st H ae ‘| it i fn ae i, 4 fit fd it on utes Hit aie a ee iy : a eae S ey! ess aay a Beaty ris eee Mee a eaEP ypc : de ryt Laity iar s nigel ewattnacenynvngnans hea oe tae peau peetedeeat Bites es feat See aba ae ee ea aes aad pil aie te ae oe ? ie a aes ii i A ie ; IK a ae i t Hs a cna Hits i ce pea i oo Us et Ne (i dente sakes ia bar i i CORNELL UNIVERSITY THE Hlower Beterinary Library FOUNDED BY ROSWELL P. FLOWER for the use of the N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE 1897 Cornell University Library SF 991.H64 1888 aT THT 3 1924 000 940 563 vet Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000940563 SW CU MROMS . THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DoE THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES Ae. CG BY JOHN WOODROFFE HILL Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, Late Professor of Veterinary Science at the College of Agriculture, Downton. Author of ‘‘The Principles and Practice of Bovine Medicine and Surgery;’’ ‘‘The Relative Positions of the Higher and Lower Creation ; or a Plea for Dumb Animals,”’ ‘Canine Distemper,’’ etc. WITH TEN PHOTOGRAVURE PLATES OF PRIZE DOGS, AND THIRTY-NINE ILLUSTRATIONS ON WOOD. THIRD EDITION. PHILADELPHIA: GEBBIE & COMPANY. _ 1888, No. f6l7% oe He HH @ 4 \8&a¢ TO THE MEMBERS OF THE VETERINARY PROFESSION AND _ALL THOSE INTERESTED IN THE WELFARE OF THE CANINE RACE THE FOURTH EDITION OF THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. —=_—=——_ Or all the domesticated animals subservient to man, the dog may, without fear of contradiction, be said to stand pre-eminent. His courage, fidelity, usefulness, and companionship attach him to the human race in bonds of lasting endurance. The field upon which I have entered—“ The Management and Diseases of the Dog”—is a large one, and, in comparison with other veterinary subjects, it must be confessed, to the discredit i our Profession, has been inexcusably neglected. Man’s best animal friend, until Blaine, Youatt, Mayhew, “ Stonehenge,” and one or two others interested themselves in his welfare, was left to the mercy of individuals who professed a knowledge of subjects of which they were, on all scientific points, totally ignorant. | If in the course of this work my feeble efforts to enlighten the public, and alleviate the sufferings of the canine race are attended with success, I shall feel more than amply rewarded for the labour I have bestowed on the various subjects herein treated of. I have to acknowledge my obligations to my friend Mr. George Fleming, 2nd Life Guards, for many valuable suggestions offered to me while the work was passing through the press. J. W. WOLVERHAMPTON, March 20, 1878. PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. In the third edition of “The Management and Diseases of the Dog,” which extends to fifty pages beyond its predecessor, the Author has introduced upwards of thirty new subjects of importance, and, he ventures to hope, interest to canine veterinary surgeons and the dog-loving pabhe Several of the original sections have also been enlarged upon, and additional prescriptions have been given in accor- ‘dance with their value, as tested in the Author’s practice, whose desire it is, having canine welfare at heart, that his work may still continue to merit support and deserve the generous reviews bestowed on its first production, | In the second edition the present appendix. on “ Poisons and their Antidotes” was merely added, the Author's health and duties at that date precluding — “any alteration or increase to the general te HAstTINcs, . March, 20, 1888. LIST GFP FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. PHOTOGRAVURES BY THE Gebbie & Husson Photogravure Oo., Limited. CHamMPION ENGLISH MastiFF, ‘‘ MINTING.’’ . From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons. CHAMPION ST. BERNARD, ‘‘OTHO.”’. . .. CHAMPION ENGLISH BLoop Hounp, ‘‘ BARNABY. From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons, Prize BuLL TERRIER Bircu, ‘Nora.’ . . From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons, CHAMPION GoRDON SETTER, ‘‘ ROYAL DUKE.”’ From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons. CuHaAMPION ENGLISH POINTER, ‘‘DONALD.”’ . From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons., Prize ENGLISH SETTER, ‘‘RODERICK.”? . . From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons. CuHampion Couture Doc, ‘‘ScoTILLA.”” . From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons. Priz— CLYDESDALE TERRIER, ‘‘ CLYDESDALE Lapy.”’ From a Photograph by Phillips. CuHampion Puc Doc, ‘‘DupE.’’. . . . . From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons. FRONTISPIECE. ? Page 33 ce ce “a ce 65 113 162 209 257 395 353 401 9 2 2 PeAAWELW DP mn wow moO ILLUSTRATIONS. +. = KENNEL PLAN. (KINGDON) ; ; ‘ PAGE : Ir \ srroncyLus CANIS BRONCHIALIS. (““VETERINARIAN ”) 3r J oe | | \ | FRONT TEETH OF THE: ~DOG IN VARIOUS STAGES OF GROWTH AND DECay. (YOuUATT) Cystic CALCULUS. (‘* VETERINARIAN”) HILvL’s OBSTETRICAL FORCEPS , F WEBER'S ia, 55 (FLEMING) DEFAYS’ FORCEPS. (FLEMING) ‘ DEFAYS’ WIRE EXTRACTOR, WITH THE TORSION ROS, (FLEMING) . DEFAYS’ WIRE EXTRACTOR APPLIED. (Puma) 3 ‘BREULEYS TUBE AND NOOSE, (FLEMING) BREULET’S NOOSE FIXED ON THE F@TUS. (FLEMING) CROTCHET. (MAYHEW) . a . ‘ EXTEMPORISED Hook. (ORIGINAL) . DoG WITH CANKER CaP. (ORIGINAL) SARCOPTES CANIS. (GERLACH) . : ‘ ACARUS FOLLICULORUM. (FLEMING) . THE LIVER FLUKE OF THE Doc. (LEWIS) THE GIANT STRONGLE. (BLANCHARD) 48-49 124 150 150 152 152 154 155 155 156 158 193 201 201 219 224 FIG. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32: 33- 34. 35- 36. - 37- 38. 39. LARV& OF THE GID TAPEWORM. (NEWMAN) . . .- TAPEWORM-LIKE HEADS OF THE GID HypaTip. (NEW- MAN) .. , LARVA OF THE iaReieED PmEWOUR. (Goxzn) HYDATID TAPEWORM AND ECHINOCOCCUS HEAD. (COB- BOLD) . . a ee O# GROUP OF Ecurnococcus Heaps. (COBBOLD) 3 LARVAL PENTASTOME. (KUCHENMEISTER) . , : A DoG WITH RICKETS, SKETCHED FROM LIFE. (urea) HEART OF DOG AFFECTED WITH RHEUMATIC CHOREA, SHOWING ANTE-MORTEM CLOT. (ORIGINAL) 7 INCOMPLETE FRACTURE. (ORIGINAL) . . . FRACTURE OF THE SCAPULA. (ORIGINAL) s . DITTO, WITH BANDAGE APPLIED. (ORIGINAL) - DEFORMED LIMB AFTER UNION OF FRACTURE, NECESSI- TATING RE-FRACTURE. (ORIGINAL) . ‘i DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER-JOINT. (ORIGINAL) - THROAT FORCEPS. (ARNOLD) ee ee ee ee 37) 374 38c 400 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. Food.— cpa — Washing.— Grooming.— Kennel Arrange- ment. --Disinfection.--Administration of Medicine.--Nursing. CHAPTER II. DISEASES OF THE’ RESPIRATORY ORGANS. Catarrh.—Influenza,—Laryngitis.—Bronchitis—Asthma.—Pleu- risy.—Pneumonia, ~—Consumption.—Polypus.—Ozzena. CHAPTER III. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. Dentition. —Decayed teeth: —Tartar.—Canker.—Aphthze—Glos- sitis.—Ulcers.—Blain.—Paralysis.—Pharyngitis.—Salivation CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. Indigestion.— Vomiting.—Worms.— Husk.—Gastritis.— Inver- _ sion.—Calcull.—Foreign bodies 3 F . CHAPTER V. DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. Constipation. — Diarrhoea. — Dysentery. — Intussusception.— Hernia,—Worms.—Colic.—Enteritis. —Peritonitis.—Piles.— Prolapsus Ani.—Fistula in Ano. K 3 - CHAPTER VL DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. Hepatitis.—Jaundice.—Fatty Degeneration of the Liver.—Can- cerous Deposit in the Liver and mpleen elise oly _—. Splenitis . CHAPTER VIL. DISEASES OF URINARY ORGANS. Nephritis. —Hzmaturia.—Renal Calculi.—Cystitis.—Cystic Cal- culi.—Retention of Urine. -Baralysis of the Bladder.— Rupture of the Bladder. - : CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. Balanatis.—Warts on the Penis.—Scrotal Irritation.—Enlarged Testicle.—Inversion of the Vagina.—-Polypus in the Vagina. —Inflammation of the Uterus.—Inversion of the Uterus. —Ulceration of the Uterus.—Hernia of the Uterus.— Dropsy of the Uterus.—Fatty Degeneration of the Ovaries. CHAPTER IX. FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. strum: _—Breeding.—Parturition. . CHAPTER x. DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION. Influence of Mental Emotion on Canine Lactation.—Agalactia— Parturient Apoplexy or Milk Fever.—Parturient Eclam- psia.—Septikeemia Puerperalis. F . . : PAGE 15 48 61 71 89 109 129 14 164 xii . Contents. CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND. Mammitis.—Lacteal Tumour.—Cancer. . : ; CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE EYE. Ophthalmia.—Cataract.—Amaurosis.—Iritis.—Enlargement of the Haw.—Protrusion of the Eye-Bal.—Extirpation of the Eye.—Hairy Tumour on the Cornea.—Hydrophthalmia. CHAPTER XIII. DISEASES OF THE EAR. Canker.—Serous Abscess.—Polypus.—Deafness.—Scurfy Ears. CHAPTER XIV. : DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES. Mange (Sarcoptic).—Ditto (Follicular). —Eczema.—Erythema.— Giaggon Ditto (Honeycomb).— Alopecia,.— Warts.— Fleas.—Lice.—Ticks. . : : 7 : s CHAPTER XV. : INTERNAL PARASITES. Distoma conjunctum.—Holostoma alatum.—Ascaris marginata. —Filaria immitis, --Estrongylus gigas.—Spiroptera sanguino- lenta.—Dochmius trigonocephalus.—Trichosoma plica.— Tricocephalus depressiusculus.—Trichina spiralis,—Filaria hematica.—Filaria trispinulosa.—Filaria hepatica.—Hema- tozoon subulatum.—Tzenia Cucumerina.—Tenia ccenurus.— Tenia marginata.—Tzenia echinococcus.—Tznia serrata. — ‘ Bothriocephalus latus, B, cordatus, B. fuscus, B. reticulatus. —B. dubius.—Pentastoma tamoides.— Maw Worms, or Seg- - ments of Tzenia marginata, and Teenia serrata.—Cysticercus cellulosus. ‘ i ‘ é 3 3 . CHAPTER XVI. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, Rabies. — Epilepsy.—Apoplexy,— Vertigo. —Chorea.— Paralysis. Concussion of the Brain.—Compression of the Brain.— Hydrocephalus.— Turnside. —Meningitis— Dementia.— -Nostomania.— Neuralgia. : ‘ is : CHAPTER XVII. 5 GENERAL DISEASES. Abscess. — Tumours, — Cancer.— Bronchocele.— Diphtheria. — Distemper — Malignant Distemper.— Dropsy.— Leuke- mia, —Anzemia.— Marasmus.— Plethora.— Obesity.—Rheu- matism.— Rickets.— Ostitis.— Periostitis.— Scrofula,— Glanders.— Small-pox.— Measles.— Tetanus.— Cramp.— Heart Diseases.—Pericarditis.—Embolism.—Emphysema. . ' CHAPTER XVIII. ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. Fractures — Dislocations —Amputations.—Wounds.—Sprains. — Burns.— Scalds.— Umbilical Hernia.— Ventral Hernia. — Femoral Hernia. —Fistulz. — Cyst Excision. — Choking. — - Osophagotomy.— Lithotomy.—Urethral Obstruction. — Ca- theterism.— Vaginotomy.— Anti-conception Operation.— Sore Feet.—Soft Corns.—Overgrowth of Claws.—Removal of Dew-claws.— Cropping.— Rounding.— Tailing.— Worm- ing.—Castration.—Spaying.— Vaccination.—Chloroform, eee teens and their Antidotes. . ‘ index’ . °. Pn we he; i . 5 és PAGE 375 180 190 200 219 239 288 370 417 425 THE MANAGEMENT | AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. CHAPTER I. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. FOOD, KENNEL ARRANGEMENT, EXERCISE, DISINFECTION, WASHING, ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE, GROOMING, NURSING. : FOOD. How much evil accrues from the want of a proper system and, in many cases, knowledge of administering food, and of the kind requisite, it is impossible to say. That many of the diseases to which the canine species are subject, and especially of the digestive organs, are due to ignorance and neglect of this subject, is no exaggeration. The organism of the dog is peculiar: his digestive powers are undoubtedly great, but the process by which digestion is accomplished is slow.’ Hence, he does not require more than one, or, if in full exercise and work, two substantial meals per day. The food should be plain, wholesome, nutritious, and, as far as possible, compatible with the circumstances under which the animal exists. B e 2 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. ‘Sugar, buttered bread, hot toast; muffin, preserves, fancy biscuits, tea, sweetmeats, and such like, are items never intended to enter a canine bill of fare. And yet how often is the reply given, when the attendant alleges his patient is suffering from indigestion: “But he has had nothing to disagree with him; the poor little dear eats most sparingly ; a morsel of buttered toast or muffin, some tea and a lump of sugar, has been doggie’s only diet for months.” True, and therein lies the key to the mystery. The animal, contrary to Nature’s laws, has been educated to mimic human beings: three or four meals a day, ex- clusive of kitchen-scraps, have taken the place of the prescribed one or two, and human delicacies substi- tuted for the proper requirements of a carnivorous stomach. Can it be wondered at, if the whole digestive machinery: is in consequence put out of gear; if the once glossy- coated pet of cleanly habits becomes the bloated, waddling, unsightly animal so often seen, with teeth loose, discoloured, and decayed, breath foul, and excrements foetid? And all the result of what? Ignorance and mistaken kindness. Ask the human mother the effect on the child of a con- tinued diet of preserves, pastry, and sweet cakes, and she will tell you it is much the same. Ts it, then, reasonable to. suppose that the stomach of the dog can properly digest and appropriate to the nourish- ment of its body and the maintenance’ of health that which mankind, for whom such is more in accordance, can- not take with impunity ? A proper system of feeding is, therefore, one of the great essentials of canine management. Time of Feeding.—The food should always be given, if convenient, at a stated time: where only one meal is allowed, at midday; in the case of two, morning and evening. It should not be given immediately before exercise or work, or the process of digestion will be inter- General Management. 3 rupted, and the foundation laid for ill health ; but as soon as" the animal comes home, has had sufficient time to rest, and ‘become cool, then food may be proffered and will be relished considerably more. I am now alluding to dogs in health ; invalids of course require a different system, and, under many conditions, require frequent support. Quantity—This should be exactly in proportion to the appetite, z.¢., until the animal is satisfied. Some individuals coridemn the practice of permitting dogs to fill, or, as they put it, overgorge therhnselves.. And where dogs have been previously starved, or have missed a meal or two, they are right, but otherwise not so. The cravings of the carnivorous stomach are not of the frequency found in herbivorous and omnivorous ones, owing to the slow process of digestion ; and this being so, a larger stock of material is required to work on than when the intervals between the meals are shorter ; otherwise long fasts would result, and eventually act prejudicially to the animal’s health. When the dog, after eating for some ‘time, pauses, looks about, leaves the dish, returns to it and makes an attempt, as it were, to get a little more down, ¢/en it should be removed. Company will frequently induce the animal, from motives of jealousy, to take more than he really wants, and he will greedily devour, on the approach of another creature, that which a few moments before was rejected. This, of course, is hurtful; it may be likened unto the surplus oil on machinery, which cannot. be utilized, and is therefore wasted, and does injury to other parts: so with the dog, the surplus food may pass into the intestinal canal undigested, and produce diarrhoea or constipation, Kind of Food.—Many and various are the opinions on this point: horse-flesh, mutton, paunch, entrails, liver, greaves, and oatmeal are among the list of those advocated. Flesh is undoubtedly the dog’s natural food, but, on the other hand, we must look to the circumstances under which B—2 4 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. he is placed. For instance, toy-dogs or house-pets not used for sport do not require flesh-meat beyond an occasional bone and meat-gravy; bread or plain biscuit with milk, oatmeal-porridge, plain rice-pudding, or potatoes and gravy, with green vegetables once or twice a week, form the most suitable diet for this class of dog. _ For those used in sport or kept on the chain, especially the former, flesh-meat used with discretion is suitable. Paunches or mutton are best adapted ; the former should always be thoroughly washed, otherwise worms or their larve, which are frequently present, are likely to be swallowed, and develop in the dog into large tape-worms (see chapter on “Internal Parasites”); horse-flesh is heat- ing, causes the animal to smell strong, and is a great pro- ducer of worms. Liver cooked is like so much leather— indigestible and innutritious; and, from its liability to flukes, which in the dog develop into the teniz proper, is also objectionable raw. Greaves I have observed frequently give rise to diarrhoea, probably from the amount of tallow often retained, and other foreign matters —as maggot-skins and mineral substances. Sheep-heads, trotters, and ox-noses form a highly nutritious and valuable food, especially for invalid dogs ; boiled down, they form a glutinous jelly, of which dogs are particularly fond. Whichever kind of flesh-meat is used, meal should form the basis, and none is better than the coarse Scotch oatmeal. | Bones are of great value to the Dog.—The ee has a natural fondness for bones, independently of which they are of great value to him. One should always be allowed at least once or twice a week. They assist in cleansing the teeth and aid digestion. The animal’s instinct would appear to teach him this; for however good and savoury the meal may be, if there be a bone in it, he will imme- diately pick it out, strip it of its meat, if there be any, and store it safely away for after-use. It is best, however, to General Management. 5 give bones after a meal; otherwise, when hungry, they are apt to eat as much of the bone as possible, to their own injury ; as portions may get lodged in the cesophagus, and give rise to asphyxia, or, from being too hard to digest cause gastric or intestinal irritation. Biscuits —The example set by Spratt, of old, has been followed by others, and at the present time we have numerous canine biscuit manufacturers ; but of the various kinds offered for sale none appear to have risen in public estimation to the extent of “Spratt’s Patent.” After an inspection of their works, the system adopted, and materials used, this appreciation is not difficult to understand. The biscuits are prepared with careful selection and adjustment, and abound in nutrient bone and flesh forming elements. The recent introduction of a fish biscuit by the same firm is also likely to prove a boon to the canine fancy. Fish is an exceedingly nutritious food, forming an agree- able change in the diet, and to those unable to procure a ‘sufficiency of fresh fish, a biscuit so constituted will be most acceptable. I should add that I have given the latter an extended trial with my own dogs and hospital patients and the results have been pleasing. Spratt’s cod-liver oil biscuit is now well known. In cases of. debility, light- feeding and delicate dogs, they are of especial service. Cod-liver oil is a highly nutritive and reparative agent; it builds up and improves the muscular and fatty tissues, and imparts tone to the digestive organs. Highly bred dogs (especially if tainted with the results of consanguinity) derive great benefit from cod-liver oil: its rapid assimila- tion renders it particularly valuable in nervous disorders and dyspeptic conditions. A biscuit, therefore, containing such an agent should find favour with members of the canine fancy as well as professional men. , A dog should never be induced to eat against its will, except under circumstances which will be named when con- sidering diseases. Many are the dogs I have had sent me 6 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. for advice, with no other complaint than want of appetite. As arule, they are enormously over-fed. A week’s spare, plain diet, and a dose of castor-oil, has ere produced the desired result. Beer, wine, and spirits should never be atiowed except . medicinally. Some dogs are particularly fond of the for- mer. I recently had a mastiff-bitch (Duchess) who would greedily lap it whenever she had the chance. Water—There are few animals to which the denial of water is felt to a greater degree than the dog. Whether in health or disease, water is requisite in assisting the natural functions of the body. With regard to the feeding of puppies, I have little to say ; when weaning, milk is undoubtedly the most suitable diet; and to this, as time goes on, may be gradually. added | a little bread or boiled oatmeal-porridge, or Spratt’s puppy food. Animal food (except an occasional bone) is not ad- visable in any breed of young dog, until four or five months, old, and it should then be gradually, not suddenly, intro- duced into the diet. EXERCISE. Exercise is equally beneficial to canine as it isto human health. The mind is diverted not only in the performance of the act, but also in the novelty of fresh scenes, new faces and objects, bright weather and pure and bracing air. To the young dog it is indispensable. Compare the ani- mal, which, from a puppy, has had full freedom, with one cooped up until it has arrived at maturity; in the former Nature has asserted her right, and, unchecked, given sym- metry, full development, and health; in the Jatter, crooked legs, deformed body, and stunted growth is the picture she presents of an interference with her laws. Who will deny the fact that some poor creatures are kept on the chain General M. anagement. v4 from one month’s end to another after growth is complete, with the idea that it is then not hurtful? Fallacy! Out at the elbows and bowed arms, with spreading toes, will in time result, and become a permanent deformity. Again, loose such an one, and the exuberance of spirits immediately manifested, the wild scampers of delight until exhaustion takes place, will exhibit even to the doubtful mind the en joyment of freedom and exercise. Other tender little morsels of caninity are carried, pro- tected from every breath of wind, in the arms of their mis- tress, and thus have, as it is termed “¢heir airing,’ the most invigorating and muscle-developing part of it being denied them ; and so they go their way yelping and snarl- ing, in all probability with envy at the gambols of those taking exercise in a natural manner. Exercise should not be allowed so as to produce undue fatigue, as in carriage-followers and sporting-dogs ; in the latter, I am aware, it is under certain circumstances un- avoidable. It should also, if possible, take place before feeding, or, if — impracticable, not until some hours afterwards. Running, or long walks on a full stomach, is liable to produce fits of the worst kind, and many a dog have I seen so affected. Again, as I have previously observed, the meal is relished far more after exercise than before it ; of this we have proof inourselves, Finally, locomotion is especially necessary in indoor dogs, for the performance of the natural evacuatory acts, and thereby continuance of health and purity. - Erasmus Wilson’s remarks on the subject will not be misapplied here: “ Well-directed exercise favours the pre- servation of the general health by calling into direct action the majority of the organs of the body ; and it also acts powerfully on the skin by stimulating its functions, in- creasing its temperature, awakening its tone, and subject- ing it to a current of atmosphere favourable for its respira- tory offices.” 8 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. WASHING. Washing in moderation adds greatly to the health and comfort of the dog. I say in moderation, because some persons are never satisfied unless their favourites are sub- merged twice or three times a week in water, and lathered over with soft-soap (the latter to kill the fleas). This is a great mistake, and three results of such a custom are— blindness, deafness, and canker. Long-haired dogs require ablution more than short- haired ones, and usually have a natural inclination for water. The frequency of washing will depend to some extent on the manner in which the coat is kept; if regu- larly brushed and combed, once a month is quite sufficient ; under any circumstances a weekly bath is more than ample. The water should be a little more than tepid, and soap used merely enough to create a lather; as its alkaline - properties, if used in excess, render it an irritant to the skin (where careful rinsing is adopted, the caution is almost needless). This, however, as I know from expe- rience, is so frequently not carried out, that the soap in the process of wiping is rubbed in, and gives rise to the irri- tation named. When, then, thoroughly cleansed, the animal should be finally douched in cold water, rubbed dry before the fire, if the weather is raw, and immediately after allowed some brisk exercise. Outdoor dogs will dry themselves after their own fashion, and a good bed of straw will be sufficient to complete the toilet. In those breeds which have an inclination for water, as Newfoundlands, | retrievers, and spaniels, the lake, river, or canal will afford the best means of ablution. GROOMING, This is especially advisable in all dogs where fineness of coat. kindness of skin, cleanliness, and health are desired. General Management. 9 Combing and brushing in long-haired dogs is absolutely necessary to prevent the hair matting, and to preserve its character. In large breeds, as the mastiff tribe, it is as requisite for good appearance as in the horse. Once daily, twice if possible, I have my mastiffs thoroughly groomed; they enjoy it, the sensation affords them pleasure, and the dog accustomed to the practice will look for it as regularly as he does his meals. The brush is a far better remedy for glossy coats than nitre, sulphur, antimony, or arsenic. KENNEL ARRANGEMENT. In dealing with this subject I shall merely make a few passing practical remarks on ordinary kennel-arrangement, though they are not particularly applicable to one breed More than another. _ The kennel should neither have an easterly unsheltered aspect nor damp foundation. If dogs so placed escape kennel lameness and rheumatism, it is more from mere: chance or constitution, than from the sanitary condition of the locality. Good air, dry atmosphere, and sunlight are as essential to health and spirits in the canine as the human subject. It is all very well to argue as what dogs are in a state of nature and what they are in the domestic | state. Nature and art in kennel-management are not com- patible. The South Sea Islander thrives in the hot humid atmosphere to which he is indigenous, and becomes fat upon the flesh of his own species; but he must be artificialised, so to speak, and civilised before he can ac- commodate himself to our colder latitudes and description of food. So with the dog ;.domestication produces in him a like result ; he accommodates himself to it because he is artificialised; give him the bare ground for his bed, ex- pose him to bleak cold winds, and allow no shelter — from wet, and disease ‘will inevitably follow. 10 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. The kennel, then, should be dry, sunny, and cheerful} this is especially necessary for puppies, for the circum- stances under which they attain their growth, as will be hereafter mentioned, will influence their disposition when they arrive at maturity. The benches should be elevated at least eighteen inches above the ground, and the planks either drilled with holes or placed an inch apart for the escape of wet, and for venti- lation of the bed. A strip of wood along the edge will keep the bedding on, and prevent puppies from slipping ~ off. To insure dryness of the walls, I nail boarding round, with shavings between. With regard to the flooring, cement undoubtedly forms the best and cleanest. Many different opinions have been expressed as to what it should be covered with. Sand is. not unfrequently recommended ; this, however, is not good for dogs’ feet, it creates irritation between the toes, and gives rise to what is known in cattle as “foul.” Fine shavings or sawdust are decidedly preferable, and should be put down fresh every morning after first removing the soiled materials. A little clean bedding scattered over the latter to give it an appearance of cleanliness, is like wear- ing a clean shirt on a dirty body, or gloves on filthy hands—the evil is still there, disguised. Washing or swilling down the floor is a necessary office, but it is often carried to extremes, and then becomes an evil by engendering a continual damp, and acting as a fruitful source of rheumatism and kennel-lameness. Once a week is quite often enough for this duty. After the place has been thoroughly swept and mopped, I always have ashes thrown over the floor; these absorb any wet that may have lodged in sunken places or between the ‘bricks, and in old, somewhat uneven, and broken floors they are of great service. In half an hour they may be. swept off, and a little crude carbolic acid dropped here and there, after which dress with the sawdust or shavings, General Management. It Mr. H. D. Kingdon, whose experience in the manage- ment of dogs, particularly mastiffs, is considerable, ranging over a period of forty years, and for whose sound opinion I entertain the highest respect, informs me his kennels are constructed in stables and shedding, and formed into loose boxes ; the flooring is composed of asphalte, and is sloped from the sides to the centre, and outwards to communicate with the common drain. On this flooring he has a slight sprinkling of air-slacked lime, and this is littered over with fern. The bench is composed of a loose wooden floor, on planks separated a short distance, and nailed across joists. (Fig. 1.) ¢ ee 2 Fic. 1. The top line I is the bench, the oblique lines 2 2 the sloping asphalte-floor. For full-grown dogs he uses four-legged bedsteads simi- lar to a table, with a ledge round the outside to prevent them getting their legs between, it and the wall, and sufficient space is left to walk on two sides of the said table. f DISINFECTION. The disinfection of a kennel is a matter of great import- ance, for unless the habitation and ground is sweet and clean we cannot expect our dogs to be healthy and pleasant companions. An agent which possesses an overpowering smell, con- cealing an offensive one without destroying its disease- producing power, is not a true disinfectant. The infective principle of contagion or infection must be met by a stronger and exterminating force. When disease invades a kennel, especially if it be of an infectious or contagious character, the employment of 12 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. genuine disinfectants is imperative. Amongst those chiefly in use may be mentioned Condy’s Fluid, Sir Wm. Burnett’s, Chloride of Lime, various carbolic and coal tar preparations, and last, but not least, “Sanitas.” The latter apart from its powerful deoderizing properties, possesses not only a fragrant, but a refreshing odour, and has there-- . fore attractions—especially for the pet house-dog’s toilet. At canine exhibitions, where on other occasions the effluvia from the urine and intestinal excreta have been controlled only by an objectional amount of carbolic dis- infectant, almost equally overpowering, Sanitas has been found to do its work pleasantly and effectually. I have long used it in various forms in my practice, especially the post-mortem department, in which I should feel incomplete without at least possessing Sanitas soap,. which I also recommend to -be used in washing dogs after p autiong from skin disease, especially mange. ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE. This is often a troublesome process with canine patients; the usually affectionate, obedient, and harmless pet be- comes (through fear and mental excitement) snappish and . resistful, And a general complaint the veterinary attend- . ant hears is: “It’s no use, sir, we can’t give him the medi- - cine; the more we try, the more he struggles, fights, and bites.” This in the majority of cases isso. The reason for which is that, as a rule, strength versus system is the plan adopted. As with ourselves, so with the dog, there is a right and a wrong way in the taking or administering of medicine, : The medicine is in the form of a pill or draught. The former may be given one of two ways; first, taking the ani- mal in the lap, or rearing him up between the knees, the upper part of the mouth is then grasped with the hand General Mi anagement. 13 and the lips on either side thrust between the teeth ; security against the operator being bitten is gained by the dog being afraid of biting and hurting himself. The head is then elevated, the pill is dropped into the posterior part of the mouth, and the jaws immediately closed and held so; and ifthe animal refuses to swallow it, placing the fingers on or compressing the nostrils will speedily compel him to do so. Pushing the pill down with the finger is injudicious and unnecessary. The other and more advis- able way, if it can be contrived, is by deception—ze., clothing the pill in a little meat, and throwing it to the animal to bolt. With regard to draughts, they should be administered as follows :—The animal being placed in the same position as for the pill, the angle of the mouth is drawn away from the teeth, and into the pouch thus formed the medicine may -be poured ; the same means as recommended in the former will, if he refuses, compel him to swallow it. Some forms of medicine, more or less tasteless:from the minuteness of the dose, may be given in a little milk or broth, which the animal laps voluntarily, NURSING. It is, I think, necessary before entering on the general subject of diseases, that I should say a few words about nursing. . As in human, so in canine practice, good nursing is one of the greatest helps the medical attendant can have: indeed, it may almost be said to be indispensable in the . treatment of disease. Warmth, comfort, cleanliness, pure air, good food, and water, regularity in the administration of medicine where it has to be given, kindness, watchfulness in the progress or 14 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. abatement of certain symptoms, are all matters requiring the supervision of the nurse, . In short, the health of the patient is in the majority of cases quite as much in the hands of the nurse as of the pro- ’ fessional attendant, and the fault so often, in all classes of practice, attached to the medical treatment would generally _ be more correctly placed. to the lack of attention on the part of those on whom the general care of the patient devolves. It is always, therefore, advisable to let the latter ~ know the full extent of his or her responsibility; and that though the charge is, as they may express it, “ but a dog,” it is endued with imagination, instincts, and thought, has a language of its own, is sensible of neglect, harshness, yea, even cross looks on the part of those ministering to it, and to a degree rarely exhibited in other of the lower animals. The two then—the practitioner and nurse—acting in combination, and working to the same end, if they do not reap the desired reward of their labours, have at least the satisfaction of knowing they did their best for the patient under their care. CHAPTER II. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. CATARRH, - PLEURISY, INFLUENZA, PNEUMONIA, LARYNGITIS, CONSUMPTION, BRONCHITIS, POLYPUS, ASTHMA, OZAINA. CATARRH, Or what is commonly known as “a cold,” consists of a febrile or inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes. When confined to the eyes and nostrils it its termed Coryza, from Kapa, the head, and ew, to boil; signifying a fevered con- dition, or cold in the head. If it extends to the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, it gives rise to what is termed dvonchitis. If to the alimentary tract, we have an enteritic or gastro-enteritic catarrh, The two latter are not unfrequent in distemper. The usual causes of common or simple catarrh are damp, cold, or contagion. Symptoms.—Increased secretion of mucus from the mem- branes affected, eyes watery, nose hot and dry, shiverings, sneezing, and sometimes cough, languor, fever, .and con- sequent thirst. As the disease proceeds, these symptoms increase in severity, the mucous secretion becomes thicker, respiration impeded, the shiverings more frequent, languor greater, - as 16 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. urine high-coloured, bowels constipated, and stools coated with slime. Treatment.—Fortunately for the patient, the old system of depletion by bleeding and physic is with men of science no longer in use. The administration of diffusible stimulants at the onset, with careful attention to warmth and comfort generally suffices to effect a cure. Spt. Camphor ..rcccssssssceceee I ounce. Spt. Aether Nit. ......cecesesee 2 ounces, Lig. Ammon. Acetat. ......... 4 A teaspoonful twice or three times a day for : a small dog, double for a large one. ‘ Where the fever runs high, tartar emetic, }—1 grain, or Dover's powder, 5—I0 grains, may be given daily: ; but this usually in the dog is uncalled for. If the mucous discharge. . has a tendency to lodge in the facial sinuses, which a rattling respiration with frequent snuffling will denote, steaming the head will encourage its outward flow, and afford considerable relief. The diet requires very little alteration, warm broth, beef- tea, or milk, are most suitable. The liability of catarrh to extend to other structures must not be overlooked. Undue and premature exposure to damp and cold during the attack should therefore be avoided. If much debility attends the. complaint, from 5—10 drops of tinct. ferriin 1—2 teaspoon- fuls of cod-liver oil should, after the first three or four days, take the place of the first prescribed medicine. _ Consti- pationis best relieved with enemas, or a little salad oil—pur- gatives are strongly contra-indicated. INFLUENZA, Or epidemic catarrh, is similar in character to the foregoing disease, but it is attended with greater prostration, and is | Liseases of the Respiratory Organs, 17 more highly contagious. The direct cause is unknown ; it was supposed by the Italians to be due to some stellar influ- ence, hence the term Jnfluenza, signifying influence. It is now generally believed to arise from a peculiar condition of the atmosphere, but in what that condition consists is still a mystery. Dogs are liable to it at any age, and at all periods of the year. Spring and autumn are, however, the seasons in which it is most frequently seen, and this tends to prove that if cold and damp do not actually produce influenza, they may be certainly looked upon as predisposing agents, Sympioms.—These vary somewhat in their manifestation. Frequently the disease is ushered in with scarcely any pre- monitory symptoms, beyond extreme lassitude. In some sneezing, redness of the eyes, and flowof tears are the first observed. In others sore throat, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, are alone present. Whilst in others, again, cough, expectoration, and muco-purulent discharge from the nostrils almost immediately follow the first signs of lassitude. Whatever form, however, it primarily assumes, it invariably terminates in the one which is diagnostic of influenza, and the symptoms named become more or less associated ; and added to these, we have hurried respiration, increased weak pulse, scanty and turbid urine, feces dry and slimy, hot skin, dry furred tongue, internal temperature high, and in the latter stages an cedematous condition of the limbs. In severe types that are allowed to run on un- checked, pleurisy and effusionin the chest becomecomplicated with it. Treatment.—Bodily warmth, proper ventilation, and dif- fusible stimulants are first indicated. The medicine prescribed in the preceding disease is equally adapted to this ; and where there is extreme debility the tinct. ferri should follow, or if cedematous, the iodide of iron in the same proportions. Linseed-meal poultices, or mustard or ammonia embrocation, may be applied to the throat if swollen or sore, and steaming the head will be c 18 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. attended with benefit. Purgatives should on no account be resorted to. Impaction of faeces can best be removed by means of plain enemas. The diet must be nourishing and easy of digestion, as. broth, beef-tea, gruel, or milk. For chest complications, refer to treatment under their respective heads. LARYNGITIS. Inflammation of the larynx, the upper or vocal part of the windpipe, is an affection very commonly met with in canine practice. Highly pampered dogs, particularly pugs and yard dogs with deficient shelter, are most liable to laryngitis. I have also observed what may be designated a temporary or simple form of it, in sheep-dogs when gathering flocks together, and the same is not uncommon at and after dog-shows, due to incessant barking. Predisposing Causes.—Frequent and long-continued bark- ing ; a previous attack of the same disease. Exciting Causes Exposure to wet and cold,the presence of foreign matter, injuries, irritating inhalations, or exten- sion of neighbouring inflammation. Symptoms.—Hoarseness, cough easily induced by external pressure, increased respiration and salivary secretion, frothy discharge from the nostrils, difficulty in: swallowing, and pyrexia; pulse small, hard, and frequent. These sym- ptoms, if not checked, rapidly increase, and the patient dies from suffocation. Treatment.*—Of course removal of the cause is primarily * (GEsterreichische Vierteljahresschrift, 1873.) Harms injected 0‘o7 grammes of morphine hydrochlorate, in solution, beneath the skin of a dog which had been suffering from a dry laryngeal cough for four weeks. For two hours after the injection, the animal exhibited every symptom of complete narcotism, with total loss of consciousness and sensibility. In the course of eight hours it manifested sensibility Diseases of the Respiratory Organs, 19 necessary, and then treatment should be directed to the effect. If the disease is early recognised, mild counterirritants to the larynx externally, hot fomentation or linseed-meal poultice, an emetic, and a warm moist atmosphere, will generally effect a cure. In fact, a dog with laryngitis requires much - the same treatment as a child with croup. Where the symptoms have become so aggravated that suffocation is threatened, tracheotomy is indicated, and all further treat- ment must be external. Attempting to drench a dog at this stage is attended with great danger, from the ex- tremely irritable condition of the throat. A violent fit of coughing, ending in asphyxia, would, in all probability, be the result of such a proceeding. (For the extraction or removal of foreign matters, see “ Choking.”) The diet should consist entirely of slops of a mucila- ginous nature, as broth, beef-tea, or milk thickened with isinglass. CHRONIC LARYNGITIS Is not an unfrequent sequel of the former. It is charac- terised by continued hoarseness, with periodical exacerba- tions, specially induced by over-exertion, or the sudden inhalation of cold air, a dry husky cough, and mucous expectoration. We may relieve the symptoms, but when finally established the disease is incurable. Iron, cod-liver oil, and an occasional dose of tartar emetic are the best medicinal agents. Local treatment is often beneficial. Biniodide of mercury—1 part to 16 of lard—applied twice when pricked with a pin, and could raise itself on its four limbs. In twenty-four hours it was able to stagger into its kennel, but it had no appetite. In two days and ahalf it wasas lively as before the injec- tion; and until it left the hospital a week afterwards, the cough had not returned.—( Veterinary Journal, Sept., 1875.) C3 20 «= The Management and Diseases of the Dog. weekly, until sufficient irritation is produced, or ‘the inser- tion of a small seton, is advisable. BRONCHITIS. Bronchitis is an affection to which dogs are very liable. It may exist as a primary or secondary disease—ze., it may be present alone, or as an extension of catarrh or other respiratory affections. Likewise it may be acute or chronic. Causes.—Cold, damp, irritating inhalation, neglected or protracted catarrh, or extension of other respiratory affec- tions. Symptoms.—These will depend on the extent of the bronchial inflammation ; if the mialady is only confined to the larger branches of the bronchi, the breathing will be much less disturbed than when the subdivisions are in- volved, particularly the smaller ones. The cough in the former will also be less frequent, louder and more sonorous, . with little or no expectoration. This form is, however, rarely seen in the dog; or, if so, only to be quickly suc- ceeded by the ‘more complicated one. I shall therefore describe the general symptoms of the latter in its acute stage. The respiration is hurried and difficult, the breath hot, an incessant wheezing cough (which ultimately becomes dry and short), succeeded by expectoration and vomiting accompanying it. The expectoration is usually’ frothy, and sometimes mingled with blood. The eyesare red and inflamed, the nose dry and hot, mouth devoid of moisture, -tongue parched and coated with brown fur. The pulse is quick and small, and the heart’s action jerking. On auscultation, the latter emits a thumping noise, and the diagnostic mucous rattle of bronchitis is very distinctly heard. A thin mucous discharge from the nostrils usually r ; i ; Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 21 takes place soon after bronchitis sets in, and, as the disease proceeds, this becomes copious, muco-purulent, and accom- panied by violent sneezing. As the malady advances all these symptoms increase in _ severity, and the poor animal dies either from sheer ex- haustion, acute inflammatory fever, or asphyxia. Treatment.—Immediately symptoms of acute bronchitis are observed, it is Advisable to place the animal in a moder- ° ately warm, suffi¢iently ventilated, and dry habitation. With regard to medicinal agents, from 1 to 3 grains of tartar emetic, in roportion to the size of the patient, is at the onset very peneficial. If the disease proceeds, the following mixture may be used: Spt. Camph. ........ Heimes sans seveveeeoo $ OUNCE, Spt. A4ither Nit. ............. dewecsve songs Ey Liguotich: Extractencivess.scmsecnmawee ff A teaspoonful for a ernall dap. double for a full- sized terrier, treble for a large dog, twice or three times a day. When the cough is very troublesome, a dose of the fol- jowing every now and then, in the same proportions as the ' above, will afford relief: Tinee Opi oh kunenns meu aumveeaes - 20 drops. Essence Of: -ADISU jee. coos venue veedewewe cen 30°, Liquorice Extract ssa sscssasnnean ness eeeese I ounce, Linseed Tea ........cccecsceeceeesacees siorestae! by or Chlorody ne .ssvsssssts aevstocaavseie cd caces 1 drachm, ” Ch bevo fori adie sasudlanicseiacesvertv cass > 5 Glycerine ........... ais cieo’nis ovals sibiars wiv aaa wi 2 ounces, Similarly administered. When it fails to do so,an emetic is generally beneficial. Counter-irritation is also very useful in the shape of hot linseed-meal poultices to the front of the chest, or, in severe cases, mustard-plasters or turpentine émbrocations, With small dogs considerable benefit arises from moistening the atmosphere with steam, which is easily accomplished in a 22 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. oom with an ordinary bronchitis kettle, and if the » symptoms are unusually urgent, the steam may be rendered | sedative by putting a few bruised poppy-heads in the water. Warm broths or bread and milk form the most suitable diet. . From the susceptibility of a return of the malady, unnecessary exposure to cold or damp should be avoided, and, until a thorough restoration to health is established, the animal should not be allowed to return to his natural and ordinary life. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. This is usually a sequel of the acute form, and is more generally met with in old animals. It rarely leaves the patient, and increases in severity in the cold seasons of the year. The symptomsare invariable ; cough of a husky charac- ter, shortness of breath, increased with exertion, expectora tion, and retching. ; Treatment.—This consists in alleviating the symptoms, and avoiding unnecessary exposure to cold and damp. Occasional stimulants combined with iron form the best medicinal treatment, and the cough mixture prescribed in acute form is also useful, VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN DOGS#* = Early in the month of January I was asked by Prin- cipal McEachran, F.R.C.V.S., to aid him in the investiga- » A Paper read before the Montreal Veterinary Medical Association, March 2ogth, 1877, by William Osler, M.D., L.R.C.P. Lond.; Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society, London; Vice-President of the Montreal Veterinary Medical Association; Professor of Physiology in McGill University, and in the Veterinary College, Montreal. ! _ Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 23 tion of a disease which had broken out among the pups at the kennels of the Montreal Hunt Club, and which was believed to be of a pneumonic nature. On_ proceeding to the place we found that the affection was confined almost exclusively to animals under eight months’ old, and that it had already proved fatal in several instances. At the time of the visit only one pup was ill, presenting symptoms of diminished air-space in the chest. In order to ascertain the exact condition of the lungs, one of the pups, which had died a day or two previously, and had meanwhile frozen stiff, was ordered to be sent to the Veterinary College for dissection. On the following day it was found at the autopsy that, in addition to the pneumonia, there were numerous small parasitic worms in the trachea and bronchial tubes. Knowing how subject many of the lower animals are to bronchial strongyles, I did not think it very remarkable that they should occur in the dog. On refer- ring, however, to Dr. Cobbold’s list of entozoa infesting the _ dog, I was surprised not to find a bronchial strongyle mentioned, and a further search through the standard © works on veterinary medicine and helminthology proving _ fruitless, I then wrote to the editors of the Veterinarian asking for information on the subject. They very kindly replied in a short editorial note in the March number, stating ‘that,’ so far as their knowledge extends,‘no such cases have been placed formally on record, but Dr. Cob- bold telis them ‘that one such instance has been verbally brought under his notice, though not in such a.way as to be thoroughly convincing.’ “T shall proceed now to speak of the symptoms and patho- logy of the disease, then give a description of the parasite itself, and make a few general remarks. “ Symptoms.—Only five of the diseased animals were seen ° during life, and that rather irregularly, on account of the dis- tance of the kennels from the city. However, I have ob- . 24 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. tained some important details from the keeper, and a case which was brought to the infirmary and kept for some time was made the subject of clinical study. “ Among the initial symptoms disinclination for food and exercise, together with an unsteadiness of gait, amounting in some of the cases to a subparalytic condition of the hinder extremities, were the most evident. In fully half of the cases convulsions occurred. There was rarely diarrhoea or any other symptom referable to gastro-intestinal dis- order. Cough was not a prominent symptom, being ab- sent in many of the cases. When present, it was short and husky, ‘not,’ as the keeper said,‘ the regular distemper cough. In the case brought to the infirmary the cough was well marked, and was dry and short. The pulse and respirations were increased, and the temperature elevated. Towards the close all food was refused, and even when fed the soup given was commonly vomited. Death took place in most instances quietly, though sometimes during a con- vulsion, and the keeper noticed that the pups which lasted. the longest had the most fits. The duration of the disease ranged from three days to a week or even ten days. The whole epidemic lasted about seven weeks. “ Altogether fifteen couples were attacked, all of which, with the exception of three couples of old dogs, were under eight months old. Of the old dogs three had the disease badly, but only one died. Of the total number affected four and a half couples recovered, so that twenty-one animals were lost. The dogs which recovered are now in their usual health, though not in such good condition as they were before. “With regard to the hygienic surroundings of the animals it may be stated that, at present, the kennels are in an old house which stands by itself on the Government property known as Logan’s Farm, at the east end of the city. It is isolated, being at some distance from any other building, and is situated on an elevated ridge overlooking the Quebec suburbs. Diseases of the Ran Bios 25 “The dieeage showed itself during a remarkably cold spell; indeed, for the first three weeks of the epidemic the thermometer ‘was almost constantly below zero. It was first observed in two or three pups of four conples which were kept by themselves in a separate room, 14ft. by 8ft. ; the floor being covered with straw, which was changed every weck. There was a cupboard in the room, and in this the pups slept. This room was on the exposed side of the house, and, according to thekeeper, was always very cold. The rest of the animals were kept in tolerably roomy quarters, though at night, with the doors closed, I do not think the ventilation would be sufficient. During the day they had free access to a large yard. The food consisted of porridge and cooked horseflesh, which were given either separately or boiled together. They got nothing else. The oatmeal was of good quality, nor did I find in portions of the food removed from the feeding-pans anything which afforded the slightest clue to the origin of the disease. “ Pathology—Post-mortem examinations were made in _eight cases. The following notes were dictated at the time : “CASE 1.—Autopsy eighteen hours after death. Body that of a well-nourished, half-grown, fox-hound bitch. On opening the thorax the lungs only partially collapse ; .the lower borders of the lobes are firm to the touch and dark in colour. The vessels in the lower mediastinum look full, and the tissues in that region are blood-stained. Pericardium natural; heart appears of normal size ; right auricle filled with dark grumous clots, which extend into the vessels and are here decolourised. Right ventricle distended with dark, semi-coagulated blood; the conus ~ arteriosus is filled with a perfectly decolourised clot, which passes into the pulmonary artery to the third and fourth divisions. The left auricle contains a small coagulum. The left ventricle contains no blood, but the whole cavity is occupied by a firm milk-white thrombus, which is connected 26 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. through the mitral valve with the one in the auricle, while a prolongation from it extends into the aorta. “ Lungs.—After removal, on inverting them, a quantity of dirty brown frothy fluid escapes through the larynx. © “The anterior and middle lobes and the anterior half ot the posterior lobe of the right lung are solidified, being of a dark reddish-brown colour, and contrasting strongly with the unaffected parts. The pleural surfaces are smooth, and there is no exudation. On section the lung-tissue is ofa dark red colour, the surface of the section finely granular, and bathed with a quantity of reddish-brown serum. On close inspection it is seen that the air-cells are uniformly filled with a solid exudation; attempts at inflation of the affected portions with air are unsuccessful. Portions ex- cised sink at once when placed in water. In the left lung the apex of the anterior lobe, the whole of the middle, and the root of one of the posterior lobes are in the same con- dition. The portions of the organs not diseased are ofa rosy red externally, and on section contain much blood and frothy serum. Between the healthy and diseased parts there is a zone of intense hyperemia. “ Trachea —On. slitting up the windpipe the mucous membrane is found covered with a dark frothy mucus. The membrane looks pale and natural to within an inch of the bifurcation, but at this point it becomes reddened, and un- even from the projection of irregular little masses of a greyish-yellow colour, which on close inspection are found to be localised swellings of the membrane, containing small parasitic worms, the white bodies of which can be seen lying upon and partially imbedded in these elevations. They are most abundant just at the bifurcation, at the lower part of which several have emerged, forming an elevation three or four lines in height. About the orifices of the second divisions these little masses are also seen, and the whole mucous membrane of this region is deeply con- gested, and somewhat swollen. Very few of the worms ' Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 27 are found lying free on the mucous membrane; almost all of them are attached to the masses or buried in them. The smaller tubes, especially those leading to the diseased portions of the lungs, are filled with a dirty brown fluid, and on squeezing any portion: of the organ quantities of it can be expelled. “The bronchial glands are swollen and enlarged. “The spleen appears healthy. “The deft kidney contains a large amount of blood ; other- wise looks natural. Nothing unusual in the right one. “The stomach contains a few ounces of dark brown fluid; mucous membrane is pale. Large veins full. “The duodenum contains a bile-stained mucus, and on pressing the gall-bladder, bile flows from the papilla biliaria. “Jejunum and deum contain a dirty black material adhering to the mucous membrane. “One tzenia elliptica and one ascaris marginata are found in the jejunum. “Large bowel healthy. “ Liver firm, dark red in colour, lobules indistinct, hepatic ' veins full, gall-bladder contains a small amount of bile. There is a clot in the portal vein. “ Brain.—Nothing abnormal about the membranes. Sub- stance of good consistence and apparently healthy. “In the following cases I have condensed the original account. “CASE 2.—A five months old dog pup, which had been ill a week. i “Extensive pneumonic consolidation of the lungs, invol- _ ving the lower part of the anterior lobe, and scattered patches ~ in the middle lobe on the left side, and half the posterior lobe on the right. On section the solidified parts presented the appearance already described in the preceding case, and the unaffected portions are in a state of engorgement. On slitting up the trachea and bronchial tubes much frothy 28 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. blood-tinged serum escaped, but no trace of any parasites can be found either in the tubes or parenchyma of the lungs. No ova or young parasites can be found in the blood of the cavities of the heart or of the pulmonary artery. “ Abdominal viscera appear healthy, though, owing to the obstruction in the lesser circulation, the blood-vessels are engorged, A few ascarides in the intestine and one small tenia elliptica. “CASE 3.—Dog pup, six months old. “Tn the left lung there are scattered patches of pneumonia in the anterior lobe, one or two are in the middle lobe, and half a dozen, the size of marbles, closely set together in the upper part of posterior lobe. Inthe right lung the anterior lobe is solid in an area 3'‘by 1’, extending along the lower free border, and through the whole thickness. Small patches occur here and there over the other lobes. In this instance ~ the inflamed spots are smaller, and not so extensive as in the other cases. On slitting up the trachea the mucous mem- brane looks healthy to within’ 2"’ of the bifurcation, when it becomes swollen, dark red in colour, and thickly scattered | over with the elevated granular masses noticed in the first’ case, attached to and in which numerous small white worms can be seen. A stream of water of considerable force does — not wash them away, but shows that each little elevation consists ofa nest of the parasites. They extend to the tubes of the second order, and are specially abundant at: the bifurcation itself, and about the orifices of the first tubes given off from the main bronchi. The small tubes are filled up with a frothy setum. Two of the worms are found far in the mucus. “Stomach andintestines appear healthy, except the lower portion of the ileum, which is congested.” “In this region ten specimens of dochmiustrigonocephalus occur, and further up in the bowel eight ascarides. “CASE 4.—A six months old dog pup brought to the in- firmary and died the next day. Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 29 “In the left lung the anterior and middle lobes and the lower free border of the posterior lobe are solidified. “In the right lung the lower three-fourths of the anterior and middle lobes, and the lower fourth of the posterior lobe, are in thesame condition. Pleural surfacesinvolved. The posterior half of the windpipe contains upon the mucous membrane of its lower wall about a dozen small red patches, which extend in the axis ofthe tube ; some appearing like linear streaks due to the injection of a few vessels. In all of them the presence of parasites can be determined, though in some of the smaller only one is found. They become more numerous about the bifurcation and in the main bronchi, occupying chiefly the lower wall. The masses are isolated and the mucous membrane between them intensely wyected. None are found in the second divisions of the tubes. “ Abdominal organs contain a good deal of blood. Mucous membrane of stomach and intestines looks healthy. The large bowel contains a quantity of consistent faeces. Six ascarides in the duodenum; six specimens of dochmius trigonocephalus in the jejunum, and ten specimens of trico- _ cephalus affinis in the czecum. “ Blood of heart and veins examined; nothing abnormal found. “CasE 5.—Seven months old bitch pup. Considerable emaciation. Scattered areas of pneumonia throughout both lungs; not quite so extensive as in Case 4, but presenting: similar characters. . From an inch in front of the bifurcation of the trachea to the bronchi of the second order, the whole mucous membrane is transformed into an irregular greyish- yellow granular structure, upon which the bodies ofnumerous white worms can be plainly seen. Two sizes may be dis- tinguished, one longer and of a more opaque white, which subsequent examination showed to be the female, the other shorter, thinner, and paler. In this case, even about the orifices of the third division of the bronchi, a few nests of the 30 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. parasite can be seen. In the mucus from the smaller tubes a few of the adult worms occur, and on spreading it out on glass slips, and examining with a low power, a few ova and free embryos are seen. ~ “Blood of heart and veins contains no parasites. “Nothing abnormal in the stomach or intestines; a large specimen of tenia elliptica in the latter, also a few as- carides. “Case 6.—A thin, badly nourished dog pup, six months old. Lungs present numerous patches of consolidation, in- volving on the right side the lower half of the anterior lobe | and a large piece of the posterior lobe. On the left side the free borders of the anterior and middle lobes for almost two inches from the margin, and a broad strip along the upper part of the posterior lobe. “Trachea and bronchi healthy; mucous membrane of the tubes in the affected parts congested, but no parasites in the membrane or in the lung-tissue. “Stomach and intestines appear natural ; a few ascarides in the latter. Nothing abnormal found in the blood. “CASE 7.—Dog pup, seven months old. The autopsy, which was made at the same time as the previous case, re- veals a similar condition of the lungs, and an entire ab- sence of any parasites either in the tubes or in the paren- chyma of the lungs. Nothing unusual in the abdominal organs, The tenia elliptica and five or six ascarides in the jejunum. “CASE 8.