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Text book of veterin; 


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The original of this book is in 
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There are no known copyright restrictions in 
the United States on the use of the text. 


http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001089667 


TEXT BOOK 


OF 


VETERINARY MEDICINE 


BY 


JAMES LAW, F.R.C.V.S. 


Director of the New York State Veterinary College 
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 


VOL. IV 


SECOND EDITION 


REVISED AND ENLARGED 


INFECTIOUS DISEASES, SANITARY SCIENCE, 
AND POLICE. 


ITHACA 
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 
1906 


Press of 
Anprus & CHURCH. 


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/ FLOWER % 5 
Hag VETERINARY 2 
SS LeeaRy 
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Ki, SOS 


Copyright by 
JAMES LAW 
1900. 


VETERINARY MEDICINE. 


CONTAGIOUS (ZYMOTIC) DISEASES. 


Contagious or Infectious Diseases are such as are transferred 
from animal to animal by an infinitesimal microbe or a parasite, 
which propagates itself in or on the body of the victim. This 
volume is devoted to the microbian diseages in which the essen- 
tial cause is an infinitesimal microscopic organism introduced 
from without and propagating itself in the body as similar or- 
ganisms do in fermenting liquids or solids. The parallel with 
fermentation has given rise to the Greek name zymotic. As 
there can be no fermentation without the living organized fer- 
ment, so there can be no zymotic disease without the pathogenic 
microbe. ‘The pathogenic microbes are divided into those belong- 
ing to the vegetable kingdom—bacteria, and those, belonging to 
the animal—protozoa. All however pertain to the very lowest 
forms of their respective kingdoms, nearing the line on which 
the two kingdoms meet. 

T’he microbes establish their pathogenic action in a variety of 
ways of which one or two examples may be named. Some, like 
the bacillus anthracis are so avid of oxygen that they rob the 
blood of that essential element and unfit it for the functions of 
life. Some like the ¢rypanosoma, or the pyroplasma bigeminum 
liquefy and destroy the red globules of the blood, quickly re- 
ducing it to a dilute condition unfit for its normal uses. Some 
like bacillus tetani produce toxins which unite with body tissues 
or cells or their constituents, and cause disorder or loss of their 
normal functions and consequent disease. 


Infection Atria. 


Pathogenic germs may enter the system through the mucous 
membrane of the air-passages, eyes, alimentary canal, urino- 
generative organs, mammary glands, etc., and especially through 
the glandular structures in such membranes, or opening through 
them. ‘The follicles of the tonsils, solitary and agminated glands 


2 Veterinary Medicine. 


are especially favorable to the reception and culture of such 
microbes. Again, some may enter through the injured and 
partly devitalized skin, and even in exceptional cases through 
the sound integument. Very commonly however admission is 
gained through wounds, abrasions, or other breaches of surface 
of either mucosa or skin. ‘These are very varied, but include 
cuts, bruises, pricks, scratches, chaps, cracks, vesicles, pustules, 
burns, frost bites, eschars, cauterizations, sloughs, the open um- 
bilicus of the new-born, the wounds made by biting or stinging 
insects, etc., the wounds made by external parasites or internal 
worms, and those due tg the poisons of venomous animals. The 
action of insects in carrying infection from a diseased animal or 
product to a sound one, and the conveyance of germs on or in 
the bodies of worms, which hook themselves to vascular surfaces, 
or migrate inward through the membrane, deserve especial men- 
tion as these factors have been so much forgotten and overlooked. 

Certain microbes pass from the circulation of the dam to that 
of the foetus, with or without colonization and disease of the 
chorion. Others fail to pass through the placenta to the foetus. 

Some microbes (bacillus tetani, bacillus of emphysematous 
anthrax) are confined to the seat of inoculation and perish in the 
blood. 

Anerobes grow only in the depth of the tissues, where exu- 
dation has diminished or arrested the circulation of oxygenated 
blood. They die in the blood. 4vrobes grow on or near the 
surface, in the oxygenated blood, or where uncombined oxygen 
is present. Some therefore enter most easily by surface wounds, 
and some by deep wounds only. 

Again some genera and species are immune to certain microbes 
so that an inoculation is harmless to them; the microbes cannot 
live and form colonies. Animals of susceptible species which 
have passed through a self-limiting microbian disease show a 
similar immunity. Some may carry the infecting germ on the 
surface of the skin or mucosa, and transmit it to other (suscep- 
tible) animals, though themselves immune. 


Colonization of Different Tissues. 


Certain microbes and their products show a particular affinity 
for given tissues which they colonize to the exclusion of others, 


Contagious (Zymotic) Diseases. 3 


or their toxins unite with the constituents of such tissues so as 
to abolish or derange their functions. The action may .be 
likened to the election of aloes for the large intestines, jalap for 
the small, saltpeter for the kidneys, opium or alcohol for the 
brain. So the microbes of tetanus, dourine and rabies affect the 
nervous system, those. of aphthous fever the mouth, feet and 
udder, those of glanders, tuberculosis and strangles the lymph 
system, and those of cowpox the skin. 


Elimination of Pathogenic Microbes. 


Different microbes may leave the system by any of the natural 
excreting surfaces. She mucosz of the bronchia, bowels, cr 
kidneys are the most usual outlets. The kidneys especially, re- 
ceiving so much blood relatively to their/size, habitually pass out 
microbes which find a home in the blood and thus the kidneys 
are notoriously subject to secondary local infection and patho- 
logic processes. 


Susceptibility - Vulnerability. 


Just as certain tissues are receptive of given microbian poisons 
and succumb to them, so certain animals and species, suffer from 
particular microbes and their products, when other tissues of the 
same, or other species of closely allied animals, escape, The 
latter are said to be immune, and this immunity is racial, or 
innate on the one hand, or acquired on the other. The recog- 
nized and assumed conditions of susceptibility will be more easily 
dealt with under the head of immunity. 


Immunity : Serum Therapy. 


Immunity may be defined as the successful resistance, by the 
animal body, of invading microbes and their products. Con- 
genital or racial immunity to given infections which prove patho- 
genic to others is so common that a large number of infectious 
diseases have been long recognized as peculiar to a given genus 
or species. Thus the 4orse has his strangles, influenza and con- 
tagious pneumonia; the ox his lung plague and Texas fever: 
the sheep its sheep-pox caseous lymph adenitis and braxy ; the pig 
its erysipelas (rothlauf) and hog cholera ; the dog his distemper ; 


4 Veterinary Medicine. 


and the chicken its apoplectiform septicemia. Acguired immunity 
is equally familiar as shown in all cases of recovery from a mi- 
crobian disease, and in the fact that after a first attack of many 
such diseases there is an acquired resistance to a second attack 
fora greater or less length of time. This antagonism is in 
degree only, and too often an overdose, or a specially virulent 
or potent germ, or a particular condition of the system exposed, 
will cause the latter to succumb to a microbe, to which it would 
otherwise have proved immune. In general terms it may be 
said that, as the microbe and its toxins are the main vulnerant 
agents in establishing the disease, so the body cells (leucocytes, 
erythrocytes, tissue,cells) and their toxins (antitoxins) are the 
resistant or immunizing agents. It is an antagonizing of specific 
pathogenic agents by defensive substances derived from the 
normal body cells. ‘The attack and the repulse are each made 
through the soluble chemical products of thé living organism 
(microbe or body cell), and such products are diffused through 
the serum or lymph. In this may be included the liquid 
contents of the body cells for when these englobe the invading 
microbe, the latter, until it perishes, continues to produce its 
pathogenic products, which are the more concentrated and 
effective because they are in the main confined within the nar- 
row limits of the cell. Hence many cells are destroyed in the 
clash of forces, and the result wavers in the balance until de- 
cided by the relative numbers or potency of the contending bands 
of microbes and cells. 

Immunization, by products of the disease to be protected 
against, is initiated by one of two methods: ist by the use of 
enfeebled germs which will no longer prove fatal to the animal 
(protective infection): and 2nd, by employing the soludle toxic 
products of the pathogenic germ in the alisence of that organism 
itself (protective intoxication). Since however the real immediate 
factor, which operates on the animal cell to cause the formation 
of the defensive material, is the soluble chemical product of 
the microbe, it follows that the success in both cases is due to the 
same cause. The practical difference is that whereas the en- 
feebled microbes are still vital, and capable of reproduction, they 
may, under given favorable conditions, start up a new infection 
which may propagate itself indefinitely as an epizodtic; the same 


Contagious (Zymotic) Diseases. 5 


is not possible with the simple chemical product in solution, 
which has neither life nor power of self propagation. When, 
therefore, we aim at the complete extinction of a disease and its 
infection, and when this can be effected equally well by the use 
of the simple chemical products, this is much to be preferred to 
the use of live microbes however much they may be enfeebled. 

In seeking a scientific explanation of immunization, many sub- 
sidiary factors and complex conditions have been discovered, and 
on these have been based ingenious theories which must be men- 
tioned. 

Phagocytosis (phagein, to eat, cytos, a cell) is the process in which 
cells possessed of amceboid movement, lymphoid and neutrophile 
leucocytes, etc., flow out into arms (pseudopodia) which enclose 
solids that they digest as food, and among these the invading 
pathogenic microbes (Metchnikoff). When the englobed microbes 
are not too numerous in a cell or too toxic, they are themselves 
dissolved and digested and their destructive powers arrested. On 
the other hand, the cells often perish and even become for a 
time centres for the culture and-encrease of the microbes within 
them. ‘This is well shown in the great destruction of the blood 
globules in Texas fever and other affections. 

The defensive products of the phagocytes include an enzyme 
(ferment) or cy¢ase which dissolves the microbe or other body 
on which it operates: and a cytotoxin (leucotoxin) which poisons 
or enfeebles the invading organism so that it may be less able to 
produce defensive secretions and protect itself. These defensive 
products of the cell are especially attributable to the lymphocytes 
whether in the blood or the great lymphatic system, to the 
amceboid epithelium of the capillaries, and to the wandering 
lymphocytes, but also in part to the red blood globules, and it is 
presumed the tissue cells when set free in inflammation, and 
endowed anew with amceboid movement. The defensive pro- 
ducts pass out of the cells into the surrounding serum endowing 
that with defensive qualities similar in kind. Hence the principle 
of serum therapy. 

Hemolysins are enzymes that cause solution and destruction 
of blood globules. Injection intravenously, intraperitoneally, or 
subcutaneously, into a guineapig, horse or other animal of the 
defibrinated blood or blood serum of the rabbit, determines in 


6. Veterinary Medicine. 


the blood of the injected animal, the formation of haemolysins 
which act on the red globules of the blood of the rabbit but not 
on that of other animals. This operates when the blood serum 
from the injected horse or guineapig is injected into the circulat- 
ing blood of the rabbit, or mixed with the rabbit blood zz vitro, 
(Bordet). Here we have a suggestion of immunization. The 
alien and inimical blood of the rabbit in the circulating blood of 
the horse (or other animal) educes the protective heemolysin which 
quickly destroys the alien red blood globules of the rabbit if 
brought in contact with them. The hemolysin, however, is com- 
posed of two bodies ove of which (alexin, complement) is rendered 
inactive when heated for half an hour to 55°C., and a second 
(immune body, sensitizing body, ambocepter, copula, fixative sub- 
stance, desmon, preparator) only loses its power at a heat of 60° 
to 65°C. The serum robbed of its hemolytic power by heating 
to 55°, resumes this power if mixed with the blood serum of a 
healthy guineapig, which would not of itself have affected the 
rabbits’ blood. The alexin shows no affinity for the red globule, 
to which it proves harmless except in presence of the améocepter. 
Again, alexin and amboceptor show no affinity at a low temperature 
but may lie side by side at o°C. without uniting, and can only do 
so at a higher temperature up to 40°C. The alexin shows no 
affinity for the cell unless the améboceptor is present, but, given the 
two conditions, affinity between the alexin and ambocepter and a 
corresponding affinity between the ambocepter and the cell, and 
the microbian toxin can reach the cell and exercise its baneful 
influence upon it. 

Ehrlich carries the subdivision still farther. The amboceptor 
has its haptophore group, (éptein, to touch, pherein, to bring), 
intermediate between it and the animal cell as an essential 
element to the completion of the mutual affinity of the two, and 
the alexin or complement has its soxophore group, (¢oxos, poison, 
pherein, to bring), which on that side carries the toxins. ‘Then 
on the part of the cell he invokes projections of the cell wall in 
the form of pseudopodia (receptors) which must have a special 
affinity for the haptophores in order to establish an effective union 
with the amboceptor and complement, and finally with the toxin 
and microbe. 

The relation of one of these bodies to its fellow is of the nature 


Coutagious (Zymotico Diseases. 7 


of chemical affinity and each must find its proper affinity to be- 
come effective, as a halogen or acid must meet with a base in 
order to form a salt. -But just as a given acid and a given base 
may have no mutual chemical affinity, so a potent toxin may be 
present and yet prove harmless for lack of the intermediate 
bodies which are necessary to establish a,true affinity with the 
cell. The simile has been offered of a lock with its wards, the 
key fitting those wards, and the hand that turns the key, and if 
the reader will eliminate the mechanical elements of the picture 
and replace them by chemical affinities, the interdependence of 
each element on the adjacent one in order to establish a toxic 
action ‘in the cell, will be fairly represented. The current dia- 
gram in which each element is represented as having on one end 
a mechanical conformation which will fit a corresponding struc- 
ture on the adjacent element, and can unite with no other, and 
at the other end a special form which will fit that of another 
element and no other, is liable to mislead certain minds. A 
special element in the chain is fitted to connect with two other 
elements differing from itself and from each other, but, the con- 
nection is established through chemical attraction and not by 
gross mechanical adaptation. 

The absence of these affinities may in part explain why certain 
animals and certain genera are invulnerable by certain microbes 
and their toxins,—why given diseases are peculjar to given specieg 
of animals. 

Detachment of Receptors. Under many infections by the af- 
finity for the microbe or its toxins, the leucocytes (the natural 
defensive cells) accumulate in the seat of the microbian invasion 
and even in the infected blood, the encrease being due not only to 
their congregating, but no less to direct multiplication. Their 
nuclei enlarge at the expense of the surrounding protoplasm and 
nuclein escapes into the surrounding liquid. According to 
Ehrlich multitudes of receptors are cast off from the surface of 
each cell and meeting in the serum with the haptophores of the 
toxins, unite with these, satisfying their affinity and thus ward 
off their union with those receptors which are still attached to the 
cell, and in this way they protect the life and integrity of the 
cell. This contributes to abort or cut short the disease, and the 
overproduction of these receptors, once started, tends to continue 


8 Veterinary Medicine. 


for a greater or less length of time and thus establishes an ac- 
quired immunity. 

It must be assumed that these receptors, before their detach- 
ment from the cell have acquired the special affinity which makes 
them available for engaging with the haptophores and toxins of 
the invading disease, and of that only, as the acquired immunity 
is from the one affection only. 

Tsolysins or Autolysins (tsos, similar, autos, one’s self) are 
solvents of the red globules produced by injecting excess of the 
blood of the same species of animal. They do not act the same 
on the blood of all animals of the same species, showing a differ- 
ence in the globules in animals of the same species. This sug- 
gests a reason why different individuals are not all: equally sus- 
ceptible to the same microbe, and why the action of antitoxins 
should be more effective in one animal than another of the same 
breed. 

Agglutinins: Hemagglutinins. 'These are elements in the 
normal and diseased blood-serum, which cause clumping in masses 
of the blood globules of another animal, or of bacteria. ‘The action 
bears an apparent relation to that of hzemolysis and the two con- 
ditions usually coexist. Normal goat serum agglutinates the red 
corpuscles of man, pigeon and rabbit: normal rabbit serum ag- 
glutinates typhoid and cholera bacilli. The serum of a person 
with a well developed case of typhoid fever clumps the bacilli in 
an artificial culture of the typhoid germ. The same holds with 
the blood serum of hog cholera, and the hog cholera bacillus. In 
these cases and in others this is made a mode of diagnosis. The 
union of the agglutinin and the bacillus is shown by the follow- 
ing: Toaserum which agglutinates both typhoid and cholera 
bacilli, some typhoid bacilli are added and the whole centrifuged 
when the clear fluid will no longer clump the typhoid, bacilli, but 
still clumps the cholera ones. Conversely if the cholera bacilli 
are first added and the whole centrifuged the clear fluid no longer 
acts on the cholera bacilli, but will still act on the typhoid. The 
agglutinins of the bacilli introduced adhere to the surface of 
these bacilli and are precipitated with them, while those that 
would clump the bacilli of the other disease remain in the clear 
liquid. The same applies to the agglutinins in their action on 
blood cells. To a normal goat serum, which agglutinates the 


Contagious (Zymotic) Diseases. 9 


ted cells of man, pigeon and rabbit, red cells of man were added 
and the whole centrifuged. ‘The clear liquid left will no longer 
clump the red cells of man, but will still clump those of the pi- 
geon and rabbit. The agglutinins in the blood of one animal are 
thus shown to be many, one acting on a given microbe or on the 
red globules of one animal and another on those of another. 

The power of the agglutinins survives a temperature of 60° C. 
but is lost at 65° C. Thus by heating a serum to 55° C. the 
hemolytic action is destroyed while the action of the agglutinins 
is retained. al 

Precipitins. Ifa rabbit is injected with the serum of horse, 
chicken or eel, and the serum of this rabbit is later mixed with 
the serum of a horse, chicken or eel, as the case may be, the 
latter becomes cloudy by reason of the precipitation of a portion 
of the albumen. The substances in the rabbit’s serum which de- 
termine the precipitation of a portion of the albumins are known 
as precipitins. Yeblanc finds that in the majority of cases the 
precipitate is made up in part of albumin from the serum operated 
on, but mainly of pseudo-globulin from the specific serum. The 
specific serum may operate equally on the serum of two nearly 
related animals. Thus the serum taken from the rabbit which 
had been first injected with chicken serum, precipitates the 
normal serum of both chicken and pigeon. ‘These two animals 
are supposed to have common receptors. 

Without going further in the elucidation of precipitins and 
their relations, it may be said that in them as in the agglutinins 
we have toa certain extent a parallelism with the production 
of antitoxins by the introduction into the living body of the 
toxins of a given disease. No method for the utilization of the 
precipitins for protective purposes has been successfully worked 
out, yet they have been availed of to differentiate the flesh of 
one animal from that of another for which it has been sub- 
stituted :—the flesh of the horse from that of the ox, or that of 
the dog from that of the sheep. 

Antibodies. ‘These are protective agents produced by the animal 
cells, when they are submitted to successive, encreasing doses of 
the inimical material of microbian or other origin. Thus treat-~ 
ment with hemolysins develops antihemolysins, tsolysins develop 
anti-isolysins, agglutinins develop anti-agglutinins, precipitins 


ike) Veterinary Medicine. 


produce antiprecipitins, immune body secures aniti-immune body, 
toxins produce antitoxins, cytotoxins produce anticytotoxins, sper- 
motoxin invokes antispermotoxin, neurotoxtin produces antineuro- 
toxine. ‘The operation of each poison rouses the leucocytes and 
body cells to elaborate its special antidote. The antibody for 
one species of animal, however, or for one poison, is not therefore 
effective in another animal species nor for another poison. The 
antibodies cannot be used interchangeably for different diseases. 
or animals. 

Immunization by toxins and piomaines is a means of rousing 
the animal cells of the subject injected to the production of the 
requisite ‘oxins, plomaines, etc., (antibodies) to prevent the 
disease from which the poison was drawn. ‘The production of 
the antibodies may be more or less abundant and permanent, and 
thus immunization is likely to be more or less perfect and endur- 
ing. These antibodies may often be cultivated in the bodies of 
animals which are not naturally susceptible to the disease (which 
are already innately charged with antibodies) and which can there- 
fore bear much larger doses of the poison, and in this way the most 
potent defensive serum may be secured. They may, on the 
other hand, be rendered ineffective on the animal injected, by 
reason of the absence of the intermediate bodies by which their 
connection is established, by reason of a special susceptibility to 
the pathogenic microbes or their toxins, or by reason of the 
presence of acids or other bodies which increase susceptibility to 
microbes or toxins. 

Two other considerations enter into the question. If the 
unaltered serum of an infected animal is used containing the 
living microbe, there is some danger of the survival of the latter, 
and of its propagation to other susceptible animals, thus starting 
an epizootic. Again if the serum is devitalized by heat, oxygen 
under pressure, or otherwise, there is the danger of destruction 
of the antibodies, or of some of the intermediate bodies by which 
their preventive action is established. The devitalized serum is 
the safe agent to use, but it is not in every disease that it can be 
secured by available methods, and therefore sterile sera cannot 
always be availed of. 

Protection by ayitibodies produced in the system of a normally 
immune animal which has been made still more resistant, or 


Contagious (Zymotic) Diseases. II 


taken from an animal normally susceptible but which has been 
rendered artificially immune, and long enough after the induced 
immunity to avoid all risk of left-over microbes, cannot fairly be 
called zmmunization, seeing that it only lasts so long as these 
antibodies remain in the system of the animal injected. It does 
not rouse the cells of this animal to themselves produce the 
required antibodies and to continue such production for a length 
of time. It is comparable rather to a dose of chloral or other 
antispasmodic in tetanus, which will suppress the spasms so long 
as the chloral remains in the system, but has its action limited 
by the amount of the dose and the period up to its elimination. 
This‘partakes of the nature of therapeutic medication rather 
than immunization. 

For immunization the following conditions may be laid down 
as most uniformly applicable : 

1. The active pathogenic products of the invading micro- 
organism must be employed. 

2. A nonlethal dose must be employed or a succession of such 
doses. 

3. These must be used on an appropriate subject. The 
injected animal must not be temporarily insusceptible like the 
meat fed rat to anthrax, nor morbidly susceptible to the 
same disease like the ox charged with lactic acid. 

4. The immunizing product is. best injected into the con- 
nective tissue. In intravenous injection the toxin may kill 
at once by undue potency, or may be eliminated so rapidly 
that it has no tangible or enduring effect. 

5. In case of very deadly toxins (Rinderpest) the danger 
may be lessened or obviated by mixing the antitoxins with the 
toxins before injection, or by injecting first the antitoxins and 
later the toxins. 

For serum therapy the following conditions are important : 

1. Use a suitable animal for producing the antitoxins, and 
raise its resistance to the specific infection by successsive 
nonlethal injections of the products of the microbes of the 
. disease in hand. 

-2. Use the resistant serum of the highly immunized animal in 
appropriate doses for the animal to be treated. 


12 Veterinary Medicine. 


3. The hypodermic use of the serum is usually to be preferred, 


though in certain cases intravenous injection may be employed, 
or even injection into cavities containing the organs that 
have an elective affinity for the toxins. 

4. Use the therapeutic serum as early as possible after 
infection. A short delay means the demand for an enormous 
encrease of the antitoxic serum to be used, and even then in 
some diseases (tetanus) it has little or no effect. 

5. The introduction of the antitoxin just before the in- 
fection, or at least during the incubation stage, when as yet the 
toxins have not united with the susceptible tissues, promises the 
best results. 


Modifying Factors :—Phystological and Pathological. 


Many different conditions of the system disturb, modify or 
annul the habitual operation of the agencies relied upon for im- 
munization and serum therapy, and although such interference 
is exceptional, yet its occasional occurrence will interfere in such 
cases with the full success of the sanitary work based on these 
methods. 

Both immunization and serum-therapy are largely influenced 
by the supply of oxygen in the freely circulating blood, and, 
when this has been interfered with by excessive or defective 
functional activity of the thyroid, anterior pituitary body, or, 
above all the adrenals, the protective or curative process is 
materially affected. Sajous, who ascribes the bacteriolytic action 
mainly to a tripsin body formed in the pancreas and spleen and 
sent in the blood to the comparatively immune liver, or in the 
wandering or tissue cells, claims that the abundance of this and 
other antibodies is determined largely by the supply of adrenalin, 
which controls the dilatation and contraction of the capillaries 
and the quantity of blood and oxygen supplied. If the stimula- 
tion of the adrenals by toxins is insufficient he advises to add to 
this alkaline salts, strychnine, digitalis, etc., but there is again 
the danger of complete arrest of adrenal function by overstimu- 
lation. Other examples might be adduced to show that the im- 
munization is at times an uncertain quantity and to enforce the 
truth that the absolute extinction of the microbe by segregation 


Contagious (Zymotic). Diseases. 13 


and disinfection is to be preferred when it can be availed of at 
reasonable expense. 


Habits of Microbes as affecting Suppression. 


As bearing on the suppression and extinction of contagious 
diseases, the life history of each pathogenic microbe, and partic- 
ularly its survival as a saprophyte outside the body, or its strict 
confinement to a life in the animal body (pathogenic career) 
offers most valuable indications. The microbe which is restricted 
to an intracorporeal existence in the animal body can be certainly 
and definitely circumscribed and exterminated, and a disease 
which has prevailed and decimated a race of animals from the 
dawn of their existence can be wiped out from the face of the 
earth. A microbe which can live and multiply not only in the 
body of an animal host, but also outside in a decomposing organic 
matter (a saprophyte), can not be met and exterminated on the 
same easy and certain terms, but must be dealt with in all parts 
of the outside world wherever there is a concurrence of the suit- 
able dead organic matter, and the pathogenic microbe. It may 
or may not be possible to utterly exterminate a microbe which 
possesses this habit of life, but we can usually circumscribe its 
prevalence and shut it out of given areas, by eliminating it from 
the animal system within such areas, and putting an end within 
the protected field to the conditions that favor its saprophytic life. 
Again, a microbe which is pathogenic when introduced into the 
animal body, and which may live outside that body as a sapro- 
phyte, under conditions which are unusual and which can be suc- 
cessfully altered, stands midway between the two first named as 
regards its amenability to suppression and extinction. Again, 
certain microbes, though deadly to their animal host, habitually 
employ ticks or predatory insects to convey them from one animal 
host to another. ‘hese can be cut short in their pathogenic 
career by the simple expedient of destroying or excluding the in- 
vertebrate host which acts as a bearer between the two higher 


animals. 


14 Veterinary Medicine. 


The following tables are interesting in this connection : 


Diseases due to Pathogenic Microbes: Nonsaprophytic. 


Microbes habitually live in the Animal Body only. 


Variola. 

Glanders. 

Dourine. 

Lung-plague. 

Rinderpest. 

Rothlauf: Pig Erysipelas. 

Hog Cholera. 

Swine Plague. 

Swine Fever with Invisible 
Microbe. 

Braxy. 

Fowl Cholera. 


Strangles. 

Contagious Pneumonia. 
Influenza. 

Canine Distemper. 

Rabies. 

Foot and Mouth Disease. 
Vesicular Exanthema. 
Tuberculosis. 
Entero-hepatitis in Turkeys. 


Apoplectiform Septicaemia in 
Chickens. 


Diseases due to Microbes which can Live as Saprophytes, outside the Body. 


Pyzemia. 

Septiczemia. 

Malignant Cidema. 
Emphysematous Anthrax. 
Anthrax. 


Heemorrhagic Septiczemia. 
Tetanus. 

Actinomycosis. 

Coccidiosis. 

Thrush (Muguet). 

Contagious Ulcerous Stomatitis. 


Diseases with Microbes that are Conditionally Saprophytic. 


Milk Sickness. 


S. African Horse Sickness. 


Diseases caused by Microbes borne by Invertebrate Animal. 


Texas Fever. 
Trembling (Louping-II1). 


Trypanosomiasis. 
Paludism. 


CYCLES OF POTENCY: PERIODS OF MALIGNANCY 
AND BENIGNANCY. 


Nothing is more certain than the varying potency of a microbe 

and its toxins for a year or a series of years at a time. For a 
number of years just past smallpox has been so mild in the United 
States that physicians often differed in opinion as to whether the 
prevailing affection was variola or a less dangerous skin disease. 
Some years strangles are almost uniformly mild and simple and 
in others almost constantly irregular and dangerous. The same 
holds true of canine distemper, hog cholera, influenza, contagious 
pnéumonia, lung-plague, Rinderpest, and other pestilences. Even 
locality and season influence largely. Lung-plague is a less vio- 
ent affection in the Northern United States than in Great Brit- 
ain, and Glanders largely escapes recognition in Wyoming and 
Montana. ‘Tuberculosis at one time, or in one locality, shows a 
very low virulence and mortality, and at another time or place an 
unwontedly dangerous and fatal prevalence. Again, the food, 
or indoor life of an animal, or other variation of management o 
environment often modifies the susceptibility to a microbe and 
therefore its virulence and the fatality it causes. Any such con- 
dition prevailing for a length of time determines a special cycle 
of the disease for evil or good, so that agencies which appear to 
operate in the way of prevention or cure at one time are compar- 
atively useless at others. This has often led to confident claims 
for given methods, based on a series of experiments, or on obser- 
vations made during a given epizéotic which break down com- 
pletely under a larger experience. 

This should never be forgotten in estimating the value of 
measures which come short of the complete and final extinction 
of the microbe of a disease. All restriction by special diet, med- 
icine, open air; all attempts at immunization by enfeebled mi- 
crobes (misnamed vaccine), by sterilized toxin or cytase drawn 
from such microbes ; any use of antidotal agents in the form of 
antiseptics, antitoxins, etc.; any resort to sero-therapy or organo- 
therapy will perhaps succeed in a long series of cases, and then 
signally fail under new conditions. But when the one essential 

15 


16 Veterinary Medicine. 


cause of the disease is a particular microbe the complete extinc- 
tion of that microbe, not only at once cuts short the existing” 
epizootic, but absolutely excludes the possibility of that disease 
arising anew. ‘The present losses are promptly cut short, and all 
future losses, which would otherwise have gone on to the end of 
time, are absolutely prevented. 

And yet such absolute extinction is objected to because of the 
cost. Which is greater—the present outlay to pay for even Io per 
cent. of a susceptible race when this will put an end to all such 
losses for all future time ;—or the temporizing to save a fraction 
of this 10 per cent. at the certain cost of the maintenance of the 
disease and losses year by year for hundreds or’ thousands of 
years, together with the equally galling tax for the sanitary police 
restrictions through all these centyries ? 

In spite of the present claims for immunization and other half-. 
way measures, the only truly ideal and economical method is that. 
which destroys every germ of the infection, so that no future 
cases can possibly occur. ‘This is, however, restricted largely to 
acute infectious diseases, the germs of which have no saprophytic: 
life outside the body of the host. 

For some affections, like foot and mouth disease, the object 
may be accomplished by stopping all intercourse between animals. 
and herds, the exclusion of man, beast, vermin, birds and insects, 
and accompanied and followed by an exhaustive disinfection of’ 
the premises and every object that may have been exposed even 
remotely to infection. In all cases the exposure of susceptible 
animals, or those that have been near them or their products. 
or any unfenced place or within reach of other animals, must be- 
made a penal offence. 

For other more fatal affections of this kind, the removal (usu-- 
ally the slaughter) of the infected, the disinfection of the car- 
cases, premises, products and contaminated things, and the ex- 
pert control and daily testing of the survivors, are important ad- 
ditional measures. 

When the cost of expert control for a long period would ap-. 
proach the actual value of the herd, it is often better to buy them 
out and kill the whole at once so as to purify the premises at 
once and allow the.owner to continue his business and earn.a. 
living. 


Pyemia and Septicemia. 17 


In the absence of violations of the law, or recent importation 
indemnity for all animals taken, is essential to success; it isa 
matter of bare justice, and its omission is an invariable source of 
failure in veterinary sanitary police. In some countries the cost 
is met by a tax on live stock, but it ismuch simpler to let such 
an outlay for the public good be paid out of the public exchequer. 

When the germ of a disease is saprophytic it may be impossi- 
ble to deal with it as above, and then such measures as immuni- 
zation, serum-therapy, organo-therapy, may be resorted to in 
suitable eases. But in all such cases any step that would risk 
the extension of the area of infection must be prevented so that 
an expert supervision of the stock and their products is de. 
manded. 

Some epizootics must be prevented by doing away with the in- 
termediate invertebrate bearers of the microbes, and some by 
removing the conditions of environment by which the microbes 
are preserved. ‘These and other precautions must be referred to 
the chapters on individual diseases. 


PYZMIA AND SEPTICEMIA. 


Multiplicity of Septiceemias. Pyamia and Septiccemia, distinction be- 
tween. Multiple secondary abscesses in pyzemia; no secondary abscesses 
in uncomplicated septicaemia. Septico-pyemia. Pyemia. Causes: bac- 
teria, deep wound infection, susceptibility, debility, shock, illness, narcotic 
ptomaines, partial immunization, complexity of infection, mutual decom- 
position of toxins, dose, lesions of intima of blood vessels, thrombosis, em- 
bolism, action of microbes on hzmatoblasts and blood globules, viscidity of 
cells, adhesion to endothelium, coagula, solutton of clot, escape of mi- 
crobes. Lesions: wound, abscess, thrombus, emboli, infarction, abscesses, 
ulceration, endocarditis. Spleen. Blood coagulates. Symptoms: rigor, 
hyperthermia, with remissions, pulse weak, soft, rapid, perspiration, diar- 
rhoea, sweet breath, feeces, urine acid, dulness, prostration, mucose dusky 
or yellow, blood shows leucocytosis, hz molysis, cardiac murmur, arthritis, 
stupor, coma, palsy, dry, puffy sore, source of infection. Prognosis grave. 
Prevention : largely surgical, antisepsis, asepsis, excision of infected vein, 
Treatment : antiseptics, locally and internally, stimulants, tonics, nourish- 
ment. Septicemia: microbes, toxins, septic intoxication, septic infection, 
fermentation fever, sapreemic fever. Lesions: blood dark, incoagulable, 
spleen enlarged—gorged, petechiz, cloudy swellings, coagulation necrosis, 
organs as if parboiled, congested glands, kidneys. Symptoms: chill slight, 


2 


18 Veterinary Medicine. 


hyperthermia without marked remissions, weak, rapid pulse, hurried 
breathing, anorexia, emesis, yellow mucosz, nervous disorder—dulness, 
apathy, stupor, paraplegia. Value of precursory conditions. Prognosis 
grave. Prevention, Treatment: remove source of poison, antiseptics, drain- 
age, internal antisepsis, strychnia, quinine, iron chloride, stimulants, sup- 
porting, easily digestible food, sponging. 


At first introduced to indicate the supposed results of pus and 
septic material respectively in the blood, these terms have come 
to represent the clinical phenomena which come from the intro- 
duction into a susceptible system of pyogenic and necrogenic 
microbes and their toxic products. Gradually different affections, 
which would have been included under the same general terms, 
came to be identified under specific names, and a number of these 
will be described as individual diseases—strangles, mouse and 
rabbit septiceemias, metritis, phlebitis, omphalitis, rouget, bar- 
bone, chicken cholera, septicaemia heemorrhagica, etc.—yet a 
certain number have been left to be referred to under the generic 
terms, though respectively due to different microbes. 

Distinctions between Pyemia and Septicemia. Pyemia is a 
morbid condition characterized by the formation in different 
organs of multiple metastatic abscesses, dependent on the trans- 
ference, in the blood stream, of infected clots, or particles con- 
taining pus microbes, and their arrest at distant points, so as to 
cause foci of suppuration commencing with the intima of the 
vessels. . 

Septicemia indicates a general infection often by the same mi- 
crobes, but showing its results in enlargement and blood engorge- 
ment of the spleen and lymph glands and necrotic foci of the 
liver, kidneys and other organs, but without the formation of 
multiple abscesses. The presence of the microbes in the different 
organs affected, shows that itis not due to the diffusion of the 
toxic chemical products alone, as at one time supposed, and the 
lack of abscesses appears to be due to the absence of clots or of 
modified and adhesive leucocytes or heematoblasts, which ad- 
hering to the epithelium of the vessels predispose to suppuration. 

The two conditions are, however, often combined, constituting 
what is known as septico-pyemia. 

As in the occurrence of other infecting diseases, the condition 
of varying susceptibility must be taken into account, one indi- 
vidual, or one species resisting an inoculation which would be 
deadly to another. 


Pyemia and Septiemia. 19 
Pyzmia. Causes. Thecausative microbes are most commonly 
staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, or albus, the streptococcus 
pyogenes, and less frequently bacillus pyocyaneus, bacterium coli 
commune, and probably any pus producing microbe. Many con- 
ditions must however be accepted as contributing to the general 
infection. 

Inoculation on a mere abrasion or surface sore is not to be 
dreaded so much as if the virus is lodged subcutaneously or in a 
deep wound. ‘The ready escape of the toxic products, the active 
leucocytosis which takes placein the granulations, and the action 


of the oxygen of the air are more or less protective in the ex- 
posed sores. 


The native susceptibility of the subject,—horse, ox,—conduces 
to the disease, while the insusceptibility,—bird—-tends to obviate it. 
The debility of the system or of individual tissues attacked, lowers 
the resistant power, and especially that of leucocytosis, and thus 
favors survival and encrease of the microbes and their chemical 
products. Thus the shock succeeding a serious operation, the 
general depression attendant upon severe illness, or the poisoning 
by narcotizing ptomaines and toxins, may easily become the extra’ 
weight which causes the system to succumb. On the contrary, 
pre-existing or long standing disease, with consequent general 
debility appears at times to prove to some extent a protective 
factor, the previous exposure to the invading germ having edu- 
cated the leucocytes to resist the toxins and to produce the de- 
fensive sera which neutralize the latter or keep the invading mi- 
crobes in check. A measure of immunization has been secured. 
The resulting immunization cannot be looked on as very per- 
fect, nor permanent, as a specially strong inoculation by a 
virulent microbe, or large dose, or different conditions of life, 
will entirely overcome it, and the pyzemic fever appears. Yet 
in chronic cases of secondary abscesses from a deep source of 
infection, the resistance is often such as to ward off febrile 
pyzemia. In a horse with primary abscess situated deeply under 
the humerus, free evacuation and healing of the wound, have, in 
my experience, been followed by the formation of abscesses in 
distant points for a period of seven years, but without any 
marked febrile reaction. 
“The complex nature of the infection appears at times to over- 
come the vital resistance more effectively than will the presence 


20 Veterinary Medicine. 


of even a potent microbe alone. Some of the worst cases follow 
on a wound, the seat of complex infection, and even saprophytes 
are to be dreaded in this connection.. This may operate in vari- 
ous ways, either by mutual combinations or decompositions of 
the toxic products of associated germs producing more deleterious 
products, or by the individual action of one ptomaine or toxin on 
leucocytes, hzematoblasts, sera, or tissue, laying it more open to 
the attacks of those of'another microbe which by itself would 
have been comparatively harmless. 

Koch’s experiments showed that the attack is violent in ratio 
with the size of the dose: one thousandth part of a drop of pyzemic 
blood was harmless to the rabbit, while one tenth of adrop killed 
in one hundred and twenty-five hours, and a syringe full in forty 
hours. 

In ordinary cases of pyzemia the occurence of internal phledztzs 
or arteritis with the inevitable thrombosis isan important step in 
causation. Any inflammation of the inner coat of the vessel leads 
promptly to the formation of a coagulation of the contained blood, 
and blocking of the lumen. Beginning on the diseased or 
abraded surface, the clot forms backward along the line from 
which the blood normally comes (proximal in the arteries ; distal, 
in the veins), until it reaches the next considerable colateral 
branch. ‘The clot is firmly adherent to the intima except at the 
free end, which is conical and projects into the blood current. 

If small portions are detached from the thrombus and washed 
on in the blood stream they become arrested when they reach a 
vessel too small to admit them, it may be a smaller artery, or it 
may be a capillary, and always in the line of the circulation,— 
from the systemic circulation to the lungs, or from the lungs to 
the system at large. This isembolism. Wherever arrested, the. 
contact of the leucocytes and heematoblasts with the inner coat 
of the vessel, leads to metabolic changes and firm adhesion, and 
the pus microbes in the clot determine suppuration and abscess. 

Eberth and Schimmelbusch have shown that the hzematoblasts, 
even more than the other blood elements, when acted on by the 
pus microbes become viscous and stick not only to each other, 
but to any floating body, and to the inner serous coat of the 
vessel, particularly when the latter has been abraded or injured. 
This clumping together of the heematoblasts forms’ white clots 
which block the smaller vessels, but in the viscous condition they 


Pyemia and Septicemia. 21 


further the coagulation of the fibrine, and again when they come in 
contact with the intima, instead of passing through, or moving on, 
they remain adherent and start the formation of thrombi. This 
is above all common in given tissues, and the medulla of bone 
has in this respect a bad preéminence, so that acute suppurative 
osteomyelitis, is a familiar lesion and is liable to become chronic, 
and determine distant abscesses and general infection long after. 

The thrombus thus formed is an infective coagulum, tending 
to constant encrease, as the clot is a favorable culture-field for 
the microbes, and the tendency is to coagulate more and more of 
the adjacent blood. It tends further to disintegration, as the 
action of the microbes and their toxins on the leucocytes, trans- 
forms these into pus cells, inducing softening of the mass, and 
the washing on of individual infective pus cells and minute por- 
tions of the clot to form infective centres and abscesses at distant 
parts. 

If the pathogenesis of the invading microbe is weak and the 
resistance of the leucocytes potent, such clots may remain cir- 
cumscribed or may even be absorbed, but in the opposite conditions 
with potent and numerous microbes and abundant and effective 
toxins, the tendency is not only to a continuance of infection, 
but to an acute febrile pyzemia. 

Pyzmia does not supervene at once upon a trauma as may 
septicaemia, but only after a variable number of days, (3 to 8), 
a peculiarity which is explained by the temporary protection of 
the clot. By the constant accretions on its exterior, of the new 
layers of hzematoblasts and fibrin, the microbes are at first impris- 
oned, and it is only when softening has taken place, or when the 
coagulum has extended into the free flowing current passing into 
a colateral trunk, that the infection is liable to be washed on in 
dangerous amount. 

The mere presence of pus microbes or their toxins in the blood, 
does not determine pyzmia: a modification of the intima of the 
vessels leading to local infections with thrombosis or embolism 
and abscess is an essential condition. This lesion of the vessels 
may be a trauma, as from bruise, puncture, operation, ligature, or 
it may be the extension of a disease process as in arteritis, phle- 
bitis, atheroma, the growth of a tumor from adjacent tissues, or 
parasitism. The seat of the secondary abscess depends primarily 
on the location of the original suppurating centre. Assuch centres 


22 Veterinary Medicine. 


are most commonly in the systemic circulation (osteomyelitis, 
omphalitis, wounds, traumas) the lungs are most commonly 
attacked, the pulmonary capillaries acting as a sieve and arresting 
the floating infective coagula. When the primary infection comes 
from the chylo-poietic viscera, the liver is likely to show the first 
crop of secondary abscesses. When, on the other hand, the pri- 
mary abscess is in the lungs, the great flow of blood through the 
kidney renders it especially subject to secondary suppurating foci, 
though these may form in any part of the body. 

Lesions. Pyeemia may result from a wound or abscess in.con- 
nection with which will usually be found a vein containing a 
thrombus more or less softened or liquefied. If from a deep seated 
injury or from osteomyelitis, the same condition is met with. The 
thrombus and circulating blood furnish abundance of the infective 
microbes, and at distant points, in the complimentary circulation, 
most commonly in the lungs the arteries are found to be the seats 
of embolism from arrested clots. The arrest always takes place 
where the vessels are diminished by bifurcation, or the giving off 
of a considerable colateral trunk, and the appearances will depend 
on the duration of the embolism. If quite recent, a wedge-shaped 
mass of tissue supplied by the vessel is ischaemic and pale, its 
blood passing on into the veins without further arterial supply; if 
later, this tissue forms an zzfarct being gorged with deep red or 
black blood which has filtered in from adjacent anostomosing cap- 
illaries and distended those of the exsanguine area. ‘This area 
becomes of a deep red or black color, consolidated by an exudate 
of lymph, and rapidly invaded by suppuration. The microbes 
determine suppuration and softening, first in the clot and intima, 
and next in the outer coats of the vessel and the surrounding ex- 
udate, so that an abscess of variable size may result. Abscesses 
are usually smaller and more numerous in the acute forms of the 
disease, and larger and less numerous in the more chronic. 

Ulcerative endocarditis with coagula on the valves is not un- 
common. ‘The spleen is often the seat of small abscesses in the 
centre of solid exudates, with, in many cases, softening and enlarge- 
ment of the organ. The blood tends to retain its normal bright 
red color, and clots firmly, contrary to the usual condition in 
septiczemia, 

Symptoms. The formation of emboli and secondary abscess is 
usually marked by a violent rigor, lasting from a few minutes to 


Pyemia and Septicemia. 23 


an hour and which may be repeated at irregular intervals, serving, 
in some measure, to distinguish pyezemia from septicemia. The 
temperature rises with the rigor, (102° to 105°) but shows marked 
remissions especially in the morning, when it may not exceed the 
normal, and rising again with the recurrence of chill or staring 
coat. The pulse is usually encreased in frequency even during 
the remissions and is soft and compressible. emissions may be 
attended by profuse perspirations or even, in the advanced stages, 
by foetid diarrhoea. The breath has a peculiar sweetish or mawk- 
ish odor. Blood passed with the faeces may indicate intestinal 
abscess, and albumen or pus in the acid urine, bespeaks suppu- 
rating foci in the kidney. The cloudy mucus from the pelvis 
of the kidney in the horse must not be mistaken for this. Cough 
or dyspnoea will indicate. abscess of the lungs, and intercostal- 
tenderness, pleurisy. 

The buccal mucosa may be dry and cracked, and the tongue 
coated. From the first the animal is dull, and prostrate, and the 
visible mucosze become dusky brown or even yellowish from the 
liberated hematin. Blood abstracted will show the microorgan- 
ism, an excess of leucocytes and diminution of the red globules. 
The poison determines hemolysis. A cardiac murmur, usually 
with the first sound, betrays endocarditis. This is especially 
characteristic of chronic pyemia. Again multiple suppurating 
arthritis may appear. Stupor, coma or paralysis will indicate 
cerebral or meningeal lesions. 

In pyzemia following trauma there is drying up of the pus 
which becomes serous or bloody, a puffy condition of the gran- 
ulations, and the evidence of a thrombus in one or more veins 
leading out from the wound. 

In other cases the occurrence of pyeemic symptoms, consequent 
on parturition, metritis, omphalitis, bone-abscess or osteomyelitis, 
on suppurating internal inflammations, ulcerative endocarditis, or 
infective fevers like strangles, influenza, contagious pneumonia, 
cattle plague, distemper, rouget, hog cholera, etc., serves to 
identify the disease. 

The prognosis of pyzemia is always grave, and death may be 
expected in six to fourteen days in acute cases. Chronic forms 
last much longer. 

Prevention is the great object in regard to surgical cases, and 
this means the prevention of suppuration in the wound. As far 


24 Veterinary Medicine. 


as possible, however, this is to be sought by asepsis, or the use 
of weak non-caustic antiseptics only, as cauterized tissues form 
favorable culture media, when the action of the antiseptic is 
spent, there being no longer any living and resistant leucocytes 
present. The early excision of veins, the seat of thrombosis, 
has proven successful. 

In purely medical cases, the seat of the primary suppuration is 
not always obvious and one is thrown back on medical treatment 
which is rarely satisfactory in severe cases. 

Treatment. ‘When accessible even the secondary abscesses may 
be opened, washed out with a weak antiseptic (3 per cent. car- 
bolic acid solution), and covered with antiseptic dressing. Anti- 
pyretics are worse than useless, because of the resulting depression 
of the vital powers, and the reduction of the natural powers of 
resistance. Calomel in small and repeated doses tends to assist in 
elimination, and to counteract complications through sepsis of the 
‘contents of the bowels. Quinine and chloride of iron continued 
in large doses have been éspecially relied on as antiseptic tonics. 
Liberal feeding, if the appetite will admit, is all important to tide 
the patient over the period of depression. In the chronic cases 
tepid bathing is of great value (Senn). Senn has great confi- 
dence in. the stimulating and supporting action of alcoholic 
liquors—beer, ale, porter and even whisky, and in human beings 
accustomed to the daily use of these beverages they are more 
imperative than in the lower animals. 

Septiczemia. The micro-organisms causing septiczemia are the 
same as those of pyzemia, but they differ somewhat in activity, 
and act upon a system with a modified susceptibility, and above 
all one void of lesions in the internal membrane of the vascular 
system. ‘The symptoms can be developed by the introduction of 
the ptomaines and toxins alone, which hypothetical condition has 
been named septic-intoxication. In case of excessive doses of 
septic material, death occurs so early as to indicate simple narcosis. 
If, as is usually the case, the microbes also gain access to the 
blood and multiply there, the condition has been known as septic 
infection. In any prolonged case of septiceemia, the tendency is 
to the formation of suppurating foci (septico-pyemia), so that 
the two affections may be looked upon as probably the same, with 
modifications of the earlier phenomena. 

In connection with septiceemia must be mentioned the fermen- 


Pyemia and Septicemia. 25 


zation fever of Bergmann, (aseptic or resorption fever) which 
follows on extensive wounds, even if aseptic, on the intravenous 
injection of the blood of healthy animals or even of fine foreign 
particles (charcoal, flour), of a normal salt solution, or of well 
water, or of pancreatin, pepsin or trypsin. It has been attributed 
to the introduction and metabolism of fibrine and other elements, 
but manifestly arises also from the solution of blood globules, 
(hemolysis). It comes on within a few hours after a severe op- 
eration or other cause and lasts from one to three days, terminat- 
ing in recovery, unless complicated by some intercurrent infection. 

The sapremic fever, of Mathews Duncan (sapros—putrid, haima 
—blood) may also be named in this connection. Itisassociated with 
one or more of the common saprophytes (Bacillus saprogenes 1—2 
and 3 of Rosenbach, Proteus Vulgaris, Proteus Zenkeri, Proteus 
mirabile; etc.) These are propagated with difficulty in the blood, 
but grow readily in pus or necrotic tissue from which their toxic 
products can pass into the blood. 

Again the observations of Brieger and Maas, Ruine, Vaughan, 
Bourget and others show that the isolated toxins from putrefactive 
fermentation of animal matters, apart from the living bacteria 
are capable of producing the characteristic symptoms of septi- 
ceemia. 

It is now generally concluded that the septiczemic phenomena 
can be produced by the introduction of such poisons, whether 
they are the product of septic fermentations outside the animal 
poisoned, or of fermentation in dead matter in the economy of 
such animal. 

Lesions. In fermentation fever no tissue lesions are known. 
In septicemia gross lesions are usually lacking unless the case has 
been prolonged to allow of secondary abscesses (septico-pyzemia). 
The blood however is dark and coagulates feebly if at all. The 
spleen is enlarged, softened, dark in color and gorged with blood. 
‘There are petechial haemorrhages into the serose and mucose, 
and the solid organs; cloudy swelling of internal organs from 
coagulation necrosis; a parboiled appearance of heart, liver, 
kidneys and voluntary muscles ; congestion of the lymph glands 
and usually the presence of the specific microbes in the blood and 
local lesions. ‘The kidneys are always congested, and their epi- 
thelia granular and swollen, and there may be exudation between 


the glomeruli and their capsules. 


26 Veterinary Medicine. 


Symptoms. Septic intoxication or septic infection may be 
ushered in by a staring coat or slight chill, but it rarely shows a 
violent rigor, such as inaugurates pyeemia. There is a rapid rise 
of temperature (102° to 104°), which persists for three to seven 
days without the marked remissions of pyzemia ; weak, compressi- 
ble pulse ; great muscular debility ; hurried, shallow breathing, 
usually without cough; anorexia ; emesis in vomiting animals ; 
dusky or yellow mucose from dissolved hzmoglobin ; scanty, 
high colored urine, rarely albuminous ; dulness, sometimes ner- 
vous twitching, delirium, apathy, stupor or paraplegia ; and either 
constipation or, later, diarrhcea. When such symptoms super- 
vene on a gangrenous sore, septic abscess or fistula, retained pla- 
centa, blood clot in the uterus or elsewhere, suppurating tubercle, 
or other morbid product, gangrenous lung or other internal organ, 
purulent pericarditis, pleuritis or peritonitis, or any febrile affec- 
tion which is complicated by necrosis, septiczemia is to be sus- 
pected. ‘‘Septiceemia should always be suspected during the 
course of any disorder the lesions of which afford an opportunity 
for the growth and development of septic microdrganisms, when 
the symptoms of that disorder depart from the usual type and an 
elevated temperature continues beyond the usual duration.’’ (At- 
kinson). ‘‘ The final diagnosis of septic infection must be based 
on the existence of an infection atrium, through which pus mi- 
crobes have entered the tissues, and from which they have 
reached the general circulation.’’ (Senn). 

Prognosis is always grave. Aslight infection, overcome by the 
leucocytes or a simple septic intoxication may get well in two or 
three days, but an acute progressive septic infection will usually 
prove fatal in from one to seven days. 

Prevention does not differ from that recommended for pyzemia. 

Treatment is virtually hopeless unless it can secure the removal 
of the necrotic tissue or fermenting material from which the poi- 
son is derived. When the poisoning is due to the absorption of 
septic products only, with little or no introduction of microbes 
(septic intoxication) the removal of their source of supply may 
bring about a speedy and permanent improvement. ‘The removal 
of a putrid placenta, or liquid from the womb, followed by irriga- 
tion with an antiseptic lotion, the evacuation of a putrid abscess, 
empyema, or ascites, followed by asimilar disinfection, or indeed 
the extirpation of a sloughing and putrid mass of any kind may 


Malignant Gdema. 27 


be followed by a lowering of temperature within a few hours, and 
a steady improvement in the general symptoms. ‘The antiseptic 
agents employed must be sufficiently potent, and persistently ap- 
plied to render the surface sterile and yet not so caustic as to de- 
stroy more tissue to become a future culture-medium for the sep- 
tic microbes. Mercuric chloride (1: 2000) aluminum acetate 
(1: 100) powdered iodoform, or aristol will often serve a good 
purpose, to be followed, when necessary, by efficient drainage 
and a covering of antiseptic gauze. When the primary source of 
infection is in the intestinal canal, calomel, napthalin or B. nap- 
thol may be tried. 

For the weak heart strychnine is the most safe and reliable 
agent. Quinia in large doses acts as an antipyretic, without the 
attendant dangers of the coal tar products. It may be advanta- 
geously combined with tincture of chloride of iron. 

Ammoniacal and alcoholic stimulants are largely resorted to to 
tide the patient over the period of depression, and nourishing and 
easily digested food should be given so far as the stomach can 
make use of it. Skim milk, eggs, and beef tea may be given 
even to the herbivorous patient. 

The thirst should be met by plenty of pure water to favor elim- 
ination of the toxins, and the surface frequently sponged with 
tepid water, not only on the ground of cleanliness and disinfec- 
tion, but also as calculated to lower the febrile temperature. 


MALIGNANT C{DEMA. 


Definition. Causes. Bacillus septicemia gangrenosa, anzrobic, rarely 
in living blood. Source of germ in soils. Pathogenic to man and domes- 
tic animals except cattle. First attack immunizes. Infects deep wound, 
exudates, dropsical and gangrenous parts, womb, intestine, debilitated 
parts, large dose intravenously. Lesions and symptoms ; excess of exudate, 
boggy swelling, watery discharge, foetid gas bubbles, cedema of lungs and 
bowels. Complex infection. Minimum dose—abscess. Diagnosis: from 
black quarter and anthrax. Treatment: free incisions, hydrogen peroxide. 
Prevention : disinfection of skin and wounds. Immunity. 


Definition. An acute bacteridian disease of domestic and wild 
mammals, and of man, manifested by doughy, painful and often 
crepitating swelling in the vicinity of the affected part, and prov- 
ing fatal in many cases in twenty-four to forty-eight hours. 


28 ' Veterinary Medicine. 


Cause. ‘The essential cause is the bacillus of malignant cedema, 
the septic vibrio of Pasteur, bacillus septicus gangrenz of Ar- 
loing, the bacillus of septicaemia gangrenosa of others. 

Morphology. ‘This isastaff-shaped microbe 3-4 p. long by 1 p. 
broad, often united in chains of three or more to form long flexu- 
ous filaments. ‘They are furnished with numerous flagella by 
which they are rendered very actively motile. The movements 
are tardy or simply flexous in the filaments. Spores form in the 
isolated bacilli (not in the filaments) in suitable culture media and 
at a temperature of from 20° to 38°C. ‘They occupy a place near 
the-center of the bacilli, not the ends as in the bacillus of emphy- 
sematous anthrax. ‘The bacilli are anzerobic and die quickly in 
air, but the spores are unaffected by oxygen. The spores are simi- 
larly resistant to most disinfectants. They will grow readily in 
ordinary culture media if oxygen is excluded, for example under 
an atmosphere of hydrogen, nitrogen or carbon dioxide, and liquefy 
gelatine. Even the oxygen present in the circulating blood is 
highly inimical to them, so that they are rarely found in the blood 
during life but rapidly invade both it and the tissues after death, 
and the suspension of respiration. In peptonized and glucosed 
gelatine the colonies are characterized as globules of liquefaction 
usually combined with gas. The germ is widely distributed in 
soils in general and not confined to limited areas like the bacilli 
of anthrax and black quarter. 

Animals susceptible. "The bacillus attacks man, horse, ass, 
goat, sheep, pig, mouse, Guinea pig, rabbit, white rat, cat, dog, 
chicken, pigeon, and duck. The mature ox is immune, but 
calves suffer. Dogs are often immune having already suffered 
from the disease. ‘The first attack givesimmunity froma second. 

Infection Channels. Inoculation on an abrasion of the skin or 
surface sore is not usually infecting, the oxygen of the air des- 
troying the germ. If, however, it is inserted deeply in the con- 
nective tissue, subcutem, it grows readily in a susceptible animal. 
Hence the danger of infection in deep wounds the recesses of 
which are not exposed to the air, and in such it becomes a most 
redoubtable surgical complication. If such wounds are the seat 
of active inflammation, with abundant exudate and more or less 
exclusion of the air-bearing blood, and in cases of blood stasis 
the field is specially inviting to the bacillus. 

The debility of the injured tissue is a further invitation to the 


i 


Malignant Gdema. 29 


attack. Chauveau injected 4 to 5 ce. of virulent liquid of malig- 
nant cedema into the veins of a ram and then practised bis- 
tournage, with the result that an invasion of malignant cedema of 
the scrotum and tunica vaginalis followed immediately. Purecul- 
tures may be harmless, whilst an admixture of proteus vulgaris 
or micrococcus prodigiosus renders them most deadly (Penzo). 
Granulating wounds are even less favorable to invasion than 
simple abrasions. In these the bacillus cannot enter at once into 
the lymph channels and is exposed to destruction by the com- 
bined influence of the air and leucocytes. 

Wounds in dropsical or gangrenous parts are equally favorable, 
to the development of the bacillus. Under such conditions the 
tissues are wanting in oxygen and resemble the condition of the 
entire body after death, when the bacillus of malignant cedema 
quickly penetrates its whole substance. Petri has traced the in- 
fection through the genital passages of newly delivered rabbits, 
producing a fatal metro-peritonitis and cutaneous cedema. A 
similar invasion may take place in other susceptible parturient 
animals. Lustig in a certain number of cases satisfied himself 
that he had traced the invasion through the intestine of the living 
horse. Invasion by the lungs, even by spores, is usually 
rendered impossible by reason of the presence of the inspired air. 

' A large dose of the virus is most likely to effect a successful 
invasion, since the toxins tend to debilitate and lower the de- 
fensive powers of the tissues.and leucocytes. The effect of the 
toxins is shown under injections into the arteries, veins or trachea. 
A certain amount of hyperthermia follows, but there is rarely 
any colonization and reproduction of the bacillus in the connective 
tissue. In dogs and rabbits large doses given in this way induce 
short inspiration and broken or double expirations. In fatal 
doses death is preceded by extreme dyspnoea and convulsions. 
(Rodet and Courmont). 

Lesions and Symptoms. The tissues where invasion occurs, 
become the seat of an abundant cedematous exudation, which 
feels boggy and painful and may even crepitate when pressed or 
manipulated. In case of an open wound, there is a profuse 
liquid discharge of a yellowish watery or serous aspect, and 
bubbles of gas or froth having a somewhat fcetid odor. The 
center of the swelling may become soft and flaccid while the 


30 Veterinary Medicine. 


peripheral parts where the disease is advancing are tense and re- 
sistant. , 

In fatal cases the mucosz of the small intestine and lungs are 
usually the seats of cedema in which the bacillus is found. The 
bacilli may also be found in the liver. It is noticeable that gross 
lesions of the spleen and kidneys are usually absent, in marked 
contrast with anthrax. ‘The microbes found in the tissues may be 
in the form of bacilli, micrococci (spores, or m. prodigiosus), and 
sometimes filaments. 

Inoculation with a minimum dose usually results in local ab- 
scess only. 

Diagnosis. From emphysematous anthrax, with which malig- 
nant cedema is most likely to be confounded, it is to be distin- 
guished by its appearance anywhere outside the black quarter 
areas, by the immunity of cattle which are so obnoxious to em- 
physematous anthrax, by the susceptibility of man, who does not 
contract black quarter, by the formation of the spore near the 
middle of the bacillus in place of at one end, by its resistance to 
the action of ordinary disinfectants, and by the greater tendency 
to form filaments. 

From anthrax it is differentiated by its appearance outside 
the anthrax localities, by the absence of the bacillus from the 
blood and from the surface layers of the skin, by the normal size 
of the spleen, and by the active motility of the bacillus. Itcan- 
not be cultivated like anthrax in the free air or on the surface of 
culture media, and unlike anthrax bacillus, its cultures produce 
bubbles or gas. 

Treatment. ‘This is essentially surgical and consists in free in- 
cisions to admit air freely to all parts of the cedematous tissue, 
perfect drainage and a liberal use of peroxide ofhydrogen. Other 
disinfectants may be employed but are much less promising: ‘The 
free disinfection of the adjacent skin is an important element in 
treatment. 

Pievention. ‘This consists essentially in the thorough disinfec- 
tion of all accidental and surgical wounds, the careful cleansing 
and antisepsis of the skin before an operation, the exclusion of 
earth, manure, or water from driven wells or fountains, from all 
wounds, and above all the exclusion of proteus vulgaris, and 
micrococcus prodigiosus. 

Immunity may be secured by a first, non-fatal attack of the 
disease. 


INFECTIOUS FEVERS OF SWINE. 


One name for several affections. Differentiation, swine erysipelas, hog 
cholera and swine plague. Complex infections. Effects of large, medium 
ao small doses, of more or less potent germ, of greater or less suscepti- 

ility, : 


Until comparatively recent years the various infectious fevers 
of swine have been confounded and described as a single disease, 
the name varying in the different countries in which they were 
observed. In America it was flog Cholera, in England, Swine 
fever ; in France, Rouget; and in Germany, Schweineseuche. A 
closer study showed a marked tendency to a particular class of 
lesions in different epizodtics, and bacteriological research associ- 
ated plagues in given localities with different microbes, so that 
progress has been made in differentiating one from another toa 
certain extent. 

The first clear distinction was made in setting aside the swine 
erysipelas (rouget, rothlauf), from the rest as distinguished at 
once by its small, delicate bacillus, differing notably from the 
others in its staining and cultural peculiarities, as well as in the 
predominance of the cutaneous lesions. 

What remains after eliminating erysipelas, constitutes a group 
having so much in common that attempts at further differentiation 
have led to much disputation, and not even to-day is there such 
accord in different countries as the writer of a text-book would 
find desirable. One class of pathologists claims but one common 
disease with many varieties under different conditions, just as the 
term septicemia or blood poisoning has been made to designate a 
whole class of local and general infections, irrespective of the 
particular microbes that cause them. Others with greater pre- 
cision give the disease a name according to the causation by one 
particular microorganism, or by another, which may be closely 
related to it in many respects, but which in successive subjects 
and outbreaks, maintains its own individual characteristics as re- 
gards morphology, cultural and staining habits, pathogenesis, etc. 
The question has been rendered all the more trying, by the occa- 
sional association in the same animal system, or in the same 

31 


32 Veterinary Medicine. 


outbreak of two distinct varities of microérganisms, in place of 
one, giving rise, of course, to modifications in the symptoms, 
lesions, progress, mortality, etc. 

Apart from the microdrganisms the whole class tends to show 
a close family relationship in their pathological phenomena. 
shown under different conditions : 

Ist. Under a large dose, or specially virulent germ, in a par- 
ticularly susceptible animal, all tend to a manifestation of an 
acute septiczemia, with generally diffused petechize of the skin, 
mucosz, serosze and internal organs, blood extravasations, and 
an early high mortality. 

2d. Under a smaller dose, or a less potent germ, or in a less. 
susceptible animal the tendency is to necrotic processes in the 
seat of inoculation or the point of election of local lesions. Ne- 
crotic ulcers are especially common in cases that survive one, two 
or three weeks, or that develop in a subacute or chronic form. 

3d. Witha minimum dose of a germ of little potency, and in a 
very resistant subject even the necrotic lesions may be absent, 
and there may be suppuration only or ulceration of serosz and 
joints. 

The question of the primary identity, or disparity of the whole 
class of germs, causing the septiceemic swine plagues, may be 
practically ignored in this work ; it is important rather with our 
present knowledge to note the diseases associated with particular 
germs, or varieties of germs, and to describe these as far as 
possible as independent affections. This is as permissible as 
it is to describe small-pox, sheep-pox, and cow-pox as distinct 
affections, no matter what may be the truth or falsity as to their 
alleged original identity. 

Rouget in Europe and Hog Cholera and Swine Plague, as the 
best established types in the United States deserve primary men- 
tion, to be followed by references to additional types which have 
been found to be associated with other distinct microdrganisms. 


ROUGET, ROTHLAUF. RED FEVER OF SWINE. 
: SWINE ERYSIPELAS. 


Definition, Comparative immunity of sucking pigs. Disease unknown 
in America. ‘Causes: Bacillus erysipelatos suis, mature age, infection 
through yards, buildings, troughs, dust, mice, rabbits, pigeons, men, dogs, 
vermin, birds, butcher’s and kitchen scraps, swill, hot weather, damp sea- 
sons, Close pens, movement of swine, stockyards, fairs, public conveyances, 
public highways. Symptoms: incubation three days, chill, violet mucosz, 
hyperthermia, recumbency under litter, muscular weakness especially behind, 
inappetence, thirst, costiveness, later diarrhoea, tenderness to touch, lymph 
glands swollen, red, blue, violet or black discoloration of skin, cutaneous 
swelling and pitting. Course: death in 12 hours to 6 days, or convales- 
cence prompt. Mortality 20 to 80 percent. Lesions: congestion of capil- 
lary vessels, blood extravasations, petechie, affecting cutis and subcutaneous 
fat, lymph glands congested, discolored ; lungs engorged ; spleen enlarged, 
liver and kidneys congested, petechize general, blood little altered. Bacillus 
1.5, anaerobic, easily destroyed in pens, in pork. Pathogenesis: swine, 
rabbits, mice, rats, pigeons and sparrows suffer. Rabbit germ less fatal to 
pigs. Immunization, advantages and drawbacks. Technique. 


Definition. A microbian disease of swine manifested by high 
fever, great prostration and muscular weakness, a violet tint of 
the visible mucosze, red or violet discoloration of the skin in spots 
and patches or universally, enlargedlymph glands, encreased size 
of the spleen, and general congestion of the capillary plexus. 

Contrary to the habit of hog cholera and swine plague, rouget 
attacks mature swine mainly, the sucking pig showing a remark- 
able power of resistance. It does not appear whether this is due 
to the animal (milk) diet or to the absence of infection from feed- 
ing in the trough used by the adult animals. Up to the pfesent 
this disease has not been recognized in America. 

Causes. ‘The one essential cause of rouget is the presence of the 
bacillus. The other conditions are either such as predispose the 
animal to receive it, for example, mature age: or they are such 
as favor diffusion of the poison, such as the introduction of an in- 
fected animal, the feeding of the healthy from the same manger 
with the infected, the introduction into the manger of the feet or 
snout which have become soiled with the infected manure or 
urine, the distribution of the infection in dust, the introduction of 


3 33 


34 Veterinary Medicine. 


the bacillus in the bodies of mice, rabbits, or pigeons, or on the 
feet of those animals, of men, dogs, birds, and vermin. We may 
add the distribution of infection in dried butcher’s scraps used 
in pig feeding, and in uncooked scraps from the’kitchen or in 
hotel swill. 

It has been noted that the highest mortality prevails in hot 
summer weather, in damp seasons, and in narrow, confined, 
badly ventilated pens. Under such circumstances the introduc- 
tion of a diseased pig will lead to the infection of most of the 
others in a few hours. Infection is quite as prompt through 
public pens in stock yards and fairs, and in public conveyances 
(cars, stock wagons, steamboats, ferry boats, etc.) and public 
highways. 

Symptoms. After a period of incubation of three days or more 
the subject is seized with shivering, the limbs are hot and cold 
alternately, respiration and heart beats are accelerated, the mu- 
cous membranes assume a dark violet tint and the rectal tempera- 
ture rises to 104” to 108° F. From the first the pig tends to bury 
itself under the litter, and refuses to move unless absolutely forced 
to do so, and then only with painful grunts, swaying and stagger- 
ing limbs (especially the hind ones), and straight drooping tail. 
There is inappetence, but thirst remains, and the bowels are at 
first costive, the manure being covered with a film of mucous or 
even streaks of blood; later they become relaxed and diarrhcea 
becomes often a prominent symptom. ‘The pig seems to suffer 
and often squeals when handled, and he may give a weak, dry 
cough. The external inguinal glands may often be felt percep- 
tibly enlarged. The red discoloration of the skin appears early 
and extends and deepens to the end in fatal cases. It may be of 
a bright red, or of a bluish red, violet or black. The first indica- 
tions appear as spots, by preference around the roots of the ears, 
on the breast and abdomén, inside the arms and thighs, and in 
the perineum. These isolated spots run together into great 
patches, which extend over the whole ventral aspect of the body, 
and may cover the entire dorsal aspect as well. In some instances 
the skin is swollen and retains an impression made by the finger. 

Course. 'The disease may reach a fatal termination in twelve 
hours: more commonly it endures for forty-eight hours, and at 
times it will last for four, five or six days. In the most rapidly 


Rouget, Rothlauf. Red Fever of Swine, ete. 35 


fatal cases, the violet discoloration of the skin may be absent or 
only a little marked, while in the protracted cases it acquires its 
greatest extensions and its darkest shades. In the protracted 
cases too the prostration becomes extreme, the animal may find 
it impossible to raise himself on his hind limbs, the diarrhcea be- 
comes profuse, liquid and fetid, the respiration labored, cyanosis 
sets in and the temperature is reduced below the normal standard. 

In case of recovery, convalescence is usually prompt and com- 
plete; differing in this from cases of swine plague and hog cholera. 
The more favorable issue in rouget probably depends on the com- 
parative integrity of the intestinal mucosa and mesenteric glands, 
which are subject to slow-healing lesions in swine plague and hog 
cholera. Slow convalescence is however not uncommon, yet in 
such cases, the concurrent, speedy and complete recoveries in other 
animals in the same herd serve to identify the disease as rouget. 

Mortality. ‘The mortality among grown hogs averages eighty 
per cent. : 

‘Morbid Anatomy. ‘The most prominent lesion is the general 
congestion of the capillary blood vessels, and the numerous minute 
extravasations or petechize. ‘The skin shows in the red patches 
a general dilatation of the capillaries which have become at the 
same time elongated and tortuous, with minute, often microscopic, 
ruptures and extravasations at frequent intervals. ‘This usually 
extends to the whole thickness-of the cutis, and to a considerable 
depth in the subcutaneous fat, Where swelling occurred or pit- 
ting on pressure, a serous infiltration of the tissues is found. 
The lymph glands are uniformly enlarged and discolored, of a 
dark red, almost black, color, the congestion and extravasation 
being extreme in the cortical substance, while the medullary is 
paler, soft and cellular. The lungs are usually gorged with black 
blood suggesting death by asphyxia. In tardy cases there may, 
though rarely, be centres of broncho-pneumonia. The spleen is 
enlarged, with dark color and uneven surface from rounded 
swellings, and is filled by a soft black, bloody pulp. The liver 
is congested, the kidneys congested, enlarged and petechiated, 
and the gastric and intestinal mucosa congested and thickened, 
with desquamating epithelium, and swollen solitary and agminated 
glands, the degree of alteration usually bearing a ratio to the 
duration of the disease. The serosz are usually extensively 


36 Veterinary Medicine. 4 


petechiated and serous effusions occur into the serous cavities. 
The muscular substance of the heart and the endocardium are also 
the seats of petechial extravasations. Unless in some protracted 
cases the blood appears to be unaltered as regards its power of 
taking up oxygen, or coagulating. 

Bacillus of Rouget. ‘The germ of this disease is found in small 
numbers only, in the blood and vascular tissues, but very 
abundantly in the lymph glands, the spleen, the kidneys, and 
the red marrow of the bone. It is also present in enormous 
quantities in the urine and the bowel dejections, the former 
(urine) offering a ready means of diagnosing the disease micros- 
copically. 

The bacillus is ru to 1.5p long by 0.14 too.15 » broad,-is non- 
motile, and stains readily even in Gram’s solution. They occur 
either solitary or in pairs tending to unite at an angle. In old 
artificial culture, chains of considerable length may be formed. 
In the blood the bacillus is usually found in the leucocytes, as 
many as 20 or more being often present in a single cell. In the 
lymph networks of organs they also invade the leucocytes but 
are found in free masses as well. ‘The bacillus is anzerobic, but 
facultative zerobic, its preference being manifestly for the absence 
of oxygen. It isnonliquefying. In gelatine cultures no devel- 
opment takes place on the surface, but along the line of puncture 
a delicate cloud-like branching growth takes place which extends 
horizontally in parallel masses from the central puncture. This 
resembles but is not quite so delicate as that formed by the bacil- 
lus of mouse septiczemia with which it is supposed to be identical. 
It grows scantily on the surface of nutrient agar or blood serum, 
but not at all on bouillon, in the bottom of which, however, it 
forms a slight grayish white deposit. It does not grow on potato. 
The bacillus sometimes shows refrangent granules which have 
been supposed to be spores, but this idea appears to be negatived 
by the ease with which its vitality is destroyed by heat and disin- 
fectants. The thermal death pointis 68°C. (137° F.) maintained 
for Io minutes (Sternberg). Boulton found that it was killedin 2 
hours by mercuric chloride (1 : 10000), by carbolic acid solution 
(1: 100) and by sulphate of copper solution (1 : 100). 

It is killed by desiccation, by quick lime and by chloride of 
lime. Ata temperature of 18° to 27°F. it perished in 13 days. 
In salted pork it lost vitality in one month. 


one Rouget, Rothlauf. Red Fever of Swine, etc. 37 


Pathogenesis. ‘The bacillus is pathogenic to swine, rabbits, 
white mice, house mice, white rats, pigeons and sparrows. Field 
mice, guinea pigs and chickens are immune. 

Mice and pigeons take the disease most certainly, and die in 
three days to five, the whole body swarming with bacilli. Rab- 
bits take the disease less certainly or rapidly, inoculation in the 
ear causing first an erysipelatoid inflammation, and recovery with 
immunity often takes place. 

Immunization. When inoculated continuously from rabbit to 
rabbit it encreases its potency for that animal, which it comes to 
kill in 24 to 48 hours, but in the same ratio it loses its virulence 
for swine upon which it can then be inoculated without danger 
to their life. 

It was on this basis that Pasteur and Thuillier established in 
1883, their preventive inoculation for rouget. The method has 
been most extensively employed in Europe, and where intelli- 
gently employed has prevented this disease. From the labora- 
tory at Buda-Pest alone, there was sent out in one year material 
for 249,816 swine. 

The objections to the method are: the danger of mistaking 
hog cholera and swine plague respectively for rouget, as the 
rouget mitigated germ would be in no sense protective against 
these ; and the danger of spreading the germs of rouget in fresh 
localities and thus introducing a new plague instead of controlling 
and preventing an old one. In the Baden experiments 5.4 per 
cent. of inoculated pigs died, and of 118 unprotected pigs exposed 
to them 62 per cent. contracted the disease and one died. In 
France and Hungary, on the other hand, 1 to 1.45 per cent. died 
of the operation, instead of 20 per cent. when the disease was 
contracted in the ordinary way. 

It is held that the danger lies largely in the inoculation of very 
young pigs, and Nocard advises to operate only on those of four 
months and upward. 

The danger of spreading the germ by inoculation may be the 
more easily guarded against, considering that it is very destructible 
by disinfectant agents (heat, dryness, cold, chloride of lime, quick 
lime), and that it does not readily survive ina locality, where it 
cannot find a constant succession of victims. Yet the practice 
ought to be confined to herds exposed to infection, and under 
Special precautions, as regards the exposure of other herds. 


38 Veterinary Medicine. 


The technique of the Pasteurian inoculation is to inject, sub- 
cutem, on the inside of the thigh, 0.1 cc. of the weaker prepara- 
tion (premier vaccin), and twelve days after a similar dose of the 
stronger one (deuxieme vaccin). 

This produces a mild attack of the disease from which the great 
majority recover, and though they still react somewhat toa 
second and third inoculation, yet the disease so produced is rarely 
fatal. . 


CHOLERA SUIS ; HOG CHOLERA. 


Definition, Synonyms, History, Losses. Bacillus cholerze suis, 1.2—24. , 
zerobic, biology, table of germs; accessory causes, roaming pigs, railways, 
car litter and manure, boats, trucks, loading banks, chutes, runways, stock- 
yards, pens. fairs, watershed, butchers, dealers, etc., wagons, dogs, birds, 
vermin, insects, offal of abattoirs, butcher’s and kitchen scraps, unburied 
carcasses of dead hogs, convalescent and immune hogs, susceptibility, para- 
sites and infection atria, putrid food, infection from ground carried into 
feeding trough by snout and feet, large herds, rapid carriage of swine for 
long distances. Lesions ; heemorrhagic spots and petechiz on skin, mucose 
and serosee, circumscribed capillary congestions, congestion of spleen, 
lymph glands, stomach, intestines, necrotic processes. Button like ulcers. 
on intestinal mucose. Incubation, 6 to 14 days. Symptoms: fulminant 
cases. Acute Cases: dulness, anorexia, recumbency on belly, weakness, 
paresis behind, thirst, tenderness of skin and abdomen, hyperthermia, 
easily blown, blush on skin, dark red spots and patches, enlarged inguinal 
glands, cutaneous exudate—greasy or drying black, bowels costive, later 
pultaceous and finally diarrhceaic, petechia on mucosz, emaciation. 
Chronic Cases : symptoms more slight, but great loss of condition. Diagno- 
sis: from swine erysipelas, swine plague, Widal test, table of differential 
symptoms. Prevention: expense of extinction prevents effective measures ; 
removal of accessory causes, comfort, air, light, food, salt, powered soaps, 
mouldy bread, cotton seed, space, green food, precautions against introduc- 
tion of bacillus, special shipping provisions for fat hogs, exclusion of stock. 
hogs from infected localities, precautions by purchasers. Immunization. 
Disinfection. Certificates. Extinction in herds and districts. Treatment : 
chronic cases, food, antiseptic medication, antithermics stimulants, tonics. 
Serum therapy, method, merits, demerits. 


Definition. A contagious bacteridian disease of swine, acute 
or subacute, and characterized by hyperthermia and other febrile 
disorders, —congestion, exudation, ecchymosisand necrotic ulcera- 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, ete. 39° 


tion of the intestinal mucosa and of that of the stomach and of 
other parts,—by a profuse foul, liquid diarrhoea, by enlargement 
of the lymph glands with congestion and blood extravasation, — 
by effaceable blotches, and petechize (ineffaceable) of the skin, 
snout and visible mucose, with a tendency to necrotic changes— 
less frequently by pulmonary congestions, and degeneration,—and 
by a high mortality. 

Synonyms. ‘The earlier designations were mostly drawn from 
the red or black discoloration of the skin and mucosz and ap- 
plied indiscriminately to the other forms of hemorrhagic sep- 
ticeemia which we now differentiate as erysipelas (rouget, Roth- 
lauf) and swine plague. They included measles, erysipelas, 
scarvlatina, red soldier, purples, blue sickness, carbuncular fever, etc. 
Others basing their nomenclature on the prominent intestinal 
lesions, etc., designated it typhoid fever, pig typhoid, typhus, car- 
buncular gastro-enteritis, pneumo-enteritis, and diphtheria. Even 
in Europe while the pig erysipelas (rouget, Rothlauf) is now 
recognized as a distinct disease there is no clear distinction made 
between hog cholera, and swine plague. In England we find these 
more or less confounded under the names of swine fever, swine 
plague and hog cholera, and on the continent of Europe under 
those of schweineseuche and schweinepest, or pneumo-enteritis in- 
fectieuses. Differences in different epizootics or outbreaks are 
recognized, and the field is left open for the future identification 
of different forms of this common group of swine fevers, but the 
existence of constant bacteriological distinctions are not always 
insisted on, as we do in the United States in the case of the two 
great leading types swine-plague and hog cholera. 

History. Definite history of this disease may be said to begin 
with the discovery and demonstration of the actively motile hog 
cholera bacillus by the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry in 1885. 
Yet in the history of animal plagues, even in early times, deadly 
epizootics are described which undoubtedly represented one or 
other of the contagious affections of modern times. Among the 
more definite may be named a destructive gastro-enteritis (magen 
seuche) in Germany in 1817, a pleuro-pneumonia in France and 
Bavaria in 1821, a cholera with blotching of the skin (morbus 
niger) in Ireland, and an erysipelas in pigs in France and 
Switzerland in 1836, and in Ohio in 1833, there was a fatal 


40 Veterinary Medicine. 


affection afterward recognized as hog cholera. Writers con- 
jecture that it was imported into America from Europe in im- 
proved pigs, and from one European country to another in the 
same way, but we have no absolute proof of times and shipments 
and their immediate effects, so that these theories are but more or 
less reasonable deductions from the familiar extensions of the 
disease in more recent cases. Under the great commercial activity 
of the latter half of the rgth century, the active movements of 
animals by canal, steamboat and rail, and the massing together 
in one market of many animals drawn from widely different 
sources, hog cholera has made extraordinary extensions on both 
sides of the Atlantic, until Friedberger and Frohner pronounce 
the schweinesetche and schweinepest the most widely disseminated 
and dangerous of swine epizootics, and.Dr. Salmon estimates the 
losses in the United States at $10,000,000 to $25,000,000, per 
annum. 

Bacteriology. Prior to 1885 bacteria had been found in the 
different outbreaks of contagious fevers in swine, and the bacillus 
of swine erysipelas had been demonstrated in 1882, but it was 
only two years later (1884) that the motile bacillus cholerz suis 
was first described by Klein, and in 1885 that Salmon and Smith 
described it as the essential cause of the disease, together with 
its biological and cultural peculiarities. 

It is a short bacillus, 1.2 to 24 X 0.5 to 0.84, but varying con- 
siderably in size according to the stage of its growth and the 
genera of animal or culture medium in which it is grown. It has 
rounded ends and is usually in pairs connected by an invisible 
band. It stains promptly in all the aqueous aniline colors, but 
loses the stain in a solution of iodine (Gram’s). Prolonged ex- 
posure of artificial cultures produces an uniform stain, while a 
transient exposure, and especially of bacilli obtained from the 
tissues, stains them most deeply at the ends (polar) and periphery, 
while the centre remains somewhat clear. ‘This is less marked 
than in the bacillus of swine plague, yet serves to show the rela- 
tion between this microbe and the colon group. 

It is @vobic (facultative anerobic), non-liquefying, and, in 
fluids, very actively motile, the movements lasting for months in 
preserved specimens (Smith). It grows luxuriantly in various 
culture media, and especially in alkaline ones, at the room 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, ete. 41 


temperature, and most actively at 85° to 100° F. It may grow 
as low as 60° to 70° F. and as high as 104°. (Swine plague 
bacillus grows at 55.4°). 

On peptonized gelatine the surface colonies are usually round 
and flattened, those in its substance globular and smaller, and 
those at the bottom expanded next the glass and rising in the 
center into the gelatine like a knob. At 48 hours they appear as 
opaque whitish points and slowly increase to 4 to2mm. They 
may be brown by transmitted light, the depth of color increasing 
with age. On agar the colonies are grayish, ‘shining and trans- 
lucent and may reach the size of 4to6mm. On fofato (alkaline) 
a straw yellow film is formed, darkening with growth. In doudl- 
Jon a turbidity appears in 24 hours, and in 1 or 2 weeks a precipi- 
tate and surface film. 

The bacillus is usually larger in the gelatine and smaller in the 
bouillon than it isin the tissues. It seems to produce neither 
phenol nor indol. 

Its behavior with sugars is significant. It ferments glucose 
producing acid and gas; does not ferment saccharose nor lactose, 
but turns the saccharose solution alkaline (no gas). In bouillon 
containing muscle glucose, it may without additional glucose 
form a little gas. The swine plague bacillus ferments saccharose 
producing acids but no gas: it ferments neither glucose nor lac- 
tose but turns the former acid. 

Milk is neither coagulated nor soured by the hog cholera 
bacillus, but in 3 to 4 weeks it undergoes a change, becoming 
saponified. 

Cultures have no special nor offensive odor. Some varieties 
in close tubes may cause a faint acid odor. 

Oxygen is not essential to the success of a culture. The colo- 
nies form as promptly and as large in the depths of gelatine, or 
in a vacuum, as if in free air. 

The following table will serve to show differences between the 
hog cholera bacilli, and related pathogenic microbes: 


42 
Hog Cholera. 


1.2 to 24 X 5 to 0,.84.___ 
Ends rounded _________ 
Involution forms_______ 
Actively motile in liquids 


Flagella _.________----. 
Stains throughout, light 
er in center_________- 


Bleaches in Gram’s (I 
Sol, so-ees cs tscoce 

ABrobic (Fac. Anaerobic) 

Vigorous growth in alka- 
line nutrient fluids ___ 


Active growth on potato 
yellowish, becoming 
darker 

On gelatine,small,round 
brownish colonies__... 


Nonliquefying 
On agar conical colonies, 
grayish white, semi- 
translucent. shining__ 
In milk grows freely, no 
acid, no clot : Saponi- 
fies in 3 or 4 weeks___ 
Forms no indol in pan- 
creatic bouillon______ 
Feiments glucose, form- 
ing acid and gas______ 
Lactose not fermented __ 
Saccharose not ferment- 
ed ; alkalinity ; no gas 
Thermal death point 
(moist) 58° C. in 15 
minutes _-_____-_-__. 
Desiccated it dies accord- 
ing to bulk in 7 to 49 
ay S).cc we eeoeseccs 
Dies in water in 3 to 4 
months _____________- 
Dies in soil in 2 to 3 
months____-_----___- 


Pathogenic to swine, rab- 
bits, guinea pigs, mice, 
pigeons 


Veterinary Medicine. 


McFadyean’s. 


Swine fever B____-_--_- 
I to 24 X 0.6m. ---. ---- 
Ends rounded_____.__-- 


Actively motile 


stain 


Slight growth in alkaline 
nutrient fluids_ -__-_- 


No growth on potato___ 
On gelatine light bluish 
colonies shading off in- 
sensibly at edges_____ 
Nonliquefying --__---__ 
On agar slight, transpa- 
ent, almost invisible 


growth _____-________ 
Grows in milk, no clot _ 


Thermal death point 58° 
C. in 10 minutes _.__. 


Dies quickly, if dried at 
body temperature ____ 


Pathogenic to swine and 
rabbits 


Guinea pigs immune -__ 


Swine Plague. 


B Pestis Suis___-_-_____ 
0.8 to 1.54 X 0.6 to 0. 8% 
Ends rounded_____---- 
Involution forms______. 
Nonmotile_______.____. 


No Flagella____ ---__. _- 
From fresh organs polar 
stain, from old cultures 
uniform_ __-_-------- 
Bleaches in Gram’s (I) 
Sol 
Zrobic,(Fac. Anzrobic} 
Weak growth in alkaline 
nutrient fluids_ ______ 


On potato at 37°C. a 
slight, thin gray, waxy 
layer,-2.2 2 2225 .cces es 

On gelatine feeble 
growth or none ______ 

Nonliquefyiug -___--__- 

On agar, grayish traus- 
lucent, or brown, 
knobbed, waving edges 

Grows in milk, no acid, 
no clot ___.-___------ 

Forms no indol in pan- 
creatic bouillon__-___ 

Does not ferment glu- 
cose, forms acid, no gas 

Lactose not fermented__ 

Saccharose fermented, 
forms acid, no gas____ 

Thermal death point 
(moist) 58°C. in 7 min- 


Dies in 3 days if dried__ 


Dies in water in 10 to 15 
AY So cccco eee 


Dies in soil in 4 to 6 days 


Pathogenic to swine, 
hens, pigeons, pheas- 
ants, sparrows, mice, 
rabbits, cattle, deer, 
guinea pigs; etc, _____ 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, 


Swine Erysipela,. 


B. of S. Erysipelas_____ 
I to 1.5 X 0.1 to O.2u__ 
Ends rounded 


Nonmotile in liquids ___ 
No flagella______________ 
Stains readily and uni- 
formly __-___ ________ 
Stains in Gram’s (I) 
Sol. cescn5 cps eee 
Anerobic (F. Arobic) - 
Active growth in com 
mon nutrient liquids 
Bb 37°C ios 
Usually no growth on 
potato ; variable _____ 
In gelatine stab culture 
delicate feathery, 
branching growth____ 
Nonliquefying_ -__.---- 


Grows in milk; acidi- 
fies, often coagulates it 


Thermal death point 
(moist) 58°C. in 10 
minutes __-__-------- 

Loses virulence rapidly 
when dried ____ ------ 

Dies in water in 18 to 20 
days : 

Lives and even multi. 
plies in rich soils, 
manures, etc. ____---- 

Loses virulence slowly in 
light and air_-_-- eee 

Pathogenic to swine, 
pigeons, sparrows,rab- 
bits, white and house 
mice, white rats___- -- 


Guinea pigs, field mice 
and hens immune-_-__- 


B.Coli Commune. 


2 to 3u X 0.4 to o 64____ 
Ends rounded -_____ -___ 
Involution forms. ___-~- 
Nonmotile or very slight- 

ly so 
No flagella _____. -..-___ 
Stains uniformly or polar 


AXrobic (F. Anzerobic)_ 
Grows well in usual nu- 
trient liquids, even if 
acids) .2 22220-50225 
Yellowish thick white 
growth on potato ____ 


In gelatine amber colo- 
nies, becoming brown; 
may be bubbles of gas 

Nonliquefying _-__. -___ 


Acidifies and clots milk 
in 8 to 10 days 


Thermal death po int 
(moist) 60°C in Io 
minutes __...---- ---- 


ete. 43 


Typhoid Fever. 


B. Typhi Abdominalis__ 
I to 34 X 0.6 to 0.84____ 
Ends rounded ___.-__. _. 
Involution forms_-_____- 
Motile______. _-__ ----_- 


Plagella...-2-<<2ses 2. 
Stains uniformly (points 
Cléar):2225 45 .cc-ce ic 


Bleaches in Gram’s ____ 


ZErobic (F. Anzrobic)_ 
Grows well in usual nu- 
trient liquids -______- 


Grows on potato; trans- 
parent glistening sur- 
faeC@s toot o os foe ece 

ON gelatine clear colo- 
nies with radiating and 
encircling lines._____ 

Nonliquefying -___--__- 


Acidfies milk growing 
freely nto sess Gee 


Thermal death point 
(moist) 56°C. in 10 
minutes __._-__---_-_ 


Lives and grows in feeces 


44 
Hog Cholera. 


Hen or pigeon hasslcugh 
where inoculated, diar- 
rhoea,ruffled plumage, 
somnolence_____. ---- 


Rabbits getting o Icc. 
virulent culture sub- 
cutem diein 5 to7 days 
with eularged spleen 
and necrotic liver foci. 

Weaker culture kills in 
Io to 20 days with en 
larged spleen, or re 
covery enstes____-__- 

Guinea pigs die in 7 to 12 


Swine inoculated subcu- 
tem have often local 
lesions and bacilli, also 


Veterinary Medicine. 


McFadyean’s. 


Rabbits getting 0.5 to 
Ice. culture subcutem 
had tumor like walnut 


but recovered 


Swine Plague. 


Hen or pigeon dies in 48 
hours, after drowsi- 
uess, drooping wings, 
sunken head, ruffled 
plumage, liquid stools, 
soit, black comb and 
wattles, prostration __ 

Rabbits getting o.orcc. 
culture subcutem die 
in 16 to 20 hours, with 
inflamed serose and 
lung; Petechize ._____ 

Weak cultures kill in 4 
to 10 days, with in- 
flamed serosz and sup 
puration_-__-___-_---_- 

Guineapigs die in 1 to 4 

Swine inoculated have 
local lesions only, only 
exceptionally fatal___ 


in lymph glands, only 
exceptionally fatal___ 
Ingestion of virulent cul- 
tures by fasting pig 
causes bowel lesions 
and death 
Intravenous inoculation 
in pig causes septice- 
mic lesions and death, 
or chronic diseases and 
typical bowel ulcers__ 


Ingestion of 30cc. by 
pigs proved always 
fatal 


Ingestion of virulent cul- 
tures by pigs is nsually 
harmless 


Intravenous inoculation 
causes septicemia and 
death in 1 or 2 days__ 


Intrapulmonary infec- 
tion causes pleuro- 
pneumonia _____*____ 

a erysipelas kills inoculated pigeon in 3 to 8 days, and rebbit in 4 to 8 

ays. 


Invisible, Infinitesimal Hog Cholera Microbe. 


The later research of Dorset, Bolton and McBryde, of the Bu- 
reau of Animal Industry, shows clearly that the Bacillus Pestes 
Suis (B. Suisepticus) and the &. Cholere Suis do not exhaust 
the list of pathogenic microbes in the familiar swine fevers. An 
infinitesimal microbe which passes readily through the Chamber- 
land and Berkefield filters, and the existence of which has not 
been demonstrated by staining and microscope, produces symp- 
toms and lesions as characteristic as those due to the pure cul- 
tures of the hog cholera bacillus and is incomparably more infect- 
ing. It is also much more deadly, but the few animals that 
recover from the disease show an immunity as strong as that which 
follows an attack of the disease caught by simple exposure. 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, ete. 45 


Recovered cases after the disease caused by a pure culture of hog 
cholera bacillus do not show such immunity. It would appear, 
therefore, as if the hog cholera bacillus were an attendant com- 
plication, though by no means a harmless one, whilst the pri- 
mary infecting factor is the, as yet unseen, infinitesimal organism. 

