
in two, bringing to view the three cells (Fig. 12, as in Fig. 189, 190), each an-

swering to one simple ovary.

216. So compound ovaries generally have as many cells as there
are simple pistils or pistil-leaves in their composition; and have the
placentas (199) bearing the seeds all joined in the centre: that is, the
placentas or compound placenta in the axis.
partitions or divisions between the cells vanish, as in Pinks: then
the compound pistil is only one-celled. And sometimes there never
were any partitions; but the pistil was formed of two,
three, or more open jistil-leaves grown together from
the first by their edges, just as petals join to make a
monopetalous corolla. Then the ovules or seeds, or
the placentas that bear them, are partetal, that is, are
borne on the parietes or wall of the ovary. Fig. 191

rietal placentas or seed-bearing lines; and Fig. 192 is

But sometimes the

. + 192
is the lower part of a compound ovary, with three pa- ono-celled compound ovary, with placentas

parietal,

a diagram, to explain how such a pistil is supposed to be made of three leaves united
by their edges, and these edges bearing the ovules or seeds.

FLOWERS: THEIR FORMS AND KINDS. , 75

217. Flowers with one set of Organs united with another. The natural way is, for
all the parts to stand on the receptacle or end of the flower-stalk, — the stem-part
of the blossom (191). Then the parts are
said to be free, or to be inserted on the
receptacle. So it is in the Buttercup, Lily,
Trillium (Fig. 162), Flax,&e. But in many
flowers one set of organs grows fast to an-
other set, or, as we say, is inserted on it.
For instance, we may have the Petals and
Stamens inserted on the Calyx, as in the
Cherry and all the Rose family. Fig. 193
is a flower of a Cherry, cut through the
middle lengthwise, to show the petals and stamens growing on the tube or cup
of the calyx. The meaning of it is that all
these parts have grown together from their
earliest formation. Next we may have the

Calyx cohering or grown fast to the Ovary,
or at least its cup or lower part grown
to the ovary, and forming a part of the
thickness of its walls, as in the Currant and
Gooseberry, the Apple and Hawthorn. Fig.

13 194 is a flower of Hawthorn cut through

al ivot: atiiawtnotnsb| esto: lengthwise to show this. In such cases

all other parts of the blossom appear to grow on the ovary. So the ovary is said

to be inferior, or, which is the same thing,

the calyx (i.e. its lobes or border) and the

rest of the blossom, superior. Or else we

say “calyx coherent with the ovary,” which
is best, because it explains the thing.

Stamens inserted on the Corolla. The
stamens and the corolla generally go to-
gether. And when the corolla is of one
piece (i. e. monopetalous, 213), the stamens
almost always adhere to it within, more or
less; that is, are borne or “inserted on the

Half of a Cherry-blossom.

195. Morning-Glory.

76 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

corolla.” Fig. 195 is the corolla of Morning-Glory laid open, to show the stamens
inserted on it, i.e. grown fast to it, towards the bottom. We may even have the

Stamens inserted on the Style, that is, united with it even up to the stigma. It is
so in the Orchis family.

218. Gymnospermous or Open and Naked-seeded Pistils, This is the very peculiar
pistil which belongs to Pines, Spruces, Cedars, and all that family of plants; and it
is the simplest of all. For here the pistil is an open leaf or scale, bearing two or
three ovules on its upper or inner surface. Each scale of a Pine-cone is an open
pistil, and the ovules, instead of being enclosed in an ovary which forms a pod, are

naked, and exposed to the pollen shed by the stamen-bearing

flowers, which falls directly upon them. Fig. 196 is a view

of the upper side of an open pistil or scale from a forming

Larch-cone, at flowering-time, showing the two ovules borne

on the face of it, one on each side near the bottom. Fig.
197 197 is the same grown larger, the ovules becoming seeds.

When ripe and dry, the scales turn back, and the naked
seeds peel off and fall away.

219. Plants which have such open scales for pistijls accordingly take the name of

Gymnospermovus or Naked-seeded. The Pine family is the principal example
of the kind (see p. 201). All other Flowering plants are

ANGIOSPERMOUS, that is, have their ovules and seeds produced in a seed-vessel
of some sort.

Analysis of the Section.

168. Arrangement of Flowers, or Inflorescence. 169. Situation of Flower-buds : terminal and axil-
lary. 170. Solitary flowers. 171. Flower-clusters. 172. Bracts and Bractlets. 178, 174. Flower-
stalks: Peduncle and Pedicels. 175. Kinds of flower-clusters. 176. Raceme; order of opening of the
blossoms. 177. Corymb. 178. Umbel. 179. Comparison with Raceme, &c. 180. Head. 181. Com-
parison with the Umbel, and, 182. the Spike. 183. Catkin or Ament. 184. Spadix. 185. Its Spathe.
186. Involucre. 187. Compound Clusters: Umbellets; Involucel. 188, Panicle; Thyrse. 189. Cyme.
190. Fascicle.

191. Flowers: their parts illustrated by the Stonecrop: 192. A pattern flower. 198. Leaves of flower
or Perianth. 194. Petal; its Blade and Claw. 195. Stamen; its parts. 196. Pollen; its structure
and use. 197. Pistil; its parts. 198. Nature of the flower; its parts answer to leaves. 198". How a
stamen answers toa leaf. 199. How a pistil answers toa leaf: Placenta.

200. Sorts of Flowers: one general plan: 201. Varied in several ways. 202. Complete flower.
203, Perfect dower. 204. Incornplete flower: apetalous; naked. 205. Imperfect or separated flowers:
staminate or sterice ;, pistiliate or fertile; moncecious, dicecious, or polygamous. 206. Neutral flowers.

FRUIT. 77

207. Symmetrical flowers. 208. Unsymmetrical flowers. 209. Regular flowers. 210. Irregular
flowers.

211. Flowers with the parts distinct. 212. With their parts grown together. 218. Monopetalous
corolla, &e.: its varieties in form. 214. Stamens united ; syngenesious, monadelphous, diadelphous,
triadelphous, and polyadelphous. 215. Pistils united into a Compound Pistil: illustrations. 216. Those
with two or more cells and placentas in the centre; of one cell with placentas parietal or on the walls.

217. Flowers with one set of organs united with another; as petals and stamens with the calyx; the
tube or cup of the calyx with the ovary; stamens with the corolla; or with the style.

218, Gymnospermous or Naked-seeded Pistil of Pines, &c. 219. Division of plants on this account.

Section IV. — Fruit and Seed.

§ 1. Seed- Vessels.

220. Arrer the flower comes the Fruit. The ovary of the flower becomes the
Seed-vessel (or Pericarp) in the fruit. The ovules are now seeds.

221. A Simple Fruit is a seed-vessel formed by the ripening of one pistil (with
whatever may have grown fast to it in the flower, such as
the tube of the calyx in many cases, 217). Simple fruits
may be most conveniently classified into Fleshy Frutts,
Stone Fruits, and Dry Fruits.

222. The principal sorts of fleshy fruits are the Berry,
the Pepo, and the Pome.

223. A Berry is fleshy or pulpy throughout. Grapes,
tomatoes, gooseberries, currants,
and cranberries are good ex-
amples. (Fig. 198 shows a
cranberry cut in two.) Oranges
and lemons are only a kind of
berry with a thicker and leath-
ery rind.

224. The Pepo or Gourd Fruit
(such as a squash, melon, cu- TBs Berry
cumber, and bottle-gourd, Fig. 199) is only a sort of
berry with a harder rind.

225. A Pome or Apple-Fruit is the well-known fruit of
the Apple, Pear, Quince, and Hawthorn. It comes from a compound pistil with
a coherent calyx-tube (that is, from such a flower as Fig. 194), and this calyx,

199. Pepo.

78

HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

growing very thick and fleshy, makes the whole eatable part or flesh of the fruit
in the haw and the quince. The real seed-vessels in the quince (Fig. 201),

Pome.

nut. So the Stone (or Putamen, as the botanist terms it)
does not belong to the seed, but to the fruit. It has the
seed in it, with coats of its own.

227. Dry Fruits are those that ripen without flesh or
pulp. They are either dehiscent or indehiscent. Dehis-

apple (Fig. 200), and the like, consist of the five thin, parchment-
like cells of the core, containing the seeds. In the quince, all the
flesh is calyx. But in the pear and apple the flesh of the core,
viz. all inside of the circle of greenish dots which are seen on cut-
ting the apple across (Fig. 200), belongs to the receptacle of the
flower, which here rises so as to surround the real seed-vessels.
Cutting the apple lengthwise, these dots come to view as slender
greenish lines, separating what belongs to the core from what be-
longs to the calyx: they are the vessels which in the blossom
belong to the petals and the stamens above. In the haw, the cells
become thick and stony, and so form a kind of

226. Stone-Fruit or Drupe. Plums, cherries, and peaches (Fig.
202) are the commonest and best examples of the stone-fruit. It
is a fruit in which the outer part becomes
fleshy or pulpy, like a berry, while the
inner part becomes hard or stony, like a

cent seed-vessels are those which split or burst open, in 202

some regular way, to discharge the seeds. Indehiscent

Drupe.

seed-vessels are those that remain closed, retaining the seed until they grow, or

until the seed-vessel decays. All stone fruits and fleshy
fruits are of course indehiscent.

228. The sorts of ¢ndehiscent dry fruits that we need
to distinguish are the Akene, the Grain, the Nut, and
the Key.

229. The Akene includes all dry, one-seeded, closed,
small fruits, such as are generally mistaken for naked

seeds; such, for instance, as the little seed-like fruits of Buttercups. (Fig. 203 is one
of these, whole, a good deal enlarged; Fig. 204, one with part of the wall cut away.)

FRUIT. 79

That they are not seeds is plain from the way they are produced, and from their
bearing a style or stigma, at least when young. They are evidently pistils ripened ;
and on cutting them open, the seed is found whole within (Fig. 204).

230. A Grain (or Caryops?s) is the same as an akene, except that the thin seed-
vessel adheres firmly to the whole surface of the seed. Indian corn,
wheat, rye, and all such kinds of grain are examples.

231. A Nut is a hard-shelled, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, like an
akene, but on a larger scale. Beechnuts, chestnuts, and acorns (Fig.
205) are familiar examples. Jn all these the nut is surrounded by
a kind of involucre, called a Cupule or Cup, which, however, is no
part of the fruit. In the Oak, the cupule is a scaly cup; in the
Beech and Chestnut, it isa kind of bur; in the Hazel, it is a leaf-like
cup or covering; in Hop-Hornbeam, it is a thin and closed bag.
The fruit of the Walnut, Butternut, and the like, is between a drupe
and a nut, having a fleshy outer layer.

232. A Key or Key-Fruit (called by botanists a Samara) is like an akene or nut,
or any other indehiscent, one-seeded fruit, only it is winged. The
fruits of the Ash (Fig. 206) and of the Elm (Fig. 207) are of this
kind. That of the Maple consists of two keys partly joined at the base,
both from one flower (Fig. 208).

233. Dehiscent Fruits, or dry fruits which split or burst open in some
regular way, take the general name of = *

234. Pods, These generally split lengthwise when ripe and dry.
Pods formed of a simple pistil mostly open down
their inner edge, namely, that
which answers to the united mar-
gins of the pistil-leaf. Compare
Fig. 160 with Fig. 209: the latter
is the simple pod of a Marsh-
Marigold open after ripening, and
the seeds fallen, so becoming a
leaf again, as it were. Some such
pods also split down the back as

205
Not and Cupale,

207 7 : '
Key. Pair of Keys. well as down the inner side; that —Pened Follicle.

is, along what answers to the midrib of the leaf; as do pea-pods (Fig. 211).
6

80 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

235. A Follicle is such a simple pod which opens down one side only. The pods

of Peony, Columbine, and Marsh-Marigold (Fig. 210) are follicles.
236. A Legume is a pod of a simple pistil, which splits into two

pieces. It is the fruit of the Pea or Pulse family.

Fig. 211 is a legume of the Pea, open, separated into

its two valves.

(Fig. 2138), &e.

an 238. The pieces into which a pod splits are called

ea its Valves. So a follicle (Fig. 210) is
one-valved ; a legume (Fig. 211), tewo-valved ; the cap-
sules in Fig. 212 and 213, both three-valved, &c.

239. Two or three forms of capsule have peculiar
names. The principal sorts are the Sil/que, the Siliele,
and the Pyzts.

240. A Silique (Fig. 214) is the pod of the Cress
family. It is slender, and splits into two
valves or pieces, leaving behind a partition
in a frame which bears the seeds.

241. A Silicle or Pouch is only a silique

with one valve fallen.

214 216 215

237. A Capsule is the pod of any compound pistil.
When capsules open regularly, they either split through Follicle.
the partitions, or where these would be, as in the pod of St. John’s-
wort (Fig. 212); this divides them into so many follicles, as it were,
which open down the inner edge: or else they split open ¢nto the
back of the cells, as in the pods of the Lily, the Iris

242. A Pyxis is a pod which opens
crosswise, the top separating as a lid.
Fig. 217 shows it in the Common
Purslane ; the lid falling off.

Silique. Silicle. 243, There remain a few sorts of

210

Capsules, opening.

not much longer than broad. Fig. 215 is the silicle of
Shepherd’s Purse; Fig. 216, the same

fruits which are more or less compound or complex. They may be alt. Pyxis
classed under the heads of Aggregated, Accessory, and Multiple fruits.

FRUIT. 81

244, Aggregated Fruits are close clusters of simple fruits all of the same flower.
The raspberry and the blackberry are good examples. In these, each grain is a
drupelet or stone-fruit, like a cherry or peach on a very small scale.

245. Accessory Fruits are those in which the flesh or conspicuous part belongs to
some accessory (i. e. added or altered) part, separate from the seed-vessel. So that
what we eat as the fruit is not the fruit at all in a strict balames! sense, but a calyx,
receptacle, or something else which surrounds or
accompanies it. Our common checkerberry. is a
simple illustration. Here the so-called berry is a @ Fi)
free or separate calyx, which after flowering be-
comes thick and fleshy, and encloses the true seed-
vessel, as a small pod within. Fig. 218 shows the
young pod, partly covered by the loose calyx.
Fig. 219 is the ripe checkerberry, cut through the middle lengthwise, the calyx now
thick, juicy, and eatable, and enlarged so as to enclose the small, dry pod.

246. A Rose-hip (Fig. 220) is a kind of accessory fruit, looking like a pear or a
haw. But it consists of the tube of the calyx, lined
by a hollow receptacle, which bears the real fruits,
or seed-vessels, in the form of bony akenes. Fig.
221, a rose-hip when in flower, cut through length-
wise, shows the whole plan of it: the pistils are seen
attached to the sides of the urn-shaped receptacle,
and their styles, tipped with the stigmas, project a
little from the cavity, near the
stamens, which are borne on
the rim of the deep cup.

247. A Strawberry is an ac-
cessory fruit of a different shape. Fig. 222 is a forming one,
at flowering time, divided lengthwise: below is a part of the
calyx ; above this, a large oval or conical receptacle, its whole
surface covered with little pistils. In ripening this grows
vastly larger, and becomes juicy and delicious. So that, in fact, what is called a
berry is only the receptacle of the flower, or the end of the flower-stalk, grown very
large and juicy, and not a seed-vessel at all, but bearing plenty of one-seeded dry
seed-vessels (akenes, 229), so small that they are mistaken for seeds.

219

Rose-hip.

222. Young Strawberry.

82 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

248. Multiple Fruits are masses of simple or accessory fruits belonging to differ-
ent flowers, all compacted together. Mfudberries (Fig. 223) are of this sort. They
look like blackberries, but each grain belongs to a separate
flower; and the eatable pulp is not even the seed-vessel of that,
but is a loose calyx grown pulpy, just like that of Checker-

', berry, and surrounding an akene, which is generally taken for a
*seed. The pine-apple is much like a mulberry on a large scale.

A fig is a multiple fruit, being a hollow flower-stalk grown pulpy,

the inside lined by a great number of minute flowers.

249. So, under the name of fruit very different things are
eaten. In figs it is a hollow flower-stalk ; in pine-apples and
mulberries, clusters of flower-leaves, as
well as the stalk they cover; in straw-

berries, the receptacle of a flower; in blackberries, the
same, though smaller, and a cluster of little stone-fruits
that cover it; in raspberries, the little stone-fruits in a
cluster, without the receptacle. In checkerberries, quinces,
and (as to all but the core) apples and pears, we eat a
fleshy enlarged calyx; in peaches and other stone-fruits,
the outer part of a seed-vessel; in grapes, gooseberries,
blueberries, and cranberries, the whole
seed-vessel, grown rich and pulpy.

250. The Cone of Pine (Fig. 224) and
the like is a sort of multiple fruit. Each
scale is a whole pistillate flower, con- ae
sisting of an open pistil leaf, ripened, and eee ee
bearing on its upper face one or two naked seeds, —as explained at the end of the last
section (218, 219). Fig. 225 shows the upper side of one of. the thick scales taken
off, bearing one seed; the other, removed, is shown, with its wing, in Fig. 226.

Mulberry,

§ 2. Seeds.

252. A Seed is an ovule fertilized and matured, and with a germ or embryo
formed in it.

253. In the account of the growth of plants from the seed, at the beginning of
the book (Chapter I. Section I.), seeds have already been considered sufficiently

SEEDS. 83

for our purpose. As the pupil advances farther in his botanical studies, he will
learn much more about them, as well as about fruits and flowers, in'the Lessons
in Botany, and other works.

254. A sced consists of its Coats and its Kernel. Besides the true seed-coats,
which are those of the ovule, an outer loose covering, generally an imperfect one,
is occasionally superadded while the seed is growing. Thisyis called an Aril.
Mace is the aril of the nutmeg. The scarlet pulpy covering of the seeds of the
Strawberry-tree and the Staff-tree or Waxwork is also an aril.

255. The Seed-Coats are commonly two, an outer and an inner; the latter gen-
erally thin and delicate. The outer coat is sometimes close and even, and fitted to
the kernel, as in Morning-Glory (Fig. 227); some-
times it is furnished with a tuft of long hairs, as in
Milkweed (Fig. 229), or else is covered with long
woolly hairs, as in the Cotton-plant, where they
form that most useful’ material, Cotton-wool. In
some cases the outer coat is extended into a
thin border or wing, as in the Trumpet-Creeper
(Fig. 228). Catalpa-seeds have a fringe-like wing
or tuft at each end. The seeds of Pines are
winged at one end (Fig. 226). All these tufts
and wings are contrivances for rendering such seeds buoyant, so that, when shed,
they may be dispersed by the wind. Thistle-down, and the like, is a similar ‘con-
trivance on the fruit or akene.

256. The seed is often supported by a stalk of its own, the Seed-stalk. Where
the seed separates, it leaves a mark, called the Scar or Hilum. This is conspitu-
ous in a bean and a pea, and is remarkably large in a horsechestnut. :

257. The Kernel is the whole body of the seed within the coats. It consists of
the Embryo, and of the Albumen, when there is any. ‘

258. The Albumen is a stock of prepared food, for the embryo to live upon at the
outset, in those cases where it has not a similar supply laid up in its cotyledons
(82-35, 45). In Fig. 17, 44, and 49, the seeds have albumen. In Fig. 25, 32, 40,
and 42, they have none, but the whole kernel consists of

259. The Embryo, or rudimentary plantlet in miniature, the body in the seed
which grows. To this the seed, the fruit, and the blossom are all subservient. The
albumen of the seed, when there is any, is intended to nourish the embryo when it

84 HOW PLANTS ARE PROPAGATED.

grows, until it can provide for itself; the seed-coats to protect it, especially after it
is'shed; the seed-vessel, to protect it and to nourish it while forming; the stamens
and pistil, to originate it. *e

260. The embryo consists of its Radicle or original stemlet, from one end of
which the root starts, from the other the stem is continued; also of one or more
Cotyledons or Seed-leaves, and often of a Plumule or bud for continuing the stem
upwards. How the embryo grows into a plant, was fully explained at the com-
mencement of this book.

Analysis of the Section.

: 41. Tasue or. Kinps or Fruit.

Paragr.
( 1. Srmpie: seed-vessels of one pistil, ‘ “ ‘ + 221
2. AGGREGATED: clusters of seed-vessels all of shove: same Howe ‘ 244
Fruits are 8. Accrssory: the flesh, &c. external to and separate from the pistil, 245-247
: 4, MULTIPLE: composed = the simple or accessory fruits of more than
one flower, . : . . . . . 7 “ + 248
BERRY, 228
( Fleshy Fruits (222), such as the : | PEro, 224
PomE, 225
Stone-Fruits, or the . ‘ ‘ * ‘ c Drupe, 226
Simple Fruits are ; aes ; a
( Indehiscent, 228, Nut, 231
| KEy, 233
| Dry Fruits, 227, 4 ( Of a Simple { FOLLICLE,235
Pistil, LecumE, 236
. CaPsuLyE, 237
Dehiscent, or Pods, 233, aha Compound Sevan sat
Pistil, , SitcLtE, 241
l | Pyxis, 242
Multiple Fruits are Angiospermous, or closed, 219, 248.
Gymnospermous, or naked-seeded, 218, 219, . P ie Cone, 250

§2. SrEps.— 252. What a seed is. 253. Its nature already considered. 254. Its parts; Aril
occasionally met with. 255. Its coats, and the appendages, wings, &c. 256. Seed-stalk, and scar.
257. Kernel. 258. Albumen, sometimes present; its office. 259. Embryo, to which all the other parts
of the seed, the fruit, and the flower are subservient. 260. Parts of the Embryo: Radicle, or Stem-
let; Cotyledons, or Seed-leaves; Plumule, or Bud.

CHA PIELER. cEE TL.
WHY PLANTS GROW, WIAT THEY ARE MADE FOR, AND WHAT THEY DO

261. We have now become acquainted with all the organs of plants, both those
concerned in their life and growth, or vegetation, and those concerned in multiplying
their numbers, that is, in reproduction. The first being the root, stem, and leaves;
the second, the flowers (essentially the stamens and pistils), with their result, fruiu
and seed. We have learned, also, how plants grow from the seed, produce part
after part, branch after branch, and leaf after leaf, and at length blossom and go to
seed. We see that plants, with their organs, that is, ¢nstruments, are a kind of liv-
ing machines at work; and it is now time to ask, How they operate, What they bring
to pass, and IVhat 7s the object or the result of their doings. Such questions as these,
young people, with their curiosity awakened, would be likely to ask, and they
ought to be answered. To understand these things completely, one must know
something of chemistry and vegetable anatomy,* — which we do not propose here
to teach. But a general account of the matter may be given in a simple way,
which shall be perfectly intelligible, and may give a clear idea of the purpose which
plants were created to fulfil in the world, and how they do it. Let us begin by
considering

262. The Plant in Action.. ‘Take any living plant, — it matters not what one, —
and consider what it is doing. For greater simplicity, take some young plant or
seedling, where vegetation goes on just as in a full-grown herb or tree, only on a
smaller scale. The plant is

263. Absorbing, or drawing in what it lives upon, from the soil and the air. This
is moisture, air, and other matters which the rain, as it soaks into the ground, may
have dissolved on its way to the roots. It is by the roots, lodged in the damp soil,
that most of the moisture which plants feed upon is taken in, and with this they
always get some earthy matter. This earthy matter makes the ashes which are
left after burning a piece of wood, a leaf, or any part of a plant. Moisture is

* After studying this chapter, the pupil will be ready to learn more of the subject in the Lessons in
Botany and Vegetable Physiology. Lessons 22, 28, 24, and 25 treat of Vegetable Anatomy; and Lesson
26, of the Plant doing its work.

86 WHY PLANTS GROW,

also absorbed by the leaves, either from drops of rain or dew, or from the vapor of
water in the air. Air is latgely absorbed by the leaves, and some aiso by the roots,
either as dissolved in water, or else directly from the crevices and pores of the
soil, which are filled with air. ;

264. Plants absorb their food by their surface. Animals have an internal cavity,
—a stomach,—to hold their food; and from the stomach it is taken into the
system. Plants have nothing of this kind. They absorb their food by their sur-
face, —by the skin, as it were; and when very young and with the whole sur-
face fresh and thin, by one part almost as much as another. But as they grow
older and the skin hardens, they absorb mostly by their fresh rootlets and the tips of»
the roots, and by the leaves, —the former spread out in the soil, the latter spread
out in the air. For while the skin or bark of the older parts of the roots is hard-
ening, new tips and rootlets are always forming in growing plants, with a fresh sur-
face, which absorbs freely. And as to the leaves, they are renewed every year
(even evergreens produce a new crop annually, and the old ones fall after a year
or two); and the skin of every leaf, expecially that of the under side, is riddled
with thousands of holes or little mouths (called Breathing-pores), which open into
the chambers or winding passages of the pulp of the leaf, so that the air may cir-
culate freely throughout the whole.

265. Plants absorb their food all in the fluid form. They are unable to take
in anything in a solid state. They ¢mbibe or drink in all their food, in the form of
water, with whatever the water has dissolved, and of air or vapor, by one or both
of which their leaves and roots are surrounded. The reason they imbibe only fluid
is this. The roots, leaves, and all the rest of the plant, under the microscope, are
seen to be made up of millions of separate little cavities, each cut off from the
surrounding ones by closed partitions of membrane. All that the plants take into
their system has to pass through these partitions of membrane, — which fluid (air
or moisture) alone can do.

266. The common juices of plants are called Sap. What they take in from the
soil and the air, not being digested or made into vegetable matter, is called Crude
Sap. All that the roots imbibe has to be carried up to the leaves to be digested
there. So while the roots are absorbing, the stem is

267. Conveying the Crude Sap to. the Leaves, There is no separate set of vessels,
and no open tubes or pipes for the sap to rise through in an unbroken stream, in
the way people generally suppose. The stem is made up, like the root, of cavities,

AND WHAT THEY DO. 87

or cells divided off by whole partitions; and to rise an inch the sap generally has
to pass through several hundred such partitions. When there is much wood, the sap
rises mostly through that. Now the fibres and the vessels of the wood are tubes,
most of them several times longer than wide; but their ends do not open into
each other; a closed partition divides each cavity from the next, which the sap has
to get through some way or other. How it gets through so readily, we do not
altogether know; but there is no doubt about the fact.

268. Carried into the leaves, and distributed through their broad surface, the
crude sap is exposed to the light and air. A large part of it is water; and each
drop of this serves to bring up a minute portion of earthy matter, which it dissolved
out of the soil. Most of the water, no longer wanted, is evaporated from the leaves
by the warmth of the sun, and exhaled; that is, it escapes in vapor into the air,
mostly through the breathing-pores (264). What remains, the plant is at the same
time

269. Digesting or Assimilating. Assimilating is the proper word. To assimilate
is to make similar, or to turn into its own substance. This is just what plants do
in their leaves. ‘They change into vegetable matter that which was mineral matter
(air, earth, or water) before. This they do only in the leaves, or other green parts,
and in these only when they are exposed to the light of day, that is, to the influ-
ence of the sun. We see, therefore, why plants are so dependent on the light.
They cannot grow without it, except so far as they are fed by vegetable matter
prepared beforehand ;— as the seedling is fed at the beginning, by vegetable matter
of the parent plant stored up in the seed (Chap. II. Sect. II.) ; and potato-shoots,
by that provided in the tuber or potato (74, 75), &c. This enables them to begin
their growth in the dark. But the inheritance only serves to set up the young
plants; when they have exhausted it, they have to work for themselves, to take
in air and water, and a little earth, and assimilate it, —i. e. make vegetable matter
of it, —in their leaves or other green parts, with the help of sunshine. This they
do throughout the whole growing season.

270. The new-made vegetable matter is dissolved in the water or the sap in the
leaf, and forms a thin mucilage. This is prepared or Hlaborated Sap, fit to be
used in growth; for it contains the same material as that which the plant itself is
built of. It is to the plant just what the prepared clay is to the earthen vessel, or
to the bricks of which the house is built. It has only to be conveyed where it is
wanted and used for growing.

88 WHY PLANTS GROW,

271. Some Forms and Changes of Vegetable Matter. It may be used at once, or it
may be stored up until it is wanted. In annual herbs, as already explained (68),
nearly all of it is used for growth or for blossoming, as fast as it is made. In
biennials, like the Beet, Carrot, and Turnip (70), a great part of it is stored
up somewhere, generally in the root, and used the next year. In such perennials
as the Potato, a part is laid up in the tubers (which are all of the plant that
survives the winter), to begin a vigorous growth the next season. In shrubs and
trees a part is annually deposited in the newest wood and bark, to be used for de-
veloping the buds the next spring. In all, a portion is deposited, as we know,
sometimes in the fruit, always in the seed, for the use of the embryo or new plant,
at the beginning of its growth.

272. When vegetable matter is laid up for future use, a large part of it is gen-
erally in the form of starch. Nearly the whole bulk of a potato, or of a grain of
corn, is starch. This consists of little grains which are like mucilage solidified, and
they may be turned into mucilage again. When the plant takes up a deposit of
starch into its system, as fast as it dissolves it in the sap it generally changes it into
sugar. Mucilage, starch, sugar, and plant-fabric, all have the same chemical com-
position, or very nearly ; and the plant readily changes one into the other as it needs.
Notice the changes of vegetable matter in a plant of Indian Corn. In the leaves,
where it is made, the elaborated sap is in the form of mucilage; in the stalk, at
flowering-time, while on its way to form and nourish the blossoms and grains, it
turns sweet, being changed into sugar; in the grain, a part is changed into starch
and laid up there: when the grain germinates, the starch is dissolved and changed
back into sugar; and in the growing plantlet which it nourishes, the sugar is at
length changed into plant-fabric.

278. Circulation or Conveyance of Elaborated Sap, or Dissolved Vegetable Matter. The
new-made vegetable matter rarely accumulates in the leaves where it is made, ex-
cept in the Century-plant, Houseleek (Fig. 65), and other fleshy-leaved plants.
It is generally distributed through all the plant (that is, through all its living parts),
or carried especially to where a stock is to be laid up, or where growth is taking
place. So the elaborated sap, passing out of the leaves, is received into the inner
bark, at least in trees and shrubs,—or in herbs it may descend through the soft
parts generally,—and a part of what descends finds its way even to the ends
of the roots, and is all along diffused laterally into the stem, where it meets
and mingles with the ascending crude sap or raw material. So there is no separate

AND WHAT THEY DO. 89

circulation of the two kinds of sap; and no crude sap exists separately in any
part of the plant. Even in the root, where it enters, this mingles at once with
some elaborated sap already there, and as it rises through the stem they mix more
and more. But whatever is not assimilated must be, before the plant can use it;
that which has been assimilated, can be used wherever it may be.

274. The elaborated sap, like the crude, is contained in the cavities, cells, or
short closed tubes which make up the fabric of the plant, and circulates or passes
from one to another through the partitions. How it passes through, and what at-
tracts it where it is wanted, we do not very well know. And what we do know
could not be well explained to the young beginner, for whom this book is written.
The same may be said about

275. Growth. Growth is the increase of a living thing in size and substance.
In plants it is done by the increase in the number of the cells (or cavities divided
off by partitions) whigh make up the fabric, and by the increase of each in size to
a certain extent. That is, growth is the building-up of the plant, or of additions to
it, out of vegetable matter. And this vegetable matter was made in the leaves
(either of the same plant or of its parent), out of mineral matter drawn from the
earth and the air,— was mostly made of air and water. For the earthy part
which is left behind when we burn a plant (and so turn all the vegetable matter
back into air and vapor of water again) forms only a very small part of its bulk.

276. If the pupil would learn more particularly how growth takes place, and
how plants change mineral into vegetable matter, they must study three or four les-
sons of the Lessons in Botany already referred to. But our short and simple
account of the plant in action, i. e. vegetating, is sufficient for answering the main
question, viz. : —

277. What Plants do. Vegetation consists essentially of two things, namely, as-
similation and growth. In assimilation plants are changing mineral matter — air,
water, and a little earth —into vegetable matter; and in growth this vegetable
matter is wrought into all manner of beautiful and useful forms. This is the work
which the vast variety and infinite number of plants over all the earth are busily
engaged in. It is thetr peculiar work ; for only plants can live upon (or assimilate)
mineral matter; they only have the power of changing air, water, and earth into
organic matter.

278. What is the effect of this action of plants, especially upon the air we
breathe? And what becomes of all the vast amount of vegetable matter which

90 WHY PLANTS GROW,

plants have been making, day by day, since God said, Let the earth bring forth
grass, and the herb yielding seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit after his kind,
whose seed ts in itself, upon the earth,— and tt was so? The answer to these ques-
tions will show us plainly

279. What Plants are made for. In the first place, in the very act of making
vegetable matter, plants fulfil one great purpose of their existence, that is,

280. They purify the air for animals. ‘That part of the air which renders it fit
for breathing is called oxygen ; this makes up about one fifth part of the air we
breathe. At every breath animals take in some of this oxygen and change it
into carbonic acid; that is, they combine the oxygen with carbon from their blood,
which makes carbonic acid, and breathe out this carbonic acid into the air, in place
of the oxygen they drew in. Now this carbonic acid is unfit for the breathing of

., animals,— so much s0, that, if it were to increase go as to make any considerable part
of the atmosphere, man and other animals could not live in ig, But plants prevent
the carbonie acid from accumulating in the air. While animals need the oxygen of
the air, and in using it change it into carbonic acid, hurtful to them, plants need the
carbon of this carbonic acid ; indeed, it makes a very large portion of their food, —
as we plainly see it must, when we know that about half of every part of a plant is
garbon, that is, charcoal. And this carbonic acid is the very part of the air that
plants use; they constantly take it from the air, decompose it in their leaves during
sunshine, keep the carbon, and give back the oxygen pure, so keeping the air fit
for the breathing of animals. The carbon which plants take from the air in this
way, along with water, &c., they assimilate, that is, change into vegetable matter :
and in doing this

281. They make all the food which animals live upon. Animals cannot live upon
air, water, or earth, nor are they able to change these into food which they may
live upon. This work is done for them by plants. Vegetable matter in almost
every form — especially as herbage, or more concentrated in the accumulations of
nourishment which plants store up in roots, in bulbs-and tubers, in many stalks,
in fruits, and in seeds — is food for animals. “ And to every beast of the earth, and
to every fowl of the air, and to everything that creepeth upon the earth,” as well as
to men, is given “every green herb for meat.” Some animals take it by feeding
directly upon vegetables; others, in feeding upon the flesh of herbivorous animals,
receive what they have taken from plants. Man and a few other animals take in
both ways what plants have prepared for them. But however received, and how-

AND WHAT THEY ARE MADE FOR. 91

ever changed in form in the progress from plant to animal or from one animal to
another, all the food and all the substance of all animals were made by plants.
And this is what plants are made for.

282. Notice also that plants furnish us not merely needful sustenance, but almost
every comfort and convenience. Medicine for restoring, as well as food for support-
ing health and strength, mainly comes from plants.

283. They furnish all the clothing of man ;—not only what is made from the
woolly hairs of certain seeds (cotton), or from the woody fibres of bark (dinen), and
what is spun from Mulberry-leaves by the grubs of certain moths (as sik), but
also the skin and the fur or wool of animals, owe their origin to plants, just as
their flesh does.

284. They furnish utensils, tools, and building materials, in great variety ; and
even the materials which the mineral kingdom yields for man’s service (such as iron)
are unavailable without vegetables, to supply fuel for working and shaping them.

285. They supply all the fuel in the world ; and this is one special service of that
vegetable matter which, in the solid form of wood, does not naturally serve for food.
Burned in our fire-places, one part of a plant may be used to cook the food fur-
nished by another part, or to protect us against cold; or burned under a steam-boiler:
it may grind our corn, or carry us swiftly from place to place. Even the coal dug
from the bowels of the earth is vegetable matter, the remains of forests and herbage
which flourished for ages before man existed, and long ago laid up for his present
use. We may proceed one step farther, and explain where the heat of fuel comes
from; for even a child may understand it. Plants make vegetable matter only in
the light, mostly in the direct light of the sun. With every particle of carbonic
acid that is decomposed, and vegetable matter that is made, a portion of the sun’s
heat and light is absorbed and laid up in it. And whenever this vegetable matter
is decomposed, as in burning it, this heat and light (how much of each, depends upon
the mode of burning) are given out.

286. So all our kghting as well as warming, which we do not receive directly
from the sun, we receive from plants, in which sunlight has been stored up for our
use. And equally so, whether we burn olive-oil or pine-oil of the present day, or
candles made from old peat, or coal-gas, or lard, tallow, or wax, — the latter a vege-
table matter which has been somewhat changed by animals. And, finally,

287. The natural warmth of the bodies of animals comes From the food they
eat, and so ts supplied by plants. A healthy animal, no longer growing, receives into

92 WHY PLANTS GROW.

his system a daily supply of food without any corresponding increase in weight, or
often without any increase at all. This is because he decomposes as much as he
receives. If a vegetable-feeder, far the greater part of his food (all the starch of
grain and bread, the sugar, oil, &c.), after being added to the blood, is decomposed,
and breathed out from the lungs in the form of carbonic acid and water. That is
just what it would become if set on fire and burned, as when we burn oil or tallow
in our lamps or candles, or wood in our fire-places; and in the process, in animals
no less than in our lamps and fire-places, the heat which was absorbed from the sun,
when the vegetable matter was produced from carbonic acid and water, is given
out when this matter is decomposed into carbonic acid and water again. And this
is what keeps up the natural heat of animals.) We are warmed by plants in the
food we consume, as well as by the fuel we burn.

288. In learning, as we have done, How Plants Grow, and Why they Grow,
have we not learned more of the lesson of the text placed at the beginning of this
book, and of the verses that follow? “Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the
field, shall he not much more clothe you? .... Therefore take no thought, saying,
What shall we eat? or, What shall we drink? or, Wherewithal shall we be clothed ?
For your Heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things.” And
we now perceive that causing plants to grow is the very way in which He bounti-
fully supplies these needs, and feeds, clothes, warms, and shelters the myriads of
beings He has made, and especially Man, whom He made to have dominion over
them all.

CHAPTER IV

HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED, NAMED, AND STUDIED.
Section I. — Classification.

289. CiassirtcaTion in Botany is the arrangement of plants according to their
kinds and according to their resemblances.

290. In order that the vegetable creation might be adapted to every soil, situa-
tion, and climate, and to the different wants of the greatest variety of animals, as
well as to the many peculiar needs of mankind, God created plants in a vast num-
ber of kinds. And in order that these should be perpetuated and kept distinct,
He ordained that each should yield fruit and seed “ after its kind.” So each sort of
plant multiplies and perpetuates itself from generation to generation. Lach of
these sorts is a

291. Species. ‘The individuals, or separate plants, of each sort represent that
species, just as men and women represent the human species. The individuals of
the same species are not always, or not commonly, exactly alike. They may differ
in size according to their greater or less vigor; they may vary in the color of their
blossoms, or the shape and flavor of their fruit, and yet plainly be of one species.
It is very apt to be so in cultivated plants. The different sorts of Apples belong to
one species; all the sorts of Pears are of one species; and so of Peaches. Such
sorts, which have arisen in the course of time and under change of circumstances,
are called VARIETIES.

292. Varieties may be kept up with certainty by propagating from buds, that is,
by cuttings, grafts, offsets, and the like (Chap. II. Sect. I.), but not by seeds, — at
least when left to themselves. And varieties have nothing definite about them, but
shade off into one another; while the species are always separate. Apple-trees
never vary into Pear-trees, nor Pear-trees into Quince-trees. The cultivator pays
much attention to varieties, and takes particular pains to preserve and multiply
them. To the botanist, who is concerned mainly with wild plants, they are of much
less account. The botanist studies species.

293. According to their degrees of resemblance species form Genera, Orders or
Families, and Classes.

o4 HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED,

294. Genus: plural Genera, Species which are very much alike belong to the
same genus. The genus is a group of species which have the flower and fruit
constructed on exactly the same plan. The Cabbage and the Turnip belong to the
same genus. ‘The different species of Raspberry and Blackberry belong to one
genus, — the Bramble genus. The different species of Roses compose the Lose
genus ; of Oaks, the Oak genus ; and so on.

295. An Order or Family (the two words meaning the same thing in Botany) is a
kind of genus on a wider scale, consisting of genera, just as a genus consists of
species. For example, while all the Oaks belong to the Oak genus, there are other
trees which are a good deal like Oaks in the whole plan of their flowers, fruit, and
seeds, so much so that we say they belong to the Oak family. Among them are the
Chestnut, the Beech, and the Hazel; each a genus by itself, containing several
species. So the Pear genus, the Quince genus, the Hawthorn genus, the Rose
genus, and the Bramble genus, with many more, belong to one great order. The
Pea genus, the Bean genus, the Locust genus, the Clover genus, and the like,
make up another order.

296. A Class is a great group of orders or families, all on the same general plan.
The Rose family, the Oak family, and a hundred others, all belong to one great
class. Lilies, Amaryllises, Irises, Palms, Rushes, and Grasses belong to another
great class.

297. There are other divisions; but these are the principal ones in all classifi-
cations, both of the vegetable and of the animal kingdom. And these four stages
always rank in this way: the species under the genus, the genera under the order
or family, and orders under the class, viz. : —

Crass,
ORDER oR Famity,
GENUs,
SPECIES.

Section II. — Names.

298 Tne name of any plant is the name of its genus and of its species. The
name of the genus answers to the surname or family name of people, as Smith or
Brown. The name of the species answers to the baptismal name, as John or James.
We distinguish persons by these two names, as John Smith and James Smith ; John

NAMED, AND STUDIED. 95

Brown and James Brown, &c. In the same way, we name a plant by giving the
name of the genus along with that of the species; as White Oak, Red Oak, Water
Oak. Here the first word is the name of the species, which is nothing by itself,
but joined to the second word, which is the name of the genus, it designates the
species of Oak; and the two together completely name the plant we mean.
These are

299. Popular Names, or the common names in our own language. Plants also
have truly Scventifie Botanical Names, which are the same in all countries. On
this account they are in Latin. Some of them are the ancient Latin or Greek
names; others are words made in later times, but all are in Latin form. Thus, the
scientific name of the Oak genus is Quercus; of the Ash genus, Fraxinus ; of the
Rose genus, Rosa; of the Pear genus, Pyrus; of the Bramble or Blackberry
genus, Rubus, &c. The names of some genera are in honor of botanists or discov-
erers ; as, Linnea, named in honor of Linneus ; Magnolia, after Magnol; Kalmia,
after Kalm, a pupil ot Linnaeus, who travelled in this country ; Claytonia, after
Clayton, a botanist of Virginia.

300. In the Latin or scientific name, that of the genus comes before the species.
So the scientific name of the White Oak is Quercus alba; of Red Oak, Quercus
rubra; of Water Oak, Quercus aquatica. In fact, these are just the popular names
turned into Latin. It is not always so; for what we call Post Oak is botanically
named Quercus obtusiloba, which means an Oak with blunt lobes to the leaves.
And our White Ash is Fraxinus Americana, meaning “ American Ash”; Red Ash

is Fraxinus pubescens, meaning “ Downy Ash”; Black Ash is Fraxinus sambuct-
folia, meaning “Elder-leaved Ash.” But our Green Ash is Fraxinus viridis,
which means the same thing as the common name.

301. The name of the genus is a substantive. That of the species is generally
an adjective; as, viridis, green; sambuctfolia, Elder-leaved ; Americana, Ameri-
can; aquatica, growing in water; and so forth.

302. Accordingly, any plant is named in two words, that is, by giving the name
of its genus and of its species.

303. The names of the class, order, &c. make no part of the name of the plant
itself. And these names differ in different systems of classification, while those of
the genus and species are the same in all systems.

7

96- HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED,

Section III.— The Natural System.

304. There are two kinds of classification in Botany, viz. Natural and Artificial.
They differ in the way the genera are arranged in orders, classes, &c.

305. An Artificial Classification is one in which plants are arranged for conven-
ience of reference, or for finding out their names, without any particular care for
bringing like things together. Tournefort made an artificial classification of plants
by their flowers, mainly by their corolla, which was in common use in the last cen-
tury until Linneus contrived a better one, in which the classes and orders were
founded upon the number, position, &c. of the stamens and pistils. This was in
general use for many years. But now we use artificial classifications only in the
form of Tables or Analyses, as a key for finding out the family a plant we are
studying belongs to, and so readily referring it to its place in

306. The Natural System, In this system plants are classified according to their
relationships, that is, according to their resemblances in all” respects. The most
important resemblances are used for the classes, &c.; the most important after these
for the orders; more particular ones mark the genera; and matters of shape, pro-
portion, color, &e. mark the species. So the whole together forms a system, in
which all known plants are to be ranked in their natural order, each standing next
those which it is most like in all respects; the whole forming, as it were, a great
map, in which the classes and other great divisions might answer to countries,
the orders to counties, and the genera to towns or parishes.

307. Such a system is not a mere convenience for ascertaining the name of a
plant, but is an illustration, as far as may be, of the plan of the Creator in the
vegetable kingdom. And the Botanist sees as much to admire, and as plain evi-
dences of design, in the various relations of the species of plants to each other
(i. e. in their resemblances and their differences), as he does in the adaptation of
one part of a plant to another, and in the various forms under which any one organ
may appear. The different kinds of plants are parts of a great whole, like the
members of a body, or the pieces of an harmonious but complex edifice or struc-
ture; and this whole is the Vegetable Kingdom.

808. What the main divisions in the system are, may be gathered from what is
stated in several places in Part I. In the first place, the whole vegetable kingdom
divides into two great Series or Grades,—a higher and a lower. The higher
series contains all

NAMED, AND STUDIED. 97

-FLOWERING or PH#Nnocamous Pants, namely, those that are propagated
by means of real flowers, producing seeds, which contain an embryo ready formed.
The lower series consists of

FLowERLEss orn Cryprocamous Prants, which produce no real flowers and
no true seeds, but only something of a simpler sort, answering to flowers and giv-
ing rise to spores,which serve the purpose of sceds.

309. This has been explained in Chapter II. Section II. p. 58. Next, the .
great series of Flowering Plants is divided into two Classes. These classes are
distinguishable by the stem, the leaves, the flower, and the embryo or germ of the
seed. They are: —

Class I. Exocrns, or DicotyLepons (more fully named, Hxogenous or Di-
cotyledonous Plants). Plants of this class, as to their stems, have the wood all
between a separate pith in the centre and a bark on the surface, and each year the
stem lives, it forms a new layer of wood on the surface of that of the previous year
(111, 115-118). As to the leaves, they are netted-veined or reticulated, the veins
branching and forming meshes (126, 127). As to the flowers, their parts are gen-
erally in fives or fours (or the double or treble of these numbers), very rarely
in threes. As to the embryo, or germ, it always has a pair of cotyledons or seed-
leaves (48), or sometimes more than a pair (49).

Class II. Enpocens, or MonocoryLepons (or more fully, Endogenous or
Monocotyledonous Plants). Plants of this class, as to their stems, have their wood
in threads mixed with the pith and scattered throughout every part, never forming
layers, and the bark is never to be peeled off clean from the wood (112-114).
The leaves are almost always parallel-veined (127-129). The flowers have their
parts in threes (or twice three), very rarely in twos or fours, never in fives, which
is much the commonest number in the other class. And the embryo has but one
cotyledon or seed-leaf (47, 50).

810. So the class of any plant may be told from a piece of its stem alone; or
from a single leaf, in most cases; or from a blossom; or from a seed; or from the
plantlet as it springs from the seed, and in its first leaves shows the nature of the
embryo. The seeds generally are not easy to study without a dissecting micro-
scope, nor can we always have them growing. But the student will hardly ever
fail to tell the class at once, by the stem, the leaves, or the flowers, and by the
whole look of the plant.

811. The first Class divides into two Subclasses, of very unequal size, viz. : —

98 HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED,

Subclass I. Anciosrerms (or Angtospermous Plants), which have pistils” of
the common sort, in which the seed is formed and contained (16, 219). This takes
all of the first class except the Pine family, and one or two small orders little
known in this country. These form the

Subclass II. Gymnosperms, that is, Gymnospermous or Naked-seeded Plants
(218, 250). Here the ovules and seeds are naked, there being no pistil at all, as
in the Yew, or only an open scale that answers to it, as in Pines, Cedars, &e.

312. The first class contains about a hundred common orders or natural fam-
ilies; the second not half so many.

313. The lower or second series, that of Flowerless or Cryptogamous Plants,
divides into three classes, viz. :—

Class I. Acrocens, which includes the Fern family, the Horsetail family,
and the Club-moss family.

Class IV. Anopuytes, which consists of the orders of Mosses and Liverworts.

Class V. TuaLLopuytes, which includes Lichens, the Alge or Seaweeds, and
the Fungi or Mushroom family.

814. But Flowerless plants, being too difficult for the beginner, need not be
further mentioned here.

315. The orders or families in the natural system are pretty numerous. They
are named, in general, after some well-known genus which may be said to repre-
sent the family. Thus the order to which the Rose belongs is called the Rose
family ; that to which Crowfoots or Buttercups belong, the Crowfoot family ; that
to which Cress and Mustard belong, the Cress family; the Oak gives its name te
the Oak family, the Birch to the Birch family, the Pine to the Pine family,
and so on. Their Latin or scientific names are also generally made from the
Latin name of a leading or well-known genus. For example, Rosa, the Rose, gives
its name to the Rose family, viz. Rosacee, meaning Rosaceous plants; Ranun-
culus, the Crowfoot genus, gives to its family the name of Ranunculacee ; and
Papaver, the Poppy, gives to its family that of Papaveracee ; Berberis, the Bar-
berry, that of Berberidacee ; and so on.

816. The student’s principal difficulty at the beginning will be to find out the
order or family to which a plant belongs. This is because the orders are so numer-
ous, and commonly not to be certainly distinguished by any one point. But after
some practice, the order will be as easy to make out as the class; and in many
cases it will be known at a glance by the strong family likeness to some plant
which has been examined before.

NAMED, AND STUDIED. 99

317. Let us now introduce our pupils to the Popular Flora, by which they may
study the common plants they meet with, and find out their structure and their
names.

Section IV.— How to study Plants by the Popular Flora.

318. Directions for gathering Specimens to Examine, Gather specimens with flowers,
flower-buds, and also with fruits, either forming or full grown, when all these are
to be had at the same time, as they frequently are, at least in herbs, except in
spring. Sometimes the remains of last year’s fruit are to be found, enough to tell
what the kind of fruit was. Very often the nature of the fruit can be told before-
hand, from the pistil, either at flowering-time or soon after. However, most of
our common plants may be made out from the blossoms and leaves only. Small
herbs should be taken up by the roots.

319. Specimens which are to be kept for some time, or carried to some distance
before they are studied, should be put at once into a close-shutting tin box, where
they will keep long without withering. Botanical boxes are made for the purpose.
A. candle-box, or any tin box with a lid, and of convenient size for carrying, will
answer.

820. For examining Plants to make out the structure of the flowers, fruits, &c.,
the instruments most needed are, —

A sharp, thin-bladed pocket-knife, such as a common penknife, for making sec-
tions or slices;

A pair of small forceps, which, although not always necessary, are very conven-
ient for holding little parts ; and

A hand microscope or magnifying-glass, such as may be purchased for a dollar
or less. A single glass, mounted in horn, or in metal, and (for carrying in the
pocket) shutting into a case of the same material, which serves as a handle when
open, is the commonest and best for our purpose.

A stand-microscope is a most convenient thing, when it can be had. This has a
glass stage under the lens or magnifying-glass, on which small flowers, or their
parts, may be laid. This leaves both hands free for dissecting or displaying
the minute parts, with needles mounted in handles, while the eye is examining
them under the microscope. Common needles, mounted in the bone handles used
for holding crochet needles, are very convenient, and cost little. A compound

100 HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED AND STUDIED.

microscope, however necessary for studying vegetable anatomy, is of no use for our
common botanical purposes, which require no high magnifying. A pocket magni-
fying-glass, held in the hand, is all that is absolutely necessary.

821. Lessons in examining Plants, Jlow a pupil, or a class, is to proceed in
examining any plant by our Popular Flora, for the purpose of finding out its class,
its order or family, and then its genus and species, —that is, its name, — we will
show by a few plain examples.

322. Technical words or terms are used all along, which you may not remember
the meaning of, as defined in the first part of the book; and some of them may
not have been mentioned or explained there. Whenever you come to a word which
you do not perfectly understand, tarn at once to the Index and Dictionary, begin-
ning on page 217, and look it out. There you will find it explained, or will be
referred to the page of the book where the term is explained or illustrated. Turn
back to the place, and read what is said about it. Do not attempt to proceed fast-
er than you understand things. But by looking out and understanding the words
as you meet with them, the principal terms used in botanical descriptions (here
made as simple as possible) will soon be familiar, and your subsequent progress
will be all the more rapid for the pains taken in the earlier steps.

