a4 a ( Rasta at ss Peralta eesti) ebalere! oe %, eats EG aistete (pt Pat 4 area le Oh ty tat be *y Ce Ly patie, ia pest wiateta ibe ee CA al Mee ERs tase Po dar Wy 54) Cay i‘ Ae AeA t Pp gf ». SE AL Chee - ge eS y ” Cid Pe: Phe Cupra Hon, (arr ets * SF 991.D ee ae Library Diseases of dog Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu3 1924000946685 L. UPCOTT GILL, BAZAAR BUILDINGS, LONDON, W.C. Pressing Points , CONCERNING THE QUESTION OF Dog Feeding DO YOU REALIZE that SPRATT'S Dog Cakes are not the ordinary biscuits pro- duced simply to satisfy a dog's appetite? They are made with the object of producing certain definite results in the health of your dog, the most important being: 1. PERFECT NOURISHMENT OF FRAME AND BODY—pbecause they are made from our pure “MEAT FIBRINE,"” selected wheatmeals, etc. . FULL AND GLOSSY COAT—because the blood is fully NOURISHED and RENEWED. . STAMINA AND VIM--because good whole- some food gives good health and vigour. 2 3 4, PERFECT CLEANSING OF TEETH because 5. they are well baked & compel the dog tognaw. . FREEDOM from OBJECTIONABLE ODOURS SPRATT’S Dog Cakes 8 Puppy Biscuits Contain NO Added Sugar, NO Chemicals Write to-day for our Biscuit Book and Samples of Foods suitable for your dog THEY’RE_ FREE! RATT'S PATENT LIMITED S428 Fenchurch Street, LONDON, E.C. IT 1S A DUTY you owe your dog always to specify SPRATT’S when ordering DOG FOODS. ® OVER 3000 TESTIMONIALS RECEIVED point to the world-wide fame attained by >>——> HEALD’S DOG MEDICINES They are in demand throughout the civilised world, and are in constant use in the Royal Kennels, and in several of the largest English and Continental Hunting establishments. Once introduced they are ever afterwards used for their efficiency and reliability. A sure indication of their popularity is that they have been imitated again and again. In spite of competition they have pushed their way, on their merits alone, in the confidence of the dog-keeping and dog-loving portion of the public. . Each remedy is sent out in two sizes only, the sample package at 1/1, post free, suitable for small consumers, and the Kennel Package at 7/6, HEALD’S HEALD’S - HEPATIC TONIC APERIENT BALLS. CONDITION BALLS. For Yellows, Jaundice, Liver The BEST Canine Stimulant for derangements Show Condition, weakness, and and CONSTIPATION. a bracer for extra exertion. HEALD’S DISTEMPER POWDERS, Never fail to cure this dire lai Don’t hesitate, but give immediately. They cure colds. HEALD’S WORM POWDER & CAPSULES. The most persi t are per ly lled. No other dosing required. A complete cure in themselves. _ HEALD’S | HEALD’S COUGH BALLS. DOG SOAP. The Simplest and. Best Remedy. Freely used gives a healthy coat, for Coughs, Asthma, and free from scurf and vermin. _ Bronchitis. 6d. Tablets, post free. -HEALD’S MANGE SPECIFIC. . A Positive cure for Mange of any kind, Eczema, and all skin troubles. HEALD’S HEALD’S TICK LOTION EAR-CANKER (Non-Poisonous.) LOTION. Destroys all Parasites and Instant relief while removing Vermin. the cause of irritation. 1/3 post free. 1/3 post free. HEALD’S DOG MEDICINE CoO., BURNHAM, BUCKS. There are many Dog Foods, but only ONE MELOX The Perfected Food FOR ALL BREEDS OF DOGS. A highly concentrated meal, containing the greatest amount of flesh-forming constituents ever submitted for public favour. The result of its use with the daintiest and most delicate feeders is marvellous. ADMITTED TO BE THE FINEST DOG FOOD IN EXISTENCE ! Improves and Strengthens the Digestive Organs, Gives Gloss to the Coat, Muscle to the Body, And from which is obtained the greatest results ever experienced in the Canine World. To be obtained from all Corn Merchants, Grocers, and Stores. CLARKE’S BISCUIT FACTORIES, LIMEHOUSE, LONDON, E. | By Special Warrant to HIS MAJESTY THE KING. MELOX MARVELS The New Dry Diet for Dogs. A dainty miniature dog cake weighing about 250 to the pound. Containing 20 per cent. of Meat and its Juices, incorporated with ingredients of the greatest excellence, and super- seding all the best kinds of Dog Cakes hitherto in use. BUFFALO PUPPY CAKES The Great Bone Maker, 10/- per 4 cwt. Case, Carriage Paid, and CLARKE’S BUFFALO TERRIER CAKES are recommended where a change of diet is required. Samples post free on application. Clarke’s Biscuit Factory, LIMEHOUSE, LONDON, E. (Established over Half a Century.) BY SPECIAL WARRANT TO H.M. THE KING. The GREAT PAPER for PRIVATE PERSONS For Buying Anything— Furniture, Curios, Poultry, Dress, Plants, a Watch, Cycle, Dog, Camera, or anything else—the best way is through “The Bazaar, Exchange and Mart” newspaper. In every issue are classified announcements of thousands of goods for sale, new and second-hand. Where articles are too expensive first-hand, buy them second-hand ; a good class second-hand article is far better than a shoddy new one, and need cost no more. For Selling Anything no better market exists than in “ The Bazaar.” In nearly every household there are scores of things which are so much lumber, but which other people want and would readily buy. Turn them into money : Private announce- ments cost only Id. for 3 words (minimum 4d.) per insertion. For Exchanging Anything for something of equivalent value which you may want in its stead there is only one practical way: insert an announcement in “The Bazaar, Exchange and Mart” giving full particulars. For Literary Articles of real practical utility to the Amateur there is no journal equal to “ The Bazaar.” Its literary pages are written by those who have personal practical knowledge of their subjects, and the information given is clear, concise and accurate. For Information upon any subject you will find this paper most reliable, See the number and lucidity and the range of subjects covered in the Answers to Correspondents in every issue, aed if you yourself want to know anything, write to ‘‘ The azaar. On sale at all New ’ and Bookstalls, price 2d.; or a specimen copy’ will be sent, post free, for 3d. in stamps, from the Offices: Bazaar Buildings, Drury Lane, London, W.C. obs Bird & Storey’s DOG MEDICINES, As Used by the Leading Dog Breeders and Fanciers. DISTEMPER PILLS (B. & S.’s).—These valuable Pills are a certain cure for this most destructive disease, if given immediately on the appearance of the first symptoms, and have proved the means of saving the lives of innumerable Dogs of all Breeds. WORM POWDERS (B. & S.’s) are admitted, by all who have tried them, to be the best, cheapest, and most speedy Medicine for the removal of all the varieties of Intestinal Worms, from which the Canine race is so peculiarly liable to suffer. ALTERATIVE POWDERS (B. & S.’s).—We can strongly recommend these Powders to Dog Owners as an infallible cure for Constipation, Liver Com- laints, Indigestion, &c., and as a safe and reliable Laxative, Being tasteless, ‘he Powders can be given to any dog in a little bread and milk, or its ordinary food, so that the trouble and danger of administering ‘“Pills’’ or “Balls” are entirely obviated. The “ Alteratige Powders” in consequence of their great effect as a Cooling and Blood*Purifying Medicine are par- ticularly useful in all cases of skin disease. TONIC PILLS (B. & S.’s).—Unrivalled for pe recovering from Distemper and other debilitating diseases, as they not only improve the appetite, but also strengthen the Digestive Organs and the system generally. COUGH PILLS (B. & S.’s).—These should be given immediately on the appear- ance of Coughs or Colds, and will be found to effect a speedy and permanent . cure. PALATABLE PUPPY POWDERS (B. & S.’s).—Almost tasteless and can be administered in a small fua ney of bread and milk. Given occasionally up to 12 months old they act as a preventative of Distemper, Worms, and Con- vulsions—the sources of 99 per cent. of puppy mortali ¥, De The above Medicines are all retailed in Boxes from 1s. (or Post Free, 1s. 14d.) up- wards, and prepared in four different strengths, called respectively A, B,C, & D = Strength is suitable for St. poeeeroe, eenenoue s, &. ve Pa Foxhounds, trievers, Greyhounds, &c. Cc 4 A Fox Terriers, Dachshunds, &c. D ‘ The smaller breeds of Dogs. MANGE WASH (B. & S.’s).—An infallible Remedy for every variety of this most troublesome disease. (N.B.—The curative action of this Wash is greatly facili- tated by the use of the Aperient Balls.) 1s. 9d. per bottle (or Post Free, 2s. 3d.). EAR CANKER, DROPS (B. & S.’s).—A specific for this painful and troublesome complaint. 1s. per bottle (or Post Free, 1s. 3d.). CANINE ECZEMA OINTMENT (B & S.’s).—This ointment has been used with marvellous success in many very bad cases of this troublesome Canine complaint. Combined with a course of the above-mentioned “ Alterative Powders,” we have never known it to fail to give relief even in what had been considered perfectly hopeless cases. In pote, 1s. (Post Free, 1s. SW.) and 2s. 6d. (equal to four small; Post free, 26. 9d. each). N.B.—Advice gratis with reference to use of above Remedies, a a de ee a i SPECIMEN TESTIMONIALS. F. L. SHARP, Esq., ‘‘Ridgemount,’’ Parkstone, Dorset, writes : Jan. 26th, 1910. “ Dear Sirs,—Speaking from my own experience I may safely recommend your prepara- tions to all interested in dogs. Having clearly described the symptoms, the inexperienced dog owner may safely leave you to supply the most suitable remedy for the canine invalid, as Il have hitherto done with marked success.—Yours truly, aii L. cree . BENNETT, Leigh Hill, Cobham, writes : ov. Ist, 1909. cna ae am 80 pieced to be able to tell you that your ‘Eczema Ointment’ has completely cured my Fox Terrier when the Vet.’s remedies did not do so, and I shall always send for the ointment if either of my little dogs gets eczema again. BIRD & STOREY, Canine chemists, 42, CASTLE STREET EAST, OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W. 4 POOR FLEA-WORRIED DOG! Liquid Kaslene. He would if he knew of it. This is to tell him. SAMPLE SIXPENCE. All animal lovers should use it. Destroys vermin. Improves and beautifies dogs’ coats. Hygienic, non-poisonous, harm- less to the skin. Post 1s, 4d, and 2s. 6d. 9, GOLDSMITH STREET, LONDON, E.C. “ELASTENE™ (Registered) Hygienic , BEDDING is inexpensive, and THE BEST for . . SPORTING, TOY and OTHER DOGS. Praised by Doggy Press. Largely used by Prize Breeders. Sold by Stores and Corn Dealers from 6d. per packet, or 2/7 per Sack. Sole Makers— City of London Wood-Wool Co., Contractors to H.M. Government, PLOVER ST., GAINSBOROUGH RD., VICTORIA PARK, LONDON,N.E. . NONE SO GOOD AS THE DOCTOR’S DISTEMPER MIXTURE. Now being used by over 80 packs of Hounds, including :— Duke of Buccleuch’s, Cheshire, Quorn, Belvoir, Newmarket and Thurlow, Cleveland, &c., &c. Write for list of Testimonials. IS SOLD BY MAJOR BIRKBECK, SETTLE, YORKSHIRE, in 2/9, 5/6 and 10/6 bottles. 45/- per gallon. Ley ™ = 26 bey ey ~ THE DISEASES OF DOGS. THE KENNEL LIBRARY. BRITISH GS. Their Points, Selection, and Show Preparation. Third Edition. By eminent specialists, Beautifully illustrated. This is the fullest work on the various breeds of dogs kept in England. In one volume, demy 8vo, cloth, price 12/6 nett, by post 13]-. PRACTICAL KENNEL MANAGEMENT. The Proper Management of Dogs for the Show Bench, the Field, or as Companions, with a chapter on Diseases—their Causes and Treat- ment. By well-known specialists. Illustrated. In cloth, price 10/6 nett, by post 11]-. BRITISH TERRIERS. Their Breeding, Manage- ment, and Training for Show or Work. An excellent book, by J. MAxTEE. Copiously illus- trated. In cloth, price 3/- nett, by post 3/3. Also in two parts, each price 1]- nett, by post 1/2. Part I. English and Welsh Terriers. Part II. Seotch and Irish Terriers, and the Management and Minor Diseases of Terriers in general. BREAKING AND TRAINING DOGS. Concise Directions for the proper education of Dogs, both for the Field and for Companions. Third Edition. Many new illustrations and much enlarged. In cloth, price 6/6 nett, by post 6/10. POPULAR DOG-KEEPING. The General Manage- ment and Training of all Kinds of Dogs for Companions and Pets. Third Edition. By J. Maxtex. Illustrated. Price 1/- nett, by post 1/2. THE FOX TERRIER. Its Points, Breeding, Rearing, and Preparing for Exhibition. Second Edition. Revised and brought up to date. Fully illustrated. Price 1]- nett, by post 1/2. THE COLLIE. Asa Show Dog, Companion and Worker. Revised by J. Maxtez. Third Edition. Illustrated. Price 1J- nett, by post 1/2. THE GREYHOUND. Its Points, Breeding, Rearing, Training, and Running. Second Edition. Revised and brought up to date by J. MaxtTez, assisted by T. B. Rixon. Illustrated. Price 1/- nett, by post 1/2. THE WHIPPET OR RACE-DOG. How to Breed, Rear, Train, Race, and Exhibit the Whippet, the Management of Race Meetings, and Original Plans of Courses. By FREEMAN Lioyp. Second Edition. Illustrated. Price 1/- nett, by post 1/2. FIRST AID TO DOGS, AND KENNEL EMERGENCIES: with Valuable Chapters on the Mother and Puppies, &c. By Surgeon W. Gorpvon Stases, R.N., M.D., &c. Illustrated. In cloth, price 1/6 nett, by post 1/9. DISEASES OF DOGS. Their Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. A book invaluable to Amateurs. Fourth Edition, entirely re- written by ALEx. C, Pressz, M.R.C.V.S. Price 1/- nett, by post 1/2; also tn cloth gilt, price 2]- nett, by post 2/3. London: L, UPCOTT GILL, Bazaar Buildings, Drury Lane, W.C. THE DISEASES OF DOoOGs: THEIR CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT. TO WHICH ARE ADDED INSTRUCTIONS IN CASES OF INJURY AND POISONING, AND BRIEF DIRECTIONS FOR MAINTAINING 4 DOG IN HEALTH. By HUGH DALZIEL. Author of “ British Dogs,” ‘‘ The Foz Terrier,” ‘The Collie,” “The St. Bernard,” “The Greyhound,” “‘ The Fox Terrier Stud Book,” ‘The Collie Stud Book,” “The St. Bernard Stud Book,” “ Ihe Diseases of Horses,” &c. FOURTH EDITION. Revised and Enlarged By ALEXANDER C. PIESSE, M.R.C.V‘S. LONDON: L. UPCOTT GILL, Bazaar Buritpines, DRURY LANE, W.C. 7 & “B& P” Kerlitéls * Healthy Dogs. We had built up a kennel business before any of our competitors thought of starting work, and our original designs still lead. They are scientific and hygienic, allowing for adequate light and air, while obviating draughts. If you would have healthy dogs, keep them in our kennels, where they will thrive beyond expectation. Built of selected materials by skilled workmen, in perfect-fitting. sections, painted and finished in superior style, our kennels have no equals. Cut shows No. 104, each house 4ft. by 4ft., with 2ft. Gin. passage at back, yards 6ff. by 4ft.; roof lined ; floors, benches, and feeding troughs complete. Cash Prices, carriage paid. One Kennel and Yard, £7 5s. Od. Two ditto, £13 5s. Od. Three ditto, £19 5s. Od. Write for New Catalogue No. 181. Boulton & Paul, Ltd., Norwich. Awarded Gold Medal, Cruft’s Show, 14 successive years. PREFACE. In presenting dog-owners with the Fourth Edition of “The Diseases of Dogs,” the Publisher may be pardoned if he express his great satisfaction that this little work has been so generously appreciated that a new edition has been rendered necessary. That feeling of satisfaction is, moreover, vastly increased by know- ing that the previous editions have been instrumental in saving many dogs’ lives, and many more from needless suffering. With dogs, as with their masters, timely remedies frequently prevent serious ailments, The Fourth Edition has been carefully revised throughout, and no pains have been spared to bring the book up to date as regards both the Principles and the Practice of Canine Veterinary Surgery. Numbers of diseases which did not find a place in the previous issues have been included, and it is hoped that by thus widening the scope of the book, its usefulness will be correspond- ingly increased. Again, what may be termed the general portion of the work has been considerably amplified, such details of Kennel Management as Housing, Feeding and Grooming—all of which exert a powerful influence upon the dog for good or ill— being more fully treated, a feature which it is hoped will find favour with dog-owners and tend still more to increase the sphere of usefulness of the little book. Despite what has been done, difficulties may arise which are not provided for in this little Manual. When this is the case, a question addressed to The Bazaar, Bazaar Buildings, Drury Lane, London, W.C., will elicit full information by a Specialist in the cokemns of that paper. SHERLEY’S SHAMPOO A LIQUID SOAP FOR WASHING DOGS. IS THE BEST ON THE MARKET. It penetrates the hair and goes to the skin, which it cleanses much better than any solid soap. (Hairdressers never use solid soap for shampooing.) It removes dandruff, stimu- lates the growth of hair, and gives the coat a healthy, glossy appearance. It also prevents eczema and destroys fleas and all other insects. “Use sparingly, a little goes a long way.’ In bottles, 1/- and 2'-, post free 3d. extra. Also in 6d. bottles, post free 3d. extra. OF LEADING STORES, CHEMISTS. AND CORN MERCHANTS, OR FROM THE MANUFACTURERS— A.F.SHERLEY & Co., 46 & 48, BOROUGH HIGH ST., LONDON, S.E. DISEASES OF DOGS. > > INTRODUCTORY. — It is said that every man forty years of age should be his own doctor, and there is, I think, still more reason why every man who owns a dog, even without having attained the age of forty, should be, in all simple cases, his own dog doctor; indeed, there is no one so well qualified as the master, for he best knows the peculiarities of habit and temperament of his favourite, and is therefore in the best position to administer to his ailmenta. when ‘‘out of sorts.” Home treatment may be successfully prac- tised if a few fundamental facts are borne in mind and a few ruling principles of action observed. It should never be forgotten that health is the natural state, and that when disease is present, in nine cases out of ten it is the master’s fault ; and before making the poor beast the receptacle for alot of nasty physic, it should be asked whether his treatment ie governed by that wisdom and care his devoted obedience and fidelity have a right to demand. The young gentleman who practises on the wonderful self-sacrificing obedience of Neptune, by repeatedly sending him into the water in cold weather to swim after nothing- need not be astonished if he afterwards finds him curled up in his kennel suffering the agonies of rheumatism; and when darling Fido so frightens his mistress with that low moan, succeeded by that painful and prolonged howl, with his back arched, his feet tucked in towards each other, and vainly trying every possible posture to escape the pain, he is merely paying the penalty of that last lump of sugar. True, Fido may have had sugar frequently with out suffering in this way, but the last lump is the straw that breaks the camel’s back; and no surprise need be felt if persistence in the kindly meant but objectionable practice induces repeated attacks of colic, ending in inflammation, and possibly in death. B 2 DISEASES OF DOGS, I would particularly impress on all who own dogs—especially young owners—that it is not only to their interest, but it is their duty, to be true masters, ruling with firmness and kindness, and providing for all the wants of the animal in lodging, food, and exercise on principles of common sense ; for thus only can health be maintained. If a dog have not proper food provided at proper times, but is allowed to be the scavenger of the yard and the street, what wonder if he become loathsome and diseased, a nuisance to his owner and everyone else? If, on the other hand, he be pampered, petted, and stuffed with tit-bits and sweet cakes, he will lose all kindliness of disposition (the great charm of a companion dog), and become a morose, peevish, snappish misanthrope, that your friends may praise, but dare not pat; he will lose all beauty of form, all sprightliness and elasticity of action, and become an unshapely, asthmatical lump of obesity, to whom the slightest physical exertion is a trouble. Ladies, who are the great offenders in this way, should remember that dogs are never so healthy and happy as when in good working condition—that is, when they can take a good gallop without puffing. AGE, TO DETERMINE. — In the dog there is no trust- worthy indication of age, as in the case of horses and cattle. The age of puppies can, however, be determined by the TEETH (which see). In grown dogs the teeth are not by any means a certain index, for in some they remain white and entire until a considerable age has been attained, whilst in others, from disease, they are covered with a yellow deposit very early in life. The natural wear and tear is governed by accident, the sort of work the dog has been used to, and also to some extent by the kind of food he has generally had. For instance, dogs that are fed largely upon bones invariably have the teeth worn prematurely ; while in dogs which have been foolishly allowed to retrieve hard substances, such as stones, the teeth are of very little guide in the determination of age. Speaking generally, however, after the third or fourth year the dog’s teeth begin to show a deposit of tartar, and become yellow in comparison with the beautiful white enamel of the perfect ones. Moreover, the teeth at that age are somewhat worn at the points, and are not so even as they were, say, at two years. Again, once the teeth begin to decay in a comparatively young dog, such an animal soon exhibits signs of age. The advisability, therefore, of keeping the teeth free from tartar deposits will at once be seen. Persons accustomed to have dogs constantly about them can generally give a pretty shrewd guess as to age, but the most acute observers are often wide of the mark, so much do individual animals differ in the indications of age AGE— ADMINISTERING MEDICINES. 