Of 21 pigs herded with pigs that had been injected subcutem 
with pure cultures of Bacillus Cholere Suis, only one showed any 
sickness, and that very slight. The blood of the injected pig to 
which this was exposed, though injected intravenously into a 
healthy pig, had no ill effect, showing the absence of both the 
B. Cholere Suis and the unseen infinitesimal organism. ‘The 
one which had slight sickness, when afterward penned with casual 
case$ of hog cholera, proved immune. 

Eighteen of the above 21 pigs, exposed to swine injected with 
pure cultures of the Bacillus Cholerz Suis, were afterward put in 
a pen with cases of casual hog cholera and 16 sickened. The 
rate of mortality in these 16 is not mentioned. The two other - 
pigs were evidently immune. One had shown slight illness as 
named above, when exposed to hogs injected with pure cultures 
of Bacillus Cholere Suis, and both resisted infection when 
penned with hogs suffering from casual hog cholera. 

Of 11 pigs, injected subcutem, with blood from hogs sick from 
administration of pure Cultures of B. Cholere Suis, none sick- 
ened, and of 10 of these, exposed to infection in a pen with casual 
cases, 9 sickened and 7 died. 

Of 19 pigs injected subcutem with pure Cultures of B. Cholere 
Suis, 3 only died and 8 showed no illness. Of 2 fed with the 
same B. Cholere Suis in pure cultures, both sickened and recov- 
ered. Of the 18 survivors, placed in a pen with casual hog chol- 
era cases, 16 sickened and died. Six of these had already shown 
sickness from injections of pure cultures and 2 from being fed on 
them, while 8 had shown no illness as the result of these cul- 
tures. ‘The 2 survivors had both sickened from injections of the 
pure cultures. 

Two sound pigs injected subcutem with blood from a case of 
casual hog cholera, and the blood taken at intervals from the tail, 
and in each instance disposed of, 1st by injecting a sound hog sub- 
cutem, and 2d by culture in neutral bouillon, it transpired that 
blood proved infecting to the two hogs on the second day, while 
the bouillon was not successfully inoculated with the B. Cholere 


46 Veterinary Medicine. 


Suzs until the blood of the third and fifth day (in different cases) 
was reached. ‘The blood of the inoculated pig was therefore in- 
vaded by the infinitesimal microbe from one to three days before 
it was invaded by the B. Cholere Suzs. 

Of 36 pigs injected subcutem with unfiltered serum from cas- 
ual cases of hog cholera, all sickened, 24 died, 10 were killed 
when moribund, and 2 recovered. Of 61 pigsinjected subcutem 
with an equal amount of serum from casual hog cholera cases, 
but which had been passed through a Chamberland or Berkefield 
filter, 58 sickened, 39 died, 10 were killed when moribund, 9 
recovered, and 3 showed no illness. Though there is here a slight 
reduction in the mortality from the filtered product, and though 
sickness often occurred slightly earlier from the unfiltered mate- 
rial, this is of little account in solving the question before us. 
That the filtered serum was free from 2B. Cholere Suis was shown 
by its inability to produce these in culture tests as well as by its 
harmlessness when inoculated on rabbits and Guineapigs. The 
9 hogs that recovered proved immune, for all resisted when 
placed in a pen with casually infected hogs, one died but without 
evident lesions of hog cholera. Finally, the blood of the pigs 
injected with the filtered hog cholera blood proved infecting to 
other pigs when inoculated or fed to them. 

Assuming that due care was exercised to prevent the casual 


introduction of B. Cholere Suis the following conclusions seem 
warranted : i 


The infinitesimal filterable hog cholera Bacillus Cholere Suis. 
microbe. 


Very contagious from pig to pig by simple Not contagious by exposure. 
exposure. 

Filtered injections subcutem constantly Pure cultures injected subcutem, 
virulent, usually fatal. usually harmless to pig ; dead- 


ly to rabbit and Guineapig. 
Injections of blood subcutem, constantly Injections of blood subcutem, 


virulent and fatal. usually harmless. 
Intravenous injections of blood constant- Blood intravenously virulent and 
ly virulent and fatal. fatal. 
Cases that recover strongly immune. Recovered cases show little im- 
munity. 


Accessory Causes. ‘These are especially those conditions which 
favor the transmission of the germ from animal to animal. They 
include the reprehensible habit of allowing swine to run at large 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, etc. 47 


so that herd mingles with herd ; the freedom to wander along 
the lines of railroad by which hogs are carried, and where the 
infected excretions fall on the ground ; the scattering of infected 
litter or manure from a car or boat; the use of the same cars, 
boats or trucks for the conveyance of infected and sound pigs in 
succession, without intermediate disinfection; the use of the 
same loading banks, chutes, runways, yards, pens and feeding 
and watering troughs by strange pigs from all sources in succes- 
sion, without constant disinfection ; the purchase of stock swine 
at public markets; the return of swine from public fairs and 
exhibitions; the feeding and watering of pigs on the line of 
streams that have drained pig pens or pastures higher up; the 
use for pigs of premises that have harbored infected ones at an 
earlier (even distant) date: the supply of food or litter from 
barns where pigs have recently died ; the admission to the pens 
or yards of butchers, dealers or others who are likely to carry 
infection on their persons ; the admission even of wagons, dogs 
or other animals, including birds, tame and wild, which are liable 
to carry infection. Of all birds, the buzzard is the most to be 
shunned as having presumably just come from infected carrion, 
but barnyard fowl and small birds that feed from the same trough 
‘with the pig are to befeared aswell. The same remark applies 
to rats and mice, squirrels, skunks, woodchucks and rabbits 
which may easily carry the infection on their paws. If the infec- 
tion is near, flies and other insects, in the warm season, will con- 
vey it for some distance from herd to herd. A common cause is 
the feeding of swine about abattoirs where they devour the offal 
and waste in araw condition. Another is the feeding of board- 
ing house, hotel and other kitchen slops, raw, or without the most 
exhaustive precautions in the way of cooking. Many outbreaks 
can be traced in this way to the consumption by the animals of the 
products of infected swine. Some indeed are fostered by the 
utter neglect of the parties in charge of an infected herd, in leav- 
ing the infected carcasses exposed so that they are eaten by 
wandering hogs. or portions are carried away by buzzards, car- 
rion crows, dogs and otheranimals. In some cases a strong wind 
will carry the infection on dust, straw or other light object into 
sound herds at a distance. The introduction into a hitherto 
healthy herd of an apparently sound pig may be the occasion of 
a deadly outbreak. The strange new pig may have already had 


48 Veterinary Medicine. 


the disease, and in a condition of immunity, may without hurt to 
itself, carry the germ which becomes so fatal to the susceptible. 
This susceptibility is one of the most important factors. It 
may be inherent in a given family or strain of blood. It may be. 
enhanced by a constitutional weakness, engendered by too close 
breeding, by breeding from the young and immature, or from the 
old and worn out. It may be favored by a general debility from 
starvation, faulty or injudicious feeding, as exclusive feeding on 
corn (maize), an unbalanced ration, feeding cotton seed, irregu- 
lar feeding, etc. It may result from parasitism, as round worms 
in the lungs, bowels, muscles, fat, kidneys or liver, from trichi- 
nosis, from cysticerci, echinococci, or from distomatosis. These 
not only lessen the force of constitutional and phagocytic resist- 
ance, but they also in many cases open the way for the entrance 
of the microbe by the wounds which they inflict. Perhaps noth- 
ing operates more effectively in this way than the attacks of other 
pathogenic microbes. The treatment of the domestic hog is often 
such that it would almost appear as ifit were designed to destroy 
health and vitality. He is used to clear up the soiled and spoiled. 
provender which has been rejected by other animals. Decayed 
vegetable and flesh of all kinds, which is no longer fit for other 
use, is supposed to be good for him and is furnished raw. Worse 
still, this is conveyed in barrels that are never washed, but are 
sent for each new supply reeking with abominations which render 
them a nuisance on the highway. It is left standing till wanted 
in these barrels, or it still larger receptacles, which are never 
emptied or cleaned, but are allowed in the hottest weather, to 
continue a hotbed of the foulest fermentations. On a smaller 
scale the kitchen swill barrel becomes a similar centre of decom- 
position, Even at the creamery and cheese factory the surplus. 
or waste products often remain in a common tank breeding larve, 
toxins and ptomaines, before they are fed to the hogs. In the. 
hog pen, or yard, corn in the ear is thrown on the ground, already 
filthy with the solid and liquid excretions and is eaten with the 
rotting, if not infecting, filth in which it has been rolled. From 
grubbing in this filth with his snout, the pig plunges the latter in. 
the liquid food in his trough and too often he gets his feet into- 
the food as well, and further charges it with the injurious fer- 
ments. Again the kitchen swill is liable to contain various in- 
organic poisons and notably the carbonates and bicarbonates of 


. 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, ete. 49 


potash and soda which are used to excess in the form of powdered 
soaps and, as shown by experiment, are deadly poisons to pigs. 

The gastro-intestinal disorders caused by these poisons ; (it 
may be botulism from stale or decomposing flesh, fish or fowl, the 
poisoning by mouldy bread or musty grain, or meal, or by the 
toxins of the many and varied saprophytic fermentations), often 
prove as deadly as outbreaks of genuine hog cholera, and are 
habitually mistaken for them. They do not, however, as a rule 
extend beyond the particular herd which has been exposed to the 
faulty management, and introduce no risk of a general spreading 
infection. The careless owner suffers and adjacent herds escape, 
unless exposed to similar causes. But if the hog cholera germ is 
present these pave the way for its destructive advance and tend 
to enhance the mortality. It may even be that the combination 
of the two factors isa condition of the eruption of a severe attack. 
The faulty feeding or food or poison by itself could be resisted, 
and the comparatively non-virulent hog cholera bacillus might 
have been resisted, ‘but with weakened system and digestive 
apparatus, the microbe finds a specially inviting field in which it 
can multiply destructively, and where it can gather a virulence 
which will enable it to invade and sweep away herd after herd in 
a deadly epizootic. 

I may add, as a prominent factor in the great modern exten- 
sions of hog cholera, the habitual aggregation of swine in large 
herds. ‘This with the rapid steam transit of modern times, and 
the great aggregations of hogs in one common market, probably 
contributes more than anything else to the extraordinary diffusion 
of the infection. By accident, purchase or otherwise, a large 
herd becomes infected, and the owner, knowing that delay is 
ruin, at once ships the apparently healthy animals to market ; 
these infect anything they or their excretions come in contact 
with; if sold in smaller lots they carry infection into every 
locality where they go, and along the route ; if sold for slaughter, 
they still diffuse infection through the herds that receive their 
butcher and kitchen trimmings. 

Finally other domestic animals may bring in an infection which 
becomes manifested by symptoms similar to those of hog cholera, 
and which if really different, yet serves to pave the way for such 
an outbreak. Galtier’s remarkable experience with a pneumo- 
enteritis in sheep, introduced into five separate flocks by infected 


4 


50 Veterinary Medicine. 


pigs from the same market, is significant in this respect. It is 
further significant that the hog cholera bacillus is a very protean 
microbe. ‘Th. Smith, to whom we owe more than to any one 
else the identification of the germ, gives seven varieties, which 
showed well-marked distinctions in their morphology, in their 
modes of growth on culture media, in the amount of gas they 
respectively produced in a glucose bouillon, or in their patho- 
genesis for rabbits. One of these modified germs which has 
largely parted with its virulence for pigs and some other animals, 
may under specially favorable conditions, resume its former po- 
tency and proceed on a new career of infection. 

Lesions in the Acute or Septicemic Form. The skin and sub- 
cutaneous fat are the seats of diffuse blotches or spots of a deep red 
varying from dark purple to light red, confined it may be to the 
inner sides of the arms and thighs, the belly, the ears, eyelids, and 
muzzle, or it may be all but uniformly diffused over the body. 
When pressed so as to expel the blood, the greater part of the 
surface may be momentarily whitened, but red points remain 
representing the minute extravasations. Under the microscope 
the red points show tortuous and enlarged capillaries with here 
and therea rupture and minuteclot. The visible mucose may 
show similiar petechize, as may also the serosze of the chest, cra- 
nium and abdomen. In the latter, blood extravasations are liable 
to be more extensive. The spleen and lymph glands ( particu- 
larly those of the bowels and omentum, the sublumbar and sub- 
dorsal regions) are usually enlarged, gorged with blood and 
softened. Many of the lymph glands may escape, and in others 
the congestion is largely confined to the cortical portion. The 
lungs may show petechize and even extensive hemorrhages into 
their substance. The kidneys may show petechiz in the glome- 
ruli, the medullary substance, the papillae or the pelvic mucosa, 
or there may be larger circumscribed haemorrhages. 

The stomach in its greater curvature especially is usually 
deeply congested and petechiated, with small submucous extrava- 
sations, and these conditions are liable to be still more marked in 
the small intestines and especially in the large, which may havea 
dark red or port winehue. Blood may be present in clots among 
the contents. Necrotic ulcers are absent. 

Lesions in the Protracted and Chronic Forms. The lesions of 
the skin are usually less. extensive than in the acute type, and 
may be almost entirely absent. The lymph glands are enlarged 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, ete. 51% 


and congested, though the discoloration may be largely confined 
to the cortical layer. The spleenisas arule normal insize. The 
liver is firm, but it may show softening of the secreting acini and 
encrease of the fibrous framework. Petechize or circumscribed 
hzemorrhages may or may not be present on or under the seros 
or in the tissues. 

The characteristic lesions belong to the gastric-intestinal organs. 
Congestions and ulcers may be found on the gastric mucosa, on 
that of the smallintestine, and rectum, but they are above all com- 
mon on the ileoczecal valve, caecum and first half of the colon. In 
the earlier stages of these lesions mucosa and submucosa are the 
seat of a congestion and exudation, but later the round button- 
like ulcer usually stands out prominently with its necrotic centre 
dirty-white, brown or black, and composed of superposed layers, 
the whole resting on a congested and thickened submucosa. 
This contains small round and giant cells and may show consider- 
able encrease in connective tissue. The ulcers may be seated on 
the agminated or solitary glands but do not show the same pre- 
dilection for these parts which is seen in typhoid fever. 

Incubation. This varies, according to the dose and suscepti- 
bility, from two or three to as many as thirty days. With the 
short incubation the disease tends to assume its most acute and 
deadly type, while the prolonged incubation bespeaks a milder 
form. During ordinary outbreaks from six to fourteen days 
represent the average interval between exposure and the onset of 
active symptoms. During the extreme heats of summer and the 
excessive cold of midwinter in our northern states incubation 
tends to be shortened. 

Symptoms in Fulminant Type. In violent outbreaks some pigs 
are found dead without observed preliminary symptoms, and have 
been set down as fulminant examples of the disease. When these 
occur during very hot weather, in open yards or fields, there is 
reason to believe that insolation, acting on a system rendered 
specially susceptible by the toxic fever, has much to do with the 
early death. Though seldom observed during life, it has been 
said that such cases, show extreme dulness, prostration, stupor, 
weakness, unsteady gait, thirst, hyperthermia, persistent recum- 
bency, and at times red blotching of the skin and even convulsions. 

Symptoms in Acute Type. In contrast with erysipelas these may 
advance slowly and insidiously, there is a lack of the customary life 
and vivacity, the tail droops, appetite is impaired, the pig creeps 


‘* 52 Veterinary Medicine. 


under the litter and lies there, preferably on its belly, a great part 
of its time, there may even be tremors suggestive of slight chill, 
when moved it shows weakness, may stagger, or it may have 
difficulty in rising on its hind limbs and there is encreased thirst 
and heat of the skin. Even in the absence of shivering or chill, 
the skin is usually tender to the touch, calling out plaintive grunt- 
ing or squealing, and the same is often true of manipulation of the 
belly. The temperature is raised, yet this must be compared 
with the previous temperature under the conditions in which the 
pig has been kept. That may have been anywhere from 100° F. 
in a confined, cold, draughty pen, to 104° F. in a warm, dry pen 
and with plenty of exercise. In hog cholera it may rise 1 ° to 3° 
The patient is breathless under exertion, the circulation is accel- 
erated and the mucosz congested. 

Sooner or later, (usually by the second or third day) the skin 
shows an erythematous bltish, especially on the ears, breast, belly 
and inner sides of the thighs and forearms, in greater part effaceable 
by pressure but promptly reappearing and complicated by darker 
spots of extravasation which retain their color under pressure. 
The blush may appear in spots of jy to inch in diameter, or-it 
may cover the region, or indeed the whole body uniformly. At 
first of a brighter red it tends to passin succession through the 
different shades of purple and violet. Appetite becomes more and 
more impaired, and in exceptional cases vomiting may occur, but 
often the pig will drink liquid food to the last. A marked symp. 
tom is the enlargement of the inguinal lymph glands, which may 
even be tender. An early symptom is watering of the eyes, and 
later a muco-purulent exudate may form, anddrying, gum the 
lids together. An abundant exudate appears on the skin as 
the disease advances, most abundantly about the eyelids, roots of 
the ears, axillee and groins, but often covering the whole body, 
forming a foul greasy inunction, and later a black scaly covering: 

The bowels may be costive at first, with feeces, firm, moulded, 
and covered with mucous, and this may continue to the end. In 
most cases, however, about the second or third day they become 
soft, pultaceousand finally liquid, profuse, foetid, and mixed with 
abundance of mucous or even blood. The color varies, they may 
be whitish, yellowish (on maize diet ), red, or black ( on swill ). 

Petechize usually form on the mucosz and small sloughs and 
ulcers may be found on the lips, tongue or elsewhere on the buc- 
cal mucosa. 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, etc. 53 


A cough may be present but is by no meansa marked symptom. 

Emaciation advances with great rapidity, the patient arches the 
back, tucks up the abdomen, moves weakly and unsteadily or is 
unable to rise, and dies in one or several weeks, it may be quietly 
or in a state of coma, but usually without convulsions. 

Symptoms in Subacute and Chronic Forms. In this type the 
disease may be obscure, and even overlooked, so that infected 
animals carry the microdrganism into fresh herds, without rousing 
a suspicion as to its true source. In other cases, aftera slow and 
progressive development, it takes on such a distinct pathognomo- 
nic character that its diagnosis becomes more easy. 

In the slightest cases there may be only a capricious or irregu- 
lar appetite, drooping tail, enlarged inguinal glands, and a pro- 
gressive emaciation, with loss of life and strength and occasiona 
irregularity of the bowels. The greasy exudation on the skin 
and black scaly encrustation is not uncommon. Such patients 
usually survive but they are liable to prove unthrifty and un- 
profitable. 

In other cases the pig becomes dull and listless, leaves its fel- 
lows, creeps and lies much under the litter, has impaired or 
irregular appetite, some costiveness followed by a foetid diarrhcea, 
abdominal tenderness, enlarged inguinal glands, progressive ema- 
ciation, arched loins, hollow flanks, skin exudation, and often- 
times in the end erythematous eruption with petechize and black 
scaly exudate on the skin. It isin these protracted cases especi- 
ally that the formation and detachment of the necrotic intestinal 
sloughs take place and these may pass in the feeces as flattened 
rounded masses or more extensive plaques. Necrotic ulcers are 
also liable to show on the buccal mucous membrane or skin. The 
patient may finally die of colliquative diarrhoea, of exhaustion 
and marasmus, ina state of coma as in the more acute cases. 
The mortality may be high and the survivors are liable to prove 
unthrifty and unprofitable. 

Diagnosis. With a group of plagues in swine, bearing a strong 
family resemblance, and maintained by microorganisms, which, 
though maintaining distinct characters, yet show so much in 
couimon thatit seems not impossible that they may have been 
originally derived from a common ancestor, and in face of the 
not infrequent complication of two of these microbes in one 
patient, it becomes a task of great difficulty to diagnose at once 


54 Veterinary Medicine, 


the particular outbreak that is met within the field. In some out- 
breaks, however, the differential features are clear enough to 
allow the veterinarian to pronounce at once on the true nature 
of the disease. In others he must withhold his diagnosis until 
he can put it to the test of microscopic examination, bacteriological 
culture, the Widal test, or inoculation. 

ffog Cholera may be decided upon, when upon wholesome food, 
in healthy environment, without any change of food, and in six 
to fourteen days after the introduction of pigs from outside, or 
the arrival of strange pigs in the near vicinity, or higher up on 
the watershed, sickness appears tardily, taking one or two daily, 
with or without a sudden hyperthermia, petechiz on nose, eyes, 
belly, axilla, or groin, a general soreness of the skin and abdo- 
men, stiffness or weakness, hiding much under the litter, enlarge- 
ment of the lymph glands, costiveness with dark red rectum and 
glazed dung, followed by a profuse, watery, foetid, bloody, black 
or yellow diarrhcea, and death mostly after one or two weeks or 
more. ‘The absence of cough, and the presence of ulcers bearing 
necrotic sloughs on the lips, mouth or skin, and above all the 
presence of the button-like necrotic ulcers on the mucose of the 
czecum, colon or ileum may be accepted as conclusive evidence on 
this point. So also its prompt fatality to rodents but not to 
pigeons. 

Swine erysipelas has a much shorter incubation, more rapid 
and violent onset, deeper, darker congestion of visible mucosz, 
more extensive petechize of skin, mucosz, serose and tissues gen- 
erally, a comparative absence of inflammatory and necrotic lesions 
of bowels, a very early and high mortality in swine, rabbits and 
pigeons, and a harmlessness toward the inoculated Guinea pig. 

Swine plague also shows a shorter incubation, a speedy eleva- 
tion of temperature, more mucous congestion, less indication of 
abdominal tenderness or of diarrahcea, more cough, dyspnoea, 
wheezing and objective symptoms of pulmonary consolidation, 
less congestion or engorgement of the spleen, or ulceration of 
the bowels, and finally is very much more fatalto pigeons, and 
spares neither rabbits nor Guinea pigs. 

Widal test. ‘The cessation of movements and the agglutination of 
the bacilli of hog cholera, noted by Dawson, is a valuable test, 
but as in the case of typhoid fever in man.is not to be implicitly 
relied on in all cases. Some of the forms of bacillus coli com- 
mune and other allied microbes act in a similiar way. It necessi- 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, ete. 55 


tates the maintenance of fresh (24 hours) active, artificial, agar 
cultures of the hog cholera bacillus and is thus virtually reserved 
for the bacteriological laboratory. A drop of blood is drawn 
fromthe suspected pig smeared very thinly on the cover glass and 
about ten times the amount of sterile water added. ‘Then the 
smallest possible addition of the agar culture of the bacillus is 
made. Immediately, or in % hour the bacilli cease their active 
motility and mass together in clumps in which they can be seen 
individually clear and distinct but absolutely still and crossing 
each Other in all directions forming a kind of network. A few 
isolated bacilli remaining in the intervals between the clumps and 
even showing a slight motility are not to be considered as invali- 
dating the reaction. 

The table on the next page will serve to place in contrast the dif- 
ferential phenomena of the diseases caused by bacilli of hog cholera, 
swine plague and swine erysipelas in uncomplicated infections. 

Prevention. Asin all other contagious diseases, effective pre- 
ventive measures imply the destruction of the pathogenic germ 
and all sanitary measures should aim at the early and final ex- 
tinction of this organism and its subsequent exclusion from the 
country. ‘This, however, entails an outlay and governmental 
control which it seems idle to expect in the very near future, so 
that palliative measures, and those looking toward success over 
limited areas must still be resorted to. It should be here dis- 
tinctly stated, however, that the extinction of a plague, though 
often the most expensive at the start, is in the end by far the 
most economical resort. 

Boiling all food such as scraps from slaughter houses, butcher 
shops, and other places using raw hog products, and including 
kitchen swill, under the strictest precautions against subsequent 
contamination would all but exterminate the infection and should 
be compulsory wherever hogs are bred or kept in herds. 

Removal of accessory causes. ‘The health and vigor of the animal 
exposed is not without its influence in case of attempted invasion 
by a virus of diminished potency: 

Dry, warm beds with plenty of ay and “ght are essential to 
vigorous health and the usual damp, filthy, dark pens are de- 
pressors of the vital forces and virtually invitations to hog cholera 
as to other diseases. ‘The close packing of swine under manure 
or under rotten piles of straw where they often suffocate each 
other is to be carefully guarded against. It is a sufficient com- 


56 


Veterinary Medicine. 


DIFFERENTIAL SYMPTOMS AND PHENOMENA. 


Hog Cholera. 


Incubation 6 days + _-- 
Mucose not necessarily 
congested 
Petechiz on snout, eyes, 
mouth, etc______ -_-__ 
Necrotic ulcers on snout, 
mouth, skin, etc_____ 
Furred tongue, vomiting 


Temperature high in 
acute cases (104° to 
LOS? )iscgesseeeesaset 


Lies on belly mostly, 
Abdomen hot, tender_ 
Moves stiffly, feebly, un- 
steadily with grunting, 
may be paraplegic____ 
Bowels Ist costive, faeces 
molded, glazed; 2d or 
3d day, or before death, 
diarrhceea, profuse, 
watery, foetid, bloody, 
black on slops,—yel- 
low on corn (maize) __ 
Everted anus dark red__ 


Cough often present, 
hurried breathing--__- 


Spleen slightly enlarged 


When death is deferred 
I to 2 weeks, necrotic 
button-like ulcers on 
ilio-czecal valve, cze- 
cum, colon, or ileum __ 

Lobar pneumonia un- 


Kills rabbits (5 to 7 days) 
and Guinea pigs (7 to 
12 days) Pigeons sick- 
en but survive_.____. 

Blood serum of hog 
cholera patient causes 
agglutination of ba- 
cilli in cultures; (not 
constant, occurs with 
other bacilli) 


Swine Plague. 


Incubation 1 day to +_. 
Mucosz congested_____ 


Petechize on snout, eyes, 
mouth, ete_____-_---_ 
Necrotic ulcers rare ____ 


Vomiting less likely___- 


Temperature high 
acute cases __._______ 


May lie on side____-__- 


Stiff but less so, Paretic_ 


Diarrhoea less marked, 
may be entirely absent 


Anus may not be deep 
red, less everted_____ 
Cough, hard, frequent ; 
wheezing breathing. 
Auscultation and per- 
cussion may show lung 
consolidation toward 
lower border. May 
bleed from nose______ 
Spleen usually little al- 
tered 
Necrotic, button-like 
ulcers on czecum rarely 
marked 


Lobar or lobular pneu- 
monia a marked lesion 
Kills rabbits (1 to 12 
days), Guinea pigs (1 
to 4 days), pigeon (48 
hours ) _. ---- -------_ 


Rouget. 


Incubation 1 day______. 
Mucose deeply congest- 

ed, dark red, violet__ 
Petechiz extensive_____ 


Necrotic ulcers less fre- 
quent 
Vomiting not uncom- 
mon 
Temperature very high, 
107° to Iog°______---. 


May lie on side________ 


Stiff, weak, paraplegic__ 


Diarrhoea usually sets in 


Anus may be less red, 
less everted__________ 
Cough absent, save in 
latter stages with pul- 
monary consolidation 


Spleen enlarged, soft, 
grumous 
Necrotic ulcers on bowels 
rare 


Pulmonary and enteric 
inflammation rare____ 
Kills pigeon (3 to8 days), 
rabbit (4 to 8 days), 
Guinea pig resists____ 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, ete. 57 


‘mentary on this to say that for every killogramme of its body 
weight, the horse consumes daily 13,272 grammes oxygen, the 
‘COW, 11,040 grammes, and the pig, 29,698 grammes. Thisis in 
‘perfect keeping with the high normal temperature maintained by 
‘the latteranimal. In the interest of health the pig requires twice 
the breathing space for every 100 lbs. of his weight that is de- 
manded by either ox or horse. What violence is done to this 
demand of nature in the daily treatment of the hog! 

Fresh, sound, wholesome food is no less a desideratum. Yet the 
omnivorous pig is condemned to become the scavenger for the 
kitchen, the stable, the feeding pen, the slaughter house, the 
creamery, the sugar works, the brewery and even the rendering 
works. Whatever is considered unfit for human use is thrown 
into a swill barrel, and as this is never emptied it becomes the 
field of endless decompositions with the production of the most 
varied toxins, ptomaines and enzymes.. Many of these chemical 
toxic products cause gastro-intestinal inflammation with vomiting, 
bloody diarrhoea and tenesmus, and derangement of the nervous 
and other functions as manifested in weakness, staggering, dul- 
ness, stupor, etc. Death may follow ina few hours and the cases 
are set down asacute forms of hog cholera, rather than the simple 
poisoning that they are. All the same they pave the way for 
the attack of hog cholera if its germ is present even ina form of 
little potency. All such foods should, on the contrary, be fed 
fresh and after boiling. 

Salt in excess, the brine of salt meats or fish (containing toxins, ) 
the powdered soaps used in kitchens and added to swill, mouldy 
bread, cotton seed meal fedin any considerable proportion in the 
food,and even an exclusive diet of corm (maize), must be guarded 
against. 

The crowding of many pigs in a small yard where they root 
continually in each others’ droppings and their own, should be 
avoided. Individual pens, or pens holding two or three only 
and kept clean are to be preferred, and still more a wide grassy 
range where they may escape from their own filth. The long 
feeding trough should be discarded in favor of one into which 
the pig can introduce his nose only. The nose itself will intro- 
duce filth ferments, but, where there are no specific plague-germs, 
it is the quantity that tells and the exclusion of the foul feet is 


58 Veterinary Medicine. 


an important consideration. ‘’T’o these various poisonous products: 
of saprophytic ferments it often happens that the older swine 
have by continuous exposure, acquired a comparative immunity, 
while the young growing pigs perish in large numbers. 

Feeding pigs in confinement, without green or animal food is 
very liable to induce costiveness and indigestion which pave the 
way for the inroad of the hog cholera germ. Acertain allowance 
of green food, slops, and, above all, a variety of food constituting 
a well-balanced ration are always desirable. 

Again, the constitution of the pig is often material. On the 
continent of Europe it is the high bred English pigs that suffer 
most, and in all cases a lack of the rugged vigor attained through 
an active, open air life lays the system more open toa violent at- 
tack. ‘Too close breeding must be similiarly avoided, together 
with breeding from the immature, the weak and the debilitated. 
In this connection it is important to rid the herd of parasitisms 
which not only weaken the system and lessen the power of re- 
sistance, but by the bites or the inflammation induced, open 
channels for the introduction of the hog-cholera bacillus. 

Prevent the Introduction of the Bacillus. ‘The above precautions 
are important in obviating infection and favoring a milder type 
of the disease when the germ has been introduced, but they are 
but palliatives at best, and will not hinder the development of a 
plague in the presence of an active and potent virus. Adopted 
alone they are worse than uselessas a means of extinction of the 
germ: they tend to preserveit. The exclusion of the hog-cholera 
germ is the one essential thing in prevention and whatever comes 
short of this must have at best but a partial effect. 

Avoid pens, pastures or streams that drain swine enclosures 
higher up, Discard all provender or litter that has come in con- 
tact with other pigs or their products. Allow no visitors to the 
herd such.as butchers, dealers, drovers, that have habitually 
come in contact with other herds. Exclude as far as possible 
domestic animals (dogs, sheep, cattle, fowls, pigeons), and even 
vehicles coming from places where hogs arekept. Wild animals 
such as buzzards, and other carrion feeders, must be especially 
guarded against. Wild rabbitsand hares (jack rabbits), skunks, 
wood chucks minks, rats, and mice should be exterminated. 
Small birds and flies are difficult to deal with but the breeding of 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, ete. 59 


the latter may be checked by acids, copperas, or sulphites on the 
manure and the former may even be exterminated when hog- 
cholera exists in the vicinity. 

Sows should not be sent from herd to herd for service or other- 
wise, and any swine that have been hired out, or sent to an ex; 
hibition, and all that are acquired in any manner, should, on 
arrival, be excluded from the herd and held in quarantine, well 
apart for three or four weeks, and finally washed with carbolic 
acid soap before they are admitted. 

The pestilential prevalence of hog cholera and other swine 
plagues to-day is largely the result of the great industrial 
and commercial activity of modern times. In America the dis- 
ease was comparatively unknown until after 1830, and in 
Europe even later. But with the advent of steamboat and rail- 
road, the few pigs raised in separate pens, or secluded localities, 
and killed and cured near by, gave place to the large herds, sent 
when fattened to great markets where pigs were collected from 


. distances of many hundreds of miles, the stock animals and the 


fat occupied in succession the same boats, cars and yards, and, as 
a matter of course, the virulent germs were concentrated and 
diffused through the infected places and things. We cannot go 
back to the antiquated safer methods, but it would be possible to 
so regulate our commerce, that the evil could be reduced to a 
minimum. Separate cars, loading banks, chutes, alleyways, and 
yards can be reserved for fat swine going to immediate slaughter 
and no animal having passed through any of these should be 
allowed to be taken out for stock purposes, unless it has been 
passed through a rigid quarantine. The places and things used for 
such fat swine should be disinfected at intervals, and the manure 
and offal should be disinfected, or exposed to a boiling tempera- 
ture for a sufficient length of time before removal from the 
premises. Stock swine on their part should be shipped only on 
a certificate of the complete immunity of the herd and locality 
from which they come from swine epizootics, and of the roads or 
vehicles by which they reached the shipping point. They should 
be debarred from all yards, loading banks and cars or boats used 
for fat hogs, and admitted only to such as have just passed 
through a thorough disinfection. They should be sent directly 
to their destination, or if to a market, for purposes of sale, it 


60 Veterinary Medicine. 


should be well apart from that used for fat swine, and the loading 
banks, chutes and yards should be entirely distinct and should be 
thoroughly disinfected on every occasion after use. The millions 
now lost yearly from swine epizootics might well warrant the in- 
convenience and expense entailed by such precautions. Heavy 
penalties should be imposed on those shipping pigs from infected 
localities, on those making false certificate, and on all who in any 
way violate the law. 

Independently of State or local authorities the stock owner can 
do much to protect himself. He can make a number of pens 
large enough to hold 2 or 3 pigs each, safely fenced off from one 
another and so constructed that no drainage can take place from 
pen to pen. Then in winter in the absence of flies, and with 
rats, mice, and birds excluded the opportunity for the extension 
of infection from pen to pen can be kept at its minimum. All 
pigs must be kept apart from the manure heap, and in summer 
the manure must be so treated as to destroy the larve of flies. 
All food and water that might convey infection must be guarded 
against. ‘Then if one pig is attacked it will only be necessary to 
destroy it and its two fellows in the same pen, and even if those 
in adjacent pens are killed or quarantined the loss will be a trifle 
as compared to the ruin of the whole herd, as usually happens. 
Prompt disinfection of the pens and manure is imperative, and 
the same would apply to the person and clothes of the attendant, 
and to all stable utensils. 

Immunization by injection of sterilized products of the bacillus, 
has not proved satisfactory. In 1880 I applied this to two pigs, 
causing a transient fever, after recovery from which, the subjects 
resisted exposure to infected pens and pigs, and even virulent 
inoculations. But they failed to thrive well. Later experiments 
by Drs. Salmon and DeSchweinitz respectively, also proved un- 
satisfactory. The latter separated and injected the enzymes, but 
lost 50 per cent of his cases, the survivors proving immune, with 
the drawback of troublesome local lesions. The enzymes obtained 
from cultures in milk could be used safely on guinea pigs in the 
dose of 0.or grams and in some cases even up to 0.04 securing 
immunity. But the great risk of an overdose, the frequent local 
lesions, and the subsequent unthrift, have prevented the adoption 
of the method. 


. 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, etc. 61 


Disinfection. ‘The experiments of the Bureau of Animal In- 
dustry show that, apart from freezing four months in the soil, 
serves to render the bacillus harmless. 

From .75 to 1 per cent of quick lime added to soil in the form 
of lime water, destroyed the virulence in 11 days. ; 

Lime can be employed as a thick whitewash on pens, fences, 
yards, etc., the precaution being taken to see that it is newly 
burned, caustic and applied in sufficient amount. Lime that has 
been kept absorbs carbon dioxide and loses its disinfectant prop- 
erty. If 1% lb freshly made chloride of lime is added to each gal- 
lon of the caustic lime white wash the certainty of success is 
insured. Lime water has the advantage of being applicable to 
grassy surfaces, without proving hurtful to the vegetation. For 
buildings and yards it furnishes a ready means of estimating the 
thoroughness of the application. 

Sulphuric acid (1 : 100, or 1% oz. to 1 gallon) makes a good dis- 
infectant for buildings and yards. Like lime this can be used 
freely without fear of poisoning the animals. 

Carbolic Acid, 5 per cent, can be used with great safety. The 
Bureau of Animal Industry advises the combination of this with 
sulphuric acid, which adds greatly to its solubility. 

Formalin may be employed, diluted one to forty of the solution 
(1 per cent of the gas) in buildings and on wood work generally. 
It may also be applied in the form of gas by heating the solution 
in closed rooms. Like carbolicacid it is especially applicable to 
cars, boats, and other vehicles. 

Corrosive Sublimate (1: 500) makes a convenient and cheap 
disinfectant, with the drawback that it is poisonous, and destruc- 
tive to metals. Mercuric Iodide though more potent is also more 
expensive. Blue stone (2: 100) and zinc chloride (10: 100) are 
also effective but poisonous. 

The failure to stamp out hog cholera in England and America 
has been largely chargeable on the appointment of laymen to do 
the work of the expert, and no less so on the attempt to deal with 
the disease in hogs in transit or in the market rather than in the 
farm where they have been raised or kept. Let the fat and stock 
markets be kept rigidly apart, together with the means of convey- 
ance to and from these, and let no stock swine start for a market 
or destination without a certificate of the soundness of the locality 


62 Veterinary Medicine. 


from which they came, and the purity of the means of transit, 
and we shall have taken a long step toward the final extinction of 
the pest. 

State limits and rights stand in the way of successful work, but 
this can be partly met by a frontier supervision by national offi- 
cials, and should be further, by a prompt and hearty cooperation 
of the sanitary officers of the two states involved. When it 
becomes possible to trace infecting hogs, back to the infected 
place in another commonwealth, and punish the offender who 
shipped them, we shall be within sight of a satisfactory control or 
extinction of hog cholera. 

Extinction of Hog Cholera in Herds and Districts. As in all 
deadly plagues this should be a recognized governmental function 
to be carried out at public expense. It is a question of political 
economy and its neglect is subversive of prosperity not in agri- 
culture alone but in all public industries whose workers must 
subsist on the fruits of the soil. The $10,000,000 lost yearly by 
the farming community, is a dead loss, not to agriculture alone, 
but to the prosperity of the nation, the markets of which would 
be revived and improved by such a yearly sum expended. 

The existence of the disease at any point should be reported by 
the stockowner or guardian, under penalty in case of failure. 
When the nature of the outbreak has been certified by the expert, 
the district should be scheduled, and the herd appraised, 
slaughtered and all products disposed of in such a way as to pre- 
vent any escape of infection. The carcasses may be burned, 
buried deeply, or boiled and rendered. The buildings, yards, 
utensils, fences, manure, cesspools, and infected fields should be 
thoroughly disinfected, or secluded from all animals for a year. 
The owners of the herd should be indemnified according to 
appraisement, and not to exceed 3{ths of .the actual market value, 
provision being made that no award shall be made if the herd 
sickened within a fortnight after their arrival from another State, 
or in case the owner, has concealed the existence of the illness, or 
has otherwise deliberately or carelessly contributed to its spread. 

Many minor rules and restrictions will be required to fit the 
general measures to individual cases and local conditions ,and 
these require the direct supervision of an expert and not of a 
mere business manager or layman. 


Cholera Suis, Hog Cholera, ete. 63 


Therapeutic Treatment. With state, county or municipal 
measures for the extinction of hog cholera, treatment is to be con- 
demned, as calculated to encrease and spread the infection. But 
until the states can be educated out of the past wasteful system, 
into economical measures of extinction, the swine breeders are 
entitled to whatever salvage they can secure through therapeutics. 
For acute cases there is no hope. For the chvonzc a clean, dry, 
comfortable pen, well disinfected, and a moderate diet of varied 
and laxative food are essential. Wheat, bran or middlings, with 
corn, oat, barley or linseed meal may be allowed in form of a 
mash. A little green vegetable food may be added. Medicinal 
agents may be used to meet special indications, but when a whole 
herd must be treated at once, antiseptics and febrifuges have ap- 
parently proved the most generally helpful. The Bureau of 
Animal Industry especially recommends the following: Wood 
charcoal, sulphur, sodium sulphate and antimony sulphide, of 
each 1 lb.; sodium chloride, bicarbonate and hyposulphite, of 
each 2 lbs. ; mix thoroughly and add to each feed in ratio with 
the size of the patient. In suitable cases, this is said to improve 
the appetite and contribute much to convalescence. Modifications 
will readily suggest themselves to meet individual conditions and 
different stages of the disease—antithermics, eliminants, calma- 
tives, stimulants, tonics, etc. 

Serum Therapy. ‘This has been especially exploited and ad- 
vocated in America by De Schweinitz of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry, and Dr. Peters of Lincoln, Neb. In Europe, Perroncito 
has prepared an antitoxin. The serum is produced in the body of 
‘the cow or other animal which is inoculated repeatedly with gradu- 
ally encreasing doses of living hog cholera cultures and with solu- 
tions of the bacilli and their products, for a period of eight months, 
or until no reaction takes place from large doses, and the blood 
serum added to cultures of hog cholera bacilli causes‘ agglutina- 
tion of the latter. ‘The serum is further tested as to its power of 
preserving Guinea pigs inoculated with a lethal dose of live hog 
cholera cultures. After separation from the blood the serum is 
coucentrated until it reaches a standard at which 10 cc. proves 
curative to a pig of 40 to’60 lbs. weight. 

It proves most successful in animals in which the subacute or 
chronic form of the disease has just begun. One injection only 


64 Veterinary Medicine. 


was given toeach animal. Of 1,923 cases treated (1897-8) 30 per 
cent. died, and 70 per cent. recovered. Of 3,197 in abandoned 
herds (checks), 81.24 per cent. were lost. (De Schweinitz). 

One drawback was found in the short period of immunity 
secured, the susceptibility reappearing as soon as the antitoxin 
had been eliminated from the body. ‘This was met in part by 
using sterilized cultures (toxins) along with the serum. 

The use of aztitoxins is essentially therapeutic and cannot be 
expected to have more than a transient action on the microbe and 
toxins. The introduction of toxins is logical because these would. 
naturally solicit and secure an encreased permanent production 
of antitoxins, etc., by the body cells. But the toxins produced. 
by the B. Cholere Sius in artificial cultures have failed to es- 
tablish a satisfactory immunity, and this failure is now explained. 
by the evidence that the fundamental cause of hog cholera is not. 
the B. Ch. Sius, but the invisible, infinitesimal and as yet unseen 
microbe. This last procures immunity, but as I noted 26 years. 
ago, so few survive, and still fewer thrive after survival, that 
any method based on this has been eminently unsatisfactory. 
The most obvious line of promise would be to employ minute 
doses of the filtrate of hog cholera blood on pigs, the systems of 
which were kept charged with antitoxins and other defensive 
matters procured from the highly immunized body of the cow, 
horse or other large animal. 

The fundamental objection is that it entails the preservation, 
encrease and spread of the poison, and like all temporizing meas- 
ures, stands as a barrier to the complete extinction of the plague. 
Giving a protection of uncertain duration, its repetition may be 
demanded in a few months or a year, and proceeding on the 
ground that the pest must continue for all time, the apparent 
economy of the process will prove, in the long run, but a perma- 
nent and grievous tax. 


Swine Plague: Septicemia Hemorrhagica Suis. 65 


The soundest and only truly economical course in dealing with 
this and other deadly infections of swine is the radical extinction 
of the germ. When the people can be educated up to this we 
shall see the dawn ofa brilliant future for our animal industries. 
Until then we must be satisfied to fall back upon, and make the 
best use of the temporizing measures now in vogue or that may 
hereafter be devised. Even if it should be shown that hog chol- 
era is at long intervals developed from a ‘sport’ of the usually 
harmless bacillus coli commune, or the filtrable microbe the fact 
remains that its great extensions and the resulting fatality are due 
to the contagion alone, so that extinction remains the true watch- 
word of success and economy. 


SWINE PLAGUE: SEPTICHMIA HAMORRHAGICA 
SUIS. 


Definition. Synonym. Bacillus pestis suis, o.8—1.5u, nonmotile. Patho- 
genesis. Accessory causes, as in hog cholera: less vitality than in virus of 
hog cholera, bacillus in apparently healthy, deadly to birds and rodents. 
Lesions: like as in haemorrhagic se; ticzemia, lungs suffer more than bowels, 
lymph glands swoller, hzmorrhagic, liver and spleen|may seem almost nor- 
mal, bowels slightly congested marked emaciation. Symptoms: Acute 
cases like hog cholera, shorter incubation—1 day, troubled breathing when 
driven, cough, congested petechiated skin, hyperthermia, costiveness fol- 
lowed by diarrhcea. Diagnosis: constancy and ‘predominance of lung 
lesions and symptoms, nonmotile bacillus with polar staining, not gasogenic 
with glucose, very fatal to birds and rodents Prevention: as in hog 
cholera. Immunization, Treatment: asin hogcholeradangerous. Serum- 
therapy. 

Definition. A contagious bacteridian disease of swine, acute or 
subacute, characterized by a short incubation, hyperthermia, 
marked congestion of the mucosa, petechize and circumscribed 
blood extravasations in the skin, subcutis, mucosz, submucosz, 
and tissues, swelling, congestion and petechiation of the lymph 
glands, and a marked tendency to inflammatory localization in the 


lungs. 

ene Th. Smith identifies this affection with the 
“ Schweineseuche’’ of Germany. 

Bacteriology. The bacillus of Swine Plague (B. Pestis Suis) 
has already been described in the differential table of allied bac- 
teria given under hog cholera, It is a short rod, with rounded 


5 


66 Veterinary Medicine. 


ends, 0.8 to 1.54 X 0.6 to 0.8m, staining readily in aqueous basic 
aniline colors and bleaching in Gram’s iodine solution. The 
staining is distinctly polar, the colored portions being more or 
less crescentic with the concave or straight border turned inward 
toward the central clear space. It is destitute of flagella and dis- 
tinctly nonmotile unlike the very active bacillus of hog cholera. 
It further differs in its growth on potato which is slight, gray and 
waxy. On gelatine, too, it gives a feeble growth (or none) un- 
like the brownish colonies of the bacillus of hog cholera. It fails 
to liquefy gelatin. Onagar the growth is more active, being 
grayish, translucent or brown. ‘Those forming under the surface 
are like flat horizontal discs with a small microscopic elevation or 
knob inthe center. It grows in milk producing little or no acid 
and no clot. It produces gas with none of the sugars—glucose, 
lactose, saccharose—in contrast with the gas production in glu- 
cose by the hog cholera bacillus. It shows much less vitality and 
hardihood than the hog cholera bacillus, growing but feebly 
between 65° and 70°F., and most actively at 97° to 100° F. ; dying 
in 7 minutes at a temperture of 58° (moist) ; dying in 3 days 
when dried, in 4 to 6 days in the soil, in 10 to 15 days in water, 
and instantly in 0.04 per cent solution of lime water. 

The same infinitesimal microbe referred to under hog cholera is 
believed to be the most essential factor in swine plague .as well. 
This makes the B. Pestis Suis (B. Suisepticus) an accessory but 
still an important factor. 

Pathogenesis. It is pathogenic to swine, hens, pigeons, pheas- 
ants, sparrows, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, cattle, deer, etc., show- 
ing not only a wider range than the hog cholera bacillus, but a 
more deadly action outside the genus suis. Inoculated birds die 
in 2 days, rabbits in 16 to 20 hours and guinea pigsin 1 to 4 days. 

Accessory Causes. ‘These agree in the main with those of hog 
cholera already described so that it is needless to repeat them 
here. The principal distinctions depend upon the lesser vitality 
of the swine plague bacillus outside of the animal body and its, 
wider range of pathogenesis outside the genus suis. Infecting 
materials that have been thoroughly dry for a week may be con- 
sidered harmless, also that which has been more than two weeks 
in water, and that which has been more than a week in the soil. 
If, therefore, the buildings have been thoroughly disinfected, the 
simple disuse of yards and pastures for a fortnight, and of ponds 
of water for three weeks may suffice. In the case of hog 


Swine Plague: Septicemia Hemorrhagica Suis. 67 


cholera it may be necessary to abandon such places for 5 months 
or for the season. 

Abandonment by swine is, however, insufficient : all susceptible 
animals, wild and tame, (see pathogenesis) must be excluded as 
any one of these may maintain the infection. The preservation 
of recovered swine on the premises, or the early return of the 
immune may become a means of preserving the bacillus for the 
next susceptible pigs that may be introduced. The bacillus of 
swine plague may be found on the air passages of swine and 
other animals that are not themselves, at the time, susceptible to 
the disease, and these animals accordingly become the occasions 
of what have been thought to be spontaneous outbreaks, and of 
invasions of fresh herds after the introduction of healthy pigs 
which have been thought to be beyond suspicion. The danger 
of the communication of the germ by wild birds and rodents 
would be enormous, but for the fact that it is so much more 
deadly to these animals than the microbe of hog cholera, that few 
survive to maintain the infection. Yet the rule ought to be, to ex- 
clude from the fields or premises occupied by new or susceptible 
pigs, all animals, that may by any possibility become the means 
of introducing the infection so recently prevalent. Though so 
easily destroyed when outside the living body, the microbe of 
swine plague can be carried by the apparently healthy living 
animal.and we must rigidly exclude the possibility of this occur- 
ring. 

Lesions. Acute and rapidly fatal cases of swine plague furnish 
lesions indicative of a hemorrhagic septicemia. The abundance 
of petechize on the skin, mucosz, serose, and tissues generally, 
with circumscribed haemorrhages, congestions, inflammations and 
exudations, agree in the main with what is observed in the acute 
examples of hog cholera. If the congestive or inflammatory 
lesions, concentrate in the lungs rather than the bowels it assists 
in the diagnosis of swine plague. The swelling and blood- 
engorgement of the lymph glands are nearly alike in the more acute 
types of the two diseases. ‘The spleen is less constantly enlarged 
than in hog cholera or swine erysipelas. In’ the subacute and 
chronic forms the lesions may be almost entirely confined to the 
enlarged and congested or hemorrhagic lymph glands. Usually, 
however, the lungs are the seat of lobular or lobar pneumonia, 
affecting by preference the lower portions of the anterior and 
median lobes, and sometimes also the posterior lobe. The ple- 


68 Veterinary Medicine. 


uree are often involved, showing arborescent congestion, thicken- 
ing, exudate, false membranes and hydrothorax. The exudate 
may at times fill up the interlobular connective tissue, even before 
the pulmonary tissue is materially involved, suggesting a local 
infection starting at the pleural surface. The hepatised lobule 
has a general red color varying in depth at different points, and 
showing lighter yellowish or grayish spots representing the puru- 
lent air sacs and terminal bronchia, and necrotic foci. On section 
the bronchia often yield pus, while the pulmonary tissue oozes a 
bloody liquid rich in small lymphoid cells. 

The liver and spleen may be all but normal, though in a number 
of cases they may be congested and softened. The stomach 
and bowels may be virtually sound, or they may show extensive 
congestion, petechiation and thickening of the mucosa at different 
points, with, in some cases ulcers, but these latter are mostly 
excavated and rarely assume the projecting, button-like, laminated 
form which is so characteristic of chronic hog cholera. Emaci- 
ation is a marked feature as in hog-cholera. 

Symptoms. In the most acute type these may not differ from 
those of similar cases of hog-cholera. If there has been any op- 
portunity of estimating the incubation it will be found to have 
been shorter, the skin and mucosze have a darker red blush, 
showing first on the ears, breast, belly and inner sides of the 
thighs and forearms, the lymph glands are enlarged, and there 
is cough and dyspnea if the patient is roused to exertion. The 
presence of petechize on the skin and of a very high temperature 
(107° to 109°) is to be specially noted. There are great pros- 
tration and dulness, complete anorexia, hiding under the litter, 
indisposition to rise, often weakness, staggering, paresis or even 
paraplegia, somnolence, and death in coma or convulsions. 

In the subacute and protracted cases, there is the short incuba- 
tion (1 day), followed by hyperthermia, drooping tail, hiding 
under the litter, flushed eyes, nose and mouth, impaired appetite, 
arched loins, hollow flanks, retracted abdomen, cough easily 
roused by driving, and signs of consolidated lungs in their lower 
parts (crepitation, suppressed murmur, abdominal or heart sounds 
etc). After a day or two the skin becomes flushed and together 
with the visible mucosz the seat of petechize. The superficial 
lymph glands are enlarged. The bowels are usually confined but 


Swine Plague : Septicemia Hemmorhagica Suis. 69 


as the disease advances diarrhoea may set in. There is rapid 
loss of condition, and the patient may die as the result of ex- 
haustion, toxin poisoning, colliquative diarrhcea, or other con- 
dition. 

Diagnosis during life is based largely on the shorter incubation, 
the greater reddening of the visible mucosz, the comparative ab- 
sence of abdominal tenderness, and offensive diarrhoea, and the 
constancy of the cough and other symptoms of broncho-pneumonia. 

Post-mortem. It is marked by the constancy and predominance 
of the lung lesions, and the comparative absence of ulceration of 
the ileum, czecum and colon, and especially of the projecting, 
laminated, button-like, necrotic sloughs. 

The morphology of the bacillus, its habit of polar staining, its 
lack of automatic movements, its comparatively poor growth in 
alkaline bouillon, on potato, gelatine and agar, its inability to 
ferment glucose with the production of gas, its rapidly fatal action 
on hens and pigeons as well as on rabbits and guinea pigs serve 
to distinguish it from the microbe of hog cholera. (See table 
p- 38). 

Prevention. In this connection the reader is referred to the 
precautions, given under hog cholera, against conditions, heredi- 
tary, hygienic, climatic, dietetic, parasitic, etc., which lay the 
system more open to microbian invasion. In the matter of exclu- 
sion of the bacillus, the swine plague germ is less difficult to deal 
with, because itis so much more easily destroyed. Disinfect the 
buildings, and all contaminated objects as advised under hog 
cholera, clean yards, and shut up these and pastures or runs, and 
all infected water for one month. In case of public market yards 
and alleys, and railway loading banks, chutes, and cars a 
thorough cleansing and disinfecting may warrant that they may 
be put to use again immediately. No animals that occupied the 
yards before disinfection should be allowed to mingle with the 
new stock, as they at times carry the microbe, though themselves 
apparently healthy and immune. All regulations as to railway 
and boat transit, recommended under hog cholera, are equally 
applicable to swine plague. The possibility of protecting private 
herds, by keeping them in special pens holding two or three 
each, is also the same for swine plague. Boiling of all food is 
equally imperative. 

Immunization is somewhat more promising than in hog cholera. 


70 Veterinary Medicine. 


Metchnikoff and Th. Smith working independently found a fair 
measure of success in inoculating rabbits and guinea pigs with 
three to five small injections of sterilized bouillon cultures, agar 
cultures of blood, intravenously, intra-abdominally or hypodermi- 
cally. But asapplied to swine it has not proved satisfactory, and 
the irregularity of the results and the tendency to induce un- 
thriftiness have caused it to be abandoned. 

Treatment. ‘The therapeutics of swine plague like that of hog 
cholera is essentially unsatisfactory. Benefit might be derived in 
individual cases from a careful and judicious use of drugs to 
meet the special indications, but with the comparatively low 
valtie of the individual animal, the certainty of the multiplica- 
tion of the deadly poison by the preservation of the diseased, 
ard the extreme danger of its diffusion and extension, treatment 
’ is anything but commendable. 

Serum-therapy has been advocated for years by De Schweinitz,” 
and under the auspices of the bureau of Animal Industry it has 
been given a wide trial, but it has not met with the full success. 
that was at first claimed for it. The serum is prepared in a simi- 
lar way to that of hog cholera and is similarly employed. It is 
open to the same class of objections, and though when skillfully 
employed it will reduce the mortality, it does not yet seem to 
have reached the point at which it can be recommended as a 
profitable investment. Like all temporizing measures it draws. 
attention from the sounder and more economical measure of ex- 
tinction and is indirectly a means of the perpetuation and even 
the diffusion of the infection. So long as extinction cannot be 
secured, this is a less valuable alternative for the adoption of 
owners of high priced hogs. 


MODIFIED AND COMPLEX FEVERS OF SWINE. 


Double infections. Varieties of bacillus cholerze suis, and bacillus suis- 
pestis. McFadyean’sswine fever bacillus. Marseilles swine plague bacillus. 


We accept fully the duality of the Hog Cholera and Swine 
Plague, though this duality has been hotly contested on both 
sides of the Atlantic. Many of the best observers in Europe 
now support this position. These include Selander, Bang and. 


Modified and Complex Fevers of Swine. 71 


Jensen who are familiar with the svinpest (hog cholera) of 
Scandinavia ; Kitt, Friedberger and Froéhner who are familiar 
with the Schweineseuche (swine plague) of Germany ; Raccugla, 
Canova and others in Southern Europe ; and Lignieres and others 
in France who have studied the hog cholera and fasturellose por- 
cine (swine plague). The acceptance of a common filtrable 
microbe approximates the two diseases at their inception. 

But the conceded duality of these two diseases as they occur in 
typical examples in swine, does not account for all the infectious 
fevers of swine, in which these microbes or others closely allied 
to them may figure. Salmon, Smith and their coadjutors describe 
double infections in the same system, in which both the bacillus 
cholerz suis and the bacillus pestis suis figure, and in which there 

result a combination of symptoms and lesions, that together 
represent both of these germs. It may be that one or other of 
these germs in a given outbreak, shows a predominance in po- 
tency so that the symptoms are more characteristic of it than of 
its companion; it may be that the more potent germ kills the 
victim, quickly by an acute septicaemia and gross lesions that 
would apply almost as well to one germ as to the other; or it 
may be that both act moderately and the attack is protracted with 
resulting lesions in both Jungs and bowels that respectively sug- 
gest the plague and the cholera. 

Then as regards varieties in the individual germ. Th. Smith 
recognizes this as a frequent condition and describes no less than 
seven different types of bacillus cholerze suis which he had 
studied and which varied in morphology, cultural qualities and 
virulence. Ljignieres found that the virulence especially of 
bacillus suis pestis is very easily affected by successive passages 
through the bodies of small experimental animals. We ought 
not to be surprised then if we find in different epizootics, in 
different countries and even in the same, bacilli which for.the 
time at least show characteristics different from those to which we 
have been accustomed. ‘These give us varying phases of sep- 
ticgeemia which however come together in one great class. Two 
of these types which have been placed on record may be here 
named. For others see septicaemia hzemorrhagica of cattle and 
sheep. 

McFadyean’s Swine Fever Bacillus. The characters of 
this microbe found constantly by McFadyean in swine fever, 


72 Veterinary Medicine. 


approximates closely to the hog cholera germ in morphology 
and motility and in its deadly action when eaten, while it ap- 
proaches toward the swine plague germ in its cultural habits on 
potato, gelatiné and agar, and in alkaline culture liquids, and 
finally it differs from both in the absence of pathogenesis to 
Guinea pigs and in its very moderate action on rabbits. The 
symptoms and lesions of the swine fever of Great Britain are 
those of the hog cholera of America rather than of swine plague. 

Marseilles Swine Plague Bacillus. This microbe was 
found by Rietsch and Jobert in afebrile epizootic of swine at 
Marseilles, and was studied by Caneva and Bunzl-Federn sepa- 
rately. The latter identified it with the bacillus of ferret septi- 
czemia, as described by Eberth and Schimmelbusch. It was 
longer and thicker than the hog cholera bacillus, twice as long 
as broad, actively motile, with flagella, and differed from bacillus ° 
cholerze suis, in its polar staining, its free growth in acid media, 
in acidifying and coagulating milk, and in its forming both indol 
and phenol in peptonized bouillon. 

In this case the source of the disease was in importations from 
Africa (Fouquet), and it spread widely in Southern France for 
nine months. It proved almost constantly fatal, in from four 
days to two or three weeks. The symptoms were weakness 
especially in the hind limbs, with more or less fever, constipation 
often followed by diarrhoea, an infrequent cough, and red blotches 
on the skin. In chronic cases ulcers formed in the mouth and 
intestines especially the czecum and colon. Appetite was often 
retained to the end. The young, under a year old, were the 
chief sufferers. It made 20,000 victims in several months in the 
province of Bouches-du-Rhone. 


SEPTICA MIA HA,MORRHAGICA OF BOVINEANIMALS. 


Synonyms. Definition. Historic notes. Resemblance to black quarter. 
Bacteriology ; saprophytic cocco-bacillus, non-motile, cerobic, related to 
microbe of swire plague, chicken cholera, and rabbit septicemia Patho- 
genic to deer, buffalo, cattle, horses, swine, rabbits, rats, mice, goats, and 
sheep. Variability. Vitality : great in soil, dies in 6 to 20 days when dried 
and quickly in antiseptics, resistant to heat. Accessory causes: rise of soil 
water in winter or in spring, drying of marshes in summer, wet, rich, 
swampy, mucky soils; youth, gregariousness, carnivorous habit, insects, 
vermin, wild animals and birds, epizoa, entozoa, wire fences, wounds of all 
kinds, hard, woody provender; inoculations in wounds the most fatal. 
Symptoms: superficial with hyperthermia, functional disorder ; muscular 
tremors ; violet mucosz ; segregation; swelling in intermaxillary space, 
tongue, throat, neck, dewlap, or elsewhere, not pitting on pressure. Pe- 
techie. Death in six hours to four days; thoracic form kills in four to 
eight days; abdominal form with colics, and bloody often frothy fcetid 
fzeces. Chronic forms usually pulmonary. Lesions: straw colored exuda- 
tions subcutem or intra muscular ; blood extravasations ; in lungs resembles 
lung plague ; on bowels blood effusions, and exudates; softened, blood- 
stained lymph glands. Spleen usually normal in size. Blood black. Pe- 
techize extensive. Chronic lesions. Bacillus in exudate, blood and bron- 
chial mucus. Diagnosis: from anthrax, black quarter, lung plague, rin- 
derpest, and malignant cedema. Mortality 50 to 80 per cent. Prevention : 
isolate and kill affected ; destroy or disinfect carcasses and infected things 
and places, feeding and drinking troughs and manure. Close and drain in- 
fected fields. Immunization, by three inoculations with cultures made ‘at a 
high temperature ( 86° to go°) in free air; or with virus that has been grown 
in pigeon. In case of deer, drive a few days into a non-infecting enclosure, 
and then on to asound range. Treatment. 


Synonyms. Wild—und Rinderseuche (Bollinger), Buffalo Dis- 
ease, Barbone (Oreste and Armanni), Cornstalk Disease (Bill- 
ings, Moore), Sporadic Pneumonia (Smith), Pneumoenteritis 
(Galtier), Pasteurellosis Bovina (Lignieres). 

Definition. An acute bacteridian disease of domestic and wild 
herbivora and swine, characterized by sudden onset, rapid and 
fatal course, marked hyperthermia, accelerated breathing and 
pulse, and extensive gelatinoid or sanguineous extravasation in 
the intermaxillary space, tongue, skin, subcutaneous or intermus- 
cular connective tissue, lungs, pleura, pericardium or intestine. 

Historic Notes. It is almost certain that in earlier times this 
affection was often mistaken for gloss-anthrax, blackquarter, or 


73 


. 


74 Veterinary Medicine. 


even lung plague. Metaxa, in1816 in Italy, manifestly describes 
it. Oreste and Armanni, in 1882 and 1887, traced Italian cases 
to the microbe. In 1854 it destroyed many cattle and deer in 
England (Veterinarian). In 1878 Bollinger records its great 
fatality among the deer, wild boars, cattle and horses in and near 
the royal parks at Munich, and for a number of years after in: 
Bavaria. In 1885 Kitt saw a wide-spread epizootic in Simbach. 
Friedberger records its presence in Schliichtern, Prussia, in 
1885-6, Condamine in Cochin China in 1868, and Guillbeau and 
Hess in Switzerldnd in 1894. In 1898 Pease recorded its preva~ 
lence in buffalo and cattle in Hindustan. In America, what ap- 
pears to be the same affection is noted as corn-fodder disease in 
Nebraska (Billings), as Wildseuche in Tennessee (Norgaard), 
and as hemorrhagica septicemia in Minnesota (Wilson and 
Brimhall, Reynolds). I have repeatedly met with the affection 
in New York in cows arriving from the west, and in the indi- 
genous cattle on wet, mucky, undrained land in spring, about 
the period of the melting snows. 

Bacteriology. ‘The essential cause of the disease is a saprophy- 
tic cocco-bacillus, (B. Bovisepticus), ovoid, with rounded ends, 
about 1p long by 0.3 to 0.6m broad, but showing involution 
forms and a variable size. It is non-motile (Kitt claims motility), 
zerobic (facultative anzerobic), takes a polar stain with clear 
centre in aniline colors, bleaches in Gram’s (1) solution, shows 
neither spores nor flagella, grows readily in bouillon, on gelatine,. 
(a bluish transparent layer without liquefying), serum at 98.6°: 
F., milk (without acidifying or coagulating), and alkaline 
potato (not on the acid). The cultures have a peculiar odor 
and yield no indol. 

The microbe shows a very close relationship with those of 
swine plague, chicken cholera and rabbit septiczemia, but it some- 
times differs in showing little or no pathogensis for the Guinea-pig. 

Animals susceptible. It is pathogenic to deer, buffalo, cattle, 
horses, swine, rabbits, rats, mice, and to a lesser extent to goats 
and sheep. 

The pathogensis varies with the immediate source of the 
microbe. When obtained from cattle a drop of blood kills rabbits 
in twelve to twenty hours, with intense hzemorrhagic laryngitis 
and tracheitis. Guinea-pigs die in forty toeighty hours. When 
obtained from the buffalo it killed horse, ox, or pig in twenty to 


Septicemia Hemorrhagica of Bovine Animals. 75 


forty-eight hours. That obtained from barbone (buffalo) appears 
to be more potent than that from septicemia heemorrhagica 
(cattle). 

Vitality of the microbe. Simple drying destroys virulence in 
six to twenty-two days. Virulence is retained for nine days in 
putrid flesh. Itis preserved, and the microbe multiplies in soil 
or water containing organic matter and nitrates. It is easily 
destroyed by ordinary antiseptics, 1 : 5000 of mercuric chloride des- 
troying its vitality in one minute (Hueppe). On the contrary it 
shows a great resistance to changes of temperature. It grows in 
the soil at 55° to 60° F. (Hueppe), and in old cultures may 
resist for an hour a temperature of 175” to 195” (Oreste and 
Armanni). 

Accessory Causes. ‘These are such conditions as favor transmis- 
sion of, or receptivity to the microbe. In Southern France the 
disease is most common in the winter months, probably because 
the soil water rises then; on the Roman marshes and in Minn. it was 
noted from August to December: on the other hand, it prevails 
especially from May to October, when the water, is lowest and 
most impure. In New York I have seen it especially at the 
breaking up of the winter frosts, when the water, pent up 
in the rich organic soils, is suddenly released. It is pre-emi- 
nently the disease of wet soils, rich in the debris of decomposing 
organic matter, of the rich prairies and bottom lands of the Mis- 
sissippi Valley, of springy, swampy or mucky soils elsewhere, 
of the Pontine marshes at Rome, of the Delta of the Nile, of the 
rich virgin soils in Asia. Youth has the greatest receptivity, the 
older animals having probably acquired immunity through an 
earlier attack. The animals that live in herds infect each other 
by contact, fighting, licking, etc., others are affected by eating 
the vegetation or drinking the water soiled by the diseased, wild 
boars by eating the carcasses, and all animals by the attacks of bit- 
ing or blood-sucking insects which have just come from the dis- 
eased. It is claimed that the infection is carried by men and ani- 
mals, and by the sale in villages of the flesh of infected animals. 
Dogs, wolves, foxes, and other carnivorous animals and birds will 
also carry the infection for long distances. Finally, it will travel 
toa greater or lesser distance with running water. 

“he entrance of the microbe by wounds must always be counted 
on, and explains the casual inoculations, by bites of dogs, in- 
sects, worms, by barbed wire fences, by wounds with horns, 


76 Veterinary Medicine. 


tusks, or feet, by nails, etc., and in winter by hard, woody ali- 
ment scratching the lips, mouth, fauces or pharynx. Shedding 
of teeth, diseased teeth or gums, and everything that causes 
abrasion of the alimentary mucosa must be admitted into the list 
of causes. Infected traumatisms of any kind, like intratracheal 
and intravenous inoculations usually prove fatal, while infection 
by ingestion is not necessarily so. The pathogenic potency ap- 
pears to be impaired in the stomach or intestines. 

Symptoms. 'These vary widely according to the subject, the 
seat of infection and the violence of the attack. They may be 
classed under three principal heads: superficial, thoracic, and in- 
testinal, and in addition into acute and chronic cases. 

In the superficial external or cutaneous form there is usually a 
sudden onset with high fever (104° to 107° F.), accelerated pulse, 
(70 to 90), and breathing (24 to 50), anorexia, suspended rumi- 
nation, muscular tremors or shivering, staring coat, dry, ‘hot 
muzzle, burning of ears, horns and hoofs, suppression of milk, 
and more or less stringy salivation. ‘The visible mucosz are of 
a deep red or violet tinge, and the patient will often remain apart 
by himself when the herd has moved elsewhere. Soon there dez 
velops a tense, hard, hot, painful swelling of the intermaxillary 
space, tongue, throat, neck, dewlap or elsewhere, amounting to 
perhaps six inches in thickness, extremely resistant and not 
usually indented on pressure with the finger. The breathing be- 
comes stertorous and deglutition difficult or impossible. The 
mouth is hot and filled with tenacious saliva, and the tongue may 
hang pendant while on its borders and lower surface are projec- 
tions of the mucosa swollen by infiltration, yellowish and semi- 
transparent, or blood-stained. At other points petechize are more 
or less abundant. 

Death may take place from pharyngeal obstruction or closure, 
or as the disease advances, there may be indications of implica- 
tion of the viscera, of the chest or abdomen : encreasingly difficult 
breathing, a mucous or suffocative cough, colicy pains, tenesmus, 
and the passage of moulded glazed feces, of pseudo-membranous 
casts, or of profuse liquid stools. The animal may move the hind 
feet uneasily, lie down and rise alternately, may remain persis- 
tently recumbent until death, orhe may stand up until he falls 
to perish of asphyxia. Death may occur in six hours, or may 
be delayed four days. 


Septicemia Haemorrhagica of Bovine Animals. 77 


In the ¢horacic form the extreme hyperthermia is complicated 
by early lesions in the lungs, while the muscular or cutaneous 
ones are omitted or deferred. So long as the lesions are confined 
to the chest, they are betrayed by hurried and even oppressed 
breathing or dyspnoea, a frequent, moist, suffocative cough, per- 
sistent standing to favor respiration, and there are the percussion 
and auscultation indications of consolidated lungs or hydrothorax. 
The mucose are usually of a darker red, than in the external 
form, cyanotic indeed, and the peculiar asphyxial position, with 
legs apart, head extended, dilated nostrils and open mouth may 
be very significant. These symptoms are likely to be modified 
or supplemented before death, by those caused by intestinal or 
renal disorder. In the thoracic form in young animals death by 
suffocation may occur in a few hours, but more commonly the 
disease progresses slowly and a fatal result is not reached until 
the fourth day or even the eighth. This form is common in the 
deer, but less so in cattle. 

In the zzzestinal or abdominal form the usual sudden onset and 
high fever, are complicated by inappetence, tympany, rumbling 
of the bowels, uneasy movements of the hind feet, perhaps twist- 
ing of the tail, looking at the flanks, and even lying down and 
rising. There is frequent, violent straining with the passage of 
feeces at first glazed, later streaked with blood, or mixed with 
pseudo-membranous casts, and very soon soft, watery, frothy and 
foetid. These are usually black or reddish-black from contained 
blood. 

The urine may also be blood-stained. 

Before death, complications on the lungs or skin will often come 
in to assist in diagnosis. 

In the chronic and subacute types the lesions are often concen- 
trated on the lungs, and there are a moderate fever, cough, 
hurried breathing under exertion, dulness on percussion over 
limited pulmonary areas, blowing sounds, mucous rAles, crepita- 
tions and more or less muco-purulent expectoration. These 
phenomena are all the more significant if complicated by digestive 
disorders, costiveness, foetid mucous diarrhoea, tympany, or by 
the eruption of the superficial swellings. 

Lesions. ‘The swellings on or under the skin or among the 
‘muscles show extensive straw-colored exudations, colored at points 
with blood, with enlargement, infiltration and staining of the 


78 Veterinary Medicine. 


adjacent lymph glands. On the chest walls the sero-sanguineous 

exudate may extend from the root of the lungs, through the in- 

tercostal spaces to the skin in the breast, the axilla and behind. 

The tongue is often enormously swollen and black, charged with 
extensive blood extravasations in addition to the yellowish exu- 

date. Along its sides and on its lower surface, the mucosa stands 

out in projecting masses of yellowish infiltration, which may show 

equally on the fauces, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi. 

In the /ungs the pleurz and subpleural and interlobular tissue 
are extensively infiltrated and thickened by a profuse yellowish 
serous or sero-sanguineous exudate, so that the appearance may 
closely resemble that of lung plague. The lung tissue is consoli- 
dated, hepatized and dark red, with at some points emphysema. 
The pleural sac is usually filled by a serous or bloody effusion 
(2 to 25 quarts) and there is often extensive implication of the 
pericardium. The tracheo-bronchial mucosa and bronchial glands 
show extensive infiltration and thickening. 

In the abdomen are found extensive infiltrations and blood 
extravasations in the mucosa and submucosa of the stomachs and 
intestines, softening and shedding of the epithelium, infiltrations 
of the peritoneum, diaphragm, and sublumbar adipose tissue, and 
softening and degeneration of the liver and kidneys. The intes- 
tinal gastric and{mesenteric glands are usually infiltrated, softened 
and bloodstained. Engorgement of the spleen is exceptional. 

The dlood is very black but not usually materially changed in 
consistency nor coagulability. Petechiation of the different 
serosze and other tissues is a prominent feature. 

In chronic cases the lesions are mostly shown in the lungs and 
lymph glands. The lungs show circumscribed lobular islets of 
congestion, induration or caseation, offering a suggestion of 
tubercle, which is all the more deceptive when cretifaction has 
setin. ‘The caseous centres may vary in size from a pea to a 
walnut, and some may have ruptured to form a vomica discharg- 
ing into a bronchium. Bronchia leading to affected lobules are 
blocked with mucopurulent matter, yellowish, thick and tenacious, 
and their mucosa is thickened and puckered. The enlarged 
lymph glands are especially those of the bronchia, trachea, medi- 
astinum, bowels, mesentery and sublumbar region. 

The bacillus is present in the exudate but is especially abund- 
ant in the blood, and in the chronic cases in the bronchial mucous. 


Septicemia Hemorrhagica of Bovine Animals. 79 


Diagnosis. From anthrax (gloss anthrax) this affection is 
easily distinguished by the absence, from the blood and exudates, 
of the large, square ended anthrax bacillus, by the absence of 
enlargement and blood-engorgement of the spleen, and of the 
softness and diffluence of the blood clot which characterize an- 
thrax. Swine which are with difficulty inoculated with anthrax 
are very susceptible to heemorrhagic septicemia. Sheep which 
are very receptive to anthrax are somewhat refactory to the dis- 
ease now in hand. Pigeons resist anthrax but readily contract 
septiceemia hzemorrhagica. 

From black quarter it is readily distinguished by the absence of 
emphysema and crepitation and of a secondary cooling in the 
external swellings, by the presence of the germ in abundance in 
the blood, by its smaller size, its bipolar staining, and its lack of 
motility and of spores. Inoculation with black quarter bacillus 
kills the guinea pig, but spares the pigeon. 

From dung plague it is distinguished by the suddenness of its 
attack and rapidity of its progress to a fatal issue; by the usual 
coincidence of skin and bowel lesions, while the lung plague affects 
the chest only ; by its communicability to pigs, sheep, pigeons, 
and even horses, which are all immune from lung plague ; and 
by the usual absence of lung lesions of different ages, which are 
so characteristic of lung plague. ‘The abundance in the blood, of 
the cocco-bacillus with bipolar staining in heemorrhagic septi- 
ceemia is characteristic. Lung plague spreads slowly to exposed 
cattle, but spares all other domestic animals. 

From Ainderpest it is differentiated by the history of its advent, 
by the presence of the surface cedematous swellings, by the 
absence of the whitish epithelial concretions on the mouth or 
vulva, and of the deep dark portwine discolorations of the mucosze 
of the mouth, rectum and vulva, and by the fact of its inocula- 
bility on domestic animals generally. Rinderpest spreads rapidly 
to all exposed ruminants, but spares pigs, rabbits, Guinea pigs, 
horses and birds. 

From malignant edema it differs in its inoculability on the 
surface in place of subcutaneously only, in the presence of the 
cocco-bacillus in the blood during life, whereas in malignant 
cedema the germ is confined to the local lesion, in the absence of 
crepitation, which may be present in the swelling of cedema, in 


80 Veterinary Medicine. 


the greater facility with which cultures can be made of the sep- 
ticzemic cocco-bacillus and in the absence of gas production in 
such cultures. The malignant cedema comes from a single acci- 
dental deep inoculation from almost any rich soil, and is not a 
malady spreading widely and generally on given limited damp, 
rich lands which have become infected. Finally the cocco- 
bacillus of septicaemia hzemorrhagica is found singly in the blood 
or exudate, whereas the microbes of malignant cedema may be 
found in form of sporeless filaments intermingled with the bacilli. 

Mortality. 'The hemorrhagic septicaemia of cattle cuts off 
from 50 to 80 per cent. of the animals attacked. 

Prevention. ‘The first consideration is to isolate and kill all the 
affected animals, to destroy the carcasses by burning or boiling 
and to burn or disinfect all objects that may have become con- 
taminated. The buildings, yards, and fences, must be disinfected, 
and as the bacillus is very resistant a solution of corrosive subli- 
mate and sodium chloride, a drachm of each to the gallon of 
water may be freely used after thorough cleansing. Ora white 
wash containing 1% lb. chloride of lime to each gallon may be 
substituted. Feeding and drinking troughs may be burned. 
Manure may be freely treated with sulphuric acid. Infected 
fields should be closed for years and if possible drained. 

Immunization of buffalo and sheep has been secured by making 
cultures of the microbe in free air at 86° to g0° F. and inoculating 
the animals with the weakened virus, on three successive occa- 
sions with intervals of severaldays. It induces a transient fever, 
with no serious phenomena (Oreste and Armanni). A second 
available method is to pass the virus through the system of the 
pigeon and inoculate with the pigeon’s blood, on three successive 
occasions, the animals to be protected. It is manifestly impossible 
to put such immunizing methods in force on wild deer, and for 
these probably the best course is to drive them from the infected 
range, to an uninfected one, having retained them for a few days 
interval in a confined area, to allow of any already infected ani- 
mals developing thedisease. A similar avoidance of waters run- 
ning from the infected tract is imperative. 

Treatment, has been unsuccessful. Friedberger failed with 
hypodermic injection of carbolic acid, and internal administra- 
tion of salicylic acid. ‘Gal gave subcutem 5 per cent. solution 


Septicemia Hemorrhagica of Cattle. 81 


of creolin, and doses of 1% oz. of the same agent by the mouth. 
Five buffaloes out of seventeen recovered. Friedberger suggests 
deep incisions of the swellings so as to admit the air, and treat- 
ment of the wounds with strong antiseptics. 


SUBACUTE AND- CHRONIC SEPTICAMIA HAMOR- 
RHAGICA OF CATTLE. 


Synonyms. Entequé, Entejado, Entecado, Pining, Pasteurellosis, 

Definition. A subacute or chronic affection of cattle (horse 
and sheep) attributed to a Pasteurella and manifested by ner- 
vous disorder marked hyperthermia and diarrhcea and in more 
tardy cases by intermittent diarrhcea, advancing emaciation, 
anzemia, debility and marasmus. 

ffistory. Montfallet met with the affection in Chili, in 1896, 
in cattle imported from Argentina, and Lignieres in 1898, re- 
corded its extensive prevalence in the Argentine Republic. It 
should be looked for in the tropical and subtropical states of Amer- 
ica and elsewhere. 

Bacteriology. Vignieres found in theblood and affected tissues 
a cocco-bacillus resembling that of fowl cholera, but shorter and 
more slender, like the Pasteurella of influenzain the horse. This 
stains slowly, best in gentian violet and fuchsin, coloring the 
poles in the rounded ends, and leaving the median portion 
without color, the recognized habit of the Pasteurella. It is 
serobic, growing best at 37” to 38° C. in neutral or feebly alkaline 
peptonized or serum bouillon which it renders slightly turbid in 
20 hours. Culturesin gelatine give in 3 or 4 hours colonies as 
translucent bluish points, like millet seed. It does not coagulate 
milk nor grow on potato. The microbe is found with difficulty 
or not at all in chronic cases, the theory of Lignieres and Nocard 
being that the action of the Pasteurella is to enfeeble the tissues 
by its toxins, so that they can no longer resist the attacks of other 
microbes, and these accordingly are met with abundantly in the 
chronic cases. The cocco-bacillus as the essential factor would 
be more certain, if it persisted in the system throughout, or if 
the later phenomena, in its absence were more evidently the pro- 
duct of the secondary microbe, still. present. Cattle die much 


6 


82 Veterinary Medicine. 


more quickly from artificial pure cultures than from the casual 
disease. 

Susceptible Animals. Cultures have been successfully inoculated 
on ox, horse, sheep, guinea pig, rabbit and white mouse, It oc- 
curs casually in horse and sheep. 

Symptoms. Intestinal Form, 'The young cattle (1 to 2 years) 
show slight diarrhoea for a time, with soiling of the hips, tail 
and hocks, before there is any loss of condition, appetite or gen- 
eral health. For some days the stools become increasingly fre- 
quent, and fluid, dark green and fcetid, and then the abdomen is 
tucked up, the back arched, the movements weak and tardy and 
the spirits depressed. There are now observed advancing ema- 
ciation, pallid mucosz, sunken eyes, and there may even be 
dropsy between the maxilla. The victim leaves its fellows and 
is found apart lying with the head bent on the neck, the hair 
erect, and the skin scurfy and hidebound. ‘The diarrhoea, which 
tends to constant encrease, and may show intermissions, becomes 
frothy but rarely bloody. 

A measure of appetite is retained but emaciation, anzemia, de- 
bility and exhaustion advance with great rapidity and the animal 
dies in three or four weeks in a state of marasmus. When inter- 
missions are prolonged death may be deferred for months. 

Symptoms. Wasting Form. This may begin like the intesti- 
nal form, followed by a marked subsidence of the local digestive 
troubles. The appetite, though not lost nor even diminished, is 
depraved, the victim chewing bones and other objects ; the skin 
becomes dry, scurfy and hidebound, the hair stands erect, the 
back is arched and the belly tucked up, emaciation steadily en- 
creases becoming extreme, the animal is weak and spiritless, and 
the eyes are sunken and pale. The breathing is short and accel- 
erated, and the pulse rapid small and weak, even imperceptible. 
When lassoed the animal resists feebly and its bellow is low and 
weak. Infective arthritis is common, rendering the animal quite 
helpless. The progress may be a gradually advancing anzemia and 
debility to an early death, but the majority show a favorable ar- 
rest, so that they may even breed and rear calves before the fatal 
result follows. A gradual wasting extending over years isa 
main feature. ; 

Lesions. Intestinal Form. ‘These are mainly shown in the 


Septicemia Hemorrhagica of Cattle. 83 


anzemic, pale, and wasted conditions of the body generally, and 
the numerous minute centers of purulent infection. The stomachs 
are well filled, the intestines contain pultaceous and gaseous 
matters, the glands of the duodenum, of Lieberkuhn and of Peyer 
are gorged and when compressed, the latter throw out drops of 
white purulent matter. The liver is normal, the spleen 
atrophied, and the kidneys pale and fibrous. The chest shows 
pleurisies with extensive exudation, sometimes pneumonia or 
broncho-pneumonia, or atelectasis or even sclerosis. 

Lesions. Wasting Form. ‘The carcase shows extreme emacia- 
tion, absence of fat, bloodlessness, with atrophy and even cir- 
thosis of liver, spleen, kidneys and other internal organs. ‘The 
mesenteric glands are large, softand very watery. In the lungs 
the most characteristic lesions are calcifications surrounding the 
alveoli and bronchioles, which have a branching arrangement, 
crepitate when pressed under the finger, and strongly fix aniline 
dyes. Inthe large arteries extending outward from the semi- 
lunar valves on both sides, the intima is thickened and raised 
in irregular patches which may become soft like atheroma, or 
hard and cartilaginous, or calcified. The auriculo-ventricular 
valves may even be involved and the inner coat.of the auricle, 
especially the right. In some cases the arteries generally are 
calcified even to the smaller trunks, and this may be felt in the. 
carotids during life. 

Prevention, ‘The most promising course is to segregate the af- 
fected animals where their products cannot reach places accessible 
to other cattle, and to exclude sound cattle from already infected 
fields until years after drainage. The obvious precaution of 
sterilizing infected carcases and manure is demanded. 

Treatment. Medicinal treatment fails notably in checking the 
diarrhoea. Yet Lignieres claims complete success from intra- 
venous injection of 1 to 1% qt. of the following :- boiled water 
1000 grams: common salt 9 grams: soda sulphate 4 grams. A 
second injection is made if diarrhoea persists. Improvement ap- 

-pears after 48 hours, and in 5 to Io days the bowels are normal. 
This will temporarily invigorate, but will the improvement last ? 


SEPTICAMIA HA MORRHAGICA OF THE SHEEP: 
LOMBRIZ. 


Synonyms. Definition. Geographical distribution, Argentina, France, etc. 
Causes : bacillus ; intravenously, etc., youth, verminous affections, low condi- 
tion. Bacteriology : ovoid bacillus with polar stain, bleached by Gram’ssolu- 
tion, zerobic, non-motile. Symptoms: Chronic form in summer, diarrhea, 
arched back, stiffness, emaciation, flattened wool, segregation, impaired or 
depraved appetite, shedding wool, anzemic skin, dependent dropsies, sunken 
eyes, weak small pulse, temperature variable—elevated, nasal and buccal 
discharge, weakness, paresis, dullness, torpor, lung symptoms, arthritis. 
Diagnosis : from distomatosis and strongylosis. Acute form with high fe- 
ver, constitutional disorder, colics, diarrhoea, death in 24 to 36 hours, sub- 
acute form. Lesions: black blood, congestions, and general petechiz. 
Lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen, congested, swollen. Subacute cases have 
lighter blood, and lesions. Chronic cases anemic, blood diffluent, lymph 
glands enlarged, congested ; connective tissues and serous cavities dropsical. 
gastric, intestinal and hepatic worms, spleen shrunken. Mortality: greatin 
acute, less in chronic. Prevention : segregation, exclusion of all sheep from 
unknown or suspected flocks, antiseptic dip and quarantine for new pur- 
chases, expose a few asa test ; cleanliness. disinfectants, avoid watershed 
from infected lands, wide range, out-door life, generous diet, remove weak, 
emaciated, anzemic. Immunization. Treatment. 


Synonyms. PasteurellosisOvina. Infectious Pneumo-Enteri- 
‘tis. 

Definition. An infectious febrile affection of the sheep, chronic 
or acute, characterized by dulness, stiffness, or paresis, anorexia, 
thirst, disorder of the breathing and digestive organs, black dif- 
fluent blood, petechize, reddish effusions in the serosze or connec- 
tive tissue, and congestive or inflammatory lesions of the lungs, 
liver, kidneys and intestines. ‘The presence of a cocco-bacillus 
(diplo-coccus, strepto-cocco-bacillus, Pasteurellosa) in the lesions 
is especially characteristic. 

Geographical Distribution. ‘Though Lignieres first demonstra- 
ted this as a bacteridian disease in the Argentine Republic, he 
was, after his return, able to identify the same affectionin the 
flocks of almost every department of France, in newly imported 
English Lincolns, and German Merinos, so that there can be 
little doubt that the malady exists in all or nearly all countries 
engaged in sheep husbandry, though it has been usually attribu- 
ted to parasitisms of the lungs, liver or alimentary canal alone. 


Septicemia Hemorrhagica of the Sheep. 85 


Causes. 'The essential cause is manifestly the bacillus, which 
Lignieres has isolated, cultivated in vitro, and successfuly inocu- 
lated intravenously in the sheep, which he also infected by feeding 
the pure cultures. Intravenously it proved fatalto Guinea pig, 
rabbit, pigeon, chicken, rat, mouse, horse, ass and ox. Yet 
many other accessory causes must be admitted as operating in 
different cases. 

Youth shows the greatest susceptibility whether the victim be 
mammal or bird. So marked is this influence that the principle 
sufferers are lambs just weaned, or yearlings. Yet mature ani- 
mals, that are debilitated from any cause, also fall victims. The 
measure of immunity usually noticed in mature sheep may well 
be attributed to a previous mild and non-fatal attack of the 
bacillus. 

Verminous affections are undoubtedly predisposing causes, 
hence the common practice of attributing the malady to the 
worms alone. ‘This again in part explains the susceptibility of 
the young which so often harbor worms toa dangerous extent. 
It seems to matter less what worms are present than, that they 
are in sufficient numbers to greatly deteriorate the health. It is 
noticeable, however, that those worms that make breaches in the 
mucose, have been noted as infesting the victimsof this malady. 
In the stomach worms sent from Argentina, Railliet identified 
Strongylus Contortus, S$. circumcentus, and S. instabilis, and in 
the duodenum S. filicollis and S. Curticei. These, like the dis- 
tomata often found in the liver, are blood suckers and not only 
render the animal anemic, but make numerous perforations to 
act as infection-atria. The various lung worms, encysting them- 
selves in the air sacs and determining local congestions may act 
in the same way, opening channels for the entrance of the microbe. 

Low condition ora low tone of health from any cause predis- 
poses. Old, worn out animals, ewes in lamb, or those just lambed, 
sheep that have been shut up and denied proper exercise in winter, 
those on poor feeding and perhaps nursing twins, those that have 
suffered from any debilitating disease of any kind are especially 
obnoxious to a dangerous attack. 

Microbiology. ‘The microbe, which Ljignieres found in the 
pulmonary lesions, is one of the colon group of pathogenic bac- 
teria that have been classed together as pasteurella. It usually 
appears as a very minute ovoid bacillus which stains promptly 


N 
f 


86 Veterinary Medicine. 


and deeply at the poles in fuchsin or gentian violet, leaving a 
clear median part, so that it seems a diplococcus. It bleaches 
readily in Gram’s solution. Its form varies in different culture 
media sometimes showing long Jdacz///, and sometimes strepto- 
cocco-bacilli, but the usual and characteristic appearance is that of 
a cocco-bacillus, and to this it constantly returns. ‘The microbe is 
zerobic and nonmotile (the slow zig-zag motion sometimes seen 
does not seem to be automatic). In peptonised bouillon it produces. 
opacity in 18 hours, or in simple bouillon in 24 to 48 hours, the best. 
temperature being 100° F. Gelatine plate cultures are slow 
because of the compulsory low temperature, yet in 36 to 48 hours. 
it forms pale blue, translucent, round colonies the size of a pin 
head. It never liquefies. In coagulated blood serum it forms. 
only a thin transparent pellicle hardly visible, and there is no 
growth on potato. 

Symptoms: Chronic Form. In Argentina, Lignieres observed 
the disease especially during the hot summer months (December 
to May), and after weaning in the lambs. This may be from the 
marked change of food, from the greater activity of microbian 
life at this season, from the exhausting effect of the heat, or 
from a combination of two or more of these conditions. It 
appears alike in the sheepfold, and on the open prairie. 
In considerable flocks the symptoms may be at first over- 
looked, so that the death of several sheep may be the first. 
thing to draw attention. Then a certain number are found to 
scour, arch the back, walk stiffly, lose condition, and have the 
wool flattened and devoid of yolk (clapped wool). ‘The sheep- 
may be dull, lagging behind its fellows, or lying apart by itself, 
ruminating infrequently and for shorter periods than natural, and. 
there may be inappetence, or depraved appetite (eating earth), 
though some eat well tothe end. Irregular and at intervals capri- 
cious appetite is a frequent condition. When caught and exam- 
ined, the wool is easily torn out, the muscles are soft and wasted, 
(the leg muscles may have practically disappeared ), the bones stand 
out at all points, the skin is pale, thin, bloodless and devoid of its. 
subcutaneous fat (paper skin), there may be cedemas along the ven- 
tral aspect of the body, pitting on pressure, and between the 
branches of the lower jaw(poked), the eyes are sunken, the conjunc- 
tiva may be puffy and cedematous, but like the muzzle and mouth. 


Septicemia Hemorrhagica of the Sheep. 87 


they are pale and anzemic and the pulse is small, though the 
excitement may have roused cardiac palpitations. The tempera- 
ture varies from_time to time often reaching 105° or 106°F. 
There is liable to be a mucopurulent discharge from nose and 
mouth especially noticeable during drinking. As the disease 
advances the subject becomes weak, paretic, dull and stupid ; 
it remains down without interest enough to seek food, though 
still eating if it is brought to it. ‘The head is usually rested 
on the flank, and the animal often lies so for days in a state 
of semi-stupor without disposition or ability to rise, paretic 
or paraplegic. Auscultation may sometimes detect a mucous 
rale or crepitus, and percussion a flatness of sound over some 
part of the lung. Chronic arthritis is an occasional symptom. 

Diagnosis. The symptoms closely resemble those of distoma- 
tosis or strongylosis, and the disease is often complicated with 
one or more of these, so that it may become difficult to judge 
how much is due to the microbian infection and how much to the 
helminthiasis. The presence, continuously or intermittently, of 
the hyperthermia is almost pathognomonic of the operation of the 
microbe. 