323. For the first example we will take a Buttercup or Crowfoot, such as may
anywhere be met with in spring and early summer. With specimens in hand,
turn to page 105. You ask in the first place, —

Does the plant belong to the First Series, that of Phanogamous or Flowering
Plants? Certainly; for it bears flowers, with stamens and pistils. (The Second
Series, that of Flowerless Plants (p. 97), consisting of Ferns, Mosses, &e., we do
not meddle with in this book, they requiring too much magnifying, and: being too
difficult for the young beginner.) Next you ask, —

To which class does it belong? The differences between the two classes are
mentioned on page 97, and the characteristics of Class I. are illustrated on page
105. As the stem is hollow, it may not be easy to sce that it has a delicate ring
of wood under the bark and outside of the pith (as in Fig. 230); but this may be
perceived in a cross slice under the microscope. And even if we had ripe seeds, a
microscope and some skill in dissection would be required to take out the minute
embryo, and see that it has a pair of cotyledons. But we may tell the class by the
two other points, viz. by the leaves, and by the number of parts to the blossom.
The leaves are plainly netted-veined, and the parts of the flower, that is, the sepals

HOW TO USE THE POPULAR FLORA. 101

and the petals, are five. So the plant belongs to Class I. Proceed then with the
“Key to the Families or Orders of Class I.” on page 106. This class has two
subclasses. So you next ask, —

To which subclass does the plant belong, to Angiosperms or to Gymnosperms ?
For the character of the Gymnosperms, see the end of the Key, at the foot of
page 111; that of Angiosperms begins the Key. The centre of the flower we are
examining is occupied with a great number of small one-seeded pistils, each tipped
with its short style and stigma; and the ovary is a closed bag containing an ovule
or young seed. So the plant clearly belongs to Subclass J. Proceed then with
the Key; which leads you next to ask, —

To which division does the plant belong, —the Polypetalous ? (in black letters
immediately under the subclass), or the Monopetalous? (top of page 109), or the
Apetalous? (lower part of page 110). Plainly to the first or Polypetalous division ;
for there is both a calyx and a corolla, and the latter is of five separate petals.

This division, in the Key, subdivides into, “A. Stamens more than 10,” and
“B. Stamens 10 or fewer” (p. 107). Our plant has many stamens, and so falls
under the head A.

This head subdivides into three (marked 1, 2, 3), by differences as to where and
how the stamens are borne. Pull off the calyx and the corolla, or split a flower
through the middle lengthwise (as in Fig. 238), and you will plainly see that the
stamens stand on the receptacle, under the pistils, unconnected either with the calyx
or the corolla. So the plant falls under the head 1.

Under this is an analysis of some of the characters (i. e. distinguishing marks) of
the fifteen or sixteen families which belong here. The lines that are set 7n are
subdivisions under the longer line above them. The lines which rank directly un-
der one another (and begin with the same ov a corresponding word) make alter-
natives, among which you are to choose that with which your plant agrees. In
this instance the lines of the first rank here begin with the word “ Pistils” or
“Pistil,” and there are five of them. Try the first: “Pistils more than one,
entirely separate from each other.” That is the case with our plant. Under this
line, in the next rank, is a triplet, or a choice between three. Our plant is an “herb,
with perfect flowers,” and so falls under the first line. Under this is a couple
of equivalent lines, relating to the leaves. Our plant agrees not with the second,
but with the first of these; and that line ends with the English name of the
family we are seeking for, viz. the Crowroot Famixy, and refers to page 112,
where this family is described.

”

102 HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED AND STUDIED.

Turn now to the account of this family, and read over the descriptive marks
given, to see if you have been led to a right conclusion. The description agrees,
as far as it goes. Knowing the family, you now ask, —

To what genus of this family does the plant belong? The genus gives the
principal name of the plant; so this is the same as asking, What is the plant’s
name? Now, in every family which has several genera or kinds under it, we have
a key to the genera, like that which we have just used under the class to find out
the family. Try the key, then, under this family, to find out the genus.

This key begins with a pair of lines, viz. “Climbing plants,” &c., and “ Not
climbing,” &c. Our plant agrees with the latter. Under this, in the next rank,
is a pair of lines, beginning with “ Pistils” (the second line of the pair is the sixth
on p. 113). You perceive that our plant falls under the first. Under this is the
line beginning “ Petals none.” Our flower has petals; so pass on to the other one
of the pair, which is the fifth line on p. 113. This reads “ Petals present as well
as sepals, the latter falling off early” (which agrees) ; and leads to the name of
the genus, i. e. “ (Ranunculus) Crowroor.”

The first name, in parentheses and in Italic type, is the scientific or Latin name
of the genus; the other, in small capitals, is the popular English name of the genus.
When we have only one species to the genus, we do not in this book proceed
farther. But there are many Crowfoots, so you next inquire, —

What is the species? Look on, till you come to the name of the genus in dark
letters, on p. 114. Here a few more marks of the Crowfoot genus are given; and
then the marks of ten common species of Crowfoot follow, under several heads. We
are supposed to have in our hands one of the two large yellow-flowered species, com-
monly called Buttercups. Compare the specimens with the divisions marked by
stars. It cannot belong to that with one star, for the petals are not white; it does
belong to that with two stars, for the petals are yellow, and bear a little scale on
the inside just above the bottom. Under this are two divisions, marked with dag-
gers. Not growing under water, our plant belongs to that marked + +. Under
this are two further divisions, marked ++ and ++ ++: our plant, having the “petals
much longer than the calyx,” belongs to the second of these.

Under this head are four species. The English name is given at the beginning
of the line, in small capital letters ; a short description follows, and the scientific or
Latin name is appended, in Italic letters, at the end. Here the R. of course stands
for Ranunculus. A comparison with the description will show which species it is

HOW TO USE THE POPULAR FLORA. 103

that we happen to have. If a field plant flowering in May, and with a bulbous
base of the stem just underground, it is the BuLBous Crowroor or Buttercup,
or in Latin, &. bulbosus. If the taller species, without a bulb, and flowering in
summer (which is the most common kind throughout the country), it is TALL
Crowroot or Burrercup, or R. acris. Waving in this way made out one
Crowfoot, you will be sure to know any other one as soon as you see it, and will
only have to find out the species, comparing your specimen with the descriptions,
on p. 114.

324. Suppose, for the next example, you have specimens, with flowers and young
fruit, of a common plant in wet grounds in spring, here called Cowslip, though this
is not its correct English name. With specimens in hand, turn to p. 109.

To which class does it belong? Its netted-veined leaves (and the structure of
the stem, as seen in a slice under a good magnifying-glass) plainly refer it to Class I.
You next ask, —

To which subclass? The pistils and pods plainly refer it to Subclass I.

To which division? At first view you may think it has a corolla; but there is
no calyx outside of these yellow leaves of the flower, even in the bud. So you will
conclude that these leaves are the calyx, notwithstanding their rich color and petal-
like appearance ; and you will turn to the Apetalous division, on p. 110.

Continue the analysis under that division. The flowers are separate, and “not
in catkins”; so it falls under A. The seeds are numerous in each ovary or pod ;
so it falls under No.1. The “calyx is free from the ovary,” according to the
second of the first pair of lines. So you have only to choose between the three
lines of the triplet under this, beginning with “Pod.” As the pistils and pods are
one-celled and simple, we are brought to the name {Crowroot Faumiry, p. 112.
The mark f denotes that you have ‘in this case an apetalous plant belonging to
a family in which the flowers generally have petals. You turn to this family, p.
112, and proceed as before. You are led along the same track, until you reach the
line “ Pistils many or several, becoming akenes in fruit.” Your flowers have a
number of pistils, but these contain numerous seeds, and make pods in fruit, as in
Fig. 240. So you pass on to the other line of the couplet, which reads, “ Pistils
more than one-seeded, becoming pods”; which agrees with the plant in hand. The
first line in the next rank reads: “Sepals petal-like, not falling when the flower
first opens ” (so it is in your plant); and, of the four lines of the next rank, you can
take only the first: “ (Sepals) golden-yellow: petals none: leaves rounded, not

104 HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED AND STUDIED.

cut.” This brings you to the name of the genus, —in Latin or scientific form,
Caltha ; in English, Marsu-Maricoup. Being the only species, we need go no
farther with it.

325. On reflection and comparison, you will perceive the family likeness between
the Marsh-Marigold and the Crowfoot, different as they are in some particulars;
and between these and the Globe-flower, the Gold-thread, the Anemony, and even
the Larkspur and Aconite, when you have studied these plants. But the family
likeness is not quite so strong at first view in this family as it is in most others.

326. Another example we will take from the plant figured on p. 5 and the fol-
lowing pages (Fig. 4-19), a very common ornamental twiner about houses, flow-
ering all through the summer. Begin, as before, on p. 105. You perceive at once
that the plant belongs to Class I.; for it has netted-veined leaves, the parts of the
flower are in fives, and the embryo (which is easily extracted from the fresh seed,
Fig. 16-19) has a pair of seed-leaves. There is a regular pistil, and the seeds in
a pod; so the plant belongs to Subclass I. There is both calyx and corolla, the latter
of one piece ; so the plant belongs to the Monopetalous division, p. 109. The corolla
is borne on the receptacle below the ovary ; so you pass to the head B. The sta-
mens are just as many as the lobes, or rather here the plaits, of the corolla; so you
pass No. 1, and take No. 2. The stamens stand before the plaits, so that they would
be alternate with the divisions of the corolla, if it were not that the five petals it
consists of are united to the very top; so you take the second of the two lines com-
mencing with the word “Stamens.” These are “inserted on the corolla,” and are
entirely separate and “free from the stigma”; so you take the fourth line of those
in the next rank. There is a style (p. 110); so the plant falls under the second of
the two lines of the next rank. The ovary and pod have 3 cells; so it falls under
the third of the lines beginning with the word “ Ovary.” The stamens are 5, and
the pod few-seeded (2 seeds in each cell); so it falls under the third of the lines
beginning with “Stamens.” The plant twines, and the seeds are large; so you are
brought to the name of the family, the Convotvutus Fanny, and are referred to
p- 184. Read over the marks of the family, and then search for the genus in the
key or arrangement; and you will find that the name of the genus is, in scientific
language, Jpomea, in popular English, Mornine-Grory.

327. One more example, to show how plants are to be studied by the Flora, will
be sufficient. Take the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 3 on p. 1), which in this country
adorns almost every flower-garden.

HOW TO USE THE POPULAR FLORA. 104!

328. With plants in hand, turn to p. 105, and compare with the distinguishing
marks of Class I. A slice across the stem shows no ring of wood around a pith.
The leaves are not netted-veined. The parts of the flower are not in fives or fours,
but in sixes, that is, twice threes. So the plant does not agree with Class J. in
any respect. Turn therefore to Class IL, on p. 203. Examining slices of the stem
with a magnifying-glass, you may find threads of wood interspersed in the cellular
part or pith. The leaves are parallel-veined (Fig. 502, 503). The flowers have
their parts in threes or twice threes; i. e. the cup of the blossom has six lobes,
and there are six stamens; and, although there is only one pistil, the stigma is
three-lobed and the ovary has three cells, showing that it is composed of three
pistils grown into one. So, without looking for the embryo in a ripe seed, which
is not often to be had, you are sure the plant belongs to Class Il. Enpocens or
MonocoryLepons.

329. To find out the family or order the plant belongs to, try the Key. There
are three divisions of the class. First, the Spadiceous, which has the flowers ses-
sile on a spadix or fleshy axis. Not so with the plant in hand, which has drooping
blossoms in a slender raceme. Pass on, therefore, to the second or Petalotdeous
division. In this the flowers are not on a spadix, nor enclosed in chaffy bracts or
glumes, and they have a calyx and corolla, or a perianth colored like a corolla.
Our plant belongs to this division. The first line under it reads: “ Perianth free from
the ovary”; this is the case in our plant. Proceed to the next rank: “Of 3 green
or greenish sepals and 3 distinct and colored petals.” Not so in our eplant; so we
pass to the corresponding line: “ Of 6 petal-like leaves in two ranks, or 6-lobed and
all colored alike.” Here our plant belongs. Proceed to the two lines under this,
beginning with the word “Stamens.” Our flowers have six stamens; so we take the
second line of the pair. Pass to the two lines of the next rank, beginning with
“ Anthers.” These in our plant are turned inwards: so we take the second line of
the pair, and are led to the Lily Family, p. 209. Turn to that page: read over the
marks of the family, and go on to ascertain the genus. Having few seeds or ovules
in the ovary, small flowers, and running rootstocks, we find our plant to agree with
the first line of the key to the genera of the Lily Family. The simple and naked
scape or flower-stalk from the ground, &c. accords with the third line of the next
rank; and the flowers in a raceme answer to the first of the two lines under that.
And this brings us to the name of the genus, viz. in Latin form, Convallaria ; in
English, Liry oF THE VALLEY, — the only species of the genus.

104? HOW PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED AND STUDIED.

330. Signs and Abbreviations used in the Popular Flora, These are very few and
easily understood.

The signs for degrees (°), minutes (‘), and seconds (’) are used for size or height ;
the first for feet, the second for inches, and the third for lines or twelfths of an inch.
Accordingly 1° or 2° means one or two feet long or high, as the case may be.

And 1’ or 2/ means one or two inches long or high.

And 1” or 2” means one or two lines or twelfths of an inch long.

An asterisk or star before the name of a genus —as * FENNEL-FLOWER and
* Peony on p. 113, or * Ravisn, * Turnip, * Canpyturt, &e. on p. 125 — denotes
that there are no wild species of that genus in this country, but they are to be met
with only as cultivated plants.

§ This mark stands for section of a genus, or a subgenus, i. e. a section almost
distinct enough for a genus. See under Magnolia, p. 117; also p. 147, where
Pyrus, § Sorbus, and Pyrus, § Malus, &c. denote that Sorbus and Malus are only
sections or subgenera of the genus Pyrus.

To save room, the name of the genus generally is not printed in full under each
species. So, under Virgin’s Bower, p. 113, the first species, WiLp VirGin’s
Bowen, is given in full. In the second, “Sweet V.” stands for Sweet Virgin’s
Bower. Also, as to the scientific name, “C. Flammula” stands for Clematis F'lam-
mula, — and so elsewhere.

N., S., E., and W., which are occasionally added after the description of a
species, stand for North, South, East, and West, and indicate the part of the coun-
try where the plant naturally grows. For example, the LoNG-rruITED ANEMONY,
p- 114, is found North and West (N. and W.), &c. When there is no such refer-
ence, the species may be found in almost any part of the Northern United States.

Fl. is an abbreviation for flowering, or sometimes for flower. P. 115, line 1,
&e. “ Fl. spring,” means flowering in spring, “ Fl. summer,” line 8, means flowering
in summer. Cult. is an abbreviation for cultivated.

Accents. Inthe Latin or scientific names, the syllable upon which the accent
falls is marked with a’ or. When the accented vowel has a long sound, it is
marked *; as Anemone, p. 115, Aconttum, p. 116. When the vowel has the short
sound, itis marked’; as Olématis and Hepditica, p. 115.

All Latin or Latinized names, when of only two syllables, take the accent on
the first syllable, and therefore do not need to be marked.

Hurt Secon.

POPULAR FLORA,

A CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF

THE COMMON PLANTS OF THE COUNTRY,

BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED, UNDER THEIR
NATURAL ORDERS.

A F ora is a botanical account of the plants of a country or district, with the
orders or families systematically arranged under the classes, the genera under the
orders, and the species (when there are more than one) under the genus they be-
long to,— along with the characters of each class, order, genus, &c.; that is, an
enumeration of the principal and,surest marks, or some of them, by which they are
to be distinguished. A full Flora of all the plants which grow in this country,
including those in common cultivation, would at the least fill a large volume; and
would be both too expensive and too unwieldy for the young beginner. The
Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States (including Virginia and Ken-
tucky, and extending west to the Mississippi River) is a volume of over 600 pages,
or 700, including the Mosses. And this work does not include foreign plants culti-
vated in our fields or gardens, except those that have run wild in some places.

' The Porutar Ftiora, which occupies the rest of this book, is for the use of
beginners, and is made as brief, simple, and easy as possible. For greater facility
in the study, it includes only the common wild plants of the country (especially of
the Northern States), and those ordinarily cultivated in our fields or gardens, for
use or ornament. The families or genera which are too difficult for young begin-
ners, such as Grasses, Sedges, the large family of plants with compound flowers
(the Sunflower Family), and the like, are altogether omitted or only briefly

1044 POPULAR FLORA.

alluded to. So also are the Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants, as already
mentioned. To save room, when there is only one species, or only one common
species, to a genus, we do not proceed any farther with it than to the name of the
genus, both scientific and popular.

Under the species the English or popular name is placed foremost, in small capi-
tals; the scientific or Latin name at the end. ‘The scientific names throughout are
printed in italic letters.

Full instructions for using the Flora in studying plants are given in Chapter
IV. Section IV.; at the close of which, the few abbreviations and signs employed
are explained.

Classes and other great Divisions.

Page

Series I. FLOWERING orn PHASNOGAMOUS PLANTS, 105
Crass I. EXOGENS or DICOTYLEDONS, 105
Supcutass I. ANGIOSPERMS, 106
Potyperatovus Division, 106 — 160

Monoretatous Division, 161-189

APpETALOUS Drvisron, 190 — 200

Suscrass Il. GYMNOSPERMS, 201

Crass II. ENDOGENS or MONOCOTYLEDONS, 208
Spapiceous Drvisron, , 205 — 206

PetaLore£ous Drviston, 206 — 215

GuuMmaceous Division, 215 — 216

Series JI. FLOWERLESS or CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, 216
Ciass III. ACROGENS, 216

Crass IV. ANOPHYTES, 216

Crass V. THALLOPHYTES, 216

POPULAR FLORA.

SERIES 1f.
FLOWERING OR PHANOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Prants which produce real Flowers (or Stamens and Pistils) and Seeds. —
See Part I. Paragr. 164, 166.

CLASS I.—EXOGENS OR DICOTYLEDONS.

Stem composed of pith in the centre, a separate bark on the surface, and de
wood between the two, of as many rings or
layers as the stem is years old.

Leaves netted-veined, that is, with some of
the veins or
veinlets run-
ning together
so as to form

meshes of Exogenous stem of the first eat
net-work or reticulations.
_ lowers with their parts most commonly in fives
or fours, very seldom in threes.
Embryo dicotyledonous, i.e. of a pair of seed-

232. Netted-veined leaves of Maple. Embryos of, 233, Sugar-Mapie ; 231, 235. Morning-Glory ; 236. Cherry.

leaves, or in the Pines and the like often polycotyledonous, that is, of more than
one pair. — The class may be told by the stems and leaves without gxamining the

106 POPULAR FLORA.

seeds ; but embryos are represented in the figures, to show the student what is
meant. — For the other class, see p. 203.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OR ORDERS OF CLASS I.

Suscuass I]. — ANGIOSPERMS.
With a regular pistil, and a seed-vessel in which the seeds are formed. See Paragr. 219, 311.
I. Polypetalous Division. Calyx and corolla both present ; the petals entirely separate.
A. STAMENS MORE THAN 10.

1. Stamens on the receptacle, unconnected either with the calyx, corolla, or ovary.

Pistils more than one, entirely separate from each other.

Herbs, with perfect flowers. Page
Leaves not shield-shaped, generally cut, toothed, or compound, Crowroor Famity, 112
Leaves shield-shaped, fixed by their middle, WATER-SHIELD, 121
Myooay vines, with dicecious flowers, shield-shaped leaves fixed near the edge, MounsreEpD F. 118
Small trees with perfect flowers, 6 petals, and entire leaves, CusTARD-APPLE F. 118
Pistils many, grown together one above or over another on a long receptacle, Maenotta F. 117
Pistils several, sunk in the flat top of a broad receptacle, NELUMBO, 121
Pistils 3 to 6, the ovaries partly grown together in a circle, making
- A bladdery pod of several cells, « Fennel-flower in Crowroor F. 112
A several-horned one-celled pod, MIGNONETTE F. 125

Pistil only one, at least having only one ovary; and that
Simple and one-celled, only one placenta or seed-bearing part.

Petals 6 to 9, large. Leaves 1 or 2, many-lobed, May-Applein Barberry F. 119
Petals 4 and irregular, or else very small,, Crowroor F, 112
Compound, with many seeds on a placenta from the bottom of the cell, PuRSLANE F. 180
Compound, if one-celled, then with two or more seed-bearing lines on the walls.
Calyx falling when the flower opens; sepals fewer than the petals, . Poppy F. 122
Calyx falling after blossoming. Style 1: ovary several-celled.
The 5 sepals edge to edge in the bud. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, , LinpDeEn F. 183
The sepals overlapping in the bud. Fruit many-celled, ORANGE F, 184
Calyx remaining beneath the fruit.
Leaves with transparent or dark colored dots, all opposite, St. Jonn’s-wort F. 128
Leaves not dotted. Ovary and pod one-celled, Cistus F. 127
Leaves not dotted. Ovary several-celled. Aquatic or bog plants.
Leaves pitcher-shaped. Style umbrella-like, SIDESADDLE-FLOWER F, 121
Leaves rounded and heart-shaped. Style none, Warer-Liny F. 120

2. Stumens connected with the bottom of the petals, and these borne on the receptacle.

Filaments united in a pretty long tube or column: anthers kidney-shaped, one-celled, MAvuow F. 181
Filaments united only with the base of the petals: anthers oblong, two-celled, CamMELLIA F, 132

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF CLASS I.

3. Stamens borne on the calyx, or where the calyx (when coherent) separates from the ovary.

Petals many, in several rows.

Shrubs with opposite simple leaves and dingy-purple flowers, CAROLINA-ALLSPICE F,
Leafless fleshy plants, of singular shapes, Cactus F.
Water-plants, with the large flowers and leaves floating on the surface, Warrr-Lity F.
Petals 4 or 5, rarely 6.
Leaves with stipules, alternate, Rose F.
Leaves without stipules. Pods many-seeded.
Style and stigma one. Pod surrounded by the free calyx, LyTHRum F.

Styles or stigmas 3 to 8. Calyx coherent below with the ovary.
Shrubs: leaves opposite. Pod with several cells. Philad*Iphus in SAxIFRAGE F.
Herbs: leaves fleshy. Pod one-celled, opening by a lid, PURSLANE F,

B. Sramens 10 oR FEWER.

1. Corollairregular. (Pistil one.)

Leaves opposite, palmately compound. Calyx 5-toothed. Shrubs or trees, HorsEcnEstnot F.
Leaves alternate, with stipules. if
Filaments often united, but not the anthers. Two lower petals approaching or joined.

Pod simple, with only one row of seeds, PULsE F.
Filaments short: anthers 5, united. Lower petal with a sac or spur at the base. Pod

with 3 rows of seeds on the walls, VIOLET F.

Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flower generally 1-spurred or 2-spurred.
Stamens 5, short; their anthers a little ‘united. Pod bursting at the touch, BausaM F.
Stamens 8, separate. Fruit of 3 thick and closed pieces, Inpran-CrEss F.
Stamens 6, in two sets. Flower closed. Pod one-celled, Fumirory F,
ee

2. Corolla regular,.or nearly so.

Stamens just as many as the petals, and standing one before éach of them.

Pistils more than one, and separate. Petals 6. Flowers dicecious, MoonsEeEp F.
Pistil with one ovary but with five separate styles, Leapwort F.
Pistil and style one (the latter sometimes cleft at the summit).
Anthers opening by uplifted valves or doors. Petals 6 or 8, BARBERRY F.
Anthers not opening by valves, but lengthwise.
Woody vines. Calyx minute: petals falling very early, GrRapeE-VINE F,
Shrubs. Calyx larger, its divisions 4 or 5, BucktTHorn F.
Herbs. Ovary and pod one-celled.
Sepals 2: petals 5: stigmas 3, Pursuane F.
Sepals as many as the petals: style single: stigma one, PRIMROSE F.

107

152
153
120
146
152

157
130

118
178

119

137
138

130
173

Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or twice as many, or of some unequal number.

Calyx with its tube adherent to the surface of the ovary.
Stamens 3, united with each other more or less. Flowers moncecious, Gourp F.
Stamens distinct, as many or twice as many as the petals.

154

108 POPULAR FLORA.

Seeds many in a one-celled berry. Shrubs, Curnant F.
Seeds many in a 2-celled or 1-celled pod: styles 2, SAXIFRAGE F,
Seeds many: pod 4-celled: style 1: stigmas 4, EAENGT RanuSy Ee
Seeds (1 to 5) one in each cell. Border of the calyx obscure.
Flowers in cymes or heads. Style and stigma one, Cornet F.
Flowers in umbels.
Umbels compound: styles 2: fruit dry, Pars.ey F,

Umbels simple or panicled: styles 8 to5, rarely 2: fruita berry, AraLia F.
Calyx free from the ovary, at least from the fruit. .
Leaves punctured with transparent dots, sharp-tasted or aromatic.

Leaves simple, all opposite and entire,. Sr. Joun’s-wonrt F.

Leaves compound, : Rus F.
Leaves without transparent dots. “~

Pistils more than one. Leaves with stipules, Rosr F.

Pistils 4 or 5. Herbs without stipules, Sroxrcnor F.

Pistils 2, nearly distinct. Stipules none, SAXIFRAGE F.

Pistil one, simple, one-celled: style and stigma-one, Puss F.

Pistil one, compound, either its styles, stigmas, or cells more than one.
Style one (in Créss F. often short or none), entive, or barely cleft at the top.
Anthers opening by holes or chinks at the top, |
Anthers opening across the top,
Anthers opening lengthwise.

Heati F.

Herbs: stamens on the persistent calyx, Lyttrum F.
“Herbs: stamens on the receptacle,'6, two of them shorter, Cress F.

Woody plants. Fruit few-seeded.
Stamens fewer than the 4 long petals, FRINGE-TREE,
: Stamens'as many as the broad petals, STAFF-TREE F,

Styles or sessile stigmas Ae ae style 2- to 5-cleft.
Ovary and fruit one-céHed@and

One-seeded. Shrubs, Sumacu F.
Six-seeded on 3 projections from the walls, PINWEED,
Several- or many-seeded. Stamens distinct.

Seeds in the centre of the pod. Leaves all opposite, Pink F.

Seeds on the walls or bottom of the pod, : SAXIFRAGE F,
Many-seeded along the walls of a long-stalked berry.

Stamens monadelphous, PASSIONFLOWER F,
Ovary. with 2 to 5 or more cells.

Sessile stigmas and stamens 4 to 6, Houry F.
Styles 8. Leaves opposite, compound, BLADDERNUT F.
Styles or long stigmas 2. Fruit 2-winged, Marve F.
Styles or divisions of the style 5.

Stamens 5: pod partly or completely 10-celled, Fuax F.

Stamens 10: pod 5-celled. Leaves compound, Woop-Sorret F..-
Stamens 10 (or fewer with anthers): styles united

with a long beak, splitting from it with the

5 one-seeded little pods when ripe, Geranium I,

155
157
153

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF CLASS I. 109

II. Monopetalous Division. Corolla with the petals more or Jess united into one piece. (Those
whichrank in other divisions are marked f.) r

A. CoROoLLA ON THE OVARY, i. c. tube of calyx coherent.

Stamens united by their anthers, and

Not by their filaments. Flowers in heads, with a calyx-like involucre, Composite F. 164
Also generally by their filaments, more or Jess. Flowers not in heads.
Corolla irregulgr, split down one side. Flowers perfect, Losetta I. 167
Corolla regular, succulent vines, with tendrils. Flowers moneecious, tGourp F. 154

Stamens separate from each other, and
Inserted on the corolla. Leaves opposite or whorled.

Leaves opposite, without stipules. Head of flowers with an involucre, TEASEL F, 164
Leaves opposite, without stipules. Head, if any, without an involucre. ‘
Stamens two or three fewer than the 5 lobes of the corolla, VALERIAN F. 164
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, or one fewer, Honrysuck Le F. 161
Here one might expect to find the tAMrraBitis F, 191
Leaves whorled, without stipules, } Mapper F: 164
Leaves opposite, with stipules,

Inserted with, but not on, the regular corolla.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. Herbs, CAMPANULA F. 167
Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, Woody plants, - HuckLeserny F. 168

B. Conro.ua ON TIE RECEPTACLE BELOW THE OVARY, i.e. Calyx free (e&cept in Brookweed).
1. Stamens more in number than the lobes of the corolla.
x 4

Leaves compound: pod one-celled. Flowers commonly irregular.

Stamens 10 or rarely more when the flower is regular, ~ {PutsE F. 141

Stamens 6 in two sets. Pefals 4, united, {Funmrronry F. 123
Leaves simple or palmately divided. Stamens many, monadelphous in a tube, +Matiow F. 181
Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens united only at the bottom, or separate.

Stamens very many, adhering to the base of the corolla, » TCAMELLIA F, 134

Stamens on the corolla, twice or four times as many as its lobes, Evony F. 172

Stamens separate from the corolla, twice as many as its lobes, Heatu F, 168

2. Stamens just as many as the lobes of the regular corolla, 5, 4, or rarely 6 or 7.

Stamens one opposite each division of the corolla.
Styles 5: calyx a chaff-like cup: petals 5, almost distinct, Leapworr F, 173
Style 1. (Petals sometimes almost distinct,) Prinose F. 173
Stamens alternate with the divisions or lobes of the corolla, 5 or rigely 4,
Inserted on the receptacle,
Inserted on the corolla, but connected more cr less with the stigma. Juice
milky. Ovaries and pods 2 to each flower.
Anthers lightly adhering to the stigma: filaments monadelphous, Mitkweep F’, 188
Anthers only surrounding the stigma: filaments distinct, DoeBaneE F. 187
Inserted on the corolla, free from the stigma.

Beata’. 168

110 . POPULAR FLORA.

Style none: stigmas 4 to 6: corolla very short, deeply cleft, Hotty F. 171
Style one, rarely 2, sometimes 2-cleft or 3-cleft.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed, in feuit making 4 akenes.

Stamens 4. Leaves opposite, aromatic, SaGE or Mint F. 178

Stamens 5. Leaves alternate, not aromatic, Borracr F, 181
Ovary and pod one-celled: the seeds on the walls.

Leaves lobed or cut. Style 2-cleft above, WATERLEAF F. 182

Leaves entire and opposite, or alternate, with the 3 leaflets entire, GENTIAN F. 187
Ovary and fruit with 2 or more cells.

Stamens 4, long. Flowers in a close spike, PLANTAIN F. 172
Stamens 5. Pod or’ berry many-seeded. ,
Flower not quite regular. Style entire, « Frewort F. 175
Flower quite regular: stamens all alike, NiGHTsHADE F, 185
Stamenis 5; Pod few-seeded. ;
Twining herbs. Seeds large, Convo.tvutus F. 184,
Erect or spreading herbs. Style 3-cleft at the top, PoLemonium F. 183

3. Stamens 2 or 4, always fewer than the lobes of the corolla or calyx.
Corolla more or Jess irregular, mostly 2-lipped.

Ovary 4-lobed, making 4akenes. Stems square: leaves opposite, aromatic, SAGE or Mint F. 178
Ovary and fruit 4-celled and 4-seeded. Stamens 4,
Ovary one-celled, making one akene. Stamens 4,
Ovary and pod one-velled, many-seeded on the walls. No green leaves, Broom-Rare F. 174
Ovary and pod 2-celled with many large and winged seeds, \

Ovary and fruit irregularly 4-5-celled, with many large seeds,

VERVAIN F. 177

Bienontia F. 174

Ovary and pod 2-celled, with many or few small seeds, Fiewort F. 175
Corolla regular. Stamens only 2. Woody plants. .

Corolla 4-lobed or 4-parted, Ouive F. 189

Corolla 5-lobed, salver-shaped, JESSAMINE F’, 188

III. Apetalous: Division. Corolla none: sometimes the calyx also wanting. (Those which are
merely apetalous forms of the preceding divisions are marked f.)

A. FLowrrs NOT IN CATKINS, OR CATKIN-LIKE HEADS.

1. Seeds many in each cell of the ovary or fruit.

Calyx with its tube coherent to the 6-celled ovary, Brrtuwort F. 190
Calyx free from the ovary.
Pod 5-celled, 5-horned, Ditchwort in }StonEcrop F. 156
Pod 8-celled, or one-celled with 8 or more styles, . Carpetweed, &c. in +Pink F. 129
Pod or berry one-celled and simple, {Crowroor F. 112

2. Seeds only one or two in each cell of the ovary or fruit.
Pistils more than one to the flower, and separate from each other. ,
Calyx present and petal-like. Stamens on the receptacle, tCrowroot F. 112
Calyx present; the stamens inserted on it. Leaves with stipules, tRosz F. 146

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF CLASS L

Pistil only one, either simple or formed of two or more with their ovaries united.

Styles 10. Fruit a 10-seeded berry, PoKEWErED F.
Styles or stigmas 2 or 3.
Herbs with sheaths for stipules, and entire leaves, Buckwueat F.
Herbs with separate stipules, and compound or cleft leaves, Hemp F.
Herbs without stipules, and
Without scaly bracts. Flowers small and greenish, GoosEroort F.
With scaly bracts around and among the flowers, AMARANTH F,
Shrubs or tregg, with opposite leaves. Fruit a pair of keys, {Marre F.
Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves and deciduous stipules.
Stamens gn the throat of the calyx, alternate with its lobes, Bucxruorn F.
Stamens on the bottom of the calyx, » Eto F.
Style one: stigma 2-lobed. Fruita key. Leaves pinnate, Ash in fOuive F.

Style or sessile stigma one and simple.
Calyx tubular or cup-shaped, colored like a corolla.
Stamens 8, on the tube. Shrubs: leaves simple, MrEzEREuUM F.
Stamens 4, on the throat. Herbs: leaves compound... Burnet in +Rosz F.
Stamens 5 or less on the receptacle. Calyx imifiiting a¥mgnopetalous
funnel-shaped corolla: a cup outside imitatingsa calyx.
Herbs with opposite leaves, ‘ Mrraziuis F.
Calyx of 6 petal-like sepals colored like petals: stamens 9 or 12: anthers opening
by uplifted valves. Aromatic trees and shrubs, ; Laure. F.
. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 3 to 5 greenish sepals: stamens the same number.
Flowers monecious or dicecious, a 3 * Nert_r F.
, ° :
B. F.LoweErs one oR BOTH sdirs IN CATKINS OR CATKIN-LIKE HEADS.,

Twining herbs, dicecious : fertile flowers only in a short catkin, Hop in the Hemp F.
Trees or shrubs. : ,
Sterile flowers only in catkins. Flowers moncecious.
Leaves pinnate. Ovary and fruit (a kind of stone-fruit, without an involucre), Waunur F.
Leaves'simple. Nuts one or more in a cup or involucre, Oak F.
Both kinds of flowers in catkins or close heads.
Leaves palmately veined or lobed.

Calyx 4-cleft, in the fertile flowers becoming berry-like. Mulberry, &c. in Nerrie F.

Calyx none: flowers in round heads, PLANE-TREE F,
Leaves pinnately veined.

Flowers dicecious, one to each scale. Pod many-seeded, Wittow F.

Flowers moneecious, the fertile ones 2 or more under each scale, Bircu F,

Flowers only one under each fertile scale. Fruit one-seeded, SwWEET-GALE F.

Suscuass II.— GYMNOSPERMS.

Proper pistil none ; th® ovules and seeds naked, on the boftom or inner face of an
open scale, as in Pines, or without any scale at all, as in Yew, Ping Faminy,

11]

201

112 POPULAR FLORA.

I. Polypetalous Division.

1. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Order RANUNCULACER.

Herbs, or sometimes slightly woody plants, with a colorless juice, sharp or acrid to the
taste. Parts of the flower all separate and distinct, and inserted on the receptacle. Petals
often wanting or of singular shapes. Stamens many, or at least more than 12. Pistils
many, or more than one (except in Larkspur, Baneberry, and Bugbane), and entirely
separate, except in Fennel-flower, in fruit becoming akenes or pods, or sometimes berries.
The leaves are generally compound, or much cut or parted, and without stipules.

237. Flower of Pennsylvanian Anemony. 238. Half flower of a Crowfoot, magnified. 239. A petal, showing its littlescale 240. Pod
ef Marsh-Marigold, opening. 241. A pistil of Anemony, magnified, the ovary cut through to show the ovmle init 242 Akene of Crow-
fuot, enlarged, 243, Same, cut through to show the seed in it. 244 Enlarged cross-section of the sepals of Virgin’s-Bower No. 1, in the
bul, 945. Same of Virgin’s-Bower No 3 246, Akene and feathery tail or style of Virgin’s-Bower No. 1,

The genera are numerous. The following table or key leads to the name of each.

Climbing plants, with opposite, generally compound leaves, no real petals, the edges of
the sepals turned inwards in the bud, (Clematis) Virnern’s-BOWER.
Not climbing: leaves all alternate except in Anemony: sepals overlapping in the bud.
Pistils many or several, one-seeded, becoming akenes in fruit.
Petals none: but the sepals colored like petals.
Three leaves under the flower exactly imitating a calyx, (Hepatica) Heratica

POPULAR FLORA. 113

No such calyx-like leaves (or involucre) close to the flower.
Flowers single, on long, naked stalks, (Anemone) ANEMONY.
Flowers several in a simple umbel, handsome, }
Flowers many in a panicle, small, s
Petals present as well as sepals, the latter falling off early, (Ranunculus) Crowroor.
Pistils more than one-seeded, becoming pods (except in Baneberry).
” Sepals petal-like, not falling when the flower first opens, and
« Golden-yellow: petals none. Leaves rounded, not cut, (Caltha) MarsH-MAnricoip.
Yellow or yellowish: petals stamen-like. Leaves deeply cut, ( Trdllius) GLOBE-FLOWER.
White: pistils several, on stalks of their own. Leaflets 3, ( Coptis) GOLDTHREAD.
Blue, purple, red, &c., rarely white. Pistils not stalked.
Pistils 5, united below into a bladdery pod, (Nigélla) * Prxnet-FLoweEn.
Pistils 2 to 5, rarely one, separate.
Sepals 5, all alike: petals 5, in the form of large spurs, (Aguil2gia) CoLUMBINE.
Sepals 5, dissimilar. Flower irregular.

(Thalictrum) Meapow-Rut.

Upper sepal long-spurred: petals 4, (Delphinium) Larkspur.
Upper sepal hood- or helmet-shaped; petals 2, (Aconitum) ACONITE.

Sepals petal-like, white, falling when the flower opens: pelals minute or none.
Flowers ina short raceme. Pistil one, making a berry, (Actea) BANEBERRY.
Flowers in a long raceme. Fruit a dry pod, (Cimicifuga) BUGBANE.
Sepals leaf-like, not falling off: petals large and showy, (Pednia) * Proxy.

*,.* Those genera which have more than one common species are next given, with the distinguishing

marks of the species.
Virgin’s-Bower. Clematis. .

Calyx of 4 petal-like sepals, their margins not overlapping, but turned or rolled inwards in the bud.
(Fig. 244, a cross-section of the calyx in the bud, shows this slightly in species No. 1, and Fig, 245,
much rolled inwards, in No. 8.) No real petals. Fruit of many akenes, their style remaining gen-
erally in the form of a Jong and feathery tail (Fig. 246} Flowering in summer.

1. Witp Vircrn’s-BowER. Flowers white, in panicles, small, somewhat dicecious; leaflets 3, toothed;

akenes with long feathery tails (Fig. 246). Banks of streams. C. Virginiana.

2. Sweet VY. Flowers panicled, white; leaflets 5 to 9, entire. Cultivated in gardens. C. Fldmmula.

8. VinE-Bowrr. [Flower single; sepals purple, large; fruit short-tailed, naked. Cult. C. Viticélla.
Hepatica (or Liverleaf). Hepdtica. .

Calyx of 6 to 12 petal-like sepals, which are naturally taken for a corolla, because just underneath
is a whorl of 8 little leaves exactly resembling a calyx; but it is a little way below the flower. Real
petals none. Pistils several, making naked-pointed akenes. — Low herbs, in woods, sending up from the
ground, in early spring, rounded 3-lobed leaves, which last over the next winter, and scapes with
single (blue, purple, or nearly white) flowers.

1. Rounp-Lonrep H. Lobes of the leaves 3, rounded and blunt. Common N. & E. IT. triloba.
2. Suarp-LobeD H. Lobes of the leaves 8 or 5, acute. Common W. II. acutiloba.

Ane’mony. Anemone.
Calyx of from 5 to 15 petal-like sepals; no leaves just underneath it, but the flowers on long and
naked footstalks. No real petals. Akenes blunt or short-pointed, not ribbed nor grooved. Perennial
herbs: their upper or stem-leaves opposite or in whorls. Flowers generally single, handsome. The

114 POPULAR FLORA.

following are the common wild species: they grow in woods and low meadows; the first three blossom

in summer; the fourth in early spring. ,

1. Virerntan AnEmony. Principal stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, on long footstalks, 3-parted and cut-
lobed, hairy; middle flower-stalk leafless, the others 2-leaved in the middle, new ones rising from
their axils, and so producing the blossoms all summer; sepals greenish white, acute; pistils very

many, in an oval woolly head. A. Virginidna.
2. Lone-rruirep A. Stem-leaves many in a whorl; flower-stalks 2 to 6, all leafless, very long; sepals
blunt; head of fruit (an inch) long: otherwise like the last. N. & W. A. cylindrica,

8. PENNSYLVANIAN A. Hairy; stem-leaves sessile; main ones 3 in a whorl, but only a pair of smallér
ones on each of the side flowering branches; sepals large, white or purplish; akenes flat, many in

a round head. A. Pennsylvdnica.
4. Grove A. Smooth, low, one-flowered; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, on long footstalks, divided into 3
or 5 leaflets; sepals white or purplish; akenes only 15 to 20, narrow. A. nemordsa.

Meadow-Rue. Thalictrum.

Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Real petals none. Pistils 4 to 15, becoming ribbed or
grooved akenes. — Perennials, with compound leaves. No. 1 is almost an Anemony, except for its
ribbed akenes, and has a few handsome and perfect flowers in an umbel. The other two have small
and mostly dicecious flowers in a compound panicle, and decompound leaves; one of the lower leaves
is shown in Fig! 133.

1, Anemony M. Low, delicate ; stem-leaves all in a whorl at the top; sepals 7 to 10, white or pink-

ish, like those of Grove Anemony, with which it generally grows. Fl. spring. T. anemonoides.
2. Earty M. Plant 1° or 2° high; leaves all alternate, the rounded leaflets with 5 to 7 roundish lobes;
flowers greenish, in early spring. Woods. j T. dioicum.

8. Late M. Much like the last, but 3° to 6° high; leaflets 3-lobed; flowers white, in summer. Com-
mon in meadows and along streams. T. Corniti.
Crowfoot. Raniinculus.
Sepals 5, falling early. Petals 5 (sometimes accidentally more), flat. Akenes many in a head, flat.
* Petals white, with a round spot at the base : herbage all under water.

1. Ware Warer-Crowroor. Leaves made up of many delicate thread-like divisions. R. aquctilis,

* * Petals yellow, and with a little scale on the inside at the bottom. (Fig. 239.)

a Herbage all or nearly all under water.
2. YELLow WarTER-C. Like the Jast, but larger in all its parts, and yellow-flowered, the upper leaves
often out of water and much less cut. N. & W. R, Pirshii.
+ «+ Not growing under water.

—+ Petals not longer, but often shorter, than the calyx : plants erect, in wet places.
3, SMALL-FLOWERED Crowroor. Very smooth, slender ; first root-leaves crenate. R. abortiwus.
4. Cursep C. Very smooth, stouter ; leaves all cleft or lobed; head of fruits oblong. _R. sceleratus.
6. Hoox-prakrp C. Hairy; leaves all 3-cleft, lobes broad; akenes with long and hooked beaks, col-
lected into a round head. R. recurvatus.
6. BrisrLy C. Stout, bristly-hairy; leaves divided into 8 or 5 stalked leaflets, which are cleft and cut
again into narrow lobes; akenes straight-beaked, in an oblong head. R. Pennsylvanicus.

POPULAR FLORA. 115

++ ++ Petals always much longer than the calyx. Dry ground, except No. 8.

7. Earty C. Low, 4’ to 9’ high; root-leaves nearly pinnate; petals narrow. F).spring. R. fascicularis.
8. CREEPING C. Stems reclining, making long runners in summer; leaves variously divided; petals
obovate. Wet places. BR. repens.
9. BuLzuous C., or EARLY Burrercur. A solid bulb at the base of the upright stem; leaves divided

and cut; petals round, large, and bright yellow. Naturalized, E. in meadows. Fl. spring.
R. bulbosus.
10. Tauy C., or Larer Burrercur. Stem upright, 2° or 8° high, no bulb at the bottom; leaves di-
vided and cut; petals obovate, not so large and bright-colored as the last. Fl.summer. &. acris,

Globe-flower. Trédllius.

Appears like a large Crowfoot or Buttercup, but the yellow leaves of the blossom are sepals ; within
are the petals, small, and of peculiar shape, appearing like larger stamens. And the nine or more pistils
make several-seeded pods.

1. European G. Sepals 10 to 15, golden-yellow, converging, and so making a rather globe-shaped

flower; petals longer than the stamens. Cult. in gardens; fl. spring. T. Europeus.
2. AmEricAN G. Sepals 5 or 6, spreading, pale greenish-yellow; petals shorter than the stamens, and
liable to be overlooked. Swamps, N. ‘T. Americanus.

Columbine. Aquilégia.

Sepals 5, petal-like, all similar. Petals 5, in the form of large hollow spurs. Pistils 5, making many-
seeded pods. — Leaves twice or thrice compound; leaflets in threes. (Fig. 247.)

1. Witp C. Flowers scarlet, yellow inside, nodding; spurs hooked. Rocks. A. Canadénsis.
2.:GARDEN C. Flowers blue, purple, or white; spurs straight. In all gardens. A. vulgaris.
Larkspur. Delphinium,

Sepals 5, petal-like, dissimilar, the upper one prolonged behind into a hollow spur. Petals 4, small;
the upper pair with hardly any claws, but with long spurs which run back into the spur of the calyx:
the lower pair with short claws and no spur; in some species all the petals grow together into one
body. FPistils and pods‘1 to 5, many-seeded. — Flowers showy, in racemes or panicles, mostly white,
blue, or purple. (Fig. 251, 252.)

* Garden annuals: leaves finely cut: petals united into one body (Fig. 253): pistil only one.
1. Common or FreLp Larkspur. Flowers scattered on spreading branches; pods smooth. D. Consdlida.
2. Rocket or Assx L. Flowers crowded in along and close raceme; pods hairy. D. Ajacis.
* % Garden perennials: pistils 2 to 5: the four petals separate. Many varieties are cultivated,
mostly of the two following species.
3. GREAT-FLowWERED L. Leaves cut into linear distant lobes; pods downy. Dz grandiflorum,
4. Ber L. Leaves cleft into 3 to 7 wedge-shaped and cut-toothed lobes; petals bearded. Dz elatum.

* %*& * Wild species at the West and South: perennials, with 4 separate petals and 8 to 5 pods.
5. TALL Witp L. Stem 2° to 5° high; leaves parted into 3 or 5 narrow wedge-shaped pointed divis-
jons; flowers many in a long raceme, blue-purple, in summer. D.z exaltatum.
6. Dwarr L. Stem 1° high or less; the 5 divisions of the leaves cleft into linear lobes; flowers few,
loose, and large, purple-blue, in spring; pods spreading. * Dz tricorne.

116 POPULAR FLORA.

7. AzurkE L. Leaves parted and cut into narrow linear lobes; flowers many in a close raceme, sky.
blue or white; pods erect. Dz. azireum,
Aconite. (Monkshood, Wolfsbane.) Aconitum.

Sepals 5, petal-like, dissimilar, the upper one largest and forming ahood or helmet. Petals only 2, and
those are small and curiously shaped bodies, with a curved or hammer-shaped little blade on a long
claw, standing under the hood. Pods as in Larkspur. — Flowers in racemes or panicles, showy, blue,
or purple, varying to white. Herbage and roots poisonous. (Fig. 254, 255.)

1. GArDEN AconITE. Stem erect and rather stout, very leafy; divisions of the leaves parted into

linear lobes; flowers crowded. A. Napellus.
2. Witp A. Stem weak and bending, as if to climb; lobes of the leaves lance-ovate; flowers scattered,

insummer. W. A. uncindtum.

253
Four petals of Larkspur No.1,
united into one body.

252 255
247. Flower, &c. of Wild Columbine, 251. Flower of Larkspur No. 6. 252. Ite 254. Flower of Aconite, 255 Its parts dim
2418. A petal. 2419. The 2 pode open= sepals and petals displayed, played: s, the sepals; p, the petals;
ing. 250. A separate pod. él, stamens and pistils on the flower-stalke

POPULAR FLORA. 117

2 MAGNOLIA FAMILY. Order MAGNOLIACES.

Trees or shrubs, with aromatic or strong-scented and bitter bark, and alternate simple
leaves, which are never toothed; large, thin stipules form the covering of the buds, but
fall off early. Flowers large, single at the ends of the branches; their leaves in threes,
viz. 3 sepals colored like the petals, and 6 petals in two ranks or 9 in three ranks, their
margins overlapping in the bud. Stamens very. many, on the receptacle, with long anthers
occupying, as it were, the side of the filament. Pistils many, packed and partly grown
together one above the other, so as 257
to make a sort of cone in fruit. —
We have only two genera.

1. Stipules flat, not adhering to the
leafstdlk. Petals 6, greenish-or-
ange. Filaments slender. Pistils
overlying each other and grown to-
gether to make uw spindle-shaped
cone, dry when ripe, and sepa-
rating into a sort of key-fruit.
Leaves somewhat 38-lobed, and as
if cut off at the end. One species
only is known, the

(Liriodéndron Tulipifera) TULIP-TREE.

2. Stipules making around and pointed
bud, adhering to the lower part of
the leaf-stalk. Petals 6 to 9. Fil-
aments below the anther very short.
Cone of fruit rose-red and fleshy
when ripe, the pistils opening on
the back, the scarlet fleshy-coated

253 256
seeds hanging by delicate and very 256, Small Laurel-Magnolia. 257. A stamen magnified. 253. Its cone of fruit,
elastic threads, MAGNOLIA. the seeds hanging as they drop.

Magnolia. Magnélia.
Our wild species divide into Laurel-Magnolias, Cucumber-trees, and Umbrella-trees.
§ 1. LAUREL-MAGNOLIAS. Leaves thick, evergreen at the South; leaf-buds silky; flowers rather
globe-shaped, appearing through the summer, white, very fragrant
1. Great LAvREL-MAGnNo.ta. Tree with leaves deep-green and shining above, rusty beneath when
young; flower very large. S. It has stood the winter as far north as Philadelphia. Jf grandiflora,
2. SMALL LAUREL-M. (or WHITE Bay). Shrub or small tree; leaves oblong, whitish beneath; flower
about 2’ broad. Swamps. E. & S: JL glauca.
§ 2. CUCUMBER-TREES. Leaves thin, scattered along the branches, a little downy beneath, buds
silky; flowers not sweet-scented, nor showy, nor very large, appearing in spring.
3. Common CucuMBER-M. A tall tree; leaves oval or oblong, pointed; flowers greenish; young fruit
resembling a very small cucumber. Common W. M. acuminata.

118 POPULAR FLORA.

4. YELLow Cucumprr-M. A low tree; leaves ovate or a little heart-shaped; flowers eream-yellow.
S.; sometimes cultivated at the North. M. cordata.

§8. UMBRELLA-TREES. Leaves thin, large, those on the flowering shoots forming an umbrella-like
circle underneath the blossom; leaf-buds smooth; flower large and white, not sweet-scented, ap-
pearing in early spring; petals about 4’ long, tapering below.

5. EAR-LEAVED UMBRELLA-M. Leaves nearly 1° long, auricled at the base (Fig. 102). S. J. Fraseri.

6. Common UMBRELLA-M. Leaves 1° to 2° long, tapering into a short footstalk. M. Umbrella.

7. There is, besides, the GREAT-LEAVED M., with much the largest flowers and leaves of all, the latter
2° or 8° long, scattered, heart-shaped at the base, and white-downy beneath; flower 8! or 10' broad.

S. and cult. rarely. It does not belong exactly to either the above divisions. M. macrophylla.
8 The PurrLte Macno.ta, from Japan, is a shrub in some gardens and grounds, flowering before the
leaves are out. MM. purpurea.

3. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. Order ANONACE.

Trees or shrubs, resembling the Magnolia family, but the three petals of each set not
‘overlapping each other 865 2
in the bud; the bark and
foliage not aromatic, but
unpleasant-tasted; the
seeds large and bony,
their albumen variegated
like a nutmeg, or cut into
slits. Leaves entire, des-
titute of stipules. Only
one genus in this coun-
try, and one species com-
mon; the

1. Common Papaw. <A
small tree, with dingy-
purple flowers appear-
ing in early spring rath-
er before the leaves ;
the 8 outer petals much
larger than the 3 inner
ones ; fruits eatable
when ripe, in autumn,
2’ or 8’ long. Common
West and South along ; i
rivers, in rich soil. 260 Branch of Papaw in flower. 261, A stamen, 262. ‘vse with ait but porns likes

Asimina triloba. off the receptucle, 463, Fruits; two uf them cut through, 264, A seed cut through to
show the variegated albumen,

POPULAR FLORA. 119

4. MOONSEED FAMILY. Order MENISPERMACEA.

Woody climbers, with alternate leaves and small dicecious flowers (as shown in Fig. 167,
168) ; the sepals and petals each 4 or 6 and both of the same color, and a few one-seeded
pistils, becoming small drupes in fruit, with a moon-shaped or kidney-shaped stone. We
have two genera of one svecies each, the first common at the North, the second at the
South.

1. Stamens 12 to 20: pistils 2to 4. Flowers white: leaves rounded and angled shield-shaped. Fruit
blue-black, (Menispérmum) MoonsExp.
2. Stamens 6, one before each petal. Flowers greenish: leaves heart-shaped. ( Cécculus) Coccu.us.