—A fine, well-grown dog pup, eight months old. Had been ill a week. “Lungs contain pneumonic areas of considerable extent; in the right involving the entire apex with the dependent border, and a small portion of the posterior lobe near the diaphragm. Inthe left lung almost the whole of the middle lobe, and the root of the posterior, are Ssperiely affected. “On opening the windpipe the discrete elevations above Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 31 described upon the mucous membrane about the bifurca- tion are very distinct, and the worms can be seen in them. The appearance is very like that met with in Case 4, and _the description need not be repeated. No parasites in the intestines. Nothing abnormal found in the blood. “The general and specific characters of the worm may be defined as follows : “ Strongylus canis bronchialis—A slender nematode hel- minth, body filiform, the female measuring about one- fourth of an inch in length, the male smaller, measuring one-sixth to one-eighth of an inch; head conical, mouth simple, unprovided with papille; tail of female obtuse, anal and generative orifices terminal, opening by a cloaca ; ovarian tube containing one row of eggs, which, in the ma- ture species, have developed into slender-coiled embryos ; tail of the male somewhat pointed; penis consists of a double spiculum of a yellowish-brown colour ; mode of re- production viviparous. “ Only occasionally,as stated above, were the worms feta lying free upon the bronchial membrane; asa rule, theylay imbedded in a localised granular swelling of the mucosa, Fic. 2. Fic. 3. Head of Male : Tail of Female Worm, Worm., showing the young Embryos. from which portions of them protruded. They could readily bepulled out witha pair of fine forceps, but a stream of water did not wash them away. In several of the cases examined 32 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. (more especially Case 4) the whole mucous membrane of the affected part appeared rough and irregular,as if ulcerated, and innumerable parasites lay upon and init. The mature females could easily be distinguished, not only by their larger size, but by the opaque whiteness of their bodies. The majority of the female worms examined were im- mature, and did not contain developed ova, The males were not nearly so numerous as the females. Forms inter- mediate between the adult worms and the young embryos (some of which, as already mentioned, existed free in the mucus) were not met with. “The occurrence in the bronchial tubes of the lower animals of nematoid worms belonging to the genus strongylusis by no means uncommon. Owing to the irrita- tion caused by their development in the mucous mem- brane an inflammation of the tubes is produced, hence the affection is known by the names of parasitic or verminous bronchitis, popularly called ‘husk’ or ‘hoose.” It is not altogether unknown in man, but very few instances are on record. Infesting the domestic animals there are three well-recognised species of strongylus: the S. filaria of the sheep and goat; S. paradoxus of the pig ; and S. micrurus of the calf, more rarely of the horse andass, Incalvesand lambs parasitic bronchitis often constitutes a serious and fatal epidemic, so much so that in the latter it goes by the name of the lamb disease. So far as I know, no epidemic of the kind has been noticed in Canada. The species I have here described differs in several particulars from either of the above mentioned, and is most probably new to science. “The origin of the epidemic must, I am afraid, like that of so many other diseases, remain obscure, We have abso- lutely nothing to aid us in forming an opinion on the sub- ject. There had been no change in the locality nor in the food. The straw upon which the dogs slept was of the ordinary kind, and the usual attention had been paid to Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 33 changing it and also to the general sanitary condition of the place. The disease broke out, too, during a spell of very severe weather, when the food left in the pans froze quickly. The course of the epidemic was short, lasting between six and seven weeks, a sufficient time, however, to destroy almost all the pups in the kennels. “The mode of invasion in parasitic disease of the bron- chial tubes has been, and still is,a matter of much dispute, _ some observers maintaining that ‘the ova and young para- sites taken up with the food in the first place gain access from the alimentary canal to the circulation ;’ others hold the view that they pass directly from the mouth to the trachea, or that the ova are inhaled by the breath. The former view is the one most generally entertained, and it is urged in its favour that the presence of the worms has been determined in the cavities of the heart and in the blood-vessels, as well as in the intestines. Now, in the epidemic under consideration, I think this view does not meet the case. Supposing the young embryos to have been ingested and to have gained access to the branches of the portal vein, they would then be carried to the right side of the heart, and from thence to the lungs, by the pulmonary artery, the capillaries of which ramify in the lung-substance alone, a situation in which the parasites did not occur. To get to the bronchial mucous membrane they must be re- turned by the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart, enter the aorta, and pass out by the small bronchial arteries which supply thetubes—an exceeding roundaboutand some- what improbable route. Itis to be remembered that young ’ strongyles have been found capable, like many other nema- toid worms, of reviving on the application of moisture after a desiccation of a month or more, and even after immersion in spirits of wine and solutions of corrosive sublimate and alum (Williams), so that their chance of survival under adverse circumstances is unusually good. It seems quite as reasonable to suppose that the dried em- D 34 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. bryos were inhaled with the breath, and, lighting in the mucous membrane, found suitable conditions for development. The position of the parasites about the bi- furcation of the trachea, at the angles of division of the main bronchi, and most abundantly in the lower wall of the tubes, just the localities where small particles would be most likely to lodge, favours an infection through the air rather than by the blood. The negative evidences in the heart and blood-vessels do not go for much either way, as the examination in all the cases was made after the invasion of the parasites, and consequently at a time when they could scarcely be found in the circulation. “Jt is a somewhat remarkable fact that verminous bron- chitis prevails to a much greater extent and is more fatal in young animals than in adults. Thus lambs and calves are the chief victims in epidemics of ‘hoose, whereas it is only occasionally that adult animals succumb to the disease. In lambs the worms are usually found in the bronchial tubes, while in sheep they are more commonly encysted in the lung-tissue itself where they do not appear to cause much irritation. It'seems to me that in the ana- tomical peculiarities of the lungs in young animals we have an explanation of the fatality of the disease among them. If the bronchial tubes of a young animal be compared with those of an adult, they are seen to be softer, much less rigid ; the mucous membrane is lower, not so thin, nor so closely attached to the tissues beneath. Hence it happens that in inflammation of the tubes from any cause, swelling and tumefaction of the mucous membrane readily occur, and constitute elements of danger which are directly propor- tionate to the calibre of the tubes attacked. In the cases above reported the swelling of the membrane in the larger tubes was considerable, and, though not sufficient to prevent the access of air, must have interfered greatly with the ex- pulsion of mucus from the smaller tubes, not only by decreasing and narrowing the orifices of exit, but also by Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 35 1 destroying, over an important area, the ciliary action so useful for this purpose. The same difference is met with in human practice. Ordinary acute bronchitis in the adult is not at all a dangerous affection, while in young children it is the reverse ; and for the very reason that in them the bronchial mucous membrane swells easily, and there is not the same expulsive power to enable them to get rid of themucus which, in consequence, accumulates, and may cause collapse or inflammation of the lung tissue. In the ‘lamb disease’ death occurs from asphyxia, caused by the collec- _ tion cf mucusin the tubes. I have no records at hand ot | the state of the lung tissue in these cases, whether it is in a condition of collapse or of inflammation ; probably the latter, for I see the expression ‘ verminous pneumonia’ used by some authors. “ With reference to the pneumonic condition of the lungs of the dogs in this epidemic, it will be remembered that in three of thé post-mortem examinations the inflammation of the lungs was found without the occurrence of parasites in the bronchial tubes ; the pneumonia being quite as exten- sive as in the cases accompanied with strongyles. I must confess that this circumstance has puzzled me not a little, and I see no very satisfactory explanation of the fact. It appears natural to refer the diseased condition of the lung- substance in the parasite cases to the accumulation of the mucus in the smaller tubes producing collapse of the air-cells in certain areas, which subsequently became inflamed—a sequence of events sometimes observed in children. The appearance of the lungs in several of the cases corresponds with this view; for the pneumonia was lobular, affecting small and isolated portions of the lung-tissue. Mr. James Moore, in his work on the homceopathic treat- ment of the dog, in his section on “Internal Parasites in the Aiv-Passages,” gives the following :— “ Pentastomum Tenioitdes—This worm occupies that part of the respiratory tube which lies anterior to the larynx, D—2 36 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. and especially inhabits the nasal sinuses, etc. Obstruction more or less marked is the consequence of its presence in this region. “Chobart first discovered it in the frontal sinus of the — horse and the dog. He confounded it with the tenia, and christened it the senza lanceole. “ Blanchard examined many dogs without finding it, and states that the helminthological collection at the Jardin des Plantes contains only two specimens. It has been found in dogs in different parts of the Continent, and also in other animals. Leuchart introduced the Pentastomum denticu- latum of the rabbit into the nostrils of a dog, where he . afterwards found the Pezt. tenzotdes. He concludes that the former, which lies encysted in the viscera of several species of animals,is the larval form of the latter. He states that mature ripe eggs are thrown off from this para- site, and discharged with the nasal mucus of its host in the act of sneezing. These embryonic forms manage some- how or other to get introduced into the bodies of other animals, where they become fully developed. Fiirstenberg has found the immature or a sexual form in the mesenteric glands of the sheep, as developed from the eggs of this’ parasite, which are swallowed by the sheep with its food. When a dog or wolf eats the entrails and mesenteric glands of such sheep, the embryonic parasite sticks to the nose and lips, and afterwards passes up the nostrils, where it becomes firmly fixed by its hooks. Here the embryo gradually increases in size, is endowed with sexual organs in about two months, and attains its full development in twelve. Colin introduced fifty immature parasites into a Newfoundland dog. Eight months afterwards the dog was killed, and eleven mature parasites, nine males and two females, were found in the ethmoidal cells and about the turbinated bones. The males moved about; the females were fixed by their hooklets to the pituitary membrane, and had their copulative sacs filled with spermatozoa, and their oviducts crammed with eggs. Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 37 “ Symptoms.—As to the symptoms produced by the worm, whilst Rudolphi found a dog which he examined perfectly well, and Dujardin, Miram, Colin, etc., make no reference to any disorder in their cases; on the other hand, Chobart gives rather a dark account of the effects produced. ‘The animal,’ he says, ‘is subject to convulsions, during which it is violently agitated, stops short, hits itself on the head, rolls over, rubs its nose on the ground, and the jaws are convulsively champed. It devours everything within reach, such as wood, straw, etc., discharges a large quantity of saliva, passes urine involuntarily, and sneezes without ceasing. Death sometimes ensues.’ “The mucous membrane of the nose is found to be red, blackish, ecchymosed, thickened, and ulcerated ; the sinuses more or less filled with pus; and even the ethmoid bone sometimes partially carious. “ Treatment—Trephine the nostrils and inject with water. Inhalations of chlorine and tobacco smoke. Chloroform?” ASTHMA (ConcEsTIVvE). This disease is due to congestion of the mucous mem- brane of the bronchial tubes, and chiefly affects aged, highly fed, pampered house-dogs, and those in the same condition out of doors. Predisposing causes.—Hereditary disposition, indigestion, gastric and intestinal irritation. Exciting Causes —Sudden changes of temperature ; flatu- lency ; obstructed pneumonic circulation ; large accumula- tions of fat, especially about the heart and large blood- vessels; pungent effluvie, especially ammoniacal : hence dogs continually kept in foul stables being asthmatical. Symptoms.— Thick, laboured, wheezing respiration ; husky bark ; distress after exertion, with excessive panting, and frequently palpitation; Schneiderian membrane in- jected ; flatulency and constipation. 38 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Treatment.—Remedial measures can only be adopted with a view to alleviating the symptoms: an absolute cure is out of the question. The digestive organs demand special attention ; rich food, and that which is likely to. produce flatulency, must be strictly avoided. Vegetable charcoal and iron, 1 scruple of the former and Io grains of the latter, made into a pill and given three times a week, with an occasional oleaginous aperient, form as a rule the most effectual medicinal treatment. If the animal is gross, and the breathing difficult, an ordinary emetic may be administered with benefit; and to ensure prolongation of life a gradual reduction of obesity, and when reduced proportionately, a fixed standard main- tained, is most necessary. If out of doors, the dryness, drainage, and kennel situation are matters of importance. (Sée “ Kennel Arrangement.”) ASTHMA (SpasMoDIc) _ | Differs from the former in that it comes on in paroxyms, often of almost a tetanic nature, and is usually unaccom- panied by any inflammatory symptoms. It is more amenable to treatment than the previous form, but is liable to return suddenly and without warning. Predisposing Causes—A previous attack, or hereditary disposition. , Exciting Causes-—Prolonged dyspepsia ; flatulence ; an- terior spinal irritation; sudden changes of temperature ; irritating effluvie. Symptoms.—Sudden and laboured respiration, occurring at intervals; dry cough during the paroxysm, with or without expectoration ; exertion frequently produces retch- ing and vomiting. Treatment.—An emetic at the onset is advisable. If the paroxysms continue, small doses of stimulants should be administered. as a teaspoonful of brandy and water, with Diseases of the Resprratory Organs. 39 three or four drops of spirits of camphor. If no relief at- tends these measures, five grains of iodide of potassium and five minims of tincture of belladonna given in a desert- spoonful of water will frequently be found effectual in re- laxing the bronchial spasm. Idoform 2-4 grains and chlorodyne 7-12 minims are also useful. When the attack occurs after a meal an aperient is indicated. The instructions given for the preceding form regarding diet will apply to spasmodic asthma. Overloading the stomach and exertion after a meal, should specially be avoided. — ; PLEURISY, Or inflammation of the investing membrane of the lungs, and that lining the thoracic cavity, may be associated with pneumonia (pleuro-pneumonia) or exist as an independent disease. Predisposing Causes.—Debility, disease of the lungs, or any of the predisposing causes of inflammation. Exciting Causes——Cold ; inflammation of neighbouring textures ; injuries, as fracture of or wounds penetrating be- tween or external to, the ribs. Symptoms.—These generally commence with shivering and febrile disturbance ; respiration quickened; the in- spiration is remarkably short, being suddenly interrupted almost immediately the breath is taken ; this is due to the pain caused by the movement of the ribs in dilatation, or the inflation of the lungs on and against the pleura; the ab- dominal muscles are in consequence called in to aid respi- ration, hence the bellow-like heaving movement at the flank. There is a dry suppressed cough, and the usual in- dications of fever; nose hot and dry, tongue white and slimy, eyes bright and watery, conjunctival membrane in- jected, pulse hard, jerking, and frequent. As these symp- toms advance, the animal becomes exceedingly distressed 40 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. frequently sitting on his haunches with the fore legs wide apart ; pressure over the ribs causes acute pain; the cough is more frequent, the breathing shorter and more difficult, and an anxious haggard look pervades the whole coun- tenance. - Terminations.—Resolution, ae effusion, or the shins form. In the lower animals, recovery fein acute pleurisy usually terminates in adhesions, while effusion is generally the forerunner of death. When the latter (effusion) takes place, a considerable and marked alteration is immediately manifested in the symptoms—the breathing becomes more and more laboured, threatening suffocation ; on aus- cultation the natural respiratory murmur is absent so far as the fluid reaches, whilst above it is considerably increased; percussion gives a dull dead sound over the region of effusion ; as the fluid increases the intercostal spaces be- come bulged,and towards the latter stage the dependent parts of the animal are more or less cedematous. The pulse is feeble and quick, and as the end approaches be- comes imperceptible. Asphyxia closes the scene. Post-mortem Exauination.—Eftfusion of serum, with pus and bands of lymph across the walls of the chest; recent adhesions, and considerable thickening of the pleura, coated with lymph. Treatment.—Pleurisy, from the acuteness of its character and rapidity of its progress, demands prompt and active measures: bleeding, advocated by other authors, is not, in my opinion, admissible, or in accordance with the character of the disease, which is excessively lowering in itself, and weakening the volume of blood would have a tendency ‘rather to promote what of all things we*should wish to avoid—effusion—than check the inflammatory process and prevent its occurrence. Purgatives are equally inadmissible, and, of the two, more dangerous, for if excessive action of the bowels is excited in any inflammatory chest affection, it Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 41 is with the utmost difficulty it can be checked; more often itis the case, of which I have had painful experience, that its abatement has not been accomplished, and death has been hastened thereby. ’ The remedial measures best adapted to this disease are diffusible stimulants and counter irritation. Spt. Ether Nit. .......... saseseesees 2 OUNCES. Liq. Ammon. Acetat. ......... weeane AL 4 A teaspoonful every four hours in twice the quantity of lin- seed tea for a small dog, and double of each for a large one. Counter-irritation may be applied to the chest in the form of mustard-plasters, ammonia or terebinth embroca- tion, or hot linseed-meal poultices. The temperature of the body should be equalised as much as possible, but due regard to the observance of proper ventilation is necessary. Many persons wrongly imagine that a warm room and the. exclusion of fresh air is equally necessary to the, lower animal as to the higher—a fatal error. Where the debility rapidly increases, and there is danger of effusion taking place, tinct. of ferri, 5 to 10 minims, should be added to each dose of the stimulant. This, from its con- stringent power, is undoubtedly one of the best agents we have for the prevention of dropsies. Where effusion is present the ferri iodidum should be substituted, active counter-irritation applied to the sides, and a seton may be inserted with benefit in front of the chest. It is necessary, however, to observe that where the latter measure is adopted, increased support is needful, from the weakening tendency of the agent. Where the effusion increases, and the case appears hopeless unless the fluid is removed, tap- ping the chest by means of the insertion of a small trochar between the eighth and ninth ribs may be had recourse to. The operation affords immediate relief: in removing the compression on the lungs and the displacement of the heart. It is, however,asa rule, buta temporary respite. Secondary secretion follows, and-usually more rapidly than that which 42 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. preceded it, and we may tap again with the same result. There are, nevertheless, exceptional cases: in the horse I have seen recovery follow the operation, and also in the dog. CHRONIC PLEURISY May, as I have stated, be a termination of the former, or it may begin as a chronic affection, z¢, it may assume a sub-acute form from the commencement. Pain on the affected side, cough, increased pulse, and respiration con- siderably accelerated by exertion, and more or less fever, are the symptoms generally present. Effusion, or lymph and adhesions are usually present; as the lymph becomes or- ganized, the fluid absorbed, and the adhesions firmer, the walls of the chest become flattened ; dulness on percussion, feebleness of the respiratory murmur, and an occasional rasping sound attend this condition. Treatment.—This consists in endeavouring to promote absorption of the effused fluids, and in giving strength to the patient. The sulphate ofiron, in from 5 to 15 grains, in pro- portion to the size of the animal, with cod-liver oil, forms the best and, I have found, the most successful medicinal treatment. Mild continued counter-irritation to the sides of the chest is also advisable. The application of the tincture of iodine, after first shaving off the hair, is exceedingly useful, and the insertion of a seton in front of the chest for a month or six weeks is most valuable. The diet should be nourishing, and every means adopted which is calculated to impart vigour. PNEUMONIA, Or inflammation of the substance of the lungs, is a complaint _to which dogs are exceedingly liable. : Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 43 Predisposing Causes—Hereditary disease, as scrofula or phthisis, an anaemic or plethoric habit of body, sudden and frequent changes of temperature. -e EL xciting Causes Exposure to cold and damp (especially in toy or house-dogs, frequently washed and not carefully dried, and who are used to a warm atmosphere), violent exertion, penetrating lung wounds. Symptoms.—The stages of pneumonia are usually three : Ist, that of engorgement, or congestion ; 2nd, red hepatiz- ation ; 3rd, yellow or grey hepatization, or purulent infil- tration. . The early stage is generally ushered in with shiverings, followed by fever; the pulse is increased, the respiration becomes quickened, there is an occasional short cough, the head is extended, the eyes bloodshot, nose hot and dry, tongue protruded and furred, edges of a deep red; the animal assumes a sitting posture, with the fore-legs wide apart. Ausculation reveals a crackling or crepitating sound, which is circumscribed according to the amount of lung . involved ; this sound obscures to a great extent the respir- atory murmur in those portions not diseased, and as the malady proceeds this murmur becomes quite obliterated, the crepitus general and more defined, and the other symptoms all increased in severity. If the malady is not checked at this stage, it quickly passes on into the second. The crepitus on auscultation is absent, and no sound, except it be a slight wheezing or ‘whistling noise, can be detected ; hepatization has then taken place, and inflation is but a cypher. The sound emitted on percussion at this stage is very characteristic of consolidation being flat and dead. The cough now is frequent, and accompanied with red or rusty expectoration ; the eyes have a sunken appearance ; respiration is performed with great effort and pain; the cheeks are inflated in the act, nostrils dilated, and the 44 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. general expression is haggard and pitiful in the extreme. The position on the haunches is still maintained, or, if changed, it is but momentarily, to stand with the fore-legs propped apart to allow more room for the abdominal muscles to aid respiration. When the third stage arrives and suppuration commences —in other words, when the lung-structure breaks down, auscultation discovers anew sound—a bubbling or gurgling . crepitation caused by the passage of air through pus. On placing the hand flat upon the side, much the same sensation will be communicated ; it is as though fluid was boiling underneath, and I have been painfully struck with this phenomenon both in the human and canine subject. The appealing look for relief in this stage is most affecting ; acutely is the weakness of human aid now felt by the atten- dant—petting, caressing, words of comfort and pity are all that he has to dispose of. The cough is new loose, and accompanied with copious expectoration ; the mouth and lips are coated with sticky slime ; the breath has a peculiar foetid cadaverous odour, and is taken in short gasps ; the ears and extremities are cold and clammy; the pulse is imperceptible, and death closes the scene. Such, briefly, may be described as the leading symptoms in the several stages of pneumonia. Treatment.—Pneumonia admits of no delay in treatment ; immediately symptoms of the malady are presented, our course must be promptly decided. Thesame remarks as to the advisability of bleeding and physic in pleurisy are equally applicable here. Stimulants and counter-irritation are decidedly indicated ; in protracted pneumonia the latter may be carried to the extent of a cantharidine application, and the seton is especially serviceable ; the necessity of bodily warmth, the admittance of a reasonable amount of fresh air, and a nutritious diet must not be forgotten. Iron . and cod-liver oil, after the more active symptoms have abated, will materially assist in promoting convalescence. Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 45 It is now pretty generally acknowledged that consolidated lung is capable of regeneration, and I have had myself practical experience of the fact. Dr. Chambers observes : “T have no doubt, in my own mind, that the way in which consolidated lung recovers is by the exudated fibrin breaking down into pus, and being expectorated, whilst the obstructed airvesicles regain their elasticity and capacity for performing their functions. This is a strong argument for an ample supply of nutriment during the regenerative process.” CONSUMPTION. This decimating disease of mankind extends to the lower animals, and dogs are frequently subjects in which its fatal seeds are sown. Predisposing Causes.—Hereditary taint, close confine- ment, bad air, unwholesome food, and breeding in and in Exciting Causes.—Preceding diseases, as distemper, pneu- monia, catarrh, scrofula, asthma. Sudden changes of temperature ; damp habitation. Symptoms.—Occasional cough; short respiration, ac- celerated during exertion, with increased cough ; failing appetite ; loss of flesh. As the disease proceeds, profuse expectoration takes place, the breath becomes feetid, great prostration is manifest, the hair falls off, diarrhoea sets in, and the animal dies much in the same way as our own un- fortunate species do. | Treatment.—This can only be adopted so far as the alleviation of suffering and the prolongation of life are concerned : cure is impossible. In the early stages a seton in the chest, cod-liver oil and iron, nutritious diet, and the avoidance of exposure to damp and cold, will often arrest the progress of the disease ; in fact, if thus checked early, it will assume a quiescent state, and remain so for a long time, or even the natural period of canine existence. 46 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. It is almost needless to add that a dog so affected should never be used for breeding purposes. POLYPUS. Polypus within the nose is occasionally met with in canine practice. At times the tumour is visible externally, protruding from the nostril; whilst at others, and when small, it may be situated high up and out of sight. Symptoms.—The animal frequently sneezes, and from the obstruction to the free passage of air the respiration is stuffy and difficult, and, if the obstruction has existed some time, is accompanied with nasal discharge. Examination reveals the presence of polypus. Tveatment.—This consists in removal by ligature or for- ceps, and the nostril may be syringed for a few days afterwards with a weak solution of alum. OZANA, Though of common occurrence in the horse, is rarely seen in the dog. The disease consists of a copious and fcetid discharge from one or both nostrils. . Causes.—Prolonged catarrh, irritation, from the presence of foreign substances in the nasal chambers or frontal sinuses, ulceration of the Schneiderian membrane, disease of the turbinated bones, unsound teeth. Symptoms.—Discharge, as already described, which may be continuous or periodical, obstructed breathing, having a rattling sound from the ingress and egress of air through the said discharge; frequent sneezing and occasional cough. Treatment.—The nostrils should be daily syringed with warm water, and where there is ulceration or diseased bone, either of the following lotions may be injected : Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 47 T.—AlUM . case cece sccee miawcanivanmens 5 grains ING UA naisidcnd sence anninbinmaecuaiunennnteds I ounce 2.—Zine Chloride....sccscccseecsevesees 5 grains Aqua sisvvosaveecis saneeunpaene ketene I ounce 3.—Nitrate of silver .........ce eee 5 grains ABQUa wossueanavicvensioniiabncnensesecas I ounce The second recipe, where there is much foetor, is most useful. If the disease proceeds from a diseased tooth, removal will be at once necessary. If from polypus, the same course must be adopted. Mineral tonics, and generous diet, and free out-door exercise, are essential adjuncts to the treatment. CHAPTER III. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH. AND TONGUE. ! DENTITION, ULCERS, DECAYED TEETH, BLAIN, TARTAR, PARALYSIS, CANKER, PHARYNGITIS, GLOSSITIS SALIVATION. DENTITION. ACCORDING to the dentition of the dog by M. Girard, and Linneus, the following is the acknowledged formula: Incisors, */, ; canines, = molars, ~— 42. The following cuts exhibit the front teeth of the dog in various stages of growth and decay : Fic, 4. FIG. 5. 48 Diseases of the Mouth and Tongue. 49 FIG. 10, 50 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. The full- “grown dog has usually twenty teeth in the upper and twenty-two in the lower jaw, with two small. supernu- merary molars. All of them, with the exception of the tushes, are provided with a long neck covered by the gums, and separating the body of the tooth from the root. The projecting portion of the teeth is more or less pointed, and disposed so as to tear and crush the food on which the dog lives. They are of moderate size when compared with those of other animals, and are subject to little loss of sub- stance compared with the teeth of the horse. In most of them, however, there is some alteration of form and sub- stance, both in the incisors and the tushes; ‘but this de- pends so much on the kind of food on which the animal lives, and the consequent use of the teeth, that the indica- tion of the age by the altered appearance of the mouth is not to be depended upon after the animal is four or five years old. The incisor teeth are six in number in each jaw, and are placed opposite to each other. In the lower jaw, the pincers, or central teeth, are the largest and the strongest ; the middle teeth are somewhat less, and the corner teeth the smallest and the. weakest. In the upper jaw, however, the corner teeth are much larger than the middle ones ; they are farther apart from their neighbours, and they terminate in a conical pene curved somewhat inwards and backwards. As long as the teeth of the full-grown dog are whole, and not injured by use, they have a healthy appearance, and their colour is beautifully white. The surface of the incisors presents, as in the ruminants, an interior and cutting edge, and a hollow or depression within. This edge or border is divided into three lobes, the largest and most projecting forming the summit or point of the tooth. The two lateral lobes have the appearance of notches cut on either side of the principal lobe, and the union of the three resembles the fleur de lis, which, however, is in the process of time effaced by the wearing out of the teeth. (Figs. 6 and 7.) Diseases of the Mouth and Tongue. 51 ' While the incisors are young they are flattened on their sides, and bent somewhat backwards, and there is a decided cavity, in which a pulpy substance is enclosed. This, how- ever, is gradually contracted as the age of the dog increases. “M. F. Cuvier speaks of certain supernumerary teeth occasionally developed in each of thejaws. There is much irregularity accompaning them, and they have even been supposed to have extended to seven or eight in number.” — Youatt. _ Thefollowing notes are extracted from Professor Simonds’ ‘lecture on this subject :—“ The dog, at birth, as a rule, has no teeth, but if we examine the gums we may plainly see the outline of them, and easily count the number, and the same applies to the molars. When about one month old the temporary teeth seem to be all complete, and cut through the gums. After that period very little is to be observed except the growth of them. In the course of a very Short time the temporary teeth may be observed giving way. It is difficult to say which permanent ones come first, but he (Professor Simonds), from his observations, believes the corner incisors and tushes do so, and not unfrequently it is the same with the temporary ones. The cutting of the permanent teeth commences at the age of four months, and at about six months the animal generally has them all, and at eighteen months dentition is complete. Perhaps up to about a year old there is not much difficulty in telling the age of the dog. If properly kept the teeth will be sharp and white, without wear, because if fed on soft food they would be preserved much longer (?) ; while on the other hand, if the meal consists of bones and hard food, they will be worn away much sooner, and seeing these things, we must judge accordingly. At three years old, asa rule, they will present a worn surface ; beyond this we have nothing more to guide us. DECAYED TEETH. Sound teeth are essential to the comfort, health, and 52 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. pleasurable companionship of the dog as they are to man- kind. Unfortunately, however, in our canine friends these useful agents are liable to become decayed, and the once nursed pet is, by the foetor of his breath, rendered offensive and ordered to a distance. : Decayed teeth are the cause of many diseases, especially of the mouth and digestive organs. Painful swellings, abscesses and sinuses of the cheek, structural changes in the jaw-bone—leading to tumour, laceration of the. tongue, canker, constitutional irritation, indigestion, and intestinal disease. There can be no doubt that the dog at times is a martyr to toothache, the slobbering manner in which he partakes ‘of his food, and often his refusal to do so, with the head held on one side, denote this to the observant eye. Decayed teeth are dependent, to a great extent, upon the system of feeding (see “ Feeding”). They should at all times be removed. Occasionally hemorrhage will follow . extraction. In such a case a little cotton wool steeped in tincture of myrrh, iron, or solution of alum, and packed in the cavity, will have the desired effect of arresting it. TARTAR. The deposit of tartar on the teeth is likewise prejudicial to health, and is usually the result of injudicious feeding and gastric derangement. The accumulation, especially in aged dogs, is often very considerable. In consequence of the irritation produced on the gums, they become congested, swollen, and spongy, the teeth loosen and decay, the breath is disgustingly foetid, and constitutional disease follows such a condition if long main-, tained. Teeth so affected should be “scaled,” and after- wards brushed with soap and water and a little charcoal, or a few drops of simple tincture of myrrh. The reception of deposit may frequently be prevented, by allowing the animal occasionally large bones to gnaw. Diseases of the Mouth and Tongue. 53 The food must be plain, not stimulating ; luxuries are especially to be avoided ; a mild dose of aperient medicine and subsequently a little iron and quinine, will aid in re- storing tone to the system. CANKER, Canker of the mouth is a result of the foregoing affections ; it is exceedingly painful, and, if long neglected, very trouble- some. Symptoms—The gum is congested, swollen and spongy, and bleeds on the least pressure. Abscesses not unfrequently form on the jaw, and discharge disgustingly foetid pus ; hzmatoid granulations follow, and the poor animal-is re- duced, from inability through pain to lap or masticate, to a mere skeleton, while a considerable amount of inflam- matory fever is present. Treatment.—This primarily consists in the removal of the cause. Rotten stumps, loose or over-crowded teeth, should be extracted ; if necrosis of the bone is present, that like- wise must be removed. Small doses of alterative medicine daily, for a few days, should follow. The food should be soft, nutritous,and plain; animal food is, for a time, best avoided. The following gargle will have a beneficial effect on the condition of the gums: ANUS wes dase eoneemmewns idiewevoniconewaise 10 grains. Tinct. Myrrh Co. ...ccecsceeseseneeees 4 drachm. Acid. acetic ...... euehneMaowaelantrs + 4 AQUa ssssracsewsssavs severiccavanecoewens 6 ounces. A little to be used twice a day. APHTH OF THE MOUTH. This is an exudative form of stomatitis, commonly known 54 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. as “thrush.” Aphthe is most frequently seen in young animals, and occurs from disorder of the digestive organs or impaired nutrition. It is also common in unweaned puppies, especially when the parent or foster-mother is unhealthy. In old animals it occasionally arises from debilitating diseases and indigestion, _ Symptoms.—Numerous small white specks covering the mucous membrane of ‘the mouth (most abundant in suck- ing whelps on the edges and insides of the lips), especially on the inner surface of the cheeks, tongue, and fauces, and sometimes down the cesophagus. Profuse salivation, difficulty in swallowing, vomiting, diarrhoea, cough, and general debility. Treatment-—Borax and glycerine, carbolic or salicylic acid, tincture of myrrh, alum, sulphite of soda: Internally.—Chlorate of potash, carbonate of soda, iron, cod-liver oil. Nutritious food, good hygiene (with puppies, change of milk, or bottle-feeding with goat’s or cow's milk). AFFECTIONS OF THE TONGUE. GLOSSITIS. Dogs are very liable to injuries of the tongue, resulting in severe inflammatory action of its membrane or substance (glossitis). This frequently occurs from its being bitten during an attack of epilepsy, in devouring sharp substances, or from irritation and laceration produced from broken teeth, stings, or the contact of acrid matters. Symptoms.—Pain, swelling, increased salivation, difficulty of deglutition, intense thirst, and more or less constitutional disturbance. _ . : Treatment.—Warm fomentations, scarification, or, if pos- sible, the application of leeches—-which in ‘small dogs, when gagged, is not difficult. If from the teeth, filing or removal. A dose of aperient medicine should be administered, and the food consist of warm slops, Diseases of the Mouth and Tongue. 55 ULCERS. These usually arise from excessive deposit of tartar on, or decay of, the teeth, or from gastric derangement. Treatment.—lf from tartar, the teeth should be scaled ; if from decay,removed. Where they are due to gastric derange- ment, aperient medicine, with restricted plain diet, must be prescribed. Ifthe ulcers do not disappear under this treat- ment, they may be occasionally touched with lunar caustjc. BLAIN, Or enlargement of the tongue, with the presence of vesicles on its lateral and under surface, is a diseasé to which the lower animals are very subject. The dog, however, is not so in proportion to horses and oxen. Blain is more frequent in spring and autumn, and often assumes an epidemic form. . Symptoms.— These come on suddenly, without any trace- able cause or warning. The tongue is considerably swollen and red, and has the appearance of being engorged with blood; its sides and under surface are studded with large livid vesicles. The salivary secretion is considerably increased, and rapidly changes from its normal character to a purulent, bloody, and fcetid discharge, due to the formation of unhealthy or gangrenous ulcers at the base of the vesicles. Treatment—In the earlier stages the malady will generally yield to aperient medicine, and astringent washes to the mouth. When the disease has become ad- vanced, ulcers succeed the vesicles, and a fetid discharge accompanies them. A weak solution of chloride of zinc should be used to the mouth, and the, ulcers occasionally touched with nitrate of silver. Tonics are the most suitable medicinal agents. 56 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. ae oe seaaceei einai } we § to 16 rains. ingib. ..... sk dnirs dulenomee Coeieaataats Treacle ........+000. Aiswasavs'as sserusaars Sufficient. One pill to be given twice a day. Or, Tinct. Ferri Mur. ......ececeseee Tinct. Gentian Co. ..eeccccceeeee } aso dreps AQUA... .cceeseceseveeees sees nenaveould I ounce A’ teaspoonful twice a day; double for a large dog. The food should be soft, and chiefly liquid, owing to the soreness of the mouth. PARALYSIS OF THE TONGUE. A partial paralysis of the tongue is not unfrequent in dogs, and particularly those of the bull bred. In some this lolling side protrusion is a congenital deformity; but it more often occurs from injury, long-continued chorea or debility. a Symptoms.—The organ hangs generally from one side of the mouth. Its condition rarely interferes with lapping. but it gives rise to other undesirable results. From its pro- trusion and long exposure to air it becomes dry, coated with fur, more or less indurated, and is, to say the least of it unsightly. Treatment.—If the paralysis be of recent date,nux vomica I to 2 grains, and ferri sulph. 5 to 10 grains, twice daily, will often, if not absolutely remove it, considerably reduce it. Where the affection has been of long existence, the same treatment is still applicable, with the addition of a small seton in the submaxillary space ; but the latter cases are far from satisfactory ones to deal with. The tongue should be frequently placed back in the mouth, and, if possible, kept there for a time; this will tend to prevent, to a considerable extent, the condition named from its long exposure to air. Diseases of the Mouth and Tongue. 57 The diet is best composed of slops, and these should be placed within reach of the animal, so that he may lap when- ever inclination prompts him, PHARYNGITIS. Inflammation of the pharynx, unassociated with other disease, is of rare occurrence in the dog. It is usually due to an immediate exciting cause—as the lodgment of some foreign body, or contact of acrid and irritating sub- stances. Symptoms—A. dry, irritable cough, such as would lead one to suppose an effort was being made to dislodge some irritant matter. The membrane has a congested and swollen appearance ; there is considerable difficulty in deglutition, and the act, or attempt to perform itis followed with retching. The throat is sensitive to external pressure, and cough is easily excited by it. If the disease proceeds, a purulent discharge takes place from the nostrils, the salivary secretion is increased, and considerable constitutional disturbance follows. Pharyngitis may terminate in resolution, ulceration, and abscess, or pharyngeal stricture. Treatment.—In the first place, it is necessary to ascertain the cause. If it arises from the presence of a foreign body, its removal at once is indicated ; and the same will apply to the contact of acrid or irritating substances. External fomentations with warm water, or the application of linseed poultices, and the exhibition of bland, warm drinks, should form the after treatment. If the inflammatory action has a tendency to become chronic, a weak solution of nitrate of silver is the best local application, particularly if there is ulceration ; and tonics, particularly iron and quinine, are the most suitable medi- cinal agents. — ' Pharyngeal abscess is generally denoted by a fluctuating 58 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. tense swelling, with difficulty in swallowing. The head is ~ carried stiffly, and the nose poked out. Treatment con- sists in the evacuation of the matter with the lance or trochar. Pharyngeal stricture usually proceeds from protracted inflammatory action; and is manifested by repeated attempts at deglution, with considerable difficulty in per- forming the act when eating the food, particularly solid matter. Treatment, as in other strictures, is by dilatation. The food should be fluid and stimulating. SALIVATION. Salivation, when unassociated with any local affections of the mouth or neighbouring structures, is usually an in- dication of mercurialism. Unfortunately for the canine race, mercury, in some one of its compounds, whether for internal or external use, forms one of the pet remedies of “dog doctors.” The red and green iodides are especial — favourites for external use, and for diseases often requiring very opposite treatment these preparations are prescribed. To wit, skin diseases—all of which in the vocabulary of the quack are mange. While for alterative, aperient, or emetic purposes, calomel is used most indiscreetly. Symptoms——In mercurialism, the salivary secretion is unusually abundant, the teeth are loose and discoloured, the gums spongy, swollen, and tender, and of a deep red, often approaching a purple hue. The breath is singularly foetid; the tongue loaded with brown fur, and réd down the sides. There is little appetite, but excessive thirst. Sloughing and ulceration of the mucous membrane of the mouth frequently follow, and if the mercurial doses have been excessive, the stomach and intestines are ina like manner affected, resulting in blood-stained vomits and sanguinary purging. If suitable measures are not taken. to check these effects, considerable irritative fever is established. Extreme Diseases of the Mouth and Tongue. 59 debility follows, the hair falls off, the animal becomes rapidly emaciated, tremulous, and paralytic, and dies in convulsions or delirium. Not unfrequently the face is considerably swollen, and the joints are hot and tender, Mercurialism also gives rise to a species of eczema (eczema mercuriale). See * Skin Diseases.” Treatment.—The most effectual antidotes for poisoning by mercury are albuminous compounds, the white of eggs being perhaps the best, especially in the case of corrosive sublimate. Christison, writing on the subject, observes: “It has. already been hinted that albumen, in the form of white of eggs beat up with water, impairs or destroys the corrosive properties of bichloride of mercury, by decomposing it, and producing an insoluble mercurial compound. For this discovery, and the establishment of albumen as an antidote, medicine is indebted to Professor Orfila. He has related many satisfactory experiments in proof of its virtues. The following will serve as an example of the whole. Twelve grains of corrosive sublimate were given to a little dog, and allowed to act for eight minutes, so that its usual effects might fairly begin before the antidote was administered. White of eight eggs was then given ; after several fits of vomiting the animal became apparently free from pain; and in five days it was quite well.* According to Peschier, the white of one egg is required to render four grains of the poison innocuous.t The experiments of the Parisian toxicologist have been repeated and confirmed by others, and particularly by Schloepfer; who found that when a dose was given toa rabbit sufficient to kill it in seven minutes if allowed to act uncontrolled, the administration of albumen, just as the signs of uneasiness appeared, prevented every serious * Toxicologie Général, i. 313. : ¢ Corvisart’s Journai de Médicine, xxsviii. 77. 60 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. symptom. Dr. Samuel Wright has found that if the ad- ministration of albumen is followed up by giving some astringent decoction or infusion, the beneficial effects are more complete, because the compound formed is less soluble in an excess of albumen. Albumenis chiefly use- ful in the early stage of poisoning with corrosive subli- mate, and is particularly called for when vomiting does not take place. But it further appears to be an ex- cellent demulcent in the advanced stages.” Five or six parts of fresh gluten, in 50 parts of a solu- tion of soft soap, has been found also a successful antidote, and where neither albumen nor gluten is at hand, milk is a convenient and useful substitute. Iron filings, the proto- sulphuret of iron, meconic acid, and charcoal have each been advocated as mercurial antidotes, “ The treatment of mercurial salivation consists in expo- sure to a cool pure air, nourishing diet, and purgatives, if the intestinal canal is not already irritated. In some of the inflammatory affections it induces, venesection is required, in others it is hurtful. In some complaints in- duced by mercury, as in iritis, the poison appears to be its own antidote, for nothing checks the inflammation so soon -and so certainly as mercurial salivation. “Dr. Finlay, of the United States, proposed to check mercurial salivation by small doses of tartar emetic fre- quently repeated, so as to act on the skin ;* and Mr. Daniel has recommended large doses of the acetate of lead as an effectual antidote for the same purpose.t “Dr. Klose, a German physician, says he has found iodine to possess the property of arresting the effects of mercury on the mouth. The iodide of potassium is generally acknowledged to be one of the best remedies for eradicating the Seeuunal infirmities left in many by severe courses of mercury.” * Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxix. 218. + Lond. Med. Repos. N.S., vi. 368. t Lond. Med. Gazette, 1836-37) i ii. 144. CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. INDIGESTION, GASTRITIS, VOMITING, INVERSION, WORMS, CALCULI IN THE STOMACH, HUSK, FOREIGN BODIES. INDIGESTION. THE stomach of the dog is not so liable to disease as might be expected, considering the source from which at times he derives his sustenance (see “ Feeding”), the morbid appe- tite that prompts him to devour strange and unnatural substanees, the long fasts he frequently endures, and the “get what you can” rule of diet. Nevertheless he is subject, and some dogs more than others, to the diseases mentioned in this chapter, one of the most frequent of which is dyspepsia or indigestion, the causes operating in its production being much the same as in ourselves. Long fasts, innutritious and indigestible food, disease of the digestive organs, imperfect mastication, deficiency in the biliary, gastric, or salivary secretions, want of exercise, and suspension in the alvine evacuations. Symptoms.—F latulency, acrid eructations, constipation or diarrhoea, fulness of the abdomen, spasmodic pains, de- pression, loss of appetite, dry furred tongue, thirst, often increased salivary secretion, vomiting, and mosasioually cough. (See “ Husk.”) Treatment.—The system of feeding generally requires our first attention where the complaint is due to over-feed- ing, which is frequently the case with toy-dogs. Starvation for a day, followed by a spare diet, and an aperient 61 62 . The Management and Diseases of the Dog. draught will usually effect a cure. Or again, if the animal has been kept on one kind of food for a considerable period, given in excess, and that kind has been either too stimu- lating, or innutritious and indigestible, a correction and modification must be observed. If owing to imperfect mastication, from the presence of loose, broken, or decayed teeth, their removal is indicated. Where we have reason to believe the ailment is due to deficiency in the biliary, gastric, or salivary secretion— which the stools, being of a clay colour, dry in consistency, and containing undigested matter, will denote, care should be taken that the meal is not excessive, the water not stinted, and the food plain and easy of digestion. Constipation may be relieved in the first instance by a dose of castor-oil, followed, if necessary, with enemas, Diarrhoea generally proceeds from the presence of undi- gested matter in the intestinal tract, and castor oil is here also applicable. Acrid eructations and flatulency are best treated with small doses of bicarbonate of soda and char- coal, ten grains of the former and one scruple of the latter, given in a little water or made into a bolus, administered ‘after meals. Indigestion usually requires a moderate and plain diet: lime-water and milk, with simple buscuit or bread, form the most suitable, until the digestive organs have assumed a healthy tone. Fatty and, as a tule, vegetable matters should be for a time avoided. Exceptional cases are those arising from general debility. In such the food must be nourishing, and small doses of ferri and cod-liver oil will materially assist in restoring the animal to a healthy condi- _ tion. Daily exercise should be insisted on, VOMITING. The stomach of the dog is peculiarly liable to reflex peristaltic action. Vomition in this animal is perhaps more Diseases of the Stomach. 63 easily excited than in any other of the lower species. We have abundant proof of this in the administration of medicines, and in common observance during exercise, when their instinct teaches them to. seek what is termed “ dog-grass,” the effect of which after swallowing is quickly manifested. Vomiting may be asymptom of disease, the result of an overloaded stomach, or the presence of irritating matters within it or applied to the fauces. or it may take place from cesophagal obstruction. Worms are a very frequent cause of vomition. (See “ Worms. 2) The vomit may consist of mucus, bile blood, or food mingled with other offending matters. Vomiting: is medicinally induced by agents termed “emetics,” the favourite one being tartarised antimony—- and a dangerous one it is when given injudiciously. Fortunately, however, the dog’s stomach, as previously ob- served, quickly responds to its call, and it is for the most part thrown off; otherwise dogs would by quacks be killed by the score. If his more unfortunate companion, the horse, were equally capable of performing the same act, antimony would speedily cease to exist in the never-failing condition-powders of the groom and chemist. For all ordinary purposes, plain warm water or water in which (if immediate action be desired) a little salt and mustard is mixed, is sufficient; in fact, I have readily produced vomiting with the latter, when I have failed with antimony. The treatment of vomiting must be directed to the cause. WORMS IN THE STOMACH. Dogs are frequently troubled with wormis in the stomach. Their presence gives rise to severe gastric disturbance, and is often productive of convulsions and death. Symptoms.—Those usually presented are constant retch- ing and vomiting, foetid breath, a dry, husky cough, intesti- 64 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. nal irregularity, pains resembling those of colic, large appetite, more or less emaciation. Occasionally cerebral- symptoms are also manifest. (See “ Epilepsy.”) The worms usually present are the ascaris marginata, or margined round worm. For further particulars, see chapter on “Internal Para- sites.” Treatment.—I have generally found ol. terebinth., from a teaspoonful upwards, in proportion to the size of the dog, mixed with plain or castor oil—if with the former, then followed by the latter—to be effective. The dose may be repeated in three days, if necessary. HUSK. Dogs are frequently affected with gastric catarrh, or what is commonly called fusk. It is sometimes associated with distemper, but it more frequently exists as an independent affection, the result of severe indigestion or exposure to damp and cold. Symptoms.—Like other catarrhal diseases, there is in- creased secretion of mucus, with more or less congestion of its membrane lining the stomach, attended with the usual febrile symptoms. Nose hot and dry ; injection of the visible mucous membranes, particularly the con- junctiva ; furred tongue; increased pulse and respiration ; abdominal pain, with retching, vomiting, and constipation. A dry husky cough (hence the term) is usually present, and is accompanied, as the malady proceeds, by a frothy, tenacious expectoration, which the animal struggles to free itself from. Unless checked, the catarrh extends to the intestines, giving rise to aviolent form of diarrhcea, followed by rapid emaciation and death. Treatment.—The affection generally yields soonest to. Diseases of the Stomach. 65 tonics combined with opiates.* The following pill I have found most serviceable : Opium ..... «+. 1 to 3 grains,in proportion tothe dog’ssize, Ferri Sulph.... 5 toio grains, ditto, One to be given twice daily. In protracted cases I prescribe the nux vomica, in com- bination with the iron, and find it attended with excellent results. When the abdominal pain is severe, counter-irritation or hot linseed-meal poultices to the region of the stomach afford great relief. Constipation is best removed with salad oil and enemas. Ordinary purgatives are injurious and dangerous. The food should consist of mucilaginous liquids, owing to the sensitive condition of the stomach. Solid and indi- gestible matters arevery prejudicial. Milk, rendered alkaline with lime-water, should be given the patient to lap, in lieu of plain water. Exposure to cold and damp must be avoided, and the return to ordinary food and life gradually intro- duced as convalescence advances. When the intestines become involved and diarrhoea sets in, much care will be required to prevent a fatal termination. Astringents, combined with opiates, should be used: Opium........... dase ealenuorssaawsincertes . Tannic Acid. ........ saa o-aiaieasecteees Ree, hele Administered every four hours in a little water, or, what is serviceable in some cases, brandy and water, with a few drops of chlorodyne. Counter-irritation to the abdomen ; starch and sedative enemas; and strengthening, mucilaginous food, are also important adjuncts in the treatment. * Gamgee (“ Our Domestic Animals”) prescribes dilute hydrocyanic acid in doses from two to three drops given in water or a little wine ; and he remarks, that inthat stage of the disease when considerable prostration is observed, he has seen great good from the occasional administration of wine and spirits of nitric ether. F 66 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. A common and apparently simple form of husk is fre- quently met with in dogs, particularly terriers, which I have generally attributed to the presence of worms in the stomach, and treatment accordingly has always removed it. GASTRITIS. Acute inflammation of the stomach is in the dog, com- paratively speaking, of rare occurrence. The mucous membrane lining the organ is generally alone involved in the inflammatory process, unless an exceptional cause arises, as the presence of some powerful irritant or corrosive matter. It will then be extended to the other coats. Acute Gastritis quickly runsits course. The terminations are resolution, suppuration, gangrene. Causes —Sudden cold to the mucous membrane of the stomach, when the body is heated ; a continued course of stimulating food ; the presence of acrid matters or irritating poisons, as arsenic, antimony, corrosive sublimate, croton oil, turpentine, etc.; mechanical injuries from sharp substances ; external niolente, as kicks, blows, crushes, etc.; polypi tumours, calculi. Symptoms.— Vomiting is generally an early symptom in gastritis, and is prominent throughout the disease. The bowels are either obstinately constipated or relaxed. Con- siderable febrile disturbance is naturally present—the nose being hot and dry, breathing accelerated, pulse small and quick, mucous membranes injected, tongue hot and furred, and intense thirst. The animal usually lies flat on his side, or stretched out full length on the belly, on the coldest spot he is able to find. A moan or pitiful whine is given utterance to from time to time, and the expression of the face is indicative of pain. As the disease nisaadis the countenance becomes exceed- Diseases of the Stomach. 67 ingly anxious, the moans more frequent, and the search for relief continuous. Severe rigors, cold extremities, sunken eye,arapid and almost imperceptible pulse, sudden cessation _ of pain, denote that gangrene has set in, and the poor sufferer dies gradually and quietly, or in delirium. A post-mortem examination reveals intense redness, either in patches or diffused, of the mucous membrane,with soften- ing of its structure and sometimes sloughing. If the disease has been caused by the action of some corrosive agent, perforation of all the coats of the stomach, with exten- sive sloughing, will generally be found. Treatment.—The less the patient is disturbed the better. In the early stages leeches may be applied over the region of the stomach. Cold water should be allowed ad /ibitum, for nothing is more grateful to the sufferer and so easily retained in the stomach, which, it must ever be borne in mind, is exceedingly sensitive under all conditions. Nourishment is best administered in the form of mucilagi- nous drinks, as barley-water, arrowroot, or broth thickened with isinglass or rice. Such matters, being bland, have the double effect of soothing and protecting the irritated mu- cous membrane, and giving to the patient at the same time the support required.* With regard to medicinal agents, opium, from 3 to Io grains, is the best agent for allaying an irritated or sensitive condition of the stomach, and also in checking diarrhoea. -* Ballard observes: “In prescribing @ diet in over-sensttive con- ditions of the stomach, it must be recollected that the food which comes into contact with the interior of the organ is to be regarded much in the same light as a local application made to tender parts of the body ; and as we should avoid bringing in contact with the latter any but bland and unirritating dressings, so with the former a similar principle must guide us, and we must select such matters only, and in such quantities as, while they are fitted to sustain the body, would be un- irritating if applied to an external sore, and which experience has shown may be used, introduced into the sensitive stomach without producing pain or distress. “In inflammatory and ulcerative conditions of the stomach, where F—2 68 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Constipation is most safely overcome with tepid water enemas. The return to solid food should be gradual, and that which is given easy of digestion and plain. Chronic or Sub-acute Gastritis is much more frequently met with in dogs than the former. Causes—Protracted dyspepsia, constipation, unwhole- some and indigestible food, or it may be a sequel to acute gastritis. Symptoms.—Tenderness over the region of the stomach, frequent eructations, vomiting after meals, furred tongue, bowels usually constipated, and often there is a dry cough. Treatment.— Bicarbonate of soda and charcoal as advised in indigestion, an occasional aperient of aloes and rhubarb, with the same description of food named in the preceding form of the disease, are the measures to be adopted. INVERSION OF THE STOMACH. This is of rare occurrence in the dog, perhaps more so than might be expected, considering the frequency of and susceptibility to vomiting. From the “ Abstract of the Proceedings of the Veterinary - Medical Association for 1838-9.” “Mr. Ainslie laid before the Association a singular specimen of inversion of the stomach in the dog. The the tenderness of the stomach is more due to the extent and severity of these lesions than to the exalted impressibility of the nervous system, the diet must often be exceedingly rigid, being limited to some of the most bland and soft or liquid articles of food, such as milk, arrowroot, gruel or beef-tea, which can sometimes only be tolerated when given in the smallest quantities at a time, such as a tablespoonful ora teaspoon- ful. In cases in which acidity prevails, one-third part of lime-water is advantageously added. When these small quantities are given, they must be repeated every ten or twenty minutes with occasional longer intervals, and if insufficient to support the patient, injections of good beef-tea, in addition, be thrown into the rectum.” Diseases of the Stomach. 69 patient was three or four years old, He had for several months been subject to occasional vomiting, but this had of late become more frequent. He(Mr. Ainslie) attributed it to the treatment of the animal when under distemper The disease had assumed its severest form, and large doses of calomel had been administered. From that time he had had fits of vomiting, sometimes without any evident cause, and generally after a hearty meal, and always if he took exercise after a meal, There was also, to the great annoy- ance of the owner, a continual discharge of viscid saliva from the corners of the mouth, and more or less blood accompanied every act of vomiting. The owner did not seem to suspect the real origin of this nuisance. “On the first of the month he appeared to be as well as usual. In the evening he cleanly picked a bone for his supper, and after that came a fit of vomiting. He lay quiet during the night, and in the morning began to vomit mucus mixed with blood. This continued during the day ; the dog rapidly lost strength, and died in the evening. The blood retained its fluid state, mixed with mucus and saliva. When, on the following morning, he opened the dog, and began to feel for the stomach, no viscus of that kind was to be found in the abdomen. He then opened the thorax, and there he perceived a considerable enlargement of the cesophagus. At first sight it seemed to be a tumour attached to the parietes of that tube, but on closer exami- nation the cesophagus was evidently dilated by some large soft body within it. He cut into it, and drew from it the stomach, inverted, and its mucous coat in the highest possible state of inflammation. The whole of the villous tunic was charged with congested blood. The dilatation of the cesophagus commenced even from the pharynx, and had probably existed for a considerable time. The food, or some portion of it, probably remained in this dilated por- tion of the cesophagus, and slowly passed into the stomach, and that might account for the frequent vomitings an hour 70 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. or two after feeding, especially if the dog had taken any exercise.” CALCULI IN THE STOMACH. These calculi are exceedingly rare in the dog. They differ but little in appearance and character from those found in other portions of the viscera, being chiefly com- posed of the phosphates of lime and magnesia intermixed with organic matter, and having a smooth glistening sur- face. Medicinal treatment, particularly acids, would be more likely to have a direct influence on them, by coming in actual contact with them, than in renal or vesicular calculi. FOREIGN BODIES. The stomach of the dog is frequently the receptacle for ‘strange substances, some interesting cases of which are recorded by Youatt. - The presence of hair, straw, wood, stones, dung, and such like, though usually found in rabies, are not to be taken always as an infallible sign of that disease. The partaking of the latter (dung) is a frequent and dis- gusting. habit with young dogs, apparently in perfect health. In unkennelled animals it is rarely seen, and would therefore appear toa great extent to depend upon the denial of sufficient liberty, and the contraction of morbid tastes through confinement and injudicious manage- ment. Hunger and filth play a prominent part in creating such tastes. CHAPTER V. DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. CONSTIPATION, COLIC, DIARRHEA, ENTERITIS, DYSENTERY, PERITONITIS, INTUS-SUSCEPTION, PILES, HERNIA, PROLAPSUS ANI, WORMS, FISTULA IN ANO. CONSTIPATION. THE dog has a natural tendency to constipation, the evacua- tions being usually dry and solid, and attended with more or less straining ; nevertheless,as Mr. Youatt correctly observes, “ Costiveness is a disease when it becomes habitual,” and to prevent such an occurrence due attention to the causes is requisite. Constipation is dependent to a great extent on the food, especially an over-supply of bones or other dry matter: confinement and denial of exercise have a like result, and the fear of a breach of cleanly habits with house- dogs has an equal tendency to produce it. Constipation may occur from a deficiency in the intestinal: secretion, or impaired peristaltic action, as in chorea, paralysis, or tetanus or from piles and fistula. Symptoms.—The symptoms of constipation are usually denoted by the character of the stool, and the difficulty and ‘pain in evacuating it; where constipation is long and pro- tracted, there are indigestion, retching, vomiting, and, from the long retention of the excrement, excessively foul breath. Ultimately, colicky pains come on, the animal increases. his efforts to evacuate, and yells in the endeavour: the im- paction at last becomes so considerable as to push out the anus, and give it the appearance of a tumour. 71 72 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Treatment.—I agree with Mr. Youatt that “a dog should never be suffered to remain costive more than a couple of days,” after the expiration of which we should first of all endeavour to remove the impaction with warm-water injec- tion. If the fecal matter is considerable and unusually hard, the finger, previously oiled, should be gently insinuated, and the mass therewith broken down, when, followed by the enema, evacuation will generally take place. A mild dose of castor-oil may be afterwards administered ; this, however, is not often called for, and the frequent use of purgatives has a tendency rather to produce than remove constipation. Diet.—The recurrence of constipation may be avoided by judicious feeding. Dogs fed on oatmeal porridge occasion- ally mixed with paunch, potatoes, or green vegetables rarely suffer from it. Daily exercise, if only for a short time, is also essential. DIARRHEA, Or the profuse evacuation of liquid feces, is an alvine con- dition to which dogs of all ages, but more particularly pup- pies, are very liable. Causes.