Acute Form. This has been particularly observed in the ewe 
just after lambing, when the system is especially susceptible to 
microbian invasion, and little able to cope with it. There are hot 
ears, nose and feet, temperature of 104° to 106° F., acceletated 
pulse and breathing, anorexia, ardent thirst, deeply congested- 
mucose, colicy pains, pawing the ground, frothy or bloody diar- 
rhoea, arched back, pendent head, ears and eyelids, muscular 
trembling, albuminous urine, plaintive cries, dark red vaginal 
discharge, mucopurulent or glairy nasal discharge, and death in 
24 to 36 hours. Such animals may be in fair condition or even 
fat, no time having been allowed for emaciation. 

In other cases death may be delayed for three or four weeks, 
with the same general symptoms, only less marked. In such 
cases, pregnant ewes are likely to abort, and the lambs are born 
dead, or prove weak and listless, and die when a few days old. 
Some have too little energy to suck ; others suck heartily but per- 
ish all the same on the second or third day, after diarrhcea, thirst, 
hyperthermia, prostration, and stupor. 

Lesions. ‘These vary according to the type. In the rapidly 


88 Veterinary Medicine. < 


fatal cases there is dark colored blood, with congestion of the 
serous and mucous membranes, which, together with the skin and 
often the solid tissues, are covered with petechize, and even cir- 
cumscribed hzemorrhages. The lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, 
and many of the lymph glands are congested and swollen, seem- 
ing at times of a black hue as if blood-saturated. The lesions, 
indeed, indicate an acute septicemia. 

In cases that have survived three or four weeks, the morbid 
changes are slighter, the blood is brighter in tint, and the con- 
gestions less deep in color, ecchymoses may be especially confined 
to the heart, abomasum and small intestines, which may also show 
hemorrhages. Enlargement and congestion of the lymph glands 
are the rule, while pulmonary consolidation and gastro-intestinal 
mucous inflammations are frequently found. As in the more 
acute types the urine is albuminous. 

In chronic cases the anzemia is prominent. ‘The clot is soft, rel- 
atively small, elasticand black, the serum is relatively very abun- 
dant and pale. The red globules are greatly reduced in numbers, 
and there are a number of giant cells which stain deeply as in 
chlorosis. The lymph glands are usually enlarged, softened and 
slightly congested but rarely the seat of blood extravasation. The 
tissues generally are pallid, soft and shrunken. There is a 
marked absence of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat, while the 
connective tissue is more or less infiltrated with a transparent, 
waterylymph. Theserous cavities usually contain more than the 
normal amount of fluid, transparent or straw-colored, and with 

‘few globules or granules. Congestions and even shreds of false 
membrane are sometimes present on the serosa. In some cases 
the lungs and bronchia are the seat of inflammatory exudates, 
causing nodular consolidations of from one-half to one inch in 
diameter. Not unfrequently the lungs show strongylosis as the 
fourth stomach shows strongylus contortus, the small intestines 
strongylus filicollis, teeniae (expansa, fimbriata, etc.), the large 
intestines cesophagostoma Columbiana, and tricocephalus affinis, 
and the gall ducts distoma hepaticum and distoma lanceolatum. 
In these chronic cases the spleen is usually shrunken, and the 
liver firm, sometimes even cirrhotic. 

Mortality. The acute cases are usually fatal. ‘Those that as- 
sume a chronic form, if free from local lesions in important organs, 


Septicemia Hemorrhagica of the Sheep. 89 


well-fed, and, above all, keptin the open air, and changed toa 
different pasture, tend largely to recovery. 

Prevention, ‘The propagation of the infection from animal to 
animal is slow and somewhat uncertain, and when introduced by 
the purchase of a new ram or other animal, it may take a con- 
siderable time to affect the stock extensively, but for this reason, 
and because an apparently sound sheep may harbor the germ, it 
is difficult to oppose it successfully by segregation. Allthe same, 
it is desirable to take all possible precautions against its advent, 
and among these, the exclusion of strange sheep from non-infected 
pastures and flocks. When the time comes to make an outcross 
from the home strain, the ram must be selected not only for his 
pedigree and individual qualities, but no less for the soundness 
of the flock from which heis taken. If the lambs of that flock 
have been decimated by disease, the best blue blood, and most 
faultless form should not tempt the flockmaster. The ram should be 
rejected in favor of one taken froma flock that is above suspicion. 
It matters little if it can be plausibly argued that the mortality 
came from worms of the lungs, liver, or digestive organs; these 
in themselves may soon ruin any flock, but they, too, often co- 
exist with the microbe of haemorrhagic septiczemia, and, when this 
is the case, they prepare the system and open a way for its in- 
vasion. 

New purchases should not only be selected from apparently 
sound and guaranteed stock, but they should be passed through 
an antiseptic dip on arrival, and then if possible quarantined in a 
special enclosure until they shall have proved their freedom from 
infection. Avaluable ram may be placed with some lambs or 
yearlings in close quarters to ascertain whether he has brought 
theinfecting matter with him. If allescape after some months 
the presumption is that he is sound. Perfect cleanliness of the 
fold should be maintained, and disinfectants may be freely used 
in it. 

The water supplies should be watched, rejecting streams that 
have drained sheep-pastures where there have been marked losses 
of lambs and ewes. Water from deep wells without any surface 
leakage is to be preferred. 

When new stock (ram, ewes, lambs) are of necessity mixed 
with the sound herd, a wide range, an open air life, and abundant 


go Veterinary Medicine. 


dietary must be secured. ‘The system that is full of strength and 
vigor can better resist the microbe and even throw it off entirely, 
whereas the weak, confined subject succumbs. For the same 
reason, the weak, emaciated and debilitated subjects should be at. 
once separated from the sound flock, and kept in a special enclo- 
sure, in the open air, on a rich diet. Should they harbor worms, 
this seclusion is even more imperative. (See parasites of lungs, 
liver, stomach and bowels). 

Lignieres advocates immunization by serum prepared on the 
Pasteur method, but, as he has not divulged the exact technique 
of its preparation, it is impossible as yet, to give this an unquali- 
fied endorsement. It has this in its favor that the mature sheep, 
in full vigor of middle life, though in an infected area, usually 
resist the infection, while the young, old, debilitated and vermin- 
ous suffer. Opposed to it are these considerations that are recog- 
nized by Lignieres himself ;—tst. The acquired immunity is not 
perfect, as shown by occasional relapses in sheep that have sur- 
vived a first attack ; 2d. The serum inoculation is not only use- 
less, but dangerous in animals that already harbor the germ; I 
may add 3d. Any acquired parasitism or debilitating disease may 
tend to break down the immunity and prostrate the system under 
the infection.’ Lignieres advises that the serum treatment should 
be restricted to the new born lambs in infected herds, or herds in 
infected areas. ‘The first three or four weeks after birth are to 
be preferred for the operation, though failing this, it may still be 
ventured on, up to a few days before weaning. ‘The longer it is 
delayed the greater the danger of a preéxisting infection, and of 
untoward results from the new access of infecting material, on 
the back of an infection which varies so extremely in its patho- 
genic potency. Even among the new born lambs, Lignieres 
would restrict the serum therapy to the strong, robust and healthy, 
and, if they survive the resulting fever, would repeat the treat- 
ment after the hyperthermia has ceased. No satisfactory ¢reat- 
ment of the disease has been made. An open air life, a generous. 
diet, and a course of iron, and bitters will, however, be of use in 
serving to improve health, digestion and vigor, to solicit a better 
production of red globules, and to enable the patient to survive 
the period of anzemia, prostration and debility. Antiseptics like 
quinia, the sulphites and the iodides might be used as adjuncts. | 


PNEUMO-ENTERITIS IN SHEEP: HEMORRHAGIC 
SEPTICHMIA : SWINE PLAGUE. 


Historic note. Microbiology : ovoid bacterium, motile, with polar stain, 
non-liquefying, chains, grows freely on culture media Pathogenic to sheep, 
goats, dogs, hens, rodents, calf, ass. Views of Lignieres, Lienaux, and 
Conte. Symptoms: Acute form in young; hyperthermia, rapid pulse, 
troubled breathing, dulness, prostration, sopor, anorexia, congested petechi- 
ated mucosze, offensive diarrhoea, emaciation, wheezing, cough, rales, crepi- 
tus, percussion flatness, abortion. Death in 6 hours to 3 days. Sub-acute 
form in mature: symptoms moderate, recoveries the rule. Lesions: fcetid 
carcass, blood staining of skin aud organs, exudates, petechiz, swollen 
congested lymph glands, peritoneal exudate, congested liver and spleen, 
gastro-eateritis, pleural effusion, lobular and peribronchial exudates, casea- 
tion, congested womb, placenta and brain, bacterium in lesions. Preven- 
tion : isolation, disinfection; secretions, manure, drainage, exclude tame 
and wild animals. Disinfectants. 


Among the different forms of heemorrhagic septicazemia in sheep, 
that observed by Galtier in 1889 in Basses Alpes, and later else- 
where in southern and western France and in Algiers, must be 
specially noted. It seems to be the same affection studied later 
by Lienaux, Conte, Besuoit and Cuillé and which prevailed from 
Tarn in the south of France, to Vendée in the west, and Somme 
in the north. 

Microbiology. ‘The pathogenic factor found in the lesions was 
an ovoid bacterium, a little larger than that of fowl cholera, mo- 
tile, non-liquefying, with polar staining, and often showing in 
short chains of two or three joined end to end. It grows easily 
and abundantly in all common culture media, even on potato 
which fails to propagate the cocco-bacillus of Lignieres. This, 
with its ready transmission from swine to sheep and vice versa, 
apparently serves to differentiate it from the cocco-bacillus, and 
the disease from the hzemorrhagic septiceemia of Lignieres. 

Pathogenesis, In Galtier’s first observations in Basses Alpes 
four separate flocks were infected by pigs brought all from one 
market, and placed in or by the pens of the sheep where they 
sickened and one in seven died ina few days. Then the mortality 
began among the sheep and ranged as follows: 1st flock lost 10 
in 37: 2d flock 16 in 25: 3d flock 8 in 20: 4th flock 12 in 22. 
On one farm 10 sheep were sent to a neighbor’s just before the 


92 Veterinary Medicine. 


arrival of the sick pigs and escaped, and on another a second 
flock kept in outlying pens well apart from the home flock kept 
perfectly sound. 

With cultures of the microbe in vitro, he successfully inoculated 
sheep, goats, dogs, chickens, Guinea pigs, rabbits, and, finally, 
acalfandanass. ‘The cultures were inoculated in different cases ; 
intravenously, into the trachea, pleura, lung, and subcutaneous 
connective tissue, and one goat was infected by ingestion. 

Lignieres claims that Galtier must have worked with a complex 
infection in which his (Lignieres’ ) cocco-bacillus was an essential 
constituent. The evidence of this is, however, lacking, and we 
must recognize that Galtier made cultures which showed the close 
relationship of his organisms to swine plague, and their lack of 
complete identity with those of the Lombriz. The filtrable mi- 
crobe of hog cholera was probably present. 

Lienaux and Conte had pathogenic results in a limited number 
of animals only (rabbit, mouse, guinea pig) illustrating the fa- 
miliar truth of the variability in the pathogenesis of different 
specimens of septiceemic bacteria of the colon group. 

Symptoms. 1. Acute Form. 'There is a sudden marked rise 
of temperature, often to 107° F., with acceleration of pulse and 
respiration. Sometimes death follows so early so as to prevent the 
observation of other symptoms. If otherwise, there supervene 
marked dulness, prostration, somnolence, anorexia, suspension of 
rumination, and more or less tympany of the rumen. The 
patient is found lying down, apart from the flock, indisposed to 
rise, with deep red, congested, arborescent conjunctiva and other 
mucous membranes, and petechial spots on these and on the white 
portions of the skin. The feeces, at first moderately firm and 
moulded in pellets, marked here and there with lines of mucus, 
or even blood, become on the second or third day soft, pultaceous, 
or watery and highly offensive. Parallel with this, emaciation 
advances with rapid strides. Breathing becomes more hurried, 
wheezing or snuffling, with a muco-serous, often bloody discharge 
from the nose, and an infrequent cough. Careful auscultation 
and percussion will often reveal the blowing or mucous rAles, the 
crepitation or flatness on percussion of broncho-pneumonia. As 
the disease advances the petechize on skin and mucose extend, 
and extensive deep violet areas show especially on theinner sides 


Pneumo-enteritis in Sheep, ete. 93 


of the arms and thighs, on the under surface of the tail, on the 
perineum and under the belly. Abortion isa commonresult the 
lambs coming dead. 

Death may occur in six hours, more commonly in two or three 
days, or even later, the temperature going down to below nor- 
malin thelast stages. In case of recovery, convalescence is slow, 
the animal remaining emaciated and weak, with lung lesions and 
persistent cough for a length of time. ‘These poor imperfectly 
recovered animals continue to harbor the microbe and transmit it. 
Lesions of the liver and other organs, the result of this disease, 
are found in sheep that have survived the affection and are after- 
ward killed for mutton. 

Symptoms : 2. Subacute and Chronic Form. This is seen in 
mature sheep of two or three years, that have been infected when 
in the full vigor of life and health, during an open air life and by 
a limited dose of the virus. The temperature is less elevated, the 
circulatory and respiratory functions less disturbed, the dulness 
and prostration only moderate, the interruption of feeding and 
rumination transient and tympany slight. Cough and nasal dis- 
charge are however present and rather persistent, diarrhcea may 
be manifested, and marked emaciation occurs. There may be 
congestion of the mucosz, but petechize and extensive bloody dis- 
coloration of the mucous membranes or skin are rarely seen. 
Abortion is not: uncommon. 

Recovery is the rule in this type of the disease, though in 
some cases it will be delayed for weeks and may even then be im- 
perfect. 

Lesions. In the acute types of the disease decomposition ad- 
vances rapidly after death, and the carcass from the first exhales 
a peculiarly heavy odor. The skin is discolored, the nasal mu- 
cosa is the seat of a muco-purulent or sanguinolent discharge, the 
anus is soiled with liquid feces, the subcutaneous connective 
tissue marked by red arborescence and blood-stained areas, or by 
a gelatinoid exudation, the muscles at times deeply colored and 
petechiated, the lymph glands, especially the bronchial and me- 
senteric, are enlarged and congested of a deep red—the color be- 
ing highest in the cortical zone. In some old standing cases these 
may have softened and acquired a grayish hue. They are rich 
in the specific bacterium. 


94 Veterinary Medicine. 


The peritoneum is congested, petechiated, thickened, and more 
or less covered with thin false membranes, and it contains from a 
pint to three quarts of a sero-sanguinolent liquid which coagulates 
loosely on exposure. The liver is congested, with points of blood 
extravasation, and zones of degeneration (fibroid, fatty or necro- 
tic), and sometimes abscess. The congestion extends to the 
spleen and pancreas. The abomasum and intestines are the seat 
of mucous gastro-enteritis. The mucous folds of the pyloric sac 
of the stomach are congested, reddened and petechiated, the small 
intestine has tracts and patches of congestion, thickening and soft- 
ening, Peyers patches and the solitary glands are enlarged, and 
ulcers may be present on large or small intestines. 

Effusion is usually found in the pleura, clear, grayish or bloody, 
with flocculi and false membranes, and further branching redness 
of the serosa. The mediastinum may be thickened by exudate 
especially around the glands, cesophagus and blood vessels. The 
lung shows lobular, interlobular and peribronchial exudates ap- 
proaching at times to the appearances shown in lung plague, 
along with the atelectasis, emphysema and, in prolonged cases, 
caseation. 

Less constant are congestions and petechiee of the pericardium, 
heart, kidneys, vesical mucosa, testicles, ovaries or womb. ‘The 
blood is dark and forms a loose coagulum. In case of. abortion 
the umbilical cord is infiltrated and the placental membranes 
ecchymotic. The brain and spinal cord and their membranes are 
sometimes congested and infiltrated and a serous effusion exists 
in the arachnoid. 

The bacterium is found more or less abundantly in each of the 
morbid lesions. 

Prevention. Absolute seclusion of the sick and of all their 
products is the prime essential. The general distribution of the 
lesions throughout the body and the uniform presence of the 
bacterium in the lesions indicate that no part of the body and no 
secretion can be considered as free from infection. All parts 
of the body, all expectoration, saliva, feeces, urine, milk even must 
be withheld from all other animals, at least until they have been 
thoroughly cooked or disinfected. Manure must be burned, or 
buried deeply in quicklime. Contaminated pens, yards, wallows, 
streams and fields must be abandoned or thoroughly disinfected. 


Septic Diseases of the Lungs in Goats. 95 


Galtier found that the virus remained active for six days in 
putrefying organic matter at 39° to 75° F.; for 25 daysin water, 
at room temperature ; the refuse litter, fodder, manure, and drain- 
age matter from the infected place must be carefully guarded 
against. T’he virus steadily loses in force in such media, but 
temains infecting to animals injected with it. ‘The most active 
disinfectants may be used on the pens and yards (copperas 5%, 
sulphuricacid 2% solution, or mercuric chloride .2% ) while the con- 
taminated fields should be abandoned for the season. All drop- 
pings may be treated with sulphuric acid (2%), creolin, lysol, 
phenic acid or copper sulphate. The susceptibility of practically 
all the animals of the farm, demands the exclusion of these, while 
that of rodents, renders necessary the further exclusion of wild 
tmammals ; and we may add birds, wild and tame, and if possible 
flies. The plowing of the contaminated soil will do much to obviate 
danger, yet the sheep folds and pastures should be separated by a 
considerable distance from any place where infected animals and 
objects have been. If drinking troughs for sound animals have 
been used by the sick or suspected they should be emptied and 
washed with disinfectant (sulphuric acid 2:100). 


SEPTIC (BACTERIDIAN) DISEASES OF THE LUNGS 
ETC., IN ANGORA GOATS. 


Contagious lung diseases in Angora goats have prevailed in 
Saanen, Simmenthal, in the Bernese Alps (Pusch), in Schmal- 
kalden, Thuringer Wald (Schiitz) in Stembach—Hallenburg, at 
Ismid on the Coast of the Sea of Marmora and inland in Angora 
(Nicole and Refik Bey), in Khandesh in the Bombay Presidency 
(Steel), and in Cape Colony (Hutcheon). In 1903, Mohler and 
Washburn described under the names of 7akoszs (teko, to waste) 
an infectious destructive disease of Angoras in Penn., and Md., 
and quoted reports of what appeared to be similar troubles in 
Oregon, Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Massachussetts, Georgia, 
and Texas. 

Causes. ‘The disease was especially fatal in Penn., and Md., 
in autumn and winter, having started with goats imported from 
Texas. It was first attributed to laurel poisoning, but proved 


96 Veterinary Medicine. 


no less destructive in fenced, cultivated fields and pens where 
laurel wasinaccessible. A dry, nutritious diet of corn, oats, and 
hay made no improvement. Separation in small lots in separate 
pens proved more helpful. In the Old World its introduction in 
infected goats has been constantly noted and its prevalence in the 
native home of the goat (Angora) bespeaks its primary source. 
The first cases of Pusch and Schiitz were brought from Saanen, 
its appearance in Cape Colony was traced to goats direct from 
Angora, and the outbreaks in Penn., were in goats just arrived 
from Texas. Out of their native habitat Angoras are found in 
comparatively limited numbers, but their introduction is too 
often followed by an appearance of this infection, which like any 
other pestilence spreads in an infected locality in ratio with the 
numbers of susceptible animals and their aggregation in a small 
area. 

In the Old World and the New the microbian cause is held to 
be a globular or ovoid coccus (Micrococcus Caprinus Sp. nov. 
Mohler) found in the heart’s blood, pericardial fluid, spleen, 
kidneys, etc. Mohler failed to find it in the cerebro-spinal fluid, 
and Nocard and Leclainche elsewhere than in the lung and ex- 
pectoration. The microbe is 0.8 to 14 in diameter and appears 
in cultures singly or more commonly in chains of 2,3 0r4. After 
three days culture at 37° C. they are globular and may form 
chains of six, or even clumps. The individual cocci vary in size 
and shape. They stain slowly in methylene blue, but quickly in 
carbol fuchsin. The coccus is erobic (facultative anzerobic), 
grows freely in slightly alkaline media (liquid or solid), and 
much less actively in acid, 1.5 phenolphthalein. Growth is most 
abundant at 37° C, and tardy at room temperature. In neutral 
beef bouillon at 37° it causes a slight opacity in ten hours, and in 
three days it clears by throwing down a pearl gray, ropy pre- 
cipitate. The culture becomes acid in five days. The coccus 
grows freely on blood serum, milk or agar: more slowly on 
gelatine and potato. It survived freezing for four days, but was 
killed in six minutes at 62° C. 

Pathogenesis. ‘The cultures, subcutem, infected the goat 
(Angora and common), calf, rabbit, Guineapig and white mouse. 
Rats, swine, dogs and sheep proved immune. Steel claimed the 
infection of two sheep, but, as the example stands alone, it may 
have been a coincidence merely. 


Septic Diseases of the Lungs in Goats. 97 


Identity. ‘The identity of the disease in different epizootics has 
been questioned. ‘Thus Nocard and Leclainche doubt the identity 
of the pleuro-pneumonia that the latter investigated in France, 
as also that observed by Pusch, Schiitz and Storch in Germany, 
together with the disease of Algerian goats known as bou frida. 
In these cases and in those seen in Cape Colony and India the 
pulmonary hepatization appears to have been more marked than 
in the American cases, Hutcheon, indeed, believed that he was 
dealing with the lung plague of cattle. But the variety and grade 
of lesion may be largely climatic. Even the lung plague of the 
ox differs greatly in our drier American climate in winter, from 
the same disease in Western Europe. ‘Then the goat disease is 
so constantly traceable and even confined to the Angora, shows 
so uniformly the same microbiology, presents such similarity in 
its lesions, symptoms, duration and mortality, and agrees so re- 
markably in the genera susceptible, that the burden of proof 
should be upon the person who denies the identity of the malady 
in any two outbreaks. 

A variation even in virulence may depend on the environment 
of a particular herd or the state of the system invaded. Thus 
the addition of lactic acid to the culture injected, killed in a few 
hours, so that habitual exertion with the accumulation of.sarco- 
lactic acid may determine a specially violent type. So with other 
cases of auto or fodder poisoning and of complex infection. 

Symptoms. In the tardiness of its course, the diarrhoea, the 
cough, the great emaciation and weakness, this disease strongly 
suggests extegué, or a destructive parasitism. But worms are 
usually altogether absent and mature cattle do not suffer from 
exposure to the contagion. In the early stages there is no visible 
disorder. Then the goat becomes listless, languid, droops its 
head, ears and eyelids, and lags behind the flock. He mopes 
around with arched back and head bent toward the sternum, but 
still eats and ruminates fairly well. The temperature is highest 
at the start (104° to 107° F.) and may later become subnormal 
(99.7° F.). Snuffling and nasal discharge arecommon. Cough 
is easily roused by percussion of the chest. Blowing and crepi- 
tant rales may be detected on auscultation. Sometimes there is 
distinct flatness of sound over given areas when percussed. In 
the advanced stages there may be marked dyspnoea, the goat 


7 


98 Veterinary Medicine. 


standing or lying with head extended, mouth open, tongue pro- 
truding and mucosz violet. Sometimes early in the disease, but 
almost constantly in advanced stages, there is an encreasingly 
fluid and offensive discharge from the bowels. The encreasing 
pallor of the skin may escape the observer unless the hair is 
drawn aside to show the surface. The same is true of the 
emaciation, but the gradually encreasing pallor and sinking of 
the eyes must be noted. The growing debility shows first in 
tardy, listless movement, then stilty gait, swaying or staggering, 
then the patient is trodden down under the feet of its fellows, 
later it lies almost constantly with its head on one side or bent 
on the sternum, and finally there is complete paralysis. The 
stricken animal bleats or groans at intervals. Signs of enteritis 
may be entirely absent. Abortion is a frequent complication. 
Four-fifths and upward of the diseased goats perish. The dura- 
tion of the disease may be from one to eight weeks. 

Lesions. On opening the carcass one is struck by the extreme 
emaciation and anemia. ‘The skin and subcutaneous structures 
are pale and bloodless. The muscles are pale, anemic, and 
wasted to the lastdegree. The rumen may contain a considerable 
amount of food recently taken. There may be slight areas of 
congestion on the bowels especially the small ones. The in- 
testines contain a moderate amount of normal contents, or foul 
liquid, and the mucosa may show enlarged follicles, a covering of 
slimy mucus, and even necrotic and sloughing centres. Téhe 
liver is usually normal, the spleen pale and shrunken, and the 
kidneys soft, pasty, and anemic. The lungs float in water, but 
are mottled, pale pink patches alternating with others of a dark 
red or iron gray, yet extensive consolidation is rare. The lower 
lobes are usually most affected and in these Hutcheon, Nicole 
and Refik Bey and others have noted hepatization with distinct 
marbling as in lung plague. In the congested patches the 
bronchioles, on section, exude a frothy mucus, and their walls 
show considerable fibrinous thickening. The pericardium con- 
tains more or less of a pink fluid, and the epicardium shows small 
congested areas and blood extravasation, mostly punctiform. 
Similar petechial spots may be found on the pleure and peri- 
toneum. The blood count shows an increase of red globules 
(11.000.000 to 12.000.000) and leucocytes (18.000 to 20.000. ) 
This is perhaps accounted for by the great loss of liquid through 
diarrhoea. It disproves any material destruction of the globules. 


Septic Diseases of the Lungs in Goats. 99 


Prevention. Angora goats should not be transported long 
distances, and especially to a higher altitude or more northern 
latitude except during late spring and in summer when the in- 
creasing warmth will compensate for the change. Comfortable 
sheds or well drained soil should be accessible at all times to pro- 
tect against severe rain or snow storms and wet beds. The absence 
of yolk in the fleece allows the water to penetrate much more 
easily than in the sheep. A generous diet should be allowed, to 
maintain the bodily vigor and enhance the resistance to bacterial 
invasion. Attempts at immunization by the subcutaneous in- 
jection of the sterilized blood or cultures, gave contradictory re- 
sults. 

The most important precaution is to prevent any sale or move- 
ment of goats from any infected flock until the disease has been 
completely extirpated. No infected flock, nor goat, should be 
allowed on a watershed which drains into pastures or drinking 
places of goats lower down. The young should be placed on new 
sound pastures, and if the dams of any are infected, the latter 
should be furnished with healthy nurses, (common goats or 
sheep) or brought up by hand. Imports from Asia Minor or any 
other infected country should be received only on official cer- 
tificate that they came from an uninfected district, and on arrival 
should be quarantined and disinfected. Such measures may ap- 
pear harsh, but this is a very deadly infection, and the suscepti- 
ble animals in the United States are as yet in small numbers, so 
that extinction and exclusion of this disease would far more than 
compensate for theoutlay. In thesingle epizootic in Cape Colony, 
introduced in 1880 by an importation from Angora, the goats 
were sold to different farmers, more than 12,000 goats succumbed, 
and 6,640 more were sacrificed to stamp out the plague. 

Treatment. As in other infections, propagated through the 
animals, and not resident in the soil, treatment should never re- 
place prevention, and complete extinction. Yet in properly 
isolated places the sick may be treated. Mohler and Washburn 
got the best results from 1% grain doses of calomel twice daily 
for two days, followed on the third day by: Arsenious acid 1 
grain : Iron reduced (orsulphate) 12 grains: sulphate of quinine 
2 grains: Repeat this night and morning for ten days: then, 
after two days interval, repeat the course. 


Mae 


ULCERATIVE (ERYSIPELATOID) INFECTION OF THE 
LIMBS IN CATTLE AND SHEEP. 


New York outbreaks. Causes: wounds by sharp pebbles, streptococci, 
pure cultures, inoculations. Symptoms: swelling on lower limbs, abscesses 
implicating tendons, bones, joints, and under hoof. Prevention : avoid 
septic or frosted mud, irritants, etc., disinfect surface, keep dry and clean, 
open abscesses, use disinfectants, separate infected. 


This affection was seen in several herds in Oneida Co., N. Y., 
in the Spring of 1897. The geological formation of the region 
was a calcareous rock with a surface soil thickly impregnated with 
pebbles and small flat shaly masses. Sheep suffered in Western 
New York. 

Causes. In Oneida, the subjects were dairy cows, which in 
the early spring, when the frost went out of the ground, had to 
wade through chilly soft mud reaching to the knees or above, and 
mixed with small stones with sharp edges, and with semi-liquid 
manurial products. The abrasions made by these stones furnished 
convenient infection atria for septic microbes in the manure. In 
the pus obtained from the ulcers were found in abundance the 
bacillus coli commune, and a long streptococcus representing on an 
average from 20 to 40 cocci in a chain. Dr. Moore made pure 
cultures of these and produced the same symptoms in a cow by 
injecting the streptococcus subcutaneously in the back of the 
pastern, and in another animal by simply abrading the surface 
and rubbing on the streptococcus culture. As the inflammation, 
suppuration, and resulting ulcers implicated not only the skin 
but also the subcutaneous connective tissue, the affection had 
many of the characters of erysipelas. 

Symptoms. The affection commenced by swelling in the region 
of the fetlock, pastern, metacarpus or metatarsus, and exception- 
ally, the forearm or tibial region, and advanced to a tense swelling, 
which pitted on pressure, and the formation of centres of suppu- 
ration, which burst and discharged. If the exposure to the septic 
mud were continued, the sores ulcerated and extended both in the 
skin and subcutaneous connective tissue, but when the dry 
weather came and the mud disappeared, the tendency was to 
spontaneous recovery. In some instances ulceration extended 


Contagious Foot Rot in Sheep and Cattle. IOI 


beneath the hoof threatening its evulsion, and in other cases it 
extended deeply to the tendons and ligaments. 

Treatment, 'The main object should be prevention, to be 
secured by protecting the stock against contact with septic mud, 
and especially such as is near the freezing point and intermixed 
with such sharp stones and pebbles as would wound the surface 
and open channels for infection. When infection has taken place 
we should seek to limit it by lotions of an antiseptic character. 
Bandages soaked in a solution of hyposulphite of sodium, 1 dr. to 
the ounce will often succeed. A more potent application is 
iodized phenol, prepared as follows: tincture of iodine 2 drs., 
carbolic acid crystals 4 drs., glycerine 1 0z., alcohol 1 oz., water 
8 ozs. When applied on a bandage this may be diluted with 
water to make 1 pint. For circumscribed application to forming 
sores, the undiluted iodized phenol, made of one part each of 
iodine and carbolic acid crystals, may be applied twice a day with 
a glass rod. Other favorite applications are a lotion of lead and 
laudanum ; a saturated solution of boric acid; ninety-five per 
cent. alcohol; a mixture of creolin 1 part, iodoform 4 parts, and 
lanolin 10 parts ; ichthyol and collodion ; ichthyol and vaselin ; 
or iodol, iodoform, salicylic acid or resorcin as dusting powders. 

Internally, tincture of muriate of iron 3 drms. every three 
hours helps to keep the affection in check. 


CONTAGIOUS FOOT ROT IN SHEEP AND CATTLE. 


Definition. A chronic infectious ulcerative disease of the in- 
terdigital structures and subcorneal tissues of the foot, determined 
by the presence of the Bacillus necrophorus (Pfligge, Bang, Loef- 
fler). 

History. Footrot is described by Chabert as prevailing, in 
1791, on the low damp lands north of the Pyrenees and later by 
Pictet, Gohierand others along the rich alluvial river-bottoms 
in France and other parts of Europe. It was first noted in 
Merinos, and extending in the line of their diffusion, was thought 
to be peculiar to this breed, but wider experience showed that the 
Jong wools possessed no complete immunity, though there seemed 
to be a somewhat lessened receptivity for the infection. The 


102 Veterinary Medicine. 


finer wool, epidermis and horn of the Merino, explain a some- 
what lessened resistance to the entrance of the microbe, but 
there is perhaps a still stronger invitation in the much more 
elaborate development of the sebaceous glands, in the fine wooled 
sheep, which affords a free passage for the bacillus not through 
the skin alone, but through the soft horny pads of the heelsas 
well. Even in America the Merino secured a bad preéminence 
through the spread of foot-rotin the new flocks, developed in 
Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and especially Iowa. The 
flocks developed on the prairies were largely Merinos, because 
being far from markets, and without railroad communication, 
the fleece which would bring the highest price per lb. was 
naturally sought after. Moreover it was found that the fine 
wools could be better cared for in large flocks, than the long and 
middle wools. And thus in every way the former seemed pre- 
ferable, the cost being less and the returns greater. But where- 
ever the flocks encreased, scab and foot-rot encreased still more, 
and as the flocks followed each other on the unfenced prairie and 
everything favored infection, the golden dreams of the flock 
masters. gave place to visions of ruin. It soon came to be looked 
on as a public duty to stop and kill any lame or scabby sheep 
that might be met with. 

Causes. ‘The contagion was experimentally demonstrated as. 
early as 1823 by Favre, who took the matter from diseased feet 
and moistened the skin between the hoofs of healthy sheep caus- 
ing the disease in 21 out of 32 sheep treated. The uniform ex- 
perience of the spread of the disease slowly in a flock in which 
a sheep affected with foot-rot had been placed, had long before es- 
tablished the fact. The complete demonstration came with the 
isolation, by Loeffler, Bang and others of the microbe from the 
many which make up the complex infection on the ulcerating 
sores, and the successful inoculation of the pure cultures. Moh- 
ler and Washburn washed thoroughly the foot of a healthy sheep, 
then sterilized it by a 5% solution of carbolic acid, then washed 
this off with sterilized water, inoculated it from the foot of a 
diseased sheep, and bound it up in rolls of sterile cotton covered 
with a close linen wrapper. The liquid drawn from the starting 
inflammation in the inoculated foot is injected subcutem into a 
rabbit, which it kills in four to seven days. The inoculation of 


Contagious Foot Rot in Sheep and Cattle. 103 


a second rabbit from the first, and of a third from the second is 
usually necessary to secure a pure culture. In the seat of the 
inoculation, in the subcutaneous tissues, there is found an area 
of 13% to 2 inches of soft, putty-like, necrotic tissue with a strong 
odor of putrid flesh. Around this is a zone of inflammation 
about % aninch thick, involving allthe adjacent tissues, muscles, 
connective tissue, etc., and beneath this a boggy swelling caused 
by the inflammatory exudate which has gravitated downward. 

Scrapings from the necrotic mass show that it is penetrated in 
all directions by long thread-like bacilli, Bacillus Necrophorus, 
0.754 to twin thickness and of varied lengths up to room. ‘The 
organism may even be found in the circulating blood and in the 
lungs, liver and kidneys, where it causes small yellowish white 
necrotic spots. It grows well in blood serum 1 part, 10 percent 
gelatine 1 part, 1.75 per cent agar 2 parts: or again in ordinary 
bouillon with enough agar tomake ita soft jelly: or again in 
rabbit or beef bouillon. The best growths take place beneath the 
surface, from stab cultures, and in any case the culture tube 
should be immersed in a flask of hydrogen, to satisfy the 
anzerobic propensity of the microbe. The microbe is gas produc- 
ing in artificial cultures and in the body of the rabbit kept on ice. 
The colonies in 48 to 72 hours show as small yellowish white 
specks, which later show a fuzzy, cotton-like envelope. The 
organism stains well in aniline dyes, but not by Gram’s method. 

Pathogenesis. Bacillus necrophorus is pathogenic to sheep, goats 
including Angora, cattle, rabbits, and mice, and shows not only 
in the extensive necrosis of the inoculated tissues but also, in 
rodents especially, as necrotic spots in lungs, liver and other in- 
ternal organs. ‘The contagious foot-rot in cattle has been shown 
to be due to Bacillus necrophorus (Pilugge, Bang, Von Imminger, 
Hess, Francke, Cadiot and Almy, Mohler and Washburn, Ernst, 
etc). Horne describes a contagious foot-rot inreindeer from the 
sores of which he recovered the Bacillus necrophorus, Francke, 
Ernst and others have found the same bacillus in the necrotic 
tissues of horses, deer, pigs and kangaroo. 

Accessory Causes. ‘Though not essential these are often opera- 
tive in making an easier entrance for the necrotic microbe. 
Traumatic injuries are especially to be recognized. The ac- 
cumulation of clay or mud in the interdigital space and the 


104 Veterinary Medicine. 


abrasion or laceration of the surface by the dried hardened mass, 
the wounds inflicted by the sharp edges of broken stones (slaty, 
shaly ) mixed inthe mud, coarse sand evenin the mud, broken glass 
sharp metal, or nails or the strong stubble of grain or weeds. 
Caustics act in asimilar way. Inflammation of the heel pads by 
traveling on hard roads, or standing on wooden, stone or cement 
floors. Overgrowth of the hoof—above all in sheep, throwing 
undue strain on the laminz, imprisoning the hard plates of the 
sole to act as foreign bodies, and causing incurving of the hoof- 
wall till it presses painfully on the sole. Section or detachment 
of the horn by violence or bruises under heavy weights (wheels). 
Constitutional disorders which concentrate or localize in the feet. 
Of the latter an overfeed of grain, ground feed, maize, malt, 
brewers and distillers grains, linseed cake, colza-cake, sesam- 
cake, peanut-cake, wheat, rye, rice, and cottonseed meal have 
been specially incriminated. Again inflammation of the feet 
will follow internal disorders and infections, especially difficult 
parturition, abortion, retained afterbirth and diarrhcea. Pools, 
and mudholes are ready channels of infection. Among pastures 
those with long grasses, which drag through the interdigital 
spaces of the infected and sound in succession, favor transmission. 
Dense aggregations of sheep or cattle, asin fairs, shows, stock- 
yards, steamboats, ferryboats, chutes, runways, loading banks, 
cars, sheep wagons, sheephouses, folds, etc., tend to distribute 
and concentrate the affection. Outbreaks on Atlantic steamers 
show that the germ may be carried on the sound feet, while its 
pathogenesis is favored by the softening of the hoofs among the 
heating manure, the strain thrown upon the feet by the move- 
ments of the vessel, the warmth developed by lying in a huddle 
with the feet under them, and perhaps the dry, heating food to 
which they are subjected. It has been noted that the ventral 
aspect of the body, resting on infected feet during recumbency, 
has become infected, and the resulting necrotic patch has been 
promptly attacked by the gad fly so that the sheep perished from 
the larvae. ‘The blocking or inflammation of the interdigital bi- 
flex canal in the sheep haslong been charged with causing foot- 
rot, and the very presence of the delicate lining of this duct is an 
invitation to the microbe,‘and like other parts when inflamed, it is 
specially favorable to the microbian activity. The entrance of 


Contagious Foot Rot in Sheep and Cattle. 105 


mud, sand, or other irritant tends to inflammation. ‘The occur- 
rence of a local phlegmon, or boil in the region of the foot, an at- 
tack of aphthous fever, or the inflammation or gangrene caused 
by ergot or smut may prove the starting point for the coloniza- 
tion by the Bacillus necrophorus. Indeed any breach of surface 
or enfeeblement of the tissues may become the efficient accessory 
etiological factor. 

Symptoms and Morbid Anatomy. Since the disease is a slow 
and chronic one an infected flock usually presents, side by side, 
cases which show the earliest and the most advanced stages, to- 
gether with many intermediate grades. At first there is a slight 
halting or lameness, and examination of the inflamed point, 
usually the arch of the interdigital space, shows a circumscribed 
redness and swelling and a moist condition of the affected surface. 
Commonly the case is further advanced, the greater part of the 
interdigital space has becomé involved, the epidermis has fallen 
off or is being shed in white or yellowish white layers, and a raw 
ulcerous surface is exposed. As the ulceration advances, being 
hemmed in by the unyielding horn, it extends beneath it in 
different directions loosening and detaching it from the vascular 
parts beneath, and also extending inward into the subcorneous 
tissues as far it may be as into the tendons, bones and joint 
structures. The inflammatory exudation may lead to excessive 
swelling, but mingled with this is the necrotic process which 
hollows out deep excavations in the tumefied mass. The raw 
surface exudes abundance of a whitish, opaque fluid of a strong 
offensive odor, which will penetrate to all parts of the building 
or pen. This fluid contains abundance of pus cells, fragments 
of the ulcerating and necrotic tissue, and bacteria of many kinds 
but including the specific microbe. 

The morbid process may begin at the posterior part of the 
interdigital space, at the front, or in the median part, in the pad, 
in the sole, or on the coronet, and it has been named accordingly. 
As it becomes chronic the hoof may be shed, and in bad cases 
even the pedal bone, or short of this the joints may be anchylosed, 
but not infrequently the plastic process acquires the predominance, 
and large masses of new inflammatory tissue form at the coronet 
in front, at the heel behind, in the interdigital space pushing the 
hoofs wide apart, or elsewhere where the morbid process has been 


106 Veterinary Medicine. 


concentrated. These new growths are centres of microbian 
growth and permeated by fistulae which discharge the infecting 
morbid product. 

The sheep, no longer simply lame, now moves on three legs, or 
if the fore feet are affected walks on its knees seeking its food, 
for appetite is preserved, or it lies down most of the time. 

The feet are not worn and, having an extra blood supply at 
the coronet they grow with increased rapidity, curling into a 
spiral, so that the wear would come on the outer wall which 
presses inward and upward on the sole. 

A case may progress for months, the infection being in the 
main local, and the digestive and other functions being maintained 
for a length of time. The animal however becomes gradually 
emaciated, and with the increasing debility there is a greater 
liability to a general infection either by this or by some other 
pathogenic microbe. The existing sores during the summer and 
autumn strongly attract flies, and life may be quickly cut short 
by the attacks of the larvee. 

Apart from such conditions recoveries may take place sponta- 
neously, but usually with permanent distortions of the hoofs, fibroid 
growths between the claws, thickening and stiffening of the ten- 
dons, or anchylosis of the digital joints. The result depends 
mainly on the care of the affected sheep. If allowed to wade 
through mud, or liquid manure, or to stand on hot fermenting 
manure the infecting and ammoniacal and other products deter- 
mine steady aggravation, whereas if the feet are kept clean and 
dry, and properly dressed and medicated from the first a prompt 
and satisfactory recovery may be counted on. 

Prevention. As in all injurious infections, eradication and 
exclusion are the important considerations. To secure exclusion 
newly acquired sheep should be certified by an official guarantee 
that they come from a locality free from foot-rot, and where this 
affection has not existed for years. ‘The purchaser must himself 
see to other precautions. See that they have not been travelled 
over ground or roads that have been used by infected or un- 
known sheep, that they have not passed through public stock- 
yards, nor premises, nor over nor through undisinfected loading 
banks or chutes, nor have been conveyed in any undisinfected car, 
ship, boat, or vehicle that has been used for conveying other 


Contagious Foot Rot in Sheep and Cattle. 107 


sheep or cattle. Thorough cleaning followed by sprinkling with 
dilute sulphuric acid (10:.100), carbolic acid (5: 100) mer- 
curic chloridesolution (1: 500), chloride of lime (4 ozs. to gall.) 
or even freshly burned quicklime will serve a good purpose. ‘To 
the mercuric chloride or lime-chloride add enough quicklime to 
whiten the surface and show if any part has been missed. When 
the new sheep arrive at home keep them for a fortnight in past- 
ures and premises separate from the rest of the flock, and where 
there can be no drainage to a place occupied by other sheep, ex- 
amining them closely and frequently for any indication of lame- 
ness or diseased feet. Then subject them to an antiseptic full 
bath or foot bath, according to the season; before adding them to 
the home flock. 

For home precautions avoidance of all the conditions named as 
accessory catises is important. Mud puddles, pools, marshes, 
and soft, wet, stoneless pasturages are to be avoided and, when 
available, the tracks may be laid with gravel, broken brick, or 
other material which will wear down the hoofs. In the absence 
of such wear the toes must be pared at frequent intervals, a 
stout knife or toe clippers being used. A dewy morning or wet 
day greatly facilitates this work. Three legs may be tied to- 
gether, the fourth being left to be operated on. The operator 
kneels with his leg across the neck of the sheep, to keep head 
and body still. This must be especially attended to in winter 
when the sheep are confined. Standing on manure heaps in 
pens and yards is most injurious, and thus a clean, smooth, stone, 
brick or cement floor should be furnished, when possible. Keep 
the range clear of foreign bodies, splinters of stone, nails, glass, 
broken crockery, and metallic objects. Next comes the question 
of overdriving as a cause of pedal inflammation, and overstimu- 
lating food as a constitutional cause. 

Treatment. ‘The first consideration is the separation of the 
sound from the infected animals, pasturages and premises. It 
may even be desirable to divide the diseased into two lots, one 
including those slightly affected and which will get well on one 
or two dressings, and the other containing the bad, advanced 
cases, which will demand more continuous treatment and from 
which there is a greater risk of infection spreading. 

If the feet are overgrown or distorted these must first be pared. 


108 Veterinary Medicine. 


The toe is shortened as far as possible, without cutting it too thin 
or tender, and the foot levelled alike from side to side and from 
behind forward. Any horn.that has been underrun, and separated 
from the quick, must be carefully pared off and the edges of the 
sound horny wall bevelled to a thin elastic margin, which will 
not press in and irritate the tender parts. All moderate cases 
will now be ready for the antiseptic caustic dressing. 

For slight and recent cases with no underrun horn, a foot-bath 
may be used. A watertight wooden trough is made four inches 
deep, filled with a solution of copper sulphate (3:100), or carbolic 
acid (5:100), or freshly prepared chloride of lime (4 ozs. to the 
gallon), and the sheep are driven into this and left to stand there 
for two minutes. On leaving the bath they should be run into 
an uncontaminated field or disinfected yard or pen. The bath 
may be repeated the second day or oftener if it seems requisite. 
If a bath cannot be secured, individual dressing with a hair brush 
or cotton swab dipped in the disinfectant liquid may be substi- 
tuted. One man throws and holds the sheep on its rump, and 
separates the hoofs one after another, while the second cleans 
the interdigital space with a cloth or with water and soaks it and 
the coronet with the disinfectant. In cattle with the hind feet 
attacked, it is often convenient to have the leg lifted and carried 
backward by two men holding a smooth, round piece. of wood, 
like a stout fork-handle, in front of the hock while a third person 
dresses the foot. The same agents may be employed. Often a 
dilute sulphuric acid (1:4), or antimony chloride, will operate 
well. 

In the more advanced cases with extensive sloughing and the 
formation of fistulee, the treatment must be more thorough and 
persistent. After removal of all horn that canin any way prove 
irritant, a thorough soaking with cupric sulphate (3:100); or 
with cupric sulphate (3:100), lead acetate (3:100) and carbolic 
acid (3:100), may be followed by packing of wood tar between 
the hoofs and on all raw surfaces, maintained in place by a 
bandage tied upward and around the pastern. In particularly 
bad cases an initial treatment with peroxide of hydrogen is in- 
dicated, as this agent is specially destructive to the anzerobic 
microbe. When healthy granulations have started it may be re- 
placed by one of the other antiseptic dressings. Or again, aniline 


Gangrenous Affection of the Coronet—Horse. 10g 


blue (pyoktanin) (1:1000) may be employed to good purpose. 
A large number of other antiseptics may be substituted, care be- 
ing taken that they are not dangerous either as poisons or as 
deeply penetrating caustics. _ Creolin, lysol, creosote, cresyl, 
tincture of iodine, solution of silver nitrate, or zinc chloride, may 
be used ; or, when a more soothing agent is demanded, tar, crude 
turpentine, iodoform or tannoform may be substituted. In all 
cases it is essential to protect the feet against dust and above all 
mud. Keep on a wooden or other dry clean surface. 

When a hyperplasia (fungus growth) has formed at any point 
it must be removed by knife or curette or by the thermo cautery, 
any bleeding being checked by the latter, by iron chloride, or 
adrenalin, or by a compression bandage, and the antiseptic treat- 
ment must be maintained as above directed. 

Open sheaths or joints may demand a careful use of antiseptic 
lotions (cupric sulphate, etc.) and diseased bones may render am- 
putation of a digit imperative. 


GANGRENOUS INFECTION OF THE CORONET— 
HORSE. POTCHETCHOUI. 


Seen on rich, damplands. Symptoms: lameness, small areas of conges 
tion, erection of hairs, vesiculation, pustulation, gangrene as deep as ten- 
dons, depilation, desquamation, fistulz, slough of hoof, early fever, im- 
paired appetite, recovery in 14 to 21 days in most cases. Staphylococcus 
and streptococcus. Prevention: segregation, different attendants, avoid- 
ance of infecting land while damp, smear limbs with antiseptics. Treat- 
ment: antiseptic bandages. 


Under this name Sotsevich describes an infectious disease of the 
horse, which prevails in the Don province, and especially on rich, 
low, damp lands. Before the appearance of any local lesion, the 
horse goes very lame on one limb. Afterward there appears, 
usually on the coronet or pastern, an area on which the hairs 
stand erect, with elevation of the epidermis and the formation of 
vesicles as large as barley corns, filled with a yellowish white 
liquid and later with pus. Gangrene follows, extending from the 
skin to the subcutaneous connective tissue, aponeurosis and ten- 
dons, and forming large sores, one to two inches in diameter and 
discharging an abundant yellow, foetid pus. The adjacent skin 


IIO Veterinary Medicine. 


takes on a yellow tint and sheds its hair and epidermis. The'dis- 
ease may extend into the interphalangean joints or under the 
hoof, leading to offensive fistule or evulsion of the hoof. If it 
extends to the higher parts of the limb it becomes less destructive. 

At the onset there is some fever (101° F.), dullness and inap- 
petence, but these gradually subside, and in favorable cases com- 
plete recovery has taken place in two or three weeks. 

Bacteriological investigation has detected in the contents of the 
vesicles, staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, and streptococcus pyo- 
genes. 

Prevention is largely secured by a rigid separation of the dis- 
eased froni the healthy. Other obvious precautions would be to 
exclude those dressing the sores from handling other horses until 
after thorough disinfection of the hands, and to keep the sound 
animals, during wet seasons, from the damp infecting soils, or 
when they must work on these, to smear the lower parts of the 
limbs with antiseptic ointments (tar, carbolic, iodine, mercuric, 
etc., etc.) 

Treatment with sublimate bandages proves very satisfactory, 
yet any comparatively non-irritating antiseptic lotion may be used. 


STRANGLES, INFECTIOUS RHINO-ADENITIS. 


Synonyms. Definition. Historic notes. Bacteriology: streptococcus 
coryzz contagiosze equi in pus, chains of 3 and upward, free cocci, arthro- 
spores, clumps, zrobic, growing freely in serum, or glycerined bouillon ; 
pathogenic to horseand white mouse ; relation to otherstreptococci ; clinical 
evidence ; accessory causes, youth, primary susceptibility, dentition, training, 
impure stable air, grain ration, excitement, sudation, fatigue, chill, change 
of climate, trading, crowding, sea voyage, catarrh of air passages. Infect- 
ing products, pus, ingesta, blood, manure, fodder, litter, water, secretion of 
mucosa of healthy. Wounds, castration, mang rs, racks, troughs, buckets, 
poles, shafts, harness, halters, twitches, blankets, rubbers, combs, brushes, 
men,etc. Pathology : infection of lymphatics, through inhalation, sore, 
ingestion, congenital, milk ; congestion of nasal mucosa, epithelial degener- 
ation and desquamation, discharge little viscid, corded lymphatics rare, sub~ 
maxillary swelling rarely small or nodular, pus creamy, indolent cases, 
pharyngeal, thoracic, buccal, gastro intestinal, hepatic, pancreatic, splenic, 
muscular, arthritic, cutaneous, nervous, Forms: mild, malignant, regular, 
irregular. Incubation 3 to 5 days. General symptoms: hyperthermia, 
dulness, apathy, costiveness. Specific symptoms: nasal, congestion, sneez- 
ing, purulent discharge ; epiphora, submaxillary phlegmon ; pharyngeal 


Strangles, Infectious Rhino-adenitis. III 


and laryngeal ; parotidian ; pulmonary ; abdominal, hepatic, pancreatic, 
splenic, perirenal, cutaneous, genital, nervous, septiceemic. Diagnosis, 
from catarrh, glanders. Prognosis, favorable, apart from malignancy. Pre 
vention: exclude strange equine animals; avoid public stables, yards, 
drinking troughs and buckets ; also manure, stable utensils, hay, fodder, 
litter, or watershed from infected places ; disinfect cars, wagons, etc. Se- 
clude inmates of infected stable, yard, park, etc., temporarily close public 
drinking and feeding places, make sale or exposure of infected animal 
penal ; temporarily close dealers’ stables ; sale with general guarantee only. 
Disinfection. Immunization; inoculation from mild case. Treatment : 
hygienic, antipyretic, eliminating, antiseptic, surgical, tonic, antisuppurant. 


Synonyms. Distemper ; Coryza Contagiosa Equorum ; Gourme 
(Fr.) ; Druse (Ger.) ; Cimorro (Ital. ). 

Definition. An infective, streptococcic, febrile disease of soli- 
peds, usually manifested by a catarrhal inflammation of the upper 
air passages, and phlegmon of the adjacent lymph glands, or less 
frequently by phlegmonous inflammation of lymph glands else- 
where or of the skin. 

Fiistoric Notes. Strangles was fairly indicated in the writings 
of the ancient Greek veterinarians, and was clearly described and 
attributed to contagion by Solleysel in 1664. It was so evidently 
infectious that it was experimentally inoculated by Lafosse in 
1790, by Viborg, in 1802, and later, by Erdelyi (1813) and 
Toggia (1823) and others. Rivolta, in 1873, found a strepto- 
coccus in the pus of its absesses, and to this the contagion was 
definitely assigned by Baruchello (1887), Schtitz, Sand and Jensen 
(1888). Priority in this demonstration is accorded to Schiitz. 

Bacteriology. The streptococcus coryz@ contagiose Equi (Strepto- 
coccus rhino-adenitis or S. equi) is easily found in the pus of 
gland abscesses sometimes in pure cultures (impure in the nasal 
discharge), stains readily in aniline colors and in Gram’s solution 
so that it stands out clearly among the pus cells. The decolorizing 
agent must be weak (not muriatic acid) and applied only for a 
very short time. Beside the chain forms, there are isolated, oval 
cocci, some of which, larger than others and more elongated, 
have been held to be arthospores or mother cells. The number 
of elements articulated in a chain varies from two to four and up- 
ward. ‘The chains are straight or sinuous, and may be grouped 
in bundles, radiating masses, or clumps like staphylococci. 

They are zrobic (facultative anzrobic), grow freely as trans- 
parent droplets on blood serum at 99° F., and in glycerine bouillon, 


112 Veterinary Medicine. 


and less vigorously on agar and gelatine. On agar the colonies 
reach the size of a pin head in two days with projecting ale, and 
on gelatine in three to five days, and then dry and shrink. Mul- 
tiplication takes place by transverse division, and at such a time 
the organism may seem to be a chain of diplococci. Lignieres 
claims that the disease startsin a cocco-bacillus (Pasteurella), only 
discoverable in the early stages, and which paves the way for 
the streptococcus. 

Pathogenesis. Inoculation of streptococcus cultures on a sus- 
ceptible horse produces the unquestionable phenomena of stran- 
gles, and solipeds alone take the disease casually. In white 
mice it produces abscess in the seat of puncture and in the ad- 
yacent lymph glands. If the action is delayed the abscess may be 
in lung, spleen, kidneys, liver, or other distant organ. Rabbits, 
‘Guinea pigs, pigeons, pigs and cattle are immune unless large 
doses are employed. Intravenously large doses kill the lamb. 

The zdentity of the microbe with other streptococci of animals 
and man has been claimed. Arloing alleges that, by culture of 
the microbe in the blood or peritoneum of the live rabbit, he 
exalted the virulence, and obtained in succession a streptococcus 
capable of producing evysipelas ; gangrenous erysipelas ; suppu- 
rating, sloughing erysipelas ; pseudo-membranous peritonitis » me- 
tastatic absesses ; and fulminant septic peritonitis. Hill, Jensen 
and Sand, and Lignieres, as the result of cultures and inoculations 
claim that strangles streptococcus is identical with that of conta- 
gious pneumonia. Courmont, on the other hand, as the result 
of his cultures and inoculations, concludes that the microbe of 
strangles and that of erysipelas are independent organisms. 

The clinical evidence is decidedly against the theory of identity. 
In epizodtics of strangles we meet with a constant succession of 
cases of straiigles and in districts into which contagious pneu- 
monia has never been introduced, no single case of that disease 
ever comes in to break the monotony of the sequence and to start 
a series of cases of the latter affection. Conversely, in an out- 
break. of contagious pneumonia in a locality heretofore free from 
strangles, strangles do not develop. Again, no matter how 
prevalent nor how constant strangles may be ina locality, and 
how habitually men have their wounded hands covered with 
the pus of the abscesses, no epidemic of erysipelas is entailed in 


Strangles, Infectious Rhino-adenitis. 113 


man. Strangles spreads with remarkable rapidity through a 
stable, but not tothe often more than equally exposed human at- 
tendants, nor to any animal apart from the genus equus. The 
absence of strangles from Iceland (Jonsson) endorses that view. 

As a practical question of sanitary science, we occupy a sound 
position in differentiating the germs of strangles and contagious 
pneumonia, and further that of erysipelas of man, as a wise health 
officer would differentiate the microbes of cowpox and smallpox. 
Whatever may be true or false as to their primary identity, or as 
to the transition of one to the other in successive inoculations of 
animals of other genera, they are essentially diverse pathogenic- 
ally as we meet with them in practice, and our measures may be 
safely based on this practical diversity. 

Accessory Causes. Youth strongly predisposes, most cases 
occurring between two and five years, and seventy per cent. before- 
five years. It may, however, appear at any age, being congenital 
in some cases (Nocard, etc. ), in others appearing a few weeks after 
birth, and in still others at over twenty years, if the subjects have 
not contracted it earlier. 

Dentition which is active in these early years, induces conges- 

tion about the head and general constitutional disturbance, which 
make the system more receptive. 
Training or breaking is another reason for the predisposition 
in the young. The first experience of the hot, impure, infected 
atr of the stable, the unwonted grain feeding, the excitements and 
perspirations attendant on the first handling, all contribute to 
temporary loss of resistance. 

Fatigue like other weakening conditions lays the system open 
to attack. 

Chill is a most efficient cause hence the disease often prevails 
most extensively in spring and autumn, at the time of changing 
the coat, and of passing from stable to field and the converse. 
Joly relates that in Russia where large numbers die of strangles 
through imperfect stabling in winter, immunity is sought through 
a milder first attack, brought on in the milder autumn weather by 
turning the young animals into a deep pool for halfan hour and 
then exposing them freely to cold winds and giving cold water to 
drink. ‘The omnipresent germ takes occasion to attack the cold 


debilitated system. 
8 


114 Veterinary Medicine. 


Any change of latitude or of locality acts in the same way. 
Riquet even alleges that this will bring about a second and even 
a third attack. It is common, he says, for newly bought young - 
horses to have the disease at Hamburg, and after recovery to have 
a second attack at Hanover and finally a third one after they join 
the regiments in France. A similar exhaustion of immunity has 
been repeatedly noticed in the case of canine distemper. 

Horse trading and the stabling of large numbers together is 
naturally the most fruitful of infection and hence strangles is a 
virtual plague in dealers’ studs. ‘The buildings in such cases are 
reinfected at short intervals with virulent types of the strepto- 
coccus, and fresh susceptible animals are being constantly intro- 
duced to keep it up. Riquet says that in Northern Germany 
dealers avoid this largely by traveling their purchases in bands of 
100 or 150 head, from ten to twelve miles a day, feeding spar- 
ingly, and turning them like sheep into an open park at night 
regardless of the weather. Much of the advantage is doubtless 
from the avoidance of stable infection and the warm relaxing air 
of indoors. : 

A sea voyage especially favors infection and a single victim 
placed on board will speedily contaminate all susceptible animals 
present. 

Finally the predisposing influence of catarrh of the air-passages 
must not be overlooked. ‘The inflamed mucosa furnishes a most 
inviting infection-entrance. 

Infecting products. The streptococcus abounds in the local 
phlegmons and abscesses, in the exudate of the submaxillary, 
pharyngeal or other glandular swellings, in the pustular eruption 
on the skin, and in the catarrhal discharge from the air passages. 
It further exists in the alimentary canal, in the ingesta and in the 
blood toa limited extent. In the bowels of an immunized animal 
it may remain virulent for months. Thus it comes that the ma- 
nure is a source of infection, and that soiled fodder, litter and 
water may prove dangerous. The infected soil can not only 
harbor but can multiply the microbe, keeping it in readiness to 
attack any receptive horse. On his part the horse that is im- 
mune and in vigorous health may carry the infection for months 
and transmit it to his less resistant fellow. 

While the streptococcus is usually found in the blood, in limited 
numbers only, its presence there implies its general diffusion 


Strangles, Infectious Rhino-adenitis. 115 


‘and especially in the lymph plexuses and glands. Hence, the 
danger of operations on the subjects of strangles, the weakened 
tissues of the wound forming a most inviting field of growth. 
Castrations occurring as they do mostly in the growing animal, 
are especially to be guarded against, and I may cite the case, 
familiar to many, in which seven cryptorchids died with phleg- 
mon in the seat of the wound, the first one operated on having 
had strangles. 

The nasal and buccal discharges are especially liable to convey 
the infection through mangers, racks, fodders, drinking troughs 
and pails, harness, poles and shafts, halters, twitches and the like. 
Infection through blankets, brushes, rubbers, and the clothes and 
hands of attendants, dealers, veterinarians and others, is not 
to be overlooked. 

Pathology. 'The streptococcus shows a special disposition to 
enter and advance along the lines of the lymphatic circulation. 
The paucity of the germ in the blood and its abundance in the 
lymph plexuses, vessels and glands show that its election is preémi- 
nently for the lymphatic system. Then the ordinary primary 
lesions in and around the upper part of the air passage (nose, 
pharynx, submaxillary, parotidean and phryngeal lymph glands) 
bespeak infection by inhalation, rather than with theingesta. Pri- 
mary solitary lesions on or near stomach or intestine are almost 
unknown, nearly all such being secondary. Next to inhalation, 
the most prominent channel of entrance is through castration and 
other wounds. Abrasions and sores of skin diseases must rank 
after wounds as entrance channels. ‘Transmission by copulation, 
the microbe being lodged on the genital mucosa, is well estab- 
lished, also transmission from mother to fcetus through the pla- 
centa, and from dam to offspring through the milk. 

In the most familiar type of the disease the nasal mucosa is red, 
congested and somewhat thickened with exudate, and the epi- 
thelium is softened and desquamating. As the result of this des- 
quamation there may be slight abrasions or raw sores but these 
do not show indications of the irregular outline, excavations, or 
progressive extensions that characterize the ulcers of glanders. 
The surface is usually plentifully covered with a muco-purulent 
material with less disposition to adhesiveness than in glanders. 
It is rare to see any exudate into, and thickening of the walls of 


116 Veterinary Medicine. 


the lymphatics running from the nostrils toward the submaxillary 
glands. ‘The predominance of the streptococcus in, and the entire 
absence of the glanders bacillus from the discharge and inflamed 
mucosa are conclusive. Inthe regular cases in which the sub- 
maxillary lymph glands are implicated, both right and left are 
usually involved, though not to the same degree, the exudate 
fills not only the gland tissue, but a large amount of the sur- 
rounding connective tissue as well, there is a great accumulation 
of lymphoid cells, and more or less extensive pus cavities, con- . 
taining usually a white, creamy product. In the early stages the 
glands may be hard and nodular, as in glanders, but this condition . 
is very transient, so that the rule is to find an extensive surrounding 
exudation filling up the whole intermaxillary space, and having a 
great abundance of small round cells with double or triple nuclei. 
In the older cases there is usually the open abscess, and if the 
case is an indolent one there may be extensive organization of 
the exudate with formation of dense, fibrous tissue. In some 
instances the nasal sinuses are filled with muco-pus. 

When lesions extend farther implicating the pharynx and 
larynx, the mucosa of these parts shows the same redness, con- 
gestion, cloudy swelling and desquamation with, in some in- 
stances, small, submucous abscesses, and in others: extensive in- 
filtration of the submucosa with lymph so as to narrow or even 
close the lumen of the larynx. The guttural pouches may be 
filled with pus though this is far from constant. The pharyngeal 
lymph glands, are nearly always involved and often the lymph- 
gland in the parotid so that a general infiltration of the surround- 
ing parts is met with. 

If the chest is implicated there is congestion of the bronchial 
mucosa, engorgement of the smaller bronchia, air sacs and cells 
with pus, collapse, carnifaction or congestion of lobules, in some 
cases pulmonary abscess, and, finally, swelling and not infre- 
quently abscess of the bronchial glands. Pleurisy is a not un- 
common accompaniment, appearing it may be as a simple exten- 
sion, from the lung, or, in the worst forms, from rupture of me- 
diastinal or glandular abscesses into the cavity and severe infec- 
tion of the entire pleural walls. The pericardium is exceptionally 
involved and coagula on the tricuspid valves have been met with 
(Zschokke). 


Strangles, Infectious Rhino-adenttis. 117: 


Circumscribed phlegmonous exudates and small abscesses are 
sometimes found in the mouth (tongue, soft palate, cheeks) and 
less frequently in the cesophagus. 

The stomach may show congestions, petechiae, circumscribed 
hzemorrhages, ulcers, and abscesses of the gland tissue or sub- 
mucosa. Rupture of the walls may follow abscess (Cadeac).. 

The intestines may show congestions, colorless or haemorrhagic 
exudate, and suppurations in the agminated or solitary glands, 
or submucosa. The intestinal, mesenteric and sublumbar lymph 
glands may be the'centres of abscesses of varying sizes. 

Abscesses may also be found in the liver, pancreas, or spleen, 
of variable size and usually as secondary formations. 

The muscles and intermuscular tissue may be the seat of more 
or less extensive exudation, or abscess, and the bones may be 
congested and swollen especially in their epiphyses. This may 
extend to suppuration or necrosis. 

The synovial membranes of joints and the tendinous sheaths 
are not infrequently inflamed, causing distension and even suppu- 
ration. 

Congestions of the skin are sometimes met with, developing as 
multiple papules or hard nodules which advance to the formation 
of pustules or small abscesses. ‘These often appear especially 
where the skin is thin and delicate as around the lips, nose and 
eyes, close to the anus or vulva, in the perineum, sheath or mam- 
me, inside the thighs or elbow. They may be of all dimensions 
from a millet seed upward, and may merge into or become com- 
plicated by the extensive engorgements of petechial fever. 

Finally, lesions of the nerve centres are to be looked for in the 
protracted or irregular types of the disease. There may be simple 
congestion, or serous effusion, intraventricular or subarachnoid, 
or finally abscess in the brain, spinal cord or meninges. 

Forms of Strangles. ‘The types of strangles vary, special forms 
characterizing given epizootics or seasons, or at other times as 
individual deviations from the current type. Division has been 
made into two groups—*mz/d and malignant, or again into regular 
and irregular, under each of which come several varieties. Many 
of these varieties consist simply in a difference in the seat of the 
principle lesions, which start in lymph glands or tissues at a dis- 
tance from the nasal mucosa, or they depend on secondary foci of 
infection supervening on the primary disease in the head. 


118 Veterinary Medicine. 


Incubation. In inoculated cases this lasts from three to five 
days, in those due to simple exposure it may appear to extend 
over eight days. 

General Symptoms. In nearly all cases alike there is a marked 
constitutional disturbance, the temperature often rising at once to 
104° to 106° F., and oscillating on successive days between this 
and 102°; the pulse is usually normal at first and the breathing 
is either slightly accelerated or may be made sounder slight exer- 
tion. ‘There is more or less dulness, or at least a lack of the 
vivacity of youth, the head is somewhat pendent, the eyes may be 
semiclosed, the patient may be tardy or even stiff in his move- 
ments and the appetite may be diminished or capricious, oats 
being rejected by some and hay or grass by others. The bowels 
are somewhat confined, the stools consisting of a few small, hard 
balls covered with mucus. 

Specific Symptoms in the Mild Form. In the vast majority of 
cases the local symptoms are concentrated on the mucosz of nose 
and mouth, and the submaxillary lymph glands. Along with 
the general febrile phenomena, there appear redness and often 
mottled congestion of the nasal mucosa, which not infrequently 
extends to the mouth and eyes, as well. Heat of the mouth, the 
collection of a more or less tenacious mucus, and even uneasy 
movements of the jaw may be seen. ‘The nasal mucosa, at first 
dry, is soon the seat of a watery exudation, passing into a cloudy 
sticky material, and finally a thick, opaque, mucopurulent flow. 
This may become colored in a variety of tints, dirty white from 
inhaled dust, brownish or yellowish from exuded blood, or green- 
ish from food materials. The discharge is usually profuse in the 
young and may be scanty in the old. Most commonly it flows 
from both nostrils alike, though exceptionally it is unilateral. 
In this it differs from glanders which is more often unilateral 
though at times bilateral. Small abrasions and sores may appear 
in connection with the softening and shedding of the epithelium, 
but these are not ragged, irregular and spreading as in glanders. 
Sneezing or snorting is an inevitablesymptom. Epiphora is usu- 
ally present. Exudations into the nasal sinuses are to be recog- 
nized by heat of the forehead and flat sound on percussion. 

Very early in the attack a swelling is noticed in the inter- 
maxillary space, which may be at first confined tothe nodules of 
the lymph glands, thus forming distinct, rounded, hard swellings, 


Strangles, Infectious Rhino-adenitis. 119 


but they are early covered by a diffuse exudation into the sur- 
rounding connective tissue, that completely envelopes and ob- 
scures the form of the swollen glands, and forms a more or less 
uniformly rounded, pasty swelling, extending to the median line 
of the intermaxillary space, or filling the whole space from one 
maxilla to the other and projecting downward below their level. 
Thisearly, diffuse, pasty, evenly rounded swelling, hot and tender, 
is distinctive of strangles, and usually exclusive of glanders. 
Another characteristic of the strangles swelling is its steady, 
and usually speedy, advance to suppuration and abscess. It be- 
comes hard, tense, and resistant, then, in the centre, or at various 
points of the surface, small areas of circumscribed softening can 
be detected, and soon show distinct fluctuation. ‘Two or more of 
these may coalesce or they may form several distinct abscesses, 
which may early point, burst and discharge, when the remainder 
of the exudate softens and degenerates into pus, and the cavity 
closes by granulation. Insome cases after the formation of the 
swelling it disappears by resolution, the exudate becoming liquefied 
and absorbed. In glanders the nodular, insensible swelling 
tends to persist without extensive pasty exudation or suppuration. 
Cases of strangles catarrh in which the sub-maxillary lesions 
are omitted, are quitecommon. These occur during the regular 
strangles epizootic, and protect against a second attack. 
Symptoms of Pharyngeal and’ Laryngeal Strangles. Exten- 
sion of the morbid process from nose to pharynx is exceedingly 
common. Whenconcentrated on the pharynx there are extension 
of the head forward with elevation of the nose, swelling of the 
throat laterally or downward, uneasy movements of the jaws, 
salivation, difficulty of swallowing, return of ingested liquids 
through the nose, gulping, and a loose suffocative cough. The 
swelling of the throat tends to attain to large dimensions, and 
may threaten suffocation by interfering with the breathing. This 
is still further aggravated if the laryngeal mucosa is the seat of 
exudate. ‘The breathing may become loud and stertorous, the 
mucosz of a dark leaden hue and the animal dull and stupid 
from the venous condition of the circulating blood. 
Abscesses forming on the lateral parts of the throat usually 
make their way to the surface, though this may be below the level 
of the parotid. If from the parotidean lymph gland, one of the 


120 Veterinary Medicine. 


-ducts may be opened, thus forming a salivary fistula. If from 
-the retro-(supra-) pharyngeal glands, the rupture into the 
pharynx is more likely to take place, but in some cases the in- 
vesting sac, meeting with equal resistance in all directions, fails 
to undergo degeneration and softening at any one particular point, 
and the contents remain pent up indefinitely. Ifthe liquid is 
absorbed a cheesy or putty like mass may be the final outcome, 
with chronic cough, some stertor in breathing and it may be 
difficulty in swallowing. 

If the guttural pouches should be involved, there is deafness, 
parotidean swelling, which may eventuate in a fluctuating swell- 
ing at the lower border of the parotid, and a free discharge when 
the head is lowered, which is likely to last after general recovery. 
(See Guttural Pouches, pus in). 

Laryngeal paralysis and roaring often follow laryngitis in 
strangles. 

Pulmonary Symptoms in Strangles. Tracheitis and bronchitis 
are forms of extension of strangles from the upper air passages 
and pxeumonza follows of virtual necessity. In many cases these 
are primarily dependent on the descent into the lungs of the in- 
fecting discharges, complicated in many cases by the inhalation 
of food materials. There are the usual symptoms of broncho- 
pneumonia complicating those of strangles and the percussion and 
auscultation signs usually imply circumscribed areas of congestion 
and consolidation with intervening areas of perviouslung. There 
may be at such points the blowing or mucous rales of bronchitis, 
the sibilant sounds of emphysema, the crepitation of congestion 
and the abnormal clearness of sounds carried from distant organs 
through the consolidated lung. On percussion there may be the 
non-resonance of the consolidated areas, and the excess of reson- 
ance over emphysematous portions or open gas-filled vomicz. 
In these last cases there may be an amphoric sound on ausculta- 
tion and a crack-pot sound on percussion. These pulmonary 
lesions are often fatal, or the recovery is slow on account of a 
succession of lobular congestions and absesses. 

Abdominal Symptoms in Strangles. The abdominal lesions in 
strangles are usually secondary, the infection reaching the part 
through the blood, or by the lymphatics from a castration or 
other wound, or from infection by coitus. The phlegmon and 


Strangles, Infectious Rhino-adenitis. T21 


abscess may be in the mucosa, especially in the agminated or 
solitary glands, in the adjacent lymph glands at the connection 
with the mesentery and in those of the mesentery itself. The 
animal is dull, listless, with dry, staring coat, tympany and slight 
colicy pains after eating, costiveness, retracted, tender abdomen, 
insensible loins, and groaning when rising, when walking down 
a steep incline, or turning in a very narrow circle. "These symp- 
toms following an apparent or partial recovery from strangles ate 
significant, and rectal examination may detect a hard, tender 
mass connected with the bowel or mesentery. 

If rupture takes place into the peritoneum there is general in- 
fected inflammation of that structure with sudden access of fever, 
marked prostration and an early death. In more favorable cases 
its adhesion to the bowel or to the abdominal wall opens the way 
for rupture into the gut or externally and there may be a slow 
healing of the cavity by granulation. It may be a month or two 
before such an abscess opens and for a length of time thereafter 
the health is poor, and the animal lacking in condition and en- 
durance. 

When the abscess is formed in the “ver there is high fever with 
shivering fits, irregularity of the bowels:(bound up or loose), 
dusky or yellowish hue of the visible mucosz, anorexia, followed 
by peritoneal infection or pyzemia (secondary abcesses). 

Abscess of the pancreas or spleen is even less definite in symp- 
toms. ‘These may terminate in rupture and peritonitis, or the 
splenic abscess may become chronic and indolent and in a measure 
harmless. 

Perirenal Abscess is betrayed by specially sensitive loins, stiff- 
ness and groaning in rising or in turning sharply on himself, 
drooping of the back under a load, and by albuminous urine. In 
a small animal the part may be reached and the tenderness elici- 
ted by handling. 

Cutaneous Symptoms in Strangles. ‘Though by no means a 
common form, strangles sometimes attacks the skin, more particu- 
larly that of the face, head and neck, appearing in the form of 
pustules or small abscesses, or it may be of a rounded nodular 
elevation, which may disappear without forming either vesicle or 

‘pustule. The points of election are around the lips, nose and 
eyes, upon the mucosa inside the lips, along the line of the facial 


122 Veterinary Medicine. 


lymphatics running toward the submaxillary gland, and at points 
where there is special friction, as under the halter, collar, saddle, 
crupper, in the hollow of the heel, under the tail, on the perineum, 
in the groin and axilla. They may extend more or less up the 
limbs, or around the point of primary attack attended by more or 
less engorgement. When this engorgement has reached extensive 
dimensions and is mixed with sanguineous extravasation it is 
considered as having merged into petechial fever. 

Syniptoms of Cottal Infection. From four to seven days after 
copulation there appear fever, dullness, stiffness, anorexia, swell- 
ing and heat of the lips of the vulva, a yellowish opaque dis- 
charge from its lower commissure, a deep dark red blush of the 
mucosa, with points of distinct infiltration and thickening, de- 
veloping into vesicles and pustules. The perineum, the groin 
and mammee often show an extension of the congestion and 
eruption. In exceptional cases deep abscesses form and Letard 
records a fatal case with extensive suppuration among the muscles 
of the hind limbs and the haunch, inside the pelvis and along the 
line of the aorta. 

Symptoms of Nervous Lesions. 'The lesions of the brain and 
spinal cord are usually secondary and often appear when the less 
dangerous superficial manifestations, are tardy and indolent, 
when the exudates are indurated and indisposed to soften. There 
may be violent delirium, pushing of the head against the wall, 
movements of the limbs as if walking or trotting, rearing, plung- 
ing, striking with fore or hind feet, trismus or other muscular 
spasms. More frequently there is great dullness, prostration, de- 
bility, vertigo, drowsiness, amaurosis, paraplegia, general paraly- 
sis, coma. If the lesion is in the spinal cord the spastic or para- 
lytic symptoms are likely to be confined to the hind parts. 

Fulminant or Septicemic Form. Bigoteau describes a rapidly 
fatal, septicaemic form, with sudden onset, anorexia, extreme 
prostration, uncertain stumbling gait, a deep blue color and 
ecchymosis of the visible mucosz, violent heart action, pulse 
weak and small, hurried breathing (45 per minute) temperature 
102° to 106° F., often inability to rise and death from asphyxia 
in from two to five days. 

Diagnosis. In mild and regular cases thisiseasy. The attack 
in rapid succession of all the young and still susceptible horses 


Strangles, Infectious Rhino-adenitis. 123 


in a stable or locality, and the uniform coincidence of a profuse 
nasal catarrh, and the formation between the branches of the 
lower jaw, of a diffuse, hot, painful swelling rapidly advancing 
to suppuration and discharge are virtually conclusive. Simple 
catarrhs even if infective and attacking all young horses do not 
cause phlegmon of the sub-maxillary lymph glands as occurs in 
the great majority of cases of strangles. Glanders which is at- 
tended by both nasal discharge and sub-maxillary swelling, is 
slower in its onset, usually with little or no fever, has usually a 
more adhesive discharge, ragged, unhealthy ulcers on the nasal’ 
mucosa with a disposition to extend, often it shows cord-like 
thickening of the lymphatics on the side of the face, and the sub- 
maxillary swelling is smaller, made up of a number of small, 
hard, insensible rounded nodules which show virtually no 
tendency to suppurate. (See diagnosis of glanders). In cases 
of doubt it may be advisable to inoculate a Guineapig and a 
white mouse. The Guineapig resists a small dose, while the 
mouse forms abscess in the seat of inoculation and the dependent 
lymph glands. The Guineapig is very susceptible to glanders, 
and the white mouse immune. Or mallein may be used. 

Prognosis. ‘The mild type of strangles almost invariably termi- 
nates favorably. In the irregular types with internal abscess the 
prospect is grave in ratio with the size and multiplicity of the foci 
and the vital importance of the organ invaded. In 15,421 cases 
collected by Friedberger and Frohner, and representing the total 
in a series of outbreaks, but 3 per cent. proved fatal. Much, how- 
ever, depends on the special potency of the germ. Horses con- 
tracting this in a particular year or from a given stable in the 
same year convey the disease to others in a malignant form, while 
others that contracted it in another year or a different stable 
infect with the mild form only. 

Prevention. In the older countries horsemen too often accept 
strangles as inevitable. They expect that all horses will have it 
sooner or later, and it is not worth while to guard against it. 
The too absolute doctrine of the identity of the germ with the 
microbe of erysipelas, puerperal fever, contagious pneumonia, 
influenza, of the suppurations of the limbs and feet in sheep and 
cattle, and other streptococcic infections seems to corroborate this 
view. But on the other hand the absence of strangles from given 


. 


124 Veterinary Medicine. 


countries like Iceland where erysipelas and its coadjutors are 
common, its absence from secluded breeding farms and districts 
in. America, though prevailing all around them, the rapidity of its 
spread when introduced in a sick colt, and the entire failure to 
extend in the same way from an erysipelatous man to susceptible 
young horses with which he comes in contact show that preven- 
tive measures may be successfully applied for its restriction and 
extinction. The conceded family resemblance of the microbes 
and the experimental production, by their inoculation, of lesions 
showing many points of similitude leave them still sufficiently 
distinct in their pathogenesis to warrant measures for the sup- 
pression of the variety which produces strangles. 

Precautions for the private owner. During the existence of 
strangles in the district, exclude strange horses, asses or mules from 
the farm or stable. Keep young susceptible horses from pudlic 
stables or yards (livery, feeding, training, fair, market, and above 
all, dealers’ and sale stables) and even from public drinking troughs 
and buckets used in common. Provide against their contact with 
manure from strange or infected stables, or with pastures, fields 
and wagons on which this has been put, also against the use 
around the stable or on fodder of forks or other implements that 
have been used for such manure. Avoid hay or other fodder or 
litter from a strange barn or one that is open to any suspicion of 
infection. Avoid running water that has drained land, stables, 
or yards where strange horses have been, or those open to sus- 
picion. In shipping by car or other pudlic conveyance disinfect 
the latter before the animal is loaded. If a second hand wagon, 
shafts, pole, harness, blanket or other object is brought on the 
place or used, disinfect the same before using. 

Measures for Sanitary Police. Make it compulsory to report, 
under penalty for failure; all cases of strangles, or of horses with 
nasal discharge, or submaxillary swelling. Forbid removal from 
the stable, or secluded enclosure, of all horses, etc., suffering in this 
way or which have been pronounced by the official veterinarian to 
havestrangles. Provide for exclusion of all other solipeds from such 
stables, or from contact with or dangerous proximity to animals held 
in them, also from zzfected yards, parks, cars, boats, etc. Close pub- 
lic drinking troughs during an epizostic ; let each owner use his 
own bucket. Circumstances may demand closure of public feed- 


Strangles, Infectious Rhino-adenttis. 125 


ing stables as well. Forbid, under penalty, sale, exposure or move- 
ment on any public highway or unfenced place of any infected 
(diseased or exposed) soliped. Enjoin certificate of sanitary con- 
dition of stable and stud with each animal sold. Close dealers’ 
stables, or forbid any sale from them until all infection has ceased 
and the buildings have been thoroughly disinfected. Compel * 
thorough disinfection of stables, yards, cars, boats and other public 
conveyances that may be open to reasonable suspicion of infection. 

Immunization. An attack renders the subject immune, but 
this may be early overcome by marked change of location, and 
exposure to a virus of greater intensity or modified quality. 
Besides the crude and reckless Russian method already referred to, 
direct inoculation of the virulent products has been often resorted 
to from the time of Gohier onward, in the different countries 
of Europe. By selecting the matter from the abscesses or nasal 
discharge of a mild epizootic, and preserving the inoculated 
subjects in clean, dry, pure aired stables, on nourishing diet, and 
under the best conditions of hygiene, a fair measure of immunity 
was conferred with absolutely no loss. The same as after casual 
cases, second attacks will sometimes be shown, but even in severe 
outbreaks, of a less violent type. The pus from the abscess, or 
the preceding exudate in the swelling may be simply rubbed on 
the nasal mucosa, or injected subcutem in another part of the 
body. In many cases there follows merely a local cellulitis, while 
in others the general infection leads to the nasal discharge, with 
or without the submaxillary abscess. 

This method is open to the individual owner where no con- 
certed effort is made to stamp out the infection. When, however, 
police measures for suppression are in force, it must be strictly 
prohibited, or adopted only under official control, and with 
absolute seclusion and thorough disinfection. 

Treatment. In mild regular cases hygienic measures only are 
demanded. Cleanliness, dry stalls, pure air, warmth (a sunny 
exposure if available), nourishing, easily digested food, (grass, 
green corn stalks, bran mashes, roots, carrots, turnips, apples, 
potatoes, ensilage, scalded oats or hay) and pure water; or linseed 
tea, grooming and, in cold weather, blanketing may suffice. 
Rest is indispensable, though exercise may be allowed in a 
sheltered or sunny field or yard in fine weather. 


126 Veterinary Medicine. 


Castrations and all other surgical operations are forbidden. 

For costiveness or tardy action of the bowels 1, 2 or 3 ozs. of 
sulphate of soda may be allowed daily in the drinking water. 

To soothe the inflamed air-passages it is well to steam them 
with the vapor of hot water to which has been added an antiseptic 
‘such as oil of tar, tar, phenic acid, or creolin. This may be 
placed in a bucket, and a bag with its bottom cut so as to form a 
tube drawn over the bucket and nose of the horse. It may be 
continued an hour or more at a time, or a nasal douche of creolin 
(1:100) may be employed. In case of tardy softening of the 
submaxillary swelling it may be assiduously fomented, or.cov- 
ered with a linseed meal or other poultice to which a little 
antiseptic (carbolic acid, creolin) has been added. It may be 
applied on a cotton hood having holes for eyes and ears and 

furnished with ends to tie back of the ears and down thé middle 
of the face. If still indolent the swelling may be rubbed with 
soap liniment or smeared with soft soap, or finally a cantharides 
blister may be applied. 

As soon as any indication of softening or fluctuation is detected 
a free incision should be made to allow the exit ofthe pus. This 
further tends to hasten the liquefaction and removal of the adja- 
cent exudate. If the pus lies near to the surface, with little more 
than skin to penetrate, it may be freely incised with one thrust of 
the knife, but if there is intervening glandular or other tissue, 
the skin only should be first incised, and the connective tissue 
bored through with the finger nail, or the point of a sterilized 
director, or of closed scissors. In this way the important vessels, 
nerves and salivary ducts are pushed aside and troublesome bleed- 
ing and salivary fistula alike avoided. 

Fever usually subsides on the opening of the abscess, but if it 
fails to do so, or if it reappears from slight absorption of septic 
matters it may be desirable to favor elimination by small doses of 
sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, or potassium nitrate. 
In extreme cases a few doses of acetanilid may be given, or full 
doses of quinia. . 

When the discharge from nose or abscess threatens to persist, 
such agents as sulphur, yellow or black sulphide of antimony, 
are given with bitters, but amore prompt effect can usually be 
had from injections of weak solutions of creolin, cresyl, lysol, 


Strangles, Infectious Rhino-adenitis. 127 


etc. When the cough is troublesome it may be quieted by bella- 
donna, or, in case of weakness of the heart, by digitalis. 

The various complications require treatment appropriate to 
their nature. Collections of pus in the nasal sinuses may de- 
mand trephining and antiseptic injections. Swellings about the 
throat threatening asphyxia and which cannot be relieved by 
evacuation of pus may necessitate tracheotomy until suppuration 
occurs. ‘The cutaneous pustules and abscesses are dealt with by 
pricking the collections and washing daily or oftener with astrin- 
gent antiseptics (phenicacid and alum). Bronchitis and broncho- - 
pneumonia may be benefited by sinapisms applied to the sides of 
the chest, the internal administration of potassium iodide; ammo- 
nium chloride, sodium hyposulphite, terpene or terpinol; or by 
inhalation of weak sulphur fumes, or tar vapor. 

For abscesses in the bronchial or mesenteric glands, the brain, 
spinal cord, or other internal organ, little can usually be done 
but to sustain the patient and await the course of events. If the 
abscess can be accurately located it may be aspirated and then in- 
jected with an antiseptic; if in the encephalon, trephining may 
be resorted to; death is certain in such a casein the absence of, 
treatment. 

During convalescence it is very important to avoid over-exertion 
and chill, which are very liable to bring on petechial fever. Also, 
to feed nourishing food, give pure air and water, and to see that 
no suspension of action of bowels, or kidneys threatens to shut 
up toxins and waste products in the system. Apropos of impure 
water Williams quotes the case of a foul stream near Bradford, 
England, on the banks of which every case of strangles did badly. 


CONTAGIOUS PNEUMONIA IN THE HORSE. 


Synonyms. Definition. Historic notes. Accessory causes: youth, na- 
tive susceptibility, inclement weather, exposed stables, nasal and bronchial 
catarrh, sores as infection atria, lack of stable hygiene, crowding, underfeed- 
ing, overwork, excitement, exhaustion, infection from stables, etc., conva- 
lescents ; doctrine of recrudescence. Bacteriology : streptococcus pneumo- 
nize contagiosze equi: pathogenic to mice, rabbits, and Guinea pigs. Cocco- 
bacillus of Lignieres in early lesions. Lesions: bilateral, multiple foci, con- 
gestion, consolidation, purulent, necrotic, infarction, sequestra in purulent 
sacs, pleuritic effusion ; enlarged, congested liver with centres of degenera- 
tion and necrosis. Congested spleen, kidneys, lymph glands and gastro-iutes- 
tinal mucosa. Yellow mucose, mahogany colored muscles. Incubation, 3 to 
to days. Symptoms : staring coat, early extreme hyperthermia, accelerated 
pulse and breathing, cough, icteric mucosze, anorexia, dulness, defervescence 
in 3 to 5 days; convalesence in 10 days; or prostration, swollen eyelids 
trembling or interrupted labored breathing, cough, nasal flow yellow, 
multiple centres of percussion flatness, crepitation, rales; urine scanty, yel- 
low or reddish, albuminous, acid, alkalinity as a symptom; throat symp- 
toms, inhalation bronchitis, cardiac phenomena, swelling of legs, stupor, 
trembling, staggering, vertigo, paresis. Course: duration 2 to 3 weeks, de- 
fervesence. Fatal cases, toxin poisoning. Diagnosis: by age, history, 
tardy infection, prostration usually less than in influenza. Prognosis: grav- 
ity depends on violence of attack, susceptibility, hygiene, treatment. Mor- 
tality 1 to 20 per cent. Permanent lesions from sequestra, adhesions, car- 
diac, hepatic, nervous or arthritic disease. Treatment: Pure air, sunshine, 
comfort, hygiene, pure water, rest, cold rectal injections, damp compresses, 
hot bath, diaphoretics, expectorants, alkaline diuretics, antipyretics, heart 
stimulants, derivatives, antiseptics, nerve sedatives, tonics. Prevention: 
early removal, disinfection, quarantine new horses, disinfection of public 
and sale yards and stables, certificates. Immunization: by a mild attack ; 
serum-therapy. 


Synonyms. Ataxic or Adynamic Pneumonia; Stable or Hos- 
pital Pneumonia; Pleuro-Pneumonia Contagiosa Equorum; Con- 
tagious Pleuro-Pneumonia; Bilious Pneumonia; Edematous 
Pueumonia; Brustseuche. 

Definition. An infectious adynamic type of pneumonia occur- 
ring in horses, asses and mules, characterized by marked hyper- 
thermia; by infiltration of lung tissue, often bloody, infarcted 
or caseated and usually circumscribed ; by a deep yellow discol- 
oration of the visible mucosa and other white tissues; and by 

128 


Contagious Pneumonia in the Horse. 129 


complicating lesions of the pleura, heart, pericardium, liver, 
bowels, or kidneys. 

ffistoric Notes. This affection was formerly confounded with 
equine influenza, and it was only in the second third of the nine- 
teenth century that the differentiation was attempted. S. Prangé 
describes this as a special epizdotic disease in the French hussars 
in 1841, Leconturier in Belgium in 1845, Seidamgrotzky in Ger- 
many in 1882 (strongly emphasizing the contagion), and Diecker- 
hoff in Berlin in 1883. The latter showed that ‘horses, recovered 
and immune from influenza, still contracted brustseuche and per- 
ished. This distinction was fully corroborated by Lustig, Cag- 
nat (1884), Brun, Delamotte (1886), Jolly, Benjamin, Leclainche, 
Trasbot, and others. The presence of a particulate, living, self- 
multiplying cause (microbe) was recognized as the essential con- 
dition of the disease (as we still recognize the necessity for such 
an organism to explain rabies) though the micro-organism itself 
was as yet undiscovered. 

At the same time many concurrent factors had to be considered 
as accessory in different cases. 

Accessory Causes. Young horses often show a greater suscepti- 
bility than older animals, mainly because they retain all the un- 
impaired susceptibility of the colt, while old horses have already 
passed through the disease and become immune. On the other 
hand, in the absence of acquired immunity, the older, worn out 
and debilitated animals are the most susceptible and tend to have 
the disease in its worst form. Susceptibility and immunity are 
therefore more important factors than mere age. Immunity usually 
lasts for several years, or throughout life, yet in some animals, 
or under given conditions, it is overcome much earlier. Jnclem- 
ency of the weather, or special exposure of any kind, as in severe 
rainstorms, or working with the feet and legs in water, may be- 
come the occasion of an attack. Exposure to cold xorth-west 
storms (America, Atlantic Slope), or north-east (Europe), séazd- 
ing without blanket in a temperature at zero, confinement in 
draughts of cold air between doors or windows, without clothing 
and after severe exercise, weaken the whole system and increase 
susceptibility. ‘The presence of a xasal or bronchial catarrh, or of 
another debilitating disease may act in the same way. The weak- 
ened tissues seem to invite the entrance of the germ. Palat, Boi- 


9 


130 Veterinary Medicine. 


teux and Trasbot found that horses with Jocal sores or suppura- 
tions fell readier victims than others ;—perhaps the germs entered 
by the traumas ; perhaps the tone of the whole system was low- 
ered, so that the resistance was lessened. 

Close, foul air, bad ventilation, imperfect sewerage, and over- 
crowded stables not only contribute strongly to infection but tend 
to aggravate the cases. Underfeeding and overwork act in the 
same way and in this connection may be named the excztement 
and exhaustion attendant ona dong journey by rail. This, like 
the foul, crowded stable, furnishes many more opportunities for 
infection and re-infection, so that the invasion of the exposed 
animal system is all but certain. Infection clings to the loading- 
banks, yards, feeding stables, mangers, troughs, buckets, cars, litter, 
and manure, so that young horses shipped from the west to the 
Atlantic Coast States, very frequently come down with contagious 
pneumonia, and contaminate the stables in which they are placed. 
Peters suggests that the germ is preserved in the sod water, so 
that after apparent subsidence it may be again brought to the 
surface in time of rains or freshets, to start a new epizootic. 
Convalescent horses may carry the germ for weeks, on the mucosa 
or in sequestra in the lungs, and contaminate horses with which 
they come in contact. 

