a igi es A is ie: re é Soyer ee ee ee =t2# a bs es aoa 24a i0 ko hei tok na bie + * He fe ai 9) aa aan ihe fe be ee o cea st OTe Shee ee honk wi bao eu som, oR a a Pra Pie Te a a he ike * ao = a7 eis Soe EF he oa aera ea a < =) 5 be “i “ica ws Seo bes SF PI) M64 CORNELL UNIVERSITY THE Hlower Peterinary Library FOUNDED BY ROSWELL P. FLOWER for the use of the N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE 1897 The manag Cornell Univ Tcatand diseases of the dog, Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000940654 ENGLISH MASTIFF. “SCA WFELL.” THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES or THE DOG. BY JOHN WOODROFFE HILL, FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SURGEONS, AUTHOR OF ESSAYS ON “ PARTURIENT APOPLEXY IN THE COW, “HAMO ALBUMINURIA IN CATTLE,” “THE ACTUAL CAUTERY,” “SOME OF THE DISEASES OF FARM STOCK,” “DISEASED MEAT AS AN ARTICLE OF FOOD,” “CANINE DISTEMPER,” ETC., ETC, With Thirty-nine Fllustrations. WILLIAM R. JENKINS, - VETERINARY PUBLISHER AND BOOKSELLER, 850 SIXTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 1881, To My ESTEEMED FRIEND AND PATRON, C. BOYCOTT WIGHT, Esq, OF RuvpGE Hatt, SHROPSHIRE, AN ARDENT ADMIRER OF DOGS, AND ONE WHO TAKES A DEEf INTEREST IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, THIS WORK Is RESrECTFULLY DEDICATED. PREFACE. OF all the domesticated animals subservient to man, the dog may, without fear of contradiction, be said to stand pre-eminent. His courage, fidelity, usefulness, and companionship attach him to the human race in bonds of lasting endurance. The field upon which I have entered—“ The Man agement and Diseases of the Dog”’—is a large one, and in comparison with other veterinary subjects, it must be confessed, to the discredit of our Profession, has been inexcusably neglected. Man’s best animal friend, until Blaine, Youatt, May- hew, “Stonehenge,” and one or two others interested themselves in his welfare, was left to the mercy of individuals who professed a knowledge of subjects of which they were, on all scientific points, totally ig- norant. If in the course of this work’ my feeble efforts to enlighten the public, and alleviate the sufferings of the viii. PREFACE. canine race are attended with success, I shall feel more than amply rewarded for the labor I have bestowed on the various subjects: herein treated of. I have to acknowledge my obligations to my friend, Mr. George Fleming, 2d Life Guards, for many valu- able suggestions offered to me while the work was passing through the press. J. W. H. WOLVERHAMPTON, March 20, 1878. ILLUSTRATIONS. FRONTISPIECE—ENGLISH MASTIFF. fic. j PAGE 1. KENNEL PLAN. (KINGDON) . : . . 10 : ‘ STRONGYLUS CANIS BRONCHIALIS. (“ VETERINARIAN”) 29 4 5. S FRONT TEETH OF THE DOG IN VARIOUS STAGES OF GROWTH AND Decay. (YOUATT) . 3 45-46 5 | to. ut. Cystic CALCULUS. (“ VETERINARIAN”) . is - 121 12, HILL’s OBSTETRICAL FORCEPS. a . . + 149 13. WEBER’S ss is (FLEMING) . ‘ - 149. 14. DEFAYS’ FORCEPS. (FLEMING) . = ‘ . - 150 15. DEFAYS’ WIRE pete WITH THE TORSION Rops. (FLEMING) . 7 . : . + 50 16. Derays’ WIRE EXTRACTOR APPLIED. (F LEMING) . 152 17, BREULET’S TUBE AND NOOSE. (FLEMING) . - 152 18. BREULET’S NOOSE FIXED ON THE F@TUuUS. (FLEMING) 153 1g. CROTCHET. (MAYHFW) . : 5 : j - 153 20. EXTEMPORIZED HOOK. (ORIGINAL) . . «+ 156 21. DoG WITH CANKER Cap. (ORIGINAL) . . - 188 22. SARCOPTES CANIS. (GERLACH) .. . 7 - 196 ILLUSTRATIONS, ACARUS FOLLICULORUM. (FLEMING) . ae ga - 196 THE LIVER FLUKE OF THE DoG. (LEWIS) . ‘ . 213 . THE GIANT STRONGLE. (BLANCHARD) . 3 - 218 LARV# OF THE GID TAPEWoRM. (NEWMAN) . . 221 TAPEWORM-LIKE HEADS OF THE GID HyDATID. . (NEW- MR oe ee Re Se aie. aes ig, apt LARVA OF THE MARGINED TAPEWORM. (GOEZE) . 223 HYDATID TAPEWORM AND EcHINococcus HEAD. (COoB- BOLD) . . % tod? Be 3 . + 224 Group oF Ecuinococcus HEADS. (COBBOLD) . » 225 LARVAL PENTASTOME. (KUCHENMEISTER) . : . 226 A Doc with RICKETS, SKETCHED FROM LIFE. (ORIGINAL) . : . i a a og? = + 320 HEART OF DOG AFFECTED WITH RHEUMATIC CHOREA, SHOWING ANTE-MORTEM CLOT. (ORIGINAL) . . 339 . INCOMPLETE FRACTURE. (ORIGINAL) . ‘ Z - 342 FRACTURE OF THE SCAPULA. (ORIGINAL) . : - 344 DitTTo, WITH BANDAGE APPLIED. (ORIGINAL) . - 346 DEFORMED LIMB AFTER UNION OF FRACTURE, NECES- SITATING RE~FRACTURE. (ORIGINAL) . 3 . 346 DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER-JOINT. {ORIGINAL) 352 THROAT Forcers. (ARNOLD) . F 8 36F CONTENTS. CHAPTER I, GENERAL MANAGEMENT. PAGE. Fond.—Exercise.—Washing.—Grooming.— — Kennel ire aia sv—Adminis- tration of Medicine.—Nursing . - . Pa aes See | CHAPTER 1 Tl. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY 0 3GANS. Catarrh.— Influenza.— Laryngitis. — Bronchitis. ena — Plpariey. —Pneu- muonia.—Consumption.—Polypus.—Ozena. ‘ - 3 CHAPTER II. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. : Dentition.—Decayed Teeth.—Tartar.—Canker. iatniaioss — Ulcers. cao! — Paralysis. —Pharyngitis.—-Salivation. P . - 44 CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. Indigestion. —Vomiting.—Worms.— Husk.—Gastritis. ie lntelens —Calculi.— + Foreign Bodies . i < ite, . 58 CHAPTER v. DISEASES OF THE BOWELS, Constipation.— Diarrhcea.—Dysentery.—Intussusception.—Hernia.—Worms,— Colic.—Enteritis.—Peritonitis.—Piles.—Prolapsus Ani.—Fistula in ano . 68 CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN, Hepatitis—Jaundice.-—Fatty Degeneration of the Liver. pe eamccean ae in the Liver and Spleen. —Biliary Calculi—-Splenitis 2 86 ; CHAPTER VII. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS, Nephritis. —Hematuria.—Renal Calculi.—Cystitis—Cystic Calculi.i—Reten- tion of Urine.—Paralysis of the Bladder.—Rupture of the Bladder... 106 CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. Salanitis.— Warts on the Penis.—Scrotal Irritation Enlarged Testicle —In- version of the Vagina. —Polypus in the Vagina.—Inflammation of the Uteius.—Inversion of the Uterus.—Ulceration of the Uterus.—Hernia of Uterus. —Dropsy of the Uterus.—Fatty Degeneration of the Ovaries . 126 . CHAPTER IX, FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. (Estrum. —Breeding.—Partnrition . : ‘ ‘ 2 i +193 xu CONTENTS. . CHAPTER X. DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION. PAGB. Parturient Apoplexy or Milk Fever.—Parturient Eclampsia—Septikemia Puerperalis. ‘ . x ‘ . 2 ‘ * * . . » 162 CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND. Mamniitis—Lacteal Tumor—Cancer, . - 2 + et CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE EYE. Ophthalmia.—Cataract.—-Amaurosis.—Iritis —Enlargement of the Haw.- -Pro- trusion of the Eye-Ball.—Extirpation of the Eye.—Hairy Tumor on the Cornea. . s - * x “ i . F “ ® é + 396 CHAPTER XIII. DISEASES OF THE HAR, Cancer.—Serous Abscess.—Polypus.—Deafness.—Scurfy Ears. . : . 185 CHAPTER XIV. ; DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES. Mange (Sarcoptic).—Ditto (Follicular).—Eczema.—Erythema.—Ringworm. —Ditto (Honeycomb).— Warts.—F leas.— Lice.—Ticks 4 z CHAPTER XV. INTERNAL PARASITES. Distuma conjunctum.— Holostoma alatum.—Ascaris marginata—Filaria im- mitis.— Estrongylus gigas.—Spiroptera sanguinolenta.—Dochmius trig- onocephalus—.Trichosoma plica.—Tricocephalus depressiusculus,—Tri- china spiralis.—Filaria hematica.—Filaria trispinulosa.—Filaria hepatica, — Hematozoon subulatum.— Tenia Cucumerina.— Tenia ccenurus.— Tania marginata.—Tenia echinococcus.—T nia serrata,—Bothriocepha- lus latus, B. cordatus, B. fuscus, B. reticulatus, B. dubius.—Pentastoma temoides.—Maw Worms, or Segments of Tznia marginata, and Tenia serrata.—Cysticercus cellulosus. . a Moadrase UbA DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM RABIES, CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN, EPILEPSY, COMPRESSION OF THE BRAIN, APOPLEXY, HYDROCEPHALUS, VERTIGO, TURNSIDE, CHOREA, MENINGITIS, PARALYSIS, . NEURALGIA. RABIES. Tuts disease may be truly designated the scourge of the canine race; horrible in its nature, alike terribly fatal to man and beast. As such it was recognized centuries ago, and the alarm engendered appears to have been as great then as in the present day. Among the ancient Greeks recipes both for ° the bite of a rabid dog, and the flesh of one affected with rabies, were numerous and singular. Much, but far from enough, has been written of late con- cerning this disease ; much that is sensible and no small proportion that is calculated to do harm. Rewards have been offered for the discovery of a cure, but the probability of their ever being claimed is extremely dubious. Before going intothe nature and symptoms of the malady, afew words regarding the terms applied to it are, I think, necessary. (233) 234 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. Hydrophobia, signifying fear of water, is in canine pathol- ogy a misnomer, and probably has much to do with the er- — roneous idea that this symptom is present in dogs. To this I give, as I did some years ago in “ Land and Water,” a most emphatic denial. Zhe rabid dog never in any stage of the dis- ease exhibits a dread of water, neither will the sight or sound of it produce spasms. On the contrary, ¢#zrs¢t is present throughout. . The inability to swallow fluids, when it does happen, is dependent entirely on either the inflammatory condition of the throat, or from paralysis of the muscles of the lower jaw and deglutition. Rabies, signifying madness, is afar more appropriate term, but even this is not sufficiently distinctive as to the particular class of madness it is intended to designate. The true nature of rabies is still involved in mystery. We know that a specific virus is the active agent in its production, ~ but in what this virus consists, or how it is developed, we know not. That the saliva is the vehicle of the poison is clear, the why or wherefore is equally mysterious. Post-mor- tem and microscopic examinations afford little clue. The nerve centres in which, from the character of the disease, we should expect to find the greatest lesions, are in many instan- ces but slightly affected, while the throat and digestive organs often exhibit the greatest alterations. Causes.—In almost every instance rabies is due to inocula- tion ; the disease, however, may and is at times unquestion- ably spontaneously generated, by what method I am not at present prepared to say, but I am very much inclined to think breeding in-and-in encourages its development. The influence of climate, season, or sex, would appear to have little bearing on the subject.* The so-called dog-days * “ Professor Giuseppe Canettoli (‘ Lo Sperimentale,’ June, 1875) sum- marizes his studies and researches in hydrophobia in the following prop- ositions :” ; “1, Hydrophobia is a disease of all climates and seasons. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 235 no more act in the production of rabies than does cold. In the hottest season of the hottest years, statistics show fewer cases, while in tropical countries, Australia to wit, it has as yet been unrecognized. Heat is more likely to generate brain affections other than rabies. With regard to sex, male and female are alike disposed to it, aud various conditions of system in the latter, as cata- menia, pregnancy, or sucking have no influence on the dis- ease. Anger and pain are alike uninfluential in the origin of rabies.* “2, Extreme climates yield the smallest contingent of cases, and are therefore, it may be said, privileged. “3, The disease is spontaneous, inthe dog, and communicable to other animals and to mankind. : “4. Nothing has been discovered of the nature of the malady by autop- sies. “5. The disease may be prevented by having recourse to timely cau- terization—the best means being the galvano-caustic. “6, Finally, to explain the duration of incubation, Canettoli supposes that the saliva of the rabid dog is not in itself a poison, but that it be- comes so through prolonged retention in the living tissues into which it has been inoculated.”—“ Veterinary Journal,” Oct., 1876. *In reply to this theory, advanced by Dr. Verity in the Manchester Courier, 1876, and his assertion of possessing a cure for the malady, I wrote the following: “That the bite of a dog or cat is rendered poisonous from anger at the time of its infliction, is as absurd as it is false. “That radies is a specific disease usually produced by inoculation, but that it may, as I stated in ‘ Land and Water,’ some four years since, and unquestionably does, arise spontaneously. Certain peculiar changes in the system, possibly due to atmospherical influence, or some cause not fully understood, act in producing it. I have always had a strong opin- ion that breeding in-and-in tends to do so. “That if once the virus enters the system through inoculation, no amount of treatment, however scientific, will in my opinion prevent the awful result that must sooner or later take place. “That when such result is established there are as yet no positive means of preventing death. “That the only means of preventing its introduction into the system 236 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. Pain may produce frenzy, but not rabies. A dog may be driven frantic with torture or furious with rage, but his bite is harmless so far as the production of rabies ‘is concerned. Were it not so, what a fearful result must follow! Where we have now one case of the disease, we should have hundreds ! Indeed they would be daily occurring, and no individual who possessed a dog would be secure. No one distinct breed is more liable to it than another. Mongrels (particularly homeless ones) are perhaps more frequently affected than other classes, and this is more likely from the manner of their roving from place to place, coming into contact with strange dogs, and usually those of their own kind ; added to which, they are reared in filth and live by scaventing. How often, after an outbreak of rabie,, do we hear that a strange dog has been seen in the neighborhood, belonging to nobody knows who, and generally described as a mongrel ? Dogs are especially inclined to fraternize, or, at all events, to inspect one another ; and this, as with human paupers, is are in immediate excision or suction, if possible, of the part, and the ap- plication of nitric acid or lunar caustic. “That many diseases have been mistaken by persons having a smat- tering of the dog knowledge for hydrophobia (vadies canina), particularly epilepsy. ; “ That I have no doubt a person, whose nervous system is highly sen- sitive, may, from the excitement consequent on the bite of a dog (especi- ally a ferocious one), exhibit symptoms resembling hydrophobia, and that it is probably from such cases as these that Dr. Verity has derived his imagi- nation of a cure. “That individuals ever have true hydrophobia from pure fright, I do pot for a moment believe. _ “That in all supposed cases of hydrophobia, the public may rest as- sured that either the inoculation was not hydrophobic, or that the saliva was wiped off when the teeth passed through the garments. “That in all instances ‘where the animal which has inflicted the wound is suspected of rabies, he should be confined, and not slaughtered, until a sufficiently long period has elapsed to prove the suspicion correct or other- wise. This, if it were adopted, would soon test the truth of enumerated cures and the value of marvellous specifics.” DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 237 particularly the case with mongrels and curs. A stranger is immediately gathered round, sniffed over, followed some dis- tance, and perhaps hustled ; the stranger resents it, or even if not thus interfered with, snaps at the one obstructing him, and passes on his way. The same thing happens over and - over again in his course: and I need hardly say (presuming him to be rabid) the horrible result is multiplied iain. in a like manner, by his victims. Incusation.—The incubative period of rabies is extremely uncertain, My experience, with a few exceptions, has been from two to five weeks. “In the dog, Lafosse states that the shortest authenticated period that occurred in his experience, was seven days, and the longest one hundred and fifty-five days. R6ll gives, for the same animal, from three to six, and rarely from seven to ten weeks. Blaine asserts that the majority of cases occur between the third and seventh week, though some are pro- tracted to three, four, or even a greater number of months. A week was the shortest period he had noted. Youatt has known instances in which the first symptoms, have only be- come manifest after from five to seven months, and he never - knew of a case occurring before seventeen days intervening. Other authorities have related cases in which the disease was developed within from three to ten days after contamination. Of nine cases which Peuch could rely upon, the symptoms appeared after the bite, in each, at an interval of gs, 88, 35, 26, 24, 22, 18, 15, and 10 days, respectively.” “Tn 1863, Renault reported that of 68 dogs inoculated ex- perimentally or bitten, the malady was developed in : 1 from the 5th to the roth day. 7 greta the 45th - ie goth ta 4 “roth 1sth “ 2 soth s5th ¢ 6 « Feth, goth # 2 ee ssth “ 60th “ 5 “ goth “ 25th “ 4 “ 60th “ 65th “ 9 “ esth “ 30th “ I a 6sth “ yoth “ 10 “ 30th 4“ «35th “ 4 ve 7yoth “ 75th “ 2 “ 35th “ goth “ 2 “80th “ goth “ 8 “goth “ 45th “ | I “ rooth “ 118th “ 238 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG, “In Saint Cyr’s 87 cases of confirmed rabies in 186s, there were only 26 the date of whose inoculation could be positively ascertained. In these the latent period was: CASES, DAYS. CASES DAYS. I x @ 16 I ae ee 36 I 4 18 I 38 B's 21 I 41 2 24 2 50 I 30 2 60 I 31 I 62 2 32 I 86 I : . : 33 2 90 to 100 I ar 35 ay 105 to 115 “ Bouley has known instances in which the latent period was twelve days and seven months, though they were rare ; it was usually from six to twelve weeks. “ According to Haubner, in 200 cases the appearance of the disease within two months was 83 per cent; three months, 16 per cent ; four months, 1 per cent. He mentions an in- stance in which the incubatory period was from seven to eight months, and another in which it was fourteen months. He gives an average of three months.” * With such variations in the incubative period, it is little to be wondered at that persons after being bitten, and under what condition of the animal they know not, should be filled with dread, and. exhibit, especially those of nervous tempera- ment, great mental excitement. “What takes place during this incubatory or latent period we know not; but it may be confidently asserted that in no other malady i is this interregnum more variable and uncertain ; indeed, if we are to credit some reports, the duration of the latent stage isindefinite. The capriciousness of the virus of rabies in this respect is certainly very remarkable and unac- countable. The wounds produced by rabid animals generally heal up readily, and leave but slight traces, and to all appear- ances those who have been injured appear to be as well as * Fleming’s “ Rabies and Hydrophobia,” pp. 178-180. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 239 usual. ‘True, in some rare instances in the human subject, pain has been experienced in the region of the wound for a considerable time after the receipt of the injury, and still more rarely a quickened pulse and slight fever have been present from this time until the disease became manifest. In other exceptional cases silent changes seemed to be taking place in the constitution, evidenced by general debility, a quick, weak, and easily excited pulse, sallow looks, and sunken eyes. But, as a rule, the health remains to all appearance the same as before the inoculation ; and so subtle is the posion that, ac- cording to Van Swieten, persons who afterwards die of hy- drophobia may, in the .ncubatory stage, contract diseases, of various kinds, even virulent diseases such as variola, without the course of the rabies being thereby modified in the least, or its evolution retarded. “ What occult influence is at work, what changes may be taking place previous to the manifestation of the first symp- toms, is a matter of pure hypothesis. The venom of the cobra, hydrocyanic acid, strychnine, and other poisons, pro- duce effects more or less prompt and decided, according to the amount introduced into the body of any animal, and we can exactly prognosticate not only the result, but the time about which it should occur. The virus of contagious dis- eases, and more particularly hydrophobia, differs from these, inasmuch as a minute quantity is as potent in inducing its particular malady, in a certain time, as a large quantity ; and in the special disease now under consideration it may lie in a latent condition for a long period without affording the slight- est indication of its presence.” * Duration.—The duration of rabies is rarely long—from one to ten days may be taken as the two extremes. A few cases have been noted over the latter period; but they are very exceptional instances, and attended with some degree of doubt. Those in my own experience have been from four io five-days ; most of them have died on the fifth. * Fleming’s “Rabies and Hydrophobia,” pp. 165, 166. 240 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. Fleming observes: “ ‘The progress of rabies in the dog is always very rapid, and the termination, it may well be said, invariably fatal ” Its duration in no case appears to have exceeded ten days ; and in the majority of instances death takes place about the fourth, fifth, or sixth day after the appearance of the first morbid symptoms. Of course, it also occurs much earlier. Out of several tables we will only refer to those of Professors Saint-Cyr and Peuch, of the Lyons’ School, as they afford a fair idea of the duration of the disease in a number of cases. In 1864, fifty-four rabid dogs were reported. Death took place at the following periods : Two days . 3 . . 4 instances. Three. . : é : . Ss Four ‘ e ‘ a z Io “ Five i ‘ ‘ 7 * 8 is Six . . 5 2 3 7 et Seven. a é a ‘ 8 as Eight 2 ss Twelve . : ‘ ‘ : I instance Thirteen 7 P F ‘ I ee The last case recovered spontaneously. The duration of the remaining eight cases could not be satisfactorily determined. In the sixty-eight dogs that were rabid at the school in 1865, the duration of the disease was : Two days ‘ : . 1 instance. Three -. d8 : . . 6 instances. Four. ‘ : 15 ee Five. ; : . 3 20 & Six . : 5 2 12 Seven . . 3 . ; 8 a Eight . po OD a3 3 : 4 “ Nine. . 3 : , 2 se In 1868, is seventeen cases at the same school, it was; Two days : . ‘ . 2 instances Four. . e é : 8 i Five. ; ‘ ‘i . 4 s Six j : ; ‘ 5 1 instance. — Seven . ‘ % # 2 instances. ISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 241 Symptoms.—Rabies assumes /wo forms: the furious and the tranguil or dumb. : I shall commence first with furious rabies. The earliest symptoms usually observed are a change in the dog’s natural manner and habits: he becomes all at once sullen, or, as it were, melancholy ; retires into obscure corners and dark places; when called, instead of obeying with his usual alacrity, he languidly and apparently with unwillingness approaches, and as suddenly slinks off again. Companionship renders him uneasy; in fact, throughout there is an unmis- takable desire for solitude.” If the eyes at this period are closely.observed, a vacant expression will be seen in them ; and immediately they met the gaze of the observer, they are dropped in a weary, sleepy manner. As the disease proceeds, other and more marked symptoms become developed. A tendency to mischief is suddenly manifested. Boots, slippers, hearth-rug, carpet, chair-legs, and what not are worried. If the animal is in the kennel, the’ straw is mangled and scattered about, the brick-work scratched, flooring torn up, and the whole place, more or less, shows signs of destruction. The eyes assume a still more vacant expression ; the gaze appears to be fixed on some distant object. Then a change takes place : the animal proceeds to examine most minutely every crevice and brick round his kennel ; this done, he re- tires again into obscurity, and in a few minutes repeats the operation. Or the eyes are directed with earnest attention to some imaginary moving object, as a beetle or spider, which they appear to be tracing in its course. Suddenly he jumps forward with a snap at the supposed offender ; and then, as if ashamed at the hallucination, he crouches down, crawls away and hides himself. A flow of tenacious saliva is now present. The animal champs his teeth, and smacks his lips. As its tenacity becomes greater and its secretion more rapid, he strives to free his mouth of it with his paws, and this latter act has 16 242 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. sealed the fate of more than one individual by being ee for a bone fixed in the teeth or throat.