3 they offer to the eye. The approach of old age is evidenced by a staidness and gravity of manner, disinclination to active exercise except at the call of duty, the eye loses its lustre, and slightly sinks, while around it grey hairs appear, which gradually extend over the face. In pugs I have observed the black face turn grey at a very early age, and the more intense in colour the mask, the earlier this change appears. AGE TO WHICH DOGS LIVE.—The duration of life in the dog varies greatly. Cuvier calculates the length of life of the dog to be seven times that of the period of his growth. Blaine says he knew a mother and son in good health and vigorous at the ages of twenty and twenty-one, and Youatt says the dog has been known to linger on till he reached his two and twentieth year; and oc- casionally cases are reported of a much greater age, but I have never seen an instance supported by proof. Some time back a number of correspondents favoured me with communications on this subject in The Bazaar, but only in one case could I feel satisfied that the dog had reached the age of twenty years. That dog was of no particular breed, and was owned by a farmer near Guildford. Dame Juliana Berners, authoress of the ‘ Book of Hunting,” com- monly called the ‘‘ Boke of St. Albyn’s,” writing of the greyhound, a “When he is comyn to the nynthe yere Have him to the tannere For the best hounde that ever bytche had At nynthe yere he is full badde.” Many dogs, however, retain almost pristine vigour until long past that age, but, as a rule, at fourteen or fifteen, if not at an earlier age, a dog becomes offensive in smell, and in many other ways a nuisance. AGE OF MATURITY.—The smaller breeds may be said to attain full growth in about twelve months from birth; but the largest breeds do not arrive at maturity much under two years, and there are gradations between these consistent with the varieties, First development of cstrum, or ‘‘heat,” is often taken to be proof of matwiity in bitches; but it is an error, and it is detrimental to health to allow bitches to breed until full grown. MODES OF ADMINISTERING MEDICINES.—Some medicines are readily taken in the food, and when this is the case it saves much trouble and needless alarm and irritation to thedog. Ina little savoury broth or porridge most dogs will take castor-oil, olive oil, Ba 4 DISEASES OF DOGS. cod-liver oil, syrup of phosphates, Fowler’s solution of arsenic, etc., and many powders, such as areca-nut, kamala, santonin, etc. Where powders are refused in the food, they should be mixed with a little butter, lard, honey, or syrup, and placed well back on the tongue. To do this, force the mouth open by pressing the lips against the teeth and gums, and the medicine can then be placed on the tongue by an assistant. In the case of large, powerful, and restive dogs the mouth can be held open by means of a towel twisted round the upper jaw. With small dogs place the animal in such a position in a corner that it cannot back; never hold it between the knees, which is so often done, for this is to court sickness or injury. As soon as the medicine is placed on the tongue the dog’s mouth should be closed and held shut till he is seen to swallow, but the mouth must not be held so as to interfere with his breathing through his nostrils. In giving a pill or bolus the same method should be adopted. Of late years, however, the difficulties attending the administration of certain nauseous medicines to dogs have been largely overcome by the introduction of Messrs. Freeman, of Bir- mingham. This firm has hit upon the happy idea of capsuling the medicines, and their innovation cannot be too widely known, especially by those owners living at a distance from a veterinary or other person accustomed to administer a drug. In administering liquid medicines which the dog will not take voluntarily, it is necessary to drench him. To do so, the ordinary plans are to use a spoon, or recourse is had to an earthenware or strong glass bottle, such as a ginger-beer or a soda-water bottle. . With the spoon the medicine is generally spilt, and the use of the bottle is fraught with great danger, and that from two sources: first, the medicine is delivered from the bottle too fast, and in a manner that makes it impossible for the dog to swallow, and choking is the result; secondly, there is very great danger of the bottle being shivered to pieces between the dog’s jaws, lacerating the mouth, throat, etc., and causing serious and dangerous wounds. A much better way of giving liquid medicines is to gently raise the animal’s head, place the fingera in the angle of the lips, and draw them outwards, forming a sort of funnel. Here it will be well to warm: the over-zealous owner against the common but reprehensible practice of separating the teeth. By so doing there is considerable risk of the dog being choked. Equally objectionable and almost as common is the habit of pinching the animal’s throat with a view to facilitating the administration of the medicine. ; The dog’s stomach being very sensitive, many medicines are at once rejected, and to prevent this it is sometimes necessary to tie ADMINISTERING MEDICINES. 5 him up for half-an-hour after giving the dose, with his head in a slightly elevated position. Some medicines are so extremely nauseous that their effect on the palate causes immediate sickness, and it was specially to meet such a case that Mr. Sidney E. Barrett designed the syringe-drencher illustrated at Fig. 1. The medicine measure and drencher (Fig. 2), which I invented and had made some twenty years ago, was intended to answer the same end. In giving nauseous medicines—such, for instance, as oil of male- fern, which is often prescribed for worms—Mr. Barrett’s method is excellent. It was, in fact, the giving of that medicine, which I had advised for his dog, that suggested the plan to Mr. Barrett, which he thus describes : “I gave the drench by means of a glass syringe, Fic. 1. Mr, SIDNEY E. BARRETT’S SYRINGE-DRENCHER FOR GIVING MEDICINES TO Docs. on the end of which I fitted a 3in. long bit of indiarubber tubing. I filled the syringe by pouring the stuff in at the end A (Fig. 1), and then placed the piston in its proper position. By putting the tube (C) some way beyond the back of the tongue, and then squirt- ing the contents of B through C, I avoided leaving a nauseous flavour in the dog’s mouth.” My own contrivance was intended as a substitute for a spoon, in using which more or less of the medicine is generally spilt; and for the bottle, out of which some people give medicine direct, but with great danger of the dog crunching the bottle and lacerating his mouth with pieces of the glass. It consists of a glass bottle, very strongly made, and of about 30z. (six tablespoonfuls) capacity, the mouth being just wide enough to be easily covered with the finger. The bottom is drawn out by the glass-blower, and the end formed into a rounded nozzle, Over this is stretched and tied a piece of indiarubber tubing, into the extreme end of which is inserted a bone 6 DISEASES OF DOGS. tube of about lfin. long. The bottle is graduated and correctly marked to show measurements of teaspoonfuls and tablespoonfuls, so that in case of a number of patients requiring to be drenched— say, with a tablespoonful each—six can have their allotted dose given without re-measurement or re-filling of the bottle. a a aa T 10) Fic. 2. DALZIEL’S MEASURE AND DRENCHER FOR GIVING MEDICINES TO Docs. In filling the bottle, the flexible tube is doubled up to prevent escape of the fluid, whilst the requisite quantity is poured in at the top. The forefinger of the right hand is then placed on the mouth, and this completely controls the flow of liquid through the tube. The end of the tube with the bone in it is then inserted well back in the dog’s mouth, and the operator having full command over the contents of the drencher, by raising his forefinger from the mouth of the bottle, lets the medicine run fast or slow, as he sees the dog swallow, until the full dose has been given. This is better suited to giving thin, flowing liquids than the mucilaginous drench referred to, or even castor oil, which runs very slowly. Another simple yet effective way of giving liquid medicine to a dog is by means of the i appliance shown at Fig. 3. As will be seen LAE a it consists of a cow’s horn from which the top and bottom have been sawn. A finger is kept over the small opening while the dose is poured in the larger one, into which afterwards a cork is fitted. The horn can then be stood in any convenient spot until the dog is Fic. 3. MEDICINE Horn. ADMINISTERING MEDICINES—DISINFECTANTS 1 ready. With such an appliance there is no risk of broken glass as with the ordinary bottle, and if but the methods before detailed for the actual administration of the medicine are followed, not the least difficulty will be experienced. Clysters.—Occasionally it is necessary to administer medicines per rectum. When this is the case, the simplest instrument is the indiarubber ball and pipe ; these are of various sizes, and inexpensive. Injections.—These are given by means of syringes of sizes suited to the particular case; there are male and female syringes, and bone are preferable to glass ones, as there is danger of injury from breakage of the latter. Graduated Scale of Medicines.—There are many medicines prescribed for dogs that may not be enumerated in this book, and as it is desirable that the dose should be known, the following graduated scale may be taken: The dose for our largest dogs of eighteen months old and upwards may be taken as the same as for a man. A chemist, therexore, can always inform the dog-owner the proper dose of any drug. Taking, then, the mastiff or St. Bernard as requiring a dose we may call one part; middle-sized dogs may be given from half to three-quarters; terriers of from Z0lb. to 30lb., a quarter ; and toy dogs from a twelfth to an eighth part. In regard to age: The mature dog, one part; a year old, three-quarters; six to nine months, half; and a pup of from four to six weeks, one- eighth. The dose must further be graduated by considerations of the constitution and strength of the dog. DISINFECTANTS.— The value of disinfectants as health- preservers is becoming more and more appreciated, and their value in the kennel can scarcely be overrated. Of course, it is all-important a kennel should be well drained and kept clean, but still, to have it perfectly free from putrescent effluvia and to destroy specific con- tagion, disinfectants must be resorted to. It would be tedious, and it is quite unnecessary, to enumerate all] the various disinfectants. I will, therefore, briefly refer to a few which I consider most suitable for the kennel, omitting several excellent in themselves, but too dangerous to be trusted in the hands of many who have the cleansing of kennels. One thing of importance in the use of disinfectants must be noted: It is wasteful, and defeats the object of their use when thrown down in quantities irregularly; the equal distribution of them over the whole surface of the kennel at regular intervals is both the cheapest and most effectual way of keeping disease at bay. 8 DISEASES OF DOGS. Carbolic Acid has been for many years popular. Calvert’s and M‘Dougal’s are the best two makes, and care must always be taken to use them properly diluted. Instructions for their use are to be found upon the bottles. Chloride of Lime is one of the best kennel disinfectants; it should not be mixed with a little water and thrown down in a half solid form, but when the kennel is of considerable size, get an old petroleum barrel, put 7lb. into it and fill up with water ; stir it well, and apply the clear liquid with a rose watering-can. Of course, the strength must be kept up by adding fresh chloride of lime from time to time. Condy’s Fluid.—Without doubt this is alike one of the safest and most useful of kennel requisites, for, apart from ita disinfectant properties, its value in cases of wounds, bites, ete., can hardly be over-estimated, It is non-poisonous. Igal.—This is one of the most popular of all disinfectants, and one that can be recommended with confidence. It is a coal-tar pro- duct, and for its discovery we are indebted to Messrs, Newton, Chambers & Co., Thorncliffe, Sheffield. It is also a capital insecticide. Jeyes’ Fiuid is another excellent disinfectant, well suited to kennel use. It should be employed as directed. Like the preceding it is a most useful insecticide. Sanitas is the name given to a disinfectant obtained by: the atmospheric oxidation of turpentine, and containing peroxide of hydrogen and camphoric acid. It is manufactured by the Sanitas Company, London, and is a thoroughly efficient disinfectant, Sulphurous Acid Gas.—Where there has been distemper or other contagious disease lingering in a kennel for some time, this may be used with advantage. It consists simply in burning the flowers of sulphur. Take a common frying-pan, or some such iron vessel, on it place the sulphur, which must be set fire to and burnt, the vessel being placed on bricks in the centre of the kennel floor, and all apertures having been closed, the fumes will penetrate to every crevice. The dogs must not be returned to the kennel until it has been thoroughly freed from the gas by ventilation. This requires to be used with great care, the fumes being very poisonous. Superheated Steam.— Where mange, distemper or other con- tagious disease has visited a portable kennel, it would be well to have such subjected to the Washington-Lyon process. Its cost is trifling and the results are eminently satisfactory. EXERCISE—FEEDING. 9 EXERCISE. — This has an important bearing on the dog’s health. There are few more naturally active animals than the dog, and it is barbarous to chain or shut him up in a kennel for weeks together. Never chain a puppy if you wish him to grow into symmetrical form; he will pull himself out of all true shape. The chaining of watch dogs is sometimes a necessity, but even these should be allowed freedom several times a day. Dogs which are required to be conditioned for either show or work will necessarily need more exercise than the average house or yard dog. Again, the kind of exercise will vary considerably with the breed, for what would be health-giving to active dogs like collies, terriers, and the like, would be most distressing, say, to the average bulldog or pug kept purely as companions. For all that, every dog should, if possible, receive daily exercise; and if such were the case the obese monstrosities one so frequently sees would be less often met with. Greyhounds, sporting field dogs, and whippets should have special exercise to fit them for the particular work re- quired of them. For either road-exercise at the outset is the best if it is judiciously given, as such tends to harden the feet. Toy dogs are invariably under-exercised and over-fed, and these, combined with in-and-in-breeding, are doubtless largely responsible for the high rate of mortality which prevails among certain breeds. To sum up: Injudicious exercise is even more harmful than insufficient exercise, and is often responsible for digestive troubles, to say nothing of apoplectic fits, ete. No dog, for instance, should be exercised just after a full meal. He should in fact be treated on much the same lines as a human being in that respect. No sane person would think of running a race or taking any violent exercise after a good dinner, yet there are many owners who are inconsiderate enough to think that there is no harm in giving such exercise to their canine charges. The dog should be allowed ample time for a meal to digest, and two hours would be none too long an interval to elapse between a full meal and active exercise. At all times the exercise should be regular and suited to the age, breed, constitution, and condition of the dog. FEEDING.—The importance of judicious feeding cannot be overrated; overfeeding. and gross feeding derange the system, causing surfeit, etc. Insufficient and poor food produce rickets in puppies, emaciation, and other diseases, and directly incite to bad habits—fowl-killing, garbage-eating, filching and stealing, exposing the dog to poison and other physical dangers—and tend to destroy the dog’s moral character. Hard-and-fast rules’ in feeding are 10 DISEASES OF DOGS. dangerous : age, individual constitution, existing state of health and condition, also the demands on the system in exercise or work, and, in the case of bitches, in giving support to their young, have all to be carefully considered; but given common-sense and an ordinary knowledge of the qualities of foods on the part of the feeder, nothing need be lost. At one time, to put the fact in the words of the proverb, people kept ‘‘no more dogs than they had bones for”; for the house dog was expected to live on the scraps and remnants of the house food, and the various sporting dogs had their horse-flesh, tallow-greaves, and meal provided and cooked at the kennels. Feed with great regularity, and when the dog or puppy leaves its food, remove the dish till next meal time, for if left standing the food may become sour. Biscuits.—There are now a great number of manufacturers of special foods for dogs, chiefly in the form of biscuits, which are ex- ceedingly convenient, save much cooking, and in many cases are unquestionably excellent. In the first edition of this little work, I said that after many years’ trial I was convinced that the Meat Fibrine Cakes, as a staple dog food, could not be excelled; after another twenty years’ experience, I can repeat the opinion respect- ing these biscuits with greater force, for the manufacturers have kept the quality and suitability of the Fibrine Cakes up to the requirements of the day; and this I say without intending to disparage any of the other varieties of biscuits of which I have had less experience. Fish biscuits are much advertised, and used by many, some of whom, men of large experience, speak in the highest terms of them. Dogs will eat fish biscuits readily, and even work- ing bounds are said to thrive upon them. Meal.—Good oatmeal and barley-meal, ia small quantities, are both useful foods for dogs when well cooked, while of the hound- meal class Rodnim is certainly one of the best. Horse-flesh is excellent when sound, but town purchasers should beware of getting it supplied salted, or from animals slaughtered for glanders or other disease that may reproduce itself. Again, not a little of the horse-flesh upon the market has been obtained from worn-out animals, the nutrient value of whose flesh is worthless. Butchers’ Offal, in which are included paunches, sheep’s heads, and all the odds and ends cut off for the waste-basket, may be utilised with economy and advantage to the dog. Whatever of flesh teat is used should be cooked. It is especially necessary to well FEEDING, y 11 boil sheep’s heads and the viscera, as these may contain the cysts of certain tapeworms, which must be taken up by the dog in order to complete their cycle of life. Broth from the scraps named should be used to cook the meals in. It should be boiled for at least twenty minutes, and poured in a boiling state over previously broken biscuits, which should then be covered over till cold enough to use. Lactol.—Under this name Messrs. A. F, Sherley & Co. (Borough High Street) have brought out a most valuable aid to puppy-rearing. As its name suggests, it is a milk preparation, and may be employed from weaning time upwards. Cow’s milk is notoriously a poor sub- stitute for that of the bitch, and as this food very closely approaches the latter it should prove of the greatest value to the dog-breeder. It may be had in tins with full directions as to its use. Malt-Milk Food.