It is remarkable that the contagious pneumonia is far less dif- 
fusible on the air than influenza, so that it is much more con- 
stantly the result of direct contact of a sound, with an infected 
animal, or with a place or thing that the sick animal has con- 
taminated. It therefore spreads much less rapidly, remains con- 
fined to individual stables for a length of time, and in the ab- 
sence of active interchange of horses tends to die out of its own 
accord. As the infection is not generally and speedily acquired, 
so immunity fails to become general, and the infection tends to 
fix itself permanently in places where many strange horses con- 
gregate, (market stables, sale stables, livery stables, etc.), and 
the constant influx of fresh animals keeps the flame burning by 
accessions of fresh fuel. In such cases it is manifest that the 
germ outside the animal body either rests in a dry condition, or 
lives as a saprophyte in earth or organic matter, and often loses 
much of its virulence, Under such circumstances animals that 
would prove readily susceptible to a virulent germ, prove non- 


Contagious Pneumonia in the Horse. 131 


receptive to this resting germ, until under some special devital- 
izing influence, like exposure, exhaustion or local disease, it 
finds its opportunity and the weakened system succumbs. Then, 
acquiring new force through its life in the debilitated system, it 
starts on a recrudescence, and an epizootic is mistakenly supposed 
to have started without a preéxisting microbian cause. 

Cadeac even advocates the theory that the same germ possessed 
of greater or lesser virulence, is always present in ordinary 
stables and horses, and habitually causes in exposed or debili- 
tated animals an ordinary fibrinous pneumonia with no perceptible 
teudency to transmission by contagion; that, in other cases 
when a considerable number of horses have their defensive 
powers impaired, it gains a wide extension ; and, that in some 
such cases, the germ that has been living as a comparatively 
harmless saprophyte, suddenly acquires an unwonted potency, 
and breaking down the barrier of partial immunity, attacks exposed 
animals on a large scale and irrespective of weather perturbations, 
or debilitated conditions. He quotes from Trasbot instances that 
seem to support this hypothesis, which is not at all in disaccord 
with the habits of bacterial life, yet we require a solid basis in 
bacteriological experiment to make it unassailable. 

Bacteriology. Siedamgrotzky (1882) found in the haemorrhagic 
centres in the affected lung and in the pleural exudate mzcrococct. 
Dieckerhoff (1882) and Mendelsohn (1883) found in the pleural 
exudate streptococci. Chain cocci were also found by Peterlein 
(1884), Perroncito (1885), Delamotte and Chantemesse (1888), 
and Mosselman and Lienaux (1893). 

Schiitz (1887) found a diplococcus which he studied very fully 
and this is corroborated by Lustig’s ovoid bacterium, by Cadeac’s 
micrococcus and diplococcus. In Dr. V. A. Moore’s cultures, at 
the N. Y. S. Veterinary College, cocci were found constantly in 
pure culture, sometimes as a diplococcus, but under slightly al- 
tered conditions the streptococcus form predominated. As the 
difference between two, and three or more cocci in chain form is 
merely a question of early or late separation of cocci which mul- 
tiply in line, the apparent discrepancies in the above observations 
do not imply any real difference in the microbe. 

Inoculated in pure cultures the Schiitz diplococcus killed mice 
in 24 to 48 hours with enhanced virulence of the germ. In the 


132 Veterinary Medicine. 


rabbits, subcutem, it usually killed in 24 to 48 hours, but some 
survived ; zztravenously or intratracheally it killed more certainly 
and speedily and in either case with pleural, pericardial and even 
peritoneal lesions. In the Guineapig, subcutem, it caused ‘ex- 
tensive effusion, and death in two to six days with chest lesions. 
In the dog it caused hyperthermia, but no marked lesion and no 
mortality. In the horse there were no infectious resultant 
lesions. A pure culture thrown into the lung tissue of an old 
horse at the N. Y.S. V. College, determined an extended pleuritic 
adhesion and lung hepatization. The age of this subject was op- 
posed to any marked susceptibility. The apparent immunity of 
the horse in Shtitz’s cases might depend on the insusceptibility 
of the animals selected during or after an epizodtic, or on the 
absence of the predisposing causes so strongly insisted on by 
Cadeac. 

Rats, chickens and pigs proved immune. 

On peptonized gelatin at 98° F., and less rapidly at ordinary 
temperature, it grew as white, opaque colonies which gradually 
extended and united in many cases. The gelatin was not lique- 
fied. In peptonized bouillon it produces turbidity for one or two 
days, after which the microbe precipitates leaving the liquid clear. 
The reaction is unchanged. 

It lost virulence rapidly when kept in artificial culture or at a 
temperature of 122° F., and was killed by a temperature of 
150° F. Yet it survived drying at moderate temperatures. 
Cadeac found that the dried expectoration or blood diffused in 
the inspired air produced pneumonia with certainty in solipeds. 
Schtitz and Fiedaler injected pure cultures into the lung, and in 
other cases into the trachea, thereby inducing pneumonia. 
Twenty grammes of the culture injected into the trachea raised 
the temperature 2° or 3°, but this lessened on repetition and 
after four or five treatments the subject proved immune. 

Ligniéres (1897) discovered his cocco-bacillusin the exudation 
in the tissues in the early stages of contagious pneumonia, from 
which it disappears, giving place to other bacteria, and usually 
streptococcus, as the disease reaches its maximum. (See Equine 
Influenza for description). His theory is that the cocco-bacillus, 
which is slightly smaller than the bacillus of chicken cholera, 
and appears like a diplococcus when stained, and which may not 
be found after the first eight days of infectious pneumonia, is the 


Contagious Pneumonia in the Horse. 133 


starting point of disease, in this and influenza, making the sys- 
tem very receptive of the streptococcus of strangles and of other 
bacteria, the identity of which determines the nature of the 
malady. ‘The diplococcus or streptococcus of Schiitz in his 
opinion is none other than the strangles streptococcus which, find- 
ing a congenial home in the animal invaded by his cocco-bacillus, 
pervades the system and determines the pathological phenomena 
of contagious pneumonia. 

There are certain obstacles to the unreserved acceptance of 
Ligniéres’ conclusions, among the chief of which is the absence 
of evidence that horses, successfully inoculated with his cocco- 
bacillus in pure cultures, can infect others standing near them 
with the same rapidity and certainty, as does the casual case of 
influenza, or even of contagious pneumonia. The same holds true 
of the supposed identity of the streptococcus and that of strangles. 
Abscesses containing streptococci, were formed in the seats of 
inoculation with Schiitz’s organism, but there is no evidence that 
the horses suffering from such abscess affected susceptible horses 
standing beside them, as do ordinary cases of strangles. The 
cocco-bacillus may be a concurrent cause of contagious pneu- 
monia, but we need more proof to show that it is the essential 
cause, even as we need proof of the absolute identity of the 
streptococcus of strangles and brustseuche. 

Lesions. ‘The pneumonia is far more likely tobe double than 
in the fibrinous form, and the area invaded, inits ratio with the 
high intensity of the fever, is usually less. The consolidations 
are especially common near the lower borders of the anterior parts 
of the lungs. ‘There may, however, be a number of centres in 
each lung to be accounted for by the inhalation of the germ and 
the starting of the morbid process at the various points on which 
it falls. This, like the double character of pneumonia is therefor 
in keeping with the contagious origin. Each centre of condensa- 
tion shows a small area, hepatized, purulent or necrotic, with a 
surrounding zone of dark bluish red congestion. The consoli- 
dated areas are less dry and granular than in fibrinous pneumo- 
nia, seeming to be largely infiltrated with a still liquid exudate 
and dark blood, and thus tend to a greater tenacity, and less 
friability. Black areas of infarction form in the lung, the throm- 
bosis of the arteries, cutting off the free normal circulation and 


134 Veterinary Medicine. 


the isolated portion fills up with dark blood globules and forms a 
sequestrum. In the inflammatory and still living parts the color 
is lighter with, it may be, some straw colored exudate, and 
always an active leucocytosis, as in other inflamed parts. When 
infiltration is located near the root of the lung, it is usually at- 
tached to the primary bronchi, or larger bronchia and may extend 
into the upper portion or almost the entire substance of the lung. 

Simple abscess is rare, yet purulent sacs containing the gangre- 
nous masses or sequestra are common. 

Pleuritic areas are common over the congested and hepatized 
foci, yet as these are usually circumscribed in extent, an exces- 
sive hydrothorax is exceptional. Yet the pleuritic effusion may 
at times become abundant. Friedberger and Frohner say seven 
gallons or more. It may become purulent or even septic, exhal- 
ing an offensive odor. Adhesions and fringes on the pleura are 
frequent. : 

The heart and pericardium may be affected, the first showing 
the pallid, soft, or parboiled appearance of high fever, with at 
times fatty degeneration or petechiz, and the latter congestion, 
exudation, thickening, false membranes and liquid effusion. 

The enlargement of the congested liver is a marked feature. It 
frequently attains the weight of 30 pounds. It may ooze dark 
blood freely from the cut surface, has usually a yellowish tinge, 
and shows points of fatty degeneration or even of commencing 
necrosis. The spleen is like the liver, charged with blood, and 
shows an increase of pulp and even petechiz or circumscribed 
heemorrhages. 

The &zdneys are congested, friable and petechiated. 

The bronchial lymph glands and less constantly the mediastinal 
and abdominal ones, are congested, pink to dark red and some- 
what enlarged. 

The gastric and intestinal mucosa may be congested, thickened, 
heemorrhagic or ulcerated. 

The white tissues generally tend to an icteric hue, and the 
muscles assume a mahogany aspect. 

Incubation appears to be longer than in equine influenza, vary- 
ing in different cases from 3 to ro days. 

Symptoms. ‘These vary greatly in different cases, #d/d and 
severe. Some, in the same stable with the severe cases, simply 


Contagious Pneumonia in the Horse. ~ 135 


refuse food, are a little sluggish in work, cough, have hyper- 
thermia (104° to 106° F.), respirations 20o—25, pulse 60, with 
conjunctiva only moderately yellow, a slightly yellowish dis- 
charge from the nose, and no observable lung consolidation. The 
temperature descends to normal in three to five days, the symp- 
toms generally abate, and the animal may be convalescent in eight 
or ten days. 

In the more severe cases there may be seen a shivering fit, or it 
may pass unobserved. Then the first morbid phenomenon is usu- 
ally a rapid and extreme elevation of temperature which may 
reach 104° or 106° F. in a few hours. With this there is great 
impairment or complete loss of appetite, and a loss of life and 
energy. In some cases the depression, stupor and muscular 
weakness suggest influenza but this is not the rule. Still more 
rare is infiltration of the eyelids and free watering of the eyes, yet 
in the absence of this, drooping of the upper eyelids is not un- 
common. ‘The respiration may be accelerated and short, from 20 
to 30 per minute, and the pulse, which is usually small and weak 

.in spite of the fever, may rise to 50 or 70 per minute. The 
breathing may be trembling or distinctly interrupted in the course 
of inhalation or exhalation, short and with no interval between 
inspiration and expiration. Cough may or may not be a marked 
feature, heard at long intervals only in some cases and frequent 
and painful in others. It is liable to be dry and husky rather 
than hard, loose or gurgling. The eye and to a less extent the 
nasal and buccal mucosa tend to show a yellowish shade, and 
this may even at an early stage show a distinct brownish 
orange, or even a dark mahogany hue. Yet dropsy of the lids 
or even epiphora are uncommon. A yellowish discharge from 
the nose is an almost constant feature and this may dry upintoa 
yellow crust on the floor of the anterior nares and adjacent skin. 
The percussion and auscultatory indications of lung consolidation 
are rarely obtainable before the end of the second or third day 
and when at all extensive can usually be detected on both sides. 
Trasbot considers the double pneumonia as almost pathognomonic 
of contagious pneumonia. When confined mainly to the lower 
parts of the lungs and occurring in isolated areas, with lung tissue 
still pervious to air in the intervals, it comes more nearly to being 
so. Crepitation round the border of consolidated areas, is a more 


136 Veterinary Medicine. 


marked feature than in equal consolidations in influenza. It 
often becomes inaudible again as the disease advances. Blowing 
murmurs, coarse mucous rales, heart and intestinal sounds can 
often be heard with unusual clearness, in unusual situations, 
when an area of consolidated lung is immediately beneath. A 
transient dry friction sound of commencing pleurisy is sometimes 
detected over a tender intercostal area, but soon giving place to 
the uniform quiet of effusion rising to a given horizontal level. 
Later still there may be the creaking sound of organizing false 
membranes in process of being stretched, and which is so often 
confounded with crepitation. ‘The indications of pneumothorax 
(tympanitic resonance, and metallic tinkling), are rare. In ad- 
vanced stages there may be tympanitic sound from the cavities of 
abscesses or the sacs containing sequestra. 

The urine is always scanty and high colored and may at times 
prove red and hemorrhagic. Albuminuria is usually present 
when the disease is at its height, "The same is true of uric acid, 
which replaces the hippuric acid, in cases of high fever and com- 
plete abstinence so that the products are drawn from the dis- 
integrating tissues alone. The returning appetite, and the 
restoration of a neutral or alkaline condition of the urine, there- 
fore tend to occur simultaneously, and to mark improvement. 

Great tenderness of the throat, protrusion of the nose, and 
difficulty of swallowing mark the localization of the lesions on 
the pharynx and larynx. It is liable to be accompanied by: the 
introduction of exudation and food materials into the larynx and 
trachea with the occurrence of inhalation bronchitis and pul- 
monary gangrene. 

Symptoms of pericarditis, endocarditis and myocarditis, are 
especially common in the more severe types of the disease. With 
soft, weak or imperceptible pulse and tumultuous heart beats they 
may be suspected, and further indications are a transient friction 
sound, synchronous with the beat of the heart, intermissions, 
murmurs with first or second heart sound, and an increasingly 
low, distant, or muffled heart beat, as pericardial fluid accumu- 
lates. Asin the case of troubles with the kidneys or liver, stock- 
ing of the legs, or dropsical swellings elsewhere may appear. 

Exceptionally, acute nervous symptoms may appear, due to 
functional derangements caused by circulation of the toxins and 


Contagious Pneumonia in the Horse. 137 


metabolic products, or even to congestion or inflammation of the 
brain or its membranes. This may occur at the outset of the 
disease indicating the election of the nerve centres for the coloni- 
zation of the microbe, and advancing to a rapidly fatal issue 
(Friedberger and Frohner). It may set in with hepatization 
(Rey), or it may coincide with pulmonary gangrene (Cadeac). 
There may be merely dulness, prostration, or stupor ; or trembling, 
unsteady gait, or falling; there may be rolling of the eyes, 
or amaurosis, or vertigo occurring intermittently ; or there may 
be epileptic attacks or paraplegia. 

Course. In moderate cases the disease may last from two to 
three weeks, and in well conditioned horses, with strong constitu- 
tions, tends to recovery. On the third to the eighth day all the 
symptoms appear better, appetite, expression, alertness, breath- 
ing, pulsation andtemperature. The temperature which has been 
a degree, or more, higher in the afternoon than in the morning, 
remains about the same from morning to night, or is even slightly 
lowered ; it is lower still next morning and in two or three days 
may have reached 101°, still rising a little in the afternoon. The 
pulmonary exudate is usually quickly absorbed though less so 
than in favorable cases of influenza. Convalescence may be 
completed by the end of the third or fourth week. 

In violent and fatal cases the general symptoms tend to encrease 
in vioience, though the temperature may descend to 103”, and in 
the final collapse to 100° or lower. Ina mare presented at the 
college clinic after three weeks illness and treatment elsewhere, 
prostration was extreme, the head rested in the manger, the nose 
discharged a fetid, glairy, frothy liquid, with grumous, bloody 
debris ; breath offensive ; pulse 92, almost imperceptible ; respira- 
tions 30, very labored; nostrils widely dilated, flapping ; 
temperature in vagina 103.6°, anus was open with constant in- 
gress and egress of air, and a watery glairy, frothv discharge ; 
extensive dropsy under the sternum ; percussion and auscultation 
indicated consolidation of lungs from the lower border up, crepi- 
tation, creaking, and loud clucking bronchial sound. The mare 
survived for forty-eight hours, the temperature descending to 
100.5” in the morning and rising to 102° and upward in the after- 
noon. At the necropsy the right lung was consolidated through- 
out, the left had pervious areas anteriorly and posteriorly ; there 


138 Veterinary Medicine. 


were large areas of infarction, necrosis, with encystment, casea- 
tion, and lobular and perilobular exudation and hepatization. 

Liver, enlarged, tense in its capsule, but soft and friable on its 
cut surface, with areas of softening and necrosis. Both kidneys 
congested, with pale zones of necrosis; right enlarged. Beside 
the substernal exudate, there was extensive haemorrhagic exudate 
between the serratus magnus and ribs. The blood, very dark, 
brightened on exposure to air. 

Diagnosis: This may be based mainly on the prevalence of 
the disease in the district, or the fact that the victim has come 
from a long railway journey with risks of exposure, or has stood 
by a horse just arrived ; on the prompt loss of appetite and sud- 
den and extreme rise of temperature, without notable lung 
lesions ; on the deep brownish yellow discoloration of the visible 
mucosz, especially that of the eye, and on the yellow discharge 
from the nose, the tardiness with which successive cases follow 
each other comparatively to influenza, and the absence in large 
measure of the early extreme prostration of that affection. (See 
table under zzfluenza). 

Prognosis varies with the progress of an epizootic, and the 
youth and susceptibility of the animal together with the favorable 
or unfavorable conditions of life. The death rate is usually high 
at the outset when the more susceptible animals are attacked, and 
for the same reason, in the young that have not been previously 
exposed, Old and debilitated animals with broken down con- 
stitutions suffer severely, and bad hygiene contributes much to 
the mortality. The deaths vary from one to twenty per cent. 
But short of death, permanent injury follows in a number of 
cases. Encysted sequestra remainin the lungs for months and 
when liquefied and absorbed, leave fibroid masses in place of 
healthy lung tissue. The fibrous organization of peribronchial 
exudates, impairs respiration, and the same is true of the fibrous 
development of false membrane. Thus the horse is left perma- 
nently drvoken-winded or short-winded, or from interference with 
the recurrent laryngeal nerve, laryngeal hemiplegia (roaring) 
ensues. In still other cases permanent adhesions of the peri- 
cardium, or insufficiency of the cardiac valves, or disease and 
distortion of joints or tendons, or nervous, hepatic or renal de- 
generations destroy or seriously impair the value. 


Contagious Pneumonia in the Horse. 139 


Treatment. “Hygienic measures are of prime importance in 
treatment. A dry, clean box stall with pure air, and genial 
warmth (60°—7o° F.)—in warm summer weather outdoor air— 
must be secured. In cold weather a sunny outlook, and cloth- 
ing—blanket, bandages, and it may be a hood—to counteract any 
sensation of chill. Tepid drinks, pure water changed often, lin- 
seed tea, barley water, are of importance in allaying thirst, 
lowering temperature and favoring elimination. Absolute rest is 
all essential. Keeping at work after the onset of the disease is 
nearly equivalent to signing the patient’s death warrant. 

The high temperature at the outset of the disease seems to de- 
mand antipyretics, and in times past, in Southern Europe especi- 
ally, bleeding was aconstant resort. But even under favorable con- 
ditions this does not lower the temperature more than 1.5° F., 
and the resulting debility is such that it has been long discarded 
in Germany, England and America. In cases of acute exten- 
sive pulmonary congestion it is helpful in relieving the vascular 
tension on the lungs and allowing the tissues to better reassert 
their natural functions, in antagonism with invading microbes 
and their poisons, but even this action is transient, and when it 
saves life it is probably only by tiding over safely a very transient 
and urgent danger. 

The same decline of temperature can usually be secured by 
injections of cool water into the rectum, and with the added ad- 
vantage that this relaxes the bowels, and removes dried irritant 
masses from the rectum and floating colon. 

Asin other pneumonias the application of cold to the skin is 
liable to bring on a chill unless the temperature is very high. 
A safer and hardly less effective method is to apply around the 
chest a thin blanket or sheet wrung out of tepid water and cover 
it closely with dry blankets holding these close to the skin by 
elastic circingles. No part of the damp compress must be al- 
lowed to remain exposed to the air under pain of causing chill. 
Damp cotton wool applied next the skin tends to maintain its 
contact by its own elasticity, so that it requires less care in the 
elastic dry covering outside it. This moist warmth draws a free 
circulation of blood to the skin, so that it is cooled and sent back 
internally to cool the burning fever, without sensation of chill. 
The abstraction of this large mass of blood to the skin, acts like 


140 Veterinary Medicine. 


bleeding in diminishing the blood-tension in the chest and allowing 
the resumption of the normal vaso-motor and nutritive functions 
without the dangers of venesection. The soothing action on the 
skin, soothes by sympathy the infected and inflamed tissues. 

A steam or hot air bath may serve a similiar purpose. Con- 
joined with an aloetic laxative and aconite, I have seen this 
reduce the temperature from 10}.5° F. to 102.7° F. at the next 
taking 18 hours later. It only once again reached 103° F. in the 
subsequent course of the disease. 

To secure diaphoresis, warm mashes or gruels may be freely 
used. Alcoholic drinks have been freely used (the weaker wines 
1 to 2qts., sherry, brandy, whiskey % to1 pint), camphorated 
spirit (2—3 drs.) subcutem, ipecacuan (1 0z.), tartar emetic (2 
drs.), liquor of acetate of ammonia (4 0zs.), pilocarpin (2 grs. 
subcutem). If the alcoholic liquors produce a free circulation 
and glow in the skin, better still if diaphoresis, they are useful 
antithermics, but if they fail in this, they may do harm by 
reducing the vital activities of the leucocytes, and their power 
of resistance. ‘Trasbot has had uniformly unfortunate results 
with alcohol in large doses. The same objection attaches to 
tartar emetic and other depressant diaphoretics, though valuable 
if free diaphoresis is secured. 

Constipation may be met by cold water injections, calomel (% 
to 1 dr.), pilocarpin (3 grs.), eserine (1% gr.), sodium sulphate 
or other agent graduated to requirement. 

An expectorant and alkaline diuretic action may be obtained 
from potassium iodine (1-2drs.), ammonium chloride (2 drs.), 
or ammonium acetate. These not only liquify the exudate, and 
facilitate expectoration, but secure elimination of toxins, ptomaines 
and waste products from the blood and system. The iodide is 
besides somewhat antiseptic. 

In the early stages especially medicinal antithermic agents may 
be called for : acetanilid (2-3 drs.), phenacetin (2-4 drs.), sul- 
phate of thallin (2-3 drs.), sodium salicylate (% oz.) or in the 
weaker cases, caffein—natrium salicylate (1 dr.) or quinine sul- 
phate (2-3) drs.). Acetanilid will sometimes relieve dulness, and 
materially improve the general condition. 

In weak conditions of the heart we may resort to digitalis (10— 
15 grs.), strychnia sulphate (2 grs.), strophanthus tincture (3 to 


Contagious Pneumonia in the Horse. 141 


4drs.), caffein, oralcohol. Care must be taken not to overstimu- 
late and exhaust a weak and intermittent heart. 

Derivatives are often of material value from the first, in mild 
cases or to succeed damp compresses in the more violent ones. 
One of the best and most convenient is essential oil of mustard 
and alcohol (1:12 or 20). This may be rubbed on the surface 
and like mustard itself, covered with stout paper to prevent 
evaporation. In the absence of this, soap liniment, or ever tinc- 
ture of cantharides may be used. 

The use of antiseptics has been tried with variable results. 
While it is impracticable to saturate the system, safely, with suffi- 
cient antiseptic to destroy the microbes in the blood and tissues, 
yet when the balance of force between the microbian attack 
and systemic defence shows little variation either way, a 
slight increase on the side of the patient may serve to give it the 
preponderance, and to restrict the increase of the microbes and 
their products. Above all when the center of morbid activity is 
largely on and near the bronchial mucosa, antiseptic inhalations 
serve to hold them somewhat in check and to moderate the 
amount of both microbes and toxins that enter the system at this 
point. For this purpose camphor, oil of turpentine, or oil of tar 
volatilized from hot water may be inhaled ina close room. Or 
we may use carbolic acid, terpene, terpinol, creolin, lysol, thymol, 
eucalyptol, or oil of cinnamon. The fumes of burning sulphur 
diffused in the air of the room and just short of that concentra- 
tion that will cause cough, suffering and headache, is an excellent 
resort. The sulphites, bisulphites or hyposulphites may be 
given by the mouth. 

When there are indications of encephalitis, cold to the head 
and the internal exhibition of bromides, iodides, and acetanilid 
may be resorted to. 

During convalescence, nourishing and easily digestible food 
may be given, and iron, strychnia, quinia and common salt may be 
employed. In protracted or chronic cases with foetid breath and 
indications of sequestra or opened vomica in the lungs these may 
be continued along with one or more of the disinfectants referred 
to above. 

Prevention. "This is much more promising than in equine in- 
fluenza. The extensiou of incubation to three days and the 


142 Veterinary Medicine. 


indisposition of the infection to spread beyond the stable into 
which it has been brought, or the near vicinity of the diseased 
animal, gives us a great relative advantage. ‘The early, extreme 
rise of temperature of the infected horses gives the opportunity 
of removing these horses to a separate stable or shed, where they 
can have special attendants, and the stable drainage and manure 
can be kept apart, and disinfected, or spread and plowed under 
by oxen. The infected stable should be emptied, the soiled hay, 
litter and manure burned, and the walls, partitions, floors, ceil- 
ings, and above all the mangers and racks must be thoroughly 
disinfected. Lime wash with chloride of lime or mercuric 
chloride will suffice. The gutters should be cleaned, washed and 
drenched with mercuric chloride, followed by the whitewash. 
If there is rotten wood work or filth-saturated soil these must be 
effectually treated. In many stables it will be impossible to do 
all this thoroughly, yet closing the empty building tightly, and 
filling it with chlorine gas, or even sulphur fumes, concentrated 
until they extinguish the burning sulphur, and keeping shut up 
for twenty-four hours will usually suffice. Washing with a solu- 
tion of formalin (1:40 or 1 per cent. of formaldehyd), or even 
the evaporation of this agent by heat in the closed building is 
very effective, with the serious drawback that it is very irritating 
to the lungs. It can, however, be conveniently used for the 
sterilization of harness, stable implements, halters, and all 
movable objects in the building. 

Strange horses, such.as new purchases, should be placed in 
quarantine for one week in a separate stable, and not hitched up 
with sound horses. If they show evidence of recent illness this 
may be extended to six weeks. 

For horses that have been shipped long distances, and stopped 
for rest or feeding in public stables or yards, a similar quarantine 
is essential. This might be obviated if a system of thorough dis- 
infection of such stables, yards and cars, could be enforced, be- 
tween any two successive lots of horses, and if the latter were 
accompanied by certificates of the absence of contagious pneumo- 
nia and all other infectious diseases from the localities from which 
they were shipped and through which they had come. Such cer- 
tificates should be made by veterinary officials in the employ of 
the government, which would thus become responsible for their 
genuineness. 


Contagious Pneumonia in the Horse. 143 


In view of the frequent persistence of this malady in a given 
stable for a great length of time, successive animals being attacked 
at long intervals, and where isolation was impracticable, Beck- 
mann rubbed the nasal discharges of the sick on the nasal mucosa 
of the unaffected, producing the disease almost invariaMy in a 
mild form. The infected animals were placed in the best hy- 
gienic conditions, the duration of the infection was shortened, 
and the horses being rendered immune, the stable was then disin- 
fected with a satisfactory result. 

Schitz, Hill, Pilz and a number of others have sought artificial 
immunity, by the injection of blood serum from a horse that has 
recently recovered from the malady. ‘The results were very con- 
tradictory. In some cases the disease came to a sudden end. In 
other stables no new cases appeared either in those treated with 
serum or in those left without treatment. In other experiments, 
new cases occurred among those treated with the serum ;—in 
Weishaupt’s cases after a lapse of one or two months. This is 
exactly what might be expected. If the horse supplying the 
blood-serum had really recovered, and if the microbes (strepto- 
cocci) had disappeared from the blood, the latter would of neces- 
sity retain little of the toxins, but much more of the antitoxins, 
the active production of which would be continued by the stimu- 
lated leucocytes. ‘These antitoxins would neutralize the toxins, 
in case of invasion and prevent that from reaching the maximum 
of intensity that it would otherwise have reached, but would be 
powerless to stimulate the leucocytes of the inoculated animal into 
the habit of themselves producing antitoxins. This would act 
rather as a curative than a prophylactic agent, and its value would 
be spent as soon as the injected antitoxins were eliminated from 
the system. 

The true line of inquiry would have been, whether injection of 
the toxins, which acting on the leucocytes would have stimulated 
these to the habit of producing antitoxins in large amount, might 
not be expected to give an immunity as lasting as that which 
follows on a casual attack of the disease., Lignieres appears 
to have approximated to this, in his experiments on mice 
and rabbits. In horses suffering from contagious pneumonia it 
lowered the temperature, but did not materially affect the result 
of the attack. If we adhere to Lignieres’ own theory of causa- 


144 Veterinary Medicine. 


tion by cocco-bacillus and later by streptococcus or some other com- 
plicating infection, we can scarcely hope that the toxins of the 
streptococcus or other complicating microbe will immunize against 
the cocco-bacillus or mutually against each other. If complete 
protection is aimed at, the toxins of his cocco-bacillus, and of 
Schiitz’s streptococcus, and of any other possible microbe which 
may produce a secondary complication, ought to be employed. 

At the date of this writing no satisfactory sero-therapy for this 
disease has been worked out and publicly demonstrated. 


INFECTIOUS STABLE BRONCHITIS. SCALMA. 


Definition. An infectious inflammation, of the upper air pas- 
sages and bronchia, attended by high fever, special nervous 
irritability and a protracted convalescence. 

Dieckerhoff gave the name scalma (rogue) to outbreaks in 
given stables of an infection, showing the high temperature of 
brustseuche, (104° to 107° F.) a similar incubation (6 to 7 days), 
a correspondingly tardy extension from animal to animal, and 
duration of the disease. The apparent differences are in the 
absence of the profound dullness, the yellowness of the mucose, 
and the yellow or rusty nasal discharge, in the ready response to 
the voice or touch, the disposition to bite or kick, the spasms of 
the larynx and sudden dyspncea, in certain cases, and the paroxys- 
mal cough in others. Apart from these transient respiratory 
troubles the pulse and breathing are unaffected, relatively to the 
elevation of temperature. Sometimes the jaws are kept in con- 
stant motion, from nervousness or pharyngeal trouble. 

In the absence of any coficlusive bacteriological investigation, 
it may be surmised that this is a form of brustseuche which has 
not advanced to the same grade of destruction of red globules 
and prostration of the nerve centres, the latter showing only an 
excited and irritable condition. 

Treatment and prevention do not differ materially from what is 
required in contagious pneumonia. The irritable cough may be 
soothed by inhalations of warm water vapor, with alcohol, cam- 
phor, eucalyptol, or opium, or electuaries of bromides, belladonna 
or stramonium, and local derivatives to the throat. 

Most cases are mild and recover in a week, the cough lasting 
for two weeks more. 


OTHER INFECTIOUS PNEUMONIAS OF THE HORSE. 


Claims have been made for infections by a variety of other 
germs which it would be difficult or unreasonable to deny. In 
given conditions of the horse’s lung it may succumb to the attacks 
of pathogenic microdrganisms which at other times or under 
other conditions would be practically harmless. ‘Thus the round- 
ended bacillus of Friedlander is claimed by Jacquot and others to 
cause one form of pneumonia in the horse as it does in man (Vol. 
I, p. 216). Again Galtier and Violet have claimed a form of 
pneumonia transmitted through musty or spoilt fodders and 
attacking the bowels as well as the lungs (pneumo-enteritis). 
Two micro-organisms are accused, a diplococcus and strepto- 
coccus, which is strongly suggestive of the now familiar germ of 
brustseuche. 


EQUINE INFLUENZA. ADYNAMIC CATARRHAL 
FEVER OF SOLIPEDS. 


Synonyms. Definition. Historic notes. Equine influenza of 1872-3; its 
indication of infection. Other evidence: through stables, cars, manure, 
clothes, coition, inoculation Bacteriology: streptococci ; diplococci ; cocco- 
bacillus, latter pathogenic to rodents, dog, cat, sheep, pig, ox, ass, pigeon, 
chicken. Inoculations on horse. Present in early stages only. Uncer- 
tainty. Accessory causes : chill, electrictension, high barometer, impure 
air, overwork, poor feeding, season, youth, primary susceptibility, acquired 
immunity. Incubation 1 to 3 days. Symptoms: Forms: sudden attack, 
anorexia, profound prostration, weakness, hyperthermia epiphora, brownish 
red conjunctiva, pulse, heart beats, catarrhal symptoms, thoracic, pulmon- 
ary, pleuritic, cardiac, digestive, urinary, diarrhoeal, ophthalmic, nervous, 
rheumatoid ; complications, abortion, laminitis, strangles, contagious pneu- 
monia, cerebro-spinal meningitis, etc. Lesions: inflammation of mucosz 
of nose and air passages with blood unaffected ; in severe attacks, with 
heart clots, or later with blood black, diffluent, red globules crenated or dis- 
solved, without viscidity or rouleaux, reddish serum, and -hematoidin in 
masses, acid reaction, petechize ; congestion of mouth, stomach, small in- 
testines or large,—ulcers, tumid follicles, peritoneal effusion, enlarged con- 
gested mesenteric glands ; liver as if parboiled. with petechice and necrosis 
spleen large and gorged ; kidneys infiltrated, mottled, petechiated, swollen ; 


10 145 


146 Veterinary Medicine. 


may be meningeal or ophthalmic congestion ; pulmonary lesions, pleural 
effusions, adhesions, infiltrations, consolidations, infarctions, sequestra. 
Diagnosis ; sudden attack, great numbers attacked, marked prostration, con- 
junctivitis, great hyperthermia, digestive disorder, evidence of infection. 
Table comparing croupous and contagious pneumonia and influenza. Prog- 
nosis. Mortality low,—high in some epizootics, in horses kept at work, un- 
der bad hygiene. Treatment: good diet and hygiene, rest, shelter, stimula- 
ting diuretics and diaphoretics, venesection, antipyretics, alkaline eliminants, 
inhalants—water medicated, derivatives, collyria, guarded laxatives, anti- 
septics, cardiac stimulants, nerve sedatives, tonics, transfusion of blood, 
normal salt solution,—technique. Prevention: quarantine difficult, yet 
possible ; examples, applicability to countries, to districts, lines of restriction. 


Synonyms. Epizootic Catarrh; Catarrhal Fever; Nervous 
Fever ; Epizootic ; Rheumatic Catarrh ; Cocotte ; Gastro-enteric 
Epizootic ; Gastro-entero nephro-hepatitis ; Gastro-Conjunctivi- 
tis ; Gastro-Hepato-meningitis ; Entero-pneumo-carditis ; Pink 
eye; Epizodtic Cellulitis; Typhose; Typhoid Fever; Blitz 
Katarrh ; LaGrippe ; Septiceemia Haemorrhagica, etc. 

Definition. Aninfectious fever of solipeds, of a specially low or 
adynamic type, and witha tendency to localization on the respira- 
tory or gastro-intestinal mucosa, on the eyes, lungs, pleura, heart, 
liver, kidneys, subcutaneous connective tissue, joints, fascia, 
or nervous system. 

This disease was long confounded with the imfluenza of man 
and while compelled for the identification of the affection, to 
retain this name in combination with the qualification equine, yet 
we would prefer to discard it entirely as conveying the idea that 
the illness is caused by Pfeiffer’s bacillus, which it is not. The 
term typhoid fever which is in common use in France, has been 
selected to convey the impression ofits two prominent features of 
hyperthermia and stupor. But it isopen to the same objection 
for it has been long applied to a specific disease in man having 
its own bacillus which is not present in the eguine influenza. 
Septicemia Hemorrhagica which has been adopted more lately, 
however correct it may be as indicating the tendency of the local 
lesions, has a generic meaning rather than a specific one, and 
requires much more qualification to correctly designate the dis- 
ease. The term adynamic catarrhal fever of solipeds has this 
recommendation, that it expresses the prostration and debility 
which is such a marked feature of the disease, its great tendency 


Equine Influenza Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 147 


to become localized on mucous surfaces, and the genus of animals 
that prove its victims. A better designation is still desirable and 
may perhaps be reached, when the pathogenic microbe shall be 
demonstrated beyond question. : 

Fiistoric Notes. Among catarrhal fevers and epizodtics of early 
times it is impossible to distinguish this from widespread nasal 
and bronchial catarrhs, and from contagious pneumonia (brust- 
seuche), yet when the epizodtic attained a sudden and wide 
extension without any direct climatic cause, the presumption isin 
favor of the disease now beforeus. Hints are obtained from Titus 
Livius of a Sicilian equine epizootic of thiskind 412 B.C. This 
is corroborated by an account by Hippocrates of a similar out- 
break in Greece. Later, Virgil (Georgics), Columella, Absyrtus 
and Vegetius give similar hints. In 1299 in Seville horses suf- 
fered with drooping head, watery eyes, beating flanks and ano- 
rexia and 1ooo died (Laurentius Rusius). The horses of the 
French Army in Germany suffered severely in 1648 (Solleysel), 
horses in England in 1688 (Short, Rutty), again in 1693 (Web- 
ster, Short, Foster) and again in 1699 (Webster). In 1712 
horses suffered extensively in Europe (Lancisi, Kanold) and in 
1727-8 in England and Ireland (Rutty), in 1732-3 )Arbuthnot, 
Gibson) and again in 1736-7 (Short). Other such equine epi- 
zootics are recorded for Europe in 1729 (Low), for Ireland in 
1746 and 1750-1 (Rutty, Osmer), for Europe and the British 
Isles in 1760 (Bieset, Rutty, Webster), and again in 1762 (Rutty, 
Webster) and 1767 (Forster), also in America (Webster), in 
Europe in 1776 (Fothergill, etc.), in Europe and Asia in 1780-2 
(Gluge), in England in 1798 (Wilkinson, White), in Europe and 
England in 1814-15 (Heusinger, Wilkinson, Youatt), in England 
in 1819, 1823 (Field) and 1827 (Brown), in Europe in 1833 
(Prinz, Wilkinson, Hayes, Spooner), 1834 (Heusinger), 1835-6 
(Prinz, Friedberger), 1840, 1846, 1851, 1852, 1862, 1870, 1873, 

— 1881, 1883, 1890, 1891, 1892 (Friedberger). 

In the United States as in Europe the affection hasin the main 
smoldered in the large cities in ordinary years, to break out with- 
out obvious cause, in given years into an advancing epizootic 
which sweeps the whole continent. Such were the great out- 
breaks in Europe in 1881 to 1883, and in America in 1872-3, and 
1900 to1go1. The great recrudescence of the disease in North 


148 Veterinary Medicine. 


America in 1872-3 was so remarkable in its progress and limita- 
tions that it seems desirable to recall its more prominent historic 
features. The unquestionable demonstration of the microbe of 
the affection may make such a record superfluous, but until then, 
and so long as books are published which attribute the disease to 
the environment, or to the soil, it is not altogether unnecessary. 


PROGRESS OF EQUINE INFLUENZA OF 1872-3. 


Last week of September, 1872. Toronto, Ontario : (30th) and 
neighborhood. 

First 2 Weeks of October. Barrie, Collingwood, Owen Sound, 
Guelph, Oz. ; St. John, VW. B. (13th) ; Niagara Falls, VM. V., 
(11th) ; Montreal (8), Ottawa (12th), Stratford, Brantford, 
London. Can. ; Buffalo, V. V., (14th) ;-Detroit, Mich., (13th). 

Third Week in October. Goodrich, Kingston, Ozé., (19th) ; 
Rochester (18th), Syracuse, Lockport, Canandaigua, Geneva. 
Albany, (19th), Ogdensburg, (21st); New York,MV. Y., (21st) ; 
Bangor, Me. ; Port Huron, Mich. 

After Third Week in October. Quebec, Caz., (28th) ; Utica, 
(29th), Watertown, Oswego, Schenectady, Saratoga Springs, 
Poughkeepsie (28th), Elmira, Binghamton, (28th), Jamestown, 
Ithaca, (31st), Port Jervis (29th), Nyack, V. Y., (30th) ; Re- 
vere, (22d) ; Springfield, (23d), Worcester, (27th), Fall River, 
New Bedford, AZass. ; Waterbury, (27th), Norwich, (23d), New 
Haven, Hartford, Couz. ; Providence, (23d), Newport, A. J. ; 
Burlington, (26th), St. Albans, Vt. ; Concord, Nashua, Ports- 
mouth, V. A. (23d) ; Bath, (28), Portland, A7e. ; Philadelphia, 
(26th), Harrisburg, Lancaster, York, Erie, Corry, Titusville, 
(28th), Pittsburg, (29th), Pa. ; Baltimore, (25th), 47d. ,» Wash- 
ington, D. C., (28th) ; Norfolk, (31st), Richmond, Va. ,; Cleve- 
land, O. ; Chicago, (29th) //. 

First Week of November. Kingston, V. Y., (1st) ; Rutland, 
Vt., (3d) ; Meadville, (2d), Pottsville, Williamsport, (6th), 
Reading, Easton, Bethlehem, Pa. ; Trenton, MV. /., (2d) ; Wil- 
mington, De/., (6th); Jackson, M/ich., (7th) ; Milwaukee, W%s.; 
Raleigh, 4. C.; Charleston, S. C., (4th). 

Second Week in November. Scranton, Pa., (13th) ; Lynch- 
burg, Va., (11th) ; Wheeling, (13th), Parkersburg, W. Va.; 
Dayton, Sandusky, Toledo, O. ; Adrian, Kalamazoo, (gth), 


Equine Influenza, Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 149 


Grand Haven, Mich. (8th) ; Davenport, /a., (14th) ; Janesville, 
Green Bay, Wis. ; Louisville, Ky., (gth) ; Wilmington, V. C., 
(12th) ; Columbia, S. C. ; Savannah, Ga. 

Third Week in November. Steubenville, (15th), Columbus, 
(16th), Zanesville, (16th), Springfield, O. ; Indianapolis, (17th), 
Fort Wayne, Lafayette, Evansville, (21st), Jud. , Bloomington, 
Galena, ///., (21st), Dubuque, Iowa City, Ja. ; Madison, 
Fond du Lac, Wis. ; St. Paul, Ann. ; Memphis, Nashville, 
Chatanooga, Zenn.; Augusta, Atlanta, Ga., Helena, Fort 
Smith, 47%. ; Havana, Cuda, (20th). 

In November after third Week. Terre Haute, Madison, /nd. ; 
Peoria, Galesburg, ///. ; Keokuk, Muscatine, Des Moines, Ja. ; 
Paducah, Ay. , Knoxville, Zexz. ; Charlotte, New Berne, WV.C. ; 
Macon, Rome, Columbus, Ga. Jacksonville, Lake City, Fla. ; 
Mobile, Montgomery, Selma, Ala. ; Natchez, Vicksburg, A/ss. , 
New Orleans, (25th), Za. ; Galveston, (29th), Houston, (28th), 
Tex. , Little Rock, Ark. 

First Week in December. Cairo, Jil. ; Lincoln, Omaha, Ne- 
braska City, Med.,; Yankton, (5th), Vermilion, Dak.,; Talla- 
hassee, Fla. ; Camden, Ave. ; St. Louis, Kansas City, AZo. 

Second Week in December. Quincy, /. (8th) ; Shreveport, 
La.; Hanibal, Mo.; Fort Scott, Lawrence, Leavenworth, Topeka, 
Kan. 

December after the Second Week. Denver, Central City, Col. ; 
Cienfuegos, Cuba. 

January 1873. San Antonio.(3d), Zex.; Cheyenne, Wyo. ; 
Cimarron, (1st week), Elizabeth City, (2d week), Alberquerque, 
(4th week), WV. M7. ; Salt Lake City, (2d week), Corrinne, (3d 
week), Utah; Santiago, Cuda. 

February. Brownsville, (3d week), Zex..; Winnemucca, WVev.; 
Monterey, (1st week), Mex. 

March. Prescott (1st week), Tucson (2d week), Yuma (4th 
week), Avzz. ; Boise City, (3d week), /da. ; Helena, (4th week), 
Mont. ; Virginia City, (1st week), Mev. ; Carson City, ev. ; 
Santa Barbara, Visalia, Ca/.; Guaymas, Mazatlan, Manzanillo, 
Mex. 

April. San Diego (1st week), Mariposa, Stockton, San José, 
Oakland, Sacramento, Marysville and Shasta (2d weed), San 
Francisco, Vallejo, Nevada City and Weaverville (3d week), and 


150 Veterinary Medicine. 


Lava Beds, Cal? (4th week); Baker City (2d week), Jackson- 
ville, Ove. (ath week) ; Walla Walla, Wash. (4th week) ; Aca- 
pulco (1st week), Mex. 

May. Eugene City, (3d week), Dallas and Portland, Ore. 
(4th week) ; Olympia, Wash. 

June. Seattle, Wash. (3d week). 

July. Guatemala City, Guatemala (2d week), Victoria, B. C. 

August. La Union, San Salvador (1st). 

Among the deductions from this record are: 

1. The affection advanced gradually from Toronto over the 
whole continent of North America, where horses are kept, taking 
full ten months to accomplish this. Nothing checked its advance, 
over lowland and highland, swamp and arid land, in summer as 
in winter, with a temperature at o° or at 100° F., in country 
pasture or in city street or stable, idle or overworked, on all kinds 
of soils and geological formations, under all successive conditions 
of meteoric and terrestrial electricity, in all conditions of the 
air—pure, impure, dense, light, moist and dry. No one con- 
dition of the environment operating on the animal system, can 
be conceived of, that could advance as this disease did from place to 
place in regular sequence for this length of time. 

ad. The rapidity of its progress was manifestly subordinate to 
the activity of the movement of the equine races from points al- 
ready infected. Its most rapid advance was along the lines of 
railway while the back districts shut out from railway traffic were 
much later in being invaded. The larger cities situated on the 
through railroad routes suffered earlier than the smaller places on 
the same lines. The outbreak was several days earlier in 
Montreal than in the nearer and smaller cities of Kingston, 
Ottawa, Belleville, Port Hope, Peterboro, Stratford, Brantford, 
Guelph, London and Owen Sound. ‘The important port of St. 
John, N. B., suffered two weeks earlier than Quebec. Along the 
N. Y. Central and Erie Railways, etc., Boston and New York 
suffered nearly a week earlier than Utica, Poughkeepsie, Bing- 
hampton, Elmira, and Jamestown, while the smaller places like 
Kingston, Nyack, Ithaca, etc., were later still. In Baltimore the 
disease was seen a day earlier than in Philadelphia, and in these 
cities and Washington over a fortnight before it was seen in 
Scranton, Pa. So it was almost everywhere and in these large 


Equine Influenza. Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 151 


cities the outbreak could in nearly every case be traced. to horses 
just arrived from a pre-existing centre of infection. In Detroit, 
Syracuse and Chicago it spread first in stables that had just re- 
ceived Canadian horses, in Ithaca in one which had received 
horses from an infected centre in Northern New York and in 
Pittsburg and Washington in stables that had just admitted horses 
from infected New Vork. 

3d. It advanced with much greater rapidity eastward than 
westward, being in the line of greatest horse traffic, the animals 
being mainly raised and fitted in the West and shipped in large 
numbers to the great cities near the Atlantic seaboard. 

4th. In the absence of this active railway traffic in horses, the 
advance was most rapid through other lines. In-Pa., in a number 
of valleys opening to the south, the disease reversed its general 
direction, and extended northward up these valleys. In Lehigh 
Co., Pa., it followed the course of the canal, being carried by 
horses and mules employed on the towpath. In Davidson and 
Sumner Cos., Tenn., it followed the track of a circus which came 
through an infected locality. It reached the Pacific coast at 
Santa-Barbara (not at the railway terminus at San Francisco) 
having followed a mule stage route in the absence of an active, 
westward progress of horses by rail. 

5th. The affection failed to overstep any serious gap over 
which there was no movement of equine animals. It prevailed 
in Victoria, B. C., in July, but, owing to a strict quarantine on 
horses and mules, it failed to reach Vancouver Island. It ravaged 
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in November but failed to reach 
Prince Edward Island which was then ice bound and shut off 
from all traffic with the mainland. It ravaged Cuba to which it 
was brought by American horses landed at Havana, but no other 
West Indian island was attacked. Its southward course was 
finally arrested at Central America, where horses are few and 
horse traffic nearly unknown. 

Every fact in connection with its eruption and progress agrees 
perfectly with the hypothesis of transmission by contagion alone, 
and taken altogether the history excludes all other causes from 
being anything more than accessory. Before the days of modern 
bacteriology we had ample proof that glanders, rabies, sheep-pox, 
lung plague, and Rinderpest were due to contagion alone as an 


152 _ Veterinary Medicine. 


essential cause, and so now we have the same evidence concerning 
equine influenza. 

Other testimonies to Contagion. ‘Trasbot says the virulence is 
‘‘almost equal to that of Rinderpest or aphthous fever,’’ and 
adds ‘‘all practitioners have become assured that the bringing of 
an affected animal into a stable constantly introduces the malady 
to the others.’’ Cadeac says ‘‘the diseased or infected animals 
are the main channel of propagation of the malady’’ and again 
the disease is ‘‘essentially infectious.’’ Friedberger and Frohner 
are more definite—‘‘influenza which_is as highly infectious as 
any other disease can be produced only by infection.’’ Cadeac 
implies nearly as much in saying: ‘‘in all the epizootics that 
have invaded Paris, the disease has been carried into the four 
quarters of France by horses bought in this city. In most 
regiments the malady shows itself after the arrival of horses from 
remounts where it was prevailing. At Sibourne it is through 
horses from St. Jean d’Angely. At Lyons it is by a horse from 
Czen. At Bourges the source was not traced but it spread from 
the garrison to the whole surrounding country. The Omnibus 
stables in the Rue d’Ulm were invaded when a horse was’ intro- 
duced from Clichy where influenza raged.’’ 

Stables are fruitful sources of infection hence dealers’ horses 
and horses travelling from place to place have long been objects 
of just suspicion (Trasbot, etc.). 

Cars are often infected, and spread the disease widely. (Poucet, 
Salle, Trasbot, etc.). 

Manure is especially dangerous. ‘Trasbot gives a number of 
cases of the infection of farms, by the manure taken from the 
Alfort Veterinary College, and other infected stables in Paris. 
Friedberger conveyed the disease experimentally in the manure. 

The conveyance of the virus on the clothes of attendants has 
been alleged by Friedberger and Frohner, and considering that 
it has been noted to pass over intervals of about half a mile with- 
out the intervention of any horse, it must have been wafted on 
the air, or conveyed on the surface of man or non-equine beast. 

Jensen and Clark allege that the contagium may be conveyed 
to mares by coztion, for months after the stallion has shown all 
outward signs of recovery. This would be entirely in keeping 
with the analogous fact in swine plague. 


Equine Influenza. Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 153 


Inoculation. Experimental inoculations have transmitted the 
disease with difficulty and uncertainty. Those of Hertwig, 
Nocard, Arloing, Labat, Friedberger, Trasbot, Pasteur and others 
came to naught. Even the transfusion of the blood of the sick, 
proved as harmless as the inoculation of the serous exudate. A 
probable explanation is found in the extreme diffusibility of the 
germ of equine influenza, which spreads over a city or county in 
a few days, attacking practically all equine animals. Inoculation 
is necessarily made at the time of the prevalence of influenza and 
at such a time all horses in a wide area are likely to be suffering 
from the affection. Those that are unaffected and therefore ap- 
parently available for experiment, are the immune animals. If 
they were susceptible the probability is that they would speedily 
show the disease through infection drawn from another source than 
the inoculation. If the inoculated animal failed to contract the dis- 
ease, and yet very shortly afterward became infected by simple 
exposure, there would be some basis for alleging that inoculation 
was alwaysinoperative. Dieckerhoff, on the other hand, transmit- 
ted the disease to healthy horses by subcutaneous and intravenous 
inoculation of the blood of the sick, and the same seems to be 
true of inoculations of the cultures of the cocco-bacillus by 
Lignieres. 

Bacteriology. Our knowledge of the bacteria of equine influenza 
is as yet very imperfect and uncertain. Galtier and Violet found 
streptococci and diplococci in the blood and tissues of cases show- 
ing intestinal lesions, and held that they were derived from musty 
fodder. Injections of infusions of such fodder into the trachea 
of the horse produced broncho-pneumonia, double pleuro-pneu- 
monia, and at times intestinal or meningeal congestion. But 
there is no proof that the malady so caused, passed with the cer- 
tainty and rapidity of equine influenza from horse to horse in the 
same stable. 

The cocco-bacillus found by Lignieres in the blood and exudate 
of the patients has more plausible claims to being the specific 
germ. ‘This is an ovoid bacterium, somewhat smaller than that 
of chicken cholera, and like it pigmented at the poles and clear 
in the central part, a characteristic feature of the group of Pas- 
teurella of Trevisan. This group includes the non-motile germs 
of swine plague, the septiceemic pneumo-enteritis of sheep, wilde- 


154 Veterinary Medicine. 


- 


seuche,'and septiczemia of rabbits and chickens, as well as that 
of fowl cholera; all stain easily in gentian violet and fuchsin, 
and all cause some form of hemorrhagic septicemia. ‘The germ 
is aerobic and grows best in peptonized bouillon to which a little 
serum has been added. It forms, in peptonized gelatin, round 
colonies, at first transparent and later opaque or milky, and 
without liquefaction. The cultures when inoculated subcutane- 
ously proved fatal to Guinea pig, rabbit, rat, mouse, dog, cat, 
sheep, pig, ox, ass, pigeon and chicken. 

Intravenous inoculation on the horse of 1 to 2 cc. of the cul- 
ture kills in a few hours, the temperature having risen to 104° F., 
the mucosze acquire a dull brown tint, the eyes are swollen and 
weeping, enteritic colics appear, the limbs may swell and there 
may be painful arthritis and jaundice. At the necropsy the 
blood is black and incoagulable, the muscles as if parboiled, the 
liver a deep violet, the intestinal mucosa congested, a yellowish 
or reddish effusion in the pericardium and numerous petechiz on 
the serosze. 

Subcutaneous inoculation causes an enormous inflammatory 
cedema resulting in a sanguinolent abscess, in case the subject. 
survives. There are also hyperthermia (106° F.), dullness, 
stupor, weakness, staggering, and congested, swollen, weeping 
eyes. 

Intratracheal injection is harmless to the horse. 

Lignieres finds his cocco-bacillus in the expectoration at the 
outset and in the nasal and guttural forms of the disease later, 
but not in the blood nor lungs after death, as it is then replaced 
by streptococci, the great reproduction of which is favored by 
its presence. In ordinary cases of equine influenza it is often 
impossible to find the cocco-bacillus in the lung or other organs 
after an illness of 8, 10 or 15 days. (Lyignieres). 

Lignieres appears to have omitted the obvious test of the in- 
fection of other horses in the same stable, from the cases pro- 
duced by his experimental cultures, so that we must still call for 
more confirmatory proof. Cadeac, indeed,assures us that cul- 
tures of cocco-bacilli taken from cases of equine influenza, are 
often innocuous. Deadly as the germ cultures of Lignieres 
prove, they appear to lack that element of extreme infectiousness 
shown by equine influenza when the susceptible animals come 
into proximity with the sick. 


Equine Influenza, Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 155 


Accessory Causes. The recognition of the one essential cause 
in the microbian invasion, need not exclude as accessory factors 
the many unwholesome conditions which have long been 
recognized as contributing to the severity of epizootics. As the 
seed requires the rich field, the rain and sunshine to bring it to 
an abundant harvest so the microbe of equine influenza flourishes 
best where the conditions are most favorable and the antagonisms 
least. 

The chzll which comes from a sudden extreme fall of tempera- 
ture, or the standing in a cold draught when wet or perspiring, 
lays the system open to this as to other microbian invasions. 

The electric tension preceding a thunderstorm, to which many of 
the lower animals are excessively susceptible equally prepares the 
system to succumb to the germs. It may here be noted that Sep- 
tember, 1872, the last days of which witnessed the start of the 
great epizootic, had no less than eleven thunderstorms, while in 
September of the previous year there were but two in the vicinity 
of Toronto. It is just possible that the great and frequent 
electric tension, lowered the animal vitality, allowing a violent 
invasion by the hitherto slumbering germ, and gave to the latter 
that encreased potency which sent it forth on that year of almost 
unparalleled epizootic record. 

The high barometer and low dew point similarly affect the ani- 
mal economy and encrease receptivity to disease. Rain fell at 
Toronto 16 days in September, 1872, and but 8 days in September, 
1871. 

Impurities in the aiy whether originating in volcanic eruptions, 
telluric emanations, close, filthy overcrowded buildings or com- 
partments or large collections of decomposing organic matter, 
impair the animal vigor and lay the system open to a more 
violent attack. For this among other reasons epizodtics of 
equine influenza are nearly always more deadly in the closely 

- packed city stables than in the pure country air. 

Overwork and poor irregular feeding and watering pave the 
way for debility, prostration and severe invasion. 

Sudden vicissitudes of temperature, which are so common in 
spring and autumn, associated as they are with the shedding and 
growth of the coat, materially encrease susceptibility and sometimes 
determine an encreased severity in the attack. 


156 Veterinary Medicine. 


Youth has its influence, even if it means only that the system 
that has never before been exposed to the poison, retains all its 
native susceptibility, and has none of that acquired immunity 
which comes from a previous exposure to the virus and successful 
resistance. 

Acquired immunity must of course be reckoned with. Aftera 
non-fatal attack this is usually to be relied on for several years or 
even for the rest of the lifetime, yet it varies with the individual 
animals, and, under the baleful combination of a specially potent 
germ and strongly conducive accessory causes, it may be- 
come worn out ina year. Yet the older horses can always be 
trusted to show a large measure of this immunity, so that in the 
absence of extraordinary epizodtics it is mainly the young that 
suffer, and it is only when a country has had no general invasion 
for a length of time, or when the germ has acquired an unusual 
pathogenic potency, or when these two conditions conjoin, that the 
invasion of the equine population becomes universal, as it virtually 
was in the United States and Canada in 1872-3. Under other 
circumstances the germ, temporarily shorn of its power, lingers 
in city and dealers stables, biding its time until circumstances 
become more favorable for a new general outbreak. 

Immunity largely explains the comparative mildness of the 
last cases in any particular locality. The more susceptible ani- 
mals are attacked first and most severely, while the partially 
immune ones, which for a time resist, throw off the disease with 
greater readiness. The explanation has been sought in a lessen- 
ing potency of the germ, but though this may hold true of some 
cases, it manifestly does not apply when slight lingering cases 
only are left in one locality, andthe disease is advancing over the 
neighboring state with all its original force and vigor. 

/ncubation. ‘This appears to vary within certain limits. When 
during an epizootic a sick horse is brought into a new locality and 
stable, other cases usually develop in from one to three days. 
Trasbot gives examples of one day, Salle, Cadeac and others of 
two, others claim four, seven and even, exceptionally, fifteen 
days. One reason for an apparently prolonged incubation may 
be found in the seclusion of the germs in the alimentary canal, so 
that they escape only when passed with the feces. The patho- 
genic potency of individual germs, and the varying susceptibility 
of the animals exposed must also be taken into account. 


Equine Influenza, Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 157 


Symptoms. Equine influenza is liable to show a special pre- 
dilection for a given set of organs in different epizootics, so that 
we find descriptions of the different forms as independent types or 
even separate diseases: as the catarrhal form, thoracic form, 
abdominal form, bilious form, nervous form, pink eye, infectious 
cellulitis, and rheumatic influenza. ‘These forms may, however, 
appear in different subjects in the same epizootic, and when they 
are not due to complications, may be looked on as a concentra- 
tion of the morbid processes on one class of organs rather than 
another. 

Initial pathognomonic symptoms. Certain prominent and strik- 
ing symptoms are so constantly present in the earlier part of the 
disease that they may be held as virtually diagnostic. These are 
the suddenness of attack, the anorexia, the profound early 
prostration and weakness, the high temperature, the swelling and 
watering of the eyes, and the specially brownzsh red coloration of 
the conjunctiva and other visible mucose. The attack may come 
on with almost. lightning rapidity. The animal which yesterday, 
or it mav be but an hour or two ago, appeared to be in the most 
vigorous health and spirits, is found with pendant head, resting 
perhaps on the manger, ears drooping, eyelids swollen and half 
closed, epiphora, conjunctiva of a brownish red or violet, lips 
loose and drooping, and one or two legs partially flexed, while 
the body is balanced on the others. The patient is indisposed to 
move, and when compelled to walk may sway and stagger from 
nervous and muscular weakness. The arched back, cracking 
limbs, and their stiff, rigid movement further indicate the suffering 
in muscles or joints or both. Appetite is greatly impaired or lost, 
thirst marked, and hyperthermia 102° to 105° or upward. Sneez- 
ing, cough or symptoms of some other special localization may be 
present, but the above occurring in a number of horses at once, 
without appreciable climatic cause, when one or two new horses 
have been very recently acquired, or when influenza has been 
prevailing in the vicinity or in a neighboring place, will usually 
stamp the nature of the attack. 

Cadeac considers the sudden attack, high fever, and profound 
nervous prostration aud stupor as the manifestations of the un- 
complicated disease, while the localizations in the lungs, bronchia, 
pleura, liver, bowels, etc., are indications of complications by 


158 Veterinary Medicine. 


germs of other diseases, which find the debilitated influenza sys- 
tem especially open to attack. The fever which always sets in 
early may be little above the normal in mild cases, and may 
reach 107° or 108° F. in the more severe ones. It may last thus 
for five or six days and then rather suddenly descend to near the 
normal. In other cases it descends a little daily, the lowest 
temperature for the day being seen in the morning. Shivering 
is often non existent or passes unperceived. 

The pulse does not usually encrease in ratio with the tempera- 
ture. It may be at first only 4o or 50 per minute, though later, 
and especially with extensive disease of important organs, it may 
reach 60, 70, 80 or even 100. It usually lacks in firmness and 
force, even when the heart beats forcibly, being soft, somewhat 
compressible, and often irregular in successive beats, the weakest 
corresponding to the last part of the inspiratory act, or when 
the lungs are full and the heart compressed. The Aeavt impulse 
behind the left elbow is usually forcible and may show variation 
in rhythm or even intermissions. 

Mild catarrhal symptoms of the nose and throat are usually 
present, the discharge being at first serous and later muco-puru- 
lent. Asarule this is complicated with more or less bronchitis, 
but this does not indicate anything serious. Acceleration of the 
breathing, sneezing, and cough are present. Cough may be at 
first nervous, husky and paroxysmal, but later as the discharge 
is established it assumes a looser, mucous character. It is liable 
to be roused by excitement, by drinking cold water, by inhalation 
of dust, or by giving medicine. In connection with these symp- 
toms there are some indications that the digestive organs are 
involved. The pharyngeal and sub-maxillary glands may be 
swollen and tender. If the subject has been seized just after a 
full meal, there may be slight tympany, and in any case, the 
feeces are passed in small balls, a few at a time, hard and with a 
baked or glistening surface. These may have an unusually strong 
or heavy odor, and laxatives are liable to act with dangerous 
energy. The urine is scanty and high colored, sometimes icteric. 

In such mild attacks, which constitute the majority, improve- 
ment may be noted as early as the fourth day, and a prompt re- 
covery follows. 


Equine Influenza. Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 159 


With extensive thoracic lesions, the symptoms are much more 
severe and the danger greatly enhanced. ‘These may occur in 
“any patient, but there appears to be a special predisposition in 
the young and still very susceptible animals, in those crowded 
together in close, badly aired buildings, in the over-worked, 
poorly fed or in any way debilitated subject, and in horses that 
have been especially excited and exposed, as by railway travel. 

In exceptional cases congestion of the lungs may be so acute as 
to lead to speedy death, and the objective symptoms do not differ 
greatly from those of ordinary cases of this condition, if we ex- 
cept the very high temperature in influenza, associated as it is 
with the fact of the epizodtic prevalence of the disease. 

In pneumontc cases the lesions are usually double and have a 
tendency to develop toward the lower borders of the lungs, just 
behind the elbow or farther back, and less frequently in the 
centre.of the organ. It may be impossible to detect crepitation, 
but sounds of distant organs (heart-beats, bronchial blowing, in- 
testinal rumbling) are heard with unwonted clearness over the 
consolidated parts. A mucous rale can usually be detected be- 
hind the shoulder blade, along the line of the larger bronchia. 
Percussion sounds may be indefinite, as the area of consolidated 
lung is usually small in ratio with the hyperthermia. The area 
of flatness in ordinary fibrinous pneumonia is usually much 
greater with a high fever, and if the lesions‘are on one side only, 
right or left, it is still more suggestive. The crepitation too in 
pneumonia is significant. When the pulmonary lesions are ex- 
tensive by reason of cedema, a marked infiltration may often be 
noted on the lower surface of the trunk or in the limbs as well. 

Pleuritic symptoms may show in the same connection. The 
breathing becomes more hurried and shorter, friction sound may 
be heard but it is very transient and soon superseded by an abso- 
lute flatness on percussion, rising to a definite horizontal line, 
representing the boundary of the effusion in the lower third or half 
of the chest, and usually rising to the same height on both sides. 
‘Tenderness of the intercostal spaces may or may not be present. 
As the disease advances creaking sounds may be heard from the 
stretching of the consolidated false membranes. The combination 
of double pleuro-pneumonia constitutes a very fatal type of the 
disease. 

The symptoms of pericarditis and of cardiac disorder usually 


160 Veterinary Medicine. 


accompany those of pleurisy. The tumultuous heart-beats, often 
associated with soft, weak or even rapid pulse, and later, a dead- 

ening or muffling of heart sounds, as in hydropericardium are- 
characteristic when present. With exdocarditis the early tumult- 

uous heart-beats, with small weak pulse, irregular and sometimes 
intermittent, become complicated by a blowing or hissing murmur 
with the first heart-sound. In such cases clots of blood are liable 

to form in connection with the valves, and may cause sudden and 

early death. When the heart is involved the tendency to exten- 

sive infiltration of limbs and lower aspect of the trunk is much 

enhanced. (See déagnosds for table of phenomena in influenza, 

fibrinous pneumonia and contagious pneumonia respectively ). 

Symptoms of digestive disorder are usually in evidence. Even 
in the thoracic forms the mouth is dry, hot, and has an offensive 
odor; the tongue coated above, has often red margins and tip ; 
it may even be yellowish ; the gums may be swollen and dark. 
red or violet especially around the incisors ; mastication may be 
slow and unwilling ; the pharynx may be swollen, the pharyngeal 
aud submaxillary lymph glands may be tumid and tender, and 
swallowing may be difficult. 

Congestions of the stomach and intestines are indicated by in- 
appetence, sometimes flatulence, passage of flatus, constipation 
with small, round, mucous-coated balls passed in small numbers, 
and by slight transient colics, pawing, looking at the flanks, and 
retraction of the abdomen. The retention of bile and destruction 
of blood elements are indicated in a deeper yellow of the con- 
junctiva and visible mucosze, and in a yellow, brown or red color 
of the urine. ‘There may be tenderness of the abdomen, but this, 
like the colics, is moderate, the senses being blunted by the 
attendant stupor which is usually even greater than in the 
thoracic forms. Urination may become frequent with straining, 
and the urine may become turbid, opaque, with flocculi of cystic 
epithelium and mucus, and even albumen. In from three to five 
days diarrhoea supervenes, the faeces becoming soft, pulpy, watery, 
glairy or bloody, and escaping through a permanently dilated 
sphincter. The diarrhoea may alternate with periods of torpor or 
complete inactivity, otherwise tenesmus of the rectum is marked. 
The exposed rectal mucosa is congested, of a deep red or 
it may be of a dark violet hue. Eversion is not unknown. 


Equine Influenza. Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 161 


In the worst cases death may ensue by the third or fourth day, 
but in others the diarrhcea is critical and heralds an improvement 
which goes on to a speedy recovery. In still other cases the 
bowel troubles continue, the fever does not give way and the pri- 
vation of food and rapid metamorphosis of tissue produce steady 
emaciation and fatal marasmus. 

A striking feature of the gastro-intestinal disease is the extra- 
ordinary susceptibility to laxatives. So much is this the case 
that I have known of two drachms of aloes proving fatal by super- 
purgation in a large, mature Percheron horse. It is never safe to 
use laxatives in equine influenza until one has ascertained whether 
in the special form of the epizootic in question the gastro-intestinal 
organs are or are not especially involved. 

Disorders of the eye are so common or constant as to have pro- 
cured for certain epizoOtics the name of pznzk-eye. They set in 
suddenly, and equally in both eyes, with infiltration of the lids 
and particularly of the mucosa which is of a more or less deep 
red, and may bulge between the margins of the eyelids, (che- 

“mosis). The flow of tears is profuse, seropurulent matter ac- 

cumulates at the canthi and in the lachryma! sacs, vision is im- 
paired and there is intolerance of light. The cornea becomes 
bluish, cloudy or milky white, with a red zone around its margin 
and, above all, on the adjacent sclerotic. In some cases the 
aqueous humor becomes turbid or flocculent, and the iris changes 
its clear, healthy dark lustre for a dull brown or yellow tint. 
The tension of the globe may be materially encreased. They are 
readily distinguished from recurrent ophthalmia by the attendant 
weakness, stupor and hyperthermia, and by their non-recurrence 
in case the patient survives. 

The nervous symptoms ate especially manifest in the sudden 
seizure, great prostration, extreme weakness, profound stupor or 
lassitude, the staggering gait, in bad cases, insensibility to voice, 
slap or, it may be, even to the whip, the rigidity of the loins, 
their insensibility to pinching, the difficulty of turning in a short 
circle, or of backing. The high fever, disproportionate to the ap- 
preciable local lesions, and its sudden improvement at the critical 
period, the excessive weariness and the disposition to lie down 
contrary to the habit of other inAanaianony chest diseases are 
further indications. 

II 


162 Veterinary Medicine. 


This may go on to coma, there may be more or less complete 
anorexia, muscular trembling, paresis, especially of the hind 
limbs, or delirious manifestations indicating meningitis. 

Rheumatoid attacks of the muscles and joints usually appear in 
the advanced stages of the disease, but may appear earlier. They 
may occur in any latitude but seem to be especially common in 
cold, damp, inclement northern regions, and at seasons when 
climatic vicissitudes are sudden and extreme. These may appear 
suddenly and disappear with equal rapidity, or they may last for a 
time during and even after an apparent recovery in other respects. 
When the joints are involved they usually become engorged with 
exudates in the synovial membranes. 

Lameness in either fore or hind limb may assume an intermit- 
tent type developed by exercise and subsiding with rest, evidently 
bespeaking local arterial embolism, and in such cases it is likely 
to persist for months. 

A tendency to ¢ransudations and dropsical effusions is common 
in severe cases, showing especially in the filling of the legs, but 
in certain epizootics, these become strikingly prevalent and have 
secured for such a special name (epzzodtic cellulitis). Apart from 
the limbs these affect particularly the inferior surface of the chest 
and abdomen. The swellings are not necessarily hot nor painful 
nor petechiated as in petechial fever, yet they may merge into 
that affection or they may become phlegmonous and develop 
abscess. 

Complications of many kinds are to be looked for, pregnant 
mares may adort ; laminitis may set in ; the microbes of stvangles, 
contagious pneumonia, cerebro-spinal meningitis, septicemia, 
pyemia, etc., may take occasion to attack the debilitated system, 
and thus complex diseases and manifestations are developed. 

Morbid Anatomy. ‘The lesions may predominate in different 
organs in different subjects and successive epizodtics. It isa 
protean disease and may expend its main energy on any one of a 
number of different organs or systems of organs. 

In the slighter cases the lesions are often largely confined. to 
the anterior part of the respiratory organs. The fauces, pharynx, 
larynx, guttural pouches and nasal mucosa are tumefied, congested, 
red and covered with mucus, and this condition may extend 
down to the bronchia, In such cases the d/ood is normal or may 


Equine Influenza. Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 163 


coagulate with undue readiness and firmness. The pharyngeal 
and intermaxillary lymph glands are red and congested in their 
outer zone. 

In the more severe cases the alterations in the blood are perhaps 
the most constant of the morbid features. The blood is fluid and 
incoagulable, or the clot is soft, diffluent and black, the red 
globules are crenated or broken up, and show little tendency to 
adhere in rouleaux. The escaped hematoidin accumulates in 
masses in the serum in crystalline forms, giving it a high stain- 
ing power when a line is drawn with it on white paper. Fatty 
globules also float inthe mass. ‘The leucocytesare relatively very 
much encreased and the red globules diminished Dieckerhoff 
found 30,000 and Trasbot 40,000 leucocytes in a cubic millimetre, 

The diffluence is not constant. Blood drawn in the earlier 
stages of the disease, coagulates with extraordinary firmness, in- 
fluenced, doubtless, by the encrease of the leucocytes, the disin- 
tegration of the blood globules, and the liberation of globulins. 
This serves also to partially explain the early and sudden deaths 
from coagula in the heart and large vessels, which are occasionally 
met with. Such clots in the heart are often found adherent to 
the valvular or ventricular endocardium which at such points 
shows cloudy swelling, thickening, cell proliferation and even 
encreased vascularity and granular elevations. 

In advanced cases, however, the prominent features are usually 
acidity, blackness, and incoagulability of the blood, its resistance 
to oxygen, altered and broken down red globules, free coloring 
matter, relative encrease of white cells, and, if necropsy has been 
delayed, the abundance of septic microbes (cocci and bacilli). 
Petechize are abundant on the serosee especially on the pericar- 
dium. 

Lesions of the alimentary mucosa are very constant. ‘There 
may be stomatitis, with tumid follicles and even ulcers (Kowa- 
lavsky). In the stomach the right sac has its mucosa thickened, 
softened, red, congested, petechiated and discolored. The sum- 
mits of the folds may be ulcerated (Labat). Similar lesions are 
presented in the small intestines. The agminated glands may 
show many rounded elevations, with or without open discharging 
follicles. The mucosa is covered with a mucopurulent material. 
Otherwise, the small intestines, like the stomach, are usually empty. 


164 Veterinary Medicine. 


The large intestines present similar lesions, the nodular elevations 
often representing the solitary glands, and the masses of ingesta 
are likely to be dry and indurated, in the earlier stages or 
semi-liquid in old standing cases. The perdtoneum may be con- 
gested, petechiated and at points infiltrated and usually contains 
a reddish serum in variable quantity. The mesenteric glands are 
more or less enlarged and congested. 

The ver shows more or less congestion as in other infectious 
diseases localized in the bowels. It usually has a parboiled ap- 
pearance, and yellowish gray areas of necrosis may be manifest, 
or again, fatty degeneration may be present. Petechize, and even 
small blood clots may be found on or beneath the capsule. The 
pancreas, and, still more, the spleen may be the seat of congestion 
or engorgement but this is far from constant. 

The capsule of the kzdney may be petechiated or elevated at 
points by serous exudate or extravasation. The surface of the 
organ and of sections show a mottling with darker and lighter 
areas, and petechiz and patches of congestion may be found on 
the bladder and urethra. 

The nervous centres exceptionally show meningeal congestions, 
and exudations, and petechiz as has been noted of other serosz. 

Lesions of the eye may be confined to the mucosa, or they may 
extend to the membrane of the aqueous humor, the iris, or even 
the deeper structures. 

Other lesions such as laminitis, bursitis, arthritis, like those 
attendant on adortion need no special description. 

When pulmonary lesions are extensive, the bronchial mucosa 
is not only softened, opaque and covered with a serous, or muco- 
purulent discharge, but deeply congested and _petechiated. 
When the chest is opened there is usually an effusion, pale straw, 
red or bloody and more abundant than in contagious pneumonia. 
False membranes may exist and show a blackish tint from ex- 
travasated blood. The lung fails to collapse and shows on the 
surface and throughout its substance petechize and small black 
infarctions. In some instances the whole lung is blood gorged, 
black, almost jelly like, as in acute congestion. In others these 
are limited infiltrations, concentrated especially in the anterior 
and lower parts, and almost invariably affecting both right and 
left lungs. The infiltration is circumscribed in area in compari- 


a 


Equine Influenza, Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 165 


son with the attendant fever and constitutional disturbance, 
resembling in this respect, the lesions of contagious pneumonia. 
It differs however in having a greater tendency to liquid infiltra- 
tion of the connective tissue, and but for the lack of such tissues 
in the horse’s lung it would tend to approximate to the lesions of 
the lung plague in cattle. It shows a distinct thickening of the 
interlobular septa, a tendency to extension to the pleura, and 
to-issue in pleural and sub-pleural infiltration, and to a more 
copious effusion into the pleural cavity than in either fibrinous or 
contagious pneumonia. The lung tissue may be granular and 
hepatized, but far more frequently it is only splenized, the lung 
being the seat of a bloody infiltration, yet retaining much of its 
elasticity and coherence. Portions may be infarcted and black 
and large areas may have a pale or par-boiled appearance, and 
gangrene is by no means uncommon. 

Diagnosis. 'This is based largely on the suddenness of the 
attack, its epizootic character, the numbers attacked in rapid suc- 
cession, and over a large area as contrasted with contagious 
pneumonia, the sudden and extreme prostration and weakness, 
the swelling, watering and discoloration of the eyes, the mildness 
of the average case, the congestion of the upper air passages, and 
in the mild cases a comparative immunity of the lungs, the irri- 
tability or congestion of the gastro-intestinal mucosa, and the his- 
tory of the case :—the arrival of the infected horses within a few 
days from an infected place or coming through infected channels, 
or the attack of new arrivals in a previously infected stable, or 
the known advance of the disease towards the place where the 
patients are, will usually serve to mark the true nature of the 
affection. 

- Asa help to correct diagnosis we give below some of the promi- 
nent conditions and phenomena of the three forms of lung disease 
known as fibrinous pneumonia, contagious pneumonia, and the 
pneumonia of equine influenza : 


166 


Pneumonia : 
Croupous Fibrinous. 


From climatic vicissi- 
tude, exposure, etc. 
Attacks exposed ani- 
mals only, and all at 
ONCE atest ee 

Prevails in inclement 
seasons, spring, au- 
tumn, (Winter). ----- 


Rigor may be late : after 
exudation has com- 
menced 

Sets in slowly or with 
acute congestion ; ap- 
petite and pulse vary 
with inflammation__- 

Nasal discharge, watery 
or rusty, later muco- 
purulent_________--_. 

Eye pink, dark red_____ 


Temperature rises with 
inflammation 


Crepitation more con- 
stant around the exu- 
dation _____ .-----___- 

Exudation (He patisa- 
tion) in lung, lower, 
posterior, anterior, or 
central, usually undi- 
vided area __________. 


If pleurisy effusion may 
be copious__________- 


Veterinary Medicine. 


Pneumonia: 


Contagious, of Equine 
Animals. 


Slow succession of cases 
in the same stable, 
irrespective of climate 
or exposure__________ 


Any season : worse in in- 
clement season _____- 


Infection from close 
proximity, contact, 
stall, manger, rack, 
bucket, trough, etc.: 
Spread slow ___-_----- 

Carried in manure, on 
harness, wagons, 
clothes, etc, _-___-_-- 

Incubation 3-10 days__- 

Rigor early and well 
marked, before exuda- 
HOM oy ee es 

Sets in slowly, cough, 
dulness, impaired ap- 
petite, pulse rapid, 
prostration slight ____ 

Nasal discharge, yellow. 


Eye yellow, rarely swol- 
len or watery 


Temperature rises early 
and extremely, before 
exudation, 104°-107°_ 

Limbs swell rarely_____ 


Rheumatoid arthritis 
may follow ._____---- 
Crepitation less constant 
around the exudation_ 


Exudate affects lower or 
anterior border, of 
lung; often in small 
isolated areas or 
around bronchia ; less 
blood engorgement 
than in fibrinous pneu- 
monia _________.._____ 

Pleural effusion inf re- 
quent, or limited, 
though pleurisy is 
common, -_---. ---._. 


Pneumonia: 
of Equine. Influenza. 


Rapid succession of 
cases in the same 
stable or locality, irre- 
spective of climate or 
exposure 

Any season: worse in 
inclement season_____ 


Infection spreads widely 
and rapidly through 
the air. Spread rapid 
and often general ____ 


Carried in manure, on 
harness, wagons, 
clothes, etc. _________ 

Incubation, 1-2 days___ 

Rigor not always well 
marked _.__--_--_-_- 

Profound nervous pros 
tration like opium 
poisoning, appearing 
early and suddenly___ 

Nasal discharge, watery, 
may become yellow__ 


Eyelids bloodshot (pink 
eye), violet, madder 
hue, swollen, watery, 
closéd ..=.22...2--5.. 

Temperature rises early 
and extremely, in 
some hours 104°-107°. 

ae often swell great- 

y 

Rheumatoid arthritis 
may set in; often in 
advanced stage_______ 

Crepitation may escape 
recognition 


Exudate less granular 
than in pneumonia; 
forms in or gravitates 
to lower part of lung. 
Congestion passive. __ 


Pleural effusion frequent 
and abundant________ 


Equine Influenza. Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 167 


Pneumonia: Pneumonia : Pneumonia : 
Croupous Fibrinous. Contagions, of Equine of Equine Influenza. 
Animals, 

Abscess not infrequent_ Abscess rare __________- Abscess not infrequent__ 
Pulmonary gangrene in- Pulmonary gangrene Infarctions, sequestra, 

frequent ____ ____ -___ and sequestra frequent and cavities not un- 
; common-___._-_-_--_- 
Pericarditis infrequent__ Pericarditis frequent_.. Pericarditis frequent___ 


Blood, decrease of red Less altered than in Bloodat firstclots firmly, 
globules; encrease of either of the other later becomes thick, 
white, hzematoblasts, forms. Shows cocco- black, sizy, hematosis 
fibrine formers and _ bacilli in the earlier tardy. Reaction acid. 


soda salts____tiee-.-. stages: streptococci 
later 225s. os se 
Coagulation firm, buffy Bike : Coagulum loose, bu ffy 
COates ooo ee coat slight_______-___ 
Hepatic congestion, not Hepatic congestion ex- Hepatic congestion ex- 
hepatitis_____-.-_-___ cessive, hepatitis, ne- cessive, haemorrhagic ; 
crotic changes__._..... fatty degeneration ___ 


Prognosis. Mortality. As usually met with and under favor- 
able conditions, equine influenza isa mild disease. In 1872 when 
the disease, sweeping the continent and hardly sparing an equine 
animal, might be assumed to have reached its maximum, the 
actual deaths varied from 2 per cent. in country districts to 7 per 
cent. in large cities. The same holds for Europe where Fried- 
berger and Frohner gives 4 to 5 per cent. Friis (Denmark) 1 per 
cent., Aureggio (Italy) 3 per cent., Siedamgrotzky ro per cent. 
Much depends on conditions: In horses infected in transit on a 
long railroad journey it may be 100 per cent. and in fat dealer’s 
horses, out of condition for active work it usually reaches a high 
figure. If the patients are kept at work the complications and 
mortality run very high. The same applies to debilitated ani- 
mals kept in close, foul, ill-aired stables, or reduced by exhaust- 
ing or long standing diseases. The very young and the senile 
suffer more than animals in middle life and vigorous condition. 
Finally the parts invaded have a controlling effect. The milder 
cases affecting the upper air passages only, nearly all recover, in 
those showing abdominal lesions the indications are still favorable ;_ 
while with double pulmonary and pleural lesions the patient is 
too often in a hopeless condition. Brain lesions are almost 
equally redoubtable. ‘ 

The actual money losses, in an epizootic of influenza, are more 
in the way of the loss of work and the complete stagnation of 


168 Veterinary Medicine. 


trade in all departments, than in the number of deaths. Yet 
even in this sense it may prove more ruinous than would a disease 
having a less universal sway though far more fatal to the animals 
attacked. 

Treatment. A disease like this, which tends to spontaneous 
and perfect recovery, needs mainly dietetic and hygienic care in 
the vast majority of cases. Rest is a prime consideration ina 
pure genial atmosphere. In the summer season, in the absence 
of rainstorms, an open air life, at pasture isthe best. Shelter 
must be had in case of storms, and in the cold season a clean, 
sweet, roomy, well-aired, loose box, with a sunny exposure, is 
important. Clothing, bandages, blankets and even hoods may be 
required if there is any tendency to chill. Food should be laxa- 
tive, cooling and of easy digestion. Bran mashes, scalded oats 
or barley, ensilage, roots, potatoes, apples, fresh grass or scalded 
hay may be suggested. Milk has been strongly advocated, from 
twelve to fifteen quarts a day, and linseed tea as being especially 
adapted to the irritable stomach and bowels. Food should be 
given often, in small quantities so as not to destroy the appetite. 

Costiveness is best met by injections of water, blood warm, or 
if there is much hyperthermia, of cold water. This latter stimu- 
lates the peristalsis more actively and at the same time lowers the 
temperature. By unloading the large intestines it removes irri- 
tants, without danger of encrease of congestion or diarrhcea. 

If anything more is wanted for these mild cases, small doses of 
stimulating diuretics or diaphoretics may be given. Sweet spirits 
of nitre %4 oz. or liquor of acetate of ammonia 2 ozs. may be 
given twice a day, the latter in the drinking water or gruel. In 
the absence of these, saltpeter % 02, or potassium acetate % oz. 
may be given. 

Inthe more severe cases more active treatment is resorted to, but 
in all cases one should avoid measures that tend to greatly de- 
press the vital powers and especially the circulation. Heroic 
treatment has been all but universally condemned and yet 
Trasbot claims to have had excellent results from a moderate 
venesection (2-5 qts.) in strong, muscular, well conditioned ani- 
mals. The blood became more fibrinous, the general symptoms 
improved and complications were far less marked. During 
twenty years, in a large number of cases, it had constantly the 


Equine Influenza. Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 169 


same results, restoring appetite, opening the closed eye, imparting 
new life, lowering temperature, and checking congestions. The 
results were best in all cases when it was employed early, but 
they were almost equally good when later congestions set in, or 
when the ordinary inflammatory localisations were advancing, and 
he found the measure hurtful only when, in the advanced stages the 
animal was worn out, and destitute of all power of recuperation. 

Antipyretics have been lauded and decried, and it is doubtless 
best to use them with due discrimination and caution. Acetanilid, 
the agent in most common use, is a powerful cardiac depressant, 
and in this disease the heart is often already dangerously. weak. 
Yet in cases with very high temperature, seriously threatening 
life, acetanilid in doses of 2 drams, repeated every second or 
third hour until the temperature falls, and thereafter twice or 
thrice daily, for a day or two, may save the patient. Similarly, 
where there are indications of violent headache (drooping head, 
eyelids and ears, congested and watery conjunctiva, stupor or ir- 
responsiveness) a dose or two of acetanilid with the same amount 
of sodium bromide will often give material relief. The general suf- 
fering and disorder attendant on the cephalalgia, if allowed to con- 
tinue, prove a direct bar toimprovement, ard endanger complica- 
tions that might otherwise be escaped. On the other hand, 
there is constant danger from too large doses, or a too long con- 
tinued use of acetanilid in influenza. Phenacetin may be sub- 
stituted in 2 dram doses, the action being somewhat more prompt 
and transient. As less dangerous than the coal tar antipyretics, 
we may fall back on such agents as sodium salicylate, % to10z., 
or sulphate of quinia, 20 grs. 

Elimination of toxins and waste products is to be secured and 
this is more safely conducted by the kidneys or skin than by the 
irritable alimentary canal. Plenty of pure cold water is one of 
the best and simplest resorts. Aside from this, where there is 
much hyperthermia, bicarbonate of potash or soda will serve the 
various purposes of an antidote tothe acid blood, an eliminant 
and anantithermic. Under the same circumstances saltpeter may 
be resorted to in % oz. doses twice daily. When, however, the 
heart is weak it is better to employ ammoniacal or etherial diu- 
retics :—spirits of nitrous ether 1 0z., or liquor of acetate of am- 
monia, 2 togozs. By combining these with extract of belladonna 
and camphor a fairly standard prescription may be prepared, 


170 Veterinary Medicine. 


Inhalations of warm water vapor, rising from hot water or a 
hot mash in a bucket, over which a bottomless bag is 
drawn, while the other end receives the nose of the horse, will 
greatly relieve the irritation and the cough. It can be made 
even more soothing by introducing a little alcohol, eucalyptol, 
menthol, camphor, poppy-heads, or other anodyne. Or the water 
vapor may be set free in a close stall from a boiling tea-kettle or 
a steam pipe, and an admixture of sulphurous acid made by burn- 
ing a few pinches of sulphur, more or less according to the size 
and closeness of the stall. If the stall is tight enough a steam 
bath may be given with much profit in the early stages. 

Counter-irritants applied to the throat, or, if need be, to the 
breast and sides of the chest will often give material relief, acting 
as derivatives and probably also by modifying the globulins in 
the exudate and thus influencing the course of the disease. In 
case of sore throat of a very high type it may be best to apply a 
compress or poultice, or even a piece of sheepskin for a day or 
two, until, by antithermics, cooling diuretics and soothing inhala- 
tions, the severity of the inflammation hasabated. ‘The common 
mustard pulp made with tepid water, rubbed in, and covered by 
paper, may be applied for an hour ; or the soap liniment (soap 
6 ozs., camphor 3 ozs., and proof spirit, liquor ammonia and lin- 
seed oil aa 1 pint) may be rubbed on repeatedly ; or a blister of 
cantharides may be used. 

The ophthalmia may be treated by a moist atmosphere, a few 
drops twice daily of a solution of atropine beneath the lids, a 
similar treatment with pyoktanin, (1: 1000), or a solution of 
mercuric chloride (1 : 2000). 

In case of gastro-intestinal inflammation elimination is to be 
sought by ¥4d the usual laxative dose, supplemented if need be, 
by injections. Half a pint of olive oil with 20 grs. calomel will 
usually be well borne. Counter irritants may be applied to the 
abdomen, and the bowels must be carefully watched and any inac- 
tivity or derangement corrected. A slight diarrhcea is not to be 
too hastily checked as it may serve at once to eliminate offensive 
matters and subdue mucous inflammation. Solutions of flax seed, ~ 
gum, or slippery elm in the drinking water may serve a good end. 

In case of cardiac weakness with intermittent or irregular 
pulse, hurried breathing, and an undue contrast between the vio- 


Equine Influenza. Adynamic Catarrhal Fever of Solipeds. 171 


‘lence of the heart action and the weakness of the pulse, circula- 
tory stimulants are called for. Digitalis 10 grains twice daily, 
strophanthus tincture 14% dr., strophanthin subcutem ¥% grain, 
caffeine 5 grains, veratrine jth grain, or strychnia 2 grains. 

Nervous symptoms will exceptionally demand the application of 
cold water or even ice or snow to the head, with counter-irritants 
to the sides of the neck or chest, and the internal use of bromides, 
iodides, chloral or other nerve sedative. 

Other complications must be treated according to their indica- 
tions. . 

As the skin becomes cooler and more moist, and the pulse 
slower and fuller, a tonic and stimulating treatment may be desir- 
able. Gentian 4 drs., saltpeter 4 drs., sal-ammoniac 2 drs. may 
be given night and morning, or in case of great debility ammonia 
carbonate may replacethe sal-ammoniac. Or the gentian may be 

_ replaced by nux vomica, and the ammoniacal preparations by 

‘alcoholic ones. 

When prostration becomes extreme and stimulants and bitters 
appear inadequate, transfusion of blood from a healthy horse may 
save the patient’s life, or a normal salt solution sterilized may 
be introduced into the vein. 

The first method is accomplished through a caouchouc tube 
with a short tube of silver inserted in each end; the jugular 
groove of each horse is washed and disinfected, and the vein 
opened ; the tube disinfected with a salicylic acid solution, and 
cleared out with boiled water isinserted upward into the vein of 
the sound horse, and when the blood begins to flow the other end 
is inserted downward into the vein of the sick one. In this way 
the blood is allowed to flow from the one to the other, the finger 
being kept on the pulse of the patient to detect any faltering, 
which like heaving up of the head or rolling of the eyes, may be 
taken to indicate undue arterial tension, or disturbed brain circu- 
lation, and should be the signal for an arrest of the flow. To 
effect this, pinch the tube in the centre, and wait a minute or so ; 
if the symptoms subside the current may be reopened and a little 
more carefully admitted, but if not the tube may be withdrawn 
and the wounds pinned up. 

The normal salt solution, .6 per cent., is sterilized by boiling, 
and placed in a sterilized vessel where it is allowed to cool to the 


172 Veterinary Medicine. 


body temperature ; then a caouchouc tube furnished with a silver 
tube at one end and sterilized as for transfusion of blood, is filled 
with the solution and the vessel containing the latter having been ° 
placed at a level higher than the patient, the tube is used as a 
syphon. When the liquid flowsin full stream the silver tube is - 
inserted downward into the jugular of the patient and the liquid 
is allowed to flow in, subject to the same precautions as regards 
sudden blood tension as in the case of the transfusion of blood. 

Prevention. No country appears to have attempted the abso- 
lute exclusion of the disease or the extinction of the germ by a 
compulsory quarantine and disinfection. The nearest approach 
to this is in Prussia where in the event of an outbreak of equine 
influenza, the official veterinarians and police authorities must 
send in reports to be published in the official papers and com- 
municated to the directors of government breeding studs and to 
the army authorities. We have here the germ of an effective 
system of extinction, for if those in charge of government horses 
in an infected country can protect them against infection, much 
more could such protection be secured by putting an end to the 
infection which is now allowed to remain generalized. More- 
over in our great outbreak of 1872-3, when germ-potency and 
all but universal susceptibility were so remarkable, effective 
quarantine showed the most signal successses, in the resulting 
immunity of Vancouver’s Island, Prince Edward Island, the 
whole of the West Indies except Cuba, Central and South 
America, and isolated districts in Mexico. 