* The voice at this time becomes ‘strangely altered. It is hardly possible to describe it, though when once heard it can never be forgotten. It is kind of blending between a bark and a howl, having a croupy sound, and most frequently is heard at night. * Last year I was requested to visit a small toy terrier, belonging to a lady of title. The messenger informed me the animal was supposed to have a bone inits throat.” On my arrival, which was between nine and ten p-m., I found the subject, which the keeper’s wife was nursing, with its mouth slightly open. On removing my hand, after closing the jaws, the lower one again dropped half an inch. External: manipulation about the throat produced no indications of pain or irritability. I then—not suspecting any thing serious or unusual from the information I had received, pro- ceeded, with the aid of a candle-light, to examine the posterior part of the mouth. This was discovered to be inflamed, but no bone could be detected. I then passed my-.two fore-fingers down, with the same result. Thinking it possible the bone had passed on, and probably left some laceration be- hind, with paralysis from its long retention in a fixed position, I ordered a hot linseed-meal or mustard-poultice to the throat, and a little warm beef- tea or broth to be given, promising to call the following day. This I was prevented from doing, and an assistant was sent instead. I, however, omitted to tell him the nature: of the case, but he: came back with the idea, probably from being also told the same tale, viz., that the dog had “ swal- lowed a bone.” The following day I again visited the patient, when, upon opening the door,of the room, the animal, without barking, made a rush at me. Pulling the door to quickly, I waited a minute or so, and then cautiously looked in. He was crouching in a corner with his eyes half-closed, and his head nodding in a drowsy manner. He gave a start, or, as it were, awoke suddenly, changed his position, and fell off again in the same drowsy state; the lower jaw stid remained dropped. I imme- diately became impressed with the belief that it was a case of dumb rabies, but, to make the matter.more certain, I ordered the animal to be placed in security, and carefully watched. Next morning, unmistakable symptoms, of rabies manifested themselves, and the dog was shot. Another animal, a companion, sickened in like manner, and was also destroyed. Fortu- _ately, I had no abrasions on my hands, or I might have shared a similar fate. I mention this case as illustrative of the great care and suspicion with which such cases and their aston should be received. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 243 A thoroughly savage and morose disposition becomes at this period firmly established. Any article presented will be seized and ferociously mangled. The poor creature in its paroxysms is regardless of pain; the lips are wounded, and even the teeth broken, in its frantic efforts to avenge some imagined injury or offence.* During and immediately after the paroeysi, the breathing is short and painful, and the animal looks-an exhausted ob- ject, as if suffering from the effects of a hard-fought ean ary battle. As the malady proceeds towards its last stage, the head . frequently becomes swollen, particularly about the eyes, which assume a brilliant or iustrouis appearance, and the conjuncti- val membrane is deeply injected. An anxious haggard coun- tenance is present throughout. The animal may gradually sink into a state.of stupor, or die in a paroxysm of rage. Paralysis is sometimes associated with the disease from its commencement, and is rarely absent towards its termination. Euaeiatian: is sapid under all cir- cumstances. One marked symptom in fabtes, as opposed to all other nervous affections, is the magical influence of voices the animal is accustomed to. Even in moments of frenzy the call of one the poor sufferer knows is instantly recognized, and for a brief space of time produces an appearance of sanity. It has been stated by a professed authority, Grantley F. Berkeley, that “ Dogs become utterly sane through es _per, and are for the time mad to all ‘intents and Purposes “Tf you prevent distemper in dogs ‘ by vaccination’ () well performed, you decrease the madness in dogs, which in num- berless cases arise from the effects of the “common distemper,’ * These fits of fury are not always attendant on rabies, if the animal be left to itself; but nervous excitability aire to be predominant more or less throughout the disease. _ 2 oe : 244 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. but which is often vulgarly termed ‘ hydrophobia.’ ”* (I pre- sume rabies canina is meant.) Any such marked insanity in distemper it has never yet been the lot of the author to observe, nor, as far as he can gather, has it been noted by any ether veterinarian. Rabies and distemper are, in fact, as widely different in character and pathology as it is possible for two canine maladies to be. Those nervous symptoms which are frequently present in the subacute stages of distemper, do not bear the slightest analogy to “rabid insanity,” and only those inexperienced in the latter disease could mistaké them. An unusual affection has been described as another symp- tom, and whether the unfortunate creature being aware of its hopeless condition accounts for it, is only surmise. Certain it is such a manifestation i is, especially in the earlier stages, very frequent. Another symptom worthy of note and exceedingly charac- teristic, is the appetite. This invariably assumes a morbid character. Portions of wood, stones, earth, hair, excrement, and other filth are devoured, whilst the ordinary meal remains untouched.t The vomiting of blood in the early stage of the malady, described by some authors,‘is not by any means an invariable symptom of rabies. The sanguinary tinge of the vomit more * From letter in the Morning Post, dated Sept 11th, 1877. The ital- ics are mine. t Devouring the excrement has wrongly been described as an infalli- ble sign of rabies. I say wrongly, because dogs in robust health will oc- casionally contract this disgusting habit, puppies in particular. Therefore it is only to be taken cognizance of in connection with the other symp- toms. Again, morbid appetites are often associated with some peculiar condition of the sympathetic nervous system, independent of rabies.’ This is especially to be observed in pregnancy. Strange and impossible grati- fication of fancies and desires fill the human mind, and the same idiocrasy exists in the lower animals. In-calf cows often devour leather, linen, and other strange substances. Looking at it from another point of vicw, ra- ‘ bies coming under the class of nervous diseases, we should not be sur- prised at similar morbid appetites being p-esent. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 245 frequently proceeds from wounds of the tongue or mouth, than from any morbid condition of the stomach. Lastly, when a dog unconfined becomes rabid, there is much that is characteristic in his mode of travelling. His gait may be termed a rambling, or jog-trot. The head is car- tied low, the tongue protrudes from the side of the mouth, or hangs pendent in front, swollen and covered with dirt. It is rare he turns from his path to attack any thing (unless. be an animal of the same species, to which they invariably show the greatest animosity), but woe betide any one who attempts to stay his onward course. This pace is continued with little intermission until exhaustion overtakes him, or it may be a fit, when he creeps into an obscure place, and lies in a fatigued or comatose state for hours. Such then, as I have endeavored clearly to describe them, are the leading symptoms of this horrible malady. Tranquil or Dumb Madness.—The general symptoms in this form of rabies are much the same asin the preceding, with the exception of absence of voice, modification of ner- vous excitability, and paralysis of the muscles of the lower jaw. The latter is a curious and characteristic feature in this type of the malady. AsI observed in “Land and Water” with regard to the Albrighton hounds, “ No particular period can be given at which this symptom is observed. One at feeding time had refused its food, and in three hours after its jaw had dropped ; another, apparently well at night, was found similarly affected the following morning, and, in fact, in many of them this paralysis was noticed before any other symptom.” " Frequently in packs of hounds the two forms of rabies exhibit themselves simultaneously, and as inoculation from glanders produces farcy, and vice versd, so ferocious madness may give rise to the dumb or furious form. Maternal affection is not interfered with.* * “The maternal affection for its young remains as strong in the ra- bid as it isin the healthy dog. M. Defays, a professor at the Brussels 246 THE MANAGEMENT .AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. Post-mortem. . Appearances. These differ considerably ; two, in all particulars, scarcely ever being alike. Indeed the pathological anatomy of rabies appears to be as varied as it is obscure. The following may be taken as some of the chief conditions usually seen, but rarely combined : Congestion of ue brain, occasionally extending to the spinal cord. . Serous effusion within the membranes of both. Hemorrhage into the substance of the brain. Inflammation of the fauces, glottis, upper portion of the trachea and glands of the throat, with enlargement of the latter. These structures are more particularly implicated in dumb madness. Lungs frequently gorged with blood, especially if the ani- mal has died from asphyxia. Foreign matters ‘in the posterior part of the mouth, in the stomach and intestines, as hair, straw, wood, earth, etc. Or the absence of either, and the presence of blood, mucus, or brown coffee-colored fluid in the stomach. Patches of inflammation in the lining membrane of the Stomach and bowels. Enlargement and inflammation of the mesenteric glands. Enlargement and engorgement of the spleen and liver. ‘The appearances in the brain, throat, and digestive organs form the most confirmatory evidence of rabies. From the excellent and valuable annual report of the cases Veterinary School, gives an instance of a bitch that had three puppies, and two-days afterwards suddenly exhibited all the symptoms of rabies, Notwithstanding the severe attacks of the malady, the poor creature. continued to suckle its young, and ran anxiously to them when they emit- ted the slightest cry ; not being able to swallow any fluid, RNY the secretion of milk was suspended, and the puppies died. “*But this event did not-alter its desire to be near, and to fondle them, and to cover them over with straw, as if to hide them;.it was only when complete paralysis had supervened that the unfortunate animal ceased to occupy itself with its dead offspring.”—“Annales de Méd. Vétérinaire,” Brussels, October, 1871. (Fleming.) DISEASES OF .THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. | . 247 brought for observation on treatment, to the Vienna Imperial Veterinary Institute, and published in the “ CEsterreichische Vierteljahresschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Veterinarkunde,” for 1875* we observe that in the session of 1873-4, there were no fewer than 125 dogs admitted as rabid, or suspected of being affected with rabies. ‘Though some of the pathological alterations were so frequent that they could be accurately grouped, yet others were so inconstant that there could not be said to be any certain indication of the: presence of the disease. In some were found alterations in. the brain ; in others, changes in the blood, lymphatic glands, and kidneys ; and in others, morbid manifestations in the ‘digestive organs were met with. The malady prevailed as an epizooty, and an- imals of both sexes, various ages and breeds, when or whether bitten often unknown, were at different times brought to the Institute. Frequently little could be learned with regard to the animals. which were brought dead, and even their con- dition previous to death could rarely be ascertained. With regard to the value of some pathological alterations in forming a judgment as to the presence of the disease, the following epitome is given of the result of the necroscopical examina- tions made of these animals: ; a. Alterations in the brain. 1. Hamorrhage into the ~ subcutaneous tissue of the cranium of a suspected dog. 2. Hemorrhage into the dura mater of two rabid and one sus- pected animals. 3. Injection in the péa mater and plexus choroides in 28 rabid and 2 suspected. 4. Hypersemia of the brain in 2 rabid. 5. Softening of the brain in various degrees —from mere shining softness (gtradind und wetersein) to com- plete pulpy liquefaction —in 35 rabid and 2 suspected animals (of these the’ whole brain was generally involved in 3 rabid cases; the cerebellum in 3 rabid, and 2 suspected ; the upper surface and base of the brainin1 rabid animal. 6. Distension of the lateral ventricles, through a collection of * From the “ Veterinary Journal,” October, 1876. . 248 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. serum therein, in 10 rabid animals, 1 of which had the right ventricle unusually dilated while the left was normal. 4. Alterations in the circulatory apparatus and the blood. 1. Pericarditis in 1 suspected dog. 2. Capillary haemorrhage into the pericardium in 2 rabid cases. 3. Hemorrhage be- neath the endocardium in1 rabid case. 4. Alterations in the blood alone in 83 rabid, and 28 suspected animals. The blood was of a light red-color in 13 rabid and 1 suspected ; fluid in the heart in 2 rabid, slightly coagulated in 5 rabid, and with a dense whitish fibrinous clot in 6 rabid and 1 sus- pected dogs.. The blood was dark-red to black-red (schwarz- - roth) in 7o rabid and 27 suspected. (a) In the heart it was quite fluid in rz rabid and 4 suspected. (4) Slightly coagu- lated in 21 rabid and 11 suspected. (c) With a soft fibrinous clot in g rabid ; and (2) it had a dense grey clot in 29 rabid and 7 suspected animals. Bacteria (S¢ddehen) in the blood were in some cases numerous, in others few; in. none were they very abundant. Angmia was present in 4 rabid ani- mals. ¢, Alterations in the spleen and mesenteric glands were noted in 68 rabid and 11 suspected animals. 1. Lymphatic nodules in the spleen in 1 rabid creature. 2. Enlargement of the spleen alone in 25 rabid and 3 suspected. 3. Tume- faction of the mesenteric glands alone in 21 rabid and 6 ~ suspected. 4. Enlargement of the spleen and mesenteric glands in 21 rabid and 2 suspected dogs. @. Alterations in the respiratory apparatus in 86 rabid and 16 suspected animals. 1. Marked pallor of the mucous mem- brane of the larynx and trachea in 2 rabid and 1 suspected animals. 2. Intense injection of the same in 51 rabid and 8 suspected creatures. 3. General dark discoloration of the pharyngeal, laryngeal, and partially of the respiratory mucous membrane in 2 rabid and 1 suspected animals. 4. Capillary hzemorrhage at the entrance to the larynx ini rabid. 5. Ca- pillary haemorrhage in the laryngeal mucous membrane in 1 rabid. 6. Capillary hemorrhage in the pleura pulmonalis in ~ DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 249 r suspected, 7. Bronchial catarrh in 3 rabid. 8. Pulmonary cedema in 11 rabid and 4 suspected. 9. Pneumonia at the border of some lobules—seldom involving entire lobes ; and 10. Hemorrhage into the thoracic cavity from gunshot wounds, in 2 suspected cases. . e. Alterations in the digestive organs. 1. Injuries to the tongue in one rabid dog. 2. Foreign bodies in the mouth and ° throat of 1 rabid and 1 suspected. 3. Stomach empty in 1g rabid and r suspected. 4. Foreign matter in the stomach— hair, wood, straw, grass, leaves, soil, cherry-stones (and in one case a living horse-fly attached to the mucous membrane) —in 56 rabid and 21 suspected. 5. Foreign matter besides hair in intestines in 6 rabid and 3 suspected. 6. Blood in the stomach in z rabid. 7. Injection of the serous membrane of the stomach only in 43 rabid and 2 suspected. 8. Injec- tion of the serous membrane of the stomach and intestines in 3 rabid and 3 suspected. 9. Pallor of the gastric mucous membrane in r rabid. 10. General redness of the same in 6 rabid. x11. Patchy redness of the same in 2 rabid. 12. Hemorrhagic erosions and ulcers in the same in qo rabid. 13. Marked yellowness of the intestinal mucous membrane and contents of same, in 4 rabid. 14. General redness, with tumefaction of the intestinal mucous membrane and tape- worm, in 58 rabid and 17 suspected. 15. Patchy redness of the mucous membrane of the small intestines, particularly, involving Peyer’s patches, in 27 rabid and g suspected. 16. Diverticular formations in 1 rabid animal. /. Alterations in the urinary and generative organs. 1. Nephritis in 1 rabid and 1 suspected; 2. Cystitis and nephritis in 1 rabid ; 3. Pregnancy, about three weeks, in a rabid bitch. g. Alterations in the locomotory apparatus probably due to injury to the head, were discovered in 3 rabid and 13 sus- pected dogs. In the “ Bericht iiber d. Veterinarwesen in Sachsen,” for 1874, Professor Siedamgrotzky has a paper on the pathological 250 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. anatomy of rabies.* He remarks that the peculiar expres- sion of the rabid dog’s physiognomy has long been recognized as an essential part of the diagnosis, and that this charac- teristic indication is largely due to the dull, heavy eyes, which are so commonly partially covered by the membrana nictitans in rabies. Besides the malady has a tendency to be accompanied by catarrh of the conjunctive, indicated by a collection of mucus in the inner canthus of the eye. Beyond this, there sometimes suddenly appear circumscribed opacities of the cornea, with breaking up of its texture in the centre of these, and so leading to the formation of ulcers. This ulcera- tion progresses so rapidly, that in some cases the substance of the cornea is perforated within two days. These corneal ulcerations are not, however, very common ; Siedamgrotzky had only observed them in six cases, in which two or three ulcers appeared in both eyes.. They are not an accompani- ment of only one form of rabies, but appear in both—dumb as well as furious. On a fost-mortem examination, it is found that the ulcer has penetrated the cornea in a conical manner, and that nothing but a thin layer of fibrin, or a blood coagulum in the anterior chamber, has prevented the escape of the entire contents of the organ. Examined micro- scopically, the corneal ulcer offers no essential difference from that witnessed in distemper: moderate cell-heaping in the vicinity of the ulcer, fatty degeneration of the corneal elements, and opening out of the interstitial substance ; but nothing otherwise characteristic. Siedamgrotzky at first believed that the alteration was. pro- duced by mechanital causes, but from close observation he is satisfied that it may appear in the quietest animals whose eyes have not been exposed to external injury. It is there- fore not unlikely that an interruption in the nutrition is the cause ; though not a general alteration in the nutritive func- tion, nul perhaps rather due originally to an alteration i in the trophic nerves of the eye. * From the “ Veterinary Journal,” October, 1876. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 251 This explanation, of course, cannot be experimentally proved ; but that it has some foundation in fact may be deduced by reference to the extensive derangement in the other nerve regions, particularly in the. branch of. the fifth pair supplying the lower jaw. Alterations in the ophthalmic branch are likewise few when those of the maxillary are so—proving, apparently, that the lesion is central. ; According to Professor-Benedikt (‘“ Wiener Med. Presse,” No. 74)* the disease is a special acute exudative inflammation of the brain, resulting in various forms of hyaloid degenera- tion, which is particularly observed in the neighborhood of the. lenticular nucleus of the anterior lobe—often in this alone. Siedamgrotzky states that he has, in his examina- tions, been particularly careful to inquire into the correctness of this ; and in some cases. of “dumb madness” there was certainly a marked inflammatory condition of a portion of the brain about the fissure of Sylvius. In the “Giornale di Anatomia,” etc., edited by the veterinary professors at the University of Pisa, Rivolta gives the description of a careful examination he made of the brains of seven dogs which had perished from furious rabies transmitted to them by inoculation. The result goes to show that the pathological alterations in that organ consist mainly in more or less marked hyperemia of the pia mater in the cerebral fissures, but especially at the base of the brain, and this hyperemia is never absent from the cerebral plexus choroides ; that softening of the cerebral substance is not frequent, though, on the contrary, the grey substance is con- stantly higher colored ; and that perivascular infiltration of a fatty nature cannot be recognized as characteristic of this disease, as Rivolta has noticed it in other maladies.t In the “ Centralblatt fiir die Medicin Wissenschaften,” t Kolesemkoff reports the results of the examination of ten mad * From the “ Veterinary Journal,” October, 1876. . + Ibid. } Ibid, 252 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. dogs made in Rudneff’s pathological laboratory at St. Peters- burg. The parts examined were the cerebral hemispheres, the corpora striata, thalami optici, cornua ammonis, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, medulla spinalis, and the sympathetic and spinal ganglia. The changes were always most marked in the ganglia, and were as follows: 1. The vessels were much distended and filled with red corpuscles. Here and there along their course were seen groups of red corpuscles, and round indifferent elements (probably emigrated white ‘corpuscles) scattered in the perivascular spaces. The walls of the vessels were spotted with hyaloid masses of various forms, sometimes extending into and obstructing the lumen of the vessel-like thrombi. Not far from these were collec- tions of white and red corpuscles. 2. There was found to be a collection of round, indifferent elements in general around the nerve-cells, sometimes penetrating into the protoplasm of the cells to the number of five or eight ; sometimes in such number as quite to displace the cell-protoplasm. The number of migrated cells produced various changes in the form of the nerve-elements. The nuclei of the cells were sometimes pushed forwards towards the periphery by the intrusive ele- ments. In other cases the nerve-cells seemed entirely re- placed by masses of round indifferent corpuscles. These changes were seen even in isolated nerve-cells. The author points out the analogy of these changes to those described by Popoff in enteric fever and injuries. With regard to the innocuousness of the milk derived from rabid animals, there is a conflict of opinion. Cases, however, are on record both of human beings and the offspring of animals becoming affected through partaking of milk secreted by hydrophobic and rabid subjects ; but many of these cases, it must be confessed, are involved in doubt. Mr. Fleming, in his work on “ Rabies and Hydrophobia,” observes : ‘the influence of the mz/R obtained from animals supposed to be infected with rabies has received much atten- tion, and, as in the case of the flesh, the facts relating to its DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 253 virulence are negative and positive, Among the negative facts, however, those must be distinguished which have refer- ence to the milk derived from animals only bitten by mad dogs, and those really affected with the disease.” “ Andray reports that peasants have used, for more than a month, the milk of a cow which was wounded by a mad dog, without experiencing any inconvenience.* “ An infant fed on the milk of a goat until the day the animal became mad, remained in perfect health. And, what is more striking, another child drank the warm milk drawn from a rabid cow, and no ill effects followed. The veteri- narian, Gellé, has stated that he was commissioned by the Préfet of the Haute-Garonne to inquire into an occurrence reported from the commune of Gagnac, near Toulouse, in which several persons had drunk the milk of a rabid cow every day from the commencement until the fatal termination of the disease. Though some of them were plunged into the greatest terror, none were affected with the disease. “The experiments made by Baumgarten and Valentin concord with the observations made by Gellé ; they are also confirmed by the researches instituted by Baudot, who, a great number of times, noted that neither the milk nor butter ob- tained from rabid cows produced unpleasant effects on whole families who had consumed these articles of food.t “ At the Alfort Veterinary School a ewe which had been wounded by a rabid dog was soon after delivered of twin lambs, which of course it suckled. Twenty-one days after the infliction of the bite the ewe became rabid, and died, but the lambs did not manifest any signs of the disease. “The only positive statements I can meet with as to the milk of a mad dog producing rabies, are the following : Sora- nus of Ephesus, the most distinguished disciple of the Meth- odic School of Medicine, averred that infants at the breast * “ Recherches sur la Rage,” Paris, 1871. + “ Memoires de la Soc. Royale de Médicine,” vol. ii. p. 911 254 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. are sometimes attacked with hydrophobia.