—With this food Spratt’s Patent have still further added to their fame in catering for the needs of the breeder and the dog-fancier. It isa most nutritious and easily assimilated food for puppies from the very trying times that they begin to lap until weaning and after. It may also be utilised for bottle-feeding in those extreme cases where a foster-mother cannot for the moment be procured. Household Scraps.—Scraps and bones from the table in many households furnish ample food for the dog kept, and, so that the allowance is not too rich in meat, nothing can be better. Vegetables.—Cooked green vegetables should be given in small quantities regularly to adult dogs; potatoes in large proportion prove injurious. Bones.—These are almost a necessity to the dog in puppyhood; large ones to gnaw assist in the irruption of the teeth. For older dogs, those that can be broken up assist in digestion ; they also tend to keep the teeth clean. BMelox Food.—To Mesers. W. G. Clarke & Sons, of Limehouse E., whose Buffalo Biscuits are exceedingly well known, dog fanciers are indebted for the introduction of this appetising food. It is quite one of the best change-foods upon the market, and may be given alike to puppies and adults with the greatest benefit. For a dainty feeder it is one of the most tempting of all foods. Another point in its favour is that it is a bone and muscle-forming food, and rearers of stock and those who exhibit will alike find it excellent for getting it into first-class condition. 12 DISEASES OF DOGS. Cow Flesh.—It is not uncommon in country districts to find the flesh of cows which have died upon farms utilised for the feeding of dogs. Greater discretion should, however, be exercised than is usually the case; for anthrax can be, and tuberculosis possibly may be, conveyed to dogs through the medium of such food. Water.—This should be pure and fresh, and should always be within the dog’s reach. The practice, however, of putting a lump of roll sulphur (brimstone) in it is useless, for it is insoluble in such. Number of Meals.—The frequency of meals has been a dis- puted point. From advocating one meal aday Iam a convert to two dry biscuits in the morning, and the soft food previously re- ferred to, late in the afternoon or evening. Puppies.—These require special feeding. It is an error of modern dog men to wean puppies too soon—they should run with the bitch till six weeks old, being at the same time fed. Soft food must alone be given till they are some months old. From leaving the dam feed seven or eight times a day, reducing the number of meals gradually till a year old, when two will be sufficient, except in the case of large breeds, which should have three till eighteen months old. GROOMING.—This is one of the details of kennel management which is often overlooked, though it should form a part of the daily routine. Not only does it tend to keep at bay the numerous ex- ternal parasites of the dog, but it also produces a healthy action of the skin. As to the appliance used this will depend upon the variety of dog kept. Smooth dogs need only rubbing with a bit of rough towelling or a swab of straw; rougher coated ones need brush- ing, and long coated ones require a comb and brush. Old hair, which, in such as collies and St. Bernards, sticksin dead locks among the new, should be carefully removed. How to groom a dog does not seem to be generally understood. It is usual to start with the shoulder and fore legs, and gradually extend to the loins and back, finishing with the thighs, stifles, ete. By way of imparting a finish- ing touch to hounds and the like a wash-leather or one of Dinneford’a Hound gloves may be used. Washing is not often needed. and when it is Sherley’s Shampoo will be found safer and more effectual than many ordinary soaps, being a capital insecticide. With those breeds in which the frill or mane is a prominent feature, as in the Pomer- anian, it is usual first to groom in the orthodox way, and then to finish “against the woel.” HOUSING. 13 HOUSING.—Nowadays, practically everyone who can afford to keep a dog can afford to house it properly, as kennels to suit all purses have, of recent years, been placed upon the market by enter- prising manufacturers. The days of the improvised kennel from tub or barrel are now happily passed, and dogs, like their masters, are housed upon more rational lines than those which obtained some twenty or thirty years avo, when any rude structure, so long as It was fairly rain-proof, was considered good enough for the average dog. In the housing of all dogs, there are one or two main points to keep steadily in view if an immunity from disease is to be enjoyed in the kennel. Primarily there is the aspect, a point which by our forefathers was apparently seldom considered. It is, however, all bt i Ud (al il wi <-> Fic. 4. RANGE OF KENNELS FOR TERRIERS. important when one comes to think how differently constituted are the various breeds of dogs, and that whereas some breeds would thrive if kennelled almost anywhere—sporting field dogs, for in- stance—providing they were properly fed and exercised ; others, like bull-terriers, white English terriers, greyhounds, etc., which are not provided naturally with a thick coat, would suffer considerably. This fact, then, must first be recognised—that an aspect which would be suitable for one breed would perhaps be fatal to another. Taken all round, it will be found that a south or south-west aspect will be found the most suitable one to select; but even that will not avail if the situation be not dry, for nothing tends so much ‘to propagate disease as damp. Sunshine, fresh air (but freedom from draughts), good drainage, and proper ventilation, are equally 14 DISEASES OF DOGS. important factors, and unless such are to be found, no one can long keep dogs in health. It was commonly thought at one time by those who had the care of dogs, that any odd place in the garden was good enough for a kennel; but modern teaching has done much to destroy that erroneous impression, and fanciers of to-day are fully alive to the advantages of a good kennel. A suitable locality having been decided upon, and the drains made, the form of kennel may next receive consideration. Where a south or south-west wall exists, and it is desirous of erecting a permanent structure, there are no better buildings than the ranges of lean-to kennels and yards made by such firms as Spratts, Boulton and Paul, Barnard, Bishop, and Barnard, and a few others. Such a range is shown at Fig. 4, and may be said to be fairly typical of those sold by the firms named. As will be seen, it consists of three houses and yards, with a passage along the back. The yards are fitted with iron fencing, and 2ft. of corrugated iron are placed at the sides, The range illustrated (Fig. 4) is for terriers, but such can be built to suit any variety of dog. The floor of such a range should be of some non-absorbent material, and should slope in the direction of the drain, which must be properly trapped. Such a range is well ventilated from the top, warm, and very easily cleaned; while one of the principal advantages it possesses is that there is no need for a chain and a collar, and thus in the case of a show dog there is no risk of the coat suffering from the constant rubbing. Further improvements on the old style of kennel available that may be enumerated are reversible water-troughs, so that they can be filled from the outside, and disposed at such a height that they are not likely to be fouled; and folding day and night sleeping- benches. The top floor of this bench is made to fold up, and thus the bedding material is kept not only neater but also cleaner and drier. The lower bench enly is occupied during the day. The only objection to these sleeping-benches is that some are made with battens, and the dogs are liable to get their feet between. In the most modern benches, however, the battens are replaced by boards freely perforated. Usually it will be found advantageous to take out the straw on each fine day and expose it to the air and sun, but taking great care that it is never returned to the bench wet. There is, by some kennel-men, an objection raised to the corrugated roofs, on the ground that they are cold in winter and hot in summer. This may be got over by having an inside wooden lining, or by having a thatched roof provided. It would be a decided advantage if the owner of such a range of kennels as that illustrated, possessed an enclosed field or paddock HOUSING. 15 containing one or two trees, as not only would this make a good exercising ground, but also provide shady quarters for the dogs in the hottest summer weather. So far these remarks have been chiefly confined to the establish- Fig. 5. THE VERO SHAW KENNEL IN POSITION. ment of kennels for those fairly well-to-do and who can afford to spend £30 or so at the outset. It will now be well to note how the one-dog man can best be accommodated. As a matter of fact, he has Fic. 6. THE VERO SHAW KENNEL, SHOWING SECTIONS. been exceedingly well catered for of recent years, the many improve- ments in kennel construction all being intended to meet his require- ments. Indeed the now very popular portable kennel was chiefly designed for the one-dog man. 16 DISEASES OF DOGS. Portable kennels have much to recommend them, as, apart from. the facility with which they can be taken down and erected on fresh ground, they are far more easily cleansed and disinfected than the old style of kennel. They are, of course, readily packed for transmission by rail, and the man, therefore, who has a good dog he is taking with him for sporting purposes, can also ensure that the dog has clean, dry quarters to sleep in. Another excellent feature of these kennels is that provision is made for securing the dog a dry bed even in the wettest weather. This is done by means of a fold- ing inside partition or screen, which is simplicity itself ; then, again, the sliding bench is a most useful addition to those portable kennels, as it can be utilised by the dog for lying upon outside when it would be dangerous for him to have nothing but the bare ground. Some firms even go a step farther and provide an outside covered bench, so that from sun and rain he is alike protected. Fic. 7. PortaBLe Puppy Rvun. A very good form of portable kennel, known as the Vero Shaw, is illustrated at Figs. 5 and 6, and is made by Barnard, Bishop and Barnard, Norwich. It is so constructed as to give the dog a maxi- mum of comfort and at the same time to afford every facility for cleansing. A sliding bench is fitted under the kennel, and protection to the dog from wind and rain is afforded by a movable top and side- wings. Amongst other firms who have made a speciality of such portable kennels, mention may be made of Boulton and Paul, Norwich; Spratt’s Patent, Bermondsey ; Calway, Sharpness, Gloucestershire ; and Frazer, Norwich. Then there is to be catered for the man who desires to keep, say, a brood bitch or two, but who has too much respect for either his HOUSING. 17 pups or his garden to allow them to wander where they please, pick- ing up all sorts of indigestible substances. For such Messrs. Boulton and Paul have specially designed a puppy-house and run (Fig. 7). In the latter the puppies will be able to obtain just that little exercise which at the beginning of their lives is necessary, as well - as sun and fresh air without draught. Yet another class of dog-owner is he or she who has a dog which by reason of its constitution is unfitted for being placed outdoors ; or again, one that it is desired to keep indoors for the purpose of Fic. 8. BASKET KENNEL, protecting the house. For such dogs, usually small, there are nothing better than the ornamental baskets, or basket kennels, which are frequently seen (Fig. 8). In any of these hay or straw can be used ; but neither of these materials would be suitable in the case of a Yorkshire Terrier or even a Clydesdale, as they would be sure to get intimately mixed with the long, silky coat, to the latter’s certain loss. Such varieties should be bedded upon a soft cushion. It is hardly necessary to say that, however dogs are housed, the ¢c 18 DISEASES OF DOGS, kennel or basket should be periodically cleansed with something destructive to flea-life, for, contrary to the general belief, the flea passes the larval existence in the cracks of the floor and the chinks of the basket, and not upon the dog. Indeed, the perfect insect stage is the only one in which the pest is parasitie on the dog. DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. A. ABORTION.—Strictly speaking, abortion means the expulsion of the foetus before it is sufficiently matured for independent life; but in the lower animals the term is generally applied to pre- mature parturition as well, Abortion is comparatively rare in dogs, but premature whelping, especially just a week or so before the pups are due, is by no means uncommon. The causes of abortion and premature parturition are various. A low diet, when the system requires extra support for the growth of the unborn pups and the secretion of milk for them afterwards; a plethoric state of the body from over-feeding and want cf exercise ; very severe exercise ; jump- ing from a height or over fences; and, what is too common, blows or kicks on the abdomen, are all likely to cause it. It may also be brought on by drinking foul water, eating putrid food or anything likely to cause inflammation of the bowels, violent diarrhcea, and consequent straining. Young bitches bred from before the system is matured, and old, worn-out ones, are most likely to abort. Pre- ventive measures consist in general attention to health, alike in regard to the food and water given, the sanitary condition of the kennel, the permitting of regular, but not violent, exercise, and in selecting only for breeding purposes bitches that are matured and in vigorous health. The in-whelp bitch should not be benched upon a raised stage, and racing about with other dogs should be avoided. When a bitch has had her pups before the full time, she should not be again bred from until at least one period of cestrum has passed. ABSCESS,.—An abscess is an accumulation of pus or matter in a newly-formed capsule, or wall; it may be the result of a blow or other accident, or be caused by inflammation, local or general. After a2 20 DISHABES OF DOGS. pupping it sometimes happens that one of the teats gets dammed up, and this gives rise to local inflammation, ending in abscess, When an abscess is forming, there is unusual heat of the parts, and at first a hard lump, which, as the matter forms, becomes softer, and fluctuates under pressure. If the matter should form very glowly, it will be advisable to hasten the process by hot fomenta- tions, which, if used at ali, should be used continuously for a considerable time, afterwards covering the parts to prevent reac- tion from the cold air. A poultice is useful if it can be kept to the part, and the cleanest and best will be a piece of spongio-pilin— which can be had from any chemist—saturated with warm water, and applied the waterproof side outwards. The abscess is ripe for opening when the underpart is soft and moves readily under pressure of the finger. To open it take the lancet between finger and thumb, and, plunging it well into the centre, make a clean cut downwards, so as to ensure good drainage; press the matter out, bathe with warm water, and keep clean. Apply a canvas-faced muzzle to prevent the animal licking it. In cases where the abscess is deeply seated, the veterinary surgeon should alone use the knife. The diet throughout should be light and nutritious. In many cases, medicine may be dispensed with, except a mild purgative when the matter is ferming, in which case a dose of the following is recommended : Mild Purge.—Take syrup of buckthorn, 3 parts; syrup of white poppies, 1 part; castor oil, 2 parts. Dose—a tablespoonful for a dog about 201b. weight. The bottle must be well shaken before the dose is measured. As a rule, dogs when convalescent recover quickly, but if after an abscess the animal is much reduced and the appetite impaired, one, of the following pills, given twice a day, will have a beneficial effect : Tonic Pills.—Take quinine, 12gr.; sulphate of iron, 18gr.; extract of gentian, 24gr.; powdered ginger, 18gr.; make into twelve pills. These will be found most useful in debility after distemper and other lowering diseases, as well as in all cases of emaciation and want of blood, as shown by the paleness of the gums, etc. To save repetition, they will in future be referred to as the Tonic Pills. An abscess may form internally from a blow or wound, or in lung disease. In the latter case the matter would be discharged by the nose, and also coughed up; while in the case of the uterus the discharge would be through the vagina. Other internal organs may be the seat of abscesses, but none of these cases can be treated by the amateur, and should be entrusted to the veterinary surgeon. ACCIDENTS.—These will be found fully dealt with under Bites, BROKEN Bones, BRUISES, BURNS AND SCALDS, CHOKING, ACCIDENTS—ANTHRAX. 2) CoNcUSSION OF THE BRAIN, DISLOCATIONS, PRICKS, SPRAINS, THORNS, AND WOUNDS. AMAUROSIS (Gutta Serena; Glass-Eye).—This is loss of sight, partial or entire, and may arise from one of several causes. Asa general rule, it is due to a blow in the vicinity of the eye, which has the effect of paralysing the optic nerve. It may, however, be due to a derangement of the nervous system, such as that produced by exhaustion from suckling. Bitches will also sometimes exhibit it during gestation ; whilst excess of light is also acause, The eye is unnaturally clear and glistening, the pupil ex- panded and fixed, and that the dog is partially or entirely blind is seen by his stepping high and with needless care when nothing is in his way and running against things which are. If when one feints a blow the eye does not move, total blindness may be assumed. In treating for amaurosis, attend to the general health. If the cause can be traced, remove it; while to assist a cure a blister may be applied behind the ear, and a discharge kept up for a time, strengthening food and medicine being given. In cases of blistering, the dog’s hind legs should be hobbled. It is always better, how- ever, when such a delicate organ as the eye is the seat of disease, to consult a qualified veterinarian. When the disease is due to a deranged nervous system, 3 to 10 drops of tincture of nux vomica, in water, twice a day after food, is useful. ANZIMIA (Poverty of Blood) is evidenced by paleness of the mucous membranes, weak and slow pulse and heart-beat, lack of energy, depression, and lassitude. As the disease progresses, the eye sinks, becoming dull, the gait is staggering, the breathing becomes laboured and wheezy, and the dog gradually sinks. The causes are poor food, exhaustive demands on stud dogs, excessive secretion of milk, and allowing bitches to suckle puppies too long. Anemia may also be the result of some other disease impoverishing the system, and it is not infrequently a consequence of the dog harbouring worms. Give in small quantities and fre- quently the most nourishing foods—milk, flesh, broths, ete.—pepsin porci to assist digestion, and wine of iron or syrup of phosphates as a tonic. At the same time see that the dog is warmly housed and that he gets plenty of sunlight and fresh air. ANTHRAX is more particularly a disease of cattle, known in the vernacular as “black quarter,” ‘‘black leg,” ‘‘ quarter ill,” ‘joint ill,” ‘‘ hasty,” “puck,” ‘shoot of blood,” ete., from which young and particularly fast thriving stock die without giving, in 22 DISEASES OF DOGS. most cases, any premonitory symptoms. Dogs partaking of the flesh of animals that have died of anthrax become the subject of the disease, therefore owners should be extremely careful that the carcases offered for feeding purposes are not of animals which have succumbed to this disease. Anthrax in dogs affects the mouth, throat, and digestive organs, and produces intense fever; vomiting and purging take place, the matter ejected being mixed with blood. Treatment is useless, and should not be attempted, for fear of inoculation, as the disease is communicable to the human subject. ANUS, POLYPUS IN THE.—Sce PoLyri APOPLEXY .— See Fits. ASTHMA.