—Pre-existing intestinal disease, putrid and indi- gestible food, undigested matter, acrid bile, worms, conges- tion or inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bowels; abuse of purgatives, particularly aloes and calomel ; sudden change of diet, especially from plain to rich food; excess of animal matter. Diarrhoea is fre- quently associated with distemper; for further information regarding this connection, see “ Distemper.” Badly drained kennels and accumulation of filth are also fruitful causes. Sucking puppies are often affected through the milk being too rich and stimulating, and creating acidity. Treatment.—The treatment of diarrhcea in its early stage is exceedingly simple. A mild dose of castor-oil, to remove the irritant, and bland mucilaginous food without solids Diseases of the Bowels, 73 will generally effect a cure. Many people mistakenly rush to cordials and astringents at the onset, and thereby check, or attempt to do so, the very process nature is exercising to rid herself of the offending matter. If there is reason to suspect worms as the cause, one of the remedies for their expulsion should be adopted. (See “Worms.”) If from acrid bile, which vomiting and the character of the vomit will denote, a mild aloetic purge, — succeeded, if not relieved, by the hyd. cum crete in 3 to 5 grain doses will be of the greatest service. Warm rice- water injections, in which, if there is much pain, a few drops of laudanum are mingled, will afford considerable relief. Where the complaint results from pre-existing intestinal disease, and the above remedies fail to check it, 1 grain of _ opium and 5 of sulphate of copper may be given twice or three times a day, and starch enemas should be had re- course to. Chlorodyne, 5 to 10 drops in a teaspoonful or two of brandy-and-water is also very efficacious. Where the complaint occurs in unweaned puppies, it is ‘usually due, as already named, toacidity, and is best treated through the mother, with carbonate of soda or lime-water. The animal during the attack should be kept warm. Diet—This should consist of bland, mucilaginous food, as mutton broth, thickened with isinglass, or rice or barley- water, slightly chilled. Cleanliness of the external parts should be strictly observed, and the bedding kept dry. DYSENTERY, ‘Or inflammation of the intestinal mucous membrane, chiefly of the large-bowels, succeeded by ulceration and hemor- rhage, is a much more serious complaint than the former. Dysentery differs from diarrhoea in that the discharge is unaccompanied by any fecal matter, except, from time to time, small dark indurated lumps. 74 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Causes.—Protracted and severe diarrhoea, putrid and un- wholesome food, vitiated bile, intense heat, and foul smells. Symptoms.—Dysentery may be ushered in with rigors, general febrile excitement, and offensive evacuation ; or be preceded by flatulency, constipation, colicky pains, nausea, and vomiting. The anal discharge varies in appearance ; sometimes it resembles pure mucus, at others blood mixed with mucus, while, not unfrequently, pure blood is voided. As the disease proceeds, and ulceration is developed, pus becomes mingled with the discharge, as well as membranous shred-like particles (the latter an ominous sign). Con- siderable prostration is attendant throughout ; the pulse is weak and quick, the respiration increased, the eyes sunken, mucous membranes injected, the nose dry and hot, mouth slimy and breath offensive; with these there is loss of appetite, considerable thirst, and disinclination during the latter stages to move, the evacuations being involuntary and most disgusting. Treatment—-The medicinal treatment. of dysentery should be essentially anodyne and astringent. The sul- phate of copper and opium stand pre-eminent, and may be given in the proportions named in the foregoing disease, three or if necessary four times per day. I am no advocate for blond-letting in this excessively reducing malady. As a local application I prefer a hot linseed-meal poultice to the abdomen. When the discharge is excessive, and mingled with blood, a tablespoonful of starch, with 10 drops of laudanum, may be injected, or 20 drops of tinct. ferri in a tablespoonful of iced water, and repeated if necessary. . Diet—The same rules regarding the diet in diarrhcea will apply in dysentery, and warmth, cleanliness, and dry- ness are equally essential. INTUS-SUSCEPTION. This intestinal condition is commonly met with in the dog. When one portion oi the tube “ telescopes” or becomes in- Diseases of the Bowels. 75 vaginated, within the portion anterior or posterior to it, what is termed intus-susception is established. The small intestines are those generally involved. Intus-susception usually terminates fatally ; adhesion, however, of the invaginated portion may take place, followed by suppuration and separation of that part. In a recent fost-mortem examination of a large mastiff dog I found death had resulted from stoppage and con- sequent inflammation, owing to constriction of the bowel immediately in front of an old intus-suscepted portion, in which adhesion was established, but the process of separation had not become complete. In a still more recent one, of a fox-hound, I found acute inflammation of the bowels at and anterior and posterior to an invaginated portion of seven inches in length, in which adhesion had not commenced. The following case was recorded by Jonathan Hutchinson, in 1876: INTUS-SUSCEPTION OF THE ILEUM AND CCUM IN A Doe. . This specimen was taken from a dog about ten months old. The ileum and cecum had passed into the colon for a distance of about eight inches, until the caecum nearly presented atthe anus. The layers were not in the least adherent, and it might have been reduced by traction from within the abdomen with great ease. Although the im- pacted parts were much congested, there was no tendency to gangrene, nor any trace of inflammatory effusion any- where. It was chiefly in refererice to its bearing on the feasibility of operations in these cases that the specimen was of interest. No treatment had been adopted during the life of the animal, because no diagnosis had been made. The dog was in perfect health until about eight days before his death, when, without any cause perceptible, he began to show signs of discomfort, and refused to hunt. He was never observed to be sick, nor did he pass blood. He took little or no food, and his belly became much retracted. For 76 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. two days before his death he was intensely jaundiced. In reference to the non-occurrence of adhesions between the layers of impacted intestine, it must be borne in mind that — experiments have established the fact that dogs are but little prone to peritonitis Pathological Society's Trans- actions. Symptoms.—There are no special diagnostic symptoms of intus-susception in the dog. Those of colic are generally . at the onset present, and are succeeded by enteritic ones. Frequent violent straining and vomiting are also invariably present. But the same may occur in strangulated hernia, and other intestinal affections. Treatment.—A large dose of linseed or salad oil should first be administered for the purpose of mechanically facili- tating the return of the invaginated portion, or inflation of the bowels with air might be adopted with good results, or the administration of quicksilver could be tried. The suc- ceeding treatment should be as for colic and enteritis, or both combined, WORMS. Dogs are invariably, during some portion of their lives, troubled with worms, and the most common seat of these pests is in the intestinal canal. Itis, perhaps, hardly neces- sary to observe that their presence causes their host much annoyance, and is frequently productive of disease. Vomiting, paralysis, rectal irritation—denoted by the ani- mal frequently licking the part, and dragging himself along in a sitting posture—purging, inordinate appetite, enlarged ab- domen,harsh, staring coat, emaciation,and more orless febrile disturbance, are among the symptoms usually presented in such cases, while ocular demonstration of the fact is not frequently wanting. For a fuller description of this subject and the treat- ment, see chapter on “ Internal Parasites.” Diseases of the Bowels. 7. COLIC. This disease in the dog is not of that frequency whicl might be expected from the strange circumstances unde which at times‘he exists, the exertions required of him the exposure he is subject to, and the bill of fare. Causes.—Intestinal obstruction, calculi, intus-susceptior. hernia, impaction of feces, flatulency, worms, cold, or indi gestible food. A special form of colic is caused by lead poisoning. Symptoms.—Colic comes on suddenly ; the animal is t all appearance in perfect health, when he immediatel utters a sharp cry of pain, and, with his back arched an abdomen drawn up, he walks restlessly about, whimperin: or moaning, and endeavouring vainly to find ease ij ‘various postures. Considerable tympany is often present giving the animal a tense inflated appearance. By careful inquiry the cause of the attack may be ofte: ascertained: frequently it may be traced. to the food ; a unusual supply of bones may have been given, a great por tion of which may probably have been devoured in such | form as to cause irritation, if not mechanical obstruction or from long submergence in water, which is frequently th case with swimming dogs, who no sooner approach th bank than another stick or stone is flung in, and away he i started again, and this repeated over and over again b thoughtless persons who never seem to dream of the exten to which they are taxing the good nature of the willin servant. Constipation, flatulency, worms, are also causes equall easy of ascertainment, and by inquiry (in kennel dogs mor particularly) as to the source whence the water is suppliec and the vehicle through which it flows or is drauk from, w may arrive at the conclusion the attack is caused from th action of lead. Intus-susception, calculi, or hernia, woul be indicated by the colicky pains being of greater frequenc 78 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. and more protracted ; but usually, and especially to an un- scientific person, these would be somewhat obscure. With regard to medicinal treatment,an oleaginous aperient at the onset is generally advisable; impaction of the rectum is best removed with a warm soap-sud enema. Flatulency may be relieved by aromatic cordials and ant- acids, as— Sodz Carbonate ............6. IO—20 grains Essence of Peppermint.......... 5—10 minims In a tablespoonful of warm water ; or, Spts. Ammon. Aromaticus ... 20—30 minims Zingid, ...cceeseee sues seeoee 10 grains Administered the same way. When the pain is severe I—3 grains of opium may be given in a teaspoonful or two of equal parts of brandy and water, and repeated in an hour if not relieved ; or 6—12 minims of chlorodyne may be given in a teaspoonful of water, with the same directions. Rubbing the abdomen affords ease, and in extreme cases mustard or ammonia embrocation may be applied. Bitches in whelp are occasionally attacked with colic, owing to fcetal pressure on the bladder. In such cases we can only wait until the period of parturition arrives, and in the meantime not overload the stomach and bowels, and keep the latter gently relaxed ; urgent symptoms must, of course, be treated as above. Puppies are said to be exceedingly liable to colic, but I have failed to find it so, except occasionally when they are sucking ; attention to the mother’s diet will generally be found the most effectual means of preventing its recurrence, with a dose or two of carbonate of soda. I question whether any but the most experienced would easily recognise a colicky puppy three or four weeks old, not to mention a more infantile age. Diseases of the Bowels. 79 ENTERITIS, Or inflammation of the bowels, is a disease to which dogs, — from its ordinary causes, are fortunately not very subject. Enteritis is rarely confined to one tissue, both peritoneal, muscular, and mucous are generally involved in the inflam- matory process. The latter is, however, in all instances, more particularly the seat of inflammation, and from the rapidity of its course seldom gives time for the others to De equally involved. Causes.—Protracted colic, exposure to damp and cold, es- pecially from lying on the earth or wet floor, intestinal obstruction from faeces, foreign bodies, strangulation, or in- tus-susception, local irritation, or irritant poisons. Symptoms.—It is highly essential, in enteritis, that the practitioner should arrive at a correct diagnosis: in other words, that he should be able to distinguish it from other affections resembling it, more especially colic, with which it is most likely to be confounded. The usual cordials and stimulants given in the latter affection would be adding fuel to fire in ean and speedily effect a fatal termina- tion. The pain in enteritis is continuous and extremely severe, and pressure to the abdomen greatly aggravates it, In colic the pain is intermittent, and pressure or friction. to the abdomen affords considerable relief. In enteritis the visible mucous membranes are highly in- jected, thermometrical insertion per rectum shows con- siderable increase of temperature, and the pulse is increased in frequency and small. In colic there is no injection of the mucous membranes, no increase in temperature, and only slight acceleration of pulse and breathing during the spasm. Such may be con-- sidered the leading diagnostic distinctions between the two diseases. The General Symptoms of enteritis are as follows: Its commencement is denoted by rigors, a dry hot nose, 80 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. injected visible mucous membranes, pulse small, hard and frequent, considerable thirst is present, and usually obsti- nate constipation. The animal moves continually about, looks back at his flank and whines piteously ; he no sooner adopts the recumbent position than, with a sharp cry, up he starts again. As the disease proceeds these symptoms become greatly aggravated; the abdomen is hot and extremely tender, the breathing hurried and painful and entirely thoracic, pulse wiry and increased, mucous mem- branes deep red, urine scanty and high coloured ; the cries are more frequent and sharp, and if an attempt be made to pick the animal up he immediately resents it ; ifthe atten- dant .is successful, a howl of pain is emitted. When the disease is due to irritant poisons or the presence of acrid bile, or associated with gastric derangement, incessant vomiting, often streaked with blood, accompany it, with frequent evcauations similar in character to the vomit. Finally the mouth, ears, and limbs become cold and clammy, the abdomen it distended, an offensive cadaverous smell is emitted from the body generally, the breathing is difficult and irregular, pulse imperceptible, the heart can just be detected feebly beating, convulsions follow, and death closes the scene. The terminations of enteritis are :— Resolution.—A gradual diminution of the symptoms, and return to health. Ulceration.—F requent purulent evacuations, with rapid emaciation, and finally death. Gangrene.—Sudden suspension of pain, suppression of secretions, cold, clammy condition of body, gums and inside of the lips livid, delirium, convulsions, and death. Enteritis may assume a chronic form; in such a case intermittent pains occur, the faces are alternately watery and hard, the abdomen is tense, and flatulency and vomiting - are more or less frequent. Treatment—lI have already alluded to the importance of Diseases of the Bowels, 81 diagnosing correctly between enteritis and colic, and from what I there mentioned it will be gathered that stimulants and cordials form no part of our treatment in this disease. Our first duty is, if possible, to ascertain the cause. Pur- gatives usually, in enteritis, are not advisable. When however, the illness can be traced to local irritation from the impaction of feces, worms, or foreign matter, a mild dose of castor-oil may be given at the onset with benefit. Again, if the liver be associated with it, a small dose of aloes and calomel can also be administered with safety. If, on examination per rectum, impaction of hardened faeces are found, they should be gently broken down with the finger, and a simple warm-water enema thrown up to assist their expulsion. Drastic purgatives at any period of the disease are hurtful, and removal of the obstruction, if pos- sible, by mechanical means is decidedly preferable. Salad oil is a valuable agent for this purpose ; it effects its object by insinuation through the obstruction, supposing it to be the impaction of fecal matter ; it, at the same time, shields the mucous membrane, and if there is intus-susception it facilitates its removal. To relieve the pain, from 1 to 3 grains of opium may be given in a teaspoonful or two of barley-water, and repeated in an hour if necessary. Opiate enemas can also be ad- ministered with the same view. Counter-irritation to the abdomen is of great value, mus- tard plasters, hot linseed-meal poultices, bags of hot salt continually renewed, or hot fomentations may be used. Bleeding is beneficial in the early stage only, and is best ' adopted locally, by means of leeches to the abdomen. When the acute symptoms have subsided the counter- irritation may be discontinued, but the abdomen must be kept thoroughly warm and the patient quiet. With regard to support during the illness, bland mucilagi- nous drinks should form the only diet, and should be con- tinued for some considerable time after recovery takes place, G 82 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. owing to the sensitive condition of the intestinal mucous membrane. Gastro-Enteritis is usually the result of irritant poisons. The symptoms are those of gastritis and enteritis combined. The treatment must consist, at the onset, in removing the cause, followed by that laid down for the two diseases re- spectively, PERITONITIS. Inflammation of the peritoneum is more frequent in bitches than dogs. The inflammation may be local or diffused, z.2, it may be confined to one portion of the membrane, or extend to the whole. A general or diffused peritonitis is the form usually met with in canine practice. Causes—External violence, as kicks, blows, wounds (par- ticularly punctured), parturition, hernia, constipation, ex-- posure to damp and cold. Symptoms.—Acute peritonitis is characterised by abdo- minal pain, which is considerably augmented by pressure. The animal exhibits great restlessness, continually moving about and endeavouring to obtain, if possible, a comfort- able position, and this his broadside appears to afford him best. The pulse is small, hard, and wiry, conjunctival membrane injected, nose dry and hot, tongue white. and slimy, breathing increased, and expirations hot. As the disease advances the pain becomes most intense: the very countenance of the poor animal is expressive of the agony he is enduring. Sharp cries bespeak. the torture produced by even the slightest pressure. Lying now in any posture affords not the slightest relief; and the patient stands, propped up, as it were, with his legs apart, breathing with difficulty, for this act is now performed independent of the abdominal muscles or diaphragm. The abdomen becomes distended the tongue dry and furred, thirst extreme, urine scanty and high-coloured, and there is obstinate constipation. In Diseases of the Bowels. 83 a short time the herald of death approaches, all pain ceases —mortification is the boon he grants before life leaves the suffering frame. The extremities become cold, the patient is comatose, and so passes quietly away ; or, occasionally delirium closes the scene. Post-mortem Appearances—Intense inflammation of the peritoneal membrane, often extending through its whole thickness, and portions of it are not unfrequently found to be gangrenous. The membrane covering the intestines is frequently involved ; livid patches are also to be observed on that portion of it covering the stomach and _ liver, The abdominal cavity contains more or less serous fluid; if the disease has existed long the quantity is considerable, of a bloody hue, and smells very offensive. Treatment.—In the early stage of acute peritonitis, the bowels may be moved by an oleaginous aperient ; but in the later stages—when, in all probability, the membrane covering the intestines is involved, together with the in- ability of the system to withstand depletion—purgatives are attended with great danger, and simple enemas alone should be relied on. Hot fomentations, linseed-meal poultices, or bags of hot salt should constitute local treatment. At che onset leeches may be applied to the abdomen; but they are not admis- sible at a later period. With regard to internal remedies, anodyne agents are indicated, and either of the following medicines may be given :— Fleming’s Tinct. of Aconite ... 1 to 3 minims, ‘in a teaspoonful of water every two hours ; or, OPIUM: sii essis deigs tans seaseastesenedeesette I grain Chloroform .......csscsececscncseesenveeees 5 minims, in a teaspoonful or two of water every four hours ; Sedative enemas may also be used, and are attended for a time with much relief, G—2 84 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. The same diet as for enteritis should be adopted. Acute Peritonitis may terminate in recovery, ascites, or become chronic. Chronic Peritonitis is generally the result of an acute attach. Symptoms.—These are not so easily defined as in the pre-- vious form. The abdomen is hard, enlarged, and some- what contracted at the sides. Uneasiness, or a kind of sub-acute pain appears frequently to be present, especially after feeding. There is also a degree of fever continually present. The nose is seldom moist or cool, and the pulse is low and fluctuating. The animal becomes gradually emaciated, the abdomen increases in size (vulgarly termed pot-bellied), the appetite fails, and death from exhaustion takes place. This form of peritonitis is generally associated with ascites, Post-mortem Examination reveals a thickened condition of the peritoneal membrane, with frequently numerous granulations on itsabdominal surface. The serous effusion is more abundant, and of a paler or more limpid colour than in acute peritonitis. Treatment —This consists in tonics, particularly the tinc- ture or sulphate.of iron, with fresh air, moderate exercise, and plain, nutritious food; if the debility is extreme, brandy, beef-tea, and cod-liver oil may be added. PILES. Dogs are frequently afflicted with this troublesome affection. Piles may be either external or internal, and assume either the form of vascular tumours around the margin of the anus, or within it. External piles are composed of a congregation of varicose veins. Internal piles are usually similar in formation, but occasionally they are genuine pendulous tumours and so exceedingly vascular that the least pressure produces hemorrhage (bleeding piles), Diseases of the Bowels. 85 Causes——Habitual constipation, abuse of purgatives, prolonged diarrhoea or dysentery, plethora, torpid liver, dyspepsia, over-stimulating food and confinement. Symptoms.—A swollen and relaxed condition of the anus, with eversion and congestion of the mucous membrane. If the piles are external, the margin of the anus is tumefied and uneven. If internal, the tumours will frequently be observed to protrude in the act of defecation, which is attended with considerable pain, and the matter is often mingled with blood; occasionally also, an involuntary foetid discharge takes place. Considerable itching attends either form, and a dog so affected is continually licking the parts, or dragging himself in a sitting posture along the floor. To manipulation they are exceedingly sensitive, and the animal will avoid any interference as much as possible. Piles, if neglected, give rise to the formation of abscess, extensive ulteration, fistula and tumour. Treatment.—This consists, first, in attention to the diet and general health of the patient. The food should be plain, nutritious, easy of digestion, and laxative; daily exercise and occasionally cold baths are beneficial. Medicinal agents will depend upon the cause of the affec- tion. Under most circumstances,a mild oleaginousaperient is advisable. If the liver is inactive, the aloetic aperient ‘ with calomel is most suitable; while, if there is a relaxed system with dyspepsia, iron and cod-liver oil is indicated. With regard to local treatment, iced water, or the direct application of ice affords considerable relief. If the piles are internal, and attended with hemorrhage, recourse to astringents will be necessary, and I know of none better than alum, either in solution and injected, or the powder made intoa paste with flour and water and gently inserted. A portion of ice may also, with benefit and ease to the patient, be introduced into the rectum and allowed to melt there. 86 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. When there is considerable pain without haemorrhage, and the rectum is tumefied, leeches may be conveniently and advisedly applied to the parts. Pain, with internal | haemorrhage, is best relieved by the addition of a grain of opium to the astringent paste or injection.* When obstinate constipation prevails, an enema of olive- oil is most suitable for facilitating the faecal evacuation, and with less pain than with any other form of evacuation. Tumours, external or internal, should be removed by ligature, the animal being under the influence of chloroform. The ultimate sore to be treated according to circumstances. Foetor may be counteracted by the application if ex- ternal, or the injection if internal, of a weak solution of chloride of zinc. PROLAPSUS ANI. This condition of the rectum often occurs in aged dogs which are overfed, have but little exercise, and whose bowels are either continually constipated or relaxed. It is generally a protrusion or eversion of the mucous membrane of the rectum rather than the rectum itself. Symptoms.—These need but little description—the ever- sion being in itself sufficiently diagnostic ; at stool it is increased and considerably injected. Treatment.—This consists in cleansing and returning the protruded portion, and afterwards in the application of cold and astringents. Tone will be given to the system, and’ constringement oftheaffected part effected by theadministra- tion of tinct. ferri, 10 to 15 minims, twice or three times a ~ day in cold water. Nutritious diet and a moderate allowance of exercise should be given. * A drachm each of tannin and opium, with an ounce of lard, makes an excellent ointment for piles in dogs.—Finlay Dun. Diseases of the Bowels. 87 Where these measures fail, an operation will be neces- sary ; and this generally consists in removing one of the folds of the mucous membrane by knife or ligature, or the destruction of a portion of it by actual cautery. It is need- less to remark that either operation should be performed under the influence of chloroform, and by a veterinary surgeon. FISTULA IN ANO. Fistula of the anus is frequently met with in dogs, parti- cularly of the pampered house tribe, and is usually the result of neglected piles; it may occur from wounds, abscess, or ulceration of the rectum (the latter generally consequent on piles), or from impaction of hardened feeces.. The fistuia may be external or internal, complete or par- tial, z.¢., externai if the orifice of the wound is in the in- tegument, or internal if within the rectum; complete, if the two orifices exist together, partial when there is but one orifice. Symptoms.—The symptoms of fistula in the dog are con- tinual irritation of the affected part; the animal will be observed continually licking the anus, and dragging himself along the floor with his fore-limbs. If the fistula be ex- ternal it requires little diagnosis ; if internal, and not com- plete, there is an offensive rectal discharge, and the feces are often coated with matter and blood. Treatment.—The treatment of fistula lies in laying open the sinus with a fine probe-pointed bistoury, and after- wards treating it in the first instance as a common wound, and subsequently with a solution of chloride of zinc. If considerable hemorrhage follows, the part should be packed with lint or cotton-wool steeped in tinct. of iron, or a solu- tion of tannic acid ; or if it be from a divided artery, to tie 88 Tne Management and Diseases of the Dog. the vessel if possible. The bowels should be properly regulated, and at no time constipation allowed to take place ; an injection of warm water twice or three times a day, after haemorrhage is prevented, should be adminis- ‘tered for the double purpose of facilitating the passage ot feces and removing the discharge. CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. HEPATITIS, CANCEROUS DEPOSIT IN THE JAUNDICE, LIVER AND SPLEEN, FATTY DEGENERA- BILIARY CALCULI, TION OF THELIVER SPLENITIS. HEPATITIS, Or inflammation of the liver, may be acute or chronic. ACUTE, Predisposing Causes—Overfeeding, with insufficient exercise, especially in pampered house pets. Exciting Causes Exposure to damp and cold, intense heat, immoderate use of emetics, biliary concretions, acrid bile, external violence over the region of the liver, as blows, kicks, falls, or crushes. Symptoms.—Pain on the right side, increased by pressure, quickened respiration, dry cough, pulse hard and fluctuat- ing, rigors and vomiting. .As the complaint proceeds, the skin and visible mucous membranes become yellow, the feces pale, either relaxed or confined, urine scanty and of a deep orange tint ; bile is mingled with the vomit, the tenderness on the right side is increased, and a considerable enlargement is observable in the region of the liver ; the abdomen is more or less pendulous, the eyes dull, tongue coated with brown fur, gums congested, breath foetid ; and attendant on these symptoms we have great thirst, loss. o1 appetite, flatulency, and rapid emaciation. Acute hepatitis may terminate in resolution or abscess, or become chronic, 89 90 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Treatment.—In the early stage local bleeding is exceed- ingly beneficial, the hair over the affected region should be shaved closely off and leeches applied, after which a hot linseed-meal poultice may be bound over the part. With regard to medicinal agents—mild saline doses at the onset, as a drachm each of sulphate of magnesia and bicarbonate of soda, repeated for three days, and then fol- lowed by vegetable tonics, form the best internal treatment that I am aware of, Stimulants are rarely, if ever, admis- sible. When the acute symptoms have abated, nourishing but un- stimulating food may be allowed, with daily quiet exercise. CIIRONIC HEPATITIS may, as I have observed, be a sequel of the former, or be associated with other diseases, or it may be created by some specific disease within its own structure. It is, however, more generally brought about from long- continued injudicious feeding and denial of exercise, and is more frequently seen in the smaller breeds, particularly toy terriers. Symptoms.—These are, to a considerable extent, a modi- fied type of those existing in acute hepatitis. The size of the liver may be increased or decreased—more frequently the former, the enlargement being hard and more or less insensible to pain on pressure. The animal has an habitual jaundiced appearance, and is usually languid and dejected. Treatment.—The treatment of chronic hepatitis may be more extended than when it is acute. Counter-irritation is decidedly indicated, and is certainly beneficial. I am of opinion that strong iodine liniment applied with a brush, after first removing the hair, is the best agent for this purpose, and more in accordance with the nature of a glandular disease. Calomel may also be administered with benefit in one-grain doses, combined with ten grains of rhubarb or a scruple of aloes every other day. Intermediate doses of dilute nitric acid, Diseases of the Liver and Spleen. QI two to four drops twice a day, often assist recovery and keep a clean palate; or the iodide of potassium, in five to ten grain doses, may be tried. Plain unstimulating food and free exercise should be allowed, and a relaxed condition of the bowels maintained. Chronic hepatitis, from interference in the portal circula- tion, often terminates in ascites, more particularly inold dogs. (See “ Dropsy.”) JAUNDICE (Icrerus). This is an affection to which dogs are peculiarly liable. Greyhounds have been stated to be more generally the sub- ject of it than other breeds. My experience of the disease, however, has been chiefly confined to the smaller breeds, especially’ pampered house-dogs. Jaundice may exist alone, or be associated with thier affections, particularly distemper, in which, by dog-men, it is usually separated from the malady giving rise to it, and treated independently as the “Yellows.” (See “ Dis- temper.”) - Causes .—Suppression or retention of bile, more particularly the latter, which becomes re-absorbed into the system.* * Sir Thomas Watson, in his lecture on this subject, says: “There can be no doubt that when the bile, after being formed in the liver, is detained there, or in the gall-bladder, in consequence of some impedi- ment to its excretion, it is re-absorbed—both by the lymphatic vessels and by the veins—carried into the circulation, and so conveyed to the surface, and to the parts in which the change ofcolour isobserved. In the beginning of the present century, Dr. Saunders, of Guy’s Hospital, made, on this subject, some conclusive experiments, which have since been repeated by others with similar results. The hepatic duct of a dog having been tied, and the animal killed two hours afterwards, the nu- merous lymphatics in the walls of the bile-ducts were seen to be dis- tended with a yellow fluid; the fluid in the thoracic duct also was yellow; and so were the intervening lymphatic glands. Again, two hours after the ligation of the hepatic duct, the serum of blood taken from the he- patic vein was found to contain much more of the colouring matter of the bile, than that of blood taken from the jugular vein in the neck. That bile is capable of being taken up by the absorbents is further ap- parent from the fact that when the cystic duct is permanently shut, the bile disappears gradually, but entirely, from the gall-bladder. 92 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Biliary calculi in the gall-bladder or its duct, inspissated bile,* disease of the liver—as inflammation, enlargement, contraction, schirrous tumours, abscess—immoderate use of purgatives, especially aloes and calomel, repeated emetics, sudden chills after heat and fatigue, accumulation of faces.. Symptoms.—General depression, inactivity, loss of appe- tite, bowels constipated and of a light drab or clay colour, _or relaxed, the faeces being of a greenish tint mingled with mucus, and offensive ; urine high-coloured, hot, occasionally turbid, and stains yellow; excessive vomition ; pulse in- creased, contracted and hard; the skin is hot, and, if gathered up, remains stationary for some moments,—this is more particularly the case towards a fatal termination, It is also of a deep yellow tinge, especially on the thin parts. as over the abdomen, inside the thighs, forearms and ears, The same colour is present on the visible mucous mem- branes of the eye, conjunctiva, inside the lips, the gums and vagina. The mouth and nose are dry and hot, the tongue furred and breath offensive. There is pain on pressure . over the region of the liver, with, sometimes, enlargement and hardness. There is also a great disposition to somno- lence, and, during slumber, fitful starts with subdued whimpers will frequently be noted. Convulsions, succeeded by a profound state of coma, usually precede death ; a peculiar general offensive odour is also emitted. In-whelp bitches occasionally become jaundiced from uterine pressure, which eeterally disappears after par- turition. ' Treatment.— If taken in hand early, and there is no struc- * | have recently had two interesting cases of jaundice, one in a fox- terrier, the other in a Chinese pug, arising from inspissated bile. In both the disease was so far advanced, when placed under my charge, that all treatment proved useless. A ost-mortem examination re- vealed the gall-ducts choked with inspissated bile. Diseases of the Liver and Spleen. - 93 tural disease of the liver, jaundice is not difficult to deal with. The cause, therefore, if possible, must be first ascertained. If it is the accumulation of feces, an aloetic purge, assisted by enemas, will, in removing the cause, likewise dispel the ' effect. If the disease proceeds from inspissated bile or gall-stone —in which case the urine is generally turbid and the pain more acute, with increased vomiting and difficulty in fecal evacuation—a smart dose of aloes and calomel should be prescribed, followed by small doses of spirits of nitrous ether and laudanum, 2 parts of the former to 1 of the latter, in drachm doses, twice or three times a day. A hot bath will also afford considerable relief, and this may be followed by the application of a mustard or linseed poultice over the region of the liver. When jaundice is due to the immoderate use of purga- tives and emetics, an opposite line of treatment will be required : mucilaginous drinks, and alkalies with opium are ‘ indicated. When diarrhcea is present, a mild dose of castor-oil may be first given, followed, if necessary, by small doses of opium. If the evacuations are excessive and attended with great straining, starch and opium enemas should be admin- istered. -: ue Bleeding in jaundice is of no earthly use: if the pain is acute, leeches may be applied to the side, but I must con- fess I am no advocate for the abstraction of blood in this disease in any form, and place far more confidence in counter-irritation or poultices. The diet should be plain, unstimulating, and laxative. Moderate exercise may be allowed, but exposure to cold or damp must be strictly guarded against. Animals once affected with jaundice are peculiarly liable to a return of the complaint, and therefore need more than ordinary attention. 94 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. From the Veterinarian, May, 1870, I transcribe the following interesting paper :— aoa “JAUNDICE IN THE DOGANDITS TREATMENT. “BY M. WEBER, VETERINARY SURGEON, PARIS. “The author believes he does not exaggerate in saying that, up to the present time, jaundice in the dog has been considered by veterinary practitioners as generally, if not always, mortal, and that therapeutics were powerless to combat it. “The authors who have written on this disease, it must be acknowledged, were not well acquainted with it, and therefore not very competent. It is more particularly in the treatises on sport that we find any description or treat- ment of this malady, hence very different theories and treatments have been produced without resulting in any benefit, either to science or to the patient. “Some veterinary authors, however, have treated the | question, and have tried to connect it with a certain order of anatomical lesion; but in many cases these anatomical lesions are insufficient, at least, according to the results of my experience. “ Before proceeding, it is important to state what I under- stand by jaundice ; it is not every malady in which the. yellow icteric tint is often a symptom of a more serious: organic lesion, and which it would be useless to attempt to cure, that should be considered as jaundice. The jaundice in the dog, such as I have often been able to observe, is, like the icterus, simple and grave in the human subject, and it is of this form only that I intend to treat ; it corresponds to the malady in man, described by M. Ozanam as Jcterus essential character grave,and which has also been designated as icterus malignus. In a great number of cases the icteric tint is a symptom connected almost always with some serious lesions (such as rupture of the liver, abscesses and cyst in the same, scirrhous tumours, obstruction and rup- tures of the gall-ducts, intestinal invaginations). Diseases of the Liver and Spleen. 95 “The Jcterus benign, so frequent in the human subject that it is considered of very little consequence, is very rare in the dog. On the other hand, the Jcterus grave is nearly always fatal; but, notwithstanding, at the autopsy there are rarely found anatomical lesions sufficient to account for the death, or the gravity of the symptoms during life. Sex does not appear to have any influence in the production of the malady—male and female alike are subject to it, though the number of males that came under treatment might be greater. Neither has age any influence; the malady attacks both young, adult, and old, without distinction. “Though it is often difficult to trace the cause of the affection, I believe I am not far out in saying that the most frequent causes of this malady are: (1) excessive action brought on by fatigue, (2) long journeys, (3) prolonged sport, (4) sudden chills, (5) external violence, blows, etc., (6) abuse of emetics and purgatives, (7) obstinate consti- pation. Thus the malady prevails among setters and pointers a few days after the opening of the shooting season ; in hounds after a long run, and particularly in dogs which are not very fast, and are forced to keep up with the pack composed mostly of hounds of great speed ; in dogs which follow carriages for long distances; and in retrievers which, after being heated, go into the water to recover the game. : “Tt also prevails among dogs which are left in the charge of keepers, and, as often happens, are subjected to strong drastic purgatives, or to emetics, with a view to cure the distemper; also in those animals which receive blows and kicks, too often in wanton thoughtlessness and cruelty, or accidental compression in the region of the liver. Finally, the obstinate constipation so frequent in dogs condemned to live in large towns seems to me to have a large share in the production of this malady. It is said that anger, com- bats amongst them, fright, etc., might cause jaundice. “ The first signs of the affection are variable, but most 96 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. frequently the following symptoms are observed: dulness, prostration, difficulty in locomotion, arched back, accelera- tion of the pulse, nose hot and dry, mucous membrane of a bright red colour, mouth dry and hot, staring coat, princi- pally on the back, abdomen hard and tender in the region of the liver, and in a very short time seems as if adhering to the back. The animal soon refuses all food (liquid and solid), but there is an intense thirst, and the dog will not — drink anything but pure water. Often the animal seems to be troubled with colic; soon supervenes a symptom which is rarely absent, that is bilious vomiting, which is very frequent and often mixed with blood; the urine becomes of a dark colour and bloody, constipation is frequently present, but sometimes there is diarrhcea, the excrements being bloody, and often the dog voids pure blood. At this stage the malady is easily recognised by an experienced eye, but soon there is no possibility of doubt, as the yellow tints set in—the mucous membranes are the first invaded by it, but soon the skin also shews the icteric tint. This tint varies sometimes from straw- colour to dark yellow. . “The pulse now becomes weaker and much slower, the urine has a more decided yellow tint ; the animal becomes more and more feeble, gets up with difficulty, and exhales a peculiar disagreeable odour from the mouth ; the weakness becomes extreme, the emaciation is visible, the extremities grow cold ; the animal becomes now insensible to surround:. ing objects, and death terminates the scene. Sometimes the malady lasts only two days, but in general the duration varies from two to five days. “In some cases a cough supervenes, with acceleration af the respiration, and an affection of the lungs complicates the malady (M. Leblanc). If the animal is bled in the course of the disease, the blood exhales a peculiar odour, and the serum is tinted with yellow. From the moment the yellow tint appears, the faecal evacuations become often Diseases of the Liver and Spleen, 97 greyish white; at the commencement of the malady they are of x blackish colour, and frequently mixed with blood. “The termination of the malady, up to the present time has been most frequently mortal ; some cases of cure have, however, been recorded, but so rare that they have been rather the exception, death being the rule. The patho- logical alterations, without being absolutely constant, are in the generality of cases as follows: all the tissues are coloured yellow, the mucous membrane of the intestine is sometimes the seat of pathological alterations, but at others is perfectly healthy. The liver in certain cases is enlarged, in others diminished in size; the colouration also varies in this organ, and it often shows no alteration, but one thing which I have always found at the autopsy of dogs who had died from the jaundice, is the accumulation of bile in the gall-bladder—this is of a yellowish-green colour and very thick. In the presence of these pathological lesions, it seems that jaundice in the dog is not an incurable malady ; the only question to resolve is how to find therapeutic agents to combat the torpitude of the liver at the commencement of the malady. “The author acknowledges that the microscopical inves- tigations necessary to complete the study of the patho- logical lesions have completely failed. “As often happens in maladies considered almost as incurable, the treatment of this disease in the dog has been most varied. Some have employed the antiphlogistic sys- tem, bleeding, and revulsives; others purgatives ; others tonics. All these means have nearly always had the same success—that is, some patients have recovered by chance ; notwithstanding all that could be done, however, the ma- jority have died, sometimes of the malady, at others of the treatment. We will pass in review the remedies recom- mended by the different veterinary authors who have written on this malady. “™M. U. Leblanc, whose writing is the most complete on 98 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. the jaundice of the dog, recommends repeated bleedings at the commencement, manna, sulphate of magnesia, enemas, with the addition of starch and laudanum; if diarrhoea is present, disacordium, halfadrachm. He insists on hygienic means ; panades with the addition of butter, for which broth is to be substituted afterwards ; clean, warm, dry quarters ste. “Hurtrel d’Arboval, inspired by the writings of M. U. Leblanc, also recommends bleeding at the onset, mucila- ginous drinks, with nitre, emollient enemas, etc. “M. Prudhomme says that the treatment of jaundice in the dog does not often succeed, as it is one of the most fatal maladies of the canine species. He has, however, ob- tained some favourable results from small repeated bleed- ings, whey drinks, mucilage from decoction of linseed, or carrots and barley, to which were added a few grammes of cream of tartar, enemas, with starch and opium. “Professor Hertwig, of Berlin, employs emetics, slight purges, as, for example, calomel with honey, or cream ot tartar, friction on the abdomen, with ammoniacal liniment. “M. C. Leblanc recommends baths with bran-water, leeches on the abdomen, emollient enemas, sulphate of soda {if constipated), mustard on the chest and feet. He adds that if an improvement does not speedily set in, death is certain. “M. Lafosse advises the same means as those directed by: M. C. Leblanc, the decoction of carrots and cream of tartar; if extreme debility sets in, to have recourse to quinine wine. “ The author says he has tried all the remedies suggested, and despairing of the results asks himself the question whether an agent could not be found which has a special action on the liver and the biliary system powerful enough to combat this terrible malady. Another question was whether the icteric colour depended really on bile being mixed with the blood in jaundice, as has been asserted, or Diseases of the Liver and Spleen. 99 whether it is owing to an incomplete separation of the elements which constitute the bile from the blood, in consequence of the liver not performing its proper function, “*T am inclined, the author says, ‘to the latter supposition, seeing that the icteric colour supervenes principally when here is atrophy of the liver, and also in the adipose liver, and when the substance of this organ has been invaded by the tissue of foreign substance, such as cancerous tumours, it cannot be supposed that in these cases there can be a superabundant secretion of bile to mix with the blood; it seems infinitely more simple to admit that the function of the gland is insufficient to separate the elements of the bile from the blood, and the liquids and solids are soon pervaded by the icteric tint.’ “This view, however, the author does not take credit for, as several physiologists have considered the bile as an ex- cremental product. According to M. Colin the bile is thick, which is, moreover, the case also with other secretions. These physiological views seem to be completely borne out by pathological facts ; cons quent on these reflections T have thought it important to search for some remedy that was capable of restoring the function of the liver in | jaundice of the dog. The author continues :— “ After several attempts I fixed on the chloride of mer cury (calomel), the purgative properties of which have been admitted ; but after having administered this drug in pur- gative doses without satisfactory result, I resorted to it in alterative doses, and the results obtained have been beyond my expectation, so that there is no case of true jaundice of the cure of which I despair at present. “«Without, however, pretending to have cured every case, I can affirm that since I am in possession of this remedy the fatal termination of the malady has been very rare ; while before the cures were exceptional, and death the rule; but the method of administration is not a matter 100 }©=6- The Management and Diseases of the Dog. of indifference. The medicine must be given in small doses three or four times a day, without, however, carrying it to purging, As soon as that supervenes, the dose must be decreased, and stopped altogether for a time, if the purging is violent. The dose is from five to tén centigrammes, to be made up in pills, given from two to four times a day. This is to be continued for a few days, if purging does not set in; if, on the other hand, purging occurs, the dose must be reduced or suspended altogether, until it has stopped. “«The administration of the calomel in the form of pills is preferable, as the agent is insoluble in water, and the suspension in other liquids is at best unsatisfactory and uncertain ; enemas.slightly charged with laudanum are to be given in accordance with the indications. Ifthe dog is | able to eat, he is to be allowed food, avoiding all salted . substances. After four or five days of the administration of the medicine, an abundant salivation sets in, but I have not had this followed by inflammation of the stomach or gangrene of the mouth; in some cases, however, there is loosening of the teeth ; this was the case particularly with a young terrier, which had taken the calomel for five days, _ in doses of five centigrammes three times a day. The animal lost five teeth, but recovered of the jaundice. The medicine may be given for the first four days at the rate of three pills a day, two on the fifth day, afterwards reduced to one, and discontinued altogether when the state of the patient admits of it, “The author gives several cases of jaundice in the dog . successfully treated, but which would take up too much space.’—Recueil de Médecine Veterinaire, For the following ‘translation I am indebted to Mr. Fleming :— JAUNDICE, OR ICTERUS, IN THE DOG. “Trasbot (Archives Veterinaires, 1876), in a very able paper on this malady, when alluding to its ‘pathological Diseases of the Liver and Spleen. IOI physiology,’ states that, after the anatomical study he has made of the disease, it appears to be sufficiently proved that it is not essentially an alteration of the liver; on the contrary, in the majority of cases this organ is perfectly healthy, and even less modified in its colour than many of the other tissues. It issometimes found slightly congested and ecchy- mosed, but this is more rare, and always in a lesser degree than the lungs, kidneys, and lymphatic glands. When it exists it is only. a secondary phenomenon, indicating a general alteration in the organism, which is marked by a tendency to the production of capillary hemorrhage in different parts, and by no special lesion. The general condition of the animals, the increase in the respiration and circulation, as well as the elevation of temperature before the appearance of the yellow colour externally, indicate, as a primary and fundamental phenomenon, an acutely inflamed condition of some tissue. And, later, the prostration, insensibility, and low temperature prove the existence of intoxication by a poison; this poison evidently results from the accumulation of bile—or, at least, of some of its constituents—in the blood. So that icterus, at first of an inflammatory nature, is soon compli- cated by the incessant accumulation of bile in the. blood, from the moment that its characteristic symptom—yellow- ness of the tissues—is manifested. “Trasbot’s observations go to demonstrate that the mucous membrane of the duodenum is a/ways violently inflamed, and that this inflammation is also somewhat frequently noticed in the stomach, and sometimes to a cer- tain extent in the small intestines. Exceptionally, circum- scribed inflammatory centres are found in the lungs and kidneys, around hemorrhagic points of recent date. But the inflammation is never absent in the duodenum, so that duodenitis should be considered as the primary condition and sine qué non in the development of icterus. This localisation, however, is not absolute, as often there is 102 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. simultaneously a very intense gastritis, or an enteritis which may extend to the cecum. It therefore follows. that icterus is primarily and essentially a duodenitis - or gastro-duodenitis—or it might be designated a duodenal or gastro-duodenal catarrh. “The existence of this condition explains in an abso lutely satisfactory manner the development of all the symptoms ; mucous and sanguinolent vomits, constipation, diarrhoea or dysentery, sensibility of the abdomen, dryness of the mouth, ardent thirst, etc., which are manifested from the commencement. “ Trasbot explains the mechanism of the bilfay stasis as follows. The excretory ducts of the liver, not containing any contractile elements in their walls, cannot forcibly propel the bile passing through them, and this only passes into the intestine by the wzs-d-tergo resulting from the secretion itself; the slightest obstruction, therefore, prevents its flow. This obstruction it finds in the swollen condition of the — duodenal mucous membrane and its connective tissue, which compresses the biliary duct at its opening into that canal, and completely hinders the bile from passing into it. “ This obstruction is rendered all the greater when there is fibrinous exudate. “Invagination of the intestine, so frequently met with in the post-mortem examination of dogs which have died ot icterus, Trasbot is inclined to ascribe to the blood-poison- ing. If worms produce the disease, it can only be by irritating the mucous membrane and inducing inflammation of it. With regard to treatment, Trasbot recommends calomel given in alterative, not purgative doses, as he has been very successful with it. At the commencement of the disease he gives tepid drinks which are slightly emollient— such as rice gruel—to which is added tartro-borate of potass, sulphate of soda, or calcined magnesia, adminis- tered five or six times a day. With the calcined magnesia he has seen recovery take place in four or five days. The Diseases of the Liver and Spleen 103 _ animal must be kept warm a clean, and food easy of digestion, as milk, soup, etc., given. Emetics and powerful purgatives are to be avetded, as they are likely to increase the inflammation; diuretics which do not irritate the intestinal mucous membrane may be advantageously administered—linseed tea and nitrate of potass fulfil this indication. A large blister should be applied to the epigastrium.” FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE LIVER. This condition of the liver is not uncommon in dogs, though (probably from lack of scientific investigation) the instances on record are very few. The following interesting case is taken from the V eterina- rian, February, 1870 :— “EXTRAORDINARY ENLARGEMENT OF THE LIVER OF A DOG FROM DEPOSIT OF FATTY MATTER. “BY MESSRS. GOWING AND SON, M.R.C.V.S., CAMDEN TOWN. “A few days ago the subject of the disease above re- ferred to, a Skye terrier twelve years of age, was brought to the infirmary for treatment, in consequence of an irri- table condition of stomach, which induced constantvomiting immediately after the animal swallowed any kind of fluid ; even cold water had this effect. It was ascertained that the bowels had not acted for some time, and there was great prostration present. “To meet the urgent symptoms minimum doses of _ creosote were given, but still the vomiting continued, and the prostration became more extreme. In the next instance hydrocyanic acid was prescribed, in doses of one to two minims in water, in order to allay the irritation and sickness which prevented the effective administration of any food or medicine. Some amount of success attended the em- ployment of the acid, and an attempt was made to support 104 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. the animal by the exhibition of a little beef-tea with a small quantity of brandy; an enema was also given; but in spite of all treatment the dog become gradually worse, - and on the next day it was evident that he was sinking; . the owner then decided to have him destroyed. “On making a post-mortem examination the liver was found to be excessively enlarged, pale in colour, having a granular surface when cut into. The intestines were ina healthy condition, and no obstruction was detected through- out the whole length of the tube. The lungs and kidneys were normal. 3 “The heart was empty and rather flabby, and the spleen was filled with black blood. No history of the case was ob- tained possessing any points of interest. The dog was exceedingly fat, as pet dogs commonly are, and appeared to have enjoyed an average good health. “ Examination of the morbid parts—Messrs. Gowing & ~Son forwarded the liver, heart, and spleen of the dog re- ferred to.in the above record, for our inspection. Fatty deposits in the liver of fat animals are very common; but the organ in this instance might almost be said to have undergone fatty metamorphosis, if such a change is possible among pathological conditions. Estimating the bulk of the diseased organ roughly, we should say it was three or four times larger than the healthy gland ; so large, indeed, that it must have encroached to a serious extent upon the other abdominal viscera. In texture the organ was granu- lar, yellow in colour, and offered to the edge of the knife the resistance of a mass of lard. “Under the microscope no healthy liver cells were de- tected ; the entire structure was filled with fat globules, which not only occupied the interior of the cells, but existed everywhere in the tissue of the part. Large granu- lar exudation cells, of the kind which is often seen in encephaloid growths, were numerous, but no other elements of cancer were observed, Diseases of the Liver and Spleen, 105 “Fatty degeneration affected the fibres of the heart toa remarkable extent ; in fact, from the state of the organ, it is certain that the circulation must have been extremely feeble. The spleen was congested, but not otherwise diseased,” Dr. Budd poseune “Tn our domestic animals, the fatten- ing influence of fatty substances taken as food is far more constant. It was well éxhibited in the experiments lately performed by Majendie, for the purpose of ascertaining the nutritive powers of different kinds of food. In one ofthese experiments, a dog was kept entirely on fresh butter, which it continued to eat, though not regularly, for sixty-eight days. It then died of inanition, although remarkably fat. All the while the experiment. lasted, the animal smelt strongly of butyric acid ; its hair was greasy, and its skin covered with a layer of fat. On dissection, all the organs and tissues were found infiltrated with fat. Theliver, to use the com- mon phrase, was fatty; and, on analysis, it was found to contain a very large quantity of stearine, but little or no oleine. Jt had acted as akind of filter for the butter.” Many other experiments of the same kind were made with hog’s-lard and similar fatty substances, and with a like result. The dogs became loaded with fat, but their muscles wasted, and at length they died of inanition. In many of them, the cornea sloughed. In all, the liver was fatty. These experiments are interesting, as showing clearly that an animal may be loaded with fat, and yet die of inanition. They place in a strong light the truth of the observation long ago made by practical physicians, that fat people are not so strong as they look, and, in géneral, ill bear loss of blood or other depletive measures. The muscles of fat. people are small, andit ismuscle which gives strength. These remarks will equally apply to the lower animals, the horse in particular. 106 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. CANCEROUS DEPOSIT IN THE LIVER AND SPLEEN IN THE DOG. Veterinarian, Jan., 1870. “We are indebted to Messrs. Gowing & Son for the par- ticulars of two remarkable cases of cancer affecting the in- ’ ternal organs of thedog. In each case the animal was aged, and ina hopeless condition when first seen by Messrs Gow-- ing, consequently no treatment was attempted. “ Post-mortem examination was made soon after death, and the appearances satisfactorily explained the condition of the dogs during life. “Tn the first case, which was examined in the beginning of October, there was a large nodulated tumour, of a pale greyish-yellow colour at the root of the mesentery. Num-- erous deposits of a similar character were found all over the liver, both covering the surface and extending to the interior of the gland. “Under the microscope the deposit was found to consist’ of cells of various forms, caudate, spindle and fibre-cells,. with many others containing’ nuclei, and evidently multi- plying by the endogenous process. “A considerable quantity of fine fibrous stroma gave to- the deposit a density and hardness characteristic of scir- rhous growths, There was scarcely a trace of the milky juice which is an invariable constituent of encephaloid. tumour. “The second animal presented appearances in some re- spects more marked than those which have just been de-- scribed. The subject of the disease was a Maltese dog, aged fourteen years, which was seen by Messrs. Gowing only a few hours before its death, “On post-mortem examination the liver was found to be covered with yellowish spots, and a tumour-of similar char- acter was detected in the spleen. ‘‘ Microscopic examination of the morbid deposit resulted Diseases of the Liver and Spieen. 107 in the detection of the same elements which had been ob- served in the former case. “No history was obtained in either instance, but there can be no doubt that the primary deposit occurred in the me- _sentery in the first case, and in the spleen in. the second, and that it was followed in both by cancerous infiltration into the structure of the liver.” BILIARY CALCULI. These are not unfrequently met with in canine practice, and, as already stated, are one of the causes operating in the production of jaundice. Symptoms.—The presence of biliary calculi is, as a rule, unattended with pain so long as their substance is small, and they can pass through the ducts without distending their walls; when, however, they become fixed, the pain is usually severe, and its seat denoted by the animal look- ing round towards the region of the liver, moaning and ving on the opposite side. Excessive vomiting and tor- pidity of the bowels, with flatulency and hiccup, attend this biliary impaction. When complete blocking of the duct takes place the bile is retained, and consequently re-ab- sorbed—hence jaundice. The faces are nearly white, the urine of a deep orange colour. The pain is of a colicky ~ nature ; there is no inflammatory fever, increased respira- tion, or disturbed pulse, and the passage of calculi once effected, a restoration to usual health follows. Treatment.—This chiefly consists in relieving the pain during the passage of the calculi, Opium or aconite are the agents best adapted for this purpose ; 1 to 2 grains of the former, or I to 3 minims of the latter, every three hours. With regard to the administration of solvent agents for biliary calculi, nitro-muriatic. acid, sulphuric ether, and carbonate of soda are each advocated and may be tried, but there is no direct proof that in passing through the 108 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. system they exert any solvent influence on the concretions. . Small doses of calomel are more to be relied on, with attention to the bowels and regulation of the diet. If the animal is emaciated, has fared badly, and been continually confined, a new rule should be established, a plain but liberal diet allowed, with vegetable tonics, daily exercise, and strict attention to cleanliness. SPLENITIS. Diseases of the spleen have been but little recognised in canine pathology, save in post-mortem examinations. Splenitis usually occurs in connection with liver disease and intermittent fevers. “ Youatt observes: “In the cases that I have seen, the © earliest indications were frequent vomiting, and the dis- charge of a yellow, frothy mucus. The animal appeared uneasy, shivering, the ears cold, the eyes unnaturally pro- tuberant, the nostrils dilated, the flanks agitated, the respi- ration accelerated, and the mucous membranes pale. The best treatment I know is the administration, twice in the day, of a ball composed of a grain of calomel and the same quantity of aloes, and 5 grains of ginger. “The dog frequently cries out, both when he is moved and when he lies on his bed. In the course of three days the yellow mucus is generally disappearing, and the ex- pression.of pain is materially diminished. “Tf the bowels are much constipated after two days have passed, 2 scruples of aloes may be given, and a grain of calomel; frequently injections may also be administered.” Enlargement of the spleen may occasionally be both felt and seen ; there is more or less pain on pressure, and con- stipation and vomiting are generally present. The iodide of potassium and iron in scruple doses twice daily, with relaxation of the bowels by aloes, is the best treatment 1, am aware of. CHAPTER VII. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS, NEPHRITIS, RETENTION OF URINE, HAMATURIA, PARALYSIS OF THE RENAL CALCULI, BLADDER, CYSTITIS, RUPTURE OF THE CYSTIC CALCULI, BLADDER, NEPHRITIS. INFLAMMATION of the kidney is a serious, but, fortunately, not a frequent malady in the dog. Causes.—External violence, as blows or strain on the loins ; long exposure to wet, particularly in bathing ; renal calculi or abscess ; the indiscriminate use of diuretics, es- pecially turpentine or cantharides—the former being a favourite vermifuge, and the latter being used as a blister, may get into the system through licking or absorption. Symptoms.—The animal has a peculiar stiff gait, simu- lating lumbar rheumatism ; in bitches there is a straddling crouching gait as though about to urinate, pain on pressure to the loins, urine secreted and voided in small quantities, generally high coloured, and in severe cases mixed with blood. There is a considerable amount of sympathetic fever present, denoted by a quick, hard, wiry pulse, a dry hot nose, injected conjunctival membranes, and obstinate constipation. Treatment.