* Balthazar Timeus speaks of a peasant, with his wife and children, as well as several other persons, becoming rabid through drink- ing the milk of an affected cow. Eleven of these died; but the peasant and his eldest child were restored by medical treatment—a circumstance which might tend to throw some doubt on the occurrence. Faber mentions instances in which the milk has proved injurious. “An observation made by M. Dussourt, and quoted by Roucher, offers a very probable in- _stance of transmission by the milk of a hydrophobic patient, This was the case of a negress in Algeria, whose child died presenting symptoms similar to those of the mother before she perished. In the same country, however, M. Hugo relates the case of a rabid bitch, whose puppies were suckled by her, and remained in good health. But, again, an instance is given in ‘Cassell’s Magazine’ for July, 1871, in which the puppies suckled by a mad bitch also became rabid.” TF Treatment-—After what I have already said, it is almost cedless to add that I believe treatment, acentdine to past, amid so far as present experiments have gone, to be of no earthly use ; and no man having any regard for his life, how- ever valuable that of his dogs may be, would, I imagine, risk - * Cel. Aurelianus, Op. cit., lib. iii. cap. 2. + “A friend of mine once owned a favorite terrier, which had recently littered five puppies, and as she was kept constantly in his garden, she could not possibly have been bitten for some considerable time. But she suddenly displayed unmistakable symptoms of madness, and ran up and down the garden, with the saliva flying from her jaws, and her head twitch ing from side to side, as the heads of all maddogsdo. . . . But, even’ in her frenzy, her maternal instinct was too strong, and she ran back to her kennel, and began suckling her puppies. . . . Here is the strangest part of the story, and to me it seems very pathetic: all her little puppies were raving mad too, and the foam hung in flakes about their mouths, and their poor little heads twitched, just as the mother’s had done. They had sucked in madness with the milk, for she had not bitten any of them. This was, in my experience at least, a new feature in the history of hydro phobia.” DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 255 * * it in administering all the talked-of remedies that have from time to time cropped up. Prevention is at all times better than cure, and when abies makes its appearance in a kennel, isolation of the apparently healthy or unbitten ones I strongly recommend, until a suffi- cient period has-elapsed to prove they have escaped inocula- tion.. With regard to ourselves, all dog-bites, as a precautionary measure, should be treated as if they were inflicted bya rabid animal—ze., by immediate suction, followed by the applica- tion of- the actual cautery or nitric acid. When rabies is suspected, the suction should be directly followed by com- - plete excision of the wound, performed as quickly as possible ; after which, without loss of time, the cautery or acid should -be freely used. Compression above the wound, especially in the first instance, is also valuable. The same measures, excepting the suction, which to some degree might be done with a cupping-glass, will apply to a dog bitten under suspicious circumstances. Many unfortunate animals arc condemned as rabid, through the ignorance of inexperienced persons (see “ Epilepsy.”) The cry of “ Mad Dog,” nowadays, is quite sufficient to cause an excited mob to hunt down a poor harmless creature who has perchance lost his master, and in fear and excitement frantically seeks for him up one thoruughfare and down an- other. Panting and distressed, he at last falls exhausted, or is compelled to rest: truncheons, bludgeons, brooms, etc., or a revolver, are brought to bear on the luckless animal, and often brutal is the torture inflicted before the supposed mad dog is put out of danger. In occupying so much space with this subject (Rabies), as compared with the majority of diseases contained in this work, I can but plead as my excuse the immense and vital importance of acquiring a thorough and unprejudiced knowl- edge of this fearful canine scourge, and more especially as at the present time we are being continually reminded of its presence. Publicly and professionally, hydrophobia and 256 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. rabies is one of the leading topics of the day, and though . strong doubts exist in my own mind as to the reality of many of the cases reported, yet no doubt there is much cause to fear that unless more active measures are adopted, this most to be dreaded of all maladies will continue to increase. Dr. Acland observes: “We have enough, through the splendid tables of mortality, monuments alike of English civ- ilization and of official zeal, prepared by Major Graham and Dr. Farr, of Somerset House, to show that the present panic in this country depends on the horrors of the complaint, not on its frequency, and upon the just conviction that it is high time to prevent its increase.” * Let us yet hope, dubious as I have already said the reali- zation may be, that the time is not far distant when curative measures for hydrophobia and rabies shall be discovered. That man will deserve well of his fellows who has the honor of such a discovery. : “The literature of this malady is indeed advancing at a wonderful rate, and it is almost daily receiving additions. Perhaps the most valuable and complete is to be found in a series of articles which are now appearing in the ‘Medical Press and Circular,’ and which we can highly recommend to those who are studying the subject, either in man sr animals,” The above opinion I can thoroughly endorse, having perused the articles mentioned ; but I would also refer my readers to that splendid treatise on “Rabies and Hydro- phobia,” by G. Fleming ;—an ornament to our literature, and a work which, apart from its high scientific merits, contains so much information of considerable value to all persons interested in the canine race and their worst malady. The Contemporary Review,” Jan., 1878. (Dog-Poison in Man.) a ‘Wetezne sy I ournal,” Leading Article, February, 1878. . e . DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 257 EPILEPSY. Dogs of all breeds are very liable to fits, and the epileptic is the form most frequently met with. To say that epilepsy has been confounded over and over again with rabies, would be stating what is correct. A mistake, unfortunately, for the poor dog ; but which, I am happy to say, is usually made, not by veterinarians, but by misguided policemen, with the usual mob to back them up. I remember reading, some few years since, in a leading paper, of madness in dogs, in which article the writer, if he had been: a professional man, could not have more faithfully described the leading symptoms of epilepsy. Sudden reeling, falling over, foaming at the mouth, and convulsions are not diagnostic of rabies. Hence, it is from the mistake these symptoms engender, from not being understood, that a panic is, from time to time, created in otherwise peaceful districts by such newspaper headings as “ A mad dog at large,” “ Outbreak of rabies, exciting scene,” and such like. Not long ago, I was walking t6 town with a young mastiff- dog. Soon after starting he vomited a quantity of worms ; half a mile farther on an epileptic fit seized him, and being ona main road innumerable suggestions of rabies were of- fered, with kind offers of destruction. However, the animal was secured by his chain to a post, a cold water douche given ; and shortly afterwards a gig conveyed him safely home. Epilepsy may take place at any age; but youth and old age are the two most susceptible periods. Predisposing Causes.—Hereditary disposition, nervous irritability, general debility, suckling large families. Exciting Causes.—Worms, dentition, suppression of natu- ral secretions and evacuations, sudden fear or excitement, over exertion after feeding, rapid exertion in obese condition, and too much flesh meat—especially in young dogs. Symptoms.—Epilepsy, as a rule, is not ushered in by any premonitory warning. The animal, apparently in perfect 17 258 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. health, is in a moment seized with a fit, and this generally occurs, during locomotion. He suddenly reels, as though intoxicated ; falls on his side ; and violent convulsive spasms attack the voluntary muscles, especially of the limbs, which keep up a continuous kicking motion. Frequently a sharp cry escapes the animal when he falls, and these are at times succeeded by others of a whimpering nature. During the attack the urine and faeces are often voided. The tongue is some- times severely bitten, the gums are of a leaden or livid hue,’ the mouth filled with frothy saliva, and the eyes unnaturally prominent. Epilepsy passes through its course with marvellous rapidity ; five minutes from the seizure the animal may regain its legs, and appear in its usual health. There are, however, cases in. which, after the foregoing symptoms have passed away, the creature lies motionless and utterly unconscious, as if it were sound asleep ; and this state may continue for half an hour or more. The dog recovering from epilepsy usually has a peculiar, bewildered look. Immediately he regains his feet, he either makes off with himself as fast as his legs can carry him, or viciously rushes at those about him. This latter is one of the most unpleasant symptoms of the disease, for the animal is indisposed alike to friends and strangers ; and this is an- other of the inducements for a verdict of madness. One fit is often the forerunner of others, which continue in rapid succession for a considerable time. In such instances the prognosis is unfavorable. — Epilepsy frequently ushers in distemper, and also more frequently terminates it. Treatment.—Immediately a dog at large is seized with epilepsy, care should be taken to secure him, for the double purpose of preventing him biting, and also running away. The collar should not be tighter than is absolutely necessary, or dangerous results will follow from pressure on the. vessels of the neck. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 259 - Cold water is certainly the best ready-at-hand application ; this may be dashed freely in the face, or what is better, if within reach, a tap turned on the animal’s head. Bleeding as a rule is unnecessary, and injudicious. Epilepsy generally arises from debility and nervous irrita- tion ; therefore in the after treatment it is our duty to seek for and remove the causes giving rise to this condition. If it be worms, the speedier they are removed the better. If den- tition, a proper attention to that process, and the regularity ‘of natural functions is to be observed. If from the suppres- sion of natural secretions and evacuations, a restoration of suspended function must be induced. If from sudden excite- ment, as music, steam-engine whistles, and the like, such noises should be avoided, or we should by degrees get the animal accustomed to them. If from suckling, withdrawal of whelps, and a more liberal diet, with tonics. If from over= exertion after feeding, the cause must not be repeated. If from rapid exertion in obese condition, reduce the latter and regulate the former. If from flesh meat, an alteration in the . quantity should be made, or suspended for a time altogether: ’ When coma succeeds the attack, ammonia should be ap- plied to the nostrils, and the gums rubbed with brandy. The back of the head may also, in protracted cases, be stimulated with mustard or turpentine embrocation. APOPLEXY. Apoplexy, or congestion of the vessels of the brain, is generally met with in aged gross dogs, irregularly exercised. Predisposing Causes.—Plethora, obesity, especially in pugs and bull-dogs. Exciting Causes.—Violent exercise, intense heat, pressure on the vessels of the neck from tight collars or dragging at the chain, derangement of the digestive organs, violent strain- ‘ing, especially in parturition narcotics. 260 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. Symptoms. Partial or entire insensibility ; heavy sterto- rous breathing ; fixed blood-shot eyes ; slow pulse. Treatment.—Blood should be abstracted from the jugular, if possible, or the hair shaved off the back of the head, and leeches applied. Ammonia should be placed to the nostrils, brandy rubbed on the gums, and counter-irritation along the spine. VERTIGO. Dogs are occasionally seized with a kind of dizziness or vertigo. They suddenly fall, remain unconscious for a minute or two, and motionless ; and then almost as suddenly regain their legs, and with the exception of appearing a little be- wildered, seemed as though nothing unusual had happened. Such seizures are generally due to biain pressure, most frequently from some retarding influence in the return of blood from the head, as a tight collar, glandular enlargements, bronchocele, etc. A disordered condition of stomach is like- wise a predisposing cause, and the susceptibility to an attack of vertigo is greater after a full meal, and particularly if any of the above-named obstructions to the circulation also exist. : Treatment, This consists in removal of. the cause ; neck pressure as far as possible should be avoided ; a healthy state of the digestive organs maintained ; with proper obser- vance of hygienics. CHOREA. Chorea, or St. Vitus’s dance, is a purely nervous affection, and is the result generally of an irritable and impaired con- dition of the nervous. system. It may be general or local. The limbs are frequently first observed affected, ultimately DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 261 the body, face, and jaws may be involved, the latter exhibiting tetanic symptoms.* Symptoms.—Chorea is denoted bya peculiar snatching or twitching of the part affected. If the brain is involved, the head is in continual spasmodic tremulous motion, and may best be described as a fac-simile of an aged palsied person. It has been known in human practice to arise from sympathy and imitation. I am not aware of any instance in which a dog has so contracted it. Treatment.—With regard to medicinal agents, the one most applicable to this affection is undoubtedly strychnia or nux vomica. I do not recollect a single case of chorea, taken in its early stages, in which I have failed to.effect a cure with this drug. Great caution is, however, required in its adminis- tration. It should always be given at a stated time, and after a meal ; this is especially necessary where the doses have been gradually increased, otherwise a fatal result is likely to ensue. I could mention more than one instance in which death has occurred from neglecting this caution. In each the patient has been under a long course of strychnia, and the dose had been increased to more than treble the original quantity ; by some mischance the drug was omitted for a day, and when next given it produced convulsions and death. The dose of strychnia is 7 to py of a grain ; the nux vomica from 1 to 2 grains. It is best, however, to commence below either of the minimums mentioned, and after the first three days gradually increase it. It should be given twice daily in the form of a pill. If there is any difficulty in administering it, the liquor strychnia may be substituted, which contains half a grain to the drachm, and may be proportionately divided. Local remedies in chorea are sometimes beneficial. Ihave * [ have at the time of writing this, under treatment, a pug dog exten- sively afflicted with chorea; the jaw can only be opened half an inch, and goes to again with a sharp snap. The lips are convulsed. 262 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG, found setons exceedingly valuable. If the convulsive move- ments are confined to the hind parts, the seton should be in- serted across the loins; if general, at the back of the head and loins. Counter-irritation along the spine is also service- able. Though in prnefple the hot-bath, from its relaxing ten- dency, may appear wrong, it is nevertheless in chorea occasion- ally attended with considerable benefit. It certainly affords ' relief in those cases where the convulsive movements are excessive, and so far I have found no after evil from its use. The less the patient is disturbed the better ; particular attention should be paid to the bed being dry and the bowels regular—two great essentials in paralytic affections. When abatement of the twitchings with returning strength is ob- served, a favorable issue may be expected ; but the medicine should not be discontinued so long as any nervous affection remains, and it should be gradually, not suddenly suspended. When the patient is able to walk, a short exercise each day may be given with benefit. The fresh air acts as a tonic, new scenery diverts the mind, and exercise encourages the natural habits and functions of the animal. Tinct. ferri and cod-liver oil is advisable after discontinu- ing the strychnia, until recovery is complete. The diet throughout must be nourishing and digestible and forcibly administered if the patient refuses to take it. Constipation is generally present in chorea, and is best relieved with enemas. Occasionally rheumatism becomes associated with ‘chorea and then the heart is frequently complicated (see “ Heart Diseases”). In such cases a cure is hopeless, but under judicious treatment and careful nursing the rheumatic and chorea symptoms may be considerably modified, and the animal’s life thereby prolonged. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 263 PARALYSIS. Paralysis may be general or partial ; Ze, the whole mus- cular system may be involved, or certain branches of it. Paralysis generally is due to pressure on the brain or spinal cord, or it may arise from injury, disease, or pressure of the nerve itself. - When it arises from the brain the whole of the body is — usually affected. If only one side of the brain is injured, then the reverse side of the body is most frequently paralyzed. When the spinal cord is injured the paralysis is confined to those parts behind the seat of injury: Paralysis also follows certain conditions of the body, inde- pendent of.actual disease of the brain or other nerve centres, as in protracted constipation, distended bladder, chorea, dis- temper, old age, and general debility. Paralysis of the hind-quarters is the form commonly seen in canine practice, and this is frequently associated with dis- temper or chorea. Paralysis of the lower jaw, unless it arises from direct in- jury to the nerves in that part, is a marked symptom of dumb madness. - Symptoms.—Loss of power, weakness, and muscular twitch- ings, are the early symptoms of paralysis. The affection may come on gradually or suddenly ; if of long duration atrophy of the muscles and emaciation take place, the effect of inac- tion through lack of nerve stimulation. Treatment.—In the treatment of paralysis, it is necessary that we should first ascertain the cause. If, for instance, it arises from injury to the brain from a depressed portion of the skull, an operation is at once indicated for the removal of that pressure. If from constipation or distended bladder, means used for the relief of both are are to be afforded ; if from debility, a restoration to vigor by liberal diet, exercise and tonics is necessary. The same will apply in chorea and 264 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. distemper. In old age, when the nerve force is as a natural result weak, no treatment beyond attention to the secretory and excretory functions is of service. The medicinal agent most effectual in paralysis is undoubt- edly strychnia or nux vomica, and this, in chronic cases, may be advantageously combined with iron, quinine, or both. Nux vomica, which is perhaps the most convenient form of administering strychnia, is prescribed in from 1 to 2 grains twice daily, and may be gradually increased after the third or fourth day, in proportion to the requirements of the case.* The dose of iron (sulphate) is 5 to 10 grains, quinine 1 to 2 grains. Local measures are often serviceable in paralytic affections as counter-irritation, setons, and galvanism. When walking, if only imperfectly performed, is within the power of the animal, it should be daily but not tiringly in- sisted on. The diet should be nourishing, easy of digestion, and slightly relaxing. In all cases of paralysis particular attention to the material of which the bed is composed, and its dryness, is most essen- tial. Straw, dried fern, or heather, form the most suitable materials. Whichever is used should be on perforated boarded floor, and as far removed from the ground as may be necessary to health. (See “Kennel Arrangements.’”’) When the affection is established in such a manner as to render the animal helpless, the patient should not be allowed to lie too long in one position, otherwise troublesome sores * It may be well, perhaps, to observe that in the administration of this drug extreme care is required, particularly in the increase of the dose and the times at which it is given. When any alteration is made in the quan- tity, it should be very gradual. The best time for the patient to have it is shortly after feeding, and the hour should always be the same. Neglect in these matters has caused many fatal issues in what might otherwise have been satisfactory cases. It is advisable, also, in leaving the medicine off, to gradually and not suddenly suspend it. . DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 265 are apt to arise. In cases where they do, fuller’s earth, alum and flour—one part of the former to three of.the latter, or the oxide of zinc ointment or lotion, are the most suitable appli- cations. In confirmed and chronic paralysis, complete recovery is rarely witnesed ; some lingering effect, as twitching or tremor of a part, being observable throughout life. In such instances, undue exposure, to cold and damp should be avoided. CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN. The brain of the dog, though strongly protected in com- parison with that of the human being and some of the lowér animals, is nevertheless at times subjected to severe shocks from external violence, as falls, blows, etc. Symptoms.—The patient lies insensible or (in common parlance) stunned, and motionless. The respiration is slow and feeble, the pulse quick and small, the pupils are gener- ally contracted and insensible to light. As the senses gradually return, vomiting usually takes place ; when in locomotion, the hou is carried low, the eyes have a vacant dreamy expression, and the gait is reeling and unsteady, the animal blunders forward and butts against various objects in its way. , Treatment,—The attention of the surgeon should first be directed to the head, which should be carefully examined to ascertain if there be any injury or fracture of the skull. If the latter exists, and there is depression of the broken parts, their elevation is at once indicated. If there is an external wound, it should be carefully attended to, and hemorrhage, if any, arrested. With regard to further treatment, ammonia may be applied to the nostrils, and the gums and lips rubbed with brandy ; 266 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. -and, so soon as the patient is able to swallow, a little of the latter may be poured down the throat. .. When inflammatory symptoms succeed the coma, local bleeding by means of leeches to the temples and back of the head, followed by counter-irritation, is advisable. The bowels at the same time should be kept freely opened. Strict quietude should be observed throughout. The food should be plain and not excessive in quantity. The effects of concussion are often apparent for some con- siderable time afterwards; being usually exhibited in a wild unnatural stare of the eyes, with, from time to time, particu- larly after feeding, a reeling gait. In such cases I recommend the insertion of a seton at the back of the head, small doses of aperient medicine pretty fre- quently, and the daily administration of nux vomica. COMPRESSION OF THE BRAIN. Compression of the brain may arise from extravasated blood within the cranium, morbid growths in connection with the latter or its contents, the formation of pus or accumula- tion of serum within the cranial cavity or substance of the brain, or by mere distension of the bloodvessels (congestion) , but probably it more frequently occurs from fracture of the skull, with depression of the broken parts.* Symptoms.—Partial or complete coma, depending upon the seat and extent of compression. The breathing is slow, labored, and generally stertorous, pulse slow and sometimes intermittent, eyes fixed, pupils dilated and insensible to light ; the limbs are relaxed and motionless, the faeces and urine are frequently passed involuntarily. Treatment.—To remove, if possible, the cause. If it arises from congestion of the brain—from mere distension of the * See “ Fractures.” DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 267 bloodvessels—full local bleeding, and the after administration of stimulants, with aperient medicine, are the measures indi- cated. If from depression resulting from fracture, elevation of the broken parts will be necessary ; or, if from the forma- tion of pus or accumulation of serum, trephining may be attempted as a dernier ressort. But whatever may be the - cause, it is very important in the treatment adopted, to guard as much as possible against secondary or inflammatory symptoms, which, should they arise, are to be treated as pre- viously described. HYDROCEPHALUS Hydrocephalus, or water on the brain, is by no means an unfrequent canine affection. It is invariably congenital, and is more particularly seen in high-bred dogs, and especially where the in-and-in system of breeding has been adopted. Several instances have come under my own observation attributable, in my opinion, to the latter cause. In one or two cases absolute idiotcy existed: the animals performing absurd motions, and alike regardless of petting or scolding. They were diminutive black-and-tan toys, and, if I may be allowed the expression, were “dred to death :” destitute of hair on the ears and skull, the latter unsightly large ; the eyes painfully prominent and expressionless ; the body deficient in symmetry, and the limbs distorted. And some of the clefects named were considered by the creatures’ owners as indica- tions of the purity of the strain ; and animals of this type are kept, regardless of entreaties to destroy such insults to na- ture, for purposes of breeding. Fortunately, however, nature rarely sanctions issue from such parents. Symptoms.