—A common and distressing complaint, which is frequently the result of indulgence in a too plentiful and too rich diet, combined with luxurious idleness; hence we find its victims chiefly among lap-dogs and other house pets, which are especially liable to it when getting old. The grossness of body which induces and fosters asthma also frequently causes at the same time a kind of seurfy mange, making the coat look rough and dirty, and giving it a harsh, dry feel. Asthma is evidenced by distressing paroxysms of coughing, with considerable difficulty of breathing—these symp- toms occurring frequently. The first object is to relieve the animal from these painful attacks, and this is best accomplished by the use of the following medicine : Anti-spasmodic Drops. —Take equal parts compound spirit of sulphuric ether, known as Hoffman’s anodyne, and tincture of opium (laudanum), mix, and keep in a well-stoppered bottle in a cool place. Dose for a dog 201b. to 301b. a small teaspoonful given in about a tablespoonful of milk, gruel, or other liquid. Or the following will be found effective: chloride of ammonium, 2dr. ; ipe- cacuanha wine, ldr.; iodide of potassium, 12gr. ; bicarbonate of potassium, Idr.; syrup of squills, 1dr. Water to 60z. Dose, a dessert-spoonful to a tablespoonful three times a day. 10 to 20 drops of chlorodyne will also give relief. Though, as hinted, the above will give relief, they will not cure, and to remove one at least of the predisposing causes the dog must have frequent doses of a brisk aperient ; either a dose every morning of the buckthorn and castor oil mixture (Mild Purge); or the third of an ordinary black draught; or, what will be still better in many cases, a compound podophyllin pill every night. In addition to this treatment, he should be induced or compelled to take such daily exercise as will make him readily eat coarser food. His meals ASTHMA—BALDNESS. 23 should be given rather often, and in small quantities. In some cases it may be requisite to apply a quick blister to the front and sides of the chest, and strong liquid ammonia will be found an efficient and cheap one. Veterinarians distinguish between congestive and spasmodie asthma; but for the purposes of the amateur it is better to deal with it as one disease, the distinction being too fine a one for most non-professionals to discriminate. The main and readily distinguish- able difference is the more constant exhibition of symptoms in the former, the breathing always being laboured, and producing a wheezing sound, the spasmodic cough violently affecting the dog at intervals. Much relief may be afforded asthmatical dogs by confining them in a close box kennel and filling it with the smoke of Stramo- nium (Thorn Apple). This may be done twice a day with advantage, and care should always be taken with such patients not to subject them to any sudden change of temperature, whether from heat to cold, or the reverse. If the disease has become confirmed or chronic, the chance of complete cure is very remote; but the regular use of the following pills will have considerable effect in counteracting the liability to severe paroxysms : Cough Pills.—Take powdered ipecacuanha. 6gr. ; powdered opium, 6er.; compound squill pill, 24gr.; powdered gum ammoniacum, 24gr.; powdered liquorice, 24gr.; powder for compound rhubarb pill, 12gr. Mix, and make into twenty-four pills. Dose for a 201b. to 301b. dog, one pill night and morning. As these pills have been found to have a wonderful effect in giving relief in all affections of the respiratory organs, and will be wanted again, they will be referred to as the Cough Pills. BALANITIS is applied to an inflammatory condition of the mucous membrane of the prepuce, giving rise to discharge. See PENIS, DISCHARGE FROM. BALDNESS. — In smooth-coated toy dogs this condition is often seen—in toy black-and-tan terriers to wit, when it is often due to in-and-in breeding. It may, however, be the result of deficient nutritive functions and debility. Tonics should be given, and the bare places dressed with the following ointment: Tincture of cantharides, 2dr. ; vaseline, 30z. : BILIABY CALCULI.—Sce CaucuL. v4 DISEASES OF DOGS. BITES.—When a dog has been bitten by another, wash the wound freely with tepid water, and press out any blood that will freely come, so that the extent of the injury may be seen. Most bites leave punctured wounds, and a good application is Friar’s Balsam. Or the wound may be dressed with a lotion composed of 1 part carbolic acid and 20 parts water, adding a little glycerine to the acid before mixing with the water. A saturated solution of boracic acid is also useful. A few drops poured into the part is enough, unless there is a tear, in which case it may be necessary to bandage or to draw together with a few stitches of silk thread. If the bite has been inflicted by a strange dog, the circumstances should be inquired into. See RABIES. BLADDER, INFLAMMATION OF.—This is evidenced by great pain on the application of pressure over the region of the bladder ; the urine is passed in small quantities at frequent intervals, and evidently with considerable pain. Inflammation of the bladder is frequently the result of a blow; it may be produced by prolonged exposure to cold and wet, and is not infrequently the result of the unwarrantable administration of cantharides, turpentine, and other drugs, by the ignorant; it is also sometimes due to stric- ture of the urethra (the urinary passage), or calculi (stone). The treatment consists in first giving a brisk purgative; nothing in this ease is better than half of an ordinary black draught; but if this does not act, it will be well to assist it with clysters of lukewarm soap and water or thin gruel, or even a hot bath. The acute symptoms having passed, give 3gr. to 5gr. of benzoic acid in pill form three times a day. If the urine is not freely passed, the catheter should be used in the manner detailed below. When the bowels have been opened, give a dose every six hours of the following : Fever Mixture.—Take powdered nitre, ldr. ; sweet spirit of nitre, 40z. ; Mindererus’ spirit, ljoz. ; wine of antimony, ldr.; tincture of digitalis, 4dr. ; water 40z. Mix. Dose for a dog 20lb. to 30lb. weight, one tablespoonful every four hours in a little gruel. The patient will experience relief if the parts are bathed continu- ously with a warm infusion of poppy-heads, or warm water alone, care being taken that he is not afterwards exposed to cold. The dog’s diet should be light and nourishing. BLADDER, PARALYSIS OF.—This affection is shown by the constant efforts of the dog to urinate and inability to do zo, the water coming away in dribbles. It may arise from stone in the bladder. A common cause is over-distension of the bladder caused PARALYSIS OF BLADDER—BLAIN. 25 by keeping dogs where they will not urinate. Some dogs will not do so when shut up in a room, or when on the chain; hence the necessity, too often neglected, of taking dogs off the benches at exhibitions at regular intervals. This compulsory retention of urine produces spasm of the neck of the bladder, and paralysis—loss of the necessary muscular power—follows. It may also be the result of injury to the spine, or of debilitating disease. The effect of con- tinued hot fomentations should be tried, and if these fail, the urine should be drawn off by means of a catheter. Passing a catheter is a very simple matter. The dog should be placed upon his back, and the prepuce pressed back, so as to bring the penis into view; the catheter should then be dressed with a little olive oil or vaseline and passed gently into the opening at the point of the penis. This will introduce it into the bladder, when the piece of wire with which the instrument is provided should be withdrawn. Should the urine not flow freely, the dog can be stood upon its legs, keeping the catheter in position. If a catheter is not at hand, pressure with both hands through the abdominal walls in the region of the bladder, will empty it of its contents. If paralysis of the hind legs is present, an assistant should raise the body from the ground, by means of the tail, whilst the operator is pressing the sides. During convalescence give barley-water to drink, and soft nourish- ing food—porridge and milk, broth and bread, ete. BLAIN is a name given to a vesicular swelling of the tongue along the sides and underneath. It comes on suddenly, is most frequent in spring and summer, and appears to be epidemic, many cases occurring in the same neighbourhood at the same time ; it has not been shown to be contagious. Horses and cattle are even more subject to it than dogs, and, although it is not a fatal disease, it is a very troublesome one. The symptoms appear without warning and apparently without cause. The first thing generally observed is a considerable increase in the flow of saliva, which dribbles from the mouth. The breath is foetid, and on examination the tongue will be found considerably swollen, while, if the disease has lasted any time, there will be observed large livid vesicles, which rupture, leaving ulcers; these ultimately assume a gangrenous form, and discharge foetid matter tinged with blood. If observed in its early stage, give a dose of Mild Aperient or black draught every morning for four or five days. If the vesicles are large, make an incision with a lancet, and sponge the tongue with 1 part of saturated solution of chlorinated soda to 10 parts of tepid water, or with a dessert-spoonful of Condy’s fluid in a pint of 26 : DISEASES OF DOGS. water, or with a saturated solution of boracie acid. If the ulcers assume a very unhealthy form, they may be touched with a point of caustic, but this requires the utmost care, or it will spread over the surrounding surface, causing great and unnecessary pain. After the aperient medicine, tonics should be given. For a dog 30lb. to 501b. weight give one of the following pills twice a day : Pure sulphate of iron, ldr. ; extract of camomile, 4dr. Mix, and divide into twenty- four pills. Whilst blain exists, the food should be entirely soft— oatmeal porridge, broth thickened with stale bread, etc. BLINDNESS may be partial or complete, temporary or per- manent. Partial loss of sight is one of the common sequels to dis- temper. Sce CATARACT, OPHTHALMIA, AMAUROSIS, and Dis- TEMPER. BLOOD, POVERTY OF.—Sce ANZMIA. BLOODY URINE.—Sce HamatTuria. BLOTCH, OR SURFEIT.—When dogs are affected with blotch, inflamed patches are observed on various parts of the body ; these discharge a thin mattery fluid, which eventually forms a scab, and mats the hair together. In a few days the hair falls off, leaving bare patches moist from the exuded fluid, and an intolerable itching is present, causing continual scratching or rubbing. If the disease be neglected, these scabs rapidly extend and coalesce till the dog becomes almost bare of hair, and presents a loathsome and disgust- ing appearance. There is constant exudation of matter forming fresh scabs, the skin becomes thickened and wrinkled, the dog rubs or scratches himself till he bleeds, he gets no rest, his appetite fails, and he often sinks under the disease. Blotch is often aggravated by want of thorough cleanliness, the dirt mixing with the exuded watery matter, and causing increased irritation of the skin. It is of most frequent occurrence and severest in its attacks in overcrowded kennels, where the sanitary arrange- ments are bad, where injudicious or insufficient feeding prevails, and where there is a want of proper cleanliness. Damp and cold kennels I have found fruitful of blotch, and indeed anything that interferes with the general health, Weakening the digestive organs appears to produce it, and so does gorging a dog, as is often done in forcing them into condition for show. The treatment of this form of skin disease will be somewhat dependent on the state of the animal. If in good condition the dog should receive a brisk purgative, and the Compound Podophyllin Pilla BLOTCH—BOILS. 27 will be found most suitable. The aim should be, however, to pro- duce a healthier state of the blood, to which end give the following : 3gr. to 5gr. of sulphate of iron, with 3 to 10 drops of liquor arsenicalis. It will be necessary to keep the bowels freely opened during the existence of the disease. If the dog is much emaciated, he must have the Mild Purge, and receive good nourishing diet in the form of broth, ete. As an outward application, the following lotion will be found extremely useful in allaying the irritation and assisting in recovery : Lotion for Blotch.—Take carbolic acid and glycerine (British Pharmacopaia), loz. ; laudanum, 2o0z. ; water, 14 pints; carbonate of potash, 2dr. It should be applied over the whole surface of the skin affected twice a day, and the dog be carefully washed every few days with soap and warm water, containing a teaspoonful of carbonate of soda to every quart of water, and afterwards very carefully dried ; this will much facilitate a cure. Another useful formula is boracic acid, loz. ; landanum, loz. ; whale oil, 140z. ; but itis a dirty and disagreeable thing touse. White naphthol ointment is also good, but, being poisonous, a canvas-faced muzzle must be placed upon the dog. Of course the kennel must be examined, any defective sanitary arrangements altered, and thorough cleanliness insisted on. The dog’s bedding should be changed at least every other day, and the proper use of disinfectants in and about the kennel is of great service. I have often found glycerine alone cure blotch when very freely rubbed into the skin twice a day, and nothing can be simpler, safer, or cleaner. All cases, however, will not yield to it, and it should be tried in combination with 2 or 3 per cent. of pure carbolic acid. This may be used alone, or, where a large surface of skin is affected, diluted with an equal bulk of water. Dressings of olive oil or vaseline are useful when the skin is hot and wrinkled. See also ECZEMA. BOILS are not very common on the dog; when they do appear, a poultice of some kind should, if practicable, be kept constantly applied, in order to bring the boil quickly to a head. It should then be opened with a lancet, the matter well squeezed out, the part well washed with tepid water, and then dressed twice daily with the following ointment, which for convenience will be referred to as Carbolic Ointment: Turner’s Cerate (Ceratum calamine), loz. ; pre- cipitated chalk, glycerine, and carbolic acid, of each 2dr.; mix. In the case of boils or any other eruption the state of the dog’s health must be considered. A cooling aperient drench, such as the following, given every other day for a week or so, will usually prove 28 DISEASES OF DOGS. beneficial : Epsom salts, dr. ; bicarbonate of potash, l0gr. ; sweet spirit of nitre, 10 drops; water, foz. ; mix. BONE, INFLAMMATION OF THE.—Sce Osritis. BONES, BROKEN.—It can be ascertained if a bone of the leg is broken by taking bold of the limb above the supposed fracture and moving the lower portion against it, when a grating or crackling of the broken ends against each other will be felt or heard. The treat- ment consists in adjusting the fractured parts to their natural form, and applying splints to keep the parts set. Splints may be made of strips of gutta percha, softened in warm water, and moulded to fit the limb; or pieces of thin wood may be cut the required size, and well padded with wadding. A good and light bandage for fractures is made by soaking a bandage, made of muslin, in gum tragacanth. The splints can be kept in place by binding evenly with light calico bandages, which previous to application have been smeared with Venice turpentine and Burgundy pitch, in equal parts, whilst hot. If much swelling occur, it will be necessary to slacken the bandages, and in most cases it will be requisite to muzzle the dog to prevent him tearing off the splints. Perfect rest will be required, and the general health should be attended to. The time it will take for the bones to unite is uncertain. An excellent and very convenient description of splints for fractures is made by Mr. Linton, chemist, Princes Street, Edinburgh. In use it has to be first softened in warm water, when it can be pressed around the fractured part, and made to take its exact form; it soon hardens, and is kept on until the bones are again joined and consolidation of the tissues is complete. The amateur should only attempt to deal with simple fractures. Com- minuted fractures, where the bone is broken into several pieces ; and compound fractures, wherein the soft parts are torn and the ends of the broken bones exposed, should be left to the veterinary surgeon. BOWELS, INFLAMMATION OF (Enteritis; Perito- nitis).—The severity and very dangerous character of this disease in the dog are such that perhaps the very best advice that can be given te the amateur who finds his valued dog attacked by it, is to send for a qualified veterinary surgeon without delay. The owner may, however, be possessed of sufficient self-confidence as to wish to try his own skill in treating the disease; or the dog may not be con- sidered of sufficient value to incur the expense of employing a professional man, although there may be every desire to save the animal’s life. If I can help in any such commendable endeavour INFLAMMATION. OF THE BOWELS. 29 without encouraging useless and ignorant experimenting at the cost of torture to the dog, I shall feel that I have been of some little service, Whatever course is determined on, whether home treatment or the calling in of professional aid, the decision should not be taken till the symptoms have been carefully and minutely observed, and the greatest attention must be paid to them, else there is every fear of the amateur confounding the disease with and treating it as colic, which, although strongly resembling inflammation in some of its symptoms, differs widely in others, and requires totally different treatment. Colic, if neglected or wrongly treated, may, and fre- quently does, end in inflammation of the bowels; but it is in itself a distinct ailment; and the same remark equally applies to constipation, or obstruction of the bowels. As inflammation of the bowels, or enteritis, is one of the most fatal diseases to which the dog is liable—frequently carrying him off very quickly—no half measures will do for it; but, having ascer- tained clearly from the prevailing symptoms that the disease is actually present, remedial measures must be adopted with prompti- tude and energy. The main causes of the disease are irregular or improper diet; irritation caused by the dog having swallowed some hard indigestible substance ; and exposure to cold and wet. Some- times, however, it is the result of ill-usage, such as a kick. Inflam- mation of the bowels may be distinguished from colic in being more gradual in its approach, and it is always ushered in by general feverishness; the nose is hot and dry, the eyes are red, and the whole countenance is expressive of great anxiety; shivering fits occur, the belly is hard and distended, the surface hot to the touch, and the urine is generally scanty and highly coloured. As in colic, when standing, the back is arched, the feet are drawn in towards each other, and the tail is tightly tucked between the legs; or the dog may steal into a quiet corner, stretch his legs out before and behind, and crouch with his belly on the ground, probably finding temporary relief by bringing it in contact with the cold floor or ground; at the same time the dog may be observed to frequently turn an anxious face towards his flanks. Another safe and pretty certain way of distinguishing between enteritis and simply ob- struction or colic, is by pressing the hand along the belly. In the latter diseases, especially in colic, the rubbing gives relief, whereas in inflammation it evidently causes acute pain. I may here mention the fact that enteritis is very commonly a complication of that ‘scourge of the kennel,” distemper, and this fact alone sufficiently shows the folly of trusting to any single medicine—pill, powder, or potion—or any so-called specific whatever 30 DISEASES OF DOGS. for the cure of that disease. The treatment proper in the disease under consideration consists in getting the bowels relieved as speedily as possible by the mildest means that can be used, constipation being generally present. For this purpose the use of clysters every fifteen minutes, as recommended in OBSTRUCTION OF THE BOWELS, should be resorted to, and the injections must be used gently and with as little annoyance to the patient as possible. When the clysters begin to take effect, the evacuation of the bowels should be assisted by a dose of castor oil. Many of the best writers on dogs recommend giving calomel and opium combined, and it may appear presumptuous in me to offer a contrary opinion; but Experience is the best teacher. Instead of calomel, I have in several cases used the following with excellent effect : true James’s powder, 2gr.; powdered opium, }gr.; in one powder. Give toa 201b. dog one of these powders every two hours till three have been administered. To allay the pain, give 5gr. to 10gr. of chloral, with 5 to 30 drops of tincture of opium; also apply hot flannels to the abdomen. If the dog should get over the attack, with signs of returning health great weakness will be evident, and this must be met by good nursing and a generous, but easily assimilated, diet. Beef- tea, thickened with bread, cornflour, or arrowroot, will answer well. The diet must be so varied as to keep the bowels open without the use of medicine. When well on the road to health, progress will be accelerated by giving the Tonic Pills twice a day; or the follow- ing may be substituted : Concentrated Tonie Mixture.