Sanitary police in this disease has been abandoned mainly be- 
cause the virus is so diffusive on the air that quarantine must be 
more than usually comprehensive to prevent extension of 
infection, and hecause the disease is fatal only in a small 
percentage of cases, so that the loss is apparently minimized. 
But a panzootic like that of 1872-3, prostrating 1,000,000 horses, 
asses and mules in the United: States for one to two weeks, and 
paralyzing the agriculture and commerce of the continent for 
that length of time, may well make one hesitate to supinely ac- 
cept for all time an evil, which, experience has shown, can be 
circumscribed and stamped out. When horse owners, legislatures 
and veterinarians can be educated up to the needs of the case, our 
yearly local losses from equine influenza, and the occasional all 


Epizootic Celutitis : Pink Eye. 173 


pervading epizootics of this disease can probably be abolished by 
the extinction of the germ on the Continent. To achieve this 
result an immediate large outlay would be well spent. Ina new 
generation, or a new century perhaps, this desirable object may 
be achieved. 

Meanwhile the individual owner can do something to secure a 
partial protection. On farms and in barracks the animals may be 
secluded from all other equine animals during the local preval- 
ence of the disease. Men, dogs, and wild animals can be 
similarly excluded. Litter, fodder, bags, clothing, manure, 
vehicles, etc., from infected stables and places must be carefully 
guarded against. Newly purchased animals, carried in any 
public conveyance, or kept or fed in any public yard or stable 
must be quarantined at aconsiderable distance from others, and 
treated by disinfectant sponging and fumigation before they are 
allowed to mingle with other equine animals. Stables where the 
disease has occurred must be thoroughly disinfected, together 
with all manure made during the epizootic and for some time 
thereafter. 


EPIZOOTIC CELLULITIS: PINK EYE. 


Williams follows a popular fashion in describing under the 
above names an affection which may be only a form of equine in- 
fluenza, but which may be named by itself until its true place 
can be defined by proof of its actual pathogenic microorganism. 
Beside the general constitutional disturbance, this condition is 
distinguished by marked hyperthermia (103° to 104°), swollen, 
congested watering eyelids, cough, strong pulse becoming gradu- 
ally feeble, firmly coagulating blood, irritable bowels, painful 
passage of faeces, and, above all, a frequent movement of the feet 
indicative of discomfort and followed by swelling, often excessive, 
of the limb or limbs, and by a cutaneous and subcutaneous exudate. 
These various phenomena may all be but manifestations of the 
rather protean disease, equine influenza, and the cellulitis but 
variations of the rheumatoid and arthritic forms which are so 
common in the regular type of that disease in cold or wet cli- 
mates, or seasons. Williams claims that a prominent danger is 


174 Veterinary Medicine. 


the formation of clots in the heart and large vessels and advocates 
the free use of the salts of ammonia and potash with stimulants. 
The treatment does not essentially differ from that of equine in- 
fluenza except in the call for special applications to the inflamed 
eyes and infiltrated limbs. 


PETECHIAL FEVER. ACUTE HHMORRHAGIC— 
ANASARCOUS—TOX 2MIA. 


Synonyms. Definition. Causes, obscure, bacteria variable, pus microbes, 
no active contagion, toxic products, any toxin causing vaso-dilatation, exam- 
ples, toxins from fermenting ingesta, debility ; impaired innervation, nutri- 
tion and function ; gravitation ; primary and secondary forms: predisposing 
diseases. Lesions: petechize and slight blood extravasations in skin, sub- 
cutis, mucosa, submucosa, serosz, and solid tissues, largest in soft tissues ; 
round cutaneous swellings one to two inches across, patches, cracks, oozing, 
fissures, sloughs, section shows yellow serous and blood infiltrations, capil 
laries greatly dilated, infiltrated thickened mucosz, blocked nasal passages, 
ulcers, serous and bloody discharges, pharynx, larynx, lungs, stomach, intes- 
tines, kidneys, blood firm or difluent. Symptoms: Hyperthermia, nasal 
petechize, extravasation, pink or yellow oozing, swellings on nose, lips, face, 
limbs, oozing, cracks, sloughs, turning up of toe from detachment of 
the flexors, metastasis from skin to lungs, or abdomen, dyspncea, colics, 
serous or bloody diarrhcea, Course. Duration: acute two days, average 
one to three weeks, tardy one to two months. Diagnosis: from glanders, 
anthrax, urticaria, malignant cedema, horse pox. Mortality. Prognosis: 
50 per cent.: hopeless and grave indications. Sudden retrocession. Treat- 
ment: excellent sanitary conditions, cleanliness, air, light, green food or 
mashes, pure water, laxative food, or salts, diuretics, alkaline diuretics, 
vaso-motor contractors, antiseptics, quinine, strychnine, phenic acid, lysol, 
ichthyol, sulphites, etc. ; locally aluminium acetate, cold water, scarification, 
nasal injections and tubes, tracheal iodine injections, argentum colloidale 
intravenously, antistreptococcic serum subcutem, Menveux’s solution. 


Synonyms. Purpura Heemorrhagica; Morbus Maculosus ; 
Anasarca (Fr.); Typhus: Anthrax ; Dropsy of Connective Tis- 
sue; Mal de Tete de Contagion ; Coryza Gangrenosa; Malleus 
Gangrenosa ; Carbon Blanc; Diastashemia; Leucophlegmasia. 

Definition. An acute (or subacute), toxeemic, generally sec- 
ondary disease, manifested by capillary dilatation and petechize 
on the mucosze, skin, serosze and elsewhere, and attended by ex- 
tensive effusions of lymph and blood into the skin and connective 


Petechial Fever. 175 


tissue, to form hot, tender, nodular, diffused, or general swell- 
ings. 

Causes. ‘The causes of petechial fever are not clearly made 
out. Bacteria are found in the early exudate, but these are not 
constant in kind and it is not unreasonable to suspect that these 
may be results rather than causes of the lesions. On the other 
hand there may be an as yet undiscovered organism present, the 
products of which are capable of producing the disorder. Or the 
latter may be due to a combination of the toxins of two or more. 
Among the bacteria found may be named: the pus microbes, 
cocci, streptococci, staphylococci, and bacilli, have been found and 
adduced as causes, also diplococci, the bacillus heemorrhagicus of 
Kolb, the streptococcus of strangles, the microorganism of con- 
tagious pneumonia and that of influenza, with a variety of others 
too great and too inconstant to be accepted as proof of cause. 
Frasey injected str. pyogenes in two horses and produced the re- 
cognized symptoms of the disease. The fact that rarely more 
than one animal suffers in the same stable at the same time might 
be held to oppose the idea of contagion and of a definite organized 
germ. 

Hence the theory of its causation by the presence in the system 
of the toxic products of bacteria rather than the bacteria them- 
selves. (Dieckerhoff.) Cadeac supposes that any toxin which 
causes capillary dilatation may determine the disease, and calls 
attention to the fact that the injection of mallein (a vaso-dilator) 
aggravates the phenomena of petechial fever and determines 
enormous local exudations and engorgements. He notes further 
the potent vaso-dilator action of the products of strangles, conta- 
gious pneumonia, and influenza which are among the most fre- 
quent antecedents of petechial fever. Dickerhoff also looks on the 
phenomena as the result of poisoning by the absorbed toxins of 
the microbes of suppuration, which modify the nutritive changes 
in the walls of the capillaries and determine exudations and 
hemorrhages. Zschokke thinks that there is infection of the 
intima of the capillaries, with the formation of coagula. Clots 
are not found, however, apart from hzemorrhages. 

The toxin theory receives indirect support from the absence of 
the same specific lesions in simple mechanical congestion of the 
capillaries and veins. Ranvier had no such results from tying 
the veins of a rabbit’s ear. Roger tied the auricular veins of the 


176 Veterinary Medicine. 


rabbit, and then cut the sensory nerves without effect : he then 
destroyed the cervical sympathetic ganglion, when there super- 
vened marked exudation, lasting for three days. The complete 
blocking of veins by pressure or aseptic ligature, does not pro- 
duce a spreading cedema, whereas in ordinary suppurative phlebi- 
tis, with abundance of toxins in the tissues this is a constant result. 

‘The toxin theory does not fully. account for those cases that 
occur suddenly, without any manifest pre-existing disease, and 
as the result apparently of cold and chill. On the other hand, 
it is only a very small proportion of horses exposed to the same 
degree of cold and chill that contract petechial fever, and it might 
well be surmised that in these few an unknown focus of suppura- 
tion or other lesion existed prior to the chill or that toxins having 
the requisite devitalizing and vaso-dilating properties had been 
absorbed from fermentations in the bowels or elsewhere. The 
mere exposure is harmless to the very great majority of subjects. 

In any case it must be accepted that the debility and impaired 
local innervation, nutrition and function, that attend on the expos- 
ure to cold and toxins are to be looked on as potent contributing 
causes. The predilection of the swellings for dependent parts 
(limbs, venter, face) shows the influence of gravitation and con- 
gestion. Whether there is present. any special microbe which 
has yet eluded discovery, but which is the main pathogenic 
factor, must be left to the future to decide. 

In cases that appear to be due to cold or chill alone, the disease 
is held to be primary ; in those following on another affection, 
secondary. _ 

Among the diseases on which petechial fever supervenes as a 
secondary affection, contagious, inflammatory disorders of the 
lungs and air passages hold a bad preéminence. Strangles, in- 
fluenza and contagious pneumonia, about in the order named, 
are especially causative factors or occasions of petechial fever. 
Among the other affections on which it supervenes may be named 
pharyngitis, abscess of the nasal sinuses, hepatic, renal and other 
internal abscesses, acute coryza, laryngitis, or bronchitis, enteritis, 
abortion, aggravated grease, suppurating wounds of the skin, 
abrasions by harness, suppurating sores after firing, infective 
arthritis with open joint, amputation of the tail, and castration. 

Lesions. In certain cases these may be largely confined to pe- 
techize and slight blood extravasations, which are distributed 


Petechial Fever. 177 


very generally throughout the tissues, but show especially in the 
skin, subcutis, mucosa and submucosa of the nose, eyes, pharynx, 
guttural pouches, larynx, trachea, bronchia, mouth, stomach, 
intestine, bladder, vagina and womb; also in and on the lungs, 
pleura, pericardium, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, peritoneum, 
pancreas, ovaries, bones, lymph glands, brain and nerves. The 
largest extravasations are liable to be in the softest tissues, and in 
the lungs they may reach the size of the closed fist, though 
usually they vary from a mere spot up to this. ‘The spleen is 
sometimes engorged even torupture. Beside the extravasations, 
and associated with them in position, and probably largely as an: 
effect of them, there is more or less serous effusion infiltrating 
the tissues, congestions, suppurations, degenerations, and necrotic 
changes. 

‘The skzz, if white, and the dark skins on section, are seen to 
be marked by petechize. The cutaneous swellings may appear on 
any part, commencing with nodular thickenings varying in size 
from a pea to a walnut, and merging together into extensive 
elevated areas terminating abruptly at their margins in the smooth 
skin. The larger and more persistent engorgements settle on 
the lower aspect of the body and other dependent parts like the 
limbs and face. Cracks, oozing, deep fissures, and extensive 
sloughs are not uncommon. When the skin is incised it shows 
serous infiltration and thickening, with spots and patches of 
blood extravasation. The subcutaneous connective tissue is 
similarly infiltrated and discolored, and often in the limbs, face, 
and under the breast, sternum and abdomen so as to form a 
tremulous gelatinoid cushion of several inches in thickness. The 
capillaries may be distended to more than 20 times their normal 
calibre. ‘The exudate may extend deeply between the muscles, 
and sloughs may lay these freely open and invade their substance. 
The muscular tissue is mottled with petechiz, and apart from 
these it is pale, yellow, or grayish, having to some extent under- 
gone granular or fatty degeneration. Detachment of the per- 
forans and perforatus from their insertions is occasionally met 
with. 

The nasal mucosa may show only petechize and circumscribed 
blood staining, but in fatal cases it is more likely to present 
extensive blood extravasations involving it may be the whole 


12 


178 Veterinary Medicine. 


mucosa, and narrowing the lumen almost to complete occlusion. 
Sloughing is not rare, and the resulting ulcers may extend into 
the subjacent tissues, so as to penetrate the septum nasi or the 
thin plate of the turbinated bone. 

The buccal mucosa and sub-mucosa are often involved in common 
with the skin of the lips, cheeks, and intermaxillary space, the 
tissues being involved in one common infiltration of blood and 
serum. In some cases circumscribed necrosis and ulcerations are 
formed. 

In the pharynx and larynx infiltration of the mucosa and ad- 
jacent parts of a deep blood red, with or without ulceration, causes 
serious narrowing of the passage, that on the vocal cordsthreatening 
suffocation. Suppuration of the pharyngeal glands and guttural 
pouches is not uncommon. Alimentary matters are frequently 
found in the larynx, and bronchia. 

Beside the petechize and hemorrhages in the /uzgs, edematous 
infiltration in dependent parts, hepatization abscess, and limited 
areas of necrosis are met with. The pleural sacs often contain a 
sanguineous effusion. 

The stomach and intestines are usually more or less mottled 
with petechize involving mucosa, serosa or muscular coat ; they 
are raised in rounded or irregular elevations by cedemas ; or they 
are the seats of more or less extensive and even perforating ulcers. 
The contents of the bowels may be deeply discolored by the 
escaping blood. 

The kidneys may be pale except where blood stained, and 
cedematous infiltration of the surrounding tissue may be marked. 
Serous effusion into the peritoneum is not rare. 

The eyelids are often implicated, infiltrated, thickened, and rigid, 
and the conjunctiva, bulbar and palpebral, the seat of extensive 
petechize. 

Barreau mentions extravasations on the divisions of the lumbo- 
sacral plexus causing sudden paraplegia. 

Petechize and hemorrhages mark endocardium, pericardium 
and cardiac muscle, otherwise the muscle is pale.. The blood is 
sometimes in firm clot, at others diffluent or nearly incoagulable. 

Symptoms. If hyperthermia is not already present asa feature 
of the pre-existing malady it usually shows itself early, at first 
slight, it may be (101° F,), and afterward rising in some cases to 


Petechial Fever. 179 


104° to 106° F., or even higher. The general symptoms are 
usually those of the pre-existing disease (strangles, contagious 
pheumonia, influenza, nasal catarrh, pharyngitis, bronchitis, 
etc.) pursuing, it may be, a persistent course, or attended by 
special toxzemic symptoms of prostration and other signs of 
depression of vital functions. In some cases the hyperthermia is 
either absent at this stage or overlooked. On the prostration 
supervene the petechiz on the visible mucose, and often also the 
swellings of the skin and subcutis. One of these may be seen 
before the other and it is difficult to decide whether the petechize 
always appear first as has been claimed. Cadeac claims that when 
cedema is first seen it has been preceded by petechiz in that 
tissue (skin). 

The fetechig are usually first noticed on the nasal mucosa as 
fine red points, pin’s heads, or up to half an inch in diameter, 
or a number of these have coalesced to form extensive patches, 
and by and by to cover the entire wall. At first the mucosa is 
spotted with purple, without any marked elevation of the surface, 
but as the lesions extend it becomes swollen and raised at the 
points of extravasation and immediately around them and odzesa 
serous, sometimes a pinkish or yellow fluid. Even in the 
smallest petechize the color is persistent and does not disappear on 
pressure like the blush of the adjacent mucosa. 

Usually cutaneous swellings coincide with the petechiz, or 
appear within two days thereafter. The first manifestation is in 
the form of rounded abruptly elevated nodules, about 134 inch to 
3 inches in diameter, strongly resembling the eruption of urticaria. 
These show a certain predilection, for the more dependent parts 
of the body,—limbs, abdomen, sheath, mammee, sternal or 
pectoral region, nose, lips, face, etc.,—but they may develop on 
any part or on the whole surface. Neither tenderness nor heat is 
usually excessive. The swellings tend to run together so as to 
form extended elevations enveloping the entire limb up to a given 
point, forming a great pad under the chest and abdomen, or dis- 
tending the whole face or head so that it seems more like that of 
a hippopotamus than of a horse. In such cases the lips and 
nostrils become so thick and rigid that prehension is impossible, 
and breathing if it can be accomplished at all is accompanied with 
a marked snuffling. The swollen eyelids are closed, and the 


180 Veterinary Medicine. 


general turgid surface of the face is hard and resistant and no 
longer pits on pressure. 

Under the chest and abdomen the swellings show as a continuous 
pad or cushion, on one side mainly, or extending across continuously 
on both sides, and from the breast to between the thighs. It 
usually pits on pressure, and may shed the hair and become rough 
and scabby or 06ze a serous fluid from the surface. 

On the limbs the swelling usually shows first on the fetlock or 
pastern and gradually extends upward until it reaches the body, 

As the disease advances chaps, cracks and fissures tend to form 
on the swellings, showing about the head, on the lips or on the 
nose and maxilla where the noseband of the halter crosses ; on the 
lower part of the body where the circingle crosses, or where the 
part is pressed upon in lying down, and in the limbs in the flex- 
ure of the joints—behind the pastern, or knee or in front of the 
hock. In many cases the skin and connective tissue slough, and 
drop off exposing the muscles, the tendons or the ligaments of 
the joints. In other cases the tendons are involved in the degene- 
rative process or necrosis and become detached from their lower 
insertions so that the toe may be turned upor the fetlock pad 
may come to the ground. The matrix of the hoof wall (coronary 
band) may separate from the horn, leaving a gaping opening 
which exudes liquid freely, and if the animal survives, the entire 
hoof may be shed. 

In other cases, and often quite early in the disease, the swell- 
ings may suddenly subside and disappear, with it may be, a re- 
covery, or, in other cases, with an exudation into the lungs or 
chest, the digestive organs or abdomen. In case the lungs are 
attacked, there is hurried oppressed breathing merging into 
dyspnoea or asphyxia. In case the bowels suffer there are colicy 
pains more or less acute, with much constitutional disturbance, 
marked prostration and serous or bloody diarrhcea. ‘These mostly 
prove speedily fatal. Less redoubtable are those cases in which 
the swellings alternately subside or moderate, and reappear or 
increase, without implication of the internal organs. ‘The absence 
of internal lesions and the moderation and intermissions of the 
external ones, give good hope of the preservation of the vitality of 
the tissues and of recovery. 


Petechial Fever. 181 


Course and Duration. ‘These vary much with the severity of 
the case. In subacute and tardy cases with few petechiz and 
restricted swelling in the limbs, the symptoms become remittent 
and recovery finally takes place after one or two months. In 
other cases the morbid phenomena which developed rapidly may 
subside as quickly and recovery occurs in a few days. In the 
more typical case the visible lesions may encrease or remain 
stationary for one, two or three weeks and then terminate in 
death or recovery. In the most violent types death may occur 
within forty-eight hours. The average duration of the affection 
is found to be about 16 days. 

Differential Diagnosis. In typical cases of petechial fever, 
diagnosis is easy. The supervention on a protracted or debili- 
tating disease of the respiratory: passages of an access of hyper- 
thermia, and marked prostration, with the appearance on the 
nasal or other mucosa of petechize and swellings of a dark red 
color throughout, and of cutaneous swellings in the form of 
nodular elevations and more extended salient patches, having a 
tendency to o6ze blood or serum, to crack and fissure, is virtually 
‘pathognomonic. 

Acute glanders may resemble it but lacks the extended sloughs 
of petechial fever, and the nasal ulcers that form in glanders are 
on a yellowish base and periphery, whereas the purpura ulcer is 
on an uniformly dark red base, and without the elevated margin 
seen in glanders. In cases of doubt the mallein test is not avail- 
able as the purpuric patient is already fevered, or liable to be so at 
any moment, and any wound insuch a subject will give rise to 
extensive swelling. 

In glanders the nodular submaxillary enlargement is almost 
pathognomonic and still more so if the facial lymphatic vessels are 
thickened (corded) and both symptoms failin purpura. Incu- 
taneous glanders with swollen joints or limbs the attendant pain 
is much more severe, and the farcy buds, forming on the thick- 
ened and indurated lymph vessels, bursting and discharging an 
albuminoid fluid like oil have no counterpart in petechial fever. 
In cases of doubt the search for the glander bacillus, and above 
all the inoculation of a male Guinea pig in the flank and the dis- 
covery of the bacillus mallei in the resulting exudate and diseased 


testicle will decide, 


182 Veterinary Medicine. 


From anthrax and emphysematous anthrax petechial fever is 
distinguished by the absence of the large bacilli of these respective 
diseases from the exudate. It isnot communicable, like anthrax, 
to the sheep, Guinea pig and rabbit, and does not crackle on 
manipulation, like emphysematous anthrax. The swellings are 
much more generally diffused than in anthrax and the. hyper- 
thermia much less. 

Urticaria furnishes a skin eruption which may be indistin- 
guishable from the earlier skin lesions of petechial fever, but these 
lesions are not associated with the petechiz in the nasal and other 
mucosz, and the swellings do not advance to great sanguineous 
engorgements, cracks, fissures, necrosis and deep and extensive 
sores asin purpura. Urticaria is, moreover, usually traceable to 
some digestive disturbance and fault in feeding. 

Malignant edema is usually confined to the seat of the inocula- 
tion wound and an extension around that, the exudate is very 
watery and may be mixed with fetid gas bubbles, so as to crepi- 
tate slightly, and it contains an abundance of its specific, round 
ended bacillus, often in chain form. ‘The carcass putrefies with 
great rapidity. 

Forse pox affecting the pastern and limb with attendant swell- 
ing is distinguished by the absence of petechize on the mucosz, 
and by the formation on the affected part of little pea-like papules, 
which early exude an abundant liquid, the concretion of which 
on the hairs forms a remarkable yellowish encrustation, embed- 
ded in the angry red sores beneath. 

Mortality. Prognosis. The mortality has generally averaged 
about 50 per cent. Much, however, depends on the violence of 
the attack, and the reduced and worn out condition of the patient. 
The most hopeful cases are those in which the temperature 
remains near the normal, the strength and appetite are well sus- 
tained, the swellings are comparatively slight, and there is no 
indication of any internal complication. ‘The unpromising symp- 
toms are: persistent high temperature ; complete anorexia ; great 
dulness and prostration ; excessive swellings not only cutaneous 
but in the nose and throat as well; a marked oozing from the 
swellings with a tendency to form cracks, fissures and sloughs ; 
the serious obstruction of breathing and prevention of hzematosis 
by blocking of the nose, pharynx or larynx by sanguineous and 


Petechial Fever 183 


serous exudate ; the appearance of oppressed breathing and other 
indications of exudate with-the lungs and chest, or of colics, 
diarrhoea, and other suggestions of effusion on the bowels or in 
the abdomen. Extreme fetor of the expired air and of the faeces 
is a bad symptom, though not always a fatal one.. Sudden retro- 
cession of the cutaneous swellings, may be the precursor of 
internal exudations and death, yet in the absence of marked accel- 
eration of the pulse, and of the objective symptoms of disease of 
the chest or abdomen, it is rather to be taken as a herald of re- 
covery. 

Treatment. Whatever may be the precise cause of petechial 
fever it is largely connected with and maintained by an unhealthy 
condition of the blood, and especially with the presence of toxins 
and waste products in that liquid. The first consideration is to 
secure for the patient the best possible sanitary conditions. A 
roomy loose box, dry, clean, well lighted and well aired, nour- 
ishing, easily digested food—green food, carrots, turnips, or 
mashes—and pure water .are desiderata.. A sunny exposure is 
desirable especially in winter, and everything like chill should be 
guarded against. Blanketing may be called for in cold weather, 
but the circingle like the halter should be avoided as being 
calculated to cause indentation, cracking or sloughing of the 
swellings. 

A moderate action of the bowels should be secured by the 
nature of the food (linseed meal or tea), or by small doses of 
saline laxatives (sodium sulphate), or calomel. Suppression of 
the urine too, must be counteracted by diuretics (saltpeter, oil of 
turpentine) when necessary. ‘ 

Further internal medication has been aimed to correct the 
dilatation of the capillaries, and to prove antidotal to, or to 
eliminate the poisons present in the blood. 

As vaso-motor stimulants have been employed ergot, belladonna, 
tannic, sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, oil of turpentine, iron 
sulphate, potassium bichromate and chlorate, quinia sulphate, 
and strychnia sulphate and arsenate. The value of any one of 
these is dependent on its early employment, the slight character 
of the lesions and the remissions that so often occur even in 
severe attacks. None are of much account in a violent attack at 


its worst, 


184 Veterinary Medicine. 


In the slighter cases evgotine, 5 grains daily in two doses, has 
been apparently useful. An objection is that its continued action 
on the nerve centres and digestive organs is liable to prove 
depressing and injurious. Of the acids, fannic is liable to 
engender constipation, locking up the injurious products to which, 
however, it acts to some extent as an antiseptic. Szlphuric and 
hydrochloric acids have a tonic effect, and the latter is a stomachic 
under ordinary conditions. ‘The same may be said of the zvon 
salts and to some extent of oz/ of turpentine, which have both 
proved useful in favorable cases. Cadeac condemns ol. terebrinth 
as calculated to abolish kidney secretions. The potash salts, 
bichromate and chlorate, and guinia sulphate are decided antiseptics 
and though the admissible dose would not ensure the destruction 
of bacteria, yet, acting in the system, with leucocytes and leuco- 
.maines, they may serve by keeping themin check. The chlorate 
of potash is given to the extent of an ounce the first day, and of 
half an ounce on succeeding days. The guinine salt is given in 
half ounce doses once or twice daily. In combination with bitters 
they seem to be of material value. Mux vomica (1 dram) or 
strychnia sulphate or arsenate (2 grains) given twice daily has 
seemed to be among the most promising agents of this class. As 
a potent vaso-motor stimulant, a bitter tonic and stomachic, 
strychnia has seemed at times to rouse the vitality and enable the 
system to throw off the load of poison that depresses it. ‘The 
wonderful power of adrenalin chloride as a vaso-motor stimulant 
more than warrants its use both locally and generally. In using 
any one of these agents, we should not neglect concurrent atten- 
tion to the bowels and kidneys, to antisepsis internally and 
externally, to hygienic and tonic measures generally. 

Antiseptic agents have been given by the alimentary canal, the 
skin, the subcutis, and the air passages. 

By the stomach the following have proved more or less useful 
in checking gastro-intestinal fermentations, and perhaps in hin- 
dering absorption of toxins from the specific lesions on this track : 
phenic acid, creolin, lysol, ichthyol, boric acid, salicylic acid, sodium 
salicylate and hyposulphite, and calomel. 

To the superficial swellings, fissures and sores the same agents 
may be freely applied, alone, or combined with astringents, such 
as alum, lead acetate, aluminum acetate. In the hot season they 


Petechial Fever. 185 


may be applied cold, ‘whereas in the cold weather hot applica- 
tions are often preferable. Aruch claims excellent results from 
covering the engorged head with a woolen cloth and irrigating it 
with cold water. 

The question of drainage of the worst cutaneous swellings by 
scarification, has been variously dealt with, Dieckerhoff advocating 
deep incisions, while Friedberger and others forbid them as en- 
creasing the tendency to necrotic infection and sloughing. In 
the slighter cases it can well be omitted, but in extensive swell- 
ings the disintegrating and debilitating action on the tissues is so 
great as to well warrant its prevention by incisions and drainage 
It is well to first give the surface a soapy wash, ‘then apply a mer- 
curic chloride or carbolic acid lotion and lance it in the prominent 
and tense portions. As a-further precaution against septic in- 
fection it may then be covered by cotton soaked in one of the 
above lotions and covered with a bandage. For swellings be- 
neath the abdomen or chest this may be held in place by loose 
circingles. Scarifying becomes imperative in case of paraphy- 
mosis arresting the flow of urine. Deep fissures and sores fol- 
lowing sloughing may be treated with mercuric chloride solution, 
(1:1000), creolin or phenic acid (2:100), iodoform, dermatin, 
naphthalin or salol. 

Disinfection of the zasal passages has been attempted by per- 
vading the air with carbolic acid, creolin, cresyl, lysol, or naph- 
thalin, by hanging saturated cloths in the stall, or spreading them 
on the floor. Perhaps a better method is to flush out the nose, 
by injecting each chamber in turn with a piece of rubber tubing, 
one end of which is introduced into the nose, and the other 
raised four feet and furnished with a funnel. The injection may 
be 1 dram creolin to 2 quarts water, or carbolic acid or alum may 
be substituted or alternated. 

The swelling of the nostrils may be so great that it becomes 
requisite to hold them: open mechanically. The suture of the 
two together, across above the nose has been practised, ora 
tube of light wood or aluminum can be inserted in each nostril. 

Injection of the trachea and bronchia with a solution of iodine 1 
part, potassium iodide 5 parts, and water 100 or 200 parts, was 
advocated by Dieckerhoff and met with a fair measure of success 
in mild cases. Insome cases, however, granular tracheitis and 


186 Veterinary Medicine. 


bronchitis followed, and in others necrotic tracheitis and pulmo- 
nary gangrene, so that the method has not been widely accepted. 
If resorted to, the weaker solution is to be preferred, and may be 
injected through a tracheal ring, or the membrane between two 
rings twice a day in doses of 3 to 5 centigrammes (45 to 75 drops). 

Injection into the veins of Argentum Colloidale, 1 per cent solu- 
tion in doses of 1% oz. (50 to 60 grammes) at intervals of 2 hours 
has been very strongly advocated by Dieckerhoff who in four suc- 
cessive cases had complete recoveries in from three ‘to six days. 
After disinfection of the skin a small trochar and cannula, ora 
hypodermic needle is introduced into the jugular and the injec- 
tion made. Local treatment for the swellings was also applied. 

Injection subcutem of the antistreptococcic serum of Marmoreck 
has been lauded as promptly overcoming the capillary dilatation, 
and enabling the leucocytes to neutralize the toxins. Extensive 
experience resulted in many failures, apparently often dependent 
on the fact that the streptococcus to be antagonized is different 
from the one used to make the antidotal serum. ‘This introduces 
an element of great uncertainty in any individual case. The 
identity of a given streptococcus is not to be determined even by 
itsagglutinins. Besredka thinks it can be by the action of the 
immune body (fixator, amboceptor), but even if proved, intelli- 
gent treatment must be deferred until the laboratory decision 
can be made, and perhaps even until the immune body can be 
secured from cultures in an animal body. Until a satisfactory 
investigation has been made, the anti-streptococcic serum is 
virtually a step in the dark, which may be a brilliant success, or 
an equally remarkable failure. 

Finally Menveux recommends an artificial compound as pos- 
sessing all the good qualities of the antistreptococcic serum. 
This is composed of sodium chloride 5 grammes, sodium phos- 
phate 1 gramme, sodium sulphate 20 centigrammes, sodium car- 
bonate 1 gramme, caffein chlorhydrate 1o grammes, boiled filter. 
ed water 100 grammes. Inject daily in three doses 135 grammes. 
Cheron’s serum contains the same agents with % grm. carbolic 
acid added. Mainet advises 200 grms. of salicylic acid solution 
(1:100) subcutem. 


PETECHIAL FEVER IN CATTLE. 


Synonyms. Causes: microbes, maturity, hard work, chill, poor hygiene, 
drying of damp lands in summer and autumn, impermeable soils, corrupt 
water, bacillus, diplococcus ; resemblance to hemorrhagic septiczemia. 
Lesions : petechiz and hemorrhages on mucosz, serosz and skin ; gelati- 
noid exudates gravitating to the lowest parts of face, chest, belly and legs ; 
chaps, oozing, sloughs, depilation, exudate in tongue, bloody diarrhcea, du- 
ration 14 to 40 days, mortality light ; indurations. Diagnosis: from an- 
thrax,. black quarter, malignant cedema and acute heemorrhayic septiczemia. 
Prevention : avoid infecting soils in summer and autumn ; drainage, cultiva- 
tion ; chills. Treatment : venesection :- laxatives, diuretics : intratracheal 
injections of iodine : colloidal silver. Locally : antiseptic astringents : re-. 
move eschars : facilitate breathing by surgical or mechanical means : good 
hygiene. 

Synonyms. Purpura Hemorrhagica. Anasarca. Inflamma- 
tory Gidema. Yellow Water. Morbus Maculosus. 

This malady presents phenomena very similar to those found 
in the horse, and shows itself in mild and severe types. It has 
been noted by writers on diseases of cattle from Vegetius down, 
though under quite a variety of names. 

Causes. These are uncertain, though much seems to point to 
microbian invasion or intoxication by microbian poisons. In 
France, it has been seen mainly in mature and robust working 
oxen after a hard day’s work, when the animal has had time to cool 
off. Also in cows used in the yoke and milked at the same time. 
Poor food, starvation and low condition have also been cited as 
causes. In other cases, high feeding and plethora have been in- 
criminated. It shows itself most commonly in summer and 
autumn, so that cold or chill must be looked on asa cause sec- 
ondary to another—probably microbian or toxic. Again, it is 
by far the most common in the adult animal. What is more sug- 
gestive is its relative frequency in localities characterized by 
swamps, springy fields, hollow basins, damp hill-foots, bottom 
lands, and damp, impermeable or undrained soils. Again, on 
heavy clays where the water is preserved through summer in open 
ponds and often in a very corrupt condition. This at once ac- 
counts for its common appearance in summer and autumn when 
the offensive products of fermentation are most abundant, and 
corroborates the doctrine of a toxic ferment. But its origin has 
not been definitely traced to such products as yet. This, not- 


187 


188 Veterinary Medicine. 


withstanding that Kolb attributes it to bacillus hemorrhagicus, 
and Robert, Fabert, and Dinter found the exudates swarming 
with diplococci. This may assimilateitto septicemia hemorrhagica 

Lesions. In cattle killed during the early stages, circum- 
scribed haemorrhages and petechize are found in the nose, trachea, 
bronchia, gastric and intestinal mucosz, cerebral membranes, 
pleurze, peritoneum, bladder, and skin. In many cases these are 
accompanied by congestion and thickening of the walls of the 
lymphatics, and effusion in and under the skin in different parts 
of the body, but especially along its lower aspect—(belly, sternum, 
dewlap, limbs, lower jaw, tongue)—of a gelatinoid exudate, 
which raises the skin abruptly in the form of a thick cushion. At 
first this is soft and tremulous, but later it may have coagulated 
giving a great degree of resistance to the structure. Extensive 
cracks, fissures, and sloughs, and unhealthy sores form on these 
swellings. Franck especially notes the enlarged tongue gorged 
with blood and yellowish exudate as in gloss-anthrax. ‘The 
blood extravasation may be further evidenced in the black or 
blood-streaked feeces, the reddish urine, and a rosy tint of the 
milk. 

Symptoms. ‘The animal is dull, sluggish, moves stiffly and 
with difficulty, and shows hyperthermia, (102° to'106° F.), in- 
appetence, impaired or suspended rumination, heat of the roots 
of the ears and horns, and of the dry muzzle; the spine, and 
usually certain points beneath the sternum or abdomen at which 
swellings are about to appear, are tender to the touch. On the 
affected parts of the skin the temperature is raised, and there 
may be detected pea-like elevations which become surrounded 
and enveloped in extensive swellings that pit on pressure. The 
swellings show a preference for the thinner and looser parts of 
the skin, and gravitate rapidly toward dependent parts. Thus, 
the eyelids, roots of the ears, intermaxillary space, throat, muzzle, 
dewlap, ventral aspect of the body, axilla, mamme, scrotum, 
groin, thigh, knee and hock are favorite spots, the liquid rapidly 
gravitating downward through the loose connective tissue to the 
lowest points. The face becomes infiltrated to unsightly dimen- 
sions, interrupting prehension and threatening suffocation, the 
dewlap swells up to a great size, the forearms or thighs become 
rounded and tense, and a thick pad forms along the ventral aspect 
of the body. The white skin on such swellings becomes red, 


Petechial Fever in Cattle. 189 


they may ooze a yellowish liquid or blood, the surface becomes 
depilated, scaly and rough, chaps and cracks appear, going on, 
it may be, to deep fissures, more particularly at the flexures of 
the joints, on the throat or muzzle, or on other points that are 
subjected to pressure. Necrosis of great patches of skin is not 
uncommon, and these sloughing off leave large wounds with un- 
healthy, indolent surface and little disposed to rapid healing. , 

The petechiz show early on the muzzle, the nasal and buccal 
mucoseze, and on other mucous membranes. Exudations also 
appear and a serous, often bloody, discharge escapes from the 
nose and concretes in colored encrustations around the nostrils. 
The nose may be obstructed causing the animal to breathe 
through the open mouth, protruding the tongue which is often 
also the seat of extensive swelling, discoloration and induration. 

As the disease advances there is encreased dullness and prostra- 
tion, marked emaciation, and anemia, sunken eyes, encrusted 
eyelids, extensive areas of depilation including even the long 
hairs of the tail, and quite often an abundant bloody diarrhcea. 

The affection may last for 24 to 40 days and under rational 
treatment the majority survive. There remains, however, ina 
certain number of cases, a permanent enlargement and fibrous 
induration from the organization of the exudate. 

Diagnosis. A fully developed case is easily recognized. The 
fever and constitutional disorder, complicated by petechize on the 
mucosze and skin ; the extensive swellings suddenly formed, 
oozing serum or blood, and tending to fissurés and necrosis ; and 
the discharging of blood from the nose, bowels, kidneys and udder, 
in the absence of the bacilli of anthrax, emphysematous anthrax, 
malignant oedema, and wildeseuche ; the slower progress; the 
low mortality ; the occurrence on a damp, springy, or imperme- 
able soil, or one known tu produce this disease ; and especially if . 
in late summer or autumn, become virtually pathognomonic. 

Prevention. Seciude cattle in late summer and autumn 
especially, from soils known to be productive of this affection and 
above all from damp wet clays, underlaid by hard-pan, from 
swamps, from drying up ponds and basins, from wet river 
bottoms and deltas and from springy fields generally. Fields of 
this kind may be reserved for cultivated crops or for raising hay. 
The fundamental remedy is thorough drainage, and a subsequent 
abandonment of the land for a year or two to other crops to allow 


190 Veterinary Medicine. 


of a dissipation of the poison. Sudden chills after being heated 
or fatigued, and exposure in the pasture in cold nights are to be 
avoided. 

Treatment. 'The French writers up to the present extol 
bleeding for the early stages. Its benefit must apparently depend 
on the diminution of the blood tension allowing the distended 
capillaries to resume their normal contractility, and in the 
lessening of the tendency to exosmosis, and the encrease of 
endosmosis so that much of the poison in the blood is removed 
and what remains is largely diluted and rendered comparatively 
harmless. However well this may operate in the strong and 
plethoric, it cannot be considered as applicable to the weak or 
anzemic, nor to advanced cases in which the vital powers are 
already seriously reduced by the abundant exudations and 
extravasation, and by the narcotic and devitalizing action of the 
circulating toxins. 

With us the demand is usually met by laxatives and diuretics, 
under the idea that these are less debilitating and that if the 
morbid process can be arrested, recovery ismore prompt and 
perfect. A purge of sulphate of soda is followed by full doses 
of nitrate or acetate of potash, in combination with iodide of 
potassium, or chlorate of potash; or bicarbonate of soda asso- 
ciated with hyposulphite of soda. These or other diuretics should 
be pushed so as to produce free diuresis. Stimulating antiseptic 
diuretics like ol. terebinth, may be added. Iodine solutions in- 
jected into the trachea have been recommended as for the horse 
(Huber, Heuberger, Rohr, ) and the serum or silver preparations 
or adrenalin may be tried. 

Locally, astringents and antiseptics have given good results. 
Solutions of alum or lead acetate with carbolic acid and iodine : 
. frictions with soap liniment, with a mixture of aqua ammonia, 
oil of turpentine and oil, or with mixtures of oils of origanum, 
cajeput and peppermint, and iodine, or simple painting with tinct- 
ure of iodine may be cited. Fissures and open sores may be dressed 
with mercuric chloride solutions (1:1000), Lugol’s solution, 
phenicacid lotion, solution of creolin, lysol, or chloronaphtholeum, 
camphorated spirit, or other antiseptic agent. The nose should 
be injected, cleared of eschars, and if necessary propped open. 

An abundant, wholesome, easily digested diet, pure air, a dry 
stall and protection against cold are essential. 


CHICKEN CHOLERA. FOWL CHOLERA. CHICKEN 
TYPHOID. CHICKEN PASTEURELLOSIS. 


Definition. Historicnotes. Bacteriology : Bacterium cholerz gallinacee, 
nonmotile, with pelar stain, bleached by iodine, nonliquefying, causes sep- 
ticeemic lesions. Lignieres’ bacillus, culture features, non gasogenic, acidi- 
fies dextrose ; vitality in disinfectants ; survives drying. Accessory causes: 
new birds in flock, or eggs for hatching, mingling of flocks, manure, water- 
shed, streams, ponds, dust, wild birds, buzzards, rabbits, insects, infected 
soil. Susceptible animals: hens, doves, peafowl, pheasants, parrots, ducks, 
small birds, guinea pigs, rabbits, white and gray mice. Effect on sheep, 
horse, man, cow, hog. Incubation 18 to 48 hours. Symptoms: in fulmi- 
nant cases rarely seen, in acute, anorexia, depression, debility, apathy, ruffled 
feathers, sunken head, neck, wings, tail, tremors, nasal and buccal dis- 
charge, hyperthermia, sighing, violet comb and wattles, thirst, pultaceous 
feeces, later glairy, green and fetid. Temperature becomes subnormal, 
inability to rise, stupor, convulsions, death in 1 to 3 days. Mild cases last 
7 days. Cases caused by one microbe have slough only. Lesions: con- 
gested, petechiated, hzemorrhagic intestinal mucosa ; contents of bowels 
watery, frothy, bloody : epithelial degeneration and desquamation ; abra- 
sions,:-croupous exudates, enlarged congested lymph glands, fermenting 
contents of crop. Petechicze general, spleen and liver swollen, congested, 
friable; kidneys congested; lungs hyperemic or blood gorged. Blood 
diffluent with microbe. Anzmia. Emaciation. Arthritis, Diagnosis: by 
rapid spread, infection origin, early excessive mortality, haemorrhagic 
lesions, microbe in blood and liquid ingesta. Prognosis: Mortality 90 to 95 
per cent. at outset. Prevention: Quarantine new birds, inside screens in 
summer; burn or acidify manure; exclude buzzards, vermin, wild birds, 
and visitors; separate sick, kill, burn, disinfect , divide infected flock in 
small lots; prevent wandering in fowls, destroy insects. Phenic acid sub- 
cutem. Immunization: inoculate in breast with one microbe (Salmon): 
or with weakened virus (Pasteur). Limitations. Treatment: gastric and 
intestinal disinfection—copperas, mineral acids, carbolic or salicylic acids, 
aromatics, quinite, naphthol, tar, phenic acid, subcutem. 


Definition. A febrile hemorrhagic septicemia of chickens and 
other fowls (pigeons, ducks, geese, parrots, etc.) communicable 
to certain rodents and other animals, and characterized by a short 
incubation, rapid progress, great prostration, violent diarrhcea 
usually greenish, and a high mortality (90 to 95 per cent). 

History, Geographical distribution. It is quoted as prevalent 
in Lombardy in 1789, in East India in 1817, in France in 1825, 
and generally in Europe and America in the last half century. 


IgI 


192 Veterinary Medicine. 


The losses from the ravages of this disease are far greater than 
the average value of the individual animal would lead one to sup- 
pose, but with domestic fowls numbering 300,000,000 and a yearly 
egg crop bordering on a billion dozens it may well be~-called 
enormous. 

Bacteriology. Chicken cholera is caused by a very small ovoid 
bacterium (B. Cholerz gallinaceee, B. Avicidum) about 0.3 to 
1.8 long, (0.3-1m, Friedberger ; 1-24, Ward), as found in the 
blood and tissues of the fowl. It has the general characters of 
the groups which cause hemorrhagic septicemia, thus: 1. It 
fixes, above all at the poles, the ordinary anilin colors; 2. It is 
decolorized by the methods of Gram and Wiegert (iodine solu- 
tions); 3. It grows on gelatine without liquefying it; 4. It pro- 
duces acute septicemic lesions ; 5. It tends to polymorphism 
when grown under different conditions. In the peritoneum of 
the guinea pig it forms cocco-bacilli tending in acute and violent 
cases to diplococci. Fed to rabbits it appears in the feeces as a 
minute bacillus. Even the mode of staining causes a difference 
inappearance. Fixed in alcohol-ether, and then stained in Ziehl’s 
phenated preparation, coloring is polar, and the central area clear. 
If in place of Ziehl’s fluid, hot fuchsin solution is-used warm for 
¥% a minute, a bacillus or cocco-bacillus is shown (Lignieres). It 
is nonmotile, though some observers have been misled by Brownian 
movements. There are no flagella. In old bouillon cultures 
short chain forms are met with. No spores are formed. 

From fresh cultures, in flask or in animals, the bacterium 
grows readily in alkaline culture media. In douzllon a turbidity 
ensues, and after some days pellicles form on the surface and 
walls, and the liquid slowly clears. The addition of a little blood 
serum, sugar or glycerine encreases and hastens the growth, 
while acid retards or prevents. This is common also to other 
septiceemic germs. In gelatine growth is tardy, but in two or 
three days there are whitish glistening colonies, becoming 
opaque later, and appearing granular if slightly magnified. In 
punctures minute colonies form along the line of culture and one 
at the surface, at first translucent; later opaque. On agar the 
colonies grow faster with similar appearance. On gelose at 37° C. 
the colonies are bluish and iridescent, at first, and later opaque. 
If the germ has been repeatedly passed through the Guinea pig, 
they are more translucent. On potato with alkaline surface, 


Chicken Cholera. Fowl Cholera. Chicken Typhoid, etc. 193 


there is a delicate grayish yellow growth after 48 hours; if acid, 
growth ceases. In milk there is no coagulation nor acidification 
for four weeks; then it becomes slowly clear and opalescent. 
With sugars it is not gas producing. With dextrose it forms an 
acid solution ; with saccharose or lactose an alkaline one. With 
Canadian germ formed acid in lactose solution, (Higgins). Cul- 
tures in peptone gave a strong zzdo/ reaction (V. A. Moore). 
Lignieres found no indol in cultures in pancreatic bouillon. 

The bacterium perishes when heated to 58° C. for fifteen 
minutes. It dies in carbolic acid solution (1:100) in five minutes ; 
in sulphuric acid solution (0.25:100) in ten minutes ; in lime water 
in ten minutes; and in sulphur fumesin three hours. Easily de- 
stroyed by disinfectants, it remains potent for months in flasks or 
buildings that are not subjected to disinfection. It isnot killed by 
drying (T.. Smith and V. A. Moore) nor by zero temperature 
maintained for seventeen hours. : 

The cultures, especially those made in agar have a very charac- 
teristic odor. 

Accessory Causes. Birds sent to poultry shows will often con- 
tract the disease and introduce it into the home flock on their 
return. It may also be imported in newly purchased birds, or on 
eggs obtained for hatching. It is even alleged that it has been 
propagated by feeding healthy hens on the eggs of diseased ones. 
When chickens run at large it passes easily from flock to flock in 
the immediate vicinity. ‘The infected manure is, however, the 
most common channel of infection. Carried on the feet or bill 
this contaminates the food and drinking water, and washed into 
streams and ponds, it finally in any case reaches the alimentary 
canal of the susceptible bird. Or drying up and raised as dust it 
is inhaled into the lungs. Or finally from any such source it in- 
fects any open sore. As granivorous birds, wild and tame, suffer 
from fowl cholera, it is often introduced by the wild, especially 
coming from infected poultry yards. Predatory birds, like hawks 
and buzzards, but the latter especially, are common bearers of in- 
fection. Rabbits, which contract the affection so readily, transmit 
it equally with birds, but man or beast, soiled by the manure will 
convey it. Insects are among the most prolific bearers, hence, as 
noted by Salmon, the infection may fail to overstep a close fence 
in winter, but is subject to no such limitation during the fly 


13 


194 Veterinary Medicine. 


season. In this respect chicken cholera agrees with Asiatic. 
cholera, typhoid fever and other affections in which the virus 
abounds in the alvine discharges, ‘The sale and transportation of 
the guano from the infected poultry yard is a direct cause of new 
outbreaks. Feeding on the carcasses or offal of the infected birds 
isa further cause. It must not be forgotten that the microbe is 
largely saprophytic, living indefinitely in the organic matter in 
soils, and determining new outbreaks when brought in contact 
with susceptible animals. Thus a period of immunity may be 
followed by infection when new birds are brought in or when 
young and susceptible ones grow up. 

Susceptible Animals. Fowl cholerais preéminently a disease 
of chickens, but the microbe is successfully transferred to pigeons, 

_ peafowl, pheasants, parrots, ducks, canaries, sparrows and other 

small birds, also to Guinea pigs, rabbits, white and gray mice. 
The Canadian form is deadly to turkeys (Higgins). Guinea 
pigs have abscesses in the seats of inoculation (Pasteur) ; the 
same is alleged of sheep and horses (Kitt), and man (Mar- 
chiafava, Celli). Injection into a cow’s teat caused chronic 
catarrhal manimitis in which the microbe persisted for a long. 
while (Kitt). Like other members of the group of microbes 
causing septiceemia hemorrhagica, the pathogeny and even the 
morphology are liable to material modification as grown in 
different environment (genera). Inthe Canadian as compared 
with European epizootics there were the following differential 
features :—The bacterium was smaller; several were often con- 
nected together ; they grow more slowly in gelatine cultures (Col- 
onies not before the 3d day); they were more easily destroyed by 
solutions of carbolic acid (1:100 in 5 minutes); they developed 
acid with dextrine and lactose ; they caused earlier deaths (birds 
sometimes perishing in 3 hours), (Higgins). Some of the forms of 
cholera occurring among domesticated birds and held to be dis- 
tinct diseases may find inthis an explanation. Rabieaux claims 
that under favorable conditions it has been transmitted to the frog. 

Incubation. ‘This varies from 18 to 48 hours, the usual being 
24 hours. 

Symptoms. In some fulminant cases the animal is found dead 
a few hours after apparently blooming health ; it may even have 
died on the nest or fallen dead from the roost. Cadeac speaks of 


Chicken Cholera. Fowl Cholera. Chicken Typhoid, etc. 195 


transient symptoms even -in.such cases—extreme dulness, pros- 
tration, somnolence, seclusiahd a cool, dark place, ruffling of 
feathers, sinking of the head ba@iveen the wings, drooping, trail- 
ing wings and tail, violet comb, gaping, discharge of glairy 
mucus from the bill, convulsions and death. ‘These symptoms 
last from two to five hours. be 

In acute but less fulminant forms there is loss of appetite, de- 
pression, debility, apathy, erection of the feathers. sinking of 
the head, swaying when made to walk, drooping wings and tail, 
sitting on the breast, convulsive tremblings, discharge of filmy or 
frothy mucus by the nose or mouth, vomiting, hyperthermia 
(108° to 111° F), sighing breathing, inflation of the crop,: violet 
colored comb, wattles and mucosee, great thirst and diarrhea; at 
first pultaceous and light yellow, later glairy, green and fetid. 
The feathers round the anus become soaked and matted with the dis- 
charge. Temperature becomes subnormal, the patient falls and 
is unable to rise, and finally dies in a stupor or convulsions, the 
illness having lasted 1 to 3 days. 

Milder cases occurring chiefly towards the end of an outbreak 
when the less susceptible animals only are left, or when the mi- 
crobe has become less virulent, show a larger ratio of recoveries. 
These show a lack of spirit and vigor, impaired appetite, 
diarrhcea, emaciation, dulness, prostration, moping, ruffling of 
the plumes, dark discoloration of the comb, and. often swelling 
of one or more important joints (femoro-tibial, etc.). These may 
burst and discharge a reddish pus, or simply form dark or grayish 
swellings. These cases may drag along for a week or more and 
finally die in marasmus. ‘The minute bacillus is not obtainable 
from these (Lignieres). 

Cases inoculated in the pectoral muscles with only one or two 
microbes usually have only a circumscribed slough, with loss of 
condition, and after the elimination of the slough and the healing 
of the sore the bird proves immune. 

Lesions. The alimentary canal is the main seat of morbid 
changes. The intestinal walls, and especially the mucosa, have 
points and patches of blood extravasation, extensive areas of 
congestion with ramified redness, exudation and thickening. 
The intestinal contents are watery, frothy, browned or blackened 
by effused blood, and swarming with ferments including the 


196 Veterinary Medicine. 


specific bacterium. The mucous surface is brownish or blackish, 
and epithelial degeneration and desquamation with abrasions are 
not uncommon especially on the summits of the duodenal folds 
and villi. Croupous exudates and swelling or ulceration of the 
follicles are met with. The lymph glands at the base of the 
ceecum are often enlarged and congested. The cropis full of 
watery, pulpy, frothy or slimy contents, and its mucosa and that 
of the pharynx may be deeply congested. 

Elsewhere the lesions suggest rather the action of destructive 
toxins and the profound changes in the blood. Pericardium and 
endocardium are usually studded with dark petechize, and con- 
gestion and even slight exudation may be present. The spleen 
is enlarged, soft, and gorged with blood. The liver is swollen, 
congested, extremely friable, and mottled, grayish white from 
degenerations. ‘The kidneys are dark red, and friable. The 
lungs may show slight hyperemia only, or a blood engorge- 
ment and consolidation, and are then easily reduced to a dark red 
pulp. Friedberger and Frohner say that respiratory changes are 
most frequent in land birds ; and intestinal and cardiac in water 
fowl. , 

The blood is diffluent coagulating loosely if at all, of a brownish 
red color, reddening slowly and imperfectly in contact with air, 
and like the tissues contains an abundance of the characteristic 
bacterium staining deeply at the poles and clear in the center. 

In birds that survive a few days there are marked anzemia and 
emaciation, and the muscular system is of a grayish red color, with 
fatty degeneration. In acute and fulminant cases on the other 
hand the muscles may be full and of the normal red color. 

In arthritic cases the congestion and thickening of the soft 
tissues, and the excess of synovia, are supplemented by destruc- 
tion of the articular cartilage and by areas of boneabrasion. In 
the more tardy cases collections of caseous matter are found. 

Diagnosis. This is based on the demonstrably highly conta- 
gious character of the disease, its rapid spreadin a flock, and 
from the first to nearby adjoining flocks in summer, the short 
period of incubation, the constancy and nature of the diarrhcea. 
the speedy and great mortality, and the hemorrhagic lesions of 
comb, bowels, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, and serous 
membranes. The demonstration of the bacterium in the blood 


Chicken Cholera. Fowl Cholera. Typhoid, ete. 197 


and affected tissues is conclusive. Kitt points out that inocula- 
tion of a pigeon kills the bird in 12 to 48 hours, with dry yellow 
exudate in patches of from % to 34 inch in diameter on the sur- 
face of the muscles, and yellow discoloration and nodular indura- 
tion beneath. : 

Prognosis. ‘The mortality reaches 90 to 95 per cent. The 
negative chemiotaxis exerted on the leucocytes by the microbe, 
precludes defensive phagocytosis, and the progress of the déadly 
microbe is comparatively unhindered. ‘Toward the end of a 
severe outbreak, and in certain mild epizodtics the recoveries are 
much greater. 

Prevention. All birds bought or otherwise acquired and all 
birds returning from shows should be quarantined for one week 
before being allowed to mingle with the flock. In summer this 
should be conducted inside fly screens. The manure should be 
burned, carefully secluded, or treated with dilute sulphuric acid. 
Buzzards and vermin as possible bearers of the infection should be 
excluded from poultry yards. So with human beings, dogs, etc., 
coming frominfected places. In an infected flock the sick should be 
at once separated, killed and burned or treated with sulphuric acid. 
All manure should be treated in thesame way. Buildings, yards 
and runs sheuld be thoroughly cleaned and liberally sprinkled 
with a dilute sulphuric acid (2:100). Ifthe birds can be divided 
up in small groups (say of 5) the appearance of the disease will 
only endanger that group. In small flocks or with very valuable 
birds it may even be well to take the body temperature morning 
and night and separate at once any bird showing a rise. Any 
diseased or suspected flock should be kept where its manure will 
not be washed into wells, running streams or ponds to which 
other birds have access. Ina locality where the disease exists 
fowls should not be allowed to run at large. In winter this is 
very effective ; in summer owing to the danger from insect bear- 
ers, it must be supplemented by the most scrupulous cleanliness 
‘of poultry houses and yards, and by a liberal sprinkling with 
dilute sulphuric acid, or other disinfectant, to be made especially 
abundant and frequent on the manure. Nocard cuts short the 
disease by injections, subcutem of a 5 per cent. solution of car- 
bolic acid. 

Immunization. With valuable birds it may be desirable to 


198 Veterinary Medicine. 

Pee 
secure immunization by non-fatal inoculations. Salmon secured 
this by first estimating the number of microbes in a mm. of the 
blood, then diluting until five drops would contain but one, or at 
most two of these organisms, and injecting this amount into the 
pectoral muscles. A sequestrum forms in the muscle and is 
gradually sloughed out, and the cavity heals, with resulting im- 
munity. 

Pasteur produced a weakened virus by exposing the artificial 
bouillon cultures to air for from three to ten months, the strength 
decreasing with the length of exposure. The weaker form pro- 
duces slight illness only, from which recovery is prompt. A 
second and stronger virus is used ten to twelve days later and 
produces a real immunity. 

The drawbacks to these methods are: 1st, that fowls are of 
too little value, to warrant inoculation in healthy flocks; 2d, 
that in infected flocks, where it is employed, the more susceptible 
birds are usually already contaminated, and a large proportion 
die in spite of it ; and 3d, that it becomes a means of planting 
the infection in new localities (Kitt). 

Treatment. 'The disease is so deadly that little can be hoped 
from medicinal treatment. It has been directed mainly to gastric 
and intestinal disinfection. Copperas and sulphuric or hydro- 
chloric acid in the drinking water 14 to 1 per cent. of each is at 
once prophylactic and curative. Friedberger and Frohner add 
fennel or peppermint, and give a tablespoonful every hour to an 
affected chicken. Other agents recommended are : carbolic acid 
(5:100) by the mouth or subcutem (Nocard), salicylate of soda, 
quinia (Cadeac), tannic acid (2:100), salol, naphthol, tar water, 
etc, 

See Catarrhal Enteritis in Birds: Vol. II. p. 258, Bacillus 
Gallinorum ; B. Coli Commune : B. of Duck Cholera: Spirillum 
Metchnikowi. 


CHICKEN-PEST. 


Definition. A deadly form of hemorrhagic septicaemia caused 
by an invisible, filtrable microbe, and leading to hyperthermia, 
great prostration, dullness, stupor and early death with exten- 
sive petechiation, blood extravasation, and exudation in the bow- 
els, mucosa, serosze, liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, etc. 

Synonyms. Chicken typhus; Chicken typhoid; Exudative 
typhus ; Vogelpest ; Birdpest ; Henpest ; Kyanolophia. 

ffistory. Described by Centanni as prevailing in Italy in 1891, 
this deadly affection extended to the Tyrolean Alps, was found 
in Brunswick in 1901, and soon in Wurtenberg, Hesse, Belgium, 
Oldenburg, and North Prussia. 

Cause. ‘That the disease is most virulently contagious has 
been abundantly proved, and that the germ is self-multiplying is 
unquestionable, 4 cc. of a solution of virulent blood (1:125.000.- 
000) proving fatal to a hen of 370 grams, and such successful 
inoculations from hen to hen for four or more removes losing 
nothing of the virulence (Maggiora and Valenti). Yet the most 
careful staining and the highest powers of the microscope have 
hitherto failed to detect the germ, which passes readily through 
a Berkefield filter. Maggiora and Valenti failed to pass it through 
a Chamberland K filter. It is evidently one of the infinitesimal, 
invisible microbes like those of rabies, lung plague, Rinderpest 
and Aphthous fever. 

Virulent blood dried at room temperature and kept in the dark, 
remained virulent for 22 days, but not for 42. In dull (diffuse) 
light, virulence lasted 15 days, in bright sunlight, less than 4o 
hours. It is destroyed in half an hour at 158° F., in 4 per cent. 
carbolic acid in 15 minutes, in mercuric chloride (1:1000) in 10 
minutes, and even in concentrated milk of lime. 

Pathogenesis. ‘The virus is deadly to chickens and turkeys, 
while ducks, geese, swans, pigeons, mice, Guineapigs, and rab- 
bits are immune. * 

Symptoms. The affected chicken becomes listless, with ruffled 
feathers, blood-red or dark leaden comb, drowsiness, coma and 
atony. ‘The first day the affected hen leaves the flock and is 
found apart, dull and apathetic, with slightly elevated tempera- 


199 


200 Veterinary Medicine. 


ture. On the second day the patient declines food, sits on its 
breast or abdomen, with head sunk between its wings, feathers 
erect, eyes closed or semi-closed, and when raised it moves un- 
steadily, or falls to one side, forward or backward. The comb 
and wattles are now usually violet or black, and the droppings 
still normal or slightly soft and green. The temperature varies 
from 108° to113° F. Drowsiness advances into coma, the patient 
can no longer be roused, the breathing is stertorous or accom- 
panied by audible plaints, and death usually occurs on the third 
day, preceded by a marked fall of temperature (86° F.) and per- 
haps spasms or paralysis. Some live only a few hours, others for 
a week. 

Lesions. ‘These are not very diagnostic. Local congestions 
and blood extravasations may be diffused over the mucose of the 
alimentary canal and air passages, but the bowels rarely show 
any such congestions or secretion as distinguish fowl cholera. 
Petechiation and blood extravasation of the serosze,above all of the 
_ pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum are more in evidence. The 
lungs may show congestion and circumscribed areas of hepatiza- 
tion. The liver is enlarged, and like the spleen and kidneys hy- 
perzemic or petechiated. Congestion and discoloration of the 
lymph glands are common. Subcutaneous exudations are met 
with. The localization of the lesions is however far from con- 
stant, and it is their heemorrhagic character rather than their 
seat that is significant. 

Diagnosis. The features which distinguish chickenpest from 
fowl cholera are mainly that chickens alone suffer, and particu- 
larly that mature ducks and pigeons are immune; that diarrhoea 
is absent ; that there is no severe inflammation of the bowels, 
though petechize and blood extravasation may be present : and 
that death follows more tardily—on the second to the fourth day 
in place of on the first to the third. The failure to find the 
bacillus cholere gallinee, or any definite microbe in all cases in 
the blood is even more diagnostic. 

Medicinal treatment has been eminently unsatisfactory. 

Prevention may be sought by separating the sick and healthy, 
disinfecting the poultry houses and yards, furnishing fresh runs 
to the exclusion of the old ones, excluding from water-courses 
which may be suspected of exposure to infection, exclusion of 


Chicken-Pest. 201 


food or litter brought from infected places, and the keeping of 
the flocks carefully secluded from contamination by other poul- 
try, or in summer through wild birds or insects. All infected 
birds should be promptly destroyed and boiled, burned or deeply 
buried, and all droppings and other materials taken from the in- 
fected yards dealt with inthe same way. ‘The absolute seclusion 
of an infected flock and the prompt destruction of all sick fowls, 
should be legally enforced, together with disinfection. The 
removal of birds from a recently infected flock for any purpose 
(sale, gift, exhibition or otherwise) should be made penal. 
Even when an entire flock has to be sacrificed, the eggs washed 
in sterilized water may beavailed of to speedily build up a new 
flock of equal pedigree and excellence. 


MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM IN BIRDS. 


Synonyms. Epithelioma Contagiosum ; Acné Varioliforma ; 
Acneoid Epithiliosis ; Bird-pox ; Gefltigelpocken. 

Definition. A croupous or diphtheritic inflammation of the 
mucosa and skin due to an invisible, infinitesimal, filtrable 
microbe. 

Contagion. ‘This affection is virulently contagious to pigeon, 
chicken and goose, and is easily transferred by rubbing the mor- 
bid products on the delicate skin of the comb, wattles, eyelids, 
beak, etc., or on the buccal or nasal mucosa. In such an ex- 
posed situation the raw surface becomes the seat of accidental 
microbian infection, and the disease has been attributed to proto- 
zoa (gregarina, coccidia, blastomycetes). The experiments of 
Marx and Sticker (1902) have, however, definitely shown that 
the virulent material passes through a Berkefield filter though it 
is arrested by the finest porcelain filter. This ranks it with the 
invisible microbes of rabies, lung plague, etc., the demonstra- 
tion of which under the microscope is not yet accomplished. It 
has great vitality and resistance, having survived complete drying 
at room temperature; exposure to sunlight or to 8° F. for one 
week ; three hours at 140° F.; or one week in glycerine. It 
perishes in two per cent carbolic acid. Passed from the pigeon 
through the system of the hen, it parts with its virulence for the 
pigeon. 

Recovery from a first attack bringsimmunity against a second. 

Symptoms. ‘These resemble those of chicken diphtheria. In 
slight attacks there is inflammation with more or less production 
of false membrane in the mouth, nose, throat and eyes and at 
times in the bowels causing diarrhoea. When it extends to the 
skin, warty-like masses appear on the angles of the beak, nasal 
openings, eyelids, ears, comb, wattles or bare parts of the head, 
at first the size of poppy seed or millet seed, and later of a hemp 
seed, or even a pea, or cherry stone, imbilicated in the centre, un- 
like an ordinary wart, and of a variable color, reddish or yellowish 
gray or brown, and even in some recent cases, a pearly lustre. 
The individual nodule is definitely circumscribed and is easily 
enuncleated by pressure between finger and thumb, the contents 

202 


Molluscum Contagiosum in Birds, 203 


escaping in the form of a thick creamy mass, which suggests 
the error that it was variolous. A nodule may stand isolated or 
discrete ; in other cases a number aggregate together like a 
granulating surface ; in still others they become confluent, and 
grow out in considerable masses, the surface having a conglomer- 
ate appearance like that of a strawberry. Under this exuberant 
growth it becomes rough, scurfy and more or less broken by fis- 
sures. The drying exudate may close and seal the eyelids, or 
obstruct the orifices of the nose or ears. 

Pathological Anatomy. ‘The first consideration is that this is a 
product of the dermis or rather of the deep layer of the epithe- 
lium (Malpighian layer) and does not encroach on the cutis vera 
or adjacent tissues, hence the ease with which it is enuncleated. 
The deep, or basal cells of these mucous layers are normal, but in 
the 3d or 4th stratum, the cells become granular, opaque and 
swollen, the nucleus is displaced or disappears, yet the outer mem- 
brane remains distinct and thickened and from this the cell grad- 
ually dries into a scaly mass which is desquamated. The form of 
the individual cell may be round, oval,or fusiform with attenuated 
ends. A careful dissection may show the clusters of altered epi- 
thelial cells enclosed in separate chambers converging above to a 
point in the center of the mass. It is at this point that drying 
and exfoliation takes place most rapidly, accounting for the um- 
bilication. 

Prognosis. In the milder cases, affecting the skin, a sponta- 
neous recovery may take place, the morbid product slowly drying 
up and exfoliating to leave a healthy surface. In the mouth, 
nose and pharynx a recovery is more tardy, or the excess of the 
morbid product may cause suffocation and death, or its persis- 
tence may lead toa great impairment of health, and marasmus. 
The worst cases are those in which the disease extends to the 
crop, proventriculus, gizzard or bowels. There is dulness, pros- 
tration, and emaciation in spite of an inordinate appetite, ruffling 
of the feathers, dragging of the wings and tail, irritable bowels 
or diarrhoea, raucous cries, and death in three or four weeks (4 
or 5 weeks after inoculation.—Bollinger}. 

Treatment. ‘This has been carried out most successfully along 
the lines resorted to for fowl diphtheria (croup). Painting the 
affected part with a two per cent solution of creolin or carbolic 


204 Veterinary Medicine. 


acid does well in the early stages, or half the water may be 
advantageously replaced by glycerine. Lysol, creosote, salicylic 
acid, or boric acid may be substituted. In advanced cases with 
extensive deposits the latter may first be scraped off, and then 
the antiseptic applied. Even glycerine alone, liberally applied 
has proved successful. For the enteritic form glycerine has 
been administered by the mouth, a tea- to a tablespoonful for a 
mature goose. In this last case borax, salicylate of soda, or salol 
might be tried. 

Prevention. ‘To exterminate or prevent the infection, avoid 
contact with strange birds, from neighboring yards, in exhibi- 
tions, or in shipping ; remove sick birds from infected flocks, 
disinfect buildings and runs, or change the latter ; divide up 
the flock in separate pens of three or four fowls each, and remove 
at once for treatment any sick fowl, afterward disinfecting the 
pen; take all possible precautions against diffusion of infection 
through the food or water. Generous feeding and a course of 
bitters, with copperas in the drinking water may be of material 
advantage. 


DISTEMPER IN DOGS AND CATS. 


Definition. Synonyms. Animals susceptible: dog, fox, jackal, hyena, 
wolf. Historic notes. Causes: contagion, inoculation, immunity, contact 
with sick, clothing, bedding, kennel : infection fixed—little diffusible, dogs 
at large, chill, domestication, high breeding, special breeds, shows, public 
conveyances, vegetable diet, debilitating conditions, catarrhs, change of 
climate, recurrent attacks, youth, native susceptibility, teething. Microbi- 
ology : micrococci, bacilli, mixed cultures, Shantyr’s observations, Ligni- 
eres’, Virulent products—all secretions and exudates. Vitality: virus 
survives drying, freezing, dilution in water. Destroyed by disinfectants: 
Forms ot distemper : catarrhal, opthalmic, cutaneous, gastro-hepatic, bron- 
chitic, pulmonary, nervous. Duration 20 to 30 days. Mortality 20 to 70 
per cent. Prognosis: unpromising conditions. Incubation 4 to 7 days. 
Symptoms: hyperthermia (103° to 104°), dulness, debility, anorexia, star- 
ing coat, tremors, seeking warmth, early fatigue, dry burning nose and 
footpads, irregular temperature, simultaneous congestion of all visible mu- 
cosee ; respiratory phenomena; sneezing, congestion of nose, discharge, 
blocking, snuffling, rubbing, cough, retching, vomiting ; percussion flat- 
ness in lungs, in islets or along the lower part; auscultation rales, wheezing, 
crepitus, creaking, etc. ; epiphora, swollen eyelids, weeping, photophobia, 
muco purulent discharge, sticking of lids together, opacities, vesicles, 


Distemper in Dogs and Cats 205 


ulcers; red, hot, buccal mucoso, costiveness, fetid diarrhoea, tenesmus, 
weakness, emaciation ; skin eruption, on delicate areas, papules, vesicles 
with colored contents, pustules, sticky, greasy exudate ; irritability, rest- 
lessness, taciturnity, depraved appetite, spasms, delirium, paresis, epilepsy, 
chorea. Lesions: inflammation, degeneration, ulceration on air passages, 
alimentary tract, lymph glands, kidneys, liver, cerebral and spinal men- 
inges, leucocytic infiltration : offensive odor. Lignieres’ views of microbes. 
Prevention : quarantine new dogs for 14 days, wash, disinfect all colors, etc., 
avoid shows and meetings, exclude street dogs, protect against mice, rats, 
birds, shut up all dogs during an epizoOtic ; separate a pack into smal] lots; 
seclude the sick and all belonging to them. Immunization: by lung exu- 
date, by weakened cultures, Treatment: hygienic, dietetic, warm baths, 
antipyretics, antiferments, calomel, phenic acid, eliminants, expectorants, 
collyria, emetic, demulcents, bismuth, etc., pepsin, quinine, nerve sedatives, 
tonics. 


Definition. A contagious, febrile affection attacking dogs 
(and by inoculation cats), and tending to local inflammatory and 
degenerative lesions inthe mucosz, lungs, bowels, liver, skin, 
kidneys, and nervous systém,—a first attack usually immunizing 
against a second. 

Synonyms. Contagious catarrhal fever: Dog ill; Bronchial 
Catarrh : Intestinal Catarrh ; 7Ay. Maladie des Chiens, Maladie 
du jeune age, Typhoide, Typhus des chenils, Variole du chien ; 
Ger. Staupe ; /¢. Cimurro, 

Animals susceptible. Dogs, especially puppies and young dogs, 
and other members of the canine race, fox, jackal, hyena, wolf. 
Cats suffer from inoculation (Laosson), also apes (Cadeac). Old 
cats and dogs are often immune, also all animals that have passed 
through one attack of the disease. 

History. The older English veterinarians quote the epizootics 
in dogs described by Virgil, Aristotle and even Homer as proba- 
bly distemper. Laosson attributes to it a canine epizootic which 
prevailed in Bohemia in1028. It appears to have been unknown 
in Europe in the earlier third of the 18th century though prevail- 
ing in Peru. According to Ulloa, it was introduced from Peru 
into Spain in 1735, whence, it spread into France (1740), Ger- 
many (1748), Ionian Isles, Greece (1759), England (1760), 
Italy (1764) and Russia (1770), Sweden and Norway (1815), 
Siberia (1821).. Since that time it has prevailed in Europe and 
many dependencies of European nations. 


206 Veterinary Medicine. 


Causes. Its advent in Europe as a new disease in the second 
third of the 18th century, its steady spread, its continued preva- 
lence, and extension, concur with the infection of kennels and 
districts by the introduction of a sick dog, in demonstrating its 
purely contagious nature, and this implies a living microbe trans- 
ferred from animal to animal. If any doubt remained it must be 
dispelled by the inoculations which have been constantly success- 
ful when made on young puppies, or dogsthat have not previously* 
suffered, and on cats. A first attack confers immunity. 

Among accessory causes may be especially named contact with 
the sick dog, its clothing or bedding, and above all its kenuel. A 
kennel may retain infection indefinitely, especially if there is a 
constant accession of puppies or susceptible dogs. On the con- 
trary it is not readily carried on the clothes of attendants, and 
the inmates of a kennel often remain sound, though only sepa- 
rated by a yard from the infected one, and though cared for by 
the same attendant. Yet so universally diffused is the contagion 
that few dogs escape it until they are a year old. 

The habit of letting dogs run at large, to meet in roads and 
fields is a most prolific cause, which might easily be done away 
with where distemper is prevalent. 

A chill is a common condition, hence injudicious washing, 
swimming in cold water, exposure of house dogs to cold storms, 
or outdoors at night, sleeping in cold, damp cellars, on cold stones 
or metal plates, or in passages in a current of cold air are fre- 
quent factors. Yet it often spreads rapidly inthe summer, the 
heat favoring the preservation and diffusion of the germ. 

Hlouse dogs as a rule suffer more severely, as their systems are 
more sensitive to the cold, and the resisting power to invading 
microbes is lessened. Country dogs and those living in the open 
air are hardier and more resistant and often have the disease in a 
mild form. 

High bred dogs suffer more severely probably largely from the 
greater protection and care lavished on them and their conse- 
quent diminished power of resistance. Newfoundlands, great 
Danes, pointers, pugs, poodles, spaniels and greyhounds may«be 
named as especially liable. 

The exposure to infection at shows, and in traveling by rad/, 
steamboat or other infected conveyance must be considered as among 
the prominent causes. 


Distemper in Dogs and Cats. 207 


An exclusively dread diet has been recognized as a predisposing 
cause, by reason of its lowering the stamina of the carnivorous 
animal. 

Any condition which induces dedility whether severe or con- 
tinued disease, parasitisms, impure air, under feeding, improper 
food, rachitis, or scurvy, etc., must be admitted to operate in the 
same way. Any catarrhal disease of the nose or bronchia is 
especially conducive to the affection by weakening the mucosa 
and making an easy entrance channel for the germs. 

Change of climate is a strongly predisposing condition, which 
not only hastens an attack, but even, at times, arouses anew the 
susceptibility in dogs that have passed through a first attack. 
Dogs that suffered in England have had a second attack in India, 
and some have even had a third attack when brought back to 
Europe. Four attacks within a year, in the same dog, and with- 
out change of climate, are recorded by Friedberger and Frohner. 

Youth is much more susceptible than age, even apart from the 
immunity which comes to the mature dog from a first attack. 
Yet some puppies are insusceptible from birth. 

Microbiology. No one pathogenic organism has been proved 
to be the constant infecting agent, yet two classes of investigators 
have contended in favor of micrococci and bacilli respectively. 

Micrococci, 1 to 3/in diameter, singly or in chains of 6 or 8 
have been found in the blood, lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen 
(Semmer, Friedberger, Krajewski, Rabe, Mathis, Marcone, 
Meloni, Kitt). 2 

Bacilli were found associated with micrococci by Semmer, Le- 
grain and Jacquot, Laosson, Millais, Schantyr, and Galli-Valerio. 
As observed by the latter they were 1.25, to 2.54 long, by 0.31p 
broad and took the Gram stain. Cultivated on gelatine the 
colonies were waxy, lustrous points, which indented the gelatine 
without liquefying it. 

Cultures of the mixed bacteria (cocci and bacilli) and their 
inoculation on young dogs produced the symptoms of distemper 
with subsequent immunity (Laosson, Millais). Legrain and 
Jacquot claimed immunity, as resulting from inoculations with 
the cocci in pure cultures. Galli-Valerio, using the mixed cul- 
tures produced all the symptoms (pulmonary and cerebro-spinal) 
of distemper. 


208 Veterinary Medicine. 


Schantyr, ignoring the cocci, describes three bacilli which 
cause three different diseases (distemper, abdominal typhus, and 
typhoid), but the distinctions are not clear nor generally accepted. 

Lignieres and Even, in Argentina, and dealing with the more 
susceptible high bred dogs (fox terriers, great Danes and carlins), 
found constantly in the blood of the dog, in the early stages of 
the disease, a long, delicate bacillus, non-motile and easily 
stained in aniline, but not by Gram’s method. Inoculated on 
the Guinea pig it shortens, approximating rapidly in successive 
passages to a cocco-bacillus, and assumes the general characters 
of Lignieres’s pasteurella. Different bacteria may be found in the 
lungs, bronchial and nasal mucus, tears and vesicles. 

Lignieres’s pasteurella is inoculable on the Guinea pig, mouse, 
rabbit, and dog, producing the symptoms of local or general in- 
fection. ‘Two centigrammes, subcutem, in the Guinea pig, pro- 
duced a local cedema, disappearing in four or five days and se- 
curing immunity. Five cc. subcutem proved fatal in 48 hours ; 
intraperitoneal in 24 hours. In the vaddzt 1 cc., subcutem, 
caused local cedema for 2 days and hyperthermia (104°) for 3 
days; 1 cc. intravenously, caused fever for 3 weeks, diffluent 
blood and hzemorrhagic lesions in lungs, liver, kidneys, bowels, 
spleen and serose. In the mouse, 4 to 8 drops, subcutem, 
caused cedema, and recovery or death in 2 to 4 days. In such 
cases the microbe was found in pure cultures in the blood or in- 
oculated tissues. 

Inoculations of the pure cultures on dogs produced in different 
cases, gastro-enteritis, pneumonia, pleuro-pericarditis, and ar- 
thritis, in various combinations. If the animal survives it is 
immune. 

Grown on peptonized bouillon, neutral or slightly alkaline, the 
bacillus forms, in 24 hours, small granular colonies which fall to 
the bottom, leaving the liquid clear. The addition of serum 
renders this more abundant without causing opacity. 

On pancreatic bouillon the growth is very free without indol. 

On gelatine plates there are fine punctiform colonies, trans- 
parent, but becoming white and opaque in8 or todays. Similar 
colonies form in stab and streak cultures. The gelatine is not 
liquefied. Cultures in mz/k cause neither coagulation nor acidity. 
There is little or no growth in hay tea, on potato, nor in vacuum. 
The cultures have the peculiar odor of the pasteurella. 


Distemper in Dogs and Cats. 209 


Virulent Products. Infection is present sooner or later in all 
the morbid animal products. ‘The nasal mucus, bronchial exu- 
date, saliva, tears, contents of the cutaneous vesicle, milk, con- 
tents of the bowels, and the blood have been successfully inocu- 
lated on susceptible subjects. Inoculations with blood failed 
with Bryce, but proved successful with Konnhauser, Krajewski, 
Even, Lignieres and Physalix, so that the first-named cases 
may be explained by a prior immunity, or by a too advanced 
stage of the case which furnished the matter. The virulence is 
not lost nor even diminished by drying at ordinary temperatures, 
freezing (10° F.), nor by moderate dilutionin water. Prolonged 
exposure at ordinary temperature, however, reduces the viru- 
lence, which is greatly impaired in 15 to 25 days (Laosson), or, 
if dried, in three months and upward (Krajewski). Virulence 
is easily destroyed by disinfectants, thorough washing (Menard) 
hypochlorous acid (Trasbot), chloride of lime, mercuric chloride, 
etc. 

Forms of Distemper. ‘This disease is extremely protean in its 
manifestations. Many cases, in country districts especially, are 
manifested by a slight fever, with a catarrhal condition of the 
mucosa of the nose, eyes, and throat. In other cases there may 
be simply a slight conjunctivitis or keratitis, and in still othersa 
cutaneous eruption, papular, vesicular or pastular. In some in- 
stances there is slight gastric or hepatic disorder with inappetence, 
nausea, and vomiting or some irregularity of the bowels. In 
such cases recovery may take place in eight or ten days. 

In the more severe forms, especially seen in house and city 
dogs, and in high bred and confined dogs generally, the fever is 
high and persistent and the disorders often predominate in par- 
ticular organs, hence we see a catarrhal form, aconjunctival, a 
bronchitic, apulmonary, a gastro-intestinal and hepatic, a cutaneous 
and a nervous. ‘The severe cases may last for twenty or thirty 
days or even in their sequelze for several months. Exposure to 
cold contributes greatly to a pulmonary attack even in inoculated 
cases (Lignieres). - 

The mortality varies greatly. Incountry dogs it may be below 
20 per cent, whereas in city dogs and those kept confined in close 
quarters and in large numbers it may rise to 50, 60 or even 70 
per cent. 


14 


210 Veterinary Medicine. 


Prognosis is especially unfavorable in severe cases; in those 
profoundly affecting the brain, lungs or liver; in high bred or 
pampered dogs; in the very young ; in the debilitated, anaemic 
or rhachitic; in those that have been recently imported from 
another climate and are as yet unacclimated. Puppies from de- 
bilitated dams, or those raised in a large litter with insufficient 
nourishment, or older dogs confined toa purely vegetable diet 
show less power of recuperation. Profound prostration and offen- 
sive odor, from excess of toxins are always to be dreaded. 

Incubation in inoculated cases varies from four to seven days 
(Krajewski). When contracted by simple exposure it may seem 
to have been extended to fourteen or even eighteen days. 

Symptoms. The earliest symptom is hyperthermia (103° to 
104° F.) This is accompanied and followed by prostration, dul- 
ness, impaired appetite, erection of the hairs along the spine, 
shivering, trembling, seeking a warm place, fatigue on slight’ 
exertion, hot dry nose, burning pads of the feet, sometimes taci- 
turnity. Later the temperature may descend even to the normal 
or there may be alternations of rise and fall. One of the most 
characteristic symptoms of distemper is the implication of more 
than one set of organs, so that morbid manifestations referable to 
the nose, eyes, throat, stomach, skin and nervous system oc. 
curring in the same subject are to be especially noted. In 
enumerating the prominent symptoms caused by disease of one 
set of organs therefore, it is not to be implied that the absence 
of others referring to a different class of organs is to be under- 
stood. On the contrary a complication of several is especially 
significant of this disease, though the predominance in one class 
of organ will signify a special form of the disease. 

Respiratory Symptoms. One of the earliest symptoms is usually 
sneezing with redness of the nasal mucosa, followed by a muco- 
purulent blocking of the nose, and rubbing of it with the paws. 
With the implication of the throat there is usually local tender- 
ness and a hard, painful cough, which may be accompanied by 
retching or vomiting. The breathing becomes snuffling, especially 
in pugs and bull dogs, and rapid and even oppressed in case of 
implication of the smaller bronchia and lungs. The nostrils may 
become glued together, the discharge red or dark in color, vesicles 
and sores may appear on the mucosa, and the cough gets 
paroxysmal, small, weak and husky or gurgling. 


Distemper in Dogs and Cats. 211 


Percussion of the lungs may reveal small areas of flatness from 
exudate or collapse, and in case of pleurisy and hydrothorax there 
is a lack of resonance up toa given horizontal line, varying in 
position according to the position of the animal and always keep- 
ing to that part of the thorax which may at the time be lowest. 
Auscultation will reveal various sounds according to existing lesion- 
There may be a loud blowing murmur over the large bronchia, or 
at points to which this sound is conveyed through consolidated lung. 
Or a coarse or fine mucous rale may be present indicating the second 
stage of bronchitis, ora line of crepitation around a non-resonant 
area indicating pneumonia, or there may be friction sounds or, 
later, creaking murmurs from false membrane. Wheezing and 
sibilant sounds are not uncommon, also sounds of the heart, 
‘bronchia or bowels, heard in unwonted situations to which they 
are conveyed through consolidated lung tissue. Dyspncea may 
become extreme, with puffing out of the cheeks, labial soufle, 
and violent inspiratory action. Fcetor of the breath is common. 
Emaciation, marasmus, sunken, pale or dark red eyes, putrid 
diarrhoea and nervous disorders usually precede death. 

Lye Symptoms. Conjunctival congestion is one of the earliest 
and most constant symptoms. Weeping, swollen eyelids and red 
turgid mucosa. Photophobia may bespeak keratitis. Soon the 
watery tears become muco-purulent, matting together the lashes 
and even the lids, during the night especially, so that they must 
be sponged to get them apartin the morning. ‘The exudate may 
accummulate under the lower lid, or may become flocculent, and 
usually flows down the cheeks causing matting and even shedding 
of the hair. Vesicles exceptionally appear on the conjunctiva ; 
more frequently it becomes cloudy and opaque, and at points near 
the centre degeneration of the epithelium leads to the formation 
of ulcers no larger than pinheads, but extending into the cornea 
and sometimes perforating it so as to allow protrusion of the 
membrane of Descemet or the escape of the aqueous humor. 
The formation and extension of the ulcers are favored by the 
general debility, the rubbing of the eye with the paws, and the 
infection of abrasions, by pus-microbes. ‘This infection may ex- 
tend to the lining member of the anterior chamber and even of 
the posterior with panophthalmia, but, in the absence of perfora- 
tion, internal ophthalmia is rare. When the ulcers heal, white 


212 Veterinary Medicine. 


citatricial spots, or black points caused by the adhesion of the 
uveal pigment remain. 

Digestive and Hepatic Symptoms. Anorexia and vomiting may 
usher in the disease. Buccal congestion, dryness, clamminess 
and fcetor are marked symptoms and there may be some yellow- 
ness of the mouth and eye. The patient is at first costive, but 
diarrhoea often sets in early, with tenesmus, much foeter, mucus, 
froth and even blood, also abdominal -pain and tenderness. The 
abdomen is habitually tense and contracted. The alvine flux 
may rapidly exhaust the animal, or it may continue for a month 
in dysenteric form with intense foetor, weakness, emaciation and 
exhaustion. Ulceration of the mouth, gums and rectum, in- 
vagination, prolapsus ani, jaundice, septic pneumonia, paralysis, 
chorea, convulsions, or cutaneous eruptions are occasional com- 
plications. The abdominal type of distemper is especially fatal. 
Even in its early stages debility, prostration and even drowsiness 
are marked features. 

Cutaneous Symptoms. Skin eruptions are observed in the great 
majority of cases, at some stage of the disease, and may remain 
as a sequel for a time after apparent recovery. Friedberger and 
Frohner note cases in which the high fever and skin eruption are 
the only prominent symptoms, and recovery may be looked for 
with some confidence. The lesions are most patent on white 
skinned dogs with short hair, and on the more delicate parts of 
the skin (abdomen, scrotum, perineum, inside of the thighs and 
elbows) but they may extend over the whole body and even en- 
croach on the mucosee. They vary much in different cases and 
stages. There may be punctiform reddish spots, changing to 
hard elevated papules, and, in the case of a certain number, to 
vesicles and even pustules. Some vesicles may be small and 
pointed, but more commonly they are rounded and flat, and as 
large as a lentil or small pea, when first formed, the contained 
liquid exudate may be clear and transparent, but often it is red- 
dish or even violet. The individual vesicles tend to speedily 
burst, and dry up, but others appear, and thus the eruption will 
continue for weeks, the skin meanwhile exuding a sticky, greasy, 
offensively smelling exudate which mats the hairs together. 
Itching is usually slight, yet in given cases excoriations and sores 
are produced with considerable moist discharge. It tends to 


Distemper in Dogs and Cats. 213 


Spontaneous tecovery when the general health improves and ap- 
pears to be little affected by: local treatment. 

Nervous Symptoms. These are shown more or less from the 
beginning. The great dulness, depression, apathy and weakness, 
which usually ushers in the disease, are indications of this. Drow- 
siness may be early shown. Even the early nausea and vomiting 
may be largely central in its origin. In some cases, however, the 
brain symptoms are more active and violent. The dog is restless 
and irritable, getting up and moving from place to place, starting 
from sleep, yelping, snapping, with twitching of the muscles of the 
face or limbs, rolling of the eyes, and excessive heat of the head. 
Krajewski even describes rabiform paroxysms, depraved appetite, 
spasms, furious delirium, fawning, or threatening, and finally 
where rabies is familar it would have been more satisfactory if 
inoculation had been made from such cases with results negativ- 
ing rabies. Epileptic attacks may appear at any stage of the 
disease. Chorea, tonic spasms, paresis and paralysis are on the 
contrary habitually late manifestations and often seem to be 
sequelz determined by toxin poisoning of the nerve centers, or 
degenerations of their structure, Choreic movements may be 
confined to the head, or a limb, or they may affect the whole 
body. Tonic spasms often affect the neck, turning the head 
rigidly to one side. Among other nervous disorders may be 
named, amaurosis with dilated pupil and atrophy of the optic nerve, 
deafness, anosmia, and dementia. 

Lesions. ‘These vary as dothe symptoms. ‘The nasal pharyn- 
geal, and faryngeal mucosz show congestion, swelling, infiltra- 
tion, ecchymosis with vesicles, pustules and ulcerations. They 
are covered by a foul muco-purulent exudate. The same condition 
may often be traced to the final ramifications of the bronchial sys- 
tem. In pulmonary cases, the lungs show inflammation, inflamma- 
tary exudation and consolidation, collapse, splenization, cedema, 
and even suppuration in points or large areas. The bronchial 
lymph glands and often the pharyngeal are enlarged, congested 
and may be suppurating. The pleura over the congested lung 
may be the seat of exudation and false membrane, and a bloody 
serum may occupy the pleural cavity. The heart may show 
parenchymatous degeneration. 


214 Veterinary Medicine. 


In the digestive organs there may be buccal congestion, with 
degeneration and the desquamation of the epithelium and formation 
of more or less extended ulceration. The stomach shows similar 
congestions and degenerations, the ulcer appearing particularly on 
the summit of the folds. Together with the intestines this often 
presents numerous petechize and ulcerations, and is covered by a 
foul but often tenacious mucus. The agminated and solitary 
glands are usually swollen and infiltrated, and the mesenteric 
glands are swollen, congested and infiltrated. 

The kidneys are often congested, and show points of blood 
extravasation and tissue degeneration. 

The meninges of the brain and cord are often inflamed, with 
infiltrations, false membranes, and especially exudation into the 
subarachnoid and ventricles. Centres of congestion and softening 
have been noted in the brain and cord with embolism of capilla- 
ries and softening and degeneration of theirendothelium. Nocard 
and others have noted a leucocytic infiltration of the perivascular 
lymph spaces. In old standing cases sclerosis is an occasional 
feature. 

In nearly all cases there is marked emaciation and a very 
heavy offensive odor comes from the skin, the tissues, the con- 
tents of the bowels and the exudates on the respiratory passages. 

Lignieres alleges that in the early stages, the specific bacillus 
is found in the blood and viscera, but that later it is only 
exceptionally found and that other bacteria (streptococcus, etc., ) 
usually take its place. Inthe nasal discharge it may be found 
at times, but in the more tardily appearing cutaneous vesicles 
its absence is the rule, and in the brain matter and meningeal 
and ventricular fluids, in cases of paralysis or chorea, it is not to 
be detected by culture. Hence the case cannot always be diag- 
nosed by a successful search for, or culture of the‘ germ, and 
hence also the frequently unsuccessful inoculations with the 
blood, tears, liquid of vesicles, and even the lung tissues or nasal 
discharges. 

Prevention. Distemper, like any other contagious malady 
may be excluded from a city or district by the simple expedient 
of shutting out animals that bear the infection. From a kennel 
or pack of hounds, new arrivals should be quarantined for a fort- 
night, until danger is past, and should only be admitted after a 


Distemper in Dogs and Cats. 215 


good soapy wash. All clothing, collars, brushes and other ma- 
terial that came with them should be thoroughly disinfected. 
Dog shows and other meetings are to be avoided as far as possible 
and any animal that has returned from one should be quarantined 
and all his belongings purified. Dogs that run at large should 

_ be carefully excluded from kennels where valuable dogs are kept, 
and from all possible contact with them. Even mice, rats, and 
birds have to be considered if the disease exists in the near vi- 
cinity. When the disease exists in a district a sound sanitation 
would demand the shutting up of all dogs on their owner’s pre- 
mises, unless carefully led on chain and prevented from coming 
in contact with other dogs. 

When the disease has broken out in a pack of hounds, or a 
populous kennel, the dogs should be separated into small lots of 
3 or 4; temperatures of all should be taken twice a day ; any 
lot in which one shows a high temperature should be instantly re- 
moved to a safe distance and placed in quarantine ; and the en- 
closure where they have been and all their belongings should be- 
thoroughly disinfected. The enclosures where the sick are kept 
must be carefully quarantined so that no infection may escape on 
food, water, brushes, utensils, clothing, attendants, cats, vermin, 
or even birds. 

The dogs that are still healthy shonld have spacious, well- 
aired dwellings, open air exercise (as much as possible in the 
fine season) , good but not too stimulating food (in part at least 
fresh animal food) , pure water, and protection against undue 
fatigue, cold, icy baths, especially when exhausted, rain or snow 
storms and cold stone or metallic beds. In the cold season arti- 
ficial heat in the kennel is desirable. 