—In addition to those I have named, ee is very frequently present, usually in the hind-limbs, which, in locomotion, are dragged after the animal, There is also ‘often a great disposition to sleep ; but it is generally disturbed °268 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. by fitful starts and suppressed moans, and the eyelids during that period are only partially closed. Treatment.—I have no remark§ to offer on the treatment of canine hydrocephalus, beyond observing that the measures adopted in human practice—compression, puncturing, and the various medicinal agents—might be tried, and possibly with success, in those cases where exceptional reasons for saving animal life and removing the unnatural effects of the disease existed. TURNSIDE. This condition, commonly known in sheep as “Gid,” is sometimes met with in the dog ; but in the latter it is not so frequently due to the presence of hydatids as to other causes. The symptoms are not unlike those mentioned in the preced- ing disease, so far as the inclination to move in one direction and the paralytic associations are concerned. Youatt de- scribes them as follows : “ He becomes listless, dull, off his food, and scarcely re- cognizes any surrounding object. He has no fit; but he wanders about the room for several hours at a time, gener- ally or almost invariably in the same direction, and with his head on one side. At first he carefully avoids the objects that are in his way; but by degrees his mental faculties become impaired ; his sense of vision is confused or lost, and he blunders against every thing. In fact, if uninterrupted, he would continue his strange perambulation incessantly, until he was fairly worn out and died in convulsions.” With regard to post-mortem examinations, he observes: “In some cases I have found spicula projecting from the inner plate of the skull, and pressing upon or even penetra- ting the dura mater. I know not why the dog should be more subject to these irregularities of cranial surface than any of DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 269 our other patients, but decidedly he is so; and where they have pressed upon the brain, there has been injection of the membranes, and sometimes effusion hetween them. “In some cases I have found effusion without this external pressure ; and in some cases, but comparatively few, there has not been any perceptible lesion. . Hydatids have been found in the different passages leading to the cranium, but they have not penetrated ” (?). MENINGITIS. Meningitis, or inflammation of the coverings (meninges) of the brain, in which those enveloping the spinal cord gener- ally become involved, is occasionally seen in the dog. It is usually associated with epilepsy, especially if the seizures are frequent .and protracted. At the present time I have a well- marked case under treatment, the subject being an aged colley sheep-dog. , . The following were the symptoms presented on my first seeing him: eyes deficient in lustre and somewhat vacant, lids frequently closed, head drooped, clonic spasm of the muscles of the lower jaw, the latter repeatedly closing with a sudden click. The animal always lay on the left side ; when walking he inclined the same way ; hurried, reeling locomotion, tongue loaded with fur, nose dry, hot and stuffy, excessive drowsiness with occasional spasmodic twitchings, pulse fre- quent and small, appetite moderately good, with a preference for liquids. I inserted a seton at the back of the head, ordered milk- diet, and prescribed NUX ViOMICAs. «pe ticcroscrengeaiess wlomcnie’s 1% grain. Quinine Sulph ........... 0... eee e eee I grain. Ferri Sulph....... 0... 202s eee cece eee 5 grains. This was given in a dessert-spoonful of sherry, three times a 279 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. day. The patient is slightly, but daily improving under this treatment, and I have hopes of a recovery. He has now been three weeks ill, and a fortnight under treatment. A slight in- crease was made in the nux vomica recently. M. Leblanc records the following case of meningitis in the “ Veterinarian,” 1843: “A dog, aged three years, was very subject to epileptic fits. After a considerable period the fits would cease. I have often seen these fits cease with the complete evolution of the adult teeth. The last fit was a very strong one, and was followed by peculiar symptoms—the animal became dispirited, the eyes lost their usual lively appearance, and the eyelids were often closed. The dog became very drowsy, and during sleep there were observed, from time to time, spasmodic move- ments, principally of the muscles of the head and chest. He always lay down on the left side. When he walked he had a marked propensity to turn to the left. The animal was placed under my care. I employed purgatives, a seton in the back part of the neck, and the application of the cautery to the left side of the forehead ; but nothing would stop the ‘progress of the disease, and the dog died in the course of two months — after the last epileptic fit. ee “ During his abode in my establishment, he had the run of the garden when it was fine weather. From the drowsiness that he manifested when he was shut up, he nearly always re- covered himself when he had his liberty, and especially while his strength remained. He was constantly in motion, and perpetually walking up and down from right to left. This terminated by falling from mere weariness ; but he presently rose again and recommenced his travels, and always with a quick pace. Latterly he began to take a circular course in- stead of following that of the walks, which were rectangular ; he then traversed the squares, totally regardless of, or not seeing, the obstacles that were in his way. “When he was stopped by some obstacle, he at first en: deavored to make it give way ; but if it resisted his efforts in DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 271 a.circular direction he turned aside, but always to the left. The nearer he approached his end the smaller were the cir- cles that he took, and, in the latter period of his existence, he did little more than turn, as he would on a pivot. When the time arrived that he could walk no more, he used.to lay him- self down on his left side, or, if we put him on the right side, - he turned his head always to the left. During the whole of the case I did not observe any very evident signs of palsy. For a considerable period he had eaten with appetite ; but nevertheless he grew thin from day to day, although he was too well fed by the owners, who continually crammed him with food, notwithstanding my efforts to prevent it. “ At the post-mortem examination I found a remarkable thickening of the meninges on almost the whole of the left lobe of the brain. “The dura mater, the two layers of the arachnoid mem- brane and the pia mater, did not constitute more than one mem- brane of the usual thickness, aud presented a somewhat yel- low covering. The cerebral substance of the left lobe ap- peared to be a little firmer than that of the right lobe. The fissures of the cerebral circumvolutions were here much less deep than those of the other side. The bloodves- sels which ran in the fissures were of smaller size, and in some places could scarcely be discovered.” The following interesting case, recorded by Messrs. Gowing and Son, in the “ Veterinarian” for May, 1870, may be classed under the head of meningeal disease: “On the 2d inst., our attendance was requested at Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, in respect of a white terrier dog, eighteen months old. The history of the case is as follows : e 8 _ “The owner stated that the dog had been brought from Oxford, and that he had recently lost his vision. On exami- nation it was found that the pupils of both eyes were some- what dilated, and there was no power of recognizing objects ; the other special senses did not appear to be interfered with, 272 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. as the dog recognized his master’s voice, and would come to him when called; this he would do slowly and carefully, apparently using his sense of smell ashis guide. The owner was asked if the animal had ever received a blow upon the head, and in reply he stated that he had reason to believe he had met with some injury in the stable, he thought from one of the horses. The owner had had the dog examined at Oxford, and afterwards brought him to London for our opin- ion. After the examination we felt satisfied that the dog was suffering from some diseased condition of the brain, and that his loss of vision was due to this cause. It was noticed that the dog was steady and cautious in his movements, turning neither to the right nor to the left, yet he seemed perfectly obedient to his master’s call. For the purpose of treatment the dog was removed to our infirmary, and general depletive measures was used at first ; mild doses of aperient rnedicine were given occasionally, and some improvement appeared to be produced, as the animal could, after a time, see with the left eye ; he recognized his feeder, and ran after a cat that: accidentally got into his box. This was so far satisfactory, as indicating that his sight had partially returned ; he ate his food, and took fluids freely, but on the 15th inst., after his meal, he vomited, and seemed much prostrated. The attendant de- sired us to look at him, as he thought he was considerably worse ; he was found lying on his left side, with the head protruded and the nose pointing upwards. There was a rigid condition of the muscles of the neck, the pulsation of the heart was feeble, and it was apparent that the animal’s end was approaching. He died at five o’clock, p.m.” Post-mortem Examination.—On removing the calvarium it was apparent that effusion had taken place into that part of the arachnoid sac which is reflected over the left hemisphere; a slight puncture, made by the saw while the bone was being removed, was followed by the forcible expulsion of pus-like fluid. The dura mater was dark-red in color, and came away from the bone very easily ; the inner surface of the portion DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 273 unaer which the effusion had occurred was covered with a soft pulpy mass of pus and recently-exuded fibrin, which also was spread over the surface of the hemisphere. This portion ‘of the brain was somewhat diminished in bulk, but no morbid appearances were observed in its structure ; in the centre of the left corpus striatum a recent haemorrhagic clot was found. “Under the microscope the exudation was found to con- sist of ordinary inflammatory products, numerous pus cor- puscles, large exudation corpuscles, fat granules, and fine white fibres.” NEURALGIA. Mr. Fleming has kindly given me the following par- ticulars of an interesting case which came under his care: “ An Irish setter, three or four years old, very fond of the water, which she went into all seasons, summer and winter, was sent to me for my opinion. Her master complained that at night, and even during the day, she was seized with fits of howling and screaming, and appeared to be suffering most acute pain. I examined the mouth carefully for decayed teeth, the ears for canker, etc., but nothing could be found the matter with her in these respects. When being led away she suddenly gave a piercing howl, bent her head round to the right side, as if suffering from earache or toothache. ‘She gradually rose up on her hind-legs, fell backwards, and lay howling for a considerable time. Another examination was made, but nothing could be discovered to account for the peculiar symptoms. The animal was perfectly conscious throughout. “Surmising the case to be one of tic douloureux or neuralgia, I had a blister applied from the root of the ear along the right side of the face, and a dose of castor-oil ad- ministered. The symptoms continued for two or three days. Twice. a day a little extract of belladonna was rubbed on the blisteed surface. In about a week the animal was quite well, gind there has since been no returns of the symptoms.” | 18 7 | CHAPTER XVII. GENERAL DISEASES. ABSCESS, OBESITY, TUMORS, RHEUMATISM, BRONCHOCELE, RICKETS, DIPHTHERIA, SCROFULA, DISTEMPER, GLANDERS, DROPSY, SMALL-POX, LEUKAMIA, MEASLES, ANEMIA, TETANUS, MARASMUS, CRAMP, PLETHORA, HEART DISEASES. ABSCESS. Aw abscess signifies an encysted collection of pus, z.¢., a quan- tity of matter enclosed in a newly-formed cyst or capsule. An abscess may be external or internal, acute or chronic. External abscess may exist on any portion of the body, and be superficial or deep-seated. Internal abscesses are very frequently associated with a phthisical or scrofulus diathesis, hence preumonic, i ae and mesenteric abscess. Or they may exist independently of such diatheses, and arise from acute inflammatory diseases, blood-poiséning, wounds, and the like, and any of the internal organs become the seat of their formation, (274) GENERAL DISEASES. 275 Glandular structures are especially liable to abscess, and from the complexity of bloodvessels surrounding them, this is not to be wondered at. Symptoms.—The early symptoms of external abscess are pain, heat, redness, and swelling. As the formation proceeds, the enlargement becomes more or less cedematous on its sur- face, from the exudation of serum external to, and surround- ing the cyst, and this causes it to pit on pressure. The abscess enlarges as it develops, the pain increases, and throbbing or “jumping” is felt on placing the fingers on the part. As the pus approaches the surface, fluctuation is perceived, the surrounding parts become glazed and dis- colored, while the point to which the matter is tending for exit becomes thin and colorless. Treatment.—The primary treatment of abscess coasists in encouraging a speedy formation of pus, and this is usually effected by the application of poultices, hot fomentations, or stimulating liniments. When the abscess has arrived at what is vulgarly termed “a head,” which may be known by the symptoms alluded to in its latter stage of development, evacuation by incision should at once take place. A poultice may afterwards be ap- plied, or the sac syringed out with tepid water. The customary practice of squeezing is strongly objection- able, it increases the inflammatory condition of the part, and inflicts additional and unnecessary torture on the patient. It is advisable, to prevent secondary abscess, that the in- cision be kept open for a few days by the insertion of a tent of lint or tow, or the injection of a little stimulating liniment. Usually, more or less febrile disturbance accompanies the formation of acute abscess, and it is advisable, therefore, at the onset, to administer a mild aperient. Again, it must be borne in mind that abscesses, especially if they are of any magnitude, or diffused, are exceedingly debilitating—full sup- port in the shape of nourishing food and tonics (iron) are thus indicated. . 276 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. Chronic Abscess is comparatively slow in development, and is usually seen in old animals, and those of feeble or weak constitution. Pe Such abcesses are generally large and deep-seated, and considerable emaciation usually accompanies them. Treatment.—Evacuation by incision, as in the acute form, is, if practicable, decidedly advisable. Where, however, the situation renders opening dangerous, and the abcess is small, discussion should be attempted by the application of a stimu- lant to absorption over the part, and the administration of a similar agent internally. The tincture of iodine for the for-_ mer, and the iodide of potassium for the latter, are the agents most frequently and beneficially used. Attention to the general condition of the system, especially to the secretions, is also necessary. The food should be plain, wholesome and nutritious. Internal Abscess can rarely be treated by surgical means. The symptoms are usually discovered, if in the lungs, by auscultation, nasal discharge, and the nature of the ex- pectoration ; if in the uterus, by the discharge of pus per vaginam ; if in the kidney, by heat and pain over the loins and difficulty in voiding urine, which is at times mingled with pus. , The symptoms of hepatic abscess are extremely obscure— the usual indications of deranged liver are invarably present, and there is excessive pain on pressure to the right side, which the animal avoids lying on. TUMORS. These may be divided into fatty, fbrous, calcareous, osseous, and melanotic. fatty Tumors are of common occurrence in dogs, especially of the spaniel breed. Their situation is generally subcutane- - GENERAL DISEASES, 277 ous ; I have removed them from the cheek, back, side, thigh, and axilla, They possess a very low organization unless injured, when they will become inflamed—though this is a very rare occur- rence in the dog. Their growth is usually slow, and dependent, to a great ex- tent, on the condition of the patient; in other words, these tumors being composed of adipose tissue, they increase in proportion to the obesity or development of this tissue in other parts of the animal. Diagnosis is generally simple. The substance is smooth, movable, unattached, and pressure produces no pain, Treatment.—Excision, which in all cases may be safely and successfully adopted. One long incision, nearly the length of the substance, is made, the skin reflected back, and there being nothing but areolar tissue to divide, the tumor is easily and quickly removed from its bed. The lips of the incision are then drawn together with silk sutu. , and the ‘part afterwards may be treated as a common wound. Fibrous Tumors.—These occasionally come under the notice of the canine surgeon. They usually proceed from in- juries, and are chiefly found in connection with the jaws or " limbs. Diagnos?s.—They have a firm attachment, are irregular in surface, hard, and insensible to pressure. Treatment-—Excision is most advisable; but from the tumor frequently being adherent to the integument, it is not so easily accomplished as in the previous kind. On examination after removal, the tumor will generally be found to be composed of a cyst (Fibro-cystic),* filled with *In the “Veterinary” for January, 1871, Messrs. Gowing & Son re- cord a case of cystic tumor in the lumbar region of an aged spaniel dog, which they removed by excision. ‘‘ The tumor presented several peculiar features; its walls were principally composed of white fibrous tissue, in- termixed with a few fibres of yellow elastic tissue. Besides the cyst which Mr. Gowing punctured, there was another of equal size which contained about four ounces of fluid, having the appearance of pus slightly tinged 278 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. serous fluid ; and it sometimes happens during life, from in- flammation being created in the substance of the tumor, that this cystic fluid becomes purulent, the sac ruptures, and de: generates into a common, unhealthy, subacute abscess. Ex-. cision is, even under the circumstances, still advisable; for even if we get it healed, and the tumor still remains, absorp- tion is out of the question. Fibro-cystic tumor is usually present in “capped elbows,” Removal by excision is simple, and is followed by no ill effects. When they occur in con- nection with the hocks it is more advisable to use outward ap- plications. JI have found iodine the best agent. Calcareous Tumor.—This description of tumor is. most fre- quently found in the vicinity of glands. Inthe dog, it is gen- erally seen in connection with the fibrous tumor of the mam- mary gland. In long-existing cases, the latter is often entirely supplanted by the former. Treatment.—As in the two former, excision is the only ad- visable treatment, except when the deposit takes place in situations other than the mammary gland, and where it would be impossible, with safety, to use the knife. ‘Counter irritation, or the daily application of iodine, would then be indicated, but absorption in such cases is hopeless. with blood. This fluid, under the microscope, was found to contain a large quantity of cholesterine, with exudation—corpuscles and blood-discs. In the interior of the cyst which was last opened, there was a small detached tumor of the size of a chestnut, smooth on the surface, and quite firm in texture. To the interior of the walls of the two cysts were altached small tumors, varying in size from a pea to a hazel-nut, and on the surface of the lining of the cysts a quantity of flocculent white matter was deposited.” Three accompanying microscopic illustrations are given to convey an idea of the structure of the morbid growths, which were all composed of the same elements. It is further observed: “It is obvious that the morbid growth originated in disease of the structures of the true skin, probably the result of an injury.” I recently removed a fibro-cystic tumor the size of a hazel-nut from a fore-toe of a small black-and-tan terrier. Placing a ligature round close to its attachment, I drew it sufficiently tight to sever it at once; the hemorrhage, which was excessive for the situation, I stayed with cautery. GENERAL DISEASES. 279 Osseous Tumors.—These are of comparatively rare occur- rence in the dog. When seen, they are usually found in connection with the limbs, more especially about the hocks and knees,* and are generally associated with the disease termed “rickets,” for the treatment of which see “ Rickets,” Melanotic Tumor.—Melanosis is, I believe, an unrecorded if not almost an unknown, disease inthe dog. To Mr. Flem- ing I am indebted for the following particulars of an interest- ing case which came under his own notice : ‘A large, black, well-bred setter was brought to me for advice, with regard to a swelling on the back part of his fore- leg. The skin was very much thickened from the elbow to near the carpus, and destitute of hair. The enlargement was movable and soft. As it was too extensive to remove with- out blemishing the dog considerably, and as it did not cause any pain or inconvenience, I deemed it advisable to let it alone. In aweek or ten days afterwards, my farrier-major brought me a portion of a dog’s lung, which he said was ob- tained from this setter, it having suddenly died the day before. The surface of the lung was covered with round, soft, globular * At the present time I have a patient, a mastiff, under my care, with an enormous osseous tumor of honeycomb or cancellated structure, sur- rounding the lower end of the radius. Though the knee joint is not involved, yet the foot is comparatively useless, being greatly swollen, benumbed; and dangling, owing to the pressure by the tumor on the structures above. The friction of, or injury by, the chain, is supposed to have been the original cause of the disease. Prior to my advice being sought, it had been under the treatment of other veterinary surgeons, with- out any successful results. For the first ten days I had applied, exter- nally, absorbents and hot fomentations ; in the softest portions I lanced it, and there was discharged from the’ two openings made, a thin bloody fluid, not offensive, and containing no pus. The probe came in contact everywhere with rough, spongy bone. The fomentations are continued, with an occasional injection of a strong solution of nitrate of silver. Iron and iodine are administered twice daily, and the food is of a substantial nature. . The poor creature is much emaciated, but is now slightly improv- ing, and the pain and swelling have abated. -An entire removal of the deposit is, of course, out of the question, but I have good hopes of pro- longing the animal’s life, and rendering him useful. ~ 280 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. masses, as black as ink, varying in size from a millet-seed to a large pea. He had opened the dog, and stated that he found the swelling on the leg full of black matter. The liver, heart, other portions of the lungs, and beneath the skin over the body, were all in the same condition as the portion of, lung which he brought tome. Examination of the latter proved that the deposits were of a melanotic nature, and no doubt had been the cause of death.” BRONCHOCELE, Or enlargement of the thyroid glands on one or both sides, is commonly met with in every breed of dogs, The cause of this glandular enlargement is somewhat doubtful. Animals in a debilitated condition appear most liable to it, while, on the other hand, those in robust health will become affected. The anatomical formation of the neck and throat would seem to have some predisposing influence ; for short, thick- necked, throaty dogs are those, according to my experience, most frequently the subject of this disease. Symptoms.