—Take of concentrated decoction of yellow cinchona bark and compound tincture of cinchona bark loz, each; mix. Dose for a 20]b. dog, half a teaspoonful twice a day in water, BOWELS, OBSTRUCTION OF (Constipation, or Costiveness).— Dogs are peculiarly liable to costiveness, and, as Youatt states, “it is a disease when it becomes habitual”; but a very little care and attention on the part of the owner will prevent it. In the tendency to costiveness of course individual animals differ, and should be treated accordingly. Although bones are excellent and almost necessary to a dog’s health, an excess of them is to be avoided. The same may be said of an excess of any kind of dry food, or of keeping the dog constantly to one diet; indeed, want of exercise and the absence of the necessary variety in the food are the principal causes of constipation. Whether looked upon as a disease in itself, or as a symptom and OBSTRUCTION OF THE BOWELS. 31 attendant on other diseases, constipation is always troublesome and often becomes dangerous. The feces accumulate and get pressed into hardened lumps, the belly is distended and hard, and colie pains occur, driving the dog almost frantic and causing him to run about blindly, stumbling over different obstacles that happen to be in his way, and to give utterance every now and then to sharp howls of pain. And here I would warn the owner against resorting to the common practice in constipation of giving strong purgatives, such as Epsom salts, jalap, calomel, aloes, etc., the tendency of which is to render the evil worse by forcing the feces into a still smaller compass, whereby they become more impacted and hardened than before. When the dog is in great pain, the proper course is to administer a dose of the Anti-spasmodic Drops. Clysters of thin oatmeal gruel, or soap and water lukewarm, and containing about loz. of castor oil in each } pint, must be used continuously till the desired object has been attained. This end will be greatly facilitated by first introducing the finger, oiled, or a small bone spoon, into the rectum, and removing as many of the hard feces as can be reached. It is necessary that everything should be done with the greatest gentleness; for rough handling is likely to alarm the patient and cause him to do himself irreparable injury. When the lower bowels have been emptied, tollow up the treatment by giving the dog a strong dose of castor oil and some warm broth or gruel. The use of purgatives must not be resorted to to prevent a recurrence of the disease. The system of management must be altered, the dog must have daily exercise, the food must be varied, and embrace a portion of boiled, chopped up green vegetables at least every second or third day. For a week or so after the attack rather sloppy food should be given, such as well boiled porridge and milk or broth. Poreign Bodies in the Intestines.—This is another cause of obstruction in the bowels to which dogs are peculiarly liable. Pieces of bone are swallowed of such size and substance that they pass through the digestive organs very slightly diminished, and getting into the smaller intestines, cannot pass farther, so that feces accumulate and harden until, if not relieved, inflam- mation is set up. Sometimes stones are swallowed and cause obstruction, and this will at once demonstrate the danger of throwing stones for dogs to retrieve, for, in their eagerness, they are apt to swallow them, especially if small. Wool or rabbit fur swallowed is likely to ball together with other matter and block the passage, and a case once came under my observation of a bull bitch suffering from obstruction of the intestines from 32 DISEASES OF DOGS. a ball of straw which she had swallowed bit by bit, from having her- meat, boiled paunch, thrown down to her in pieces among her bedding. Intussusception is the telescoping of one portion of the intes- tines that has been contracted by spasm within. another part re- taining its natural diameter, and is another not uncommon cause of obstruction which is apt to take place during spasmodic colic, In- tussusception cannot be determined by symptoms, but is discovered on post-mortem examination. The obstruction conseqy#nt upon it sets up inflammation, ending in death. Dogs should not be allowed to remain costive more than two days without the means for their relief already described being resorted to. It is always safe and generally advisable in such cases to give a full dose of olive, linseed, or castor oil, or a mixture of them. Worms are another cause of obstruction in the intestines, es- pecially in pups. Round Worms get coiled into balls, set up local irritation, and interfere with the natural action of the bowels. This sort of obstruction will, however, be more fully treated under WorMS. BRAIN, CONCUSSION OF THE.—Sce Concussion oF THE BRAIN. BRAIN, INFLAMMATION OF TEE (Meningitis) —The meninges, as the membranes enveloping the brain are called, are liable to inflammation. In this affection there is great drowsi- ness, with sudden spasmodic movements of the muscles of the head and chest during sleep. The disease is often preceded by fits. In this, as in other affections of the brain, there is a disposition to walk in circles, and always to the one side, and the sight is so affected that the poor dog runs against obstacles. No treatment by the amateur is of avail. BRAIN, WATER ON THE (Hydrocephalus).—Pro fessor Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S., in his exhaustive work on dog’ diseases, makes the following pertinent remarks: ‘‘ Hydrocephalus, or water on the brain, is by no means an infrequent canine affection. It is invariably congenital, and is more particularly seen in high-bred dogs and especially where the in-and-in system of breeding has been adopted. Several instances have come under my own observation attributable, in my opinion, to the latter cause. In one or two cases absolute idiocy existed, the animals performing absurd motions, and WATER ON THE ERAIN—BRONCHITIS, 83 alike regardless of petting or scolding. They were diminutive black- and-tan toys, and, if I may be allowed the expression ‘bred to death,’ destitute of hair on the ears and skull, the latter unsightly and large, the eyes painfully prominent and expressionless, the body deficient in symmetry, and the limbs distorted. And some of the defects named were considered by the creatures’ owners as indi- cations of the purity of the strain; and animals of this type are kept—regardless of entreaties to destroy such insults to Nature— for purposes of breeding. Fortunately, however, Nature rarely sanctions issue from such parents.’’ In addition to the symptoms above named, paralysis is very fre- quently present, usually in the hind limbs, which, in locomotion, are dragged. There is also often a great disposition to sleep, but it is generally disturbed by fitful starts and suppressed moans, and the eyelids during that period are only partially closed. I have no remarks to offer on the treatment of canine hydro- cephalus, beyond observing that the measures adopted in human practice—compression, puncturing, and the various medicinal agents—may be tried, and possibly with success, in those cases where exceptional reasons for saving the animal’s life and removing the unnatural effects of the disease exist. BREEDING, TO PREVENT.—To prevent a bitch from breeding after she has gone astray, wash out the womb with a strong solution of alum and water, using the ordinary syringe with the female point adjusted. The sooner this is done after the act of coition, the better. It will often prove successful, especially if the bitch is in the early stages of cestrum. A fairly strong solution of Condy’s Fluid, with 5gr. of sulphate of zine to each ounce, has also been successfully employed. BRONCHITIS may be described as inflammation of the bronchial tubes, or windpipes, which convey air to the lungs. W hen the inflammation is confined to the upper portion of the windpipe, or larynx, it is termed LARYNGITIS, which see. Exposure to damp and cold, being kennelled where foul and irri- tating emanations are breathed, and neglect of common colds, are the chief causes. When the larger air-pipes alone are affected, the dog at first suffers from a short, dry, intermittent cough, which, in a few days becomes more frequent, and mucous matter is discharged from the nose and also coughed out; but when the smaller bronchia are attacked, there is pretty constant wheezing; the cough is more severe ; frothy matter, often tinged with blood, is expectorated ; the D 34 DISEASES OF DOGS. breath is hot; the mouth and nose are dry and hot; the eyes are red and inflamed; the tongue is parched; the pulse is weak and con- siderably increased ; the discharge from the nose gradually becomes thick and copious, and there is often violent sneezing. The patient should be placed in a tolerably warm room where there is a fire, and if a kettle with a long spout be kept boiling so that the steam is distributed through the apartment, it will prove very beneficial to the dog. The fireplace will also ensure ventila- tion, which is always important. In the first instance give to a 201b. dog 8gr. of true James’s powder, and oz. of castor oil as a mild laxative. For food, give broth or porridge. Fig. 9. Coat FoR Sick Doe. Where there is an accumulation of phlegm, and the animal endeavours to dislodge it, give a dessertspoonful to a tablespoonful of ipecacuanha wine, to act as an emetic. This will greatly relieve the patient. If the cough is troublesome, give from a dessert- spoonful to a tablespoonful of the following mixture twice a day :— Liquor morphize mur., 2dr. ; spirit of ether sulp. co., 2dr. ; tincture of camphor co., 8dr. ; ipecacuanha wine, Idr. ; water to 30z.. Or 3gr. to Sgr. of benzoic acid will relieve the cough. Apply hot linseed poultices to the chest and sides, and always place a coat upon the dog (Fig. 9). : BRONCHITIS—BURNS AND SCALDS. 35 The following medicine, in the form of a thin electuary, should then be administered to the patient every three hours: Electuary for Bronchitis and Sore Throat.—Take chlorate of potash, 3dr.; wine of ipecacuanha, 3dr. ; tincture of opium, 2dr. ; powdered liquorice root, $oz. ; powdered gum acacia, 402. ; honey, loz. ; and vinegar of squills, }oz. Mix, and give to a dog 20lb. weight a teaspoonful every three or four hours. See that the ingredients are well mixed, as they will have a tendency to separate, and in giving the medicine place it well back on the tongue. It is sometimes advisable to blister the throat and front of the chest, and in most cases a good rubbing with a strong stimulative liniment will be of service. Vinegar and mustard may be used, or the following: Spirits of turpentine, l}oz.; oil of origanum, loz. 3 tincture of cantharides, 40z.; spirit of hartshorn, loz.; rape oil, 2oz. ; mixed. Bronchitis often assumes a chronic form, especially in old dogs, when there is a constant husky cough, bringing on retching and discharge of phlegm. In such cases the breathing is short and thick and the animal incapable of much exertion. Nothing can be done towards a cure, but alleviation may be obtained by ad- ministering when the cough is unusually bad a little oxymel of squills and thick mucilage of acacia in equal parts. A dessert- spoonful to a tablespoonful may be given several times a day. BRONCHOCELE.—An enlargement of the thyroid glands, that is, the principal cartilage of the larynx. See GOITRE. BRUISES.— When there is much swelling, bathe for an hour with warm water, and having well dried the parts, rub in the following : Liniment for Sprains, Bruises, ete.—Take equal parts of spirit of turpentine, liquid ammonia (not the strongest, but the spirit of hartshorn of the shops), laudanum, and rape oil; mix to form a liniment. If the skin be broken, touch the wounds with tincture of benzoin (Friar’s balsam), and rub the liniment all round, but not into the broken skin. BURNS AND SCALDS.—Dogs allowed to run at large without their owner’s supervision encounter many dangers, and are apt to get into mischief—I might say into hot water—and although owners may reasonably expect dogs to be punished when on trespass, that is no justification for the cruel and malicious to seald or burn the poor beast, who is not to blame when, following his eae ra he D 36 DISEASES OF DOGS. seeks the slaughter-house. Of course, a burn or scald may be the result of pure accident, and oftenest happens to that class technically termed ‘‘cinder-worriers.”” The best application to either burn or seald is the preparation known as Carron oil, which is made by mixing equal parts of linseed oil and lime water. It should be applied freely, and as soon after the accident as possible. As a useful remedy it should be kept in every house, but especially in every country house. In such cases the dog should be kept quiet, receive plain food, and be given a mild aperient. A bur or scald, if severe, often gives a violent shock to the system, and symptoms of illness arising from it must be observed and treated according to circumstances. Carron oil is best applied direct to the wound alone, and then immediately thickly covered with cotton-wool to exclude the air from the bladders formed. The dressing should be repeated when necessary, care being taken that no hairs or other irritating substances are left on the sore places. Cc. CALCULI.—The dog is more frequently the subject ot Caleuli (Stone) than is generally supposed. Their locality varies; they may exist in the biliary ducts, the bladder, the kidneys, or in the. urethra (the passage of the penis). In Biliary calculi, those stones situated in the biliary ducts, pro- viding they are sufficiently small to pass the duct are not of great moment—in fact, upon post-mortem one often discovers their exist- ence, while during life no inconvenience or pain was noticed—but should these stones be too large to pass the ducts, they are very painful and a most fruitful cause of jaundice. The bile, which in health passes through these ducts, becomes completely impeded in its progress, and is re-absorbed by the blood-vessels entering the general system, and jaundice is established. The symptoms of biliary calculi when not completely blocking the ducts, are excessive sickness and constipation, with pain in the abdomen, The treat- ment should consist in allaying the pain, when the stone will frequently pass in a natural way. To accomplish this object give 5 to 30 drops of tincture of opium, every four hours, in a little water, and a soap and water enema night and morning to relieve the bowels, opium having a tendency to constipate. Cystic calculi is the name given to stones found in the bladder ; it is generally supposed that their existence is extremely rare, but such is certainly not the case. A single large stone is not frequently seen, but s namber of small ones, especially in old dogs, is not at al) CALCULI—CALLOSITIES, 37 uncommon. In the former cases nothing short of an operation can possibly effect a cure; but when one takes into consideration the necessity of keeping a patient in one position after the operation, it will be patent to most, that in canine practice, theremoval of the stone is seldom, if ever, attended with success. I have seen a few attempts at the operation, but all, without exception, have been dira failures, Small calculi will frequently pass from the bladder into the urinary passage (urethra), and if small enough, out of the body through the penis; but often these stones will become fixed in the urethra and the animal is unable to pass its water. The bladder becomes distended, and if not relieved, rupture of the organ results, When one finds a dog cannot pass its water, a catheter should be procured, a little olive oil or vaseline rubbed upon it, and the instrument inserted at the tip of the penis. Of course the animal must be placed upon its back. Insert the catheter very gently, and gradually pass it into the bladder. If there is a small calculus in the urethra the passage of the catheter will be obstructed, and whea this is so, no extreme force must be used, or @ very extensive injury may result. A little gentile and prolonged pressure may return the atone into the bladder, and sc allow the urine to pass. If the stone cannot be returned in this attempt, inject into the passage of the penis a little olive or salad oil, and repeat the operation with the catheter. Calculi sometimes exist in the kidneys and may pass into the bladder, thence through the urinary passage, and so out of the body; but at other times they become too large to leave the organ and cause intense pain and subsequent death. The symptoms are first, stiffness across the loins accompanied by pain when an attempt is made to move; the urine is passed in small quantities, and is frequently, indeed often, tinged with blood. In these cases it is a matter of relieving the pain, with the hope that the stone is small enough to gain an exit by the penis. To relieve the pain give 5 to 30 drops of tincture of opium about every four hours, and apply hot flannels to the loins. A dose of oil to relieve the bowels is bene- ficial, as any straining in passing the faeces would increase the pain. It is well to leave these cases to the veterinary surgeon. CALLOSITIES.—Places bare of hair from rubbing or chafing, lying on bare boards, ete., are often seen on the haunches of large, smooth-coated dogs; while the skin is thickened (indurated), and almost horny. Continued applications of glycerine, vaseline, or boracie acid ointment night and morning will soften and tend to remove these lumps, which, although an eyesore, do ay hari. 38 DISEASES OF DOGS. CANCER,.—This is a disease which can only be with certainty distinguished and safely treated by the professional man. Fortu- nately, however, it is not of very frequent occurrence in the dog, and many authorities doubt the existence of true cancer in the dog. CANINE MADNESS,.—Sce Raziss. CANKERED MOUTH.—‘Sce Moutu, CANKER OF CANKER OF THE EAR.— See Ear, CANKER OF, CATARACT,—Cataract consists of the presence in the interior of the eyeball of a whitish opaque spot, which gradually enlarges and very often ends in blindness. This opaque spot is situate on the crystalline lens. It frequently follows ophthalmia, but it may be the result of inflammation or of.a wound or blow. It is com- monest in aged dogs, and is then an evidence of failing health, and the probable breaking up of the system. Nothing short of an operation is of any avail. Fig. 10 is the crystalline lens and is the seat of cataract. It is made up of concentric lamin, and when hardened, by immersion in alcohol, it can be peeled in the same way as the layers of an onion can be removed. It is composed of a capsule and lens: if the cataract is situated upon the lens, it is known as a i Ge ee lenticular cataract, but if confined to the cap- LAYERS 1,2,2,2,. sule it is known as capsular cataract. Both structures may however be involved, when it is known as capsulo lenticular. The hardest portion of the lens is that most centrally placed. CATARRH, OR COLD IN THE HEAD.—Dogs that live in freedom, although much exposed to changes of temperature and weather, are not so liable to attacks of catarrh as the more delicately reared, in whom a sudden change from the close atmo- sphere of the room to the open air, or exposure to a drenching shower, frequently produces cold. The first symptoms are shivering and evident languor, succeeded by a hot, dry nose, with a thin discharge at first, but which gradually thickens. If the disease proceed, a hot skin, dulness about the eyes, with other evidences of fever, follow, according to the severity of the case. There is more or less dis- charge from the nose, sometimes accompanied with sneezing ; and if severe, and the bronchial tube be affected, a cough will be the result. It is pretty well understood, when applied to ourselves, that a cold CATARRH-—CHOKING. 