Immunization may be sought in various ways based on the use 
of the toxins and antitoxins on the one hand, and of a weakened 
type of virus on the other. Bryce (1882) and others inoculated 
with the blood and pulmonary exudate, and produced in three- 
months-puppies, local swellings mainly, with subsequent im- 
munity. ‘The mortality from the inoculation did not exceed 10 
to 15 per cent. These losses imply that in certain cases the ma- 
terial inoculated conveyed the microbe of the disease, and the sur- 
vivors acquired all that immunity which comes from a first attack. 
In the cases that show local lesions only, it may be presumed 


216 Veterinary Medicine. 


that few microbes or none were inserted, while the results came 
mainly from the toxins or antitoxins. This would be entirely in 
keeping with Lignieres’ observation that the blood and pulmo- 
nary lesions often failed to furnish the pathogenic microbe, as 
tested even by attempts at artificial cultures. The protection se- 
cured from the antitoxins alone is short-lived, terminating with 
the elimination of these elements, while that coming from the 
action of the toxins on the leucocytes, and the stimulation by 
these to the production of defensive products, is much more last- 
ing and in ratio with the quantity of the stimulus introduced and 
the profundity and duration of its influence on the leucocytes. 
This may partly explain the occasional early exhaustion of the 
immunity and the re-infection of the animal within a year after 
inoculation. 

Physalix working in Chauveau’s laboratory has found the best 
results from the use of weakened artificial cultures. He culti- 
vated the microbe of Lignieres in peptonised bouillon having 6 
per cent. of glycerine, and allowed successive cultures to rest 
(without reseeding a new culture fluid) after they have attained 
to their full growth.’ The strength of the culture is in inverse 
ratio to the period that elapsed between successive cultures, lead- 
ing up to this one, and the first inoculation is made with the 
weakest product that will produce avery limited local swelling 
which is fully developed in 48 hours, and disappears in a few days. 
Three or four inoculations are made successively with cultures of 
gradually encreasing potency, after which immunity persists for 
years. It is to be understood, that an overdose will overcome 
the immunity at any time ; also that the passage of a culture of 
lessened potency through a dog or Guinea pig will raise it to its 
original virulence. Physalix operated only on young dogs, that 
had not shed their milk teeth, and injected 2 to 3 c.c. of the 
culture asa dose with only 2.5% mortality. Others had less success. 

Treatment. To secure good results in the treatment of dis- 
temper every attention must be paid to good hygiene. An open 
air life in summer, and a roomy. clean, well aired, warmed 
building in winter are most important. Chills, foul air, and 
filth generally are to be carefully guarded against. Food should 
be moderate in amount, easily digested and nutritious. Milk is 
especially good (sweet, skim or butter-milk) ; then biscuit and 


Distemper in Dogs and Cats. 217 


milk, orin patients accustomed to animal food, lean meat, minced, 
scraped: or pulped. Warm baths are often advantageous, but 
they must be given with great caution to avoid chill. 

Medicinal treatment is largely symptomatic. An excessively 
high temperature (104° F. and upward) may be met by warm 
baths, or antipyretics—quinine, acetanilid, salicylate of soda, anti- 
‘pyrine, phenacetin, or even damp compresses to the sides. Asa 
rule, however, it is not well to continue such agents as acetanilid, 
antipyrine or phenacetin longer than is absolutely needful to re- 
-duce excessive temperature. . 

Attempts have been made to check microbian proliferation by 
-antiferments, such as quinine, calomel, creolin, phenol, lactophenin 
and phenacetin. The tonic action of quinine specially recom- 
mends it but like all bitters it is obnoxious to a dog with a deli- 
cate stomach. Calomel is especially recommended by Frohner as 
a gastric and intestinal antiseptic and its indirect action on the 
liver renders it valuable in many cases. Creolin and carbolic acid 
-exhaled from saturated cloths tend to disinfect the air passages 
and give tone to the mucosa. My colleague, Dr. P. A. Fish, gave 
-carbolie acid, 2 per cent., and afterward 4 per cent. in normal 
-salt solution, and in doses of 1% to 1 drachm, subcutem once and 
twice a day. In the initial stages, it seemed often to be of great 
‘value, quieting the nervous excitement, improving the general 
-symptoms, and in some instances apparently cutting short the 
affection. ‘Trasbot recommended strong infusion of coffee, and 
others potassium bromide, ergotin, or better hydrogen peroxide 
in spray or asa draught. Iodine trichloride (1:2000-5cc) sub- 
cutem is claimed to abort an attack. 

Eliminative treatment. As in all depressing contagious dis- 
eases, we must favor elimination of the toxins, and in this case 
without risking any material encrease of debility. Calomel (7 
grs.), sodium salicylate or benzoate (4 grs.), sodium bicarbonate 
(7 grs.), potassium iodide (4 grs.), chlorate (7 grs.), or nitrate 
(7 grs.) may be cited. Digitalis (1 gr.), strophanthus, or 
-caffeine are especially recommended by their power of encreasing 
the tone of the heart when that has become weak or exhausted. 

For the respiratory symptoms we may employ the antiseptic 

-inhalations already named, or, in place of these, iodine or sul- 
-phurous acid. The nervous cough may be met by syrup of 
poppies, or anise, by morphia, or codeia. (Recipe: morphinze 


218 Veterinary Medicine. 


hydrochloras o.1 gram: aque amygdal. amar. Io grams, 
aque distill. 150 grams. M. A teaspoonful three or more times 
aday. (Frohner). As expectorants, ammonium chloride (5 grs.), 
or acetate, senega, or apomorphia (7, gr.), may be used. In 
vigorous subjects ipecacuan (4.to 3 gr.), or antimonial wine (1 
drop). Hydrogen peroxide in doses of a teaspoonful is often 
useful. Among counterirritants and derivatives the warm bath 
and cold compresses are especially valuable, or tincture of iodine, 
or camphorated spirit, or equal parts of aqua ammonia and olive 
oil serve a double purpose as furnishing at the same time an ex- 
pectorant inhalant. 

Special pulmonary complications must be dealt with on gen- 
eral principles as advised for the special diseases, bearing in mind 
always the profound prostration and the need to avoid depressing 
agents. 

For conjunctival symptoms bathing with tepid water to soothe 
irritation and remove adhesions and crusts, may be followed by 
a drop of aqueous solution of pyoktanin (1:1000) under each lid, 
twice a day, or cocaine (3:100), or silver nitrate (14:100); may be 
used. Frohner advises creolin (34:100); Cadeac, cresyl (14:100); 
Miiller, mercuric chloride (1:2000) or boric acid (1:40). Other 
Collyria may be substituted (see diseases of the eye). In violent 
inflammations atropia will find a place and in ulcerations boric . 
acid, silver, pyoktanin, calomel, red precipitate, or hydrogen 
peroxide. When irritation and rubbing are persistent a cocaine 
solution may be dropped into the eye every few hours. When 
the ocular troubles persist during general convalescence tonics 
with good nourishment and hygiene are demanded. 

With digestive symptoms the attendant vomiting will usually 
have cleared the stomach of irritant contents. In the exceptional 
cases it may be unloaded by apomorphia (4, gr. subcutem), or 
ipecacuan wine a teaspoonful by the mouth. More commonly a 
check must be placed on persistent vomiting by bismuth nitrate 
(3 grs.), laudanum (5 to ro drops), creosote (5 drops), or chloro- 
form (5 to 10 drops), and small pieces of ice. A derivative to 
the epigastrium is sometimes useful. The food should be of the 
simplest and most easily digested kind, milk, meat-soup skimmed 
of fat, meat juice, scraped or pulped raw meat. Demulcents like 
gum water, slippery elm bark, or decoction of marsh mallow may 


Distemper in Dogs and Cats. 219 


be resorted to, and in case of extreme irritability nourishment 
may be given by rectal injection. As vomiting may be kept up by 
irritants in the intestines a tablespoonful of tincture of rhubarb 
may be required to be repeated twice a day until relief is secured. 
Calomel and chalk (1:12) in grain doses will sometimes serve a 
good purpose. Also dilute hydrochloric acid in water (1:60) in 
doses of a teaspoonful with pepsin, gentian, quinine or nux 
voniica will often contribute much to restore tone and function. 
Septic intestinal fermentations may be met with beta-naphthol, 
naphthalin, (7 grs.), chloral hydrate (10 grs.) lactic acid (butter- 
milk), or salol (5 grs.). The attendant foetid diarrhoea may 
demand in addition opium or silver nitrate (% to 1 gr.). The 
gastric secretion is usually suspended so that it largely passes into 
the intestines unchanged. Of course it should not be used along 
with muriatic acid. 

The skin eruption is usually considered of little consequence, 
or, by some, beneficial (Cadeac). If treatment is desired it 
may consist in dusting powders, demulcent soothing dressings 
and perhaps stimulating liniments as found under skzxz diseases. 
It usually disappears with the elimination of the toxins and the 
restoration of vigorous health. 

For the zervous symptoms treatment must correspond to the mor- 
bid phenomena. Extreme prostration may demand diffusible 
stimulants, coffee (7:100), sherry 1 dr., beef tea, meat extract, 
ether, camphorated oil subcutem, strychnia, electricity. Spasms 
and other indications of congestion may be met by cold to the 
head, and inhalations of ether, followed by potassium or sodium 
bromide (8 grs.), sulphonal (20 grs.), trional (15 grs.), chloral 
hydrate in mucilage, or hypnal (15 grs.). Paralysis must be 
met by tonics, stomachics, easily digestible, rich food, and good 
hygiene. Pepsin, muriatic acid, nux vomica (% gr.), arsenite 
of soda solution (5 drops), arsenite of strychnia (s/5 gr.), orexin 
(3 grs.), strong coffee infusion, wine, and electricity may be 
tried, in addition to stimulant liniments. Chorea must be treated 
on the same corroborant plan. Cold douches after which the 
patient is carefully rubbed dry are sometimes successful, (see 
Chorea). 

During convalescence and in all cases of debility and anemia a 
similar corroborant treatment is demanded. Pulped raw meat, 
rich soups, stomachics, tonics including the preparation of iron, 


220 Veterinary Medicine. 


and in extreme cases transfusion of blood or a normal salt solu- 
tion may be resorted to. 

In cats a parallel course of treatment may be pursued, allow- 
ance being made for the smaller size of the animal and the great 
susceptibility of the feline patient to phenol. 


INFECTIOUS BRONCHIAL CATARRH. BENCH-SHOW 
DISTEMPER. 


Under this name Glass describes an affection, milder than the 
usual distemper, but showing similar lesions and demanding an 
equivalent treatment. It is not self-limiting the same patient 
having suffered twice in the same year (an occurrence which is 
occasionally seen in distemper. ‘The incubation is 3 to 5 days. 
Diarrhcea is invariably present from the first, and the faeces slimy 
and at the end of a week slightly bloody. The affection is 
charactérized by the predominance of the digestive disorder, the 
absence of skin eruption, the free shedding of the hair in long 
coated animals, the ulceration of the gums, tongue and lips, and 
the low mortality. 

Bacteriological research must be invoked to determine whether 
this is only a form of distemper or if it is one of a group of 
diseases which have hitherto been known by that name. 


EMPHYSEMATOUS ANTHRAX. 


Definition. Historic notes. Geographical distribution. Animals sus- 
' ceptible: Young cattle after weaning, sheep, goats, horses, asses and 
white rats, have local swelling ; dog, cat, pig, bird and manimmune. Im- 
mune animals succumb if injected with lactic acid, or proteous vulgaris, or 
violently exerted (sarco-lactic acid). Causes. Bacillus anthracis emphy- 
sematosa, 3 to 10m by 5u, stains violet with iodine, anzerobic, sporulate in 
living body, hence seen as rod, club, and round, spore. Lives in exudate, 
not in blood nor on surface. Table comparing with anthrax hacillus. Vi- 
tality : resists drying, cold, 98° F., weakened by 139°, sterilized by 212° F. 
for 20 minutes, by strong antiseptics. Lives indense clay, hard pan, and 
water logged soils holding little oxygen. Accessory causes: lactic and 
‘other organic acids, overwork, potash salts, alcohol, salt, proteus vulgaris, 
micrococcus prodigiosa, low condition, debility, plethora, chills, change to 
warmth, youth, melting snows, freshets, drying of wet lands. Symptoms : 


Emphysematous Anthrax. 221 


incubation a few hours, diseases 12 to 70 hours. Hyperthermia, swellingin 
loose connective tissue, shoulder, quarter, arm, thigh, neck, trunk, palate, 
base of tongue, pharynx, tender point, rapidly enlarges, spreads, crepitates, 
percussion resonance, finally cold, insensible, withered. On incision black, 
bloody pulp, or frothy. Peripheral gelatinoid exudate. Subsidiary lymph 
glands enlarged. Cases with deep seated exudate. Diagnosis: from ma- 
lignant cedema and anthrax. Lesions: early decomposition, bloating, in 
swelling blood extravasations with gas bubbles and lymph exudate, muscle 
beneath dirty brown or black, breaking down when pressed, shows waxy or 
fatty degeneration, and mauy. leucocytes and cell forms. Lymph glands 
and plexuses blood gorged. Extravasation may be in internal organs. 
Liver congested. Spleen rarely enlarged. Treatm:nt: Chloride of iron 
internally, ammonia iodide and ol. terebinth externally. Scarify and use 
hydrogen peroxide or potassium permanganate. Antitoxins. Prevention : 
drain and ti!l soil, apply quicklime to muck, exclude new animals just from 
infected districts, disinfect buildings, close infected wells and streams, se- 
clude the sick, burn, cook or dissolve carcasses, or fence graves. Bleeding 
purgation, diuresis, uniform good feeding, setoning. Immunization by 
heated and sterilized culture ; by toxins passed through a porcelain filter ; 
by minimum dose intravenously ; by injection into trachea ; by inoculation 
on tip of tail; by inoculation with Pasteur weakened virus ; by heat 
sterilized virus. 


Synonyms. Symptomatic Anthrax ; Black Quarter ; Quarter 
Ill; Black Leg ; Rauschbrand ; Charbon Symptomatique. 

Definition. An acute infectious bacteridian disease manifested 
by hyperthermia, lameness, and a localized, hot, painful swelling 
on the shoulder, quarter, leg, neck, trunk or elsewhere, tending 
to emphysema, and gangrene and when incised showing black 
extravasated blood, clotted or frothy. : 

This affection was long confounded with anthrax proper, but 
was differentiated by the observation of Wallraff (1856), Boulit- 
Josse, Vernant, Pfisterer, Feser, and others and finally Bollinger 
in 1875 found the motile bacillus. Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas 
(1879-84) thoroughly substantiated this position, and devised a 
method of immunizing by inoculation. Feser had however seen 
the motile sinuous rods in the exudate as early as 1860, and even 
produced the disease by the inoculation with mud from infected 
Alpine Pastures. 

Geographical distribution. Emphysematous anthrax prevails 
in limited areas, and particular buildingsin Europe, Asia, Africa, 
Australia and America, and in all climates from the tropics up 
to the sub-Arctic. It is however most prevalent in spring, sum- 
merand autumn. It is not uncommon at the breaking up of the 
winter snows. It is especially prevalent on damp, undrainep 


222 Veterinary Medicine. 


land or on such as has dried up in the heats of summer, and has 
become less prevalent in many localities in connection with drain- 
age and careful cultivation. 

Animals susceptible. The disease is especially common in 
young cattle, from three months to four years of age. Calves 
fed on milk are rarely attacked, being in a sense carnivorous and 
sometimes immunized by toxins fromthe dam. Cattle over four 
years usually escape, having already become immune if kept in 
an infected locality. If brought from a non-infected place they 
are, at any age, as susceptible as the young.. Sheep and goats 
contract the disease only exceptionally, but like the Guinea pig 
are easily infected by inoculation. Horses, asses and white rats 
have only a circumscribed swelling in the seat of inoculation. 
Ganter saw violent general symptoms as well in a horse, and 
foals and buffalo calves sometimes contract it casually. Carnivora 
and omnivora, (dog, cat, pig, bird, man), and the rabbit are 
virtually immune. Marck saw violent pharyngo-laryngitis and 
exudates in adjoining muscles, of the pig, and from this inoculated 
Guinea pigs successfully. 

Immune animals may, however, be made to succumb under 
special treatment. Ina rabbit inoculated at the same time with 
the microbe of black quarter and proteus vulgaris, or micrococcus 
prodigiosus, or if injected with a little lactic acid, the disease de- 
velops promptly and fatally. Over-exertion, producing sarco- 
latic acid, will also lay the system open toattack. The reduc- 
tion of the vitality and resistance of the muscle of the rabbit by 
a contusion, bruise or lacerated wound, or by injecting it with 
acetic acid, potash salts, alcohol, or common salt, will render the 
inoculation pathogenic. Again, the introduction of the black 
quarter microbe into the aqueous humor of the rabbit, where 
there are so few defensive leucocytes, entails an active prolifera- 
tion and a fatal result. 

Causes. The essential cause of emphysematous anthrax is a 
rod-shaped germ, variously known as bacillus anthracis em- 
physematosa, bacillus Chauvei, Rauschbrand bacillus. 
This is a rod-shaped microbe, with rounded ends, found singly 
or connected in pairs, or very short filaments. The bacilli are 
3 to 10n long, by .5¢ broad, or when sporulating, 1.1 to 1.3m. 
They form spores even in the body of the affected animal, often 
assuming a club shape by reason of the spore formation near one 
end. If the spore develops in the center they appear fusiform. 


Emphysematous Anthrax. 223 


They take aniline colors readily, and iodine slightly, assuming in 
the last case a violet tint. The staining is unaffected by heating 
in melted balsam. The bacillus grows readily in ordinary cul- 
ture media, (peptonized gelatine, bouillon, milk, etc. ), but, being 
anzerobic, only under the surface in stick cultures, or under a 
neutral gas or vacuum. It grows most rapidly at a temperature 
of 36° to 37° C. but also as low as 15°C. ‘The bouillon at 37° 
C. becomes milky and opaque in 24 hours, and later it clears up, 
the microbes being precipitated as a fine white powder. In gela- 
tine cultures liquefaction takes place in three days, andin twenty 
days the whole mass may be dissolved and the microbes precipi- 
tated to the bottom. Spores may form in the living body and as 
these are set free by the granular degeneration of the bacilli, the 
virulent exudate and cultures usually show the microbe in three 
different forms: 1st, the straight, motile bacillus of one thick- 
ness throughout its whole length; 2d, club-shaped or fusiform 
bacilli, the thickening of the end or median part being due to the 
endogenous formation of a refrangent spore or spores; and 3d, 
the free refrangent spores which have been set free by the de- 
generation and destruction of the sporulating bacilli. The mi- 
crobe is not found on the surface of the living animal, nor in the 
blood, for in both the supply of oxygen is too abundant ; it forms 
its colony under the skin, in the tissues, and above all, in the 
mass of extravasated blood or gelatinoid exudate which its irrita- 
* tion has produced and where air is lacking. 

The most marked differential features of the microbes of an- 
thrax and emphysematous anthrax are contrasted in the following 
table :— 


Bacillus Anthracis. Bacillus of Emphysematous 
Anthrax, 
5 to 20u X 1.25. 3 to 104 X 0 5 too.6u. 
Ends square or cupshaped. Ends rounded. 
‘Occurs singly in the living body. Often in pairs or threes in body. 
Long filaments in cultures. No long filaments. 
Nonmotile. Motile (sluggishly). 
ZErobic. Anerobic. 
No spores formed in living body. Sporulates in living body. 
Sporulates in air ; in surface soil. Sporulates in vacuo ; deep in soil. 
Bacilli only. Bacilli ; sporulating bacilli ; free spore. 
Multiplies freely in blood stream. Dies in blood: stream unless charged 


with toxins. 
Rabbit very susceptible ; man less so. Rabbit, pigeon and man immune. 
Produces no gas. Gas producing. 
Inoculation swelling very restricted. Inoculation swelling very extensive. 
Bacillus destroyed by putrefaction. Not destroyed by putrefaction. 


224 Veterinary Medicine. 


Resistance of bacillus of black quarter to physical and chemical 
agent, ‘The microbe is possessed of great vitality. Thoroughly 
dried at a temperature of 95° F. it retains its virulence. The 
spores may be preserved indefinitely in dry soil, buildings, fod- 
der, litter, harness, etc. Cold is equally harmless to it. It has 
been exposed to a temperature of 98° F. below zero without losing 
its virulence. Its virulence islessened by exposure for an hour 
to 139° F., and is sterilized at a temperature'of 212° for twenty 
minutes. The dried spores are virulent after six hours of the - 
boiling temperature but are sterilized at 230° F. if maintained for 
the same length of time. Diffused in water the virus is sterilized 
in thirty-five minutes at the boiling temperature. Some waters 
at ordinary temperatures destroy the virulence in twenty-four 
hours ; others not for many months. It isdestroyed by the more 
potent disinfectants, mercuric chloride (1: 1000), silver nitrate 
(1: 100) , acid salicylic (1 to 2: 100) , acid carbolic (2 to 4: 100), 
copper sulphate (20: 100), boric acid (20: 100) , muriatic acid 
(1:2). Quicklime, copperas, zinc chloride, sulphuric acid and 
an alcoholic solution of phenol have proved unsatisfactory. 

In claysoils, hard pans, waterlogged soils, and in some that. 
are over manured so that the atmospheric air is excluded, it may 
be preserved indefinitely. Feser, Gotti and others have produced 
the disease by inoculating with the washings of infected marshy 
soils, and this is doubtless a common source of casual cases of the 
malady. 

Accessory causes are important. The predisposing influence of 
lactic acid, of other organic acids, and of overwork have been 
already named. Potass salts, alcohol, common salt and the pro- 
ducts of proteus vulgaris, or micrococcus prodigosus increase the 

‘susceptibility. Low condition, debility, or suddenly induced 
plethora have a similar influence. Sudden changes of weather, 
chills, and particularly the access of hot weather in spring, when 
the animal is changing its coat lays the system open to attack. 
Youth, after the period of suckling, and under three years old, 
seems to increase the predisposition, though this is largely the 
result of the absence of a previousexposure. ‘Then impermeable, 
clay, wet, marshy soils, or those charged with organic matter are 
conditions of the presence of the microbe. It often appears in 
spring in connection with the melting of the winter’s snows, the 


Emphysematous Anthrax. 225 


occurence of freshets, andthe washing out of soil infection which 
would otherwise remain buried. Alsoin advanced summer and 
autumn when swamps, ponds, basins, deltas, river bottoms, etc., 
are drying out and furnishing pasture. Pease records its great 
prevalence in the rainy season in the swamp districts of the Pun- 
jab and North Western provinces of India, and the same is largely 
true of our Gulf coast states. 

Symptoms. Emphysematous anthrax develops suddenly, the 
incubation in experimental cases, lasting only for a few hours, 
(casual cases 1-3 days, Friedberger) and the whole course of the 
disease does not usually exceed % to 3 days. ‘The local swelling 
may be the first observed symptom or there may be first febrile 
disturbance followed by the local swelling. The swellings show 
where the connective tissue is loose and abundant as on the 
shoulder, quarter, arm, thigh, neck, face, or trunk, and practi- 
cally never where the areolar tissue is very spare and dense as on 
the end of the tail, or ear, or on the limb below knee or hock. 
They sometimes form on the palate, base of the tongue, or phar- 
ynx. ‘The muscular system is especially liable to suffer, the loose- 
ness of the texture and the presence of lactic acid making a par- 
ticularly favorable field for the propagation of the microbe. The 
comparative absence of muscle in the region below the metacar- 
pus, the tail and ear is an important cause of immunity. 

The swelling is at first very small and tender, but it increases 
rapidly, and in a few hours may extend to one, two, or three feet 
in diameter. At first smooth, rounded, pitting on pressure and 
destitute of crepitation on handling, it becomes softer ‘and less 
sensitive and when pressed or kneaded it gives a crepitant sen- 
sation and sound, or it even appears to gurgle. When percussed 
the resonance is drumlike. Finally, the skin may become cold, 
insensible, and withered like a piece of parchment. When in- 
cised the tissues are found to be gorged with blood, and of a 
black or dark red color ; they break down under pressure into a 
bloody pulp, and from the wound flows a bloody fluid which may 
be red in the early stages, black in the advanced, and frothy in 
the latest. Where the connective tissue is very loose and abun- 
dant, the bloody extravasation is surrounded by an extensive 
straw colored cedematous infiltration. The swelling is sometimes 
single, but more frequently several appear and become confluent. 
The lymph glands in the vicinity become greatly enlarged. 


15 


226 Veterinary Medicine. 


Fever is a constant condition as the swelling advances and 
sometimes it precedes the local engorgement. ‘There is erection 
of the hair, with, it may be, distinct shivering, recurring again 
and again. Then general stiffness, dulness, prostration, loss of 
appetite and rumination, accelerated breathing sometimes at- 
tended by a grunt or moan, cyanosis and rapid pulse. The 
temperature usually reaches 104° F., and many rise to 109° F. 
The breathing becomes more and more labored and plaintive, 
colicy symptoms may set in, the prostration advances to complete 
adynamia, the patient can no longer stand, the temperature drops 
to 100° F., or 98° F., and death supervenes in from eight hours 
to two days from the first sign of illness. 

In some cases the swelling may be invisible because it is situ- 
ated deeply or it may perhaps be entirely absent, and the con- 
stitutional symptoms are the only ones observed. 

Diagnosis, From malignant edema, which it resembles in 
producing gas and crepitating tumors, emphysematous anthrax 
is distinguished by the greater length of the microbe, by its forma- 
tion of spores at the pole and not in the centre of the bacillus, by 
the more sluggish motions of the germ, by the restriction of the 
germ to given infected districts instead of being generally diffused. 
as in malignant cedema, by its not attacking man, rabbit, nor 
pigeon, which are subject to malignant cedema, by its deadly 
action on mature cattle, which are usually immune from malig- 
nant cedema, and by the abundant blood extravasation on the 
swelling. 

From anthrax it is distinguished by the motility of the bacillus, 
by its polar sporulation and club shape, by its rounded ends, by 
its absence from the blood in the earlier stages, by the presence 
of gas and crepitation in the swellings, and by the deadly action 
of the infection on Guinea pigs, but not on rabbit, man nor 
pigeon. Anthrax is easily inoculable on a cutaneous sore or in- 
travenously, whereas emphysematous anthrax is not. 

‘Lesions. The carcass is liable to be bloated with gas and a 
reddish, frothy liquid often escapes from mouth nose and anus. 
Gas is particularly abundant in the substance of the tumor, and 
the skin covering it may be dry and crackling. An incision 
made into the swelling exposes a mass of blood extravasation 
and lymph exudate, the blood predominating in the centre so that 
it may appear clotted and black, and mixed with gas bubbles, 


Emphysematous Anthrax. 227 


while the yellowish lymph forms the periphery of the tumor, yet 
streaked more or less with blood, or even pink throughout. ‘The 
abundance of gas is usually in inverse ratio to the amount of 
cedema. ‘The muscles beneath, or surrounded by an exudate, 
are of a dirty brown or black, and are disintegrated so as to 
break down readily under pressure of the finger into a blackish 
pulp. They areinfiltrated with gas, crepitate under pressure and 
assume a golden yellow color on exposure to the air. ‘The gas is 
comparatively inodorous immediately after death, being mainly 
carbon dioxide and carbide of hydrogen. Later it may show dis- 
tinct and even offensive odor, from the formation of hydrogen 
sulphide, or lactic acid. ‘The muscular fibres are easily teased 
apart, and show under the microscope masses of blood globules, 
leucocytes, lymph cells, free nuclei and granules, with, in some 
points, fatty or waxy degeneration of the fibres, or granular 
masses that are stained black by osmic acid. ‘The bacillus is 
present in large numbers, and this with its absence from the blood 
immediately after death becomes characteristic. The lymph 
glands near the swelling are usually enlarged and gorged with 
blood. ‘The lymph plexuses and vessels contain bubbles of gas. 

‘Fhe swellings may be subcutaneous, or submucous in the 
tongue or pharynx, but they occur also in the pleure, lungs; 
heart, pericardium, mediastinum, the peritoneum, the sublumbar 
connective tissue, and even the walls of the stomach or intestine. 
It is not uncommon to find a pink effusion into one of the serous 
membranes. ‘The liver is usually hyperzemic, as may be also the 
kidneys, but the spleen is rarely enlarged. In this and in the 
integrity of the blood globules this affection differs from anthrax. 

Treatment. ‘This disease is so often speedily fatal, cutting off 
its victim in eight hours, often during the night, that no oppor- 
tunity is allowed for treatment. Even in those that survive for 
two days, the affection must always be looked on as exceedingly 
grave, and as little amenable to treatment: Yet much depends 
upon the patient and the country. Dr. Phares in Mississippi 
found that it yielded readily in many cases to % oz. doses of tinc- 
ture of chloride of iron every four hours, and a local application 
composed of equal parts of tincture of iodine, aqua ammonia and: 
oil of turpentine. Galtier tells us that recoveries are frequent in 
Algeria, while they arerarein France. Tisserant givesthe French 


228 Veterinary Medicine. 


recoveries as 2 per cent. It is probable that in districts and coun- 
tries where the malady is all but ubiquitous, the surviving ani- 
mals are racially immune, or they have been largely exposed and 
in some degree virtually immunized at an early age. 

Wailraff mentions a success from applying a tight ligature 
around an infected limb, above the seat of the tumor and freely 
scarifying the latter so as to liberally admit the air. For swellings 
elsewhere, scarifications and the free application and injection of 
peroxide of hydrogen or potassium permanganate (2 to 3:100) 
would be rational treatment. The same agent might be given by 
the mouth in doses of 2 or 3 ozs. at frequentintervals. Antisep- 
tics and tonics have been freely employed, including phenol, 
salicylic acid, sodium salicylate, potassium iodide, quinia, alcohol, 
phosphorated oil, ammonia acetate, and as an eliminant soda sul- 
phate, but with no very good result. Locally, scarification, anti- 
septics, and caustics, have been employed. 

Another line of treatment which deserves to be further exploit- 
ed is the use of antitoxins on infected animals. An immunized 
animal may be again and again inoculated at intervals of a week 
or two until it has been stimulated to produce antitoxin in large 
amount. ‘Then afterthree weeks interval its blood serum or blood, 
may be sterilized by heat, the resulting coagulum washed in dis- 
tilled or boiled water, and filtered, and the filtrate injected subcu- 
tem on the infected animal. 

Prevention. ‘This is most effectively secured by sanitation of 
the soil and buildings. Thorough drainage to secure perfect and 
constant aeration leads to destruction of the anzerobic germ, or the 
suspension of its pathogenic quality. Thorough culture contri- 
butes largely to this sanitary aeration, while baking of the surface 
counteracts it. When thorough drainage is impossible it may be 
desirable to subject the land to gardening or to the production of 
crops that are to be used for human consumption and not for 
domestic animals. Kitt’s suggestion, to soil, cattle on hay, pro- 
duced on such lands, and to exclude from the infested lands all 
animals that by wounds or sores near the feet, or by raw gums. 
from shedding of teeth, furnish infection atria for the poison, is 
insufficient, as stalled cattle occasionally suffer, 

When an open porous soil maintains the infection by reason of 
the presence of an excess of decomposing organic matter, that 


Emphysematous Anthrax. 229 


may be largely remedied by a free application of quick lime. 
This hastens the decomposition of the organic matter and after a 
year or two, when that has been largely disposed of, the good 
“effects may be expected. 

An important measure is to exclude from fairs, markets, and 
above all from clay or other dense wet soils into which they might 
convey the germs, all animals brought from infected soils. 

Disinfection of the buildings where diseased and infected ani- 
mals have been isan essential measure. Wells and streams receiv- 
ing the drainage of infected lands must be carefully avoided. 

Diseased animals must be carefully isolated, and all their drop- 
pings, and products of every kind disinfected. 

The carcasses are best cremated or rendered under superheated 
steam under pressure, Solution in sulphuric acid may be em- 
ployed. If none ofthese is available they may be deeply buried 
in dry porous soil, well apart from any risk of drainage into wells 
or water supplies. The area occupied by the graves should be 
fenced in so that no cattle nor sheep can gain access to it, and 
any vegetation grown on the graves should be burned. The danger 
of the germs being raised to the surface by soil water or earth 
worms must be recognized and any consequent evil guarded 
against. The carcass should not be cut open but buried in the 
hide, or if the latter is preserved it should be treated with a chlo- 
ride of lime solution. Ifa carcass is opened for scientific pur- 
poses, great care must be taken to avoid the distribution of the 
bacillus in soil appropriate to its preservation. The meat should 
not be preserved for human consumption unless it has been cook- 
ed under pressure at a temperature of 240° F. The object is not 
to destroy any poison which would be fatal to man, but rather to 
prevent the spread of the spores on new soil and the extension 
of the area of infection. 

The reduction or prevention of sudden plethora was formerly 
availed of to lessen the number of victims and it is well to still 
bear in mind that this has an appreciable though limited effect. 
As a means of reducing plethora a free bleeding was resorted to 
when the period of yearly prevalence approached, and no less 
when the disease had already appeared in a herd. Ican mention 
an instance in which infection was carried on the fleam from the 
first animal bled (the sick one) and caused the fatal infected swelling 


230 Veterinary Medicine. 


around the phlebotomy wound in the next seven animals operated 
on. Another objection to phlebotomy is the tendency to a rapid 
reproduction of blood, which the depletion brings about, and the 
supervention of a greater danger than before, in the course of a 
month or more. Purgatives and diuretics are somewhat less ob- 
jectionable in this sense. Careful feeding to keep the animal con- 
stantly in good condition does something to obviate sudden plethora 
and its attendant dangers, and thus an allowance of grain or linseed 
cake through winter and early spring, or when the pastures are 
bare, will bring the animals through in fine condition, and ward 
off the danger that comes from a sudden access of rich aliment. 

Another measure was the insertion of a seton in the dewlap. 
The theory was to counteract plethora but the benefit probably 
came rather from the formation of an actively granulating wound, 
which came in contact with the ground and received the bacillus. 
but. in which the abundance of air, and of active leucocytes. 
checked the propagation of the germ and the occurence of a 
fatal infection. A certain grade of immunity was the natural re- 
sult in many cases. S 

Immunization. As the first attack of emphysematous anthrax. 
secures for the subject of it immunity against a second, we are 
furnished with a reasonable basis for the practice of artificial im- 
munization. This has been attained by a variety of methods, the 
essential feature of each being the subjecting of the system of 
the animal to be treated, to the action of the toxins of the 
specific bacillus. 

1st. A culture of the bacillus made in the thermostat at 42 C, 
(107.6° F.) so as to prevent the formation of spores is then steri- 
lized by heating to 100° C. for one hour and then injected sub- 
cutem in a dose of 2 drams, to be repeated on the second day. 
This, like all the other methods named should be done by some 
one accustomed to bacteriological manipulation and the sterliza- 
tion completed by superheating the neck of the vessel containing 
the mixture. Any germs escaping on the hands, instruments or 
other objects used will prove fatal in spite of all the appearance: 
of precautions. 

2d. Roux sterilized his cultures by filtering them through a. 
porcelain (Pasteur) filter and using only the filtrate for injection. 
This requires even greater precaution in manipulation as what is 


LEmphysematous Anthrax 231 


left in the filter is most virulent, and must be thoroughly steri- 
lized to obviate dangers from its dissemination. 

3d. Intravenous injection of a small quantity of virus, con- 
taining but a few bacilli produces no local swelling, but only a 
slight temporary hyperthermia and permanent immunity. The 
greatest care is necessary in the manipulation, to prevent any 
contact of the bacillus with the subcutaneous tissues or the walls 
of the vein. The virulent exudate swarming with bacilliis taken 
and a drop or two added to a normal salt solution, which is di- 
luted and shaken in a stoppered bottle, until each drop contains 
but one, or at most two bacilli. Then the hands having been 
thoroughly washed with soap and warm water and rinsed in a 5 
per cent. solution of carbolic acid, and the instruments having 
been boiled, the vein is raised as for bleeding, and penetrated-by 
a short cannula and trochar, which after boiling has been dipped 
in the carbolic acid solution, the trochar is withdrawn, and the 
nozzle of the syringe containing the virulent solution is inserted 
through the cannula, so that its point is free in the centre of the 
blood stream, into which a few drops of the virulent solution are 
discharged. The nozzle is left in place for a few seconds to ensure 
the washing of any infecting matter from its point, when it is 
withdrawn, followed immediately after by the cannula. Great 
care should be taken to avoid any scratching of the inner coat of 
the vein with the cannula, trochar or nozzle. 

4th. Another method of immunizing is by the injection of the 
virulent liquid into the trachea, and bronchia. This appears to 
bring it so directly in contact with the blood, that the microbes 
are destroyed as rapidly as if it were introduced into the blood 
stream direct. The injection is made between two tracheal rings, 
the manipulation being essentially the same as in the cases of the 
vein, the tissues being first perforated by a sterilized cannula and 
trochar, and the sterilized nozzle subsequently inserted through 
the cannula. 

5th. Inoculation into the tip of the tail can be successfully em- 
ployed, the coldness of the region and the scantiness of the con- 
nective tissues preventing any dangerous increase of the bacilli in 
the cooler season. In the heat of summer, however, this is to be 
avoided as dangerous. The tail is first washed with soap and 
water followed by a 3 per cent. solution of phenol. It is then 


232 Veterinary Medicine. 


punctured with a fine trochar or needle, (sterilized), within two 
inches of the tip and in a downward direction and the instrument 
is moved slightly from side to side.so as to form a small sac, and 
is then withdrawn. ‘The sterilized nozzle of the hypodermic 
syringe is now inserted in the opening and a few drops of the 
virus injected intothe sac. When the nozzle has been withdrawn 
the thumb may be placed on the external orifice and the end of 
the tail manipulated to diffuse the virus in the connective tissue. 
This is usually followed by an insignificant swelling, and a slight 
rise of temperature. Should the swelling exceed the size ofa 
duck’s egg or if others appear higher up on the tail, they may be 
freely scarified and covered with acarbolic acid bandage. Or the 
tail may be amputated above the highest swelling and the stump 
treated with antiseptics. 

6th. The virus prepared by the Pasteur institutes, that of Arlo- 
ing, Cornevin and Thomas, is the most extensively employed. 
Forty grammes of the diseased muscle are dried rapidly at 32° C 
(90° F.) and triturated in 80 grammes of water. Thisis divided 
in 12 equal parts and put on plates in two thermostats, six at 
too° C. (212° F.) and six at 85° C. (185° F.) where they are 
kept for six hours, when it formsa dry, brownish powder. One 
tenth of a gramme (1% gr.) of this powder is dissolved in five 
grammes of distilled or boiled water and will furnish ten doses. 
The animal to be protected is first injected in the tip of the tailor 
elsewhere with the virus prepared at 100° C., and ten days later 
with that prepared at 85° C. 

By the use of this method in hundreds of thousands of animals 
oninfected lands, the mortality has been reduced to less than one 
tenth of its former amount. It is attended by the one danger 
which is not always duly appreciated, that unless its use is 
restricted to herds on ground that is already infected, it endang- 
ers the infection of new districts. The spores are not absolutely 
sterilized at 85°C. Arloing and Cornevin and later, Nocard and 
Roux have shown that the addition of lactic acid to the liquid 
which has been weakened for inoculation, restores it to its former 
virulence, making it a most deadly agent. Galtier says that the 
virus weakened by heating to 100° C. for seven hours until it will 
no longer killa mature Guinea pig, will still kill anew born Guinea 
pig and acquire all its original virulence intheact. Also thatthe 


’ 


Emphysematous Anthrax. 233 


injectton of large enough doses will not only kill the full grown 
Guinea pig, but at the same time restore the microbes to their 
former virulence. While recognizing the great economy of the 
judicious use of such weakened virus, we cannot but condemn 
the reckless sale by the Pasteur institutes of their products, to be 
used on animals on all kinds of lands, the uninfected as well as 
the infected. A great and valuable prophylactic measure should 
not be used in such a way as to increase the area of prevalence of 
the disease which is to be prevented, and also the yearly demands 
for more of the preventiveagent. This may appeal tothe business 
instinct, but this should ever be held subordinate to sanitary con- 
siderations. The danger might be avoided by making the state 
the sole distributor of such prophylactic agents, but in any case 
their use should be forbidden, and as far as possible prevented, 
upon dense and wet soils that are not yet contaminated by the 
bacillus. 

7th. Kitt secured immunization by inoculating once only, 
with dried virus which had been subjected for six hours to steam 
at 100° C. 

8th. In different outbreaks, I have taken the blood from the 
sick animal, or one that has just died, and heated it for over one 
hour in a water bath, at 100° C., then broken up the coagu- 
lated mass in well boiled water, filtered the liquid and used the 
filtrate for inoculation in doses of 2 drams, repeated the second 
day. Great care is taken in keeping the whole mass at 100° C. 
for the requisite length of time ; then in heating the upper part 
of the vessel, which was above the contents and the water so as 
to char anything adhering to it ; to see that hands, instruments, 
and all articles used have been thoroughly sterilized ; and to dip 
the hypodermic nozzle in carbolic acid before each injection. 

It is not claimed that this method is perfect, since severe, ad- 
vanced cases may have bacilli and even spores in the blood, and 
the latter would not be sterilized but only weakened. It has, 
however, several manifest advantages that may be held to more 
than counterbalance this danger. 

a. It almost infallibly secures the toxins of the disease pre- 
vailing in the particular herd, thus escaping the danger of using 
the weakened virus of emphysematous anthrax on some other 
disease (anthrax, Wildeseuche, Barbone, etc.), which has been 


234 Veterinary Medicine. 


mistaken for it, and which may not be prevented by this pur- 
chased product. 

6. During life the blood of emphysematous anthrax is usually 
free from the microbe, and even where that is present it is liable 
to be in very small numbers, so that we secure either the pure 
toxins, or if a few germs are present they are so scanty, that, 
weakened as they are by heat, they are without danger to the 
animal operated on. I have never had occasion to note evil 
results. “ 

c. There is no danger of the spread of the bacillus to new ter- 
ritory, as we secure the material from a herd in the already in- 
fected territory,and use it only onthe animals on the same land. 

The certainty of results with this method, and the comparative 
absence of danger of injury to the animal operated on, and of all 
risk of the extension of the area of infection appeal to me so 
strongly, that I would not willingly resort to the purchased pro- 
ducts, except where it proves impossible to secure the virus on 
the spot. 


ANTHRAX. 


Definition. Synonyms. History and geographical distribution. Eti- 
ology: Bacillus anthracis. Susceptible animals: small rodents, sheep, 
horse, camel, ox, goat, deer, stag, man, swine, dog, white rat and bird 
when chilled, frog when heated ; young most susceptible, races long ex- 
posed to infection are least. Soils, wet, dense, impermeable, basins, 
swamps, rich river bottoms, deltas, rich meadows, below tanneries, alkaline 
soils, wells with surface drainage ; season : wet, hot and dry, late summer 
and autumn ; flies; infected buildings, harness, vehicles, fodder, litter, 
butchers’ knives aud wagons, surgical iustruments ; insolation ; privation 
of water; plethora, starvation; overwork, exhaustion. Bacillus anthracis ; 
rod, non-motile, 5 to 204% by I to 1.5“, square ends, isolated in blood, often 
filamentous in cultures, sporogenous, serobic, stains easily in aniline and 
iodine, killed at 131° F. (spores at 203° to 282° F.), action under chemical 
disinfectants, or septic ferments ; air favors sporulation and survival ; in 
shallow graves, water. Infection atria, ingestion, inhalation, inoculation, 
insects, placenta. Forms : fulminant, internal, febrile, local,—external,— 
gloss-anthrax, pharyngeal, hemorrhoidal, subcutaneous. Lesions: blood 
normal in fulminant, dark, diffluent, crenated or disintegrated globules in 
prolonged cases, tissues brown or yellow, heart pale ; liverenlarged, softened, 
pale, hemorrhagic; spleen enlarged, blood-gorged, ruptured; lymph 


Anthrax. 235 


glands hyperzemic ; serosze congested, petechiated, hemorrhagic ; lesions 
embolic and like the blood swarm with bacilli. Toxins, ptomaines. Incu- 
bation 1 to 6days. Symptoms: internal cases: hyperthermia, constitu- 
tional disorder, mucosze dusky, brownish, yellowish, bleeds, bloody urine, 
rectal mucosa congested, blackish, colics, pharyngeal anthrax,blood difflu- 
ent, black, broken down red globules, bacilli, abortions, death in 12 to 48 
hours ; fulminant cases in cattle and sheep. Local (external) anthrax, 
cutaneous, swellings; gloss-anthrax ; pharyngeal, hemorrhoidal ; sheep 
and goats; horse; swine; dogs ; cats; birds. Differential diagnosis: deductions 
from symptoms, conditions of blood, animals attacked, environment or con- 
ditions of life, presence of the bacillus. Examination for bacillus. Post 
mortem lesions ; gelatinoid, bloody exudate, petechiz, blood-gorged spleen, 
lymph glands, and liver, diffluent blood, bacilli in capillaries. Inoculation 
intravenously. Cultures. Prognosis. Mortality often 70 per cent. 


Definition. Anthrax is an acute infectious bacteridian disease 
occurring casually in the herbivora and omnivora and, under favor- 
able conditions, communicable to carnivora, birds and batrachians, 
Its special features are the presence of the bacillus anthracis in the 
diseased parts, the destruction of red globules, the arrest of 
heematosis, the occurrence of capillary embolism, extravasations 
and exudations, and of necrotic processes in the affected parts, 
and a sanguineous engorgement of the spleen. 

Synonyms. Malignant pustule ; Splenic apoplexy ; Splenic 
Fever ; Charbon; Miltzbrand ; Woolsorter’s Disease ; Malignant 
Carbuncle ; Contagious Carbuncle. 

History and Geographical Distribution. As anthrax prevails 
in damp, undrained lands where agriculture is backward, it is 
not wonderful that it can be traced to near the dawn of human 
history when the whole race lived under primitive conditions. 
Moses records its ravages on the bottom lauds of the Nile. (Ex. 
ix. 9), Homer, on the plains of Troy (Iliad, Bk. rst), Ovid, 
Plutarch, Dionysius, Livy, Lucretia, Columella, Virgil, Pliny 
and the Arabian physicians all show a familiarity with a disease 
of this nature. ater, Heusinger collects evidence of its preva- 
lence in certain areas in all parts of the world from the equator 
to the Arctic circle. ‘The mortality was often very high, thus 
Kirchner records the death of 60,000 people in a single epidemic 
in 1617, in the vicinity of Naples, Placide-Justin, that of 15,000 
in St. Domingo in six weeks in 1770, and on the Russian and 
Siberian Steppes it is not uncommon for hundreds of thousands 


236 Veterinary Medicine. 


of domestic animals and thousands of human beings to suffer in 
a single year. 

The geographical distribution of the disease is largely influ- 
enced by soil and climate. On, dense impermeable clays and 
hardpan subsoils, on river bottom lands, dried lake basins and 
deltas, rich in organic matter, and with the air driven out by 
water or gaseous fermentation products, the germ is preserved 
and propagated if once introduced. Thus it is common around 
the mouth of the Nile, and along the occasionally inundated 
banks of the Vistula and Danube, the Spree, Oder, Elbe, Rhine, 
Eure, Loire, Seine and Marne, and in England in the Fen dis- 
trict. On the rich, undrained, black soils of Siberia it is ex- 
tremely prevalent and fatal. In the rich Genesee Valley, N. Y., 
the writer has seen 200 cattle in one herd and three human at- 
tendants attacked in the course of a fortnight, and in different 
meadows receiving the drainage of tanneries, the affection pre- 
vails every summer and autumn. It is much more prevalent, in 
the rich lands of the Southern States and a widespread and deadly 
epizootic prevailed in Louisiana in 1896. Where the soil is 
favorable, the germ may be preserved indefinitely, even in moun- 
tainous districts, and near Los Angeles, Cal., where the disease 
was introduced in imported sheep some years ago it has become 
permanently domiciled, on the dry ranges which have moist 
lands (Cienegas). When an outbreak occurs, the herds or flocks 
are usually moved to higher soil, and the carcasses being left un- 
burned and unburied the infection is spreading year by year 
(McGowan, Morrison). 

Etiology. Nothing is more certain than that the disease is due 
to the introduction into the blood or tissues of the bacillus anthracis 
or its spores. ‘These microbes are always found in the anthrax 
lesions andin the blood of the victim in the advanced stages. 
When grown in bouillon cultures to the hundredth generation 
they retain their virulence unabridged and determine the same 
lesions in the animals inoculated. When the infecting culture 
has been passed through a Pasteur filter the virulence is lost with 
the removal of the bacilli. The fresh anthrax blood containing 
bacilli but no spores when subjected to compressed oxygen (50 
atmospheres) becomes non-infecting. The same liquid when 
boiled proves non-virulent. , 


Anthrax. 237 


Certain conditions, however, contribute to the propagation and 
reception of the bacillus and these may be considered as accessory 
causes. 

Animals susceptible. The receptivity of the animal exposed 
is of first importance. Young animals are the most susceptible. 
The small rodents, the mouse, Guinea pig and rabbit are suscep- 
tible in the order named, followed by the sheep and horse and 
’ these again by the camel and ox. -Among the wild herbivora the 
goat, deer, and stag have a high susceptibility. Man is less sus- 
ceptible yet contracts the disease readily by inoculation, inhala- 
tion oringestion. Swine and dogs are comparatively little suscep- 
ible, yet they often contract the disease by eating the carcasses 
or discharges of anthrax animals. White rats and birds are held 
to be insusceptible, yet the latter contract the disease readily 
when the vitality of the system has been reduced by immersing 
the body in water, or giving antipyrine. A similar result is 
observed in the otherwise immune frog if the body is heated 
above the normal cold blooded temperature. The receptivity 
may vaty, however, in the same genus and species. The Alger- 
ian sheep is virtually immune from anthrax, perhaps because its 
ancestors have been so constantly exposed that only the insuscep- 
tible strains survived. Swine, birds and carnivora may have 
similarly acquired a fair measure of immunity by the survival of 
the fittest. Apart from this, however, a flesh diet is to a certain 
extent protective, thus Feser’s ratsif fed vegetable food proved 
susceptible to inoculated anthrax, while if fed on animal food they 
were comparatively immune. 

The animal that has survived an attack of anthrax is thereafter 
strongly immune. This serves to partly explain the apparent 
immuuity of animals bredin an anthrax district, the young animal 
becoming habituated to infinitesimal doses of the toxins, conveyed 
in the secretions of the uterine glands or mamme. 

Soil is a factorso far as it preserves and propagates the bacillus. 
As already stated, soils that are naturally wet by reason of their 
impermeable character, their position on or near the water level, 
their conformation in basins which dry out in late summer or 
autumn, are especially favorable to preservation of the bacillus. 
Again soils that are especially rich by reason of an excess of 
decomposing vegetable and animal remains, or because of exces- 
sive manuring, tend to preserve and multiply the microbe. Rich, 


238 Veterinary Medicine. 


flat meadows below tanneries or abattoirs, and irrigated from 
these or occasionally overflowed are especially dangerous to stock 
placed upon them. Soils with an alkaline reaction from the lime, 
potash or ammonia present are very favorable to anthrax. Wells 
receiving surface drainage are common factors in carrying infec- 
tion. 

Season is a contributing factor in various ways. Damp seasons 
sometimes bring the germ to the surface of the soil by the 
gradual elevation of the water level, or by causing inundations 
and the deposition of the bacillus on areas of pasture or forage 
that were previously free, or finally by bringing the earth-worms 
to the surface and leading to the deposition in their casts of the 
bacillus brought from the infected graves or retentive subsoils. 
Dry seasons are, however, the anthrax seasons par excellence, as 
they dry up swamps, fens, ponds, lakes, basins, deltas and bot- 
tom lands, and render them available for pasture. The germ- 
laden mud of these drying lands is also raised in dust and de- 
posited on the vegetation to be taken in by the animals. Again 
on the drying basins and bottom lands the tempting green vege- 
tation is often pulled up by the roots with adherent, infecting 
mud. For the above reasons, even in an anthrax region the malady 
is most prevalent in the late summer and fall, and in certain 
valleys like those of Corsica the stock is considered safe until the 
dry autumn weather demands their removal to the mountains. 

Another reason for the summer epizoOtics is found in the trans- 
ference of the germ by /es. House flies, horse-flies, blow- 
flies, mosquitoes, etc., carry the bacillus on their feet, mandibles 
or piercing apparatus, and even in their stomachs (Bollinger) and 
transfer it from one individual to another. It is worthy of note 
that the great majority of cases of local anthrax in man occur on 
the habitually uncovered parts of the body (face, neck, hands 
and arms) and start from a centre like the bite of an insect. 

Stables, stable utensils, harness, shafts, poles, fodder and litter 
are familiar bearers of the virus. Butchers’ knives and wagons 
and surgical instruments are further media of contagion. 

Certain conditions of the animal system expose it to attack. 
The fever and constitutional disturbance which are caused by 
the extreme heats of summer and autumn are strongly predisposing, 
especially if alternated with frigid nights as seen on the Siberian 
Steppes. Privation of water raises animal temperature and thus 


Anthrax. 239 


the drying up of the customary drinking places becomes an im- 
portant factor. Plethora and starvation are alike predisposing, 
probably by lessening the resisting power of the system. Over- 
work and exhaustion predispose, as Roger showed by making the 
immune white rat turn a wheel until worn out and then success- 
fully inoculating it. The addition of lactic acid to the virulent 
liquid (1:500) greatly encreases its potency (Arloing, Cornevin 
and Thomas) and the further addition of fermentescible sugar 
(and rest) enhances this still more (Kitt). ‘The production of 
lactic acid by muscular overexertion is thus a potent accessory 
cause in fatigue. In milk ducts of the susceptible it proves 
fatal : in those of the immune it lives indefinitely, killing slowly by 
toxine poisons and marasmus. (Nocard). 

Bacillus anthracis. This was first demonstrated in anthrax blood 
and exudates by Pollender and Brauel in 1849 and 1850 but as they 
failed to find it in all cases they concluded that it was not the essen- 
tial cause. Davaine who found the bacilli in 1850 suspected that 
they were pathogenic and by 1863 he had shown that blood which 
contained no bacilli was non-virulent, while that in which these 
organisms were present was constantly infecting. Klebs and 
Tiegel in 1871 filtered anthrax blood through an earthenware 
vase and found that the clear filtrate (bacillus-free) was non- 
infecting. 

The bacillus anthracis as found in the blood is a nonmotile rod- 
shaped organism, 5 to 20u long by I to 1.5 broad with ends 
apparently square, but really slightly cup shaped as seen in the 
stained specimens when two have remained connected end to end. 
Under favorable conditions a clear hyaline envelope may be seen 
around the bacillus. Though usually isolated in the living blood, 
yet in bouillon cultures the bacilli grow out into long flexible fila- 
ments, made up of separate segments which are easily distin- 
guished in the stained specimen. In all cultures out of the 
living animal body, in the presence of air and at a suitable tem- 
perature spores form endogenously in the bacilli, exceptionally 
polar, and are set free by the granular degeneration of the latter. 
In peptonized bouillon this may occur in four days at 14°C., or 
in eight hours at 37° to 40°C., but not above 42°C. (Schreiber. 
Centr. S. Bact. 1896). Sporulation never occurs in the living 
animal body. 

The bacillus is zerobic, yet it will grow at the bottom of a stick 
culture in solid media. It fails to grow in an atmosphere of CO,, 


240 Veterinary Medicine. 


H, or N. It stains readily in aniline colors, and also by Gram’s 
method. It grows freely on a variety of culture media (blood 
serum, aqueous humor, urine, vegetable infusions, milk, meat 
bouillon, peptonized gelatine, potatoes, etc.) at a temperature of 
20° to 38° C. Growth ceases below 12° C., and above 45° C. 
Growth is most active in neutral or slightly alkaline media, and 
is arrested by that which is decidedly acid. 

Action of physical and chemical agents on the bacillus anthracis. 
The bacilli survive a temperature of —45° C. (—49° F.), but they 
perish in to minutes at a temperature of 100° C (212° F). A 
temperature of 55° C. (131° F.), proves fatal if sufficiently pro- 
longed. ‘The spores are much more resistant. They havé sur- 
vived—130° C. (—202° F.) and though they may die in 10 
minutes in liquid media kept at 95° C. (203° .F), yet when old 
and dry it may require several hours at 140° C. (282° F.) to 
sterilize them. 

Even the bacilli are comparatively resistant to ordinary disin- 
fectants, and, as spores form in the body very rapidly after death, 
and in virulent products, it is always best to assume their pres- 
ence. Ina moist medium Cl. 44.7% destroyed the spores in 3 
hours: HCl (1: 1100) in 2 hours: HgCl (1: 1000) in a few 
minutes: HglI, (1 : 20000) in 2 hours: Malachite green (1: 14,- 
000) in 2 hours: Methyl violet (1 : 5000) in 2 hours: Aseptol 
(1: 10) in rominutes: Carbolic acid (4 : 100) with HCI (2 : 100) 
in 1t hour. 

Action of septic ferments on the bacillus anthracis. Rapid putre- 
faction in the anthrax carcass which has not been opened tends to 
speedy granular degeneration and death of the bacillus anthracis, 
so that the blood and tissues may be no longer infecting after six 
days in summer. In such cases the irrespirable gaseous products 
of decomposition drive out the oxygen without which the bacillus 
cannot live. If, however, spores have already formed or if airis 
freely admitted, the infection survives in spite of decomposition. 
The search for the bacilli may thus be fruitless as soon as decom- 
position is well advanced and the material can only be virulent 
through any spores that may have formed. Eventration serves 
to retard sepsis and admit air to form spores, and salting operates 
in a similar manner. 

The infected hides, the nasal, buccal, kidney and bowel dis- 
charges, and spilt blood and exudates mingling freely with the 


Anthrax. 241 


air tend to form spores and to preserve and propagate the conta- 
gion. On the contrary prompt and deep burial, without opening 
the carcass and before spores can have formed will usually ensure 
its destruction. The main danger in such cases comes from in- 
fecting matter (adherent to the surface of the body) which sporu- 
lates easily. ‘This serves to explain the great danger of working 
in anthrax hides, leather, horn, wool, hairs and bristles. It also 
explains sporulation and preservation of infection when the viru- 
lent excretions, blood, etc., mix with the surface layers of soil. 
This may happen at a greater depth (3 or 4 feet) in a very porous 
soil and where the temperature is sufficiently elevated (above 
14° C.) It may even occur in water. The dried spores are 
mostly carried in dust, hay, fodder, and running streams. 

Since 1892 anthrax has prevailed along the banks of the Dela- 
ware river for a distance of 40 miles in N. J. and Del., destroying 
from 70 to 80 per cent. of the farmstock. The great morocco in- 
dustry on this river draws infected hides from India, China, Rus- 
sia, Africa and South America, and the spores are carried and 
distrubuted by the tides. 

Infection-Atria. Infection may occur by a variety of channels 
as : ist, by zugestion, giving rise most commonly to anthrax of 
the mouth, throat or intestines; 2d, by zzhalation, giving rise 
to pulmonary anthrax (wool-sorter’s disease) : 3d, by zzoculation 
through contact of abrasions, wounds, etc., with infecting bodies, 
including surgical instruments: 4th, by flies and other insects : 
and sth, by transmission to the foetus in utero. This last form 
is very rare in the larger animals, but has been repeatedly seén 
in Guinea pigs, rabbits, goats and even in one case (Pangalli) in 
man. 

Forms of Anthrax in Domestic Animals. In the lower animals 
anthrax manifests itself differently according to the seat of in- 
vasion and the amount of the virus. ‘The worst forms, seen es- 
pecially in cattle and sheep, are so sudden that they have been 
called apoplectic or fulminant, Without premonitory symptoms 
there is sudden loss of appetite, trembling, haggard expression 
of face, uneasy shifting of the feet, irregular movements back- 
ward or to one side, dyspnoea, cyanosis, plaintive cries, convul- 
sions, ejection of blood by the nose or with urine or feeces, and 
death in a time varying from a few minutes to four hours. The 

16 


242 Veterinary Medicine. 


second type is the anthrax fever, known also as splenic fever, 
splenic apoplexy,. or internal anthrax. In this form there may 
be prodromata, especially in sheep, excitability, restlessness, and 
above all, a rise of temperature of often 3° or 4°. There may be 
distillation of drops of blood from the nose, eyes or ears, the mu- 
cosze become congested, and in sheep this may show on the finer 
parts of the skin, as inside the forearm or thigh’ Tremors, erec- 
tion of the hairs, dulness, prostration, lagging behind the flock 
or herd, insensibility of the loins to pinching, inappetence, ardent 
thirst, grinding of the teeth, colics, tympany, mucus coated, 
bloody or liquid feces, bloody urine, tumultuous heart beats, 
dyspnoea, dark, congested mucosz, amounting to cyanosis, and 
spasmodic contractions of the muscles of the back, neck or eyes. 
If blood is drawn it may appear abnormally dark in color and very 
slow to brighten under the action of the air, it may have a thick, 
tarry appearance, and forma very loose clot. Death, (usually 
in coma or convulsions) will supervene, in sheep under 24 hours, 
in cattle in 2 to 5 days, and in horses in 1 to6 days. ‘The third 
type is the Jocal or external anthrax, assuming in cattle the 
special forms of gloss-anthrax, pharyngeal anthrax, hemorrhoidal 
anthrax, cutaneous and subcutaneous anthrax. In horses most 
often same forms appear, in the tongue, throat, neck, shoulders, 
withers, flank or thigh. ‘These swellings have a firm or doughy 
feeling, are comparatively and sometimes wholly insensible and 
show a marked tendency to necrotic changes. When incised 
they show extensive blood extravasation, or a pale, straw-colored 
exudate mixed with sanguineous lines or patches, and manifest 
no tendency to suppuration, nor to emphysematous crepitation. 
These features distinguish them from phlegmon and emphysema- 
tous anthrax. When suppuration ensues it is tardy and indolent 
and is, on the whole, a favorable indication. In all cases the ba- 
cillus may be found on microscopic examination of the exudate. 

Lesions. Putrefaction of the carcass is usually rapid. In the 
very rapidly fatal cases the changes in the blood and tissues are 
often little marked, and after the removal of the enlarged, en- 
gorged spleen and infiltrated internal organs, the carcass might 
often be placed on the market without much suspicion. In more 
prolonged cases the blood is profoundly changed, being very 
dark, not subject to rapid zeration, and incapable of coagulating 


Anthrax. 243 


firmly orat all. The red globules are crenated or otherwise dis- 
torted, adhere to each other in irregular masses, and have parted 
with much of their hemoglobin which diffused in the serum 
stains the intima of the blood vessels and other white tissues. 
The leucocytes are relatively very much encreased. ‘The bacteria 
are easily found in the intervals between the globules. ‘The heart 
is often soft, discolored, as it were parboiled, with the endocardium 
deeply stained and the contained blood dark and diffluent or 
liquid. ‘The liver is usually enlarged, softened, friable, and as 
if parboiled, with many hemorrhagic patches. ‘The spleen is 
materially, often enormously enlarged, irregular in outline from 
extreme engorgement with blood, and in exceptional cases even 
ruptured, An encrease to two or three times the normal is 
common. ‘The bacilli are present in great numbers in the spleen, 
alike in the pulp, in the blood vessels and in the trabecule. 
The lymph glands are almost always hyperemic, hypertrophied, 
and softened, especially in the vicinity of the localizations of the 
tissue lesions. They may be merely petechiated, or they may 
seem like a mass of-black blood, and under pressure may break 
down readily into a sanguineous pulpy mass. Like the spleen 
they are favorite centres for the accumulation of the bacilli. 
The marked alterations in these glands will often indicate the 
channel by which the infection entered the body. The serosz 
are usually hyperzemic, with many hemorrhagic points and even 
extensive exudations, and they often enclose a sanguineous liquid 
The hyperzemia and points or patches of extravasation are to be 
found in any part of the body in which the bacilli have been 
colonized, thus they are common in the tongue, the throat, the 
lungs, the stomach or bowels, the mesentery, the omentum, the 
skin, the connective tissue, or the muscular system. ‘There may 
be bloody or gelatinoid exudation, but there are always the 
capillary embolisms, by irregular masses of blood globules, and 
bacilli. These embolisms, the arrest of heematosis and the de- 
structive action of the toxins on the red globules go far to account 
for the extreme fatality of the disease. 

Morbid poisons. Hoffa found in anthrax cultures a ptomain 
which killed with anthrax symptoms. Hankin obtained a deadly 
albumose which in small doses procured immunity. Brieger and 
Fraénkel separated a toxalbumin, and Martin too, a protalbumose 


244 Veterinary Medicine. 


and a deuteralbumose together with a ptomain. Marmier sepa- 
rated a toxin which did not give the reactions of the albuminoids, 
albumoses, peptones nor alkaloids. This was not poisonous in 
small doses, to animals possessing immunity—natural or artifi- 
‘cial. It was weakened but not destroyed by 110°C., and was 
rendered harmless by treatment with alkaline hypochlorites. Im- 
munity could be induced by its use in small nonfatal doses. This 
is present in the bacilli and being soluble in water can be secured 
from these by diffusion in watery fluids and especially so if aided 
by heat. 

Incubation. 'The implanted bacillus begins at once to multiply 
in the tissues, but the encrease is at first slow and the resulting 
morbid phenomena slight, so that there appears to be a period of 
incubation. In experimental inoculations in which this can be 
certainly noted it extends from one to two and even three days in 
the rabbit and Guinea pig, from two to four days in sheep, and 
from three to six days in horses and cattle. It may be shortened 
by giving an overdose and especially if this is introduced intra- 
venously, the chemical poisons apparently acting at once. In 
young animals, too, the period is shortened, unless they have been 
rendered refractory by a milk diet or otherwise. 

Symptoms. ‘These vary according to the species affected, and 
the seat of the disease, general or local, zzternal or external. In 
the latter case the febrile and constitutional disturbance is delayed. 
In the zzternal cases the fever is early and of a high type. 
Even before the animal appears to be seriously ill, while still 
keeping with the herd and showing life and vigor, there may be 
high temperature, 104° to 106° F., pulse and breathing accele- 
rated, heart beats tumultuous, tremors or shivering or perhaps 
only staring coat, anorexia, and grinding of the teeth. Later 
there may be drooping head and ears, dulness, a disposition 
to lie, apathy, stupor and somnolence. Nervous excitement 
and delirium have been noticed. The patient becomes weak, 
especially behind, comatose, and the temperature declines to, 
it may be, 97° or even 94° F., prior to death. The visible 
mucosee become dusky, brownish or yellowish, and streaks 
of blood may appear in the nose or elsewhere. The urine 
may be red, the faeces covered with mucus, or blood streaked, and 
the rectal mucosa of a violet tinge, or blackish and blood gorged. 


Anthrax. 245 


In this the vulvar mucosa often participates. Local swellings 
may appear in the tongue or pharynx, even if not on the surface, 
or colics indicate implication of the digestive organs. The exami- 
nation of the blood early reveals the presence of the bacillus, and 
as the disease advances, its black, incoagulable, tarry, or coffee- 
grounds appearance becomes characteristic. Pregnant animals 
are liable to abort. Death occurs in 12 to 48 hours. Most cases 
are fatal at the beginning of an outbreak, while later the great 
majority often recover. 

Fulminant cases (Anthrax acutissimus) occur mostly in cattle 
or sheep, in high condition, the victim being found dead in pas- 
ture or stall, without previous observation of illness, or, if seen 
during life there is the sudden attack, leaving food, muscular 
tremors, anxious expression of countenance, hyperthermia, 
dyspnoea, dark red mucosz, it may be streaks of blood on them, 
plaintive cries, rolling of the eyes, spasms or coma, and death in 
a few minutes to one or two hours. In sheep there may be sepa- 
ration from the flock, pawing, stretching, shaking of head, turn- 
ing in circle, dyspneea, falling, convulsive struggling, passing of 
blood by nose, kidneys or bowels and death. 

Local Anthrax in Cattle. Symptoms. In cutaneous anthrax 
the circumscribed swellings appear suddenly, and may grow to 
considerable dimensions on different parts of the skin, head, neck, 
breast, shoulders, abdomen, axilla, sheath, udder, or flanks. 
“There may be one or many, and they lack the acute early tender- 
ness, and later crepitation of black quarter. On white skins 
they are dark red, or violet, and when incised, show a gelatinoid, 
bloody, non-suppurating mass, abounding in bacilli. 

Gloss-anthrax implicates the whole, or.it may be the roots 
only, of the tongue and the fauces. There is profuse salivation, 
perhaps bloody, intermaxillary and pharyngeal swelling, anorexia, 
and the tongue is found protruding, swollen, violaceous, vesicu- 
lated or with rounded nodules, or sloughs and ulcers, with larda- 
ceous or blood stained bottoms. Hyperthermia and constitu- 
tional symptoms are present. 

Pharyngeal anthrax is manifested by swelling of the throat, 
profuse salivation more or less marked with blood, complete dys- 
phagia, attending on the marked febrile and constitutional symp- 
toms already described. 


246 Veterinary Medicine. 


Hemorrhoidal anthrax, a common complication of the consti- 
tutional disease, is manifested by infiltration, blood extravasation, 
violet discoloration and often enormous swellings of the rectal 
mucosa, seen mainly during straining, but sometimes also as a 
constant protrusion. 

Local Anthrax in Sheep and Goats. External anthrax 
swellings may form on the face, throat or udder with the general 
characters of those of the ox, but this form is much more rare 
than in cattle and hotses. ‘The usual form is the internal one, 
with engorgement of spleen, liver, and perhaps some other in- 
ternal organ, and it is relatively very fatal. 

Local Anthrax inthe Horse. Symptoms. In anthrax dis- 
tricts, tumors form in the seats of inoculations on sores, insect 
bites, or sometimes without apparent local cause, as a result per- 
haps of a generalinfection. The infiltration takes place suddenly 
into or beneath the cutis, mostly on the head, tongue, throat, 
neck, breast, shoulder, inguinal region, mammee, croup, or thigh, 
eucreases rapidly, but without crepitation, or suppuration, the 
incision showing the general characters described in the ox, and 
early attended by the constitutional disorder. The general fever 
is often later in developing, less intense, and, on the whole, less 
fatal than the purely internal forms. 

Anthrax in Swine. Symptoms. Swine are, on the whole, 
less susceptible than cattle, and on the strength of his laboratory 
experiments Pasteur denied their susceptibility. The mistake 
gained a wide acceptance, yet experienced practitioners knew 
that they were occasionally infected by eating the carcasses or 
droppings of anthrax cattle. I had seena number of swine die 
in common with cattle in an outbreak at Swineshead, Lincoln- 
shire, in 1863, and a like occurrence took place in East Lothian, 
and similar cases are reported by McFadyean, Trombitas and 
Von Ratz, while Crookshank and Perroncito have respectively 
inoculated the pig with success. In my experience at East 
Lothian a shepherd skinned an anthrax bullock and then cas- 
trated several litters of pigs, all of which died of anthrax. Much 
doubtless depends on the condition of the animal as regards food 
(flesh or vegetable) , the presence of lactic or other organic acid, 
the coincidence of infection with anthrax bacillus and one of 
those conditions, which habitually enhancesits virulence. There 


Anthrax. 247 


may be named venesection (Rodet) or its counterpart anzemia, 
the presence in the blood of inert powders—precipitates (Bar- 
dach), fatigue—sarco-lactic acid (Charrin and Roger), starvation 
—dyspepsia (Canalis and Morpurgo), privation of water (Per- 
nice and Allesi) , the products of previous or coincident illness 
(Galtier). 

The pig, infested by ingestion, suffers especially from pharyn- 

.geal and intestinal anthrax. There is marked swelling of the 

throat with stiffness, dysphagia, champing of the jaws, salivation, 
frothing about the lips tinged with blood, dark, violet discolora- 
tion or ulceration of the fauces and tonsils, retching, vomiting, 
hoarseness of grunt, extension of the swelling to the face, with 
petechial spots and patches, diarrhoea with frothy or bloody feeces, 
great muscular weakness, a disposition to lie, it may be actual 
paraplegia, with the usual accompaniments of hyperthermia, con- 
stitutional disorder, cyanosed, or dusky brown, reddish or yel- 
lowish mucose, and the black, incoaguable blood, with destruc- 
tion of the red globules. 

Anthrax in Dogs. Symptoms. In the outbreak at Swines- 
head, Lincolnshire, in which the pigs suffered, one shepherd dog 
contracted the disease from eating the carcasses. It took the 
pharyngeal and intestinal form, with dysphagia, vomiting, bloody 
diarrhoea and high fever. Straus found that young puppies were. 
very susceptible and old dogs refactory probably because of flesh 
diet and exposure. The excision of the spleen encreased the 
susceptibility to 76 per cent. instead of 20 per cent. (Bardach). 
Cornevin saw 5 dogs die the same night out of 7 that ate from an 
anthrax carcass. Much depends on the previous exposure and 
existing condition of the dog. 

Cats have been observed to suffer under similar conditions. At 
Geneseo in 1877 I found that a cat and three young horses died 
from licking the blood from a stoneboat on which an anthrax 
hide had been carried. 

Anthrax in Birds. Symptoms. Birds (chickens) are natur- 
ally less susceptible than swine, yet they succumb readily to 
inoculation, when the body has been cooled by partial immersion 
in cold water. Caplewsky found that, apart from artificial 
chilling, young pigeons of certain breeds were easily infected, 
and Gémler successfully inoculated smallbirds, sparrows, finches, 


248 Veterinary Medicine. 


canaries, yellowhammers, redbreasts. The larger birds are more 
resistant but succumb readily if dosed with chloral hydrate or 
antipyrin (Wagner). Birds of prey seem to be immune. 

In chickens the disease is very acute, of rapid progress and 
fatal. A few hours after inoculation they are seized with dul- 
ness, debility, sunken head, drooping wings and tail, ruffled 
feathers, and dark red or black discoloration of comb and wat- 
tles. Dark colored anthrax swellings may appear on these last, 
on the eyes, tongue, palate or feet, and the obstruction of breath- 
ing may cause general cynosis. Weakness is extreme, the bird 
staggers, or is unable to rise, has violent tremors or convulsions, 
with bloody diarrhcea, and perishes after a few hours, or a day’s 
illness. ‘The presence of anthrax in the locality, or in other spe- 
cies, will be to some extent a safeguard against confounding 
chicken cholera, entero-hepatitis, Birdpest, or malignant cedema 
with this affection. The crucial diagnosis is based, as in other 
animals, on the discovery of the characteristic bacillus. 

Differential Diagnosis. ‘The suddenness of the attack, hyper- 
thermia, dusky, cyanotic, petechiated mucosze, the escape of 
blood from mucous surfaces, the dark, tarry blood, brightening 
imperfectly on exposure to the air, its comparatively loose coag- 
ulum, the crenation and destruction of red globules, the staining 
of the serum with heematoidin, the leucocytosis, the engorged, 
enlarged liver and spleen, and the gelatinoid or bloody swell- 
ings, not gasogenic as in black quarter or malignant cedema, to- 
gether present a picture which is strongly suggestive of anthrax. 
If the malady affects domestic animals generally, is especially 
virulent in cattle, sheep and horses, and attacks even man; if 
the district is subject to anthrax, or of a rich, damp soil which 
would favor the preservation of the bacillus anthrax ; if it isin 
the line of watershed from stock-markets, abattoirs, tanneries, 
rendering works, glue factories, packing houses, sausage fac- 
tories, or phosphate works; if forage or new stock has been in- 
troduced from an anthrax district; and if the outbreak has taken 
place with a high soil-water level, or during a dry, hot season, 
the case for anthrax will be strengthened. 

The final tests are known by the microscope and inoculation. 
To discover the bacillus a power of 400 to 500 diameters is desir- 
able. From the living animal take a drop of blood, exudate or 


x. 


Anthrax. 249 


heemorrhagic extravasation, make a thin film on a cover-glass by 
drawing across it the straight edge of another one, dry the film, 
then pass it three times through the alcohol flame, film down- 
ward, stain in anilin dyes, clear with acetic acid and examine. 
The bacillus is large (5 to 20m by 1 to 1.5), nonmotile, of uni- 
form thickness throughout, and sharply cut off at theends. The 
bacillus of blackquarter is shorter, often club-shaped because of 
spore in one end, has rounded ends, is flagellate, motile and gas- 
ogenic. ‘That of malignant cedema is much thinner, has rounded 
ends, sluggish movements and is gasogenic. ‘The bacillus sub- 
tilis (hay bacillus) is short, thick, with rounded ends, each bear- 
ing a flagellum and is motile. The proteus vulgaris (common 
septic saprophyte) is small, short, with rounded ends and very 
active movements. If the subject is dead we may examine the 
blood, or the scraping from the cut surface of the spleen, liver, 
kidney, congested lymph gland or other part bearing the lesion. 

If we find in the carcass exudates, gelatinoid or bloody (espe- 
cially the latter), petechize, dark, uncoagulated blood, brighten- 
ing little on exposure, blood-gorged spleen, congested or hzemor- 
rhagic condition of one or more internal organs, muscle or con- 
nective tissue (particularly of the lymph glands), if the muscles 
of the loins, quarters, thighs, diaphragm, or elsewhere, are soft, 
as if parboiled, salmon-colored, clammy, friable, or if reddish, 
yellowish, brownish, with petechize, and capillary embolism, the 
case will require criticalexamination. If the first examination 
fails to show bacilli, repeat it from different lesions until tho- 
roughly satisfied of their absence, or until another cause for the 
condition has been discovered. The blocking of the capillaries 
with bacilli in the various lesions is a most important point, never 
to be overlooked. 

In case of uncertainty, inoculation of a Guinea pig, mouse or 
rabbit should be made. The blood or scraping from the seat of 
a lesion is made into an emulsion, if necessary, and injected sub- 
cutem. A single bacillus will destroy a mouse or Guinea pig in 
from one to four days, and the blood shows the characteristic 
bacilli. 

One must, however, preclude the possibility of septic bacteria 
excluding or obscuring the bacillus anthracis, by taking the in- 
oculating material from the blood of the living animal, or from 


250 Veterinary Medicine. 


the same, or the tissues as shortly after death as possible. Fif- 
teen hours may be altogether too late for inoculation. ‘To ex- 
clude the anerobic bacteria of black-quarter, malignant cedema, 
and septic affections, make an emulsion of the suspected material 
in sterilized water, filter through a boiled cloth, and inject a 
strong dose into the auricular vein of a rabbit. The anzerobic 
bacteria perish in the blood, and, if anthrax bacilli are present, 
they are found in pure cultures. 

In inoculating suspected water or infusion of forage the intra- 
venous method should be adopted. Another resort is to make 
two artificial cultures, one in free air, and the other in an atmos- 
phere of nitrogen or carbon dioxide. The bacillus anthracis de- 
velops in the first, the anzerobes in the second. 

Prognosis. Mortality, Fulminant cases are uniformly fatal. 
Acute intestinal cases are usually fatal in 70 to 90 per cent. of 
the animals attacked at the beginning of an outbreak. Toward 
the decline most cases may recover. Ina herd of 200 head, at 
Avon, N. Y.,-in 1875, 40 fat bullocks died in two weeks, and 
50 more showed a marked hyperthermia, yet under a change of 
pasture and antiseptics, all but two of the latter recovered. As 
serving to identify the disease, three attendants suffered from 


malignant vesicle, but recovered. 
4 


SUPPRESSION AND PREVENTION OF ANTHRAX 
IN HERDS. 


Less simple or easy than in plagues. Germ survives in soil and water. 
Extinction not always possible. Killing: conditions demanding it ; when 
unwarranted. Kill without shedding blood or opening carcass. Body 
burned ; if buried, five feet deep, in porous soil, distant from wells, ponds 
and rivers. Fence graves, burn grass. Disinfection of hides, litter, fodder, 
manure, excretions, stables, etc.: of bodies that must be moved, of build- 
ings, yards, utensils, etc. Isolation of unaffected on porous soil ; surveil- 
lance. Sales interdicted, milk, butter, cheese. Immunization: by toxins 
which stimulate leucocytes to form defensive products : anti-toxins. Eosin- 
ophile cells, action of spleen and liver. Mellituria. Protection by a mini- 
mum dose, by enfeebled virus—modes of lessening potency, Pasteur’s 
‘‘vaccin,’’ its drawbacks and dangers, its technique; by soluble toxins in 
sterile solution, author’s experience, apparent failures, advantages. Drain- 
age—eration of land. Prevention of importation and diffusion. Thera- 
peutic treatment. 


Suppression and Prevention of Anthrax in Herds. 251 


Prevention of anthrax in animals is equally important for the 
sanitation of herds and human beings. It involves the purging 
from the anthrax bacillus of the infected lands and drinking sup- 
plies, and in this respect the disease is much less amenable to 
thorough and speedy extinction than is a simple plague in which 
the germ does not live and multiply outside the animal body. 
In some localities the extinction of the germ may be confidently 
counted on and secured; in others this may be impossible, and 
other measures of protection must be resorted to. 

Killing of the Sick and Disposal of the Carcass. 'This is not 
always so imperative as in the obligatory parasitic infections, 
since the destruction of the sick still leaves the germ present in 
the soil and water. If, however, the infection has just been in- 
troduced, on hitherto uninfected soil, by the arrival of new ani- 
mals, and, if the new location is in any way favorable to perma- 
nent colonization by anthrax bacillus, and if the diseased and 
suspected animals cannot be kept secluded so as to absolutely ex- 
clude these dangers, or again, if the diseased herd or its remnant 
is to be moved on to another locality, slaughter is the obvious 
sanitary resort. 

The animal should be killed on the premises to avoid the 
danger of scattering the infectious discharges in transit ; it must 
not be bled nor cut open, as the admission of air determines the 
formation of the resistant spore ; and the carcass must be burned, 
boiled, or rendered in superheated steam under pressure, or 
finally dissolved in strong mineral acids. If buried, it must be 
in open, porous soil, far apart from any well, pond, river or 
bank where the liquids may leach out, and the body must be 
wholly covered to a depth of at least five feet. The graves must 
be well fenced in from all stock, fora number of years, and no 
forage grown on them can be safely fed to animals, as the bacil- 
lus can be brought to the surface by earth worms or soil water. 
I have known cattle to become infected by licking the fluid 
which escaped above a stratum of clay, on the deep bank of a 
river, at some little distance from where an anthrax carcass was 
buried in the surface sandy loam. A covering of coal-tar. 
chloride of lime, or of sand charged with sulphuric acid is an 
admirable precaution. 

As ameasure of economy the skins may be removed, if at 


252 Veterinary Medicine. 


once, on the spot, plunged for 12 hours in a 5 per cent solution 
of carbolic acid, or cresyl, or creolin or in a 2 per cent solution 
of sulphuric acid, and, if the knives and other instruments used 
are placed in boiling water for half an hour. The same will 
apply to fleeces. 

Disinfection. All litter, fodder, manure, urine, and other ex- 
cretions, or products; all stalls, feeding troughs, sheepfolds 
covers, halters, harness, wagons, poles, shafts, and other ob- 
jects used about the animals, or soiled by them or their products, 
should be disinfected by burning, flaming or scalding (boiling), 
when applicable, by one of the above disinfectants, by mercuric 
chloride (5:1000), by formalin, or other potent antiseptic. Ex- 
tensive dungheaps, too wet to burn, may be sprinkled freely 
with strong mineral acids, or mercuric chloride.in solution, 
piled in compact mass, covered with chloride of lime and finally 
with a thick layer of earth, and fenced in from all stock. 

If carcasses must be moved to the grave, rendering works, or 
elsewhere, they should be sponged with carbolic acid solution, 
formalin, or mercuric chloride, and each of the natural openings 
firmly plugged with tow or cotton soaked in the same material, 
so that no infecting matter may drop on the way. ‘They should 
on no account be dragged on the ground, but carried on a wagon 
or stoneboat, which should be afterward carefully disinfected. 
Men or animals, entering an infected place, should be disinfected 
on leaving : especially hands and feet. 

All roads, yards and pastures, where the sick have been, and, 
above all, where manure, saliva or urine has fallen, should be 
subjected to thorough disinfection, or the surface layer removed 
and deeply buried. When available a concrete or asphalt floor 
should be placed in the buildings. 

Isolation. Movement from Infected Ground. It has long been 
known that the movement of an infected herd from the con- 
taminated pasture to another, will often at once check the de- 
velopment of new cases. In Sardinia and Auvergne the flocks 
and herds were yearly moved on the approach of autumn, from 
the rich valley, and bottom lands, to the drier hill pastures, to 
avoid or lessen the decimation that otherwise inevitably overtook 
them. ‘his is in keeping with the enzodtic nature of the 
malady which arises more from the microbe preserved in the 


Suppression and Prevention of Anthrax in Herds. 253 


soil than from the sick animal direct. T'wo precautions are 
necessary in making such change of locality: rst, Animals al- 
ready infected should not be moved on to such new pasture; 
and 2d, The pasture to which the stock is moved should be en- 
tirely free from the impermeability (clay, hard pans), and 
saturation with water (swamps, basins, low bottoms) which 
would ensure the permanent preservation of any microbe planted 
there. Elevated, sandy, argilaceous or loamy soils are to be 
selected. To these the animals of the infected herd, which by 
their appearance and thermometry may be pronounced sound, 
should be removed and kept under careful supervision, especially 
as regards thermometric tests. Any showing symptoms of an- 

thrax should be at once taken back to the infected herd. If 
' they have stood in stalls, for milking or otherwise, these should 
be disinfected, and they should be carried in wagons or driven 
by unfrequented roads. ‘Their droppings should be carefully dis- 
infected. : 

If, in the absence of anthrax symptoms, animals must be kept 
in the infected lot, or returned to it, they should be immunized. 

Lnterdiction of sales. No animal in the infected, herd which 
shows a rise of temperature, should be sold even for slaughter. 
No animal should be sold for stock purposes until the disease 
has completely subsided. Any animal; in the infected herd, 
which shows no hyperthermia nor other sign of anthrax, may 
be sold for immediate slaughter, subject to a critical expert 
examination of the cadaver for anthrax. Milk, the product of 
an infected herd, and butter and cheese made from such milk, 
should not be used as food. If such members of the herd as 
show no hyperthermia or other symptom of anthrax, can be 
held apart as a separate herd, in a disinfected place, and under 
careful thermometric observation, their dairy products may be 
used. 

Immunization. A number of different methods have been 
practiced of rendering animals refractory to the bacillus anthra- 
cis, but all are apparently based on the production in the system 
of defensive products, as the result of a nonlethal poisoning with 
anthrax toxins. It is true of anthrax as of many other infec- 
tions that a first attack protects against a second. In all ani- 
mals there is a certain measure of defensive power against the 


ry 


254 Veterinary Medicine. 


bacillus anthracis, amounting in some cases to virtual immunity, 
and in others having very little effect. The object in immu- 
nizing is to stimulate to the encrease of these defensive products 
in quantity or power until an ordinary dose of the bacillus will 
fail to colonize the tissues or the blood. In considering this sub- 
ject a clear distinction must be made between the simple bacteri- 
cidal and the antidotal or antitoxic products found in the serum 
of immune animals, and the toxins which are produced by the 
bacilli. The soluble antitoxic and bactericidal agents found in 
the serum of the immune, may be employed for therapeutic pur- 
poses to preserve life in an animal which has received a lethal 
dose of the bacillus anthracis, but, as these are rapidly eliminated 
from the system, their protective power is very short-lived, and 
if some bacilli survive the period of their presence and potency, 
or if the bacilli are introduced into the system later, the animal 
may fall a victim to anthrax as if no such protective agent had 
been used. Behring showed that the blood-serum of the white 
rat proves fatal to the bacillus anthracis, but Metchnikoff pointed 
out later that it must be brought in contact with the bacillus in 
order to prove effective, whereas if the serum and bacillus were 
injected at different parts of the body no protection was obtained. 
The antidotal or bactericidal action of the serum of an immu- 
nized animal acts at once, whereas a permanent immunity cannot 
be established before about fifteen days. The serum of the im- 
mune animal contains the following elements antagonistic to an- 
thrax: Antitoxin or leucomain, which may be poisonous to the 
bacilli, or chemical antidotes to their products: globulicidal prin- 
ciples which distort or disintegrate the blood globules and release 
their contents, including the bactericidal nucleins : precipitzns, 
agglutinins, etc. All such agents, when injected into the sys- 
tem, are present only for'a limited time, and while they may be 
subservient to a temporary immunity, they can give uo perma- 
nent protection and must be considered mainly as therapeutic 
agents. 

A permanent immunity must depend on a stimulation of the 
system to the production of these defensive agents de ovo or in 
encreased quantity. This must be done by exposure of the 
tissues to the toxins of the bacillus anthracis, and is accomplished 
slowly. All the tissues that engage in the production of the de- 


Suppression and Prevention of Anthrax in Herds. 255 


fensive agents can not be certainly stated, yet certain indications 
show that the eosinophile cells of the blood are presumably im- 
portant factors in this work. The spleen as the seat of ex- 
tensive blood changes, and as preéminently the seat of election 
of internal anthrax is probably involved. The dogs from which 
Bardach had removed the spleen were found to be three times as 
susceptible to anthrax as were the dogs that had not been 
operated on. Leo’s rats, in which he had produced mellituria 
by the administration of phloridzin were found to be much more 
susceptible to anthrax. This together with the habitual impli- 
cation of the liver in internal anthrax, suggests the existence of 
a certain protective power in the products of the healthy liver. 

The practical problem for the sanitarian- is to develope the 
habit of producing defensive products without imperilling life. 

By Minimum Dose. Chauveau and Colin secured this in the 
larger animals by intravenous injection of a minimum dose,—one 
or two bacilli. This is more lasting in effect if a second and 
stronger dose is injected some days later. 

By Weakened Virus. ‘This has been secured by heating the 
defibrinated blood to 55° C. for ten minutes (Toussaint); Pasteur, 
Chamberland and Roux accomplished the same end by making 
anthrax cultures at 42” to 43°C. in presence of air; Chauveau 
by subjecting the virulent culture for 8 days to oxygen under 
a pressure of 8 atmospheres at a temperature of 38° C.; Chamber- 
land, Roux and others have cultivated the bacillus in weak 
antiseptic bouillons as phenic acid (1:600 or 1200), bichromate 
of potash (1:2000 or 5000), sulphuric acid (2:100). 

Other methods have been followed, as growing the bacillus in 
the blood or serum of immune animals (dog, chicken, pigeon, 
white rat, frog). 

Of these different methods that of Pastenr has been most ex- 
tensively adopted. The temperature of culture (42° C.) prevents 
the formation of spores and the duration of exposure to air 
gradually lessens the virulence until in 12 or 13 daysit is not fatal 
to the Guinea pig and after 31 days it fails to kill the young mouse. 
Thus preparations of varying grades of virulence, and adapted 
to the varying susceptibility of different animals, are secured. 
The protective inoculation is made by preference in spring, when 
there is less chance of complication by a coincident accidental in- 


256 Veterinary Medicine. 


fection. It is to be avoided in animals at hard work, in advanced 
gestation, in full milk, in extreme youth or in ill health. To 
secure the best results it should be repeated with a stronger pre- 
paration 10 or 15 days after the first injection. The acquired 
immunity lasts a year or over and is probably perpetuated by 
new and nonfatal doses taken in casually on the anthrax pastures. 
Hundreds of thousands of live stock in all parts of the world 
have been treated in this way with the result of reducing a mor- 
tality of 2, 5 or 10 per cent. to insignificant proportions. It can 
only be safely adopted on anthrax lands, as elsewhere it thay lead 
to the stocking of new areas with a malignant germ which in 
young and susceptible animals reacquires its original virulence. 
It can never be safely ignored that we are dealing with the 
living seed of a most deadly infection. Though robbed of a 
large part of its virulence by artificial culture at 107.5°F., yet 
many accidental conditions contribute to a relapse to its original 
potency, and when it has once killed a victim the renewed vir- 
ulence is usually persistent. Ifthe virus, employed for protec- 
tive purposes in cattle and sheep, is inoculated on Guinea pigs of 
1 to 30 days old, from these to those of several months, and from 
these last on sheep, the virulence is constantly and persistently 
enhanced. The same is true of the microbe which is inoculated 
on a succession of pullets of steadily encreasing ages (Roux and 
Chamberland), or on a succession of pigeons (Metchnikoff). The 
germs reinforced in potency in any such way are liable to be the 
starting points for dangerous infections in animals and permanent 
contamination of soils and waters. Fortunately an occurrence 
of this kind is rare, yet with a wide application of the Pasteurean 
inoculation the opportunities are great, and with the free sale 
and distribution of the enfeebled anthrax ‘‘vaccin’’, the evil 
may grow indefinitely. The method departs from the ideal one, 
which aims at a final extinction of the disease, and accepts in 
place a more temporary protection of the generation which makes 
up the herd or flock at a given time, with no consideration for 
the generations that are to come after. Eradication of anthrax 
cannot always be secured, yet every effort should be made to 
attain it, and above all to check its infection of new land. 
Technique. 'The weakened virus (1st ‘‘vaccin’’) is sold in 
tubes holding enough for 100, 200 or 300 sheep. Of this %th 


Suppression and Prevention of Anthrax in Herds. 257 


cc, is injected subcutem on the inner side of the thigh of the 
mature sheep, and 12 or 15 days later a similar dose of the 
stronger preparation (2d ‘‘vaccin’’). For the ox or horse double 
theamount (th cc.) is used, being injected behind the shoulder, 
and on the side of the neck of the respective animals. The dose 
is graduated in the different subjects according to the size and 
age, yet a considerable latitude is permissible. ‘The syringe must 
be disinfected before and after inoculations by a 5 per cent. so- 
lution of carbolic acid, or by boiling, and the nozzle should be 
dipped in strong carbolic acid immediately before and after each 
insertion. This will greatly obviate infection of the liquid used 
and of the wound by any virulent germs lodged on the surface of 
the skin. The liquid to be injected should be used as soon as 
possible after preparation, and if kept should be in a dark cold 
place, and if the tube is once opened the whole of its contents 
should be used the same day,—never kept over. The second, 
stronger preparation should never be used until the system has 
been prepared for it by the use of the first. 

By the Soluble Toxins in Sterile Solution. In 1884 in an out- 
break of anthrax at Skaneatles, N. Y., I drew blood from an 
anthrax cow, subjected it to 212° F. for 30 minutes, dissolved 
out the soluble toxins in boiled water, and injected the product 
subcutem, in a dose of 2 to 4 cc. according to size, into every ap- 
parently healthy member of the herd, excepting one, which was 
left asa check. ‘The check animal died of anthrax which all 
the others escaped. 

Since that time I have personally used it in every herd where 
opportunity offered, and with equally good results. In an out- 
break near Elmira, Dr. Moore adopted it in a large dairy herd, 
and the disease was at once arrested. 