—Bronchocele may come on insidiously or sud- denly ; hence we hear of dogs, to use a common expression, with “kernels” in the throat, which have been observed there for some time, but become no larger. Others are discovered to have an immense swelling at the throat, which was un- detectable the previous day. . In cases where the thyroid enlargement is considerable, difficulty in breathing willbe one of the prominent symptoms ; this arises from pressure by these enlarged glands on the trachea, which also cause much inconvenience to the neigh- boring structures, as the throat and ‘vessels of the neck, creating obstructed circulation and difficulty in swallowing. Treaiment.—Our object in the treatment of bronchocele is to arrest growth and promote absorption. Iodine, externally and internally, is the most powerful remedy for this purpose. GENERAL DISEASES. 281 In the former, after first shaving off the hair, the liniment or tincture should be painted on with a brush daily. In the latter it is best combined with iron (ferri iodidum) in 5 to 10 grain doses daily. When suppuration takes place, which in the dog is not un- frequent, the ordinary treatment for abscess is indicated. Extirpation of the thyroid gland or the insertion of setons are dangerous operations, and only warranted in extreme cases. ; DIPHTHERIA. Among the laryngeal diseases affecting the dog, diphtheria (so-called) finds a place. As J have not seen any throat malady that could be correctly termed such, myself, I tran- scribe from the “ Veterinary Journal” for August, 1875, some interesting cases recorded by Mr. W. Robertson, M.R.C.V.S., Kelso. “Tn the outbreak of diphtheria amongst the dogs, a cer- tain amount of variation or modification, as respects the phenomena exhibited during the course of the development of the disease, was observed in several of the individuals. “The dogs amongst which this outbreak occurred formed part of a kennel of high-bred greyhounds. The kennel was in two divisions ; the exercise-yard of the one division run- _ ning to within two yards of the door of the dormitory of the other, which had originally been a stable, and where all the cases of the disease occurred. The inmates of this kennel were a mixed lot as regarded age; one half were puppies about twelve months old, the other half consisted in greater part of dogs between eighteen and twenty-four months, with a few aged animals. There had been no importation of animals for some time, and no illness, not even distemper, amongst the residents. The disease first made its appearance amongsi the puppies, and nearly the whole, if not the whole, of these were dead before any of the others were seized. Many o1 282 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. the puppies had died before alarm was taken, the kennel-man imagining that they were suffering from distemper ; at last suspicion was aroused, and, as usual when any considerable mortality occurs amongst animals, which is rather puzzling to those engaged in their management, poison administered maliciously, or obtained accidentally, was credited with the mortality. An analysis, however, of the viscera of two animals negatived this idea. The average duration of the disease in those fatal cases was a little over two days ; many died earlier, and none survived beyond the fourth day. “With the exception of the glands of the throat and cervical region, the structural alterations observable in all cases may be said to have been confined to the fauces and the air passages anterior to the glottis. The urine, in all the instances where this secretion. was examined, was opaque, in- creased in density, and charged with albumen. “In some cases, from the outset, the fever was high, the local inflammatory action markedly acute, the mucous mem- brane over the fauces, tonsils and palate became of a dark- red color, tense, smooth, and glistening in appearance, ap- parently from distension from infiltration of the submucous tissue. In these also the whole gland-structures of the mouth and throat were more or less swollen and tender, with degluti- tion from the first extremely difficult or altogether impossible. The earliest stages were marked by exaltation of temperature, accelerated pulse and respirations, together with slight rest- lessness, if not actually giving evidence of pain ; very shortly, however, these signs of increased functional activity disap- peared, there was marked depression, listlessness, and want of muscular energy ; emesis and diarrhcea might also be present. Z “The majority of the cases were of this type, and they were also those which succumbed the quickest, death in them seeming to result as much from the extension of the local diseased action into the larynx as from the virulence of the septikemia. GENERAL DISEASES. 283 “ Post-mortem examination of these cases showed that only when the animals had survived more than twenty-four hours was there observable any thing in the form of the pecu- liar and characteristic grey coagulated exudation ; this being sometimes in spots, and at others in considerable stripes, but always adherent to the mucous membrane. “More frequently the exudation, which was always. pres- ent, was a glossy, tenacious, soft, structureless, or granular material, more thickly deposited on some parts than others. “ Another form or type in which the disease manifested itself was that where the febrile disturbance seemed scarcely so severe, the exten: io. of the local diseased action less rapid, and the power of swallowing never entirely gone ; but where the glands of the throat and cervical region were early swol- len, and increased in size rapidly, together with extensive infiltration of the connective tissue in which these gland- structures are embedded. In such there was from the first marked stiffness of the neck ‘and greater restlessness until coma supervened. : “A third class, again, exhibited what may most fitly be termed the ‘nasal type.’ After a certain amount of dulness, and fever of a lower character than was met with in either of the other forms mentioned, there would appear evident sore throat, with a discharge of a sanious material from the nos- trils. On examining the mouth, material of a similar nature, but more watery from mingling with the saliva, might be seen bubbling over the tongue from the fauces. Cases of this form survived longest ; and in them only did we find sordes on the | teeth and lips, the breath becoming fcetid and the lymphatic’ glands much swollen. The after-death examination of these showed that the disease had extended—whether from con- tinuity or separate centres was impossible to say—into the posterior nasal channels. “The infiltration, however, of the submucous tissue and exudate, in connection with the membrane, was always most distinctive in the pharynx, and at the pillars of the soft palate, 284 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG, Of the few affected animals which survived, one, while recov- ering, became blind of both eyes, with, at first, no appreciable structural alteration of the organs, although in a few days the cornea of both became opaque, apparently from infiltration of the intimate structures of the membrane ; ultimately, sight was restored. ; “ Another, about a fortnight after the obvious symptoms of the disease had disappeared, became affected with clonic spasms, or twitching of the muscles of the face and cervical region, followed in a few days by paraplegia. After a tedious convalescence, this animal also regained full nervous power. “ Being satisfied regarding the nature of the disease, we counselled the removal of all those dogs housed in the kennel as yet uncontaminated ; and the shifting of such as were still, to appearance, healthy from the kennel where the disease had arisen to this one, vacated by the unaffected. Immediately following this, the drains of the place were ordered to be ex- amined, as the sanitary condition was the opposite of satis- factory. On being laid open, these were found all but com- pletely choked with filth, the more fluid portions of the sew- age having for some time been percolating into the soil be- neath the flooring of the kennel, rather than discharged: in the natural or proper manner. “The principal drain, I may mention, had a communica- tion with the dormitory portion of the kennel, by means of an ordinary perforated grating. This kennel had no communica- tion by means of its drains with the other, which, as already mentioned, was in close proximity, and where the dogs con- “tinued healthy. “The dogs removed from the uncontaminated kennel were placed in a stable a mile distant, and continued healthy. “ Among those taken from the kennel where the disease originated, and located in the other, three fresh cases occurred after their removal, one of which died. “ After removing the flooring and opening the drains, it was deemed advisable, considering the condition of the walls GENERAL DISEASES. 285 of the house, not to repair it, but to build another on a dif- ferent site. After a considerable time, both the new kennel and the one which remained, and into which the dogs from the old one had been removed, were again occupied ; and with no bad results, the disease having ceased a few days after the kennel where it first appeared had been vacated. “T have purposely refrained from commentirfg upon, or drawing any conclusions from these facts ; or attempting to enter upon the question of the etiology of diphtheria: whether we are in all cases to regard it as the result of the reception into the animal body of contagion, living, particulate, and specific—a true ‘ mycosis, —or, in many cases, to revert to our knowledge of chemistry and chemical laws for an explanation . of the different phenomena. “ Circumstances which have occurred, and conditions which have been observed, have been stated in the hope that pos- sibly some inquirer in this particular path of research may find these facts, when collated with others, helpful in shed- ding a light over what at the present, in some of its aspects, is rather obscure.” In a leading article in the same journal, on “The Trans- missibility of Diphtheria from Man to the Lower Animals,” it is remarked: “ We have no strong proof that croup or diphtheria is contagious in animals, except the first-named disease, which is so in poultry. “ The relations of diphtheria in animals to the same dis- ease in mankind have only been recently definitely established ; while the transmission of the malady from one species to an- other has been satisfactorily demonstrated. There are cer- tainly no proofs that any relationship exists between the mal- ady termed ‘distemper’ in the dog and diphtheria, though on occasions they may have prevailed coincidentally in a district. “Thus, in 1851 or 1852, a severe outbreak of the latter disease occurred in Tasmania, which swept off two or three members in every family ; at the same time, according to the report of the Australian Royal Commission on Diphtheria, 286 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG, all the dogs died of distemper. There may have been some morbid influence at work which favored the genesis and ex- tension while it added to the virulency of both scourges ; but beyond this we cannot at present go, for if we remember aright, dogs perished about the same time in great numbers from distemper in New Zealand and Australia—even the dingoes, or native wild dogs, being found dead in multitudes in the scrub ; and yet we cannot ascertain that diphtheria was at all prevalent, or even present, in these countries at that period. “To our knowledge, there is only one instance of a case in which accidental transmission of the disease from man to an inferior animal appears likely to have occurred, and this is alluded to by Dr. Sir J. Rose Cormack, in the ‘Lancet’ for April 24th of the present year. It is related by Professor Bossi in the ‘Giornale di Medicina Veterinaria Pratica d’ Agri- coltura,’ and is to the following effect: ‘A friend who had lost a child by diphtheria, after a few days’ illness, requested me to visit a very beautiful small-breed greyhound about one year old, which had become unwell a few days after swallow- ing some of the child’s excreta, and some remains of food which had been served to him. On making a careful examin- ation of the dog, Bossi found it in a state of great prostration ; languid look, lachrymant eyes, and open mouth copiously discharging a viscid fluid ; quick sibilant breathing, hoarse voice, full, hard, rapid pulse ; the neck so stretched as to be almost rigid ; and difficulty in deglutition. By digital exam- ination, the throat was discovered to be cedematous, and the seat of severe pain. On opening the mouth—a difficult oper- ation—the mucous membrane of the fauces was seen to be red and swollen, and two ulcers were on the veil of the palate and right tonsil; that on the latter was of some size and depth, and had an elevated border.’ The symptoms and ap- pearances in this case led Bossi to conclude that the animal was suffering from diphtheria, or perhaps more correctly speaking, from laryngo-pharyngeal angina of pseudo-membra- ‘ GENERAL DISEASES, 287 nous or croupal character. The dog died on the third day, from suffocation, after having had some convulsive movements. At the necropsy, the mucous membrane of the fauces was found in a pulpy condition and denuded of epithelium. Here and there the membranous exudation presented the appear- ance of compact, thick, adherent excrescences. The ulcer- ations were blackish and very deep. The inflammation ex- . tended to the mucous membrane of the pharynx and larynx. The heart and lungs, contained pitch-like blood and several fibro-albuminous concretions. “This is a remarkable case, and one well worth remem- bering by members of the veterinary profession, many of whom have a great deal of practice among dogs; animals which, from their intimate association with mankind, and from their habits and tastes, would be the most likely to re- ceive the contagion, if it be really transmissible. “Experimental evidence as to the transmissibility of diphtheria from man to animals is not very abundant, but it appears to be sufficiently clear to enable careful pathologists to come to a decision ; as several have concluded, from the results of their attempts to produce the disease in animals, that the morbid process generated in these by inoculating portions of diphtheritic concretion is not simply what has been designated a ‘mycosis,’ but is, in reality, the specific malady itself. In his report on the ‘ Pathology of the Infective Pro- cesses,’ just published in that of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, Dr. Burdon Sanderson gives a résumé of the experiments. made by the principal of these pathologists. — “Of these observers, Dr. Sanderson points out that Dr. Letzerich,* of Braunfels (Nassau), and Dr. Oertel, of Munich, * Letzerich, “ Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Diphtheritis,” “ Virchow’s Archiv.,” vols. xlv. p. 3273 xlvi. p. 229; xlvii. p. 516. ‘Monographie der Diphtherie,” Berlin, 1872. “ Die Entwickelung des Diphtherie- pilzes,” “ Virchow’s Archiv.,” vol. lviii. p. 303 (1873). : + Oertel, ‘‘Experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber Diphtherie ;’ “Deutsches Archiv. fir Klin. Med.,” vol. viii. pp. 242-354. 288 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. are the most important. The former is the author of several papers on diphtheria, the titles of which are given in a note. These papers contain various observations relating to diph- theria as it presents itself clinically, and serve to illustrate the intimate association of the development of microzymes in the affected parts with the morbid process ; the author also re- cords numerous experiments showing that when the disease is communicated by inoculation, its characteristics reappear in the infected animal, even those which belong to its more remote complications. “Dr, Letzerich’s facts lose much of their value, according to Sanderson, from their not being set down with that simpli- city which ought to characterize all scientific writings. His papers, moreover, contain a great deal of questionable mycol- ogy, in which the patient reader is apt to lose himself in his search after objective facts. “The Mémoire of Dr. Oertel, published three years ago, also embodies anatomical and experimental investigations relating to the effect of inoculating animals with material derived from the larynx in cases of diphtheritic laryngitis in children. Like Letzerich, the author found that a disease having well-defined, pathological characteristics, and, in par- ticular, associated with nephritis, could be produced by such inoculation ; and further, that it could be communicated from one animal to another without losing any of its distinctive features. He further shoved thet te disease in question, whatever were the local peculiarities given to it by the-tissue” in which it was ingrafted, was always a mycosis; in other words, that all the ‘localizations’ of the disease were associa- ted with the presence in the affected part of innumerable microzymes. As regards the agents of infection, he con- cluded that their presence was the only constant characteristic of the contagion, for he found that the disease could be pro- duced by the transference to the tissues of a healthy animal of even the smallest fragment of any diseased tissue, and that GENERAL DISEASES. 289 all diseased tissues contained microzymes in greater or less numbers.” After giving a short account of a series of experiments, in which the disease was transmitted through five successions of animals, the first inoculative material being taken from a child twelve hours after death, the article proceeds to ob- serve : P “In ‘ Virchow’s Archiv.’ for April of the present year (p. 178), Letzerich relates an interesting case, in which diph- theria was transmitted to a child through the medium of vaccine lymph ; and he also gives the details of an important test experiment, in which a dog was inoculated with vaccine, matter that had been mixed with a small proportion of matter from a diphtheritic mass removed from the tonsils of a child that had died of the disease: this was supposed to -contain active organisms of the affection (Diptherie organismus). The dog was inoculated on the left side of the body, near the spine, by eleven points, and three punctures, and four wounds. On the third day a soft swelling was observed, and the skin was red and hot; the wounds were gaping, indurated, and covered with a whitish, doughy-looking exudate. The swel-~ ling, it may be mentioned, continued until the dog died. The inoculation points were also somewhat gaping, and in the same condition as the wounds and punctures. From the third day the dog lost its appetite, and there was noted’ an important and considerable periodical increase of tem- perature. From the seventh day it would eat nothing ; the pulse was small and exceedingly quick, and, the respiration hurried ; the animal lay on its side, and in this condition died. «On examination of the body, it was discovered that in the swollen baggy part of the skin where the inoculatious had been made, there was fibrinous infiltration of the subcuta- neous connective tissue, with hemorrhagic patches of a bluish-blaék or dirty, light-red color, that passed deep into 19 290 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. the muscles of the back. In the abdominal muscles attached _to the spine, as well as in the peritoneum, there were also a. few isolated patches, generally running into each other in an irregular manner. In the connective tissue of this region were many marked hemorrhagic patches, and they were all related more or less to others in the connective tissue sur- rounding the left kidney. This organ exhibited on the infero- external portion, which was in contact with the lumbar region, a circular, eroded, hemorrhagic spot, about the size of a rather large pea. The liver was reddish-brown in color, and very much enlarged and indurated. The spleen was also en- ~larged, very full of blood, and its parenchyma softened. The heart was softened, and its fexture very light colored. ,The lungs were healthy, but the stomach and intestines were some- what swollen ; the stomach was empty, and the small intes- tines nearly so; the large. intestines contained a quantity of fluid feces, but no scybala. The right lumbar region was normal, and the right kidney large and light-colored. “The bladder contained a small quantity of muddy urine. “A colleague of Dr. Letzerich made a most careful and interesting histological examination of the body, and found at the seat of inoculation, in the wedge-shaped exudate formed at the punctures and wounds, bacteria and plasma-globules (plasma-kugein) closely agglomerated, the latter being in a ‘finely granular condition. In a prepared section of the skin it was noted that the sheaths of the hair in various parts were full of bacteria, micrococci vesicles, and plasma-globules. In the texture of the skin itself were numerous masses of bac- teria and plasma-globules, as well as clusters of micrococci. In the vicinity of those muscles which were stained by hamorr- - hagic patches, the capillaries were distended, and contained the same abnormal elements ; these were also seen in the connective tissue of these parts, as well as between the nerve- bundles and muscular fibres. In the interior of the capil- laries of the haemorrhagic patches themselves, between the GENERAL DISEASES. : 2g1 masses of red blood-globules, were immense colonies of micrococci ; the same condition was observed in the perito- neum and its connective issue. The muscular fibrilla were scarcely distinguishable in these patches, and their meshes were enormously distended by escaped red blood-globules and an extraordinary number of colonies of micrococci, with an exuberance of plasma-globules. “Inthe round hemorrhagic spot on the left kidney, and for some depth in its substance, were masses of red blood-globules. and clustering: rows of wandering micrococci. All the tu- bules of the gland were filled with exudate, in which bacteria and plasma-globules were seen in great quantities.. In the right kidney the migratory vegetable organisms (wandering pilzen) were observed to be in their first stage of develop- ment. Nota part of the liver that was examined, but con- tained the retrograde vegetable formations ; all the cells were filled with them. Between the fibres of the heart were only discovered layers of plasma-globules and bacteria ; but many of the smaller veins were filled with colonies of micrococci which adhered to their walls. The spleen was in the same condition as the liver ; indeed, the reporter states that it was only an emulsion of cells, cell-debris (¢rimmern), nuclei, ‘bacteria, small micrococci, anda diversity of large plasma- globules. The pulmonary bloodvessels contained the charac- teristic diphtheria organisms (diphtheriepilzes) ; in one portion of the parenchyma of the lungs was found a small micrococci ecchymosis. “ “ All these alterations are well illustrated by colored drawings. “From the case of accidental transmission of diphtheria through vaccination, and this experimental conveyance of the malady to a dog, Letzerich draws the following conclusions : 1. Vaccine matter which has passed through a diphtheritic subject, and become tainted, will not produce a vaccine pus- tule at the place where it was inserted. 2. That lymph so tainted, when introduced by inoculation, speedily gives rise 292 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. to general diphtheria. From the obvious results of the experi- mental case in particular, it may be concluded: 1. That inoculation with lymph which has not been tainted with diphtheritic organisms will, in a given time, and in a normal manner, give rise to the well-known pustules ; and 2. On the contrary, that the local diphtheria of an inoculation wound is followed by general diphtheria, as a secondary process. “Whether the diphtheria of the lower animals is inter- transmissible, or whether it may be communicable to the hu- man species, we have no evidence to base even a supposition upon ; but there can scarcely be any reason for hesitation in accepting the fact that another malady is added to the list of those which are at least capable of being conveyed from man to creatures lower in the scale of creation. This new addition furnishes another proof of the value of comparative pathology, and the close relations which exist between animal and human medicine.” , DISTEMPER. Probably no disease to which our canine friends are sub- ject has received less attention sccentifically, or caused greater diversity of opinion when it has received that attention, than the one termed “Distemper.” Every gamekeeper, dog- breaker, or kennel-man has his particular recipe ; most drug- gists possess some wonderful prescription ; while sporting and other papers abound in advertisements of specifics and nostrums, In discussing this subject, it is not my intention to lay down any fixed rule of treatment adapted to every case, but only for those in which the disease assumes the forms herein described, and from which I have derived the greatest benefit. Nature, in many instances, works her own cure ; while GENERAL DISEASES, 293 numerous methods of treatment produce mischief, and result in death. Distemper may be described as a catarrhal fever, gen- erally. affecting the mucous membranes of the head, air- passages, and alimentary tract, in which the nervous system frequently becomes involved—hence distemper fits, and local or general paralysis. It is a highly contagious disease, though oftentimes itis undoubtedly self-generated. Age: is no preventive ; at any period of life dogs are liable to become infected. But Mr. Fleming correctly observes, “It is more particularly a disease of youth, and is much more frequent and fatal among highly-bred, pampered animals, than those which live in a less artificial manner, and whose constitution _is less modified by breeding and rearing.”