—This must be purely antiphlogistic. * Leeches * Small doses of the potassio: tartrate of antimony are very useful (amen : 110 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. to the loins at the onset are attended with considerable benefit. These may be followed by warm fomentations, linseed-meal or mustard poultices, and opiate enemas. Con- stipation should be relieved at the commencement with castor-oil. Frequent draughts of mucilaginous fluids should be given, as Pankey ates solution of gum-arabic, or linseed- tea. The patient must be kept perfectly quiet, and, except most moderate exercise, all exertion for some considerable time after recovery should be avoided. HAMATURIA, Signifying bloody urine, is occasionally observed in canine practice. Causes—External ane across the loins, as falls, bruises, undue strain on the part or parts immediately connected with the kidneys ; it also frequently occurs from calculi, either renal, cystic, or urethral, which, through im peding the flow of urine, set up inflammatory action, or by their irregular edges wound the inner coat of the part in which they may be located, and thus cause the discharge of blood. , Symptoms.—Pain in voiding urine, tenderness and heat in the renal region of the loins, Blood may be discharged without urination, during urination, or subsequent to it, each being dependent upon the seat of hemorrhage. Miller, in his “ Practice of Surgery,’ observes: “The renal source of the hemorrhage is known by the blood ' being diffused equally through the urine ; by the expelled fluid containing cylindrical portions of fibrine, like small worms, the result of coagula in the ureter—sometimes colourless, sometimes of a pale pink hue; by the appear- ance of blood being preceded and accompanied by pain and heat in the loins, and other renal symptoms ; and Diseases of the Urinary Organs. Ill e ‘more especially when such symptoms are present on one side only.” “Vesical hemorrhage may be so profuse as to furnish blood tolerably pure from the urethra. And in general this variety of hematuria may be known by the blood not being mixed with the urine ; the latter fluid passes off first, toler- ably pure ; and the blood comes last, more or less changed by mixture with the residue of the urine. It is also known by the absence of renal symptoms, and by the presence of undoubted signs of stone in the bladder, or other disease of that viscus, or of affection of the prostate. “ From the Urethra—lIn this case there is absence of both renal and vesical symptoms; the blood passes pure, irre- spective of any desire to evacuate the bladder.” Treatment—Hematuria demands prompt and active measures ; nothing irritative must be administered, drastic purgatives, and especially diuretics, should be strictly avoided. The preparations of iron and barks are the most suitable agents for this disease. Mucilaginous drinks, as thick barley-water, solution of gum acacia, or beef-tca thickened with isinglass, can be given freely, together with the use of hot fomentations or linseed-meal poultices to the loins ; or counter-irritants,as mustard or ammonia em- brocations. Sedative enemas may also be administered where the irritation is considerable. Bleeding, under all circumstances is unnecessary, and is strongly contra-indicated. RENAL CALCULI. Occasionally stones are found in the kidney of the dog, composed chiefly of uric acid, ammonia, or phosphate of lime, and containing as a nucleus some foreign matter. Renal calculi vary in shape, sometimes being oval and an exact cast of the pelvis of the kidney, at others irregular in shape and variously formed, according to the position they had occupied. 112 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. The presence of renal calculi creates more or less irrita tion of the kidney, and when, by their growing dimensions, pressure on the substance of the gland is produced, this irritation is considerably increased, inflammatory action arises, and suppuration follows. Symptoms.—There is generally an irritable condition of the stomach, and the animal frequently vomits. In walk- ing he moves with a stiff, straddling gait, and evinces tenderness on applying pressure to the lumbar region ; the urine is generally voided with pain, in small quantities, and mingled at times with blood, mucus, or pus ; considerable febrile disturbance is present, rapid emaciation ensues, and death sooner or later takes place from exhaustion, nephritis, or uremic poisoning. When at first the calculi is small, oval, and smooth, it may descend by the ureter to the bladder without exciting any great disturbance, and be voided from thence again, o1 it may remain in the bladder, and in the course of time give rise to cystic irritation. M. Latour records the following case of renal calculi in the dog: ‘‘ Seized with pain, August 20, 1827. He barked and rolled himself on the ground almost every minute ; he made frequent attempts to void his urine, which came from him drop by drop. When compelled to walk his hind and fore legs seemed to mingle together, and his loins were bent with a perfect curve ; his flanks were drawn in; he could scarcely be induced to eat; and he evidently suffered much in voiding his feeces. Mild and demulcent liquids were his only food. Warm baths and injections were ‘applied almost unceasingly, and in eight days he seemed to have perfectly gained his health. In March of the fol- lowing year the symptoms returned with greater intensity. His hind-legs were drawn after him, he rapidly lost flesh, and his howlings were fearful and continuous. The same mode of treatment was adopted without any good effect.” A calculus, weighing 126 grains, and composed of urate \WHON ‘HOLIG HRIEUAL TING AZIad Diseases of the Urinary Organs. _ 143 of ammonia, and phosphate and oxalate of lime, was found in the pelvis of the kidney. The kidney itself was increased in size fourfold, the mucous mem- brane covered with ecchymoses, and the walls of the bladder thickened.—(Moore.) A case of renal calculi, received from Mr. Clarke, of Islington, is mentioned in the Veterinarian, March, 1869. “No history of the case was given, but the morbid specimen is in itself of considerable interest. In both kidneys there are several small calculi, the largest of the size of a horse- bean, lodged in the pelvic cavities.” Treatment.—This consists chiefly in palliative measures. Opiates may be given when pain is present; the patient may also be placed in a hot bath, or counter-irritation applied to the loins. Mild diuretics and laxatives encourage the descent of the calculi, as also do mucilaginous drinks and sharp exercise. CYSTITIS, Or inflammation of the bladder, is occasionally met with in canine practice. Causes.—Mechanical injuries, chronic inflammation of the kidneys, or stricture of the urethra, local irritation from the presence of calculi, worms, or the administration of cantharides or turpentine, blows, falls, or crushes on a distended bladder, etc. Symptoms.—Considerable uneasiness, with symptoms of colic. The animal frequently looks towards the flanks which are exceedingly tender on both sides; the urine is voided sparingly and with great pain, it may be clear and high-coloured, clouded and thick, bloody, or mingled with mucus and pus. Considerable sympathetic fever is present, and frequently vomiting and obstinate constipation. There ’ is intense thirst throughout. oe 114. The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Mr. Youatt, in writing on this subject, observes: “Inflam- mation of the bladder is of frequent occurrence in the dog ; it is also occasionally observed in the horse and the ox. It sometimes appears as an epizootic. It is generally an- nounced by anxiety, agitation, trembling of the hinder limbs, frequent attempts to urinate, vain efforts to accom- plish it, the evacuation small in quantity, sometimes clear and aqueous, and at others mucous, laden with sediment, thick and bloody, escaping by jets, painfully and with great difficulty, and then suddenly rushing out in great quantity. To this list of symptoms colic may often be added. The animal drinks with avidity, but seldom eats much, unless at the commencement of the complaint. The skin is dry and hard, he looks at his flanks, and his back and flanks are tender when pressed upon.” “ During the latter part of my connection with Mr, Blaine, this disease assumed an epidemic character. There was a very great drought through almost every part of the country. The disease was characterised by general un- easiness ; continual shifting of the posture; a tucked-up appearance ; an anxious countenance; a quick and noisy pulse; continued panting; the urine voided in small quantities, sometimes discharged drop by drop, or complete stoppage of it. The belly hot, swelled, and tender to the touch ; the dog becoming strangely irritable, and ready to bite even his master. “ st May, 1824.—Two dogs had been making ineffectual attempts to void their urine for nearly two days. The first was a terrier and the other a Newfoundland. The terrier was bled, placed in a warm bath, and an aloetic ball, with calomel, administered. He was bled a second time in the evening, and a few drops of water were discharged. On the following day the urine slowly passed involuntarily from him, but when he attempted to void any, his efforts were totally ineffectual. Balls composed of camphor, pulv. uva ursi, tinct. ferri mur., mass purg., and pulv. lini. et gum arab. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 115 were administered, morning, noon, and night. On the 5th the urine still passed involuntarily. Cold lotions were employed, and tonic and astringent medicines administered, with castor-oil. He gradually got well, and no trace of the disease remained, until June 6th, when he again became thin and weak, and discharged much bloody urine, but apparently without pain. The uva ursi, oak bark, and powdered gum arabic were employed. On the 12th he had become much better, and so continued until the 1st of July when he again exhibited the same complaint more violently than before. He was exceedingly tender on the loins, and screamed when he was touched. He was bled, returned to his uva ursi and powdered gum, and recovered. I saw him two years after apparently well. “The Newfoundland dog exhibited a similar complaint with nearly the same accompaniments, “May 1st—He was disinclined to move ; his belly was hard and hot, and he was supposed to becostive. Gavean aloetic ball with iron. “ 2nd.—He has endeavoured in vain several times to void his urine. He walks stiffly with his back bound. Subtract eight ounces of blood, give another physic-ball, and apply cold effusion to the loins. “ 3rd.—He frequently attempts to stale, and passes a little urine at each time; he still walks and stands with ” his back bound. Syr. pav. et rhamni with tinct. ferri mur., a large spoonful being given morning and night. “ 4th._He again tries, ineffectually, to void his urine. Mist. et pulv. “ 5th.— Unable to void a drop of urine ; nose hot; tongue hangs down ; pants considerably; will not eat; the counte- nance has an anxious character. Bleed to twelve ounces ; apply cold effusion. Medicine as before, with cold effusion. “6th.—Appears to be in very great pain; not a drop of water has passed fromhim. Medicine and other treatment _as before. In the evening he lay down quietly. 1-2 116 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. “On the next morning he was found dead. All the viscera were sound except the bladder, which was ruptured ; the abdomen contained two quarts of bloody fluid.’ The mucous membrane of the bladder appeared to be in the highest state of inflammation. It was almost black with extravasated blood. On the neck of the bladder was an enlargement of the size of a goose’s egg, and almost filling the cavity of the pelvis. On cutting into it more than two. ounces of pus escaped. “On June 29, 1833, a poodle was brought tome. He had. not been observed to pass any urine for two days. He made frequent attempts to void it, and cried dreadfully. The bladder could be felt distended in the abdomen. I put him into a warm bath, and took from him a pound of blood ; he seemed to be a little relieved. I did not leave him until after midnight, but was soon roused by his loud screams, and the dog was also retching violently ; the cries and retching gradually abated, and he died. The bladder had burst and the parietes were in a fearful state of inflammation. “A dog had laboured under incontinence of urine more than two months. The water was continually dropping from him. The servant told me that, three months before, he had been shut into a room two days and, being acleanly animal, would not stale until he was liberated; soon after that the incontinence of urine was observed. I gave the usual tonic balls, with a small portion of opium, night and. morning, and ordered cold water to be frequently dashed on the perineum. A month afterwards he was quite well.” Treatment.—I cannot agree with Youatt in the adoption of depletive measures, especially when carried to such an extent in the abstraction of blood. In very acute cases moderate local venesection, by the application of leeches to the perinzum, is at times attended with benefit. More good, however, will be derived from hot loin baths—this, again, is opposed to his cold-water treatment. The latter I am Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 117 / at all times averse to in the primary stages of acute inflammations, for a little reflection will make it apparent that such applications aid in maintaining the very condition we are endeavouring to relieve, viz., the congested state of the affected part. ' With ,regard to internal measures—diluent drinks, as barley-water, solution of gum arabic, milk and isinglass. and the like, are best adapted to the case. To relieve the pain and correct the acidity of the urine I prescribe the following pill :— OPIUM sessions sosieese Suns dei iwede gecaets I grain. Sodze Carb,....c.ccceceseeee ovis weenie es 10 grains, One, twice or three times a day. Oleaginous aperients and emollient clysters may be administered if necessary. Perfect quietude is to be main- tained, as much as it is possible to do so in so restless a patient. The diet is partly supplied in the diluent drinks prescribed, beef-tea or mutton broth may be added _if requisite. When the animal is unable to urinate, and there is reason to believe distention of the bladder exists, the catheter should be passed without delay. CHRONIC CYSTITIS snay be a sequel of the former, or depend upon some func- tional or organic derangement of the bladder or its adjacent parts. A mechanical impediment to the exit of urine may be produced by enlargement of the prostate, or from stricture at the neck of the bladder, or stone, result- ing ultimately in the disease mentioned. Symptoms.—The animal moves stiffly, with an arched back and straddling gait. The efforts to urinate are frequent and painful, the urine is mingled with mucus, and has an offensive odour: occasionally there is an admixture of pus and blood. There is always more or less constitu- 118 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. tional disturbance, finally the kidneys become involved, and the animal wastes and dies a lingering death. Treatment.—This consists, in the first place, in removing the cause. If there is stone, its removal is indicated—if stricture, passage of the catheter is required. Disease of prostate may be alleviated, but is rarely cured. With regard to remedies for the disease, small doses of opium, combined with iron, form the best medicinal treat- ment. Opium sacesanswwaes samasensa canned evistiansls + grain. Ferri Sulp......sssseccceseeesseseeeeeeeeees 5 grains. One dose, twice daily. Alkalies are also useful, as the citrate of potash or car- bonate of soda; either will be readily lapped in milk. Mucilaginous drinks should be freely given, and the diet be much the same as in the acute form, only more generous. Painting the perineum with iodine, or, in protracted cases, pencilling with nitrate of silver, is attended with consider- able benefit. If there is much pain, thin gum mucilage to which a grain of opium is added, or a decoction of poppies, may be injected in the bladder. CYSTIC CALCULI. Stone in the bladder of the dog is probably more frequent than is suspected, though the records in canine literature are few. Mr. Blaine mentions a case of a Newfoundland dog, in the bladder of which he found from forty to fifty calculi. (see p, 125.) Mr. Youatt observes: “Of the nature and causes of urinary calculi in the bladder we know very little. We only know that some solid body finds its way, or is formed, there, gradually increases in size, and at length partially, | or entirely, occupies the bladder. Boerhaave has given a singular and undeniable proof of this. He introduced a Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 11g small round pebble into the bladder of a dog. The wound perfectly healed. A few months afterwards the animal was killed, and there was found a calculus of considerable size, of which the pebble was the nucleus.” The following interesting cases are recorded by Messrs. Gowing & Son, in the Veterinarian,March and August, 1869: “NUMEROUS CALCULI IN THE BLADDER OF A DOG, FOURTEEN MONTHS OLD, PRODUCING DISTENSION AND CONGESTION OF THE ORGAN, AND DEATH. “On Friday, February 12th, 1869, we were requested to visit a beautiful specimen of the King Charles breed, four- teen months old, which was reported to be unwell. The owner supposed him to be labouring under an impacted condition of the bowels; and, as a domestic remedy, he had administered a small dose of castor-oil, but this not having the desired effect, and the dog becoming worse and indicating much prostration of strength, the owner applied tous. Upon inquiry into the case we found that the dog had not passed any feces for a day or two, neither had he urinated, although he had made frequent attempts. The first time he was observed to have any difficulty in urinating was about ten days previous to the application to us, when he passed from the bladder a considerable quantity of dark- coloured fluid. After that he made frequent attempts and was not able to pass any more. On Friday night, February 12th, the dog was in excessive pain, so much that the owner had to walk the room with him to tranquillise him. It appears that the dog could not rest, but was con- stantly crying out and moaning. “The animal had been, we learned, fed upon luncheon- biscuits, with such meat as they partook of in the house ; occasionally, also, he had a little liver and horse-flesh. He was frequently allowed a bone to play with, but never broke them up or ate them. “Upon examination the bladder was tound much 120 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. distended, so much so as to cause a bulging out of the perinzeum. “ Treatment.—A mild purgative was administered, and stimulants were ordered to be given at intervals; gentle pressure was applied to the bladder by compressing on either side the walls of the abdominal cavity, but without producing the effect of emptying the viscus. . An injection was also given, consisting of oil with soap and water; and the pain still continuing, hot flannels were applied to the abdomen frequently. “The dog being a favourite, and the owner anxious, the - treatment was pursued to meet his wishes, although it was considered that there was no hope of the animal’s recovery. He died on Saturday morning, February 13th. “ Post-mortem Examination—The abdomen was opened down to the pubis, and part of the pelvis was removed. The bladder and other parts of the urinary organs were dissected out entire. “The bladder was observed to be dace 3 in colour over the whole surface, from intense congestion. Upon making a section into the viscus, there escaped a quantity of deep, dark-coloured fluid, and also two calculi about the size of large peas, spherical in shape, and upon further examina- tion intermingled with some mucus, there were seen numer- ous small ones of a seed-like character ; one of a larger size was found to have passed into the urethral canal, and there, being perfectly impacted, had resisted all efforts of the animal or contraction of the bladder to overcome the obstruction. This appeared to be the immediate cause of death. “The extensively distended condition of the bladder appeared also to interfere with the action of the rectum. “Examination of the Diseased Structures.—The organs which Messrs. Gowing and Son sent for inspection | were the generative organs, with the bladder, kidneys, liver, and intestines, all of which, excepting the bladder Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 121 were normal. In the interior of this viscus, the morbid changes were very marked, the whole of the mucous membrane was intensely congested, and in many places patches of extravasated blood were firmly adherent to the surface. A quantity of dark-red fluid was taken from the bladder, and set aside for further examination. The most remarkable feature of the morbid changes was the existence of a large number of small calculi, varying in size from a pin’s point toa large pea, principally clustered in the neck of the bladder, which was quite black in colour, on account of the quantity of effused blood in the sub-mucous tissues. In the urethral canal, which was cut open, the lining membrane was much congested, but there was no calculus, excepting the one to which Mr. Gowing alludes, and which was the direct cause of the fatal termination of the disease. “ Microscopic Examination of the Urine and the Calculous Concretions—The dark-coloured fluid which was removed from the bladder contained a considerable quantity of blood ; this was evident at once from the presence of large coagula ; and under the microscope the blood-discs were very abun- dant ; besides these there were epithelial cells, a quantity of amorphous matter, and some large crystals of triple phos- phate. From the result of the microscopic examination of the urine there was good reason to conclude that the calculi were principally composed of the triple phosphates; but in order to determine the point some of them were sub- mitted to examination. In form the bodies were spherical or polygonal, the colour nearly white or light yellow, the surface, to the unassisted eye, appeared smooth, but under a magnifying power of thirty diameters it was irregular, in consequence of numerous projecting angles of crystals, some of which had become rounded off from attrition. The calculi were unacted upon by water, and also by caustic potash, but dissolved readily in acetic acid, and in the mineral acids; the addition of a little ammonia to the acid 122 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. solution caused an abundant white precipitate, which was found, under the microscope, to consist of phosphate of lime with stellate crystals of triple phosphate. It was therefore evident that the concretions consisted of this salt, in com- bination with phosphate of lime. The causes which led to the deposit are not apparent in the history of the case, but there is no doubt that the urine was highly charged with phosphatic matter, and, it may be, rendered alkaline, probably from mal-assimilation ; and in such a state of the fluid the phosphate cannot be maintained in solution. “Our limited literature on this subject does not permit us to refer to many instances of calculus in the urinary organs of the dog; but two cases occur to us, both possessing some points of interest. One instance of vesicular calculus is recorded by the late Professor Morton in his pamphlet on ‘Calculous Concretions.’ The animal affected with the disease was a very small spaniel ; the calculus was so large’ as to nearly fill the bladder, and was felt easily through the walls of the abdomen. The next case was one of renal calculi,* forwarded to us by Mr. Clarke, of Islington. No history of the case was given, but the morbid specimen is in itself of considerable interest. In both kidneys there are several small ‘calculi, the largest is of the size of a horse- bean, and is lodged in the pelvic cavities. In composition, all these concretions from the several dogs are closely allied.” “RETENTION OF URINE ASSOCIATED WITH CALCULI INTHE BLADDER OF A BITCH OF THE KING CHARLES BREED, AGED TEN YEARS. “ By Messrs. Gowing & Son, M.R.C.V.S., Camden Town. “ Thebitchwas observedto be dull and offher appetite for the last three or four days. Some time previously she had tried to urinate, passing a drop or two occasionally, but no effort could produce a full stream, and lately it was reported * Already alluded to in «Renal Calculi.” Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 123 that her endeavours were futile, none being passed. Upon examination of the parietes of the abdomen the bladder was found to be distended. Accordingly an attempt was madeto passacatheter, butwithout success. The animal was ordered a warm bath, and a small dose of castor-oil mixture. The stomach being irritable this was returned, and the dog getting no better was brought to the infirmary on Tuesday even- ing, July 6th. Upon examination, some calcareous matter was found adhering to the lower part of the vulva, and the bladder was distended with urine. “Tt was now determined to attempt the passing of the catheter again—this time the operation was attended with success, after considerable difficulty. The catheter being passed into the bladder, the urine continued to flow through the instrument in a full stream, until six ounces of a some- what dirty, pale-coloured, turbid, and alkaline fluid had been drawn off. The bitch seemed now much relieved ; she was ordered beef-tea, and returned to her owner, an old lady upwards of seventy years of age, who was much grati- fied at the relief her pet had experienced. The owner was requested to report to me the following day the condition of the animal (no medicine was ordered). On the follow- ing morning, July 7th, her friend, Dr. George, called, and stated that the bitch was much prostrated, and that sick- ness was constant if anything was taken into the stomach. An hydrocyanic acid mixture was ordered, but this being objected to, a mixture of creosote in minimum doses was substituted. After two or three doses of the mixture the sickness subsided to some extent. Beef-tea and brandy were ordered as a support, and beef-tea injections, but the animal died the following morning. “ Post-mortem—Upon removing the abdominal viscera the stomach was found slightly tinged with red; the intestines and spleen were healthy; the liver somewhat congested ; the lungs were in a congested state, probably from gravitation of the blood; ‘the right ventricle and 124 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. auricle of the heart were full of dark, coagulated blood ; the bladder was contracted, and contained no urine ; its coats appeared thickened ; and on making a section to examine the state of the mucous membrane two ‘calculi’ were ob- served possessing spines, or spiculated points; such an arrangement is very unusual. The concretions must have been a source of irritation to the organ, and would account for the pain and difficulty of urinating the bitch had’ experienced for nine months. “From the results of many post-mortem examinations, we are led to conclude that cystic calculus in the dog is of much more frequent occurrence ee has hitherto been sup- posed. “Messrs. Gowing & Son forwarded the morbid parts of the bitch for examination. The calculi were so peculiar in form that we deemed them worthy of an illustration. Chemically the concretions are composed of triple phos- phate. Physically the prisms are arranged on very fine plates, and stellate masses, as shown in the drawing of one of the calculi, magnified five diameters and outlined with the camera. ; ty CMG in " is yg ‘i an fy YY , 4, A Fic. 11. CYSTIC CALCULUS (TRIPLE PHOSPHATE) FROM THE BLADDER OFA BITCH (MAGNIFIED FIVE DIAMETERS). Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 125 “ A small quantity of the contents of the bladder, having the appearance of pus, was also sent ; the colour and con- sistency of the fluid, however, were found under the micro- scope to depend not upon purulent contamination, but entirely upon the presence of an abundant precipitate of ammonio-magnesian phosphate, the prismatic crystals of which were very large and well-defined. A quantity of the same deposit covered the lining membrane of the bladder, the walls of which were thickened. The pelvis of the right kidney was much dilated. but these organs were otherwise healthy. “Messrs, Gowing’s view of the frequency of calculous concretions in the dog is suppurted by the results of their own practice. We are indebted to them for several very interesting cases, but none more so than the one which is recorded in the present number of the journal. 1”— Veterz- narian.* RETENTION OF URINE, This may proceed from paralysis of either the muscular coat of the bladder, the result of protracted distension, and though thisis rare in dogs, who by habit are continually urinating, yet there are some who, from customary cleanli- ness, would, if confined, retain their urine to their own pain rather than misbehave themselves; or it may occur ’ from compression of the urethra by enlargement of the prostate gland, or bruises to the perineum ; calculi inthe urethra or bladder, urethritis, stricture, blood-clots, diseased penis, imperforate urethra, paralysis, may each severally | act as causes of retained urine. Mr. Blaine records a case of death in a Newfoundland dog, from the bladder of which he took forty or fifty caculi. He observes: “Death in this instance was occasioned by the obstruction to the passage of urine by means of these stones.” * In June, 1881, I performed the first recorded case in English literature of Canine Lithotomy on the St. Bernard bitch “ Mab.” (See “ Accidents and Operations.”)—J.W.H. 126 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. A short time since, I had an opportunity, during a pro- fessional call on the gentleman to whom this work is dedicated, of seeing what had been a case of retention of urine in a fox terrier puppy a few days old, due to an im- ‘perforate prepuce. This had been removed by his medical, attendant, W. Haslehurst, Esq., by slitting the prepuce along from its under surface to the end. The case did well, and the puppy was reared. Symptoms.—The animal exhibits great restlessness, he is continually and vainly endeavouring to urinate ; he moves uneasily about, and with a straddling gait. When lying down he performs the act with extreme care, and moans or emits a sharp cry after the effort. The abdomen is en- larged, hot, and tense to the feel. As the case advances, the pain increases, there is repeated straining, with retching and vomiting ; the pulse becomes rapid and small; the breathing hurried ; tongue dry and furred ; the poor animal looks piteously at its master, gazes from time to time at its flanks, finally reels about, becomes comatose, and dies. _ Treatment.—lf the bladder be emptied, immediate reliet is afforded, but this is often only temporary, the urine is quickly secreted again, and often with the same result ; watchfulness is therefore necessary. If the patient be not thus relieved, the intense pressure on the bladder gives rise to acute inflammation or paralysis, decomposition of the urine takes place, sloughing of the coats of the bladder follows,ultimately they give way,and the contents are poured into the abdominal cavity. The passage of the catheter is necessary in all cases where the retention occurs from mechanical impediment to the outward flow of urine. , When the retention results from urethritis, leeches, hot fomentations, loin baths, opiates, mucilaginous drinks and emollient clysters are the measures to be adopted. : The same treatment will apply to retention of urine, owing to bruises of the perineum. 7 Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 127 Imperforate urethra, or prepuce, requires immediate opening. Retention from paralysis necessitates the use of the cathe- ter, which should be repeated from time to time ; but it is advisable not to withdraw the whole contents at first, other- wise collapse without contraction is likely to ensue ; a small quantity of urine left in is more likely to stimulate the organ, and by its warmth aid in restoring it to a natural condition. Strychnine or nux vomica is in such cases, exceedingly useful. : When the retention takes place from disease of the penis, other than urethritis, as warty growths, an operation for the removal of the impediment is necessary. (See “ Warts on the Penis.”) Youatt quotes a singular case of retention of urine, caused by the presence of a worm in the urethra. M. Séon, veterinary surgeon of the Lancers of the Body- guard, was requested to examine a dog who strained in vain to void his urine, often uttering dreadful cries, and then eagerly licking his penis. M. Séon, after having tried in vain to abate the irritation, endeavoured to pass an elastic bougie. He perceived a conical body, half an inch long, protruding from the urethra with each effort of the dog to void his urine, and immediately afterwards returning into the urethra. He crushed it with a pair of forceps, and drew it out. It proved to be a worm resembling a strongylus, four and a half inches long. It was living, and moving about. M.Séon could {not ascertain its species. ‘The worm being extracted, the urine flowed, and the dog soon recovered.* PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER. This cystic condition may occur from protracted dis- tension of the bladder, owing to the retention of urine ; or * Prat. Med. Vet., Fev, 1828. 128 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. from local or general paralysis, the result of spinal injury, or other and debilitating diseases. Many dogs, from habits of cleanliness, will not urinate except out of doors, an illustration of which has already been given in the section on “Cystitis.” The muscular coat of the bladder being thus overstretched, and the strain on it prolonged, it becomes paralysed. So that when liberty is accorded to the animal, the evacuation cannot take place, and unless speedy assistance is rendered, serious mischief will ensue. Treatment.—This consists in frequently relieving the bladder with the catheter, but for reasons previously observed, in retention of urine the whole contents should not at first be removed. We must then endeavour to impart tone to the system by the administration of tonics. The best agents for the purpose are strychnine or nux vomica,. alone or combined with iron. Counter-irritation to the perineum is sometimes serviceable. The diet should be ne liquid, nourishing and muci- laginous. CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, | BALANITIS, INVERSION OF THE WARTS ON THE PENIS, UTERUS, SCROTAL IRRITATIONS, ULCERATION OF THE ENLARGED TESTICLE, UTERUS, INVERSION OF THE VA- HERNIA OF THE UTERUS, GINA, DROPSY OFITHE UTERUS, POLYPUSIN THEVAGINA, FATTY DEGENERATION INFLAMMATION OF THE OF THE OVARIES. UTERUS, BALANITIS, ' Signifying inflammation of, and discharge of matter from the mucous membrane of the prepuce, is an affection which. dogs are frequently troubled with. Causes ——Balanitis is usually due to the secretion of acrid matter within the prepuce, and is more especially induced by a plethoric habit of body. It may also co-exist with a relaxed and anemic condition of system. Symptoms.—Considerable irritation of the part, denoted by the animal frequently licking it; a thick yellow discharge is continually present. On examination the part will be found red, swollen, and exceedingly sensitive. The prepuce is always more or less protruded, erections are frequent, and urination is performed at times with pain. Treatment.—This consists in first bathing the parts with, warm water until thoroughly cleansed, and then applying a weak solution of nitrate of silver, or acetate of lead. k 129 £30 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. If the animal is plethoric a dose of aperient medicine is advisable. If anemic, tonics should be given, and a liberal but unstimulating diet allowed. Occasionally the same condition exists in bitches, and may be removed by the same measures. WARTS ON THE PENIS. These are not unfrequent in the dog. They may be the result: of the former complaint, or exist independently. There may be only asingle growth, or several isolated, or they may be clustered together. Treatment.—The seat of the affection having been ex- posed, the excrescences may be removed by excision or ligature, after which the parts should be slightly pencilled with lunar caustic. When there is an excessive congrega- tion of warts, and a large amount of mucous membrane is involved, the repeated application of caustic or acetic acid will be the safest remedy. Occasionally warty adhesion ' exists between the sheath and the penis, which is of serious importance in stud dogs. In such a case a competent canine veterinary surgeon should be consulted, the necessary operation being too delicate for an amateur to attempt. SCROTAL IRRITATION. Dogs, especially aged ones, and those which have been freely used for stud purposes, are frequently troubled with irritation of the scrotum, which has been described by some authors (in my opinion, wrongly) as cancer. Causes.—The irritation is due to a plethoric condition of the scrotum. The circulation of blood in the integument being excessive, an amount of congestion takes place, resulting in the irritation named, which Nature endeavour: to relieve by a serous exudation in the form of pimples. Symptoms.—The first indications are those usually found ir all inflammatory processes—heat, redness, swelling, and sore. ness. Inthecourseof afew days minutepimples appear; these Diseases of the Generative Organs. 131 soon break and give exit to a thin watery fluid, which be- comes encrusted on the surface of the part, and is ulti- mately thrown off, exposing either a dry or moist and inflamed surface underneath, which is exceedingly sensi- tive. If not properly dealt with at this stage, ulceration ‘frequently follows, the case becomes chronic, and when the soreness and rawness is removed a thickened cartilaginous condition of the scrotum remains behind. Treatment.—When the earliest symptoms of the affection are noticed a smart dose of aperient medicine should be administered, and, if the pimples have not appeared, three or four leeches may be applied to the scrotum. If the animal is small, one or two will be sufficient. On the fol- lowing day the parts may be frequently bathed with one part of vinegar to twenty parts of cold water ; and when pimples have formed and broken, a weak solution of the acetate of lead, ten grains to the ounce of water, or the same quantity of glycerine, forms the best application, to be used twice or three times daily. If ulceration takes place, the application of lunar caustic, with alum or zinc ointment, are the measures indicated. A surgical operation is rarely necessary. The diet should be spare, unstimulat- ing, and somewhat relaxing. ENLARGED TESTICLES. Occasionally the testicles become enlarged, and the en- largement may be associated with induration, with a con- siderable degree of insensibility, or, as is more frequently the case, full and exceedingly sensitive, giving to the touch a feeling of distension. The scrotum has a smooth, full, and shining appearance, and is usually hot. Causes.—This condition may be either due to an exces- sive demand on these organs in stud purposes, or from denial of connection when brought in contact with the ob- jects of desire; or it may result from injury, as ie bruises, crushes, etc. K—2 v32 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Treatment.—If the enlargement is due to the first-named cause, rest, tonics (particularly the iodide of iron and potassium), and nourishing food are indicated. If fromthe second-named cause, Nature should without question be allowed to follow her course, or relief by depletion from internal and local agents must be adopted. If it results from the latter-named causes, antiphlogistic measures must be had recourse to—aperient medicine, leeches, fomenta- tions, and quietude. Castration is occasionally necessary in the last-named causes, but rarely if ever in the former. INVERSION OF THE VAGINA. This is very commonly seen in bitches who have had many litters of puppies, and who are of arelaxed and debilitated condition of system. It is frequently present during the period of cestrum, and as frequently disappears with the decline of that function. It has also arisen after connection when the animals have been suddenly or violently separated. Symptoms.—The presence or protrusion of a red, soft, smooth body at the orifice of the vagina, easily returnable, but which is again, unless proper means be resorted to quickly re-inverted.* In chronic cases the tumour invariably remains persistent. Difficulty in micturition is more or less manifested, and febrile disturbance is occasionally present. Long exposure to air gives the mucous membrane a somewhat leaden tint, and it becomes wrinkled and covered with epithelium of a leathery nature. * In the bitch, inversion of the vagina has been sornetimes mistaken for a condylomatous tumour; and cases are recorded in which tumours of this kind, protruding beyond the vulva, through insufficient exami- nation have been mistaken for inversion. Inversion of the bladder has also been confounded with that of the vagina. The pyriform cysts which sometimes form in that canal, and contain a clear citron-coloured fluid, have likewise been sometimes confounded with inversion of the vagina. To avoid errors which might have a serious tendency, a careful ex- amination must be made, and nothing should be attempted in the way of operation until the state of affairs is exactly determined. Diseases of the Generative Organs. 133 Tveatment.—After the return, by pressure, of the inver- sion, which should be first thoroughly cleansed, the treat- ment consists in the frequent application of cold water to the parts, the injection of mild astringents (alum-water being the best), and the administration of agents that will give tone to the system, as the preparations of iron and bark. Where retention is difficult, a truss may be employed, or labial sutures ; but in the bitch the latter are not advisable. Lacerations* require strict attention, otherwise adhesions are liable to take place, and a per- manent inversion be the result. The diet should be plain, unstimulating, and nutritious ; moderate exercise daily is beneficial, as the protrusion is not so liable to take place in the standing posture and during locomotion, as in the recumbent position. Constipation, or any of the causes which produce straining, must be avoided. * When the submucous connective tissue of the vagina has been much lacerated, and abnormal adhesions have taken place, then a re- currence of the inversion isto be apprehended. This recurrence is, of course, most likely to take place in chronic inversion, and all the skill and patience of the veterinary surgeon will be required in dealing with such acase. At times the accident has proved so troublesome, and retention has so baffled every attempt after reduction was effected, that amputation of the protruded portion has been practised, and with success. Rainard appears to have been the first to venture on this bold measure, and he practised the operation several times on bitches. He ligatured the entire inverted mass close to the vulva, in one case ; but as this gave rise to intense fever, and, when cured, the animal suffered ° from incontinence of urine, he adopted another procedure. Instead of including the whole of the tumour in one ligature, he divided the pedicle into three portions, which he tied separately, so that each liga. ture only enclosed one third of the mass. After tightening the ligatures the bitch was allowed to run at large, the only attention it received being the injection of emollient fluids into the vagina, and a smaller allowance of food. The pain was much less in intensity and duration than in the first case, and the tumour came away in five or six days, when recovery took place. Rainard, however, advises immediate excision of the portion of the mass beyond the ligatures, when these have been drawn tight.—Fleming’s “ Veterinary Obstetrics,” p. 603. A case is recorded of the Author’s in the Veterinary Journal. May.. 1884. Also see “‘ Vaginotomy,” Chapter xviii. } 134 ‘The Management and Diseases of the Dog POLYPUS IN THE VAGINA. Polypus is occasionally met with in the vagina of bitches. It consists in a pedicled tumour attached to some portion of the vaginal walls. It is generally situated some distance from the orifice, and is usually observed when the animal is in a lying posture. Sometimes it increases so much in size as to be continually protruded, and the act of urination causes it to be still more dependent. Polypus may be confounded with uterine inversion, but a careful examination will at once remove this doubt, as its attachment can generally be felt. Symptoms.—The tumour is usually pear-shaped, having a pedicle, or stalk, as its base. It is smooth, glistening, movable, and insensible when manipulated. It may be ac- companied by a purulent discharge, but, as a rule, there is simply an increase in the secretion of mucus. It creates much inconvenience in the act of urination, and when of considerable size interferes with the evacuation of fzeces, _Treatment.—Removal by excision or ligature, which is attended with but little danger or constitutional disturb-- ance, and the injection afterwards of astringents, with occasional application of lunar caustic, if unhealthy action’ or fungus results. INFLAMMATION OF THE UTERUS (METRITIS) Bitches are not very frequently troubled with this affec- tion. When it does happen, it is generally associated with parturition, particularly if the labour be protracted, and un- skilful or rough usage has been had recourse to. It may proceed vem external violence, as blows or falls, or from the use of injudicious and excessive vaginal injec- tions. Symptoms.—Pain on pressure over the uterine region, and also on examination per vaginam ; in the latter, the os wéerz Diseases of the Generative Organs. 135 will be found exceedingly sensitive and hot. Fulness of the abdomen, and general inflammatory fever. The animal is prostrate, but afraid to lie down. Vomiting is usually present,and sometimes a purulent discharge, which becomes foetid as the disease proceeds, issues from the vagina, the labia of which are tumefied and hot, and the animal frequently endeavours to urinate. If metritis occurs at or after parturition, the secretion of milk is generally sus- pended. Insuch a case there is a considerable tendency for the inflammation to extend to the peritoneum (metro- peritonitis), in which the pain is more diffused, and peri- _tonitic symptoms are manifested. Treatment.—The patient should be confined to a com- fortable, soft bed ; lying on hard, bare or cold floors is ex- cessively injurious. Opiates, containing 1 to 3 grains of the drug, with, it there is much prostration, brandy and water, and warm baths to the hind parts as far as the loins, or local fermenta- tions, are the measures most advisable. A weak watery . infusion of opium, zefid, may with benefit be injected in the uterus, but it is necessary to observe that extreme care should be used in inserting the end of the pipe within the mouth of the inflamed organ ; indeed, when the inflamma- tion is excessive, it is better to be content with gendle vaginal injection. Foetor may be overcome by injections of a weak solution of carbolic acid or chloride of zinc. In severe cases, counter-irritation to the loins and abdo- men may also be adopted. The bowels should be gently moved with castor-oil, aided by enemas. The diet should consist of liquid, nourishing and muci- laginous food. Small doses of iron are serviceable when the acute symptoms have abated. Quinine is also useful. 136 The Management and Diseases of the Doz. INVERSION OF THE UTERUS. This is not of very frequent occurrence, and is usually met with in bitches which have parturiated several times, and in which the organ is loose and flabby and the os uteri relaxed. It is usually connected with protracted parturi- tion, where undue force or assistance has been used, or there has been violent straining. Symptoms —lInversion of the uterus is denoted by the protrusion of a round rough-surfaced body, which is easily compressible ; the extent of the protrusion may be detected by examining with the finger between the tumour and walls of the vagina. If the inversion is protracted the organ becomes discoloured with a pus-like exudation on its exposed surface, and emits an offensive odour. Treatment.—This consists in returning the uterus to its proper situation, which should be done without delay, other- wise its swollen and abnormal condition will render it next to impossible. The operation is best effected by gentle pressure on the centre of the fundus with a rod having the end padded; a little olive-oil or milk injected around and ' on. the organ will facilitate its return. The after-injection of a weak solution of lon or zinc, and the administration of an opiate, will assist in the re- tention of the organ. When, owing to protracted inversion, the uterus has be- zome enormously swollen, discoloured and cold,and return is impossible,excision will be necessary ; and this may be per- formed either by a ligature round the neck of the organ, gradually tightened every day,.or direct removal with the knife immediately before a tight ligature. The subsequent treatment should consist in warm water injections, with _ occasionally chloride of zinc, laxative diet, and quietude. ULCERATION OF THE -UTERUS Is not very frequently met with in canine practice. The “Veterinary Record,” vol. iii., gives the following :— “Three weeks before the time of parturition a bitch fell Diseases of the Generative Organs. 137 from a height of four feet. Four or five days after the animal became sleepy, and the belly pendulous and pain- ful. Ata later period the animal appeared very uneasy and made frequent shrill cries when the belly was pressed upon. At last four puppies, one dead, were born. Severe fits came on attended by protrusion of the eyeballs and unconscious wandering, and death supervened. —_ “ On examination after death, the peritoneum was found inflamed, and there was dark-coloured effusion. There were two large unhealthy ulcers in one of the horns of the uterus, perforating all the coats of the uterus, and opening into the abdomen.’—oore. Ulceration of the uterus may proceed from injuries, or the presence of foreign bodies, as the retention of a foetus. Sympitoms.—A. sanious discharge frequently accompanies it, there is frequent micturition, and the animal is occa- sionally observed straining ; a desire for the male is also manifested. If the disease is extensive, considerable lassi- tude and emaciation ensues, with febrile disturbance. Treatment.—Astringent injections, the administration of tonics (particularly the tinct. ferri), a liberal diet, exercise and cleanliness, are the measures chiefly to be observed. Carbolic acid solutions, 1 to 40—50, are serviceable when the discharge is offensive and profuse. - HERNIA OF THE UTERUS. Hernia of the uterus is of rare occurrence in the bitch. ‘The following interesting case is recorded in the “ Veteri- narian,” April, 1871, by Mr. T. Corby, M.R.C.V.S., Hackney :— “ About the middle of February, a small terrier bitch was brought to me, for the purpose of being destroyed, in conse- quence of the existence of a large tumour just posterior to the hindermost mammary gland, on the. left side, the con- tents of which appeared to be irregularly solid and partly movable. The application of pressure caused considerable 138 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. pain, besides which the bitch was constantly straining, as if apparently requiring to urinate ; small quantities of urine, however, were only passed, mixed with some foetid and brown-coloured matter from the vagina. She was an old animal, had lost all appetite, and was in an emaciated con- dition. “The history given me of the case was that, about nine months ago, the bitch had a litter of pups, soon after which a swelling, about the size of a walnut, was noticed at the site of the present tumour. The enlargement continued almost unaltered insize until aboutfour months ago, at which time she was missed from her house for a few days. Soon after her return the tumour began to increase in size, and the other symptoms now present to slowly develop, them- selves. 1 “By manipulation a round hard body could be felt, partly composing the tumour, which, considering the his- tory of the case, the form of the enlargement, and the nature of the vaginal discharge, I came to the conclusion was the head of a foetus. “It having been determined to operate with a view if possible of still prolonging the animal’s life, she was put under the influence of chloroform and the tumour opened. It was found to contain a considerable portion of the uterus, with one dead fcetus in it, having-the head and fore parts entire. The hinder portion of the body was, however, broken up by decomposition, the parts remaining being very putrid and rotten. After removing the foetus I endeavoured to return the uterus into the abdomen, but it was so swollen and thickened throughout that I could not do so, and as her owner did not wish her to suffer any further pain she was destroyed. On further examination the bladder was found not to be included in the hernia, but greatly distended by pressure of its neck between the brim of the pelvis and the anterior part of the vagina. Besides these lesions there was little else which requires special mention. Allied Diseases of the Generative Organs. 139 cases to. this, in which hernia of the uterus exists at the base, as it were, of one of the mammary glands, are not uncommon, and are, I believe usually met with in old bitches. This is the first case coming under my notice in which the protruded portion of the uterus contained a foetus.” DROPSY OF THE UTERUS. This uterine condition is occasionally met with in bitches that have parturiated several times, are of gross habit, and in which the function of cestrum has become a rare occur- rence. Symptoms.—Dropsy of the uterus may be confounded with pregnancy, or other enlargement of the abdomen. Careful examination, however, will detect a notable differ- ence between it and either of the latter; the absence of solid bodies, and the usual hard and tense feel in the former, together with its circumscribed shape and fluctua- tion, point out the improbabilty of pregnancy or other abdominal enlargements. In the Veterinarian for January, 1871, Messrs. Gowing and Son record the following case :— “DISTENSION OF THE UTERUS OF A BITCH WITH PSEUDO-PURULENT FLUID. “On November 22nd our attention was called’ to the con- dition of a small, rough terrier bitch about ten years old. The animal presented some of the appearances character- istic of ascetes ; the abdomen was enlarged, pendulous, and -fluctuating. There was much prostration, the action of the heart was feeble, the breathing was accelerated, the appetite was impaired, but the desire for drink was con- stant. It was evident that the case was a hopeless one, and no attempt was made to apply any treatment. The dog died on November oth. The post-mortem examination did not reveal any lesion of the internal organs, except the uterus, which was dis- 140 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. tended with fluid; this viscus we have forwarded for your inspection. —— “(As stated in Messrs. Gowing’s report of the case, the uterus was distended with fluid ; the horns and the body of the organ being about equally tense. When the walls of the viscus were opened, the contained fluid was found to present the ordinary characters of pus, being thick, yellowish-white in colour, and perfectly uniform in consistence. The lining membrane of the uterus was softened and somewhat pulpy but no ulceration or other morbid change was observed. Under the microscope the fluid was found to consist princi- pally of epithelial scales, with small exudation corpuscles ‘and blood-discs, but there were no pus-corpuscles. Inthe larger mammalian animals, collections of fluid in the uterus is not uncommon, and the condition is sometimes described as false conception ; there is no reason, however, to con- clude that this abnormal secretion is in any way connected with impregnation.) ” FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE OVARIES. In aged bitches of an obese disposition, and those which have parturiated, there is a tendency to fatty degeneration in organs otherwise not usually adipose. A short time since, when making a Zost-mortem examina- tion of an aged Newfoundland bitch, belonging to the Rev. S. C. Adam, of Wolverhampton, I was struck, when investi- gating the generative organs, with the condition of the ovaries. All that remained of the one was a hard, gritty substance the size of a horse-bean, imbedded in a smooth, round tumour of fat, the dimensions of a large walnut, and, containing in the centre a cyst. The other resembled a granular, fatty mass, with a full- developed’ ovum, ready to burst on the outside. The animal had borne whelps, and was supposed (erroneously) then to be pregnant. CHAPTER IX. FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. CSTRUM. BREEDING. PARTURITION, CESTRUM. CESTRUM, or the period at which sexual desires commence is in the bitch an irregular function. Some animals only become so affected once or twice a year, while others doso much oftener. A mastiff-bitch belonging to myself, which up to a late period in life remained barren, would almost “at any time allow connection. The signs of cestrum are not long manifested before attention is attracted to the consequent change of condition and manners of the animal. The usually morose bitch of savage disposition suddenly becomes gentle and inclined to caresses. The presence of a strange dog, to which she has hitherto been noted for her antipathy, increases her wish to fraternise, no matter of how low degree the animal is; every tempting posture will be exhibited, and every means exerted to attract his notice and win his affections. The generative organs externally are full, vascular and hot, a glairy discharge issues from the vaginal orifice, which rapidly increases in quantity and gradually changes in character, becoming first blood-stained, and eventually blood itself under an altered condition. There is also fre- quent micturition. The duration of cestrum is usually from ten to twenty days. During menstruation the animal is generally more or less feverish, and it is therefore advisable, particularly in high- 141 142 The Management and Diseases of the Dog, bred bitches and those on which unusual care has been bestowed, that they should not unnecessarily be exposed to damp and cold. Seclusion, except during the visit of the male, is also prudent until the period has passed. The food should be moderate, unstimulating, and if any- thing slightly relaxing. The suspension of the discharge and return of the external genitals to their ordinary size and shape denote that the function is over. BREEDING. The subject of breeding is one requiring far more con- sideration in the canine world than has hitherto been given to it. In this work, wherein I have confined myself to narrow limits, I shall only suggest the ngs remarks as worthy of notice :— 1. The sexes should be as proportionate in size as is compatible with safe breeding. This for more than one reason is desirable. Like begets like. A large sire generally produces offspring which the female is unable to give birth to. Again, this incompatible mating is attended with danger to the animals at the time of connection. I have frequently had mastiff-bitches sent to my dogs, if which, from their deficiency in height, it was impossible for the dog to perform the act required of him without injury in various ways. 2. During the period of cestrum the bitch should be carefully secluded, for the canine race know no distinction, and ignore all propriety at this season. Again, mental impression is with them exceedingly strong ; though I will not go so far as to say a passion formed for a dog of low degree will have its influence on offspring begat by other blood. But I do say, and I do so from experience, that connection with conception, particularly in maiden bitches, influences the marking and character of future litters. Functions of the Generative Organs. 143 I may give one instance as particularly illustrative of this fact. A pure-bred white English terrier, belonging to my brother, by mischance, had connection with a yellow-and-white mongrel, to which she conceived, and in each of her succeeding three litters, though put to stainless dogs purely white, the whelps were marked precisely like the first litter, yellow and white! ~ 3, When the bitch has been served, she should again be secluded, for she will then be more likely to retain the im- pression of the dog she has been mated with, and not only so, but danger of a second conception will be avoided. This may appear contrary to the laws of nature, but it is nevertheless a fact that bitches will re-conceive.* Of this I have had ocular demonstration. - One instance I will give. A full-sized black-and-tan terrier, belonging to a relative of mine at Abbots Bromley, had connection with a dog of the same species ; within an hour afterwards I saw her connected with a curly half-bred black-and-white sheep- dog. When the period of parturition arrived, she gave birth to two whelps: one, to all appearance, a pure-bred black-and-tan, the other a rough-coated black-and-white whelp, double the size. * Inthe bitch, many observers have assured themselves that super- foetation is by no means unfrequent. Rainard, Blaine, and others speak of it. Blaine says: “I am disposed to think that bitches are capable of superfcetation ; that is, they conceive more than once. If this is the case, a bitch may copulate to-day, and become impregnated, and in a day or two she may copulate again, and again become impreg- nated. This is not frequent, I believe; but it certainly does happen, or we could not account for the different periods at which the progeny sometimes appear. I have known a week, and in one case even ten. days, intervene between the puppings ; but one or two days is not at all uncommon. As a still more convincing proof, the whelps often appear of different kinds.” (The italics are mine.—J. W. H.) “It must be remembered that the bitch remains in ‘heat’ for three or four days, and will seek repeated intercourse with the male during that period. It must, therefore, either be concluded that the last inter- course was the successful one, or that one or more ova were impreg- nated at each copulation.”—Fleming’s “ Veterinary Obstetrics,” Anomalies in Gestation, p. 153. 144 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. 4. Dogs of close relationship should not be mated. In- and-in breeding is strongly objectionable, and cannot fail to produce, whether it is observed or not, enfeebled intellect, deficiency in some organism, and lay the foundation for disease. What laws are brought to bear on animals existing in their natural state no one can say. It may be, and probably is, for Nature ordains all things well, that there is an innate principle with them in regard to this. Plain facts of this breach of Nature are continually in our own species brought to light ; and in the canine race unaccountable out- ‘breaks of rabies in kennels where the in-and-in system of breeding has been adopted, and otheraffections in park-deer, under similar circumstances, have not been few. 5. Breeding should not be allowed before either sex have arrived at maturity. Early fruition stunts the growth, and spoils the after symmetry of the animal. There are occa- sionally exceptionsto thisrule. Young: weedy bitches have thickened out and improved after an early litter, but I must again observe that as a rule such a system is not advisable. 6. There is much diversity of opinion as to the number of visits necessary for the inducement of pregnancy. This is however, dependent to some extent on the length of time connection is continued. A bitch thoroughly lined, z¢,a safe connection established for from ten to fifteen minutes, ~ is generally sufficient for all purposes. There is neverthe- less, no objection to a second visit on the following day. A third I consider superfluous. _ 7. Many and various are the opinions frequently volun- teered as to whether the bitchis in whelp. Ifshe is placed on her side or back after being fasted, and the region of the uterus manipulated, the presence of certain oval bodies, the third or fourth week after conception, can be pretty fairly distinguished by a scientific and practical man. In flatulent, gross dogs this is, however, not a very easy task, and the occasional presence of ovarian tumours may be mistaken Functions of the Generative Organs. 145 (and would be, in all probability, by the uninitiated) for whelps. The presence of milk in the teats towards the last week of pregnancy is not to be depended upon by itself as a sign of approaching parturition, as its secretion frequently takes place after copulation, or cestrum without the latter, towards and at the period of what should have terminated pregnancy. In the mastiff bitch, Duchess, already alluded to, this was always the case, so that eventually, when she did conceive, .I was in some doubt as to the fact until she had nearly run | the full time, when the.alteration in her habits convinced me to the contrary. Someanimals carry their young so close, ie. exhibit such slight signs of altered shape, as to render the case still more obscure. A fortnight before Duchess whelped I was most positively assured by numerous canine individuals, including one of vast and long experience, and who offered to bet five pounds on the event, that she was not with young, and, further, that the glairy discharge she evacuated was proof ofthe opinion. When the time arrived she gave birth to thirteen whelps. When, therefore, there is any doubt about the matter, look to the habits of the bitch, and particularly towards the ap- proaching period of parturition. A drowsy condition, a wish for seclusion, and in a place hitherto unnoticed, should arouse our suspicions that parturition is likely to take place. PARTURITION. I have now arrived at one of the most important subjects contained in this work, and one that I should handle with - far more diffidence than I shall do, had my canine ex- perience been limited only to the treatment of disease. There are, however, times at which Nature in the lower animals is compelled either to abandon her efforts to relieve, or accept artificial aid ; and the act of parturition is one in L i 146 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. which she frequently needs human assistance, and tha’ assistance it has been my pleasure frequently to give. Mr. Blaine remarks: “ Great numbers of dogs die evety year in bringing forth their young. A life of art has brough the human curse upon them, and they seem, in commor with their female owners, to be doomed to bring forth ir sorrow and pain.” Certainly, especially in breeds belonging to the pamperec house class, this is frequently the case. The same pro. pensity to fix their affections on animals considerably disproportionate to themselves in size, appears as pre dominant in the canine as in the human race, and life i: oftentimes the forfeit paid for such injudicious choice. The period of pregnancy is from sixty-two to sixty-fou days. The first symptoms of approaching labour are denoted by frequent urination and fecal evacuation, due tc nervous sympathy ; there. is also extreme restlessness, the bitch seeks solitude, where she will be found continually moving her position. The external generative organs present a full and swollen appearance; from the vagina there issues a glairy, gelatinous discharge, mingled im. mediately before the pains commence with blood. At this period the animal should never be interfered with indeed, it is only when it is manifest by protracted straining and gradual prostration that there is an obstruction tc natural parturition, that man should then use his power Many persons are oftentimes too hasty to exhibit thei1 obstetrical skill, or at all events from a mistaken kindness they interfere far too soon. The time occupied in giving birth to a whelp is frequently very considerable, and the intervals between each one long. Were they not so, the prostration would be so great that before the last birth could take place death from syncope would result; but an all-wise and merciful Creator has ordained that even the lowest of His creatures shall not suffer unlimitedly. Functions of the Generative Organs. 