In several experimental cases at the N. VY. S. V. College, the 
outcome was not so satisfactory, and in a herd in Oneida Co., N. 
Y., it is said to have failed to check the disease. 

Notwithstanding these untoward results in other hands, I am 
still confident that we have in this a measure of no little value, 
and worthy of application in suitable cases. A certain percentage 
of failures in immunization are to be looked for. Even cowpox 
vaccination is not always protective against itself: I knew one 
man who was successfully vaccinated every three years in a com- 


17 


258 Veterinary Medicine. 


paratively long series. Many habitually self-limiting diseases 
relapse in particular individuals. Even in the case of anthrax, 
excess of glucose or lactic acid in the system, and the lack of 
some unknown influence of the spleen are respectively destruc- 
tive of immunity. After the Pasteurian inoculation a certain 
number of inoculated animals are lost, it may be between the 
first and second injection, or it may be ‘‘ two or three months ”’ 
after the latter (Galtier). We must also bear in mind that in 
an infected herd or flock, there are almost always a certain number 
already infected at the time of the protective inoculation, and as 
the protective conditions are slowly established, through the 
action of the leucocytes, it is unreasonable to expect that serious 
illness and death can be obviated in such animals. 

In inoculation with the Pasteur lymph, the bacillus is held not 
to enter the blood, a position supported by the researches of 
Bitter, Perroncito, Wissokovicz, Lubarsch, Metchnikoff, Chamber- 
land and Roux, so that the resulting immunization must come 
from the toxins. Add to this that Chauveau (1885) conferred 
immunity on a sheep by injecting intravenously, anthrax blood, 
defibrinated, and sterilized by heat; Arloing obtained immunity 
in the sheep by injecting, subcutem, the clear supernatant liquid 
from old bouillon cultures of anthrax, from which all bacilli had 
been precipitated ; Roux and Chamberland obtained the same 
result by using the pulp of an anthrax spleen, treated with 
essential oil of mustard, so as to destroy the life of the bacillus, 
and then evaporated in vacuo to remove the essence. Small 
doses proved more effective than when the splenic pulp had 
been filtered or sterilized by heating to 58° C. 

The advantages of using sterilized toxins are numerous : 

ist. As the material can be derived from a case of the out- 
break in hand, there is no risk of using the anthrax protective 
inoculation for black quarter, heemorrhagic septiceemia or other 
disease which is so often confounded with it. 

2d. ‘There is no danger of the sudden enhancing of the potency 
of an enfeebled microbe on account of some condition of the 
animal inoculated, as no living microbe is employed. 

3d. There is no possibility of planting the anthrax bacillus 
on new soil, as is so liable to take place in using the weakened 
but still vital microbe. 


/ 


Suppression and Prevention of Anthrax in Herds. 259 


4th. ‘There is no necessity for the care and cost of holding 
the inoculated animals apart by themselves, under official veter- 
inary control for 15 days, of witholding their products from 
market, or of disinfecting the place where they have been kept. 
On the contrary, the animals inoculated can be treated in every 
way as if no such injection had been made. 

Thorough Drainage and Aeration of Land. ‘The most complete 
and permanent method of eradicating anthrax is by thorough 
zeration of the soil. Indry, sandy or gravelly soils, having a 
good natural or artificial drainage, and not underlaid by an 
impermeable damp stratum, the bacillus is never permanently 
found, and if introduced, is slowly robbed of its virulence by 
the action of the oxygen. When a soil can be well and per- 
tmanently crated by thorough underdrainage, a few years suffice 
to rob it of its infecting property and render it salubrious. In 
many localities, however, this is actually and economically im- 
possible, so that the owner is thrown back on the alternatives, 
of abandoning the soil for stock keeping, or of immunizing all 


the animals placed on it. 
Prevention of Importation of Anthrax. To prevent the intro- 


duction of anthrax into a country or district, the usual control 
must be exerted on trade in cattle and their products, as in the 
case of other infectious diseases. Live stock coming from an an- 
thrax-infested country or district must be excluded, or admitted 
only after quarantine of 6 to 10 days and the disinfection of the 
surface of the animal. Dried hides, horns, hoofs, hair, wool and 
bristles are even more dangerous, as they are liable to hold the 
microbe in the spore form which will survive indefinitely and 
plant the disease widely. The recent great extension of the dis- 
ease along the Delaware River, in connection with the morocco 
factories, which draw their hides from the most virulently an- 
thrax regions (India, China, Russia, Africa, South America) is 
a strong case in point, and nearly every tannery planted on a 
favorable soil is an example on a smaller scale. Disinfection of 
all such products on arrival is essential. But this should be 
thorough and no question of trouble nor expense should stand in 
the way. If the trade cannot stand the expense, it has no right 
to exist where it is, threatening as it does, ruin, local and ulti- 
mately general, of agriculture on which all other industries are 


260 Veterinary Medicine. 


based. Similar control is demanded of live stock products from 
infected regions in America. 

The control of home markets, stockyards and abattoirs is no 
less important. Fortunately the disease is short-lived and dead- 
ly, and is much more easily discovered and arrested than in the 
case of plagues, with prolonged incubation and frequently occult 
form (glanders, tuberculosis). An inspection of the various 
markets, and the detention of herds that have shown anthrax in- 
fection would do much to limit extension. This would entail 
the disinfection of the infected places, cars, boats, harness, cloth- 
ing, and other things, and of the skins of the healthy animals of 
the infected herd. ~ 

The Therapeutic Treatment of anthrax in animals must in the 
main follow in the same lines given below for the human being ; 
locally, antiseptics (mercuric chloride or iodide, Luzol’s solu- 
tion, hydrochloric acid, phenic acid, iodized phenol, creoline, 
cresyl, oil of turpentine, formalin, salicylic acid, scarification, 
excision of the primary sore or swelling with antisepsis, antisep- 
tic injections into the swelling). Internally, there have been 
employed, dilute phenic acid, creolin, terebene, calomel, quinine, 
hydrochloric acid, bichromate of potash, tincture of iron chlo- 
ride, etc. (See below). 


ANTHRAX IN MAN. 

Causes: infection from animals and their products, from soil, by flies, by 
dust. An industrial disease, of workers among animals and animal pro- 
ducts. Woundsas infection atria, ingestion, anthrax, inhalation. Lesions: 
malignant vesicle, anthrax oedema, intestinal anthrax : pulmonary anthrax. 
Symptoms: malignant vesicle, cedematous anthrax, intestinal, pulmonary. 
Prevention. Treatment: caustics: antiseptics, excision of nodule and sub- 
sidiary glands, mercurial ointment, iodine, sodium bicarbonate. For intesti- 
nal anthrax: emetic, oleaginous purgatives, potassium iodide, sodium 
salicylate, iron muriate, heart stimulants. For pulmonary anthrax: in- 
hale chlorine, iodine, bromine, phenic acid, eucalyptol, oi] of cinnamon, 
sterilized cultures of prodigiosus, pneumo-coccus of Friedlander, bacillus 
pyocyancus, staphylococcus aureus, or streptococcus: blood serum of 
immune animals : blood serum (sterilized) of anthrax cattle. 


Causes. Anthrax in man is usually the result of contamina- 
tion by infected animals or their products. It is quite possible 
that man, like animals, may be infected directly from the soil or 


Anthrax in Man. 261 


water, or from the same source through the medium of flies or 
windblown dust, yet undoubted cases of this kind are rare or un- 
recognized. The animal origin of the disease, as regards man, 
makes this largely an industrial affection, attacking shepherds, 
cattlemen, horsemen, farmers. drovers, butchers, veterinarians, 
tanners, and workers, in hides, wool, hair, bristles, furs, hoofs, 
bones, rags, felt, glue and even leather. ‘The sound skin is suffi- 
cient protection, but the slightest abrasion may form an infection 
atrium. (Workers in tanneries and those who live near them are 
notoriously subject to anthrax. ‘The hides must of course be 
drawn from an anthrax region. Russian, Armenian, South 
American, Australian and African. Hides have an especially 
bad reputation. The British Medical Journal, May 21st, 1898, 
records cases occurring in postal clerks who had to handle foreign 
_parcels bound with strips of hide. Proust records cases from 
handling Chinese goat skins (Bull d. 1’ Acad. de Med. 1894). In- 
fection may also occur through leather made from infected hides 
as proved experimentally on Guinea pigs. 

Hair has long been recognized as a frequent medium of 

infection and outbreaks among brushmakers have been re- 
cently recorded by Gerode, Sarmont, and Chauveau (Compt. 
Rende de 1’Academie des Sciences, 1893), ‘Trousseau reports 
twenty cases in Paris all contracted from South American horse- 
hair. Wool from infected countries is often dangerous and has 
given rise to special names for the disease (wool sorters’, rag- 
pickers’, which may develop in the lungs from inhalation of the 
dust. In the same way those who handle bones about fertilizer, 
glue and rendering works are particularly exposed. The 
agency of insects in man is undoubted. In 60 cases recorded 
by Dr. Bell, 54 were on the face, two on the hands, one on the 
wrist, and one on the fore arm. ‘This is mainly due to 
blood-sucking flies, yet Heim incriminates the Coleoptera as 
well (Compt. Rend. de Soc. de Biol. 1894). Wounds of all 
kinds contribute to inoculation, hence, the presence of bur- 
docks, thorns, thistles and the like in the matted wool or hair 
is often a direct cause of infection. 

The infection may be transferred on surgical instruments, and 
in these days of hypodermic medication the greatest care is 
necessary to prevent accidental inoculation with the needle. 

Asin animals man suffers from ingestion and inhalation of 


262 Veterinary Medicine. 


the bacillus ; and sometimes widespread mortality comes in this 
way. Meat just killed may be thoroughly disinfected by the 
secretions of a healthy stomach, yet the bacillus may pass through: 
in an envelope of fat, in an undigested mass, or during a fit of 
indigestion, and infect the intestines. The spores are proof 
against the gastric juice, and as they are produced in a few 
hours after death the meat of an anthrax animal must always be 
considered as exceedingly dangerous. 

Man is much less susceptible than some animals and the 
disease, wherever inoculated tends to remain for a time lo- 
calized, as in the skin, lungs or bowels. The forms of the 
disorder are malignant carbuncle (pustule), malignant (anthrax) 
cedema, intestinal anthrax and pulmonary anthrax. 

Lesions. 'The morbid histology is in the main the same as 
described in animals. In the protracted cases there is the same 
dark nonzerated blood, forming a loose coagulum, the crenated 
or distorted blood globules aggregated in irregular masses, the 
escape and solution of the haemoglobin so as to stain the white 
tissues, the enlargement of the spleen which is gorged with dark 
blood, and the hyperzemia of the liver and lymph glands. There 
is in the affected tissues and usually in the blood, the character- 
istic large bacillus anthracis. 

In the malignant carbuncle (vesicle) there is first a minute, 
firm central dark nodule like an insect bite with a lighter colored 
areole, and showing not only hypereemia, but blocking of the 
capillaries, and minute areas of extravasation. Somewhat later 
the dark centre is surmounted by a small vesicle, beneath which 
the tissues are becoming necrotic, and the area of congestion and 
extravasation has extended and thus the local disease advances 
by a constant invasion of new tissue which in its turn becomes 
the seat of coagulation necrosis. On microscopic section the 
central necrotic part shows the cells of the rete Malpighi separated 
by a finely granular coagulum, and the papillze are greatly 
swollen by serous and hemorrhagic exudate. The cell nuclei 
are necrotic and no longer take a stain. The capillaries are 
gorged with red globules and bacilli. Inthe surrounding tissues 
there is much congestion and exudation, with [numerous points 
of extravasation, but the abundant multinuclear cells retain 
their staining power. 

In Anthrax Cedema which appears in parts like the eyelids, 


Anthrax in Man. 263 


neck and forearm where there isan abundance of loose connective 
tissues and a scanty blood supply, there is no hard central nodule, 
but a diffuse soft infiltration, with points or patches of a yellow 
or reddish color. The capillaries are congested with minute 
emboli and extravasation and there is an excessive and rapidly 
spreading exudation. It showsa great tendency to early gen- 
eral infection and may end in vesication and local gangrene or in 
favorable cases in resolution. 

In /utestinal Anthrax (intestinal mycosis) the lesions are 
usually concentrated on the small intestines, while the stomach 
and large intestines in the main escape. The walls of the bowel 
are of a dark red, and greatly thickened by exudation and ex- 
travasation, which also mixes with the ingesta giving it adark 
bloody tinge. Atintervals on the mucosa are nodular hemor- 
rhagic swellings from the size of a linseed to a pea, with com- 
mencing necrotic changes or the formation of sores. The mesenter- 
ic glands are swollen, infiltrated and hemorrhagic and like the 
other lesions abound in bacilli. Hyperzemia and engorgement 
of the liver and above all of the spleen are the rule. 

In Pulmonary Anthrax (wool sorter’s disease) a sanguineous 
liquid is found in the lower trachea and bronchia, and not in- 
frequently in the pleurze and pericardium. The bronchial glands 
are swollen, hyperzemic and often hemorrhagic, and exudations 
and extravasations may be found in the mediastinum and lungs. 
Lesions of the intestines and spleen are common, and in all alike 
the bacilli are found. 

In certain cases the anthrax lesions are found in the brain, or 
any part of the body, but in all they show the same general 
characters and the same specific microbe. 


SYMPTOMS : DIAGNOSIS. 


Malignant Vesicle (pustule). Symptoms vary somewhat but 
are in the main as follows: An itching papule appears in the 
seat of inoculation, which might be mistaken for an inséct bite, 
but for the dark red color of the centre. Occurring on an un- 
covered portion of the skin, in an anthrax district or near a 
factory where anthrax products are likely to be used, thisshould 
at once create suspicion. Soon the dark centre is covered by a 
small vesicle, with clear contents which later become bloody. 


264 Veterinary Medicine. 


Within 24 or 48 hours the vesicle dries up, becoming firm, 
resistant and brownish red or blackish gray, and apparently gan- 
grenous. ‘The swelling has meanwhile extended to % or 3 inch 
in diameter and a row of fresh vesicles may appear which in their 
turn give place to a necrotic slough. In this way extension may 
take place, the sore retaining a more or less rounded form, and 
necrosis extending from the center in every direction. The 
necrotic mass, however, remains firmly adherent to the adjacent 
tissues until separated by the work of suppuration which ensues 
in favorable cases. The disease is attended with more or less 
fever, chill, hyperthermia, nausea, diarrhoea, with aching of 
head, back, and limbs and unfavorable cases may merge into 
acute and fatal general anthrax. The mortality is about 20 per 
cent., though in special epidemics it has reached 80 per cent. 
(with the pustule on the face 25 per cent.; on the lower limb 5 
per cent, Norris). The prognosis is favorable with a free con- 
centration of leucocytes, a moist condition of the wound and 
above all a liberal invasion of pus cocci. It is unfavorable when 
the wound is dry, when the drying slough remains firmly 
adherent and when the adjacent lymph glands become implicated. 
In nonfatal cases it may be difficult to find the bacillus. 

Anthrax Gedema. ‘This is less easily diagnosed than malig- 
nant vesicle, and appears where the connective tissue is loose, 
abundant and little vascular, from direct local inoculation, or as 
a concominant ofinternal anthrax. It is a flat, rapidly extending 
swelling, with the skin comparatively unaltered, though at points 
yellowish or reddish discoloration indicates congestion and ex- 
travasation. Not being limited by firm tissues nor aggregations 
of accumulating leucocytes it tends to a speedy general infection 
with all the febrile manifestations of that condition. ‘Thus chills, 
nausea, hyperthermia, dusky reddish or brownish mucose, 
cephalalgia, rachialgia and profound prostration assist in diag- 
nosis. ‘The bacilliin the blood and exudate would serve to confirm 
the conclusion. 

Intestinal Anthrax. Were again the ingestion of anthrax 
products, and the simultaneous attack of a number of people 
who have eaten such materials will often assist in diagnosis. 
There may have been for some days indications of local bowel 
lesions, such as chilliness, elevation of temperature, nausea, 


> 


Anthrax in Man. 265 


>» headache, and giddiness. Suddenly these become more violent, 
there is vomiting and sanguineous diarrhoea, extreme anxiety and 
debility, cyanosis, dyspnoea, and it may be the appearance of 
petechize on the skin and mucosz or even of local swellings. In 
some cases there are convulsions or other symptoms of nervous 
disorder and in others extreme prostration and collapse. ‘The 
bacillus is not always to be found in the circulating blood, but 
may be detected in sanguineous excretions, or by cultures. 
Pulmonary Anthrax. (Woolsorter’s disease). Here again 
the occupation of the patient assists in diagnosis. For two to 
five days prodromata similar to those of intestinal anthrax may 
be noted. The difficulty in breathing, dyspnoea, cough, cyanosis 
and sense of constriction of the chest are especially diagnostic. 
Suddenly all these symptoms are aggravated, respirations become 
30 to 40 per minute, the pulse 120 to 150, the temperature 104° 
to 106°, and there is a frothy bloody expectoration in which the 
bacilli may be detected. There may be indications of intestinal, 
cerebral or nephritic lesions, and bloody discharges. Death 
usually occurs in 12 to 48 hours from collapse, or coma, from 
asphyxia or in convulsions. ‘The few recoveries are tardy and 
tremors and spasms persist for a length of time. In the most 
favorable cases the disease does not proceed beyond the initial 
stage. 
PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT. 


Prevention is the most important consideration and this will 
include all that has been’stated above with regard to the restric- 
tion of the disease in flocks and herds, the drainage and improve- 
ment Of anthrax lands, the seclusion, destruction, deep burial or 
cremation of carcasses without autopsy or incision, the disinfec- 
tion of stalls, secretions and all contaminated products, and the 
suppression of all traffic in anthrax products—meat, milk, blood, 
guts, bones, horns, hoofs, hair, wool, bristles, etc., or the 
thorough disinfection of the same. Aboveall, is the adoption of 
personal precautions. No one should handle anthrax animals, 
nor suspected products who has any sore or abrasion on hands or 
face, or such sore may be temporarily covered with a film of al- 
buminate of silver, or the hands may be washed with a solution 
of mercuric chloride (1 : 500), or chloride of lime (1: 200). If 


266 Veterinary Medicine. 


persons must work in wool or textile products which are open to 
suspicion a respirator is an obvious precaution, and this may be 
disinfected by live steam at intervals. 

Treatment of malignant pustule is mainly surgical. At the 
outset the thorough destruction of the dark central point or nodule 
with a red hot needle or powerful caustic will be sufficient. 
Even when the pustule is fully formed, its free excision with as 
much of the surrounding infiltrated tissue as can be safely ac- 
complished and the free application of caustics will usually suc- 
ceed. Potassa fusa, or zinc chloride (1:3), or mercuric chloride 
or iodide in powder with or without calomel, or pyoktanin, or 
formaline, oriodized phenol may be named asespecially applicable. 
Injections of carbolic acid (5 or I0:100) into the indurated 
centre and infiltrated periphery have proved very successful. In 
the case of Kaloff, when the excision of the nodule followed by 
the local use of carbolic acid solution, failed to prevent implica- 
tion of the inguinal and pectoral glands, violent fever, prostra- 
tion, and diarrhoea ; the excision of the affected glands and the 
free use of phenic acid solution (5:100) in the adjacent tissues 
led to speedy improvement. Some surgeons make a crucial inci- 
sion of the pustule and apply caustics freely. Muskett has been 
successful in excising the nodule, filling the wound with ipecacuan 
powder and giving the same agentinternally. Many mild cases, 
or those that occur in refractory systems will however recover 
spontaneously or under a less drastic treatment. In the anthrax 
districts of Russia mercurial ointment is rubbed on the sore, and 
the application of tincture of iodine or iodized phenol to the raw 
sore or incised nodule and surrounding infiltration is often suc- 
cessful. ° 

Camescasse has claimed great success by incising the swelling, 
applying tincture of iodine freely, and then wrapping in cloths 
kept wet with a solution of 5 drachms of bicarbonate of soda ina 
quart of tepid water. 

When systemic reaction has set in it is desirable to have resort 
to general medication as for internal anthrax. 

Treatment of Anthrax CEdema must follow the same rule. 
Free incisions into the cedematous tissues with the application of 
antiseptics, solution of mercuric chloride or biniodide (1:1000), or 
the injection of the whole infiltrated area and around it with the 


Anthrax in Man. 267 


same agents, with phenic acid (5 or 10:100), or with pyoktanin 
(1:1000) will prove useful, and asin the malignant pustule the 
surface should be kept disinfected by a compress wet in solution 
of the mercuric chloride or biniodide, carbolic acid, iodized phe- 
nol, formalin or pyoktanin. If the pain of these applications is 
very acute cocaine will be demanded orevenether. If ether is ap- 
plied to the surface its evaporation will cool the parts and retard 
the proliferation of the bacillus. Under other conditions cold 
water, pounded ice or snow may be applied. 

Treatment of Intestinal Anthrax. When anthrax flesh has 
been eaten, or when there are symptoms of incipient intestinal 
anthrax, the first resort is an emetic of ipecacuan, followed by an 
active oleaginous purgative to clear the prima vie of bacilli and 
their toxins. To these may be added potassium iodide, pyok- 
tanin, sodium salicylate, quinine or tincture of muriate of iron, by 
way of keeping in check the multiplication of bacilli. To coun- 
teract depression and heart failure digitalis, strophanthus or 
strychnia with alcoholic stimulants may be resorted to. 

In Pulmonary Anthrax the same principles are applicable. 
‘The patient may be made to cautiously inhale gaseous chlorine, 
iodine or bromine or a solution of iodide of potassium in an atom- 
ized condition. ‘The vapor of carbolic acid, eucalyptol, or oil of 
cinnamon may be tried. 

The irritable stomach may be soothed by oxide of bismuth, 
with milk, beef tea and other bland nutritive or stimulating 
draughts. 

The grave character of internal anthrax, however, is such that 
resort may be had to one of the various anti-toxins, antidotal 
cultures, serums, and immunizing agents that have proved useful 
in different hands. Unfortunately such agents do not seem to act 
in the same manner on all genera, and what has been effective in 
one of the lower animals may fail in the human being. Thus 
Roger found that sterilized cultures of bacillus prodigiosus re- 
tarded or obviated anthrax in rabbits, but hastened its progress 
in the Guinea pig. 

The sterilized cultures of the pneumococcus of Friedlander 
(Buchner) or of the staphylococcus pyogenus aureus, (Paw- 
lowsky) when injected subcutem have proved antidotal to an- 
thrax. Emmerich has successfully used erysipelas serum sub- 
cutem in the treatment of anthrax. (Miinch. Med. Woch. 


268 Veterinary Medicine. 


1894). The sterilized cultures of the streptococcus erysip- 
elatos therefore offer themselves as promising curative agents. 
The same is true of the sterilized cultures of the bacillus pyocy- 
aneus (Woodhead and Cartwright-Wood), B. Coli Commune, 
and B. Enteritidis (Gi/ruth). 

The blood serum of animals that are naturally immune (frog, 
white rat, pigeon, dog), is bactericidal and to a certain extent 
antidotal to the bacillus anthracis, but that of an animal which 
is naturally susceptible but which has been artificially immunized 
has proved much more potent. In the experience of the writer 
this potency attaches no less to the blood of an animal in the ad- 
vanced stages of the disease. In adult cattle he has found the 
symptoms of anthrax subside under two successive daily doses 
(4 cc.) subcutem of the sterilized blood serum of one of the 
herd which had just died. Relapses were observed several days 
after the serum treatment was abandoned. In experiments on 
rabbits two check animals with anthrax inoculations died at the 
end of 3% and 4 days. Of six inoculated with anthrax and in- 
jected from one to three times with sterilized (anthrax) blood 
serum one recovered, and the others died, one at the end of the 
7th, two of the 6th and two of the 5th day. In this connection 
it may be stated that successful treatment by leucocytes is claimed, 
(Pawlowsky) and that one of the effects of serum treatment is 
the destruction in part of the globules and the release of nuclei, 
and in this we may have an explanation in part at least of the 
therapeutic action of the serum from the infecting and immunized 
animal. 

Protective serums may be utilized by hypodermic injections 
daily or every second day for a week, giving time for the dis- 
posal of the bacilli present in the system. In the intestinal an- 
thrax they may be given by the mouth and injected into the 
peritoneal cavity. In pulmonary anthrax they may be introduced 
into the trachea, bronchi and pleural cavity. 


GLANDERS. 


Synonyms. Definition: Acute, infectious, microbian disease, often local- 
ized in lymph glands and plexuses of nose and air passages, etc. ; with 
hyperplasia, degeneration, necrosis, liquefaction. Affects solipeds, and, 
by inoculation, man and all domestic animals save cattle, chickens, and 
(usually) swine. Geographical distribution and historic notes: known in 
Ancient Greece ; now where solipeds live and fresh subjects are exposed ; 
Central Europe; great horse trade and movement; war, Franco German, 
Napoleonic, Afghanistan, American Civil War, Boer War. Unknown in 
Australia. Susceptibility: solipeds, Guinea pig, rabbit, goat, cat, dog, 
pigeon, sheep, and swine in low condition. Cattle, chickens, white and 
house mice, linnets, chaffinches, and frog immune. Microbe lives in frog 
in water at 86° F. Cause: Bacillus mallei. Accessory causes: trade in sol- 
ipeds, mingling of- sound and sick, crowding, common feeding and drink- 
ing troughs or buckets and racks, debility, low condition, starvation, over- 
work, damp, dark, draughty stables, carriage in transports or cars, Insular 
quarantined lands—Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand exempt. Bac- 
teriology : Bacillus Mallei; 2 to 5u by 0,5 to 1.44, non motile, zrobic grows 
in ordinary culture media, stains tardily but is easily bleached. Spores un- 
certain, easily killed by disinfectants, preserved in stables, does not growin 
infusion of hay, straw or horse manure, lives 15 to 20 days in water ; infec- 
tion by coitus, and through placenta, by ingestion, by blood transfusion, 
through dust ; microbe in all lesions aud discharges (unless sometimes in 
milk, sperm, etc.). Infection-atria: skin wound, mucosa, hair follicles, 
lungs. Forms: Acute, chronic, nasal, pulmonary, cutaneous (farcy), or- 
chitic, arthritic, abdominal, occult. Symptoms: nasal ; incubation, 3 to 5 
days, languor, weariness, stiffness, horripilation, tremors, inappetence, 
thirst, hyperthermia, epiphora, snuffling, nasal discharge, serous, viscid, 
agglutinating, purulent, swollen alz, violet mucosa, elevated spots and 
patches with central ulceration, may become confluent, and involve sub- 
mucous tissues; submaxillary lymph glands swollen, nodular, not tender, 
non-suppurating, swollen (corded) facial lymphatics, from nose, eye or 
lymph glands ; swellings, cutaneous and lymphatic in skin of limb or body, 
ulcers (farcy buds), deposits in throat or lungs; chronic cases ; slow, indo- 
lent, persistent, nasal discharge—unilateral (or bilateral), viscid or not, 
nodules on mucosa with whitish centres or points ; red areole, later ulcera- 
tion, puckered white cicatricial lesions, submaxillary swelling, nodular, 
large or small, insensible ; cutaneous cases; arthritis with lymphangitis, 
skin engorgement, corded lymphatics with ulcerating nodules, sanious dis- 
charge, intermnscular abscesses. Occult cases: lesions in internal organ ; 
—cough, leucorrhcea, enlarged testicle, low condition, weakness, lack of 
endurance. Diagnosis: inoculation of male Guinea pig in flank or perito- 
neum,—ulcer and orchitis, cat, dog, old soliped; mallein test,—swelling, 


269 


270 Veterinary Medicine. 


involving lymphatics, fever, 1.5° to 2.5° F. and upward above normal, at 
Ioth to 18th hour, lasting two days ; agglutination. Lesions : cell proliferation 
in nests infibrous stroma, pea upward, central degeneration, fatty debris, 
ulcer or abscess, hyperplasia of lymph vessels, on nasal mucosa like sand- 
grains, peas, patches, centre grayish or yellowish, blood extravasation, necro- 
tic degeneration, ulcer with ragged edges ; fibroid degeneration—cicatricial 
lesion ; lesions in guttural pouch or tube, larynx, trachea, bronchia ; lungs— 
peribronchial, lobular or interlobular inflammation, cell proliferation in foci, 
degeneration—nodules—and caseation ; skin,—cell proliferation, degenera- 
tion, rupture, fibroid hyperplasia of lymphatics, exudates in connective tis- 
sue ; dependent lymph glands congested, hypertrophied, cell proliferation, 
caseation ; lesions in pharynx, spleen, kidney, heart, brain, testicle, scro- 
tum, mamme, vagina, uterus, joints, bones; bone fragility. Glanders in 
swine, sheep, goat, rodent, dog, cat. 


Synonyms. Malleus, Equinia, Farcy. _ 

Definition. An acute infectious disease caused by the bacillus 
mallei, which tends to localize itself in the lymphatic glands and 
plexuses, especially of the nose and upper air passages but also 
in other parts of the body, where it produces a progressive hyper- 
plasia, with a strong tendency to degeneration, necrosis, and 
liquefaction. It occurs casually in horses, asses, mules and other 
solipeds, and is communicable to man and all domestic animals 
except the bovine races, chickens, and, under ordinary circum- 
stances, swine. 

Geographical Distribution. Glanders (Malis) appears to have 
prevailed in asses in Greece as noted by Aristotle. Its contagious 
prevalence in horses is recorded by Absyrtus in the time of Con- 
stantine, and again by Vegetius Renatus in 38: A.D. At the 
present time its existence is almost coextensive with the equine 
family, but its prevalence is in a direct ratio with the facilities for 
the infection of fresh subjects. In the central countries of 
Europe where the equine population is greatest and where there 
is the most extensive trade and movement among horses it se- 
cures the greatest relative number of victims. War with its con- 
stant opportunities for infection, in crowded cavalry and artillery 
stables and the successive changing of place, tends greatly to en- 
hance its ravages. Thus in the German army it rose from 966 to 
2058 per 100,000 per annum in the year of the Franco—German 
war; in Spain it was practically unknown until the Napoleonic 
war in the Peninsula, but after this it proved a veritable scourge ; 
in Hindostan it was hardly known until the Sepoy rebellion yet 


Glanders. 271 


its ravages greatly hampered the army movement in Afghanistan 
in 1879; from the United States it entered Mexico in army horses 
in 1847, and became very prevalent in the armies during the Civil 
War of 1861-4, and was widely scattered over the whole country 
on the sale of the army horses and mules. Since that time, as 
before, it has been most prevalent in the car stables of our great 
cities, though it has also gained a wide extension in many great 
horsebreeding establishments in the Rocky Mountain region, 
where however it proves much less destructive than in the East. 

It is unknown in Australia, whence it is excluded by a rigid 
system of quarantine. 

Susceptibility of Different Animals. Horses, asses and mules 
are the most susceptible, and it is only exceptionally that the 
disease is contracted casually outside the class of solipeds. The 
Guinea pig and rabbit are susceptible to glanders in the order 
named and the former is especially available for experimental 
diagnostic inoculations. ‘The goat, cat and dog sometimes con- 
tract the disease from living in stables with glandered horses, but 
infection is much more certain when they are inoculated. The 
pigeon is also susceptible. In the dog the disease is rarely fatal, 
but the ulcerations tend to heal in 14 days and recovery ensues. 
In sheep and goats too, many cases recover though in other cases 
an internal infection takes place followed by death. Swine are 
comparatively insusceptible, but they may be successfully inocu- 
lated when in ill health and low condition (Spinola, Cadeac and 
Malet). Cattle and chickens have uniformly proved refractory 
even on inoculation. White and house mice and rats, have proved 
immune, also linnets and chaffinches and the frog at ordinary 
temperature. If however the frog is placed in water at 30°C, 
he may be successfully inoculated and, though it does not prove 
fatal, the bacillus‘may be found in the blood and tissues after a 
lapse of 50 days. 

Etiology. As already stated this disease is due to the presence 
of a microérganism, the dacz//us malle<. Many secondary causes, 
however, contribute to its propagation. The activity of move- 
ment and commingling of horses has been already noticed. 
Crowding in close yards where the animals bite each other, snort 
out the virulent discharges on each other and eat and drink from 
the same troughs, leads to a rapid extension. Even on the west- 


272 Veterinary Medicine. 


ern ranges where the disease tends to'be mild, Billings observed 
a deadly extension when yarded during winter storms. Debility 
from chronic ill health, starvation, overwork and damp, dark, 
draughty stables, is so conducive to the disease that it was at one 
time considered as the sole cause. Close confinement in impure 
air is at once a cause of increased susceptibility and a means of 
concentration and transmission of the poison. Hence confine- 
ment, between decks, of military and other horses, carried by sea, 
is a source of wide extensions. On the other hand insular places 
from which strange horses are excluded or into which they are 
admitted under careful inspection and quarantine have succeeded 
in preserving immunity. Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand 
are examples. 

Bacillus Mallei?. Christot and Kiener claimed to have found a 
bacillus in the lesions of glanders in 1868. In 1881 bacilli were 
found by Bouchard in a glander abscess in man, and these were 
cultivated zz vitro and inoculated in a number of animals, by 
Capitan and Charrin in 1882. Independently in the same year 
(1882) Loffler and Schiitz discovered the bacillus, cultivated it 
in vitro, and successfully inoculated iton animals. The microbe 
is rod shaped, 2 to 54 long, by 0.5 to 1.4p thick, the same length 
as the bacillus tuberculosis but thicker. It is non-motile, zrobic 
(facultative anzerobic) and grows readily in a variety of culture 
media at a temperature of 37° C. On neutral bouillon of the 
flesh of horse, ox, calf or chicken with or without peptone, it 
grows readily, producing cloudiness in one or twodays. In pep- 
tonized gelatine it forms a whitish flocculent mass. On glycerine 
agar with milk it forms in 48 hours a milk white layer, changing 
to yellowish brown. On potato it forms long slender filaments, 
in yellow, viscous, glistening colonies, changing to fawn and 
darker. It grows best at 35° to 39° C. and growth ceases below 
25” C., and above 42° C. It stains tardily in aniline colors, and 
not at all by Gram’s or Weigert’s, but will readily take Kuhne’s 
stain prepared as follows : take of phenic acid in solution (5:100) 
50 cc., absolute alcohol 10 cc., and 1 to 2 grammes methylin blue. 
The stain is very easily bleached by acid, differing in this from 
the bacillus tuberculosis. For decolorizing Loffler recommends 
to cc. distilled water, 2 drops of strong sulphuric acid, and 1 
drop of a 5 per cent. solution of oxalic acid. Sections should be 


Glanders 273 


left in this not longer than 5 seconds. ‘The bacillus often appears 
granular, and unequally stained in its different parts. It may be 
difficult of discovery in old standing lesions of horses, but comes 
out clearly in recent lesions of experimental cases in Guinea pigs 
and donkeys. 

Baumgarten claims sporulation but this is uncertain. 

The bacillus has only limited power of resistance to destructive 
physicaland chemicalagents. Itis killed in 10 minutes at 55° C., 
in 2 minutes at 100° C., or by mercuric chloride solution (1:5000), 
or by phenol (5:100), or by permanganate of potass (1:100). In 
warm dry air and sunshine it is sterilized, in thick layers in 2 
months (Peuch), in moderate layers in 4 to 15 days (Galtier), 
and in very thin layers in 3 days (Cadeac and Malet). In moist, 
cool air and in the shade it is much more resistant. In stables it 
may remain virulent for three or four months, and thus the dis- 
ease has often reappeared among the newly introduced horses 
after a.stable has been abandoned for a length of time. The 
microbe does not grow in infusions of hay, straw or horse manure, 
and it is doubtful if it can maintain an active saprophytic exist- 
ence. Its vitality and virulence, however, persists in putrefying 
materials for 14 to 24 days, and in winter from 15 to 70 days. 
Hence it is largely propagated through drinking troughs and oc- 
casionally through ponds, lakes and sluggish streams. Again the 
virus is likely to be preserved in and transmitted by rotten or even 
sound woodwork, as of mangers, racks, buckets, shafts and poles, 
and by harness, halters, blankets, combs, brushes and rubbers. 
Sometimes direct transmission takes place in snorting or cough- 
ing, or by the animals biting or licking eachother. As the virus 
is spattered on surrounding objects, the walls, stable utensils, 
soiled fodder and feed, and even the attendant’s clothes may be 
the medium of transmission. Contagion during copulation is 
not unknown, nor infection of the foetus zz utero from a diseased 
mother. Carnivora (dog, cat, lion) fed on thediseased carcasses 
have become infected. Experimentally infection has been con- 
veyed by administering, by the mouth, balls containing the virus 
(Renault, Coleman, etc.), and again by transfusing the blood 
from a bad case of glanders into the veins of a sound horse 
(Viborg, Coleman, Renault, Hering, Chauveau, Nocard). Trans- 
mission through the air on dust is counteracted by the speedy de- 
struction of virulence on dust, and horses often stand side by sidé 

18 


274 Veterinary Medicine. 


in adjacent stalls for months without communicating the infection. 
Such escapes may, however, in some of these cases, be attributed 
to the immunity secured by a previous exposure and slight attack. 
That the germs may be exceptionally conveyed through the air 
appears to have been proven by Viborg and Gerlach, who col- 
lected the floating dust in a stable containing infected animals and 
successfully inoculated with it. 

The microbes are especially found in the visible lesions of 
glanders, in the mucous, cutaneous and subcutaneous swellings 
and abscesses, in the swollen lymph glands, in the nodules and 
ulcers of the mucous membranes and skin, in the morbid 
discharges, from the nose, eyes, pharynx, guttural pouches, 
larynx, trachea and bronchia, and in the discharge of farcy buds 
and abscesses. ‘They are not necessarily distributed through all 
the tissues, and in chronic cases, with strictly local lesions, the in- 
fection appears to be often confined to these or nearly so, and the 
contamination of other animals is slow and uncertain. When, 
however, the disease is acute and advanced, or generalized, every 
part must be looked upon as probably infecting. Thus virulence 
has been shown in the blood, the exhalations of the serous mem- 
branes, saliva, the aqueous humor (Cadeac and Malet), the tears, 
(Viborg), the muscles, and the bones. Galtier says the milk, 
sperin, bile and intestinal mucus are non-virulent, also the vac- 
cine lymph raised on glandered animals, but much must depend 
on the grade and stage of the disease and no one would care to 
run unnecessary risks with these liquids. 

Infection Atria. Inoculation ona skin wound or abrasion, is 
a most effective mode of transmission, but the virus undoubtedly 
enters in certain cases with the air, food or water, or by acci- 
dental lodgment of a speck of the virus on the mucosa of the 
nose or eye or other natural opening. Through the healthy mu- 
cosa the bacillus may enter by penetrating the soft epithelium, or 
entering the mucous follicles, but it will find the way smoothed 
for it, if there has been friction, abrasion, desquamation or con- 
gestion. The skin in its healthy state is usually resistant, but 
Babes has conveyed infection by rubbing on the virus mixed 
with vaseline, and without displacing the epithelium. The chan- 
nel of entrance was the hair follicles. Injected into the blood, 
intravenously, or into a serous cavity, the bacillus infects with 
great certainty and promptitude. 

There is ample evidence that primary lesions appear not only 


Glanders. 275 


in the skin and nasal mucosa, but also in the bronchia, intestines, 
and other parts. Muchtime and ink have been wasted in at- 
tempts to prove that pulmonary lesions are always secondary, and 
doubtless many are so, but the cases in which the lesions are con- 
fined to the bronchia or parenchyma, and the many parallel cases 
of direct infection of the lungs by other diseases (tuberculosis, 
lung plague, contagious pneumonia, influenza, etc.,) furnish con- 
clusive enough evidence that the germ may be inhaled and 
colonize this part first. Cases of inhalation bronchitis, are 
equally corroborative, and not only may the grosser solids be 
aspired, but infecting droplets can easily gravitate down when 
from congestion or inflammation the action of the tracheal and 
bronchial cilia, is suspended. 


FORMS AND LESIONS OF GLANDERS IN SOLIPEDS. 


Glanders appears in two primary forms—acute and chronic, and 
each of these is further divided according as the lesions are ex- 
clusively or mainly seated in one part of the body or another. 
The generic term g/anders is habitually used to designate that 
form in which the lesions are situated in the nose, the nasal 
sinuses, and the sub-maxillary lymphatic glands—zasal glanders. 
When the principal leisions are situated in the lungs and lymph 
glands of the chest, the case is one of pulmonary glanders. 
When the skin and subcutaneous lymphatics are more prominently 
affected it is known as farcy or cutaneous glanders. When the skin 
and nose are simultaneously affected the name farcy glanders is 
sometimes applied. But as the bacillus may enter by very varied 
channels the primary lesions may appear in still other organs. 
‘Thus in stallions the first symptom is often a glanderous orchitis. 
In other horses it may be a glanderous arthritis, and in still others 
infected by ingestion it may be an abdominal infection. 

Symptoms of Nasal Glanders in Solipeds. Acute. After an 
incubation of three to five days the subject shows prostration, 
weariness, stiffness, erection of the hair, and even tremor or 
shivering, inappetence, thirst, hyperthermia, rapid pulse, weeping 
eyes, the discharge becoming purulent, snuffling breathing, and a 
discharge from the nose, at first serous, with a remarkable vis- 
cidity which tends to glue together the long hairs or even the 
margins of the nostrils. This discharge may be reddish, green- 
ish, or brownish and may become distinctly purulent and opaque. 
The alg nasi are swollen, hot and painful, and the mucosa red, 


276 Veterinary Medicine. 


congested, thickened, with a blackish or violet tint especially along 
the median part of the septum nasi. On these, violet patches 
appear on the second or third day, pronounced elevations of very 
varying size indicating the centres of active hyperplasia. They 
are usually yellowish or grayish, surrounded by a deep violet 
areola, and may become confluent, forming patches. The centre 
of each undergoes rapid degeneration, forming a rounded ulcer 
‘with salient edges, a yellowish base, more or less pointed or 
streaked with red, and a viscid sero-purulent or bloody discharge 
which may concrete in crusts or scale. The whole septum may 
become one continuous ulcer with excavations of various depths 
surrounded by hyperplastic elevations, and involving not only 
the mucosa, but even the cartilage and leading to perforations. 

_From an early stage of the attack the submaxillary lymphatic 
glands and the investing connective tissue become swollen, form- 
ing a mass of firm bean, or pea-like nodules, with no excessive 
heat nor tenderness, and with little disposition to suppurate and 
discharge. If this has lasted for some time the glands often be- 
come more firmly attached to adjacent parts (maxilla, tongue) 
by the contraction of the exudate. 

The swelling of the alee nasi also often extends to the skin of the 
face, and firm, rounded cords formed by the swollen lymphatics 
stretch upward toward the eye, or the submaxillary glands. 
Upon the turgid lymphatics may appear more or less rounded 
nodules from the size of peas to hazel nuts, which, unlike the 
- submaxillary glands, tend to soften, burst and discharge a viscid, 
glairy, sanious liquid. 

At the same time the morbid process is liable to show itself in 
‘the cutaneous lymphatics of one limb, usually a hind one, in the 
form of firm cords, with degenerating or ulcerous nodules (farcy 
buds) and pasty patches. Or the throat or lungs may become 
involved, with local swellings, violent cough, dyspnoea and fever. 
The swellings of the cutaneous lymphatics usually follow the 
course of the veins, in the hind limbs the branches of the saphena, 
and extend from below upward, and the first nodules may be on 
the fetlock or hock. 

Symptoms of Chronic Nasal Glanders in Solipeds. 'The chronic 
form of the disease follows an indolent course, and local symp- 
toms are often so slight or equivocal that the true nature of the 
malady is unsuspected. If the patient is well fed and cared for 
and not overworked, the malady may run a course of three, five 


Glanders. 277 


or seven years, and the victim may pass through many hands 
leaving infection in every stable it occupies. Diagnostic symp- 
toms, more or less clear, may be obtained from the discharge, 
the lesions of the mucosa and the submaxillary glands. 

The nasal discharge may be bilateral, but if confined to one 
nostril is strongly suggestive of glanders. It may be profuse or 
scanty, continuous or intermittent, of a yellowish, purulent tint, 
or greenish, or grayish and with a special tendency to viscidity. 
In some indolent cases the nostrils may be clean but if there is 
any matting of the long hairs, or adhesion of the alee nasi, the 
case is specially suspicious. If it is sanious, flocculent, or bloody 
it is all the more characteristic, and suggests the supervention of 
an acute attack. 

The lesions of the pituitary membrane are varied. Hypereemia 
of a purple or violet color is common, especially along the septum, 
and the mucosa is liable to be somewhat tumid or cedematous. 
Nodules the size of a pin’s head, a pea or larger appear inside 
the inner ala, or on the septum or turbinated bones, and at first 
ted from extravasation and, as it were vesicular, become grayish, 
whitish or yellow with points of red and surrounded by a deeply 
congested areola. Larger nodules forming in the submucosa ap- 
proach the surface and stand out the size of the tip of the finger 
and with the same general character as the smaller. Sooner or 
later these degenerate and form ulcers which bear a resemblance 
to those of acute glanders but are less angry, and when small and 
solitary may be taken for simple erosions. In other cases they 
become thickened and indurated with sharply defined projecting 
margins, and a yellowish base with points or lines of red. The 
presence of red, black, green, or brown crusts may also be noted. 

Another lesion frequently observed in indolent cases is a cica- 
tricial white spot or patch in which the hyperplasia has become 
partially developed into tissue and shows no tendency to ulcerate. 
The mucosa may even be drawn or puckered around the cicatrix, 
making the illusion all the more complete. 

The submaxillary swelling is even less sensitive than in acute 
glanders and produces the same sensation as of an aggregation of 
small, hard, pea-like masses with no tendency to ulcerate. 

Symptoms of Cutaneous Glanders (Farcy) in Solipeds. Acute 
cutaneous glanders has been already referred to under nasal 
glanders. ‘The chronic type is often less characteristic, yet may 
be detected by careful observation of the symptoms. The main 


278 Veterinary Medicine. 


symptom may be the swelling of a joint with more or less en- 
gorgement of the limb from attendant lymphangitis. There 
can usually be detected around the margins of such swellings firm, 
tender cords, representing the larger lymphatic vessels and often 
branching in their course. In the absence of the engorgement, or 
when it is slight, these cords may be the main evidence of the 
disorder, and in the hind limb usually follow the course of the 
flexor tendons on the inner side of the digit, metacarpus and 
thigh. At intervals along the line of the cords appear nodular 
masses (farcy buds) varying in size from a pea toa hen’s egg, 
and showing a great disposition to soften and discharge a glairy, 
sanious or more or less bloody liquid. The inner sides of the 
fetlock and tarsus are favorite seats of these nodules but they 
may form at any point. On the trunk also the corded lympha- 
tics and nodules follow the lines of the veins and lymphatics, and 
here there may be the complication of large intermuscular 
abscesses often in connection with the groups of lymphatic 
glands. 

Latent or occult glanders is often met with, the indolent, specific 
lesions being confined to some internal organs, like the larynx, 
lungs or womb, or to the testicles, the nasal diagnostic symptoms 
being absent. A chronic cough, with aslight purulent discharge 
from the nose, a chronic leucorrhcea, a swollen testicle, or simply 
a persistent low condition or weakness without apparent cause, 
may be the only indications, and special means of diagnosis are 
demanded. 

Special Means of Diagnosis. In occult cases, the disease may 
be identified by inoculation, or by the mallein or agglutination test. 

Inoculation is best performed on a very susceptible animal. If 
the suspected discharge from the nose, vagina, open sore or pre- 
ferably from a freshly incised nodule is inoculated subcutem in 
the flank of a male Guinea pig, or better in the peritoneum, there 
develops a local ulcerous sore and on the second and third day a 
violent orchitis in which pure cultures of the bacillus can be ob- 
tained. The caseous and purulent centres are found not only in 
the testicle but along the line of the spermatic cord, affecting the 
tunica vaginalis and connective tissue. Death usually followsin 
four to fifteen days. ‘The cat and dog can also be utilized, inocu- 
lation being made on the forehead. Old wornout, but otherwise 
healthy asses, and even horses make very available subjects, in- 
oculation in the nose speedily developing acute glanders. In 


Glanders. 279 


the absence of a good subject the suspected animal is sometimes 
availed of, scarifications being made in the nose and the morbid 
product rubbed in freely. The rapid development of ulcerous 
wounds is characteristic. If, however, the case is chronic, and if 
a fair measure of immunity has been acquired this test may prove 
misleading. 

Test by Mallein, Mallein is the sterilized and concentrated 
toxic product obtained from a pure culture of bacillus mallei in a 
peptonized glycerine bouillon. When injected hypoderinically in 
a small physiological dose this has no effect on a sound horse, but 
in one affected with glanders it develops in several hours an ex- 
tended swelling in the seat of inoculation, hot, tense and painful, 
which continues to enlarge for 24 to 36 hours and does not sub- 
side for 4 or 5 days. From the margin of the swelling, swollen 
lymphatics may often be traced running toward the adjacent 
lymphatic glands. ‘There is also decided dulness, prostration, in- 
appetence, staring coat and tremors. The body temperature rises 
1.5° to 2.5” and upward from the eighth hour after inoculation, 
attaining its maximum from the tenth to the eighteenth hour and 
subsiding slowly to the forty-eighth to the sixtieth. 

Mallein must be used under precautions like tuberculin. It 
must be obtained freshly prepared from a reputable maker. If 
preserved for months its force may be largely lost. The animal 
to be tested should be in his customary environment, and not just 
arrived from a railroad journey nor other cause of excitement. He 
must not be fevered as any rise of temperature is then equivocal, 
and a fall of temperature, which sometimes occurs in the febrile 
system under mallein, is no sure evidence of glanders. Reaction 
sometimes fails in advanced cases of glanders, but in such a case 
other symptoms are usually diagnostic so that mallein is superflu- 
ous and should not be misleading. The greatest care should be 
taken to prevent infection from the syringe, nozzle, skin, hands, 
etc., as other infections may give rise to local swelling and hyper- 
thermia (see tuberculin test). Ifa first test leaves the matter in 
doubt, the animal should be secluded and tested again in a month 
(some prefer 3 months). 

Test by Agglutination : Serum-—test. In this aculture of 
Bacillus mallei is made in nonglycerined, peptonized bouillon. 
After 2 or 3 days growth, this is sterilized by heating to 60° C. 
for two hours. It is then diluted in carbolized, physiological 
salt solution, to an extent of not less than 1:10, nor more than 


280 Veterinary Medicine. 


1:1500. ‘The dilution is mixed in equal proportions with the 
pure blood serum of the suspected animal and placed in an in- 
cubator at 37° C., for 24 to 30 hours. By this time the serum 
of a glandered horse will have caused agglutination of the 
Bacillus mallei and the precipitation of the opaque bodies, leaving 
the supernatant liquid clear and translucent. The blood-serum 
of a healthy horse has no such effect, the liquid retaining its 
opacity throughout. The test is not always available to the 
average practitioner, as it requires laboratory apparatus and 
facilities, but, when the means are at hand, it may be employed 
to confirm the results of the mallein test, or independently in 
cases attended with marked fever and thereby ill adapted to the 
mallein test. 

Pathological Anatomy. 'The colonization of the bacillus mallei 
in a tissue usually determines a concentration and multiplication 
of leucocytes, so as to form rounded nests of small lymphoid cells 
ina scanty fibrous network. These may be miliary or by aggre- 
gation they form masses the size of a pea or larger, which beara 
close resemblance to the neoplasms of tuberculosis. As in tuber- 
cle the central cells of the group, degenerate, forming a granular 
fatty debris, and constituting an ulcer or abscess. In certain 
cases with a proliferation of fibrous tissue a cicatricial material is 
developed. Another characteristic lesion is the occurrence of 
hyperplasia in the walls of the lymph vessels so as to constitute 
firm tender cords, and the infiltration of the adjacent lymphatic 
plexus. 

In the zasal mucosa the bacilli form prolific colonies at different 
points of the membrane and submucosa with the active production 
of lymphoid cells, followed by granular fatty degeneration and 
ulceration: Hence may be found different lesions representing 
the different stages. First there may be miliary deposits with 
clear contents and standing out like grains of sand. Then there 
are the larger pea-like nodules with congested vessels and minute 
heemorrhages, but made up largely of the nests of lymphoid cells. 
These may bear on the surface a distinct blood extravasation, or 
the epithelium may be raised from the corium layer by a liquid 
exudation. The more advanced nodules show the centre light 
colored, grayish or yellowish witha distinct granular degenera- 
tion of the cells. Later still the degeneration involves the super- 
ficial layers and epithelium and an open ulcer is formed with a 
strong tendency to extend in depth and width. ‘The formation 


Glanders. 281 


and degeneration of numerous foci of cell proliferation gives the 
ulcer a very uneven outline. The continuous growth of fresh 
centres of proliferation may cause marked elevations between the 
ulcers, constituting extended patches, or the entire nasal mucosa 
may be thickened as the result of the morbid deposit. The cica- 
trices resulting from the apparent healing of deep or extensive 
ulcers or from a fibroid transformation of the neoplasm consist of 
condensed connective tissue with small scattered nests of lymphoid 
cells and bacilli. In chronic cases the bacilli are very scanty. 

The mucosa of the Eustachian pouches and tubes, the larynx, 
trachea and bronchia often present lesions similar to those of the’ 
pituitary membrane. 

The Jungs are usually marked in chronic cases by circumscribed 
lobular pneumonia, interlobular and peribronchial inflammations 
and miliary or larger areas of degeneration resembling tubercles. 
These may begin as a minute congestion and ecchymosis, which 
later shows in the centre a translucent or gray mass of lymphoid 
cells, with a surrounding area of congestion. Later still this 
central mass becomes yellowish and caseated from granular and 
fatty degeneration and this gradually extends so as to involve the 
whole area of the nodule. The peripheral portion may condense 
into a fibroid envelope, but usually this is less smooth and evenly 
rounded than in the case of an inspissated abscess or bladder- 
worm. ‘The bacilli are found in the affected tissue but not always 
abundantly. 

In cutaneous glanders the lesions may begin in the papillary 
layer by active congestion and infiltration and proliferation of 
lymphoid cells which cause an eruption of rounded papules like 
small peas that degenerate and soften and form superficial ulcers. 
When the derma is mainly involved the inflamed area becomes 
the seat of larger hard nodules which are at first deeply congested, 
with capillary thrombi, minute extravasations and rapid cell pro- 
liferation ; later on section they show numerous caseated centres 
with a dense fibroid framework and surrounded by an area of 
active congestion and capillary haemorrhage ; later still the casea- 
tion and softening has caused rupture of the investing epithelium 
and the discharge from the ulcerous cavity of a yellowish, glairy, 
grumous liquid (open farcy buds). Sometimes the nodule 
undergoes fibroid induration and fails to ulcerate, becoming the 
counterpart of the cicatrices in the nose. When the infective in- 
flammation extends to the subcutaneous connective tissue, diffuse 


282 Veterinary Medicine. 


engorgements and extensive swellings occur from the general 
infiltration of the abundant lpmph plexuses. Lymphoid cells 
accumulate in the perivascular sheaths and lymph plexuses, the 
walls of the lymphatic trunks running out of these swellings 
become swollen and indurated and at intervals mostly on the 
seat of the valves there is the proliferation of small round cells 
to form farcy buds. In chronic cases the fibroid thickening in- 
volves the skin, subcutaneous connective tissue and walls of the 
lymph vessels binding the whole into one dense resistant mass, 
more or less studded with corded lymphatics, firm nodules, and 
ulcerous sores. 

The Lymphatic glands in the line of circulation from the infected 
‘centers are constantly involved. Hepertrophy, congestion, 
serous infiltration, and rapid cell proliferation are present and a 
section will usually show caseated or caseopurulent centres con- 
fined by the outer dense fibrous envelope. Exceptionally, these 
necrosed contents will escape through an ulcerous opening, form- 
ing a deep cavity which is slow and difficult to heal. In the vi- 
cinity of these glands and in the loose intermuscular connective 
tissue abscesses of the size of an egg or an orange or larger are 
sometimes met with. , 

Nodules and ulcers are found on the pharyngeal and intestinal 
mucosa, similar to those of the larnyx. 

The spleen, and less frequently the liver, may be the seat of 
caseating nodules exactly comparable to those of the lungs. 
Glanders of the kidney is rare. 

Nodules have been seen on the ventricular endocardium and 
one case of nodules of the choroid plexus (Boschetti). 

In stallions, glanderous, caseating foci in the ¢es¢zcle and dropsy 
of the scrotom are common, while mares may have similar forma- 
tions in the mammary glands or ulcers of the vaginal or uterine 
mucosa. 

Infiltrations of the joints and other synovial cavities are not 
uncommon and glanderous infiltration of the bones with caries is 
also found. In chronic cases, fragility of the bones is marked, 
and the blood contains an excess of leucocytes. "These may be 
traced to disease of the bone marrow, as well as of the spleen and 
lymphatic system. 


GLANDERS IN SWINE. 


The healthy, vigorous pig is practically immune. Experi- 


Glanders. 283 


mental inoculations have uniformly failed to produce the disease. 
Exceptions must be made when inoculation is made into the aqueous 
humor, in which there is comparatively little resistance by leuco- 
cytes. Sacharoff succeeded in giving the disease in a fatal form 
to a young pig in this way. To weak and debilitated pigs, on 
the other hand, the disease may be conveyed as shown by Spinola, 
and Cadeac and Malet. The symptoms were engorgement of the 
tissues in the seat of inoculation with the formation of glanderous 
nodules, which undergo molecylar degeneration and ulceration ; 
swelling of the lymph vessels extending from the infected point, 
and of the adjacent lymph glands; the formation of glander 
nodules in the lungs, liver and spleen, and of nodules and ulcers 
on the nasal mucosa. 


GLANDERS IN SHEEP AND GOAT. 


Casual glanders is uncommon in the small ruminants, yet it 
has been seen in goats that fed on the soiled provender left by 
glandered horses (Ercolani, Trasbot, Mesnard). Sheep have 
suffered after inoculation (Renault, Bouley, Gerlach, Bollinger, 
Croker, Peuch, Galtier) showing nodules and ulcerous swellings 
in the seat of inoculation, with extension in some cases to the 
nasal mucosa and lungs, and a fatal result. In other cases the 
lesions remain localized and the disease progresses to recovery. 


GLANDERS OF RODENTS : RABBIT, GUINEA-PIG, MOUSE, RAT. 


The guinea-pig is especially susceptible, and like the rabbit 
and mouse may contract the disease by eating the soiled fodder 
of glandered horses. It is usually selected for inoculation for 
diagnostic purposes, because in the male, the insertion of the 
virus in the peritoneum determines a rapid swelling of the testicle 
and cord, with a glistening, violet engorgement and tension of 
the scrotum, suppurative adenitis and death in three to six days. 
In other situations the inoculated part swells rapidly and ulcerates, 
the adjacent lymph glands become swollen and tender, similar 
lesions form in other parts and notably in the nose which dis- 
charges profusely a whitish, sticky fluid, the breathing is hurried, 
and emaciation is marked. Death occurs ina few days and ulcers, 
and abscesses are found in the lungs and other internal organs, 
as well as in the nose. In less susceptible subjects or under 
smaller doses of the virus the local swelling and ulceration in the 


284 Veterinary Medicine. 


seat of inoculation are slight, but there persist engorgements of 
the adjacent lymph glands, swelling (cording) of the lymph ves- 
sels adjacent, and nodules and abscesses, (cutaneous, subcutane- 
ous, intermuscular, intravisceral), arthritis, emaciation, dyspnoea 
and death in two to four months. In some cases with a very 
small dose of the poison, there is no local swelling, and no gen- 
eralization nor subsequent manifestation of the disease. 

In the vaddz¢ the lesions are less certain and often less marked. 
There is sometimes no swelling in the seat of inoculation, in the 
neighboring lymph glands, nor elsewhere, and the rodent might 
have been supposed to have escaped, only that successful inocu- 
lation of the ass may be made from the tissues inoculated (Galtier). 
In such a case a certain immunity of the rabbit must be inferred. 
In less resistant rabbits, or with a larger dose, an ulcerous swell- 
ing forms in the seat of inoculation, the adjacent lymph glands 
become engorged or even purulent, corded lymphatics intervene, 
and nodules and caseous degenerations appear in the lungs, nose, 
spleen, liver, and other organs. 

The hedgehog, ground squirrel, the field mouse, house mouse, 
and mole have been successfully inoculated. 

The frog immersed in water at 30° C., forms a good culture 
ground for the bacillus which may be found in its blood, in pure 
cultures, from the second to the fifty-fifth day. These cause no 
local lesion, nor obvious, constitutional disorder. It seems possi- 
ble that, in summer, the infection may be propagated by frogs in 
the drinking water. 


GLANDERS IN CARNIVORA. 


All carnivora are liable to contract glanders by eating the flesh 
of glandered horses, asses and mules, and this has been noted 
especially in menageries. Lions, tigers, bears and wolves, have 
shown the ulcerous lesions in the nose, and the nodules in the 
lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys and elsewhere. The carcass of the 
diseased horse is, however, often devoured without evil result, 
and even when the carnivora become affected the disease is not 
always fatal. 

In the dog, experimental glanders has been closely studied by 
many observers. Casual glanders has been contracted by living 
with the glandered horse ; by licking his nasal or other discharges, 


Glanders in Man. 285 


and by eating his flesh. ‘The disease has also been conveyed 
from dog to dog by licking each other. In many cases even in- 
oculated glanders produces only a local ulcerous inflammatory 
lesion with or without hard swelling of the adjacent lymphatics, 
and engorgement of the lymph glands. After a rather tardy 
granulation and cicatrization, the symptoms subside and the 
animal is restored to health. Yet such benignity does not depend 
on any lessened virulence of the bacillus, for an inoculation of the 
discharges on the ass produces acute and fatal glanders. 


GLANDERS IN MAN. 


Recognized by Lorin 1812. Causes : infection from soliped, man less sus- 
ceptible ; infection from man, clothing, stable bucket, inhalation, etc. ; in- 
dustrial disease ; native immunity. Symptoms ; incubation ; mistaken for 
carbuncle, small pox, measles, erysipelas, anthrax ; anamnesis ; anthrax 
focus has darker center, no caseation, no corded lymphatics ; nodules and 
ulcers in nose, swollen submaxillary glands and lymph vessels, general ill- 
ness, diarrhoea, vomiting, dyspnoea, meiital derangement, stupor, coma, in- 
ternal deposits, bloody sputa, fcetid breath, hepatic pain, icterus, muscles, 
bones, bowels, typhoid, pyzemic, osteo myelitic, or acute tuberculous symp- 
toms. Deathin 3 daysto 4 weeks. Chroniccases, cutaneous, muscular, osse- 
ous, skin nodules in group orchain, glandular swellings. Diagnosis from 
pyzmia by lack of chills, and the sanious pus ; from syphilis by futility of 
potassium iodide, and history ; inoculate ox or white mouse ; find bacillus. 
Lesions : as in horse, more early coagulation necrosis, ulceration, abscess ; 
pus more viscid than in pyzemia, walls of abscess more irregular, lymphoid 
cell proliferation more abundant and extended (glands, spleen, liver, lung, 
nose, etc.), history ; distinguished from variola, rétheln, and erysipelas by 
the many miliary or pea-like neoplasms with cellular caseating centres ; 
lymphoid deposits in bone marrow, with friability. 


Until the early part of the present century glanders in man was 
not traced to its origin in the soliped. Lorin in 1812 recorded a 
case in which the human hand had been accidentally inoculated 
from handling a horse suffering from farcy. Soon other cases 
were put on record by Waldinger and Weith, Muscroft, Schilling, 
Rust, Sedow, and a host of followers. Later Rayer, Tardieu, 
Virchow, Leisering, Gerlach and Koranye have thrown much 
light on the subject. 

* Etiology Man is manifestly less susceptible than the soliped, 


286 Veterinary Medicine. 


considering the great number of exposures relatively to the vic- 
tims. Yet the infection of man is altogether too common to be 
lightly passed over. The infection is almost always derived 
directly or indirectly from the horse, yet a number of cases have 
been derived from the human being through handling the dishes, 
towels or handkerchiefs of a patient, dressing his wounds, or per- 
forming a necropsy. Other cases like that of Dr. Hoffman of 
Vienna, came from handling artificial cultures of the bacillus 
mallei. 

Glanders is preéminently an industrial disease, attacking per- 
sons of the following occupations : hostlers 42, farmers and horse 
owners 19, horse butchers 13, coachmen and drivers 11, veterina- 
rians and veterinary students ro, soldiers 5, surgeons 4, garden- 
ers 3, horse dealers 2, policeman, shepherd, blacksmith, employe 
at a veterinary school, and washerwoman, I each. 

The modes of transmission are essentially the same as in the 
animal. In the great majority of cases there has been the direct 
contact of the infecting discharges with a wound of the human 
victim. Handling the diseased horse with injured hands, giving 
him a bolus and scratching the hand on the teeth, examining the 
nose, sleeping under a blanket which has been used on a 
glandered horse, removing the dressings of such an animal or 
performing a post mortem examination on him are familar ex- 
amples. The particles scattered by the diseased animal in 
snorting, will infect the mucous membrane of the eye or nose, 
and all the more readily if these are already sore or abraded. 
Infection of man by ingestion has been discredited mainly because 
the carcasses of glandered horses have often been eaten with 
impunity ; but this may be largely accounted for by cooking, the 
bacillus being destroyed by a temperature of 131° F. Carnivora 
such as dogs, cats, lions, polar bears and prairie dogs have been 
infected by feeding. Men also have been infected through 
drinking from the same bucket after a giandered horse. After 
making full allowance for the inimical action of the gastric juice, 
we must admit that this has often failed, and there is the added 
danger of abrasions of the lips, mouth and throat and of the 
entrance of the microbe into the tonsillar follicles and gland ducts. 
Still other cases are recorded of men sleeping in stables, but not 
handling horses, who contracted glanders, presumably, through 


Glanders in Man. 287 


the dust-borne bacillus inhaled. ‘The bacillus, is however, so 
readily destroyed by thorough desiccation that this mode of trans- 
mission is exceptional. Some men are immune to glanders, and 
suffer only when predisposed through a course of ill health, and 
yet a large proportion of the cases on record have been in strong 
hearty men. 

Symptoms of Glandersin Man. In manasin the horse, glanders 
occurs in the acute and chronic forms. In the acute supervening 
on an external inoculation, zzcubation is from one to four days. 
When it enters through other channels it may seem to extend to 
a week or more. 

When a skin abrasion has been inoculated it will show in a few 
days a soft inflammatory swelling or a firm nodule with a puffy 
reddish areola, and it may be mistaken fora carbuncle. In nota 
few cases the small nodule has been mistaken for small pox. In 
my experience a horseman on a ranch on which over a hundred 
horses showed glanders, died of an ulcerous skin affection which 
was variously supposed to be a malignant small pox and measles, 
though neither malady was known to exist in the district. Other 
cases are confounded with gangrenous erysipelas. The absence of 
these other affections from the locality, and the fact that the 
patient was employed about glandered horses, should go far to 
correct such mistakes. The early supervention of ulceration is 
further diagnostic, and discovery of the bacillus mallei in the 
products will be conclusive. From anthrax it is easily distin- 
guished by the absence of the dark centre of the sore in the early 
stages, and of the large sized bacillus anthracis. The caseation 
or liquefaction of the necrotic centre further distinguishes it from 
the characteristic anthrax slough, and the thickening and indura- 
tion of the lymphatic walls are not present in anthrax. Some- 
times the inoculated case proves mild and recovers in two or three 
weeks with healing of the ulcer, but in other cases there is an 
extension to adjacent tissue and a general infection with the 
supervention of nasal glanders. 

There is a spread of the erysipelatoid inflammation and swell- 
ing, and the formation in such newly invaded tissue of nodules 
and ulcers in successive crops. In acute cases too, the nasal 
mucosa becomes involved with the formation of the nodules and 
ulcers that are so pathognomonic in the horse. The discharge is 


288 Veterinary Medicine. 


then somewhat sticky and often tinged with blood. Inacute cases 
according to Senn, the nose may be completely destroyed and deep | 
facial ulcers may be formed in a week. The submaxillary 
glands are enlarged and painful and the facial lymphatic vessels 
leading from these to the nose may be red, thickened and tender. 
Suppuration and ulceration of the glands mayensue. Headache, 
prostration, nausea, inappetence and vomiting with diarrhcea 
usually supervene. ‘Then follow dyspncea, wakefulness, troubled 
dreams, anxiety, nocturnal delirium, stupor and coma. The 
pulse may rise to 120 and the temperature to 104” F. 

There may be various complications as deposits in the lungs 
with pain in the chest, weak cough, aphonia, bloody expectora- 
tion and offensive breath ; or the morbid process may take place 
in the liver or spleen with pain in the hypochondrium and much 
prostration and even icterus; or the muscles, bones, joints or 
testicle may suffer and the symptoms may suggest typhoid fever, 
pyzmia, osteomyelitis, or acute general miliary tuberculosis. 
The bacillus can usually be detected in the blood. 

Acute glanders may prove fatal in three days or it may be 
prolonged for two, three or even four weeks. 

Chronic glanders in man usually confines itself to the cutaneous 
muscular and osseous systems. It may take on an indolent type 
with the formation of skin nodules in groups or chains which re- 
main hard and show no tendency to soften nor ulcerate. The 
adjacent lymphatic glands may become enlarged and indurated 
and the affection strongly resembles tuberculosis of the skin. 
Later when the nodules have softened and formed irregular and 
obstinate ulcers, with swollen lymphatic’glands, the disease is 
easily mistaken for syphilis. From pyzemia and septiceemia it is 
usually to be distinguished by the comparative absence of chills, 
and by the more sanious character of the pus. From syphilis it 
may be distinguished by the futility of a course of potassium iodide, 
and the general history of the case and probable exposure of the 
patient, and for tuberculosis the same principles will apply. In 
case of uncertainty, inoculation may be resorted to on the horse in 
suspected syphilis and on the pig when there is suspicion of 
tuberculosis. Or conversely the ox may be employed for the lat- 
ter disease as he is altogether insusceptible to glanders. Asa 
last resort the discovery of the bacillus may be made or the 
mallein test may be adopted with the concurrence of the patient. 


Glanders in Man. 289 


Pathological Anatomy and Diagnosis, This is fundamentally 
the same as in the horse. The bacillus and its toxic products act 
on the infected tissues to produce clusters of lymphoid cells in a 
fibrous stroma after the manner of tuberculosis. Like that disease 
it also tends to affect primarily the lymph channels and glands, 
showing a particular tendency to the respiratory mucosa and has 
a great disposition to early coagulation necrosis, ulceration, sup- 
puration and abscess. The giant cell of tuberculosis is not a 
prominent feature in glanders, and the disposition to suppuration 
is greater especially in the human being so that the disease often 
resembles pyzemia. As in solipeds, however, the glander abscess 
has somewhat more sanious or glairy contents and the investing 
wallis not smooth and regular, but uneven and ulcerous from the 
successive softening and discharge of the clusters of degenerating 
lymphoid cells in the adjacent tissue. The pallor of the adjacent 
tissues from exudation and from the presence of numerous nests 
of lymphoid cells, the thickening of the efferent lymphatics, and 
the presence of numerous lymphoid neoplasms in the adjacent 
glands and tissues, and often in the internal organs such as the 
liver and spleen and in the nasal mucosa or lungs, together with 
the history of the patient’s exposure to glanders, serve todiagnose 
from pyemia. From smallpox and rotheln the skin lesions are 
distinguished by the presence of a central coagulation necrosis 
bathed in a glairy seropurulent fluid, and by the infiltration and 
thickening of the efferent lymphatic trunks. It differs from ery- 
sipelas in the same way by the presence in the affected tissues of 
the small hard lymphoid masses of embryonal tissue, and in a 
more advanced stage by the granular fatty debris resulting from 
their fatty degeneration. ‘The presence in the affected tissue of 
these miliary or pea-like neoplasms in all stages of development 
from the primary congestion, through the embryonal tissue to the 
coagulation necrosis and caseation or softening is characteristic of 
the lesions of glanders. The sanious, sticky or glairy pus is espe- 
cially noticed in the newly opened abscess, as after exposure to 
the air it is speedily infected with pus microbes, and the discharge 
becomes less serous and more creamy. Another characteristic of 
glanders in man is the frequent implication of the’bone marrow, 
and the formation of the lymphoid deposits in the cancellated tis- 
sue until the bone may be reduced to a mere friable shell. Even 


19 


290 Veterinary Medicine. 


when the disease is localized in the nasal mucosa it extends rapidly, 
not only to the skin and muscles, but also to the cartilage and 
bones of the face, so that deep, wide, perforating and destructive 
ulcers are common. ‘The enlarged ends of the long bones of 
the limbs are favorite seats of the lesion, and the synovial mem- 
brane of the joints and the articular cartilage often bear centres of 
lymphoid proliferation. Though usually small the intermuscular 
neoplasms may form abscesses as large as a hen’s egg. ‘The af- 
fected muscle appears pale, degenerated and granular with foci of 
lymphoid cell growth. ‘T’he swelling of the lymph glands is 
usually less than in the soliped though the same in character. 
The pulmonary neoplasms are histologically almost indistinguish- 
able from tubercle, though the comparative absence of the giant 
cell, the different staining qualities of the bacillus, and the coinci- 
dent lesions in the upper air passages, with the cord like infiltra- 
tion of the walls of the lymphatics may assist in diagnosis. Diag- 
nostic inoculation may be made on the basis of the susceptibility 
of the ox and white mouse to tuberculosis, and their insuscepti- 
bility to glanders; also the partial insusceptibility of the soli- 
ped to tuberculosis and his marked susceptibility to glanders. 

The characteristic nodules and abscesses may be found in dif- 
ferent internal organs such as the stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, 
kidneys, testicles and brain, especially in acute cases, whereas 
the lesions of the skin and nose are more common in chronic 
cases. 


PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT OF GLANDERS. 


Extinction. Exclusion, in Australia, New Zealand, English army. Oc- 
cision of infected, and disinfection of stables, harness, vehicles, utensils, 
manure, and other infected things, mallein diagnosis; attendants should 
avoid handling suspicious horses, except with sound hands, and disinfect 
latter. Sheep living in horse stables, tested before slaughter, or inspected 
after. Malleinization on Plains and in high, dry air, in secluded herds; 
less hopeful elsewhere. Mallein test for all solipeds from glanders districts, 
and imported horses. Treatment illegal in many states, so that justice 
would require extinction with indemnities. Successful on high tablelands 
and mountains, Demands careful segregation and disinfection. Acute 
cases always hopeless ; chronic skin cases more promising. Antiseptic in- 
jection of unbroken nodules (carbolic acid, potassium permanganate, also 


Prophylaxis and Treatment of Glanders. 291 


of open sores (mercuric chloride, iodized phenol, cupric sulphate, saturated, 
zinc chloride), excise nodule. For delicate mucous surfaces Lugol’s solu- 
tion of iodine or iodized phenol diluted. Tonics : arseniate of strychnia, 
copper biniodide, baryta nitrate, iron sulphate, sulphites, bisulphites, hy po- 
sulphites, phenic acid, open air life at pasture, or thorough ventilation, 
sunshine, moderate exercise, generous, partly grain diet. Mild cases in 
separate herd, in secluded, wide pasture with rich diet, including grain, 
and shelter in clean, comfortable shed at will, under tonics and antiseptics, 
tested by mallein at intervals, to be restored individually to work after two 
or more tests without reaction. Serum of immune animals subcutem. 
Treatment in man: surgically as in the horse, excision, curetting, antisep- 
sis, abscesses opened and disinfected; iodoform insufflations, antiseptic 
gases, sprays and solutions. Internally : tonics, sulpho-carbolates, iron 
muriate, iodides, phenic acid, quinia, strychnia, arsenite, stimulants, serum 
treatment, pure air, out door Jife, rich, digestible food 


Radical efforts at prevention must look to the extinction of 
the disease in the soliped, and its complete exclusion from Aus- 
tralia and New Zealand shows that such a result is not unattain- 
able. In the English army where every glandered horse is at 
once killed and all pertaining to him disinfected, the disease is 
now virtually unknown except in the case of newly purchased 
horses or regiments operating in the field. In the French army 
which formerly lost 9 per cent. per annum from glanders, now 
under similar precautions loses but .5 percent. A law providing 
for the prompt destruction of every glandered soliped and the 
safe disinfection of carcasses, stables, harness, vehicles, utensils, 
fodder, litter and manure that have been exposed to contamination, 
if enforced, would soon eradicate the disease. But this law 
should provide efficient machinery for its enforcement, and, under 
suitable safeguards, an appropriate indemnity fortheowner. With 
the use of the mallein or serum in all infected studs, as a diag- 
nostic agent, the campaign can be made sharp, short and effective, 
instead of waiting as in the past for the slow development of oc- 
cult cases. 

The greatest and most fundamental error in veterinary sani- 
tary legislation is the lack of a guarded indemnity for the ani- 
mals killed. I strongly urged this fact on the committee of the 
N. Y. legislature in 1898 but to no purpose. A bill was passed 
forbidding all indemnity for glandered horses, and an impetus 
thus given to the spread of the disease is daily bearing fruit in 
our great cities especially, disastrous to the health of the horses, 


292 Veterinary Medicine. 


and a constant menace to that of humanity as well. The law 
makes it the duty of veterinarians to report’all cases of glanders, 
but in great horse establishments. such a report would stop the 
use of the whole stable, at a loss of thousands of dollars per diem, 
and put a sudden end to the employment of the reporting practi- 
tioner by the firm or corporation in question. The owner of one 
or two horses can afford to report, the loss of these and their 
work does not mean absolute ruin, but the owner of hundreds 
can not safely report. For owner and practitioner alike the al- 
ternatives are presented of obedience to the law with personal 
ruin on the one hand, and the surreptitious dealing with cases of 
glanders and the preservation of their livelihoods on the other. 
Whatever may be said as to the constitutionality of the law which 
destroys private property without compensation under the right 
of eminent domain, this is certain, that, as applied to animal 
plagues, this course is unjust, oppressive, and not only useless, 
but positively injurious, in that it drives the owners of animals 
to such courses as favor the spread of the plague in place of re- 
stricting it. ‘To-day in New Vork City glanders is extensively 
prevalent, but large horse owners dare not adopt the legal meas- 
ures for its extinction, with the certainty of great loss or ruin 
staring them in the face as the result. It should be further con- 
sidered that any law is at once bad and vicious in its tendency 
which places before the citizen the alternatives of disobedience 
with profit, and obedience with loss or ruin. Such a law is the 
worst possible economy because in preserving the infection, it 
not only perpetuates the disease and its attendant losses for all 
time, but perpetuates forever the official expenses of keeping it 
in check, when a prompt extinction of the infection would once 
for all time abolish all loss and all outlay for surveillance. 

Until provision can be made for the enforcement of our laws 
against glanders, all who handle horses should be warned of the 
danger of working about strange solipeds, or those that show sus- 
picious symptoms, while they have any sores on the hands, and 
in case they must run any risk of contact with infection, to 
promptly wash hands and face in a solution of hydrargyrum 
chloride (1: 2000), or carbolic acid (2: 100). Animals of sus- 
ceptible races (sheep, etc.) which have lived with glandered 
horses should be made to pass the mallein test before they can be 
put upon the market for human food. 


* 


Prophylaxis and Treatment of Glanders. 293 


In the high, dry altitudes of the Plains and Rocky Mountains, 
where most cases of.glanders are mild and the majority recover, 
resort may be had to malleinization provided the patients are 
kept safely secluded from all other horses. In some horses with 
a native tendency to immunity, the oft repeated inoculation with 
0.5 cc. of mallein will render the animal refractory to the infec- 
tion. Animals that have recovered from casual attacks show the 
same immunity. Among those who have experimented with 
mallein may be named : Straus, Schneidemuhl, Semmer, Bonome, 
and Vivaldi, Mowry and Michel, Schweinitz and Kilborne. 
Sacharoff apparently secured immunity in the horse by inocula- 
tion with virus modified by passing through the cat. Straus 
found that dogs which had received mallein intravenously could 

’ be made immune against intravenous inoculations, but, as Galtier 
had already pointed out, were still susceptible to cutaneous in- 
oculations. Finger, experimenting on the rabbit, found that im- 
munity only resulted after a long series of inoculations. The 
frequency of successful auto-inoculations in chronic cases of 
glanders in the horse would tend to discredit the alleged value 
of single injections of mallein, so that a long series is necessary 
if we would aim at good results. 

Altogether attempts at immunizing the equine population gene- 
rally, are not hopeful where it is dense, where they must be kept 
stabled, where the climate is moist and where glanders is deadly, 
or tends to persist in the chronic form for years in the same ani- 
mal. : 

Considering the prevalence of the disease in a mild form on 
‘many of the western breeding ranches it is well to test all horses 
-arriving from the west. The same applies to solipeds imported 

' from abroad. 


TREATMENT OF ANIMALS. 


In the majority of the states the treatment of a glandered horse 
is prohibited by statute. Vet without providing definite machin- 
ery for the administration of the law, and without idemnities for 
‘horses disposed of, such laws are largely inoperative. On the 
other hand treatment is quite successful on the pastures of our 
dry table lands and mountains. It can, however, be sanctioned 

-only when careful segregation and disinfection are provided for. 


294 Veterinary Medicine. 


Acute cases of glanders are hopeless in any region, but chronic 
cases and especially such as have the lesions confined to the skin 
are much more hopeful. 

The unbroken nodules may be injected with carbolic acid solu- 
tion (1 : 200), or permanganate of potash (1:60). The open sores 
on the skin may be treated with the same solutions, with mercuric 
chloride (1 : 2000 to I : 5000), with iodized phenol, with cupric sul- 
phate (saturated solution), or with chloride of zinc. A primary 
nodule may be excised and the sore treated with antiseptics. 
When the lesions are very extensive the less poisonous agents 
should be made use of, or tincture of iodine may be substituted. 
The nose lesions may be treated by the weaker solutions of iodine 
or of iodized phenol. 

Benefit also comes from a course of tonics the most successful 
of which have been arseniate of strychnia, biniodide of copper, 
sulphate of copper, nitrate of baryta and sulphate of iron. The 
sulphites, bisulphites and hyposulphites and phenic acid are desir- 
able adjuncts. An open air life at pasture is the ideal condition. 
Otherwise thorough ventilation, sunshine, moderate exercise and 
nourishing easily digestible food, including grain, are very import- 
ant. 

When conditions are favorable and an absolutely secluded pas- 
ture can be secured, with shelter from storms, and where civic or 
state authorities do not take effective measures to stamp out gland- 
ers, nor compensate owners for animals killed, mild, chronic and 
cutaneous cases and occult ones that have reacted to mallein with- 
out showing any other symptom, may be subjected to treatment. 
They should have an open air life, a generous diet, including 
grain, perfect cleanliness and pure air in the shelter-shed, an anti- 
septic and tonic medication (sulphites, tonics) may be given, and 
every three months a new mallein test may be applied. If the 
individual horse passes two successive tests without reaction, and 

. Shows no other indication of glanders, if his general health ap- 
pears perfect and his condition good, he may be returned to work. 
asa sound animal. With effective measures of extinction in force 
on the other hand, and indemnity for the slaughtered animal, any 
such. measure would be entirely unwarrantable. 

Treatment by injecting the serum of immune animal subcutem. 
has given encouraging results. Helman, Semmer and Itzkovitch, . 


Prophylaxis and Treatment of Glanders. 295 


Pilavios, Bonome and Vivaldi, Johne, Schindelka, Prieur and 
others record recoveries in recent cases and there need be no doubt 
of its value in subjects that are naturally somewhat refractory to 
the germ. Babes introduced the blood serum of the ox, which is 
naturally immune, and Prieur speakes with confidence of the 
treatment of cutaneous glanders in man and certain cases of 
pulmonary glanders in the horse. 


TREATMENT IN MAN. 


The surgical treatment of glanders in man does not differ ma- 
terially from that given for animals. It is more frequently 
possible to deal with the local lesion in its early stages and then 
a thorough cauterization of the infected sore, and a little later the 
complete excision of the primary nodule, or the limited regional 
infiltration, the curetting of the adjacent parts and the mainten- 
ance of thorough disinfection by irrigation, sponging and compress 
will often be followed by success. Where such radical measures 
are inadmissible the infected parts should be excised and curretted 
as far as safe and the adjacent parts subjected to carbolic in- 
jections (1: 200). Abscesses should be evacuated, fistule slit 
open, and thorough disinfection applied For the affected air- 
passages, iodoform insufflations and antiseptic gases, sprays, and 
solutions should be freely used. 

Internally, antiseptics such as sulphocarbolates and tincture of 
muriate of iron, iodides, and carbolic acid have been largely em- 
ployed. Whitla recommends 5 grains of quinia in 15 grains of 
tincture of muriate of ironevery four hours. Tonics (arsenate of 
strychnia), and stimulants, ammoniacal or alcoholic, may be 
called for. Special symptoms such as pain, rigors, nausea, vomit- 
ing, diarrhoea and profuse perspirations must be met by suitable 
remedies. Finally blood serum from healthy cattle or from im- 
munized animals may be employed subcutem. Pure air and 
nourishing, easily digestible food are very essential. Every effort 
should be made to check the disease at its outset, as generalized 
acute glanders is speedily fatal, and recoveries in chronic cases 
usually leave a broken down constitution. 


MYCOTIC LYMPHANGITIS : EPIZOOTIC 
LYMPHANGITIS. : 


Geographical distribution and nature: Japan, China, India, Philippines, 
Africa, England, Ireland, etc., Northern and Southern Europe ; caseating 
nodules in skin, subcutem, in mucosze and internal organs. In forse, skin 
nodules, and glandular abscesses, with thick ovoid refrangent bacterium ; 
saccharomyces (Hitt) ; swellings first local, then multiple, and general, 
extending along lymph vessels to glands ( Hitt) ; along air- passages to lungs, 
from prepuce or scrotum to peritoneum (Hitt), or from conjunctiva to other 
parts in the orbit (Caparini and Ferner). In ca/tle, multiple, subcutaneous 
nodules—hazlenut to walnut, isolated, hard, painless. Suppurate slowly. 
Same saccharomyces (Tokishige, Nocard) May invade lungs with fatal 
result in a year. Mallein test gives no reaction. Treatment : actively 
antiseptic ; open, curette, pack with antiseptic gauze, sublimate bandages ; 
internally, tonics, antiseptics. 

Synonyms : Lymphangitis Saccharomycotica (Farcinoides : 
Epizodtica : Ulcerosa): African Farcy : Farcy in Cattle, Japanese 
Farcy, River Farcy, Algerian Farcy. 

Horses (and cattle) in certain countries (Japan, China, Sweden, 
Finland, France, Algiers, Philippines, S. Africa, England, Ire- 
land) are subject to a chronic lymphangitis resembling cutaneous 
glanders, but associated with the development of fungi in the 
nodular, caseating swellings in the skin, subcutem, in mucosz 
and in internal organs. 

Nocard describes the affection in the horse as characterized by 
red exuberant skin nodules (buttons, boils), which burst and dis- 
charge a thick, creamy, yellowish or bloody pus. The surround- 
ing lymph plexus swells up into corded lines, with, at intervals 
nodules or abscesses. The infection extends to and implicates 
the lymph glands and general pyemia may follow. The thick 
ovoid refrangent, pathogenic, bacterium stains in Gram’s solu- 
tion. 

In Northern Europe and Asia, Southern Europe and especially 
France and Italy an analagous affection is described by Rivolta, 
Claudio-Fermi, Aruch, Tokishige and Nocard and Leclainche. 
Tokishige and Hitt attributes this to saccharomyces, farcimi- 
nosus (cryptococcus) Fermi and Auroch say it does not ferment 
sugar, so the older name of Cryptococcus of Rivolta is more ap- 
propriate. The slightly ovoid cells are grouped in zodgloea form, 
and are easily recognized by the refringent appearance of the 

296 


Mycotic Lymphangitis : Epizootic Lymphangitis. 297 


envelope of each (Nocard). It stains easily by the Gram-Nicolle 
method : Take on a cover-glass, a smear of pus from the wound, 
ulcer or pustule, dry, pass three times through the flame, stain 
five minutes in Nicolle’s violet (saturated solution of gentian violet 
in 90% alcohol 10 cc; 1% aqueous solution of carbolic acid 
roocc), run it off and wave for a moment or two in water, cover 
for 3 or 4 minutes with Gram’s solution (I. 1 part, KI. 2 parts, 
distilled water 200 parts), run this off, treat with alcohol for 1 
or 2 seconds, then apply counterstain of vesuvine saturated solu- 
tion for 3 minutes, run it off, dry, and examine, or mount in 
Canada balsam, (Pallin). 

Cultures have been made in peptonized bouillon, on agar, 
nutrient gelatine, on potato, or on horse serum containing 2 per 
cent. of agar. 

The infection attacks horses and according to ‘Tokishige, 
cattle, entering by sores and abrasions of the skin of the 
limbs, or under the harness (back, breast, rump, head). Con- 
fined at first to the point of infection it becomes multiple, be- 
ing conveyed from place to place, through the soil, floor, stall, 
harness, blankets, brushes, combs, straw, etc., and many extend on 
the mucose. ‘The wounds fester, forming pus and crusts over a 
more or less considerable swelling. Ina variable time, (one to 
twenty weeks) the surrounding lymphatics become swollen and 
tender (corded), and nodular swellings appear on their course 
which fluctuate, burst and discharge a whitish or yellowish pus, 
sometimes oily or slimy. The disease extends along the lym- 
phatics, invading the lymph glands and even the internal organs. 

Tokishige describes cases in which it extended along the res- 
piratory mucosa, causing constriction of the nasal passages and 
larger bronchi, with dyspnoea, and finally, invaded the lung. 
In other cases it spread from the prepuce, or scrotum, upward 
along the tunica vaginalis, spermatic cord and testicle. Caparini 
and Ferner describe it in the orbit, affecting the lids, nictitans, 
conjunctiva and adjacent parts, with nodules and abscesses. Maz- 
zanti describes the case of a filly which died with pea-like nodules 
on the colon, and ulceration, with dirty, black, purulent centres, 
and indurated borders. ‘Tokishige describes the affected cattle 
as showing a vast number of subcutaneous, hard, painless 
nodules, varying in size from a hazel nut to a walnut and covered 
by light colored skin. The nodules were isolated and not con- 


298 Veterinary Medicine. 


nected by swollen, beaded lymph vessels. They encreased and 
suppurated much more slowly than inthe horse. In three cows 
microscopically examined he found apparently the same branching 
fungus (saccharomyces), as in the horse cases. The mortality is 
about 10 per cent. Nocard, Pallin and Mettam failed to infect 
cattle by inoculation from the horse. 

In the farcy of the ox of Guadaloupe there form subcutaneous 
nodular abscesses, with cordiform swelling of the lymph plexus 
and trunks, often proving fatalin a year through extension to 
the lungs. The abscess breaks, discharging whitish, creamy 
or caseous, or grumous contents, containing a bacillus (Nocard) 
streptothrix (Metchnikoff). The abscesses usually appear un- 
der the sternum or belly and later extend to the thighs and legs. 
In all such cases the mallein test is inoperative. 

Diagnosis. It is most likely to be confounded with farcy or, 
if the upper air passages are affected, with glanders. It differs 
in the absence of general ill-health, emaciation or unthrift, un- 
less, in very advanced and generalized cases; in the habitual 
absence of fever ; in the hearty appetite ; in the redness and ex- 
uberance of the granulations, and their tendency to heal under 
antiseptics ; in the opaque, thick creamy character of the pus; 
in the absence of reaction to mallein; in the presence of the 
cryptococcus in abundance in the pus; in the immunity under 
inoculation of sheep, goats, dogs and above all Guinea pigs. 
Tokishige claims the infection of cattle and the presence of the 
cryptococcus in the lesions, but all inoculations of cattle else- 
where have failed. 

Relapses and recurrences of the disease in the same animal 
have been repeatedly noticed. 

The treatment of such cases should be actively antiseptic to 
destroy the germ while still local. After opening and evacuating 
the abscesses, excise or curette the diseased tissue, or destroy 
with the actual cautery, pack the cavities with pledgets soaked 
in tincture of iodine, iodized phenol, creolin, lysol, mercuric 
chloride, or biniodide, zinc chloride, or copper sulphate, or dusted 
with aristol, iodoform, or iodized starch. The surrounding swell- 
ing, if any, may be painted with tincture of iodine, or covered 
with cloths wet with a sublimate lotion or other antiseptic. 
Pustules and corded lymphatics may be laid open, curetted and 


Mycotic Lymphangitis : Epizootic Lymphangitis. 299 


dressed antiseptically. Protect against flies. Internally, tonics 
and antiseptics may be given: arsenite of strychnia, quinia, 
ironor copper sulphate, sulphites or hyposulphites of soda or potash. 

Prevention. As incubation in the horse may extend from 1 to 
3 months (Pallin), importation of solipeds from an infected 
country can only be safely made subject to a three months quar- 
antine, under the most critical veterinary supervision, every sore 
being examined microscopically by one who is expert in recog- 
nizing the cryptococcus. Then before release they should be 
thoroughly sponged with a mercuric chloride solution. Close 
supervision for six months more is important. Harness, covers, 
poles, shafts, and stable implements and appliances should be 
similarly treated or destroyed. In case of the appearance of the 
disease in an imported animal, it should be at once destroyed, 
cremated, rendered, or deeply buried, and the grave fenced in. 
‘This is imperative in warm weather when insects abound. Any 
return of army horses or mules from the Philippines without 
such exhaustive precautions would place the United States in the 
most imminent peril of a visitation such as overtook S. Africa, 
Gt. Britain and Ireland from a similar neglect. In quarantined 
animals any suspicious subcutaneous nodule should be extir- 
pated ; it may be a focus of chronic infection. 

To suppress the disease in an infected country the stud or 
herd must be put under the control of an expert on the microbe 
and disease, who must make an exhaustive microscopic examina- 
tion of every sore, ulcer, pustule, nodule, corded lymphatic, or 
muco-purulent discharge from mouth, nose, eyes, ears, sheath, 
vulva or elsewhere. 