* Neither does one attack render a dog secure from a second ; but in the latter it is contracted, I believe, invariably by contagion alone. Distemper is not, as many persons suppose, a necessary disease, as numbers of dogs pass through life without ever becoming the subject of it. The fact of the malady being ~ unknown in this country prior to the seventeenth century (?) strongly supports this view ; as dogs then were probably as numerous as now, though not perhaps so mixed in breed. In all cases it is ushered in with catarrhal symptoms, and these, as the malady proceeds, may become complicated with pneumonia, jaundice, enteric disease, epilepsy, chorea, or paralysis: though the two latter are, as a rule, sequels, I have occasionally seen them exist in conjunction with dis- temper. Causes-—These may be enumerated under the following heads :—Contagion, badly-drained and ill-ventilated kennels (which in young dogs are especially fruitful causes of dis- temper), exposure to damp and cold, insufficient feeding, and poor food, over-feeding (particularly with flesh), and too little exercise. ; Worms have been mentioned by some authors as another * “ Veterinary Sanitary Science and Police,” vol. ii. p. 290. 294 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. cause, and certainly they are frequently present: in this dis- ease ; yet it must be borne in mind that they are equally so in dogs that are over, or have never had distemper, That their presence bodes no good to the animal while under the influence of the infection (or indeed at any time), can be readily understood, but especially, I should say, during the existence of distemper : because the mucous membranes are then in an irritable condition, and these pests are not likely to reduce, but to increase that irritation, and produce—what is to be dreaded at all times, but doubly so in distemper—a fit. The condition of the patient then justifying it (1 qualify it thus, because there are circumstances under which it would be unwise to administer the drugs usually given for this pur pose), the sooner the worms are expelled the better. Asa vermifuge, the areca nut is least harmful ; turpentine, at other times most valuable, must be used with great caution here. Teething has been affirmed as another cause of this dis- ease, but here again the assumption has probably taken place from dogs at that period of their lives being most liable to diss temper. An irritability of system and a degree of inflamma- tory fever is undoubtedly established at that crisis ; and such a condition may render the subject more liable to contract the disease, if brought in contact with it ; but certainly not other- wise, any more than the same process can produce in human beings measles, chicken-pox, or scarlet fever. The period of incubation is usually from one to three weeks, and the duration of the malady may be a week, or two or three months. ; Symptoms.—The premonitory ones are: A heavy sleep look about the face, nose hot and dry, a disinclination for food, shivering, arched back, and more or less lassitude. In from two to three days a watery discharge takes place from eyes and nose, the animal frequently sneezes, and this is fol- lowed by coughing, retching, and vomiting. The discharge from the eyes and nose soon becomes purulent, the eyelids are inflamed and swollen, the breathing is accelerated, the in- GENERAL DISEASES. 295 clination for warmth more evident, and the prostration greater. Treatment.—Prompt and judicious treatment, in a case of this kind, will generally be attended with success. Immediately the first of the foregoing symptoms are observed, the patient should be placed in a dry, but not too warm atmosphere, and the habitation—if in the kennel—well drained and disin- fected. With regard to medicinal agents, a mild emetic is at the onset advisable, as— Anitimy Tartinsce icaue where he is to remain ; and, to prevent risk, it is better to place a wire muzzle on for the first few days, or at all events until the parts have become firm, Fig. 35. FRACTURE OF SCAPULA, SHOWING PosiTION OF SPLINTS AND PLASTER. The same treatment will apply to comminuted fracture. A black retriever dog was brought to me, suffering from double fracture of the femur, the fractures being some dis- ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, 345 tance apart; a bull. and mastiff, aged, with fracture of the femur in three distinct places. Both were treated with splint- setting, and recovered perfectly, without- any deformity or perceptible thickening, except on manipulation. Fracture of the scapula is occasionally met with, chiefly, in small toy dogs, and is usually caused from tumbles down stairs or from elevated positions. I have treated two (the only ones brought under my care) successfully ; both were fractured at the neck of the bone. ‘Two pasteboard splints smeared with pitch were placed parallel, and a quarter of an inch apart and: obliquely; another was then applied cross- ways, and a pitch-plaster on sheepskin covered them and the | whole shoulder (Fig. 35). I then passed a bandage, com- mencing from the centre of the shoulder across the withers, to the other side under the brisket back again, and so on, several times securing it in its situation with pitch (Fig. 36). On the 24th of May, 1877, a cub fox belonging to Mrs. Boughey, five weeks old, nursed by hand, was brought to me Fig.’ 36. FRACTURE OF SCAPULA, WITH BANDAGE APPLIED. suffering from comminuted fracture of the scapula, I set it in the same manner as above described, with one exception. The injury had taken place some days previously , in addition to the fracture there was luxation of the shoulder-joint, which 346 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. caused the limb to spread out laterally at a right angle to the shoulder. To maintain it in proper position, I cut and ap- plied a kid glove as follows: having removed the thumb, second, and fourth fingers, and the ends from the remaining -ones, I inserted both fore-legs through the finger-stalls, button- ed the wrist portion over the shoulders, and drew it together across the front of the chest by means of another strip sewn on and made to button.. This I found admirably answered the double purpose of keeping the limb as I. wished it, and rendering displacement of the shoulder-setting more unlikely. Within five weeks the support was removed, and I shortly after received a letter from Mrs. Boughey informing me that the interesting little patient was able to follow her up stairs without difficulty. I have recently seen the animal, which I find in no way stunted in growth ; it is perfectly straight on its limbs, and with no perceptible thickening, lameness, or defect in gait. Fracture of the Pelvis—In a, case of this description, little can be done beyond keeping the patient quiet ; the bandage recommended for shoulder-fracture may be applied in the same way, carrying it between the hind-legs and across the loins. As a rule, however, these are far from satisfactory cases, and unless required for breeding purposes (and which . then depends upon the portion of pelvis fractured) treatment is not advisable. - Mr. Percivall records a case of fracture of the ischial por- tion of the pelvis recovered by rest and nature. The situation of the injury would favor this, and even had a false joint formed, it would not have interfered with breeding. : Fracture of the Ribs usually proceeds from external vio- lence, as blows, kicks, or being crushed. The symptoms are painful, catching respiration, pain on lifting or moving the animal, and crepitus when so doing, The treatment consists in applying a broad bandage firmly round the chest, so as to prevent the animal dilating the thoracic walls in breathing. If the fractured end of the ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 347 rib penetrate the cavity of the chest, it is advisable that the ingress of air should be prevented as much as possible ; and the patient must be treated ene eCnene Perfect quietude is absolutely necessary. Fracture of the Cranium is, under any circumstances, of serious consequence ; compression of the brain is likely to ensue, from the fractured portions bulging inwards, or from extravasation of blood on the brain. The following case, which came under the care of Pro- fessor Simonds, is recorded by Youatt:—‘‘ Two gentlemen were playing at quoits, and the dog of one of them was struck on the head by a quoit, and supposed to be killed. His owner took him up and found that he was not dead, although dreadfully injured. It being near the Thames, his owner took him to the edge of the river, and dashed some water over him, and herallied a little. Professor Simonds detected a fracture of the skull, with pressure on the brain, arising from a portion of depressed bone. The dog was perfectly unconscious, frequently moaning, quite incapable of standing, and continually turning round upon his belly, his straw, or his bed. It was a case of coma; he took no food, and the pulsation at the heart was very indistinct. “T told the proprietor that there was no chance of re- covery, except by an operation; and even then, I thought it exceedingly doubtful. I was desired to operate, and took him home. ; “The head was now almost twice as large as when the accident occurred, proceeding from a quantity of coagulated blood that had been effused under the skin covering the skull. I gave him a dose of aperient medicine, and on the following morning commenced my operation. “The hair was clipped from the en and an incision carried immediately from between the eyebrows to the back part of the skull, in the direction of the sagittal suture. An- other incision was made from this to the root of the ear. This triangular flap was then turned back, in order to remove 348 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. the coagulated blood, and make a thorough exposure of the skull. I was provided with a trephine, thinking that only a portion of the bone had been depressed on the brain, and it would be necessary, with that instrument, to separate it from its attachment, and then with an elevator remove it; but_I found that the greater part of the parietal bone was depressed, and that the fracture extended along the sagittal suture from the coronal and lambdoidal sutures, At three-fourths of the width of the bone, the fracture ran parallel with the sagittal suture and this large portion was depressed upon the tunics of the brain, the dura mater being considerably lacerated. “The depressed bone was raised with an elevator, and I found, from its lacerated edges, and the extent of the mischief done, that it was far wiser to remove it entirely, than to allow it to remain and take the chance of its uniting. “In a few days the dog began to experience relief from the operation, and to be somewhat conscious of what was taking place around him. He still requires care and attention, and proper medicinal agents to be administered from time to time ; but with the exception of occasionally turning round when on the floor, he takes his food well, and obeys his mas- ter’s call.” * = Fracture of the Vertebre occasionally happens in dogs used for the chase. It is needless to say that-such cases usually terminate in paralysis and death. The after-treatment of fracture is very simple. Quietude, and attention to the bowels and diet, are the points mainly to be observed. The bowels should be kept gently relaxed ; this is especially needful in fracture of the hind extremities, and particularly the pelvis, as the animal in placing himself in position for fecal evacuation is apt, in the strain and weight almost necessarily thrown on the injured part, to displace the fracture. The diet should be plain, unstimulating and relax- ing. When an excessive amount of swelling takes place in the foot after the setting of a fractured limb, the bandages * Trans. Vet. Med. Assoc., i. 51, ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, ‘ 349 may be slit up a little distance between the splints, and the foot soaked in, or sponged with, warm water. The removal of splints should never take place until the expiration of at least four weeks, unless they have become disarranged, or the setting is not correct. False Foint.——When a fracture fails to unite by osseous matter, and a fibrous connection is substituted, what is termed Jalse joint is established. In the long bones, treatment is more easily and satisfactorily adopted than in other situations. When it is found on the removal of the support that osseous union has not taken place, the limb should be again fastened up,—more firmly, if possible, than before, a liberal diet allowed, and tonics administered. If at the expiration of seven or eight weeks the false joint still exists, and there appears no prospect of its being otherwise, unless other measures are adopted, inflammatory action is to be established in the false union with the object of exciting the formation of osseus material, and this may be done by Fig 37 Derormep LimB AFTER UNION OF FRACTURE, NECRSSITATING RE-FRACTURE- piercing the structure in various places with a sharp needle, and moving the point about when imbedded there until it is 35° THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. considered that sufficient irritation has been produced. The limb is then bound up as before. Certain constitutional conditions of an animal have a tendency to retard the formation of new bone (scrofula or rickets, to wit). In such diatheses, mineral tonics and bone- making materials should be freely exhibited ; in the latter, lime-water and milk should be given to the animal to me in the place of water. Refracture,—From nature being allowed, without assist- ance, to effect the union of a fractured limb, or from careless- ness or wrong adjustment of the splints, it frequently happens that the limb after union presents a deformed and unsightly appearance. A broken-haired terrier was recently brought to me for advice regarding the condition of a united fore-leg fractured above the knee (radius and ulna), which had been set with leather splints—the limb was bent outwards to such an extent as to be almost useless. See Fig. 37. Having placed the animal under chloroform, I re-fractured the bone at the original seat; having only been done a month, this was not a difficult task. The limb being then brought into proper, position, I applied the ordinary wood splints with pitch and bandages, and in five weeks afterwards I had the gratification of seeing my patient perfectly re- covered, and with two straight fore-legs. - Compound Fracture is occasionally met with in the long bones of the limbs. If the end of the bone protrude through the opening, and from the smallness of the latter replacement is difficult, either the protruded bone must be removed with a fine saw or bone nippers, or the wound enlarged. When comminution is also present, any completely detached frag- ments of bone should be removed, otherwise they will act as foreign bodies, create inflammation and suppuration, and pre- vent the healing process. In the application of splints, it will be necessary to arrange them, so that the wound may be readily exposed when requisite. Fracture with Luxation.—When fracture occurs with dis- ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, 35T location, the treatment is doubly difficult, as the dislocation must first be reduced ; this, under the circumstances, is no easy task, and then the fracture is to be attended to. Occasionally it is necessary to have recourse to the latter first, in order to permit the extension required to reduce the dislocation ; after which it is generally advisable to reset the fracture, owing to the unavoidable displacement consequent on the opera- tion. DISLOCATIONS. Dislocation, luxation, or the displacement of a joint without fracture, is very commonly seen in canine practice. The dislocations usually met with are in the shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, stifle, hock, toes. , Predisposing Causes.—Congenital deformity, elongation of Fig. 38. DIsLocaTION .oF SHOULDER -JOINT. 352 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. the articulatory ligaments, atrophied or weak muscles, previous luxation. . Exciting Causes.—External violence, as falls, blows, twists, undue force in parturition, muscular action, voluntary effort. Symptoms.—Displacement and deformity of the part; undue prominence, or the reverse, where neither should exist ; shortening or elongation of the limb, generally the former; inability to perform the usual natural movements ; a tense condition, if they are not ruptured, of the muscles on the opposite side ; pain on manipulation, with more or. less swell- ing ; an absence of true crepitus ; an entirety of bone. Treatment.—This consists in applying extension in the direction required for the reduction of the dislocation: in recent cases this will not be difficult. If the shoulder-joint be the seat of accident, reduction is most easily accomplished in the following manner: A strong towel or surcingle is passed underneath the brisket, between the fore-legs, over the withers, round the girth, and across the front of the breast. This is held firmly, whilst an assistant steadily draws the limb in the direction required (Fig. 38). In dislocation of the elbow, the humerus should be firmly grasped by one pair of hands, while another uses steady traction on the limb below. : Dislocation of the knee is extremely rare, and when it does occur, it will be necessary, after reduction, by traction and manipulation, to place a starch bandage round it for a week or ten days. Dislocation of the Hip.—This occurs in various forms ; the head of the femur may be displaced upwards, downwards, forwards, or backwards. Reduction is performed by powerful traction above the hock, in the direction indicated by the dislocation. At the time of traction, the limb should be drawn outwardly from the upper part of the thigh, for the purpose of lifting the head of the femur over the rim of the acetabulum. Rotation will sometimes aid the operation. Dislocation of the stifle or patella is rarély met with in ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 353 canine practice. In a case which came under my own care the bone was displaced outwardly, and could be reduced readily by the fingers, but only temporarily. The symptoms of displacement of the patella, whether outwardly or inwardly —the two forms usually met with—are an unnatural projection on the affected side, with inability to flex the joint. Reduc- tion is effected by drawing the leg forward, and then with the fingers forcing the patella back into its place. In the ‘case named, after reduction I fixed on an outside splint, and bound the joint around with a pitch bandage. The case did well, and no return of the luxation, though three years have. since elapsed, has taken place, whereas previously it was continu- ally out of position. . Mr. James Rowe, of London, reports dislocation of the patella as not unfrequent in his practice, and tells me he has successfully treated them in a similar manner to that adopted by me. One case occurred ina cat. Dislocation of the Hock.—The same remarks made with reference to the knee will apply here. Dislocation of the Toes—This accident is sometimes met with, and is generally occasioned by leaping or tumbling from heights. Reduction is easily affected by extension, and the subsequent maintenance of the parts in their proper position by bandaging the whole foot, and, if need be, small splints on either side and in front of the affected toe. Dislocation, having once taken place, is exceedingly liable to recur. For this reason, excitement and unnecessary move- ments should be strictly avoided. The after-treatmént con- sists in observing much the same rules as those laid down in fracture. The patient should be kept quiet. If inflammatory symptoms, with excessive swelling round the affected joint, ensue, warm fomentations or a bran poultice may be applied, and a dose of aperient medicine administered, and if the local inflammatory action is extreme, leeches may be used. Such symptoms, however, rarely occur, except in protracted and aggravated reduction. 23 354 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG.: Dislocations should always be reduced under chloroform, both for humanity’s sake, and the greater ease with which, during anesthesia, it can be accomplished. WOUNDS. I shall divide these into incised, lacerated, punctured, and contused, as these four kinds are most commonly met with in the dog. Incised wounds are clean cut, like those produced in sur- gical operations, or from sharp-edged substances. Lacerated are those in which the tissues are torn asunder, Punctured, those produced by stabs or pricks. Contused, by bruising or crushing. To repair a wound, it is necessary that a process of what is termed “ healing ” should be gone through, and this process is accomplished in one of the following ways : A. First Intention ; i.e. immediate reunion of the parts, without the formation of new material. B. Adhesive Inflammation; or the exudation of lymph on both cut surfaces. C. Granulation ; or the formation of small masses of new flesh, over which a secretion of pus is continually poured. D. Scabbing or crusting; a covering formed by nature of ‘dried exuded matter on the raw surface, as pus, blood, or _lymph, mingled generally with dirt or dust. The final result of either process is a scar or cicatrix, vary- ing in character and dimensions according to the method by which the wound is healed. In our hairy-coated patients, this is not of so much moment as it is on uncovered human skin. : Incised wounds are generally most amenable to treatment. In those recently inflicted it is always advisable, if possible (unless there are diseased deep-seated structures), to obtain union by the first intention. To effect this, after the wound * ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 355 has been cleansed and the hemorrhage has ceased, the lips are brought into direct apposition (taking care no hairs get between), and so maintained by sutures or plaster; the latter will necessitate the shaving off the hair before it can be applied. The animal must then be so secured that it cannot inter- fere with the part. For though the dog’s tongue is un- doubtedly a great cleanser, it is neither a healer nor aid to apposition, and the sooner such an idea is exploded the better. Omit this precaution, and the surgeon’s work will speedily be undone ; the animal will persistently lick the wound, and keep it gaping open. It then heals by granulation, for it cannot do so by any other method. The result is a broad unsightly cicatrix, instead of the fine and, in time, almost imperceptible seam left from union in the first instance by direct apposition, with or without the first intention. I say, with or without the first intention, because it is not unusual for a patient to be brought some four or five days after the wound has been closed, with the sutures out and the lips apart, and we are asked to reclose it. This I seldom do, finding in the treatment of wounds in the lower animals that if the lips can be kept in apposition for the fifst four or five days, they will, if they then break away, resume in the final healing process the position they were originally placed in, and each suture mark will reveal the nicety or otherwise of adjustment. os The same remarks will apply to healing by adhesive in- flammation,* which may be considered a kind of, if not really, first intention. ; -The sutures commonly used are soft wire, pins, and silk. I prefer the latter for dogs, and if dipped in a weak solution of carbolic acid they maintain their position longer, and add to the Healthiness of the wound. _ Granulation and scabbing are, however, the most common * It is to my mind doubtful if healing ever takes place without an ex- udation of lymph, at all events in the lower animals. 356 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOU. methods of healing in veterinary practice. When the secre- tion of pus takes place, its character should be examined to ascertain if it is healthy—ze., of a creamy consistency, yel- lowish-white, of a peculiar indescribable odor, not disagree- able or unhealthy, being ichorous or curdled, of a dirty color, and feetid. Suppurating wounds require to be deansel with tepid water at least once’ daily.. The following liniment occasion- ally injected will promote a healthy discharge : Acid Carbolic............ 