147 The first throes are generally short and somewhat weak but as labour proceeds they become stronger, longer, and more frequent. When we are satisfied the bitch is unable of herself to parturiate, an examination should be carefully made with the finger per vaginam. Ifa whelp is in the passage, with the head and fore-feet presented, traction should be made on both. If tail first, on the hind feet. If it is a breech- presentation, which rarely happens, the hind leg should be secured and held firmly, while the stern is pushed back. Delivery will usually easily follow. In cases where the passage is small, and the parts power- fully contracted, the warm bath is an invaluable aid. Mr. Mayhew, in one of his poetic flights of fancy, strongly condemns this measure. He however appears to have forgotten, in his arguments against it, that the contrac- tions of the uterus, under some circumstances, prove an obstacle to the removal of its contents. Uterine inflam- mation, which he mentions as a consequence of the warm bath, is far more likely to result from neglected and rough assistance than the application of warm water. The probability of the animal not surviving if retained in it for an unlimited period, might reasonably be expected, but with discretion on the part of the surgeon, no evil result need be feared. In fact, my own experience on this point is in exact opposition to the above authors. I select the _ following from my list in illustration. A small, rough toy terrier, several years old, was brought for my attention in parturition. She had been in labour since the previous day, and it was her first pregnancy. The passage was too small to insert more than the tip of the little finger ; there were no pains, but the diagnostic foetal smell was emitted. After administering a stimulant, I inserted a very small forceps, and succeeded in laying hold of one foot, and subsequently the other, but to no purpose—the whelp was fixed. I then placed the bitch ina warm bath, keeping L—2 148 The. Management. and: Diseases of the Dog. my finger in the vagina. I soon detected a relaxation ofits walls,and by gradual traction, encouraged only once by a feeble pain, I extracted the whelp, an unnaturally large one, A little brandy was given to the bitch, after which she was rubbed dry, placed in a basket, and made comfortable. Ina short time a dose of ergot was administered, the pains returned, and the birth of three more whelps took place without mechanical assistance. _ Mr, Mayhew exhibits a like prejudice to the ergot of rye in promoting uterine contraction, and in this opinion he is not alone. Again, however, I am at variance with him and his disciples. We have had abundant proofs of the value of this agent in parturition, and of the evils of it in pregnant cattle by procuring abortion which could be traced to no other cause, not to doubt its power; and independent of the evidence of eminent veterinarians and medical men as to its efficacy, I have that of my own tests, which in no single case have been attended with failure. In protracted labour, then, with weak throes, I strongly recommend the ergot with stimulants. ; After parturition the bitch requires but little attention, quietude is generally all that need be observed; the custom of continually inspecting the offspring and removing the bed is injudicious, the natural instinct of the mother teaches her to do all that is necessary, and however kind our intentions may be, she is jealous of any interference and prefers to be left alone with her family. (See “ Influence of Mental Emotion on Canine Lactation.”) In continuance of the subject, the means used to deliver bitches in unnatural parturition are various, From Mr. Fleming’s able work on “Veterinary Obstetrics” I extract the following, and if more information on the subject is required, I refer my readers to the book in question, “With regard to the smaller animals, such as the bitch, sow, sheep, and goat, in them we may often use the crochet, the ordinary forceps, or a small-sized model of the human Functions. of the Generative Organs. 149 forceps with advantage. Various patterns are in use, some -of them fenestrated, others not ; some resemble polypus- forceps, while others again are grooved, serrated, or toothed at the ends of the blades. An essential which should not be lost sight of in the forceps for such small-animals as the bitch or cat, is that the blades should be sufficiently long to seize not only the head, but much, if not all of the body of the foetus. If they are too short in the blades they cannot be made to grasp sufficient of the foetus to remove it; while the joint being close to the vulva, or even within the vagina, is likely to pinch the mucous membrane and cause con- siderable pain. “Hill, of Wolverhampton, who has had extensive expe- rience in this direction, uses a small and slightly modified form of the human forceps for bitches ; there is a spring between the branches of the handle. (Fig. 12).* “Weber has proposed a forceps for these small animals, ‘and it has been preferred by some authorities to the ordinary model. It isa modification of one for a long time employed by Leblanc, which again was fashioned after an instrument designed by Hunter. This is composed of an iron stalk, about ten inches in length, with a wooden handle at one end and two blades or bows at the other. On this stalk glides a long enveloping metal tube, which, near the handle, has a wide ferrule, or shield, that allows it to be pushed along by the thumb of the hand holding the instrument, and thus to bring the blades together. A nut, or female screw, running on a screwed portion of the stalk, near the handle, * These forceps were made according to my directions for private se, as will be perceived from Fig.12. There is a spring between the handles, consequently the instrument must be closed before it can be inserted. The handles are then relaxed in proportion to the require- meets of the case, z.e., to the vaginal distension necessary to pass the forceps on either side behind the head of the pup. In small bitches, where the passage is much contracted, and it is difficult to manipulate with the fingers, the instrument is useful in exerting a gradual strain - on the wall of the vagina from the spring pressure between the handles. 150 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. : ih FIG. 1? FIG. I3. BLICH KURCEPS. WEBER'S FORCEPS. Functions of the Generative Organs. I5t is intended to assist the pressure of the thumb when this is insufficient (Fig. 13). A finger of the cther hand ‘intro- duced into the vagina guides the instrument, and allows the part of the foetus to be seized to be reached by the operator, either with the view of extracting the young creature or changing its position, according to the indica- tions. “Defays concludes that the forceps employed by veterinary surgeons in the accouchement of the smaller animals should not be merely a reduction in size of those employed in human practice, but ought to be something like that of Palfin. It is most difficult, he truly says, to apply an in- strument in shape like that of the accoucheur’s ordinary forceps, owing to the neck of the foetus in carnivora being so thick, and the difference in volume between it and the head far less than in the human foetus; so that, when the forceps is used, the ends of the blades press on the neck, Slip under the throat, and the head escapes from them. To. remedy this imperfection he has made forceps with the extremity of the blades notched or hollowed out (Fig. 14), while the head of one of the branches has a piece of metal with a slotin it, attached by a hinge, and which is intended - to hold the blades together when the fcetus is seized. “Though this forceps has sometimes proved of service. yet cases occur in which it is not so useful. “When the bitch is large, or of moderate size, forceps may be employed with advantage, though they must be of various dimensions. But when the animal is very small, as _ is usually the case in difficult parturition in this species, the space occupied by the bows of the forceps—if they are ever so thin—so increases the volume of the mass which has to pass through the pelvic canal, that this instrument cannot be used. “ As we pointed out when studying the anatomy of the region, the pelvis is cylindrical in carnivora, and if we: ‘suppose its diameter to be three inches, and that of the 152 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. FIG. 14, FIG. 15. DEFAYS’ FORCEPS. DEFAYS’ WIRE EXTRACTOR WITH THE TORSION RODS. Functions of the Generative Organs. 153 head of the foetus a trifle less, it will be seen that birth must necessarily be difficult ; and this difficulty will be in-, creased if the vagina is narrow and rigid. When the forceps is used, the difficulty is further exaggerated ; for when the blades are passed on the head, the foetus is then augmented in size by a quantity equal to their breadth, multiplied by their thickness, the whole constituting a mass greater than the pelvic cavity will permit to pass through it, so that delivery becomes impossible. “Forceps, therefore, in small bitches, increase the diffi- culties of parturition, and those difficulties are all the more embarrassing as the animal is diminutive. Recourse to this instrument is consequently contra-indicated, and if delivery is to be effected, a means must be substituted which presents less inconvenience. _“ Asa rule, the loss of one or two puppies is not a matter of much moment, the principal object being to save the mother by bringing the act of parturition to a prompt ter- mination. The desideratum is to apply an apparatus which will exert its force behind the head of the foetus, as if the sum of expulsive efforts was directed from behind; or as if a new force had been developed in the uterine cavity, which presses directly on the summit of the head. “ After much consideration, Defays finally produced an apparatus which fulfils these indications, and, besides its ingenuity, is very simple, and easily applied. It consists merely of two rather fine brass, or very pliable iron, wires which can be easily twisted, and are yet strong enough to withstand a moderate amount ofstrain. Thewires should be at least sixteen inches in length, and looped in the middle, so as to be applied to the fcetus in the following manner: The first finger of the left hand being passed _ into the vagina, serves to guide one of the loops towards _ the summit of and behind the foetal head, and it then con- ducts the loop of the other wire beneath the head behind the jaw. This done, the two wires on each side are twisted 154 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. by a little machine (Fig. 15), composed of a thin iron rod in a handle, the other end of which is thickened and pierced by holes running nearly parallel to the stalk. Into these holes the two wires of one side are passed ; the machine on each side is pulled up as close as possible to the head of the foetus, and, each being turned round three or four times, _ the neck is enclosed in a kind of noose or collar formed by the two wires (Fig. 16). “ The rods are now withdrawn from the latter, and the ‘foetus can be extracted by exercising traction on the four ends of the wires outside the vulva. By this contrivance delivery is effected without injury to the bitch, and, unless FIG. 16, DEFAYS’ WIRE EXTRACTOR APPLIED. it is much decomposed, without separating the head of the foetus. “We have tried Defays’ apparatus, and can speak highly of it; not unfrequently we have succeeded in extracting the puppy alive, and when the use of forceps would have been impossible. “A much simpler, readier, and perhaps more successful apparatus (so far as our experience enables us to speak) is that devised by Breulet, of Marche, Belgium, which meets every requirement in the accouchement of small bitches, and might be successfully employed with sows, ewes, and goats. Functions of the Generative Organs. 155 This apparatus is the same in principle as Defays’ wire extractor, but there is only one wire. The principal part of the invention is a noose-tube, consisting of a tubular piece of round wood, from four to six inches long, and halt an inch thick. The wire may either be of copper, brass, or _ iron, about sixteen inches long (we have generally used a piece of catgut, and prefer it); this is doubled, passed FIG 17. BREULET’S TUBE AND NOOSE. through the tube to a certain extent, so as to form a loop or noose at the end (Fig. 17). ‘““When it is to be used, the first finger of the left hand carries the loop into the vagina of the bitch, and slips it: behind the occiput of the puppy ; then the two ends of the wire are passed through the tube, and this is pushed into the vagina under the chin of the foetus ; the operator now tightens and secures the wire by giving it a turn round the first finger of the right hand, placing his thumb at the end of the tube (Fig. 18). A little traction then extracts the FIG. 18. BREULET’S NOOSE FIXED ON THE FETUS. foetus, and without doing it or the bitch the least damage. We now employ no other instrument in canine obstetricy, and our success has always. been complete, even with the tiniest toy terriers. 1 56 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. “When our assistance has been sought for in time, we have generally managed, expeditiously and easily, to extract the puppies alive. It will be seen that the noose is not unlike the ‘fillet’ used in human obstetrics.” FIG. 19. THE CROTCHET. The crotchet, or blunt hook, has been recommended by, some authorities as an efficient obstetrical instrument,’ Mayhew observes with regard to its use: “Tt has been long known to the human accoucheur, but. by him is not employed save under certain conditions. A piece of stout steel wire constitutes its substance.: The wire, about twelve inches long, is flattened at one ex- tremity, and both ends crooked and made perfectly smooth or blunt, the. flattened hook being the larger of the two. For the dog, the instrument must, of course, be propor- tioned to the passage into which it is to be introduced, and as the pup, in consequence of the weakness of the abdomi- nal parietes in the bitch, often is felt lying below the level of the symphysis, a dip or lateral bend is given to the hooks. “So simple is the crotchet, which ought to be highly polished, in order to secure its being perfectly smooth. It is first warmed and greased, then introduced with the index finger of one hand, while the other guides the instru- ment into the womb. The foetus is to be first felt, and this is the more readily done if an assistant supports and compresses the abdomen, When the finger has ascertained) that the pup is favourably placed, the hook (and I generally use the flattened extremity of the instrument) is to be pushed forward and then retracted, until the operator is aware that a firm hold has been obtained. The purchase Functions of the Generative Organs. 157 being secure, the finger is to be employed to keep the foetus from escaping, by pushing it against or towards the. point of the crotchet, and holding it there. Traction is now made steadily, and in the proper direction; and the assistant at the same time, by manipulating the belly, facilitates the delivery of the bitch, which should be in a standing position—not upon its back. ' “The directions are not very complex, but they must not on that account be disregarded. By introducing the finger, and taking care that its extremity corresponds with the point of the instrument, a great object is gained by securing the pup more firmly ; yet there are other advan- tages also obtained by this mode of operating. The head of the foetus is generally too large for the vagina, and hence “the difficulty of its expulsion ; but by the employment of -an instrument which is simultaneously to pass, we appear to be increasing the obstruction. However, by compressing the head with the end of the finger, it is in some degree forced toconform to the diameter of the passage, which the gelati- nous development of the pup at the time of birth readily enables it to do. Moreover, the hazard of injury being done, if the instrument should lose its hold, is guarded against ; for, should the hook slip, the point would be received upon the end of the finger before it could catch the soft parts.. However, the operator will feel the hold giving way long before it is entirely lost, and will be enabled to ‘rectify the occurrence in the majority of cases before there is a chance of accident. The finger, therefore, becomes a sensible guide to the operator, and by its employment the traction is rendered more firm and steady. But, above all, care should be taken to have the instrument perfectly, _ blunt, and the beaks of the hooks not too long A sharp point might, at the first glance, seem more likely to answer the purpose in-view ; but its employment would be attended with danger, and on being tested it would be found more apt to tear away. In fact, the sharper the 1538 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. point the less firm would be the hold, since the substance to be secured is somewhat of a pulpy nature; whereas, by using as broad and flat a point as possible, the force is exerted on a larger surface, and the grasp is proportionately the more likely to be retained; the object being not to rend the foetus or tear it away, but to gently pull it through the vagina, using only so much violence as the judgment assures us is imperative for the accomplishment of the pur- pose.” A few weeks since, I was requested, whilst driving my round in the evening, to attend a fox-terrier bitch, which had given birth to a whelp early in the morning, and had continued throughout the day in labour. On my arrival I found the head of a large pup inthe passage. I tried in vain to pass a loop over it, but it was too tightly wedged for me to do so. I then had recourse to a pair of silver sugar-tongs; but these were too soft for the pur- pose (otherwise, if electro, they are a capital sub- stitute for forceps). I was loath to sacrifice the whelp, which was alive and close at hand; but having no instruments with me, and the owner being exceedingly fond of the bitch, which was becoming exhausted, I was compelled to do so. Having procured a small ordinary meat-skewer (Fig. 20), I bent the pointed end in the shape of a hook, FIG, 20, This, using my finger as a guide, I inserted between the branches of the lower jaw, and by gradual traction drew forth the head ; then, seizing the whelp by the neck, I con- tinued firm, steady pulling, in a few minutes extracting the whole, which proved to be almost double the size of the first-born. Considerable hemorrhage followed. Some Functions of the Generative Organs. 159 milk and brandy was administered to the bitch. No other birth took place, and she did well. When it becomes apparent that delivery by ordinary means is altogether impossible, and it is desirable the off- spring should be saved, the bitch either has to be killed, and - the whelps extracted by what is termed the Cesarean section (“ Gastro-Hysterotomy”), or the latter may be performed during the mother’s life, with the chance of hers also being saved, This operation English veterinarians have rarely practised. * The following is a case I recorded in the “Veterinary Journal,” 1887: “This morning (the 15th July), between ten and eleven o'clock, I was requested to attend an Irish setter bitch, which, I was informed, had yesterday afternoon given birth to one dead and three live puppies, and since eleven o’clock ‘last night had been in severe labour with what the owner believed to be a ‘cross-birth.’ “When I arrived the bitch was lying prostrate, with hurried respiration, rapid small pulse, eyes sunk, and ex- tremities cold. On examination per vaginam, I found one fore-leg of a whelp presented, and the head doubled back within the womb. The leg in question had been sotugged - at that it was dislocated, and almost severed from the shoulder ; the vaginal parts were extremely inflamed, being of a deep purple tint and very swollen. After first ad- ministering a little brandy and milk to my patient, I placed a noose round the presented limb and returned it within the womb, and then endeavoured to bring the head ' into position, but without success. As the poor creature was now so extremely exhausted, in fact, too weak to stand,. and the pains were very feeble and at long intervals, I sug- gested—as the only chance for the mother,and also because the offspring were valuable and several yet unborn—the Casarean operation, which the owner consented to, 160 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. “Placing her under chloroform, on a table, I madea section in the left iliac region, through the abdominal muscles and peritoneum ; and then exposing the uterus, I incised it between four and five inches, and removed eight whelps—six alive and two dead.* I closed the uterine opening with continuous silk suture, the peritoneum and abdominal muscles with continuous gut suture, and the skin with interrupted linen-thread suture. “The parts were then sponged with warm water ; a little brandy and milk, with ten drops of laudanum, administered, and the patient placed on a rug over a thick bed of straw. Strict quietude was ordered, and a little brandy and milk only to be given in two hours. “At six o’clock on the same evening I visited my patient, and, with much regret, learned she had just expired. I ’ was informed she had not shown any symptoms of pain or uneasiness since the operation; that she had risen to her feet a few moments before she died, walked to her master and wageed her tail. “Tn this case death resulted from sheer exhaustion. No support ofany description had been giventothe poorcreature . but what she chose herself to take, until I first arrived. She had been in severe labour for many hours ; and only the following morning was any assistance rendered, and that, until my services were a aia had been oe un- practical, and injurious. “T feel convinced that had the operation been performed seven or eight hours earlier, the mother’s life would have been saved ; or that, in the first instance, proper assistance would have procured a natural birth of the abnormally pre- sented one. The whelps that were alive are being reared by hand, and, so far, are doing well.” * The uterus, internally, was intensely inflamed—the vs being per- . fectly black, and the whole membrane more or less livid. One por- tion of intestine, just observable,was also much inflamed. My prognosis ‘from these appearances and other conditions of the bitch, was un- favourable Functions of the Generative Organs. 161 On the Continent some interesting cases of this operation are recorded. Among others, Mr. Fleming, in the obstetrical work alluded to, gives the following :— “ Brooks and Whitworth (Ibid., vol. xxxix., p. 33) relate the history of a bitch, which, while pregnant, had its pelvis. injured by being run over by acarriage. “When parturition had been going on fruitlessly for some time, an examination was made, and it was discovered that, owing to the fracture ot the pelvis, just above symphysis pubis, the dimensions of tne canal were greatly reduced and altered in form, so that the finger could scarcely be passed. Chloroform was ad- ministered ; the hair removed from the skin in the right iliac region, where the incision was made. Two puppies were removed; the wound in the uterus closed by silver wire suture. In three weeks the bitch was well. The puppies, put to another bitch, also lived. “Macorps (‘Annales de Méd. Vétérinaire de Bruxelles,’ 1862, p. 137) had under treatment a bitch which had in the right flank, towards the last mamma, a tumour the size of a fist, and which had appeared six weeks previously in a very gradual manner. It was neither hot nor painful tothe touch, or on pressure, * As it was supposed to be a mammary neoplasy, its ex- cision was attempted. A large incision was made in the ~ skin, and there immediately appeared a white saccular body, which was at once recognised as a uterine hernia. Instead of returning it to the abdomen, as this appeared to be both difficult and dangerous, it was decided to extract the entire uterine cornu, as far as the cervix uteri, apply a ligature round it there, and thus extirpate the organ. This wasdone ; a few sutures firmly united the skin incision ; the animal was kept quiet, the diet attended to, a few enemas ad- ministered, and in eighteen days after the operation, the bitch—of a sporting breed—was out in the field with its master. “ Saint-Cyr (Op. cit., p. 579) gave his attention to a bitch “ 162 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. which had been in labour since the previous evening. It had given birth to a puppy twelve hours before, but no more could be expelled. When Saint-Cyr first saw the bitch, the labour-pains had ceased; by vaginal exploration he could scarcely touch the foot of the most advanced puppy —which was not in the pelvis—with his finger; while the volume of the abdomen led him to believe that there were more than one in the uterus. The general condition of the animal was good; so it was decided to try the Cesarean section, incising the right flank, where the foetuses were most readily felt, by abdominal exploration. Three foetuses were removed from the right cornu by asingle incision; two of these were dead, but one was still alive. The operation being completed, the cornu was returned tu the abdomen, but not sutured ; and the abdominal incision closed by interrupted suture, a bandage being placed round the body. After the operation the bitch was very weak ; it died in eighteen hours. The autopsy showed a moderate degree of metro-peritonitis. “Feser (‘Thierarztliche Mittheilungen der Munchener Schule,’ part iii., p. 296) operated on a bitch which could not pup, making the opening in the left flank, against which the uterus lay; threepuppies were extracted—one from each horn and one from towards the os uteri, the latter being dead, and from a deviation of its head it constituted the ob- stacle to birth. The heads of the other two puppies were likewise deviated. The uterus and Fallopian tubes—every- thing behind the cervix uteri—were extirpated by the ecraseur. The uterine and ovarian arteries were ligatured. The incisions were closed by suture, and ice applied to the left side of the abdomen. The animal lost about three ounces of blood. An hour after the operation it had a shivering fit, but this soon passed off; though it recurred three times aday forsometime. In sixteen days the wound had healed and the bitch was quite recovered. The puppies were reared artificially. Functions of the Generative Orgaus. 163 “The same veterinarian (Ibid. p. 297) performed the “sectio Caesarean’ on another bitch two years old. The animal had been in labour for two days, and was extremely weak ; no puppies had been born. The section was made on the left side, and four dead puppies extracted. The uterus and ovaries were extirpated by the ecraseur, and the arteries ligatured. Frequent rigors appeared after the operation, In twenty-four hours death ensued, the fatal termination being apparently due to septikemia. “Feser (Ibid., p. 298) relates another instance in which he performed the operation, extracting four living puppies —two from each cornu; the incision was made in the left flank. The uterus and ovaries were also excised in this case the animal loosing about five ounces of blood. Extreme prostration ensued after the wounds were closed, but this was combated by stimulants, and sprinkling sweet spirits of nitre over the body. The appetite was good, and with the exception of traumatic fever, no unfavourable symptoms supervened. In eight days the bitch had recovered ; two of the puppies were reared artificially. “ Adam (‘Briefliche Mittheilung’) performed the opera- tion on a bitch, under chloroform, making the section at the linea alba, behind the umbilicus, and dividing the tissues with the scalpel, the peritoneum with scissors ; the cornua were opened by incision. After removal of the foetuses, the wound in the abdominal muscles was united by suture, then that in the skin. During the first day the animal was very depressed and feverish, but on the third day it was able to move about. The puppies, which were very large, were reared by hand. Eight months afterwards the bitch again became pregnant, and not being able to bring forth, died—no assistance having been rendered on this occasion, apparently.” . CHAPTER X. DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY, PARTURIENT ECLAMPSIA, OR MILK FEVER, SEPTIKAMIA AGALACTIA, PUERPERALIS. INFLUENCE OF MENTAL EMOTION ON CANINE LACTATION. I NEED scarcely observe that during pregnancy and lactation, the mammary glands receive a greatly increased quantity of blood—in other words, they are more vascular and sensitive, and therefore more susceptible to take on inflammatory action. At the same period the, mental condition is very active. From a study and knowledge of mental . emotional influence in human physiology, we may by close observa- tion in canine practice, drawa reasonable simile. . Just as tranquillity, irritability, anger, grief, anxiety, excitement, fear, and terror exercise their various actions upon the lacteal secretion in the human subject, and upon the infant, so undoubtedly do they in various degrees upon the canine subject. The erroneous practice of continually interfering with and removing puppies, or creating jealous fear in the mother by allowing the approach of other dogs, or strangers, is fraught with much evil. When we hear of a healthy litter born, and one after another quickly fading without any assignable reason, we 164 Diseases Immediately Connected with Parturition. 165 should at once seek for the cause, which may frequently be~ discovered in those conditions I have named as influencing the human secretion. __ A regular and healthy supply of milk is most desirable, and therefore comfort and proper management must be observed—in fact, it is most essential that due regard should be paid to the prevention of all emotional disturbance in connection with the nursing of the young. Of course the influence of habitual interference on the part of the master, or other members of the family, is not so deleterious as the advent of strange intrusion. Independently, how- ever, of the modifying influence of external circumstances, I should still urge the wisdom of quietude and comfort. The sensation of fear by the removing of a whelp is not always subdued on its restoration to the mother, but frequently continues to operate in the same direction, par- ticularly with sensitive, timid bitches. The first lacteal secretion, termed the “ colostrum,” which has a purgative effect on the offspring, and whose office is to cleanse the bowels of the meconium which is present at birth, is changed during the first week into milk proper, and therefore it will be readily seen that any action or influ- ence which tends to this necessary alteration must have a serious influence on the condition of the young, for if the colostrum is retained, prolonged relaxation of the bowels must result, and under the effects of “scour” puppies rapidly decline. The influence of a disturbing emotion on the intestinal canal or urinary apparatus, is well-known in the human subject, and precisely the same will apply to the lacteal organs, That a diminution of canine infantile mortality will result from due consideration of these remarks is my hope. Whether or not, it should always be remembered that a powerful instinctive desire is present in all animals, especially carnivora, to protect their young, and ‘the less they are meddled with the better. 166 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. AGALACTIA (ABSENCE OF MILK). Absence of milk in the mammary glands is occasionally met with in canine practice. Causes—Suspended breeding, plethora, general debility, exhausting disease, defective mammary development, acute or chronic disease of the mammary gland. Treatment.—Good food, particularly of a: leguminous kind. In debility, ammonia, bark, iron, cod-liver oil. In plethora, purgatives and plain diet. If from torpidity ot the mamma, friction to the glands, drawing the nipples, — carminatives, and stimulating food. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY, OR MILK FEVER. — This disease is rarely met with in canine practice. Probably the amount of hemorrhage that frequently takes place in bringing forth the young, and the protracted labours of the bitch before the whole family is born, may to some extent account for its rarity. A greyhound bitch, belonging to a gentlemen near Liverpool, gave birth toa numerous litter of whelps; the secretion of milk was very abundant. The family were all removed the following day, the bitch became ill the same evening, and the next morning succumbed to parturient apoplexy. The pathology of the disease is much the same as in the cow and mare. Causes —Excessive plethora at the the time of parturition, the sudden removal of offspring, cold, extreme heat. Symptoms.—Quick, full pulse, reeling gait, contracted pupils, nose hot and dry, tongue furred, extreme thirst, suppression of milk, constipation, ultimately coma, tympany, delirium and death. Treatment.—Early venesection, counter-irritation at the back of the head and along the spine, stimulants and aperients. The head should be kept in an elevated posi- Diseases Immediately Connected with Parturition. 167 tion to prevent determination of blood as much as pos- sible ; the urine and faces are frequently retained, by reason of the progressive paralysis: in such cases the former should be drawn off with the catheter, and the latter removed as well by enemas as aperients. _It is also advisable to repeatedly withdraw the milk, by natural means if possible, if not, by artificial aid. PARTURIENT ECLAMPSIA. A canine malady resembling the eclampsia of the human being has been observed by continental veterinarians ; but I fail to see that it bears any analogy to parturient apoplexy proper. 6 “Mauri (Fleming’s ‘ Obstetrics,’ p. 673) relates that a bitch, four years old, and which had been ill since the previous evening, was sent to the Toulouse Veterinary School. Fifteen days previously it had given birth to four ’ puppies, which it suckled. That morning, about three o'clock, its owner was awoke by its plaintive cries and its restlessness. It was then anxious, its mouth was open, and it breathed as if it had been running fast on a hot day; it also appeared to be weak in its hind-parts. On its. arrival at the school, it was found lying on its side in a large hamper, with its four puppies, which were at the ‘teat ; the respiration was very hurried, short, irregular, and noisy; it was executed in a jerking, irregular man- r; the ribs appeared to be limited in their movements, as in a horse affected with tetanus. The mouth was half- open, the tongue pendent, and the saliva flowing in a frothy, abundant stream. The animal convulsively closed its jaws, and withdrew its tongue from time to time, in order to swallow a portion of the saliva; the buccal and conjunctival mucous membrane was ‘greatly injected; the physiognomy expressed great anxiety rather than pain ; 168 The Management and Diseases of the Dos. the eye was widely open, bright and animated, and the visual axis was not deviated. The limbs were kept extended and immovable, without tetanic rigidity. At in- tervals the animal attempted to get up, and managed to raise itself on its fore-limbs ; but the hind-legs moved in different directions, and automatically, so that the bitch could not co-ordinate them in a determinate manner. The joints could be easily flexed on each other by seizing the bones like the branches of a pair of compasses, but when left to themselves they immediately became extended. The pulse was strong and quick. The senses were unimpaired, and when its name was called the animal directed its eyes towards its master, and attempted to move its tail. This did not always happen, however, for the creature generally appeared to be completely absorbed by its condition—a circumstance which might have led to the belief that its general sensibility was diminished. ‘There was no appetite, and the excretion of faeces and urine was completely sup- pressed since the commencement of the disease. “ Mauri, never having had an opportunity of witnessing such a malady, was much troubled to give a name to the collection of symptoms. As, however, paraplegia appeared to be imminent, he ordered sinapisms to the limbs and the’ _ spine, and enemas of tepid water. In the evening the symptoms were ameliorated ; the animal, instead of lying extended on its side, was curled round as in health, and when excited it got up, staggered, and fell on the litter; a deep coma had given place to the excitement observed in the morning, and on some bread and milk being offered it slowly took a small quantity. Next day all the symptoms disappeared, and though the animal remained for five days in the hospital kennels, no relapse occurred. “Mauri, in another instance (Ibid, p.674)—that of a two-year old bitch, which had nursed two puppies for a month, and during that time seemed to be in perfect health, but which was suddenly seized with agitation and anxiety, Diseases Immediately Connected with Parturition. 169 appeared to be suffocated, could scarcely stand, and seemed to be paralysed in its hind-limbs—noted the following symp- toms : General agitation of all the muscles, anxious physi- ognomy, and all the characteristic features described in the preceding case. The respiration was very laborious, though the ribs were immovable. The gait was unsteady, and the hind-quarters were feeble, as in confirmed rabies. The animal appeared to be impelled to move about incessantly, and if it stopped it fell; then the limbs became rigidly ex- tended. In the midst of its convulsions it endeavoured to rise, but could not co-ordinate its movements—it turned itself on its back, so as to lie alternately on the right and left side. After numerous attempts it sometimes succeeded in getting up, and commenced to walk, but only to fall again; it could only stand on its rigid paws by resting against a wall or tree. An hour after its arrival at the school, it could not rise unaided. Its senses did not appear to be affected; the appetite was lost, and there was neither defecation nor micturition during the attack. The case in every respect appeared to be similar to the pre- ceding. No treatment was adopted, and in the evening the bitch had almost completely recovered, though it was rather sleepy and dull. Next day it was taken away cured. » “The same authority (Ibid. p. 674) “records the case of a bitch brought to the Toulouse Veterinary School, and which caused anxiety about three hours previously by its agitation, breathlessness, and anxious look. It had fallen, was seized with contraction of the limbs, got up, and staggered about in all directions, until at last it became so weak that it could not stand. When Mauri saw it, it was lying on its side, the limbs extended, and agitated from time to time with clonic convulsions. The animal could not be induced to get up, the head only being raised towards the shoulder. The symptoms were altogether similar to those observed in the two, preceding cases, No 170 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. treatment was adopted, and next morning all the symp- toms had disappeared. “Lafitte (Ibid., p. 674) attended a bitch which, two days previously, had brought forth two puppies which it suckled. It appeared to be very weak and staggered in walking. Soon after, the feebleness of the hind-quarters was extreme and clonic convulsions affected all the muscles; the eyeballs pirouetted in their sockets, the jaws wer econ- tinually moved, and saliva ran from the mouth continually ; hearing and seeing were unaffected. Two hours subse- quently the animal could not rise. A belladonna draught was given, narcotic frictions were applied along the spine, and emetised enemata administered. In the evening the bitch was dull, weak and stupid. Inthe morning every trace of the malady had disappeared. Next day there was another eclamptic attack of shorter duration, and the fourth day another still briefer and weaker. The puppies were put to another bitch, and in about eight days they had attacks similar to those of the parent, though shorter and less in- tense. One, a female, had three attacks on successive days, and then died—the other, a male, had only two attacks. “Lafitte (Ibid. p. 674) reports that a bitch, four days after pupping, had clonic convulsions in all its muscles ; its jaws were agitated, it was much salivated, and respired with difficulty. Its expression was animated, but it could not stand, and was compelled to lie. During the night the convulsions ceased, and the animal, although a little somnolescent, appeared quite recovered ; at ten o’clock next morning, however, it had another attack, and in the evening it died. “The same veterinarian (Ibid, p. 674) alludes to the case of a bitch which, three days after pupping, had convul- sions in the muscles of the trunk and limbs, and the hind- legs were so feeble that it could not stand. Its gaze was unsteady, and at times the eyes rolled about in the orbits, ! Diseases Immediately Connected with Parturition. 171 ‘ » The masseter muscles participated in the convulsive move- ments of the other muscles, so that there was a continual champing the jaws and an abundantsalivation. The senses were not impaired, however. An antispasmodic treatment wasadopted. The attack lasted four hours, when recovery took place. “Mauri (Ibid., p. 675) reports another instance of this malady occurring in a bitch, eight years old, and very fat. It had pupped twelve days before, and suckled four puppies. When brought to the Veterinary School it was lying on its side, though it could raise itselfon its sternum —it panted much, its mouth was wide open and much saliva flowed therefrom—the tongue was pendent. The respiratory movements were much quickened, but very shallow. The eyes were wide open and slightly squinted to the left. Violent convulsions, as if produced by electric discharges, agitated the limbs, and threw them into a state of forced extension ; if a group of extensor muscles—such as the patellar—were seized in the hand, the energetic con- tractions, rapidly repeated, could be easily felt. Nothing of the kind could be distinguished in the flexor muscles. The senses were not affected. The urine did not offer any trace of albumen. In the course of the day the symptoms disappeared and the animal recovered. “ Mauri alludes to four additional cases of eclampsia— two in the cow and two in the bitch, all presenting similar symptoms to the foregoing.” 172 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. SEPTIKAEMIA PUERPERALIS. “Inflammation of the uterus and septzkemia puerperalis occur in all the domesticated animals. The latter would appear to be very frequent in the bitch.”* Parturient septikemia may arise from the retention and outrefaction of a dead foetus,f or the introduction of putre- fying matter into the blood through inoculation. Symptoms.—Increase of temperature, rigors, hurried respiration, small frequent pulse, nose dry, mouth hot and slimy, visible mucous membranes injected, extremities soon become cold, coma speedily sets it, frequently accompanied by delirium, and death quickly follows. Post-mortem Exa:nination.—In those cases in which death has taken place, and an examination of the body has been made, the local and essential lesions are found in the genital organs and peritoneum, and when puerperal septi- kzemia has been present, there are observed indications of general infection of the body. Decomposition sets in early, the tissues are dark-green and fcetid, and meteorism is largely developed. “Tt is seldom, indeed, that the puerperal or septic inflammation is limited to the mucous membrane. Nearly always it extends to the submucous connective tissue (metritis phlegmonosa), which is infiltrated with an cedematous transudation; or it becomes the seat of acute * Fleming’s “ Veterinary Obstetric,” p. 632. + “It is well known that bitches which retain the foetus in the genital canal for any length of time (eighteen hours or therabouts), frequently perish from septikemia puerperalis. This appears to be due to the fact that the puppy so retained quickly dies: owing to the shortness of the umbilical cord, the early separation of the placenta, and birth taking place inthe amnion. The young creature also speedily putre- fies, and the large raw surface formed by the maternal placenta is a ready inlet for the direct introduction of the septic material into the blood. Speedy death of the bitch is the consequence.”—Fleming’s *¢ Veterinary Obstetrics,” p. 639. Diseases Immediately Connected with Parturition. 173 inflammatory cedema, in which the tissue swells, becomes tumid, and its interstices filled with fluid, small cells, and a gelatinous semi-solid material The muscular tissue is swollen and softened, and a dark fluid flows from it.” Treatment.—In all-cases of septic inflammation, prompt measures, both for the removal of the cause and effect, are demanded. The former consists in cleansing, by injections of warm water, those parts of the genitals upon which the infecting material is present, and also disinfection of wounds or abrasions. Fleming observes: “The genital canal should be thoroughly cleansed by injections of warm water, and the ' wounds dressed with carbolic acid and olive-oil (1 to 10) applied by means of a brush or feather ; or salicylic acid 1 part, spirits of wine 20 parts, warm water 24 parts. “After the interior of the uterus has been cleansed by injections of warm water, an injection of carbolic acid solu- tion (1 to 20—50) should be made every day, and the wounds, if accessible, must be dressed at the same time. “ Permanganate of potash (1 to 50 of water) may be em- ployed to inject into the genital canal, when the disease is less acute. “With regard to constitutional treatment, this must be directed towards neutralising the effects of the septic matter by the exhibition of antiseptic remedies, and reducing the high temperature ; as a long continuation of this leads to rapid consumption of the tissues, and is fraught with danger to the system. “There is no specific remedy with which to neutralise the action of the septic matters in the blood and tissues. The sulphites of soda and potash have been recommended, as well as sulphurous acid. These appear to have acted favourably in some cases. Carbonate of soda and perman- ganate of potash have also been well spoken of, as well as * Ibid., pp. 635, 636. 174. The Management and Duseases of the Dog. large doses of quinine. Carbolic and salicylic acids are now most in repute, and are given in small but frequent doses. “Tf there is a tendency to constipation, a purgative may be administered ; indeed, unless special circumstances forbid it, a purgative may prove most serviceable in assist- ing in the removal of the septic matter through the intes- tinal canal. Dogs which have been poisoned by this matter often recover after profuse and fcetid diarrhoea; and a purgative generally reduces the temperature. “In acute cases, in order to obtain the more prompt action of antiseptics, it has been proposed to introduce them directly into the circulation by intravenous injection. Solutions of carbolic acid and iodine have been employed successfully ; and in woman a desperate case has recovered after the intravenous injection of liquor ammoniz (1 to 3). “As a last resource, and to substitute healthy for poisoned blood, transfusion had also been practised in woman, and with good results. The experiment is worth trying in the parturient fever of animals. “ With regard to the diminution of temperature, quinine has been highly lauded. Bleeding is certainly not to be recommended. If the temperature continuously remains very high, then the application of cold water to the surface of the body is indicated. The ccld water may be applied to the larger animals by means of cold wet sheets, wrapped round the body, and kept cold for an hour or two ata time by pouring on water at intervals, by means of a small vessel. Smaller animals may be put in a gradually-cooled bath. “The skin must be well-dried after the application of the cold water, and with the larger animals a dry blanket should be thrown over the body. The stable (or kennel) must be kept scrupulously clean and well ventilated. Tonics and good food must be allowed when recovery is taking place, and the seguelg of the disease treated accord- ing to their indications.” CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND. MAMMITIS, LACTEAL TUMOURS, CANCER. MAMMITIS, OR inflammation of the milk-gland, is by no means an un- common complaint in canine practice. Causes —External injury, as blows, bruises, or wounds, exposure to cold or damp, retention of milk, etc. Symptoms.—The part affected is red, hot, somewhat hard, and excessively tender; the lacteal secretion is changed in character, first having a curdled appearance, subsequently mingled with blood, and ultimately pus, the natural secretion becoming then totally arrested. Matter having formed may gradually approach the surface of the gland and point there, but it rarely becomes thus located, the whole gland generally being involved. Considerable febrile disturbance is present throughout. Treatment.—In the early stage leeches may be applied to the part, and hot fomentations ; a saline aperient should be administered, and perfect quietude on a soft bed enjoined. If the complaint results from retention of milk, owing to the removal or death of whelps, the sooner suckling is ‘allowed the better—whether the secretion be altered or not, even to pus, its direction to the channel of the teat for evacuation is strongly advisable, and much preferable to permitting abscesses to form, and point at the surface, and thus destroy a considerable portion of the gland. 175 176. The Management and Diseases of the Dog. When matter has formed, and is approaching the surface, the sooner it is evacuted the better, otherwise sinuses are liable to form, and render the case tedious and difficult. For subsequent treatment see “ Abscess.” Chronic mammitis is denoted by an indurated and enlarged condition of the gland, and may be the result ct lingering subacute inflammation, or proceed from the acute form. It is attended with but little pain or constitutional disturbance; but, unless early measures are taken for its removal, it becomes a permanent induration, and may ultimately, if excited, assume a cancerous condition. Treatment——The daily application of iodine ointment, or the tincture, to the affected part, and the iodide of potassium in one or two scruples daily, are the most effectual agents in this complaint; repeated friction with the hand is also of service, and where the enlargement is considerable and weighty, it may be conveniently, and with benefit, suspended by means of a handkerchief tied over the back, or a net made for the purpose and fastened in the same way with tapes. LACTEAL TUMOURS. The milk ducts are liable to become obstructed when not sufficiently drained of their contents, or from some mal- formation. Any such obstruction to the outflow of milkis calculated to produce much mischief. Lacteal tumours, perhaps the least hurtful that can arise, are thus frequently caused. Symptoms.—The mammary gland affected is knotty ; the irregularities being even, movable, and painless: in the early stage these bodies have a fluctuating feel, which disappears as their period of existence lengthens. Inflammatory action may be excited in them by i injury, and suppuration result, . Diseases of the Mammary Gland, “177 Treatment.—TIf still in milk, the daily withdrawal of the secretion should be observed—by natural means if possible. Milk is frequently secreted, independent of the animal parturiating, more especially if connection has taken place. Its removal, if abundant, is advisable, which may be done with the fingers, or an ordinary female breast exhauster. A smart dose of aperient medicine, and for a few days short commons, is also of service in dispersing it. Where the animal is comparatively or quite dry, and we have the tumours only to deal with, it becomes a question ' whether, so far as their direct treatment is concerned, we shall rely on external application, or a surgical operation. If the tumours are of recent date and fluctuating, they may be punctured with some amount of success: if hardened and of long existence, their removal with the knife can be adopted with safety and success, Individually I should give the iodine a fair chance before resorting to either. CANCER. The so-called cancer of the mammary gland is chiefly confined to bitches which have parturiated. I say so-called, because it is rarely that the true cancer cell can be detected —the character is generally that of an indurated or scirrhous tumour. In chronic cases they frequently assume an osteoid form. I have removed numerous tumours so constituted—some with spiculz of bone throughout their structure, others only ossified in the centre. If removed early, a sac containing pus or watery fluid will generally be found within them. Causes —External injury, cold, damp, retention of milk from not suckling, insufficient suckling, or obstruction, sudden withdrawal of whelps soon after parturition. Symptoms.—These are usually slow in manifesting them- N 178 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. selves, The primary ones are heat, redness, enlargement, and tenderness. These in time subside (with the exception of the enlargement, and this also is reduced as the condition be- comes sub-acute), leaving behind a thickened, lumpy gland. This may remain zz statu quo until the time of parturition again approaches, or at the period ofcestrum. The gland will then assume the same acute symptoms as in the first instance, and pass away with much the same result, except _ an observable increase in the enlargement. And so this may go on for years, gradually increasing, until at last the whole gland, and not unfrequently its neighbour, becomes obliterated, and in its place is a large indurated tumour, or, it may be, cancer. Treatment.—If the case is taken in hand during its acute stage, the early treatment laid down for mammitis— leeches, fomentation, saline aperients, rest, and removal from cold—should be adopted. When it occurs after par- turition, the whelps should either be removed and the teats drawn, or watched when suckling, that they do not irritate the part. The scrambling and application of their needle- like claws only tends to bruise and irritate the inflamed gland. If it can be done without distressing the mother, it is advisable to remove the whole or a portion of the family until nourishment is again required. In chronic cases, and when the gland is not wholly in- volved, and the enlargement not very considerable, the iodine ointment, or tincture, may be tried outwardly, and the iodide of potassium and iron inwardly, in the doses already prescribed. When the tumour becomes large, very pendulous and unsightly, or breaks, and gives vent to an offensive discharge, excision is decidedly indicated. The skin should be divided the whole length, or nearly so, of the tumour, the edges reflected, and the diseased mass, which is usually held by connective areolar tissue, is generally easily and quickly removed by dissection around Diseases of the Mammary Gland. 179 it. Occasionally its base is attached by more vital struc- tures, and hemorrhage will follow its removal. In such a case, either the ligature may be adopted before severing the mass, or the vessels afterwards taken up and tied, or the actual cautery applied. The latter is sometimes used for separating a vascular base. The superficial bleeding which occasionally takes place more or less all round it, when more closely connected to the skin, is usually harmless, and is readily stayed by the application of the tincture of iron. The edges of the incised skin are to be brought in appo- sition, with interrupted silk sutures, steeped in a weak solu- tion of carbolic acid. Healing generally takes place quickly, and the loose, hanging pouch of skin contracts to the level of the surrounding parts. It is always advisable to wire-muzzle the patient after the operation ; for the tongue, although a great healer, often does considerable mischief, and the teeth will speedily remove stitches and ligatures. The after treatment consists in daily cleansing the wound from discharge, attention to the bowels, a plain, unstimula- ting diet, and tonics if there is much prostration. CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE EYE. OPHTHALMIA, PROTRUSION OF THE CATARACT, EYE-BALL, AMAUROSIS, EXTIRPATION OF THE IRITIS, EYE, ENLARGEMENT OF THE HAIRY TUMOUR ON HAW, THE CORNEA. HYDROPHTHALMIA. OPHTHALMIA. THE dog, though not liable to many of the diseases affect- ing the visual organs of the human being, is nevertheless frequently the subject of some of the more prominent ones. Ophthalmia, or inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the ball, is very commonly met with, especially in sporting dogs. Causes.—External violence, as blows, bites, pricks from thorns, cat-scratches ; or irritation from the presence of foreign bodies, as dust, grit, inverted lashes, accumulated pus, soap-suds, etc. ; irritating vapours, particularly stable effluvia, or that of undrained and neglected kennels ; damp and cold. Ophthalmia may be sympathetic with other diseases, as distemper and disorders of the digestive organs. Symptoms—Simple ophthalmia commences with in- tolerance of light, deflux of tears, and repeated. closing of . the eyelids. Ifthe latter are separated, the conjunctival 180 ‘ Diseases of the Eye. 181 membrane will be found highly injected, and the eye pain- fully susceptible to touch or exposure. ‘Unless the inflammation be checked it rapidly extends, other and deeper-seated structures become involved, and the vision dangerously impaired. The cornea is traversed with engorged vessels, the pupillary opening blocked by an Opaque mass of exudation (lymph); and quickly upon this we get ulceration of the cornea, followed by fungotd granulations. Treatment.—The lids should be carefully separated, and examination made for the presence of any foreign matter, which, should it exist, is to be gently removed. So longas inflammatory action is present, the avoidance of light, warm fomentations, and, at the onset, a mild dose of aperient medicine, is generally all that is requisite, In cases where the disease will not yield to these _ simple measures, where the inflammation increases, and - there is considerable distension of the corneal vessels, local bleeding is attended with much benefit; this may be produced by pricking the skin immediately under the lower lid, and applying a leech or two or puncturing the lachrymal vein with a lance, and placing the finger on the vessel beneath the opening. I shall probably be accused of being antiquated in advocating the latter measure (blood-letting), but experience in in- flammatory eye diseases in the lower animals has taught me that, however old the doctrine, it still holds good in local inflammations, particularly in vascular parts, and in none more so than theeye. With regard to other measures---the avoidance of light, and warm fomentations, should still be maintained. Bathing the eye with an infusion of poppy- heads is sedative to the inflamed part, and therefore useful, A low and unstimulating diet is absolutely necessary. Chronic or constitutional ophthalmia is denoted by the eyes being always watery, but more so on exposure to light 182 The Management and Diseases of the Dog or cold ; there is opacity of vision, and conjunctival conges- tion. The condition, however, is less irritable than in simple or acute ophthalmia. Treatment.—Tonics ; seton in the poll ; painting the out- side of the orbits with iodine ; sponging the eyes with cold spring water ; the application of zinc lotion, 2 grains to the ounce of water, or nitrate of silver I grain to the ounce, are the measures usually adopted and indicated. The seton is especially invaluable in these cases. If corneal ulceration exists, the application of the dry oxide of zinc has almost a specific effect, and may be repeated daily until the eye is perfectly clear. CATARACT. Cataract may be either lenticular, capsular, or capsulo- lenticular. It is lenticular when there is opacity of the crystalline lens, capsular when the opacity is confined to the capsule, and capsulo-lenticular when both lens and capsule are involved. Though more frequently seen in old dogs, cataract may take place at any age. Causes—Inflammation of the eyeballs diminished vitality, consequent on old age. Symptoms.—The presence of an opaque body, which may be best seen from a posterior side view in a shaded light, or in a dark place by candle-light. Treatment.—This consists entirely in the operation of extraction, and which only can be performed by an ex- perienced oculist. AMAUROSIS. Amaurosis, commonly known as gutta serena, is an im- pairment of vision consequent on a disordered condition of the retina, optic nerve, or brain. This disordered condition may proceed from external violence. as biows or falls on Diseases of the Eye. 183 the head, producing immediate paralysis, or giving rise to inflammatory action, extravasation of blood, the formation of tumour, and ultimate suspension of nerve force. Extreme debility, either from disease, hemorrhage, pro- longed lactation or anzemia, may also be associated with amaurosis. Symptoms.—The defect in vision may be gradual or sud- den. Obstructions are not seen until the animal is close upon or touches them. The gait is peculiarly diagnostic of sight affection. An uncertain feeling action is observed in locomotion. The creature relies to a great extent upon the sense of smell, and snuffs the air as he moves about. Eventually the function of sight becomes totally lost. The eye is clear (unnaturally so) and bright, hence the Arabic term. “ gutta serena ”—clear drops. No irritability — in the organ is observed, except occasionally at the com- mencement of the disease, but on the contrary, the brightest light is of no effect. The pupil is dilated, and the eye has a more or less vacant expression. One or both eyes may be affected, according to the seat and extent of the injury, or from sympathy, which is exercised to a great degree in eye affections, and in amaurotic ones generally in the end involves both. Treatment is unfortunately of little avail, and can only be adopted with any degree of success in the early stage of the malady. An active seton in the poll, strong iodine liniment around the outside of the orbits, or blisters ; and, internally, strychnia or nux vomica, are the measures indi- cated. The general health of the patient should be looked to, a liberal diet allowed, with moderate exercise. IRITIS. Inflammation of the iris, or colouring membrane of the eye, is not unfrequent in the dog. It may proceed from injury, or deep-seated ophthalmic inflammation. 184 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Symptoms.—The iris is changed in colour, a deep reddish- brown tint, often extending beyond the edges of the cornea, may be plainly seen. The pupil becomes contracted, and to a great extent immovable to the stimulus of light. Ex- cess in the lachrymal secretion, pain and intolerance of . light, and cold, are the accompanying symptoms. As the disease proceeds the eye becomes, from the engorged con- dition of the vessels, generally bloodshot. Extravasation of blood occasionally takes place, resulting in the formation of pus, and the total destruction of vision. Treatment.—Here the local abstraction of blood is strongly indicated, together with absolute darkness. Warm fomentations, and free movement of the bowels. . When the acute symptoms have passed away, the ad- ministration of tonics, and small doses of the iodide of potassium, and, if protracted, a seton in the poll, will ma- terially assist in restoring the eye to its natural condition. The light should be subdued so long as inflammatory symptoms are present, and gradually increased as these disappear. ENLARGEMENT OF THE HAW. The haw (membrana nictitans), or fold of membrane placed at the inner corner of the eye, is for the purpose o! removing foreign bodies or irritants from the globe. Oc- casionally, from external violence, irritation or constitu. tional disease, it becomes enlarged, prominent, and obstruc. tive to vision and closure of the eyelids. In such cases the part presents a red and highly inflamed appearance, is ex ceedingly sensitive to touch, causes the animal considerabk pain, and gives rise to profuse lachrymation. | Treatment.