39 uncared for is most likely to lead to serious illness; and it is no less true of the dog. See also O7HNA. In puppies the symptoms of common cold may be mistaken for those of distemper ; and in older dogs, if unchecked and uncared for, it is likely to lead to bronchitis, inflammation of the lungs, or other dangerous disease. It is, therefore, \ery necessary to pay attention to the first appearance of a deviation from health in this direction, mindful of the old proverb that ‘‘a stitch in time saves nine,” such as a coat placed upon the dog as previously advised under BRONCHITIS. Some hardy animals will need no further care than an extra warm bed and a warm supper ; but others will require more attention. If, conjointly with other symptoms mentioned, there be a scantiness of urine and costive bowels, give a dose of aperient medicine, followed by a few doses of Fever Mixture; or tincture of camphor co. 15 to 60 drops; tincture of gentian, 20 to 60 drops; spirits of aether co. 4dr. to 2dr. in water three times a day. Remove any discharge from the eyes with warm water. If they are inflamed, bathe with the following lotion: Boracie acid, powdered, Iscr.; distilled water to 60z. To allow the animal to breathe freely the nose must be bathed ; this will tend to prevent accumulations of mucus. During con- valescence the following tonic is useful: Easton’s syrup, $0z., water to 6oz. Dose, a dessertspoonful to a tablespoonful twice a day after food. Unless the cold has engendered some more dangerous com- plaint, this treatment will be all that is required. If the cough be severe, resort at once to the Cough Pills, which invariably relieve. See CouGH. Coryza is the name given to a common cold when confined to the nose and eyes, and characterised by a running at the nose and watery eyes. I have found the following plan quickly cure it: Take a large sponge, wring it out of warm water, sprinkle it freely with vinegar of squills, and hold it to the dog’s nose, so that he inhales the fumes. Or half fill an upright jar or jug of suitable size with bran, saturate it with hot water, and sprinkle over and stir into the bran the following: A tablespoonful of ordinary vinegar, a teaspoonful of laudanum, and six drops of glycerine and carbolie acid (British Pharmacopoeia). Mix, and hold the dog’s nose over it. This quantity to a double handful of bran in a quart or three-pint jar is suitable for a 201b. dog. CHEST-FOUNDER.—See KENNEL-LAMENESS. CHOKING.—This accident is apt to occur with greedy animals that bolt their food. A bone, a piece of gristly meat, or other hard substance, is bolted, and sticks fast in ita passage to the stomach. 40 DISEASES OF DOGS. T always adopt the plan of reserving bones until after the dogs have fed, for if given with the other food they are at once picked out, and the smaller ones are, when the dog is hungry, apt to be swallowed unmasticated, and produce choking. Frequently by manipulating the throat outside with the fingers the obstruction can be worked down the gullet; or if it can be felt in the upper part of the throat, it may be removed by the throat forceps, which most veterinary surgeons keep by them. Woodroffe Hill recommends, when the substance is too low for extraction, and manipulating with the fingers externally fails, to endeavour gently to force it down with a piece of bent whalebone, having a piece of sponge tied to the end of it, and dipped in oi. In using this extra eare must be taken that the sponge is so firmly attached to the whalebone that it cannot slip off, for if swallowed it might effectually block up one of the smaller intestines; therefore cut nicks in the whalebone, into which tie the piece of sponge. To prevent the piece of sponge becoming lodged in the cesophagus a piece of thread should be inserted through it, and held in the hand as well as the whalebone, so that should it slip from the point cf the whalebone, it may be recovered by pulling the string. I give these instructions as they may be useful; but relief by hand is usually the only possible aid, and in most cases the dog would be dead before the instrument could be got ready. . Fortunately cases of choking are very rare. As soreness, if not actually laceration, is almost sure to be caused, the dog should for some days afterwards be restricted to soft food. CHOREA.—This most distressing complaint arises from some derangement of the nervous system, and generally exists as a sequence of distemper, when it is known among kennel men as ‘‘ the twitch.” A disease in many respects resembling and often mis- taken for Chorea, or St. Vitus’s Dance may, however, arise from other causes producing a disturbing effect on the nervous system, such as a severe injury or blow on the head, the irritation caused by worms, or long continued impaired digestion, This is not true chorea, which can only follow distemper. . The symptom indicating chorea is a peculiar involuntary con- vulsive twitching of the muscles. These spasmodic movements or jerkings may be either partial or general, but usually partial. One or both hind legs are affected; or the twitching may extend to the muscles of the fore legs, neck, and shoulders, in which case the head is bobbed up and down in a silly, helpless manner. Sometimes the eyelids and muscles of the face are affected; but whatever part of the body is attacked, the peculiar twitching or jerking is always un- mistakable, When the hindquarters are the seat of the disease, the CHOREA—-INFLAMMATION OF THE CLAWS. 41 dog will sometimes suddenly drop one of the limbs from the hip joint, apparently from sudden loss of power or command over the guiding muscles. The weakness is strongly shown when the dog attempts to jump on to a chair or the lap, which he fails to do, and generally falls helplessly on his side, ‘‘all of a heap.” Few, if any dogs severely afflicted with chorea get completely cured. When the attack is but slight, the dog may live for years, and prove a useful animal, as, except in severe cases, it does not seem greatly to impair the general health. The constant twitching is, however, so annoying to most people, that few would care to keep a dog thus afflicted. Although dogs carefully and properly treated in distemper are less likely to suffer from this disease, yet it occurs in the best managed kennels, and so I must proceed to consider its treatment. The first thing to be done is to attend to the general health, and especially to see that the bowels are properly acting; and it is better, if their action require correction, to endeavour to accomplish that object by a careful regulation of diet, than to resort to physic. Indeed, all through chorea the food must be of a nature easily digested, and given with regularity, if any course of medicinal treatment is to be successful. The remedies recommended in chorea are arsenic, and nux vomica and its preparations, though the former I do not recommend. The following pills I have found very successful. As the in- gredients require very great accuracy in weighing, and very careful mixing, the making of them must be left to a properly qualified _ dispensing chemist, and the box containing the pills should be kept strictly in the master’s possession, for fear of accidents : Pills for Chorea.—Take strychnine, lgr. ; quinine, 18gr. ; extract of belladonna, 6gr. ; extract of gentian, ldr. ; powder for compound rhubarb pill, ldr.; mix very carefully, and divide into forty-eight pills. Dose for a dog 201b. weight—one pill twice a day with his food. It is necessary in chorea to continue the use of these remedies for a considerable time—at least a month in most cases—to produce any satisfactory result, or even to give them a fair trial; and, as before said, the dog must be carefully fed, well lodged, and properly exercised when he has sufficient power to use his limbs. In the case of dogs reared in towns, a change to the country for soms weeks would be beneficial. The electric battery has proved of great benefit in many cases, and I advise a trial of it. CLAWS, INFLAMMATION AT THE ROOTS OF.— Dogs used to the chase, or hunting in scrubby heather, or running 4a DISEASES OF DOGS. much over hard, uneven roada, suffer from sore toes; the parte around the roots of the claws are swollen, inflamed, and tender, making the dog lame, and, indeed, almost unable to get about; there is redness between the toes, and sweating or thin serous discharge therefrom. Such cases are often very difficult to cure. First give a dose of aperient medicine, and keep the dog up, giving him plenty of soft bedding, and a light diet. Foment the part night and morning with warm water, and bathe freely with this lotion : Calomel, 2scr. ; lime water, 120z.; mix. Shake the bottle well when using it, which should be done four or five times a day. If the foregoing fail, try Goulard’s Extract of Lead, 2dr. ; tincture of arnica, 40z. ; distilled water, 1 pint; mix and apply freely four or five times a day. If the case is a very bad one, wrap the foot in a piece of lint saturated with the lotion, and pull over it a chamois leather boot, which the dog can be prevented from gnawing and pulling off by use of a muzzle over the mouth-part of which a piece of canvas has been sewn. CLAWS, OVERGROWN .—Lap-dogs and house pets which have little or no exercise out of doors, where they can dig and scrape the ground, and so wear the claws down, suffer from an overgrowth of them. The nail eurls round, and, if not cut in time, it grows into the sole of the foot, causing soreness and lameness. The ends of the claws should be cut off with a pair of sharp, strong nippers. In cases which have been neglected, the process of removal should be gradual, a small portion being taken off every few days or so until the claws are of the normal length. If the sole has been pene- trated, it will most likely fester, and should be freely bathed in warm water, poulticed, and the Carbolic Ointment afterwards applied. To prevent the dog from tearing the poultices off, the canvas-faced muzzle should be used. COLD IN THE HEAD.—Sce CATARRH. COLIC.—Nearly all domestic animals are subject to attacks of colic, and the dog is no exception to it. Puppies are especially liable, but it attacks dogs of all ages, and, if not promptly atten- ded to and properly treated, is very liable to end in inflammation of the bowels—a most dangerous disease, which, in some of its features, resembles colic. One very important point of distinction is, that whereas inflammation comes on gradually, with feverish- ness, hot, dry nose, etc., as premonitory symptoms, colic attacks suddenly, and a dog eating well and seemingly in perfect health is COLIC—CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN. 43 seized with spasm, causing such pain that he gives vent to a low moan, which, as the paroxysms of pain increase in frequency and severity, changes to a prolonged howl. In colic, too, the nose and mouth are cool, and there is no offensive breath. As in inflamma- tion, the attitude is peculiar and unmistakable; the back is arched, the feet are drawn in towards each other, and the tail is tightly tucked between the legs. In colic, the belly is sometimes distended considerably with gas, and the disease is then known as flatulent colic. The causes are, exposure to wet and cold, getting dogs, especially house dogs, to swim in cold inclement weather, the presence of worms in the intestines, and the giving of improper food, such as sugar and other sweet things, the last being the commonest. Puppies just after weaning are very liable to colic, especially if they have small lumps of meat, or other solid food, thrown to them, which they cannot well chew, but greedily bolt; or if they have a portion of one meal left in the dish till the next meal is added, because the stale portion becomes sour, and the fermentation is carried on in the stomach. Colie is sure to yield to prompt and proper measures, and the treatment is simple and safe. As soon as observed, give the sufferer a dose of the Anti-spasmodie Drops, and if this does not afford relief, then give 5 to 30 drops of tincture of opium, with 5gr. to 10gr. of chloral. In flatulent colic, known by the distended belly sounding like a drum when tapped with the end of the finger, from 10 to 30 drops of spirit of sal volatile may be advantageously added to the dose of Anti-spasmodic Drops ; or the following draught may be substituted, and repeated in an hour if the dog is not relieved: carbonate of soda, 15gr. aromatic spirit of ammonia, 20 drops; essence of ginger, 5 drops; laudanum, 10 drops; and peppermint water, 2 tablespoonfuls—a dose for a 201b. dog. In spasmodic colic the following is useful: carbonate of soda 5gr. to 15gr. ; aromatic spirit of ammonia 10 to 20 drops; tincture of ginger 5 to 10 drops in water every four hours. After the attack has subsided, give the dog a gentle aperient such as the Mild Purge, keep on a laxative diet, and for a few days give only gentle exercise. If worms are the cause, then a vermifuge should be administered after the painful symptoms have subsided. CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN.—This often occurs in canine practice, and is due to accidents. In most cases the dog becomes unconscious, and the breathing is heavy or usually nearly imperceptible. Gradually consciousness returns, but often a stiff- ness of the limbs and an uncertain gait remain for a time. The treatment should consist in the administration of stimulants, but 44 DISEASES CF DOGR. great care must be taken not to attempt forcing tiquid upon an un- conscious animal, or choking will be the inevitable result. Brandy ean be injected under the skin (subcutaneously). Ice when procur- able should be applied to the head and spinal cord, and ammonia te the nostrils. If there is a fracture of the skull, an operation will become necessary. A part of the bone may be pressing upon the brain, when it would have to be raised, and so relieve the pressure. CONSTIPATION .—Sce Bowz1s, OBSTRUCTION oF. CONVULSIONS.—See Fits, TEETHING. CORYZA,—See CaTARRH. COSTIVENESS.—Sce BowE1s, OBSTRUCTION OF. COUGH.—Strictly speaking cough is merely a symptom of disease and not a disease in itself. To decide what particular disease is indicated by the cough, the concomitant symptoms and circumstances, as described under the special diseases which are usually preceded or accompanied by cough, must be taken into account, and the treatment called for in each case followed. Coughs vary as much in character as do the diseases of which they are in many cases the most pronounced indication. Thus, in common cold the cough is slight and humid; in bronchitis, hard, dry, and frequent ; and in inflammation of the lungs, short and suppressed, doubtless from the pain caused by the effort. When the throat is sore, the cough is hoarse and generally accompanied by more or less difficulty in swallowing ; in asthma, the cough may be described as wheezy, and is often followed by retching or vomiting. Cough in distemper has a peculiar husky, hollow sound. Cough may be produced bya bit of bone or other substance sticking in the throat and causing irritation, in which case it is the natural effort to get relief, and ceases with the removal of the irritating cause. As cough is almost invariably connected with some derangement of the respiratory organs, or air- passages, its warning should never be neglected, and an early resort to the use of the Cough Pills will be sure to relieve, will frequently cure, and can, under no circumstances, do any harm. Cough Mixtures.—1 part paregoric elixir, with 3 parts of the syrup or the oxymel of squills, A teaspoonful is a dose for a 201b. dog. Liquor morphiz mur., ldr.; spirits of camphor oo., 2dr. ; ipe- cacuanha wine, ldr.; glycerine $0z., water to 30z. Dose, a tea- spoonful to a dessertspoonful three times a day. If the cough is dua to a sore throat, 5gr. to l0gr. of chlorate of potash three or four times a day, will relieve it, as also will a piece COUGH—DEAF NESS. 45 of spongio-pilin soaked in hot water, and applied to the throat, keeping the same in position by means of a bandage. CRADLE.—This appliance is sometimes advocated to prevent the dog from tearing off surgical bandages, licking poisonous applications, etc., but it is never successful. CRAMP.—This term is often indiscriminately applied by sports- men to spasm from whatever cause; but cramp of the limbs from exposure to cold and wet often occurs, and it will quickly yield to brisk rubbing and warmth. If nothing else is handy, rub with a little spirit and water or a rough dry cloth. Dogs used in hunting or retrieving from water—especially if the shooting is done froma punt—are very liable to it, the hindquarters being most frequently affected, and in such cases a good brisk liniment, such as the follow- ing, should be carried in the boat : Stimulating Liniment.—Compound camphor liniment, 30z.; olive oil, spirit of turpentine, and spirit of hartshorn, of each loz. ; mix. A hot bath is also very effective, especially if the dog is afterwards gently rubbed ; care must, however, be taken to dry the animal, CROOKED LIMBS.—See RICKETs. CUTS AND THARS.—See Wounns, CYSTIC CALCULI.—Sce CaALcuLL DEAFNESS.—A very considerable number of dogs suffer from deafness. In many the disease is congerital, but I do not know that it is hereditary ; and I am quite at a loss to explain why congenital deafness is so much oftener seen in white dogs, or those with a pre- ponderance of white, than in those of any other colour. Bulldogs, bull terriers, and white English terriers seem to be peculiarly liable to this defect. Deafness is also frequently caused by accumulations of wax; this can be removed by syringing the ear daily with 1 part of spirits of wine, and 20 parts of warm water, afterwards drying the ear thoroughly, by means of a piece of wool rolled upon a probe or pointed piece of stick. Several fresh pieces of wool will be necessary. Canker is also a fruitful cause of deafness. I know of no treatment for congenital deafness likely to be of any use except when it is caused by 4 morbid growth capable of being re- moved. Among other causes producing deafness, blows may be men- tioned ; also lugging at the ear—a most brute] mode of punishment 46 DISEASES OF DOGS. often resorted to by keepers and those having the care of sporting field dogs—and the lodgment of waver in the ear cavity. In the latter case, pouring in a little pure oil of sweet almonds may give relief ; and in the other cases the treatment recommended for internal canker may be beneficially followed with, in addition, the application of a blister behind the ears. Whilst the dog is under treatment, cooling aperient medicine should be given, and a light diet, with green vegetables, adopted. Dogs born deaf seem to have their other senses quickened; they are generally remarkably sharp at interpreting signs given by the master, and anyone rearing a deaf dog should adopt a system of signs and keep to them. DEBILITY AND WASTING.—It sometimes happens that a dog is observed to gradually become weak, and to waste in flesh without any apparent cause. In such cases give a dose of the Podophyllin Pills every second or third night till three doses have been administered ; 10 to 60 drops of Easton’s Syrup, in water, twice or three times a day, after food, will also be productive of good. Add to the diet some raw lean meat three times a day, with a dose of pepsin porci sprinkled over each portion, and carefully look for any symptoms of divergence from health which may indicate the cause of the trouble. DESTRUCTION OF DOGS.—It is often necessary to destroy dogs that have become so crippled or injured as to make cure very doubtful; and in most litters of puppies there are some so puny or so wanting in the characteristics of the breed that they ought not to be reared. In the latter case it is most humane to destroy such as are not wanted as soon after they are born as possible ; but even when a mésalliance has taken place, one at least of the puppies should be left with the dam, unless one or more foster pups of pure blood can be substituted. For destroying young puppies there is no more convenient or less painful method than drowning ; while for mature dogs a teaspoonful of Scheele’s prussic acid will cause instantaneous death. In giving it, the mouth of the dog should be held open and upwards, and the acid poured well back on the tongue. The very greatest care is however necessary in dealing with a drug of such potency ; and it would be highly dangerous to life if any of it were spilled over a cut or wound. At the Dogs’ Home, Battersea Park, London, where large numbers of dogs have to be destroyed, a lethal chamber, the suggestion of Dr. Richardson, is used. In this chamber a number of dogs are placed, and death is soon produced, unconsciousness to pain being immediate. DEW CLAWS—DIARRHGA. 