15 minims. Ol. Terebinth. .......... I ounce. Ol. OVS ocece se eee news 6 ounces. Where the granulations spring up too rapidly, forming what is termed “ proud flesh,” the application of lunar caustic is necessary ; but it should be borne in mind that a twofold effect follows its use, viz., a destruction of the present flesh, that which it comes in contact with, and a stimulus to growth of the future tissue. Sluggish wounds, therefore, that are occasionally treated with caustic, granulate much more rapid- ly than under any other treatment. In healing by granulation, care should always be jaken that the wound heals from the bottom, otherwise the confined pus will burrow, and deep-seated abscess or sinuses be the re- sult. This is particularly to be observed in punctured wounds. Lacerated wounds must of necessity heal by granulation. In the first instance, the wound should be cleansed from clots and any foreign matters. If there is excessive hemorrhage, it will be necessary to secure the vessel, if possible, by liga- ture, or pack the wound with a portion of sponge or tow, saturated with some astringent—as solution of alum or tinct- ure of iron. This may be removed in twenty-four hours, and.if no secondary hemorrhage occurs, the stimulating liniment before advised may be injected, and the same treatment followed as is given in wounds healing by granulation. When no skin is removed, the edges should be brought ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 357 together with sutures, and so maintained as long as possible, taking care to leave a free passage for the discharge of pus. If the sutures are tied in bows, they can be readily unfastened for the withdrawal of the packing and reclosed. Lacerated wounds from bites should be freely cauterized. Punctured wounds are generally very troublesome ; they may be called deceptive wounds, for sometimes it is impos- sible to tell to what extent they go, or what foreign matters may be left behind ; thorns, for instance, or the rust off a spike or nail, may, from remaining unextracted, produce pyemia and death. Such wounds, then, should always be carefully examined, and the probe is only a safe explorer in the hands of a professional man. As the orifice is frequently exceedingly small, the hair around it should be cut off, so that it may.not become matted and form an obstruction to the discharge of pus ; this will also facilitate the daily examination and treatment of the wound, If the puncture be in the foot, and there is reason to suppose a thorn or rusty nail has produced it, a poultice is advisable, and the insertion occasionally of a little caustic. It should never be allowed to heal. unless the attendant is satisfied it is sound at the bottom; otherwise, as before ob- served, deep-seated abscess and sinuses will result. When the opening is small, pus has accumulated, and the swelling above extensive, it is better to enlarge the wound with a scalpel, or lance, and inject it with warm water. Contused wounds are best treated by poulticing and fo- mentation ; if only slight, Nature herself will effect a cure. _ Sloughing, more or less, may be expected if the wound is more than superficial. When the injury extends to the deeper-seated structures, and there is much extravasation of blood, scarifying and repeated fomentations are indicated. When the crushing has been so great that the textures under- neath the muscles and bloodvessels are ruptured, extensive sloughing is sure to follow. Healing in such a case takes place by granulation; and the reparation needed being gener- 358 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. ally considerable, caustic applications are more frequently required, with daily cleansing, and the injection from time to time of the stimulating liniment. In all classes of wounds a certain amount of inflammatory fever is produced. This is best counteracted by light aperi- ent medicine, plain unstimulating diet, and quietude. : SPRAINS. Sprains, or undue strain of the muscular or ligamentous portion of the limbs, is of frequent occurrence in sporting dogs, and the pain attendant upon such injury is generally exceedingly acute, and accompanied with swelling and con- siderable febrile disturbance. Treatment.—This should consist, until the inflammatory symptoms have subsided, in warm fomentations to the injured part (in extreme cases leeches may be applied), aperient medicine, and perfect rest. Afterwards it may be necessary to apply a splint, or starch bandage, to support the part, which usually continues weak for some considerable time. When thickening, with chronic. inflammation, remains, cold water and the following lotion can be first tried : Malt Vinegar ...........2.--0 eee 1 ounce, Spt. Vini et Camph................ 2 ounces. AQUA iccsnwigd Me eres s Henle tes ; ed To be used after the cold water. This failing, the tincture of iodine, one-half the ordinary strength, may be applied daily until soreness is induced, and when this has abated, again renewed. BURNS AND SCALDS. Dogs are occasionally, through accident or from malicious intent, burned or scalded. The consequences, though not ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 359 usually so dangerous as in human beings, are nevertheless serious, as an amount of violent inflammatory fever follows either injury. I recollect a bull-terrier, belonging to a brewer, being fearfully scalded in the following manner. The animal had the same morning killed a rat in an empty mash-tub, and was afterwards chained up. On the arrival of his master he was as usual released, when he immediately sped to the scene of his morning’s exploit, and leapt, in his~ excitement not seeing the danger, into the tub, which then contained boiling water. The poor brute was extricated as quickly as possible, but with every vestige of hair removed from his body, and totally blind ; not a whimper, however, escaped him. It is needless to add that, on the score of humanity, his sufferings were terminated with prussic acid, though not without some - difficulty, as his savage propensities still remained, even after such a fearful ordeal. The treatment of either burns or scalds consists in keeping down, as much as possible, inflammatory action locally, and sympathetic fever. Air should be immediately excluded from the part, the latter first being dressed with linseed oil and lime-water—three ounces of the latter to six of the former shaken together—and then covered over with cotton-wool. When sloughing commences, poultices and warm fomen- tations are indicated. The bowels should be kept relaxed throughout, and perfect quietude with cleanliness observed. By the latter I mean no foreign matters beyond the dressing should be allowed to.come in contact with the wound. Bits of hay and straw, or the animal’s hair, act as irritants and do the animal considerable mischief. During the sloughing and granulating stage, tonics and nutritious food are requisite. When the wound assumes a sluggish and unhealthy character, the application of a stimulus to its surface is required. Blemishes must be expected to follow either a burn or scald, but in long-haired dogs these are to a great extent covered. 360 THE MANAGEMENT AND. DISEASES OF THE DOG, UMBILICAL HERNIA. This is not unfrequently met with in toy dogs. It may be congenital, or, what is more usually the case, result from expansion of the navel cicatrix. A conical tumor is observed immediately over the navel, and into which is protruded a portion of the omentum or intestine, or both. The position of four-legged animals favors the protrusion, and consequent- ly its increase. Treatment.—This is exceedingly simple, and invariably successful. As soon as the animal is weaned,* being placed on his back, a conical-shaped portion of cork, with a broad base, covered or not with calico or wash-leather, should be applied to the protrusion, and secured there with strips of pitch-plaster. . If the hernia is allowed to go on until puppyhood is past, more difficulty will be experienced in dealing with it, and the chances of success will be rendered less certain. On the 25th of June, 1877, a young pug dog, fourteen weeks old, was brought for my advice regarding a navel en- largement, which I pronounced to be hernia, and most prob- ably intestinal; but I could detect no communication between the protruded portion, whatever it was, and the intestine within the abdomen, nor could any manipulation reduce it. Fasting made no difference in its appearance or feel, nor yet did a full meal. The enlargement was very much constricted at its base, and gave one the idea of an empty portion of in- testine or bladder inflated and tied firmly round. To ascer- tain its true nature before resorting to any operation for its removal (after fasting the animal), I explored it with a suture needle; but neither blood, serum, nor any other kind of fluid, nor yet did collapse, follow the puncture. The owner then acting on my advice, chloroform was administered to the patient, and an incision made through the skin with a lancet, * Any appliance before weaning, would most likely be removed by the mother’s teeth. ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, 361 for the purpose of removing the protrusion by ligature, should it prove to be omentum or obliterated intestine ; or if both, and the latter was not obliterated, return it and close the aperture with suture. It was found to be the former, and removed accordingly ; a couple of stitches being inserted through the lips of the di- vided integument and the ends of the ligature left out. Orders were given for the patient to be watched, so that he might not interfere with the part, and to be kept quiet. On the fifth day the ligature sloughed off, and at the end of another similar period the wound was whole. On che x$th of the following month, July, I met the owner, and was informed that the dog was perfectly well, and that there was no mark of enlargement of any kind to be detected. CHOKING. Dogs very frequently get choaked, especially ravenous feed- ers. A portion of bone or solid matter, too large, or from its shape impossible to be passed down the cesophagus, be- comes fixed, it may be in the upper portion of the throat, the pharnyx, or some distance down the tube. Treatment.—If the obstruction is not deeply lodged, and can be seen or felt, an attempt should be made to extract it Fig. 39+ THROAT FORCEPS. 362 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. with forceps. An ingenious instrument for this purpose is sold by Arnold and Sons, London. (See Fig. 39.) When, however, the substance is too low for extraction, a whalebone probe, having a portion of sponge fastened on the end and dipped in oil, may be gently passed down to the ob- struction and then steadily pushed onwards. Before, how- ever, attempting this measure, it is advisable to manipulate externally with the fingers, as the substance may be of such - a nature that external pressure may break it down and facili- tate its onward passage. Pins, needles, and other sharp substances may be removed by moving the probe about, ro- tating it, and then withdrawing it. Considerable irritation often ensues after choking, and when the lining membrane of the cesophagus has been lacer- ated, a great degree of inflammatory action is sure to follow ; to subdue both, and act as local sedative, warm bread and milk and broths should for some days afterwards form the sole diet of the animal. GESOPHAGOTOMY. This operation is sometimes necessary, when the means ‘named in the previous section for relief in choking have failed. Mr. A. E. Macgillivary, V.S., Banff, records a case recently, in which cesophagotomy was performed by a medical gentleman :—“ The animal being properly and conveniently secured on a table, was put under chloroform, and Dr. J. C. Hirschfeld operated. After making a pretty large cuticular incision, and cutting cautiously through the subjacent dermal muscle, the doctor dissected down between the sterno-maxil- lary and mastoido-humeral muscles of the left side, and thus on to the obstructed cesophagus behind the trachea; and here it may be remarked that this was the more easily accom- plished, owing to the absence in the dog of the omo or sub- scapulo-hyoidean muscle, which passes (partly crosswise) along the outside of the trachea. Having arrived at and laid bare the obstructed part of the gullet, a pretty free incision "| ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 263 was made in the same, and with much difficulty the doctor extracted two of the coccygeal vertebrae of an ox! One- of these vertebrae measured about two inches across the trans- verse processes, and nearly an inch and a half vertically; the other was a little less in size. “Dr. Hirschfeld closed up the wound in the cesophagus with continuous sutures of prepared catgut, and the external wound with interrupted sutures of horse-hair. The stitching of the gullet was an extremely difficult job, but was very ‘successfully done. ; “ The dog was restricted to entirely fluid sustenance for several days, and the wound kept clean and dressed outside and inside with a weak solution of carbolic acid. “A most satisfactory and complete recovery soon ensued, the animal being apparently not a whit the worse for the very serious operation.” * Peuch and Toussaint (whose recént work I have at hand) have twice performed cesophagotomy on the dog, once witha successful issue.T The operation has, so far, been a rare one, but with the results both in human and veterinary practice, hesitation, when life rests upon it, should no longer exist. SORE FEET. This is often a troublesome complaint with dogs. Those that travel long distances following carriages, or accompany- ing sportsmen, are frequently affected. The thick cuticle covering the sole or pad of the foot becomes worn down, the deeper-seated structures are in consequence bruised, and the foot becomes swollen, hot, and painful. Treatment-—This consists in warm fomentations and * “ Veterinary Journal,” January, 1878. + Peuch et Toussaint : “ Précis de Chirurgie Vétérinaire.” 364 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. poultices—bran, or bran and bread scalded together, are the best agents in the latter ; énseed is too drawing. Where the inflammatory action is excessive and the pain extreme, the surface may be pricked in two or three places, and leeches applied. If suppuration takes place, the matter should be evacu- ated by lancing, and subsequently treated as for abscess. Aperient medicine is advisable, wth rest. To prevent the animal tearing off the poultice, a wire muzzle should be worn. The return to exercise should be gradual, and take place on soft ground. OVER-GROWTH OF CLAWS. The claws occasionally (especially with dogs which have but little walking exercise) become considerably elongated, and, curving underneath, sometimes penetrate the pad of the foot, causing intense pain and inflammation. Treatment.—This consists in shortening the claw with sharp-cutting nippers, and poulticing the foot if injured. It is not advisable to reduce the claws too much at first, but to repeat the operation in a fortnight’s time. The prevention of a recurrence of such an abnormal condition, is in allowing the animal a sufficient amount of liberty and exercise so as to produce the wear necessary for their proper length and shape. REMOVAL OF DEW-CLAW. The dew-claws or supplementary toes grow above the foot, on the inside of the leg, and are apparently of but little use. But as Youatt expresses it: “They are simply illustrations of the uniformity of structure which prevails in all animals, so far as is consistent with their destiny. ” Their presence, however, especially in sporting dogs, is generally considered ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, i 365 an eyesore, and they are therefore usually removed. For my part, I never in any of my own dogs interfere with them. If they are to be removed, it should always be done when the animal is very young; their excision then being easily accomplished with a sharp pair of scissors, first dividing the skin and the dew-claw being drawn to one side‘before it is detached, in order'that the skin may afterwards cover the wound. CROPPING. Youatt observes, “This is an infliction of too much tor- ture for the gratification of a nonsensical fancy ; and, after all, in the opinion of many, and of those too who are fondest of dogs, the animal looks far better in his natural state than when we have exercised all our cruel art upon him.” Blaine, on this subject, wisely 1 remarks, “ Nature gave noth- ing in vain; some parts being intended for use and some for beauty. That must, therefore, be a false taste which has taught us to prefer a curtailed shape to a perfect, without gaining any convenience by the operation.” : Fashion however unfortunately, in this as with many other matters relating to the lower animals, steps in and counte- nances what is to all intents and purposes an act of wanton cruelty, and until she is overruled we can only rely on those, and I trust there are yet among us many such, who prefer Nature to a piece of silver gained through creating an imper- fection in her work, to gratify the taste of a whimsical or Sashionable judge. It does not appear to have, entered into the minds of these wiseacres, that one great function of the external ear is the ‘protection of the more delicately arranged internal structure. Have they ever observed a long-eared dog enter a rabbit- hole? Does he scramble through the sand with his ears full cock? A negative answer should suffice. _ Again, the ears are full of expression. Alarm, excitement, 366 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. joy, watchfulness, are each denoted by their. different at- titudes ; remove them, and the beauty of the countenance is lost. I shall not take up space in this book, which is devoted to worthier, and I trust more interesting subjects, in describ- ing the manner and time of operating. If any of my readers are desirous of obtaining such information, I refer them to those works wherein it is mentioned. ROUNDING. This may be termed cropping in another form, and unless absolutely necessary, as in the extension of cartilaginous disease in canker, it is equally :to be condemned with the for- mer. ‘That it is a prevention of canker is purely imaginary. ‘Such an idea is on a par with cutting off a leg to prevent its -being broken. True, the part that is removed cannot become diseased, but what is left can, and is very likely to, after such unwise measures. And then, as Mayhew has it, “ the wretched beast is rounded a second time,” and so on until he -has little or no ear left. The operation in generally performed with a rounding iron. TAILING. This also is a dictate of fashion ; shortening this appen- dage is not necessarily a cruel operation. It should always. be performed, when intended, a few days after birth, while the parts are tender, easily and instantaneously removed and with but little haemorrhage or subsequent disturbance to the animal. Drawing the tendons is not requisite except when a fine or tapering tail is required, and then it decidedly has that effect. For dividing the tail and then drawing it, a pair of the ordinary flat-nosed sharp-edged pincers are best adapted, ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS, 367 and avoids the otherwise filthy habit of biting the required length off. The operation, however, is not a humane one, and is there- ‘fore unworthy of further notice in these pages. WORMING. This absurd and cruel practice is, I am thankful to say, not frequently, as compared with the past, adopted. This so-called “ worming ” consists in removing one of the cords or tendons of the frenum, which when removed and released from tension is in its movements said to resemble a dying worm. Ignorant people are thus imposed upon by pretenders of equal ignorance, and with which barbarity is mingled. Two prevalent ideas regarding the operation are that it is a preventive of rabies and mischievous disposition, both .of which axe equally absurd and, I need scarcely add, erro- neous. ; CASTRATION. ’ Castration is now rarely performed on the dog, except for certain conditions of the testicles which render their removal necessary. Emasculated dogs have a great tendency to be- come obese, idle, and so far as sports are concerned, com- paratively useless. In all animals, a loss of energy, physical strength, and acuteness of the senses, generally result from castration. It has been argued that animals, particularly dogs, in this state are more affectionate and faithful—the last result, so far as nature is concerned, that could be expected to follow such an operation. Slaves they may be. Disinclination to frater- 368 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. nize with their own species, and more especially those of the opposite sex, is a natural consequence of emasculation, and therefore the supposed home affection and faithfulness are but the result of their unenviable state. The operation, which should be senormed under chloro- form, is a simple one. An incision is made through the scrotum on either side of the median line. The testicle being protruded, a thread or silk ligature is placed around the — spermatic cord about an inch above the testicle, and the lat- ter is then removed a little below the ligature with a scalpel or sharp scissors. Other methods are adopted, as torsion, scraping, or the hot iron. An aperient, and warm fomenta- tions, are generally all that is necessary in the after treat- ment. SPAYING. Spaying, or removal of the ovaries of the bitch, is now almost unheard of, and I trust the time is not far distant when it will be discontinued in other animals. The operation is both inhuman and useless. 1 am thankful to say I have never seen it performed in canine practice, and will therefore quote from another authority. Youatt observes: “Tn performing this operation, an opening is made into the flank on one side, and the finger introduced ; one of the ovaries is laid hold of and drawn a little out of the belly, a ligature is then applied roundit, just above the bifurcation of the womb, and it is cut through, the end of the ligature being left hang- ing out of the wound. The other ovary is then felt for and drawn out, and exciséd and secured by a ligature. The wound is then sewed up, and a bandage is placed over the incision. Some farriers do not apply any ligature, but simply sew up the wound, and in the majority of cases the edges adhere, and no harm comes of the operation, except that. the ACCIDENTS. AND OPERATIONS. ; 369 general character of the animal’ is essentially changed. She accumulates a vast quantity of fat, becomes listléss and idle; and almost invariably short-lived. The female dog, therefore, should always bs allowed to breed. Breeding is a necessary process, and the female pre- vented from itis sure to be affected with disease sooner or later ; enormous collections and indurations will form, that will inevitably terminate in scirrhus or ulceration.” * VACCI NATION, Vaccination is very largely adopted for the prevention of distemper, and, so far as its beneficial effects are concerned, it might just as well be practised for the same purpose with regard to other canine diseases. Between distemper and small- ~pox (variola) there is not the slightest analogy. _How- ever, the operation is a harmless one, and as the latter disease does occasionally attack the dog, it may be attended with good results. The usual places selected for vaccination are the back of the neck, the inside of the forearms, and the ears. In the latter, care should be taken that disease of the cartilage is not occasioned. CHLOROFORM. Little need be said here on the well-known value of chloro- form in surgical operations on the lower animals. In veteri- nary practice it is now, I am thankful to say, extensively used. In the dog it is of especial value ; indeed, an operation of any consequence on the larger breeds, and those of a savage * Youatt: “The Dog,” p. 225. 24 . 370 THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. disposition, could not be performed with any degree ‘of com- fort or safety without the employment of an anesthetic. Of course, there are circumstances in which its administration would be attended with risk—as in some diseases of the res- piratory organs and the heart. I have only witnessed one fatal result, and that occurred in removing a mammary cancer from an old and inordinately fat spaniel bitch. She had re- ceived every preparation, medicinal and otherwise ; the cancer was removed in a few minutes under chloroform, anid she im- mediately afterwards ceased to breathe. A Jost-mortem exath- ination revealed hypertrophy of the heart, with extensive valvular disease, and thus death was readily accounted for. On the score of humanity, however, chloroform chiefly demands our-attention ; and with the knowledge that we are ‘not inflicting pain is gained strength of nerve, confidence in ourselves, and, probably, a more successful issue to our patient. , When, then, we have such a powerful instrument at hand, easy of application, and, with care, harmless in its results, there surely can be no excuse for wanton torture. Indeed, to ‘the right-minded man, the wzavozdad/e infliction of pain must -ever be a source of regret. Away with the ¢heory that dumb animals are devoid of imagination, which, it has been ob- served, adds so much+to the torment of human pangs. ‘They are not only imaginative, but their imagination is acutely sensitive, and in the dog and the iranse this is particularly the case. ; Rather, therefore, than we should stretch our imagination with so unreasonable a theory, let us use the means placed within our reach to allay suffering, and to afford to those animals which are the firm, faithful friends and companions ‘of man, the best and most humane treatment we are capable of bestowing. So that, as recently remarked by a noble member of my profession, ‘we may be a blessing to that lower portion of God’s creation for which we are so deeply responsible.” We must ever remember that the most sacred ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. 