—The primary treatment consists in scarifyins and warm fomentations. Should the enlargement persist it may be gradually reduced with the scalpel or scissor Diseases of the Eye. 185 and caustic, or the whole substance drawn out and snipped off. Astringent lotions‘are useful, and in many cases sufficient. PROTRUSION OF THE EYEBALL. Occasionally in fighting the eye-ball is displaced from its socket. If the accident is of recent date and the append- ages are not torn asunder, the return of the organ is not difficult. In the case of a toy dog, not long since brought ° for my inspection, I had the eye and surrounding parts well. fomented for a quarter of an hour with warm milk and water ; a few drops of olive oil were then poured over the ball, the upper lid drawn forward with blunt forceps, and gentle pressure exercised, when it returned easily to its natural situation, but when pressure was removed it again protruded: once more returning it, I placed a small pad of wet lint over the organ, and closed the lids over it with silk sutures. The case did well, and no evil results followed. . When the ball is completely torn from its attachments, excision at once is advisable. EXTIRPATION OF THE EYE. This, from unsightly blindness, disease, or protracted protrusion, is sometimes rendered necessary. The ball being drawn forward and held firmly, the muscles and optic nerve are divided with a bistoury or scalpel. A pledget of cotton wool steeped in iron should then be placed in the vacant socket, and a couple of stitches inserted through the upper.and lower lid. These and the pledget may be re- moved in forty-eight hours, and the socket daily dressed with the following liniment Glycerine. casas scnevisurindaesedasnee I ounce. Acid Carbolic........cccescssseessees 5 minims. : ay 186 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. It is occasionally necessary, where there is fungoid disease, with adhesion, to dilate the canthus. This should be done from the outer one. It is advisable to keep the patient in a dark place after the operation, until all symptoms of inflammatory action have subsided, and on moderate diet.. It is almost need- less to add that this operation ought always to be per- formed under chloroform. HAIRY TUMOUR ON THE CORNEA. An instance of this exceedingly rare occurrence is re- corded by Mr. J. M. Parker, M.R.C.V.S., Birmingham, in the Veterinary Journa? for April, 1877: “Tn June, 1875, a setter puppy, three months old, was brought to me for advice about one eye—the left—which was discharging a considerable quantity of muco-purulent matter. On washing the eyelids, and carefully examining the eye, I found that the whole of the eye-ball was covered with long black and white hairs (the puppy was black and white) spread out like a fan. “With some trouble, I fixed the eyelid, and found that the hairs grew from a warty substance as large as half a pea on the cornea, at the posterior part of the eye, near the. eyelid, but not connected with it. “J plucked out thirty hairs with the forceps, and sent some lotion containing laudanum and zinc sulph. “In about a fortnight I saw thepatient again, and he was reported as having improved considerably. This I found to be the case ; and I removed a few more hairs—twelve or fourteen, perhaps. He was not brought to me afterwards, but I heard from his owner that all pain and discharge had ceased. Having occasion to pass the owner’s house in Sep- tember, 1875, I called to see the pup; and found that the eye was much inflamed, and a fresh crop of hairs had grown. Diseases of the Eye. 187 I then determined to pare off the ‘ wart ’—for such it seemed to be ; but how to do it without chloroform or proper in- struments was the question. ; “T decided to transfix the base of the wart witha needle, and cut it clean off the cornea with ascalpel. Making a hook with a silver probe to steady the lid, which was held by an assistant, I was able, after a little trouble, to pass a strong sewing-needle, armed with a stout thread, through the base, and, pulling it away from the cornea, I dissected the growth very carefully from its attachment, andeffectually eradicated it. No more hairs made their appearance, and the wound speedily healed. There was, unfortunately, a considerable deposit of lymph in the eye from long-con- tinued irritation, which, perhaps, might have been prevented had I excised the portion at first. I may add, in conclusion, that it was horny to the touch, and not like transplanted skin, which the presence of coloured hairs would appear to indicate.” In the following number for May, Mr. W. A. Taylor, F.R.C.V.S., records a similar instance in a fox-terrier puppy, fourteen weeks old: “My attention was recently directed to the dog’s eye by my brother, whose property the puppy is. Hehad noticed the existence of the tumour soon after the usual nine days blindness of puppy life. . « An examination of the eye (in this instance the left) reveals to the beholder what at first appears to be ‘some- thing white’ in the dog’seye. Ona more careful inspection, the white object is discovered to be a fixed tumour, circular in outline, of a pinky-white tint, and having a diameter of three-sixteenths of an inch; it is slightly raised above the level of the eye, and from it grow some white hairs, in number about fifteen, resembling those of the eyelashes. Two-thirds of the tumour are attached to the sclerotic coat, the remaining third to the cornea, and it receives a covering of conjunctiva. 188 The Management and Diseases of the Dog: “In appearance and structure this /wsus mature bears a close resemblance to the mole on the human skin. “The presence of the tumour does not apparently cause any inconvenience to the puppy beyond a slight increase in the flow of the lachrymal fluid. “ Are these hairy tumours hereditary? If so, it would be unadvisable to breed from animals possessing them. The eyes of both parents of the puppy above alluded to are perfectly normal.” Since the above records, similar cases have come qintee the Author’s notice. HYDROPHTHALMIA. The abnormal accumulation of fluid in the chambers ot the eye, which gives rise to what, in ophthalmic surgery, is termed “ Hydrophthalmia,” is a disease to which attention was first drawn by the author in 1884, through the Ve¢e- rinary Journal, under the heading of “ Special Notes on Canine Diseases.” Hitherto the subject had passed un- noticed in the literature of canine patholgy, probably owing to its non-recognition. The disease is usually confined to one eye, unless conge- nital predisposition exists, when both eyes may be involved. Causes——A cachectic state of the constitution is favour- able to hydrophthalmia, but it may more frequently be traced to injury, particularly violent concussion to the eye- ball from a blow. Symptoms.—A hydrophthalmic eye is protruded from the socket, and looks as if it were about to burst; the eye-ball is hard and tense to the touch, usually of a dull opaque colour over the cornea, and the pupil is stationary. In dogs, hydrophthalmia generally involves both fie anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. The distension caused by the dropsy produces considerable discomfort to Diseases of the Eye.. 189 the patient, vision is obviously impaired, and total blind- ness is a common sequel. Treatment-——Tapping through the sclerotica, followed by continuous pressure, secondary infiltration may occur, and tapping may be again resorted to. This treatment has been successfully adopted by the author on two occasions, the eye being punctured immediately behind the outer margin of the cornea. In one operation a drachm of clear watery fluid was removed; in the other, half-an-ounce of a deep amber-coloured fluid, approaching red. After each evacuation the eye assumed its natural size and position ; a cold wet sponge was placed over it, and maintained 2 situ by ahead cap. The sponge was re-applied daily for a week ; and then one drop of a weak solution of iodine was each morning placed on the eye-ball for the removal of the opacity, and the result proved satisfactory. In persistent cases the application of iodine round the eye, and atropine injections, are sometimes beneficial. Congenital dropsy of the aqueous chambers is not un- frequently present in zz-bred dogs, especially toys. CHAPTER XIII. DISEASES OF THE EAR. CANKER (EXTERNAL), POLYPUS, CANKER (INTERNAL), DEAFNESS, SEROUS ABSCESS, SCURFY EARS. CANKER (EXTERNAL). THERE are few diseases which cause more trouble and annoyance, alike to owner and subject, than the one known as “canker.” All dogs are liable to this malady; but long-haired ones, and especially water-dogs, are those | usually affected. The disease is generally divided into external and in- ternal canker. External canker is that which attacks the edge or margin of the ear-flap. Internal is usually confined to the passage leading to the ear proper. Both forms are the same in character, and may co-exist or arise independently of each other. Causes.—Canker may be produced by external violence, gross feeding, over-heating food, plethora, uncleanliness. It is frequently associated with mange and eczema. Symptoms —The first generally observed is repeated shaking of the head and flapping of the ears. Examination reveals the integument covering those organs red, puffy, and hot, and this condition is aggravated by the animal 190 Diseases of the Ear. IgI continually scratching them. If this is left unchecked, the amount of irritation produced on the inflamed part gives rise to a serous exudation along the margin of the flap, and ulceration quickly follows, leaving a thickened irregular crusted edge. Treatment.—Immediately symptoms of canker are ob- served, a dose of aperient medicine should be administered, and warm fomentations applied to the part. Where exuda- tion has taken place, all extraneous matter should be gently removed with warm water, and mild astringents applied to the sore surface. The following is a useful lotion :— AMUN io iesiiik de adoudesiee 5 grains. Vinegar ....... saaducucieaaas 1 drachm. AGUS cesscce cusses evar save I ounce. To be applied twice or three times a day. Or a drachm of oxide of zinc to an ounce of vaseline may be used with benefit. When the case will not yield to this treatment, and when ‘ulcers have formed, and show a tendency to spread, I find occasionally touching the parts with nitrate of silver after washing is of great service; and when the eschar is detached either of the following lotions may be applied with a camel- hair brush :— Tinct. Myrrh Co............- Tinct. oe seddanese : equal parts. or, Tinct. Ferri Mur............. 1 drachm. Acid Carbolic .........c0000. 5 minims. AQUA vesicle a ee'seiseeleteabawiiees I ounce. In obstinate cases, when the cartilage becomes diseased, and remains, in spite of all that can be done, persistently ‘so, it will be advisable to remove that portion of the flap beyond the line of disease; but only in an extreme case should this be done. If simply thickened, painting with iodine will suffice. 192 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. CANKER (INTERNAL). Internal canker is most generally seen in water dogs. Youatt observes: “When the whole of the body, except the head and ears, is surrounded by cold water, there will be an unusual determination of blood to those parts, and consequent distension of the vessels, and a predisposition to inflammation.” With this author I quite agree. Again, water being continually lodged in the ear, and remaining there, is in itself a source of irritation, and cal-. culated to produce canker. Allowing dirty suds to remain after washing, is an especially fruitful cause both of canker and deafness. . Internal canker, if neglected, is very much more disastrous than the external form. The disease will extend to the internal bones of the ear, and cause the most maddening pain ; or it may, and often does, without these ravages, result in deafness, in which case treatment for the latter is generally hopeless. Symptoms.—The membrane lining the passage, as far as can be seen, is red and inflamed, and the root of the flap hot and tender. There is the same disposition to shake the head and scratch the ears as in the external canker. The patient is depressed, often disinclined to feed, probably owing to the increase of pain through the movement of the jaws in mastication. As the disease proceeds, an offensive, dark-coloured discharge issues from the passage of the ear, the itching becomes intolerable, and the animal in his misery rolls about, rubs his ears along the ground, frantically scratches at them, and utters pitiful cries. Occasionally the cervical glands are swollen, and the sides of the face considerably tumefied. Treatment.—This is of the same character as that prescribed for the former, only differing in its mode of application. The ear should be syringed (not too power- fully) with warm water, and whatever lotions are used must be poured into the ear, applied with a feather, or some Diseases of the Ear. 193 cotton wool saturated with it and packed gently in. For internal canker, the zinc lotion, § grains to the ounce of water, applied three or four times a day, I find usually answers better than anything else. If raw spots or ulcerations are noted, the parts should be mopped with a solution of nitrate of silver, and this may be repeated every other day. In many cases after syringing with carbolised warm water (I—40), the parts may with benefit be dusted with the dry oxide of zinc. Equal parts of balsam of Peru and ox-gall, daily dropped into the ear, has also been found successful. When the disease extends to the bones of the ear, humanity dictates an end to the creature’s sufferings. In all cases of canker, whether external or internal, it is absolutely necessary, in order to ensure success and rapidity of cure, that the animal should be prevented as much as. possible from flapping, scratching, or rubbing the ears. For this purpose a cap of wash-leather or stout calico (the latter is coolest) should be placed over the animal’s head and tied under the throat (Fig. 21). ‘It should be similar FIG. 21. DOG WITH CANKER CAP. ‘in shape (with the exception of the ear portion) to a horse’s hood, and is kept much easier in position than the usual three-cornered one. fc) 194 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. With regard to the further treatment of canker, I quote the following from the “ Veterinary Journal,” Sept., 1875, p. 216: TREATMENT OF ULCERATION IN THE EARS OF A DOG BY COCULET. “The disease vulgarly known as ‘canker’ in the dog is frequently most troublesome and unsatisfactory to treat, for several reasons. In the ‘Recueil de Méd. Vétérinaire, Coculet recommends, as a very successful method of dealing with these auricular chancres, the application of some blis- tering ointment or liquid over the external surface of the ear. The preparation he employed was tincture of cantharides forty-five grammes, tincture of oak galls ten grammes. This was applied once every two days, and by its influence the intolerable itching which accompanies the disease was allayed, and a smart but inconvenient pain substituted. The animal no longer shakes its head, nor scratches the - ears with its paws, and the chancres soon disappear.” SEROUS ABSCESS. It not unfrequently happens from the violence applied in canker to the inflamed organ by the dog himself, or inde- pendent of canker existing, from blows or bruises, that an infusion of serum takes place between the integument on the inside of the ear and the cartilage underneath, giving the organ a peculiar, dropsical, baggy’appearance. Insuch a case it is best to open the sac at its most dependent part with a lance, making a free incision, and evacuating the contents. Ina short time the wound will heal, and the ear assume its natural condition. There is no necessity to in-- duce suppuration ; if nature establishes it, well and good, and it must then be treated as a suppurating: sore. - Diseases of the Ear. 195 POLYPUS. The formation of polypus on the lining membrane of the external meatus is not uncommon in the dog. The tumour usually assumes one of two forms: the soft and vascular situated in the anterior half of the meatus, or the full and fleshy (sometimes fibro-cartilaginous), in the lower half of the meatus. Causes.—Protracted irritation or chronic inflammation of the lining membrane of the meatus, or of that covering the tympanum. These tumours, when small and quiescent, are not at- tended with any great inconvenience ; but when they become irritable, and the animal, in his attempts to rid himself of the offending body, increases the irritability, they rapidly increase in size, and give rise to deafness, pain, giddiness, and other untoward results. Symptoms.—in describing the symptoms of this affec- tion, I cannot do better than follow the example of other ~ authors, in transcribing a portion of Dr. Mercer’s paper in the “Veterinarian” for 1834, on this subject : . “Polypi produced from the tissues of the meatus may be divided into two kinds: “First, the soft vascular and bleeding polypus, usually produced from the fibro-cartilaginous structure of the outerhalf of the tube ; and, secondly, the hard and cartila- ginous polypus or excrescence produced from the lining membrane of its inner half. “ As to the first of these forms of polypi, the hematoid, that arise from the external soft structure of the tube, they may be situated in any part of its. parietes, but most com- monly at its superior and posterior surface. In form they are generally pedunculated ; their surface is rough, irregular, and glistening, in consequence of being covered _ with a thin layer.of mucus, which is often tinged with blood, especially when any degree of violence has been o—2 196 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. applied to the external ear, and which has also been exerted upon the tumour. When the tumour becomes protruded externally, it has a blood-red and pulpy appearance, and its sensibility is so great that any manipulation of the concha, so as to investigate the condition of the external meatus, is attended with great pain, and is also often followed with considerable hemorrhage. “The second variety of polypus growth, the chondro- matous, is that which is produced from the lining mem- brane of the inner half of the tube, the dermo-periosteum, and in its structure differs somewhat from the former ; it is more dense, and almost cartilaginous, and usually having a broad and more sessile base, occupies a greater extent of the parietes of the tube. Its surface is comparatively smooth, pale, and almost insensible to the touch; but according to the extent of the ulcerative process behind and within it, so will the nature and properties of the discharge be with which it is accompanied. “ Both these species of polypus of the meatus, the hama- toid and chondromatous, are most commonly connected with, and accompanied by, ulceration of the softer tissues, or caries of the auditory process. These excrescences are usually situated externally to the seat of ulceration, being produced from the vascular margin of the ulcer ; and so -° long as they are permitted to remain, the latter morbid condition, the canker of the ear, will be kept up for an indefinite period ; hence, should the animal be of any value, it becomes a matter of considerable importance to arrive at an accurate diagnosis of the actual condition of the diseased parts. The symptoms, therefore, which attend the exis- tence of polypoid growths of the external meatus are very similar to those that indicate the chronic form of internal canker ofthe ear. These are also preceded by those of general pyrexia, which usher in the local disease, such as general languor and lassitude, loss of appetite, considerable thirst, turning out of the coat, and balling of the faeces. As Diseases of the Ear. 197 these constitutional and general symptoms diminish in severity, then those characteristic of the local disease become gradually and more manifestly evinced. The animal has a dull, heavy, and rather a watery eye; he moans or whines at intervals; and if his master be present he feels a pleasure, a confidence, and a relief in pressing and rubbing his aching ear against any part of his master’s _body. Under other circumstances he presses and harrows it against the ground, so as to obtain a slight relief, and then with an instinctive feeling he flaps his ears and shakes his head rapidly and repeatedly, so as to keep up the pleasurable relief he thus obtains. Should the symptoms be not so severe as those which I have now mentioned, the animal may still be suspected, at a glance, to be labouring under acute disease of the ear, by his running about with little intermission, his mouth open, and tongue protruded, and panting, and witha stupid sensibility shaking his head, and pointing the affected ear to the ground. These symptoms are, however, most commonly allowed to pass unheeded, and in a few days a partial relief is obtained to the animal by the sudden and profuse discharge of a quan- tity of foetid pus. From this time the general and consti- tutional symptoms disappear, and those indicative of the local affection are alone predominant. The local discharge of pus, or pus and blood, becomes daily more and more foetid, in consequence of the extension of the disease to the body tissue of the meatus, and the poor animal is thrust aside as an object of loathing and disgust. “Should the dog, in the earlier stage of the disease, be muzzled and cast, and an inspection of the meatus be had recourse to, then there will either be found a phlegmonous abscess of the cellulo-fibrous structure of the meatus, circumscribed dermo-periostitis of the inner part of the tube, with caries of the osseous portion, or internal muco- tympanitis, with perforation of the membrana tympani, and evacuation of the matter along the external canal. 198 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. “In that form of the disease to which I specially refer— where a polypoid excrescence follows and accompanies the uluceration of caries—if a period of three weeks or a month be allowed to elapse between the first exhibition of the discharge and the examination of the meatus, it may be found that the vegetation has attained a considerable size, and the discharge has become more and more profuse and bloody. The extent of bloody discharge and its foetidity, will much depend on the nature of the tumour, and the original tissue of the meatus that may beaffected. Ifthere is much blood mixed up with the discharge, then in all likelihood there will exist a soft and vascular polypus, pro- duced from the more vital fibro-cartilaginous structures of the meatus; and should the smell be great, and the discharge little tinged with blood, then the original disease will be found ‘to exist in the osseous portion . of the tube, and the polypus, if it does exist, will be of the chondromatous or cartilaginous kind.” Treatment.—This should consist, if the growth is in the outer half of the meatus, and within reach, in removal by torsion, ligature, or excision, and the subsequent application of caustic. If near to the tympanum, such an operation would be attended with danger, and the potassa cum calce, as recommended in human surgery, is best adapted to the ' case. The injection ot mild astringents should, in the course of a few days, follow either measure. DEAFNESS. Deafness in dogs may be congenital,* or result from obstruction in the auditory passage, caused by disease, injury, the lodgment of water, or it-may result from en I recently examined a white terrier, belonging to a clergyman, in which the sense of hearing had never been recognised—being, in fact. Congenital, and the animal was destroyed in consequence. Diseases of the Ear. 199 paralysis of the auditory nerve from severe shock. Youatt observes, with regard to cropping: “ Deafness is occasion- ally produced by it in some dogs, and constantly in others. The frequent deafness of the pug is solely attributable to the outrageous, as well as absurd, rounding of his ears. The almost invariable deafness of the white, wire-haired terrier is to be traced to this cause.” Treatment.—If deafness proceed from congenital causes, it is needless to remark that a cure is hopeless. Where it is due to morbid growths, resulting from canker, polypus, or other diseases, the removal of such obstruction is indicated. If from paralysis, counter-irritation behind the ears, by blisters or seton, and the administration of strychnine or nux vomica, are the measures to be adopted. SCURFY EARS. Scurfy ears are frequently met with in long-haired dogs, and may either be associated with mange, or the result of an over-heated, plethoric habit of body—more frequently the latter. If neglected, this condition is apt to run on to canker. Treatment.—An aperient, followed by drachm doses of sulphur in a bolus daily, and a spare, unstimulating diet, usually removes the affection. An ointment composed of sulphur and whale-oil may, in obstinate cases, be applied with success to the ears, CHAPTER XIV. DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES, MANGE (SarcorrTic), ALOPECIA. MANGE (FoLticuLar), WARTS, ECZEMA, FLEAS ERYTHEMA, LICE, RINGWORM (PRoPER), TICKS. RINGWORM (Honeycoms), MANGE (SARCOPTIC). Tre term “ mange” is generally used by those people who dabble in canine matters without the knowledge necessary to diagnose correctly, to denote any affection of the skin which results in eruption, irritation, or the detachment of hair. The true mange of the dog is analogous to the itch of man, and the riff of the horse. It is due to the presence of a small acarus (Sercoptes canis)—Fig. 22. Another species, termed Follicular mange, is also very frequently met with in dogs. This likewise is due to the presence of an acarus (Acarus folliculorum or Demodex caninus)— Fig. 23. Mange, of whichever species, can only be propagated by the migration, directly or indirectly, of the parasite giving 200 Diseases of the Skin.—External Parasites. 201 rise to it. Filth and negléct favour parasitic development, but do not of themselves produce the disease. Symptoms.—Ordinary or sarcoptic mange is characterised, at its earliest period, by intense itching. If the skin of the affected part is examined, there will be observed small red points like flea-bites. These eventually become pustular, and break, exuding a serous fluid, which pro- duces thick, dark crusts, which are ultimately cast off, leaving the part denuded of hair, and of a bleached appear- ance. The violent scratching attendant on the’ affection throughout, creates extreme soreness, and frequently open wounds. The hair about the affected region becomes matted together,and the animal is rendered an object of -disgust and pity. Fic. 23. Acarus FoLiicuLorum. Ma- TURE SPECIMENS. @, MouTH ; 6, PAPILLA ON EACH SIDE 3 ¢, Sarcopres Canis. (GERLACH.) FEET, (FLEMING.) Fic. 22. The disease, it not checked early, rapidly extends to the 202 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. whole body. In such a case the poor animal knows no peace, and the debility is extreme. Treatment.—The treatment of mange is a matter of no great difficulty, if properly adopted. The recipes are various, and most of them good ; and failure is dependent, as a rule, on the mode of applying them, and in neglect- ing those sanitary measures so necessary in diseases of this. description. A dog suffering from mange requires either shaving to as- certain the extent of the affection, or else to be thoroughly dressec all over. The necessity of this will be apparent when we bear in mind that a single acarus will produce ina fortnight upwards of twenty young. For the same reason all the litter should be destroyed, ' and the habitation thoroughly cleansed each day—if in the kennel—with boiling water, slightly impregnated with ammonia or carbolic acid. Old mats, particularly wool ones, should never be allowed for repose in mange; plain straw or shavings, where litter is required, are the most suitable agents. ; Before the application of any dressing, the animal should be well washed with warm water and soft soap. The oint- ment I find most successful in mange is, Sulphur Sub. scsseseasessseasseesseee 8 ounces. Whalesoil. sccsersesveasiessateeessiee 8 ounces, Oil Of Tar ..ccescscesscsssencereneers % ounce. Ung. Hydrarg ..... ee A ace isiiees + $ ounce. To be well blended, and applied as indicated. Wash off and repeat in three days, and again after the same interval if necessary. For mild cases the ordinary sulphur ointment, made with sublimed sulphur and soft soap, whale-oil, or lard frequently suffices ; or half an ounce of ol. terebinth to six: ounces of whale-oil is a useful application. Benzine and paraffin have of late been commonly and: Diseases of the Skin.—External Paradion 203 successfully used, and I have no fault to find with those -agents, save that they usually require frequent repetition. Tobacco-water is a popular remedy with some persons, but from its narcotic effects, through absorption, it is not an advisable one. Carbolic acid is another, and in the use of this drug still greater caution is required ; its strength should never be less than 1—50 of soap-suds or whale-oil. Mr. Fleming* observes: “The remedies proposed. for scabies in the dog are exceedingly numerous ; and it would be altogether beyond our object to attempt an enumeration of even a tithe of them. They consist of baths, liniments, and ointments. Among the former may be mentioned the sulphuret of potassium—one part to five of rain-water ; also corrosive sublimate, one part to fifty of water; carbolic acid, in the proportions of one to forty of soap- suds or glycerine, is also a good remedy, but requires care. The liniments, are, perhaps, better applications than either the baths or ointments. A very good preparation is the following: Oil of tar one ounce; sulphur, one ounce ;. common oil, one pint. To be allowed to stand, in the sun or near a fire, for some time, and frequently shaken. Prangé recommends the subacetate of lead (liquid) and olive-oil, of each thirty parts ; sulphur, fifteen parts. “With regard to ointments, the Helmeric pomade already mentioned is very efficacious. Mercurial ointment, and different compounds of mercury, are much resorted to ; but these are readily absorbed by the skin. Dressings of tobacco have the same disadvantage. It is generally a good plan to wash the animal well with soft-soap or car- ‘“bonate of potass, in warm water, before applying the parasiticide. The latter should be washed off the skin after it has been applied three or four days. If the skin is covered with long, thick hair, it is advisable to have this cut off. \ * “ Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. p. 458. 204. The Management and Diseases of the Dog. “ The success of the remedy depends very much on the care with which it is applied to every part of the skin. “For house dogs, and especially those with fine skins and smooth hair, a very excellent and safe remedy is the balsam of Peru, dissolved in alcohol (one of balsam to four of alcohol). This is an effective acaricide, and has not an unpleasant odour.” FOLLICULAR MANGE. This species of mange, from the acari being buried in the sebaceous and hair follicles, and their migration to a great extent thus hindered, is not so contagious as the sarcoptic form, “Indeed, an affected dog may cohabit with others for some time without extending the disease.* The animal whose case is described by Weiss, lived for from eight to fifteen days with other dogs, which remained unaffected. This feature in follicular scabies is accounted for by the situation and habits of the parasite, and its conformation, Burrowing deeply into the follicle, it only leaves its habitation, in all probability, when carried from it by the fluid thrown out in the follicle, for its limbs are very short, and are not furnished with suckers, so that it is not well adapted for travelling, differing in this respect from the ordinary acarus. Nevertheless, in some instances, the slightest accidental contact will suffice for its transference from a diseased to a healthy dog ; and, when conveyed ex- perimentally to the skin of the latter, it propagates it in a remarkable manner. Haubner deposited several, with a view to elucidate the contagiousness of the affection, and he found that, in about twenty-four hours, there was a slight * This fact will serve to explain why the contagiousness of scabies has been denied and affirmed by different authorities in this country, where only one kind of parasitic “mange” has been hitherto recog- nised in the dog. Diseases of the Skin —External Parasites. 205 tumefaction of the skin where they had been placed ; in forty-eight hours the follicles contained a purulent fluid, in which young and adult acari and ova could be perceived. The eruption extended; but eventually the parasites disappeared, and a spontaneous cure took place.’* Symptoms.—These likewise are not so easy of distinction as in sarcoptic mange. At first, circumscribed tumefac- tions of the skin take place: these tumefactions are hot, and usually blotchy, or patched with red. In a very short time small pimples make their appearance, which rapidly become pustular, break, and exude serum, or, in severe cases, pus. The matter thus exuded forms scabs, or crusts —the skin is thickened and chapped as in common mange. The itching attendant on follicular mange is not excessive nor continuous. The disease usually commences on the head, and from thence extends to the body ; it is of long duration, and very obstinately yields to treatment. Detached hair is rarely replaced, owing to the destruction of the hair follicle. Treatment.—The difficulty experienced in reaching the acari renders curative measures somewhat troublesome and unsatisfactory. Mercurial agents are, perhaps, the most useful, White precipitate, combined with sulphur and whale-oil, is a very excellent formula. The following ointment (my ewn prescription) has been in my practice attended with the best results in cases of follicular mange. Acid, Acetic: sciieccseoscesscxees Ol. Terebinth ..............0005 ee pea eaianss Ole Tat civesses dante raueaaoeeawues . ¥ ounce. Unt PV Crar es aricrcnmantina siconesioe I i Sulphur scneuenveeesnscomiandee ensane 8 ounces. Whale-oil .c.scsseesevssseassscieeas 10 » * Fleming’s “‘ Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. p. 457, 206 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. The whole to be well mixed, and rubbed on the affected parts for five minutes. Wash off in forty-eight hours with. soft-soap and warm water, and when the skin is dry apply to the surface whale-oil ; and the following day, without washing, repeat as before the ointment-dressing. Allow a week to elapse before another dressing of the same, if necessary, is applied. In recent cases a third application is not often required. After each dressing, the kennel should be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected before the dog is suffered to inhabit it. All wood and iron-work should be well scoured with boiling water and soda, and to any brickwork, after first brushing, limewash with carbolic acid should be applied. Mr. Hunting, after a series of unsuccessful experiments, made conjointly with Professor Duguid, in the treatment of follicular mange, observes : “It occurred to Mr. Duguid that, as the parasites were situated so deeply in the skin, it might assist the action of any dressing if we could soften and break up the cuticular layer of the skin. With this object in view we employed a solution of caustic potass, in addition to a creosote dressing, and with marked benefit. To facilitate the action of the dressing still further we adopt the plan of frequent washings of soap and warm water, gently removing at the same time any scabs, and rupturingeany pustules. The following,” says Mr. Hunting, “is the formula I advise: olive-oil, seven parts, and creosote one part, well shaken together, then add two parts of strong solution of caustic potass. This is to be applied every third or fourth day, to all diseased spots, with a piece of rag, and the dog should be washed a few hours before each dressing. To prevent the spread of the disease when limited to small or single spots, it is well to shave oft the hair for about an inch around each diseased part, and in cases where most of the body is affected, we shave the whole animal. This operation deprives the parasite of all protec- Diseases of the Skin —External Parasites. 207 tion afforded by the hair, and is not unnecessarily severe, as, without shaving, the loss of hair is certain to be very great, and much hair hides from view the first symptom of new centres of disease. “ Considering the damage done to the roots of the hair, we ° should expect but a very partial reproduction of the coat. It is, then, satisfactoryto be able to state that it is thoroughly and completely restored when the parasite is got rid of, save on any small spot where the skin was so damaged as to be repaired by cicatrisation. “The proper recognition of this disease is the most.impor- tant part, because many dogs will not pay for three or four. months’ treatment, and because this dressing is unnecessarily severe for ordinary mange, and decidedly injurious to those cases of skin disease due merely to constitutional disturb- ance. Very young or very small dogs must be treated - carefully, as the dressing is apt to affect them injuriously. If lessened in strength it is not certain to destroy the para- site.”* “Ziirn asserts that he has frequently succeeded with an ointment composed of one part of benzine to four of lard. Weiss recommends the inunction of essence of juniper. Zundel states that the balsam of Peru has often yielded good results when the malady has not been of too long duration. He has employed it, dissolved in alcohol (one to thirty) ; he has likewise used the green iodide of mercury with success, as well as the nitrate of silver ointment. Hoper speaks highly of an ointment composed of carbolic acid ; and Vogel prescribes a solution of caustic potash.”t ECZEMA. This disease, which is commonly known as “blotch” or “red mange,” is a frequent and troublesome affection with * Hunting, “ Diseases of Dogs,” “ Live Stock Journal and Fancier’s Gazette,” February 11th, 1876. + Fleming’s “ Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol.i. p. 459- 208 The Management and Diseases of ‘the Dog. dogs. It is analogous to the eczema, crusta lactea, humid tetter, or scald, so often seen in infants and young children. Eczema may be either acute or chronic, and local or general. The two forms usually seen are: 1. That which attacks the head, and along the back. 2. That in which the integument generally is red, more particularly visible between the thighs, underneath the arms, and on the abdo- men, and which is the form called “ red mange.” Eczema* is a non-contagious affection of the skin, charac- terised by the eruption of minute vesicles in great numbers, and frequently confluent, upon a surface of irregular form, and usually of considerable extent. The vesicles are so closely aggregated in some situations, as to give rise to one continuous vesicle of great breadth. These larger vesicles, when laid open, appear to be cellular in their structure ; the cellular disposition obviously depending on thejuxtaposition of the numerous small vesicles of which they are composed. The vesicles of eczema terminate by absorption of the fluid which they contain, or by rupture and moist excoriations suc- ceeded by thin crusts, and by furfuraceous desquamation. The eruption is generally successive, and variable in dura- tion ; it sometimes extends to the mucous membrane, and is often developed on the scalp and hair-bearing parts of the body.t - All dogs are liable to become eczematous, but those used for sporting purposes more particularly so. One attack pre- disposes the animal to another, and the latter frequently es- tablishes chronic eczema. _ Causes.—Insufficient exercise and injudicious feeding are the two chief causes of eczema in dogs. A toostimulating diet, an excessive supply of animal food, a denial of the exercise necessary in such cases to balance the effect of * From éx¢atv, efervere, to boil out. t¢ Wilson’s “ Diseases of the Skin,” p. 164. NO Id Diseases of the Skin—External Parasites. 209 these measures, result in an over-charged and over-heated . system, and Nature, to avoid worse consequences, endeavours to get rid of this pressure by means of serous outpouring or exudation. Treatment.—Saline aperients are in the first instance ad- visable ; when the irritation is extreme and considerable constitutional disturbance is manifested, a grain each of opium and calomel may be administered with benefit. With regard to local applications, the skin should never be washed or rubbed, in the dressing with agents, more than is absolutely necessary. The benzoated oxide of zinc ointment smeared over once or twice a day is a very effectual remedy. Another exceedingly useful one is: Oxide of Zinc .......ss006 1 : : aa 4 ounce. OMVEOI sacaiawsospacnes } : AMIGA "TiNCbes sisecacitece caeni 2 drachms. Rose-water ...........68. w+» 7 Ounces. To be applied three or four times a day. Where there is much wetness of surface and irritation, the parts may with benefit be dusted from time to time with plain flour, or I part of powdered alum to 6 of flour. Debility and wasting, is overcome with mineral tonics and cod-liver oil. The diet should be plain, nutritious, but not stimulating. Daily exercise should also be allowed. Chronic Eczema, though not accompanied by the same amount of irritation and constitutional disturbance as the former, is nevertheless a troublesome, and oftentimes a tedious affection. “In chronic eczema other topical remedies are required, one while to relieve prurities, and another while to exert a discutient action on the affected part. The juniper-tar ointment, considerably diluted, is an excellent anti-pruritic remedy ; while stronger, or of its full strength, it is power- fully discutient. Among the best of the discutient remedies are the ointments of the nitric and hydrochloric salts of mer- P 210 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. cury, variously diluted ; for example, the nitric oxide of mercury, unguentum hydrargyri nitratis, and unguentum thydrargyri ammonio-chloridi. In some forms of chronic eczema one or other of these ointments is specific; for example, the unguentum hydrargyri, nitrico-oxydi diluted | ‘to the extent of one part in four, in pityriasis capitis ; the unguentum hydrargyri nitratis, one part in eight, in psoriasis palpebrarum, etc. Sometimes eczema rubrum and eczema impetiginoedes, when of long continuance, or when the water-dressings or poultice have been unduly prolonged, become excessively tender, so tender in fact, as to be irri- tated by the mildest application. I have such a case in remembrance, wherein the disease of the skin was rendered ‘most distressing by its associations with a kind of cutaneous neuralgia ; and I have since seen several cases of a similar kind. In this morbidly sensitive state, of the skin and of the eruption, I have found no remedy act so well as a solution of nitrate of silver in distilled water, in the proportion of one grain to the ounce.”* In such cases, constitutional treatment is not to be over- ‘ooked. Small doses of arsenicum or calomel are attended with considerable benefit, iron and quinine also are of ser- vice. The animal should be kept dry, and the bedding clean. Exercise and nutritious feeding must likewise be observed. A species of eczema is not unfrequently produced through the incautious use of mercury (eczema mercuriale or hydrar- gyvia). “An eruption occurs, characterised by round irri- table patches of skin from which a secretion oozes, and which are denuded of hair. Theskin is at first red, swollen and afterwards rough and hard. In dogs the eruption occurs chiefly on the limbs and scrotum. The general symptoms are loss of appetite, salivation, closure of the * Wilson’s “ Diseases of the Skin,” p. 191. Diseases of the Skin—External Parasites. 211 eyelids, great dulness, offensive exhalations from the skin, and sometimes death. Recoveries occur slowly.* ERYTHEMA, Dogs are occasionally affected with superficial inflamma- tion of the skin, which chiefly takes place on the face, espe- cially about the mouth and the extremities. The inflam- mation occurs in patches, which are throughout attended with but little heat or irritation, except in the latter stages of the affection, when the skin on the portions attacked peels off, leaving the surface underneath red and sensitive ; then more or less febrile disturbance is apt to take place. When the pad of the foot is involved, the animal walks with reluctance and evident soreness. Young dogs, particularly when teething, are those usually attacked. The disease is non-contagious, and readily yields to treatment. Treatment.—Mild saline aperients in the first instance, _ followed by tonics, form the most effectual medicinal treatment. With regard to local applications, the oxide of zinc oint- ment or lotion is most suitable. Sponging with cold vinegar and water or a weak solution of alum is likewise beneficial. The diet should be plain and unstimulating. RINGWORM (PROPER). This disease is occasionally met with in the dog. It is due to the presence of a minute vegetable parasite or fungus (Tvicophyton tonsurans, Malmsten, or Achorion Lebertit). Ringworm is exceedingly contagious, communicable from man to the lower animals, and wice versa. * Gamgee’s “Our Domestic Animals in Health and Disease,” vol. ii. p. 133. P—2 212 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Causes—-Cold, wet seasons; badly drained, dirty, and uncomfortable kennels ; insufficient and nutritious food ; inattention to the cleanliness of the skin, are each conducive to the presence of ringworm. Symptoms.—The most prominent symptom is the charac- teristic circular patch, with silver scaly crusts, whilst the presence of the fungus at once removes any doubt that may exist. The hair hasa dry, harsh appearance, is exceedingly brittle, and easily detached. As the disease advances, the hair breaks of itself close to the crust, and when the latter is removed, the hairs are exhibited in short, bristle-like pieces, surrounded with the spores of the fungus. From the animal biting, rubbing, or scratching itself, the characteristic shape is sometimes obliterated. The period of incubation is from eight to fourteen days, Treatment.—Mild mercurial and iodine ointments are generally effectual in the treatment of ringworm. The following is also a very useful application :— Whale-oil ....... ccc cece cece eens 6 ounces, Térebinith® # ‘General Diseases. 345 scrofula, rheumatism, or mercurialism. The cancellated structure of the bone is the seat of inflammatory action. Symptoms.— Heat, pain, swelling of the integument over the affected portion of bone; sometimes enlargement of the latter, extreme tenderness on manipulation (often mis- taken for rheumatism), and the patient exhibits more or less inflammatory fever. If ostitis is confined to a limb, there is attendant lameness, or the limb is not used. Treatment.—Perfect quietude, soft comfortable bed, hot ' fomentations, or linseed" poultices; and, subsequently, if in- flammatory action is protracted or enlargement persists, the application of iodine paint, and administration of iodide of potassium is indicated. In 1884 I received a cross-bred mastiff dog into my infirmary, affected with cranial ostitis, caused by a violent blow with a poker, over the right parietal bone. Blisters and setons were employed, with general antiphlogistic treatment, and the patient made a good recovery. PERIOSTITIS. - Periostitis, or inflammation of the periosteum, may be “associated with ostitis, but is frequently met with in canine practice as a distinct affection. The inflamed con- dition of the membrane causes it to become highly . vascttlar, thickened, and detached from the bone under- neath, and, as in the case of “splint” on the horse’s leg, osseous deposit is frequently deposited between the bone and periosteum, causing a permanent zode or exostosis. Periostitis in the limbs of a dog is very often caused by external violence, as a blow from a stick, stone, or kick. It occurs also in connection with the teeth and jaws, and under such circumstances is attended with acute suffering. At the present time I have a colley dog in the hospital, which has for a considerable time been a martyr to inflam- mation of the alveolo-dental periosteum. The removal of a molar tooth with an exostosed fang afforded immense 346 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. relief, and the case is improving under the application of pure carbolic acid, frequent meals of soft warm food, and iodine paint externally. When periostitis is associated with internal canker (otitis) the pain is most acute and agonising, and by ignorant people the symptoms manifested under such suffering have been mistaken for those of rabies. Very recently an illustration of this fact occurred in London. I fortunately saw the supposed rabid animal, and dis- covered severe otitis, which finally yielded to treatment. Symptoms.—The manifestations of periostitis vary little from those attending ostitis. The pain, as in the human subject, is more superficial ; the swelling, however, is more. marked, and the generai results less serious. Treatment.— Remedial measures must be based on the same lines as those prescribed for ostitis. Division of the periosteum, sub-cutaneous periosteotomy, an operation I have frequently performed, has been practised with con- siderable success. Periosteal abscess must be treated on ordinary surgical principles. SCROFULA. Scrofula is a disease of common occurrence among the lower animals, and the canine race forms no exception to the fact. ; As with human beings, so with the dog ; it is usually met with in early life, and is traceable to those causes which give rise to it in our own species—such as near relationship in breeding, and certain morbid conditions of one or both parents. Among the predisposing causes may be named insufficient and improper food, impure air, exposure to wet and cold. Symptoms—Animals, when so affected, are usually un- thrifty and delicate ; the coat is dry and harsh, the abdomen full and pendulous ; the eyes are watery, the conjunctiva General Diseases, 347 injected, and frequently mucus is deposited in the corner ; the lymphatic glands are large and easily felt ; very often the skull (especially the front portion) is unusually large. This latter is more particularly noticeable in puppyhood, and gives the idea, not unfrequently a correct one, of water on the brain. Scrofula, when once localised, may remain latent for a long period, or gradually and manifestly developed. In an hereditary diathesis, it usually exhibits itself shortly before the animal arrives at maturity, or, as in the human subject, remains through life 2 statu guo, to become developed and distinctly marked in the offspring. Treatment.—I need scarcely observe that the treatment of scrofula in the dog is of far less importance than are pre- ventive measures. When treatment is adopted, it should be merely for humanity’s sake, and never for the purpose of maintaining life in order to perpetuate the breed. A tainted strain of this description is neither a credit to the breeder, nor beneficial to the canine race. The treatment is both local and constitutional. The former consists in cold baths and friction, and keeping the skin dry and warm. Cleanliness is of great importance. Animals that are allowed to live in filth, and remain un- washed, uncombed or brushed, under such circumstances are exposed to the development of strumous affections. It has been wrongly supposed that the dog does not perspire: hence perhaps one reason for negligence in attention to his '’ body, externally. He not only perspires, but does so freely, and the arrest ‘of such perspiration, from uncleanliness, cutaneous disease, and the like, creates serious functional derangement (from re-absorption of matters which are pre- vented from escaping by their natural outlet) internally, and lays the foundation for disease ofa strumous character, in addition to other disorders. With regard to constitutional treatment, iodine, iron, bark, and cod-liver oil are the agents most to be relied upon. 348 «©The Management and Diseases of the Dog. The first-named drug may also be used externally, in cases presenting enlarged glands or chronic abscess. © The diet should be liberal and nutritious. Daily exercise, and everything calculated to invigorate the system should be adopted. Messrs. Gowing and Son record the following case of “*Scrofula in a Puppy.” “The morbid parts forwarded are from a bull puppy between two and three months old. Hewas brought to me on the oth instant, much emaciated and wasted ; and from the distended, pendulous condition of the abdomen, he was apparently suffering from ascites. I requested the owner to leave him with me. He died some time during the night. “Post-mortem.—Upon opening the abdomen, the cavity was full of serous fluid; and upon slitting open the intes- tines, the mucous membrane was observed to be highly in- flamed through its entire course, but the poston surface was only slightly discoloured in places, «Some worms were found in the intestinal canal, which was somewhat contracted. The heart and liver I have for- warded to you, as they both give evidence of disease. “A further history of the animal from the owner was to . the effect that a fellow-pup died from the same disease, having a distended abdomen, wasting of flesh, and showing the same symptoms as the pup alluded to. The father of these pups was a fine specimen of the bull-dog, weighing upwards of forty pounds; he was of the Wallace breed, a famous strain. “Some time ago I operated upon him for a cartilaginous growth on the cartilage of the eye; he did very well, and at that time was in good health and blooming condition. His owner gave him to a friend. Some months afterwards he was sent to me again, much wasted in flesh, with pen- dulous abdomen, suffering from the same-disease as the pup, having a quantity of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. Treatment was recommended; but some weeks General Diseases. 349 afterwards I heard from the owner that the favourite and valuable old dog was dead. This breed of bull-dogs is, I believe, now almost extinct ; they have been bred in-and-in. “ The examination of liver and heart led to the detection of a very unusual morbid change. The liver was dark in colour, speckled here and there with yellow granules. In form, the gland was almost globular; in texture it was compact, with the consistency of an ordinary fatty tumour. On section the cut surface was granular, and mottled with minute yellow specks. A small portion of the enlarged. organ was examined under the quarter-inch objective, and the liver-cells were observed to be filled with globules of fat. In addition, there was a considerable quantity. of deposit of the nature of tubercle. ‘“‘ The heart was also much enlarged ; the cavities of both ventricles were distended with coagulated blood. The walls were reduced in thickness to at least one half; and, under the microscope, the fibres were seen to be in the transition state between the nucleated cell form of the foetal struc- ture and the striated character of the fully developed muscle. Between the fibres there was a deposit of granular matter, identical in appearance with that observed in the liver. From the history of the case, there is good reason to believe that the puppy was the subject of scrofula, the result of hereditary transmission, intensified, and probably primarily induced, by the system of in-and-in breeding. The peculiar feature of the case is the existence of the deposit in the liver and heart—organs which are not ordi- narily affected to any serious extent in tuberculosis. The lungs, spleen, and kidneys were free from disease.”* GLANDERS. Fortunately, this scourge of horseflesh is but seldom met with in the dog. * From the Veterinarian, November, 1881. 350 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Mr. Fleming, in his “ Veterinary Sanitary Science,” on this subject, observes: “ The receptivity of the dog is not very great; indeed, not many years ago, inoculations with glander virus were so unsuccessful in this animal that it was believed it could not be infected. “Herting made experiments forseveral years,but they were always incomplete in their results, He fed eight dogs for a number of weeks on the raw flesh of glandered horses, but - without producing the disease inthem. At first, however, they were usually affected with diarrhoea, the feces being of a dark red colour. Nordstrom produced the malady in two dogs by feeding them with this flesh; they had a bloody discharge from the nostrils, redness of the eyes, and an cedematous swelling of the head. They died.* “ Lafosse mentions the case of a dog belonging to Marshal Neil, which contracted the malady through living in the same stable with a diseased horse. Hertwig applied the nasal discharge from glandered horses to the Schneiderian membrane of six dogs, by means of a small brush. In two or three days this membrane became swollen and dark- ’ coloured, and there was a thin glutinous discharge, with moderate tumefaction of the submaxillary lymphatic glands. When the matter was inoculated on the skin of the fore- head (where the animal could not lick the wounds), in two or three days there was swelling of the eyes, redness of the conjunctive, and tumefaction of the submaxillary glands. The wound inflamed, suppurated for about eight days, and then, a black crust forming over it, it healed in about twenty to twenty-five days. “ Of six dogs inoculated by Renault, two became affected. One of these perished three-and-a-half months after the local development of the disease, but the other only died in the fifth month. The successful inoculation of two horses ’ with the virus obtained from the ulcers of these dogs left * “Tidskrift for Veterinairer,” etc., Stockholm, 1862. General Diseases. ; 351 no doubt as to the nature of the malady, which appeared in a most acute form. “ Polli, of Milan, has induced the disease in dogs by depo. siting the virus in wounds or injecting it into the circula- tion. The effects were always apparent, but their intensity and gravity varied according to the mode of introduction. Prinz, Andral, Burguieres, Letenneur, Leblanc, Rayer, Saussier, and St. Cyr* have obtained results similar to those of Renault ; Lafosse has also several times successfully inoculated dogs with the glanders and farcy virus; and Decroix, from the result of his experiments, came to the conclusion that acute and chronic glanders are transmissible to the carnivora by inoculation.t “Some of the large carnivora, such as the lion, have re- ceived the disease through consuming the flesh of glandered horses.” . * “ The results of inoculations practised upon seven dogs with glander matter, by Saint Cyr, of the Lyons Veterinary School, are summed up as follows :— “1, Glanders is not the exclusive appanage of solipeds. *o. It can certainly be transmitted to other animals, and especially to the dog, by inoculation. ‘63, In the dog, as in the horse, it manifests itself by inflammation and ulceration of the inoculated wound, swelling of the lymphatic glands in its vicinity, and nasal discharge. Chancrous ulcers are, if not always, atleast generally, absent. ' ‘4, Glanders in the dog is generally remarkably benignant, and, ex- cept in those cases in which it has been injected into the circulation, it is perhaps seldom fatal. — ; ‘*, Notwithstanding this marked benignity of ‘canine glanders,’ the virus none the less-preserves all its activity, and, when retransmitted to the horse, inevitably produces the malady in as marked a form as when passed direct from horse to horse. “6, Lastly, glanders in the dog, as in the horse, appears to be governed by the ‘law of unicity ;’ for with the horse actually glandered, and the dog successfully inoculated for the first time, inoculation with the most active glander virus produces no effect. This conclusion, however, requires more experiments to corroborate it.”—* Journal de Méd. Vét. de Lyon,” 1866, p. 307. t “Journal de Méd. Vét. Militaire,” 1863. 352 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. SMALL-POX (VARIOLE CANIN #). Variola of the dog is by no means a frequent disease in this country, and there is but little to be found in English veterinary literature on the subject. Youatt describes the malady as follows: “ The essential symptoms of small-pox in dogs succeed | each other in the following order: the skin of the belly, the - ‘groin, and the inside of the fore-arm becomes of a redder colour than inits natural state, and sprinkled with small red spots, irregularly rounded. They are sometimes iso- lated, sometimes clustered together. The near approach of this eruption is announced by an increase of fever. “On the second day the spots are larger, and the mice ment is slightly tumefied at the centre of each. “On the third day the spots are generally enlarged, nd the skin is still more prominent at. the centre. “On the fourth day the summit of the tumour is yet more prominent. Towards the end of that day, the redness ot the centre begins to assume a somewhat grey colour. On the following days the pustules take on their peculiar characteristic appearance, and cannot be confounded with any other eruption. On the summit is a white circular point, corresponding with a certain quantity of nearly transparent fluid which it contains, and covered by a thin and transpa- rent pellicle. This fluid becomes less and less transparent, until it acquires the colour and consistence of pus. The pustule, during its serous state, is ofa rounded form. Itis. flattened when the fluid acquires a purulent character, and even slightly depressed towards the close of the period of suppuration, and when that of desiccation is about to com- mence, which ordinarily happens towards the ninth or tenth day of eruption. The desiccation and the. desquamation occupy an exceedingly variable length of time, and so in- deed do all the different periods of the disease. What is the least inconstant is the duration of the serous eruption, which is about four days, if it had been distinctly produced iATD HaelHeal STV¥ISsadATO Azle General Diseases. 353 and guarded from all friction. If the’ general character of the pustules is considered, it will be observed that, while some of them are in a state of serous secretion, others will only have begun to appear. “ The eruption terminates when desiccation commences in the first pustules; and, if some red spots show them- selves at that period of the malady, they disappear without. being followed by the development of pustules. They are a species of abortive pustules. After the desiccation, the skin remains covered by brown spots, which, by degrees, die away. There remains no trace of the disease, except a few superficial cicatrices, on which the hair does not grow. “The causes which produce the greatest variation in the periods of the eruption are, the age of the dog and the tem- perature of the situation and of the season. The eruption runs through its different stages with much more rapidity in dogs from one to five months old, than in those of greater age. I have never seen it in dogs more than 18 months old. An elevated temperature singularly favours. the eruption, and also renders it confluent and ofa serous character. A cold atmosphere is unfavourable to the erup- tion, or even prevents it altogether. Death is almost con- stantly the result of the exposure of dogs having small-pox to any considerable degree of cold. A moderate tempera- ture is most favourable to the recovery of the animal. A frequent renewal or change of air, the temperature remain- inz nearly the same, is highly favourable to the patient ; consequently, close boxes or kennels should be altogether avoided. “T have often observed that the perspiration or breath of dogs labouring under variola emits a very unpleasant odour. This smell is particularly observed at the commencement of the desiccation of the pustules, and when the animals are lying upon dry straw; for the friction of the bed against — the pustules destroys their pellicles and permits the purulent matter to escape—and the influence of this purulent matter AA 354 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. is most pernicious. The fever is increased, and also the unpleasant smell from the mouth, and that of the feces In this state there is a disposition, which is rapidly de- veloped in the lungs, to assume the character of pneumonia. “ This last complication is a most serious one, and almost always terminates fatally. It has a peculiar character. It shows itself suddenly, and with all its alarming symptoms. Itisalmost immediately accompanied by a purulent secretion from the bronchi, and the second day does not pass without the characters of pneumonia being completely developed. The respiration is accompanied by a mucous ré/e, which often becomes sibilant. The nasal cavities are filled with a purulent fluid. The dog that coughs violently at the commencement of the disease, employs himself, probably, on the following day, in ejecting, by a forcible expulsion from the nostrils, the purulent secretion which is soon and plentifully developed. When he is lying quiet, and even _ when he seems to be asleep, there is a loud, stertorous, guttural breathing.” - Mr. James Moore, in his homceopathic work on the “Diseases of the Dog,” observes with regard to it: “This disease, which is much more common on the Continent than in this country, has been fairly described by Barrier and Leblanc. “ Symptoms.—At first the animal is dull and ee and carries his head drooped; the eyelids are half-closed and the eyes vacant in expression ; the nose is hot and dry; the tongue furred ; the dog prefers to lie down, and when induced or compelled to get up and walk, the pace is slow and unsteady ; the bowels are confined, and the urine high- coloured ; the pulse is somewhat accelerated, and there are occasional and frequent vomitings. Sooner or later, — diarrhcea comes on. The evacuations are bilious, dark, and offensive; the countenance is expressive of anxiety and uneasiness, and there are evident indications of prostration. . Four or five days from the onset, after shivering, vesicles General Diseases. 355 appear on the head, and thence gradually spread to other parts of the body ; these vesicles subsequently break, and the resulting scab falls off in due course. “ A pack of hounds ate the carcases of some sheep, dead of clavelée (small- -pox). Seventeen of them became ill. At first, distemper was suspected, as the dogs were low-spirited, ‘ weak, paralytic in their limbs, and had a viscid, greenish discharge from their nostrils. A copious crop of ‘ pustules’ appeared, and the disease was thereafter, rightly or wrongly, regarded as small-pox.. Eleven died. “It has been stated that some dogs were infected from sheep with this disease, during the recent Wiltshire epidemic; and that in both animals the disease was identical in its symptoms. “In small-pox the skin is affected in the following manner: The skin of the belly, groin, etc., is redder than usual, and dotted with small roundish spots, either isolated or irregularly clustered together. Each spot gradually gets larger, and its centre becomes prominent and pointed, and contains a clear fluid, which subsequently acquires a pus-: like appearance. Each spot is now flattened; the contained fluid escapes on the rupture of its envelope ; scabs form from the drying of the fluid, and gradually fall off. In some parts of the body a permanent minute scar remains, and the hair is destroyed for good.” Mr. Fleming observes :* “This is a rare malady, and may be developed directly or by contagion ; it is supposed to be also produced by the variola of man and of the sheep. It chiefly affects young dogs, although old animals are not exempt. One attack ensures immunity for the remainder of the dog’s life. “ Symptoms.—The disease commences with fever, which continues for two or three days, and is followed by the appearance—over a large surface of the body, though rarely on the back and sides of the trunk—of red points, * “Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. p. 98. A A—2 356 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. resembling flea-bites, which are quickly transformed into nodules, and then into vesicles. The contents of ‘these become purulent, and finally dry into a crust, whose shedding leaves a naked cicatrix. “Tn the dog, asin the sheep and pig, there are different forms of the disease, and it is benignant or malignant accordingly. . Puppies nearly always succumb, and, on a necroscopical examination, it is not unusual to find variolous — pustules on the mucous membrane of the respiratory and digestive organs. “ Sanitary Measures—The disease being contagious, though the virus does not appear to be very volatile, it is necessary to isolate the sick, and take due precautions that the pontagion is not carried from them to healthy animals. “ Curative Nensniis Cavett aii a dry and mode- rately warm dwelling, cleanliness, and abundance of fresh - air, are the essentials in the curative treatment.” An emetic in the early stage of the malady has been recommended as likely to be useful. Afterwards the treat- ment must be purely symptomatic. MEASLES. An interesting case of this nature is described in a recent report of the Epidemiological Society : “A dog licked the hand of a child lying in bed, and on whom the measles eruption was at its height. Twelve days later the dog sickened, and suffered for two days with nasal discharge; and four days later died, with marked congestion _ of the throat and air-passages. It has been held by some authorities that measles in man is the analogue of distemper in dogs—indeed, it has been urged that they are the same diseases ; but this case contradicts such a view, for the dog in naedtion had, four years previously, gone through an attack of distemper ; and, although second attacks of the General Diseases. 357 various eruptive fevers are common enough in children, second attacks of distemper are rare amongst dogs—while such second cases, when they do occur, are invariably of a slight and temporary nature.’