47 DEW CLAWS, once regarded in fanciers’ circles as the in- heritance of a few favoured breeds, are now generally voted as useless appendages whose removal is desirable. They should be taken off when the pups are with the dam, and this can be easily done with a pair of strong scissors. If left till the dog is older, they are liable to bleed profusely, and the pain, of course, is greater. In such a case, the wound produced by the excision should be at once well saturated with Friar’s balsam. If it is thought well to remove the nail only, that can be done by pulling it out with a pair of nippers. DIABETES is characterised by an abnormal flow of urine, caused by derangement of some of the assimilative organs; when long established it produces great emaciation and weakness. The treat- ment consists in giving first a few doses of a mild purgative, such as the Podophyllin Pills. To allay the thirst which is always present in diabetes give twice a day 5 to 30 drops of phosphoric acid, largely diluted with water, and to strengthen the system 2gr. to 5gr. of sulphate of iron twice a day in water. If the excessive flow of urine continues after this treatment, resort must be had to opium, iodine, alum, oak-bark, or its preparations. The following bolus may prove useful in such cases : Astringent Bolus for Diabetes.—Take gallie acid, 1dr.; powdered alum, ldr.; powdered opium, 12gr.; gum sufficient to form a mass; divide into twenty-four pills. Dose for a 20lb. dog, one twice a day. Where the animal is weak and the appetite impaired, lgr. of quinine may be added to each pill. DIARRHG@A.—This disease is of very frequent occurrence, and more particularly in young puppies and in old and overfed dogs. It generally exists as a result of indigestion brought on by improper feeding. The practice of leaving stale food from one meal to another is a common cause of diarrhoea, which may be classed as acute and chronic. In the acute form there is much looseness of the bowels, frequently accompanied or preceded by copious vomiting of acrid, offensive matter; while the evacuations are loose, watery, and offensive. If not checked, it soon produces excessive weakness, and, especially in puppies, is the cause of great mortality. In the chronic state the disease is slower in its progress and longer in its duration. It may be set up by a diseased liver and excess of bile; or it may be the result of inflammation of the bowels. A by no means uncommon cause is the abuse of calomel and other mercurials, these being “specifies” with many persons for all dog diseases. Diarrhea often finishes up the work of distemper, and this is so in most cases where, as too frequently happens, mercurials have been 48 DISEASES OF DOGS. relied on as a cure for that disease. Worms are also a common cause of diarrhea, and when these exist the nature of the discharge is variable, frequent and small in quantity, sometimes lumpy, followed by gelatinous, glairy matter, and often frothy and covered with small air-bubbles. Exhalations from accumulations of filth, especially in low-lying, damp, badly drained and badly ventilated kennels, also cause diarrhcea. In treating diarrhea it is often of considerable advantage to give a mild purge, to remove the irritating cause. Castor oil is very suitable; and if there is evidence of much pain attending the disease, a dose of landanum may be added. 1l0gr. to 60gr. of carbonate of bismuth, given dry, twice or thrice a day upon the tongue, is also very useful. So is: prepared chalk, 40z.; chlorodyne, ldr.; solution of gum tragacanth, loz.; water to 80z. Of the latter a dessertspoonful to a tablespoonful should be given three or four times a day. If the case is not particularly severe, but obstinate, then give 40z. to loz. three times a day of—tincture of rhubarb, loz.; tincture of opium, 2dr.; peppermint water, to 6oz. Another remedy in diarrhea which very rarely fails to check it if the patient at the same time receives proper attention in other respects, is: Astringent Anodyne Mixture for Diarrhwa.—Take prepared chalk, 3dr. ; aromatic confection (powder), 2dr.; powdered gum acacia, ldr. ; tincture of opium (laudanum), loz.; oil of cassia, 6 or 8 drops; tincture of catechu, 3dr. ; spirit of sal volatile, 2dr. ; water sufficient to make 80z. The powders must be rubbed very finely in a mortar, the oil of cassia with them; the water must be gradually added, and the whole should form a smooth mixture. The tinctures should be added in the bottle. Of this mixture the dose will be from a half to two teaspoonfuls for puppies, and one tablespoonful for 201b. dogs, given every three or four hours, as long as the purg- ing continues. The bottle must be well shaken before measuring the dose. For convenience of form, the following mixture may, under some circumstances, be preferred, as it keeps well and is in less compass: Astringent Anodyne Drops.—Take spirit of camphor, 2dr. ; landa- num, $0z. ; spirit of sal volatile, 2dr. ; tincture of catechu, loz., mix. Dose, from 20 drops to a teaspoonful in water every three or four hours, if required. If the diarrhea is very persistent, and accompanied by blood, inject twice a day into the rectum 2gr. to 5gr. of sulphate of copper with 15 to 60 drops of tincture of opium, in 40z of water. If this does not check it, then give igr. to 4gr. of sulphate of copper, increasing the dose to lgr. with gr. to lgr. of powdered opium. DIARRHG®A—DISLOCATIONS. 49 The diet must be very carefully regulated all through the disease. All milk given should be slightly thickened with arrowroot. Such light and easily-digested food as well-boiled oatmeal, rice, or arrow- root should be given, with milk or beef-tea ; and if the patient refuse to feed, a little should be given with a spoon or a drencher every two or three hours. When the dog is very weak, add a little port wine to the food ; instead of plain water, give rice or barley-water to drink, In the case of bitches suckling, the diet must be changed, a dose of castor oil given, and the Astringent Anodyne Mixture in small doses. It is most important that rigorous cleanliness should be observed. All discharges should be immediately removed, and the animal kept clean by sponging with lukewarm water if necessary, while disinfec- tants should be sprinkled about. The patient should also be kept warm, and left as quiet and undisturbed as possible. DIPHTHERIA.— Dogs, it is held by some veterinarians, are liable to this alarming and fatal disease. A case ison record where the disease was communicated to a dog which had the remains of food given to it that had been partaken of by a child suffering from diphtheria. I have no advice to offer as to treatment in such cases. The slightest suspicion of diphtheria suggests isolation, redoubled attention to sanitary measures, and the immediate calling in ofa veterinary surgeon. It seems reasonable that if man can communi- cate this disease to the dog, on the other hand the dog may bea medium for carrying the contagion from place to place; and it has often occurred to me that great danger lurks in the practice of allow- ing ownerless dogs to prowl about the streets, picking up their living in the gutters and from refuse-heaps. May they notin this way carry the contagion of many virulent diseases? DISLOCATIONS.—Displacements of the joints are not un- common, the hip being most often dislocated, but they also occur with the shoulder, knee, stifle, elbow, and toes. Some dislocations are accompanied by fracture, adding greatly to the difficulty of treat- ment; and even in simple dislocations the reduction of them should be entrusted to a veterinary surgeon, whose knowledge of anatomy and experience in operations of the kind would enable him to perform it more readily, and with the least possible pain to the dog; indeed, dogs under such operations have now, as a rule, anesthetics ad- ministered. Where professional aid cannot be obtained, the person proposing to reduce the luxation should first examine and determine in what direction the bone is parted from its socket; for instance, in dislocation of the hip, the head of the thigh-bone is generally carried E 50 DISEASES OF DOGS. upwards and backwards, so much so that the direcfion is ap- parent to the eye, as the injured side is thereby made higher, and it can be also readily felt. The assistant should hold the dog round the loins steady in one position, whilst the operator, taking hold of the dislocated limb above the stifle-joint, must retract the thigh bone downwards and forwards. The same principle must guide similar operations for the reduction of dislocation of other joints. It will be evident that rest will be needed, and much exercise cannot be safely allowed for some time. There is always a disposition to repetition of dislocation. DISTEMPER.— This is the malady of dogs most general and fatal, and with the exception of rabies the most dreaded. When first discovered in France, from which country we imported it, it was and is still named distemper, yet it has always appeared to me that the name is unhappily chosen, as being too indefinite for correct applica- tion to a disease marked by such varying phases. The term is used very loosely; and if a horse has the “‘strangles,” a pig the “measles,” or the cattle are suffering, no matter from what—foot- and-mouth disease, pleuro-pneumonia, or rinderpest, this convenient word is forced into service, and made to do duty for all. Distemper is also known as the ‘‘ dog-ill”; the Scotch term for it, ‘‘ snifters,” is to a certain extent better, as graphically conveying to the mind one important feature of the disease, namely, the snifting noise— half cough, half sneeze—made by the dog in his efforts to get rid of the matter which accumulates in the nostrils; but that.term is too limited to adequately describe a disease which has been well called ‘the scourge of the kennel,” and which assumes so many forms and complications that it has been well called the Protean malady. The exact date when this disease first appeared in England is not certain, but probably it was introduced about the beginning of the last century, or the end of the seventeenth. Gervase Markham, who, early in the seventeenth century, wrote copiously about dogs, horses, and their diseases, does not mention it by name, or describe it; and Nicholas Cox, in ‘‘ The Gentleman’s Recreations,” published 1677, is also silent about it, although he refers to madness, swelling in the throat, mange, formica, otc., the last being what we now call canker of the ear. That the disease was recognised on the Continent before it was in this country is evident from the fact that it is referred to by French writers of sporting books at a period earlier than any of our own writers have noticed it, and considering how contagious it is, the presumption is that it was brought from France through imported dogs. However that may.-be, it is nows firmly established diseaze among us, and one that up to recent years DISTEMPER. SE had not recefved the amount of scientific attention its importance deserved. Nearly every gamekeeper and kennelman believes himself possessed of an unfailing cure for it; but those who know most cf its versatile character and dangerous complications are the most cautious in prognosticating a cure, and the most careful in watching the altering symptoms, and varying their treatment to meet the individual case. Distemper, whea first observed, appeared as an occasional epi- demic; and no doubt it still, to a considerable extent, sustains that character, raging in certain districts whilst other parts of the country are comparatively free. But Ido not think it is now so markedly epidemic as formerly ; in fact, it may be said to be general and perennial, always existing more or less all over the country; and this is to be accounted for by the vastly increased intercourse between dogs from great distances brought together by the numerous shows held. It is well known that distemper breaks out in numbers of kennels after some shows, especially those that are prolonged, and where puppy classes are encouraged ; in fact, each one of these shows, as at present regulated, may be described as a centre from which disease is disseminated to all quarters, The spread of distemper is also now well provided for by the immense traffic in dogs, these animals by hundreds, if not thousands, changing hands every week, being sent to and fro between all parts of the country, and often in railway dog boxes constructed apparently so as best to insure the healthy occupant becoming infected with the ailment of his diseased predecessor, while that end is further secured by the dirty state in which the boxes are frequently kept. Occasion- ally, too, distemper is imported by ferrets suffering from the disease. Young dogs—those in their puppyhood, that is to say, under twelve months old—are most subject to distemper; but the disease attacks dogs of mature age. As a general rule, one attack gives immunity from a subsequent one, yet there are instances of dogs suffering a second time, and Blaine says even a third time. A good many instances have come under my own observation confirmatory of this view, and it is the more necessary to notice it because the popular belief is that a dog never has distemper more than once. It is a very common opinion that certain breeds of dogs are peculiarly liable to this disease, but it is not the special inheritance of any one or two varieties: the whole domesticated race of dogs suffer from it. Fatality under distemper is not a question of breed, but of constitution, as that has been affected by a more or less arti- ficial life, and a forced and unnatural system of breeding. It is the highly-bred dog, not the mongrel, that is apt to suffer most severely ; and this would be far more manifest were it not for the contrast in E32 8 DISEASES OF DOGS. care and attention, in housing, feeding, ete., between the two. No_ doubt in-and-in breeding, and breeding for certain artificial or fancy points, generation after generation, weaken the constitution, and make dogs more likely to succumb to distemper. The dainty- feeding pup, the pot-bellied, and the ricketty are the sort that most frequently die, and that irrespective of breed. Equally common is the impression that it is an absolute necessity of dog life that each animal should suffer from this disease. But it is not so; many never pass through the trying ordeal. Still, it is quite a wise thing to inquire before buying a young dog whether he has been ‘‘ through distemper. ’’ Causes of Distemper.—These may be said to divide themselves into the immediate and remote, the evident and the obscure; but then it must never be forgotten that ‘‘ the eye sees only that which it brings with it the power of seeing”; and a cause self-evident to the veterinary pathologist would by no means be apparent to the casual observer. The disease has now been so long established in our kennels that there appears to be an hereditary tendency in some strains to it; but this predisposition must be encouraged by some generating cause, although so slight that it would not affect another in which the disease was not inherent. Badly drained and ill-venti- lated kennels, and especially if added to these conditions there is a want of thorough cleanliness, are the natural homes of distemper. Exposure to damp and cold, bad or injudicious feeding, whether poor food or excess of it, predispose to it, as it often follows on common colds and derangement of the digestive and other organs, the immediate result of such treatment. Contagion is, however, the only cause. Distemper being a specific disease it cannot originate spontaneously ; it is due to a epecific virus. Spontaneous origin, no matter to what applied, is, to say the least, doubtful. I leave the above standing in this edition, because it fairly represents the state of knowledge and belief concerning distemper when this book was first published thirty years ago. Indeed, I might say that the errors in it are given with an unwillingness of consent, and an evident strong bias in favour of some specific ‘‘ gene- rating cause,” although the nature of that cause was unknown to me. My mistake was the mistake of the time—the veil had not been lifted, which, now removed, reveals to us the true and only cause of distemper. At the time I wrote, and since, veterinarians of eminence wrote to the same effect. Professor Law says, “‘ change of climate, teething, and contagion are the causes.”’ Professor J. Woodroffe Hill says, “contagion, badly-drained and ill-ventilated kennels, exposure to damp and cold, insufficient feeding, poor food, over-feeding (particu- DISTEMPER, 58 larly with flesh), and too little exercise "—also “ oftentimes it is undoubtedly self-generating.” Moore, M.R.C.V.S. (Homcopathist), says, “‘ undoubtedly contagious. . . The most frequently exciting causes are exposure to damp and cold, and whatever produces debility of the system, such as rickets, mange, catarrh, etc.” I might quote many other writers to the same effect. Let us consider seriatim the causes to which distemper has been attributed. Self-generation or Spontaneous Origin.—The idea of the spontaneous origin of disease is dead to the scientific mind—it was never more than a euphemism of Dr. Johnson’s blunt expression ‘‘ ignorance ; sheer ignorance, sir,” for it comes natural to man to let himself down easy when he does not sit sure. Out of nothing, nothing comes, is a truism, and when we speak of spontaneous origin, whether of a plant or a disease, we really mean that so far the cause is undiscovered by us, The number of diseases under that category are rapidly becom- ing fewer, and will ultimately disappear before the advancing light of Science; and most fortunately so, for when the cause of disease is known, its prevention is much easier than its cure when established. Contagion. —This is the sole cause of distemper. But it is necessary that we should have a clear idea of what we mean by contagion. I am not sure that the most wide-spread notion of contagion is not expressed in the two words “‘ bad smells,’’ some going a step farther and holding a general opinion that bad smells create, or are associated with, contagion. But this is not so; the dirty, ill-drained, ill-venti- lated kennel tends to lower the vitality of its inmates, and, as a consequence, their power of resisting any disease by which they may be attacked, and at the same time it affords good harbourage for the preservation of the germs of various diseases. So in respect to cold and damp; exposure to these produce evil results, but not the specific disease we call distemper. Again, teething although causing some amount of fever and derangement of functional organs, has no other connection with distemper than the accident of their frequent and simultaneous presence; and the same remark applies to the assumption of in- testinal worms as a cause. We have to realise that contagion is something actually in being, though outside the ken of our unaided senses, and not a mere figure of speech representing the unknown, To our aid has come the science of bacteriology, and to its fore- most students, M. Pasteur and Dr. Koch, with their increasing number of followers, we are indebted for the knowledge that such diseases as rabies, anthrax, diphtheria, distemper, etc., are each due to the presence of a distinct bacterium, or microbe ; and by contagion we mean the transmission of these from a diseased to a healthy body, whether direct or by means of an intermediary. I do not know 64 DISEASES OF DoGs, whether the microbe of distemper has been so minutely observed as to be individualised by form and size, but it has been isolated, and the late Sir Everett Millais cultivated it artificially, so that puppies can be infected as easily as by inoculating them with discharged matter from a diseased dog; and we may look with confi- dence to a time near at hand, when an attenuated virus of distemper so cultivated may be used to produce a mild attack in puppies which will shield them from contracting the disease in the natural way, and preserve them from the disastrous and highly fatal effects of this scourge of our kennels. Preventive Measures.