37) duty of the Veterinary Surgeon is to prevent or alleviate pain and distress in animals ; and we must also recollect that in addition to their companionship, they possess— “Many a good And useful quality, and virtue too— Attachment never to be weaned or changed By any change of fortune ; proof alike Against unkindness, absence, and neglect ; Fidelity that neither bribe nor threat Can move or warp; and gratitude for small And trivial favors, lasting as the life, And glistening even in the dying eye.” INDEX. ABSCESS, 274. nature of, 274. descriptions of, 274. causes of, 274. : structures especially liable to, 275. symptoms of, 275. treatment of, 275. Abscess (chronic), 276. animals usually seen in, 276. character of, 276. treatment of, 276. Abscess (internal), 276. symptoms of, 276. Acarus of itch disease, 195, 196. Accidents and operations, 342. Admi dicine, 10. Age, indications of the, 45, 46+ Air-passages, internal parasites in the, 33- pentastomum tznioides, 33. situation of, 33. first discovered in the frontal sinuses ration of of the horse and dog by Chobart, 33- experiments with, 33. nature and character of the parasite, ag : ‘ mode of invasion, 33- symptoms produced by the worm, 34- treatment, 34. Amaurosis, 178. nature of, 178. . causes of, 178. symptoms of, 579. treatment of, 179 Anasarca, 305. Anzmia, 311. causes of, 311, 312- Anzmia, symptoms of, 312+ cases of (by D’ Arbor,) 312. post-mortem examinations, 31% treatment of, 313, 314. Ani, prolapsus, 83. symptoms of, 84. treatment of, 84. Ano, fistula in, 84. causes of, 84. symptoms of, 84. treatment of, 85. i Apoplexy, 259- predisposing causes, 259. exciting causes, 259. symptoms of, 260. treatment of, 260. Apoplexy, parturient, 162. case of, 162. pathology of, 162. causes of, 162. symptoms of, 162. treatment of, 163. Appetite, 3. Ascites (active), 305. causes of, 305. pathology of, 306, 307, 308. Ascites (passive), 308. dogs commonly seen in, 308. causes of, 308. how differing from active, 308. symptoms, 308, 309, 310- treatment of, 310. Asthma (congestive), 35+ character of dog chiefly affected, 35 Asthma, predisposing causes of, 35. exciting causes of, 35. 374 Asthma, symptoms of, 35. treatment of, 35. Asthma (spasmodic), 36. predisposing causes of, 36. exciting causes of, 36. symptoms of, 36. treatment of, 36. BALANITIS, 126. causes of, 126. symptoms of, 126. treatment of, 126, 127. Beer, use of, medicinally, 5. Biliary calculi, 104. Bladder, paralysis of the, 124. causes of, 124. treatment of, 125. Bladder, inflammation of the, rro. Blain, 51. seasons most frequently seen in, 52. symptoms of, 52. treatment of, 52. Bones, value of, 4. Bowels, diseases of the, 68. inflammation of the, 76. Brain, compression of the, 266. causes of, 266, symptoms of, 366. treatment of, 266. Brain, concussion of the, 265. causes of, 265. i symptoms of, 265. treatment of, 265. Brain, inflammation of the membranes of the, 269. Breeding, 140. necessity of properly matting in, 140. mental impression, the influence of, on the offspring, 140, 141. re-conception, 141. * close relationship, objectionable, 142. age for breeding, 142. “number of visits necessary for con- ception, 142. symptoms of pregnancy, 142, 143. period of pregnancy, 144. Bronchitis (acute), 18. causes of, 18. _ symptoms of, 18. Bronchitis, treatment of, 18, 19. Bronchitis (chronic), 20. INDEX, Bronchitis, symptoms of, 20. treatment of, 20. Bronchitis, verminous, 20. symptoms of, 21 pathology of 23. eight cases, autopsies of, 23, 29. Strongylus canis bronchialis, 28. illustrations of, male and female, 29. general and specific characters of, 28, ~ 299 ' differs from the parasitic bronchitis of other domestic animals, 30. origin of the disease, 30. duration of, 30. mode of invasion, 30. age at which it is most prevalent, 31. reasons of its fatality in youth, 3r. Bronchocele, 280. causes of, 280. symptoms of, 280. treatment of, 280, 281. Brushing, 8. benefits derived from, 8. Burns and scalds, 358. treatment of, 359. CazsaREAN section, 156—161. Calculi, biliary, 104. symptoms of, 104. - treatment of, 104. Calculi, cystic, 115. congestion and distension of the blad- der resulting from, 116—119. urine, retention of, resulting from, 119 —122. Calculi, gastric, 67. treatment of, 67.° Calculi, renal, ro8. symptoms of, 109. treatment of, r10. Calculi, urethral, 107, 122. symptoms of, 107, 122. treatment of, 123. Cancer (so called), 173. nature of, 173. causes of, 173. symptoms of, 174. Cancer, treatment of, 174. Canker of the ear (external), 185. description of dog affected, 185. causes of, 185. Canker of the ear, symptoms of, 18s, 186. treatment of, ‘186. Canker (internal), 187. : causes of, 187. symptoms of, 187. treatment of, 187, 188. ditto, by Coculet, 188, 387. _ Canker of the mouth, 50. causes of, 50. symptoms of, 50. treatment of, 50. Castration, 367- when necessary, 367. effects of, 367. ideas concerning, 367. : methods of, 367, Cataract, 178. descriptions of, 178. causes, 178. ; symptoms of, 178. treatment of, 178. Catarrh, 13. symptoms of, 13. treatment of, 14. Catarrh, gastric, 61. causes of, 61, 62. symptoms of, 61." treatment of, 61, 62. Chest-founder (see “ Rh Chest, dropsy of, 37- Choking, 361. causes of, 36x. treatment of, 361. Chorea, 260. causes of, 260. symptoms of, 261. treatment of, 261, 262. Chloroform, 369. value of. 370. arguments in favor of, 370- Claws, over-growth of, 364. c causes of, 364... ° treatment of, 364. Cold, 34. Colic, 74. . causes of, 74. symptoms of, 74 75- treatment of, 75- Colic, liability of puppies to, 760 INDEX. ")y 3 8. Colic, treatment of, 76. Combing, 7. Constipation, 68. natural tendency to, in the dog 68- causes of, 68- symptoms of, 68, 69. treatment of, 69. diet in, 69. daily exercise, necessity of, in, 69. Consumption, 42. predisposing causes of, 42. exciting causes of, 42. symptoms of, 43. treatment of, 43. in relation to breeding, 43, Cornea, hairy tumors on the, 182. cases of, 182, 183. treatment of, 182, 183. Cramp, 332. causes of, 332- symptoms of, 332+ treatment of, 332. Crooked limbs, 321. causes of, 321. Cropping, 365: why adopted, 365. why undesirable, 365, 366. Cystic calculi, 115. Cystitis (acute), 10. causes of, 110. symptoms of r10, 113. treatment of, 113) 14. diet in, 1x4. Cystitis (chronic), 114. causes of, 114. symptoms of, 114. treatment of, 114, 115. DEAFNESS, 193- causes of, 193. * treatment of, 193. Dentition, 45—48. Dew-claws, removal of, 364. how removed, 365. Diarrheea, 69. liabilities of puppies to, 69. causes of, 69, 70- treatment of, 70. diet in, 70. Digestive powers of the dog, 1. Diphtheria, 281. 375 376 Diphtheria, class of dog affected, 281. symptoms of, 282, 283, 284. post-mortem examinations, 283, 284. preventive measures, 284, 285. outbreak of, in Tasmania, 285. transmission from man to dog, 286. cases of, 286, 289. post-mortem examinations, 287, 289) 290. ° experimental inoculation, 288. histological examination, 290, 291. conclusions drawn from, 291, 292. Diseases, general, 274. Dislocations, 351. usual situations, 351. predisposing causes, 351. exciting causes, 352+ symptoms of, 352. treatment of, 352. of the shoulder, 352. of the elbow, 352. of the knee, 352. of the hip, 352. of the petella, 352, 353- of the hock, 353- of the toes, 353. Distemper, 292. nature of, 293. class of animal most frequent in, 293. not a necessary disease, 293. complications of, 293. causes of, 293, 294. incubation period of, 294. symptoms of, 294, 294. treatment of, 295, 296, 297. associated with bronchitis and pneu- monia, 297. symptoms of, 297+ treatment of, 297, 298. necessity of ventilation, 298. associated with jaundice, 298, 299. symptoms of, 299- : treatment of, 299. associated with diarrhoea, 299. symptoms of, 299. associated with diarrhcea, treatment of, 300. associated with fits, 300. treatment of, 300, 301. Distemper, vesicular eruption in, 301. INDEX. Distemper, symptoms of, 301. what owing to, 302. treatment of, 302. associated with chorea and paralysis, 302. treatment of, 302- preventive measures for distemper, 303- 3 vaccination, uselessness of in, 303, 304. Distemper and human typhoid fever, nc identity between, 304, 305. Draughts, how to administer, 11. Dropsy, 305+ usual forms of, 305. Dysentery, 71- nature of, 71. causes of, 71. symptoms of, 7t. treatment of, 71. diet in, 72. Dyspepsia, 58. Ear, diseases of the, 18, Ear, polypus in the, 189. character of, 189. causes of, 190. symptoms of, 190. ditto (Mercer), 191, 192+ treatment of, 193. Ear, serous abscess of the, 189. causes of, 189. symptoms of, 189. treatment of, 189. Ear, scurfy, 194. causes of, 194+ treatment of, 194. Eclampsia, parturient, 163. cases of (Mauri), 163, 1676 ditto (Laffitte), 166, 166. Eczema, 202. nature of, 202, 203. causes of, 203. treatment of, 203, 204. Eczema (chronic), 204. treatment of, 204, 205. Eczema, mercuriale, 205. symptoms of, 205. Enteritis, 76. tissues involved in, 76. causes of, 76. Enteritis, symptoms of, 76. INDEX. Enteritis, how distinguished from other affections, especially colic, 76, 77. general symptoms of, 77. terminations of, 77. how denoted, 77, 78. treatment of, 78, 79. diet in, 79. Entoza, 213—231. treatment for, 215, 216, 217, 228, 229. Epilepsy, 257. : 2 : confounded with rabies, 257. susceptible periods for, 257. predisposing causes of, 267. exciting causes of, 257. symptoms of, 257, 258. jated with diste! treatment of, 258, 259. Erythema, 205. : symptoms of, 205. treatment, 206. Exercise, 5. necessity of, 5, 6. means of taking, 6. Eye, diseases of the, 176. extirpation of the, 181. when necessary, 182. how performed, 182. subsequent treatment, 182. Eye-ball, protrusion of the, 181. causes of, 181. treatment of, 181. Farsz-JoInt, 349- Fatness, excessive, 315- Fatty degeneration, liver, 100. heart, 332. ; ovaries, 137) 138- Fatty substances, influence of, as food, 102. * Feeding, time of, 2. system of, 2. health in relation to, 2. Feet, sore, 363- causes of, 363. symptoms of, 363. treatment of, 364. Food, 1. quantity of, 3 Food, kind of, 3, 4. Fistulain ano, 84. Flatulency, 59. > 258. 377 Flatulency, treatment of, 59. Fleas, 214. treatment for, 211. ditto (Gamgee), 212. protective measures, 212. Foreign bodies in the stomach, 6. Founder (chest), 318. : Fractures, 342. 4 descriptions of, 342, 343. bones most liable to, 343. causes of, 343. treatment of, 343. of long bones, 343) 344+ of the scapula, 344, 345+ of the pelvis, 346. of the ribs, 346. of the cranium, 346, 347+ of the vertebra, 348. false joint, 349. treatment of, 349. re-fracture, 349, 350+ compound fracture, 350+ fracture with luxation, 350. Gastric calculi, 67. Gastritis (acute), 63. terminations of, 63. causes of, 63. symptoms of, 63. post-mortem appearances, 63, 64. * treatment of, 64, 65. Gastritis (chronic), 65. causes of, 65. symptoms of, 65. treatment of, 65. Gastro-enteritis, 79. causes of, 79. symptoms of, 79. treatment of, 79. Gastro-hysterotomy, 156—161. General diseases, 274. General management, 1—12. Generative organs, diseases of the, 126, functions of the, 139. Glanders, 322. cases of (Fleming), 322, 323, 324+ Glossitis, 51. causes of, 51. symptoms of, 51. treatment of, 51. Glossy coat, means of obtaining, 8 378 Grooming, 7, 8. Grooming, benefit derived from, 8. Hamatouria, 107. - causes of, 107. symptoms of, 107, 108. treatment of, 108. Haw, enlargement of the, 180+ causes of, 180. symptoms of, 180. treatment of, 180. - Heart, diseases of the, 336. Heart, fatty degeneration of the, 336. pathological anatomy, 337- causes of, 337, 338. symptoms of, 337. Heart, valvular disease of the, 338. symptoms of, 338. post-mortem appearances of, 338. treatment of, 338, 339+ INDEX. ‘ IcTeRus, 88. Indigestion, 58. Indigestion, causes of, 58. symptoms of, 58. treatment of, 59. diet, 59. Inflammation of bladder, 110, bowels, 76. brain, 269- bronchial tubes, 18. claws, 364- ear, 185. eye, 176. feet, 363. kidney, 106. larynx, 16. liver, 86. lungs, 40. . mammary gland, r71- case of, iated with rh chorea, 338, 339- Heart, rupture of the, 339, 340. symptoms of, 340. post-mortem examination, 340. cause of, 341. why remarkable, 341. Hepatitis (acute), 86- predispos.ng causes of, 86. exciting causes of, 86. symptoms of, 86. terminations of, 87. treatment of, 87. Hepatitis (chronic), 87. causes of, 87. symptoms of, 87. treatment of, 87. terminations of, 87. Hernia (umbilical), 360. causes of, 360. symptoms of, 360. . treatment of, 360, 36z. Husk, 61. Hydrargyria, 205. Hydrocephalus, 267. causes of, 267. symptoms of, 267. treatment of, 268. Hydrophobia (so called), 233. Hydrothorax, 37, 39 tapping in, 39. peri ny 79+ pharynx, 53. pleura, 36. prepuce, 126. spleen, 105. stomach, 63. tongue, 51. uterus, I3t Influenza, 14. causes of, 14. symptoms of, 15. treatment of, 15. Internal parasites, 213. Intestines, worms in the, 73. symptoms of, 74. Intus-susception, 72. character of, 72. intestines involved, 72. termination of, 72. cases of, 72. autopsies, 72. symptoms of, 73. . treatment of, 73. Inversion of the stomach, 65. Initis, 179. causes of, 179. symptoms of, 180, treatment of, 180. Itch, 195. JAuUNDICE, 88. causes of, 88. INDEX, Jaundice, symptoms of, 89. terminations of, go. associated with pregnacy, go. treatment of, go, diet in, go. Jaundice, Weber, M., xis paper on Jaun- dice, 91—97. Trasbot, ditto, translated by Fleming, 97—98. KENNEL arrangement, 8, 9, 10. construction of, 9, 10. cleansing of, 9. K J-} (see “ Rh 318. Kidney, inflammation of the, 106. Lacreax Tumors, 172- - Laryngitis, acute, 16. predisposing causes of, 16. ‘exciting causes of, 16. symptoms of, 16. treatment of, 16. Laryngitis, chronic, 17. symptoms of, 17. treatment of, 17. Larynx, inflammation of the, 16. Legs, crooked, 321. causes of, 321, Leukemia, 311. nature of, 311. diseases associated with, 311. case recorded (Innorenza), 311. Lice, 212. how hatched, 212. treatment for, 212. Lips, warts on the, 210. Liver. diseases of the, 86 Liver, fatty degeneration of the, 100. symptoms of, 100. treatment of, 100. post-mortem examination, ror. Liver, inflammation of the, Liver and spleen, diseases of the, 86. cancerous deposit in the, roz. post-mortem examinations, 103. Lungs, inflammation of the, 40. Lumbago (see “‘ Rheumatism ”), 318. Mamnary gland, diseases of the, 171. Mammitis (acute). 171. causes of, r71. symptoms of, 171. ism”), 379 Mammitis (acute), treatment of, 171. Mamniitis (chronic), 172. causes of, 172. symptoms of, 172. Mamumiitis, treatment of, 172. Management, general, r. Mange (follicular), 199. cause of, 199. symptoms of, 199, 200+ treatment of, 200. Mange (sarcoptic), 195. diseases analogous to, 195. cause of, 195. symptoms of, 195. treatment of, 196. Marasmus, 314. causes of, 314. symptoms of, 314. treatment of, 314. Measles, 332. case of, 332. symptoms of, 333. Measles, parasitic, 230, 231. symptoms of, 230, 231+ Medicine, administration of, 10. methods of, rx. Melanosis, 279. Meningitis, 269. di usually symptoms of, 269. treatment of, 269. _ case of (Leblanc), 270. symptoms of, 270, 271. post-mortem examination, 271. case of (Gowing), 271. symptoms of, 271. treatment of, 272. post-mortem examination, 272. Metritis, 131. Milk fever, 162. Mouth, canker of the, so. diseases of the, 45. Mouth and Tongue, diseases of the, 45 NEPuRITIS, 106. causes of, 106. symptoms of, 106. treatment of, 107. Nervous system, diseases of tne, 233. Neuralgia, 273. symptoms of, 273. iated with, 269. 380 Neuralgia, treatment of, 273+ Nose, polypus in the, 43. Nursing, rr. good, necess ty of in sickness, rz. Nursing, in medical treatment, 12. OBESITY, 315. causes of, 315. treatment of, 316. Obstruction of the bowels, 72. (Csophagotomy, "362. how performed, 362. after treatment, 363. strum, 139- time of appearance, 139. signs of, 139. treatment during, 140. Operations, 342. Ophthalmia, 176. causes of, 176. symptoms of, 176. treatment of, :77. Ophthalmia, chronic, or constitutional, "77. symptoms of, 177. treatment of, 178. Ovaries, fatty degeneration of the, 137, 138. Overgrowth of claws, 364. Ozena, 44. causes of, 44. symptoms of, 44. treatment of, 44. PaRA.ysis, 263. causes of, 263. diseases connected with, 263. symptoms of, 263.° treatment of, 263, 264, of the bladder, 124. of the tongue, 52. Parasites (external), 195. Parasites (internal), 213. Ascaris marginata, 214, 215, 216. Bothriocephalus latus, 227. B. cordatus, 227. B. dubius, 227. B. fuscus, 227. B. reticulatus, 227. Cysticercus cellulosus, 230, 231) 232. Cysticercus tenuicollis, 223. Distoma conjunctum, 214. Dochmius trig onocephalus, 218. INDEX. Parasites, Estrongylus gigas, 218. Filaria haem atica, 219. Filaria hepatica, 219. Filaria, immitis, 217. Parasites, Filaria trispinulosa, 219 Hematozoon subaltum, 219: Holostoma alatum, 214. Maw worms, 228. Pentastoma temoides, 227; Spiroptera sanguinolenta, 218. Strongylus canis bronchialis, 28, Tzenia coenurus, 220, 221, 222. Tenia cucumerina, 220. Tenia echinococcus, 223, 227. Tenia marginata, 223. Tenia serrata, 227. Trichina spiralis, 219- Tricocephalus depressiusculus, 219 Trichosoma plica, 218, Parturient apoplexy, 161-6 — Parturition, 143. symptoms of approaching labor, 144. assistance, when needed, 144) 145. warm bath, value of, r45- uterine stimulants, 146. management after parturition, 146. Parturition, diseases immediately, con- nected with, 161. Parturition, unnatural, 146. means used to deliver in, 146—157. Penis, warts on the, 127. causes of, 127. treatment of, 127. Peritonitis (acute), 79» cause of, 79. symptoms of, 79, 80. post-mortem appearances, 80. treatment of, 80, 81. terminations of, ‘8. Peritonitis (chronic), 81. symptoms of, 8r. chronic, post-mortem appearances, 81. treatment of, 81. Pharyngitis, 53. causes of, 53. symptoms of, 53. terminations of, 54. _ treatment of, 54. Pharyngitis, abscess in, 54. treatment of, 54. INDEX, Pharyngitis stricture in, 54. Pharyngitis, treatment of stricture in, 54. Pharynx, inflammation of, 53. Piles, 82. nature of, 82. causes of, 82. symptoms of, 82. treatment of, 82. Pills, how toadminister, rt. Plethora, 315. dogs most liable to, atk associated with fits, 315 symptoms of, 315- treatment of, 315. Pleurisy (acute), 36. predisposing causes of, 36. exciting causes of, 37. symptoms of, 37. terminations of, 37. post-mortem examination, 37. treatment of, 38. ; ventilation, necessity of, in, 38. Pleurisy (chronic), 39- symptoms of, 39. treatment of, 39, 40+ Pleuro-pneumonia, 36. Pneumonia, 49- predisposing causes of, 40. exciting causes of, 4o. symptoms of, 40, 41. treatment of, 41+ regenerative process in, 42. Polypus, aural, 189. nasal, 43. ” vaginal, 132. Prolapsus ani, 83. Puppies, feeding of, 5. Rasigs, 233. etymology of, 234. nature of, 234. causes of, 234, 235, 236+ incubation, period of, 237, 238, 239- duration of, 239, 240. symptoms of (furious), 240—245- ditto (dumb), 245- maternal affection in, 245. post-mortem appearances in, 246— 252. innocuousness of the milk in, 252,.253, 254 381 Rabies, treatment of, 254, 255. preventive measure, 255. Rabies, diagnosis, ignorance in, 255, 256. Rachitis, 320. Removal of dew-claws, 364- Renal calculi, 108. Respiratory organs, diseases of the, 13. Retention of urine, 127 Rheumatism (acute), 316. descriptions of, 316. causes of, 311+ forms of, 316. symptoms of, 317, 318. treatment of, 38, 319. Rheumatism (chronic), 319. symptoms of, 319. treatment of, 319. Ribs, fracture of, 343. Rickets, 320. causes of, 320. symptoms of, 320, 321. treatment of, 321, 322- Ringworm, 206. vegetable parasite dae to, 206. causes of, 206. symptoms of, 206. incubation, period of, 206. treatment of, 206, 207- Ringworm (Honeycomb), 207. vegetable parasite due to, 207. causes of, 207. symptoms of, 208, 209, 210. treatment of, 209, 210. Rounding, 366. when necessary, 366. how performed, 366. Rye, ergot of, use in parturition, 146+ SALIVATION, 54+ causes of, 54- symptoms of, 55. treatment of, 55, 56, 57« Sarcoptes canis, 196. Scalds, 358. : treatment of, 3 59° Scapula, fracture of, 344- Scrofula, 322. causes of, 322- symptoms of, 323, 324+ treatment of, 323- case of (Gowing), 324- 382 Scrofula, post-mortem, 324. Scrotal irritation, 127. causes of, 1276 symptoms of, 128. _ treatment of, 128. Scurfy ears, 194. Septikemia puerperalis, 167. causes of, 167. symptoms of, 168. post-mortem examination, 168. treatment of, 168, 169. Shoulder-joint, dislocation of, 352+ Skin, diseases of the, 195. Skull, fracture of, 347- Small-pox, 328. symptoms of, 328—332. sanitary measures, 331, 332+ curative measures, 332+ Sore feet, 363. Spaying, 368. y and of, 368, 369- z methods of, 368. reasons why not indicated, 368. results, 368. Spirits, use of, medicinally, 5. Spleen, diseases of the, 86. inflammation of the, 105. Splenitis, ros. in connection with other diseases, 105. symptoms of, 105. treatment of, 105. Sprains, 358- symptoms of, 358. treatment of, 358. Stomach, calculi in the, 67. character of, 67. treatment of, 67. diseases of the, 58. foreign bodies in the, 67. associated with rabies, 67. causes of, 67. Stomach, inflammation of the, 63. Stomach, inversion of the, 65. case of, 66. symptoms of, 66. autopsy, 66. Stomach, worms in the, 61. symptoms of, 61. species of worm, 61. INDEX. Stomach, worms in the treatment of, 61. Stone in the bladder, 115. St. Vitus’s dance, 260. Swelling of the ears, 189. TAILING, 366. age when done, 366. method of, 366. Tape-worm, 219. Tapping the chest, 39. Tartar, on the teeth, 49. prejudicial to health, 49. treatment of, 49, 50. Teeth, decayed, 49. cause of disease, 49. associated with feeding, 49 extraction of, 49. hemorrhage from, 49. treatment of, 49. Testicles, enlarged, 128. symptoms of, 128. causes of, 128, 129. treatment of, 129. Tetanus, 333- nature of, 333- causes of, 333- symptoms of, 333. cause of death, 333. post-mortem appearances, 334 treatment of, 334, 335- diet in, 335. Ticks, 212. treatment for, 212. Tongue, affections of the, 51. paralysis of the, 52. causes of, 53. symptoms of, 53. treatment of, 53. worming, 367. Tumors, 276. Calcareous, 278. situations of, 278. treatment of, 278. Fatty, 276. situations of, 276. character of, 277. diagnosis, 277. treatment of, 277. Fibro-cystic, 277+ situations of, 277, 278 treatment of, 277, 278. INDEX. 383 Tumors, 276. Fibrous, 277. causes of, 277. situations of, 277. diagnosis, 277. treatment, 277, 278. Tumors—Lacteal, 172. causes of, 172. symptoms of, 172. treatment of, 173. Melanotic, 279. symptems of, 279. post-mortem examination, 279, 28° Osseous, 279+ situations of, 279. treatment of, 279, 322. Rectal, 82. symptoms of, 82. \ treatment of, 83. Turnside, 268. causes of, 268. symptoms of (Youatt), 268, 269. post-mortem examinations, 268. Uucers on the tongue, 51. causes of, 51. treatment of, 51. Umbilical hernia, 360. Urethra, worm in the, 124. Urethral calculi, 107, 122. - Urinary organs, diseases of the, 106 Urine, retention of the, 122. causes of, 122. symptoms of, 122, 123. treatment of, 123. Séon, M,, records a singular case of, 124. Uterus, inflammation of the, 131, causes of, 132. symptoms of, 132. treatment of, 132, 133+ Uterus, ixversion of the, 133- causes of, 133. symptoms of, 133. treatment of, 133, 134+ Uterus, wceration of the, 134. causes of, 134. symptoms of, 134. treatment of, 134. Uterus, hernia of the, 135. symptoms of, 135. Uterus, treatment of, 135, 136. Uterus, dropsy of the, 136. causes of, 136. symptoms of, 136. case of, 136, 137- VACCINATION, 369- why adopted, 369, where performed, 369. Vagina, inversion of the, 129. causes of, 129. symptoms of, 129, 130. treatment of, 130, 131. Vagina, polypus in the, 131. symptoms of, 131. treatment of, 131. Variolz caning, 328. Vertigo, 260. symptoms of, 260. causes of, 260. treatment of, 260. Vomiting, 60. susceptibility to, in dogs, 60. indication of, 60. character of, 60. treatment of, 60. Warts, 210. situations favorable to growth of . a1¢ character of, 211. treatment of, 211. Washing, 7. frequency of, 7. method of, 7. Water, allowance of, 5. Wine, use of medicinally, 5, Worming, 367. what it consists in, 367. ignorant ideas concerning 367- Worms in the intestines, 73. in the stomach, 61. Wounds, 354. descriptions of, 354, 355. ‘methods of healing, 355+ treatment of, 355—357- YELLows, the, 88. STONEHENGE. a. ea) Ea IN THE STABLE AND THE FIELD. His Management in Health and Disease. BY J. H. WALSH, F. R. C. S. (SronsHENcz.) from the last London Edition, with an Essay on the AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE, and suggestions on the Breeding and Training of Trotters, BY ELWOOD HARVEY, M. D. Illustrated with over 80 Engravings, and full-page Engravings from Photographs. 12mo., Cloth extra, bev. bds., black and gold, - - $2.00 WOODRUFF. THE TROTTING HORSE OF AMERICA. How to Train and Drive Him, With the Reminiscences of the Trotting Turf, BY HIRAM WOODRUFF, EpitEp sy CHARLES J. FOSTER, Including an Intreductory Notice by GEORGE WILKES, and a Biographical Sketch by the Editor. 19th edition, revised and enlarged, with an Appendix anda copious index, With a Steel Portrait of the Author, And Six Engravings on Wood of Celebrated Trotters. 12mo,, Oloth extra, black andgold, - - = $2.50 SENT FREE BY MAIL ON RECEIPT GF PRICE. EVERY HORSEMAN SHOULD BUY BAUCHERS NEW Method of THorgeman ship. 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