* , TETANUS: This disease is of rare occurrence in canine practice. It is divided into Jadiopathic, z.e., where no visible cause is in existence; and Zvaumatic, when it arises from injury or wound, ; Tetanus consists of, or denotes, an uncontrollable spas- modic contraction of the voluntary muscles. It is ex- ceedingly painful, and usually fatal. The disease may assume a local or general form, z.e., it may be limited to the jaws, producing Jock-jaw; or it may extend to a part or the whole of the trunk, and give rise to partial or general rigidity. Causes——Changes of temperature, exposure to cold and wet, excessive fatigue; injuries by wounds or bruises ; irritation to the nerve extremities, or main trunks; the presence of irritants in the stomach and _ intestines ; strycnnia. . Symptoms.—When the jaws only are affected the head is poked out, the jaws are tightly closed, the angles of the mouth are drawn back, the mouth filled with frothy saliva, and the eyes fixed in an unnatural and often hideous - position. Whatever portion of the animal is affected, this is drawn and deformed. In general tetanus the patient, if able to walk, moves stiffly, or, as it were, al/ of a piece. The ears are pricked, the tail is carried out straight and has a quivering motion ; the affected muscles have a tense corded feel, and the limbs are straight and set. During a spasm the animal falls over * Veterinary Journal, Sept., 1876. 358 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. on its side, and presents much the same appearance as if poisoned by strychnine, uttering strange hoarse cries be- tween fear and pain.* Death may result from asphyxia, exhaustion, or—though I believe it to be exceedingly rare—spasmodic contraction of the heart. Post-mortem Appearances.—These vary somewhat : most frequently the spinal cord and its membranes are con- gested ; occasionally the brain and dura mater exhibit a similar appearance, but more particularly so in general and protracted tetanus. In cases of traumatic tetanus, this condition is more apparent in the nerve tissue near the seat of injury ; while the muscles in the same locality are soft, dark, and gorged with blood. In severe cases they are sometimes ruptured. Treatment.—A late eminent lecturer on this subject, as affecting the horse, was wont to observe, in producing a stable door-key, that that was the best measure we could adopt in this disease, and the same meaning he intended to convey is equally applicable to the dog. Perfect quietude, ~ moderate warmth, and subdued light, should always be en- forced in the treatment of canine tetanus. The person the animal is most accustomed and attached to, is the fittest attendant ; the susceptibility to excitement is so intense that the presence of a stranger, rough handling, or loud * T have heard it frequently argued that tetanus is not a painful disease, and that in the horse the profuse perspirations which accom- pany it are merely the result of absolute fear. This theory I cannot subscribe to, and never have agreed with. I do not for a moment dis- pute the presence of fear, or that it is a cause of perspiration ; but my reply has always been that pain must be, at all events for a time, an inevitable result of sudden and inordinate stimulus by the nerves supplying the muscles so affected. Long-continued pressure may, and we know will, in time produce numbness or paralysis; but in tetanus there being remissions of convulsion, each sudden contraction when a spasm comes on must produce intense pain. General Diseases. 359 and harsh words will generally induce violent spasmodic seizures, and hasten an agonising death. With regard to constitutional remedies, Fleming’s tinc- ture of aconite stands pre-eminent. Dose, one to two minims every two or three hours. An aperient at the - onset is, if its administration is possible, very advisable ; but it should be borne in mind that an attempt to give a draught to a tetanic animal is, as a rule, creative of that alarm and severe spasms at all times to be avoided. Here, then, is the benefit of aconite. If the patient is able to lap, the drug may be dropped in a little milk or water, without impregnating it with any objectionable taste. When the- jaws are locked, and fluids cannot with safety be poured between the cheek and teeth, the same quantity may be given in an enema. Counter-irritation to the spine is at times attended (chiefly in protracted cases) with benefit. Baths, warm or cold, are injudicious and useless. If the disease is caused by a wound, this should at the same time be carefully attended to. It should be thoroughly examined to see whether any foreign or irritating matter is present ; if there is, it must be at once removed. When the wound is very painful, sedative poultices afford great relief; otherwise dressing with lunar caustic, and after- wards inducing healthy suppuration, is the treatment I recommend. In traumatic tetanus, when the wound assumes a healthy condition, the constitutional symptoms usually improve with it. The diet should be nourishing, easy of deglutition and digestion—as milk, broth, beef-tea, and such like. These may be given in the form of enemas, if necessary. CRAMP. ‘Dogs subjected to violent exercise, and afterwards ex- posed to cold, or kennelled in cold and damp habitations, are not unfrequently affected with cramp. The same con- 360 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. dition sometimes follows swimming, particularly in cold seasons of the year. The symptoms, though in some respects not unlike those of rheumatism, differ from them in the rapidity with which they pass off when warmth and free circulation to the part are restored. The hind parts are those generally affected. The treatment consists in brisk exercise, and friction to the part. DISEASES OF THE HEART. . Diseases of the heart are not very frequently met with in canine practice, except as the result of complications of other maladies. Fatty degeneration is, perhaps, the most common form met with; several instances of this I have seen when making post-mortem examinations of animals. “In examining a heart thus diseased, the eye first notices the fainter tracing, or the utter absence of those transverse marks which cross the fibres of all the voluntary muscles, and less distinctly those of the involuntary muscle, the heart. In an early stage of the disease these cross-lines are dimly seen, and the fibre is studded here and there with small dark points. When the disease is more decidedly - expressed the dots are more numerous and the strie dis- appear. These dots are little globules of oil lying within the sheath of the fibre, they make it soft and friable. “The parts of the heart which have undergone this change are altered in colour as well as in consistence. They are pale, like a faded leaf, or of a yellowish-brown, or a muddy-pink colour, and they commonly have a spotty o1 mottled appearance. The change of texture varies in degree and in extent. It may render the muscle merely soft and flabby, or it may reduce it to a state in which it feels like a wet kid glove, and can be torn as readily as wet brown paper. Every chamber of the heart is liable to this kind of disease, but most of all the left ventricle, then the s General Diseases, 361 right ventricle, then the right auricle, and least of all the left auricle. Generally it is more evident in the columnz carnee, and near the endocardium, than elsewhere. “Fatty degeneration of the heart may proceed from a defect of healthy nutrition throughout the body in conse- quence of some general disorder, or of natural decay in the decline of life. In such cases the same morbid change is commonly manifest in other. parts also; in the arteries, in the liver, in the kidneys, in the cornea. : “ But fatty degeneration may be limited to the heart, and even to a small portion of the heart, and then it is owing to some local failure of nutrition; of which, perhaps, the most common cause is a diseased condition of the coronary arteries. You are probably aware that these two vessels have no large or free communication with each other, and it is a very instructive fact, that when one of them alone is diseased, that part only of the heart frequently is found to be affected which receives its supply of blood through the unsound artery. Fatty degeneration of the heart is also met with after bygone inflammation, whether of the mus- cular tissue itself, or of its lining, or its investing membrane. It is no uncommon sequel of hypertrophy. In every in- Stance the change seems ultimately traceable to deficient nutrition.”* There are no positive symptoms by which this condition of the heart can be detected during life. The pulse may. be intermittent, feeble, or slow, as in other affections of the organ, and rapid exertion may produce distress. Beyond these, the practitioner has nothing to assist him until an examination after death reveals the real state of the case. The large deposits of fat on the heart usually seen in obese animals, are usually unassociated with fatty degenera- tion; though the two may exist combined, the former seldom interferes with health. * Watson’s “ Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic.” 362 = The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Valvular disease of the heart, as I have previously, in another section, observed, is a frequent and serious compli- cation of rheumatism. When such a condition is present, the intermittent, jerking, feeble pulse, the short, sudden inspiration and sharp cry, on violent exercise or rapid movement, frequently accompanied by a fall, as if shot, are the symptoms presented to us in this malady. Post-mortem Appearances—On examination, the valves are found considerably thickened, and granular on their surfaces. (In horses I have frequently observed this latter condition.) It is also not unusual to find adhesion of the pericardium to the heart, or an excess of serum, in which lymph or fibrine may be deposited. Treatment.—Any hope of a cure in a disease of this nature must, it is almost needless to observe, be abandoned. Having reason to believe that rheumatic disease of the heart exists, it behoves us to avoid, or give instructions for the avoidance of, those causes likely to result in alarming seizures, such as I have described, or sudden death. Shocks, frights, rapid exercise, exposure to cold or intense heat, should, as far as. possible, be prevented. The animal should be kept well | nourished, and small doses of the iodide of iron may be given from time to time, and in severe palpitation with pain, sedatives, with counter-irritation over the left side, may be had recourse to. Constipation, diarrhcea, or, indeed, anything causing the patient to strain, must also |. be avoided. . The following case of heart disease, associated with rheumatism and chorea, recently came under my observa-. tion. In December, 1877, a fox-terrier dog, about six years old, belonging to Miss Walker, of Bromley House, Penn,. was brought to me for treatment. I found the animal suffering from rheumatic chorea, and I was informed by the owner that when purchased at nine months old, he at . that time never stood perfectly still, but always shook General Diseases. 363 slightly, especially on the fore-legs. The dog now moved with a reeling, snatching gait ; the latter was particularly observable in the hind-legs. The back was also arched. When lying down or resting, the head had a tremulous, but not persistent, motion ; the limbs, however, were con- tinually twitching. I inserted a seton at the back of the ears. The same afternoon, before medicinal treatment was commenced, the animal died. I made a fost-mortem examination for the purpose of ascertaining the condition of the heart, as the case being of long standing, and complicated with rheumatism, I expected to find cardiac mischief.- On making a section through the right ventricle, and exposing the tricuspid FIG. 33. HEART OF DOG, LEFT VENTRICLE OPEN. I. MITRAL VALVE, INFLAMED. 2. ANTE-MORTEM FIBRINOUS CLOT. valve, I found the latter thickened and rough, beyond which there was nothing abnormal to be seen; but an examination of the left ventricle revealed the presence of an ante-mortem clot seven-eighths of an inch in length, wedge-shaped, tapering to a point. It was the sixteenth of an inch thick, white in colour, and fibrous, having on its upper surface a dark, recent blood-clot. This anze- mortem clot was immediately below and partly attached 364. The Management and Diseases of the ' Dog. to the mitral valve, the latter being much inflamed; the | tapering or pointed end was unattached. I have endeavoured, by means of the accompanying illustration, to give a more exact idea of the appearance the heart, valve, and clot presented (Fig. 33). The specimen was considered by several medical men | to whom it was shown to be a very interesting and ex- ceptional one. Since writing the above, I have been informed that the dog was stolen in 1876, and nothing was seen or known of his whereabouts for a year, when he unexpectedly returned, and it is supposed by his mistress that during his absence ~ he was roughly used, as his spirit seemed broken, and he had the appearance of being much older than he really was. Rupture of the heart, not uncommon in the human sub- ject, and occasionally seen in the horse, is of rare occur- rence in the dog. “4 “ A black pointer, of the Scotch breed, had every appear- ~ ance of good health, except that she frequently fell into a fit after having run a little way, and sometimes even after playing inthe yard. She was several times bled during and after these fits. When I examined her, I could plainly perceive considerable, and even violent spasmodic motion of the heart, and the sounds of the beating of that organ were irregular and convulsive. She was sent to the in- ‘firmary, in order to be cured of an attack of mange; but during her stay in the hospital she had these fits several times ; the attack almost always followed after she had been . playing with other dogs. She appeared as if struck by lightning, and remained motionless for several minutes, her - gums loosing their natural appearance, and assuming a bluish hue. After the lapse of a few minutes she again rose as if nothing had been the matter. She was bled twice in eight days, and several doses of fox-glove were administered _ to her. The fits appeared to become less frequent ; but, © General Diseases. 365 playing one day with another dog, she fell and pe im- mediately. “The post-mortem examination was made two hours after death. The cavity of the pericardium contained a red clot of blood, which enveloped the whole of the heart ; it was thicker in the parts that corresponded with the valve of the heart; and on the left ventricle, and near the base of the left valve of the heart, as well as the external part of that viscus, was an irregular rent two inches long. It crossed the valve of the heart, which was very thin in this place. The. size of the heart was very small, considering the height and bulk of the dog. The walls of the ventricles, and particularly of the left ventricle, were very thick. The cavity of the left ventricle was very small; there was evidently a concentric hypertrophy of these ventricles; -the valve of the heart was of great size. “The immediate cause of the rupture of the valve of the heart had evidently been an increase of circulation, brought on by an increase of exercise ; but the remote cause con- sisted in the remarkable thinness of the valve of the heart. “This case is remarkable in more than one respect: first, because instances of rupture of the valve of the heart are very rare ; and, secondly, because this rupture had its seat in the left valve of the heart, while usually, in both the human being and the quadruped, it takes place in the right, and this without doubt because the walls and the valves of the right side are thinner.”* PERICARDITIS. Inflammation of the pericardium of heart sac is a disease, comparatively speaking, not very frequently seen, or, at all events, diagnosed in the canine species.‘ Pericarditis, when not the result of direct injury from crushing or penetrating wounds, is msually associated with acute rheumatism, pleurisy, or pyemia. * Youatt on ‘‘The Dog.” 366 8 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. I have recently had two well-marked cases under treat- ment: the one associated with rheumatic fever, the other with pleurisy, the former patient being an aged fox terrier bitch, also affected with mammary cancer, the latter a young pug bitch. Symptoms——General distress, fever, pain in the region of the heart, tumultuous and jerking action of the latter, irregular pulse, considerable restlessness and anxiety of expression, Distinct valvular murmurs may be heard on auscultation. If there is much serous effusion in the pericardium the heart-sounds will be deadened. Very frequently the patient assumes a persistent sitting posture, or stands in a fixed condition with drooping head and haggard face. . Treatment——Both my patients made good recoveries under bromide of potassium and chloral hydrate. Ex- ternally hot linseed poultices were applied at the onset ; subsequently, iodine liniment was a Be over the cardiac region. Diet.—Chiefly, beef-tea with port wine, and occasionally eggs and milk; during convalescence cod-liver oil and. Parish’s diccatea! food. When there is considerable niacin in the pericardium iodide of potassium is indicated and biniodide of mercury blisters. EMBOLISM. Embolism in the dog is not altogether uncommon though difficult of diagnosis, the symptoms depending on the seat of the obstruction, or arrested embolus. According to Dr. Tanner, “a large clot from an inflamed vein fixed in pul- monary artery will induce immediate asphyxia ; or, if able to pass on into lung, may be the cause of hemoptysis, pleuro-pneumonia, or even gangrene. Obstruction of the chief vessel of a limb will induce mortification. Plugging General Diseases. 367 of cerebral artery may cause hemiplegia and softening of portion of the brain; of renal artery albuminuria. Capil- lary embolism plays an important part in pyaemia and other conditions. Septic particles absorbed from a focus of unhealthy suppuration lodge in the capillaries of distant parts, and there set up secondary inflammation and abscesses.” On the 6th of June, 1883, a ‘pointer ire aged nine years, the property of R. C. Kettle, Esq., barrister, was brought to my infirmary, presenting the following symp- toms: Deep and laboured breathing, pulse small and wavering, abdomen distended, and prominence over the _ hepatic region. I diagnosed the case as one of ascites, associated with enlargement of the liver and lung disease of old standing. The pulse indicated some valvular mischief in the heart. ‘The patient was placed under treatment, and it was proposed, when prepared, to tap the abdomen. On — the 16th, during my absence, Mr. Kettle took the dog away, wishing me to. treat him at home ; death, however, as I had prognosticated, if moved, took place soon after he = reached his kennel, and, by request, I made a post-mortem examination the following morning. The abdomen contained over a gallon of clear straw- coloured fluid. The liver was enlarged and congested, weighed four pounds and one ounce,-and contained large deposits of medullary cancer. The valves of the heart were hypertrophied, The lungs were tuberculosed, and exhibited traces of past inflammation. The immediate cause of death: was embolism of the pos- terior vena cava. From the right auricle of the heart, and ina considerable portion of its passage through the liver, this vessel had become entirely blocked by a long fibro-cartila- ginous granular chain-like plug, not unlike the hard roe of a fish magnified. Near to the liver this plug was purely calcareous, and could only be chipped out. A portion of the fibro-cartilaginous granular embolus which existed in 368 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. the right auricle was united to the large plug by a partially fibrinous clot of blood. In the roots of the portal veins similar deposits were present, and there was more hyper- trophy of the areolar framework of the liver, the lobes of the latter being united by a thick layer of lymph. Within — the pulmonary artery there was also a large fibrinous clot. The lungs contained large clusters of the same granular material found in the auricle and vena cava. Mr. Kettle informed me the dog had been in his posses- sion for seven years, that he was his first master after his breaking, and that he had shown no signs of illness until six months previous to his consulting me, and the previous season he had galloped the hills as well as ever. The fost- mortem examination, however, did not verify sound health so shortly before death. Doubtless many symptoms of indis- position were displayed that escaped observation prior to the first notice of his owner. This extraordinary case is recorded, with an illustration of the embolism, in the Live Stock Journal for July 13th,. 1883. EMPHYSEMA. Emphysematous swelling in the dog is usually due to the infiltration of air into the connective areolar tissue, from external injury. Pulmonary Emphysema is generally associated with asthma, and is accompanied by shortness of breath, cough, frothy expectoration, feeble husky bark, and weak pulse. Auscultation reveals wheezy sounds, with more or less cardiac palpitation.. (See Asthma.) Mr. J. S. Gould, pupil of Mr. E. Hollingham, M.R.C.V.S,, of Tonbridge Wells, has kindly furnished me with the following particulars of an interesting case of Traumatic Emphysema :— “On January 14th, 1888, we had the dead body of a deerhound bitch, the property of the Marquis of Aber- General Diseases. 369 gavenny, brought to us for examination as to the cause of death. The bitch in question had been hunting in the afternoon, and, after running a buck, the size of her body was observed to be much increased, there was a difficulty in breathing, and. frequent attempts to vomit. These conditions became rapidly more acute, and death resulted in about twenty minutes after the first noticeable symptoms. of illness. It was an hour after death when we made the autopsy, the body being then an enormous size, and the loose cellular tissue under the tongue-was much inflated, and protruded from the mouth in the form of a bladder, the tongue itself being of normal size. This inflated tissue pressed the tongue to the roof of the mouth, and had caused death by asphyxia. The original cause of the emphysema was a punctured wound received from the buck’s antler, and in running the bitch had literally pumped herself full of air; and on the inflated cellular tissue under the tongue being pierced, the air rushed out, and the body of the “hourid resumed somewhat its Hone proportions.” Treatment.—The treatment of Binphyseras consists in making various punctures into the inflated part, so arranged as to circumscribe or localize the emphysema, and to form sufficient outlets for the imprisoned air; and it may also be desirable to enlarge the original puncture. Bandaging has been suggested as a repressive and absorbent measure. On this subject, in Human Suiseny Gant observes :— “ Should respiration become oppressed, venesection, freely employed, will often afford the most marked and instan- taneous relief.” BB CHAPTER XVIII. ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. FRACTURES, DISLOCATIONS, AMPUTATIONS, WOUNDS, SPRAINS, BURNS AND SCALDS, UMBILICAL HERNIA, VENTRAL HERNIA, FEMORAL HERNIA, CATHETERISM, VAGINOTOMY, ANTI-CONCEPTION OPERA- TION, SORE FEET, SOFT CORNS, OVER-GROWTH OF CLAWS, REMOVAL OF DEW-CLAWS, CROPPING, FISTULA, ROUNDING, CYST EXCISION, TAILING, CHOKING, WORMING, CSOPHAGOTOMY, CASTRATION, LITHOTOMY, SPAYING, URETHRAL OBSTRUC- VACCINATION, TION, CHLOROFORM. FRACTURES. THESE are of very common occurrence in the dog. They are divided into compound, comminuted, and simple. Compound, when there is an external wound communi- cating with the fracture; comminuted, when the bone is ~ broken into numerous fragments ; simple, when the bone is broken only in one place, and without other injury. The latter may be transverse, oblique, or longitudinal. In young animals, partial or incomplete fracture, 22, 370 Accidents and Operations. 371 when the outside of the bone splits away similar to a tough twig when bent to break, is occasionally met with (Fig. 34). This, in human surgery, is termed green-stick frac- ture, an illustration of which I once had in one of my Fic. 34. INCOMPLETE FRACTURE, children, by falling from the back of a pony on to his hand and fracturing the radius in the manner described. Fracture without separation, is when a bone is starred, as it were, and held together by the periosteum ; it is rare in the dog, though common in the horse. The long bones are those most liable to fracture, more especially those of the extremities. Fracture of the scapula, pelvis, ribs, cranium, and vertebre are occasionally met with in the dog, and therefore demand notice in these pages. : In the human being there are various predisposing causes of fracture. In the dog they are invariably the result of direct violence. The usual symptoms of limb-fracture are : deformity, loss of muscular power, pain, swelling, and crepitus. The reparative process in the dog is remarkably rapid, and, as a rule, when the parts are placed zz sztu and the splints applied, the animal seems to understand the injured limb is not to be interfered with, and is eontented to remain quiet. The treatment of fracture consists in reducing the sepa- ‘rated portions to their proper position and maintaining them there when so reduced by the application of splints and bandages. Splints may be composed of _— pasteboard, leather, or gutta-percha. The three first-named are retained in position by bandaging. The latter is rendered soft with - BB-2 372 The Management and Diseases. of the Dog. hot water and moulded to the limb. Bandages take the place of splints when soaked in gum, starch, or plaster of Paris. With regard to fracture of the long bones of the limbs, I have found no application equal to the wooden splint. We will suppose a case of fractured ulna or radius. The fractured edges being reduced to their relative position, and the limb held firmly in a straight line downwards, the splints, cut the length required (I always take them below the knee-joint to the foot), are applied as follows: one in front, one behind,’ | and one on either side. The surface is smeared with pitch to maintain them better in position. A little pad of tow or cotton wool should be placed under the ends of the splints, to prevent irritation and wounds. Being thus satisfactorily arranged, a narrow bandage of calico is wound round, moderately tight; from end to end, smeared occasionally in its course with pitch. This done, the patient should be conveyed to where he is to remain: arid to prevent risk, it is better to place a wire muzzle on for the first few days, or at all events until the parts have become firm. The same treatment will apply to comminuted fracture. A black retriever dog was brought to me, suffering from double fracture of the femur, the fractures being some dis- tance apart; a bull and mastiff, aged, with fracture of the, femur in three distinct places. Both were treated with splint-setting, and recovered perfectly, without any defor- mity or perceptible thickening, except on manipulation. Fracture of a toe bone is an accident not uncommon to greyhounds when coursing, and is usually produced at the instant of making a sharp turn. Such fractures are easily set, but if not dealt with early they may be of serious moment to the animal and the interests of his owner. I usually apply lateral adhesive splints to the broken toe, and then spread the foot on a broad splint extending a little beyond the claws. The whole is then bandaged up, and the patient kept perfectly quiet for at least a fortnight. Accidents and Operations, 373 A month under such treatment invariably secures union. Such fractures are usually transverse or oblique. Fracture of the scapula is occasionally met with, chiefly in small toy dogs, and is usually caused by tumbles down- ‘stairs, or from elevated positions. I have treated two (the | only ones brought under my care) successfully ; both were fractured at the neck of the bone.* Two pasteboard splints smeared with pitch were placed parallel, and a quarter of an : : Fic 35. FRACTURE OF SCAPULA, SHOWING POSITION OF SPLINTS AN PLASTER, w : inch apart and obliquely ; another was then applied cross- ways, and a pitch-plasteron sheep-skin covered them and the whole shoulder (Fig. 35). I then passed a bandage, com- mencing from the centre of the shoulder across the withers, to the other side under the brisket back again, and so on, several times securing it in its situation with pitch (Fig. 36). On the 24th of May, 1877, acub fox, belonging to Mrs, Boughey, five weeks old, nursed by hand, was brought to me suffering from comminuted fracture of the scapula. I set it _. * Since writing the above I have had many cases of scapula fracture to deal with, and in following out the same principle of treatment I have had similar success. 374 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. in the same manner as above described, with one exception. The injury had taken place some days previously ; in addition to the fracture, there was luxation of the shoulder-joint, which caused the limb to spread out laterally at a right angle to the shoulder.. To maintain it in proper position, I cut and applied a kid glove as follows; having removed the thumb, second and fourth fingers, and the ends from the remaining ones, I inserted both fore-legs through the finger- stalls, buttoned the wrist portion over the shoulders and drew it together across the chest by means of another strip sewn on and made to button. This I found admirably Fic. 36. ; FRACTURE OF SCAPULA, WITH BANDAGE APPLIED. answered the double purpose of keeping the limb as I wished it, and rendering displacement of the shoulder-setting more unlikely. Within five i ea the support was removed, and I shortly after received a letter from Mrs. Boughey, informing me that : the interesting little patient was able to follow her upstairs without difficulty. I have recently seen the animal, whichI . find in no way stunted in growth ; it is perfectly straight on its limbs, and with no perceptible thickening, lameness, or defect in gait. Fracture of the Pelvis—In a case of this description, little Accidents and Operations. 375 can be done beyond keeping the patient quiet ; the bandage recommended for shoulder-fracture may be applied in the same way, carrying it between the hind-legs and across the loins. As a rule, however, these are far from satisfactory cases, and unless required for breeding purposes (and which then depends upon the portion of pelvis fractured) treatment is not advisable. Mr. Percivall records a case of fracture of the zschial por- tion of the pelvis recovered by rest and nature. The situa- tion of the injury would favour this, and even had a false joint formed, it would not have interfered with breeding. Fracture of the Ribs usually proceeds from external violence, as blows, kicks, or being crushed. Thesymptoms are painful, catching respiration, pain on lifting or moving the animal, and crepitus when so doing. The treatment consists in applying a broad bandage firmly round the chest, so as to prevent the animal dilating the ‘ thoracic walls in breathing. If the fractured end of the rib, penetrate the cavity of the chest, it is advisable that the ingress of air should be prevented as much as possible ; and the patient must be treated antiphlogistically. Perfect quietude is absolutely necessary. Fracture of the Sternum is not a common accident, and is usually occasioned by falling from heights. The same treatment is required as for rib fracture, with the addition of a boat-shaped splint along the sternum or gutta-percha moulded to it. Pelt Fracture of the Cranium is, under any circumstances, of serious consequence ; compression of the brain is likely to ensue, from the fractured portions bulging inwards, or from extravasation of blood on the brain. The following case, which came under the care of Professor Simonds, is recorded by Youatt :—“ Two gentlemen were playing at quoits, and the dog of one of them was struck on the head by a quoit, and supposed to be killed. His owner took him up and found that he was not dead, although 3 76 | The Management and Diseases of the Dog. dreadfully injured. It being near the Thames, his owner took him to the edge of the river, and dashed some water over him, and he rallied alittle. Professor Simonds detected a fracture of the skull, with pressure on the brain, arising from a portion of depressed bone. The dog was perfectly unconscious, frequently moaning, quite incapable of stand- ing, and continually turning round upon his belly, his straw, or his bed. It was acase of coma; he took no food, and the pulsation at the heart was very indistinct. -“T told the proprietor that there was no chance of re- covery, except by an operation ; and even then, I thought it exceedingly doubtful. I was desired to operate, and took him home. * The head was now almost twice as large as when the accident occurred, proceeding from a quantity of coagulated blood that had been effused under the skin covering the | skull. I gave him a dose of aperient medicine, and on the following morning commenced my operation. “The hair was clipped from the head, and an incision car- ried immediately from between the eyebrows to the back part of the skull, in the direction of the sagittal suture. Another incision was made from this to the root of the ear. This tri- angular flap was then turned back, in order to remove the consnileted blood, and make a thorough exposure of the skull, I was provided with a trephine, thinking that only a portion. of the bone had been depressed on the brain, and it would be necessary, with that instrument, to separate it from its attach- ment, and then with an elevator remove it ; but Ifoundthat the greater part of the parietal bone was depressed, and that the fracture extended along the sagittal suture from the coro- - nal and lamboidal sutures. At three-fourths of the width of the bone, the fracture ran parallel with the sagittal suture and this large portion was depressed upon the tunics of the | brain, the dura mater being considerably lacerated. “ The depressed bone was raised with an elevator, and I found, from its lacerated edges and the extent of the mis- Accidents and Operations. 377 chief done, that it was far wiser to remove it entirely than to allow it to remain and take the chance of its uniting. “In a few days the dog began to experience relief from _the operation, and to be somewhat conscious of what was taking place around him. He still requires care and at- tention, and proper medicinal agents to be administered from time to time; but with the exception of occasionally ‘turning round when on the floor, he takes his food well, and obeys his master’s call.”* s Fracture of the Vertebre occasionally happens in dogs used for the chase. It is needless to say that such cases ‘usually terminate in paralysis and death. . The after-treatment of fracture is very simple. Quietude and attention to the bowels and diet, are the points mainly to be observed. The bowels should be kept gently relaxed this is especially needful in fracture of the hind extremities, and particularly the pelvis, as the animal in placing himself in position for feecal evacuation is apt, in the strain and weight almost necessarily thrown on the injured part, to displace the fracture. The diet should be plain, unstimu- ~ lating, and relaxing. When an excessive amount of swelling takes place in the foot after the setting of a fractured limb, the bandages may be slit up a little distance between the splints, and the foot soaked in, or sponged with, warm water. The removal of splints should never take place until the expiration of at least four weeks, unless they have become disarranged, or the setting is not correct. False Joints—When a fracture fails to unite by osseous matter, and a fibrous connection is substituted, what is termed false juint is established. In the long bones, treat- ment is more. easily and satisfactorily adopted than in other situations. When itis found on the removal of the sup- port that osseous union has not taken place, the limb should * Trans. Vet. Med, Assoc.,i,, 51. 378 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. be again fastened up,—more firmly, if possible, than before, a liberal diet allowed, and tonics administered. If at the expiration of seven or eight weeks the false joint still exists, and there appears no prospect of its being otherwise, unless other measures are adopted, inflammatory action is to be established in the false union with the object of exciting the formation of osseous material, and this may be done by .piercing the structure in various places with a sharp needle,. and moving the point about when imbedded there until it is considered that sufficient irritation has been produced. The limb is then bound up as before. Certain constitutional conditions of an animal have a tendency to retard the formation of new bone (scrofula or rickets, to wit). In such diatheses, mineral tonics and bone- Fic. 37. DEFORMED LIMB AFTER UNION OF FRACTURE, NECESSITATING RE-FRACTURE. making materials should be freely exhibited ; in the latter, lime-water and milk should be given to the ‘animal to lap in the place of water. Re-fracture—From nature being allowed, without assist- ance, to effect the union of a fractured limb, or from care- _ Accidents and Operations. 379 lessness or wrong adjustment of the splints, it frequently happens that the limb after union presents a deformed and unsightly appearance. A broken-haired terrier was re- cently brought to me for advice regarding the condition of a united fore-leg fractured above the knee (radius and ulna), which had been set with leather splints—the limb was bent outwards to such an extent as to be almost useless. (See Fig. 37.) Having placed the animal under chloroform, I re-fractured the bone at the original seat; having only been done a month, this was not a difficult task. The limb being then brought into proper position, I applied the ordinary wood splints with pitch and bandages, and in five weeks after- -wards I had the gratification of seeing my patient perfectly recovered, and with two straight fore-legs. Compound Fracture is occasionally met with in the long bones of the limbs. If the end of the bone protrude through the opening, and from the smallness of the latter replace- ment is difficult, either the protruded bone must be removed with a fine saw or bone-nippers, or the wound enlarged. When comminution is also present, any completely de- tached fragments of bone should be removed, otherwise they will act as foreign bodies, create inflammation and suppur- ation, and prevent the healing process. In the application of _ splints, it will be necessary to arrange them so that the wound may be readily exposed when requisite. Fracture with Luxation.—When fracture occurs with dis- location, the treatment is doubly difficult, .as the dislocation must first be reduced ; this, under the circumstances, ‘is no easy task, and then the fracture is to be attended to. Oc- casionally it is necessary to have recourse to the latter first, in order to permit the extension required to reduce the dis- location ; after which it is generally advisable to reset the fracture, owing to the unavoidable displacement consequent on the operation. , 380 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. ip DISLOCATIONS. Dislocation, luxation, or the displacement of a joint with. out fracture, is very commonly seen in canine practice. The dislocations usually met with are in the shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, stifle, hock, toes. Predisposing Causes.—Congenital deformity, elongation of the articulatory ligaments, atrophied or weak muscles, previous luxation. Fic. 38. DISLOCATION OF SHOULDER-JOINT. Exciting Causes—External violence, as falls, blows, twists, undue force in parturition, muscular action, volun- tary effort. . Symptoms.—Displacement and deformity of the part; undue prominence, or the reverse, where neither should -exist ; shortening or elongation of the limb, generally the former ; inability to perform the usual natural movements ; Accidents and Operations. 381 a tense condition, if they are not ruptured, of the muscles on the opposite side ; pain on manipulation, with more or less swelling ; an absence of true crepitus ; an entirety of bone. Treatment.—This consists in applying extension in the direction required for the reduction of the dislocation: in recent cases this will not be difficult. If the shoulder-joint be the seat of accident, reduction is most easily accom- plished in the following manner: A strong towel or sur- cingle is passed underneath the brisket, between the fore- ‘ legs, over the withers, round the girth, and across the _ front of the breast. This is held firmly, whilst an assistant steadily draws the limb in the direction required (Fig 38). In dislocation of the elbow, the humerus should be firmly grasped by one pair\of hands, while another uses steady traction on the limb | Belowe Dislocation of the kneé is extremely rare, and when it does occur, it will be neceSsary, after reduction, by traction and manipulation, to place a starch bandage round it for a week or ten days. Dislocation of the Hip. —Thig occurs in various forms ; the head of the femur may be’ displaced upwards, down- wards, forwards, or backwards. Reduction is performed by powerful traction above the hock, in the direction indi- cated by the dislocation. At the time of traction, the limb» should be drawn outwardly from the upper part of the thigh, for the purpose of lifting the head of the femur over the rim of the acetabulum. Rotation will sometimes aid the operation. _ Dislocation of the stifle or patella is rarely met with in canine practice. In a case which came under my own care, the bone was displaced outwardly, and could be reduced readily by the fingers, but only temporarily. The symptoms of displacement of the patella, whether outwardly or in- wardly—the two forms usually met with—are an unnatural projection on the affected side, with inability to flex the 382 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. joint. Reduction is effected by drawing the leg forward, and then with the fingers forcing the patella back into its place. In the case named, after reduction I fixed on an outside splint, and bound the joint round with a pitch bandage. The case did well, and no return of the luxation though three years have since elapsed, has taken place whereas previously it was continually out of position. Mr. James Rowe, of I.ondon, reports dislocations of the patella as not unfrequent in his practice, and tells me he has successfully treated them in a similar manner to that adopted by me. One case occurred in a cat. Dislocation of the Hock——The same remarks made with reference to the knee will apply here. Dislocation of the Toes.—This accident is sometimes met with, and is generally occasioned by leaping or tumbling from heights. Reduction is easily effected by extension, and the subsequent maintenance of the parts in their proper position by bandaging the whole foot, and, if need be, small splints on either side and in front of the affected toe. Dislocation, having once taken place, is exceedingly liable to recur. For this reason, excitement and un- necessary movements should be strictly avoided. The after-treatment consists in observing much the same rules as those laid down in fracture. The patient should be kept quiet. If inflammatory symptoms, with excessive: swelling round the affected joint, ensue, warm fomentations or a bran poultice may be applied, and a dose of aperient medicine administered, and if the local inflammatory action is extreme, leeches may be used. Such symptoms, how- ever, rarely occur, except in protracted and aggravated reduction. Dislocations should always be reduced under chloroform, both for humanity’s sake, and the greater ease with which during anesthesia, it can be accomplished. Accidents and Operations. ' 383 AMPUTATIONS. Peapusion, or severation, is sometimes had recourse to in veterinary practice, when injury or disease has rendered the removal of the part or member necessary for the salvation of life. The limbs are chiefly subjected to this operation, and although amputation of a canine leg is not of common occurrence, yet several very successful issues have followed the operation, an instance of which I recorded from my own practice in 1879. Amputation may be accomplished by either the flap or circular method, the modus operandi being much the same as in human surgery. Everything should be arranged beforehand, and in readiness for the operator. It is advisable to have three assistants if possible in amputations of importance—one to administer and control the anesthetic, one to assist in holding the limb and securing the vessels,-and another to ligature. A veterinary surgeon, however, is not commonly blessed with so much professional help, and therefore has to do the best he can, often relying on.the assistance of a medical friend or colleague. In the lower animals a tourniquet is always advisable, as it ensures, if properly applied, complete pressure of the arterial branches, as well as the chief vessel. The arteries - may be taken up by torsion or ligature. Unless for some special reason it is contra-indicated, chloroform or ether should always be used in amputations. In the case I have alluded to as occurring in my practice, the necessity of amputation was due to compound comminuted fracture of the radius and ulna. Before I commenced the severation the integuments were drawn well up towards the humerus, so that upon resuming their position afterwards they might form a good covering to the stump. A sweeping circular cut divided all tissues down to the 384 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. bones, to which it was not necessary to apply the saw except to projecting points, as sufficient fractured and detached portions were removed to keep the remaining bone-ends well away from the line of amputation. The external wound was closed by drawing the integument together with sutures. Strict cleanliness and antiseptic dressings are necessary in the after-treatment. Should secondary hemorrhage occur, it may be necessary to re-open the external wound, seek for and ligature the offending vessel ; but moderate or slow hemorrhage, especially if not arterial, may be allayed by astringent padding and firm compress, — In the event of sloughing or pyzmia, re-amputation is indicated. Amputation of the hind-leg- is only warranted when for particular reasons the salvation of the animal’s life is ‘desired, notably, for breeding purposes. Amputation of the tibia is conducted on the same principles as those mentioned for the fore-leg. Amputation of the toe is simple, and may with impunity be accompanied by disarti- culation also. The removal of the supernumerary toe (dew-claw) will be found dealt with in another section, WOUNDS. I shall divide these into incised, lacerated, punctured, and contused, as these four kinds are most commonly met." with in the dog. Incised wounds are clean cut, like those produced in surgical operations, or from sharp-edged substances. Lacerated are those in which the tissues are torn asunder. Punctured, those produced by stabs or pricks, Contused, by bruising or crushing. To repair a wound, it is necessary that a process of what is termed “healing” should be gone through, and this process is accomplished in one of the following ways: Accidents and Operations. © 385 A. First Intention ; ze. immediate reunion of the parts. without the formation of new material. B. Adhesive Inflammation ; or the exudation of lymph on both cut surfaces, C. Granulation ; or the formation of small masses of new flesh, over which a secretion of pus is continually poured. D. Scabbing or Crusting ; a covering formed by nature of dried exuded matter on the raw surface, as pus, blood, or lymph, mingled generally with dirt or dust. The final result of either process is a scar or cicatrix, varying in character and dimensions according to the method by which the wound is healed, In our hairy- coated patients, this is not of so much moment as it is on uncovered human skin. Incised wounds are generally most amenable to treat- ment. In those recently inflicted it is always advisable, if possible (unless there are diseased deep-seated structures), to obtain union by the first intention. To effect this, after the wound has been cleansed and the hemorrhage has ceased, the lips are brought into direct apposition (taking care no hairs get between), and so maintained by sutures or plaster ; the latter will necessitate the shaving off the hair before it can be applied. *.The animal must then be so secured that it cannot interfere with the part. For though the dog’s tongue is undoubtedly a great cleanser, it is neither a healer nor aid to apposition, and the sooner such an idea is exploded the better. Omit this precaution, and the surgeon’s work will speedily be undone ; the animal will persistently lick the wound, and keep it gaping open. It then heals by granu- lation, for it cannot do so by any other method. The result is a broad unsightly cicatrix, instead of the fine, and in time, almost inperceptible seam left from union in the first instance by direct apposition, with or without the first intention. ec" 386 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. I say, with or without the first intention, because it is not unusual for a patient to be brought some four or five days after the wound has been closed, with the sutures out and the lips apart, and we are asked to reclose it. This I seldom do, finding in the treatment of wounds in the lower animals that if the lips can be kept in apposition for the first four or five days, they will, if they then break away, © resume in the final healing process the position they were originally placed in, and each suture mark will reveal the nicety or otherwise of adjustment, The same remarks will apply to healing by adhesive in- flammation,* which may be considered a kind of, if not really, first intention. The sutures commonly used are soft wire, pins, and silk. I prefer the latter for dogs, and if dipped in a weak solu- tion of carbolic acid they maintain their position longer, and add to the healthiness of the wound. Granulation and scabbing are, however, the most com- mon methods of healing in veterinary practice. When the secretion of pus takes place, its character should be ex- amined to ascertain if it is healthy—ze., of a creamy con- sistency, yellowish-white, of a peculiar indescribable odour, not disagreeable or unhealthy, being ichorous or curdled, of a dirty colour, and fcetid. Suppurating wounds require to be cleansed with tepid water at least once daily. The following liniment occa- ‘sionally injected will promote a healthy discharge :— Acid Carbolic .........cccscseseeeeees 15 minims. OL Derebinth. sisccsesnssaenennsvenese I ounce. Ole Oi Ves | wataecemeenstoanaerens 6 ounces. Where the granulations spring up too rapidly, forming what is termed “proud flesh,” the application of lunar caustic is necessary ; but it should be borne in mind that a * It is te my mind doubtful if healing ever takes place without an exudation of lymph, at all events in the lower animals. Accidents and Operations. 387 twofold effect follows its use, viz., a destruction of the present flesh, that which it comes in contact with, and a stimulus to growth of the future tissue. Sluggish wounds, therefore, that are occasionally treated with caustic, granu- _ late much more rapidly than under any other treatment. In healing by granulation care should always be taken that the wound heals from the bottom, otherwise the con- fined pus will burrow, and deep-seated abscess or sinuses be the result. This is particularly to be observed in punc- tured wounds. Lacerated wounds must of necessity heal by granulation. In the first instance, the wound should be cleansed from clots and any foreign matters. If there is excessive hzmor- thage, it will be necessary to secure the vessel, if possible, by ligature, or pack the wound with a portion of sponge or tow, saturated with some astringent—as solution of alum or tincture of iron. This may be removed in twenty-four hours, and if no secondary hemorrhage occurs, the stimulating liniment before advised may be injected, and the same treatment followed as is given in wounds healing by granulation. When no skin is removed, the edges should be brought together with sutures, and so maintained as long as pos- sible, taking care to leave a free passage for the discharge of pus. If the sutures are tied in bows, they can be readily unfastened for the withdrawal of the packing and reclosed. Lacerated wounds from bites should be freely cauterised. Punctured wounds are generally very troublesome ; they may be called deceptive wounds, for sometimes it is im- possible to tell to what extent they go, or what foreign matters may be left behind ; thorns, for instance, or the rust off a spike or nail, may, from remaining unextracted, produce pyzemia and death. Such wounds, then, should always be carefully examined, and the probe is only a safe explorer in the hands of a professional man. As the orifice is frequently exceedingly small, the hair cc—2 388 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. around it should be cut off, so that it may not become matted and form an obstruction to the discharge of pus; this will also facilitate the daily examination and treatment of the wound. If the puncture be in the foot, and there is reason to suppose a thorn or rusty nail has produced it, a poultice is advisable, and the insertion occasionally of a little caustic. It should never be allowed to heal unless. the attendant is satisfied it is sound at the bottom ; other- wise, as before observed, deep-seated abscess and sinuses will result. When the opening is small, pus has accumulated, and the swelling above extensive, it is better to enlarge the wound with a scalpel, or lance, and inject it with warm water. Contused wounds are best treated by poulticing and fo- mentation ; if only slight, nature herself will effect a cure. Sloughing, more or less, may be expected if the wound is more than superficial. When the injury extends to the deeper-seated structures, and there is much extravasation of blood, scarifying and repeated fomentations are indicated. When the crushing has been so great that the textures un- derneath the muscles and blood-vessels are ruptured, exten- sive sloughing is sure to follow. Healing in such a case takes place by granulation, and the reparation needed being generally considerable, caustic applications are more fre- quently required, with daily cleansing, and the injection from time to time of the stimulating liniment. Incised or torn cartilage is perhaps the most difficult structure to unite, and its union, if accomplished, is very tardy. Thus ragged or slit-eared dogs are frequently seen. An exceptional case of this description came under my notice on the 24th of January, 1887: The subject, a Vandie Dinmont terrier, the property of Cecil Kent, Esq., St. Leonard’s, had its ear seized on the evening of the date named, by a bull terrier, and nearly detached in a cross- wise direction from the head, the entire substance of the flap being divided more than three-quarters of its breadth. Accidents and Operations, 38¢ Within half an hour of the time the injury took place the patient was brought to my house. I brought the edges 0 the wound, including the integument and cartilage, togethe: with soft metallic interrupted sutures, allowing: sufficient space between each to insert a new suture when necessary as my intention was to keep up direct apposition of the cartilaginous edges throughout the case. Oneither side o: the wound a pad of cotton wool steeped in carbolised oi was placed, and a head bandage was employed, to keep the ear in position and immovable; the dressings were re. newed almost daily. Every suture remained intact unti’ the 7th of February, when four intermediate ones were inserted, to counteract the relaxed condition of some of the oldones. On the 21st, three more were added, between this date and the 2nd of April (when all sutures were removed), odd ones were inserted as it was thought necessary, and one space from the margin of the flap that persistently refused to heal was pared on the edges and re- united with complete success. Towards the latter part ot the case zinc ointment was substituted for carbolised oil. Occasionally nitrate of silver was slightly applied. The process of healing occupied sixty-three days, and thirty- four sutures were employed. Those removed:on the 2nd of April had for some days effected their purpose, and merely hung as earrings. The carriage and use of the ear after recovery was in no way affected, and all signs of such an injury and operation have become almost obliterated. In all classes of wounds a certain amount of inflammatory fever is produced. This is best counteracted by light ape- rient medicine, plain unstimulating diet, and quietude. SPRAINS. Sprains, or undue strain of the muscular or ligamentous portion of the limbs, is of frequent occurrence in sporting dogs, and the pain attendant upon such injury is generally 390 The Management and Diseases of the Dog: exceedingly acute, and accompanied with swelling and con- siderable febrile disturbance. Tveatment.—This should consist, until the inflammatory symptoms have subsided, in warm fomentations to the in- jured part (in extreme cases leeches may be applied) aperient medicine, and perfect rest. Afterwards it may be necessary to apply a splint, or starch bandage, to support the part, which usually continues weak for some consider- able time. When thickening, with chronic inflammation, remains, cold water and the following lotion can be first tried : Malt Vinegar ............:.c00 I ounce. Spt. Vini et Camph. .......... 2 ounces. NCUA siieisniss soleiaisieein apielance aie G55 To be used after the cold water. This failing, the tincture of iodine, one-half the ordinary strength, may be applied daily until soreness is induced, and when this has abated, again renewed. BURNS AND SCALDS. Dogs are occasionally, through accident or from malicious intent, burned or scalded. The consequences, though not usually so dangerous as in human beings, are nevertheless serious, as an amount of violent inflammatory fever follows either injury. I recollect a bull-terrier, belonging to a brewer, being fearfully scalded in the following manner :— The animal had the same morning killed a rat in an empty ‘mash-tub, and was afterwards chained up. On the arrival of his master he was as usual released, when he imme- diately sped to the scene of his morning’s exploit, and leapt, in his excitement, not seeing the danger, into the tub, which then contained boiling water. The poor brute was extricated as quickly as possible,but with every vestige of hair removed from his body, and totally blind; not a Accidents and Operations. 391 whimper, however, escaped him. It is needless to add that, on the score of humanity, his sufferings were termi- nated with prussic acid, though not without some difficulty, as his savage propensities still remained, even after such a fearful ordeal. The treatment of either burns or scalds consists in keep- ing down, as much as possible, inflammatory action locally, and sympathetic fever. Air should be immediately ex- | cluded from the part, the latter first being dressed with linseed oil and lime-water—three ounces of the latter to six of the former shaken together—and then covered over with cotton wool. When sloughing commences, poultices and warm fomentations are indicated. The bowels should be kept relaxed throughout, and perfect quietude with cleanliness observed. By the latter I mean no foreign matters beyond the dressing should be allowed to come in contact with the wound. Bits of hay and straw, or the animal’s hair, act as irritants and do the animal considerable mischief. During the sloughing and granulating stage, tonics and nutritious food are requisite. When the wound assumes a sluggish and unhealthy character, the application of a stimulus to its surface is required. Blemishes must be expected to follow either a burn or - scald, but in long-haired dogs these are to a great extent covered. UMBILICAL HERNIA. This is not unfrequently met with in toy dogs. It may be congenital, or, what is more usually the case, result from expansion of the navel cicatrix. A conical tumour is observed immediately over the navel, and into which is protruded a portion of the omentum or intestine, or both. The position of four-legged animals favours the protrusion, and consequently its increase. 302 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Treatment—This is exceedingly simple, and invariably successful. As soon as the animal is weaned,* being placed on his back, a conical-shaped portion of cork, with a broad base, covered or not with calico or wash-leather, should be applied to the protrusion, and secured there with strips of pitch-plaster. If the hernia is allowed to go on until puppyhood is past, more difficulty will be experienced in dealing with it, and the chances of success will be rendered less certain. On the 25th of June, 1877, a young pug dog, fourteen weeks old, was brought for my advice regarding a navel enlargement, which I pronounced to be hernia, and most probably zxtestinal; but I could detect no communication between the protruded portion, whatever it was, and the in- testine within the abdomen, nor could any manipulation reduce it. Fasting made no difference in its appearance or feel, nor yet did a full meal. The enlargement was very much constricted at its base,and gave one the idea of an empty portion of intestine or bladder inflated and tied firmly round. To ascertain its true nature before resorting to any operation for its removal (after fasting the animal), I explored it with a suture needle; but neither blood, serum, nor any other kind of fluid, nor yet did collapse, follow the puncture. The owner then acting on my advice, chloroform was administered to the patient, and an incision made through the skin with a lancet, for the pur- pose of removing the protrusion by ligature, should it prove to be omentum or obliterated intestine ; or if both, and the latter was not obliterated, return it and close the aperture with suture. It was found to be the former, and removed accordingly ; a couple of stitches being inserted through the lips of the divided integument.and the ends of the ligature left out. * Any appliance before weaning would most likely be removed by the mother’s teeth, : Accidents and Operations. 393 Orders were given for the patient to be watched, so that he might not interfere with the part, and to be kept quiet. On the fifth day the ligature sloughed off, and at the end of another similar period the wound was whole. On the 16th of the following month, July, I met the owner, and was informed that the dog was perfectly well, and that there was no mark or enlargement of any kind to be detected. DOUBLE VENTRAL HERNIA WITH DIS- PLACEMENT OF THE BLADDER. The following case is of sufficient interest and instruc- ‘tion to find a place in this chapter. “On the 1st of June, 1878, I received into the infirmary a white bull-terrier bitch from Mr. Coath, of the Shrubbery, Walsall. The animal in question was sent to me under the supposition she had Mammary Tumours or Cancer, and the following brief history was furnished me :—Some months previous to the above date, the bitch engaged in a fight with another dog, and, to separate the animals, a man had put his foot across the bitch as she lay on her back, whilst he tore her opponent away. At that time she was supposed to be in whelp. Shortly after the combat, these two enlargements made their appearance, and gradually increased in size On the day she was brought for my inspection, I found them firm, smooth, and glistening, and situated in the neighbourhood of the two posterior mamme, the latter appearing to be involved. The left side was much the greater, the tumour being as large as a goose-egg, and extending to the groin. That on the right was about one- third the size. The bitch being gross, I ordered a dose of castor oil, and light unstimulating diet, until her condition was such as to warrant an operation being performed, it necessary. On frequent examinations made between the Ist and 21st, I found the tumours varied somewhat in their 304, The Management and Diseases of the Dog. condition : at one time being softer and lower in tempera- ture, at another the reverse. The presence of fluid was: ‘always evident. On the latter date I made a most careful examination, the patient being then considerably reduced in flesh, The left tumour was at this time exceedingly tense, hot, and larger than it had ever been ; moreover, the bitch evinced pain, especially on manipulating it, and had not been observed to micturate with her usual frequency. I at once determined to explore this particular tumour with ‘a fine trochar. This I inserted at the right of the nipple, and when withdrawn there came through the canula a full stream of hot urine, altogether nearly a breakfast cupful. With this evacuation the enlargement entirely disappeared, and nothing remained but the mammary gland. The other tumour also became less, owing, doubtless, to removal of the pressure consequent on the distended bladder. All doubt now as to the nature of the tumours was at an end. It was clearly a case of double rupture; the sac tapped contained the greater portion of the bladder, with probably a small knuckle of intestine, while the opposite tumour was entirely intestinal. The peritoneal rupture on either side— which it was previously, notwithstanding careful manipula- tion, owing to the size and fulness of the enlargements, impossible to detect—could now be distinctly felt. The following morning the same state of affairs existed, and again I passed the trochar with a similar result, repeat- ing the operation for two or three days. In the meantime she was prepared for an operation, which I performed on the 28th; Mr. C. A. Newnham, surgeon, who kindly assisted figs also his son, and several gentlemen who took an interest in the case. The bitch being put under the influence of chloroform, and placed on her back, and the hind parts lifted a little off the table to facilitate the reduction of the hernia, I made a longitudinal incision to the right of the nipple. On divid- ing the sac, intestine alone was visible, and the absence ot Accidents and Operations. 