5. BARBERRY FAMILY. Order BERBERIDACEA,

Readily distinguished (with a single exception) by having the sepals and petals in fours,
sixes, or eights (not in fives),
and with just the same number
of stamens as petals, one before
each petal (on the receptacle),
the anthers opening by an
uplifted valve or door on each
side. Pistil only one. Harm-
less, except the May-Apple (also
called ManpRAKE), which has
rather poisonous roots, although
the fruit is innocent and eata-
ble. Having only one species
of each genus, we may ascertain
them by the following key : —

268

265. Shoot; 266. cluster of leaves and raceme; 267, enlarged fiower
spread open; 268. a petal more magnified ; and, 269. a stamen,
with the anther opening, of the common Barberry.

Shrubs with yellow bark and wood, and yellow flowers. Stamens and petals 6.

Leaves appearing simple, in a cluster above a branching thorn, which is 265
an altered leaf of the year before. Berries red, (Bérberis) BARBERRY.
Leaves scattered, pinnate, evergreen: no thorns. Berries blue, (Mahénia) * Manonta.

Pars, with perennial roots, all with compound or deeply lobed leaves.
Flowers yellowish-green, small. Stamens and petals 6. Leaves decompound, from
the root and also at the top of the stem, ( Caulophyllum) Conosn.

120 POPULAR FLORA.

Flowers white, rather large: petals larger than the fugacious calyx.
Stamens and narrow petals 8. The one-flowered scape and the 2-parted leaves
rising separately from the ground. Fruit a many-
seeded pod opening by a lid, (Jeffersonia) TWINLEAP.
Stamens 12 to 18: petals rounded, 6 to 9. Flowering stems 2-leaved at the top:
leaves shield-shaped and several-cleft, large, with a
nodding flower in the fork, (Podophyllum) May-APpLe.

6. WATER-LILY FAMILY. Order NYMPHHACES.

Water-plants with flowers and leaves on long footstalks, rising out of the water or rest-
ing on its surface; the leaves
either shield-shaped or deeply
heart-shaped. Petals and sta-
mens generally very many.—
To the proper Water-Lily fam-
ily may here well enough be
added the Water-shield and
the Nelumbo, cach of a sin-
gle species. This gives us
four genera, which are distin-
guished as follows: —

Fruit of Nelumbo, 270. Flower, bud, and leaf of White Water-Lily. 271 Flower with the parts cut
‘ away, all but two petal-like stamens, one ordinary stamen, and the compound
pistil, 272. Slice across the 1l-celled pistil,

1. Leaves and flowers from very thick and long creeping rootstocks. Sepals and the
many petals and stamens gradually blending into each other, and growing to the
surface of the many-celled and many-seeded compound pistil. Flower white, sweet-

scented, (Nymphea) Wuite Warer-Lity.

POPULAR FLORA. 121

2. Leaves and flowers from rootstocks like the last. Sepals 5 or 6, rounded, partly petal-

like and yellow. Within these amass of small, square-topped bodies looking like

and not much larger than the stamens, but really answering to petals; and above

them the real stamens in great numbers, all under the many-celled and flat-topped

pistil, (Nuphar) YreLtow Ponp-Liry.
8. Leaves and small dull-purple flowers from a slender stem rising in the water; the oval

Jeaves attached by the middle of the under side (centrally peltate). Sepals and

petals narrow, each 4, and 12 to 18 stamens, all under the 4 to 16 separate and

few-seeded pistils, (Brasénia) WATERSHIELD.
4. Sepals and petals (alike in many ranks) and stamens many, all falling off early, all un-

der the pistils, which are 12 or more in number and separately embedded in the flat

upper face of an enlarged top-shaped receptacle. In fruit they are round and eat-

able nuts (Fig. 273). Leaves very large (1° or 2° broad), round, attached by the

middle underneath, cupped, rising out of the water, as do the great greenish-

yellow flowers also, on long stalks. Common W. & S. (Nelimbium) NeLuszo.

7. SIDESADDLE-FLOWER FAMILY. Order SARRACENIACES.

Bog-plants with hollow, pitcher-shaped or trumpet-shaped leaves, all from the root,
making the curious genus

Sidesaddle-Flower. Sarracénia.

Sepals 5, colored, persistent; and below the calyx are 3 small
bractlets. Petals 5, fiddle-shaped, curved inwards. Stamens
very many, on the receptacle. Style with a broad and 5-angled
umbrella-shaped top, covering the 5-celled ovary and the stamens.
Pod many-seeded. Flower single, large, nodding on the summit
of a long scape.

1. Purrte SipesaAppLe-FLoweEr, or PircHER-PLAntT. Petals
deep purple, arched over the pistil ; leaves pitcher-shaped,
yellowish-green, veined with purple, and with a bread wing

down the inner side. Common N. & 8. S. purpurea.
2. Rep S. Petals red; leaves long, trumpet-shaped, with a nar-
row side wing. 8S. S. rubra.

8. SpotreD S. Petals yellow ; leaves trumpet-shaped, 12' to
18' long, with a hooded top spotted with white on the back,
and a narrow side wing. 58. 8. variolaris.

4. YELLow S&., or Trumpets. Petals yellow, drooping when
old; leaves 1° to 8° long, trumpet-shaped, with an upright
rounded top turned back at the sides, side wing hardly any.
Very common S. e 8S. flava.

Leaves of Purple S, ; one of them cut off,

122 POPULAR FLORA.

8. POPPY FAMILY. Order PAPAVERACES.

Herbs with a milk-white, yellow, or reddish juice (colorless in Eschscholtzia), which is
bitter or acrid and poisonous, alternate leaves, and flowers remarkable for having only 2
(rarely 3) sepals, whick
fall when the blossom
opens, but 4 (or in one
case 8 or 12) petals,
which fall early. Sta-
mens many, on the re-
ceptacle. Pistil one,
compound, but almost al-
ways one-celled, many-
seeded, the seeds borne
on the walls or on pro-
jections from them (pa-
rietal). Eschscholtzia is
remarkable for its calyx
shaped like a pointed
cap or a candle-extin-

275 (M76 218 guisher. — In most cases
Q75. A flower-bud casting itscalyx, 277. Pod of Celandine open- 279. Plower-bud, &c.
and, 276, a flower of Poppy. ing. 278, Frame of the of — Eschscholtzia. we have only one spe-
same, turned flatwise, and 280. The cap-shaped 4
seeds still on it, valyx fallen “of cies of each genus.

281. ‘The pod.

Petals 4, crumpled or plaited in the bud, which nods before opening (except in the Prickly-Poppy).
Ovary and pod incompletely several-celled, by plates or placentas projecting from
' the walls and covered with numberless seeds. Stigmas making a flat
sessile cap. Pod hard, opening by pores under the edge of the cap of
stigmas, (Papaver) * Poppy.
Ovary and pod strictly one-celled, opening by valves, and leaving the placentas as a
slender frame between them. Flowers yellow, rarely white. :
Pod and leaves prickly. Style none: stigmas 4 or 6, (Argemone) PRickLy-Porpy.
Pod bristly. Style present: stigmas 8 or 4, (Styléphorum) CELANDINE-PorPy.
Pod smooth, slender (Fig. 277): stigmas 2, (Chelidonium) CELANDINE.
Ovary and long narrow pod 2-celled by a thick partition in which the seeds are em-
bedded; stigma 2-horned, (Glaucium) * Horn-Porry.
Petals not crumpled in the bud, which does not nod.
Petals 8 to 12, narrow, white. Pod oblong. Juice orange-red, (Sanguinaria) BLooDROOT.
Petals 4, broad, yellow. Sepals united into a pointed cap which falls off as a lid (Fig.
280, 281). Receptacle or end of the flower-stalk expanded and top-
shaped. Stigmas 3 to 7, slender, unequal. Pod many-ribbed. Juice
watery, colorless, but strong-scented, * ESCHSCNOLTZIA.

POPULAR FLORA. 123

9. FUMITORY FAMILY. Order FUMARIACE.

Tender herbs with a colorless juice, compound alternate leaves, and irregular flowers
with only twa small scale-like sepals, a flattened and closed corolla of 4 petals more or less
grown together, the two outside ones larger with small spreading tips, the two inner small
and with spoon-shaped tips stick-
ing together face to face over the
anthers and stigma: stamens on
the receptacle, 6 in two sets or
bundles, one before each of the
larger petals, or all joined in one
tube below. The middle anther
of each set is two-celled; the side
ones only one-celled. Pistil one,
in the manner of the Poppy fam-
ily. Pod gne-celled. Bitterish,
harmless, pfants, with singularly
shaped flowers, some of them
handsome. We have four gen-
era, two of them of only one
species each.

ef

=

pa eo
287

282. Bulb, and, 283, Jeaf and flowers of Dicentra No I. 284. Flower, natural size. 285, 286. Same, taken to pieces, 287. Diagram
of the fower of a Corydal. 283. One of the sets of stamens united.

Flower heart-shaped, or with a spur on each side at the base.
Petals all permanently united into a slightly heart-shaped (pale flesh-colored)
corolla, which dries without falling and encloses the four-seeded
pod. A delicate vine climbing by the tendril-like divisions of its

thrice-pinnate leaves, (Adlimia) SmoKxE-VinE.

Petals less united, readily separated. Pod several-seeded, (Dicéntra) DicentTRA
Flower with a projection or spur at the base on one side only.

Ovary slender, forming a’several-seeded pod, ( Corydalis) CoRYDAL.

Ovary and fruit, round, small, one-seeded, not opening, (Fumaria) Fumirory.

9

124 POPULAR FLORA.

Dicentra. Dicéntra (wrongly called Dielytra).
The species are perennials with singular and handsome flowers in racemes, blossoming in spring.
Wild species, in rich woods; the decompound and finely cut leaves and naked flower-stalk rising
separately from the ground, in early spring. Delicate low plants, chiefly found N. & W.

1, Durcuman’s Breecnres D. (Fig. 282-286.) Herbage from w sort of bulb of coarse grains;
corolla white, tipped with cream-color, with 2 very large spurs. D. Cucullaria.

2. SqurrrEL-Corn D. Underground shoots bearing little yellow tuber-like bodies, resembling grains
of Indian Corn; corolla white and«ffésh-color, fragrant like Hyacinths. D. Canadénsis.

%* * Garden species, leafy-stemmed, 2° or 3° high, with Peony-like leaves.
8. Suowy D. Racemes drooping, one-sided; flowers pink-purple, 1’ long. Cultivated. D. spectdbilis.
Corydal. Corydalis.

Our two species are leafy-stemmed biennials, glaucous, with twice-pinnate leaves, and linear or
slender pods. They grow in rocky places and flower in spring and summer.

1. Gotpen C. Low and spreading; flowers yellow in simple racemes; pods hanging. C. aurea.
2. Pate C. Upright; flowers purplish and yellowish; racemes panicled; pods erect. C. glauca.

10. CRUCIFEROUS OR CRESS FAMILY. Order CRUCIFERZ.
Herbs, with alternate leaves, a sharp-tasted watery juice (never poisonous, but often
very acrid or biting); perfectly distinguished by their cruciferous flowers, tetradiynamous
stamens, and by having the sort of pod called a silique or silicle (240,
241). The flower is called cruciferous because the 4 petals, with claws 289
enclosed in tne 4-sepalled calyx, have their blade spreading so as to form v ,
NZ

the four arms of a cross. As to the stamens, they are 6 in number (on
the receptacle), two of them always shorter than the other four. The
pistil makes a pod, like that of the Celandine, &e. in the Poppy family
(Vig. 277), except that a partition stretches across between
the two thread-shaped placentas, and divides the cavity into
two cells. When the pod opens, the two valves fall away,
leaving the seeds attached to the edges of this frame. The
whole kernel of the seed is an embryo. It is always bent or
folded up, in various ways. The flowers of the whole family are
so much alike, that the genera have to
be distinguished by their pods and seeds.
This makes the family too difficult for
the beginner, But so many plants of
the family are common in cultivation,
that we add a tabular key, leading to
the names of the principal kinds.

293 299

289. Flower of Mastard. 290, Stamens and pistit, more magnified. 291 Pod (silique) of Toothwort, opening, 292. Pod (silicle or pouch:
of Shepherd’s-Pu.se. £93, Same, with one valve fallen off,

POPULAR FLORA. 125

1. Pod (silique) generally several times longer than wide.
Pod not splitting open when ripe, but becoming hard, beak-pointed. Seeds round.

Flowers pink or purple. Pod thick, fleshy when young, (Raphanus) *Ravisu.
Flowers yellow, turning whitish or purplish. Pod long, necklace-shaped,
(Raph , § Raphanistrum) JoinTED-CHARLOCK.

Pod splitting, i.e. opening when ripe by two valves, which fall off and leave the partition.
Pod ending in a beak. Seeds round. Flowers yellow.

Calyx erect in blossom. Roots, stems, or leaves, &ay be- i (Brdssiea) *TuRNIP and
coming fleshy in cultivation, *CARBBAGE.
Calyx open or spreading in blossom, (Sinapis) Musrarp.

Pod not beaked, i. e. not ending in a strong-pointed tip. Seeds flat or oblong.
Calyx unequal, two of the Sepals projecting or pouch-shaped at the base.

Flowers yellow or orange. Pod and seeds flat, ( Chetrdnthus) *\WALLFLOWER,
Flowers rose, purple, or white. Pods not flat.
Stigmas thickened on the back. Seeds flat, (Matthiola) *Stocx.
Stigmas close-pressed together. Seeds oblong, (Heésperis) *Rocker.

Calyx equal, i. e. the sepals all alike or nearly so.
Pods flat. Flowers white or purple.

Valves of the pod with a mid-nerve or vein, (Arabis) Rock-Cress.
Valves of the pod without a nerve. :

Stem-leaves alternate or scattered, (Cardamine) BiTTER-CREss.

Stem-leaves 2 or 3, whorled or clustered. Root fleshy, (Dentaria) Toornworr.

Pods obtusely 4-sided, linear. Flowers yellow, (Barbarea) WixTer-Cress.

Pods awl-shaped. Flowers pale yellow, (Sisymbrium) HEDGE-MusTarp.

Pods turgid, short-linear or oblong, (Nastirtium) Wavter-CrEss.

2. Pod (silicle or pouch) short, the length not more than two or three times the breadth.
Pod opening when ripe by 2 valves which fall off and leave the partition.

Pod globose or ovoid, many-seeded, (Armoracia) HorsERADISH.
Pod pear-shaped, rather flattish, many-seeded. Flowers yellow, (Camelina) FAaLse-FLAx.
Pod flat, with a broad partition. Seeds many, (Draba) WuHiTLow-Gnass.
Pod flat, with a broad partition. Seeds 2 to 4.
Flowers purple, large. Pod large, stalked above the calyx, (Lunaria) *HoNEsty.
Flowers white, small. Pod small, 2-seeded, (Kéniga) *SwEeEt-ALyssuM.

Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white or purple.
Seeds many; pod triangular-obcordate with a shallow notch, ( Capsélla) SHEPHERD's-PURSE.
Seeds only one in each cell.

Petals all alike. Flowers very small, (Lepidium) PEPPERGRASS.
Petals unlike; the two on the onter side of the flower larger, ([béris) *CANDYTUFT.
Pod not opening, 1-celled, 1-seeded, wing-like. Flowers vellow, ([satis) *Woap.

Pod not opening, but jointed across the middle, fleshy. Flowers purplish, (Cakile) SEa-Rocker.

ll. MIGNONETTE FAMILY. Order RESEDACES.

A family consisting of a few European herbs, with small and irregular flowers, which
deserves notice merely because it contains the

126 POPULAR FLORA.

Mignonette. eséda.

Sepals 4 to 7, green, not falling off, open in the bud. Petals 4 to 7, unequal, on broad claws, the
small blade cleft as if cut into several narrow slips. Stamens 10 or more, borne on an enlargement of
the receptacle, turned to one side of the blossom. Pod short and broad, one-celled, dividing at the
top into 8 to 6 horns, opening between the horns long before the seeds are ripe. The seeds are kidney-
shaped, numerous, and parietal, that is, borne along the walls of the pod. —Herbs, with alternate
leaves and small dull-looking flowers crowded in a raceme or spike.

1. Common MiGNonetTE. Low and spreading; leaves some entire, others 3-cleft; sepals and petals

6or7. Cultivated for its very fragrant small flowers. R. odorata,
2. Dyrr’s-WEED. Stem simple, upright, 2° high; leaves all entire, broadly lance-shaped; sepals and
petals 4. A weed along road-sides in some places; used for dying yellow. R. Luteola.

12. VIOLET FAMILY. Order VIOLACEA.

Herbs with 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens borne on-the receptacle, the lower petal
rather different from the rest and enlarged at the bottom into a projecting sac or spur.
Stamens very short and broad, the anthers a little united by their edges around the pistil.
Pistil one, with one style. Pod one-celled, with three rows of seeds on its walls. — Leaves
with stipules. Roots and juice rather acrid. The common plants of the family belong te

the genus,
1.. Violet. Viola.

Flower nodding on the summit of the flower-stalk. Style club-shaped; stigma bent over to one
side. — Flowering in spring, and some species continuing to blossom all summer.
* Stemless species, i. e. leaves and naked flower-stalks all from rootstocks on or ‘under ground.
+ Garden species from Europe spreading by runners or rootstocks above ground.
1. Sweet or Encuisu Viouet. Leaves rounded heart-shaped; flowers blue-purple, also a white
variety, very fragrant. Cultivated, generally double-flowered. V. odorata.
+ + Wild species, with tufted and fleshy uneven rootstocks. Flowers short-spurred.
++ Flowers purple or blue, nearly scentless.

2. Common BLuE V. Flowers pretty large; side-petals bearded; leaves on long upright stalks, heart-
shaped or kidney-shaped, the sides at the bottom rolled in when young, slightly toothed, or in

the lobed or Hand-leaf variety cleft or parted in various degrees. Low grounds. V. cucullata.
8. Harry V. Leaves short-stalked and flat on the ground; flowers smaller; otherwise like the last.
Dry soil, 8. & W. V. villosa.

4, ARROW-LEAVED Y. Early leaves on short and margined footstalks, oblong-heart-shaped, halberd-
shaped, arrow-shaped, lance-oblong or ovate. Varying greatly, hairy or smoothish; side petals or
all of them bearded; flowers large for the size of the plant. Dry or moist ground. _ V. sagittata.

5. Birp’s-roor V. Leaves cut into fine linear lobes; petals lilac-purple, large, beardless. Moist
sandy soil. V. pedata.

++ ++ Flowers small, white, faintly sweet-scented, the lower petal streaked. Small, in damp soil.
6. Branp V. Leaves rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped; petals without any beard. V. blanda,
7. PRIMROSE-LEAVED Y. Leaves oblong or ovate; side-petals generally bearded. V. primulefolia,

POPULAR FLORA. 127

8. LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET. Leaves lance-shaped, erect, smooth; petals not bearded. _—_‘. lanceolata,
++ ++ ++ Flowers light yellow, small.

9. RounD-LEAVED V. Leaves round ovate and heart-shaped, spreading flat on the ground; side-
petals bearded and brown-streaked inside. Cold woods, N. V. rotundifolia.

%* * Leafy-stemmed species.
+ Wild species, perennial, with heart,shaped leaves, blossoming nearly all summer.

10. Lone-spurrep V. Spur }/ long, considerably longer than the pale bluish corolla. V. rostrata.
11. Muntensere’s V. Low, spreading by runners; spur stout, not more than half the length of

the pale violet corolla. Wet woods. V. Muhlenber git.
12. Pate V. Spur much shorter than the cream-colored corolla; lower petal streaked. Vz striata,
13. CANADA V. Tall; petals white above, violet-tinged beneath; spur very short. V. Canadensis.
14. Downy V. Tall, leafless below, downy; corolla yellow, spur very short. V. pubéscens.

+ + Cultivated or run wild; root annual or biennial.

15. Heanr’s-EAsE or Pansy V. Low; upper leaves oval, the lower heart-shaped; stipules large
and leaf-like, pinnatifid; corolla yellow-whitish, violet-blue, and purple, varying or mixed, large
and showy in the cultivated Pansy, becoming small when run wild. V. tricolor.

13. CISTUS FAMILY. Order CISTACES.

This small family consists of low shrubby plants or perennial herbs, in Europe with a
showy corolla which opens only once, in sunshine,
the petals falling off at sunset. Here it contains
only a few less handsome, or homely, weed-like
plants. They may be known by the followiug
marks. — Leaves some of them alternate. Calyx
remaining after blossoming, of 5 sepals, three of
them large and two smaller, often very small, the
latter entirely outside in the bud and looking like
bracts. Petals 5 or 3, all alike, overlapping each
other in the bud, each with one edge covering the
one before it, but covered by that behind it. Sta-
mens from 3 to 20 or more, all separate, borne on
the receptacle. Pistil one, making a one-celled
pod, with the seeds borne on three lines down the
walls, or on projections from them, that is, with

294. Flower, &c. of Frostweed. 295. Ite calyxand 3 parietal placentas.
pistil. 296. Its ovary cut across and magnified. :
‘

Petals 5, yellow, falling after the flower has opened for one day only.
Style none. Petals crumpled in the bud, (Helianthemum) FrostwEep.
Style slender. Little shrubs with minute leaves on sandy shores, (Hudsonia) Hupsonta.
Petals 3, purplish, persistent. Flowers very small. (Léchea) PINwEED,

128 POPULAR FLORA.

14. ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY. Order HYPERICACE®.

Herbs or low shrubs, with the leaves all opposite and dotted, as if punctured, with trans-
parent or dark-colored dots, one or both; the juice generally acrid. Flowers with 4 or 5
persistent sepals, as many petals, and more numerous, commonly a great number of sta-
mens, and in 3 or 5 clusters, borne on the receptacle. Styles 2 to 5, commonly separate, or
sometimes all united into one. Ovary only one, in fruit a pod, either one-celled with 2 to
5 (commonly 3) parietal pla-
centas, or with as many cells
and the placentas in the inner
angle of each cell (Fig. 189,
190), when ripe splitting through
the partitions (Fig. 212).

298 297 299 300 30L

297. Flowers, &c. of St John’a-wort No. 4. 298 Pistil of 3 united. 299. Pod cut across. 300. Plan of the flower of Marsh St.
John’s-wort, 1 a cross-section of the bud. 30t. One of the clusters of three stamens.

Sepals 5, all nearly alike in size and shape.
Petals 5, flesh-colored, oblong, equal-sided, stamens about 9, in three sets, and a thick

gland between each set, (Elodéa) MArsu St. Jonn’s-wort.
Petals 5, yellow, unequal-sided. Stamens generally many, (Hypericum) Sr. Joun’s-wort.
“Sepals 4, in two pairs, one pair large, the other small; petals 4, (A'scyrum) Sv. PETER’s-wort.

St. John’sewort. Hypericum.
%* Stamens very many, in 5 sets. Styles 5, rarely 6 or 7.

1. Great Sr. Jonn’s-wort. Perennial herb, with, stems branched, 8° to 5° high; leaves closely
sessile, oblong; petals 1’ long, narrow. _N. & W. Af. pyrumidatun,

* * Stamens'very many. Styles 3 or splitting into 3. Perennials or shrubs.
2. Surupsy S. Shrub 1° to 4° high, very bushy; branchlets 2-edged; leaves lance-oblong; styles

at first all united into one (Fig. 190), when old splitting into three. W.& S. A. prolificum.
8. NAKED-FLOWERED §. Shrubby at the base, 1° to 4° high; branches sharply 4-angled; leaves
oblong; cyme stalked and naked. 5S. & W. A. nudiflorum.

4. Common S. Herb 1° or 2° high, bushy-branched; stem somewhat 2-edged; leaves narrow-oblong,
with transparent dots; sepals lance-shaped; petals bright yellow. A weed in pastures, &c.
® Hf. perforatum

POPULAR FLORA. 129

5. Corrmpep S. Herb 1° to 2° high, with a terete stem, little branched; leaves oblong, dotted with
black as well as with transparent dots, and so generally are the pale yellow petals; sepals oblong.
Low grounds. TT. corynbisum.

* * * Stamens few, 5 to 15. Styles 3, short. Pod one-celled. Slender annuals, growing in wet
or sandy places, 4’ to 15! high: flowers very small.

6. SmaLuS. Stem weak, with spreading branches, leafy to the top; leaves ovate or oblong, partly

clasping, 5-ribbed. Hd. mitilum.

7. Canava S. Branches erect, leaves Jance-shaped or linear; cymes leafless. Hi. Canadeénse.

8. Prxe-wEED 8. Bushy-branched, the branches wiry and very slender; the Jeaves very minute,
awl-shaped, close-pressed to the branches; flowers minute, sessile along the branches. H. Sardthra.

15. PINK FAMILY. Order CARYOPHYLLACE.

Herbs with opposite and entire leaves, which are not dotted, the stems swollen at the
joints. Flowers regular, their parts in fives, sometimes in fours. Stamens never more
than twice as many as the petals or sepals, and often fewer, on the receptacle or the calyx.
Styles or stigmas generally separate, 2to 5. Fruit a pod, which is generally one-celled,
with the seeds from the bottom or on a central column. These are kidney-shaped, and
have the embryo on the outside of the albumen, generally coiled around it.— Bland

Y :

wi

NY

302, 303 304 308 307

302. Piece of Side-flowering Sandwort. 303. Flower magnified. 304, A seed divided, showing the embryo coiled around the outside of
the albumen. 305. Pistil of Sand-Spurrey cut through lengthwise and magnified. 303. Lower part of the ovary of the same, cut acrosa,
U7, Flower of a Catchfiy cut through lengthwise. 308. A separate petal.

LUV PVULULAN ruuUnAs

herbs: some are insignificant weeds; others have handsome flowers, and are cultivated for
ornament. They form two main sub-families, one containing the Pinks, the other the Chick-
weeds. For lack of room, only the principal genera can be given here, without the species,
which are numerous.

I. PINK Supramity. Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals with long claws, which are en-

closed in the tube of the calyx. The petals and the 10 stamens are generally raised more or less on a
stalk within the calyx. Pod many-seeded, opening at the top. Flowers mostly rather large and showy.

Calyx furnished with two or more scaly bractlets at the base. Styles 2, (Dianthus) * Pink.
Calyx naked, i.e. without any bractlets at the base.
Styles 2. Calyx cylindrical and even, (Saponiria) SoAPWoRT.
Styles 2. Calyx oblong and strongly 5-angled, (Vaccaria) CowHERB.
Styles 8. Calyx 5-toothed, (Silene) CarcuF.y.
Styles 5.
Calyx with short teeth, which are not leaf-like, (Lychnis) * Lycunts.
Calyx with leafy lobes, which are longer than the petals, (Agrostémma) CockLE.

Il. CHICKWEED Supramity. Sepals separate or nearly so. Petals without claws, spreading,
sometimes wanting. Small or low herbs; many are weeds. Flowers small, mostly white, except in
Sand-Spurrey. ;

Pod 8-celled, many-seeded. Petals none. Prostrate annual weed, (Molliigo) CARPETWEED.
Pod one-celled, with several or many seeds. Styles 8 to 5.
Stipules or little scales between the leaves none.
Petals 2-cleft or parted, or notched at the end.
Styles and petals 5. Pod opening by 10 teeth. (Cerastium) MousE-EAR CHICKWEED.

Styles 8 or 4. Pod splitting into valves, (Stellaria) CuicK WEED.
Petals entire, not notched nor cleft.
Styles 3, fewer than the petals, (Arenaria) SAnDwonrt.
Styles 5 or 4, as many as the petals, (Sagina) PEARLWort.
Stipules in the form of scales between the bases of the leaves.
Styles 8. Leaves not whorled. Petals purple, (Spergularia) SAND-SruRREY.
Styles 5. Leaves in whorls, narrow. Petals white, (Spergula) Spunrey.

16. PURSLANE FAMILY. Order PORTULACACEA.

More or less fleshy herbs, with entire leaves, and flowers which open only in sunshine.
Sepals fewer than the petals (i. v. sepals 2, petals 5), with a stamen before each one, or
else with many stamens. Pod one-celled, with the seeds, like those of the Pink family, on
stalks rising from the base of the cell. Harmless and tasteless herbs; the Spring-Beauty
has handsome flowers in the spring in woods. The common Purslane is a well-known gar-
den weed and pot-herb, and the Great-flowered Purslane, with its cylindrical fleshy leaves
and large red or scarlet flowers, is a common ornamental annual in cultivation.

Calyx 2-cleft, the tube united with the lower part of the ovary. Petals Opening only
once. Stamens 7 to 20. Pod many-seeded, opening round the middle, the top
falling off as a lid. Annuals. : (Portulaca) PursLane.

POPULAR FLORA. 131

Calyx 2-leaved, free from the ovary, which makes a few-seeded pod, splitting into 3 valves.
Stamens 5, one before each petal. Leaves 2 and opposite in our species, on a
stem which comes from a small tuber. Flowers rose-color, in a raceme, open-
ing for several days. (Claytonia) Sprinc-Beaury.

311

309. Halt of a flower of the common Purslane, aivided lengthwise and magnified. 310. Pod of the same, opening by a lid.
Claytonia or Spring-Beauty, 312 Its 2-cleft calyx and pod. 313. Ripe pod cut across, and sphitung i into three
valves: 314. Seed, more magnified, 315, Same, cut througn, to show the coiled embryo. 316, Embryo taken out,

17. MALLOW FAMILY. Order MALVACER.
Distinguished by the numerous monadelphous stamens (i.e, united by their filaments into
a tube or column), with kidney-shaped one-celled anthers, and the five sepals or lobes of the
calyx applied edge to edge without overlapping (i. e. valvate) in the bud, and persistent.
Leaves almost always palmately-veined, alternate, with stipules. Petals united at the bot-
tom with the tube of stamens. There is often a sort of outer calyx, below the true one,
called an involucel. All innocent plants, full of mucilage (it is extracted from the root of
Marsh-Mallow), and with a very tough fibrous inner bark. Flowers often handsome.
Anthers all at the top of the column of united filaments (Fig. 817).
Involucel or outer calyx present. Cells of the fruit many in a ring, separating whole
when ripe, one-seeded.
Involucel 9-parted. Separated little pods marginless. Plant soft-downy: root pe-
rennial, (Althea) MArsH-MALLow.
Involucel about 6-parted. Separated pods with membranaceous margins. Plants
tall, roughish: root biennial. Flowers large, (Althea, § Allcea) * Houiynock.
Involucel 3-6-cleft. A flat plate covering the circle of pods, (Lavatéra) * LAVATERA.
Involucel 8-leaved. Circle of pods naked, around a narrow axis, (Malua) Matitow.

182 POPULAR FLORA.

Involucel or outer calyx none.

Flowers dicecious, small, white. Pods or cells one-seeded, (Napea) GLADE-MALLow..
Flowers perfect. Cells of the pod 5 to 15.
Seed only one in each cell. Flowers yellow or white, (Sida) Srpa.
Seeds 2 to 9 in each of the cells, (Abidilon) Inptan-MAttow.

Anthers attached along the sides of the upper part of the slender column. [od of 8 to5
cells, and splitting into as many valves.
Involucel of many thread-shaped leaves.

Calyx splitting down one side when the flower opens. Pod long, (Abelméschus) * OKRA.
Calyx not splitting down one side. Pod short. Seeds naked, (Hibiscus) Hiniscus.
Involucel of 3 heart-shaped toothed leaves. Seeds bearing wool, (Gossypium) * Corron.

ui
317
317, Stamens of Mallow united in a tube (monadelphous). 318, An anther more magnified. 319. Floweisand leaf of

Marsh-Mallow, 320. Its compound pistil magnified, 321, Pod of Hibiscus surrounded by the calyx and involu-
cel. 322, The pod splitting Into 5 valves. f

Mallow. Malva.
Tnvolucel or outer calyx 3-leaved. Petals notched at the upper and broader end. Styles many.
Little pods or cells many in a ring oye a narrow axis or column (the whole shaped like a cheese),
when ripe falling away separately, each one-seeded. — Herbs; flowering all summer.

1. Low Matiow. Root very long ; stems spreading on the ground ; leaves round-kidney-shaped,
long-stalked, scarcely lobed, crenate; flowers several in the axils, small, whitish. Very common

weed in waste and cultivated ground. AL. rotundifolia.
2. Hien M. Stem 8° high; leaves lobed; flowers large, rose-purple. Gardens. AL sylvéstris.
8. Musk M. Stem 2° high; leaves 5-parted and the divisions cut into linear lobes (the smell faintly
musky); flowers large, rose-color. Gardens. AL. moschata.
4. CurLED M. Stem 4° to 6° high ; Jeaves round, toothed, much curled around the edge; flow-
ers small,white, s@sile in the axils. Gardens. af. crispa.

Hibiscus. Hibiscus.

Flowers Jarge, with an involucel of many narrow bractlets, and a 5-cleft calyx, which does not open
down one side. Stamens in a long and slender column. Stigmas 5. Pod short, 5-celled, splitting
when ripe into 5 valves, many-seeded; the seeds smooth or hairy, not long-woolly. Showy herbs or
shrubs: flowering in autumn.

POPULAR FLORA. 133

1, SHRrusspy or AtTHA Hrsiscus. Shrub 5° to 10° high, smooth ; leaves wedge-ovate, toothed,
8-lobed ; flowers short-stalked, white, purple-red, &c. (single or double). Cultivated for orna-
ment. Hl. Syriacus.

2. Great Rep H. Herb 8° high from a perennial root, smooth; leaves deeply cleft into 5 lance-linear
lobes; corolla red, §' to 11! broad! S§. and in gardens. IT. coccineus.

8. HALBERD-LEAVED H. Herb 6° high from a perennial root, smooth; lower leaves 3-lobed, upper
halberd-shaped; calyx bladdery after flowering; corolla flesh-colored, 3! long. 4. militaris.

4. Mars H. Herb 5° high from a perennial root; leaves soft-downy and whitish underneath, ovate,
pointed, the lower 3-lobed; base of the flower-stalks and leafstalks often grown together; corolla
5' broad, white or rose-color with a crimson eye. Salt marshes, &c. HT. Moscheutos.
5. BLapper-Ketmia H. (or Flower-of-an-Hour). Herb 1° to 2° high from an annual root, somewhat
hairy; lower leaves toothed, upper 3-parted, with narrow divisions; corolla greenish-yellow with a
dark-brown eye, opening only in midday sunshine; calyx bladdery after flowering, enclosing the
pod. Gardens, &c. Zi. Trionum.

18. LINDEN FAMILY. Order TILIACEA.
Has the tough and fibrous inner bark and the bland ages of the Mallow family. Its
distinctions are —_ in the only genus we have, viz.
eile ks ERASE,

ice

@ &

(oletond

323. American Linden, in fiower. 324, Magnified cross-section of a flower-bud.
325. A tule of stamens with the petal-like scale. 326, Pistil. 327. Fruit
cul in two.

Linden or Basswood. Tilia. ~~
Sepals 5, thick, valvate (the margins edge to edge) in the bud, falling off after flowering. Petals 5,
cream-color. Stamens very many, on the receptacle, in 5 clusters: anthers 2-celled. Pistil one: ovary
5-celled, with two ovules in each cell; in fruit woody, small, closed, mostly one-seeded. — Large, soft-
wooded trees, with heart-shaped leaves, often oblique at the base. Flowers in a small cluster on a
slender and hanging peduncle from the axil of a leaf, and united part way with a narrow leaf-like bract.
(Also called Lime-trees.)

184 POPULAR FLORA.

1. American LinpDEN or Basswoop. Leaves green, smooth, or in some varieties downy underneath,

a petal-like body in the middle of each of the 6 clusters of stamens. TL. Americana.
2. European LinpEen. Leaves smooth or nearly so; stamens hardly in clusters, no petal-like bodies
with them. Cultivated in cities, &c. as a shade-tree. T. Europea.

19. CAMELLIA FAMILY. Order CAMELLIACEA.

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate and simple leaves, not dotted; large and showy
flowers, with a persistent calyx of 5 overlapping sepals, and very many stamens, their fila-
ments united at the bottom with each other and with the base of the petals. Anthers
2-celled. Fruit a woody pod of 3 to 6 cells, containing few large seeds. To this belongs
the grateful Tza-rLant of China, and the ’

CAMELLIA, of our green-houses, Caméllia Japénica.
LosLoLuy-Bay, of swamps in the Southern States, Gordonia Lasidnthus.

20. ORANGE FAMILY. Order AURANTIACE.

Like the last, this family hardly claims a place here, being only house-plants, except far
south. Known by having 20 or more stamens in one row around a single pistil, and the leaves
having a joint between the blade and the winged or margined footstalk : they (and the fra-
grant petals) are punctate with transparent dots, looking like holes when held between the
eye and the light, which are little reservoirs of fragrant oil. Fruita berry with a thick rind.

ORANGE, Citrus Aurdntium.
LEMON, Citrus Limonium.
21. FLAX FAMILY. Order LINACEA. i

Herbs with tough fibres in the inner bark, simple leaves, and oily seeds with a mucilagi-
nous coat; consisting only of the Flax genus, which is known by ‘the following marks : —
\

828, Common Flax. 829. Half of a flower, enlarged. 330. Pod, cut across.

Flax. Linum.
Sepals 5, overlapping, persistent. Petals 5, on the receptacle. Stamens 5, united with each other
at the bottom. Styles 5, Pod 10-celled and splitting when ripe into 10 pieces with one seed in each.
Flowers opening only for one day.

POPULAR FLORA. 135

1. Common Fuax. Root annual; leaves lance-shaped; flower blue. Cultivated. L. usitatissimum.

2, Vireinta Fuax. Root perennial; leaves oblong or lance-shaped; flowers very small, yellow. Dry
woods. L. Virginianum.

22. WOOD-SORREL FAMILY. Order OXALIDACER. ‘, Samal

Small herbs with sour juice, compound leaves of three leaflets, and flowers nearly as in
the Flax family, but with 10 stamens, a 5-celled pod, and two or more seeds in each cell.
One genus, viz. ;

Wood-Sorrel. Ovalis.

Sepals, petals, and styles 5. Stamens 10; filaments united (monadelphous) at the base. Pod thin,
5-lobed. Leaflets obcordate. Flowering in summer.

1. Common W. One-flowered scape and leaves rising from a scaly rootstock, hairy; petals large,

‘white with reddish veins. N. in cold and moist woods. O. Acetosélla.
2. Vioter W. « Several-flowered scape and leaves, from a scaly bulb; petals violet. O. violacea.
8. YELLow W. Stems ascending, leafygulowers 2 to 6 on one peduncle, small, yellow. Oz stricta,

1

23. GERANIUM FAMILY. Order GERANIACEA.

Herbs or small shrubs, with scented leaves, having stipules the lower ones opposite.
: Rootsastringent. Sepals
5, overlapping. Petals
5. Stamens 10, but part
of them in some cases
without anthers: fila-
ments commonly united
at the bottom. Pistils
5 grown into one, that
is, all united to a long
beak of the receptacle
(except the 5 stigmas) ;
and when the fruit is
ripe the styles split away
from the beak and curl
331 332 on ai up or twist, carrying
331. Leaf, and 332. Flowers of Wild Geranium. 333, Stamens and pistil 334. Fruit bursting. with them the five lit-
335. Seed, 336 Sanie, cut across. tle one:seeded. pods, aa
shown in Fig. 334. — There are three genera, viz. GERANIUM or Cranesbill; Eroprum,
which differs in having only 5 stamens with anthers, and the fruit-bearing styles bearded
inside ; and PeLaRGoniuM, which has the corolla more or less irregular, generally 7 stamens
with anthers, &c. The latter are the House Geraniums, from the Cape of Good Hope,
of several species and many varieties. We describe only the wild species of true

136. POPULAR FLORA.

a

Geranium or Cranesbill. Geranium.
Petals all alike. All 10 stamens with anthers, every other one shorter. — Herbs.

1. Spotrep G. Stem erect, from a perennial root; leaves 5-parted, also cut and toothed, often
whitish-blotched; petals pale purple. Borders of woods; fi. in spring and summer. G. maculatum.
2. CAROLINA G. Stems spreading from a biennial or annual root; leaves 5-parted, and cut into nar-
row lobes; flowers small; petals flesh-color, notched at the end. Waste places. . G. Carelinianum.
8. Hrers-Roperr G. Stems spreading; leaves 3-divided, and the divisions twice pinnately cleft;
flowers small, purple. Moist woods and ravines; fl. summer. G. Robertianum,

94. INDIAN-CRESS FAMILY. Order TROPMOLACERY YI
Twining, climbing, or trailing herbs, with a watery juice of a sharp taste like Mustard,
alternate leaves, and showy irregular flowers, as in ‘i
Indian-Cress (commonly called Nasturtium)... Tropeolum.
Calyx projecting into » long hollow spur behind, petal-like, 5-cleft. Petals 5, of two sorts, two of

them borne on the throat of the calyx, the 3 others with cldwSjy Stamens 8, unequal. Fruit 8-lobed,
separating into 3 thick and closed one-seeded pieces. ,

‘ «
1. Common I. or Nasturtium. Very smooth; leaves roundish, shield-shaped; flowers large; petals
orange-yellow, the claws of 3 of them fringed. Cult. very common. T. majus.

2. CANARY-BIRD I. Climbing high; leaves deeply lobed; petals pale yellow, cut-frintat,. Cult.”
T. pereyrinum.
25. BALSAM FAMILY. Order BALSAMINACEA. L1 WV
Tender annuals, with a bland watery juice and very irregular flowers; such as those’
of the principal genus, : ‘ .

Balsam (or JEWEL-WEED). Impatiens,
_ Calyx and corolla colored alike and diffi-
cult, to distinguish, in aif of pieces,. the.,
largest one extended backward‘into a-large
and deep sac ending in a little Spur; and. the
two innermost unequally 2-lobed.™ Stamens
on the receptacle, 5, very short, united
the pistil. This forms a thick-walled’
which when ripe suddenly bursts with g¢on-
siderable force, or falls into 5 coiling pieces
at the touch, scattering the rather |large
seeds. — Leaves simple, alternate. Flowers

showy, produced all summer.

337, Flower of No. 2. 838. Calyx and corolla displayed.

1. Garprn Batsam. Flowers very showy, white, red, or pink, often double, clustered in the axils
of the crowded Jance-shaped leaves. Garden annual. I. Balsémina.
2. Pate JEWEL-wWEED. Flowers pale-yellow, sparingly spotted, the hanging sac broader than long;
leaves ovate or oblong. Common in rich and shady or wet soil. I. pallida.

8. SrorreD JEWEL-WEED. Flowers orange, spotted with reddish-brown; sac longer than broad.
I. fulva.

y

POPULAR FLORA. 137

26. RUE FAMILY. Order RUTACES.

Strong-scented, sharp-tasted, and bitter-acrid plants, the leaves dotted with transparent
dots like punctures (which are filled with volatile oil) ; the stamens on the receptacle, as
many or twice as many as the petals.

Herbs, very strong-scented, with perfect flowers. Stamens 8 or 10.

Leaves decompound. Flowers yellow: petals concave. Pod roundish, (Ruta) * Rug.
Leaves pinnate. Flowers white or purple, large: petals slender: stamens long. Pods
5, flattened, slightly united, (Dictamnus) * FRAXINELLA.

Shrubs or trees. Stamens 4 or 5, only as many as the petals.
Flowers dicecious. Pistils 2 to 5, making fleshy pods with one or two black seeds.

: Leaves pinnate. Stems prickly, (Zanthéxylum) PrickLy-AsH.
Flowers polygamous. Pistil 1, making a 2-celled, 2-seeded key, winged all round.
Leaflets 3. Stems not prickly, (Ptélea) Hop-TREE.
27, ae ae E Y. Order ANACARDIACE.
bes shrubs with a ifilky o esinous-acrid juice (in some cases poisonous), and al-
ternate Yeaves : — of whih we have only the genus

_ Sumach. [hus.
wers snfaill, greenish-white or yellowish. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5; the latter borne on an en-
largertienf of the receptacle which fills the bottom of the calyx. Styles or stigmas 3, on a one-celled
ovary;twhich makes a one-seeded little stone-fruit with « thin flesh. Fl. summer. Nos. 4 and 5 are
poisonous to most people when touched.
1. Sracnorn Sumacn. Small tree; branches and stalks velvety-hairy; leaves pinnate, pale be-
neath; floyjérs and crimson-hairy sour fruit very many, in a great crowded panicle. _R. typhina.

2. Smoory 8; ‘Shrub; branches and.stalks very smooth, pale: otherwise like the last. R. glabra.
8. Dwarr S./ SMhub 1° to 4° high; branches and stalks downy; leaves pinnate, with the stalk wing-
marginedihetween the shining leaflets; fruits red and hairy. F. copallina,

4. Porson, Sor Docwoop. Shrub smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7 to 13, entire; panicles slender
,. in the "Mills; fruit smooth. Poisonous to most people. Swamps. R. venenata,
5. Porson’ Ivy. “Smooth; stems climbing by rootlets; leaflets 3, large, ovate, either entire, notched, or
pred, variable on*the same stem. Poisonous like the last. R. Toxicodéndron.

6. VENETIAN S. or SMOKE-TREE. Shrub, with simple oval or obovate leaves; branches of the panicle
AMBhgthening after flowering, and feathered with long hairs, making large light bunches. Cult.

&. Cotinus.
28. GRAPE FAMILY. Order VITACE.

Shrubby plants with a watery and sour juice, climbing by tendrils; known by having a
minute calyx with scarcely any lobes, the petals valvate (edge to edge) in the bud and fall-
ing off very early, and the stamens (5 or 4) one before each petal! — Only two genera.

Grape. Vitis.
Petals 5, cohering slightly at the top while they separate at the base, and generally thrown off with-

out expanding. Berry with 4 bony seeds. Leaves lobed. Flowers polygamous in the wild species,
and having the fragrance of Mignonette.

138 POPULAR FLORA.

1. European Grare. Flowers all perfect; leaves deeply and sharply lobed. Cult. in several varie.
ties, viz. Sweetwater Grape, Black Hamburg, &c. V. vinifera.
2. NorTHERN Fox-Grapg. Leaves very woolly when young, remaining rusty-woolly beneath; ber-
ries large, purple or amber-colored. — Improved varieties of this, without the foxy taste and the

tough pulp, are the Isabella and the Catawba Grapes. V. Labrisca.
8. SUMMER GRAPE. Leaves with loose cobwebby down underneath, smoothish when old ; panicles of
fertile flowers very long and slender; berries small, ripe with first frost. V. estivalis.

4. Frost GRAPE. Leaves thin, heart-shaped, never woolly, not shining, sharply and coarsely toothed,
little or not at all lobed ; panicles loose ; berries blue or black with a bloom, sour, ripening late.
Common along river-banks, &c. V. cordifolia.

5. MuscaDINneE or SourHern Fox-Grape. Bark of the stem close, not thrown off in loose strips, as
in the others; leaves round-heart-shaped, shining, not downy, very coarsely toothed; panicles small,
with crowded flowers; berry large, musky, with a very thick and tough skin. A varietygis the
Scuppernong Grape. Common 8S. V. vulpina.

Virginia-Creeper. Ampeldpsis.

Petals 6, thick, opening before

they fall. Leaves palmate with 5

leaflets (Fig. 74). Berries small,

blackish. Avery common tall-
climbing vine, wild and culti-
vated. A, quinquefolia.

340. Flower opening. 341, Same, with the 339. Twig of Grape-vine.
petals fallen,

29. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Order RHAMNACES.
Woody plants, with simple alternate leaves, known by having the stamens as many as the
small petals (4 or 5) and one before each ofjthem,
both inserted on the calyx or on a fleshy cup which
lines the tube of the calyx; the lobes of the Jatter
valvate, i.e. edge to edge in the bud. Fruit of 2 to
5 cells, and one large seed in each.

342, Flowers of a Buckthorn, 343, Same, cut through lengthwise.

Calyx free from the ovary, greenish. Petals shorter than the calyx, or none, (Rhamnus) Buck THORN.
Calyx below adherent to the ovary, its lobes petal-like (white in our species) and -
bent inwards, shorter than the stamens and long: clawed petals, ( Ceandthus) New-JeRsry TEA.

5

POPULAR FLORA, 1389

380. STAFF-TREE FAMILY. Order CELASTRACEA.

“Woody plants, with simple alternate or opposite leaves; the divisions of the calyx and
the petals both overlapping in the bud; the stamens as many as the petals (4 or 5) and
alternate with them, inserted on a thick expansion of the receptacle (disk) which fills the
bottom of the calyx. Pod colored, of 2 to 5 mostly one-seeded cells, showy when ripe in
autumn, especially when they open and display the seeds enveloped in a pulpy scarlet aril.
Flowers polygamous or nearly dicecious, white, in racemes: disk cup-shaped: style long.

Pod globular, orange-yellow. Leaves alternate. Our only species is a twin-
ing shrub, sometimes called BirrERSWEET, ( Celdstrus) Waxwork.

Flowers perfect, flat, dull green or dark purple, in axillary racemes: disk flat, covering
the ovary, and bearing 4 or 5 very short stamens, the short style just rising

through it. Pods red, lobed. Shrubs: leaves opposite, (Luénymus) Burninc-Busu
Pods smooth, strongly lobed, or SPINDLE-TREE.
Pods roundish, rough, ry (Eudnymus) STRAWBERRY-BUSH.

31. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. Order SAPINDACEM.

The froper Soapberry: family belongs mostly to warmer climates; but we have
shrubs and trees belong-
ing to three of its sub-
families :

I. BLADDERNUT Susn-
FAMILY. Flowers regular and
perfect. Stamens 5, asmany
as the petals, and alternate
with them. Seeds bony.
Leaves opposite, pinnate or
with 3 leaflets, having stipules,
and also little stipules (stipels)
to the leaflets.

3:5 346

Shrub: flowers white inracemes. Fruit of 3 bladdery
pods united. (Staphylea) BLADDERNUT.

Il. HORSECHESTNUT Susramity. Flowers po-
lygamoug, some of them having no good pistil, mostly
irregular-and unsymmetrical. Calyx bell-shaped or
tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, with claws, on the
receptacle. Stamens generally 7, long. Style one.
Ovary 38-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell,
only one or two ripening in the fruit; which becomes

B14. Red Buckeye, rerluced in size. 245. Flower 346. Same, & leathery 8-valved pod. Seeds very large, like chest-
ith calys and (vo petals ken away S47. Maguinlov"#, nuts, Fine ornamental trees, with opposite palmate

two ovules in each cel.. 349. Same, partly grown, only one seed Jeaves, and flowers in thick panicles.
growing. 450. Ripe pod bursting. 7

Petals 5, spreading; stamens declined: fruit prickly. Leaflets 7, (désculus) ¥HorsECHESTSUT.
Petals 4, unlike, with long claws in the calyx. Leaflets generally 5, (d#sculus, § Pavia) BuckryvE.

140 POPULAR FLORA.

I. MAPLE Svusramity. Flowers generally polygamous or direcious, regular. Petals often
none, but the calyx sometimes petal-like. Stamens 4 to 12. Styles 2, united below. Fruit a pair of
keys united at the bottom (Fig. 208). Leaves opposite.

Flowers dicecious, small and greenish: petals none: stamens 4 or 5. Leaves pinnate,
: with 3 to 5 veiny leaflets: twigs green, (Negindo) Necunpo.
Flowers polygamous or perfect. Leaves simple, palmately lobed, (Acer) MAPLE,

Buckeye. Asculus, § Pavia.

All wild species at the West and South: also cultivated for ornament: flowering in late spring or
sammer.
1. Fetrp or Ouro BuckryeE. Petals small, erect, pale vellow, shorter than the curved stamens;
young fruit prickly like Horsechestnut; a tree. River-banks, W. LE. glabra.
2. Sweer Buckeye. Petals yellow or reddish, erect, enclosing the stamens; fruit smooth. Z. flava.
8. Rep BuckEyr. Petals red, also the tubular calyx: otherwise like the last. Shrub. 4. Pavia.
4, SMALL-FLOWERED B. Leaflets stalked; petals white, rather spreading; stamens very long; fruit
* smooth; seed eatable, not bitter, as are the others; flowers ina long raceme-like panicle. Shrub.
8. & cult. A. parviflora.
Maple. Acer.

* Flowers in terminal racemes, with petals, greenish, in late spring: stamens 6 to 8.
1. SrripepD Marie. Bark green, with darker stripes; leaves large, with 3 short and taper-pointed
lobes; racemes hanging. Small tree in cool woods; common, N. A. Pennsylvénicum.
2. Mountain M. Bark gray; leaves 3-lobed; racemes erect; flowers small. Shrub, N. A. spicatum.
8. Sycamore M. An imported shade-tree, with large strongly 5-lobed leaves, and large hanging
racemes, flowering soon after the leaves appear. A. Pseudo-Platanus.

% #& Flowers in loose clusters, yellowish-green, appearing with the leaves, in spring.

4. Norway M. An imported shade-tree, with leaves resembling Sugar Maple, but brighter green on
both sides, rounder, and with some long pointed teeth; flowers in an erect terminal corymb, with
petals; wings of the fruit very large, diverging. A, platanoides.

5. Sucar or Rock M. Leaves with 3 or mostly 5 long-pointed lobes, their edges entire except a
few coarse wavy teeth; flowers hanging on very slender hairy stalks, without petals; fruit with
rather small wings, ripe in autumn. Tall tree; in rich woods, and commonly planted for shade.

A. sacchdrinum.

* * * Flowers in early spring, considerably earlier than the leaves, on short pedicels, in small
umbel-like clusters from lateral leafless buds: stamens generally 5: fruit ripe and falling in early
summer.