—There is no specific preventive at present ; the true prophylactic we look for in the system of inoculation with attenuated virus, just referred to; and the aim of the breeder should be to have pups fortified against its attacks by a robust constitution. This is to be attained by breeding only from healthy parents, of proper age, and not too closely related. From the birth mother and pups should be well fed and nourished, and kept under proper sani- tary conditions. The dog, being a carnivorous animal, more or less meat seems almost a necessity of health to him; but in the artificial life he leads, much Jess than his inclinations would dictate is required, and excessive feeding would be more likely to predispose to distemper than to prevent it. Vaccination has been tried as a preventive of distemper, but has proved of doubtful worth. Dog shows are the most prolific of all sources for the spread of distemper, and as these are ostensibly held for the improvement and cultivation of pure breeds, it beboves those who organise and manage them to take every possible precaution against the propagation of this destructive malady. The disinfection of the benches, ete., after each show, which has been adopted for the last few years, has not proved sufficient. Exhibitors should be required to declare the dog exhibited free from distemper, and that for a given time be has not been in contact with a diseased dog. It seems probable that visitors to shows having dogs at home suffering from distemper, may carry the contagion with them and if the supposition is correct, it is difficult to prevent the evil in any other way than by impressing on the minds of all the danger of so doing, and that is necessarily a difficult and slow process. One prolific cause of distribution of the distemper germs at shows is to a great extent under control of the management. Instead of employing attendants got together at random, and such as are connected with dogs kept under question- able sanitary conditions, a staff should be carefully selected, and these men should wear uniforms of washable material, ae be each ynfined to one section of the exhibition. DISTEMPER, 55 The preventive measures for the home kennels are avoidance of contact between diseased dogs and your own. Before introducing a new tenant to your kennels, place it in quarantine for three weeks. When one or more dogs are seized with distemper, isolate them from the healthy ones. If one person has to attend to all, let the patients be visited last; use washable overclothes, change the boots, and disinfect the hands with Sanitas, Jeyes, or Izal on leaving the diseased dogs, General Symptoms.—The symptoms in distemper present very con- siderable variation, according to the particular local complications which are developed ; they are also dependent on the severity of the attack, and the rapidity with which the disease progresses. As a rule, the first observable symptoms are great lassitude and dulness shown in the eyes, in a disinciination to play or exercise, in a decided preference for warmth, the dog creeping into the warmest corner or crouching before the fire, and in the general languor that appears to benumb the dog’s energies like the incubus of a nightmare; so that the hitherto lively dog, instead of jumping with delight at his master’s call, merely replies with a spiritless wag of the tail anda dismal woe-begone look. Loss of appetite is an invariable symptom, and feverishness succeeds, as shown by the hot, dry nose, accom- panied by alternate fits of heat and shivering ; considerable thirst is frequently present, the bowels are generally deranged—sometimes relaxed, sometimes constipated—the urine is scanty and highly coloured, the coat usually rough and staring, retching and vomiting often occur, a thin, watery discharge from the nose and eyes sets in, accompanied by a scarlet hue of the membranes, and the eyes appear unusually sensitive to light. A short, dry husky cough and snift- ing or sneezing occur, especially when the animal is brought into the open air. The discharge from eyes and nose (sometimes the first sign of the disease observed by the owner) gradually becomes more purulent, sticking in the nostrils and glueing the eyelids together, especially in the morning, causing the dog much annoyance in that way, but still more by obstructing respiration, when his constant efforts to clear the nostrils produce that peculiar noise which has earned for the disease the popular name of “‘snifters.” In many cases the eye is seriously affected. A small white speck may be observed, which gradually widens and deepens until an ulcer is formed; and although the eye may protrude, and the whole appear- ance give the impression that the sight is lost, yet as the disease sub- sides the eye gradually returns to 1 natural condition. The symp- toms are not in every case so clearly marked, and the disease may have gone on for a few days, or a week, unnoticed, or is may have been mistaken for acommoncold. There is, however, one invariable 66 DISEASES OF DOGS. and unmistakable feature of distemper, which distinguishes i¢ from any of the diseases with which it might otherwise be confounded, and that is the very rapid loss of flesh and strength which takes place—a strong, fat dog being in many cases reduced in a week or so toa mere skeleton, scarcely able to move about. Such are the general symptoms of an ordinary attack of distemper in its earlier stages, some or all of which may be observed in a more or less marked degree. In a mild attack, and even in severer ones, with proper treatment, these untoward conditions gradually abate, and restora- tion to health takes place. On the other hand, even with the best of care and the most judicious treatment, there are cases in which dangerous complications of disease in the head, chest, or bowels arise, requiring the utmost attention, prompt measures, and skilful management. In all cases of distemper a flannel coat should be placed upon the animal. Abdominal Distemper.— When the bowels are the subject of serious attack; that is, if violent diarrhcea or dysentery supervene, or if “the yellows” make their appearance (for slight derange- ment of the liver is almost invariable) this is often aggravated, if not produced, by the abuse of powerful and unsuitable drugs. When these have been resorted to, as is too often the case, by people ignorant of their nature and properties, and given by the rule of thumb, the poor dog’s case is indeed perilous, for in the midst of the battle with the most dangerous and insidious enemy to canine life, another foe appears to finish up the work of death well begun. In such cases, violent diarrhoea—the evacuations consisting of a thin watery matter, undigested food, or black pitchy feces mixed with blood—generally comes on when the disease has lasted a week or ten days, and, unless checked by proper treatment in its earlier stages, almost invariably proves fatal. The best treatment in such cases has been given under DIARRH@A and DysENTERY. If the dog has been constipated previous to the attack of distemper, and no heed has been taken of his condition, it is very likely to result in the *vellows.” This condition is denoted by the yellow appearance of the eyes, gums, lips, ete., and in severe cases of the whole skin— more particularly observable on the inner surface of the ears, inside the thighs, and on the belly— the urine is strongly tinged with yellow and the discharge from the bowels is unnatural in colour and offensive. Fuller treatment is given under the head of JAUNDICE. Chest Distemper.—In all cases the respiratory organs are more or less affected, and the disease seems to extend to all the mucous membranes ; and when the more important organs of respira- tion—the lungs, etc.—are attacked, it is called chest distemper. In DISTEMPER. 87 these cases the breathing is quicker and becomes painful, the cough is deeper in sound, harsher, and evidently more painful, and the pulse is raised very much from the normal, 100 to 101F., to from 105F. to 106F. The dog should in this case be kept warm, and have a comfortable bed, but not stifled with clothing or by the atmo- sphere of an unventilated room, for pure fresh air is an absolute necessity to recovery. If the throat is sore, which the hoarse, husky bark will show, relief may be given by the electuary prescribed for BRONCHITIS, and by blistering the throat or applying poultices. Large hot poultices to the sides, frequently changed so as to keep up the heat, prove beneficial, and the general treatment afterwards alluded to, and that prescribed under BRONCHITIS, or INFLAM- MATION OF THE LUNGS, should be adopted. Head Distemper.— When the head is the seat of the local disease in distemper, it is sometimes ushered in by what is known as a ‘‘distemper fit,” and is a sure sign of congestion or inflammation of the brain or its membranes; this is also shown by the greatly increased heat of the whole head, and thé bloodshot appearance of the eyes, which in such cases are painfully sensitive to light. If the inflammation be not reduced, a succession of fits generally follows, in one of which the dog dies. The teeth being generally furred, they should be cleansed by a piece of tow which has been dipped in a weak solution of Condy’s Fluid. The eyes should be sponged with the following lotion: boracic acid, Iscr. ; distilled water to 60z. The following mixture is useful : salicine, 2dr. ; tincture of gentian, 40z. ; water to 60z. The salicine must be dissolved in hot water, and a teaspoonful to a table- spoonful given three times a day. Concentrated Cooling Lotion.—Take powdered sal ammoniac, 4oz. ; boiling water, 4 pint; strong acetic acid, } pint; methylated spirit, 4oz. Dissolve as much as possible of the sal ammoniac in the boil- ing water by rubbing in a mortar, and the residue with the acetic acid, adding the spirit to the stock bottle when the solution is cold. In using this a large wineglassful must be mixed with a pint of cold water, and it is important that it should be unremittingly applied to the head by a cloth for several hours, care being taken to keep it out of the eyes. When fits are frequent or severe, 6gr. of bromide of potassium given to a dog of 20]b. will often afford relief; but it is seldom that the dog recovers from attacks of this nature. Simple Distemper.—In mild attacks, or what may be called “simple distemper,” hygienic measures, good nursing, and careful dieting are often all-sufficient to see the patient through. The 58 DISEASES OF DOGS. following, however, is a capital mixture: tincture of cinchona co., loz. ; liquor cinchonae flav., }dr. ; aromatic spirits of ammonia, }oz. ; water to 80z. Dose, a dessertspoonful toa tablespoonful, It is often however, of benefit, even in the mildest attacks, to give a mild dose of aperient medicine. When the matter from the eyes and nose is at all thick and sticky, resort should be had to the steaming recom- mended for CoryZA. Pustular Eruption in Distemper.—The skin in distemper, especially inside the thighs, on the chest, and on the belly, is often covered with a pustular eruption, discharging a thin mattery sub- stance tinged with blood, and this forms into scabs. As the pustules break, the exuded matter should be carefully wiped off with a soft rag or sponge, dipped in tepid water containing a small quantity of Condy’s Fluid. This eruption of pimples is often a favourable sign, but, on the other hand, it appears at a stage of the disease when the dog has become greatly weakened; and, whilst giving the distemper mixture to aid in throwing out this poison from the system, the patient should also have tonics and as much strengthen- ing food as the stomach will bear. This phase of the disease is oftenest seen when the liver and bowels have been attacked. Sequels of Distemper.— Occasionally during the attack of dis- temper, but generally as a sequel to it, either paralysis or chorea, called ‘‘the twitches,” or ‘‘ the trembles,” appears. These require special treatment, and are referred to under their respective headings. Having attempted as plainly as possible to describe the various symptoms of this disease, and the complications which often attend it, I will now endeavour to point out what experience has taught me to be the most successful treatment. To enumerate the popular cures for this disease would occupy much space for little profit. Mercury, in one form or another, figures largely in the list, particularly calomel and Ethiop’s mineral; the former is a very dangerous drug, and the cause of great mortality among dogs and the latter an almost inert preparation. Emetics, too, are widely popular and grossly abused; but nearly every locality has its own specific. In addition, we have those wonderful nostrums, never known to fail, which are palmed on and purchased by a too eredulous public. It should not be necessary to tell anyone who has watched the progress of this disease in his own dog, that an infallible specific for distemper, with its varied and dangerous forms, is not likely to be speedily met with. The dog-owner who has puppies growing up should always be on the look-out for distemper, and, on its first symptoms, address DISTEMPER. 53 himself to its treatment, for in this, as in other things, a stitch in time saves nine. As the disease appears, the dog must be taken in hand, and his comfort seen to. In many cases a mild emetic of ipecacuanha wine or antimonial wine may be given, for these are often beneficial when judiciously used, although detrimental when abused, as emetics often are. The bowels, as well as the stomach, should be emptied, and for this purpose we must be guided in our choice of drugs by the constitutional strength, age, and general state of the dog. For very delicate animals a laxative of olive oil or linseed oil answers best, while stronger ones may have castor oil or the Mild Purge; but when the dog is strong enough, as is the case with many breeds, I have not found anything so suitable as Compound Podophyllin Pills.—Take podophyllin, 6gr. ; compound extract of colocynth, 30gr.; powdered rhubarb, 48gr.; extract of henbane, 36gr.; mix and divide into twenty-four pills. The dose for a 20lb, puppy is one pill, and it is advisable to give warm broth after the pill to assist in its action. As soon as the bowels have been freely acted on, begin with the following mixture, giving a dose of it regularly every four or six hours as long as any feverish or inflammatory symptoms exist: Distemper Mixture.—Take chlorate of potash, 2dr. ; Mindererus’ spirit, loz. ; sweet spirit of nitre, 2dr. ; tincture of henbane, 2dr. ; water, 240z. Dissolve the potash in the water, and add the other ingredients. The dose for a 201b. puppy of six months old is a tablespoonful, and it should be given in some additional water. In cases of fits, when the head seems affected and there is partial blindness, or twitchings of the limbs, ete., add the following to the Distemper Mixture, and do not alter the dose: Tincture of aconite, 18 drops; solution of strychnia (British Pharmacopceia), 18 drops. Gradually increase the dose of these two drugs in the mixture, until in a week three times the above dose is given. No remedy will do away with the necessity for unremitting care and attention on the part of the attendant—in fact, good, sensible management and nursing are more than half the battle. The patient should be in a warm, dry, and well-ventilated place where plenty of fresh air is admitted without draught. A bed of hay is very suitable under these circumstances, as it is warm and soft and easily changed without disturbing the patient much, rest being very essential. The most scrupulous cleanliness is of the utmost importance, and must be strictly attended to; all discharges should be at once removed, and the extremities and any sores or eruptions on the body, belly, or thighs should be lightly sponged with warm water containing a little Condy’s Fluid or other disinfectant. The BU DISEASES OF DOGS. place where the dog is lodged should also be kept sweet by the use of disinfectants. The water given to drink should be first boiled and allowed to get cold ; the diet must be light and nourishing, and the dog drenched with liquid food if he refuse to eat. Well boiled oatmeal and milk, or strong beef-tea, or, if the dog be purged, boiled wheaten flour or arrowroot, with milk and port wine, form a suitable diet, as it is first of all important to keep up the patient’s strength. Much solid food is not advisable, and, indeed, a distemper patient will seldom take it. I have found great benefit from giving pups at short intervals small quantities of chopped up raw lean meat, beef or mutton, and when very low indeed a little weak brandy and water, followed by the meat ; or Brand’s solid Extract of Meat given asa pill, where the appetite is gone and there is great weakness, will rouse the patient and induce him to take more food, by which his strength is kept up. Tonics may also be given alternately with the Distemper Mixture. Simple Tonic.—Disulphate of quinine, 12gr.; tincture of gentian and syrup of orange, each 6dr. ; diluted sulphuric acid, 10 drops; mixed, and a teaspoonful given to 201b. pups. aston’s syrup is a good tonic after distemper (10 to 60 drops twice a day, in water, after food). Even after the more violent symptoms have abated and the disease appears to have passed off, it is still necessary to use caution. Many a valuable dog has been lost by taking him out to exercise too soon after distemper, a very slight exertion sometimes causing a relapse, which in many cases proves fatal, the whole strength of the dog having been wasted in contending with the first attack. The owner, therefore, must not be in a hurry, patience and nourishing diet, with the daily use of the Tonic Pills, which should now be had recourse to, will bring their own reward. The increase in the food should be gradual, and, in addition to the Tonic Pills, cod-liver oil is of great benefit in restoring the dog to health and strength; but any special weakness inherited from distemper must be specially dealt with. DIZZINESS.—Sce VERTIGO. DOCKING.—Though by no stretch of the imagination this can be called a disease, yet it not infrequently happens that puppies suffer not a little from the operation being clumsily performed. In the majority of cases docking is quite unnecessary and is merely done in deference to the dictates of a stupid Fashion. A very common {mpression prevails that the only correct way of docking a dog is DOCKING—DYSENTERY, 61 by biting off the tail. Nothing could be more erroneous or more disgusting. If docking is performed at all, it should be by means of a pair of sharp scissors, and within a week or a little more of the birth of the pups. DROPSY.—This is an unnatural accumulation of water in different parts of the body, as in water on the brain, dropsy of the chest, dropsy of the skin, and dropsy of the belly ; and it is the last- named to which the dog is most liable. Dropsy is generally, if not always, the result of some other debilitating disease, and especially of inflammatory disorders; but it may also be brought on by un- suitable diet, or by the abuse of drastic purgatives. With the develop- ment of shows a new danger has sprung up, as dogs are too often kept on their benches to the suppression of the discharge of the excretions, which is a recognised cause of inducing dropsy. Dropsy of the belly need not in the bitch be mistaken for pregnancy, for in the latter the teats enlarge with the belly, which is altogether firmer, and does not droop until just before whelping, while the puppies can be felt through the abdominal walls. In dropsy the belly is more pendulous and baggy, the back is arched, and the water moves readily under pressure; the dropsical animal, too, is generally poor in flesh and harsh in coat. The medicines principally employed in dropsy are iodine, iron, and other mineral tonics, with digitalis and diuretics; 5 to 15 drops of benzoate of ammonium, or 1 to 3 drops of oil of juniper, with 5 to 20 drops of tincture of nux vomica, in water, three times a day, are also useful in treating the disease which, however, is always best left to a veterinary surgeon. DYSENTERY is a serious disease. It is due to inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bowel, and is accompanied by ulceration and hemorrhage (bleeding). The most fruitful causes are obstinate diarrhoea, the action of irritant poisons, the inhalation of foul air, and in hot climates the result of excessive heat and eating putrid meat. The primary symptoms are, hot nose and dry mouth, loss of appetite, usually more or less pain, as shown by restlessness and crying out on pressure being applied. At this stage, constipation and sickness are often present. Afterwards the bowels operate and the evacuations are most disagreeahle, and tinged with blood; or blood may be passed alone. If ulceration has taken place, pus (matter) may also be voided, the animal rapidly sinks, and the feces and other discharge come away involuntarily. The first object in treating these cases should be to allay the pain when present. This can be accomplished by administering 10 to 60 drops of tincture of opium. To cheek the diarrhea give 62 DISEASES OF DOGS, 2 drops of creasotum, made into a pili with crumbs of bread, three times a day; or 5gr. to 15gr. of tannic acid with lgr. of powdered opium twice a day. Into the rectum should be injected from 2gr. to 5gr. of sulphate of copper with 15 to 60 drops of tincture of opium, in 40z. of water. If this does not check the dysentery, then give dgr. to $gr. of sulphate of copper, increasing to lgr., with 4gr. to lgr. of powdered opium. “The food should consist of beef-tea, with the white of egg, and weak milk and water thickened with arrowroot. The animal must be kept warm, and the anus and hair about the part thoroughly cleansed, while the sanitary arrangements must be as perfect as possible, DYSPEPSIA.—