3 bladder was accounted for by its having been empti before the operation ; otherwise it would have occupied t entire sac. Having fully reduced the hernia, I closed the periton: rent, which was a little less than two inches, with unint rupted catgut suture, and the external wound w interrupted silk sutures. A light wire muzzle was th put on the patient, to prevent her gnawing or licking 1 parts, and she was made as comfortable as possible. The diet for the first fortnight was sweetened milk a water, subsequently pure milk; and, finally, bread a milk, until the part was well. The case proceeded tc perfectly satisfactory conclusion. The last external suti came away on the twenty-third day, and within four wee all was thoroughly healed, and no enlargement appare or anything to denote what had been amiss beyond a f seam where the incision had been made. Having allowed the patient a month to recover conditi and establish the firmness of the part, I proceeded prepare her for the second operation; viz. the reduct of the hernia on the opposite side. This took place the 11th of August, in the presence of Messrs, Newnh and Manby, surgeons, and others. The operation 1 ‘conducted under chloroform, in precisely the same man as on the first occasion. I should observe that t ‘rupture, which in the first instance was comparativ small, had increased considerably in size, and was n larger than the one already operated on. This I attribu to the pressure brought to bear on it from reducing opposite large one, which must necessarily have hac tendency to force the smaller one further out. As may imagined, I did not feel so sanguine about the resul: the second operation as the first; for I had grave dou whether, in reducing this zvcreased rupture, the oppo: one would not break through again. However, I operat: the hernia was intestinal, the peritoneal rent was not 396 = The Management and Diseases of the Dog. : q long as in the other, but the hernial sac was considerably thicker, and more numerous in its layers. On the 25th, exactly a fortnight afterwards, the last stitch was removed, and on the roth of September the bitch was perfectly well, in good condition, and in excellent spirits. The diet was the same as that prescribed after the first operation. Probably it would have been considered more scientific had I pared the edges of the ruptured peri- toneum; but I preferred—as I do in similar cases in other animals—trusting to lymph effusion, and its subsequent organization, rather than incurring the risk of producing general and acute peritonitis, which paring an old ruptured peritoneum would tend to do. It is perhaps scarcely necessary to point to the obvious cause of this double rupture; viz. that the peritoneum was broken in the act of tearing away the other dog, while the man’s foot across the bitch’s abdomen held her firmly down ; acruel, but I trust an unintentional, procedure. Since the above record, many cases of ventral hernia have come under my notice. DOUBLE FEMORAL HERNIA. Last autumn, 1887, I was requested to attend a bitch -in London, stated to have been ruptured on both sides, and with an inverted womb. She had previously at various times been under my treatment for bronchial asthma. Besides being asthmatical, she was aged and very obese. On my arrival, I found a large femoral hernia close to the groin on either side; but no uterine inversion. A vaginal prolapse had probably been observed when straining, and mistaken for the womb. The abdomen, being very large and its walls thin at the seat of rupture, had most likely given way, in a violent paroxysm of coughing. | Accidents and Operations. 2 23s The age of the animal, the enormous obesity, and we condition of the heart precluded the administration chloroform, and the usual method of reduction: so I hz a suitable truss applied, which the patient continues wear, FISTULA. Fistulz, or sinus wounds, occur in different position but are all, more or less, due to some local irritation, ver often abscess, and present the same structural characte 2 @ natrow constricted passage lined by thickene membrane, which secretes a variable unhealthy puruler discharge. a Fistula in ano has already been described in Chapter V A troublesome form of fistula is that affecting th lachrymal apparatus (Féstula Lachrymalis), which mos frequently originates in some persistent obstruction in th nasal or lachrymal duct. In 1886 I received a case of thi description into my hospital. The external opening wa about an inch and a half below the eye, through which th lachrymal secretion freely passed. The treatment consiste in astringent injections, and the application of nitrate c silver,—the process of healing occupied seven week: Sometimes it is necessary to slit up the canaliculus, an maintain for a period an open wound. Fistula Parietal Abdominalis may result from a imbedded thorn or other punctured wounds, or abscess Last year a Yorkshire terrier was brought to me for advic as to an old standing sore which the animal persistenth licked. An examination revealed a fistulous wound in th abdominal parietes. The opening was opposite and abou an inch to the left of the prepuce, the sinus running back wards for some three inches, and obliquely towards th penis. The treatment consisted in a free incision of the sinus, carried backwards from the opening, and the sub 368 = The Management and Diseases of the Dog. sequent application of nitrate of silver; the part was perfectly healed in seventeen days. Mammary Fistula is most frequently associated with cancer. It has been mentioned in connection with mammnitis under the heading of Lacteal Fistula, but such cases are very exceptional. The surgical treatment, when the disease is not associated with cancer, is much the same as in other forms of fistula. Injections of iodine are some- times useful. Fistula in the Teat, though common in bovines, seldom occurs in the bitch, and when it does so, the opening usually takes place at the base of the teat. Lactation retards the treatment, and if the patient is suckling, it may be necessary to wean the puppies, or wait until the bitch is dry before adopting direct surgical treatment. Gastric and Biliary Fistule being purposely promoted for experimental purposes, need no description in this work, EXCISION OF SEROUS CYST. In the early part of 1883 I was consulted by Mr. H. E. Marston relative to a swelling in front of the throat of a small, smooth white terrier called “The Colonel.” The enlargement proved to be a serous cyst, or abscess. The contents were then evacuated with a trochar and canula, and as I was informed it had previously been opened and had refilled, I gave instructions with a view of preventing the latter result. On the 14th of January, 1884, I received another visit from Mr. Marston and “The Colonel,” and the old story of evacuation and refilling was once more told. An examination revealed considerable enlargement of the fruitful cyst, and, as a final measure, I recommended its complete excision. So, on the 16th, “The Colonel” came to my infirmary, and submitted with a nerve of iron to the knife, the operation proving a long and tedious one. Accidents and Operations. 3C I found the cyst firmly attached to the skin in fron especially in the locality where it had been so frequent! _lanced or tapped. This adhesion being removed, it becam then necessary to separate its further attachments, whicl as the knife steadily proceeded, revealed more and mo1 ‘complications. ; * Leaving the jugular veins and carotid arteries by almo: a hair’s breadth, and fully exposed, I came at last in vie of the trachea, and here it was found that the injury ha arisen which gave'rise to the formation of the cyst, the having been a fracture of some of the cartilaginous ring which Mr. Marston informed me he attributed to a kic the dog received in the neck. Having got well to tk base of the tumour, the patient was placed on his feet, i order that it might hang pendulent whilst a ligature w: drawn round it, and it was then finally excised, bein about the size of an orange, and containing two ounces an a half of tenacious, glairy matter. I closed the extern wound with sutures, applied antiseptic dressing with bandage, and, like a little warrior, “The Colonel” wet away, evidently satisfied with the result of the somewh: bloody operation he had encountered. The four following days he came for surgical attentic to the wound, each visit showing a satisfactory conditic of the part operated upon, and he left Wolverhampton c the 23rd with every prospect of soon being well, whic prognosis a subsequent letter from his master confirmed. In such a situation, and so intricate in its attachment the excision of this cyst required the most careful, patien delicate, and watchful dissection, the more so as tt administration of chloroform was not admissible ; and tt heroic manner in which this animal behaved during th: painful period adds one more link to the chain of testimon recorded of the courageous attributes of the canine race, 400 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. CHOKING. Dogs very frequently get choked, especially ravenous feeders. A portion of bone or solid matter, too large, or from its shape impossible to be passed down the cesophagus, becomes fixed, it may be in the upper portion of the throat, the pharynx, or some distance down the tube. Treatment.—lf the obstruction is not deeply lodged, and can be seen or felt, an attempt should be made to extract it Fic. 39. THROAT FORCEPS. with forceps. An ingenious instrument for this purpose is sold by Arnold and Sons, London. (See Fig. 39.) When, however, the substance is too low for extraction a whalebone probe, having a portion of sponge fastened on the end and dipped in oil, may be gently passed down to the obstruction and then steadily pushed onwards, Before, however, attempting this measure, it is advisable to mani- pulate externally with the fingers, as the substance may be of sucha nature that external pressure may break it down and facilitate its onward passage. Pins, needles, and other sharp substances may be removed by moving the probe about, rotating it, and then withdrawing it. Considerable irritation often ensues after choking, and when the lining membrane of the cesophagus has been lacerated, a great degree of inflammatory action is sure to follow ; to subdue both, and act as local sedative, warm bread and milk and broths should for some days afterwards form the sole diet of the animal. adnd (90d Did NOIdWVYHS Accidents and Operations. 401 CESOPHAGOTOMY. This operation is sometimes necessary, when the means named in the previous section for relief in choking have failed. Mr. A. E. Macgillivray, V.S., Banff, records a case recently, in which cesophagotomy was performed byamedical ' gentleman :—“ The animal being properly and conveniently secured on a table, was put under chloroform, and Dr. J.C. Hirschfeld operated. After making a pretty large cuti- cular incision, and cutting cautiously through the subjacent _ dermal muscle; the doctor dissected down between the sterno-maxillary and mastoido-humeral muscles of the left side, and thus on to the obstructed cesophagus behind the trachea; and here it may be remarked that this was the more easily accomplished, owing to the absence in the dog of the omo or subscapulo-hyoidean muscle, which passes (partly crosswise) along the outside of the trachea. Having arrived at and laid bare the obstructed part of the gullet, a pretty free incision was made in the same, and, with much difficulty the doctor extracted two of the coccygeal vertebre of an ox! One of these vertebrze measured about two inches across the transverse processes, and nearly an inch anda half vertically ; the other was a little less in size. _ “Dr. Hirschfeld closed up the wound in the cesophagus with continuous sutures of prepared catgut, and the external wound with interrupted sutures of horse-hair, The stitching of the gullet was an extremely difficult job, but was very successfully done. “ The dog was restricted to entirely fluid sustenance for ~ several days, and the wound kept clean and dressed outside and inside with a weak solution of carbolic acid. “A most satisfactory and complete recovery: soon ensued, the animal being, apparently, not a whit the worse for the very serious operation.”* cy * “Veterinary Journal,” January, 1878. 402 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Peuch and Toussaint (whose recent work I have at hand) have twice performed cesophagotomy on the dog, once with a successful issue.* The operation has, so far, been a rare one, but with the results, both in human and veterinary practice, hesitation when life rests upon it, should no longer exist. LITHOTOMY. The following newspaper report of removal of vesical calculi from the dog was published in the veterinary journals in September, 1881 :— “Mr. J. Woodroffe Hill, veterinary surgeon, of Wolver- hampton, removed by the operation of lithotomy two hundred and two stones from the bladder of the well-known St. Bernard bitch “Mab,” winner of numerous prizes. The stones vary from. the size of a millet-seed to a potato, the four largest weighing respectively three ounces, two ounces, one ounce, and half an ounce, and the let in bulk nine ounces. They are chiefly triangular in shape, perfectly smooth, and white. The operation, which was performed under chloroform, was witnessed, amongst others, by the owner of “Mab,” Mr. J. C. Tinker (of Harborne), Mr. C. A. Newnham (surgeon), Mr. J. T. Phillips, M.R.C.V.S., and other gentlemen. No unfavourable symptoms have yet re- sulted from this formidable operation, but Mr. Hill scarcely anticipates a favourable issue. Under any circumstances the case is unique in canine surgery.”— Wolverhampton Evening Express. With regard to the above extraordinary case the follow- ing particulars were appended :—I was first consulted about “Mab” on August 18th, 1880, chiefly as to her not breeding, and a continual irritation of the urino-generative organs. On examination I then discovered she had, in connection with her last pregnancy, sustained a vaginal * Peuch et Toussaint: ‘ Précis de Chirurgie Veterinaire,” Accidents and Operations. 403 injury close to the mouth of the uterus, and for which I gave instructions as to treatment. Stone at this time was not suspected. After this I did not see her again until April, 1881, when her owner informed me she had visited the dog, and I examined her as to pregnancy. Careful abdominal manipulation, whilst the bitch was on her back, revealed a movable substance, but of its nature there was some doubt. On Saturday morning, June 26th, the day of the operation, the. patient was again brought to me. She was this time continually straining and passing blood and ' urine in small quantities. Placing her upon her back, I found the enlargement previously felt had considerably increased in size, and, on grasping it, crepitus was both felt and heard. I then diagnosed the case as one of cystic calculi, though strong adverse opinions were expressed by other professionals. As the poor creature was in evident and acute pain, at the wish of the owner, and in accordance with my own feelings about the case, I at once operated by the czesarian method ; and, although it was scarcely possible a successful issue could result therefrom, especially in her obese condition, yet I felt it was justifiable when such a valuable life was in the balance, as it resolved itself into a question of relief by the only method in canine surgery possible, or otherwise letting her linger on in agony, I advocated a preparation for the ordeal, but as the owner was leaving home for a fortnight, and the patient would not have lived until his return, I had no alternative but to perform the operation. As it was impossible to dilate the urethra sufficiently, and vagino vesical lithotomy was out of the question, I decided upon the cesarian section. A quantity of fat omentum had to be removed to expose the bladder. The largest stone was discovered fixed in its neck, and when released by incision, all the others followed. Many besides those collected were lost in the _straw upon which she lay. The incised bladder was care- fully united with carbolised ‘cat-gut, and the external 404 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. wound closed by the ordinary method, the strictest after-- precautions being taken. Unfortunately the unfavourable prognosis I gave was realised, and poor “Mab” suc- cumbed on Sunday night, patient and grateful to the last moment, extending herself for fomentation, &c., and licking | my hand. A post-mortem examination revealed another large stone in the left kidney, surrounded by gangrenous structure and pus. This stone was of a ragged nature, and weighed half an ounce; and the kidney, which was only an apology for one, merely forming a thin sac for the stone, weighed barely another half ounce. The opposite kidney, which had been doing all the work, weighed six ounces. The bladder was considerably hypertrophied, its walls being thickened to the extent of three-quarters of an inch, and cartilaginous. Its neck, in which the stone weighing three ounces had lodged, was enormously distended. Altogether the organ weighed a trifle over eight ounces. The process of healing in those parts cut in the operation, including the bladder, was well established, and had not peritonitis set - in (which I believe was due to my instructions as to after treatment being disregarded) the patient would have undoubtedly recovered from it, thdugh her span of life afterwards would have been of brief duration, owing to other organic disease, As observed in the newspaper report, the case is unique in canine surgery; and though a severe loss, apart from pecuniary consideration, has fallen upon Mr. Tinker, a gain to lovers of the canine race, and to the animals themselves, may be the result, inasmuch as cystic calculus (which undoubtedly dogs suffer from more frequently than is. suspected) may be more studiously SBUBHE for, and success- fully removed. Accidents and Operations. URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION CAUSED BY ‘CALCULI. On 2nd Dec., 1882, I received several urgent telegr from Brighton, concerning the inability of a dog to urin I advised the use of the catheter, but was informed it c not be passed, and a final message implored me to g once. Unfortunately my visit was made too late, dt having taken place shortly before I arrived. A post-mor examination of the dog, which was a valuable Fre Poodle, the property of Captain Henry Boughey, reve: acute inflammation and rupture of the bladder, due to obstructed passage of urine arising from the accumulat of small stone in the urethral canal. The bladder of poor sufferer had been enormously distended with confi and continually secreted urine prior to its rupture. I moved nearly a quart from the abdominal cavity. 1 case once more illustrates the value of the catheter canine practice. Had even an attempt been made to ¢ .the instrument, the obstruction would have been detec and failing the passage of the cartheter beyond it, stones could have been forced back into the bladder syringing the urethra with oil; or, as a dernier ressor peritoneal incision into the urethra might have b adopted with success. ~ CATHETERISM. The passage of the catheter in the canine subject matter of extreme simplicity, though, singularly, for y: it has erroneously been considered by some individuals, « side canine practice, an impossibility. The animal to be operated on may be either placed its back or side; the penis is then made to. protrude placing the forefinger between the prepuce and abdomen, and pressing the sheath backwards, at the si 406 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. time keeping the thumb firmly across the body of the penis immediately behind the erectile enlargements. A gum elastic catheter, according to the size required, having been dipped in oil, is inserted into the urethral canal and gently passed backwards.. Very often a sudden check will be felt, which is due to spasmodic contraction at the base of the pexzal bone, but if the operator pauses a moment or two, relaxation takes place, and the final pas- sage into the bladder is accomplished without further obstacle. In some instances the instrument is more easily passed without the wire or vice versd. Catheterism can also be performed in ‘ the bitch. VAGINOTOMY. In protracted or chronic cases of vaginal inversion, it becomes necessary at times to remove the protruded portion _ by amputation (vaginotomy). The operation is not difficult, and is usually successful. In 1884 an aged toy bitch was sent to my infirmary from a considerable distance, with instructions to remove a polypus, the owner having con- sulted, as he stated, “his doggie book on the matter.” My examination revealed it to be a chronic case of inversion. The usual treatment of plugging was resorted to, but owing to the advent of “cestrum” shortly afterwards, it was necessary in a few days after the return of the inversion and insertion of the sponge, to remove the latter, when the protrusion speedily followed. I subsequently wrote to the — owner, informing him that amputation was the only measure to effect a permanent cure, the vagina having very little contractile power, and the protrusion having existed so long. At the same time I warned him ofa certain amount of risk that would attend the operation. He decided to have the bitch back as she was, and then upon the day fixed for her return consented to the operation, which I Accidents and Operations. na performed under chloroform. Having drawn out inversion as far as possible, I enclosed the mass it carbolized tight ligature. On the third day the tum came away, and was followed by a slight discharge matter ; a little carbolized glycerine and water was pou into the vagina, and nothing further done. The bi manifested no distress or irritation during the presence the ligature, or after sloughing was accomplished, but and was as lively as usual, and was fit to return he within a week, ANTI-CONCEPTION OPERATION.* Bitches on “ heat” (cestrum) but too frequently go ast: and much disappointment, often attended by seri _ pecuniary loss results from connection with some ill-t ‘cur. Not only, in such a case, is a good litter lost, bu there be disparity of size, the male being disproportiona large, the life of the bitch is often forfeited. On the ot hand the unfortunate sequel of “throwing back,” or sh ing in future litters the stain of the mésalliance, \ frequently follows, mental impression being in car females exceedingly strong (see section on breeding). have noticed precisely the same results in the equine sper —one notably a bay mare, was served for the first t with a chestnut stallion, and all her future progeny v _chestnuts, though she was put to different coloured hor: Knowing a bitch “in season” to have gone astray, v measure likely to be of any service to prevent breeding be adopted? Only one! and that is syringing out womb with a rather strong solution of alum, using for purpose the human enema pipe with the vaginal t attached. The sooner the operation is performed < disconnection the better, and more likely chance of succ but even twelve hours afterwards it may prove preven * This subject, which should have found a place in Chapter was by mistake omitted. 408 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. and especially ifthe bitch is in the early period of cestrum I will give one illustration out of many that have come under my notice. Last autumn a valuable red Dachshund bitch was brought to me that had gone astray to a cur the . previous day. I thoroughly syringed the womb with warm soap and water, repeated in three hours, and again the following morning. Three days afterwards. I obtained the services of a good red Dachshund dog, and the bitch threw four beautiful self-coloured puppies, two with red noses like herself, and two with black like the father, without a stain, at the proper period from the last connection. I advise this measure to veterinarians and canine fanciers as the most simple and effectual I know. Warm soap and water is better than alum if a subsequent connection at that “cestrum” is intended, as it stimulates the function whereas alum checks it. SORE FEET. This is often a troublesome complaint with dogs. Those that travellong distances, following carriages, or accom- panying sportsmen, are frequently affected. The thick cuticle covering the sole or pad of the foot becomes worn ‘down, the deeper-seated structures are in consequence bruised, and the foot becomes swollen, hot, and painful. Treatment.—This consists in warm fomentations and poultices—bran, or bran and bread scalded together, are the best agents for the latter ; /éxseed is too drawing. Where © the inflammatory action is excessive and the pain extreme, the surface may be pricked in two or three places, and ~ leéches applied. If suppuration takes place, the matter should be evacu- ated by lancing, and subsequently treated as for abscess, Aperient medicine is advisable, wzth vest. To prevent the animal tearing off the poultice, a wire muzzle should be worn. The return to exercise should be gradual, and take place on soft ground. Accidents and Operations, — 4 SOFT CORNS. These are not unfrequently met with in canine practi They are situated between the toes, and very often gi rise to ulceration, and if then neglected the bones or joit may become involved, .and permanent lameness result. In greyhounds, this is a very serious matter, and one have occasionally had to deal with. Friction and moisture favour the presence of soft cor and encourage their persistence. Treatment.—I usually touch the surface of the corn wi nitrate of silver, particularly so if there is any ulceratic after which cotton wool smeared with zinc ointment packed between the toes, and a foot bandage applied, keep the dressing fixed, and prevent the patient licking ‘interfering with it. The ointment should be applied daily If the corn has existed long, its removal by excision the most effectual method. © OVERGROWTH OF CLAWS. The claws occasionally (especially in dogs which have b little walking exercise) become considerably elongate and, curving underneath, sometimes penetrate the pad the foot, causing intense pain and inflammation. Treatment.—This consists in shortening the claw wi sharp-cutting nippers, and poulticing the foot if injure It is not advisable to reduce the claws too much at fir: but to repeat the operation in a fortnight’stime. The pr vention of a recurrence of such an abnormal condition in allowing the animal a sufficient amount of liberty ar exercise, so as to produce the wear necessary for the proper length and shape. Occasionally the nail of the fifth toe (dew-claw) grows a complete circle, and its point’ becomes embedded in tl flesh of the toe, creating considerable pain, inflammato action, and suppuration. Numerous patients have bec 410 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. brought to me as to their suffering, and constantly licking a limb, without the true cause being suspected. Treatment—This simply consists in dividing the nail with strong scissors or claw-cutting forceps, and drawing forth the imbedded point, when immediate relief will be afforded. Poulticing for a few days is often advisable, especially if there is much swelling and suppuration. Unlike the other nails, these, through their position, have no wear, and therefore their condition should be watched. REMOVAL OF DEW-CLAWS. The dew-claws, or supplementary toes, grow above the foot, on the inside of the leg, and are apparently of but little use’ Youatt observes: “ They are simply illustra- tions of the uniformity of structure which prevails in all animals, so far as is consistent with their destiny.’ This view, however, will not hold good generally. Until re- . cently, the St. Bernard was considered imperfect without double dew-claws, yet such an endowment was simply superfluous, and much akin to a second thumb on the human hand, defacing, or detracting from the uniformity of structure and creating an eyesore to admirers of per- fection. Dotbtless double dew-claws became hiahieaey or were encouraged to become so by breeding only with dogs © possessing them. Now, wisely, St. Bernards without dew-claws can pass muster, and hold their own in the show ring. Lately, however, the elongation of the dew-claw on the hind leg, so as to form a kind of fifth toe, has been made a point of excellence, but one, unless I am much mistaken, that will be generally discarded as an attempt to foster and develop a monstrosity. The presence, however, of dew-claws, especially in sporting dogs, is generally regarded as an eyesore, and as they are frequently torn, and impede the animal’s duties Accidents and Operations. - 4 ' in cover work, they are usually removed. For my pa I never in any of my own dogs interfere with them. If they are to be removed, it should always be accor plished when the animal is very young; their excisi being easily effected with a sharp pair of scissors, fit dividing the skin, and the dew-claw being drawn to o1 side before it is detached, in order that the skin may afte wards cover the wound. But if the operation is performe a day or two after birth, these precautions are not nece sary—they can be simply snipped straight off. CROPPING. ss Youatt observes: “This is an infliction of too muc torture for the gratification of a nonsensical fancy ; an after all, in the opinion of many, and of those, too, who a: fondest of dogs, the animal looks far better in his natur state than when we have exercised all our cruel art upon him. Blaine, on this subject, wisely remarks: “Nature gay nothing in vain; some parts being intended for use, ar some for beauty. That must, therefore, be a false tas which has taught us to prefer a curtailed shape to a perfec without gaining any convenience by the operation.” Fashion, however, unfortunately, in this as with man other matters relating to the lower animals, steps in an countenances what is to all intents and purposes an act « wanton cruelty, and until she is overruled we can only rel on those, and I trust there are yet among us many sucl who prefer Nature to a piece of silver gained throug creating an imperfection in her work, to gratify the taste ¢ a whimsical or fashionable judge. It does not appear to have entered into the minds of thes wiseacres, that one great function of the external ear is th protection of the more delicately arranged internal structur: Have they ever observed a long-eared dog enter a rabbit hole? Does he scramble through the sand with his ear full cock? A negative answer should suffice. 4t2 The Menagerie and Diseases of the Dog. Again the ears are full of expression. Alarm, excite- ment, joy, watchfulness, are each denoted by their different. ‘attitudes ; remove them, and the beauty of the countenance is lost. I shall not take up space in this book, which is devoted to worthier, and I trust more interesting subjects, in describing the manner and time of operating. If any of my readers are desirous of obtaining such information, I refer them to those works wherein it is mentioned. © ROUNDING. This may be termed cropping in another form, and unless absolutely necessary, as in the extension of cartilaginous disease in canker, it is equally to be condemned with the © former. That it is a prevention of canker is purely imagi- nary. Such an idea is on a par with cutting off a leg to prevent its being broken. True, the part that is removed cannot become diseased, but what is left can, and is very likely to, after such unwise measures. And then, as Mayhew has it, ‘the wretched beast is rounded a second’ time,” and so on until he has little or no ear left. The operation is generally performed with a rounded iron, but however done, it is cruel and unnecessary. — ‘ TAILING. This also is.a dictate of fashion ; shortening this append- age is not necessarily a cruel operation. It should always be performed, when intended, a few days after birth; while ' the parts are tender, easily and instantaneously removed, and with but little hemorrhage or subsequent disturbance to the animal. Drawing the tendons is not requisite except when a fine or tapering tail is required, and then it decidedly has that effect. For dividing the tail and then | drawing it, 4 pair of the ordinary flat-nosed. sharp-edged pincers are best adapted, and avoids the otherwise filthy habit of biting the required length off. Accidents and Operations. 4 The operation, however, is not a humane one, and therefore unworthy of further notice in these pages. WORMING. This absurd and cruel practice is, I am thankful to sc not frequently, as compared with the past, adopted, This so-called “worming” consists in removing one the cords or tendons of the frenum, which, when remov: and released from tension, is in its movements said resemble a dying worm. Ignorant people are thus impos upon by pretenders of equal ignorance, and with whi barbarity is mingled. Two prevalent ideas regarding the operation are that is a preventive of rabies and mischievous disposition, bo of which are equally absurd and, I need scarcely ad erroneous. CASTRATION. Castration is now rarely performed on the ‘dog, exce for certain conditions of the testicles which render the removal necessary. Emasculated dogs have a gre tendency to become obese, idle, and, so far as sports a concerned, comparatively useless. In allanimals, a loss energy, physical strength, and acuteness of the sense generally results from castration. It has been argued that animals, particularly dogs, : this state are more affectionate and faithful—the last resul so far as nature is concerned, that could be expected | follow such an operation. | Slaves they may be. Disincl nation to fraternise with their own species, and moi especially those of the opposite sex, is a natural cons quence of emasculation, and therefore the supposed: hom affection and faithfulness are but the result of the: unenviable state. : ; The operation, which should be performed under chlorc form, isa simple one. An incision is made through th 414 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. ' scrotum on either side of the median line. The testicle _ being protruded, a thread or silk ligature is placed round the spermatic cord about an inch above the testicle, and the latter is then removed a little below the ligature with a scalpel or sharp scissors. Other methods are adopted, as torsion, scraping, or the hot iron. An aperient, and warm fomentations, are generally all that is eg in the after- treatment. . SPAYING. | Spaying, or removal of the ovaries of the bitch, is now , almost unheard of, and I trust the time is not far distant when it will be discontinued in other animals. The opera- tion is both zxkuman and useless. 1am thankful to say I have never seen it performed in canine practice, and will therefore quote from another authority. Youatt observes: “In performing this operation an opening is made into - the flank on one side, and the finger introduced ; one of the ovaries is laid hold of and drawn a little out of the belly ; a ligature is then applied round it, just above the bifurcation of the womb, and it is cut through, the end of the ligature being left hanging out of the wound. The other ovary is then felt for and drawn out, and excised and . secured by a ligature. The wound is then sewed up, and a bandage is placed over the incision. Some farriers do not apply any ligature, but simply sew up the wound, and in the majority of cases the edges adhere, and no harm comes of the operation, except that the general character of the animal is essentially changed. She accumulates a vast quantity of fat, becomes listless and idle, and is almost invariably short-lived. The female dog, therefore, should always be allowed to breed. Breeding is a necessary process, and the female prevented from it is sure to be affected with disease sooner or later ; enormous collections and indurations will form, that will inevitably terminate in scirrhus or ulceration.” * 7 * Youatt: “The Dog,” p. 225. Accidents and Operations. 41 VACCINATION. Vaccination is very largely adopted for the preventio of distemper, and, so far as its beneficial effects are cor cerned, it might just as well be practised for the sam purpose with regard to other canine diseases. Betwee distemper and smallpox (variola) there is not the slighte: analogy. However, the operation is a-harmless one, anc as the latter disease does occasionally attack the do; it may be attended with good results. __ The usual places selected for vaccination are the bac of the neck, the inside of the forearms, and the ears. I the latter, care should be taken that disease of the cartilag is not occasioned. CHLOROFORM : Little need be said here on the well-known value « chloroform in surgical operations on the lower animal In veterinary practice it is now, I am thankful to sa extensively used. In the dog it is of especial value ; indee: an operation of any consequence on the larger breeds, an those of a savage disposition, could not be performed wit any degree of comfort or safety without the employment an anesthetic. Ofcourse there are circumstances in whic its administration would be attended with risk—as in sor diseases of the respiratory organs and the heart. I hay only witnessed one fatal result, and that occurred - removing a mammary cancer from an old and inordinate. fat spaniel bitch. She had received every preparatio medicinal and otherwise ; the cancer was removed ina fe minutes under chloroform, and she immediately afterwar: ceased to breathe. A ost-mortem examination reveal hypertrophy of the heart, with extensive valvular diseas and thus death was readily accounted for. On the score of humanity, however, chloroform chief demands our attention, and with the knowledge that v are not inflicting pain is gained strength of nerve, confiden 416 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. in ourselves, and, probably, a more successful issue to our patient. ; When, then, we have such a powerful instrument at hand, easy of application, and, with care, harmless in its results, there surely can be no excuse for wanton torture. Indeed, to the right-minded man, the wxavoidadble infliction of pain must ever be a source of regret. Away with the theory that dumb animals are devoid of imagination, which, it has been observed, adds so much to the torment of | human pangs. They are not only imaginative, but their — imagination is acutely sensitive, and in the dog and the horse this is particularly the case. Rather, therefore, than we should stretch our imagination with so unreasonable a theory, let us use the means placed within our reach to allay suffering, and to afford to those animals which are the firm, faithful friends and companions of man the best and most humane treatment we are capable of bestowing. So that, as recently remarked by a _noble member of my profession, “ we may be a blessing to: that lower portion of God’s creation for which we are so. deeply responsible.” We must ever remember that the most sacred duty of the Veterinary Surgeon is to prevent or alleviate pain and distress in animals ; and we must also recollect that, in addition to their companionship, they possess— **Many a good And useful quality, and virtue too— Attachment never to be weaned or changed By any change of fortune ; proof alike Against unkindness, absence, and neglect ; Fidelity that neither bribe nor threat Can move or warp; and gratitude for small And trivial favours, lasting'as the life, And glistening even in the dying eye.” Mrs. POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. Ht ARSENIC. Tus drug is very frequently, and I might also add, indiscrimi- ‘nately, prescribed in the columns of certain papers for canine ailments. : é Actions and uses.—Administered in excess it is an irritant poison. Medicinally it is an alterative, tonic, and antiseptic. Externally, it is useful in skin diseases, and for the removal of warts and tumours. “ Quantities of from three to ten grains, mixed with water, and administered to dogs, caused ina few minutes nausea, vomiting, short moaning, difficult breathing, a wiry rapid pulse of 120 or upwards, and black evacuations made with considerable pain. ‘These symptoms were accompanied by a look of extreme anguish ; blunted perception ; and death with convulsions followed in from six to thirty hours.”—Finlay Dun. Post-mortem Appear ances—Stomach (according to the quantity of poison received) more or less inflamed, softened and thickened, and presenting extravasated blood-spots and erosions. In slow poisoning the latter are most marked, the mucous membrane being also universally purple. ‘Some weeks after death, bright - yellow spots, as observed in the human subject, have been found inside the stomach. The lungs are usually congested. A peculiarity of arsenic is its mummifying effects on the body after death ; instead of putretaction taking-place, the carcase becomes - dry and shrivelled. , : Antidotes.—Moist hydrated peroxide of iron ; magnesia. Certain mechanical antidotes, in the absence of those agents just mentioned, may be used with advantage, viz, insoluble. powders, as charcoal and clay, together with oleaginous and. mucilaginous matters. Diuretics are subsequently useful in removing the absorbed : poison from the system. ~ . “: Doses.—zs to. 1's of a grain. “FO EE 418 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. ANTIMONY. The form chiefly used in canine practice is that known as Tartar Emetic, and is nearly exclusively administered for emetic purposes. Actions and Uses.—Alterative, antiphlogistic, sedative, and emetic. Externally, it is a counter-irritant, and when ‘absorbed produces the same effects in the dog as when administered by mouth. Antidote.—Tannic acid. Doses.—As an alterative, siti alee and sedative, $ to 2 grains. Emetic, 1 to 3 grains. NUX VOMICA—STRYCHNINE. This drug is probably the most frequent source of poisoning in dogs. Cities and Uses.—In excessive doses, a deadly poison. Medi- cinally it is a tonic and nerve-stimulant, being especially valuable in cases of paralysis, chorea, and amaurosis. Excessive doses produce general rigidity, trembling, spasmodic muscular twitchings, extending to the glottis, diaphragm, and muscles of respiration, hence death by asphyxia. Post-mortem Appearances.—Redness and inflammation of the stomach and intestines (more particularly present when the animal has survived some time). In some cases, engorgement of ‘the lungs, right side of the heart, and large bloodvessels; in others, an absence of blood in the latter, rigidity of the involuntary muscles, flaccidity of the voluntary ones. Congestion of the brain and membranes of the spinal cord. For some hours after death the body is stiff and straight, the limbs rigidly extended, the head thrown backwards towards the spine, the ears erect, and the tail carried straight out. Antidotes.—Decoction of tobacco; extract of hemlock; chloro- form. Dosés.-_Nux vomica pulv., 2 grains. Nux vomica extract, 3 to 1 grain. Strychnia, % to 5 of a grain, Liquor strychnia,* 3 to 10 minims. OPIUM. Actions and Uses.—In large doses, a narcotic poison. Medi+ * Two fluid drachms of liquor strychnia contain one grain of the strychnia. Appendix. Z cinally, stimulant, sedative, narcotic, anodyne, antispasmodic < astringent. ; _ Post-mortem Appearances.—“ On opening the bodies of anim poisoned by large doses of opium, the brain and lungs are fou gorged with dark-coloured fluid blood, which does not, howev yield on analysis any indication of the presence of opium. 1 stomach and intestines are occasionally slightly reddened. 1 pe passes very rapidly into a state of putrefaction.”—Fin, ui. Antidotes. — Stimulants, as brandy, ammonia, compuls exercise, artificial respiration, syringing the body with cold wat applying ammonia, cayénne-pepper fumes, or strong acetic ai to the nostrils, and artificial respiration, Doses.—1 to 3 grains. Laudanum, ro to 30 minims. DIGITALIS. Actions and Uses.—In excessive doses, an irritant and sedati poison. Medicinally, diuretic, sedative, and anodyne. Bei .liable to accumulate in the system, its action requires watching. “ Doses of about one to two drachms given to dogs cause nause and when vomiting is prevented, moaning and expression abdominal pain, feebleness of the pulse, diarrhoea, gene weakness, shivering, slight convulsions, contraction of the 'pupi and diminution of common sensibility. As might be expect from such symptoms, inflammation and its consequences are fou after death throughout most parts of the alimentary canal. Cx gestion of the lungs, a spotted appearance of the heart, occasiona injection of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord, and fluid condition of the blood, are also observed. Digitalis produc its effects by whatever channel it enters the body, and appears destroy life by depressing the action of the heart. Its effects the circulation, however, are not very uniform, being modified various circumstances, and especially by the dose employed. W: large doses, the pulse becomes much accelerated, regular, a intermittent.”—/inlay Dun. : Antidotes.—Stimulants internally and externally. Doses. —2 to 4 grains. BELLADONNA. Actions and Uses.—In excessive doses, a narcotic acrid poisc Medicinally, sedative, anodyne, and antispasmodic, _ Its effect all doses, and by whatever channel it enters the body, is to cau dilatation of the pupil. EE—2 420 8The Management and Diseases of the Dog. “ Half an ounce of the ordinary watery extract is fatal to dogs in about thirty hours, when given by the mouth; half. that quantity in twenty-four hours when introduced into a wound ; and even smaller doses than these are more speedily fatal when injected into the jugular vein.”—Chrastison. Post-mortem Appearances.—“ Inanimals poisoned by belladonna, death results partly from paralysis, partly from coma ; the blood remains fluid, and putrefaction sets in very early ; the lungs, and sometimes also the brain and its membranes, are congested ; but no inflammatory appearances can in general be detected.”— Finlay Dun. Anttdotes.—Same as for opium. Doses.—Powdered leaves 2 to 5 grains. Extract, 1 to 3 grains. ACONITE. This drug is chiefly used, in canine practice, homceopathically.. Actions and Uses.—In large doses, a cerebro-spinal poison, paralyzing the nervous functions. Medicinally, it is a sedative, antispasmodic, and anodyne, especially valuable in tetanus. When given in excess, active and continued vomiting takes place, followed by exhaustion and paralysis of the hind parts. A drachm. of Fleming’s tincture has speedily destroyed dogs. ° Diluted with eight or ten parts of water, it has been found efficacious in allying skin-irritation and hastening the cure of eczema. : Antidotes.—Emetics ; stimulants externally and internally. Doses.—Fleming’s tincture, 1 to 2 minims. nd CHLOROFORM. This most useful drug—a boon alike to men and animals—may, through unforeseen circumstances, prove a fatal agent. Actions and Uses.——In excess, a narcotic poison. Medicinally, an anesthetic stimulant, and antispasmodic, and externally, an antiparasitic agent. Post-mortem Appearances.—‘“ In animals destroyed by the in- halation of chloroform, the post-mortem appearances are variable. The lungs are usually congested ; the heart continues to beat for a considerable time after respiration has ceased, its left side being nearly empty, but its right filled with semi-solid, dark-coloured blood. The veins of the head, neck, and chest are distended with black fluid venous blood; and the membranes of the brain are sometimes congested.”—Finlay Dun, Appendix. 421 Antidotes.—Fresh air, stimulants, and artificial respiration. Doses.—By inhalation in admixture with air, 1 to 4 drachms, Internally as a stimulant and antispasmodic, 5 to 10 minims, PRUSSIC ACID. This is the most deadly and instantaneous poison we come in contact with, and for that reason is most frequently used for the destruction of animals, Actions and Uses.—Featal in doses of one to four drops, either placed on the tongue, within the eyelids, or injected into the jugular vein. Medicinally (diluted) it is sedative, antispasmodic, and anodyne. “To the dog, in obstinate vomiting, two grains of the acid with ten grains of carbonate of soda and one ounce of water may be administered every hour. One drachm of the acid with about a quart of water, employed slowly as an enema two or three times a day, lessens muscular contractions in tetanus. Zxternally: To allay pain and irritation in chronic skin affections, especially in dogs, two or three drachms of the acid are mixed with a pint of distilled or rain water.”— Tuson. Post-mortem Appearances.—“ There is more or less venous con- gestion. The blood in all parts of the body is fluid, of a bluish appearance, and evolves the peculiar odour of the acid, which is sometimes also perceptible in the contents of the stomach, and in various of the secretions, especially that of the serous cavities. This odour, however, can seldom be detected where life has been prolonged for some time after the poison has been given. When the strong acid has been administered, some experimenters find that the voluntary muscles and those of the intestines lose their contractility, and that the heart also loses its irritability, and becomes gorged with dark grumous blood. There is, however, touch difference of opinion concerning the state of the heart, and the appearances reported are not at alluniform. The villous coat of the intestines is sometimes red, shrivelled, and easily removed, and the nervous centres are usually congested.”—-Finlay Dun. Antidotes —Cold affusion over the head and neck, bleeding in- halation of ammonia or chlorine, fresh air ; hydrated peroxide of iron in conjunction with an alkali, as, carbonate of potash, Doses—Medicinal acid, 1 to 3 minims. CARBOLIC ACID. Not unfrequently dogs become poisoned either from the absorp- 6 422 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. tion of this agent when too freely used in skin-dressings, or from licking the same. . Actions and Uses.—In excessive doses, an irritant poison. Medicinally, sedative, anodyne, astringent, and antiseptic. Ex- ternally, antiseptic, deodorizer, disinfectant, caustic, and styptic. Antidotes —Albumen ; soap ; cane ‘drinks. Doses.—Crystals, 1 to 5 grains. P ERGOT OF RYE. Ergot of rye is a poison, but neither so. powerful nor so certain in its effects on the lower animals as on man. Actions and Uses.— When given in single large doses, it causes local irritation of the parts with which it comes in contact, and subsequently affects the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. When given to dogs, it produces vomiting, tenesmus, and after a variable but generally short time, dulness, prostration of muscular power, and spasms, chiefly of the diaphragm. These effects are produced in small dogs by doses of from six to twelve drachms. ~ Twenty-four drachms proved fatal to a terrier bitch in twenty-four hours. When injected into the veins.of the dog in quantities of from two to six drachms, dissolved in several ounces of water, it causes, first, great excitement and excessive acceleration of the pulse; and then, after a variable time, depression, paralysis, especially of the hinder extremities, spasms, and coma. Death ensues, generally from paralysis of the heart, in from five minutes to two hours. When injected into the arteries, it acts still more rapidly. If placed underneath the cellular tissue, or in contact with a recent wound, it causes much irritation and inflammation, the formation of foetid unhealthy pus, and great depression of the vital powers.” —Finlay Dun. Medicinally, a parturient ; styptic in pulmonary hzemorrhage, and also externally. Doses.—% to 1 drachm. CANTHARIDES. Aetions and Uses.—In large doses, an irritant poison, producing ‘gastro-enteritis, nephritis, inflammation of the bladder, coma, convulsions, and death. Orfila “‘found that a drachm and a half of a strong oleaginous solution, injected into the jugular vein of a dog, killed it in four hours with symptoms of violent tetanus ; that three drachms of the tincture with eight grains of powder suspended in it caused death in twenty-four hours, if retained in Appendix. 423, the stomach by a ligature on ‘the gullet, insensibility being then the chief symptom ; and that forty grains of the powder: killed another dog in four hours and a half, although he was allowed to vomit. In all the instances in which it was administered by the stomach, that organ was found much inflamed after death, and generally fragments of the poison were discernible if it was given in the form of powder. When applied to a wound, the powder excites surrounding inflammation ; and a drachm will in this way prove fatal in thirty-two hours, without any constitutional symptom except languor.”—Christison on Poisons. Medicinally, stimulant, diuretic, and tonic. Externally, counter- irritant, vesicant, and stimulant. oe Antidotes.—Mucilaginous substances, per mouth and rectum ; and to allay pain and inflammation, bleeding and opiates. Doses.—2 to 3 grains. TURPENTINE. This being a favourite vermifuge, may be given in excess or undiluted, and produce death. : Actions and Uses.—In large doses, an irritant poison. Medici- nally, stimulant, antispasmodic, astringent, cathartic, anthelmintic, diuretic, and diaphoretic. Externally, counter-irritant and stimulant. Antidotes.—Mucilage, and oil. Poy Doses.—An as anthelmintic, 1 to 2 drachms in a tablespoonful of olive oil. CALOMEL. Actions and Uses.—In excessive doses an irritant poison. Given continually it produces ptyalism. In medicinal doses it is a cathartic, stimulant, sedative, alterative, cholagogue, diuretic, diaphoretic, antiphlogistic, anthelmintic. _ . vi Antidotes,—These will be found fully discussed in chapter iii. section, Salivation. : : Doses.—1 to 3 grains. LEAD (ACETATE). Actions and Uses.—Corrosive and irritant. Medicinally and externally. Astringent and sedative. . ee oe) - Antidotes.—Sulphuretted hydrogen, sulphuric acid, iodide of potassium. ; 7 : Doses.—z2 to 5 grains. 424 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. ZINC. Actions and Uses.—In excess an irritant and emetic. Medic nally, astringent and tonic. Externally, astringent, mild, caustic and desiccant. Antidotes.—Oil muclage, chalk. - Doses —Oxide, 10 to 15 grains. Sulphate. Emetic, 8 to ro grains. Medicinally, 2 ti 3 grains. ’ HENBANE. Actions and Uses.—In large doses a narcotico-acrid poison Medicinally, anodyne, calmative, and antispasmodic, Antidotes.—Same as for opium. Doses .—Extract, 5 to ro grains. 4 Tincture, 40 to 50 minims, INDEX. 425 ; PAGE P ABSCESS. ‘ . . . 288 | Amaurosis . i we 3 nature of . 7 ‘ . 288 nature of . a ‘ AGT causes of . . e 427 symptoms of . . 177, 178 treatment of . 178, 179 Cancer proper. _ - . 2904 encephaloid §. - . 295 gum. . . . 296 medullary ‘ : + 295 metanotic . - 293, 294 osteoid . ‘ : » 295 scirrhous . » 295 Canker of the ear (external) . 190 description of dog affected 190 causes of . is P . 190 symptoms of . . 190, 191 . treatment of . ‘ . I9I Canker (internal) . ‘ . 192 causesof . . s . 192 symptomsof . . ~ .- 192 treatment of . ; 192, 193 ditto, by Coculet . . 194 Canker of the mouth . - 53 causes of. . «© «+ 53 symptoms or 53 treatmentof . . « 53 Canine Lactation . . . 164 Cartilaginous Wounds . .. 388 caseof . é + 388, 389 Castration . 2 8 + 413 ‘when necessary «AT effects of . « #AIZ ideas concerning . 413 . methods ef °-. 3 Cataract... Catarrh, gastric causes °. symptoms of » treatment of - Catarrh © ° Ww descriptions of. ‘symptoms of treatment of causes of’ . ‘symptoms of -. treatment of Catheterism . Fi sd Chest-founder (see “R matism”) « Chest, dropsy of Choking: . ae - treatment of Chorea =. . how performed causes of . symptoms of. treatment of . causes of . . Chloroform *. . 5 ae Claws, over-growth of Cold Colic ‘ ‘ Colic, liability of puppies value of . arguments in favour of — . 41 5 causes of. ; treatment of 409, i causes of . symptoms ‘of treatment of , to. treatment of Combing. . o> Constipation °. natural tendency to, i in the : dog. ‘ . causes of . ‘“ ‘ symptomsof .. treatment of . é dietin . é daily exercise, necessity Of ANE tee ws * - Consumption . predisposing causes of | ' exciting causes of . symptomsof . .. .- treatment of "hs , in relation to breeding . 428 PAGE Cornea, hairy tumours on the 186 cases of . - 186, 187, 188 treatment of . . 186, 187 Corns, soft . ae « 409 Cramp . . . . - 359 causes of . . . - 359 symptomsof .. 360 treatmentof . . 360 Crooked limbs ‘i ‘ - 342 C causes of . “ * . 342 ropping i ‘ A - 411 ie adopted . é . 4Ir why undesirable . . 411 Cyst excision . : 7 « 398° caseof.. - 398, 399 Cystic calculi. » 118, 402 Cystitis (acute) . . . 113 “causes of . * i . 113 ‘symptoms of . + 113,116 ‘treatment of . « 116, 117 dietin . : . . 117 Cystitis (chronic) . - . 117 causes of . 3 5 . II7 symptoms of . - 117, 118 treatmentof . . 118 DEAFNESS . 0 . . 198 causesof. . . 198, 199 treatment of . ‘ . 199 Decayed teeth P » 5 Dementia §. . < - 283 case of . . 283, 284 Dentition — 48, 51 Dew-claws, removal of . - 410 ‘how removed . + 410, 411 Diarrhea. 4 72 liability of puppies to | 72 causes of . ‘ < » 92 treatment of . . | 72,73 diet in 73 Digestive ae of the ‘dog - E Dinhtheria Diphithertadlase of dog dthoios symptoms of . + 299, 300 post-mortem ezamina- tions. . = 300, 301 preventive measures, 302, 303 outbreak of, in Tasmania. 304 transmission from man to dog. : 3 , - 303 cases of. . post - mortem examina- tions . ; « 308, 309 304, 307° Index. PAGE Diphtheria, experimental in- oculation. - 305, 307 histological examination 308, 310 conclusions drawnfrom . 310 Diseases, general . . 288 Disinfection . z ~ I, 12 Dislocations . . : 380 usual situations 7 : 380 predisposing causes . 380 exciting causes ‘ . 380 symptoms of . . 380, 381 treatment of . a « 381 of the shoulder A . 381 of the elbow . . . 381 ofthe knee . . . 381 of the hip S ° « 381 of the eal . ‘ . 381 ofthe hock . 7 382 of the toes é - - 382 Distemper . . 310 nature of . 5 . 311 class of animal most fre- quent in 5 ‘ . 311 not a necessary disease . 311 complications of . - 311 causes of . 311, 312 ‘incubation period ots 312 symptoms of . ‘ ~ 313 treatment of . F 315 associated with heonehipe and pneumonia . symptoms of . < treatment of . : - 316 necessity of ventilation . 316 associated with jaundice 317 symptoms of . 3 - 317 treatment of 317, 318 associated with diarrhcea 318 treatment of . 318 associated with fits. 318, aa treatmentof . é 319 PSTD EH) vesicular eruption ; ‘ ‘ - 319 symptoms of . A - 319 what owing to. ° + 320 treatment of . ‘ + 320 associated with chorea and paralysis - . 321 treatment of 3 321, 322 preventive measures for distemper 322, 323 vaccination, uselessness ofin . i a - 322 - Inder. PAGE Distenipen inoculation, value « 322 Distemper and human ty- ‘ phoid fever, no gee 4 ._ between F . 323, 324 Distemper, malignant » 324 symptoms o: , » 325 post-mortem appearances 32 5 causes of . 5 ; + 326 treatment of . 326 Draughts, how to administer 1 3 Dropsy . . oe. 327 usual forms of. i 327 Dysentery he 16 73 nature of. a a“ causes of . ts 3 74 symptoms of . ; - 74 treatment of . . . 74 diet in : : 74 Dyspepsia . i ‘ . 61 EAR, diseasesofthe . . 190 Ear, polypus i inthe . . 195 aracterof . " - 195 causes of » «195 symptoms. of. . e195 ditto < 279 disease usually associate with . i - 279 symptoms of . < . 279 treatment of . 279 case of (Leblanc)279, 280, 281 symptoms of . . 280 post-mortem examination 281 case of (Gowing) . 285° symptoms of . . 281, 282 treatment of . 282 post- “mortem examination 282, 283 Mental emotion, effects of on canine lactation 164, 165 Metritis . 2 « ¥ . 134 Milk fever ; . . 166 Mouth-canker of the s - 53 diseases of the. F 48 Mouth and Tongue, diseases ofthe . . . . 48 NEPHRITIS . é ‘ . 109 causes of . . : 109 symptoms of .. - 109 treatment of . 109, IIo Nervous system, sina of the239 Neuralgia ‘ , symptoms. of . . 286, 287 treatment of . 287 Nose, polypus ‘in the s - 46 Nostomania : : . . 255 causes of . f . . 286 treatment of . . 285, 286 Index. PAGE ‘ursing . 3 AB good, necessity ‘of, insick- ~~ _ness. 13, 14, 285 ‘ursing, in medical treatment 13, 14 'BESITY Se 337 causes of . . Z - 337 treatment of . 38 ’bstruction of the bowels ~ ‘ a Esophagotomy . «401 how performed 401 after treatment : 401) Estrum . Fi 141 time of appearance. 141 signs of . : 141 treatment during s . 142 Yperations .., ‘ s gxe 370) )phthalmia .. . 180 causes of . . . 180 symptoms of . 180, 181 treatment of . . 181 )phthalmia, chronic, or con- stitutional . . 181 symptoms of : Itt, 182 treatment of 182 Jsteoid cancer . 295 Dstitis 344 causes of . : - . 344 symptoms of . " + 345 treatment of . 345 varies, fatty degeneration of the : . 140 Dvergrowth of claws 409 Dzena + - é : . 46 causes of . - ‘i . 46 symptomsof . . . 46 treatment of . 46, 47 PARALYSIS . . 272 causes of . 272 liseases ‘connected “with . : . 273 symptoms of . ‘ 0273 treatment of . 273, 274, 275 of the bladder . eg AZZ of the tongue . ‘i . 56 Parasites (external) 200 Parasites (internal) _. . 219 Ascaris marginata 220, 221,222 Bothriocephaluslatus . 233 B. cordatus . 233 B. dubius : » * 233 FF 433 PAGE Parasites, B. fuscus. » 233 B.reticulatus .. . » 233 Cysticercus _ cellulosus 236, 237, 238 Cysticercus Piciformis . 238 Cysticercus tenuicollis . 230 Distoma conjunctum . 220 Dochmius trigonocepha- lus ‘ . . 225 Echinococcus veterinorum230 Estrongylus gigas . . 224 Filaria haematica . . 225 Filaria hepatica « 225 Filaria, immitis 223 Parasites, Filaria trispinulosa Heematozoon subulatum. 225 Holostoma alatum . 220 Maw worms . + 234 Pentastoma tamoides - 35, 36, 37, 234 Spiroptera. sanpuhinlente 224, 225 Strongylus canis bron- .~ chialiss . 2 .. «sea Tzenia coenurus 227 Teenia cucumerina . 226 Tzenia echinococcus 230 Teenia marginata 229 Tenia serrata. 233 Trichina spiralis 225 Tricocephalus depressius- culus : ‘ 225 Trichosoma plica : 225 Parturient apoplexy. 166 Parturient eclampsia 167 Parturition 145 symptoms of ‘approach- _ing labour . 146 assistance, when needed 147 warm bath, value of 147, uterine stimulants . 148 management after partu- tition . 148 Parturition, diseases immedi- ately connected with . 146 Parturition, unnatural 148 means used to deliver in = 158 Penis, warts on the 130 causes of . . . 130 treatment of . 130 Pericarditis. - . + + 305 causes of . ; - 365 434 y PAGE Pericarditis, symptoms of . 365 treatment of . is - 365 dietin . . . + 365 Peritonitis alae ‘ . 82 cause of . 5 . 8 symptoms of . . 82, 83 post- -mortem. appearances 83 treatment of . . 83, 84 terminations of - « 84 Peritonitis (chronic) . . 84 symptoms of . . 84 chronic, post-mortem ap- ; pearances . , . 84 treatment of , 3 . 84 Periostitis ‘ 5 a 345 causesof. . «345 symptoms of . » 345 mistaken for rabies . + 345 treatment ot . 345 Pharyngitis , F 5 . 57 causes of . 3 i - 57 symptoms of . 5 - 57 terminationsof: . - 57 - treatment of . i «= 57 Pharyngitis, abscess i in - 57, 58 treatmentof . . 58 Pharyngitis stricture in. - 58 Pharyngitis, treatment of . ‘ stricturein . - 58 Pharynx, inflammation of a, BF Piles fs > eee a nature of. 2 . 84 causesof. . . . symptomsof . . . 85 treatment of . . 85, 86 Pills, how to administer. 12, 13 Plethora . + 336 dogs most liableto. | 336 associated with fits . - 337 symptoms of , i treatment of . 7 Pleurisy (acute). + 39 predisposing causes of . 39 exciting causes of . - 39 symptomsof . . terminations of - 40 post-mortemexamination 40 treatment of . 40, 41, 42 ventilation, necessity of,in 41 Pleurisy aii dy : : - 42 symptoms of . - 42 treatment of . 3 . 42 Index. PAG Pleuro-pneumonia. . - 3 Pneumonia . - 4 predisposing causes of . 4 exciting causes of . - 4 symptoms of . - 43,4 treatment of - 4 regenerative Wneees in. 4 Polypus, aural . * 195-19 nasal . 5 . 4 vaginal . 3 . 13. Prolapsus ani. . s . 8 Puppies, feeding of . area RABIES . * . 23) etymology of | - 240, 24 parliamentary enquiry . 24 nature of , a . . 24 causes of . % . 241-24) spontaneity . . 241, 24 incubation, period of 246, 247, a duration of . s ymptoms of (furious) 250-28 itto (dumb) -. 3 - 25, maternal affection in + 25 post-mortem appearances in 256-26; innocuousness ‘ofthe milk in . - 262, 263, 26, . treatment of 264-26, preventive measures . 26. ' Rabies, epileptic, a false alle-. gation , . . » 261 Rachitis . . . « 34 Removal ofdew-claws . » 4 Renal calculi . ‘ : II ae iratory ongang, diseases the fi ‘ «2 Retention of urine . < . 12 Rheumatism (acute) . - 33 descriptions of. . + 33 causesof. . . . 33 forms of . é . + 33 symptoms of . - 339, 34 treatment of . + 340, 34 Rheumatism (chronic) . + 34 symptoms of - 34 treatment of ‘i + 34 Ribs, fracture of + 37 Rickets . 5 ‘ ‘ + 34 causes of . ‘ 3 - 34 symptoms of 342, 34 Lnaex. PAGE Rickets, treatment of . . 344 Ringworm. 211 vegetable parasite due to 211 causes of . 7 A . 212 symptoms of . . 212 incubation, period of | 212 treatment of - - 212, 213 Ringworm (Honeycomb) . 213 vegetable parasite due to 213 causes of . . ‘ 213 _ symptomsof .. . 213, 214, treatment-of . + 215 Rounding ‘i . 412 when necessary F + 412 _: how performed 3 412 ’ Russian bath, events of rabies. - 265 Rye, ergot of, use in parturi- -. - tion . . ‘ . 148 SALIVATION . .g . 58 causes of. . : - 58 symptoms of . - 58, 59 treatment of . 59, 60 Sarcoptes canis . ; . 201 Scalds ... ‘ : - 390 treatment of . - - 391 Scapula, fracture of . «373 Scirrhous cancer’. 5 - 295 Scrofula. . . ‘ - 346 causes of . ‘ : - 346 symptoms of . - 346, 347 treatment of 347; 348 case of (Gowing) . - 348 post-mortem > «349 Scrotalirritation . —. 130 Scrotal irritation, causes of . 130 symptoms of . . 130, 131 treatment of . F . 131 Scurfyears . - - 199 Septikemia puerperalis’ . 172 causes of . 3 : . 172 symptoms of . : . 172 post-mortem cation 172, 173 treatment of - - 173, 174 assay Jatohe dislocation . - «381 Skin, Aiesasee: ofthe . . 200 _ Skull, fracture of . é - 375 Small-pox . , , - 352 symptoms of . 353, 354 355 435 PAGE Small-Pox, sanitary measures 356 curative measures . . 356 Soft corns. ed ras » 409 treatment of » 409 Sore feet ‘ is s 408 Spaying . 5‘ 414 inhumanity and useless- ness of . : . » 414 methods of 414 reasons why’ not "indi- cated . - « 16 414 results . 414 Spirits, use of, medicinally « 6 Spleen, diseases of the . . 89 inflammation of the . 108 Splenitis. . - 108 in connection with other diseases ° ‘ 108 symptoms of . . « 108 treatment of . . - 108 Sprains . 389 symptoms of . ‘ « 390 treatment of . + 390 Stomach, calculi in the. + 70 ‘character of . 2 ~~ FO treatinent of . : - 70 diseases of the : . 61 foreign bodiesinthe . 70 associated with rabies . 70 causes of . + 7O Stomach, inflammation of the Stomach, inversion of the . 68 case of. . «© 6 68 symptomsof . . . 69 autopsy . . 69, Stomach, worms inthe. 63 symptoms of . - 63, 64 species of worm . - 64 treatment of . * - 64 Stone in the bladder . 118, 404 St. Vitus’s dance... . 272 Swelling oftheears . . 190 TAILING. . +. 412 age when done. . . 412 method of . . 412 Tape-worm . + + 225 ‘Tapping the chest. y . 42 Tartar,ontheteeth . . 52 prejudicial to health . 55 treatment of . + 52, 32 436 PAGE Teeth,decayed . . « 51 cause of disease. 52 associated with feeding . 52 extraction of . Fi 52 hzemorrhage from 52 treatment of 52 Testicles, enlarged : 131 symptoms of . 131 causes of . : F 131 treatment of 132 Tetanus . ee ; 357 nature of . 3 : 357 causes of . Fs : 357 symptoms of . 5 - 357 cause of death 358 post- mortemappearances 358 treatment of . =. 358, 359 diet in. ‘ 3 - 359 Ticks . ‘ ‘5 . 218 treatment for . . 218 Tongue, affections of the . 54 paralysis of the . 56 causes of , 3 . . 56 symptoms of .. . 56 treatment of . a) 50557 worming . ag eS TUMOURS » ee 290 Calcareous . ‘ F . 292 situations of . 292 treatment of . » 292, 293 Fatty . - op 1 58 290 situations of . . 291 character of . F 291 diagnosis . ‘ F 291 treatment of . 291 Fibro-cystic. . 291 situations of . 292 treatment of . : . 292 Fibrous ~ @ # @ OL causes of . 4 : 291 situationsof . . . 291 diagnosis. . +, 291 . treatment . « 291 Tumours—Lacteal. . 176° causes of . . . . 176 symptoms of .. . 176 _treatmentof . . - 177 Melanotic . . » 293 symptomsof . ._ . 293 post-mortem examina- ‘tion . ‘ 7 + 294 treatmentof . : i PAGE Osseous .. 52" & « 293 situations of . . . 293 treatment of : ‘ . 293 Rectal . é . 84 symptoms of | 3 . 85 treatment of . 85, 86 Turnside . P s . 278 causes of . 278 symptoms of (Youatt) 278 post-mortem examination - 278, 279 Turkish Bath . s - 265 ULCERS on the tongue . 55 causesof. . . « 55 __ treatmentof . 5 « 55 Umbilical hernia . - 391 Urethra, worm in the . . 127 Urethral calculi . 110, 125, 405 Urinary organs, diseases of the1og Urine, retention of the . «» 125 causes of . 3 , 125 symptoms of ae 126 treatment of . 126. 127 Séon, M., records a Sng H, lar case of 127 Uteris, inflammation of the * 134 causes of . 5 + 134 symptoms of - 134, 135 treatment of ~ 135 < Uterus, zzversion of the - 136 causes of é - 136 symptoms of - 136 treatment of i 136 Uterus, ulceration of the 136 causes of . : 2 137 symptoms of A . 137 treatment of . , - 137 Uterus, hernza of ae z . 137 symptoms of . - 137, 138 treatment of . - - 138 Uterus, dropsy of the 139 causesof .). - 139 symptoms of . . - 139 caseof . . . 139 VACCINATION. . 415 why adopted .. 415 where pefennzd 415 Vagina, inversion of the 132 causes of . e - -¥ 132 symptoms of 132 Vagina, treatment of ‘ Vagina, polypus in the . symptoms of treatment of Vaginotomy. Variolz caning Vermifuges . Yertigo symptoms of causes of . treatment of Vomiting _ susceptibility to, in dogs indication of character of treatment of WARTS growth of Index. 437 PAGE » 133 - 134 » 134 situations favourable to . » 134 * 133) » 2355 406 PAGE Warts, character of . . 216 treatment of . . 216, 217 Washing. . . i ox 28 frequency of . . . 8 method of... F . 8 Water, allowance of . 6 Wine, use of medicinally . 6 Worming 3 ‘ . 413 | what it consists in . . 413- ignorant ideas concerning 413 Worm expellants . - - 235 Worms in the intestines . 76 in the stomach é . 62 Wounds . : . 384 descriptions of. » 384, methods of healing _. 385 treatment of . : 385-389 YELLOWS, the ¥ - QI, 317 ay i ne us \ nil