6. WurrE or SttyEr M. Leaves very deeply 5-lobed, cut and toothed, white beneath; flowers
greenish-yellow, short-stalked, without petals ; fruit woolly when young, with very large and
smooth diverging wings. Tree common on river-banks, and planted for shade. A, dasycdrpum.

7. Rep or Sorr M. Leaves whitish beneath, with 3 or 5 short lobes, toothed; flowers on very
short stalks which lengthen in fruit, with linear-oblong petals, red or sometimes yellowish ;
wings of the fruit small, reddish. Wet places: a common tree. A. rubrum

POPULAR FLORA. 141

32. PULSE FAMILY. Order LEGUMINOSZ.

A large family, distinguished by the peculiar irregular corolla called papilionaceous
(i. e. butterfly-shaped), and for having the kind of pod called a legume for its fruit. Leaves’
alternate, often compound, with stipules. Stamens generally 10, inserted on the calyx.
Pistil one, simple. The papilionaceous corolla, which is familiar in the Pea-blossom and the
like, consists of 5 irregular petals; viz. an upper one, generally largest and outside in the
bud, called the standard ; two side petals, called wings, and two lower ones put together
and commonly a little joined, forming a kind of pouch which encloses the stamens and

352, Its petals displayed : s, standard ;
w, w, wings; &, the keel laid open,

style, and which, being shaped somewhat like the prow
of’ an ancient vessel, is named the keel. A few flowers in
the family are almost regular, or not papilionaceous. In
one case (to be mentioned in its place) all but one petal is
wanting. Another set have perfectly regular blossoms ;
but are known by the pod and leaves. The legume is of
every variety of shape and size. The whole kernel of
the seed is an embryo, with thick cotyledons, as is familiar
in the Bean and Pea (Fig. 32, 42). We give the princi-
pal sorts.

353. Legume of
Pea, open. 354. Flower of False Indigo No. 2. 355. Same, with the
petals removed.
356. Flower of Amorpha, enlarged. 357. Stamens and pistil
of the same.

I. TRUE PULSE Famity. Corolla really papilionaceous, and the standard outside, wrapped around
the other petals in the bud (in Amorpha, Fig. 356, only the standard is present). Leaves either sim-

ple or only once compound.

142 POPULAR FLORA.

Stamens, 10, united by their filaments, either all into a closed tube (monadelphous, Fig. 187), or 9 in
a tube split down on one side, and the 10th separate or nearly so (diadelphous, Fig. 186).

Shrubs or trees, not twining nor climbing.

Flowers white or rose-colored, in hanging racemes. Leaves odd-pinnate, (Robinia) Locusr-rkEx.

Flowers yellow, in small racemes. Pod bladdery. Leaves odd-pinnate, ( Coliitea) *BLADDER-SENNA,

Flowers yellow, in hanging racemes. Pod narrow. Leaflets 3, ( Cytisus) * LABURNUM.
Shrubs, with long twining stems. Flowers blue-purple in racemes, ( Wistdria) Wistarta.
Herbs.

Stems not twining, climbing, nor with any trace of tendrils.

Leaves simple: stipules winging the stem below the leaf. Flowers yellow. Pod

inflated, many-seeded, (Crotalaria) RATTLEBOX.
Leaves of 5 to 15 palmate leaflets. Flowers in a long raceme, (Lupinus) Lupine.
Leaves abruptly pinnate, of 4 leaflets. Pod formed underground, (Alrachis) * PeaNut.

Leaves odd-pinnate, of several or many leaflets.
Leaflets serrate. Flowers single, white. Pod inflated, 2-seeded, (Cicer) * Cu1cK-PEA.

Leaflets entire. Flowers in a raceme or spike. .
Corolla broad. Pod flat, narrow, several-seeded, (Tephrosia) Hoary-Pra.
Corolla narrow. Pod inflated or turgid, often 2-celled, (Astragalus) ASTRAGAL.
Leaves of 3 (or rarely 5) leaflets. Pods like akenes or burs.
Stipules cohering with the base of the leafstalk.
Flowers in heads. Pod thin and small, in the persistent calyx, (Trifolium) Crovrr.
Flowers in spikes or racemes.
Leaflets not dotted, but generally serrate.

Pods wrinkled, like akenes, coriaceous, (Melilotus) Mevrvor.

Pods curved, or else coiled up in varions ways, * (AMMedicdgo) Mrpricx.

Leaflets, &c. sprinkled with dark dots, entire. (Psoralea) PSsoRALEA.
Stipules not at all united with the leafstalk.

Pods very small and flat, closed, one-seeded, (Lespedéza) BusH-CLovEr.

Pods separating into several-seeded flat roughish joints, (Desmodium) TicK-TREFOIL.
Stems climbing or disposed to climb : leaves pinnate with a tendril at the end.
Calyx with 5 leafy lobes. Seeds globular. Leaflets few, (Pisum) * Pea.
Calyx-lobes or teeth not leafy.
Tendril conspicuous. Style hairy along the inner side, (Ldthyrus) EVERLASTING-PEA.
Tendril conspicuous. Style hairy round the tip, ( Vicia) Vercr.
Tendril hardly any. Seed oblong, fixed by one end, (Faba) * Horse-Bean.
Stems twining more or less: no tendrils to the leaves.
Keel of the corolla coiled into a ring or spiral.
Leaflets 3, with stipels, (Phastolus) BEAN.
Leaflets 5 or 7. Flowers brown-purple. Tubers underground, (Alpios) GROUNDNUT.
Keel not coiled or twisted. Leaflets 8, with stipels.
Calyx 4-cleft, the lobes acute, (Galdctia) M1LK-PEa.
Calyx 4-toothed. Pods both above-and under ground, (Amphicarpea) Hoc-PEanut.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Flower large, purple-blue, ( Clitoria) BurrerrLy-PEa.
Stamens 10, separate, except at the very base. Petal only one! (Fig. 356.) Shrubs:
leaves pinnate: flowers small, violet-purple, in a spike or raceme, (Amdrpha) AMORPHA,

POPULAR FLORA. 143

Stamens 10, separate (Fig. 855). Petals 5, pea-like. Pod inflated, (Baptisia) Fause-Inpico.

Il. BRASILETTO Supramity. Corolla sometimes papilionaceous or nearly so, but then with
the standard within the other petals, generally more or less irregular; the petals overlapping one an-
other in the bud. Stamens 10 or fewer, separate.

Trees, with simple round-heart-shaped leaves, but appearing rather later than the papilio-
naceous purple-red flowers, (Cercis) Rep-Bup.
Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves and yellow flowers, not papilionaceous, (Cassia) SENNA.
Trees, with the leaves, or some of them, more than once compound. Flowers dicecious
or polygamous, not at all papilionaceous. :
Stamens 10, and petals 5, on the top of the funnel-shaped tube of the calyx. Pods
broad and hard. Leaves very large, twice-pinnate, ( Gymndcladus) KrxrucKY COFFEE-TREE.
Stamens and petals 3 to 5, on the bottom of an open calyx. Pods long and flat, hav-
ing a sweet juice or pulp inside. Leaves, some of them once pinnate, others twice
pinnate. Tree with compound thorns, (Gleditschia) Hoxrey-Locusr.

Ill. MIMOSA Supramity. Flowers very small, in heads or spikes, regular: petals edge to edge in
the bud, and sometimes united below. Leaves generally twice or thrice pinnate.

Stamens very many and long, yellow or yellowish. (Cult. in greenhouses: some species

are wild far South), * ACACIA.
Stamens 5. Petals separate, whitish. Pod smooth, - (Desmdnthus) DESMANTHUS.
Stamens 4 or 5. Petals united into a cup, rose-color. Pod bristly, flat, breaking up into

joints. Leaves closing suddenly when touched, (Mimosa) * SENSITIVE-PLANT.
Stamens 10 or 12. Petals united into a cup, rose-color. Pod narrow, rough-prickly.

Leaves rather sensitive. 5, (Schrankia) SENSITIVE-BRIER,,

Locust-tree. Robinia.

Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. Stamens diadelphous. Pod flat, several-seeded.
Leaves odd-pinnate. — Trees, wild in the Southern, cult. in the Northern States. Fl. in early summer.
1. Common Locust-TrREE. Tree with a pair of spines for stipules; flowers white, in slender racemes,

sweet-scented; pod smooth. R. Pseudacacia.
2. CLaumy L. Tree with clammy twigs; racemes thick; calyx purplish; pod rough. R. viscosa.
8. BristLy L. or Rosr-Acacta. Shrub, with bristly stalks and twigs; flowers large, rose-colored.

R. hispida.

Clover (or TREFOIL). Trifolium.

Flowers many ina head. Calyx persistent, its teeth very slender. Corolla withering away or per-~
sistent after flowéring; the petals grown together more or less into a tube below, and the diadelphous
stamens united with it. Pod generally shorter than the calyx, thin, only one- or few-seeded. Low
herbs: leaves with 8 leaflets, the stipules adhering to the base of the footstalk (Fig. 136).

1. Rep CLover. Leaflets obovate or oval, with a pale spot on the upper side; flowers rose-red, in a
dense head with leaves underneath it. Fields, cultivated. T. praténse.
2. BurrAto C. Leaflets obovate, toothed : flowers rose-colored, pedicelled, in an umbel-like long-
stalked head. Prairies, &c., W. & S. T. reflécum.
3. Wuite C. Low, smooth, creeping; leaflets obcordate or notched; flowers white, in a loose umbel-
like head, raised on a long stalk. Fields, &c., everywhere. T. repens.

144 POPULAR FLORA.

4. Raspit-root C. Silky, low, erect, and branching; root annual; leaflets narrow; flowers whitish,
in dense and soft-silky oblong heads. Common in poor dry land. T. arvense.

5. YeLLow ©. Low, annual, smoothish; corolla yellow, turning brownish. Waste grounds.
: T. agrarium.

Melilot (or Swert-CLover). Melilotus. :
Flowers in a raceme or spike,small. Corolla falling after flowering. Pod roundish and small, like
an akene, hardly opening, containing only one or two seeds. — Annuals or biennials, with sweet-scented
foliage; leaflets three, toothed. Growing in gardens and around houses.

1. YELLow Meruttor. Leaflets obovate or oblong, obtuse; corolla light yellow. M. officinalis.
2. Wuire M. Leaflets as if cut off square at the end; corolla white. M. alba.

Medick. Medicago.

Flowers like those of Melilot, either few or many in a cluster. Pod curved or coiled, either kidney-
shaped or rolled up spirally in various ways. Leaves of 3 leaflets.

1. Lucerne, or PurrLe Mepick. Stems upright from a deep perennial root;
leaflets obovate-oblong ; flowers purple in short racemes ; pods spiral.
Cultivated for green fodder. M. satwa.

2. Buack M. Stems reclining ; leaflets wedge-obovate; flowers yellow, in
short spikes; pods curved (Fig. 358), wrinkled, turning blackish. Waste
grounds. M. lupulina.

8. SnaIL M., with 2-flowered peduncles, is sometimes cultivated in gardens, on account of its singular

pods coiled like a shell (Fig. 359). MM. scutellata.
Everlasting-Pea or Vetchling. Ldthyrus. :

Lobes or teeth of the calyx not leafy. Style flattish. Otherwise the flowers nearly the same as in

the true Pea.
* Garden species, cultivated for ornament; with winged stems and only one pair of leaflets.

1. Swreer Pea. Root annual; flowers 2 or 3 on a long peduncle, sweet-scented L. odoratus.
2. GARDEN EVERLASTING-PEA. Root perennial; flowers many, pink or purple. L. latifolius.
* * Wild species, with perennial roots and more than one pair of leaflets.

3. Marsn E. Stems lightly winged or margined; leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, lance-linear or lance-oblong;

.stipules lance-shaped; flowers 2 to 5, purple. Moist ground, N. L. palistris.
4. Patz E. Leaflets 8 or 4 pairs, ovate, pale; stipules rather large, half heart-shaped; flowers 7 to 10,
cream-color. Banks and thickets, W. & N. L. ochroleicus.
5. Veiny E. Leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, oblong or ovate; stipules very small; flowers many on the peduncle,
purple. Shady banks, S. & W. L. vendsus.
6. Brac Pra. Leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, oval or obovate; stipules large and leafy; flowers 6 to 10 on the
peduncle, purple. Shore of the sea, N. and of the Great Lakes. L. maritimus.

Vetch or Tare. Vicia.
Like the last, but with small and usually more numerous leaflets; and thé thread-shaped style hairy
round the end or down the outer side.
* Perennials, all wild species: flowers small, in a raceme on a long peduncle.
1. Turrep V. Downy; leaflets many, Iance-oblong, strongly mucronate ; flowers crowded, bent
down in the spike, blue, turning purple, summer. Thickets, N. V. Cracca-

POPULAR FLORA. 145

2. CaRotina V. Smooth; leaflets 8 to 12, oblong; flowers many, whitish, tipped with blue, rather

scattered on the peduncle, in spring. Banks, &c., common. V. Caroliniana.
8. AMERICAN V. Smooth; leaflets 10 to 14, oval or oblong, very veiny; flowers 4 to 8 on the pe-
duncle, purplish or bluish, in summer. N. V. Americana.

* * Annual: flowers large, one or two together, sessile in the axils of the leaves.
4. Common Tare. Leaflets 10 to 14, narrow; flowers violet-purple. Cultivated fields, V. sativa.

Bean. Phaséolus.

Keel of the corolla (with the included stamens and style) twisted or coiled, so as to form a ring, or
one or more turns of a spiral coil. Stamens diadelphous. Pod flat or flattish, several-seeded. Seeds
flattish. Plants twining more or less, in one cultivated variety short and erect. Leaves of three
leaflets, the end leaflet some way above the other two (i. e. pinnate of 3 leaflets): and they have stipels
or little stipules to the Icaflets. Fl. summer.

* Wild species: mostly found South and West.

1. PERENNIAL BEAN. Climbing high; leaflets round-ovate, pointed; flowers in long panicled racemes,
purple; pods curved. Wooded banks, &c. P. perénnis.
2. TraiLinc Bean. Annual, spreading on the ground; leaflets 3-lobed or angled; flowers few,

crowded at the end of a long erect peduncle, purplish; pods narrow, straight. Sandy places.
P. diversifolius.

* * Cultivated Beans.

38. Common or Kipney Brean. Known by its straight pods, pointed by the hardened lower part of the
style, and the thick rather kidney-shaped seeds. The Dwarr or Busu BEasn is a low and
small variety which does not twine. The ScarLer RuNNER is a free climbing variety, gen-

erally red-flowered. P. vulgaris.
4. Lima Bean. Known by its broad and flat, curved or scymitar-shaped pods, with few and large flat
seeds. The Civer BEAn is a small variety of it. P. lunatus.

False-Indigo. Baptisia.
Flowers generally in racemes. Standard erect, with the sides rolled back: keel-petals nearly sepa-
_ rate and straight, like the wings. Stamens 10, separate! Pod stalked in the calyx, bladdery, but
rather thick-walled, pointed, containing many small seeds. — Perennial herbs, erect and branched,
with palmate leaves of 3 leaflets. — The commonest are the following: —

1. YELLow FAtsE-Ixpico. Glaucous, bushy-branched; leaves almost: sessile; leaflets smal], wedge-
obovate; flowers few at the ends of the panicled branchlets, yellow, produced allsummer. Dry
grounds, common. B. tinctoria.

2. BLug F. Tall and stout; stipules lance-shaped, as long as the petiole; leaflets wedge-oblong ;
flowers many, large, blue, in a long raceme, in spring or early summer. (Fig. 354, 355.) Rich
soil; common W. & S. and also cultivated in gardens. B. australis.

Senna. Cassia.

Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, spreading, not papilionaceous, but a little irregular. Stamens 10, but
those on one side of the blossom commonly shorter, or without anthers; the anthers open at the top
by two chinks or holes. Pods many-seeded. — aeasae simply and abruptly pinnate. The common
species are herbs, with yellow flowers, in summer.*

146 POPULAR FLORA.

1. MARYLAND SENNA. Root perennial; stems 3° or 4° high; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, lance-oblong, 1! or

more long, used for medicine instead of the imported senna. Rich soil. C. Marilandica.
2. ParTripGE-Pra §. Annual, low, spreading; leaflets 10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, # long; flowers
large and showy; anthers 10, six of them purple. Sandy fields. C. Chamecrista.

8. SENsITIVE S. Flowers small, short-stalked; anthers only 5: otherwise like the last. C. nictitans.

33. ROSE FAMILY. Order ROSACEZ.

A large and most important family of plants, distinguished by having alternate leaves
with stipules, and regular flowers; their generally 5 petals (sometimes wanting) and sta-
mens (generally numerous, at least
above 10) inserted on the persistent
calyx. The seeds are few and their
whole kernel is embryo, as is seen in
an almond (Fig. 36), Apple-seed, or
Cherry-seed (Fig. 38), &c. The
family furnishes some of our most
esteemed fruits: all the plants are
innocent, except the strong-scented
foliage and bark, in the Almond sub-
family. For figures illustrating this
family, see those of Cherry-blossom*
(Fig. 193), Hawthorn-blossom (Fig:
194), the fruit of Apple and Quince,
(Fig. 200 and 201), Peach (Fig.
350. Section of a Rose-bud. 361. American Crab-Apple. 202), Rose and Strawberry (Fig. 220

— 222), and the annexed figures.

I, ALMOND Susramiry. Pistil only one, free from the calyx, becoming a stone-fruit. — Trees or
shrubs with simple leaves ; the bruised bark and foliage with a peculiar aromatic scent and flavor. —
The plants of this division are all ranked under two great genera (Amygdalus and Prunus), but under
several subgenera, here adopted for the convenience of thé common names.

Calyx with a rather deep cup. Petals rose or red-purple. Stone of the fruit rough.
Flesh of the frnit becoming a dry husk. We have the dwarf Flowetfig-Almond in
gardens, with double flowers. It does not form fruit here, gt Amygdalus) * ALMOND."

Flesh pulpy: surface downy (or in NECTARINE smooth); . (Persicw) *PEACH.
Calyx with a short and broad cup. Petals white. Stone of the fruit smooth, and

Flattened, with grooved edges: skin of the fruit downy, ; (Armeniaca) * APRICOT.

Flat or flattish, generally edged: fruit smooth, with a bloom, (Prunus) PLUM.

Roundish or globular: fruit smaller, smooth, without a bloom, (Cerasus) CHERRY.

If. ROSE Susramivy. Pistils few or many (rarely only one), separate from each other and free
from the persistent calyx, but sometimes (as in the Rose, Fig. 360) enclosed and concealed in its tube.
Stipules generally united with the bottom of the leafstalk on each side.

POPULAR FLORA. 147

Pistils generally 5, making few-seeded pods.

Petals broad: calyx open, 5-cleft. Shrubs or herbs, (Spirea) MEADOW-SWEET-
Petuls lance-shaped: calyx narrow, 5-toothed. Herbs, (Gillenia) Inpian-Puysic.
Pistils only one or two, making akenes, enclosed in the narrow-mouthed tube of the calyx.
Petals 5, yellow: stamens 12 or more: calyx bur-like, (Agriménia) AGRIMONY.
Petals none; but the 4 spreading lobes of the smooth calyx petal-like.
Flowers perfect, in a spike: stamens 4, long (white), (Sanguisérba) Burner.
Flowers moneecious, in a head: stamens many, (Polerium) * SaLap-BuRNET.
Pistils 8 to 10, making akenes: stamens many. (Stemless herbs.)
Petals 5, yellow. Leaves of 3 leaflets, ( Waldsteinta) BARREN-STRAWBERRY.
Petals 5, white. Leaves simple, rounded-heart-shaped, (Dalibarda) DatiparDa.

Pistils many, making akenes, or in Bramble berry-like in fruit.
Calyx open, with 5 additional outer lobes (making 10) or 5 accessory teeth.

Akenes tipped with a long feathery or hooked or twisted tail (style), (Geum) AvVENs.
Akenes seed-like; the short style falling off.

Receptacle of the fruit dry and small, (Potentilla) CINQuEFOIL.

Receptacle of the fruit becoming very large and pulpy, (Fragaria) STRAWBERRY.

Calyx open, flat, 5-lobed. Ovaries in a head, becoming berry-like, (Rubus) BRAMBLE.

Calyx with an urn-shaped or globular closed tube and 5 lobes, (Rosa) Rose.

III. PEAR Supramivy. Pistils 2 to 5, their styles more or less separate, their ovaries united with
each other and with the thick tube of the calyx which encloses them and makes a fleshy fruit ( pome).
Stipules free from the leafstalk. Trees or shrubs.

Cells of the fruit containing only one or two seeds. [or SHaDBUsH.
Petals long and narrow. Fruit berry-like, its cells becoming 10, (Amelinchier) JUNE-BERRY
‘Petals broad or rounded.

Fruit drupe-like, containing 2 to 5 stones, ( Cratiegus) HAWTHORN.

‘Fruit with 3 to5 parchment-like pips.
Leaves pinnate: fruit berry-like, scarlet when ripe, (Pyrus, § Sorbus) Mounrarn-Asu.
Leaves simple. ff
Flowers small in compound cymes: fruit smll, berry-like, black or
dark red, mawkish, (Pyrus, § Adenorachis) CHOKEBERRY.
Flowers large in simple clusters or umbels: fruit fleshy.
Petals tinged with red or rose: fruit sunk in at both ends, (Pyrus, § Malus) Appin.
Petals white: fruit tapering into the stalk, (True Pyrus) * PEAR.
Cells of the fruit parchment-like and many-seeded, (Cydonia) * Quince.

Cherry. “Prunus, § Cérasus, &c.

* Flowers, like those of Plums, two or more together on separate footstalks from separate lateral buds,
appearing at the same time with the leaves.
1. CuLTIVATED CHERRY: several varieties are commonly cultivated of the European, P. Cérasus.
2, Witp Rep Cuerry. A small tree, with bright-green narrow leaves, and small light-red sour fruit.
Common in rocky woods, &c. P. Pennsylvanica,
* * Flowers in hanging racemes, appearing after the leaves, late in spring. Wild species.
8. CHokE CHERRY. Shrub or small tree, with gray branches, broad and sharply serrate leaves, and
astringent dark crimson fruit, ripe in summer. Virginiana,

148 POPULAR FLORA.

4. Witp Biack Cuerry. Shrub or large tree, with reddish-brown bark on the branches, oblong or
lance-oblong leaves with short and blunt teeth, and purplish-black vinous fruit, ripe in autumn.
P. serétina.
Plum. Prunus.
All are cultivated, except the Beach Plum ; but No. 2 is also wild; sois No. 3 in the Southwest.
1. Common Pum (P. doméstica), with all its varieties, probably came from the BuLttacr PLum (P.
insititia), and that perhaps from the thorny SLOE (P. spindsa).
2. Wiip (Rep and YELLow) PLtum : well known for its very juicy pulp in a (red or partly yellow)
tough skin; leaves coarsely serrate. P. Americana.
8. CuickAsAw Pum: with lance-shaped finely serrate leaves, and small red, thin-skinned, cherry-
like fruit. 8. P. Chicasa.
4. BEacn Pum. A low bush on the sea-coast, with the leaves downy beneath, and a small purple
or crimson fruit. P. maritima.
Meadow-Sweet. Spiriea.
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, broad or roundish. Pistils commonly 5, making little pods (follicles) with
2 or few seeds ineach. Nos. 1, 2, 4, and 6 are wild species, but also cult. in gardens and grounds.
* Shrubs, with white flowers, except No. 2.
1. Common MEADow-SweEET. Smooth, 2° or 8° high; leaves oblong or lance-oblong and wedge-
shaped; flowers in a crowded panicle, sometimes pale flesh-color. Wet grounds. S. salicifolia,
2. Downy M., or HarpHAck. Leaves coated ‘with wool beneath; flowers rose-color. S. tomentosa.
8. IrAL1An M., or MaywreatTH. Smooth ; stems 8° or 4° long, recurved; leaves small, spatulate,
entire; flowers small, in umbels on short ¥afy shoots. Cult.; fl. in spring. S. hypericifolia,»
4. Ninepark M. Smoothish, 4° to 10° high; branches recurving; leaves rounded, 3-lobed ; flowers —
in umbels, in spring; pods 8 to 5, bladdery, turning purplish. Old bark of stems peeling off in

thin layers. Rocky banks, N. & W., and cultivated. S. opulifolia.
5. SORB-LEAVED M. Smooth, 8° to 6° high; leaves pinnate; leaflets oblong-lance-shaped, pointed, cut-
toothed; flowers in a large panicle, in spring. Cultivated. ; S. sorbifolia.

* * Herbs, with perennial roots, and interruptedly pinnate leaves, and flowers in a crowded compound
cyme, on a long naked stalk. All but No. 6 are foreign species.

6. QUEEN-oF-THE-PRrAIRIE M. Smooth; leaflets 3 to 7 and some little ones; end-leaflet very large,
parted and cleft; flowers peach-blossom-color,in summer. W. and cult. S. lobata.

7. EneuisH M. Leaves smaller than in the last, white-downy beneath; flowers white. S. Ulmaria.

8. Dropworr M. Smooth; leaflets 9 to 21, besides the minute ones, linear-oblong, much cut; cymes

of a few slender branches; flowers white, single or double. S. filipéndula.
IndianePhysic. Gillenia.

Calyx narrow or club-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 5, lance-shaped, rather unequal, white or pale rose.
Stamens 10 to 20, short. Pistils and little pods 5. — Herbs, with perennial roots, and leaves of three
cut-toothed thin leaflets. Flowers in a loose corymb or panicle, in summer.

1. Commow Inp1An-Prysic (or BowMAn’s Root). Leaflets oblong; stipules small and entire. W.
and cultivated in gardens. G. trifoliata.
2. Wesrern I. (or American IrEcac). Leaflets lance-shaped, more cut than in the last, as are the
large stipules. W. G. stipulacea.

POPULAR FLORA. 149

Avens. Geum.

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, 5-cleft, and with 5 additional little lobes between. Petals 5. Stamens
many. Pistils many in a head, making akenes, which are tipped with the style, remaining as a long,
naked or hairy tail. Perennial herbs: flowers single or somewhat corymbed.— In all our common
species the style is jointed and hooked round in the middle.

* Upper and mostly hairy joint of the style falling off, leaving the lower and smooth portion, which
remains hooked at the end: flowers rather small: root-leaves mostly interruptedly pinnate; stem-
leaves or lobes 3 to 5. Dry woods and fields.

1. Wuite Avens. Smoothish or downy; petals white, as long as the calyx, akenes bristly. G. album.

2. Vircintan A. Bristly-hairy, stouter than the last; petals greenish-white, shorter than the calyx;
akenes smooth. G. Virginianum.

8. YeLttow A. Rather hairy, large; petals yellow, longer than the calyx. G. strictum.

* * Upper joint of the style persistent and feathered with long hairs; flowers rather large, nodding.

4. Warrer A. Root-leaves with a large and rounded-lobed end-leaflet, and some very small ones
below; stem-leaves few, 3-cleft or of 8 small leaflets; petals not spreading, somewhat notched at
the broad summit, purplish. — Wet banks of streams. G. rivale.

Cinquefoil. Potentillu.

Calyx open or flat, 5-parted, and with 5 additional outside lobes alternate with the others, making
10. Petals 5. Stamens many. Pistils many in a head, on a dry receptacle, making seed-like akenes,
the styles falling off. '

, %* Leaves palmate. Herbs, with yellow flowers.

1. Norway CrxquzrFoiu. Erect, coarse, hairy; leaflets 3, obovate, cut-toothed. Fields. P. Norvegica.

2. CanaDA C. Runner-like stems decumbent or spreading; leaflets 5, obovate-oblong; peduncles long,
axillary, 1-flowered. Fields and banks. P. Canadénsis.

8. StpvERy C. Low, with spreading branches, white-woolly, as are the 5 leaflets beneath. P. argentea.

* * Leaves pinnate. Herbs (except No. 5): receptacle of the fruit hairy.

4, SILVER-WEED. Cfeeping, sending up leaves of 9 to 19 cut-toothed leaflets, besides little ones inter-~
posed, silvery-white beneath, and single long-stalked yellow flowers. Wet banks, N. P. Anserina.

5. Suyruppy C. Shrub very bushy, 2° to 4° high; leaflets 5 or 7, crowded near the end of the short
fuotstalk, lance-oblong, entire, silky beneath; flowers yellow. Bogs. P. fruticdsa.

6. Mars C. Stems ascending from a scaly creeping base; leaflets 5 or 7, crowded, serrate, lance~
oblong; flowers dull purple. Cold bogs, N. P. palistris,

Bramble. Rubus.

Calyx open, deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Pistil8 many; their ovaries ripening into little berry-like
grains (or rather drupelets), making a kind of compound berry. —Rather shrubby or herbaceous pe-
rennials.

§ 1. RASPBERRY. Fruit falling from the dry receptacle, usually with the grains lightly cohering.
' « Leaves simple, lobed: flowers large and showy: petals spreading.
1. PurrLe FLowERinc-RasrBerry. Bristly and clammy with odorous brownish glands ; leaves
rounded, with 3 or 5 pointed lobes; flowers in « corymb, rose-purple; fruit flat. Rocky banks,
N. FI. summer. R. odordtus.
2. Wurrt Frowertnc-R. Like No. 1, but the flowers white and smaller. N. W. & cult. R. Nutkanue.

150 POPULAR FLORA.

* % Leaflets 3 or 5, white-downy beneath: flowers small: petals white, erect.

8. GARDEN Rasrnerry. Stems with some slender hooked prickles as well as bristles; petals shorter
than the calyx; fruit red, &c., the grains minutely downy. Cult. R. Ideus.

4, Witp Rep R. Stems very bristly; petals as long as the calyx; fruit pale red, very tender. Very
common N. R. strigosus.

5. Buack R. (or THIMBLEBERRY). Plant glaucous all over; the long recurved stems and stalks
beset with hooked prickles; fruit dark purple. Borders of woods and fields. R. occidentalis.

42. BLACKBERRY. Fruit of large grains, remaining on the juicy receptacle, black or dark purple
when ripe: petals white, spreading; leaflets 3 or 5.

6. Hicu BLACKBERRY or BRAMBLE. Stems mostly erect, angular, bearing stout curved prickles;
young shoots hairy and glandular; leaflets ovate or oblong, pointed, downy underneath and prickly
on the midrib; flowers large, in racemes; fruit large, sweet. R. villosus.

“% Low B. (or Dewsrrry). Stems long, trailing; leaves smaller and nearly smooth; flowers fewer,
and the large sweet fruit ripe earlier than in the last. Sterile or rocky ground. R. Canadensis.

8. Sanp B. Stems low, but erect, with stout hooked prickles; leaflets wedge-obovate, whitish-woolly
beneath; fruit sweet. Sandy soil. New Jersey & S. R. cuncifolius.

9. Runnixnc Swamr-B. Stems slender, creeping, hooked-prickly; leaves nearly evergreen, shining,
obovate; flowers small; fruit of few grains, reddish until ripe, sour. Wet woods, N. A. hispidus.

Rose. Rosa.

Calyx with an urn-shaped hollow tube (Fig. 360), bearing 5 leafy lobes at the top, 5 petals ar
many stamens, and within enclosing many pistils attached to its walls. The ovarics ripen into bony
and hairy akenes, and the calyx makes a fleshy or pulpy, red and berry-like fruit (hip). — Shrubs, with
pinnate leaves of 8 to 9 leaflets. (Stigmas just rising to the mouth of the calyx, except in No. 1.)

% Wild Roses. But No. 1 is cultivated, especially in double-flowered varieties, and the Sweet-Brier,
which came from Europe, is also kept in gardens, for its sweet-scented leaves. Flowers in all
bright rose-color.

1. Pramiz Ross. Stems climbing high, prickly; leaflets 8 or 5, large; petals deep rose-color turning
pale; styles cohering together, and projecting out of the tube of the calyx; flowers in corymbs,
scentless, in summer. Edges of prairies and thickets; W. and cult. R. setigera.

P

Sweert-Brier R. (or EGLanrinE). Stems climbing, and with stout hooked prickles; leaflets 5 or
7, roundish, downy and bearing russet fragrant glands beneath; hip pear-shaped. Road-sides,
gardens, &c. R. rubigindsa.

- Swame R. Stems erect, 4° to 7° high, with hooked prickles; leaflets dull, 5 to 9; flowers in

corymbs; hips rather bristly, broader than long. R. Carolina.

i]

4, Low Witp R. Stems 1° to 8° high, with mostly straight prickles; leaves smooth and commonly
shining; flowers single or 2 to 3 together; hips as in the last © Common. R. lucida.

oN

Bianpd R. Low, pale or glaucous, with few or no prickles; calyx and globular hips very smooth.
Rocks: flowering early in summer. N. R. blanda.
%* * Cultivated species are very numerous and much mixed. The commonest are: —
Cinnamon Rose, R. cinnamdmea. Damask R., R. Damascéna,
Scorcn or Burner R., 2. spinosissina. CABBAGE or HUNDRED-LEAVED R., R. centifolia.

POPULAR FLORA. 151

Moss R., RB. centifolia, var. muscosa. Cuina R., RB. Indica.
White R., R&R. alba. CHEROKEE R. at the South, &. devigdta.
Yxrtiow R., A&R. lidea. Muttirvora R., R. multiflora.

Hawthorn. Crataegus.

Calyx with a globular or pear-shaped tube coherent with the 2- to 5-celled ovary, making a pome
with as many one-seeded stones. Petals 5, roundish. Styles 2 to 5. Thorny small trees or shrubs.
Flowers in spring, mostly in corymbs, white, or with a red variety of the cultivated.

1. Eneuish HawtHorn (or WuiTE TuHorn). Leaves obovate, with a wedge-shaped base, lobed
and cut; styles 2 or 3; fruit small, coral-red. Cult. for hedges and ornament. C. Oxyacdnthu.

2. WAsHInGTON H. Leaves broadly ovate, truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, often cleft or
cut; styles 5; fruits coral-red, not larger than peas. S. C. cordaa.

8. SCARLET-FRUITED H. Smooth; leaves round-ovate, thin, toothed or cut, on slender stalks; fruit
scarlet, oval, 4! in diameter. C. coccinea.

4. Pear H. (or BLracktruorn). Downy, at least when young; leaves thickish, oval, ovate, or
wedge-obovate, narrowed into a short or margined footstalk; flowers large; fruit large, crimson, or
orange-red, eatable. C. tomentosa.

5. Cockxspur H. Smooth; leaves wedge-obovate or inversely lance-shaped, merely toothed above the
middle, thick, shining; fruit dark red; thorns very long. C. Crus-galli.

6. SumMER H. Rather downy; Jeaves obovate or wedge-shaped, often cut; flowers few (2 to 6);
fruit rather pear-shaped, yellowish or reddish. S. C. flava.

Apple. Pyrus, § Malus.
1. Common APPLE. Leaves ovate, serrate, downy beneath; flowers white tinged with pink. Every-
where cultivated. P. Malus.
2. SIBERIAN CRAB-A. Leaves ovate, serrate, smooth; calyx smooth. Cult. occasionally. P. baccata.

3. AMERICAN CRraAB-A.”, Leaves broadly ovate or heart-shaped, cut-toothed or somewhat lobed,
smoothish; flowers rose-color, sweet-scented; fruit greenish, fragrant (Fig. 8361). Common. W.
P. coronaria.

Mountain-Ash or Rowan Tree. Pyrus, § Sorbus.
_ Both the wild and the foreign species are planted for the beauty of their bright scarlet fruits, in broad
compound cymes, ripe in autumn. Fl. white, summer.
1. American M. Leaflets 13 to 15, lance-shaped, taper-pointed, smooth. Wild, N. P. Americana.
2. EUROPEAN M. Leaflets shorter, broader, paler, and not pointed; fruit larger. P. aucuparia.

Quince. Cydonia.
1. Common Quincz. Flowers single at the tips of the branches, white; lobes of the calyx leaf-like
and downy, as well as the ovate entire leaves; fruit pear-shaped. Cult. C. vulgaris.
2. JAPAN Quince. Shrub, hardly of the same genus, for the flowers are on side spurs of the thorny
branches, earlier than the smooth leaves; calyx.top-shaped, with short lobes; petals large and red;
fruit like a small apple, very hard. Cultivated for ornament. C. Japénica.

152 POPULAR FLORA.

84. CAROLINA-ALLSPICH FAMILY. Order CALYCANTHACES.
A small family of a few rather curious shrubs, with opposite leaves; represented by the

Carolina-Allspice. Calycdnthus.

Flowers somewhat on the plan of the rose, having a large

number of simple pistils contained in a sort of closed calyx-cup,
or hollow receptacle, and attached to its inner surface. But the
outside is covered with sepals or calyx-lobes, which are colored
like the petals (brown-purple); these are many and narrow, in
several rows. Stamens many, on the top of
the cup; filaments hardly any; anthers long,
“tipped with a point. Ovaries making large
akenes, enclosed in the large and dry hip.
Seed-leaves of the embryo rolled up. Shrubs,
with rather aromatic bark, &., and opposite
entire leaves, without any stipules. Flowers
large, when bruised giving out a fragrance
resembling that of strawberries. Wild in the
Southern States, especially in and near the
mountains; and also cultivated, especially the:
first species.

362. Flowering branch of Carolina Allspice. 363 Half of
acalyx-oup of the same, cut through lengthwise. (Compare
it with a Rose, Fig. 360.) 364, A ripe fruit or hip.

1. Common C. Leaves oval or roundish, downy beneath. Commonly cult. in gardens. C. fidridus.
2. Smoori C. Leaves oblong, smooth, green both sides; flowers smaller. C. levigatus.
3. GLAucous C. Leaves oblong- or lance-ovate, pointed, glaucous or whitened beneath. C. glaucus.

35. LYTHRUM FAMILY. Order LYTHRACEZ.

Herbs with entire and mostly opposite leaves, and no stipules; the calyx tubular or cup-
shaped, bearing from 4 to 7 petals and 4 to 14 stamens on its throat, and enclosing the
many-seeded ovary and thin pod. Between the 4 to 7 teeth of the calyx are as many
additional projections or supernumerary teeth. Style one.

Flowers regular, or nearly so.
Calyx cylindrical, several-ribbed or angled: petals 4 to 7, rather unequal: stamens

twice as many as the petals: pod 2-celled, (Lythrum) LytTuroum.*
Calyx short bell-shaped: petals 5: stamens 10 or 14, long and protruded: pod with
8 to 5 cells: leaves often whorled, (Nes@a) NEs.£A.

Flowers with an irregular tubular calyx, spurred or projecting at the base on the upper
side. Very unequal petals, and 12 unequal stamens in two sets. Pod few-séeded,
bursting through one side of the calyx, (Ciphea) CuPHEA.

* Sometimes called Loosestrife ; but this name properly belongs to plants of another family.

POPULAR FLORA. 153

36. EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. Order ONAGRACER.

Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, known by having the parts of the blossom in fours, the tube
of the calyx coherent with the 4-celled ovary, and often prolonged beyond, its summit
bearing 4 petals, and 4 or 8 stamens. Style 1, slender: stigmas generally 4. ‘In green-
house cultivation we have several species of Fuonera, well known for their pretty hanging
flowers, the smaller kinds called Ladies’ Eardrop. The showy part is a colored (generally
red) calyx, its 4 lobes longer than the purple petals. Fuchsias are shrubs; the rest of the
family are herbs CLarxra, known by the long-clawed petals, and broad petal-like stigmas,
is sometimes cultivated, and so are several Evening-Primroses. The commonest wild
plants of the family are Eveninc-Primroses and WILLOW-HERBS.

Evening-Primrose. (Cnothéra.
Calyx with the tube continued on beyond the ovary, bearing 4 narrow lobes turned down, 4 gen-
erally obcordate petals, and 8 stamens. — Several species are cultivated more or Jess commonly in
flower-gardens. The following are common wild, and have yellow flowers, in summer.

1. Common FE. Tall; leaves lance-shaped; flowers in a spike, opening at sunset or in cloudy weather,
sweet-scented; pod cylindrical; root biennial. Fields, &c. dE. biénnis.

2. Low E. Stems several from a perennial root, 1° to 3° high; flowers large, opening in sunshine;
pods rather club-shaped, and 4-winged, stalked. W.&S. ' G:. fruticosa.

8. Smatu E. Stems 4° to 1° high; flowers small, 3’ wide, open in sunshine; pods club-shaped, scarcely
stalked, strongly 4-angled. Fields, &c. GE. pumila.

Willow-herb. Lpilibium.

Calyx with its tube not continued beyond the ovary. Petals 4, purple or whitish. Stamens 8. Pod
long and slender, many-seeded; the seeds bearing a long tuft of downy hairs.

1. Grear W. Stem simple, 4° to 7° high; leaves lance-shaped; flowers showy, pink-purple, in a long
loose spike; petals on claws, widely spreading; stamens and style turned down. Rich ground,
especially where it has been burned over or newly cleared. E. angustifolium.

2. SmaLL W. Branching, 1° to 2° high; leaves lance-oblong, commonly purple-veired; flowers very
small; petals purplish. Wet places, everywhere. E. colordtum.

37. CACTUS FAMILY. Order CACTACEA.

Fleshy and generally prickly plants, without any leaves, except little scales or points, of
very various and strange shapes, generally the petals and always the stamens very numer-
ous, and on the one-celled ovary, which in fruit makes a berry. Being house-plants (with
one exception) they must here be passed by, merely mentioning the
PricKLY-PEAR Cactus, which grows in dry sandy or rocky places, southward, and consists of flat

and rather leaf-like rounded joints of stem, growing one out of another, prickly at the buds,
and bearing yellow flowers of rather few petals; the ovary making a large berry full of sweet and
eatable pulp. Opintia vulgaris.

154 POPULAR FLORA.

388. GOURD FAMILY. Order CUCURBITACEZ.

Succulent or tender herbs, with alternate and radiate-
veined leaves, and with tendrils. Flowers commonly mo-
neecious, in the axils. Fertile flowers with the tube of the
calyx coherent with the ovary. Petals often united with
each other into a monopetalous corolla, and united with or
borne on the cup of the calyx. Stamens
generally 3, and more or less connected
by their anthers or their filaments, or by
both; the anthers curiously contorted.
Fruit a pepo (224), berry, or pod. Seeds
large and flat; the whole kernel is an em-
bryo. The most important plants of the
family are those cultivated.

366 368 369 370

366. Staminate flower of a Squash, with the corolla and upper part of the calyx cut away, to show the united stamens. 367. The latter,
enlarged, and the mass of anthera cut across 368. Separate stamen of a Melon, enlarged, showing the long and contorted anther. 369.
Embryo of Squash, 870. Section of same, a little enlarged, seen edgewise.

Petals united into a large, bell-shaped, 5-lobed, yellow corolla. Stamens with three fila-

ments united into a tube, except at the bottom: the anthers also firmly grown

together; the turns of their long cells parallel, running straight up and down.

Style 1: stigmas 8, each 2-lobed. Fruit large, firm-fleshy. Seeds with a blunt

edge, (Cucirbita) *GouRD, i. e.
Petals united only at the base or separate. Anthers loosely crooked. [SquasuH and Pumpxin.

Ovary and fruit many-seeded. Anthers and filaments 8, separate or separable.
Petals white, with greenish veins. Peduncles very long. Fruit with a hard or

woody rind variously shaped, (Lagenaria) *BorrLe-Gourp.

Petals yellow. Calyx with a bell-shaped cup. Seeds pointed and sharp-edged.
Fruit narrow, rough-pimpled when young, ( Cucumis sativus) * CUCUMBER.
Fruit thick, smooth, sweet. Fertile flowers perfect, (Cucumis Melo) *MuskKMELOn.

Petals buff or cream-color. Calyx with hardly any cup. Leaves much cut.
Fruit large and smooth, sweet. Seeds thick-edged, smooth, ( Citrillus) * WATERMELON.
Fruit a rough, reddish berry. Seeds wrinkled, (Momérdica) *BALSAM-APPLE.
Ovary and fruit one-seeded or 4-seeded. Small-flowered climbers, wild in this country.
Corolla of the sterile flowers 6-parted, white. The long racemes rather pretty in
cultivation. Fruit an oval, weak-prickly, bladder-like pod, bursting
at the top, and containing 2 fibrous-netted cells, with 2 large seeds in
each. Leaves sharply 5-lobed, (Echinocystis) BLADDER-CUCUMBER.
Corolla of the wheel-shaped sterile flowers 5-lobed, greenish-white. Fruit a
small, ovate, 1-seeded, prickly-barbed bur. Leaves 5-angled, (Sicyos) Bur-CucuMBER.

39. PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. Order PASSIFLORACEA,
This small family of tendril-bearing vines, with alternate palmately-lobed leaves, is mainly
represented by the

POPULAR FLORA.

Passion-Flower. Passiflora.

155

Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals 5, accompanied by a crown or ring formed of a double or triple

fringe, inserted on the base of the calyx. Stamens 6, mona-
delphous; the filaments making u long sheath to the slender
stalk of the ovary: this is one-celled and becomes an eata-
ble berry, with many seeds in 8 or 4 rows on its walls. The
species are mostly South American; and some Jarge-flowered
and handsome ones ure cultivated in hot-houses. The early
missionaries fancied that they found in these flowers emblems
of the implements of our Saviour’s passion; the fringe repre-
senting the crown of thorns; the large anthers fixed by their
middle, hammers; and the 5 styles (tapering below and with
large-headed stigmas), the nails. We have two wild species,
common S. and W.

= S

871. Passion-Flower No, i, enlarged.

1. Smatt P. Leaves bluntly 8-lobed, otherwise entire; flowers greenish-yellow, 1! wide. P. lutea.
2. Maypor P. Leaves 38-cleft, the lobes serrate; flowers 2' broad, white, with « triple flesh-colored

and purple crown; fruit like a hen’s egg in shape and size.

P. incarnata.

40. CURRANT FAMILY. Order GROSSULACES.

372

hy

374 373

Consists of the Currants
and Gooseberries, which
belong to the same botan-
ical genus. Shrubs, with
alternate rounded and ra-
diate-veined leaves; the
tube of the calyx coherent
with the one-celled ovary,
and continued above it
into a cup which is often
colored, like a corolla, and
bears the 5 little petals and
5 stamens. Seeds many,
with a pulpy outer coat,
borne upon the walls of the
berry on two thickened
lines (parietal placentas).

Garden Gooseberry : 372, with flowers ; 373, with fruit. 374. Cup of the calyx laid open, bearing the 5 little petala and stamens,
375, The pistil. 376. Young berry cut across. 377, Young berry divided lengthwise.

Gooseberry. Rides, § Grossularia.

Stems generally armed with thorns under the clusters of leaves, and sometimes with scattered

prickles. Peduncles bearing single or few flowers.

11

156 POPULAR FLORA.

La

GARDEN GOOSEBERRY. Thorns large; flower-stalks short; berry bristly or smooth. R. Jva-crispa.
. Prickty Witp G. Thorns slender or none; flowers greenish, long-stalked; stamens and style not
projecting; berry prickly; leaves downy. Woods, N. R. Cynésbati.

. SMALL WiLp G. Thorns very short or none; flowers purplish or greenish, very short-stalked; sta-
mens and 2-cleft style a little projecting; berry small, smooth. Low grounds, N. R. hirtellum,
Smooru Witp G. Thorns stout or none; flowers greenish, on slender stalks; stamens and the two
styles very long and projecting (4! long); berry smooth. Woods,common W. &. rotundifolium.

be

oo

ba

Currant. Ribes.
Stems neither thorny nor prickly. Flowers in racemes, appearing in early spring. Berries small.

1. RED Currant. Leaves rounded heart-shaped and somewhat lobed; racemes from lateral separate
buds, hanging; flowers flat, greenish or purplish; berry smooth, red, and a white variety. Gar-
dens, &c. Wild on Mountains, N. R. ribrum.

. Feri C. Stems reclined; leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5-lobed; racemes erect; flowers, greenish,
flattish; pale red berry and its stalk bristly, strong-smelling. Cold woods, N. R. prostratum.

. Witp Brack C. Leaves on long foot-stalks, slightly heart-shaped, sharply lobed, sprinkled with
dots both sides; racemes rather drooping; flowers oblong, yellowish-white; berries gions, black,
rather spicy. Wooded banks. R. fldridum,

4. GARDEN BLiack C. Leaves on shorter footstalks, less dotted; racemes looser, and black berries
larger than in No. 3. Gardens. BR. nigrum.

. Missourr or BurrALo C. Leaves smooth; racemes with leafy bracts; flowers (calyx) long and
tubular, bright yellow, spicy-fragrant. Cultivated for ornament. R. aureum.

w

oo

a

41. STONECROP FAMILY. Order CRASSULACEA.

Herbs with thick and fleshy leaves (except in one pe-
culiar plant of the family, viz. the Ditchwort) ; the flowers
remarkable for being perfectly regular and symmetrical
throughout, i. e. having the sepals, petals, and pistils all of
the same number and all separate, or nearly so (except
in Ditchwort); the stamens also of the same number, or
just twice as many. Pods containing few or many seeds.
Mostly small plants: several are found in gardens.

378. Flower of Stonecrop.

Flowers with petals, and their pistils entirely separate from each other.

Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10, (Sedum) STONECROP.
Sepals, petals, and pistils 6 to 20. Stamens 12 to 40, (Sempervivum) HousELEEK.

Flowers with 5 sepals, no petals, and 5 pistils grown together below. Leaves’ thin, Innce-
shaped, . (Pénthorum) Dircuwort.

Stonecrop or Orpine. Sedum.

1. Mossy Stonrcror. Small and creeping, moss-like; the stems thickly covered with little ovate
thick and closely sessile leaves; flowers yellow. Cultivated for garden edging, &c. S. acre.

POPULAR FLORA. 157

2. TunrE-LEAVED §. Stems spreading, 3! to 8! high; leaves wedge-obovate or oblong, the lower ones
in whorls of 3; the earliest flower with the parts in fives, the rest generally in fours; petals white.
Rocky woods, S. and W. and in gardens. S. ternatum.

8. Hanpsome S. Stems 4! to 12' high; leaves thread-shaped; flowers crowded; petals rose-purple. '
Rocky places, 8. W. and cultivated. S. pulchéllum.

4. Great §. or LIVE-FoR-EVER. Stems 2° high; leaves oval; flowers in a close compound cyme,
purple. Gardens. S. Telephium.

42. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Order SAXIFRAGACES.

Herbs, or in the case of Hydrangea, &c. shrubs, differing from the last in having the
pistils fewer than the petals, and generally more or less united with each other and with
the tube of the calyx. Petals 5 (rarely 4), on the calyx. Stamens 5 or 10, or in Mock-
Orange many. :

Herbs. Leaves generally alternate. Petals 5. Styles only 2.
Stamens 10, short. Petals entire. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Pod 2-beaked or pods 2,
many-seeded, (Saxifraga) SAXIFRAGE.
Stamens¥s. Petals small, entire (greenish or purplish), between the short lobes of the
bell-shaped calyx. Pod 1-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded. Flowers in a long
panicle, (Heichera) ALUM-noor.
Stamens 10, short. Petals pinnatifid, whitish, slender. Styles and pod short, one-
celled, the latter few-seeded at the bottom, opening across the top. Stem
» 2-leaved below the slender raceme, (Mitella) Mitreworrt.
Stamens 10, and the 2 styles much longer than the slender-clawed petals. Pod slen-
der, few-seeded at the bottom. Flowers white in a short raceme on a
naked scape, (Tiarella) FAuLsE-MITREWoRT.
Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Tube of the calyx coherent with the ovary. Seeds many.
Flowers small, in compound cymes; some of the marginal ones generally large and
neutral (Fig. 169), or in cultivation nearly all the flowers becoming so.
Petals 4 or 5. Stamens § or 10. Styles 2, diverging, and between them the
little pod opens, (Hydrangea) HYDRANGEA.
Flowers large, somewhat panicled. Petals 4 or 5, white, showy. Stamens 20 or
more. Styles 3 to 5, united below: pod with as many cells, very many-
seeded, (Philadélphus) Mocx-OranGE.

Saxifrage. Sazifraga.
1. Earty SAxirragE. Leaves all clustered at the root, obovate, toothed; scape 4! to 9! high, many-

flowered; flowers white, in early spring. Damp rocks. 8. Virginiénsis.
2. Swamp 8. Leaves all at the root, lance-oblong, 3‘ to 8' long; scape 1° or 2° high, clammy, bearing
many small clustered‘greenish flowers. Bogs and wet ground, N. S. Pennsylvdnica.

‘Hydrangea. Hydrangea.
1. GARDEN HypRANGEA. Leaves very smooth; flowers mostly large neutral ones, blue, purple, or
pink. A well-known garden and house‘ plant. Hi. Horténsia.

Witp H. Leaves thin, nearly smooth, sometimes heart-shaped; flowers mostly perfect, white.
Hf. arboréscens.

158 POPULAR FLORA.

Mock-Orange (or Syringa). Philadélphus.
1. Common M. or Syrinea. Flowers cream-colored, fragrant, in large panicles; styles separate.

Cultivated. P. coronarius.
2. ScenrLess M. Flowers larger and later than in the first, few on the spreading branchlets, pure
white. Cultivated; also wild S. Leaves tasting like cucumbers. P. inodorus,

43. PARSLEY FAMILY. Order UMBELLIFERA.

Herbs with small flowers in compound umbels, the 5 petals and 5 stamens on the top of
the ovary, with which the calyx is so incorporated that it is not apparent, except some-
times by 5 minute teeth. Styles 2. Fruit dry, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into two
akenes. Stems hollow. Leaves generally compound, decompound, or much cut. Some
species are aromatic, having a volatile oil in the seeds: most, but not all, of these are
harmless. Others contain a deadly poison in the roots and leaves. The deadly poisonous
sorts are marked +: the most deadly is the Water-Hemlock, also called Musquash-root, and
Beaver-Poison.— The kinds in this large family are known by their fruit, and are too
difficult for the beginner. The principal common kinds are merely enumerated in the fol-
lowing key. (Fig. 148 shows the compound umbel in Caraway, a good and familiar
example of the family.)

~

379. Partof Stem, leaf, umbel, &c of Poison-Hemlock. 380 A separate umbellet, 381, A flower magnified. 882 A fruit 383. Lower
half of itcut off. 384- Fruit of Sweet Cicely; the two long akenes separating.

POPULAR FLORA. 159

Seeds flat on the inner face, where the two akenes or parts of the fruit join.

Fruit covered all over with hooked prickles, (Sanicula) SANICLE
Fruit prickly on the ribs only. Umbel becoming concave, (Daucus) *CaRRor.

Fruit not prickly, but winged on the margin.
Flowers yellow, all alike, (Pastinaca) *Pansnip.
Flowers white, the outer corollas larger, (Heracleum) Cow-Parsnip.

Flowers white or whitish, all alike.

Akenes 5-ribbed on the back. Leaves simply pinnate, (Archémora) CowBAnE.t
Akenes 8-ribbed on the back. Leaves decompound, (Angelica) * ANGELICA.
Fruit not prickly, winged on all sides, (Levisticum) *LOVAGE.

Fruit neither prickly nor winged.
Flowers yellow. Plant sweet-aromatic; leaflets long and slender, (Feniculum) *FENNEL.
Flowers white.
Umbels with neither involucre nor involucels.

Divisions of the leaves very slender, (Carum) *CARAWAY.

Divisions or leaflets wedge-shaped, (Apium) *CELERY.
Umbels with 3-leaved involucels, but no involucre, (Zthisa) Foou’s-PaRsLey.
Umbels with both involucres and involucels.

Leaves decompound, finely divided, (Petroselinum) *PARSLEY.

Leaves 2 or 3 times compound; leaflets coarse, (Cictta) Warrer-HEemuock.t

Leaves simply piunate, (Sium) WatTEeR-Parsnip.t

Seed grooved or hollowed down the whole length of the inner face. (Flowers white.)
Herbage rather unpleasant-scented: Jeaves decompound, finely cut, (Contum) Po1son-HEMLOCK.}
Herbage, fruit, &c. sweet-scented.

Fruit narrow-oblong, ribbed, (Cherophyllum) CHERVIL.
Fruit long, tapering downwards, (Osmorrhiza) SweEt-CIcEty.

Seed Bad fruit curved in at the top and bottom, or kidney-shaped, strong-scented.
: Flowers white, (Coridndrum) *CORIANDER.

44. ARALIA FAMILY. Order ARALIACEA.

Much like the last, but often shrubs or trees; the styles almost always more than two,
and the fruit becoming berry-like. Also the umbels are not regularly compound, but
either simple or panicled. Flowers often polygamous. Here belongs the true or English
Ivy, with evergreen simple leaves, which thrives in some places in northern exposures;
also the following wild plants.

Aralia. Ardlia.

Petals, stamens, and styles 5. Flowers white or greenish in summer. Berries black. Herbage, roots,
&c. aromatic. Leaves compound or decompound, large.

1. Prickity A. or ANGELICA-TREE. Shrub or low tree with a stout simple stem, very prickly;

leaves very large; leaflets ovate; umbels many in a large panicle. §S.“and cult. A. spinosa.
2. Bristty A. Stem 1° high, bristly below, woody at the base; leaves twice pinnate; umbels few,
corymbed. Rocky woods. N. eel A. hispida.

8. Sprxenarp A. A stout spreading herb; with thick sweet-spicy roots; leaves very large and de-
compound; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped; umbels many, panicled. Rich woods. A. racemdsa.

160 POPULAR FLORA.

4. SARSAPARILLA A. Roots very long and slender, horizontal (used as a substitute for sarsaparilla);
the compound long-stalked leaf, and the naked flower-stalk bearing few umbels, rising separately
from the ground. Moist woods. A. nudicailis.

Ginseng. Aralia, § Ginseng.
Styles 2 or 3. Flowers white. [Berries red or reddish when ripe. Low herbs with simple stems,
bearing at the top a whorl of leaves and one long-stalked umbel.

1. TruE GiNsENG. Root long and large, warm-aromatic; leaflets 5. Rich woods, N. A. guinquefolia.

2. Dwaxr G. (or GrounpNur). Root round, sharp-tasted; leaflets 3 or 5; stem 4’ to 6' high.’ Damp
woods, N. FI. spring. A. trifolia.

45. CORNEL FAMILY. Order CORNACEA.

Shrubs or trees (except our Dwarf Cornel), the calyx coherent with the ovary, which
makes a berry-like stone-fruit; represented (except
by the TurELo or PEPPERIDGE-TREE, Nyssa, here
omitted) only by the genus

1. Cornel (or Dogwood). Cornus.

Petals 4 and stamens 4, on the ovary. Teeth of the calyx
4, very small. Style 1. Ovary 2-celled, in fruit berry-like
with a 2-seeded stone. Leaves entire, opposite, except in
No. 7. Flowers in spring or early summer.

* Flowers greenish, in ahead, which is surrounded by a
4-leaved involucre resembling a large white corolla ;
fruit bright red.

1. Dwarr Cornew (or BuNcuBERRY). Herb low, with 4
or 6 leaves near the top. Damp woods. C. Canadensis.

& Frowerine ©. or Doewoop. Tree; leaves of the co-
rolla-like involucre obcordate. C. florida.

%* « Flowers white, in flat and open cymes: shrubs

3. Rounp-LEAVED C. Branches greenish, warty-dotted ;
leaves round-oval, woolly beneath ; fruit pale blue.
Woods. C. circinata.

4. Siuxy C. Branches purple ; young stalks and lower
side of the ovate or oblong leaves silky woolly; fruit

385 386

385. Dwarf Cornel. 386. A separate flower
enlarged. 387 A fruit cut across,

pale blue. Swamps. C. sericea.
5. Rep-Oster C. Branches red-purple; leaves ovate, smooth, white and roughish beneath; fruit
white. Wet banks of streams. C. stolonifera.
6. Panictep C. Branches gray; leaves lance-ovate; cymes convex; fruit white. C. paniculata.

7. ALTERNATE-LEAVED GC. Branches greenish streaked with white; leaves crowded at the ends of
the shoots, but alternate; leaves pointed; fruit bright blue. Hill-sides. C. alternifolia.

“POPULAR FLORA. 161

« II. Monopetalous Division.

46. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Order CAPRIFOLIACE.

Shrubs or woody twiners (or one or two are herbs), distinguished by having a mono-
petalous corolla bearing the 4 or 5 stamens, and borne on the ovary, and the leaves opposite
without stipules.

388. Flower of Trumpet-Honessnckle 389 Small-flowe-ed Honeysuckle, 390. A separate flower, 391. An ovary divided
lengthwise, and magnified, 392. Floweis, &e. of Fly-Honeysuckle, No. 11.

Herb creeping: the naked flower-stalk forking and bearing two sweet-scented, drooping,
pretty flowers, with a 5-lobed and purple-tinged corolla hairy inside, but
‘the stamens only 4, (Linnéa) TwInrLowrn.
Shrubs or woody vines. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 4 or 5.
Style one, slender: stigma one.

Corolla elongated, mostly irregular. Berry several-seeded, (Lonicéra) Honeysuckur.
Corolla elongated, nearly regular. Pod many-seeded, (Diervilla) BusH-HoNEeYsuck ie.
Corolla short bell-shaped, regular. ferry 2-seeded, (Symphoricarpus) SNOWBERRY.

. Style hardly any: stigmas generally 3: corolla very short and open, 5-cleft, regular.
Flowers small, white, very many, in compound cymes.
Leaves pinnate. Berry 3-seeded, (Sambucus) ELDER.
Leaves simple. Fruit berry-like with one flat stone, (Vibirnum) Visurnum.

162 POPULAR FLORA.

- Honeysuckle. Lonicéra.

Teeth of the calyx very short. Corolla tubular below, irregular and 2-lipped, four lobes belonging
to one lip and one to the other, except in No. 1.

4.1. Twining woody plants: flowers long, crowded in little heads at the end of the branches, or in ses-
sile whorls in the axils of the uppermost leaves.

* Corolla long and narrow, appearing regular, the 5 short lobes nearly equal.

1. Trumper H. Uppermost pair of leaves united into one rounded body; corolla red, yellowish inside
(also a yellow variety), scentless. Wild S. and cultivated. LL. sempérvirens.

* * Corolla 2-lipped: uppermost leaves on the flowering branches united round the stem into one flat
or cup-shaped body, except in No. 2.

2. Common H. or WooppineE. Leaves all separate; flowers purple-red outside, large, sweet-scented;
berries red. Cultivated; as also the next. L. Pericljmenum.

8. Irat1an H. Leaves glaucous; flowers blush-colored, sweet-scented ; berries yellow. L. Caprifolium.

_

. Witp Sweet-H. Flowers smaller; otherwise nearly as in No. 3. §. and cultivated. L. grata.

a

Witp YELLow-H. Leaves thick, very glaucous both sides; several pairs united, flowers pale yel-
low; the tube rather long. W. and 8. L. flava.
6. SMALL-FL. H. Leaves glaucous; flowers small, yellowish and purplish or crimson, L. parviflora,

7. Hairy H. Leaves, &c. hairy, dull green, not glaucous; flowers clammy, orange. N. L. hirsita.

§ 2. Twining: leaves all separate, a pair of flowers in the axil of sone of them, on a short 2-leaved foo
stalk. Cult. from Japan and China.

8. Japan H. Slender, hairy; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish outside, white inside, sweet. L. J,

§ 3. Upright bushes: leaves all separate; flowers two on an axillary peduncle; their two ovaries often

united at the base or into a double berry (Fig. 892): corolla short, irregular. = :

9. Tartarian H. Very smooth; leaves somewhat heart-shaped; flowers rose-color, handsome, in
spring. Cultivated for ornament. &. Tartarica.

10. Fry H. Leaves petioled, ovate or heart-shaped, thin, a little hairy below and on the margins;
corolla almost equally 5-lobed, greenish-yellow; ovaries separate. Woods, N. L. ciliata.

11. Swamp Fry-H. Leaves sessile, oblong; peduncles long; corolla deeply 2-lipped, whitish. In
swamps, N. 7 L. oblongifolia.

* Elder. Sambicus.

1. Common Exper. Leaflets 7 to 11, smooth; cymes flat; berries dark purple. S. Canadensis.
2. ReD-BERRIED FE. Stems more woody; leaflets 5 or 7, downy beneath; cymes convex or pyramid-
~ like; berries bright red. Cold woods, N.; fl. spring. S. pubens.

Viburnum. = Vibirnum.
Shrubs or small trees, which have a variety of names. Leaves simple. Cymes flat. Fruit berry-like,
with one flat stone. To the genus belongs the LaureEsrinus, cultivated in houses. All the following
are wild in this country; but a variety of No. 6 is well known as a cultivated ornamental shrub.
Flowering in spring or early summer.
* Flowers all alike, small and perfect: Reuit blue or black.
1. Nakep Y. or Wyrit-rop. Leaves thickish, entire, or wavy-toothed. Swamps, N. V. nudum.

POPULAR FLORA. 163

2. Swrer V. or SHEEP-BERRY. Leaves ovate, pointed, very sharply serrate, on long and margined
footstalks; cymes sessile; fruit rather large, eatable. A small tree. V. Lentago.

8. Buack-Haw VY. Leaves oval, blunt, shining; otherwise like No. 2. S. and W. V. prunifolium.
4, ArRRow-woop V. Leaves round-ovate, coarsely toothed, strongly marked with straight veins,

smooth; cymes small, stalked; fruit small, bright blue. Shrub, in wet places. V. dentatum.
5. MApLE-LEAVED VY. or Dockmackig. Leaves roundish and with 3 pointed lobes, coarsely toothed,
downy beneath; cymes long-stalked. Rocky woods: a shrub. V. acerifolium.

* * Flowers at the margin of the cyme neutral, consisting merely of a large and flat corolla, white
(just as in Hydrangea, p. 69, and Fig. 169.)

6. SNOWBALL V. or CRANBERRY-TREE. Leaves with 3 pointed lobes, smooth; fruit red, sour.

Swamps, N. — The SNOWBALL-TREE or GUELDER-RosEz is a cultivated state of this, with all the

flowers become neutral. ve Opulus.

7. HossLesusy V. Branches long and spreading, often taking root; leaves large, round-ovate or
heart-shaped, many-veined, scurfy beneath; cyme sessile, very broad; fruit red, turning blackish.
Damp woods, N. V. lantanoides.

47. MADDER FAMILY. Order RUBIACEX.
Well distinguished by its regular monopetalous corolla, bearing 4 or 5 stamens alternate
with:jts lobes, and itself borne on the ovary (the calyx being coherent); and the leaves
in whorls, or else opposite and with stipules between them.

893. Pieceof Madder, in flower. 394. Half of a fiower, magnified. 395. Young fruits. 396. Ripe f. vit.
307. Common Lluets 398 Sectivn of a flower lengthwise, smagnified, and the corolla laid open, 399. Corolla of another flower Jaid
open, and the style. a e

164 POPULAR FLORA.

1. Leaves in whorls. Ovary 2-celled, separating in the ripe fruit into two closed and one-seeded pieces:
teeth or limb of the calyx small or hardly to be discerned.

Stamens 5 and the corolla 5-parted. Fruit berry-like when ripe, (Rubia) *MApDER.
Stamens and divisions of the wheel-shaped corolla 4, rarely 8. Fruit a pair of dry or
fleshy akenes, smooth in some species, in others rough, in others beset with
hooked prickles, making little burs, (Gdlium) Bepstraw.
2. Leaves opposite, and with stipules, either as little defile or forming a small sheath.
Shrub: flowers (white) many in a close round head (Fig. 145), ( Cephalinthus) Burronsusu.
Small herbs. (Corolla 4-lobed.)
Flowers twin, on one ovary, which makes a double-eyed red berry. Small creeping
evergreen, with round leaves. Corolla bearded inside. (Mitchélla) PARTRIDGE-BERRY.

Flowers separate, peduncled. Fruit a dry pod. Stems erect. ( Oldenldandia, § Houstonia) BLuEts.
a

48. VALERIAN FAMILY. Order VALERIANACEZ.
Herbs, with strong-scented roots, opposite leaves, and no stipules, a 5-lobed monopetalous
corolla bearing only 2 or 3 stamens, and borne on the ovary, which makes a small one-
seeded dry fruit. Flowers small, in cymes or clusters, white or purplish.

Limb of the calyx crowning the fruit in the form of feathery bristles, (Valeriana) *VALERIAN.
Limb of the calyx only one or more blunt teeth, (Fedia) Lams-Letruce.

49. TEASEL FAMILY. Order DIPSACEZ.

Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, and perfect flowers in dense heads, surrounded
by an involucre, and with a chaffy bract under each blossom. Corolla tubular or funnel-
form, with 4 or 5 lobes, bearing 4 stamens, and itself borne on the ovary, which becomes an
akene in fruit, containing one hanging seed.

Flowers in a rough-chaffy head: calyx cup-shaped, short: lobes of the corolla 4. Stem

and leaves rough or prickly, (Dipsacus) TEASEL.
Flowers larger than the chaff: calyx with long-awned or bristle-shaped lobes: lobes of the
corolla 4 or 5, unequal, (Scabidsa) *ScABrous.

50. COMPOSITE or SUNFLOWER FAMILY. Order COMPOSITE.

Known by having what were called compound flowers, which are really a number of
flowers closely crowded into a head, and this surrounded by an in-
volucre which was taken for acalyx. The Scabious has its flowers
in such heads. But the distinguishing mark of the present family
is that its five stamens are united by their anthers, or syngene-
sious. Fig. 400 shows the stamens, their anthers connected into
a tube, through which the style passes. Fig. 401 shows this tube
split down on one side and spread open flat. What gives the
whole head so much the appearance of one large blossom is, that,

POPULAR FLORA. 165

in most cases, these flowers have a strap-shaped corolla. This will be understood by sup-
posing a long tubular corolla to be split down on one side and spread out flat. In the
Cichory (Fig. 402), Dandelion, and the like, all the flowers are strap-shaped. But in Sun-
flower, Coreopsis (Fig. 404),
Aster, and many others, only
the flowers round the margin
are strap-shaped ; these are
called rays or ray-flowers, and
at first view much resemble
the petals of a many-petalled
blossom, — all the more so, be-
cause in Coreopsis and Sun-
flower these ray-flowers are
neutral, having neither sta-
mens nor pistils. But in As-
ters and Daisies, they are pis-
lillate, having a pistil only.
The blossoms, which in these
cases fill the body of the head,
and are so small that the su-
perficial observer is apt to
take them for stamens or pis-
tils, are regular and perfect, with a tubular and 5-lobed corolla (Fig. 405 a). They are
called disk-flowers. In Thistles, Thoroughwort, Wormwood, and some kinds of Ground-
sel, all the flowers are
of this sort, i. e. there
are no rays, but all
the flowers tubular.
In all, the ovary is
one-celled and one

seeded, and makes an
akene in fruit. The
corolla being on the
ovary, the latter is of
course covered by the
tube of the calyx adherent to it. Sometimes there is no limb or border to the calyx;
then the akene is naked, as in that of Mayweed (Fig. 406). When the limb of the calyx
is present in any form on the ovary or akene, it is named the pappus (which means seed-
down). In Cichory the pappus or calyx is a ring or cup crowning the akene (Fig. 407) ;
in Sunflower it consists of two chaffy scales, which fall off early (Fig. 408); in Helenium

402, Flowers of Cichory, all with strap-shaped corollas.

403. Head of Cichory-flowers, divided lengthwise and enlarged.

166 POPULAR FLORA.

there are five chaffy and pointed scales (Fig. 409). But more commonly the pappus con-
sists of bristles, or downy hairs (as its name denotes). Asters, Groundsels, and especially
Thistles, afford most familiar examples of such a
hairy or downy pappus; those of Thistles, &c.
in autumn sailing about in every breeze. Fig.
411 shows the very soft downy pappus of Sow-
Thistle. Fig. 410, that of the Dandelion; this is
raised upon a long beak to the akene, which
lengthens greatly after flowering.

Uy This family contains about an eighth or tenth
Ei part of all Flowering plants. But it is too diffi-
404. Half of a head of flowers of Coreopsis. cult for the beginner. So we here barely men-

tion a few of the common plants which belong to it.

\

Ray-flower,
neutral,

ag Ray- flower,
oes neutral.
pe,

405. Slice of the same, enlarged, with one ray-flower, and part of another, and one perfect disk-flower (a), with its bract or chaff (6).

1. Among those which have no rays, or strap-shaped corollas, are Thisiles, Burdock,
Everlasting and Cudweed, Wormwood, Thoroughwort or
ELupatorium, Button-Snakeroot, and Ironweed.

2. With rays or strap-shaped corollas at the margin
(either neutral or pistillate), and tubular flowers in the
centre; Coltsfoot, Aster, Fleabane, Daisy, Golden-rod,
Sunflower, Coreopsis, Mayweed, Chamomile, &c.

8. With all the flowers strap-shaped and perfect (and

409 410 Tr
in this division the plants have a milky juice): Cichory or Succory (Fig. 402), Salsify,
Hawkweed, Sow-thisile, Dandelion, and Lettuce.

POPULAR FLORA. 167

51. LOBELIA FAMILY. Order LOBELIACE.

Herbs with milky (acrid-poisonous) juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, the
stamens free from the peculiarly irregular corolla, which is split down on one side (Fig.
184), and borne with it on the many-seeded ovary. We have only one genus, viz. : —

Lobelia. Lobélia.

Calyx with its short tube adherent to the 2-celled ovary, and with 5 slender teeth or lobes. Corolla
unequally 5-lobed, and split down to the bottom on the upper side! Stamens 5, united into a tube both
by their filaments and their anthers! Style one. Pod opening at the top. The following are the
commonest wild species (all but Nos. 3 and 4 in low grounds); fl. summer and fall.

1. CARDINAL-FLOWER L. Tall, smooth, with a raceme of large, brilliant red flowers. LZ. car«lindlis..

2. Great Buiue L. Rather hairy, 1° or 2° high; leaves lance-oblong; flowers 1' long, crowded in a

leafy raceme, light blue. L. syphilitica.
8. SprkED L. Stem simple, straight, and slender, 1° to 8° high, including the long and naked spike-
like raceme of small pale-blue flowers; lowest leaves obovate or oblong. L. spicata.

4, Inpran-Tosacco L. Branching, 8' to 18' high; leaves ovate-oblong; flowers very small, in irregular
leafy racemes, pale blue; pods inflated. Open places. L. inflata.

52. CAMPANULA FAMILY. Order CAMPANULACES.

Like the last family in all general respects, except that the
showy corolla is regular, 5-lobed; the 5 stamens separate ; the
stigmas and the cells of the pod 3 or 5. Juice milky. The
principal genus is

Campanula or Bellflower. Campanula.
So called from its generally campanulate or bell-shaped corolla (Fig.

179 and 412). The following are the commonest species.

* Wild species: stigmas and cells of the pods 3.

1. HaArEBELL C. A slender and very pretty plant, growing on shaded
cliffs, 5! to 12' high; root-leaves round or heart-shaped, long-stalked,
toothed ; stem-leaves very narrow, entire; flowers nodding, the
bright blue corolla bell-shaped, 4' or more long. C. rotundifolia.

2. Marsn C. Aslender plant growing among grass, in wet places, with
rough-angled stem and lance-shaped leaves; « few small pale
flowers on diverging peduncles. C. aparinoides.

8. Tay C. Stem tall, leafy, ending in a leafy loose spike (1° or 2°
long) of blue flowers; corolla wheel-shaped; style long and curved.
Rich low ground. ; C. Americana.

* * Garden species: stigmas and cells of the pod 5. 412, Harebell.

4, CANTERBURY Betis. Hairy, with stout stems, very large blue (or white) flowers, and broad

appendages of the calyx covering the pod. C. Medium.

168 POPULAR FLORA.

53. HEATH FAMILY. Order ERICACEZ.

Distinguished generally by the anthers opening by a pore or small hole at the top of each
cell, and from all the other orders with a monopetalous corolla, except the two foregoing,
by having the stamens free from the corolla, as many or twice as many as its lobes. But
the petals are sometimes entirely separate, especially in the third and fourth sub-families.
Fruit several-celled. Style one. This large order comprises four very distinct sub-fami-
lies, viz. —

413, Half of a Cranberry-blossom, magnified. 414, A Checkerberry plant,
orAromatic Wintergreen, 415, Slice across the ‘‘ berry,’’ and the pod in-
side. 416. Wintergreen, No. 3, 417. A flower, natural size, 418. Asta-
men. 419. Pod cut across. 420, A pisiil, 421. A seed.

J. HUCKLEBERRY Susramity. Teeth of the calyx, corolla, and stamens on the ovary, the tube
of the calyx coherent with its surface. Style and stigma one. Anthers of two nearly separate cells,
tapering upwards into a tube or tip, which opens at the end. Shrubs, &c.

Ovary 10-celled with one ovule in each cell; berry with 10 largish seeds, or rather stones,
in a circle, (Gaylussacia) HucKLEBERRY.

POPULAR FLORA. 169

Ovary with many ovules in each cell, making small seeds.
Stamens 10, rarely 8, included in the cylindrical or cblong-bell-shaped 5-toothed
corolla. Berry blue or black, sweet, many-seeded, ( Vaccinium) BLUEBERRY.
Stamens 10, longer than the open bell-shaped 5-cleft corolla. Berry ripening few
seeds, mawkish, (Vaccinium stamineum) DEERBERRY.
Stamens 8, much projecting beyond the deeply 4-parted reflexed corolla. Berry
4-celled, many-seeded, red, sour, \ Vaccinium, § Oxycéccus) CRANBERRY.

Il. HEATH Supsramity. Calyx, corolla (generally monopetalous), and stamens free from the
ovary, inserted on the receptacle. Shrubby plants (except Checkerberry), sometimes small trees.
1. Corolla remaining dry after blossoming. Stems covered with very small and narrow
leaves. Only house-plants in this country, (Zrica) *HEatH.
2. Corolla falling off after blossoming.
Fruit a berry or berry-like.
Trailing small-leaved evergreen. Corolla roundish, (Arctostaphylos) BEARBERRY.
Fruit a dry pod enclosed in a berry-like calyx, (Gaultheria) CHECKERBERRY.*
Fruit a naked dry pod.
Corolla salver-shaped, with a slender tube. A trailing, scarcely woody ever-

green, with round-heart-shaped leaves, (£pigeea) MAy-rLOWER.t
Corolla ovate or oblong-cylindrical, 5-toothed, (Andrémeda) ANDROMEDA.
Corolla of 5 separate petals, regular, white.
Flowers in panicled racemes, appearing in summer, (Clethra) SwrEet-PEPPERBUSH.
Flowers in umbels. Leaves rusty-woolly beneath, (Ledum) LABRADOR-TEA.
Flowers irregular, rose-purple, two of the petals nearly separate, (Rhodora) RHopora.
Flowers bell-wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches, (Kdimia) American LAUREL.
Flowers bell-shaped or short funnel-shaped without pouches, 5-lobed.
Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen, (Rhododéndron) RuUODODENDRON.
Stamens 5. Leaves falling in autumn, (Azalea) AZALEA.

Ill. WINTERGREEN or PYROLA Suspramity. Calyx, &c. free from the ovary; the 5 separate
petals and 10 stamens on the receptacle. Low and herbaceous, or nearly so, and with evergreen leaves.

Flowers ina raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Style long, (Pyrola) WINTERGREEN.
Flowers in a general corymb or umbel, or only one or two. Style very short, ( Chimdphila) PirsissEwa.

IV. INDIAN-PIPE Supramity. Low herbs growing in leaf-mould in woods, destitute of green
foliage (parasitic on roots), having white or flesh-colored scales in place of leaves.

Flower one, nodding at first. Calyx of 2 to 4 scales: petals of 5 spatulate scales :

stamens 10, (Monétropa) Inpian-PIPE.
Flowers several in a scaly raceme; the terminal blossom with 5 petals and 10 stamens,
all the others with only 4 petals and 8 stamens, (Hypépitys) PINEsap.

* Called WINTERGREEN jn the country in most places; also BoxBERRY or PARTRIDGE-BERRY; but
the latter name rightly belongs to Mitchella, and that of Wintergreen to Pyrola, which is so named in
England.

+ Also called TRatinc-Arsutus and Grounp-LaurEL. Nearly the earliest-flowering plant in the
Northern States. prized for the rico spicy fragrance of its pretty rose-colored blossoms.

170 POPULAR FLORA.

Huckleberry. Gaylussacia.

Differing from Blueberries in the rather spicy and sweet berry having 10 large seeds, or rather
small stones. The foliage and young shoots in the common species are sprinkled with waxy or sticky
dots. Flowers purplish in racemes,

1. Brack or Common H. Branches, leaves, &c. clammy when young; racemes and pedicels short;
fruit black, without any bloom. Very common, furnishing the principal huckleberries of the
market, ripe late in summer. G. resinosa.

2. Pate H. or BLuE-TANGLE. Leaves and fruit glaucous; pedicels long and drooping. G. frondosa.

8. Dwarr H. Branches rather hairy ; leaves thickish and shining ; racemes long, with leaf-like
bracts. E. near the coast. G. dumésa.

Blueberry. Vaccinium.

Flowers white or tinged with pink, in short clusters, rather earlier than the leaves. Berries blue or
black, and generally with a bloom, many-seeded. Leaves deciduous.

1. Common BLUEBERRY. Stem 5° to 10°high; leaves ovate, oval, or oblong. Swamps. V. corymbéswm.

2. Low B. Stems 1° high, and obovate or oval glaucous leaves smooth. V. vacillans.
8. Dwarr B. Stems 4° to 1° high, smooth, leaves lance-oblong, fringed with fine bristle-pointed teeth,
smooth, shining both sides. Dry woods, &c. This is the earliest blueberry or blue huckleberry
in the market. V. Pennsylvdnicum.
4. Canapa B. Stems 1° or 2° high; branchlets and lance-oblong leaves downy: otherwise much like
the last. N. . V. Canadénse.

Cranberry. Vaccinium, § Oxycéccus.

Slender, almost herbaceous, creeping or trailing, growing in bogs, with their small leaves rather
crowded, entire, thickish, and evergreen, whitened beneath. Flowers single, nodding on the summit of
a slender stalk, pale rose-colored, the corolla almost divided into 4 long and narrow petals turned back.
Berries ripe in autumn.

1. LanGE CRANBERRY. Stems 1° to 3° long; leaves oblong, blunt, nearly flat, almost 4! long; berries
3! to 1 long, deep red (the principal cranberry of the market). V. macrocarpon.
2. SMALL CRANBERRY. Stems hardly 1° long; leaves ovate, acute, not half as large as those of No.1,
the margins more rolled back; berries much smaller, often speckled. N. and in mountain bogs.
V. Oxycéccus.
Kalmia or American Laurel. Kalnia.

Flowers (in early summer) showy, in corymbs or umbels: an anther is at first lodged in each of the

10 pouches of the corolla. Leaves evergreen, very smooth.
1. Mounratn L. or K. Leaves lance-ovate, bright green both sides; flowers large, pale or deep rose-
color, in terminal corymbs; pedicels, &c. clammy. Stems 4° to 10° high. K. latifolia.
2. Sneep L. or LAmBKILL. Leaves lance-oblong, blunt, pale beneath, petioled, mostly opposite,
flowers small, purple; the corymbs becoming lateral; shrub 1° or 2° high. K. angustifolia.
8. Pate L. Leaves oblong, sessile, opposite, white-glaucous beneath; flowers few, large, lilac-purple.

Swamps, N. K. glauca.
Rhododendron (or Rose-Bay). 2Rhododéndron.

Calyx very small or obscure. Corolla large, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, more or less bent to one side,
slender. Shrubs or low trees, with evergreen leaves and a corymb or umbel of large and handsome
flowers from a terminal scaly bud, in early summer. We have only one common species, viz.: —

POPULAR FLORA. 171

GreEaT R. or LAurEL. Leaves lance-oblong, 4! to 10’ long, green both sides; flowers 1’ wide, pale
rose or white, greenish, and spotted in the throat. Damp, deep woods. R. maximum.

Azalea. Azalea.

Shrubs, like Rhododendron, but with thin and deciduous leaves; the long stamens only 5. Our two
common wild species (wrongly called Honeysuckle) grow in swamps.

1. Purpte A. or PINXTER-FLOWER. Flowers rather earlier than the leaves; corolla funnel-shaped
with long recurved lobes, pink-purple or rose-color. A. nudiflora.

2. CLamMMyY or WuiTE A. Flowers white, clammy, sweet-scented, later than the leaves, which are
whitish or pale beneath. Common E. A. viscosa.
Wintergreen (or Shin-leaf). Pyrola.

Leaves evergreen, rounded, all next the ground, around the base of a scape bearing a raceme of
greenish-white (or rarely rose-colored) nodding flowers. Petals 5, all separate, not spreading. Stamens
10: filaments awl-shaped, naked. Style long. Pod 5-lobed.

* Style turned down and curved.
1. Rounp-LEAvED W. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining ; raceme many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lance-
shaped. Moist woods. P. rotundifolia.
2. OVAL-LEAVED W. Leaves broadly oval, thin; flowers many; calyx-lobes ovate, short. P. elliptica.
8. SmaLuL W. Leaves roundish, thick, small; flowers few; cells of the anther pointed. P. chlordntha.
* * Style straight.
4, ONE-SIDED W. Leaves thin, ovate; flowers small, all on one side of the raceme. P. secinda.

Pipsissewa. Chimdphila.

Leaves evergreen, oblong or lance-shaped, toothed, crowded or scattered on short ascending stems,
which bears at the summit from 1 to 7 fragrant flesh-colored flowers in a corymb or umbel. Petals
orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10; their filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle. Style
very short: stigma broad and flat. Dry woods; fl. early summer.

1. UMBELLED P. (or Princz’s-PinE). Leaves lance-shaped with a tapering base, serrate, bright

green, not spotted; flowers 4 to 7. C. umbellata.
2. SporrrD P. Plant smaller, 3’ to 5’ high: leaves lance-ovate, obtuse at the base, blotched with
white, flowers 1 to 4. C. maculata.

54. HOLLY FAMILY. Order AQUIFOLIACEA.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small regular (often polygamous) flowers in
the axils; the minute calyx and the 4-6-parted (greenish or white) corolla free from the
ovary. Stamens 4 to 6, attached to the very base of the corolla, alternate with its divisions.
Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas nearly sessile. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing
4 to 6 small seedlike stones. — Consists mainly of the genus

Holly. Jilez.

Containing several species, some with deciduous, others with evergreen leaves.

1. AmERIcAN Hotty. Leaves thick and evergreen, spiny-toothed, oval ; parts of the blossom in
fours; fruit red. — Tree with ash-colored bark and white wood. I. opaca.

12

172 POPULAR FLORA.

2. Winrerserny H. or BLack ALDER. Leaves thin and deciduous, serrate, veiny, obovate or ob-
long; peduncles very short; parts of the blossom often in sixes; fruit red. Shrub: low grounds.
This belongs to the section Prinos. L. verticillata,

55. EBONY FAMILY. Order EBENACEA.
Of this small family, we have only one species, a tree, which deserves notice, viz. : —

423 Persimmon. Diospyros.
Tree with alternate thi¢kish leaves;

in their axils some trees bear clustered
staminate flowers, with a 4-cleft corolla
and about 16 stamens; others single and
larger perfect flowers, with a 4-lobed
corolla and 8 stamens. Calyx 4-cleft,
rather large, thickish. Corolla pale yel-
low. Pistilone, with 4.styles: the ovary
ripening into a plum-like fruit, which is
very astringent when green, but sweet
and yellow and eatable after frosts, con-
taining 8 large and bony flat seeds.

424
422, Fertile flower. 423. Corolla and stamens of the same, laid open. D. Virginiana.
424, Fruit. 425, Section of the same.

422

56. PLANTAIN FAMILY. Order PLANTAGINACE.
Consists mainly of the genus of low stemless herbs called

Plantain (or RibeGrass). Plantago.

Flowers greenish, on a scape, in a close spike. — Calyx of 4 persistent sepals. Corolla
salver-shaped, thin, withering on the pod, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, generally with-very long
and weak filaments, borne on the corolla. Style and stigma one, slender. Pod 2-celled,
opening crosswise, the top falling off as a lid, the loose partition falling out with the
seeds. Leaves generally with strong ribs.

1. Common PranTAIn. Leaves ovate or
slightly heart-shaped, several-ribbed;
seeds 7 to 16. P. major.

2. Vireinta P. Small (2! to 7! high), hairy;
leaves oblong, 8-5-ribbed; seeds 2.

P. Virginica.

3. Encuisa P. or Rirerte-Grass. Hairy,
with long lance-shaped or linear leaves,
and a short and thick spike or head, on
a scape 1° or 2° high; seeds 2. Com-
mon E. P. lanceolata.

4. SnasrpE P. Smooth; leaves linear, thick
and fleshy; seeds 2. Salt marshes on the

428 427 429 426
se 426, Young spike of common Plantain, 427. A flower magnified. 428. Pis-
coast. P. maritima. ul of the same, 4%9. Fruit, opening by a lid, the withered corolla on the
4d,

POPULAR FLORA. 173

57. LEADWORT FAMILY. Order PLUMBAGINACEX.
Familiar to us in two plants only, viz. Marsu-Rosemary on the coast, and TarirT in
gardens; known by having a dry and scaly funnel-shaped
calyx, and 5 petals united only at their base, with a stamen
before each, and 5 styles on a single one-seeded ovary.

Flowers (rose-color) in « round head on a long and

naked scape: leaves very narrow, all in a close tuft

at the root, (Arméria) Trier.
Flowers (lavender-color) spiked or sessile along the

branches of u forking panicle: leaves spatulate,

thickish, on petioles, nearly all of them from the

étout rootstock, (Statice) MarsnH-RosEMARY.

430. Calyx and corolla of Thrift; separated, 431. Pistil of the same, with its 5 styles:
also the Jower part of an ovary more magnified, cut acruss.

58. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Order PRIMULACEA.

Herbs, with regular perfect flowers; completely distinguished by having the stamens of
the same number as the lobes to the corolla and one before each, inserted on the tube; the
pistil with a one-celled ovary or pod, with one large placenta rising from its base, and bear-
ing many or few seeds.

Leaves under water pinnately divided into thread-like divisions; flowering stems hollow,
and inflated between the joints, (Hottonia) FEATHERFOLL.
Leaves simple and entire or barely toothed.
Calyx with its tube coherent with the base of the ovary. Flowers very small, white,
in racemes. Leaves alternate, (Sdmolus) BRooKWEED.
Calyx and corolla free, inserted on the receptacle.
Leaves all at the root: flowers in an umbel.

Calyx tubular: corolla salver-shaped: stamens included, (Primula) PRIMROSE.
Calyx and corolla 5-parted, turned back: anthers long. and filaments very
short, connected, (Dodecatheon) DoDECATHEON.
Leaves several in a whorl at the summit of the slender stem. Calyx and corolla
7-parted, wheel-shaped, with narrow divisions, ( Trientalis) STAR-FLOWER.

Leaves (mostly opposite or whorled) borne along the whole length of the stem:
corolla 5-parted. :
Corolla wheel-shaped, yellow, (Lysimdchia) LOOSESTRIFE.
Corolla wheel-shaped, blue or purple: pod opening by a lid, (Anagallis) PIMPERNEL.

<

od Loosestrife. Lysimdchia.

This is the only genus in the Primrose family of which we have more than one common wild spe-
cies. The 5 stamens have their filaments a little monadelphous at the base, and often unequal. Fl. in
summer.

1. Srricr L. Leaves opposite or scattered, lance-shaped: stem ending in a long raceme leafy at the
base; divisions of the corolla lance-oblong. Low grounds. L, stricta.

W74 POPULAR FLORA.

2. Four-LEAVED L. Stem simple; leaves lance-ovate, in whorls of 4 (sometimes of 3 or 6); flowers
long-stalked from the axil of the leaves. Sandy grounds. L. quadrifolia.
8. Crt1ATE L. Leaves opposite, lance-ovate, with a rounded or heart-shaped base, on long ciliate
footstalks; flowers long-stalked from the upper axils; divisions of the corolla ovate, pointed, and
with wavy or slightly toothed margins. Low grounds. L. ciliata.
4. LANCE-LEAVED L. Leaves lance-shaped, oblong, or linear, narrowed into a short margined foot-
stalk; flowers, &c. nearly as in No. 8. 8S. & W. in low grounds. L, lanceolata.

59. BIGNONIA FAMILY. Order BIGNONIACEA.

Plants with mostly opposite leaves, and large and showy flowers: the corolla 2-lipped
or rather irregular, bearing on its tube 4 stamens (2 long and 2 short) or only 2, often
with rudiments of the other one or three.
Fruit a large 2-celled pod, with many large
seeds: the whole kernel is a flat embryo.
Calyx free and corolla on the receptacle, as
it is in all the following families with mono.
petalous corolla.

Woody plants, with winged seeds, in long
pods. Vine climbing by rootlets:
leaves pinnate. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed: sta-
mens 4, (Tecoma) Trumprt-CREEPER.

432, Corolla of Catalpa laid open, with the stamens. Tree, with simple heart-shaped leaves,

433. Winged seed of Trumpet-Creeper. and white flowers (purple-tinged or
dotted) in large panicles. Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped and 2-lipped: stamens
generally 2, with vestiges of one or three others, ( Catdlpa) CATALPA.'

Rank clammy herb (cult. and wild S. W.) with wingless seeds in a large and long-pointed
fruit, the outer part of which is fleshy and falls off from the inner fibrous-woody part:
this is crested and long-beaked, the beak at length splitting into 2 hooked horns. Corolla
dull-colored: stamens 2 or 4, perfect, (Martynia) Uxicorn-PLant.

60. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. Order OROBANCHACER,

Herbs parasitic on the roots of trees, &c., readily known by their irregular monopetalous
corolla, 4 stamens, in two pairs; the ovary one-celled with innumerable small seeds on the
walls. Also, like other parasitic plants, they are entirely destitute of green herbage, yel-
lowish or brownish throughout, and with scales in place of leaves.

Stems slender and branched, with few and small scales and many flowers scattered along

the branches, ' ( Epiphégus) BEECH-DROPS.
Stems short and thick, covered with broad scales, so that the plant resembles a fir-cone
Flowers under the upper scales: stamens projecting, ( Conépholis) SQUAW-ROOT.

Stems or naked and 1-flowered scapes slender, from a scaly base: stamens included in the
curved and salver-shaped corolla, (Aphyllon) NAkED BRooM-RAPE.

POPULAR FLORA. 175

61. FIGWORT FAMILY. Order SCROPHULARIACES.

Herbs with a 2-lipped or more or less irregular monopetalous corolla, and 4 stamens
in pairs (2 long and 2 short), or only 2 perfect stamens;
rarely all 5 present: style 1: the ovary 2-celled and
making a many-seeded pod (few-seeded ‘in some Speed-
wells and Cow-wheat). Flowers often showy. Two lobes
always belong to the upper lip, three to the lower.

434. Corolla of a Pentstemon,
laid open, showing the 4 perfect
stamens and the fifth as a sterile
naked filament.

435. Stamens (with a piece of
the corolla) of another Pentste-
mon, with the sterile filament
bearded.

436. Piece of Purple Gerardin.

437. Corolla Juid open, showing
the 4 etamens in pairs.

438. Style and calyx of the same.

439. Part ofa pod.

440. Flower of Tondflax,

AML, Plant of Hedge-Hyssop.

442. Flower laid open ; one pair
ef good stamens; one pair of ster-
ile filaments. ‘

* Corolla wheel-shaped or with a very short tube, the lobes more or less unequal.

Calyx and corolla 5-cleft: stamens 5, some of them rather imperfect, (Verbdscum) MuLLEIN.
Calyx and corolla 4-parted: staggens 2, (Verénica) SPEEDWELL.
» * * Corolla more or less tubular, bell-shaped and irregular, or 2-lipped.
+ Upper lip or lobes covering the lower in the bud (except sometimes in Monkey-flower).
Corolla with its 2-lipped mouth closed by a palate, i. e. an inward projection of the lower
lip: stamens 4.
Corolla with a slender spur at the base on the lower side, (Linaria) ToaADFLAX.
Corolla sac-like at the base on the lower side, (Antirrhinum) SNAPDRAGON.
Corolla 2-parted: the lower lip sac-shaped in the middle; the short tube with a protuber-
ance at the base on the upper side: stamens 4, (Collinsia) CoLLInsta.

176 POPULAR FLORA.

Corolla ovoid, small, dull greenish purple, with 4 short unequal erect lobes, and one small

recurved one (the lower). Stamens 4andarudiment, (Scrophularia) Firewort,
Corolla shaped like a turtle’s head, the mouth closed or nearly so, without a palate. Sta-

mens 4 with woolly anthers; and asterile filament besides, ( Chelone) TURTLEHEAD.
Corolla open at the irregular or 2-lipped mouth. Stamens 4, and a sterile filament besides

(Fig. 484, 435), (Pentstemon) PENTSTEMON.
Corolla.2-lipped; the upper lip with the sides turned back, the lower lip turned down.
: Stamens 4, no vestige of the fifth. Calyx elongated, 5-angled, 5-

toothed. Stigmas with 2 broad lips, (Mimulus) Monk EyY-FLOWER.
Corolla somewhat 2-lipped, open. Stamens only 2 perfect. Calyx 5-parted.
Sterile filaments included, or none. Corolla yellow or whitish, (Gratiola) Hzpcr-Hyssor.

Sterile filaments long, protruding from the purple or blue corolla, (Jlysdnthes) FALSE-PaMPERNEL.
+ + Lower lip or the side lobes covering the others in the bud.

Corolla (large, purple or white) tubular, open; the border slightly 5-lobed, (Digitalis) *FoxGLove.
Corolla salver-shaped. Flowers in a spike.
Stamens 2, projecting, longer than the 4 lobes of the corolla, ( Verdnica Virginica) CuLVER’s-RooT.
Stamens 4, included: lobes of the corolla 5: calyx tubular, 5-toothed, (Buchnera) BLUE-NEARTS.
Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, somewhat irregularly 5-lobed. Stamens 4, (Gerdrdia) GERARDIA.
Corolla tubular, decidedly 2-lipped, the narrow upper lip erect or arched, enclosing the 4
stamens. Flowers in aspike. Pod many-secded, Bae,
Bracts large and colored, scarlet in our species. Calyx tubular, ( Castilleia) PAINTED cur.
Bracts green, small. Leaves pinnatifid, (Pedicularis) Lousewort.

Mullein. Verbdscum.
Flowers in a Jong terminal spike or raceme. Corolla 5-parted, almost regular. Stamens 5, unequal,
but generally all with anthers. Root biennial. ce
1. Common M. Tall, woolly throughout; the simple stem winged by the prolonged bases of the leaves’

flowers yellow, in a Jong thick spike; two of the filaments smooth. Fields, &c. V. Thapsus..
2. Motu M. Green, smoothish; stem 2 or 3° high; leaves toothed; flowers yellow or white in a Joose
raceme; filaments all bearded with yellow wool. Road-sides. V. Blattaria.

.

Speedwell. Verdnica. ,

Flowers small; one or two of the lobes of the 4-parted border of the cotdlla alwayagsmaller than the
others. Stamens 2, protruding. Pod flattened, many-seeded in the common species.

§ 1. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube longer than the border. Pod not notched at the end.
1. Cutven’s-root §. A tall perennial, with lance-shaped pointed leaves in whorls, and whitish flowers
crowded in clustered spikes. Woods, W. and 8., and cultivated in gardens. V. Virginica.
§2. Corolla wheel-shaped, tube very short, pale blue or white. Pod notdfied at the end. Leaves opposite.
* Flowers in single racemes from the axils of the leaves.

2. Water S. Smooth; stems rooting at the creeping lower part, then erect; leaves sessile by a heart-
shaped base, ovate-lanceolate; corolla pale blue with darker stripes. Brooks. V. Anagallis.

3. Broox 8. or Brooxtimz. Leaves ovate or oblong, on petioles; otherwise like the last. 1” .lmericdna.
4. Marsn S. Smooth, slender; leaves sessile, linear, acute; raceme zigzag, loose. V. scutellata,

5. Common 8. Downy; stems creeping; leaves wedge-oblong, serrate; raceme dense. Dry ground,
in open woods. V. officinalis.

POPULAR FLORA. 177

ss
* * Flowers in a terminal loose raceme.

6. THYME-LEAVED 8. Smooth and small, 2! to 4! high from a creeping base; leaves ovate or oblong,
the lowest petioled and rounded. Fields, every where. V. serpyllifotia.

* * * Flowers in the axils of the upper leaves. Root annual.

7. Purstane S. or NECKWEED. Smooth, branching, erect; lower leaves oval or oblong, toothed,
and petioled; uppermost oblong-linear, sessile, and entire. Cult. grounds, &c. V. peregrina.

8. Corn S. Hairy; lower leaves ovate, crenate, petioled; the uxper sessile, lance-shaped, and entire.

Cultivated grounds. V. arvensis.
Toadflax. Linaria.

1. Common T. (Burrer-Anp-Eces, Ramsrep). Stems branching, crowded with the pale linear

leaves; flowers crowded in a close raceme, large and showy, pale yellow with the palate orange-

colored. A weed in fields and road-sides. L. vulgaris,

2. Witp T. Stem very slender, simple, with scattered linear leaves; prostrate shoots at the bottom
with broader leaves; flowers very small, blue, in a slender raceme. Sandy soil. L. Canadénsis.
Gerardia. Gerardica.

Plants with large and showy somewhat leafy-racemed flowers; the corolla a little irregular, but hardly
2-lipped. Stamens woolly or hairy; the 4 anthers approaching in pairs. Fl. late summer and autumn.

* Corolla rose-purple: calyx bell-shaped, with 5 short teeth: plants low and bushy-branched.
PURPLE G. Leaves linear, rough-margined; flowers 1! long, short-stalked. G. purpurea.
SLENDER G. Leaves linear; flower about #' long, on a long and slender stalk. G. tenuifolia.
* “1. * Corolla yellow, with a rather long tube, woolly inside: calyx 5-cleft, leaf-like.

3. Downe: G. . Stem (3° or 4° high) and oblong or lance-shaped leaves clothed with a fine close down,
uppéb leaves.entire, lower ones sinuate or pinnatifid. Woods. G. flava.
Y% smoorn G. Smooth throughout and glaucous, 8° to 6° high; lower leaves twice pinnatifid, upper
once pinnatifid or entire. Rich woods. G. quercifolia.

“ead ts, :
5. Cur-Leavep G:gRather downy, bushy-branched, 2° or 8° high, very leafy; leaves pinnatifid, the
crowded digjsions cyt and*toothed. G. pedicularia.

62. VERVAIN FAMILY. Order VERBENACER.

Herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite leaves, a 2-lipped or unequally 5- (or rarely 4-)
lobed corolla, and 4 stamens in pairs (i. e. 2 long and 2 short ones): the pistil with a single
ovary and only one seed in each cell; the fruit either berry-like with 4 stones, or dry and
splitting into 2 or 4 akenes, or in Lopseed consisting of a single akene. This family is in-
termediate between the forégoing order and the next. The two following are the com-
monest genera.

Calyx cyTindrical, 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped. Ovary 1-celled, simple. Herb, in woods,
with small whitish flowers in slender and loose spikes; the calyx containing
the akene, turned down in fruit, (Phryma) LopsrEp.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, with 5 slightly unequal lobes. Flowers
in spikes or heads, summer and autumn, (Verbena) VeRvain.

178 POPULAR FLORA.

Vervain. Verbena.

* SHowy VERBENAs: low and showy-flowered species, in gardens in summer, the greater part from
South America, viz. V. Melindres (red) and others, now much mixed. And there is one species
of this sort wild in Western prairies, viz.: —

1. AuBLET’s VERBENA. Rather hairy; leaves pinnatifid or cut; spikes flat-topped in blossom, like a
corymb; corolla light purple, &c. V. Aubletia.

* * Common VERVAINS: weeds or weed-like plants, in fields and road-sides, with small flowers in

long spikes, which are generally panicled. :

2. Common V. Erect, slenderly branched, 1° to 8° high; leaves sessile, cleft or pinnatifid and cut-
toothed; spikes very slender; flowers very small, purplish. V. officinalis.

$. WutrE V. Leaves petioled, ovate or oval, serrate; spikes of white flowers very slender. V. urticifolia.

4. Biur V. Leaves petioled, lance-shaped or lance-oblong, the lower often cut or 2-lobed at the base;

spikes of blue flowers thick and close; stem 4° to 6° high. V. hastata.
6. Low V. Stems $0 to 1° high; leaves lance-linear, sessile, scarcely toothed; spikes one or few,
thickish; flowers purple. S. and W. V. angustifolia,

63. SAGE or MINT FAMILY. Order LABIATZ.

Herbs with square stems and opposite aromatic leaves, a 2-lipped (or rather irregular)
corolla, 4 stamens in pairs (2 long and 2 shorter), or else only 2 sta-
mens, and a 4-parted ovary, in fruit making 4 akenes around the
base of the single style. That is, among the families with 2-lipped#
or irregular monopetalous corollas this is at once known by the 4-
lobed ovary, making 4 akenes. The leaves are commonly more or
less dotted with small glands, which contain a volatile oil, peculiar to
each species. This gives the warm aromatic properties*which all
__ plants of this family possess. By distillation, the oil.is extracted from
G “sgeVeral species, as from Peppermint and Spearmint, Lavender, Pen-

nyroyal, &c. Or the dried foliage is used for seasoning or for herb

drinks in the case of Summer-Savory, Marjoram, Thyme, Catnip,

443 444 a a S
443 Flower of Garden Saze. and Sage. The following are the common genera or kinds of this
444. Pistil of the same, the 4- .
lobed ovary in the bottom of large family.
the calyx, half of which is
cut away,

* Stamens 4, turned down so as to rest upon the lower lip of the corolla.

Flowers in racemes, white: calyx soon reflexed, its upper lobe large and round: upper
lip of the corolla 4-cleft, the lower entire. Leaves ovate, fragrant, (Ocimum) *Swret-Bastt.
Flowers in a naked and peduncled spike, pale blue: calyx narrow, 5-toothed: the 5 lobes
of the corolla almost equal: stamens short: leaves narrow, hoary, (Lavdndula) *LAVENDER.
* * Stamens 4, ascending, and projecting from the upper side of the corolla. Akenes veiny. i
Corolla cleft down the upper side, the lower lobe much larger than the other 4. Flowers
purplish, rarely white, in a spike, ( Teticrium) GERMANDER.
Corolla with the border cleft into 5 almost equal lobes, blue.
Stamens very long, curved: lobes of the corolla turned rather forward, ( Trichostéma) BLUE-CURLS
Stamens slightly projecting from the equally 5-lobed corolla, (Isénthus) FALSE PENNYROYAL.

POPULAR FLORA. 179

Stamens 4 or 2, not turned down, and not protruding from the upper side of the flower.

Corolla scarcely at all two-lipped, almost equally 4-lobed. Flowers small.
Stamens 4 with anthers, almost equal in length, (Mentha) Mrxt.
Stamens only 2 with anthers. Flowers in dense axillary whorls, (Zycopus) WATER-HorEHouND.
Corolla evidently 2-lipped: stamens 2, or only 2 with anthers.
Upper lip nearly flat or spreading, 2-lobed or notched at the end.
Calyx equally 5-toothed, bearded in the throat. Cymes terminal, (Cunila) Dirrany.
Calyx 2-lipped: upper lip 8-toothed, the lower 2-cleft.
Throat of the calyx bearded: corollasmall: 2 sterile filaments, (Hedéoma) PENNYROYAL.
Throat of the calyx naked; that of the large corolla bearded; the middle
lobe of its lower lip large and hanging, fringe-toothed, ( Collinsonia) Honsr-BALM.
Upper lip of the corolla arched, entire or slightly notched, holding the stamens.
Calyx equally 5-toothed, tubular: lips of the large corolla long and narrow.

Flowers crowded in close and leafy-bracted heads, (Mondrda) Horsr-Mnvr.
Calyx 2-lipped.*
Upper lip with 3 bristle-pointed teeth. Flowers in heads, (Blephilia) Buerninia,
Upper lip entire or 3-toothed. Anthers with only one cell, on the end of a
long connective astride the end of the filament, (Sdlvia) Sac.

Corolla 2-lipped: stamens 4, all with anthers.
Upper and inner pair of stamens longer than the lower or outer pair, §
And curved downwards. Flowers spiked, small. Herbs tall, (Lophanthus) Grant-Hyssor.
Both pairs of stamens ascending under the upper lip.
Flowers in terminal spikes or clusters, (Népeta) Carnip.
Flowers few in the axils of kidney-shaped leaves, (Glechéma) Grounv-Ivy.
Upper pair of stamens shorter than the lower or outer pair.
Upper lip of the corolla flat and open, or barely concave.
Stamens distant or diverging, not approaching under the upper lip.
Calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, 15-nerved. Stamens long, (Hyssopus) *Hyssor.
Calyx 10 to 13-nerved, ovate, bell-shaped, or short tubular. :
Calyx naked in the throat.
Flowers in dense heads or clusters, (Pycndnthemum) Mounratn-Mixt.
Flowers clustered in the axils or spiked, (Satureia) *SuMMER-SAvoRY.
Calyx hairy in the throat.
Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts, (Origanum) Marsoram.
Flowers loosely clustered: bracts minute, (Thymus) *THYME.
Stamens with their anthers approaching in pairs under the upper lip.
Calyx tubular. Flowers in a head-like cluster, surrounded with awl-
shaped bracts, ( Clinopodium) Bast.
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped and 2-lipped: corolla curved upwards.
Flowers few in loose clusters, (Melissa) *BALM.
Upper lip of the corolla concave, the whole throat inflated and funnel-shaped.
Flowers large in naked spikes, (Physostégia) FALsE-DRAGONHEAD.
Upper lip of the corolla arched or hood-like.
Calyx 2-lipped, closed over the fruit, and
Very veiny, the lips toothed: flowers in a bracted short spike, (Brunella) SELF-HEAL.
Not veiny, becoming helmet-shaped; lips entire, Scutellaria) Scutucar.

180 POPULAR FLORA.

Calyx not 2-lipped, 10-toothed. Clusters axillary, head-like, (Marribium) Horrnounn.
Calyx not 2-lipped and only 5-toothed, :
Funnel-shaped and much larger than the corolla, ( Moluccélla) *Motvucca-Baum.
Bell-shaped or top-shaped, much shorter than the corolla.
Anthers opening crosswise: calyx-teeth spiny-pointed, (Galedpsis) Hemp-NeTtux.
Anthers opening lengthwise.
Corolla not enlarged in the throat: stamens turned down after shed-
ding their pollen, (Stachys) Hepcr-Nerrtte.
Corolla enlarged in the throat: calyx-teeth not spiny, (Ldamium) DeApD-NETTLE.
Corolla not enlarged in the throat: calyx top-shaped with spiny
teeth. Akenes 3-angled. Leaves cleft and cut, (Leoniurus) MoTHERWORT.

Mint. JMentha.

Herbs with sharp-tasted leaves and small whitish or purplish flowers: upper lobe of the short co-
rolla either entire or notched.

1. Wirp Mit. Flowers in head-like clusters around the stem in the axils of the petioled leaves;

plant hairy, or in one variety smonthish. Wet places. M. Canadensis.
2. Peppermint. Smooth; clusters of flowers crowded in short spikes; leaves petioled, oblong or
ovate. AM. pipérita.
8. Spearmint. Nearly smooth; spikes panicled; leaves lance-ovate, almost sessile. AM. viridis.

Horse=-Mint. Mondrda.

Herbs with mostly simple stems, and rather large flowers in close head-like clusters at the summit
of the stem, and around it in the axils of the upper leaves, surrounded by large bracts.

* Toot perennial: upper lip of the narrow corolla entire, the 2 stamens projecting from it: leaves
lance-ovate or slightly heart-shaped.

1. Barm H. or OswEco Tra. Green, rather hairy; corolla long, bright red; uppermost leaves and
bracts tinged with red. Moist banks, N., and in gardens. AL, didyma.

2. Common H. Pale, smoothish or soft downy; flowers purplish or whitish, smaller. AML. fistulosa.
* *® Root annual: upper lip of the corolla notched: stamens not projecting.
8. Dorrrp H. Leaves lance-shaped; bracts yellowish and purple; corolla yellowish, purple-spotted.

Sandy soil, S. AM. punctata.
Sculleap. Scutellaria.

Well marked by the tubular ascending corolla (mostly blue or bluish-purple) with a strongly arched
upper lip; ‘the calyx with two short entire lips, closed after the corolla falls, and having an enlargement
on the back, the whole becoming of the shape of a helmet. F]. summer.

« °%* Flowers small, in axillary one-sided racemes.

1, Map-poe’ S$. Smooth, branched, slender; leaves lance-ovate or oblong, pointed, serrate, on slender
stalks. Wet places. 8. lateriflora.

* * Flowers in terminal racemes.

2. Larcrer §8. Hairy and rather clammy, 1° to 8° high; leaves heart-shaped or ovate, wrinkled-
veiny; upper lip of the corolla blue, the lower pale and purple-spotted. S.and W. __ S. versicolor.

8. Harry S. Huiry, 1° to 8° high, slender; leaves ovate, crenate, obtuse, veiny. 8. pilosa.

POPULAR FLORA. 181

4. NARROW-LEAVED S. Minutely hoary or downy, slender, 1° or 2° high; leaves lance-oblong or
linear, entire; raceme short, as in the foregoing. E. and S. 8. integrifolia.

* *& * Flowers single, in the axils of the leaves.
5. Dwarr 8. Minutely downy, 8! to 6! high; leaves round-ovate or the upper lance-ovate, entire,

long. Dry or sandy banks of rivers, &c. S. pdrvula.
6. SLENDER S. Slender, 1° or 2° high; leaves lance-ovate, serrate, with a roundish or slightly heart-
shaped base, sessile; flowers 3! long. Wet woods. S. galericulata.

64. BORRAGE FAMILY. Order BORRAGINACEZS.

Herbs with alternate entire leaves, not aromatic, commonly rough: the flowers regular,
with a 5-leaved calyx, 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens on the tube, one style, and a 4-lobed
ovary, making 4 akenes.
Flowers generally in one-
sided raceme-like clusters,
coiled up at the tip, and
unfolding as the blossoms
expand, Innocent mucila-
ginous and slightly bitter
plants, the roots of some
species yielding a red dye.

445. Branch of Forget-me-not, in flower.

446, The corolla Juid open, with the
stamens, magnified

447. The pistil with its 4-lobed ovary ;
calyx, &c. cut away.

4 Two of the ripe akenes in the
calyx ; the two sepals towards the eye
and two of the ukenes removed.

449. Akene cut through lengthwise,
magnified ; the whole kernel embryo.

450, Plowera of Comfrey.

451. Corolla enlarged, laid open, show-
ing the sharp scales inside, and the stamens.

* Ovary 4-parted, making 4 akenes around the base of the style.
Akenes or lobes erect, fixed by the lower end, separate from the style, not prickly.
Corolla somewhat irregular (the lobes rather unequal), funnel-shaped (blue or purple).
Its throat naked and open: stamens protruding, rather unequal, (Echium) VirEr's-BucLoss.
Its throat closed by 5 blunt scales; nue curved: stamens included, (Lycépsis) BuGcuoss.
Corolla, &c. perfectly regular.
Its throat closed by 5 converging scales, one before each lobe.
Corolla wheel-shaped; its lobes acute. Plant rough-bristly, (Borrdgo) *BoRRAGE.
Corolla tubular and somewhat funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, (Symphytum) COMFREY.
Its throat open, naked er with 5 small projections. Akenes mostly stony.
Lobes of the tubular corolla acute and erect, ( Onosmédium) FALSE-GROMWELL.
Lobes of the trumpet-shaped corolla spreading, rounded, short. Akenes
fleshy. Plant very smooth, (Merténsia) Luncwort.

182 POPULAR FLORA.

Lobes of the salver-shaped or funnel-shaped corolla spreading, rounded.
Each with one edge outside and one inside in the bud: corolla very

short, » ( Myosétis) Scorrion-GRaAss ‘or FORGET-ME-NOT.
Two lobes covering the others in the bud.
Corolla short, white or whitish, funnel-shaped, (Lithospérmum) GROMWELL,

Corolla long, orange-yellow, salver-shaped, (Lithospérmum, § Batschia) Puccoon.
Akenes or lobes of the ovary prickly, fixed by their side or upper end to the base of the
style. Corolla salver-shaped, with 5 scales in the throat.
Erect, prickly on the margins only. Flowers small, ( Echinospérmum) STICKSEED.
Oblique or flattened from above, short-prickly or rough allover, ( Cynogléssum) Hounp’s-roncux,
Ovary not lobed, but splitting when ripe into 4 akenes: corolla short, ( Heliotrépium) *HrLioTRopy.

65. WATERLEAF FAMILY. Order HYDROPHYLLACEA.

Herbs with lobed, compound, or toothed and mostly alternate leaves; the regular flowers
much like those of the Borrage Family, except as to the ovary, which is globular and only
one-celled and bears the
few or many ovules and
seeds on the walls (pari-
etal), or on two projections
from them. In Waterleaf,
Nemophila, &c., the two
placentas, bearing the few

seeds, broaden and make

452. Flower of WARE Mla Waterleaf, 453. Corolla Jaid open, and stamens, a kind of lining to the
454. Calyx and young pod, with the style. =

pod. Corolla bell shaped
or wheel-shaped ; its lobes and the stamens always 5. Style 2-cleft above. The Water-
leaf furnishes our principal plants of the family that are common wild. But some Ne-
mophilas and Phacelias, from Texas and California, are showy garden annuals.

Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones. Stamens not projecting beyond the corolla.

Calyx without appendages or teeth between the divisions, large in fruit, (£llisia) Evuista.
Calyx with 5 reflexed teeth between the divisions, (Neméphila) *NEMOPHILA.

Leaves alternate: appendages of the calyx none or minute: stamens long.
Mostly annuals: seeds on the walls of the pod, or two narrow placentas, (Phacélia) PHACELIA.
Perennials, with scaly-toothed rootstocks. Seeds 1 to 4, enclosed in a membrane
which lines the pod. Flowers white or bluish, clustered: filaments
bearded below, (Hydrophyllum) WaATERLEAF.

Waterleaf. Hydrophyllum.
1. Virern1A W. Smoothish, 1° or 2° high; leaves pinnately divided into 5 or 7 narrow and toothed
or cleft lobes; calyx hairy. Rich woods. HM. Virginicum.
2. CANADA W. Smoothish ; leaves rounded, palmately lobed, longer than the peduncle; calyx
smooth. Rich woods. Hf. Canadénse,

POPULAR FLORA. 183

66. POLEMONIUM FAMILY. Order POLEMONIACER.

Herbs, not twining (but Cobzea climbs by tendrils), with regular flowers, all the parts in
fives, except the pistil, which is 3-celled and the style 3-cleft at the top, the 5 spreading
lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud,
i. e. overlapping so that one edge of each
is outside of that behind it, but inside
of the next one. Flowers generally
handsome. All the kinds here given
are cultivated; but the Phloxes are wild
in this country (especially W. and S.),
and so is one Polemonium. Gilias are
pretty garden annuals from California,
&c. Cobza, which is placed here, though
very different from the rest, is a great-
flowered vine from Mexico.

455 457
455. Flowers of Phlox. 456. Flowers of Polemonium. 457. Pod of
Polemonium, cut across.

Climbing by tendrils on the pinnate leaves: flowers axillary, single: calyx leafy: corolla
bell-shaped, large, but dull-colored, ( Cobéa) *COB#A,
Not climbing: flowers in panicled cymes or clusters.
Stamens inserted at very unequal heights on the long tube of the salver-shaped
corolla, short, included: calyx narrow, 6-angled: seeds only one in each cell.
Leaves all‘entire, sessile, and opposite, except the uppermost, (Phlox) PHLox.
Stamens all insertéd at the same height. Leaves mostly alternate and compound.
Corolla almost wheel-shaped (light blue): stamens turned towards the lower side

of the flower: leaves pinnate, (Polemonium) PoLEMONIUM.
Corolla funnel-shaped or salver-shaped: stamens not turned to one side: seeds
several. Leaves once to thrice pinnately divided, (Gia) Gtuta.

Phlox. Phlox.
* Perennial herbs, growing in open woods, and in gardens.

1. PANtcLED P. Stem stout, 2° to 4° high; leaves lance-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, taper-
ing or the upper ones heart-shaped at the base; panicle large and broad; corolla pink or white, the
lobes entire. Fl. summer. P. paniculita.

2. SpotrED P. Stem 1° or 2° high, slender, simple, purple-spotted; lower leaves lance-shaped, upper-
most lance-ovate, tapering upwards from the rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; panicle
narrow; calyx-teeth rather blunt; corolla pink-purple, or varying to white in gardens, the lobes
entire. Fl. summer. P. maculata.

8. Harry P. Stems slender, ascending, 1° or 2° high, clammy-hairy; leaves lance-shaped or lance-
linear; cyme flat; calyx-teeth long, awn-pointed; lobes of the rose-pink corolla entire. FI.
early summer. P. pilosa.

4, Runninc P. Spreading by creeping runners, bearing roundish and thickish smooth leaves; flow-
ering stems 4’ to 8! high, with oblong leaves; flowers few and large; lobes of the red-purple
corolla round and entire. FI. early summer. P. réptans.

184 POPULAR FLORA.

6. SpreaApIne P. Stems ascending, 9* to 18' high, rather clammy; leaves ovate-oblong or broad
lance-shaped; cyme loosely-flowered; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla generally obcordate
and rather distant from each other. Fl. spring, N. & W. P. divaricata.

6. Grounp P. or Moss-Pinx. Plant creeping and tufted in flat mats; leaves awl-shaped or lance-
linear, small, crowded; corolla pink or rose-color, with a darker eye, sometimes white. Fl. spring,
in sandy or rocky soil. 8. & E. P. subulata.

* * Garden annual from Texas.

7. Drummonn’s P. Rather clammy, branched; leaves lance-oblong, the upper heart-shaped at the

base; corolla crimson, purple or rose-color, lobes entire. P. Drumméndii.

Polemonium. Polemdnium.
1. Biur P. (Called in gardens Jacob’s Ladder or Greek Valerian.) Stem erect, 1° or 2° high, leafy;
leaflets many; seeds several. Gardens. P. cerileum.
2. Witp P. Stems weak, spreading; leaflets 7 to 11; flowers few. Woods, W. & S. P. reptans.

67. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. Order CONVOLVULACEA,

Twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate leaves and regular
flowers: calyx of 5 sepals: corolla 5-plaited or 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Pistil making a
round pod, with 2 to 4 cells and one or two large seeds erect from the bottom of each cell.
(For illustrations see Fig. 4 to 7,13 to 22.) Dodders are leafless parasitic plants of the
family. ¢
Plants with foliage, and bearing large flowers, open only for one day. Style one. .

Stamens protruded beyond the mouth of the tubular or trumpet-shaged andcrimson
or scarlet corolla, ="( Qudmoclit) QUAMOCLIT.
Stamens included in the tube of the almost entire corolla. me
Stigma thick, 2-lobed: corolla bell-shaped: pod 4-celled, 4-seeded, ‘atatas) SWEET-PoTaTo,
Stigma capitate, thick, with 2 or 3 lobes: corolla funnel-form:gpod with 2 or 3

cells, and 2 seeds in each cell, Ipomeea) MorninG-G tory.
Stigmas 2, long, linear or oblong. [BiInDWEED.*
Calyx naked at the base: corolla bell-shaped, ( Convélvulus) *CONVOLVULUS or

Calyx covered by 2 large bractlets: corolla funnel-form, ( Calystegia) BRACTED-BINDWEED.
Plants with leafless whitish, reddish, or yellowish thread-like stems, twining over other
lants, and attaching themselves to their bark, on which they feed: flowers in clus-
ters: corolla bell-shaped, with 5 scales inside the stamens: pod 2-celled, cells 2-seeded:
embryo spiral, without any cotyledons, ( Ciscuta) DoppER.

Quamoclit. Qudmoclit.

1. Cypress-vine Q. Leaves narrow, pinnately dissected into thread-shaped divisions; limb of the
corolla rather deeply 5-lobed. Garden annual. Q. vulgaris.

2. ScarLeT Q. Leaves heart-shaped, entire or nearly so; corolla scarcely lobed, Q coccinea.

* The low THREE-COLORED Convo.Lvutus (C. tricolor) is a garden annual.

POPULAR FLORA. 185

Morning=Glory. Jpoméa.
1. Common M. Annual; stem hairy, the hairs bent downwards; leaves heart-shaped, entire; flowers
3 to 5 on the peduncle; flowers purple or pink varying to white, opening early in the morning,

closing in bright sunshine; pod 8-celled. Cult. &e. I. purpurea.
2. Witp M. (or MAn-oF-THE-EARTH). ooth ; root huge, perennial; leaves heart-shaped, entire or
some of them narrowed in the midd¥®;),flowers 1 to 5 on a peduncle, white with purple in the
tube, opening in sunshine. Sandy bagfks. I. pandurdtus.

68. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Order SOLANACEZ.

Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, ‘with a€olorless bitter or nauseous juice (often poisonous) ;
alternate leaves; and regular flowers, with 5 (or in cultivated plants sometimes 6 or 7)
mostly equal stamens and one-‘pistil. Ovary with 2 or more cells, in fruit becoming a
many-seeded berry or pod. Corolla plaited in the bud, or valvate, i. e. the lobes placed
edge to edge.

459

458, Upper part of the corolla of Stramonium (Fig. 177) in bud. 459. Cross-section of the same, to show how it is plaited and fold@u.
46). Plower of Tobacco. 461. Its pod and calyx. 462. Same, with the upper part cut away 463. Flowers and berries of Bittersweet
Nightshade. 464. Flower of Henbane, 465. Pod of the same, opening by a lid.

Corolla wheel-shaped: stamens closely converging or united around the style (Fig.
182, 188). Fruit a berry.
Anthers longer than the very short filaments, and

Connected with each other, opening lengthwise. Berry several-celled, (Lycopérsicum) *ToMATo.
Not grown togéther, opening at the top by two pores, (Solanum) NIGHTSHADE.

Anthers shorter than the filaments, heart-shaped, separate, opening lengthwise. Berry

pod-like, inflated, the pulp very pungent (Cayenne or Red Pepper), :

(Capsicum) *CaAPsICUM.

186 POPULAR FLORA.

Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, or very open and short funnel-shaped,
with an almost entire border: anthers separate, shorter than the filaments: ca-
lyx enlarged and enclosing the berry.
Calyx 5-lobed, becoming a bladdery bag around the (eatable) berry, (Physalis) Grounp-CHERRY.
Calyx 5-parted, the divisions becoming heart-shaped: berry dry, (Nicdndra) *AprLE-or-PERU.
Corolla funnel-shaped, bell-shaped, or tubular: stamens separate: filaments slender.
Calyx 5-parted, leafy, spreading: stamens curved or unequal.
Corolla bell-shaped : stamens curved: fruit a black berry (deadly poi-
sonous), ( Atropa) *DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.
Corolla funnel-shaped: stamens unequal: fruit a pod, (Petunia) *PETUNIA.
Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed.
Shrubby, with vine-like branches and narrow leaves: corolla funnel-shaped,
small: fruit a berry, (Lycium) *MATRIMONY-VINE.
Herbs (annuals), unpleasant-scented, mostly large-flowered. Fruit a pod.
Corolla (dull and veiny) and stamens rather irregular: pod in the urn-shaped
calyx, opening at the top by a lid (Fig. 465), (Hyoscyamus) HENBANE.
Corolla perfectly regular, generally long funnel-shaped.
Calyx 5-angled, long, falling away after flowering: pod large and
prickly, 2-celled and becoming 4-celled, 4-valved. (Flower,

Fig. 177, 458), (Datura) StRAMONIUM.
Calyx not angled, remaining around the smooth pod, which opens by
several slits at the top, (Nicotiana) *ToBacco.

The only genus which needs to have the species enumerated is the

Nightshade. Solanum.
* Anthers blunt: plants not prickly.

1. Common NIGHTSHADE. A very common low, much-branched, homely weed, in damp or shady
grounds ; root annual; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers very ‘small, white; berries black,
small, said to be poisonous. S. nigrum.

2. BITTERSWEET N. Stem rather shrubby, climbing; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, some of them
halberd-shaped or with an ear-like lobe at the base on one or both sides; flowers blue-purple,
_in small cymes; berries bright red. Around dwellings, &c. (The flowers are represented in Fig.
‘182, as well as Fig. 463.) S. Dulcamara.

3. JERUSALEM-CHERRY N. A low tree-shaped shrub, with lance-oblong and smooth entire leaves,

im scattered and small white flowers, succeeded by large bright red berries like cherries. Cultivated
in houses, &c. S. Pseudo- Capsicum.

4. Potato or Tusgrous N. Shoots under ground bearing tubers (Fig. 60); leaves interruptedly
pinnate; the leaflets very unequal, some of them minute; corolla only 5-angled (Fig. 188), white
or blue. Cultivated. S, tuberosum.

* % Anthers long and taper-pointed: stems and leaves prickly.
5. Ece-Pranr N. Leaves ovate, wavy or somewhat lobed, downy; berry oblong, purple or whitish,
from the size of an egg to that of a melon, eatable when cooked. Cult. S. Melongéena.
8. Horsg-NETTLE N. Leaves ovate or oblong, wavy or angled, hoary-hairy; corolla bluish; berry
yellow. A weed, S. 8. Carolinénse.

POPULAR FLORA. 187

69. GENTIAN FAMILY. Order GENTIANACES.

Smooth herbs with a colorless bitter juice; the leaves, with two exceptions, opposite,
sessile, and entire; the regular flowers having as many stamens as there are lobes to the
corolla, and alternate with them; stigmas or branches of the style 2; pod one-celled, with
many and usually very small seeds on the walls, usually in two lines. — Tonic, generally
very bitter plants: none of them poisonous. Flowers commonly large and handsome.
Leaves simple, opposite and sessile. Corolla with the lobes convolute, i. «. each with one

edge in and one out, in the bud.
Corolla wheel-shaped, 5- to 12-parted, white or pink, in cymes. Style 2-parted.
(Two or three handsome-flowered species in salt marshes, and one or two

on river-banks, &c., especially South), (Sabbatia) SABBATIA.
Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, commonly blue. Style very short or none: stig-
mas 2, broad, (Gentiana) GENTIAN.

Leaves simple, alternate or all from the root, round-heart-shaped, floating on the water,

with very long footstalks, which bear near their summit a cluster of small

white flowers, along with some spur-shaped bodies. Corolla 5-parted, the

lobes folded inwards in the bud, (Limnanthemum) FLoatTinc-HEaRrt.
Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; footstalks long, alternate, their base sheathing the thickish

rootstock or the™lower part of 1 scape, which bears a raceme of white

flowers. Corolla 5-parted, the lobes white-bearded inside, their edges

turned inwards in the bud. One species, in bogs, ( Menydnthes) BuckBEan.

Gentian. Gentiana.
* Stamens separate: no plaits or fringes between the lobes of the corolla.

1. Frve-FLOWERED GENTIAN. Slender, branching; leaves lance-ovate; branches about 5-flowered;
corolla light blue, hardly 1! long, with 6 pointed naked lobes. Fl. late summer and autumn; as do

all the species. G. quinqueflora.
2. FrincEp G. Leaves lance-shaped or lance-ovate; flowers single on a long naked stalk; corolla
2' long, sky-blue, with 4 obovate beautifully fringed lobes. Low grounds. G cristal

* * Anthers cohering with each other more or less: corolla with 5 plaited folds.

8. CLosED G. Stout, leafy to the top, the flowers in sessile clusters, terminal and in the axils of the
upper lance-oblong leaves; corolla pale blue or purplish, rather club-shaped, with the mouth con-
tracted, and with 5 fringe-toothed plaits, the lobes hardly any. G. Andréwsit.

4. Soapwort G. The light blue corolla more open and bell-shaped, its lobes short and broad, but

longer than the intervening plaits; otherwise much as No. 3. S.and W. G. Saponaria.

. Wurriso G. Leaves lance-ovate with a heart-shaped clasping base; corolla dull white or yellowish,

with lobes longer than the plaits. S. and W. G. alba.

oa

70. DOGBANE FAMILY. Order APOCYNACES.

Plants with a milky and acrid juice, a tough inner bark, generally opposite and entire
leaves, and regular flowers: corolla 5-lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud (one edge in,

13

188 POPULAR FLORA.

the other out) ; the 5 stamens on the corolla alternate with its lobes; the anthers generally
more or less adherent to the stigma. Ovaries 2; but the stigmas, and often the styles also,
united into one ; the fruit two separate pods. Seeds generally many, and with a tuft of
down at one end.

Corolla with a funnel-shaped tube and a wheel-shaped 5-parted border: style one.
Leaves generally in whorls. Shrub, with large rose-colored flowers, (Nerium) *OLEANDER.
Leaves opposite, evergreen in the common creeping species. Fl. blue, (Vinca) *PERIWINKLE.
Leaves alternate, very many, narrow. Erect herbs with pale-blue salver-shaped flow.
ers: seeds not tufted, (Amsonia) AMSONTA.
Corolla bell-shaped, white or pinkish: style none. Herbs, with opposite leaves. (Apdcynum) DoGBANE.

Dogbane. Apécynum.

1. SpreADING D. Branches of the low erect stem widely diverging; leaves ovate or oval; cymes few-
flowered; lobes of corol-
Ja recurved; tube shorter
than the calyx. Thickets,
&c. A. androsemifolium.

2. Hemp D. or Inpran Hemp.
Stem and branches erect
or ascending; cymes few-
flowered; lobes of the co-
rolla not recurved, the
tube not longer than the
calyx. A. canndbinum,

oe

465. Summit of a plant of Doglane,
No, 1, with flowers and pods

467. Flowers, enlarged.

468. Flower with the corolla cut
away, to show the stamens.

469. The stamens taken uway, to show
the pistils; two ovaries, with their two
large stigmas united into one mass,

470. Aseed, with istuftof long hairs
or down at one end,

71. MILKWEED FAMILY. Order ASCLEPIADACES.

Plants with milky juice, tough bark, and in other respects like the Dogbane family, but
with the 5 short stamens all united by their filaments info a ring or tube, the anthers grown
fast to the large stigma, aid the grains of pollen in each cell cohering into a waxy or tough
mass. J'lowers in simple umbels. Pods a pair of many-seeded follicles: seeds furnished
with a long tuft of silky down at one end (Fig. 229). The flowers in this family are
curious, but are too difficult for the beginner. The two common genera may be distin-
guished as follows : —

Corolla 5-parted, reflexed: five hoods to the stamens, with a horn in each, (Asclépias) MILKWEED.
Corolla, &c. as in Milkweed, but the hoods without any horn, (Acerates) GREEN-MILKWEED.

POPULAR FLORA. 189

72. JESSAMINE FAMILY. Order JASMINACEA.

Shrubby, mostly climbing plants, with opposite and mostly compound (pinnate) leaves,
and perfect flowers with a salver-shaped corolla of 5 or more lobes overlapping in the bud,
but only 2 stamens. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 or 3 ovules erect from the base of each cell.
No wild species ; but in gardens and houses we have the common (Jdsminum) *JESSAMINE.

73. OLIVE FAMILY. Order OLEACEZ.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves; the corolla, when there is any, 4-lobed, and the
lobes valvate (edge to edge) in the bud, but the stamens only 2 and short: sometimes
there are 4 distinct petals; and all our species ot’ Ash are without petals. Ovary 2-celled,
with 2 ovules hanging from the top of each cell: the fruit often one-celled and one-seeded ;
either a stone-fruit, as’ in the Olive and Fringe-tree; a berry, as in Privet; a pod, as in
Lilac ; or a key, as in the Ash.

Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, with a 4-lobed border: flowers perfect, in thick
panicles. Leaves simple, entire.
Corolla salver-shaped with a long tube: frult a flat 4-seeded pod, (Syringa) *LiLac.
Corolla short, funnel-shaped; fruit a 1- or 2-seeded berry. Low shrub, (Ligustrum) *PRIvEr.
Corolla of 4 very long and narréWw petals, barely united at the bottom. Drupe one-seeded.
Low tree or shrub, with simple leaves, and slender drooping panicles of delicate
snow-white blossoms, ( Chiontnthus) FRINGE-TREE.
Corolla none: even the calyx small or sometimes none: stamens 2, rarely 3 or 4, on the
receptacle: fruit a key, winged at the top or all round, one-seeded. Trees, with
opposite pinnate leaves, (Frdzinus) Asn.

Lilac. Syringa.

1. Common Lizac. Leaves more or less heart-shaped; flowers lilac or white, in spring. Cultivated:
one of the commonest ornamental shrubs. = S. vulgaris.
2. Persian Lruac. Leaves oblong or lance-shaped; clusters more slender. Cultivated. 8S. Peérsica.

Ash, Frdzinus.
The flowers in all our species appear in early spring, in clusters, and are dicecious, or nearly so.
ww *, Key winged from the top only: leaflets stalked.
1. WurrE AsH. Shoots and stalks smooth; leaflets 7 to 9, pale (smooth or downy) beneath; body of
the key marginless and blunt. F. Americana.
2. Rep Asx. Shoots and stalks velvety; leaflets 7 to 9, downy beneath; body of the key 2-edged,
acute at the base, the wing long and narrow. F. pubescens.
8. GREEN AsH. Smooth throughout; leaflets 5 to 9, green both sides; key as in No. 2. F. viridis.
: * * Key winged all round, oblong.
4, Brack Asn. Leaflets 7 to 11, sessile; oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, green both sides; no
calyx to the fertile flowers. Swamps; common N. F. sambucifolia.
5. Buus AsH. Branchlets square; leaflets 7 to 9, short-stalked, lance-ovate. W. F. quadranguldta.

190 POPULAR FLORA.

Ili. Apetalous Division.

74. BIRTHWORT FAMILY. Order ARISTOLOCHIACEA.

Herbs or twining vines, with perfect and large flowers, the tube of the 3-lobed calyx
coherent with the 6-celled
and many-seeded ovary.
Leaves mostly heart-
shaped or kidney-shaped,
and entire, on long foot-
stalks, alternate, or else
from the rootstock at the
surface of the ground.
Lobes of the calyx edge
to edge in the bud, usu-
ally dull-colored.

471. Plant of Canada Asarum or
Wild-Ginger, 1n flower. 472 Magni-
fied lower divided lengthwise, and the
calyx spread out flat. 473. Flower,
with the lobes of the calyx cut away,
and the ovary cut across. 474 A sep-
aratestamen, more magnified ; outside

view. 475. Magnified seed divided
lengthwise.

Stemless herbs, with a pair of leaves and a flower between them from the spicy-tasted
and creeping rootstock: calyx short, 3-cleft or 8-lobed; stamens 12, with filaments,
which are united only with the base of the thick 6-lobed style, and are pointed above

the anthers, (Asarum) Wr1Lp-GINGER.
Twining shrubs or else low herbs: calyx a crooked tube, with a narrow throat anda
slightly 3-lobed spreading border: stamens 6, sessile on the outside of the 3 lobes of
We sessile stigma, i. e. two anthers or 4 cells to each lobe, attached to the stigma

by their whole length: fruit a 6-valved pod, filled with numerous flat seeds,
(Aristolochia) BiRTHWoORT.

Birthwort. Aristoldchia.

1. SyaKERoor B. or VirctntA SNAKEROOT. Herb 8! to 15' high; several stems from a tufted root,
downy; flowers borne next the ground, in general shape much like the letter S; leaves oblong-
heart-shaped or halberd-shaped. Rich wogds; becoming scarce. ; A, serpentaria.

2. Pirg-vinz B. A tall woody climber, with rounded kidney-shaped leaves, 8! or 12' broad when
full grown; flower 14 long, curved like a Dutch pipe; greenish outside, and with the short
8-lobed border brown-purple within. Alleghany Mountains, or near them; and cultivated for
arbors. A. Sigho.

POPULAR FLORA. 191

75. MIRABILIS FAMILY. Order NYCTAGINACES.

Has some wild representatives far west and south, viz.: OxyBaruos, &c., with several
flowers in a calyx-like involucre, the funnel-shaped calyx rose-purple, and exactly like a
corolla. And in gardens Mrrazixis or Four-o’Cxiock (so called from the flowers opening
late in the afternoon) is common. Here there is only one flower in the bell-shaped invo-
lucre, which exactly imitates a calyx, while the large funnel-shaped calyx is just like the
corolla of a Morning-Glory. Stamens 5: style one. Leaves opposite, heart-shaped, long-
stalked. The

Common Four-o’CLock or Mrrasi.is, from Mexico, well known in gardens, is M. Jalépa.

76. POKEWEED FAMILY. Order PHYTOLACCACES.

Is represented with us by one,
and that a very common, species of

Pokeweed. Phytoldcca.

Sepals 5, rounded, concave, petal-like,
white. Stamens 10, under the ovary.
Ovary green, composed of 10 one-
seeded ovaries united into one: styles
10, short and separate. Fruit a dark
crimson 10-seeded berry. A coarse
rank herb, with a thick, acrid, and
poisonous root, a large pithy stem, and
alternate oblong leaves; the flowers
in racemes opposite the leaves. Low
and rich ground, every where common;
flowering all summer, ripening its
abundant berries in autumn.

P. decandra.

476. Summit of a flowering branch of Poke-
= weed,

477. Feuit-bearing branch,

478, A flower, enlarged,

479. Young fruit.

480. Same, cvt across,

481. Seed divided lengthwise, and magnified.

482. Embryo, more magnified.

@

77. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Order CHENOPODIACEA.

Homely herbs, with mostly alternate leaves, without stipules, and no dry scaly bracts
among the small and greenish flowers; the calyx enclosing the one-celled and one-seeded

192 POPULAR FLORA.

ovary, but not adhering to it, and bearing from one to five stamens. Styles 2 to 5,
short. Weeds (several called PiGWwrEDs), abounding in cultivated or waste grounds, and
some are pot-herbs. The small flowers and fruits make them too difficult for the beginner.
The following key will lead the student to the name of the principal common kinds.

Leafless fleshy herbs, in salt marshes, with perfect flowers in fleshy spikes, (Salicérnia) SAMPHIRE.
Leafy herbs, with broad or broadish, generally tender leaves, not prickly: calyx wingless.

Flowers perfect.
In clusters or spiked heads: calyx becoming berry-like, altogether making a

strawberry-like red pulpy fruit, (Blitum) Bure.
In small sessile clusters collected in spikes or panicles: calyx dry and herba-
ceous.

Akene thick and hard, below adherent to the calyx. Leaves smooth, (Beta) *Brer.
Akeve very thin and breaking away from the seed. Leaves often mealy.

Pigweeds, ( Chenopodium) GoosEFoort.

Flowers moncecious: the fertile ones single in the axils of the leaves. Sea-coast, and
one rarely cultivated as a pot-herb, (A'‘tripler) ORacuE.

Flowers dicecious, in spiked clusters: calyx over the fruit, with 2 to 4 horns or pro-
jections: leaves arrow-shaped, (Spinacia) *Srinacn.

Leafy and much-branched plants on the sea-shore; the leaves awl-shaped and prickly-
tipped: flowérs perfect: calyx winged in fruit, (Salsola) Sattwort.

78. AMARANTH FAMILY. Order AMARANTACE.

Herbs, much like the last family in almost every character, except that the
flowers are furnished with 3 or more dry and scale-like thin bracts: these are
sometimes brightly colored, so as to make showy clusters or bunches, and,
being dry, they do not wither after blossoming. The little one-seeded pod
in many cases is a pyxis (242), that is, it opens round the middle, the upper
part falling off, as a lid. The common species belong mainly to two genera : —

483. Pod of Am.
: ee < . Aranth opening by
Flowers in spiked or panicled clusters, terminal or axillary: stamens 5 or 8, separate: 4 lid. :

little pod opening by a lid. To this belongs one kind of Pigwrrn, and the
Prince's Fraruer, LovE-Lies-BLEEDING, Coxcoms, &c., in gardens and

enriched soil, (Amardnius) AMARANTH.
Flowers in a head: stamens 5, monadelphous, and the filaments 8-cleft, the middle lobe
bearing the anther, (Gomphréna) *GLoBE-AMARANTH.

79. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Order POLYGONACES.

Herbs with alternate entire leaves, and mostly perfect flowers ; with a calyx of 4 to 6
sepals (separate or united at the base), and 3 to 9 stamens inserted on its base: ovary ones
celled making a one-seeded akene; its styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Besides, this family may
always be known by the stipules which form a sheath above each joint (asin Fig. 137).
The watery juice is often sour, as in Rhubarb and Sorrel, sometimes sharp and biting.

POPULAR FLORA. 193

Calyx of 5 (rarely 4) nearly similar sepals, all more or less petal-like.
Stamens 4 to 9: akene generally small: cotyledons narrow, (Polygonum) KxOTWEED.
Stamens 8: styles 3: akene triangular, shaped like a beechnut, much longer than the
calyx: cotyledons very broad and folded in the mealy albumen: root annual:

leaves nearly halberd-shaped: flowers white, corymbed, (Fagopyrum) *BuckwHEat.
Calyx of G sepals, and
All alike and petal-like (white): stamens 9: styles 3, (Rheum) *Rnvupars.

Three outer ones herbaceous and spreading: three inner larger, especially after flow-
ering, when they close over the triangular akene: flowers dicecious: leaves
sour, eared or halberd-shaped, (Rumex, § Acetosclla) SoRREL.
Hiowars perfect or polygamous: leaves bitter: coarse herbs, (Rumez) Dock.

Knotweed. Polygonum.

* Flowers single or several together in the axils of the leaves, greenish or whitish: sheaths (stipules)
cut-fringed or torn into narrow shreds.

1, Common KxoTwerpD, Knorerass, or Goosrecrass. Spreading on the ground, small; leaves
sessile, lance-shaped or oblong, pale; a variety has nearly upright stems and oblong or oviih leaves.
The commonest weed in yards and waste places. P. aviculare.

2. SLENDER K. Upright, somewhat branched; leaves linear, acute, sheaths fringed. Dry soil. P. ténue.
* * Flowers in terminal heads, spikes, or racemes.

« Not twining nor climbing, and leaves not heart-shaped nor arrow-shaped: calyx petal-like and
5-parted, except in No. 10.

OrtenTAu K. or Prixce’s FEATHER. Tall annual, 4° to 7° high; leaves ovate; spikes of rose-

colored flowers long and nodding; stamens 7; akene flattish. Gardens. P. orientale.

=

Water K. Stems floating in water, or rooting in mud, or upright; leaves lance-shaped or oblong;
spike thick and short; flowers rose-red; stamens 5; styles 2. P. amphibium.

ia

. PENNSYLVANIA K. Stem upright, 1° to 3° high; leaves lance-shaped; spike oblong, thick, erect,
its peduncle beset with club-shaped bristles or glands; flowers rose-colored; stamens 8; akene
flat. Moist ground. P. Pennsylvdnicum.

. Lapy’s-Tuums K. Stems, &c. like the last and next, but no bristles on the peduncle; leaves with
a darker spot on the upper side; spike short and thick, erect; flowers greenish-purple; stamens
6. Very common in waste places. P. Persicaria.

7. SMARTWEED or Warer-PEeprer K. Upright, annual, 1° or 2° high, very acrid and biting to the

taste; leaves and also the greenish sepals marked with fine transparent dots; spikes short but
loose, drooping; akene flattish or bluntly triangular. Moist ground, common in waste places,
yards, and near dwellings. P. Hydropiper.

8. WiLp SMARTWEED K. Upright, 1° to 3° high from a perennial root, biting like the last, and the

leaves dotted; spikes very slendeg, erect, whitish or flesh-color; stamens 8; styles 8; akene sharply
triangular. Wet places. P. acre.

Mitp Water-Prerrer K. Upright, 1° to 8° high; often creeping at the base and rooting in water;

leaves roughish, not biting, narrowly lance-shaped; spikes slender, erect, rose-color; stamens 8;
style 8-cleft at the top; akene sharply triangular. Shallow water. P. hydropiperoides.

10. Virarnia K. Stem 2° to 4° high, angled; leaves large, ovate or lance-ovate, taper-pointed; flow-

on

[=z

=

194 POPULAR FLORA.

ers scattered in a long and naked slender spike; calyx greenish, 4-parted; stamens 5; styles 2,
bent down in fruit. Thickets. P. Virginianum.

a~ + Somewhat climbing, or supported by recurved sharp prickly bristles on the strong angles of the
stems, &c.; flowers white or flesh-color in small racemes or heads; root annual. The prickly
angles cut like a saw, whence the plants are called Tear-Thwmb.

11. ARRowW-LEAVED K. Leaves arrow-shaped (Fig. 100), short-stalked; akene 8-angled. P. sagittatum.

12. HALBERD-LEAVED K. Leaves halberd-shaped (Fig. 102), long-stalked ; akene flattish. Low
grounds. : P. arifolium.

as HY ‘
+ + + Twining annuals, with smooth stems and greenish or whitish flowers in panicled racemes;
leaves heart-shaped and partly halberd-shaped.

13. Ciimpine K. Smooth, climbing high over shrubs, &c.; racemes leafy; 8 of the calyx-lobes more
or less winged in fruit. Thickets in low ground. P. dumetorum.

14, Binpwerep K. Low, stems roughish; racemes corymbed; three of the calyx-lobes ridged in the
middle. Cult. and waste grounds. P. Convélvulus.

80. LAUREL FAMILY. Order LAURACEZ.

Trees or shrubs, with spicy bark and leaves; the latter marked with transparent dots
under a magnifying-glass, alternate and simple; the calyx of 6 petal-like sepals. Stamens
9 or 12 on the very bot-
tom of the calyx; the
anthers openingy by up-
lifted valves. Pistil sim-
ple, with a one-celled
ovary, in fruit forming
a berry or drupe, one
seeded. Flowers gener-
ally polygamous or dice-
cious in spring.— A very
well-marked family, most-
ly in hot countries, but

484. Sterile flower of Sassafras, 485. Fertile flower of the same. 483 Magnified stamen, W€ POSSESS two or three
with two glands at the base, the anther openingby two large and two smallvalves 487 Pistil, .
with the ova'y divided to show the ovule hanging from the top, 488, Leaf and cluster of fruit. representatives.
489, Lower half of fiuit, cut across,
Flowers perfect : stamens 9, with good anthers, and 8 sterile ones. Tree, with entire
oblong leaves; common South, (Persea) Rep-Bay.
Flowers dicecious or nearly so, greenish-yellow: stamens 9, about 3 of them with yel-- *
low glands at the base of the filaments (Fig. 486).
Anthers 4-celled and 4-valved. Tree: flowers in stalked corymbs, appearing with
the leaves; some of the latter 3-lobed, (Sassafras) SASSAFRAS.
Anthers 2-celled and opening by a single valve to each cell. Shrub: flowers in ses-
sile clusters, appearing earlier than the entire leaves, (Bénzoin) SprcEBUSH.

POPULAR FLORA. 195

81, MEZEREUM FAMILY. Order THYMELEACES.

Shrubs, with very tough and acrid bark; entire generally alternate leaves; and perfect
flowers, with a tubular
calyx colored like a co-
rolla, bearing 8 or 10
stamens, free from the
simple pistil. Ovary one-
celled, one-ovuled, mak-
ing a berry in fruit. —We
have one wild plant of
the family ; Daphne Me-
zereum is a hardy low
shrub in gardens, and D.
odora in houses. Flowers
appearing earlier than
the leaves.

Pers tae hi eee oes
-and fruit, 492. A fluwer, magaified.
pee i inagnified, the calyx

‘Calyx salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, generally rose-color, the border 4-lobed: stamens 8,
ea

in two sets, included; filaments hardly any, (Daphne) *DAPHNE,
Calyx tubular, pale yellow, with no spreading border, obscurely 4-toothed: stamens 8,
with long protruded filaments, (Dirca) LEATHERWOOD.

82. NETTLE FAMILY. Order URTICACEA.

Monecious, dicecious, or barely polygamous herbs, shrubs, or trees, with stipules, and a
regular calyx, free from the ovary, which forms a one-seeded fruit. Divides into four dis-
tinct subfamilies which might be reckoned as families, viz. : —

I, ELM Susramity. Trees, with alternate simple leaves, and polygamous or often nearly perfect
flowers: styles or long stigmas 2.

Ovary 2-celled, a hanging ovule in each cell: stamens 4 to 9. Flowers earlier than the

leaves. Fruit a thin key, winged all round, one-seeded (Fig. 207), (Ulmus) Em.
Ovary one-celled, with one hanging ovule: stamens 5 or 6. Fruit asmalldrupe. Leaves
ovate or heart-shaped, (Celtis) HACKBERRY.

Il. BREADFRUIT Susramity. Trees, with a milky or colored juice, and alternate leaves; the
flowers in heads or catkin-like spikes, the fertile ones fleshy in fruit, or both kinds in a fleshy receptacle.
Styles 1 or 2: ovary becoming an akene in fruit. Inner bark often tough and fibrous.

Flowers, of both kinds mixed, enclosed in a pear-shaped fleshy receptacle like a rose-hip
which is pulpy when ripe, (Ficus) *F1e.

196 POPULAR FLORA.

Flowers monoecious, both kinds in separate catkin-like spikes; the calyx, &c. in the fer-
tile sort becoming fleshy and eatable, making a berried multiple fruit (248,
Fig. 223). Stamens 4. Styles 2, (Morus) MULBERRY.
Flowers dicecious: the fertile ones collected in a close and round head which is fleshy in
fruit. Stamens 4. Style 1.
Sterile flowers in spikes. Leaves round-ovate or heart-shaped, rough above, soft-
downy beneath, some of them palmately lobed, (Broussonetia) *PArER-MuULBERRY,
Sterile flowers in racemes. Leaves oblong, smooth above, entire; branchlets spiny,
(Maclura) *OsAGE-ORANGE.

II. NETTLE Susramity. Herbs (in this country), with opposite or alternate leaves, a tough
fibrous bark, and a colorless juice. Flowers moncecious or dicecious, in spikes, racemes, &c., not in
catkins, Stamens of the same number as the sepals. Ovary one-celled, and style or stigma only one;
fruit an akene.

Plants beset with stinging bristles.
Leaves opposite: sepals 4 in both kinds of flowers: stigma a little tuft, (Urtica) NETTLE.
Leaves alternate: sepals 5 in the sterile, 4 unequal or 2 in the fertile, flowers: stigma
awl-shaped, i (Laportea) Woop-NETTLE.
Plants destitute of stinging hairs, and
Very smooth: leaves opposite: sepals 3 or 4, separate: stigma atuft, *? (Pilea) CLEARWEED.
Smooth or hairy: leaves often alternate: calyx in the fertile flowers u cup with a
narrow mouth enclosing the ovary.
Stigma long and thread-shaped: flower-clusters naked, in 1 spikes, (Behmivic) FALSE-NETTLm
Stigma a little tuft: flowers in axillary cymes or ae accompanied by
leafy bracts, “w(Parietavia) PELurony.

IV. HEMP Susramity. Herbs, with dicecious flowers, a colorless juice, fibrous: tough bark, and
opposite, or sometimes alternate, palmately-lobed or compound roughish leaves. Sterile flowers in
compound racemes or panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 stamens. Fertile flowers crowded, and with only
one sepal, which embraces the ovary and akene: stigmas 2, long.

Herb erect, annual: leaves of 5 to 7 lance-shaped toothed leaflets., Stamens drooping.
Fertile flowers in spiked clusters, each with a narrow bract, ( Cinnabis) * HEMp.
Herb twining: root perennial: leaves heart-shaped and lobed. Fertile flowers in short
and scaly catkins, with broad and thin bracts, in fruit making a sort of
membranaceous cone, (Humuluis) Hor.

83. PLANE-TREE FAMILY. Order PLATANACE,
This consists only of the genus
Plane-Tree. Pldtanus.

Flowers moncecious, in separate round catkin-like heads. No calyx nor corolla to either kind.
Sterile flowers consisting of short stamens and club-shaped scales intermixed: fertile flowers, of little
scales and ovaries, which become club-shaped akenes, covered below with long \airs. Style awl-
shaped, simple. Trees, with colorless juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves and sheathing stipules.
Only one species in this country, viz.: —

American P., Sycamore, or Burronwoop. A well-known tree by river-banks. P. occidentalis.

POPULAR FLORA. 197

84. WALNUT FAMILY. Order JUGLANDACEM.

Timber and nut trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules; the sterile flowers in
hanging catkins and with an irregular calyx; the fertile ones single or few together at the
end of a shoot; their calyx coherent with the ovary, and 4-toothed at its summit. Fruit
akind of stone-fruit; the outer part becoming dry when ripe, and forming a husk, the
stone incompletely 2-celled or 4-celled, but with only one ovule and seed, The whole
kernel is a great embryo, with the cotyledons separated, lobed, and crumpled. — Only
two genera :—

Catkins of the sterile flowers single; the bracts or scales united with the calyx: stamens

8 to 40. Fertile flowers with 4 small petals between the teeth of the calyx: short

styles and stigmas 2, fringed: husk of the fruit thin, and not separating into valves

or regular pieces. Bark and bruised leaves strong-scented and staining brown. Leaf-

buds nearly naked, (Juglans) WALNuT.
Catkins 3 or more on one peduncle: stamens 8 to 8; anthers almost sessile. No petals in

the fertile flowers: stigma large, 4-lobed,, Husk of the fruit splitting into four pieces

or valves, which separa ate from the smooth stone or shell. Wood very hard and

tough. Leaf-buds scaly® (Fig. 55), (Cérya) Hickory.

é Walnut. Juglans.
1. Buack Watnur. Leaves and stalks smoothish; leaflets many, lance-ovate, taper-pointed; fruit

round, the thin husk drying on the very rough stone. Common W. J. nigra.
2. BuTrERNur, or GRAY-BARKED W. Leaves, stalks, and oblong fruit clammy-downy when young,
the stone with moremagged ridges, and tree sinaller than No. 1. J. cinérea.
3. TRUE or Exenisn W. Smooth; leaflets only about 9, oblong; fruit round; husk separating from
‘the thin and nearly smooth stone. Cultivated, from the South of Europe. J. régia.

Hickory. Cérya.
® Fruit and stone round or roundish.

1. SHacBark H. (also called SHELLBARK or Sweer H.) Bark on the trunk shaggy and scaling
_ off; ‘leaflets generally 5, three of them lance-obovate, the lower pair smaller and oblong-lanceolate,

« finely serrate; husk thick; stone roundish, thick or thin; seed very sweet: furnishes the hickory-
» nuts of the market. C. alba.

2. Mockerxur H. Bark cracked on the larger trunks ; leaflets 7 to 9, roughish-downy beneath,
slightly serrate, oblong-lanceolate; catkins hairy; hake and stone very thick; seed sweetish but

small. Common S. and W. C. tomentosa.
3. Prcnut H. Bark close and smooth; leaflets 5 to 7, smooth, lance-ovate, serrate; fruit pear-shaped
or obovate, the husk and stone rather thin; seed sweetish or bitterish, small. C. glabra.

4. Birrernut or Swamp H. Bark of trunk smooth; buds little scaly: leaflets 7 to 11, lance-oblong,
smooth; husk and stone of the fruit thin and tender; seed very bitter. Wet woods. C. amira.

* * Fruit and thin stone narrowly oblong: husk thin.
5. Pecan-nuT H. Leaflets 13 or 15, oblong-lanceolate, oblique, serrate; stone olive-shaped, thin; seed
very sweet. W.&S. C. oliveformis.

198 POPULAR FLORA.

85. OAK FAMILY. Order CUPULIFER.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, and
moneecious flowers; the sterile flowers in slender catkins (or in head-like clusters in the
Beech) ; the fertile flowers surrounded with an involucre which forms a cup, bur, or bag
around the nut.

Fertile flowers scattered, or 2 or 8 together, their
Involucre one-flowered, of many little scales, forming a cup around the base of the
hard and roundish nut or acorn (Fig. 205), ( Quercus) OAK.
Involucre containing 2 or 3 flowers, becoming a very prickly and closed bur enclos-
ing the nuts, and splitting into 4 thick pieces.
Nuts 1 to 3, roundish or flattish, thin-shelled. Sterile catkins long, ( Castanea) CuEsTNuT-
Nuts 2, sharply 8-angled. Sterile catkins like a head-like cluster, (Fagus) Burcu.
Involucre a leafy cup, lobed or torn at the end, longer than the bony nut, (Corylus) Hazen.
Fertile flowers also collected in a kind of catkin. Nut small like an akene.
Involucre an open 8-lobed leaf, 2-flowered, AL (Carpinus) HORNBEAM.
Involucre a closed bladdery bag, one-flowered, the whole catkin making ¢ a fruit like
a hop in general appearance, < bog ya) Hor-HORNBEAM.

Oak. Quercus.
* Acorn ripening the first year, therefore borne on shoots of fhe season: cups stalked, except in
No. 2: kernel generally sweet-tasted.
1. Overcup or Bur Oak. Leaves obovate, sinuate-pinnatifid, whitish-downy beneath; acorn I or
14! long, in a deep cup with a mossy-fringed border. Q. macrocarpa.
2. Posr OAK. Leaves oblong, pale and rough above, grayish-downy beneath, pinnatifid, with 5 to 7
blunt lobes; cup saucer-shaped, much shorter than the acorn. Small tree. Q. obtusiloba.
8. Wire Oak. Leaves smooth when full grown, pale beneath, pinnatifid; the lobes 5 to 9, oblong or
linear, entire; cup much shorter than the oval or oblong acorn. Rich woods. Q. alba.
4. Swamp CurEsrnut-Oak. Leaves obovate, whitish-downy beneath, coarsely and bluntly toothed
or sinuate; cup thick, hemispherical, with stout or pointed scales; acorn oval, 1' long. Q. Prinus.
5. YELLow Cuxstnut-Oak. Leaves Jance-oblong, or oblong, acute, whitish, but scarcely downy
beneath, rather sharply and evenly toothed; cup thin, and acorn smaller than in No. 4. Rich

woods. Q. Castanea.
6. CHINQUAPIN OAK. Much like No. 4, but a mere shrub, 2° to 6° high, with a thin cup and a smaller
acorn. Sandy, barren soil. Q. prinoides.

* * Acorn ripening in the autumn of the second year; ripe fruit therefore on wood twe years old,
sessile: kernel bitter.

+ Leaves entire or nearly so, narrow.
7. Live Oak. Leaves thick, evergreen, hoary beneath, oblong, small. Sea-coast, S. Q. virens.
8 Wittow OAK. Leaves light green, smooth, lance-linear, tapering, 5' or 4’ long. 8. & W- Q. Phellos.

9. SHINGLE or LaurEL Oak. Leaves shining above, rather downy beneath, lance-obiong, thickish;
cup saucer-shaped; acorn globular. Common S. & W. Q. imbricavia.

POPULAR FLORA. 199

+ 4~ Leaves or some of them a little lobed, broader upwards.
10. WATER OAK. Leaves smooth and shining, spatulate or wedge-obovate, with a tapering base;
cup very short; acorn globular. Swamps, 8S. Q. aquatica,
11. Buack-JAck Oak. Leaves thick and large, broadly wedge-shaped, and with 8 or 5 obscure
lobes at the summit, shining above, rusty-downy beneath, the lobes or teeth bristle-pointed.
Small tree, in barrens. Q. nigra.
+ + + Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, long-stalked, the lobes or teeth bristle-pointed.
12. Bear or Scrup Oax. Leaves wedge-obovate, slightly about 5-lobed, whitish-downy beneath.

A crooked shrub, 8° to 8° high; in barrens and rocky woods. Q. ilicifolia.
13. SPANISH OAK. Leaves grayish-downy beneath, narrow above, and with 8 to 6 irregular and nar-
row often curved lobes; acorn very short. Dry soil, S. & E. A fine tree. Q. falcata.

14. QuERcirron Oak. Leaves rusty-downy when young, becoming nearly smooth when old, oblong-
obovate, sinuate-pinnatifid; cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly; acorn globular or depressed. Large
tree; the inner bark thick and yellow, used for dyeing. Q. tinctoria.

15. ScARLET OaK. Very like the last, but the oval or oblong leaves smooth and shining, deeply pin-
natifid (turning deep scarlet in autumn), the lobes cut-toothed; acorn rather longer than wide.
Large tree, common in rich woods. Q. coccinea.

16. Rep Oax. Leaves smooth, pale beneath, oblong or rather obovate, with 4 to 6 short lobes on
each side; acorn oblong-oval, 1’ long, with u short saucer-shaped cup of fine scales. Common
tree in rocky woods, &c. Q. rubra.

17. Pin or Swamp Spanish OAK. Leaves smooth and bright green on both sides, deeply pin-
natifid, oblong ; the lobes diverging, cut and toothed, acute; acorn globular, only 4! long. Low
grounds, N. . Q. palustris.

86. BIRCH FAMILY. Order BETULACES.

Monecious trees, with simple serrate leaves, and both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins
(Fig. 146), two or three blossoms under each scale. Sterile flowers each with 4 stamens
and a small calyx: fertile flowers with a 2-celled ovary bearing 2 long stigmas, and in fruit
becoming a scale-like akene or small key. Only two genera: —

Sterile flowers with a calyx of one scale: fertile flowers 8 under each 8-lobed bract; each
consisting of a naked ovary, in fruit becoming a broad-winged little key. Bark and

twigs aromatic, (Bétula) Biren.
Sterile flowers generally with a 4-parted calyx: fertile catkins short and thick, with hard
scales, not falling off: fruit generally wingless, (Alnus) ALDER.

Birch. Betula.
1. WuirE Breen. A small and slender tree, with white outer bark; leaves triangular, very taper-

pointed, on long and slender stalks. Common E. B. alba.
2. Paver B. A Jarge tree, with white outer bark, peeling off in papery layers, and ovate or heart-
shaped leaves. Common N. B. papyracea,

3. River B. Tree, with ovate and angled acutish leaves, on short stalks, « brownish close bark,
and short woolly fertile catkins. Common S. & W. B. nigra.

200 POPULAR FLORA.

CHERRY or SWEET B. Tree, with heart-ovate and pointed leaves, downy on the veins beneath,
and u close bark, bronze-colored on the twigs, which are spicy-tasted, like the foliage of Check-
erberry. Common N. B. lenta.

87. SWEET-GALE FAMILY. Order MYRICACE.

Shrubs (generally low), with fragrant alternate leaves; and with catkins much as in the
Birch family, but short and with only one naked blossom under each scale; the ovary
forming a little nut or dry drupe.

Flowers moneecious: fertile catkins round and bur-like: fruit a smooth little nut. Leaves
lance-linear, pinnatifid. Fern-like, whence the common name, (Comptonia) SWEET-FERN.
Flowers dicecious: scales of the fertile catkins falling off, and leaving only the small
round fruits, which are incrusted with wax, and so appear like drupes. Leaves
entire or serrate, ( Myrica).
One species in wet grounds, N., with wedge-lanceolate pale leaves, (Md. Gale) ‘SweeEt-Gatr.
One on the sea-coast with lance-oblong, shining leaves, and waxy fruit, (AL cerifera) BAYBERRY.

88. WILLOW FAMILY. Order SALICACEM.

Dicecious trees or shrubs, with both
kinds of blossoms in catkins (often
earlier than the foliage); the flowers
naked (without any calyx or corolla),
one sort of two or more stamens
under a scaly bract; the other of a
one-celled pistil with two styles or
stigmas, making a many-seeded pod:
the seeds bearing a long tuft of down.
Leaves alternate and simple: wood
soft and light: bark bitter.— The
Willows are of very many species,
and are much too difficult for the
beginner.

494. Shoot_and catkin of sterile flowers of the Com-
mon White Willow. 495. A scale separated, with its
flower, consisting of two stamens and a htcle gland,
magnified, 496. Shoot and fertile catkin of the same,
ae Ee pistillate flowee with ils scale and gland, mag-
nified.

Scales of the catkins entire: stamens 2 to 6: stigmas short: leaves narrow, (Salix) Wittow.
Scales of the catkins cut-lobed: stamens 8 to 40: stigmas long: leaves broad. Scaly leaf-
huds covered with a resinous varnish, (Populus) Porran

POPULAR FLORA. 201

89. PINE FAMILY. Order CONIFER.

The only familiar family of Gymnospermous plants (218,
250), consisting of trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly
awl-shaped or needle-shaped leaves, and moncecious or dicecious
flowers of a very simple sort, and collected in catkins, except in
Yew. In that the fertile flower is single at the end of the
branch. No calyx nor corolla, and no proper pistil. Ovules
and seeds naked. Sterile flowers of a few stamens or anthers,
fixed to a scale. Cotyledons often more than one pair, some-
times as many as 9 or 12, in a whorl. — For illustrations, see
Fig. 49, 50, 134,196, 197, 224 to 226, and 498, 499. — This
family comprises some of our most important timber-trees, and
the principal evergreen forest-trees of Northern climates. It

498, Fertile flowers, Hy young cone,
. *qs of Arbor-Vite, enlarged. nside
consists of three well-marked subfamilies : — view of one of the scales and its pair
of naked ovules, more magnified.

I. PINE Susramizy. Fertile flowers many ina catkin, which in fruit becomes a strobile or cone
(250); the scales of which are open pistils (each in the axil of a bract), with a pair of ovules or seeds
borne on the base of each. Seeds scaling off with a wing. Cones ovate or oblong. Leaf-buds scaly.
Flowers moneecious. 7
Leaves 2 to 5 in a cluster, from the axil of a thin scale, evergreen, needle-shaped. Cone

with thick or sometimes thin scales, (Pinus) PINE.
Leaves many in a cluster (Fig. 184) on side spurs, and also scattered along the shoots of

the season, needle-shaped, falling in autumn. Cone with thin scales, (Lariz) LaArcH.
Leaves all scattered along the shoots, evergreen, linear or needle-shaped. Cone with thin

scales, (Abies) Fir.

Il. CYPRESS Supramity. Fertile flowers few, in a rounded catkin, formed of scales which are
generally thickened at the top, and without any bracts, bearing one or more ovules at the bottom.
Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped. Leaf-buds without any scales.

Flowers moncecious. Cone dry, opening at maturity.
Leaves deciduous and delicate, linear, 2-ranked. Cone round and woody, each shield-

shaped scale 2-seeded, (Taxddium) BauD-CYPRESs.
Leaves evergreen, small, scale-like and awl-shaped (of two shapes).
Cone woody and round; the scales shield-shaped, ( Cupressus) Cypress.*
Cone of a few oblong and nearly flat loose scales (Fig. 498), (Thuja) ARBOR-VITE.*
Flowers dicecious, or sometimes moncecious. Fruit composed of a few closed scales,
which become pulpy and form a sort of false berry, (Juniperus) JUNIPER.

Ill. YEW Susramity. Buds scaly: leaves linear. Fertile flower single at the end of a branch,
ripening into a nut-like seed. This is enclosed in an open and at length pulpy, berry-like red cup, in
our only genus, viz. (Taxus) YEw.

* Our only Cupressus is C. thyoides, the Waite Cepar, rather common South. The ArBor-viT#&,
Thuja occidentalis, so common North, and cultivated for evergreen hedges, is also called Wuirz Cepar.
Our Rep CEDAR is a Juniper.

202 POPULAR FLORA.

Pine. Pinus.
Leaves 2 or 8 ina sheath, rigid: bark of tree rough: scales of the cones woody, thickened on the
back at the end, and commonly tipped with a prickly point.

1. JERSEY or ScruB Pring. Leaves in twos, only about 2’ long. A straggling tree, S. & E. P. inops,
2. Rep Prine (wrongly called Norway Pine); leaves in twos, 5! or 6! long; scales of the cones not

pointed. A large tree, N. P. resinosa.
8. YELLow Pine. Leaves slender, in twos or threes, 3’ to 5! long; cones small, their scales tipped
with a weak prickly point. , P. mitis.
4. Prrow Prxe. Leaves rigid, dark green, in threes, 3’ to 5! long; cones with a stout prickly point
(Fig. 224). Common N. P. rigida.
5. LoBLoLty Pine. Leaves in threes, 6! to 10’ long, light green; cones 3! to 5! long. Light or ex-
hausted soil. S. P. Teda.
6. Lonc-LEAVED Pine. Leaves in threes, 8! to 11! long, dark green; cones 6! to 8! long. Common
S.&E. P. australis.

* * Leaves 5 together, slender: bark of young tree smooth: scales of cone naked and not thickened.

7. Wuire Ping. Leaves pale green; cones narrow, 4' or 5! long, hanging. A large tree, in moist

woods North, with soft light wood. P. Strobus.
Larch. Larix.

1. AMERICAN LARCH or TAMARACK. Leaves very slender, short; cones not over 1! long, of few
rounded scales. Swamps, N. L. Americana.

2. EuRorpEAN Larcu. A cultivated tree, with longer leaves and much larger cones than our wild
species, the scales three times as many. L. Europea.

Fir or Spruce. Adies.
* Cones upright on short side-shoots, falling into pieces when ripe, the scales separating from the axis;
leaves flat, becoming more or less 2-ranked, whitish beneath.
1. BALsAm Fir. Leaves narrowly linear; cones cylindrical, 3! or 4! long, 1! thick, bluish. Damp
woods and swamps, N. A. balsamea.
* * Cones hanging from the ends of branches, not falling to pieces.
2. Hemiock Spruce. Leaves linear, flat, }! long, 2-ranked; cones oval, #! long. Hills. A. Canadénsis.
8. Buack Spruce. Leaves needle-shaped, 4-sided, not 2-ranked, uniformly green; cones ovate, 1! to
12' long, with thin edged scales. Swamps and cold woods. A, nigra.
4. WHITE or SincGLE Spruce. Cones oblong-cylindrical, 1' or 2' long, the scales with thickish edges:
otherwise nearly like the last: found only at the North. A, alba.

5. Norway Spruce. Cones cylindrical, 5! to 7! long; leaves longer than in our wild species. A
handsomer tree, from Europe, now commonly planted as an evergreen. A. excélsa.

Juniper. Juniperus.
1. Common JuntrPeR. Shrub spreading; leaves in whorls of three, linear-awl-shaped, prickly-pointed,
green beneath, white above; berries dark purple. Dry hills, N. J. commitnis.
2. Savin J. or Rep CEDAR. Shrub or tree; leaves small and much crowded, awl-shaped and loose
on vigorous shoots; on others smaller, scale-like, and closely overlying each other in 4 ranks;
berries purplish with a white bloom. Dry hills. Wood reddish, very durable. J. Virginiana.

POPULAR FLORA.

CLASS II.—ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS.

203

Stem having the wood in threads or bundles, interspersed among the pith or
cellular part, not forming a ring or layer, and not increasing by annual layers.

Leaves pavallel-veined, not branching and forming meshes of network.

To this

some Arums, Trillium, Greenbrier, &c. are exceptions, having more or less netted

500. Endogenous stem of one year old, shown in a Corn-stalk. 591. One of several years old, of Palmetto.
Parallel-veined leaves of the two kinds: 502. that of Lily of the Valley ; 593. one of Calla 504. Magnified
section of the seed of Iris, showing the small monocotyledonous embryo. 605. Plantlet of Iris growing from
the seed.

Flowers with their parts mostly three or six, never five.

Embryo monocotyledonous, i. e. of only one true seed-leaf: so in
germination the leaves are all alternate or one above another.

Except the Palmetto and one or two Yuccas at the South (Fig.
79), and some Greenbriers, all the Endogens of this country are herbs.

505

In warmer climates there are many Palms and other woody plants of the class, all
having an appearance very different from our common trees and shrubs (113, 114).

14

204 POPULAR FLORA.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OR ORDERS OF CLASS I.

I. Spadiceous Division. Flowers collected on a spadix (184), i. e. sessile and crowded in w spike
or head on a thickened axis, and with or without u spathe or enwrapping bract (185).

Trees or shrubs, with simple stems; the flowers having calyx and corolla, Patm Faminy, 205
Herbs, the smull and crowded flowers either naked or with a small perianth. 7
Spadix surrounded by a large spathe: flowers generally naked: fruit a berry, i

Spadix without a spathe: perianth of 6 pieces, Arum F. 205

Spadix without any proper spathe: perianth none: fruit an akene, Cat-TAIL F. 206
Spadix (as it might be called) raised above a small spathe, covered with Llue and
tubular, 6-lobed flowers. Belongs to the next division, PICKEREL-WEED F. 208

Il. Petaloideous Division. Flowers not on aspadix and not enclosed by glumes or chaffy or scale-
like bracts (as in Grasses and Sedges), but having a calyx and corolla, or a 6-leaved or 6-lobed
(rarely 4-leaved) perianth colored like a corolla.

Perianth free from the ovary, that is, inserted underneath the ovary, and

Of 3 green or greenish sepals and 8 distinct and colored petals. >
Pistils many, in a ring or a head, making akenes, WatTER-PLANTAIN F. 206
Pistil 1: styles or sessile stigmas 8. Leaves whorled, veiny, Tritiium F, 206
Pistil and slender style 1: leaves alternate, parallel-veined, ~ Sprperworr F. 207

Of mostly 6 petal-like leaves in two ranks, three outside and three inside, or else 6-
(rarely 4-) lobed, all colored~alike. :
Stamens only 3, or 6 and the three on one side of the flower much shorter than
the rest, « PICKEREL-WEED F, 208
Stamens 6, or as many as the divisions of the perianth, all alike.
Anthers turned outwards, i. v. on the outer side of the filament.
Leaves in whorls: flowers perfect: long stigmas 3, INDIAN CucuMBER-RoorT, 20
Leaves alternate, and with side tendrils, netted-veined between the ribs:

flowers dicecious: styles or sessile stigmas 3, GREENBRIER F. 208

Leaves alternate, without tendrils: flowers perfect or polygamous: styles
3 or 8-cleft, Cotciucum F. 209

Anthers turned inwards, i.e. on the inner side of the filament: style 1:
stigmas 1 or 3, Lity F. 209

Perianth adherent to the ovary below, and therefore apparently borne on it.
Stamens 6: anthers turned inwards. Flowers regular or nearly so, AMARYLLIS F, 213
Stamens 3: anthers ‘turned outwards. Flowers often irregular, Tuts F. 214
Stamens only one or two and united with or Lorne on the style. Flowers irregular, of

singular shapes, Orcnis F. 215

III. Glumaceous Division. Flowers not on’a spadix, and without any corolla-like perianth, but
with glumes, i. e. thin scales, such as the chaff or husk of Grain and Grasses. Stems rush-like
or straw-like.

Glumes 6 in 2 whorl to each flower, like a calyx, , Rusu F. 216

Glume one to each flower, the flower in its axil:’’ Flowers collected into heads or spikes, Sepcx F. 216

Glumes 2 or 4 to euch flower, in two sets, Grass F. 216

POPULAR FLORA. 205

I. Spadiceous Division.

90. PALM FAMILY. Order PALMA.

Although some, like the Dwarf Palmettos of the Southern States, make only rootstocks
not rising ‘out of the ground, most Palms form trees, with a simple, unbranched, cylindrical
trunk, growing by the terminal bud only, and always surmounted by a crown of large and
peculiar, long-petioled leaves. These are fan-shaped in the Palmetto (Fig. 79), pinnate
in the Date-Palm, &e. The flowers burst forth from a spathe; are small, but generally
perfect, and furnished with a perianth of 6 parts, in two sets, the outer answering
toa calyx, the inner to a corolla, Fruit a nut; that of the Cocoanut is a good illustra-
tion. ‘Phe principal Palms of our southern sea-coast belong to the genus (Chdmerops)
PaLMerto. ,

91. ARUM FAMILY. Order ARACEX.

Herbs with sharp-tasted or acrid juice, and more or less fleshy in their texture;
the leaves either simple or compound, and commonly so much netted-veined that ,the
plants might readily be mistaken for Exogens. The small flowers are closely spiked or
packed on a fleshy axis, forming a'spadix. The fruit is a berry, or sometimes dry and
leathery, but containing some pulp or jelly. The following are the principal genera we
meet with.

Spathe present, forming a hood, wrapper, or a petal-like leaf.
Flowers naked, i. e. without any perianth, moneecious, dicecious, or polygamous,
Covering only the base of the long spadix, which is enclosed in the hooded
spathe (Fig. 147). Stem simple, from a rounded corm: leaves com-
pound, of 3 or rnore leaflets, (Arisema) InpDIAN-TURNIP.
Covering the whole length of the spadix. Leaves simple, arrow-shaped (Fig.
503) or heart-shaped: spadix on the end of a scape, bearing stamens
only at the upper part.
Spathe green, thick, and closely folded around the spadix: anthers sessile.
Herb growing in shallow water, (Peltindra) Anrow-Arum.
Spathe white and petal-like, open, (Calla) CaLua.
Flowers with a 4-leaved périanth or calyx, perfect, on a globular spadix, surrounded
by a thick, shell-shaped, purplish spadix coming out of ground in
earliest spring, some time before the great ovate and heart-shaped, veiny
leaves; odor that of the skunk. Stamens 4, (Symplocarpus) SKUNK-CABBAGE.
Spathe none at all; the spadix naked, covered with flowers, which are perfect, with a
perianth of 6 or sometimes 4 pieces, and as many stamens.
Spadix on the summit of a scape rising out of the water: leaves oblong, on a Jong
petiole, (Ordéntium) GoLDEN-CLUB.
Spadix from the side of a leaf, or from a stem similar to one of the long and erect,
linear, 2-edged or sword-shaped leaves: all springing from a sharp-
aromatic and creeping rootstock, (Acurus) Sweet-FLace

206 POPULAR FLORA.

92. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. Order TYPHACES.

Marsh herbs, with linear, sword-shaped leaves (erect, except they float in water), and
moneecious naked flowers in dense spikes or heads, one sort consisting of some stamens
only, the other of pistils only. Fruit a one-seeded akene. No spathe, except some open
bracts or leaves.

Flowers in one long spike or snadix, the upper part bearing stamens only, the lower slen-
der pistils only closely packed together; ovary long-stalked and surrounded

by slender down, (Typha) Cat-TatL,
Flowers in separate heads, some bearing stamens only, others pistils only, each sur-
rounded by several scales, but no down, (Sparganium) Bur-REED.

Il. Petaloideous Division.

93. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. Order ALISMACEE.

Marsh or aquatic herbs, with a distinct calyx of 3 green or greenish sepals and a corolla
of 3 white petals, 6 to many stamens on the receptacle, and many one-ovuled pistils
collected into a ring or head, becoming akenes in fruit. Leaves mostly oblong-heart-shaped,
lance-shaped, or arrow-shaped, sometimes with cross veinlets, long-petioled. Flowers on
scapes. Two genera are common.

Flowers perfect with about 6 stamens, small, in an open panicle: pistils 15 to 20 in a ring:

leaves not arrow-shaped, (Alisma) WATER-PLANTAIN.
Flowers moncecious or dioecious, in a loose aceme or spike; the sterile ones with many

stamens; the fertile with many pistils in a head, making thin winged akenes.

Leaves or some of them generally arrow-shaped, (Sagittavia) ARROWHEAD.

94. TRILLIUM FAMILY. Order TRILLIACEZ.
Herbs with simple stems rising from a short rootstock, rather conspicuously netted-
veined leaves in a whorl, and perfect and regular flowers : — containing in this country
only the genus Trillium and the Indian Cucumber-root, which are here described.

Trillium.* = Trillium.

Stem bearing at the summit a whorl of 8 broad leaves and one rather large flower. Calyx of
8 green spreading sepals. Corolla of 8 spreading petals. Stamens 6, with short filaments and long
erect anthers turned inwards, inserted on the receptacle. Pistil one, 8-celled, commonly with 8 to 6
lobes or ridges, and making a purple many-seeded berry in fruit: styles or long sessile stigmas 3,
spreading. — They all grow in rich woods, and blossom in spring or early summer,

1. SESSILE FLOWERED T. Flower and the ovate leaves both sessile; petals rather erect, dark dull

purple or greenish. W.& 8. T. séssile.
2. Recurvep T. Leaves narrowed at the base into a footstalk; sepals turned down; petals nar-
rowed at both ends; otherwise like No. 1. W. T. recurvatum.

* Also called BrrtHroot, WAKE-Rosin, and THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE,

POPULAR FLORA. 207

3. Nopprne T. Leaves nearly sessile, rhombic-ovate ; flower small, on a short peduncle curved
down under the leaves; petals oblong-ovate, pointed, recurved, wavy. E. & 8. T. cérnuum.
4. Exxcr T. or Brrtiroor. Leaves sessile, round-rhombic
with a very abrupt point; flower on a nearly upright pe-
duncle; petals ovate, acutish, spreading, dull purple or some-
times greenish-white. Common N. T. evéctun.
5. GREAT-VLOWERED T. Leaves and peduncle nearly as in
No. 4; petals obovate, erect at the base, then gradually
spreading much longer and broader than the sepals, white,
turning rose-color when old. N.and W. 1. grandiflorum.

6. Parxtep T. Leaves petioled, pale green, ovate, taper-pointed ;
flower on an upright peduncle; petals lance-ovate, point-
ed, widely spreading, longer than the sepals, wavy, white,
adorned with delicate pink-purple stripes at the base. Cold
damp woods, &. N. T. erythrocdrpum.

506. Flower of Trillium, natural size.

Indian Cucumber-root. Medéola.

Stem 1° to 3° high, from a white tuberous horizontal rootstock, having the taste of a cucumber,
bearing near the middle a whorl of 5 to 9 obovate-lanceolate pointed sessile leaves, and at the top
one of 8 ovate smaller leaves, and a few small greenish-yellow flowers in an umbel, on recurved stalks.
Sepals and petals cach 3, oblong and alike, recurved. Stamens 6: filaments longer than the anthers.
Stigmas 8, sessile, long and thread-shaped. Ovary one, making a round 8-celled and few-seeded berry.
One species, in damp woods; flowering in summer. JL, Virginica.

95. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Order COMMELYNACES.

Tender herbs, with alternate parallel-veined leaves sheathing at the base, and
perfect flowers, having 3 green or greenish sepals and 3 petals on the receptacle.
Pistil one, with one long style and one stigma. Pod small, 3-celled or sometimes
2-celled, few-seeded. Flowers opening in the morning for only one day, the
delicate (generally blue or purple) petals then melting away. There are two
genera wild; and the Spiderwort is cultivated in every flower-garden.

Flowers regular: the 3 petals and 6 stamens

all alike: filaments bearded with joint-

ed colored hairs: leaves lance-linear,

sessile, all alike, ( Tradescdntia) SprpERWworRtT.
Flowers irregular: two of the petals kidney-

shaped on long claws, and one smailer:

stamens unequal, only three of them

with good anthers: filaments naked :

lower leaves with sheathing footstalks,

the uppermost sessile and somewhat

heart-shaped, (Commeljna) DAy-FLOWER.

we,

a
508

5'7 Flower of Spiderwort.

6.3. Pistil, maguified; the ovary cut across.

208 POPULAR FLORA.

96. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. Order PONTEDERIACEZ.

Is represented by three or four plants in this country, of which much the commonest

is the
Pickereleweed. Pontedtria.

Perianth blue, of 6 divisions, unequally united below into » tube; the 3 upper divisions most
united and making a 8-lobed upper lip, the 8 lower spreading and separate some way down, making
a lower lip: after expanding, for one day only, the upper part coils up and withers away, while the
base of the tube thickens and encloses the small one-seeded fruit. Stamens 6; the 8 lower on slender
projecting filaments; the 8 upper inserted lower down on the tube, with very short filaments and
generally imperfect anthers. Style 1: stigma 8-lobed. Stout herbs in shallow water, with long-
petioled leaves and long peduncles or few-leaved stems (their Jeaves with sheathing footstalks, the
uppermost one merely a sheathing spathe or bract), bearing a spike of flowers.

1. Common PICKEREL-WEED. Stems 2° or 8° high; leaves thickish, lance-ovate or ovate-oblong, and
generally more or less heart-shaped at the base. Common everywhere; fl. all summer. P. cordata.

97. GREENBRIER FAMILY. Order SMILACE.

Of this family, as here arranged, we have only a single genus, viz. : —

Greenbrier. Smilax.

Known at once by being climbing plants (or disposed to climb) and having a tendril on each side
of the footstalk of the Jeaf; and by the leaves being veiny between the ribs, almost as in Exogens,
alternate, sometimes evergreen, simple, and entire. Flowers dicecious, in axillary umbels. Perianth
generally of 6 equal and spreading greenish or yellowish separate pieces. The sterile flowers have as
many stamens, with oblong or linear one-celled anthers fixed by their base to the filament, and turned
inwards. The fertile flowers have a round ovary, with 3 short spreading styles or stigmas. Fruit
a berry, with 2 or few large seeds. Fl. summer.

* Stems woody and often prickly, yellowish-green: ovary and berry 2-celled and 2-seeded, black when
ripe, generally with a bluish bloom.

_

. Common G. or Carprier. Leaves thickish, round-ovate or slightly heart-shaped, and with 5 to
9 ribs, green both sides; branchlets often square; prickles short; peduncles of the umbel not longer
than the petiole. Moist thickets. S. rotundifolia.

Guaucous G. Leaves ovate, glaucous beneath ; peduncles longer than the petiole : otherwise
nearly as No. 1. S. glauca.

y

3. BristLy G. Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, large and thin, green both sides; stem below covered
with long and weak blackish bristly prickles; peduncles much longer than the petioles. Thickets,

N. and W. S. hispida,
4. LAUREL-LEAVED G. Not prickly; leaves lance-oblong or lance-linear, thick and evergreen, with
8 to 5 ribs; peduncles of the umbel very short. Sandy soil, S. 8. laurifolia.

* * Stem herbaceous, climbing, not prickly: ovary and blue-black berry 8-celled, 6-seeded.

& Carrion-rLowenr G. Leaves thin, pale, mostly heart-shaped, with 7 to 9 ribs, sometimes rather
downy beneath, long-petioled; peduncles 3! to 8' long, longer than the leaves; flowers of the odor
of carrion. Meadows and river-banks. S. herbacea.

POPULAR FLORA. 209

98. COLCHICUM FAMILY. Order MELANTHACER.

Herbs, with parallel-veined leaves; the flowers generally perfect or polygamous; the
perianth of 6 similar divisions colored alike; the 6 stamens with their anthers turned out-
wards. Ovary one, 8-celled, bearing 3 styles, which are generally separate, but some-
times united into one. Many are acrid or poisonous plants, none more so than the common
Veratrum or White-Hellebore, which is often called Loe, a name which properly belongs
to Phytolacea, p. 191.

Flower and leaves rising from a corm underground: perianth a long tube, bearing 6 sim-
ilar petal-like lobes, (Colchicum) *CoLcHicum.
Flowers with a perianth of 6 separate leaves.
Perianth persisting or withering without falling. Plants acrid-poisonous: flowers
polygamous, in panicles, terminating the simple leafy stem.
Divisions of the perianth on claws, bearing the stamens: leaves narrow: flowers

cream-colored, turning greenish-brown with age, (Melunthium) MELANTHIUM.
Divisions of the perianth without claws, greenish. Leaves oval or oblong, partly
clasping, plaited, (Veratrum) WuitTE-HELLEBORE.

Perianth falling off after flowering. Plants not poisonous: stems generally forking:
leaves sessile or clasping, ovate or lance-oblong: flowers perfect, generally
single, nodding: divisions of the perianth long and narrow.
Styles united into one at the bottom. Perianth large, lily-like, yellowish: fruit
a few-seeded pod. Flower-stalk not twisted or jointed, ( Uvularia) BELLWort.
Styles united into one almost to the top. Divisions of the whitish or rose-colored
perianth recurved: fruit a many-seeded red berry. Flower-stalks
- single in the axil of the leaves, and with a joint or abrupt bend or
twist in the middle, : (Stréptopus) Twist-sTALK.

Bellwort. Toularia.

1. LARGE-FLOWERED B. Leaves oblong, clasping-perfoliate, i. e. the stem appearing to run through
the lower part of the leaf; perianth pale greenish-yellow, 14’ long. Rich woods, N. & W. ° (All
the species flower in the spring.) U. grandiflora.

2. Prrrotiate B. Like the last, but the flower smaller and yellow, and the anthers more pointed.
Common E. U. perfoliata.

8. SESSILE-LEAVED B. Smaller than the rest; leaves sessile, not encompassing the stem; flower
cream-color. 0. sessilifolia.

99. LILY FAMILY. Order LILIACEZ.

A large family, with much variety in appearance. Leaves parallel-veined, and sessile or
sheathing. Flowers perfect and regular; the perianth of 6 divisions or lobes (or in one
ease with only 4), all colored alike, inserted on the receptacle free from the ovary.
Stamens as many as the parts of the perianth, with their anthers turned inwards. Pistil
one, with a 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary and a single style; but with as many stigmas,
or lobes to the stigma, as there are cells in the ovary. Fruit a pod or a berry.

210 POPULAR FLORA.

Fruit a few-seeded berry: flowers small. Herbs from rootstocks: no bulbs.
Stems much branched: leaves fine and thread-shaped, in clusters, (Aspdragus) * ASPARAGUS.
Stems simple above ground and leafy. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong.
Flowers axillary, nodding, greenish; perianth tubular, 6-lobed: stamens above
the middle, on very short filaments. Rootstock thick, marked with
broad round scars on the upper side (Fig. 68), (Polyyondtum) SoLomon’s-SEAL.
Flowers in a terminal raceme, white: perianth 6-parted, in one case 4-parted,
the divisions narrow and widely spreading, the stamens on its base:
filaments slender, (Smilacina) SMILACINA.
Stems or scape simple and leafless above ground; the broad leaves all from its base
or from the slender rootstock.
Flowers small, in a slender raceme, white; perianth bell-shaped, 6-lobed (Fig. 8):

leaves very smooth, ( Convallaria) *LiLy-or-THE-VALLEY.
Flowers rather large, in an umbel, greenish-yellow or whitish: perianth 6-leaved:
leaves of the plant ciliate, (Clintonia) CLInToNIA.

Fruit a 8-celled pod, splitting into 3 valves when ripe.
Perianth wheel-shaped, or sometimes erect or bell-shaped, 6-leaved: flowers on a
sciupe or nearly naked stem, rising from a coated bulb: seeds round
and black, few.

Flowers in a corymb, white : style 3-sided, ( Ornithégalum) *SrAR-or-BETHLEHEM.
Flowers in a raceme, blue or purple: style thread-like, (Scilla) SQuruy.
Flowers in an umbel from a scaly bract or involucre, (Allium) Onron.

Perianth funnel-shaped, bell-shaped, or globe-shaped, more or less united into a tube
or cup, bearirig the 6 stamens, except in some Day-Lilies.
Scape and leaves from a coated bulb: flowers ina raceme. Leaves narrow.
Perianth globular, blue, small, (Muscari) *GRAPE-HYACINTH.
Perianth short, funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, 6-cleft, _(Myacinihus) *Hyacintn.

Scape or stem leafy towards the bottom, from fibrous roots (no bulb), bearing a
few large flowers in a cluster at the top: stamiens curved to one side.

Flower opening for‘only one: day, BY (Hemeroedillis) *Day-Lity.
Perianth bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, &c.,.but of 6 separate petal-like divisions:
seeds many, mostly flat, pale. >,

Simple-stemmed herbs from a scaly or coated bulb: stamens on the receptacle
or attached to the very base of the deciduous perianth.
Anthers fixed by their middle and swinging free: stems leafy to the top.
No honey-bearing spots, or merely a groove at the bottom of each divis-

ion of the perianth. Bulb scaly, (Lilium) Livy.
A round and large honey-bearing spot near the bottom of each division
of the perianth, (Petilium) *Crown-IMPERIAL.

Anthers erect on the filament, appearing to be fixed by their base: stem or
scape leafy only at or towards the bottom.
Style none or hardly any: stigmas 3 on the long 8-sided ovary, = ( Té/ipa) *Tuntr.
Style long: ovary roundish: leaves 2, spotted, (/rythronium) Docroorn-VI0LET.
Stems woody, palm-like, or not rising above the ground, from roots or rootstocks
(no bulbs): leaves evergreen, sword-shaped. Flowers white, tulip-
shaped, in a large, terminal, compound panicle, (Yucca) Yucca

POPULAR FLORA. 211

Smilacina (or Fausz SoLtomon’s-SEAL). Srilacina.
1. Racemep §. Minutely downy, 2° or 8° high, many-leaved; leaves lance-oblong, tapering abruptly
at both ends, ciliate; flowers many, in compound racemes. Moist grounds. S. racemosa.
2. STAR-FLOWERED S. Nearly smooth, 1° or 2° high; leaves many, lance-oblong, slightly clasping,
pale beneath; raceme simple and few-flowered. Moist thickets, &c., N. i 8S. stellata.
8. THREE-LEAVED §. Smooth, 3’ to 6! high; leaves commonly 8, oblong, tapering into a sheathing
base; flowers several, in a slender simple raceme. Bogs, N. 8. trifolia.
4, Two-LEavep S. Nearly smooth, 3! to 5’ high, with commonly 2 heart-shaped leaves, the lower one
generally petioled; flowers in a simple short raceme; perianth 4-parted, reflexed; stamens 4.
Moist woods, in spring. 8. bifolia.
Onion (Gartic and Leek). Allium.
§ 1. Onron proper, with hollow, stem-shaped leaves, and an open, widely spreading, star-shaped blossom.

1, GARDEN Onion. Scape naked, much longer than the leaves, hollow, swollen in the middle;
flowers whitish; umbel often bearing small bulbs (top-onions); the large bulb turnip-shaped.

Commonly cultivated. A. Cepa.
2. Cutves O. Scape naked, about as long as the slender leaves; all growing in tufts, from small
bulbs; flowers purplish, crowded. Cultivated. A. Schenoprasum.

§ 2. Gartics and Leeks. Leaves flat-or keeled and not hollow, except in No. 3.

ny
8. Fretp Gartwic. Leaves thread-shaped, slendef, round, but channelled on the upper side, hollow;
? PP ’ j

bulbs small; umbel bearing flowers with a green-purple erectish perianth, or else only bulblets.

Naturalized in low pastures and gardens, + A. vinedle.

>

True or Encrisu Gariie.~ Bulbs clustered and compound ; leaves lance-linear, nearly flat;
umbel bearing pale purple flowers with an erectish perianth, or else bulblets. Cultivated in gar-
dens; not common. ; ae Cy , A. sativum.

GarprEn Lege. Bulb single ; leaves linear-oblong, acute, somewhat folded or keeled ; flowers
crowded in the umbel; perianth erectish, violet-purple. Rarely cultivated. A. Porrum.

6. Witp Leek. Bulbs clustered, narrow, oblong, and pointed; leaves lance-oblong, blunt, flat, dying

off by midsummer, when the naked scape appears with its loose umbel of white flowers; pod

8-lobed. Lich woods, N. and W. A. tricéccum.

oe

Day-Lily. Hemerocdllis.

* Flowering stems tall, leafy towards the bottom, somewhat branched above: leaves long and linear,
keeled, 2-ranked: stamens on the top of the narrow tube of the perianth: seeds black and wingless.
1. Common Day-Lity. Flower dull orange-yellow; inner divisions wavy, blunt. Gardens. H. fulva.
2. Yettow D. Flower light yellow; inner divisions of the perianth acute. Gardens. H. flava.
* * Flowering stems naked, simple: leaves broad and flat, ovate or oblong, and often heart-shaped,

with veins springing from the midrib, long-stalked ; stamens on the receptacle: seeds flat and
winged (Funkia). ,
8. Wurre D. Flower white, funnel-shaped; leaves more or less heart-shaped. Gardens. H. Japénica.

4. Buur D. Flower blue or bluish, the upper part more bell-shaped than in No. 3; leaves scarcely
heart-shaped. Gardens. Hicerilea.

212 POPULAR FLORA.

Lily. Lilium.
Foreign species, everywhere cultivated.

1, Wnitr Liy. Leaves lance-shaped, scattered along the stem; flowers erect; perianth bell-shaped,
white, smooth inside. L. album,

2. Bubn-peartne L. Leaves lance-shaped, scattered along the tall stem, producing bulblets in their
axils; flowers several, erect; perianth open-bell-shaped, orange-yellow, rough inside. L. bulbiferum.
* *& Wild species: flowers orange-colored, reddish, or yellow.

se

Witp OrancE L. Stem 1° to 3° high, bearing scattered (or sometimes whorled) lance-linear leaves
and 1 to 3 erect reddish-orange open-bell-shaped flowers, the 6 Iance-shaped divisions narrowed at
the base into claws, purplish-spotted inside. Common in light or sandy soil. .L. Philadélphicum.

. Witp Yetrow L. Stem 2° to 4° high, bearing distant whorls of lance-shaped leaves and a few
nodding flowers on slender peduncles; perianth yellow or orange, with brown spots inside, bell-
shaped with the divisions spreading or recurved to the middle. Moist meadows, and along streams.
(Fig. 1.) L. Canadéense.

6. Supers or Turx’s-cap L. Stem 4° to 7° high, only the lower leaves in whorls; flowers many,

bright orange or reddish, with strong brown-purple spots inside, more recurved and larger than the

last, but very much like it. Rich low grounds. L. superbum.
:

>

Dogtooth Violet. Erythronium.
1. Yettow PD. or ADDER’s-TONGUE. Leaves gblong-lance-shaped, pale-dotted, much blotched;
flower pale vellow; style club- '
shaped, stout; stigmas united.
Moist grounds: fl. in early
spring. E. Americanum.
2. Wire D. Flower white or
bluish; the style less thick
than in No.1. Rather com-
mon W. E. dlbidum.
8. Evrorean D. Leaves ovate
or oblong, scarcely spotted;
flowers purple or rose-color;
style thread-shaped and not
thickened upwards; stigmas
separate. Cultivated ; not
common. E. Dens-canis.

609. Yellow Dogtooth- Violet,

610. The Lulb.

611, Perianth Inid open, and stamens,

612, The pistil, enlarged.

613, Lower hulf of a pod, cut across anid
magnified.

POYULSR FLORA, 213

100. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. Order AMARYLLIDACELLE.

Like the Lily Family, but with the (regular or slightly irregular) 6-cleft perianth cohe-
rent below with the surface of the ovary, and therefore in appearance irserted on its
summit. Stamens 6. Fruit a 3-celled pod. Herbs generally with naked stems or scapes,
and long linear leaves, from a coated bulb, commonly with showy flowers. Herbage and
bulbs acrid and poisonous.

Flower with a cup or crown at the throat of the salver-shaped or funnel-shaped perianth.
Stamens long, from the edge of the cup-shaped crown: anthers linear, swinging free:
divisions of the perianth Jong and narrow, recurved. Flowers white,

showy; the cluster leafy-bracted, (Pancratium) *#PANCRATIUM.
Stamens included in the cup, unequal: filaments very short. Flowers from a scale-
like spathe, (Narcissus) *NARcIssvus.

Flower without any cup or crown on the perianth.
Anthers fixed by the middle and swinging free, linear or oblong: filaments generally
curved. Flowers large and showy, generally red or pink, (Amaryllis) *AMARYLLIs.
Anthers erect on the filament.
Flowers in a spike, funnel-shaped, white, very fragrant, _ (Polianthes) *TupErose.
Flowers in an umbel, or single: perianth 6-parted down to the ovary.
Flower single, from a 1-leaved spathe, white, nodding: three inner divisions
of the perianth shorter than the three outer, and notched at the end:
anthers long-pointed, (Galanthus) *SNowpnror,
Flowers one or more from a 1-leaved spathe, white, nodding; the 6 divisions
of the perianth alike, often green-tipped: anthers blunt, (Leucoium) *SNOWFLAKE.
Flowers few, with 2 small bracts at the base of the pedicels; the star-shaped
perianth yellow, closing and remaining on the pod. Leaves grass-
like, hairy. -Plant small, (Hypéxys) Stan-Grass.

Narcissus. Narcissus.
Tube of the flower slender; the cup or crown much shorter than the 6 spreading divisions; anthers
borne on the inside of the cup, or 3 of them a little protruding, on short filaments.
1. Port’s N. Scape flattish, tall, mostly one-flowered; flower white, the very short and flat crown
yellow, generally margined with crimson or pink; sweet-scented; leaves bluntly keeled, rather

glaucous. Gardens. N. pocticus.
2. Jonquit N. Flowers 1 to 4,on a round and slender scape, yellow, very fragrant, the cup saucer-
shaped; leaves:terete, channelled down one side. Gardens. N. Jonquilla.

8. Potyantiuus N. Flowers several, on a flattish scape, white, with a bell-shaped cup, not fragrant;
leaves flat, glaucous. Gardens. N. Tazétta.

* * Tube of the flower short, funnel-shaped; the cup or crown very large, bell-shaped, with a wavy-
crisped or toothed margin, equalling or longer than the 6 divisions of the perianth, and bearing
the stamens on its base.

4. Darropit N. Flower one, large, suiphur-yellow, with a deeper yellow cup, on a flattened scape
1° high; leaves flattish. In all gardens; most common with flowers double, so that their structure
is obscured. NV. Pseudo-Narcissus.

214 POPULAR FLORA.

101. IRIS FAMILY. Order IRIDACEZ,
Herbs with perennial roots, commonly with rootstocks, bulbs, or corms, and with equitant
leaves (151, Fig. 64) ; the flowers perfect, regular or irregular; tube of the corolla-like

iT]

514, Plant of Crested Dwarf Ivis 515. ‘Top of the style and the 3 petal-like stigmas, also
2of the stamens. 513. Magnified pisul and lower part of the tube of the periauth, divided
Tengthwise: the foliage cataway. 517 Lower part of a pod, divided crosswise. 518, Seed.
519. Magnified section of the same, showing the embryo

perianth below coherent
with the surface of the
ovary, and so appearing
to groyyfrom its summit ;
stamens only 3, one before
each of the outer divis-
ions of the perianth; their
anthers turned outwards,
i. ec. looking towards the
perianth and opening on
that side. Ovary 8-celled,
making a many-seeded
pod: style one: stigmas
8, often flat or petal-like.
Herbage, rootstocks, &c.
generally acrid or sharp-
tasted. Flowers generally
showy, and from a spathe
of one or more leaf-like
bracts, or from the axils of
the uppermost leaves, each
one generally opening but
once.

Filaments monadelphous in a tube which encloses the style as in a sheath: stigmas
thread-shaped: perianth 6-parted nearly to the ovary, widely spread-

ing, opening in sunshine and for only one day.

Flowers small, blue or purple, with 6 equal obovate divisions: stigmas simple: stems

or scapes flat or 2-winged, from fibrous roots; leaves narrow and

grass-like, (Sisyrinchium) BLUE-EYED-GRass.
Flowers very large, orange and spotted with crimson and purple; the 8 inner divisions

much smaller and narrowed in the middle: stigmas each 2-cleft:

scape terete, from a coated bulb; leaves plaited,
Filaments separate: stigmas flattened, or petal-like.

(Tigridia) *TIGER-FLOWER.

Perianth 6-parted down to the ovary, regular and wheel-shaped, the divisions obovate-
oblong, all alike, yellow, with darker spots: seeds remaining after the
valves of the pod full, berry-like and black, the whole looking like a
blackberry (whence the common name). Stems leafy below, from a
rootstock: leaves sword-shaped, (Parddnthus) *BLACKBERRY-LILY.

POPULAR FLORA. 215

Perianth irregularly 6-cleft; 3 of the lobes arched and making an upper lip, the 3

lower more spreading, yellow, orange, or reddish. Stem rising from a

corm, and bearing many flowers in a one-sided spike, (Gladiolus) *Corn-FLaa.
Perianth 6-cleft; the divisions of two kinds, the 3 outer recurved or spreading, the 3

inner alternate with the others, smaller, erect, and differently shaped:

stigmas 3, petal-like, one before each erect stamen. Generally with

thick creeping rootstocks, (ris) Ints.
Perianth with a slender tube, rising (with the linear flat leaves) from a corm or solid

bulb (Fig. 76); the summit divided into 6 roundish, equal, erect, or

barely spreading divisions: stigmas 3, thick and wedge-shaped, some-

what fringe-toothed. FI. in early spring, (Crocus) *Crocus.

Tris or Flowerede-Luce. Iris.
* Common cultivated species in gardens: outer divisions of the perianth with a bearded crest.
1. Common Iris. Flowers several on a stem, 1° to 8° high, and much longer than the sword-shaped

leaves, light blue or purple. . IL. sambucina.
2. Dwarr GARDEN Iris. Flowers close to the ground, hardly exceeding the sword-shaped leaves,
violet-purple, the divisions obovate, the 3 outer recurved. FI. in early spring. L. pumila.

* * Wild species.

8. CresTED Dwanr Iris. Low and almost stemless, from rootstocks spreading on the ground; leaves
short; flower pale blue, the tube thread-shaped (2! long) and longer than the spatulate divisions, the
three outer divisions with a beardless crest. Fl. spring. S. and W., andin some gardens. J. cristata.

4. Lancer I. or BLuz-FLAG. Stem stout, 1° to 3° high, bearing several crestless and beardless purple-
blue and variegated flowers, their inner divisions much smaller than the outer; leaves sword-

shaped, 3! wide. Wet places; flowering in late spring. Z. versicolor.
6. Stenper I. or BLug-FLac. Stem slender; leaves narrowly linear (4! wide), and flower smaller
than in No. 4: otherwise much like it. Wet places, E. I. Virginica.

102. ORCHIS FAMILY. Order ORCHIDACEZ.

Plants with irregular and often singular-shaped flowers, the perianth standing as it were
on the ovary, as in the two preceding orders; but remarkable for having the stamens, only
one or two, united with the style or stigma. This may best be seen in the Lapy’s SLIPPER,
of which we have three or four common species: the slipper is one of the petals, in the form
ofasac. The flowers of various sorts of Orcuts are striking and peculiar ; but the family
is too difficult for the young beginner, and therefore the kinds are not described here.
Fig. 69 represents two air-plants of this family, belonging to tropical countries.

Ili. Glumaceous Division.

103. RUSH FAMILY. Order JUNCACES.

The true Rushes are known by having flowers with a regular perianth, which, although
glumaceous, i. e. like the chaffy scales or husks of Grasses, is of 6 regular parts, like a calyx,
enclosing 6 (or sometimes 3) stamens, and a triangular ovary. This bears a style tipped
with 8 stigmas, and in fruit becomes a 3-seeded or many-seeded pod. There are two

216 POPULAR FLORA.

common genera, each with several species: the parts are too small and difficult for the
young student. :

Pod 1-celled and 3-seeded. Leaves flat and hairy, (Lizula) Woop-Rusu.
Pod 3-celled, many-seeded. Leaves generally thread-shaped, or none at all, (Juncus) Rusu.

104. SEDGE FAMILY. Order CYPERACE.

A large family of Rush-like or Grass-like plants, including the Sepces, CLuBRUSHES,
Burrusues, and the like, which have no perianth, but the flowers, collected in heads or
spikes, are cach in the axil of a single glume in the form of a chaff or scale. These plants
are much too difficult for the young beginner.

105. GRASS FAMILY. Order GRAMINEA.

The true Grasses make a large and most important family of plants, with straw stems
(called culms, 91) ; leaves with open sheaths; and flowers with 2-ranked glumes or chaffy
scales, a pair to cach flower, and another pair to each spikelet. It includes not only the
very numerous kinds of true Grasses, but also of Corn, i. e. the Cereal grains, of which
Wueat, Banrvey, Rye, Oats, Rice, and Maize or Inpran-Corn are the principal;
also SuGAR-CaneE, Broom-Corn or Guinga-Corn, and MILtet.

SERIES II.
FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Plants destitute of flowers, and propagated by spores instead of seeds. See
Part I., Paragr. 165, 308, 8312 —314.

CLASS TI.— ACROGENS.

This class includes the Ferns, the Horsetaizs, and the CLus-Mosses.

CLASS IV.— ANOPHYTES.

This class includes the Mosszs and the Liverworts.

CLASS V.— THALLOPHYTES.

Includes the Licuens, the ALG or SEAWEEDS, and the Funer or Musnrooms.

INDEX TO PART LI.

AND

DICTIONARY OF THE BOTANICAL TERMS

USED IN THIS BOOK.

*,* The numbers refer to the page where the term is explained or illustrated.

Abortive: imperfectly formed.

Abortive Flowers, 69.

Abruptly pinnate, 52.

Absorbing, 85.

Accessory Fruits, 81.

Achlamydeous Flower: without calyx or co-
rolla, 68.

Acorn, 79.

Acrogens, 98.

Aculeate: bearing prickles.

Acuminate : taper-pointed, 48.

Acute: ending in a point, 48.

Adherent: naturally united to.

Adnate: naturally grown fast to.

Aerial Roots and Rootlets, 34, 35.

Aggregated Fruits, 81.

Air-Plants, 35.

Akene: a seed-like fruit, 78.

Albumen, of the seed, 14, 83.

Albuminous: having albumen.

Alternate (leaves or branches), 25, 54.
* in the parts of the flower, 70.

Ament: a catkin, 61.

Angiospermous, 76, 97.

Animal Kingdom, 2.

Annual: living only one year or season.

Annuals, 27.

Anther, 7, 64.

Antheriferous : bearing an anther.

Apetalous: without petals, 67.

Apple-Fruit, 77.

Appressed: close pressed together, or pressed
against another body.

Aquatic: growing in water.

Arboreous or Arborescent: tree-like or relating
to a tree, 37.

Aril: an additional covering of a seed, 83.

Aristate: same as awned, 49.

Arrow-shaped, or Arrow-headed, 48.

Artificial System of Classification, 96.

Ascending: rising gradually upwards, 37.

Assimilation, 87.

Auricled or Auriculate: bearing ears (auricles),
or small appendages, 48.

Awl-shaped: very narrow and pointed, 53.

Awned, Awn-pointed, 49

Axil: the angle between a leaf and the stem on
the upper side, 24.

Axillary : situated in an axil.

Axillary Buds, 24.
«Flowers, 59. A

Axis: the trunk or stem, or a line through the
centre of any organ, 6.

Baccate: berry-like (from Bacca, a berry).

Bark, 42.

Base: that end of any body by which it is at-
tached to its support.

Beak: a long and narrow tip to a fruit, &.

Bearded: beset or fringed with strong hairs or
beard.

Bell-shaped, 72.

Berry: a pulpy simple fruit, 77.

Biennial: living only two years.

Biennials, 27.

Bifid: two-cleft or split.

Bilabiate: same as two-lipped, 72, 178.

Bipinnate: same as twice pinnate, 52.

218 INDEX AND

Bipinnatifid : twice pinnatifid.
Biternate: twice divided into threes.
Bladdery ; thin and inflated.
Blade of a leat, 43; of a petal, 64.
Border of a corolla, &c., 72.

Bracts and Bractlets, 59.
Branches, 24.

Breathing-pores of leaves, 264, 265.
Bristles: stiff and strong hairs.
Bristly : beset with bristles.
Budding, 56.

Buds, 24, 38.

Bulblets, 41, 57.

Bulbous : like a bulb in shape.
Bulbs, 31, 40, 57.

Caducous : dropping off very early, as the calyx
of Poppies and Bloodroot.

Calyx, 7, 63

Campanulate: bell-shaped, 72.

Capillary ; slender and as fine as hair.

Capitate: headed; bearing a round, head-like
top; or collected in a head, as the flowers
of Button-bush, 61.

Capsule: a pod, 80.

Cartilagincous or Cartilaginous : like cartilage.

Caryopsis: a grain or seed-like fruit, 79.

Catkin : a scale-like spike, as of Birch, &c., 61.

Caulescent: having a stem which rises out of the
ground.

Cells, in vegetable anatomy, 89.

Cells of the ovary or fruit, 8, 74.

Cellular Tissue, 41.

Cereal: relating to corn or corn-plants, held by
the ancients to be the gift of Ceres.

Chaff: thin bracts, in the form of scales or
husks.

Ciliate: fringed with hairs along the margin,
like the eyelashes fringing the eyelids.

Circulation in plants, 86, 88.

Class, 94.

Classification, 93.

Claw, of a petal; &c., 64.

Cleft: cut about half-way down, 49, 50.

Climbing, 37.

Club-shaped: thickened gradually upwards.

Clustered : collected in a bunch.

Clustered Roots, 36.

Coated Bulbs, 40.

Coherent, calyx or ovary, 75.

Column: the united filaments of monadclphous

stament, as of the Mallow (Fig. 317), or!

DICTIONARY

the stamens and style united, as in the Or.
chis Family.

Complete Flower, 67.

Compound Corymb, Cyme, &c., 63
a Leaves, 44, 51.
“f Ovary, 73.
s Pistil, 73.

Compressed : flattened on two sides.

Cone, as of the Pine, 82.

Confluent: when two parts or bodies are blended
together.

Conical Root, 36.

Connate: grown together from the first.

Connective, of the anther, 66.

Conyolute, leaf, &c.: rolled up.

Convolute, in the flower-bud, 183, 187.

Cordate: heart-shaped, 48.

Coriaccous: of a leathery texture.

Corm, or Solid Bulb, 40, 57.

Corolla, 7, 63.

Corymb, 60.

Corymhose, or Corymbed : in corymbs, or like
a corymb.

Cotylédons: seed-leaves, 9, 84.

Creeping, 57.

Crenate: the margin scalloped, 49.

Cruciform : cross-shaped, as the corolla of the
Cruciferous Family, 124.

Crude Sap, 86.

Crustaceous : of a hard and brittle texture.

Cryptogamous, Cryptogamous Plants, 58, 97.

Culm: a straw-stem, 37.

Cuneate: wedge-shaped, 47.

Cupule; the acorn-cup, and the like, 79.

Cuspidate : tipped with a sharp rigid point, 49.

Cut: said of leaves, &c., which appear as if cut
or slit from the margin inwards, 49, 50.

Cuttings, 56.

Cyme, 62.

Cymose: in cymes, or like a cyme.

Deciduous : falling off, as petals generally do
after blossoming, or leaves in autumn.
Declined: turned to one side, or to the lower

side, 37.
Decompound: several times compound, 52.
Decumbent: reclined on the ground, 37.
Decurrent: said of leaves continued downwards

on the stem, like a wing, as in Thistles.
Definite: uniform and rather few in number
Dehiscence : the regular opening of pods.
Dehiscent Fruits, 79.

OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Dentate: toothed; the teeth pointing outwards
but not forwards, 49.

Denticulate: toothed with minute teeth.

Depressed : flattened from above.

Diadelphous Stamens: united by their filaments
in two sets, 73.

Dicotylédonous, Dicotyledonous Plants, 22, 97.

Diffuse: loosely and widely spreading.

Digestion in plants, 87.

Digitate, 51.

Dicecions Flowers, 68.

Dissected: cnt into fine divisions.

Distinct: of separate pieces, unconnected with
cach other, 71, 73.

Divided: cut through or nearly so, 50.

Divisions, 49.

Double Flowers (so called), 69

Downy: clothed with soft and short hairs.

Drupe: 2 stone-fruit, 78.

Drupaceous: like a drupe.

Dry Fruits, 77, 78.

Eared : bearing ear-like projections, or auricles,
at the base, on one or both sides, 48.

Elaborated Sap, 87.

Elliptical: regularly oval or oblong.

Emarginate: notched at the end, 49.

Embryo: the germ of a seed, 6, 9, 83.

Endogenous Stem, Endogenous Plants, 41, 97.

Ensiform : sword-shaped, as the leaves of Ivis
(Fig. 64).

Entire: the margin even, not toothed or cut, 49.

Epidermis: the skin of a plant, 44.

Epiphytes : air-plants, 35.

Equitant (riding astride), 53

Erect, 37.

Essential Organs of the Flower, 7.

Evergreen : holding the leaves green over winter.

Exogenous Stem, Exogenous Plants, 41-43, 97.

Exserted : protruded, or projecting, as the sta-
mens in Fig. 45

Family, 94.

Farinaccous: mealy or like meal.

Fascicle: a bundle or close cluster, 63.

Fascicled Ropts, 36.

Feather-veined, 46.

Fertile Flower, 68.

Fibrous Roots, 27, 36.

Fiddle-shaped : obovate but contracted on each
side near the middle.

Filament (of a stamen), 7, 64.

15

219

Filiform : thread-shaped.

Fleshy Fruits, 77. — Plants, 31. — Roots, 35.

Floral: relating to the flower.

Floral Envelopes, 7.

Flower, 5, 7, 58.

Flower-bud : an unopened flower.

Flower-clusters, 59.

Flowering Plants, 58, 97.

Flowerless Plants, 58, 97.

Flower-stalks, 38, 60.

Follicle: a simple pod opening down one side
(Fig. 210), 80.

Footstalk of a leaf, 43.

Free: not united with any other part, as when
the calyx is not united with the ovary, nor
the petals with the calyx, &c., 75

Fringed: the margin beset with bristles, &c., or
finely cut into slender appendages.

Fruit, 5, 9, 77.

Fugacious: falling or withering very early.

Funnel-shaped, or Funnel-form, 72.

Generic name: the name of the genus.

Genus: plural Genera, 94.

Germ, 6, 9.

Germinate: to grow from the sced, 11.

Germination, 11.

Gibbous: projecting or bulging on one side.

Glands: a name given to very different things ;
to little fleshy: bodies in some flowers (p. 128) ;
to places in the leaves of the St. John’s-
wort, the Orange, &c., appearing like dots,
which contain a volatile oil; and to the lar-
ger oil-cells in the rind of the Orange and
Lemon. Also hairs or any projections on
the surface of leaves or stalks which contain
or exude any aromatic, glutinous, or watery
matter, are called glands; as on the leaves
and footstalks of the Sweet-Brier and of the
Flowering Raspberry, p. 149.

Glandular: bearing glands, or gland-like.

Glandular hairs: hairs tipped with a gland or
head.

Glaucous: whitish or whitened with a bloom, or
fine powdery matter that rubs off, as that on
a Cabbage-leaf.

Globose: shaped like a ball or sphere.

Globular: nearly globose.

Glomerate: collected into close or a head-like
cluster.

Glumaceous: glume-like; resembling or bearing
glumes.

220 INDEX AND

Glumes: the chaffy bracts or scales which make
the coverings of the flowers of Grasses,
Sedges, &e.

Gourd-Fruit, 77.

Grafting, 56.

Grain, 78, 79.

Granular: composed of small particles or grains.

Growth, 89. .

Gymnospermous (naked-seeded), Gymnosper-
mous Plants, 76, 97.

Gynandrous: stamens borne on the pistil or
style, as in the Orchis Family.

Hairy: bearing or covered with hairs, especially
rather long ones.

Halberd-shaped, 48.

Hastate: same as halberd-shaped, 48.

Head, 61.

Teart-shaped, 48.

Heart-wood, 43.

Helmet: a name given to the upper sepal of Ac-
onite (Fig. 254), &e.

Herbaccous, 37.

Herbarium: the botanist’s collection of dried
plants.

Herbs, 26.

Hilum: the scar of the seed, or point by which
it is attached, 83.

Hirsute: hairy with stiff or beard-like hairs.

Hispid: bearing still stiffer and stouter hairs or
bristles. :

Hoary: grayish-white, or covered with a fine
and close whitish down.

Hooded: shaped like a hood or cowl; concave
or arched.

Horny : having about the texture of horn.

Hybrid: a cross between two species.

Imbricate or Imbricated : the parts overlapping ;
some of them outside and others inside in
the bud.

Imperfect Flowers, 68.

Incised : irregularly and rather deeply cut, 49.

Included: enclosed; not sticking out.

Incomplete Flowers, 67.

Incurved: curving inwards.

Indefinite : too numerous to be readily counted,
and not uniform in number.

Indehiscent: not splitting open, 78.

Indigenous: native to the country.

Inferior: growing beneath some other organ; as
the calyx beneath the ovary, 75.

DICTIONARY

‘Inflated: bladder-like, as if blown up.
Inflexed: bent inwards.
Inflorescence, 58.
Tnoculating, 56.
Inserted : borne on, or attached to, 71, 75.
Insertion: the place or the mode of the attach
ment of any organ to that which bears it.
Interruptedly pinnate, 52.
Inversely heart-shaped, 49.
sf lance-shaped, 47.
ovate, 47.
Involucel, 62.
Involucre, 62.
Involute: with the end or edges rolled inwards.
Irregular Flowers, or Corolla, &c., 71, 72.

“

Jagged, 49.
Jointed : separating by a joint, or dividing across
into two or more pieces.

Keel: a projecting ridge on the under surface of
a leaf, as of Day-Lily, &c. ‘The two lower
petals of a papilionaceous corolla united are
also termed the Jvee/, or Aveel Petals, 141.

Kecled: furnished with a keel or projecting
ridge on the lower side.

Kernel of a seed, 83.

Key, or Key-Fruit, 78, 79.

Iidney-shaped, 48.

Labiate: two-lipped, 72.

Laciniate: slashcd; cut into narrow and irregu-
lar lobes.

Lance-linear, 47.

Lance-oblong, 47.

Lanceolate or Lance-shaped, 46.

Lateral: belonging to, or borne on, the side.

Leaflets: the pieces of a compound leaf, 51.

Leaf-buds : buds which develop leaves.

Leaf-scars, 26.

Leaves, 6, 43.

Legume: a pea-pod, 80.

Limb of a corolla, &e., 72.

Lips, 72.

Linear, 46. Linear-lanceolate, 47.

Lobed : having lobes, 49, 50.

Lobes: any strong divisions of a leaf, &e., 49.

Lower side of a flower: that which looks away-
from the stem, and towards the bract.

Lyre-shaped, a pinnatifid leaf with the end lobe
largest and rounded, as in Radish (Fig. 57),
28.

OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Membranaccous: of the texture of membrane or
thin skin.

Midrib: the middle rib of a leaf, 44.

Mineral Kingdom, 2.

Monadelphous, 73.

Monocotylédonous, Monocotyledonous Plants,
21, 22, 97.

Moneecious Flowers, 68. ,

Monopetalous : the corolla of one piece, 72.

Monosepalous: the calyx of one piece, 72.

Morphology, 34.

Mucronate, 49.

Mulberry, 82.

Multiple Fruits, 82.

Naked Flowers, 68.

Naked-seeded, 76.

Names of Plants, 94.

Napiform: turnip-shaped (Fig. 70), 36.

Natural History, 2.

Natural System, 96.

Naturalized : introduced from a foreign country,
but run wild.

Nectariferous : honey-beafing,

Needle-shaped, 53.

Nerves, Nerved, 44, 45.

Netted-veined, 45.

Neutral Flowers, 69.

Notched, 49.

Nut, 78, 79.

Nutlet: a little nut or stone.

Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped, 49.
Oblanceolate, 47.
Oblique (leaves, &c.) :
Oblong, 46.
Oblong-lanceolate, 47.
Obovate : ovate inverted, 47.
Obtuse: blunt, 48.
Odd-pinnate, 52.
Offset, 39, 57.
Open Pistils, 76.
Opposite (leaves or branches), 25, 54.
Orbicular: circular in outline, 94.
Order, 94.
Organs, 5; of Reproduction, 5, 58.

“ of Vegetation, 5.
Oval, 47.
Ovary, 8, 65.
Ovate, 47.
Ovate-lanceolate, 47.
Ovules: rudimentary seeds, 8, 65.

unequal-sided.

221

Palmate, 51.

Palmately cleft, lobed, &e., 50, 51.
‘s veined, 46.

Panicle, 62.

Papilionaceous Flower or Corolla, 141.
Pappus: thistle-down, and the like; the limb of
the calyx in the Sunflower Family, 165.

Parallel-veined, 45.

Parietal Placenta, 74.

Parted : cleft almost through, 50.

Parasitic Plants, 35.

Pedate: like a bird’s foot; palmately divided,
with the side divisions two-parted.

Pediccel : the footstalk of each separate flower of
a cluster, 60.

Pedicelled: raised on a pedicel.

Peduncle: a flower-stalk.

Peduncled : having a peduncle.

Peltate: shield-shaped, 48.

Pepo: a gourd-fruit, 77.

Perennial: living year after year.

Perennials, 29.

Perfect Flower, 67.

Perfoliate: where the stem apparently passes
through the leaf, as in Bellwort, No. 1 and
2, p. 21.

Perianth: the blossom-leaves, 64.

Pericarp: seed-vessel, 77.

Persistent: not falling off ; remaining after flow-
ering.

Petal: a leaf of the corolla, 9, 64.

Petiole: the footstalk of a leaf, 43.

Petioled: having a petiole or footstalk.

Phenogamous (also called Phanerogamous)
Plants, 58, 97.

Pine-cone, 82.

Pinnate, 51.

Pinnately cleft, lobed, parted, &c., 50, 51.
Ke veined, 46.

Pinnatifid: same as pinnately cleft.

Pistil, 8, 65.

Pistillate Flowers, 68.

Pitcher-shaped leaves, 121.

Pith of 2 stem, 42.

Placenta, 66, 74.

Plumose: plumc-like ; feathered.

Plumule, 13, 84,

Pod, 79.

Pointed, 48,

Pollen, 7, 64.

Polyadelphous, 73.

Polycotylédonous, 22.

222

Polygamous Flowers, 68.

Polypetalous: of separate petals, 71.
Polysepalous : of separate sepals.
Pome: such a fruit as an apple or pear, 77.

Pouch: see Silicle, 80.

Prickles, 38.

Procumbent: 37.

Propagation from buds, 56.

- from seeds, 58.

Prostrate, 37.

Pubescent: downy ; the surface bearing fine and
soft hairs, or pubescence.

Punctate: dotted, as if pierced with minute
punctures ; as the leaves of the Orange and
Lemon, St. John’s-wort, &c.

Putamen: the stone of a drupe or stone-fruit, 78.

Pyxis, 80.

Race: a variety of a species which may be prop-
agated from seed.

Raceme, 60.

Racemed or Racemose: bearing racemes.

Radiate-veined, 46.

Radical: belonging to the root.

Radicle of the embryo, 9, 84.

Ramitication: branching, 25.

Ray, 61, 165.

Receptacle of a flower, 63.

Reclined, 37.

Recurved : curved outwards or downwards.

Reflexed: bent backwards or downwards.

Regular Flowers, &c , 70, 72.

Reniform: kidney-shaped, 48.

Repand: wavy-margined, 49.

Reproduction, 6, 58.

Retuse: blunted, or slightly indented, 49.

Revolute: rolled backwards.

Reticulated : in the form of network, as the veins
of one class of leaves, 45.

Rhombic, Rhomboidal: like a rhomb in outline ;
i. ec, four-sided with the side-angles obtuse.

Ribs, 44.

Root, 5, 34.

Rootlets, 5, 36.

Rootstocks, 31, 40.

Rosce-hip, 81.

Rotate: whcel-shaped, 72.

Runner, 39, 57.

Running, 37.

Sagittate : arrow-shaped.
Salver-shaped, 72

INDEX AND DICTIONARY

Sdmara, 79.

Sap, 86-

Sap-wood, 43.

Saw-toothed, 49.

Scabrous : with a rough surface.

Scale-shaped, 53.

Scalloped, 49.

Scaly Bulbs, 40.

Scape: a naked flower-stalk arising from near or
under ground.

Scar of a seed, 83.

Scion, 56.

Seed, 5, 9, 82.

Seed-coats, 83.

Seed-lcaves, 9, 84.

Seed-scar, 83.

Seed-stalk, 83.

Sced-vessels, 77.

Sepal: a leaf of the calyx, 9, 63.

Separated Flowers, 68.

Serrate : saw-toothed, 49.

Serrulate: finely serrate.

Sessile: sitting ; stalkless, 44, 60, 64.

Setaceous: in shape like a bristle.

Sheath; the stalk or base of a leaf, or any body
enwrapping the stem.

Sheathing: wrapped around the stem, like a
sheath.

Shield-shaped, 48.

Shrubs, 26.

Shrubby, 37.

Silicle: a short silique, or pouch, 80.

Silique: the pod of the Cress Family, 80, 124.

Silky: clothed with a coat of fine and glossy,
close-pressed hairs.

Simple: of one piece, &c.

Simple Fruit, 77.

«Leaves, 44.

Sinuate: with a strongly wavy outline, 49.

Solitary: single, 59, &e

Spadiccous : bearing a spadix.

Spadix, 62.

Spathaceous: having or like a spathe,

Spathe, 62.

Spatulate, 47.

Species, 93.

Specific name: the name of the species.

Spicate or Spiked: arranged in a spike.

Spike, 61.

Spikelet: a small spike, or one of the divisions
of 2 compound spike.

Spines, 37.

OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Spindle-shaped, 36.

Spiny or Spinose : bearing spines.

Spores, 58.

Spur: a slender hollow projection, as that of the
upper sepal of Larkspur (Fig. 251), the
lower petal of a violet (Fig. 73), &e.

Stamens, 7, 64.

Staminate Flowers, 68.

Standard of a papilionaceous corolla, 141.

Stellate : star-shaped.

Stem, 5, 23, 27.

Stemless: without a stem, or without one rising
out of the ground.

Stemlet, 9.

Sterile Flowers, 68.

Stigma, 8, 65.

Stipel: the stipule of a leaflet.

Stipules, 43, 54.

Stock, 56.

Stolon, 39, 57.

Stoloniferous: bearing stolons.

Stone-Fruit, 77, 78.

Strap-shaped corolla, 165.

Strawberry, 81.

Striate: marked lengthwise with fine lines

Strobilaccous : resembling or bearing a

Strobile : a fruit like a Pine-cone, 82.

Style, 8, 65.

Subclass, 97.

“Subfamily or Suborder ; a marked division of an
order, such as might be considered impor-
tant enough to form a separate order. See
pp. 139, 146.

Subgenus: a marked division of a genus, such
as might perhaps be taken as a separate
genus.

Subulate: awl-shaped.

Succulent: juicy.

Sucker, 39, 57.

Suspended: hanging from the top.
Sword-shaped: erect and sharp-edged lance-lin-
ear leaves, like those of Iris (Fig. 64).
Superior: above some other part it is compound
with, as “ovary superior,” 75; on the upper

side.

Symmetrical Flower, &c., 69.

Syngenesious, 73, 164.

Taper-pointed, 48.

Tap-root, 36.

Tendrils, 38.

Terete: long and round, like ordinary stems ;

223

same as cylindrical, but it may taper, as
stems generally do.

Terminal : belonging to or borne on the summit.

Terminal Bud, 24.

Terminal Flowers, 52.

Ternate : in threes, or divided into three.

Ternately compound, &c., 52.

Thorns, 37.

Thread-shaped, 53.

Throat of a corolla or calyx: the summit of the
tube inside.

Thyrsc: a close compound panicle, like that of
the Horsechestnut, 62.

Three-valved, &c., 80.

Thrice compound, thrice pinnate, &c , 52.

Tomentose: woolly, with a coat of soft entan-
gled hairs or down.

Toothed: the margin cut into short and sharp
projections or teeth.

Top-shaped: conical inverted, or with the point
downwards.

Trailing, 37.

Trees, 27.

Triadelphous, 73.

Trifid : same as three-cleft.

Triple-ribbed ; when a stout rib rises from each
side of a midrib above the base.

Trumpet-shaped, 72.

Truncate : as if cut off at the end, 48.

Trunk, 37.

Tubers, 29, 40, 57.

Tuberous or Tuber-like Roots, &c., 36.

Tube of a corolla, &c., 72.

Tubular: tube-shaped, or with a tube,

Tumid: swollen or thickened.

Turgid: nearly same as Tumid.

Turnip-shaped, 36.

Twice compound, 52.

“pinnate, &c., 52.

Twin: in pairs.

Twining: climbing by coiling, 37.

Two-lipped, 72.

Two-valved, &c., 80.

».

Umbel, 61.

Umbellet, 62.

Unarmed : not spiny or prickly.

Undershrub : a very low, shrubby plant.

Undulate: wavy.

Unsymmetrical Flowers, 70.

Upper: in a flower, the upper side is that next
the main stem and away from the bract.

224

Utricle: like an akene, but with a thin and loose
pericarp.

Valves: the pieces into which a pod splits, or
by which an anther, &c. opens, 80.

Varicties, 93.

Vegetable Kingdom, 2.

Vegetation, 6, 89.

Veining of leaves, 44.

Veinlets, 44.

Veins, 44.

Veiny: full of veins.

Velvety: clothed with a coat of soft and fine
hairs, like the pile of velvet.

Vertical: upright, or in the direction of the
length of a thing.

Verticillate; same as whorled.

INDEX AND DICTIONARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Villous, or Villose: hairy with long and soft
shaggy hairs.
Viscid, or Viscous: glutinous.

Wavy, 42.

Wedge-shaped, 47.

Wheel-shaped, 72.

Whorl, 54.

Whorled, 54.

Winged: furnished with a broad and thin ap-
pendage or wing-like border of any kind, as
the sceds of Trumpet-Creeper (Fig. 228), or
the fruit of Maple, Ash, and Elm (Fig. 206
~208).

Wood, 41.

Woolly: clothed with a coat of long and entan-
gled soft hairs, like wool.

NAMES OF PLANTS IN THE POPULAR FLORA,

ABELMOSCHUS,
Abies,
Abutilon,
Acacia,
Acerates,
Aconite,
Aconitum,
Acorus,
Acrogens,
pees
dder’s-tongue.
Adenomene ’
Adlumia,
#sculus,
AAthusa,
Agrimonia,
Agrimony,
Agrostemma,
Alcea,
Algze,
Alisma,
Alismaceze,
Allium,
Almond,
Almond Family,
Althea,
Alum-root,
Amarantaceze,
Amaranth,
Amaranth Family,
Amarantus,
Amaryllidacez,
Amaryllis,
Amaryllis Family,
Amelanchier,
American Laurel,
Amorpha,
Amphicarpza,
Ampelopsis,
Amsonia,

98,

210,

131,

169,

INDEX

TO THE

Page
Amygdalus, 146
Anacardinces, 137
Anagallis, 173
Anemone, 113
Anemouy, 113
Andromeda, 169
Angelica, 159
Angiosperms or Angiosper-
mous Plauts, 8, 106
Anonaceze, 118
Anophytes, 98, 216
Antirrhinum, 175
Apetalous Division, 190
Aphyllon, 174
Apios. 142
Apium, 159
Apocynaceze, 187
Apocynum, 188
Apple, 147, 151
Apple-of-Peru, 186
Apricot, 146
Aquifoliaceze, 171
Aquilegia, 113, 115, 116
Arabis, 125
Arachis, 142
Aracea, 205
Aralia, 159.
Aralia Family, 159
Araliacex, 159
Arbor-Vitze, 201
Arctostaphylos, 169,
Arenaria, 180 ;
Armeniaca, 146
Aristolochia, 190 |
Avistolochiaceze, 190
Ariseema, 205
Archemora, 159
Argemone, 122
Armeria, 173
Armoracia, 125

Arrow-Arum,
Arrowhead,
Arrow-wood,
Arum,

Arum Family
Asarum,
Asclepias,
Ascyrum,
Asimina,

Ash,
Asparagus,
halen il
Astragal,
Astragalus,
Atriplex,
Atropa,
Aurantiacez,
Avens,
Azalea,
Bald-Cypress,
Balm,
Balsam-Apple,
Balsam Family,
Balsaminaceze,
Baneberry,
Baptisia,
Barbarea,
Barberry,
Barberry Family,
Barren-Strawberry,
Basil,
Basswood,
Batatas,
Batschia,
Bayberry,
Bean,
Bearberry,
Beaver-Poison,
Bedstraw,
Beech,

147,

143,

142,

Page

226

Beech-drops,
Beet,

Bellflower,
Bellwort,

Benzoin,
Berberidacez,
Berberis,

Beta,

Betula,
Betulacee,
Bignoniaceze,
Bignonia Family,
Bindweed,

Birch,

Birch Family,
Birthroot,
Birthwort,
Birthwort Family,
Bitter-Cress,
Bitternut,
Bittersweet,
Black-Alder,
Blackberry,
Blackberry-Lily,
Black-Haw,
Blackthorn,
Bladder-Cucumber,
Bladdernut,
Bladdernut Family,
Bladder-Senna,
Blephilia,

Blite,

Blituim,
Bloodroot,
Blueberry,
Blue-curls,
Blue-eyed-Grass,
Blue-hearts,
Bluets,
Boehmeria,
Borrage,
Borrage Family,
Borraginacese,
Borrago,
Bottle-Gourd,
Bowman’s-root,
Boxberry,
Bracted-Bindweed,
Bramble,

Brasenia,

Brassica,
Breadfruit Family,
Brooklime,
Brookweed,
Broom-Rape Family,
Broussonetia,
Brunella,

r

169,

147,

INDEX TO THE

174
192
167
209
194
119
119
192
199
199
174
174
184
199
199
206
190
190
125
197
186
172
150
214
163
151
154
139
139
142
179
192
192
122
170
178
214
176
164
196
181
181
181

Buchnera,
Buckbean,
Buckeye,
Buckthorn,
Buckthorn Family,
Buckwheat,
Buckwheat Family,
Bugbane,
Bugloss,

Bulrush,
Bunchberry,
Bur-Cucumber,
Burdock,

Burnet,
Burning-bush,
Bur-Reed,
Bush-Clover,
Bush-Honeysuckle,
Butter-and-Eggs,
Buttercup,
Butterfly-Pea,
Butternut,
Buttonbush,
Button-Snakeroot,
Buttonwood,
Cabbage,
Cactaces,

Cactus Family,
Calla,

Caltha,
Calycanthacez,
Calycanthus,
Cakile,

Camelina,
Camellia,
Camelliacese,
Camellia Family,
Campanula,
Campanulaceze,
Campanula Family,
Candytuft,
Canterbury Bells,
Capsella,

181 | Caprifoliacese,
154 | Capsicum,

148 | Caraway,

169 , Cardamine,

184 Cardinal-Flower,
149 , Carolina-Allspice,
121 | Carolina-Allspice Family,
125 | Carpetweed,

195 Carpinus,

176 Carrion-flower,

173 Carrot,

174 Carum,

196 Carya,

179 Caryophyllacez,

139,

Cassia, 148,
Castanea,
Castilleia,
Catalpa,
Catbrier,
Catchfly,
Catnip,
Cat-tail,
Cat-tail Family,
Caulophyllum,
Ceanothus,
Celandine,
Celandine Poppy,
Celastraceze,
Celastrus,
Celery,
Cephalanthus,
Celtis,
Cerastium,
Cerasus,
Cercis,
Cherophyllum,
Chameerops,
Chamomile,
Checkerberry,
Cheiranthus,
Chelidonium,
Chelone,
Chenopodiaceee,
Chenopodium,
Cherry,
Chervil,
Chestnut,
Chick-Pea,
Chickweed,
Chickweed Family,
Chimaphila,
Chionanthus,
Chives,
Chokeberry,
Clubrush,
Cicer,

Cichory,
Cicuta,
Cimicifuga,
Cinquefoil,
Cistacee,
Cistus Family,
Citrus,
Citrullus,
Clarkia,
Claytonia,
Clearweed,
Clematis,
Clethra,
Clinopodium.
Clintonia,

147,

145
198
176
174
208
130
179
206
206
119
188
122
122
139
1388
159
164
195
130
146
143
159
205
166
169
125
122
176
191
192
147
159
198
142
130
130
169

Clitoria,

Clover,
Chib-Mosses,
Cobaea,
Cocculus,
Cockle,
Coffee-tree,
Cohosh,
Colchicum,
Colchicum Family,
Collinsia,
Collinsonia,
Coltsfoot,
Columbine,
Colutea,
Comfrey,
Commelyna,
Commelynacez,
Compositee,
Composite Family,
Comptonia,
Conifers,
Conium,
Conopholis,
Convallaria,
Convolvulace:,
Convolvulus,
Convolvulus Family,
Coptis,
Coreopsis,
Coriander,
Coriandrum,
Cornacez,
Cornel,

Cornel Family,
Cornus,
Corn-Flag,
Corydal,
Corydalis,
Corylus,

Cotton,
Cowbane,
Cowherb,
Cow-Parsnip,
Crab-Apple,
Cranberry,
Cranberry-tree,
Cranesbill,
Crassulaceze,
Crateegus,

Cress Family,
Crocus,
Crotalaria,
Crowfoot,
Crowfoot Family,
Crown-Imperial,
Cruciferous Family,

142,

113,

134,
147,

123,
28, 124

142

174

124

1382
159
130

1385

124
215
142
112

124

POPULAR FLORA.

Cryptogamous Plants, 97
Cucumber, 154
Cucumber-root, 207
Cucumber-tree, 117
Cucumis, 154
Cucurbita, 154
Cucurbitaceze, 154
Cudweed, 166
Culver’s-root, 176
Cunila, 19
Cuphea, 152
Cupressus, 201
Cupuliferze, 198
Currant, 156
Currant’ Family, 155
Cuscuta, 184
Custard-Apple Family, 117
Cydonia, 147, 151
Cynoglossum, 182
Cypress, 201
Cypress Family, 201
Cytisus, 142
Daffodil, 213
Daisy, 166
Dalibarda, 147
Dandelion, 166
Daphne, 195
Datura, 186
Daucus, 159
Day-Lily, 210, 211
Deadly-Nightshade, 186
Dead Nettle, 180
Deerberry, 169
Delphinium, 118, 114
Dentaria, 125
Desmanthus, 143
Desmodium, 142
Dewberry, 150
Dianthus, 130
Dicentra, 124
Dicotyledons or Dicotyleio.
nous Plants, 97, 105
Dictamnus, 137
Dielytra, 124
Diervilla, 161
Digitalis, 176
Diospyros, 172
Dipsaceze, 164
Dipsacus, 164
Direa, 195
Ditchwort, 156
Dittany, 179
Dock, 193
Dockmackie, 163
Dodder, 184
Dodecatheon, 173
Dogbane, 187, 188

Dogbane Family,

Dogtooth-Violet,

Dogwood,

Draba,

Dutchman’s Breeches,

Dyer’s Weed,

Ebenaceex,

Ebony Family,

Echinocystis,

“chinospermum,

Echium,

Ege-Plant,

Eciantine,

Ellisia,

Elm,

Elm Family,

Klodea,
{ndogens,

Endogens
Plants,

Epigea,

Epilobium,

Epiphegus,

Erica,

Ericacee,

Erodium,

Erythronium,

Eschscholtzia,

Euonymus,

Eupatorium,

Evening-Primrose,

or

210,

Enddgenous

97,

135,
210,

Evening-Primrose Family,

Everlasting,
Everlasting-Pea,
Exogens or
Plants,
Faba,
Fagopyrum,
Fagus,
False-Dragonhead,
False-Flax,
False-Gromwell,
Fulse-Indigo,
False-Mitrewort,
False-Nettle,
False-Pennyroyal,
False-Pimpernel,
False Solomon’s-Seal,
Featherfoil,
Fedia,
Fennel,
Fennel-Flower,
Ferns,
Ficus,
Fig,
Figwort,
Figwort Family,

142,

Exdgenous

97,

148,

227

187

124
126

182

128
203

175

228

Fir,

Flax,

Flax Family,
Fleabane,
Floating-Heart,
Flower-de-Luce,
Flowering Plants,
Flowerless Plants,
Flower-of-an-Hour,

Feeniculum,
F ol Pane,
Forget-meaiot,

Four-o" Clock,
Foxglove,
Fragaria,
Fraxinella,
Fraxinus,
Fringe-tree,
Frostweed,
Fuchsia,
Fumaria,
Fumariacee,
Fumitory,
Fumitory Family,
Fungi,
Funkia,
Galactia,
Galanthus,
Galeopsis,
Galium,
Garlic,
Gaultheria,
Gaylussacia,
Geranium,
Geranium F amily,
Gerardia,
Germander,
co
iant-Hysso:
Gilia, oe
Gillenia,
Ginseng,
Glade- Mallow,
Gladiolus,
Glaucium,
Glechoma,
Gleditschia,
Globe-flower,
Glumaceous Division,
Golden-Club,
Golden-rod,
Goldthread,
Gooseberry,
Goosefoot,
Goosefoot Tani
Gordonia,
Gossypium,

201,

97,
97,

113,

202
134
134
166
187
215
105
216
183
159
159
182
191

INDEX TO

Gourd,
Gourd Family,
Graminez,
Grape,
Grape Family,
Grape Hyacinth,
Grass Family,
Gratiola,
Greenbrier,
Greenbrier Family,
Green-Milkweed,
Greek Valerian,
Gromwell,
Grossulaceze,
Grossularia,
Ground-Cherry,
Ground-lIvy,
Ground-Laurel,
Groundnut,
Guelder-Rose,
Gymnocladus,
Gymnosperms
spermous Plants,
Hackberry,
Hardhack,
Harebell,
Hawkweed,
Hawthorn,
Hazel,
Heart’s-ease,
Heath,
Heath Family,
Hedeoma,
Hedge-Hyssop,

‘ Hedge-Mustard,

Hedge-Nettle,
Helianthemum,
Heliotrope,
Heliotropium,
Hemerocallis, .
Hemlock,
Hemlock-Spruce,
Hemp-Nettle,
Henbane,
Hepatica,
Heracleum,
Hesperis,
Heuchera,
Hibiscus,
Hickory,
Hoary-Pea,
Hobblebush,
Hog-Peanut,
Holly,

Holly Family,
Hollyhock,
Honesty,

THE

142,

or Gymno-

98,

147,

210,

154

Honey-Locust,
Honeysuckle,
Honeysuckle Family,
Hop-tree,
Horehound,
Horse-Balm,
Horse-Bean,
Horsechestnut,
Horsechestnut Family,
Horse-Mint,
Horseradish,
Horse-Nettle,
Horsetails,
Hottonia,
Hound’s-tongue,
Houseleek,
Houstonia,
Huckleberry,
Huckleberry Family,
Hudsonia,
Hyacinth,
Hyacinthus,
Hydrangea,
Hydrophylaces,
Hydrophyllum,
Hyoscyamus,
Hypericum,
Hypopitys,
Hypoxys,
Hyssop,
Hyssopus,

Iberis,

Ilex,

Tlysanthes,

5 | Impatiens,

Indian-Corn,
Indian-Cress,

2 | Indian-Cress Family,
2 | Indian Cucumber-root,

Indian-Mallow,
Indian-Physic,
Indian-Pipe,
Indian-Pipe Family,
Indian Tobacco,

2| Indian Turnip,

Tpomzea,
Tridacex,
Tris,

2 ).Iris Family,

Tronweed,

2| Isanthus,

Isatis,

Jacob's Ladder,
1|Jasminacez,
Jasminum,
Jeffersonia,
Jerusalem-Cherry,

161,

179,

168,

147,

184,

143
162

180

186
216
173

Jessamine, 189
Jessamine Family, 189
Jewel-weed, 136
Jointed-Charlock, 125
Jonquil, 218
Juglandacez, 197
Juglans, 197
Juncus, 216
June-berry, 147
Juniper, 201, 202
Juniperus, 201, 202
Kalmia, 169, 170
Kentucky Coffee-tree, 143
Ketmia, 133
Knotgrass, 193
Knotweed, 193
Koniga, 125
Labiatee, 178
Labrador-Tea, 169
Laburnum, 142
Ladies’ Eardrop, 158
Lady’s Slipper, 215
Lagenaria, 154
Lamium, 180
Lamb-Lettuce, 164
Lambkill, 170
Laportea, 196
Larix, 201, 202
Larkspur, 113, 115
Lauracez, 194
Laurel, 169, 170, 171
Laurel Family, 194
Laurel-Magnolia, 117
Lavandula, 178
Lavatera, 131
Lavender, 178
Leadwort Family, 178
Leatherwood, 195
Lechea, 127
Ledum, 169
Leek, 211
Leguminose, 141
Lemon, 134
Leonurus, 180
epidium, 125
Lespedeza, 142
Lettuce, 166
Levisticum, 159
Lichens, 216
Ligustrum, 189
Lilac, 189
Lilium, 210, 212
Lily, 210, 2 1 ;

Lily Famil
Mg 2 210

Lily-of-the- Valley,
Lime-tree,
Limnanthemum,

187

POPULAR

Linacez,
Linaria,

Linden,

Linden Family,
Linnea,

Linum,
Liriodendror,
Lithospermum,
Liverleaf,
Liverworts,
Lobelia,
Lobeliacee,
Lobelia Family,
Loblolly-Bay,
Locust-tree,
Lonicera, 7
Loosestrife;.,
Lophanthus;
Lopseed,
Lousewort,
Lovage,
Lucerne,
Lunaria,
Lupine,
Lupinus,’
Luzula,
Lychnis,
Lycium,
Lycopersicum,
Lycopsis,
Lycopus,
Lungwort,
Lysimachia,
Lythracez,
Lythrum,
Lythrum Family,
Maclura,
Madder,
Madder Family,
Magnolia,
Magnolia Family,
Mahonia,
Maize,

Mallow,

Mallow Family,
Malus,

Malva,
Malvacece,
Mandrake,
Maple,

Maple Family,
Marrubium,
Marsh-Mallow,
Marsh-Marigold,
Marsh-Rosemary,
Martynia,
Matrimony-Vine,

FLORA.

175,

142,
161,
152,

131,

147,
131,

134
177
133
133
161

134:

117
182
113
216
167
167
167
134
143
162
173
179
177
176
159
144
125
142
142
216
130
186
185
181
179
181
173
152
152
152
196
164
163
117
117
119
216
132
131
151
132
131
119
140
140
180
131
118
173
174
186

ees
Iuy-Apple,
Aieetiow an,
Maypo
Sunveet,
Maywreath,
Meadow-Rue,
Meadow-sweet,
Medeola,
Medicago,
Medick,
Melanthacee,
Melanthium,
Melilot,
Melilotus,
Melissa,

Melon,
Menispermacee,
Menispermum,
Mentha,
Menyanthes,
Mertensia,
Mezereum,
Mezereum Family,
Mignonette,
Mignonette Family,
Milk-Pea,
Milkweed,
Milkweed Family,
Millet,

Mimosa,
Mimosa Family,
Mimulus,

Mint,

Mint Family,
Mirabilis,
Mirabilis Family,
Mitchella,
Mitella,
Mitrewort,
Mockernut,
Mock-Orange,
Molucca-Balm,
Molucella,
Mollugo,
Momordica,
Monarda,
Monkey-flower,
Monkshood,

229

125
120
169
156
166
148
114
148
207

2, 144

144
209
209
144

2, 144

179,

157,

Monocotyledons, or Mono-

cotyledonons Plants,
Monopetalous Division,

Monotropa,
Moonseed Family,
Morning-Glory,
Morus, 5
Mosses,

97,

184,

179
154
119
119
180
187
181
195
195
126
125
142
188
188
216
143
143
176
180
178
191
191
164
157
157
197
158
180
180
130
154
180
176
116

203
161
169
119
185
196
216

230

Motherwort,
Mountain-Ash,
Mouse-ear Chigkweed,
Mulberry,

Mullein,

Muscari,
Mushrooms,
Muskmelon,
Musquash-rodf,
Mustard,

Myosotis,

Myrica,
Myricacez,

Naked Broonf Rape,
Napza, j
Narcissus,
Nasturtium,y,
Neckweed, ff
‘Nelumbium,'!
Nelumbo,
Nemophila,
Nepeta,

Nerium,

Nesza,

Nettle,

Nettle Family,
New-Jersey Tea,
Nicandra,
Nicotiana,

Nigella,
Nightshade,
Nightshade Family,
Nuphar,
Nyctaginacez,
Nymphea,

ats,
Ocimum,
Gnothera,
Oldenlandia,
Oleacez,
Oleander,
Olive Family,
Okra,
Onagracez,
Onion,
Onosmodium,
Opuntia,
Orache,
Orange,
Orange Family,
Orchidacez,
Orchis,
Orchis Family,

125,

185,

210,

INDEX TO THE

Origanum,
Ornithogalum,
Orontium,
Orpine,
Osage-Orange,
Osmorrhiza,
Ostrya,
Oswego Tea
Oxalis,
Oxalidacee,
Oxybaphus,
Peonia,
Painted-Cup,
Palme,
Palmetto,
Palm Family,
Pancratium,
Pansy,
Papaver,
Papaveracese,
Papaw,
Paper-Mulberry,
Pardanthus,
Parietaria,
Parsley,
Parsley Family,
Parsnip,
Partridge-berry,
Partridge-Pea,
Passiflora,
Passifloracese,
Passion-flower,

Pear Family,
Pearlwort,
Pecan-Nut,
Pedicularis,
Pelargonium,
Pellitory,
Peltandra,
Pennyroyal,
Penthorum,
Pentsternon,
Peony,
Peperidge-tree,
Peppergrass
Parnvickie ‘
Persea,
Persica,
Persimmon,
Petaloideous Division,

164,

179
210
205
156
196
159
198
180
135
135
191
113
176
205
205
205
213
127
122
122
118
196
214
196
159
158
159
169
146
155
154
155
154
159
139
146
142
142
147
147
130
197
176
135
196
205
478
1656
176
113
160
125
188
194
146
172
206

Petilium,
Petroselinum,
Petunia,
Phacelia,
Phznogamous Plants,
Phaseolus,
Philadelphus,
Phlox,

Phryma,
Physalis,
Physostegia,
Phytolacca,
Phytolaccacezr,
Pickerel-weed,
Pickerel-weed Family,
Pignut,

Pilea,
Pimpernel,

Pine,

Pine Family,
Pinesap,

Pink,

Pink Family,
Pinweed,
Pinxter-flower,
Pipe-vine,
Pipsissewa,
Pisum,
Pitcher-Plant,
Plane-tree,
Plantaginacese,
Plantago,
Plantain,
Plantain Family,
Platanacez,
Platanus,

Plum,
Plumbaginacee,
Podophyllum,
Poison-Hemlock,
Poison-lvy,
Poke,
Pokeweed,
Pokeweed Family,
Polemoniacezz,
Polemonium,
Polemonium Family,
Polianthes,
Polyanthus,
Polygonacese,
Polygonum,
Polygonatum,
Polypetalous Division,
Pond-Lily,
Pontederia,
Pontederiacer,
Poplar,

97,
142,

201,

146,

183,

142
121

172
172
172

120

218

112

200

Poppy,

Panny Family,
Populus,
Portulaca,
Portulacacez,
Potato,
Potentilla,
Poterium,
Prickly-Ash,
Prickly-Pear,
Prickly-Poppy,
Primrose, —~
Primrose Family,
Primula,
Primulacee,
Prince’s-Feather,
Prince’s-Pine,
Prinos,

Prunus,
Psoralea,

Ptelea,

Puccoon,

Pulse Family,
Pumpkin,
Purslane,
Purslane Family,
Pycnanthemum,
Pyrola,

Pyrola Family,

yrus,
Quamoclit,
Quercus,
Quince,
Radish,
Ramsted,
Ranunculacee,
Ranunculus,
Raphanus,
Raspberry,
Rattlebox,
Red-Bay,
Red-bud,
Red-Cedar,
Reseda,
Resedacez,
Rhamnacez,
Rhamnus,
Rheum,
Rhododendron,
Rhodora,
Rhubarb,
Rhus,
Ribes,
Rib-Grass,
Rice,
Robinia,
Rock-Cress,

Tie

146,

147,

147,

113,

POPULAR FLORA.

Rocket,

Rosa,
Rose-Acacia,
Rosacez,
Rose,
Rose-Bay,
Rose Family,
Rowan-tree,
Rubia,
Rubiacex,

Rue,

Rue Family,
Rubus,
Rumex,
Rush,

Rush Family,
Ruta,
Rutacee,
Rye,
Sabbatia,

Sage,

Sage Family,
Sagina,
Sagittaria,
Salad-Burnet,
Salicacez,
Salix,
Salicornia,
Saltwort,
Salsify,
Salsola,
Salvia,
Sambucus,
Samolus,
Samphire,
Sand-Spurrey,
Sandwort,
Sanguinaria,
Sanguiserba,
Sanicle,
Sanicula,
Saponaria,
Sarsaparilla,
Sarracenia,
Sassafras,
Satureia,
Savin, |
Savory,
Saxifraga,
Saxifragaceze,
Saxifrage,
Saxifrage Family,
Scabiosa,
Scabious,
Scarlet-Runner,
Schrankia,
Scilla,

147,

147,

147,

161,

Scorpion-Grass,
Scrophularia,
Scrophulariacez,
Scullcap,
Scutellaria,
Seaweeds,

Sedge Family,
Sedum,

Self-heal,

Senna,
Sempervivum,
Sensitive-Brier,
Sensitive-Plant,
Shadbush,
Shagbark,
Sheep-berry,
Shellbark,
Shepherd’s-Purse,
Shin-leaf,

Sicyos,

ida,
Sidesaddle-Flower,

143,

Sidesaddle-Flower Family,

Silene,
Silver-weed,
Sinapis,
Sisymbrium,
Sisyrinchium,
Sium,
Skunk-Cabbage,
Smartweed,
Smilacez,
Smilacina,
Smilax,
Smoke-tree,
Smoke-vine,
erie
napdragon,
Saawball :
Snowberry,
Snowdrop,
Snowflake,
Soapberry Family,
Soapwort,
Solanacez,
Solanum,

Spadiceous Division,
Sparganium,
Speedwell,

Spergula,
Spergularia,
Spice-bush,
Spiderwort,

210,

185,

175,

232

Spiderwort Famil.
Spikenard, 2
Spinach,
Spinacia,
Spindle-tree,
Spirea,
Spring-Beauty,
Spruce,

Spurrey,

Squash,
Squaw-root,
Squill,
Squirrel-Corn,
Stachys,
Staff-tree,
Staff-tree Family,
Staphylea,
Star-flower,
Star-Grass,
Star-of-Bethlehem,
Statice,

Stellaria,
Stickseed,

Stock,

Stonecrop,
Stonecrop Family,
St. John’s-wort,
St. John’s-wort Family,
St. Peter’s-wort,
Stramonium,
Strawberry,
Strawberry-bush,
Streptopus,
Stylophorum,
Succory,

Sumach,

Sumach Family,
Summer-Savory,
Sunflower, —
Sunflower Family,
Sweet-Alyssum,
Sweet-Basil,
Sweet-brier,
Sweet-Cicely,
Sweet-Clover,
Sweet-Fern,
Sweet-Flag,
Sweet-Gale,
Sweet-Gale Family,
Sweet-Pea,
Sweet-Potato,
Sycamore,
Symphytum,
Symplocarpus,
Symphoticarpus,
Syringa,

Tare,

180
139

122

205

158, 189

144

INDEX TO

Taxus,
Tea-Plant,
Tear-Thumb,
Teasel,

Teasel Family,
Tecoma,
Tephrosia,
Teucrium,
Thalictrum,
Thallophytes,
Thimbleberry,
Thistle,
Thorn,
Thoroughwort,
Three-leaved Nightshade,
Thrift,

Thuja,

Thyme,

Thymus,
Thymeleaceze,
Tiarella,
Tick-Trefoil,
Tiger-flower,
Tigridia,

Tilia,

Tiliacez,
Toadflax,
Tobacco,
Tomato,
Tradescantia,
Trailing-Arbutus,
Trefoil,
Trichostema,
Trientalis,
Trifolium,
Trilliacez,
Trillium,
Trillium Family,
Trollins,
Trumpet-Creeper,
Trumpets,
Tuberose,

Tulip,

Tulipa,
Tulip-tree,
Tupelo,

Turnip,
Turtlehead,
Toothwort,
Twinflower,
Twinleaf,
Twist-stalk,
Typha,
Typhacez,
Umbellifere,
Umbrella-tree,
Unicorn-Plant,

THE

113,

98,

142,

113,

201 Urtica,

184 Urticacez,

194 Uvularia,

164, Vaccaria,

164 Vaccinium,

174 | Valerian,

142 | Valeriana,

178 Valerianacee,

114° Valerian Family,
216 Veratrum,

150, Verbena,

166 Verbenacee,

151, Verbascum,

166 Veronica,

206, Vervain,

173 Vervain Family,
201, Vetch,

179 , Vetchling,

179 | Viburnum,

195 | Vicia,

157 Vinca,

142 Viola,

214 Violacez,

214 Violet,

133 Violet Family,

133 Viper’s-Bugloss,
177. ‘Virginia Snakeroot,
186 Virgin’s-Bower,

185 Virginia Creeper,
207 Vitis,

169 Vitacez,

148 Waldsteinia,

178 Wake-Robin,

173 , Wallflower,

143 | Walnut,

206 | Walnut Family,
206 | Water-Cress,

206 | Water-Hemlock,
115 | Water-Horehound,
174 | Waterleaf,

121 | Waterleaf Family,
213 | Water-Lily,

210 | Water-Lily Family,
210 | Watermelon,

117 | Water-Parsnip,

160 | Water-Pepper,

125} Water-Plantain,
176
125
161
120
209
206
206
158
118
174

Watershield,
Wheat,
White-Bay,
White-Cedar,
White-Thorn,
White-Hellebore,
Whitlow-Grass,
Wild-Ginger,
Willow,

Water-Plantain Family,

169,

177,

175,
175,

rire

161,

120,

177
176
176
178

142
144
162
142
188
126
126
126
126

125

121

200

Willow Family,
Willow-herb,
Winterberry,
Winter-Cress,
Wintergreen,
Wintergreen Family,

POPULAR FLORA.

200 | Wistaria,

153
172
125
169, 171
169

Wood,
Wolfsbane,
Woodbine,
Wood-Nettle,
Wood-Sorrel,

THE END.

142
125
116
162
196
135

Wood-Sorrel Family,
Wormwood,
Wythe-rod,

Yucca,

Yew,

Zanthoxylum,

233

135
166
-162
210
201
137

Ft Valuable Aid wo vnc oe
of Botany.

oy

Puant ANALYSIS.

By Hon E. A. APGAR, Sup’t Public Instruction
of New Jersey; and Prof. A. C. APGAR, of

the New Jersey State Normal School. Hand-
somely printed, and substantially. bound in flexible cloth. Single

copies will be sent by mail, on receipt of ‘70 cents.

HE PLANT ANALYSIS will be found a valu-
able companion for students in the Science of
eee and well adapted for use in connection with Gray’s
or any other series of Text-books on the subject. By
using this system of analysis in classes, pupils will become
familiar with the meaning of botanical terms, and will
learn how to apply these terms in botanical descriptions.
They will also distinguish those characteristic features of
a plant which are necessary to be known in making the
analysis. The book will be found useful to teachers, as
its written exercises afford an evidence of the work done
by the pupils.

Ivison, Biaxeman, Taytor & Co.
Publishers,

138 and 140 Grand Street, New York.

: BRL Pelee 2
ay,

i SEAT i Wee
»()} DEN SGN ~

AIO BINSO MOS PPPOE.

CUCU RSIS OL MLA T Fl Ea

ttrse’ of Mathemnaticalmal un.

the most. compl aud ‘seler

more extensively used ay thie Sc

+ than any competing Serlea: Vey e é

=| en
aducetional Listituhons: of, 4c

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