Daily examination of each animal should be made, special 
attention being given to parts which are specially exposed to 
mechanical injuries (galls, contusions, bites, kicks, interference, 
cuts, treads, insect, leech or snake bites, stings, surgical wounds, 
etc.), but also to the whole surface, the mucose, the superficial 
lymph glands (submaxillary especially) and vessels, the coronet, 
etc. 

No common use of halters, covers, brushes, combs, rubbers, 
scrapers or sponges should be allowed. 

The suspected herd should be picketed, each animal apart, or 
stabled so that they cannot bite nor kick each other, and a 


300 Veterinary Medicine. 


screened stable excluding insects is important. Manure should 
be often removed and burned, or put in deep, dark covered pits 
to cut off the breeding of flies. 

Wounds must be dressed under careful antisepsis, discarding 
sponges and cloths, and washing under a jet of sterile (boiled) 
water, or use a fresh swab of sterilized cotton for each wound, 
burning the swab after use. As an antiseptic dressing mercuric 
chloride (1:250) is an excellent application and is to be 
thoroughly applied. Where flies cannot be excluded from the 
stalls the wound may be covered by antiseptic (sublimate, iodo- 
form, boric acid) gauze. 

The stable should be cleaned and whitewashed, and the floor 
covered with freshly burned quicklime, with or without chloride 
of lime. Pallin flames the surface of the woodwork and then 
applies sublimate solution. Mud floors have litter burned over 
them and are then removed to a depth of six inches, and filled in 
with fresh earth. 

The horses of an infected stable or stud are suspected for six 
months after the last case and cannot be taken to mingle with 
other horses. By keeping them divided in small isolated groups 
(50-100), animals may be taken from a group after six months 
complete immunity, but should be kept under careful scrutiny 
for six months longer. 

Infected pastures may be burned over in the dry season, 
pastured for one year with sheep or hogs, or subjected to a rota- 
tion of cultivated crops. 


RABIES AND HYDROPHOBIA. 


Synonyms. Definition: Acute, infectious, cerebral disease, of domestic 
and wild carnivora, shown by intellectual, emotional, and aggressive nervous 
disorder, and extreme nervous excitability, Animals susceptible: canine 
and feline animals, biting animals and those bitten, of all warm blooded 
kinds ; receptivity greatest in carnivora. Geographical distribution : where 
population is most dense, trade and movement most active—north temper- 
ate zone. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Azores, St. Helena immune— 
protected by quarantine. Islands in Elbe, places with enforced muzzling. 
Causes : contagion : inoculation ; rutting ; skunk bites; absence of flowing 
robes (men, children). Virulent matters: saliva, bronchial mucus, flesh, 
blood (not in sheep?), milk, (in advanced stages), nerve tissue. Morbific 
agent particulate ; filtered liquid noninfecting : blastomyces, bacillus, found 
but not uniformly : claims of brain symptoms from each. Viability ; saliva 
virulent for 11 days; brain 3 weeks at 32° to 63° F., for months aseptic and 
in contact with carbon dioxide ; water 20 to 38 days; body in grave 44 days; 
virulence lost by drying in thin layer yet kennels remain long infecting ; 
glycerine preserves; robbed of virulence by iodine, citric acid, bromine, 
chlorine, sulphurous and mineral acid and cupric sulphate. Bites of men 
effective to 50 per cent., protection by clothes, wool, flow of blood, cleaning 
of teeth by succession of bites. Infection by licking, sneezing, coughing, 
inhaling, feeding. Incubation 15 to 60 days in dog, 20 to 45 days in horse, 
14 to 60 days in sheep, swine and cattle, 14 to 64 daysin man. Prolonged 
cases doubtful. Symptoms in dogs: change in disposition, more amiable 
or morose, dull, apathetic, excitable, unwonted silence or howling, restless, 
depraved appetite, swallowing small objects, searching, tearing sticks or 
clothes, licking cold stone or genital organs, hiding in dark corner, dull 
expression, irritation where bitten, hoarse voice, rabid howl, eyes follow 
unreal objects, snaps at them, listens for unreal sounds, irritability, fury 
when threatened with stick or shown another dog, bites without growl, 
bears master’s blow in silence, eyes red, fixed, pupils dilated, squinting, 
lonely wandering, biting, swimming rivers ; restless excitement alternates 
with torpor and seclusion, slouching gait when worn out ; in paralytic form ; 
weakness, paresis, palsy of lower jaw, hind limbs, body, dull, prostrate, 
apathetic ; in lethargic form ; no fury nor paralysis, but profound prostra- 
tion and apathy, no coaxing, threat, punishment not even another dog will 
rouse. Paralytic and apathetic forms wind up the furious; cases with in- 
termittent attacks. Diagnosis: by marked change of disposition or habit, 
voice, appetite, any hyperzesthesia, strabismus, watching or snapping at 
unreal objects, taciturnity, fury in presence of other dog or stranger, snap- 
ping, biting without giving voice, fury when threatened with stick, open 
mouth without disposition.to paw it, lack of muscular codrdination, paresis, 
paralysis. Distinction from lactation anzemia, bone in palate or throat, 


301 


302 Veterinary Medicine. 


dislocation of maxilla, stomato pharyngitis, cutaneous hyperzesthesia, 
pharyngeal anthrax, epilepsy, pentastoma, cysticercus, filaria immitis, 
nematodes, and teenie, auricular acariasis. Symptoms in cats: changed 
voice, depraved appetite, hiding, restlessness, irritability, bites, scratches, 
man or dog. Symptoms in solipeds: trembling, hypereesthesia, easily 
startled, ears and eyes alert, dilated flashing pupils, roused by dog or 
stranger, attacks with teeth and heels, mischievous, pawitig, kicking, roll- 
ing, rising, straining to urinate or defecate, neighing, sniffling, snorting, 
everting upper lip, grinding teeth, biting, stiffness or impaired control of 
limbs, generative excitement, spasms, paralysis, hyperthermia, perspiration. 
Symptoms in cattle: irritability, restlessness, alert head, ears, eyes, squint- 
ing, dilated pupils, loud bellowing, lashing tail, or docility, yet pursues a 
dog, using horns, heels, (exceptionally teeth), stamps, paws, has genital 
excitement, anorexia, spasms, weakness, paraplegia. Symptoms in sheep 
and goat: hyperesthesia, irritability, genital excitement, fury in presence 
of dog, stamps, butts, paws, snorts, bleats, grinds teeth, becomes paretic, 
and paraplegic. Symptoms in camels and deer: camels show furious and 
paralytic forms, biting and snorting; deer have hyperesthesia merging 
into paralysis. Symptoms in swine: extreme irritability, restlessness, start 
at slightest cause or none, tremors, squealing, jerking, grinding teeth, 
clenching jaws, bite especially a dog, or not, weakness, lethargy, paralysis. 
Symptoms in rabbits and Guinea pigs; may be furious, more often para- 
lytic. Symptoms in birds: restlessness, ruffling of feathers, pecking or 
striking man or dog, or at phantom, palsy. Symptoms in wild carnivora: 
lose fear of man, approach and attack him, are furious and later paralytic. 
Skunks bite slyly. Symptoms in man: irritable cicatrix, anxiety, sighing, 
tremor, insomnia, bad dreams, fever, thirst, spasms of throat when seeing, 
hearing or taking liquids, dyspnoea, retching, vomiting, spasms, roused by 
noise, squinting, dilated pupils, mental delusions, reticence, taciturnity, 
suspicion, mania, exhaustion, paresis, paralysis. Lyssophobia, its detection 
and cure. 


Synonyms. Canine madness; Rabidus Canis; Lyssa; Lytta; 
Cynolyssa. 

Definition. Rabies is an acute, infectious disease, affecting 
the cerebral and medullary nervous centres and characterized by 
intellectual, emotional, aggressive and other nervous disorders 
and by extreme reflex excitability. 

Animals susceptible. While the disease is seen most frequently 
in the canine races (dogs, wolves, foxes and jackals), and in the 
cat family (cat, lion), it is liable to spread widely among animals 
that use the teeth as weapons of offense, and such as they can 
readily attack. When inoculated, all warm blooded animals con- 
tract the disease. Thus the carnivora and omnivora (dog, wolf, 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. 303 


fox, hyena, jackal, cat, lion, badger, and skunk and, to a less 
extent, the pig and horse) may become active propagators of the 
infection, which may spread widely among their herbivorous vic- 
tims (cattle, sheep, goats, deer, rats, mice, chickens and pigeons) 
through their bites. Man suffers mainly through the attacks of 
dogs, cats and, in certain localities, wolves or skunks, but he is 
also liable to become infected from handling rabid domestic 
herbivora. Different genera differ in susceptibility, the recep- 
tivity being-apparently greatest in the carnivora. 

Geographical Distribution. Rabies is confined to no country 
nor climate but it attains its greatest prevalence inthe north tem- 
perate zone, where there is the densest population and where 
activity of travel favors the propagation of infection. ‘The facility 
for inoculation is the one determining cause, thus the islands of 
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, the Azores and St. Helena 
have never suffered and the first three exclude the disease by 
rigid inspection and quarantine. During the Hamburg epizootic 
of 1852-53, the islands in the Elbe escaped though both banks 
were ravaged. Again, wherethe muzzling of all dogs has been 
rigidly enforced, as in many German cities and districts the dis- 
ease has been practically extirpated. 

Etiology. Long before the days of pathological bacteriology 
rabies was recognized by veterinarians as a disease due to infec- 
tion alone. Its absence from the various countries above named, 
and from South and West Africa, its rapid propagation in other 
countries (La Plata, Malta, Hong Kong) into which it had been 
introduced for the first time, and its restriction and disappearance 
wherever muzzling had been strictly carried out, had practically 
settled this question. The development of the disease in animals 
which had been experimentally inoculated was no less significant 
of this truth. 

Other alleged causes are based on secondary factors that favor 
inoculation. The alleged evil influence of the hot season (dog 
days) is accounted for by the period of rutting of the dog which 
occurs in spring, and brings together troops of jealous dogs fol- 
lowing individual bitches and fighting for their favors. This 

gives a great impetus to the propagation of the disease which 
accordingly becomes more prevalent during succeeding months. 
The statistics of Bouley show, however, that the season of its 


304 Veterinary Medicine. 


greatest prevalence in France is March, April and May, that it 
subsides slowly up to midwinter and increases again in spring. 
Boudin’s statistics show the greatest number of cases in man 
toward midsummer which is explained by the long period of 
incubation after bites sustained in the spring, but also because 
clothing is lighter in summer and infection more likely to reach 
the skin, and because the heat of the weather tends to cause 
hyperthermia and encrease susceptibility. 

The large preponderance of male dogs among the victims of 
rabies (7 : 1) has led to the theory that sex predisposes, but the 
explanation is rather that the male bite each other in their 
jealousy while they respect the female, the object of their sexual 
passion. In inoculated cases, males, females, and castrated con- 
tract the affection indifferently and with equal readiness. 

The skunk is found to be infected in certain localities, and it 
has been claimed that the affection is native to this animal, and 
that the form differs from that which prevails in the dog, but the 
restriction of the disease to sharply circumscribed areas in 
Michigan and Kansas, while skunks elsewhere show no such. 
malignant quality, demonstrates that this is but an accidental 
infection of the family of the Mephitis in a given locality. 

Men and children suffer in far greater numbers than women, 
the difference being mainly due to the protection furnished the 
female by the flowing skirt, though also in part because of the 
more frequent contact of men with dogs. 

Virulent Matters. In 1813 Gruner and Count Salm demon- 
strated the virulent properties of the saliva of the rabid dog. 
This has been many times repeated, though as shown by Pasteur, 
Raynaud, and others, inoculations with saliva often kill in one or 
two days by reason of the presence of other infected germs, or 
suppuration ensues and destroys the rabific virus so that often- 
times not more than one in four develops rabies. Galtier suc- 
ceeded in inoculating 3 rabbits, 1 dog and 1 sheep with the juice 
expressed from the salivary glands, and Nocard, Leclainche and 
Peuch have found this to be very virulent. Paul Bert found the 
bronchial mucus virulent. Rabies has been frequently conveyed 
by consuming the bodies of rabid animals, yet Peuch and Galtier 
have failed to convey infection by the flesh. Eckel and Lafosse 
successfully inoculated the blood of goat to sheep, of man to dog 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. 305 


and of dog to dog. Yet many of the older observers agree with 
Peuch and Galtier in pronouncing the blood non-virulent. Pasteur, 
Roux, Bujwid, and Helman failed to obtain virulent cultures 
from blood. Peuch and Nocard have found the milk virulent, 
and Bardach found the same to be the case in a woman for two 
days before her death of rabies. In some partially refractory 
animals like the sheep, the blood seems to destroy the virus, as 
intravenous inoculations have been made with impunity. The 
probability is that the blood is habitually non-virulent in the early 
stages and in mild cases, but becomes virulent in violent and 
advanced cases. Pasteur first showed that the virus hasa special 
election for the brain and nervous matter and that the central 
nervous organs are constantly infecting. Rossi inoculated with a 
piece of nerve trunk, and Doubouc and Babes advanced the 
hypothesis that the virus advances along the nerve to reach the 
brain. 

It was formerly supposed that the saliva of omnivora and her- 
bivora was nonvirulent but repeated experiment has proved it to be 
infecting. ‘The blunder was due to the fact that these animals did 
not often transmit the disease by biting. Some writers even deny 
that rabies exists at all as aninfectious disease. One alleges that 
the danger of rabies is ‘‘J/ess than the gallows.’’ Experiment 
shows most conclusively that itis much more certain when the 
conditions are fulfilled. One may live a long lifetime without 
seeing a genuine case of rabies, but so he may without seeing leprosy 
or plague, and he is no more entitled to doubt their existence than 
he is the existence of Manila, or of the other side of the moon. 

Morbific Agent. ‘The actual factor which produces rabies is not. 
certainly known so that we cannot speak of its bacteriology. 
‘That it is due to a specific particulate germ is now indisputable. 
Paul Bert and Nocard filtered the virulent fluid through plaster 
and found the clear fluid that has passed through nonvirulent. 
Rivolta, Babes, Bouchard and Peuch severally passed a solution 
of the rabific brain matter through a Chamberland filter and found 
the clear filtrate harmless. The virulent agent is therefore not a 
body in solution but a solid (organism) which is held back by the 
filter. Hallier, Klebs, Galtier, Gibier, Pasteur, Fol, Babes and 
Dowdeswell have respectively attempted the cultivation and in- - 

20 


306 Veterinary Medicine. 


oculation of organisms found in rabific liquids but none has stood 
the test of further experiment. Memmo found a blastomyces in 
the brains of six rabid rabbits and one hydrophobic child. It 
stains with the aniline dyes but not by Gram’s method : when 
thrown into the peritoneum of Guinea pigs it produced clonic 
spasms and death in 24 hours, and in the dog, after an incubation 
of 8 days caused emaciation, salivation, a disposition to bite, 
paralysis of the hind limbs and death in 48 hours. Bruschettini 
using agar or bouillon, containing lecithin or cerebrin and defib- 
rinated dog’s blood, inoculated with pieces of the brain of an in- 
oculated rabbit, obtained in 24 to 36 hours a group of small trans- 
parent drop-like colonies at first microscopic, but becoming larger 
with each new culture on fresh media. These colonies contained 
a very small, short, thick bacillus, which stains readily in Ziehl’s 
carbol-fuchsin, and then presents a central clear band giving the 
appearance of a diplococcus. In fluid media spherical forms are 
produced, but in fresh cultures the diplococcus aspect reappears. 
Injected subdurally in rabbits it gave rise to what appeared to be 
paralytic rabies and could be inoculated from animal to animal, 
with similar results. It failed to grow in the usual culture media 
from which the brain products are absent, thus fulfilling the con- 
ditions, of a microbe the point of election of which was the nerve 
cells. Marx who has sought for Bruschettini’s organism in 60 
cases of rabies has only once found anything resembling it and 
concludes that it was merely a contaminating organism, which 
caused a paralysis (Centr. f. Bacter. 1896.) Negri claims protozoa 
in the ganglion nerve cells as the active factor. 

Viability of the poison. Galtier found that the virulent saliva 
remained potent for 11 days if preserved from drying. It persists 
for 3 weeks in the brain and medulla kept at 0° to 12° C., for a 
month in sealed tubes, or for several months if protected against 
septic microbes and in contact with carbon dioxide. 

In water it is preserved for 20 to 38 days so that water soiled 
with saliva may easily become a means of infection. In graves it 
has been found virulent as long as 44 days after burial so that in 
medico-legal cases results may be obtained by exhuming a sus- 
pected animal (Galtier). 

Haubner found that drying the saliva in thin layers rendered it 
nonvirulent and Pasteur has shown that the rabbit’s medulla loses 
its virulence in 14 or 15 days when dried in contact with air, and 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. 307 


apart from putrefaction. Such laboratory results must however 
be qualified by the facts recorded by Blaine, Youatt and others in 
which hound after hound died of rabies from living in a dry 
kennel in which a rabid animal had preceded them. Until we 
know the living germ itself of rabies, it is unwise to in- 
fer too positive results from experiments on that microbe, in 
what may be but one stage of its existence. 

The virus is very resistant to cold, having survived a tempera- 
ture of—60° C. (—76° F.) for several hours (Roux), —10° C. 
(—14° F.) for ten months (Jobert). Virulence is destroyed 
however by a temperature of 48° C. (118.4° F.) in five to twenty 
minutes (Galtier). Light destroys the virulence in 14 hours at 
30° to 35°C. (Celli), but encreased pressure has little effect on it 
(16 atmospheres, Nocard and Roux). 

Glycerine at room temperature preserves the medulla in its full 
potency for four weeks, but destruction ensues if it is heated 
(Protopopoff). An aqueous solution of iodine (6:100) destroys 
the virulence (Galtier), as does also citric acid, bromine, chlorine, 
sulphurous acid, the mineral acids and cupric sulphate. 

Ratio of successful inoculation to bites of rabid animals. As 
rabies is usually transmitted by the bite, it is well to note that 
not all the bites of rabid animals are effective. Of 183 dogs 
confined with and bitten by a rabid dog 91 contracted rabies ; of 
73 cattle bitten 45 became rabid ; out of 121 sheep bitten 51 suc- 
cumbed and of 890 persons bitten, 428 took hydrophobia. Of 
440 persons bitten by rabid wolves 291 contracted the disease. 
‘The escape of such a large proportion is variously accounted for. 
Wolves naturally attack the face, throat or hands where there is 
no protection by clothing, and inoculation is therefore much more 
certain. Dogs, especially in cold weather usually bite man 
through the clothes which wipe off the virus from the smooth 
conical teeth before they reach the skin. Long haired animals 
are often protected in the same way. In other cases the bite is 
sustained on a very vascular part and the-free flow of blood 
washes out the poison. In still other cases the rabid animal 
making a number of snaps in rapid succession comes to the last 
with the teeth wiped clean and harmless. Again the prompt 
washing or cauterizing of the wound tends often to protect 
against infection. 


308 Veterinary Medicine. 


Under favorable circumstances, however, every bite infects, 
and the writer has seen six animals, bitten in the same stable, all 
contract rabies, while a man bitten through the coat sleeve by the 
same dog, and cauterized an hour later entirely escaped. If the 
bites are multiple, deep and irregular, the danger is greater. 

The licking of wounds is an occasional mode of infection, the 
rabid dog in the early stages of the disease sometimes showing 
an unusual disposition to fawn upon its owner. 

Again particles of saliva may be projected by sneezing or 
otherwise and lodge on sores, or on the mucosa of the nose, eye 
or lip so as to cause infection. Galtier has conveyed the disease 
experimentally to rabbits in 11 cases out of 75 by making them 
breathe the atomized infecting liquid, or by dropping it into the 
nose. In the same way he infected Guinea pigs and sheep. 

Galtier and Bujwid have conveyed the disease, exceptionally, 
to rabbits and rats by feeding infecting emulsions. Galtier has 
also produced rabies in 7th to $d of the cases operated on by 
instilling the virus into the eye. 

Incubation. 'The duration of incubation varies with the species, 
individual, the seat and character of the bite, the amount of virus 
instilled, the potency of the virus, the age, size and weight of the 
subject, the excitement of rutting, climatic or weather vicissi- 
tudes, fatigue, and nervous or febrile disorders. : 

In the dog incubation rages from 15 to 60 days, and perhaps 4 
to 6 months. It is claimed to have lasted a year but this is some- 
what doubtful. In ca¢s it has varied from 15 to 60 days. 

In solipeds it ranges usually from 20 to 45 days. ‘The extremes 
stated are 15 days and 20 months. 

In cattle it ranges from 14 to 50 days (exceptionally 70 days), 
in sheep and swine from 14 to 60 days. It has been claimed to 
have lasted 4 months in swine and 5 months in sheep. 

In vabézts subdural inoculation has an incubation of 15 days, 
shortening in 25 removes to 8 days, and finally to 6. 

In man incubation is alleged to be even more varied. The 
rule is from 14 to 64 days, but it is claimed to have been as short 
as three days and as long as 1 to 12 years (Chabert). In the 
human being, however, there is always the danger of the disease 
caused by simple dread (lyssophobia) and until these protracted 
cases can be verified by successful inoculation on the lower 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. 309 


animals, they must be held as extremely doubtful. The Mont- 
pellier cadet has been often quoted who left, a few days after he 
had been bitten, spent ten years in Holland, then returning to 
the school and learning for the first time that his fellow cadet, 
who had been bitten by the same dog had gone mad, he too 
became rabid without loss of time. Such cases have often been 
cured by moral suasion and have been seized upon to corroborate 
the heresy that there is no such thing as genuine rabies in man. 

Any incubation, in man or beast which has exceeded 4o days 
should be considered as doubtful, until certified by the successful 
inoculation of rabbits or other small animal. For casual inocu- 
lations the incubation rarely varies much from the time embraced 
between 1Q@ and 30 days. It is abridged by a special receptivity ; 
by an overdose of the poison; by the inoculation of a virus of 
unusual potency ; by the youth of the animal inoculated; by 
great heat of the weather; by all forms of violent excitement ; 
by rutting ; and by the inoculation of the virus on the head and 
above all on the cerebral meninges. By this last method incuba- 
tion may be reduced to 6 days. 

Symptoms in Dogs. In dogs as in other animals rabies is 
manifested in two great types: the furious and the dumd or 
paralytic, which, however, usually succeed each other in fully 
developed cases. Yet the fuvious phenomena may be entirely 
omitted, and again the victim may die in the early furvzous stage 
so that the paralytic does not appear. The prominence of one 
form over the other is to some extent determined by the germ 
derived from a previous case of the same kind or by the family, 
temperament and habits, bull dogs and hounds being specially 
subject to the furious type, and house and pet dogs having rather 
the paralytic form. 

The premonitory symptoms are in the main the same for both 
types, and as these may enable us to recognize the disease before 
the period of extreme danger, it is especially important that they 
should be well understood. 

Some marked change in the disposition or habits of the animal 
is the first obvious variation from health, and in a district or 
country where rabies exists any such change should be the war- 
rant for instant seclusion of the dog before there is any disposi- 


310 Veterinary Medicine. 


tion to bite. The unwonted habit may be of almost any kind. 
The lively, amiable dog may become suddenly dull, apathetic or 
taciturn ; the quiet, unexcitable dog may become unusually affec- 
tionate, fawning and demonstrative, licking the owner’s hands and 
face and perhaps infecting him before any suspicion is aroused. 
Sudden capricious changes from fawning to apathy or sullenness, 
or the opposite, should be dreaded. The noisy dog may become 
suddenly silent ; while the silent dog may take to howling without 
apparent cause. A great restlessness, watchfulness or nervous- 
ness, a tendency to start at the slightest sound, and a disposition 
to move at frequent intervals in search of an easier position or 
place to lie in, are most dangeroussymptoms. A morbid appetite, 
with a disposition to pick up and swallow all sorts of non-ali- 
mentary objects (straw, thread, cord, paper, pins, nails, coal, 
marbles, pebbles, cloth, earth, dung or urine), in a mature dog 
is most suggestive. Searching around, scraping, tearing sticks, 
clothes and other objects to pieces, licking of smooth cold stone 
or metal, of his penis, or of the generative organs of a bitch, are 
often early phenomena. The dog may hide in a dark corner, 
going to sleep and grumbling or growling when disturbed. He 
may make night hideous with his howls, baying at the moon. He 
may stand with a dull, melancholy, hopeless expression of coun- 
tenance, as if beseeching his master for relief from his nameless 
suffering. But as yet there is no disposition to bite. The dog 
still responds to the call of the master, but with dulness and 
apathy, in marked contrast with his usual prompt, alert and 
loving response. There may be congestion, itching and irritation 
in the seat of the bite, and it may be licked, scratched or gnawed 
until raw, tender or bleeding. An early change in the voice 
may be noticeable. There is at first a certain hoarseness, which 
gradually develops into the pathognomonic rabid howl which is 
quite recognizable atadistance. The dog turns his nose upward, 
and with open mouth, emits a howl which, at first hoarse and 
low, rises into a shriller and higher note before completion, and 
which may be repeated several times without closing the mouth. 
It is not an ordinary howl but rather a cry of distress, and, to 
the educated ear a grave note of warning. Sometimes the dog is 
dumb from the start. 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. 311 


Close observation will often detect evidence of mental delusions 
and hallucinations even at this early stage. The apparently 
sleeping dog suddenly starts up with an air of suspicion and ex- 
citement. His eyes may turn after phantom flies or other ob- 
jects at which he will presently snap. He moves hither and 
thither with a curious, inquisitive air, searching in dark corners, 
or under curtains or articles of furniture for some imaginary ob- 
ject. He may stand in attentive attitude listening to fancied 
sounds, and then bound in that direction in spite of an obstruc- 
ing wall or utensil. If recalled to reality by his master’s voice 
his healthy attitude and affection may be completely though 
temporarily restored. He may compose himself to rest or sleep, 
and soon again start a victim to further delusions. 

The furious stage is ushered in by a more pronounced mani- 
festation of the above symptoms. ‘The rabid howl is more fre- 
quent and characteristic. The insomnia and the restless move- 
ments, change of place, searching, scratching or tearing are 
likely to be more prominent. The delusions and the watching 
or snapping at phantoms are more marked. ‘The causeless snif- 
fing and scraping may imply disorder of the sense of smell. The 
exalted hyperzesthesia and reflex excitability is usually a most 
marked feature, frequently modified by a sinister, inimical or 
‘malevolent disposition. Some subjects show evidence of intense 
itching, most marked perhaps in the seat of the wound; others 
are abnormally sensitive to currents of cold air ; they start at the 
slightest noise, a flash of light, a touch, or the approach of a 
stranger. A paroxysm of fury may be caused at once by shaking 
a stick at the patient, but, above all, by the test of presenting a 
dog before his eyes. He at once rouses himself and, with flash- 
ing eyes, dashes himself on his supposed enemy and bites viciously, 
but without bark or growl. The sudden and mute attack is 
pathognomonic. But there may be symptoms suggestive of 
some hypozsthesia. A blow from the dog’s master is usually 
borne in silence. The animal shrinks from the blow but does 
not yelp nor howl. During a paroxysm he will lacerate his gums 
or loosen his teeth by biting on a stick or iron bar ; he will even 
seize a red hot bar without shrinking. He will often gnaw his 
limbs or body so as to expose and even lacerate the muscles, 
driven by the pruritus, or the insatiable disposition to bite. Vet 


312 Veterinary Medicine. 


he has still an instinct of self preservation, retiring from a light, 
or blazing brand, and seeking to evade the tongs used to seize 
him. 

The eyes assume a remarkable expression. They are often 
fixed, and at times the pupils are widely dilated allowing the re- 
flection of light from the brilliant tapetum lucidum, resembling 
flashes of fire, and adding greatly to his ferocious appearance, and 
the sense of terror that heinspires. The conjunctiva is congested, 
of a dark red and the general expression of the eye is very strik- 
ing. ‘Thesoft, trusting, affectionate eyes may still for a moment 
meet those of the loved master, but there isin them a dull, hope- 
less, anxious and suffering expression, which appeals for pity and 
should be viewed with dread. To others there is likely to be less 
‘of the affectionate appeal and more of the sinister, suspicious, re- 
sentful and maliciousexpression. To the stranger, therefore, the 
eye may bea better guide than even to the owner. Squinting of the 
eyes and closure of the lids for a few seconds are not uncommon. 
As the disease advances the dilatation of the pupils is more mark- 
ed, indicating the paralysis of the optic nerve. 

In this stage the disposition to wander is characteristic. The 
rabid dog leaves his home and wanders off a long distance, say 
ten or twenty miles, snapping in his travels at man or beast 
that may irritate him, returns dirty and exliausted and seeks 
anew his dark place of seclusion, or he may snap at and bite even 
his master. To those who come in contact with him at this time 
the dog is especially dangerous from his extreme irritability. though 
weak and exhausted. 

If the wandering rabid dog meets a strange dog he attacks him 
and bites without growling or barking. If the bitten dog does 
not yelp nor retaliate, but simply flees, the rabid animal moves 
on, but if he bites back, or howls, he worries him, rolling him 
over and biting again but always in silence, in marked contrast 
with an enraged but healthy dog. If hecomes up with a herd of 
cattle or pigs or a flock of sheep or fowls, the result is similar. If 
they remain perfectly still they may possibly entirely escape, but 
if they scamper off with noise as usually happens, he rushes at 
them and bites one after another, so that in a confined yard or 
park all may suffer. A man meeting the dog increases his danger 
by making an outcry, whereas if he remains perfectly quiet he 


a 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. 313 


may possibly escape. Bouley says that a canine attendant is, ina 
sense, a measure of protection to a man, as the rabid dog attacks 
first the animal of his own species, giving the man a chance to 
escape. 

In his wanderings the rabid dog will swim rivers, having xo 
dread of water, just as at home he will plunge his nose in water 
though unable to swallow. When abroad in this way he exhausts 
himself by his paroxysms and may perish in one of them, or he 
may meet his death from man or animal. He may in his exhaust- 
ed state seek a dark secluded place where he may remain for a 
time and renew his travel later, or he may pass into the paralytic 
condition and gradually sink. 

When shut up, and his vagrant disposition curbed, the parox- 
ysms are liable to appear intermittently, a period of torpor and 
quiet alternating with one of restless movement, searching, scrap- 
ing, howling, biting of any animals within reach and later of men, 
beginning with strangers. A paroxysm can usually be roused by 
shaking a stick at him and always by presenting another dog. 

There is sometimes a difficulty in deglutition, the dog acting 
as if he had a bone in his throat which he was trying to dislodge, 
and fatal bites have been sustained during well meant attempts to 
remove the hypothetical bone. This bears a resemblance to the 
pharyngeal spasms which are such a marked feature in the hydro- 
phobic man. But it is not roused, as in man, by the sight or 
sound of water. On the contrary, water is sought and often 
swallowed at first and even, exceptionally, throughout the disease. 
He may even take his usual food for a time. The bowels are 
usually torpid, and any faeces passed are black and foetid. Diar- 
rhoea may set in later. 

In the early stages the rabid dog walks or trots like any other 
dog. Itis only when exhausted by wandering, or violent par- 
oxysms, or both, that he droops his head and ears, hangs the 
tail between the legs, and slouches along with arched back, and 
unsteady, swaying limbs. The appearance of these last symp- 
toms implies advancing debility and paresis, and the near ap- 
proach of paraplegia. The symptoms may, however, be tem- 
porarily relieved by a period of seclusion and quiet. 

In dumb or paralytic rabies the striking peculiarity is the omis- 
sion of the preliminary furious stage, and the disease merges at 


314 Veterinary Medicine. 


once into paralysis after the premonitory symptoms. In these 
cases the early nervous symptoms tend to prostration, weakness: 
and dulness or even stupor, there is no disposition to escape, but 
rather to seek seclusion and quiet, there is rarely howling and 
then only at first, and soon thére is paralysis of the masseters 
and dropping of the lower jaw, and there is neither ability nor 
desire to bite. From this the paralysis extends to the hind limbs 
and then to the fore limbs and trunk. In other cases one limb 
is the first to suffer, followed by the face, limbs and body. ‘The 
most prominent feature is the widely opened mouth, the flaccid, 
hanging tongue and drivelling saliva. The buccal mucosa, at 
first red and moist, becomes bluish, dry and powdery. ‘The eyes. 
are dull, mournful, suffering or altogether without expression 
and the pupils are usually widely dilated. The hind limbs are 
usually utterly helpless and often the fore ones as well, the pros- 
tration is extreme and the patient lies quiet and helpless until re- 
leased by death in two or three days. 

“A third form, known as the lethargic, is a modification of the 
paralytic. There may be neither delirium nor marked paralysis, 
there is no drooping maxilla, pendant tongue nor stringy, hanging 
saliva, but only a profound, nervous prostration and complete 
apathy. The patient curls himself up in some dark, quiet corner 
and cannot be roused by coaxing or punishment, by hunger or 
thirst. In this, as in the dumb rabies, the common test of pre- 
senting another dog fails to rouse excitement or paroxysm. If 
left undisturbed, these patients may live to the tenth or fifteenth 
day. 

Beside the typical forms there are all intermediate grades, in- 
clining more or less toward the furious, or the paralytic or lethar- 
gic. Galtier mentions cases that showed aphasia, scarcely any 
disposition to bite, swaying movements of the body and limbs, 
muscular incodrdination, tucked up, tender abdomen, rolling the 
body like a barrel, and marked dyspncea. Others show at first a 
slight disposition to bite which is quickly checked by a very early 
paralysis of the masseters. In still others the attempts to bite 
are yet seen after dropping of the jaw, but though moved, 
it cannot be completely closed. 

In exceptional cases rabid dogs have shown intermissions of 
apparent soundness extending over eight days (Youatt), two 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. 315 


months (Pasteur), or even six months (Perrin). Rare as these 
are they must apparently be accepted, and must qualify to some 
extent the trust reposed in immunization. 

Diagnosis, ‘The early diagnosis of rabies in the dog is -of 
supreme importance as enabling the owner to destroy or seclude 
the dangerous animal before he has developed the disposition to 
bite and to propagate the disease. If the dog himself is known to 
have been bitten, every premonitory symptom should be carefully 
looked for and critically studied. Any change in the general 
habit, unusual liveliness or dulness, restlessness, or somnolence, 
unwonted affection or taciturnity, special watchfulness with 
vision, or hearing, change in the character or tones of the 
voice or the disposition to use it, propensity to swallow foreign 
nonalimentary bodies, retching, vomiting or costiveness, pro- 
pensity to hide away in a dark corner or to leave home and dis- 
appear for a day or more, disposition to gnaw and tear up wood 
or clothing, or hyperzesthesia affecting any part of the senses 
should be carefully noted. Note especially any exaggeration of 
the generative instinct, any strabismus, or redness of the eyes, 
any turning of the eyes or head after imaginary objects or snap- 
ping at them, any disposition to anger or attack when another 
dog or cat is presented and any disposition to growl at or to bite 
astranger. This tendency to anger and resentment though not 
always present is usually a symptom of the very greatest value. 
If a dog is known to have bitten or attempted to bite any person 
or animal he should be tied or shut up in a safe place for four 
days at least, under veterinary supervision, and set free only on 
condition that no symptoms have developed at the end of this 
period. A hasty decision that a suspected dog is not rabid must 
lay a veterinarian open to the most serious charges, in case rabies 
occurs in man or beast from the bites. 

Diagnosis is less difficult after the paroxysmal stage has set in. 
Then there is the extreme irritability and hypereesthesia, the 
appearance of reflex spasms of the pharyngeal muscles and chest 
under the influence of any peripheral excitement, the derange- 
ment of the senses, the dilated pulpil, the flashing eye, the 
squinting, the taciturnity and the propensity to bite. Later still 
the lack of codrdination of movement or the paralysis, especially 
of the hind limbs and of the jaws. 


316 Veterinary Medicine. 


The symptoms may be simulated by those of some other 
diseases. Thus the bitch which has been exhausted by lactation 
may show delirium with taciturnity and a disposition to snap. 
The dog, which is habitually struck or threatened by passers by, 
may acquire a sinister look and a disposition to bite on every 
occasion. ‘The presence of a bone or other foreign body fixed 
between the upper molars, and various injuries of the jaws, teeth 
or throat may cause inability to swallow, change of the voice and 
a morose disposition and expression. In such cases there may be 
vomiting, rubbing the jaws with the paws as if to disengage 
something, and salivation, but there is no delirium, fury, 
muscular weakness nor paralysis. In paralytic rabies on the 
other hand, along with the open mouth and drivelling saliva, 
there is no disposition to paw the mouth nor face, the buccal 
mucosa is not smply red but of a deep violet, and there is at- 
tendant weakness or paralysis of the hind parts. 

Galtier has seen inability to swallow and dropping of the lower 
jaw from violent stomato-pharyngitis, and from dislocation of the 
maxilla. 

Great tenderness of the skin from inflammation due to blistering 
or caustic agents or from rheumatism may cause such alert appre- 
hension and disposition to bite in self defense that it may simulate 
hypereesthesia of rabies. 

From pharyngeal anthrax and violent angina, rabies is distin- 
guished by the extreme exaltation of the special senses, the 
marked hyperzesthesia and reflex excitability, and, as in the 
other diseases mentioned, by the perfectly lucid intermissions. 
Epilepsy is not to be roused by sudden noise, movement nor 
attempts to swallow, it is not associated with hypereesthesia and 
in the haut mal the spasms affect the muscular system more gen- 
erally. A disposition to bite, and spasms and other nervous 
symptoms, resembling to some extent those of rabies, have been 
seen in cases of pentastoma in the nasal sinuses, cysticercus in the 
brain, filaria immitisin the blood, nematodes, and teenia in the 
bowels, and auricular acariasis, but there is no such hallucination 
nor visual delusion, no alteration of the voice, no cutaneous 
aneesthesia, no exalted reflex excitability. Cadeac finds rabiform 
symptoms with disorders of the special senses in animals dosed 
with various essential oils, but the odor of these essences about the 
mouth and in the breath would serve to distinguish. 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. ° 317 


Symptoms in Cats. The disease makes a rapid progress, and 
often ends in death in three or four days. There is a marked 
change of voice, the calls being hoarse and bass, having been 
compared to that of a cat in heat. Asin the dog, thereisa dis- 
position to pick up and swallow objects that are in no sense food, 
perhaps even its own urine or faeces. There isa great tendency 
to hide away under furniture or in secluded corners so that the 
malady may be far advanced before anything is suspected. If 
seen the patient shows restlessness and frequent movement, with 
a marked excitability under noise or other disturbing influence. 
Any disturbance may arouse a paroxysm, accompanied by oc- 
casional wide dilatation of the pupils, with flashes from the bright 
carpet in the vitreous chamber, and the patient may spring at 
human beings and bite or scratch the hands, face or other un- 
covered portion of the body. It shows the same disposition to 
bite small animals, and especially dogs. A glairy often frothy 
saliva is found in the mouth and often around the lips. As the 
disease advances and paresis sets in, the cat usually crawls into 
some dark secluded corner and there dies. 

Symptoms in Solipeds. These may vary much in different 
cases but the leading characteristics, as seen in the dog, are 
prominent also in the soliped. There is marked restlessness, 
trembling, and extraordinary hyperzesthesia, as seen in starting at 
sounds, sudden flashes of light or other causes of disturbance. 
The ears are held erect and watchful for sounds ; the eyes are red 
and mostly vigilant with at times pupillary dilatation and flashing. 
The sight of a dog rouses him instantly to attack it with teeth 
and heels. A stranger is liable to be similarly treated though the 
horse is still docile and kind to his keeper. There may be itching 
of the skin and* above all of the seat of the bite. During a 
paroxysm the movements are usually violent, dangerous and even 
“ mischievous. There is constant restless movement, pawing, 
kicking the ground, the stall or attendants, lying down, rolling, 
rising, straining to urinate, or defecate, eversion of the rectum, 
shaking the head, muffled neighing, sniffing, snorting, everting 
of the upper lip, grinding of the teeth, or biting. In the 
absence of such paroxysms deglutition may be difficult, and the 
appetite depraved, the patient preferring earth or manure to the 
natural food. With spasms or paralysis of the pharynx, the food 


318 : Veterinary Medicine. 


may be returned through the nose. In some cases a stiffness or 
impaired control of the limbs has suggested inflammation of the 
feet. In the uncastrated male and female, generative excitement 
is the rule, the protrusion and erection of the penis, the swelling 
and rigidity of the clitoris, with frequent straining to pass water, 
the whinneying of the animal for its mate ; attempts at copulation 
and even ejection of semen may be observed. The seat of the 
bite may be red, angry and itchy, so that the horse rubs, nibbles 
or gnaws it, often breaking it open anew. There is usually ardent 
thirst, and no dread of water, even when swallowiug is difficult 
or impossible. 

During a violent paroxysm the horse often bites the halter, 
blanket, manger, rack or stall; seizes the adjoining horse with 
his teeth, or gnaws, or tears strips of skin from his own shoulder, 
breast or limbs. In the same way he uses his feet with the most 
evident purpose of injuring man or beast that may approach him, 
or he breaks down his stall. 

Even at an early stage there may be spasmodic movements of 
the eyes, face or body, and later there appear signs of paresis, 
often commencing in a hind limb and extending to paraplegia and 
general paralysis. Sometimes paralysis. begins in the muscles 
adjoining the seat of the bite. The temperature, at first normal, 
may rise to 104° F. in the advanced stages, breathing and pulse 
are greatly accelerated, and the skin may be bathed in perspira- 
tion. Spasms are not entirely superseded by paralysis, and death 
often takes place during a convulsion, from the fourth to the 
sixth day. In apoplexy death may ensue in one day. 

Cases in which paralysis is not preceded iy a furious stage, are 
not uncommon in horses. 

Symptoms in Cattle. Cattle are frequent victims of rabies, 
which assumes mostly the furious type, yet in certain outbreaks 
the paralytic or lethargic form predominates. There is first a 
strange irritability and restlessness, very unlike the habitual 
quiet disposition of the animal. The head is raised, the ears 
alert, the eyes prominent, red, fixed, with occasionally widely 
dilated pupils and brilliant flashes from the tapetum lucidum. 
Sometimes they roll or squint. They may appear wild and fero- 
cious or dull and hopeless. Loud and terrified bellowing is not 
uncommon, switching of the tail, drivelling of saliva, and ex- 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. 319 


ceptionally there are attempts to bite. More commonly the 
natural weapons of offense are employed, the animal kicks, 
stamps, paws and, above all, tries to gore man or beast, but es- 
pecially any dog which may appear. ‘hey even make such at- 
tacks on purely imaginary beings and without any real, tangible 
enemy present. The bull, cow or heifer present the usual signs 
of genital orgasm. Appetite is lost or depraved and rumina- 
tion arrested. Pharyngeal spasm or paralysis isnot uncommon, 
and signs of colic with frequent defecation may be seen. Violent 
paroxysms are easily roused by the sight of a small animal and 
especially of a dog. In these attacks the animal may break his 
_horns or teeth or otherwise injure himself. Sometimes the infec- 
tion wound becomes irritable, itchy and red or even abraded and 
taw by licking. 

The animal becomes rapidly exhausted and even emaciated by 
the violence of the paroxysms, and paresis sets in with dragging 
movements of the hind limbs, which advance to paraplegia and 
general paralysis. Rolling of the eyes, squinting and pupillar 
dilatation may be present. Death usually takes place from the 
fourth to the sixth day. 

The purely paralytzc rabies is not uncommon in cattle. There 
amay be persistent yawning or other sign of nervous exhaustion 
or depression, halting on one or more limbs, usually behind, 
which advances to complete paralysis. In other cases the symp- 
toms are those of mental dulness, and profound lethargy with 
gradually advancing emaciation. In paretic and paralytic cases 
the characteristic paroxysms on presentation of a dog may be 
absent. 

Labague claims to have seen intermittent cases with an interval 
of 27 and even 36 days. 

Symptoms in Sheep and Goat. In these there is the same 
regular succession of symptoms through intense hypereesthesia 
and excitability, fury and genital excitement to the terminal 
paralysis, or the palsy may set in early without premonitory 
violence. Among the marked features have been noticed, a 
change of expression, the pupils dilate, eyes flash, they lick or 
‘mount their fellows, they lick or rub the bitten part, snort, stamp 
or scrape with the fore feet, setting themselves in the attitude of 
attack, they may butt other sheep, fowls, and other animals, 


320 Veterinary Medicine. 


above all dogs, or they may deliver the attack in the air only, at 
some phantom enemy. ‘They may bleat hoarsely or brokenly, 
grind the teeth, or work the jaws with the formation of froth 
about the lips. Galtier says they may even attempt to bite. 
Sooner or later weakness of the limbs, muscular incodrdination, 
swaying and staggering bespeak enervation, the sheep lies con- 
stantly, and if raised stands with unsteady semi-flexed limbs, has 
trembling or convulsions and dies paralytic in from two to five 
days. Death has been delayed till the twelfth day (goat) or 
thirteenth (sheep). In some cases paralysis has been present 
from the start, the subject lying prostrate from the first. 

Rabies in the Camel and Deer. In Algiers camels are often 
times bitten by rabid dogs and contract the disease showing both 
furious and paralytic symptoms. ‘They are especially dangerous 
because of their propensity to bite, and to scatter the virulent. 
product by sneezing. 

In England rabies has prevailed extensively in parks of deer, 
which shut inside high walls have been bitten remorselessly by rabid 
dogs that had gained admittance. The symptoms of hyperzes- 
thesia and paralysis followed the same general course as in other 
animals. ; 

Symptoms in Swine. Rabid pigs are usually very restless, ex- 
citable and sensitive to all causes of disturbancé. They will hide 
under the litter in the darkest corner but soon start without ap- 
parent cause, turn around and lie down again, or they bound up 
with grunt or scream and rush off as if pursued, push or leap 
against the wall, stand with ears pricked asif listening, and start 
violently at any noise or a flash from a lantern, trembling, squeal- 
ing, or having muscular jerking. The eyes are at times fixed, or 
may roll, squint or flash from pupillary dilatation. The voice is. 
hoarse, deglutition difficult, there is frequent clenching of the 
jaws, or grinding of the teeth, and frothing around the mouth. 
The victim may tear with his teeth the boards of his pen, or 
gnaw pieces of wood, he may swallow wood, pebbles or earth, 
and plunge his face in water or other liquid. without fear or ap- 
parent dread or dislike. The disposition to bite may be viciously 
shown, and he may strike dangerously with his tusks, while in 
other cases it may be entirely absent. Peuch quotes cases in 
which no paroxysm was aroused by the sight of a dog, and others 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. 321 


in which the pig would rise and grunt without showing any desire 
to bite. 

Sows will sometimes bite or devour their offspring during a 
paroxysm, yet nurse and care for the survivors during the 
intervals. 

Emaciation, weakness, exhaustion, lethargy and paralysis ap- 
pear early, the victim remains down, or, if raised, moves weakly 
and unsteadily and no longer pays attention to noises nor blows. 
Death may ensue from the first to the sixth day. 

Symptoms in Rabbits. Experimental cases in rabbits are now 
very common and usually assume the paralytic or lethargic type, 
there is weakness in the hind parts, advancing in a few hours to 
paraplegia, the fore limbs may be used for a time while the hind 
are flaccid and dragged, or the animal lies on the sternum 
and belly with the head sunken and resting on the feet, or he lies 
extended on his side, in a state of insensibility. In the early 
stages he may still masticate, with froth collecting on the lips, 
but there is difficulty in swallowing. If a foot is pinched it is 
drawn up often with a cry. The bowels are torpid though a few 
small, round, hard pellets are sometimes passed or a little urine. 
Incubation is shorter than in the dog, and the virus retains this 
habit when inoculated on other animals. 

In the experimental cases in the Anti-rabic Institute in 
St. Petersburg, Helman found that the rabbits inoculated with 
virus from dogs having furious rabies, contracted furious rabies, 
while those inoculated from te less furious type of street rabies 
had the disease iu the dumb form. 

Symptoms in the Guineapig. In this animal as in the rabbit 
the disease has been mainly seen in the experimental form, and 
has assumed the paralytic type. It trembles, moves stiffly or 
weakly, lies most of its time and passes rapidly into paralysis. 
There is usually no tendency to bite, yet Peuch in a case of intra- 
ocular inoculation from a rabid cat observed the most violent ex- 
citement, loud hoarse screaming, bounding in different directions, 
biting of the wires of the cage, and other manifestations of violent 
rabies. In both forms there are liable to be convulsive movements 
of the jaws, accummulation of frothy saliva, and a free discharge 
of urine. 

Symptoms in Birds. Chickens bitten by mad dogs have been 

21 


322 Veterinary Medicine. 


seen to prove restless, erecting the feathers and moving aggressively 
toward man or dog or phantoms of their imagination and attacking 
with bill or spurs or both. ‘This, however, rapidly advances to 
paralysis and death. In cases due to intracranial inoculation on 
the other hand, somnolence, lethargy, or coma appeared early, and 
was quickly followed by paralysis. This affects especially the 
legs and neck. Recoveries are common and the animal is there- 
after immune. Subsidence, with complete intermission of symp- 
toms, is more common than in rabbits, the disease reappearing 
later, and perhaps finally ending in recovery. 

Symptoms in Wild Carnivora. The rabid wolf, fox, jackal, 
hyena, coyote, ferret, polecat and skunk lose their fear of man, 
and approach and attack him in field, village or city. The 
disease has its furious and paralytic stages as in the dog, and the 
animals attack according to their nature, wolves being dangerous 
from flying at the face and throat, and skunks from stealing up 
and biting without warning. 

Symptoms in Man. After the period of incubation prodromata 
may be present, or there may be suddenly and without any pre- 
monition, violent spasms of the pharynx and inability to swallow. 
The premonitory symptoms when present consist in irritability of 
the cicatrix which becomes red or blue, swollen, itchy or pricking, 
and an aura or shooting pain may extend from this toward the 
heart. There is anxiety, sighing, tremor, restlessness impelling 
to frequent change of place, insomnia, disagreeable or painful 
dreams, weariness, and gloomy forebodings. The face is pale 
and drawn, and the eyes wander of@have a look of apprehension. 
There is some fever and often marked thirst, and the attempt to 
swallow rouses slight spasm or a sensation of tightness in the 
throat. The fauces, pharynx and eyes are congested, reddened 
and it may be swollen. Pulse and respiration are both quickened, 
the inspiration being often prolonged and sighing, and the expira- 
tion sobbing. At first the intellect is unimpaired ; there is no 
illusion nor hallucination. 

In cases in which premonitory symptoms are lacking, violent 
spasms of the throat and chest are commonly roused by an attempt 
to drink and this is so painful that the patient cannot again be 
induced to try. After this any suggestion of drinking, the offer 
of drink, the noise of trickling water, the sight of water, the sight 
of a vessel in which the water was contained, or even of a clear 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. 323 


shining surface of glass or metal is likely to bring on a paroxysm. 
This hydrophobia is peculiar to man, being rarely seen in rabid 
animals. During a paroxysm dyspncea isextreme, respiration is 
gasping or sighing, and in the attempt to dislodge the tenacious 
mucus which is present in the throat, hoarse or shrill inarticulate 
sounds are emitted which have been supposed to resemble the 
bark of the dog. There is a sense of closure of the throat and of 
rising of the stomach, and retching or even vomiting may ensue. 
Hypereesthesia, reflex irritability, and exaltation of the special 
senses, now become extreme, so that a paroxysm may be brought 
on by the slightest disturbance, a current of air, a bright light, 
the rustling of a dress, the noise of a footfall, the noise even of 
talking, or a slight touch. The ‘‘ tendon reflex’’ and skin 
reflex are often much encreased. During a paroxysm there are 
muscular trembling and clonic spasms,—sometimes opisthotonos. 
The intervals of complete relaxation, however, serve to distin- 
guish from tetanus. The face is red and drawn, the eyes con- 
gested and some times squinting, the pupils dilated and the 
expression one of suffering, apprehension and horror. Mental 
disorder appears sooner or later, the speech is disconnected, with 
indication of delusions from which the patient may at first be 
recalled by the attendant. Thereis, however, a constant disposi- 
tion to be reticent, morose and above all, suspicious, as shown by 
the absence of a direct look, and the frequency of side glances as 
though in expectation of a hidden danger. This may even rise 
to mania, the patient charges those about him with having caused 
his sufferings, or with conspiracy to injure him, and he may seek 
to defend himself with hands, feet, teeth or any available object. 
‘The necessary restraint aggravates and prolongs theattack. On 
its subsidence the patient collects his scattered senses, regrets, 
apologizes, and warns against future occurrences of the same 
kind which he realizes to be beyond his control. Sometimes the 
delusions continue during the remission as well. Sexual excite- 
ment is common in man as in animals. 

The convulsive paroxysms may last 1% to 1 hour, and they 
tend to encrease in duration and force. A violent paroxysm 
may cause sudden death from asphyxia or apoplexy. 

Sooner or later exhaustion and paresis appear. The convul- 
sions become gradually weaker, the reflex irritability and hyper- 


324 Veterinary Medicine. 


zesthesia abate, and the patient may become once more able to 
swallow, but an ascending paralysis, beginning in the limbs 
spreads over the body and death occurs in from one to eighteen 
hours. In the paralytic stage there may still be slight jerking of 
the muscles, or tremors, but violent convulsion no longer occurs, 
and there is extreme prostration, with hurried, rattling breathing, 
small, weak, irregular pulse and finally, stupor and coma. 

Diagnosis in man. 'The only additional point, to those already 
stated for animals, is in regard to lyssophobia. This false form of 
hydrophobia is usually fortified by the fact of a bite, but as a 
rule it lacks the exaltation of common sensation and of the special 
senses which characterizes genuine hydrophobia. Very often also 
there is a flaw in the history, the dog that inflicted the bite is un- 
known and may still be alive, in which case no medicine is so 
good as to bring the healthy dog into the presence of the patient. 
The dog may have been killed by an excited community without 
any identification of his symptoms as those of rabies or any post 
mortem examination to throw light on his case. The attack 
may have come on after a conversation on the subject of the bite, 
or of rabies, and perhaps, as in the case of the Montpellier cadet, 
long after and when the patient had for the first time heard that 
the dog that bit him had been mad. It may be that rabies does 
not exist in the district and that no other victim in man nor beast 
can be adduced. It may be that the patient has a nervous or- 
ganization or is subject to hysteria, and therefore specially pre- 
disposed to any disease of the imagination. Such cases cannot 
be accepted as rabies until a successful inoculation has been made 
on one or more animals. 


RABIES AND HYDROPHOBIA. LESIONS. TREAT- 
MENT AND PREVENTION. 


Lesions : blood fluid or clot diffluent. Fauces, pharynx and larynx con- 
gested, exceptionally ulcerated. In dog, mouth cyanotic, with tenacious 
mucus, sublingual petechize and erosions, stomach contains many foreign 
bodies, but no food, small intestines and cecum empty, and like stomach 
congested : petechize on skin and elsewhere, cutaneous and cardiac veins 
gorged, hyperzemic liver, kidneys and bladder : brain congested, capillaries 
dilated or blocked, haemorrhagic, leucocytic collections in lymph spaces, 
nerve cells swell up with hyaline and Negri bodies near nuclei, and neuroglia 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. Lesions, treatment, prevention. 325 


has hyperplasia, especially near the respiratory centre. Congestion of nerves. 
Leucocytosis. Therapeutic treatment : Orrotherapy : of little avail. 
Nerve edatives ; darkness, quiet, nutritive enemata, chloroform, chloral, 
etc. Prevention : ersdicate the virus; muzzle all dogs absolutely, under 
heavy penalty, for one year ; Gower’s view ; examples of muzzling ; collar 
with name and owner, shoot all unmuzzled dogs, cage for six months bitten 
dogs and cats, also all imported dogs, shut up in cage for 10 days all dogs 
that have bitten ; treatment of bites, tourniquet, cup, suck through tube, 
wring wound, cauterize—hot skewer, cautery, mineral solid caustic, min- 
eral acids on pledget or through a tube ; Pasteur method: emulsion of 
spinal cord (of rabid rabbit) after aseptic eration in vitro for 3 to 14 days, 
injected in graduated doses for 21 days, table of doses, table of mortality ; 
Orrotherapy : by. blood serum of immune animal: advantages, disadvan- 
tages—technique ; Use of sterilized brain matter from rabid animal: exper- 
iment ; protection by snake venom. 


Pathological Anatomy. ‘The blood is fluid or the clot diffluent. 
Congestion of the fauces, pharynx and larynx is patent during 
life but may have disappeared after death. Yet I have seen ex- 
tensive ulceration of the vocal cordsin a rabid cow. The con- 
‘gestion may extend to the trachea, bronchia and lungs. In dogs 
the buccal mucosa is often cyanotic, covered with a thick mucus, 
and may present sublingual ecchymoses and erosions, and wounds 
of various kinds made by objects bitten or swallowed. The stom- 
ach in the same animal is usually almost pathognomonic, being 
filled with foreign bodies of all kinds—straw, hay, hair, wood, 
coal, pebbles, pieces of metal, cord, leather, cloth, earth, sand, 
etc.—the result of the depraved appetite. There isan absence of 
normal food principles in stomach and small intestines and the 
czecum and colon are usually empty. The gastric mucosa is con- 
gested, and may be wounded and its contents mixed with blood. 
Such a condition of the stomach in a dog, that has been bitten, 
and which after a customary incubation period has shown symp- 
toms like those of rabies, is virtually diagnostic. 

The following lesions are common to man and animals : Marked 
emaciation, cyanosis or petechiz in skins that are naturally white, 
early sepsis, cutaneous veins and heart gorged with dark 
inspissated blood, hyperzemic liver and kidneys, and slightly con- 
gested, petechiated empty bladder. 

The most important lesions, however are those of the central 
nervous system. In seven cases out of nine, Gowers found these 
-very distinct. "There were vascular disturbance, capillary dilata- 


( 
326 Veterinary Medicine. 


tion, capillary clots, minute hemorrhages, and accumulations 
around the affected capillaries of leucocytes occupying the lymph 
spaces. Benedikt and Babes attach much importance to the for- 
mation of hyaline patches in the thickened walls of the vessels 
and around them, compressing the vessels in some cases to virtual 
obliteration. ‘The nerve cells swell up, and show small hyaline 
bodies in the vicinity of the nuclei, and these latter finally disap- 
pear. Germanoand Capobianco found in addition marked hyper- 
plasia of the neuroglia. Babes, who looks on these changes as 
pathognomomic, takes a small portion of spinal cord, hardens it in 
alcohol for 24 hours, stains it ‘with aniline red and examines for 
the characteristic hyaline nodes. 

‘These brain lesions have been found mainly in the medulla near 
the floor of the fourth ventricle and the respiratory center, but 
they are also to be found in other parts of the encephalon and 
spinal cord. The greater constancy of the medullary lesions. 
serves to explain the characteristic symptoms. 

Histological changes in the Gasserian ganglion of the fifth 
nerve, or the flexiform ganglion of the tenth just below the lac- 
erated foramen give conclusive resultsin advanced cases. The gang- 
lion is placed for afew hoursin asaturated aqueous solution of mer- 
curic chloride, then washed: in water, then in alcohol, then 
mounted in paraffin and sectioned. The sections are stained in. 
Delafield’s heematoxylon solution, and placed under the micro- 
scope. Normally each nerve cell is enclosed ina capsule, which 
contains also a single investing layer of endothelial cells. In dogs. 
dead of rabies, the single layer of endothelial cells is replaced by 
a great aggregation of cells evidently the result of the prolifera- 
tion of the single layer. The ganglion cell under their encrease: 
has atrophied or even completely disappeared. This is met with. 
throughout the whole ganglion. These lesions are constant in. 
dogs that have died of the disease, but may be altogether absent. 
in subjects killed in the early stages. ‘They are best shown in. 
the dog, and less so in man or ox. 

Other lesions are the Negri bodies, cosinophile granules found. 
in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and the large ganglion 
cells of the Cornu Ammonis. ‘These cell-inclusion bodies may be: 
round .5 to 2.3m, or oblong .5 x 1.54 or 2.4". When fixed in. 
Zenker’s fluid, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, stained 10 to 15, 


Rabies and fTydrophobia. Lesions, treatment, prevention. 327 


minutes in a saturated alkaline solution of cosin, then 3 to 5 
minutes in alkaline methyline blue, they form bright red objects 
in the blue nerve cell. They are most easily discovered in ad- 
vanced cases, and were shown in 344 out of 550 rabid dogs 
(Poor). Similar bodies were found in one case of experimental 
tetanus, and this, together with their absence.in many cases, 
especially in the early stages, detracts from its value asa reliable 
pathognomonic lesion. Negri and others, however, recognize in 
these the etiological factors of the disease, and would predict 
rabies or no rabies on their presence or absence. 

When a practitioner has skill, leisure and laboratory facilities 
to examine the plexiform ganglion or cerebellum as above, he 
may gain valuable corroborative evidence, but standing alone, 
neither is trustworthy in the early stages, so that the old well 
attested means of diagnosis, by anamnesis, history, symptoms, 
and gross lesions, remains as the generally applicable and reliable 
diagnostic phenomena. 

Congestions of the peripheral nerves have also been found. 
Liittkemiiller found in rabies a moderate increase of the white 
blood corpuscles and a great number of microcytes. 

Therapeutic Treatment. It waslong thought that rabies was 
necessarily fatal, as indeed nearly all developed cases are to the 
present day. For this reason and much more on account of the 
risk of preservation and propagation of the deadly germ, the at- 
tempts at curative treatment in the lower animals have been looked 
on as utterly unwarranted or absolutely criminal. Yet it is now 
known that very exceptionally a recovery takes place, and in that 
case immunity for the future may be counted on. Yet the fright- 
ful danger attendant on the preservation and treatment of a rabid 
animal, may well forbid the keeping of any of the lower animals 
affected by rabies unless it be in the safest seclusion and for the 
production of immunizing or curative products. 

Orrotherapy with the blood serum of an immunized animal 
is of little value, and attended by risk from the rabid animal, but 
will be noticed below as a prophylactic. 

In man when the disease is manifested, palliation has been ob- 
tained and very exceptionally recovery, under darkness, quiet, 
nutritious enemata and antispasmodics or soporifics. Among such 
antispasmodics and nerve sedatives may be named chloroform, 


328 Veterinary Medicine. 


chloral, curare (3 alleged recoveries), eserine (1 recovery), pilo- 
carpin (1 recovery), morphia, datura, atropia, and bromide of 
potassium. Others have recovered without any medicinal treat- 
ment, so that the mildness of the attack-must be duly considered 
in every case. 

Prophylaxis. ‘The most effective way of preventing rabies is 
to eradicate the virus from the country. All immunizing 
measures resorted to after the infecting bite has been sustained, 
are of little value as compared with this, they may save the bitten 
individual, but they do nothing to prevent others from being 
bitten in the future, and indirectly they contribute to the mainte- 
nance of the disease by drawing attention from such radical 
measures as would rid the country forever of the scourge. In 
his great work on Diseases of the Nervous System, Gowers puts 
this not a whit too strongly when he says: ‘‘ The enforced muz- 
zling of dogs for a period of one year would almost certainly 
stamp out the disease. That such a measure is not adopted is a 
national disgrace, which is accentuated by the fact that the 
Government derives part of its revenue from a tax upon dogs, 
The opposition to the use of the muzzle is one of the strangest 
developments of morbid sentiment. There are apparently 
thousands of well-meaning people who would prefer that hundreds 
of dogs should perish every year of a painful disease, that many 
human lives should be annually lost, and scores of persons 
should be subjected for months to acute mental agony—rather 
than that dogs should be made to wear an apparatus which causes 
them a trifling annoyance. This perverted sentiment ought to 
be met with universal abhorrence as a disgrace to humanity.’ 
Such a statute, backed by a penalty in some degree commensurate 
to the homicidal criminality of the person who would leave his 
dog free to inflict this horrible disease on humanity, would doubt- 
less be effectual, but some nations have such laws on their statute 
books, and yet allow them to become dead letters. Others have 
enforced them to good purpose. Berlin in 1853 had many cases 
of rabies and muzzling was enforced. In three years the disease 
was completely eradicated and the city enjoyed nine years of im- 
munity or so long as the law was enforced. Similar successes 
were met with in Holland, new cases occurring only on the 
borders or in imported dogs. London in 1889 had 123 cases and 


abies and Hydrophobia. Lesions, treatment, prevention. 329 


muzzling was enjoined. In 1892 the cases were reduced to 3, 
and the muzzling law was. suspended, and. a steady yearly en- 
crease resulted, until the 1st three months of 1896 furnished as 
many as 72 cases. 

In the absence of this radical measure muzzling should be en- 
forced for a year in any locality where a case of rabies has oc- 
curred, and every dog should wear a collar with the name and 
tesidence of his owner inscribed on it. All stray dogs and all 
unmuzzled ones should be summarily shot. Dogs and cats that 
have been bitten by rabid animals should be destroyed or shut up 
in cages for six months under veterinary supervision. Imported 
dogs should be similarly secluded. Dogs that have bitten animals 
or men should be shut up for ten days under supervision, when, 
if rabid, the animal will develop unequivocal symptoms. 

Treatment of bites. Absorption from a wound in a limb may 
be prevented by applying a tourniquet. Wounds on the body 
may be cupped, or sucked through a tube. Or the wound may 
be wrung to encrease the flow of blood. As soon as possible it 
should be thoroughly cauterized. A hot skewer, a Paquelin 
cautery, a stick of silver nitrate or zinc chloride or caustic potash 
ora crystal of cupric sulphate will meet this end. If liquid 
caustics are to be employed they can be applied to all parts of the 
wound by means of a pipette, a glass tube, or swab. 

With thorough cauterization shortly after the bite there is 
practically nothing to fear, and even if it has not been applied 
for hours after, it is still valuable in destroying the poison left in 
the wound from which a continuous infection of the brain, by 
the transmission of the unknown germ and its toxins, would 
otherwise take place. It has besides, in the human being, a good 
moral effect against lyssophobia by giving the bitten person a 
certain sense of protection. 

The Pasteur Method. ‘This is based on the fact that the spinal 
cord of the rabid rabbit when removed aseptically, and kept zz 
vitro in a dry atmosphere, loses in virulence day by day, until on 
the fourteenth day it isharmless. To render the air more drying, 
caustic potash is introduced into the flask. The culture of the 
poison in rabbits intensifies its virulence, until the virus becomes 
the strongest known and when inoculated subdurally, reduces 
the incubation to six or seven days. 


330 Veterinary Medicine. 


In Pasteur’s early experiments he began injecting the emulsion 
of the cord desiccated for 14 days, following with that of the 13th 
day, and so on to that of the 5th. It was soon found that this 
was comparatively ineffective when inoculation had been made 
with a strong virus or in a large dose, and the treatment for such 
cases was modified to what is now known as the intensive method. 
The weaker forms of the virus are given at shorter intervals on 
the first days of treatment, and the stronger forms repeated again 
and again, and, in place of a 15 days, course of treatment, this is. 
extended to 21 days. The following table illustrates the course : 


Number of Days 
Day of Treatment that cord had been Dose Injected. 
desiccated. 
orning. J 14 days ) 
Ist aay jraccrivares a re Mays 21S. cesar sel Aee 3cc. 
Sen eta ad evening { = - | 
ins 
Py; aan----= ---- morning { e oe | tata Fame ea nae 3c. 
. 8 “6 
Jaswuaenseee evening. { 
ne aa 
ad 6 [ nnnn nee morning. 6 ‘ ) .-uW.---------- 2cc. 
3 { Sar wneN! evening. 6 ‘ \ 
Athi 222-2 ccc eee eee eee eee ere es 2cc. 
Sth Loo sebsesseustans ee ose 5 tee eS 2cc. 
GLAS 5c ad car eomnaueees sinew , Tae ee re neers 2ce. 
MENS ie 2 oo eee ee cece aes eheeses GW see Sse eee Ice. 
co ci edn roinaeaate cima aia’ aM ae. deacons 2cc. 
Qth yt, siese ht Lessee ane eae eee eee rece. 
TOU 22 ee a see Bere Sete A cages See 2ce. 
PTth Woo ode ee ewascesg: deloe en eee 2cc. 
Teth Sey eo ac ele A MS Cee ec see 2cc. 
13th ‘ io + @asceteeeer cease 2cc. 
14th ‘ SO gecacnmaeeoiwee’ acc, 
15th ‘ a boss soessasescey ace, 
16th ‘ ON a ee Nett eh Pee 2 2cc. 
17th ‘‘ OMY Sethe h gees cate els ace, 
18th ‘ n 2ce. 
Igth ‘‘ oe 2cc, 
20th ‘‘ a 2cc. 
DISt( esa ea er eee eee ee ee ee eS, 2cc. 


Under this treatment the system becomes educated in the pro- 
duction of antitoxins, and perhaps also in phago-cytosis so that 
when subjected to the lethal doses of three, four, five and six 
days preservation, it successfully resists them. The most con- 
clusive argument in favor of its efficacy is this undeniable fact 
that the individual escapes death under injected doses which in 
any unprotected system would prove fatal. 


‘ 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. Lesions, treatment, prevention. 331 


The results as given by the report of the Pasteur Institute are 
furnished in the following table, from which are excluded such 
cases only as developed the disease during the coutse of treat- 
ment, which therefore remained incomplete. 


Persons Mortality 
Years. Treated. Deaths. per cent 
BS8G goer tte stu 2671 _-- 8 ee PS ett setekcos 094 
TSS eee so TIO oe a Tq. saccwecn eens cas O 79 
1888. .2ee 1622 > ccceowe ec, 9 auect wage roncs a iO 55 
1889 2coce22--- = TO3O) e oases tt fe Ee ene os) 
TOGO) nahcerscsectens ie MEAG pate cate ee ce a Ss 0.32 
T8Q0i weete ee 1993) ee aceeseseesk. Ahan ee es 2 (O85 
1892 __-_-_ .--.- 1790 -___----____- 1 hse teiee SLICE ares 0 22 
TOOS: se zee WOIR oa facta tee! NO rayekee ke ees es 0 36 
1894235455. 22551987 soos ees ae 0.50 
1895 ----------- 1520) zoe Soesce Si accent sats 0133 
1896 ._-___ .---- W306 fs nsa gees seg LR Leh eta th 0.30 
TSO? eet eos: P58 aati ee IG ok ee 0.39 


The following table gives the number of individuals treated 
who had been bitten by animals which had been proved rabid by 
successful inoculation of other animals, and of those bitten by 
reputedly rabid animals, and their respective mortality. 


Mort. 

Died. per ct. 

Bitten by animals proved rabid by inoculation -_____ 2,872 20 0.69 
Bitten by animals pronounced rabid by veterinarian_ 12,547 61 0.48 
Bitten by animals suspected of rabies.___.._.-.--_--- 4,747 15 0.31 
Average mortality___.____---.---_---- 0.46 


The Pasteur treatment by its great success in persons who have 
already been bitten has in a great measure robbed hydrophobia of 
its terrors, only it must be resorted to as early as possible in the 
period of incubation. It has also been advocated as a means of 
immunizing subjects that have not been bitten but are more or less 
liable to be so, and on this basis a large number of dogs have been 
passed through it. This is not likely to be adopted in the case of 
the human being, the more so that a few, although on the whole 
avery limited number of persons, have developed rabies long 
after the taking of the Pasteur treatment. This has been at- 
tributed to the retention of latent germs in the system, and argues 
besides, a remaining susceptibility to the poison. 

In spite of its brilliant success and the great boon it has been 
to humanity, the Pasteur treatment is not an ideal one. Itssuc- 


- 332 Veterinary Medicine, 


cess does not consist in an entire extinction of rabies, but merely 
in the reducing of its evil results ; its successis indeed based on 
a preservation and propagation of the germ and a continuous 
danger of infection of new subjects; finally, the proposition to 
end the disease by passing the whole canine race through the 
treatment, is open to the objections that this would require a 
fabulous outlay, and that even then some rare cases are not 
found to be fully protected. To continue the disease, when it 
may be exterminated, and to palliate its results by the treatment 
of generation after generation of dogs, must be promptly con- 
demned by the political economist, to say nothing of the con- 
sideration of probable human infection. 

Orrotherapy. Jt is not surprising that essays’ were made in 
the line of serum treatment. Babes and Lepp in 1889 had some 
encouraging results in transferring the blood of an immune ani- 
mal into a healthy one. But Tizzoni, Schwarz and Centanni 
have especially worked out thismethod. These have shown that 
the blood serum of immunized animals destroyed the virulence of 
the rabic poison, whether mixed with it before injection, or in- 
jected with it, or injected within twenty-four hours afterward. 
A very small amount of the serum is required and though delayed 
until the end of the first half of the incubation period, it is only 
necessary to multiply the amount by six or eight times. In this 
it has a great advantage over the antitoxin of diphtheria or teta- 
nus, the former of which has to be multiplied 20 to 100 times, 
and the latter rooo to 2000 times in the later stages of incubation.. 
Further, it is possible by drying to secure the serum in a per- 
manent form which will remain active for a length of time if se- 
cluded from air and light. ? 

This has the decided advantage over the Pasteur treatment, | 
(1) that it employs the antitoxin already formed instead of wait- 
ing for its formation in the body of the subject injected with the 
attenuated virus: and (2) that it does not introduce into the 
system a virulent germ capable of propagating in a favorable 
medium, but only an agent which is antidotal to that germ. 

It has the disadvantage as compared with Pasteur’s method 
that its action is purely therapeutic in the sense of acting as an 
antidote, while it produces no permanent immunity. It doesnot, 
like the toxins, educate the cells to produce an encrease of anti- 


Rabies and Hydrophobia. Lesions, prevention, treatment. 333 


tixin, and it can only protect so long as it remains in the system. 
Whenever it is eliminated or destroyed, the susceptibility to 
rabies returns. Hence it is important to continue its administra- 
tion as long as the microbe remainsinthesystem. Asin tetanus 
and diphtheria antitoxin treatment, it is also important to de- 
stroy the microbe and its toxins in the infection wound. 

The animal which is to furnish the antitoxin is immunized as 
in the Pasteur method by a succession of graduated doses of rabic 
virus. After a treatment of 20 days the rabbit or sheep furnishes 
a serum which is protective when injected in the proportion of 1 
of serum to 25,000 of body weight, even though its use be delayed 
until 24 hours after the introduction of the virus. The sheep can 
be immunized in 12 days by doses of 0.25 gramme of emulsion of 
the infected cord to every kilogramme of body weight. To main- 
tain the serum at its highest standard the treatment must be 
repeated at intervals of 2 to 5 months, as the animal may be able 
to bear it without loss of condition. 

Treatment with Sterilized Brain Matter from a Rabid Animal. 
In 1886 I sterilized with heat an emulsion of the spinal cord of a 
aman who died of hydrophobia and injected two rabbits with 3 one 
drachm doses each, and a third with 4 one drachm doses on as 
many successive days. ‘These rabbits were afterwards inoculated 
with virulent spinal cord and remained well for nine months, 
while three control rabbits injected with virulent cord, but which 
had received no previous treatment died rabid. 

Puscarin and Vesesco have shown that the virus is rapidly 
weakened by heat up to 60° C. at which point the virulence is 
destroyed. It becomes easy therefore to secure in this way a 
toxin uncomplicated by any living microbe. 

Theoretically the sterilization and use of infecting nervous sub- 
stance, should share with the Pasteur method the advantage of 
the selective action of the medullary matter in uniting with the 
toxins and robbing them to a greater or less extent of their 
toxicity. It has the additional recommendation that it introduces 
no living germ, and thus obviates any possible danger of the 
propagation of disease through the animal operated on. 

Fernandez claims an immunity from rabies for dogs that have 
survived the bite of a viper. Many facts and experiments are 
adduced in support of this. 


TETANUS. 


Synonyms. Definition : infectious disease, due to bacillus, and shown by 
tonic spasms of groups of voluntary muscles. Animals susceptible : warm 
blooded animals—dog and chickens least: 3 ds. solipeds, 4th cattle. Pa- 
thology and causes: Bacillus tetani: 4 to 54 by 0.2to 0.34, often enlarged 
by spore at one end ; anzrobic, liquefying, tardily motile, until spore forms, 
grows in ordinary, alkaline media under hydrogen, death point 60° to 65° 
C. (140° to 149° F.), for spores 80° C. (176° F.), for an hour, dried it lives 
for years, in putrid matter 2% months, stains easily, saprophytic in garden 
mould, in ingesta of man and horse, abundant in tropics ; infection local, 
killed by oxygen in blood, toxins tetanize : tetanin, spasmotoxin, toxalbu- 
men, diastase ; spasms first local near wound, then abruptly general, intra- 
venously causes general spasms first, theory of fermentation in blood ; 
changes in nerve cells, neuroglia, ependyma, peripheral nerves: muscles 
soft, pallid, red, ruptured, fibres, ecchymosis ; rigor mortis early, marked : 
sarco lactic acid. Accessory causes: traumas and their causes, parturition, 
umbilical infection, alimentary. General symptoms: incubation 3 to 15 
days, minimum 6 hours, tonic contraction of muscle groups of locomotor 
system beginning near infection wound,—trismus, orthrotonos, opisthoto- 
nos, emprosthotonos, pleurosthotonos, ocular muscles; costive ,difficult uri- 
nation, hypereesthesia, irritability, perspiration, hyperthermia, mastication, 
deglutition, sucking : Symptoms in forse: neck raised concave above, nose 
elevated, nostrils wide, eyes sunken, haw protuded, ears rigid, pricked, 
facial muscles rigid, prominent, mouth drawn back, muscles of back hard, 
tail elevated, trembles, limbs extended outward, stiff, stilty, jaws clenched 
or open slightly, stands: Symptoms in cattle ; sheep and goat ; swine ; dogs ; 
birds: Course : violent cases with short incubation are rapid and fatal ; mild 
ones with prolonged incubation hopeful ; cattle slow, sheep, goats and dogs 
acute. Mortality: sheep and pigs 100 per cent. ; horses 75 to 85; cows 70 
to 80; lambs very fatal. Death from asphyxia, hyperpyrexia, or exhaus- 
tion. Lesions: trauma, often healed; congested nerves, gray horns of my- 
elon, increase of cellsand granules in nervous matter of cord, corpus stria 
tum, cerebellum ; blood extravasations at torn muscle fibres, intestinal and 
cystic congestion : Diagnosis : from strychnia poisoning by slow advance, 
and persistence of spasm ; from vadies by absence of bite, the continuous 
masseteric spasms, by absence of resentment, mischief, hallucinations or de- 
praved appetite ; from rheumatism by the persistent trismus, hyperzesthesia 
and excitability ; from meningitis by the trismus, perfect mentality, ab- 
sence of clonic spasm ; from ¢efany by shorter and less perfect remissions, 
failure to develop under nerve pressure, or improve under thyroid extract ; 
from Jaminitis by the absence of high early hyperthermia, heat and tender- 
ness of the feet, and advance of hind legs under the body. Treatment : 
best in slight cases, after long incubation, with slow progress ; antispas- 
modics ; rest, darkness, absolute quiet, no litter, nor visitors, slings, sloppy 


334° 


Tetanus 335 


food, gruels, milk, green food, at level of manger; clothing to favor per 
spiration ; excision or antisepsis of wound, carbolic acid, bleeding, opium, 
prussic acid, potassium cyanide, bromides, physostizma, eserine, chloro- 
form, sulphonal, trional, tartar emetic, tobacco, apomorphia, lobelia, phen- 
acetin, acetanilid, cocaine, chloral, phenic acid, iodine terchloride, iodide 
of potassium, orrotherapy, antitoxin ; best as a preventive, value decreases 
with development of disease ; cerebral injections ; brain emulsion ; use up 
toxins in blood; no use if nerve centres are already in combination with 
toxins, only to ward off fresh toxin. Toxins produce leucocytosis. Pre- 
vention : disinfection of all dirty wounds, injections of phenic acid, or 
iodine ; remove foreign bodies, use muriatic and carbolic acids; antisepsis 
of navel; disinfection of stables, feet, careful shoeing ; immunization. 


Synonyms. Wockjaw. ‘Trismus. 

Definition. An infectious disease of animals and man, charac- 
terized by tonic spasms of the voluntary musclesin a given region 
or more generally, with exacerbations, and dependent on the 
bacillus tetani. 

Animals susceptible. Immunity cannot be claimed for any 
class of warm blooded animal. Experimentally the dog and 
chicken prove among the most refractory, in keeping with the 
comparative insusceptibility of the last named animal to strychnia, 
but neither can be held to be in any sense immune. Inoculated 
frogs become tetanic if the temperature is maintained above the 
normal standard. In 208 cases in domestic animals recorded by 
Cadiot and Hoffman, 140 were in horses, 10 in mules, 5 in asses, 
(solipeds, 155), 28 incattle, 9 insheep, 5 in goats, 5 in pigs, and 6 
in dogs. Such statistics are liable to prove misleading when we 
have no means of comparing them with the members of the 
different genera from which the cases were drawn and the relative 
exposure of each genus to traumatic lesions (infection atria). 
Solipeds lead with practically 24ds of the entire number of cases, 
but these were presumably the most numerous of the domestic 
animals, and preéminently the work animals and therefore the 
most liable to traumatism. Cattle follow with 4th of all cases 
but here again the large numbers to be drawn upon, and the pro- 
portion of work oxen and wounds, are to be considered. ‘The 
omnivora and carnivora are comparatively little susceptible and 
among these the chicken may be included. The omnivorous rat 
is quite susceptible. 

Tetanus occurs in 1 per 1000 sick horses in the Prussian army 
(Friedberger and Fréhner), and in 1 per 3000 sick in that of 


336 Veterinary Medicine. 


Wurtenburg (Hering). It is so prevalent in San Domingo that 
a gelding costs twice as much as a stallion (Wagenfeld). Heat 
and filth favor its preservation. 

In man tetanus is most frequent as the result of wounds (in 
feet and hands) which are most likely to come in contact with the 
‘soil, and it has visibly decreased in connection with the general 
adoption of antiseptic surgery. 

Pathology and Etiology. Sir James Simpson suggested in 1854 
that puerperal and surgical tetanus was due to the absorption of a 
poison produced in the wound (Woodhead). Spinola charged it 
on infection in wounds in horses. Carle and Rattone in 1884 
successfully inoculated 11 out of 12 rabbits with the products 
from the wound of a man suffering from tetanus. A year later 
Nicolaier produced tetanus in animals by inoculating them ‘sub- 
cutem with garden mould or street dust, arid found inthe suppur- 
ating wounds in connection with various other microbes a minute 
bacillus longer but thinner than that of mouse septicemia to 
which he attributed the tetanizing action. In 1886 Rosenbach 
inoculated two Guinea-pigs with the pus of a tetanic man, and 
found in the sores of the tetanic pigs the bacillus of Nicolaier in 
company with another larger spore-forming bacillus. In 1889 
Kitasato succeeded in making pure cultures of the bacillus tetani, 
and successfully inoculated the disease on mice, rabbits, and 
Guinea-pigs producing typical tetanic symptoms and death. This 
was promptly corroborated by Tizzoni and Cattani and later bya 
great variety of observers. 

Bacillus Tetani. ‘This organism is a minute rod 4 to 5» in 
length by 0.2 to 0.3 in thickness, with slightly rounded ends. 
In many mature forms the one end is enlarged by the formation 
of a spherical, refrangent spore which gives the bacillus the 
appearance of a pin or a ‘‘drum-stick.’’ 

The bacillus is anzerobic, liquefying, tardily motile, and sporo- 
genous. When spores form the bacillus loses its motility. It 
grows at room temperatures, in ordinary culture media which 
have a feebly alkaline reaction, and in an atmosphere of hydrogen, 
but more actively at a temperature of 36° to 38°C. Below 14°C. 
growth ceases and the bacillus is killed at 60° to 65° C. The 
spores, however, can resist a temperature df 80° C., in water for 
an hour, and roo° C. for four minutes. It was this unusual 


Tetanus. 337 


resistance of the spore to heat that enabled Kitasato to kill off the 
contaminating organisms and obtain pure cultures from the sur- 
viving spores. The spores will survive desiccation for years, 
retaining their virulence, and may live 2% months in putrefying 
material. The addition to the culture medium of 134 to 2 per 
cent. of glucose makes the growth much more rapid and abundant, 
and causes opacity in the medium. ‘The upper portion clears up 
in 6 or 7 days by the precipitation of the bacilli as a grayish mass. 
In a glucose culture medium growth is not prevented by the pres- 
ence of oxygen at the surface. The colonies formed in gelatine 
plate cultures show an opaque centre with fine divergent rays, and 
a similar radiating growth is shown in deep stick-cultures. At 
the end of the second week the gelatine begins to liquefy and form 
a little gas, and finally the whole mass becomes soft and sticky. 
The bacillus does not liquefy blood serum. Cultures have a dis- 
agreeable aromatic odor. 

The bacilli stain readily in aniline colors and by Gram’s 
method. ‘The spores may be stained by Ziehl’s method. To 10 
parts of a 10 per cent. alcoholic solution of basic fuchsin, add 100 
parts of a watery solution of carbolic acid. Float the cover glass 
upon this, heating gently for three to five minutes until steam 
begins to rise, wash well in water, and decolorize in nitric or sul- 
phuric acid, 25 per cent. solution, then in 60 per cent. alcohol to 
remove color from albuminous background. Wash in water and 
mount. By placing the specimen for two minutes in a watery 
solution of methylene blue a contrast is obtained, the bacillus blue 
and the spore red. 

Outside the animal body the bacillus has a saprophytic life in 
rich garden mould, street dust, stables, yards and drains, and the 
cracks of floors. Nicolaier failed to obtain it in soil from forests 
and from the deeper layers of garden earth. Marchesi found it 
to a depth of two metres but no more. Again it is much more 
abundant in tropical countries than in temperate and cold ones, 
and appears to be to a great extent limited to particular localities. 
It has been found in the intestinal contents of man and horse 
(Babes, Sormani), and in horse manure, and this mingling with 
the surface soil and generating an abundance of ammonia deter- 
mines the anzerobic conditions which favor the growth of the 
microbe. ‘This serves to explain the remarkable prevalence of 

22 


338 Veterinary Medicine. 


the disease among those living or working about stables, gar- 
deners, agricultural laborers, soldiers on campaign, and children 
and others walking with bare feet. The contact with rich 
infected soil greatly favors inoculation in any accidental wound. 

An important feature in the pathology of tetanus is that the 
bacillus is confined to the seat of the inoculation wound. The 
many attempts to transmit the infection by blood, nervous matter, 
and by one or other of the tissues have uniformly failed, though 
the pus of the infected wound has proved virulent. Similarly, 
the attempts of Kitasato and others to obtain cultures from the 
animal liquids or tissues apart from the wound have been futile. 

By inoculating the toxins remaining in the pus of the infection 
wound, however, or in virulent cultures from which the bacilli 
have been removed by filtration or in which they have been de- 
stroyed by heat, all the symptoms of tetanus can be produced 
(Kitasato, Kund Faber, etc.) In such cases too, the symptoms 
appear at once, as soon as the toxin is absorbed, and not after a 
definite period of incubation as in inoculation of the unaltered 
virus. Kitasato, Vaillard and Vincent reached this conclusion 
’ by another channel. They inoculated mice at the root of the tail 
with virulent tetanus cultures, and at definite intervals after, 
namely, half an hour, one hour, and one and a half hour, they 
made a circular incision round the wound and thoroughly cauter- 
ized the whole, thus destroying all the inoculated bacilli. They 
found that tetanus was prevented in those animals only which 
were operated on in the firsthalfhour. Again, Kitasato injected 
mice with 0.2 to 0.3 cc of the blood from the heart of a fresh 
tetanus cadaver, and thereby produced typical tetanic symptoms 
and death in 1 to 3 days. 

Various poisons have been separated from cultures of bacillus 
tetani. Brieger isolated three substances—tetanin, tetano-toxin 
and spasmo-toxin—which in large doses caused tetanic symptoms 
and even death. Brieger and Frankel later isolated a toxalbumen 
which proved of incomparably greater potency. Again, Brieger, 
Kitasato and Wehl separated what appeared to be an enzyme or 
diastase which proved 500 times more potent than atropia. This 
was in form of yellow, transparent flakes, soluble in water, 
but which was not destroyed by drying, norin the dry state by ab- 
solute alcohol, chloroform nor anhydrous ether, but which, like 


Tetanus. 339 


the virulent cultures of tetanus, was easily destroyed by acids, 
alkalies, hydrogen sulphide, or heat. Like the natural virulent 
product this may be kept unchanged for months on ice, apart 
from the light, or with the addition of 0.5 per cent. of carbolic 
acid, or its own bulk of glycerine. It kills the Guinea-pig in a 
dose of 0.000025 gramme, and the mouse in a dose of 0.00000025 
gramme. 

While the propagation of the bacillus in the animal body ap- 
pears to be local, and the general tetanic symptoms are caused 
by the absorption of the poison, it remains to be seen on what 
organ this directly operates, and what accessory conditions favor 
its efficiency. 

In cases due to inoculation the spasms are at first local in the 
vicinity of the inoculation wound and later become general. 
Kund Faber shows that there is no gradual transition from the 
local manifestations to the general, but the latter appear abruptly 
and in force as a new and independent phenomenon. When we 
consider further that in inoculation with pure cultures (uncon- 
taminated by pus or saprophytic microbes) the wound often heals 
promptly, without any sign of remaining local irritation, we may 
conclude that simple nervous irritation in the sore cannot be in- 
voked as a cause of the early local spasm. It is more likely due 
to the local diffusion of the poison into the peripheral nerves while 
the little that has been absorbed is as yet too much diluted in 
lymph and blood to seriously derange the nerve centres. 

When general spasms set in it must be assumed that the poison 
_has reached the nerve centres in toxic quantities, either through 
the circulation or as is alleged by Babes and others through the 
nerve trunks. When the poison is injected intravenously the 
general spasms are the first to appear. Again the section of the 
nerves of a limb, before inoculation, prevents spasms in its peri- 
pheral muscles when all the body beside has become tetanic 
(Tizzoni and Vaillard). The removal of the brain from a tetan- 
ized frog had no effect, while the removal of a portion of the 
spinal cord abolished the spasms in the muscles corresponding to 
that part. Moreover Gumbrecht cut the whole of the sensory 
nerves of a limb but the spasms occurred in its muscles notwith- 
standing. It must be admitted, therefore, that the general tetanic 
spasms are induced by disorder caused by the poison in the spinal 
nervous centres. 


340 Veterinary Medicine. 


Gumprecht and Goldscheider claim that the poison reaches the 
spinal centres by way of the nerve trunks, basing the conclusion 
on the observation that the spasms sometimes remain for a time 
more marked on that side of the body on which the wound or in- 
oculation was made. Absorption through the circulation also is 
conceded. 

Courmont and Doyon claim that the product of the bacillus 
tetani only operates as a ferment, which produces in the blood the 
real tetanizing agent, basing the conclusion on an apparent delay 
in its action, in man, as compared with strychnia, and on the 
prompt action of the injected blood of a tetanic animal in which 
this poison is presumably preformed. It should be noted, how- 
ever, that the disease in man is only seen after accidental inocu- 
lation of the bacillus, and that time must be allowed for the in- 
crease of the microbe. 

Vaillard and Vincent have shown that the promptitude and 
certainty of the result depend on the age of the culture employed. 
A culture of 5 days in bouillon at 20° to 22° C. will not harm a 
Guinea pig in a hypodermic dose of 0.25cc. too.5ec. A culture 
of 20 days old is deadly. 

The action on the nerve cell of the spinal cord has been inves- 
tigated by Goldscheider and Flatau, who found degeneration of 
the chromatin granules within a short time after inoculation. 
(Centr. fiir Allg. Path. Anat. 1897). W.K. Hunter found that 
the ganglion cell stained more diffusely than normal cells. There 
were also some capillary dilatation and punctiform hzemorrhages 
in certain cases (Brit. Med. Jour. 1897). 

Péchoutre examined the lumbar enlargement of tetanic rab- 
bits by Nissl’s method and found the following lesions in the 
motor cells of the anterior horns: 1st. A partial or total disap- 
pearance of the distinct outer marginal line; enlargement of the 
cell and pericellular space; diffuse coloration of the acromatic 
substance ; a disappearance of the regular concentric disposition 
of the granules of Nissl which were in part reduced to a fine pow- 
der; 2d. Encrease of nucleusyand nucleolus. 

Others have observed encrease of the cerebro-spinal fluid, 
thickening of the ependyma, nuclear proliferation in the neurog- 
lia, and softening of the cord, but in many cases no appreciable 
lesions in the nerve centres have been found, and none can be 


Tetanus. 341 


affirmed as constant. Neuritis in the region of the wound is 
sometimes found, especially if the lesion is a contused or painful 
one. 

The muscles often show lesions, the result of the violent con- 
tractions. ‘There may be points of ecchymosis and partial rupt- 
ure of individual fibres, they may be of a deep red, or again 
pale, soft, and as if parboiled. There may be hyperemia or 
cedema of the lungs, congestion of the larynx, ecchymosis on the 
pericardium and other serous and mucous membranes, and con- 
gestion of the liver, spleen and kidneys. Rigor mortis sets in 
rapidly and is usually very persistent. The muscles contain an 
excess of lactic acid. 

Accessory Causes. Whatever contributes to traumas must be 
classed in this list. Solipeds, work oxen and dogs are especially 
exposed in this sense. In all animals, castration wounds ; in 
horses and lambs, amputation of the tail; in solipeds, pricks, 
bruises and fistulee of the feet ; all kinds of surgical wounds; in 
females, the parturient condition ; and in the new born, the um- 
pilical sore form infection atria. ‘The tendency to infection in 
wounds of the feet in animals, and of the hands and feet in man, 
is easily explained by contact with the virulent earth or dust. 
Children running barefoot, or injuring their bare knees and sol- 
diers sleeping on the ground are similarly exposed. The con- 
tamination of the clothes is the main condition. It has been held 
that infection never takes place from the gastro-intestinal canal, 
but the facts that the bacillus is frequently present in the prima 
viee and that the mucosa is often perforated by blood-sucking 
parasites, suggest that some cases (idiopathic) are probably due 
to intestinal infection. The gland ducts also and the follicles of 
Peyers’ patches and of the solitary glands offer available fields 
for the colonization of the bacillus and for infection. 

General Symptoms in Animals. In experimental cases, in 
-which there has been a large intravenous injection of the blood 
of a victim of tetanus, the symptoms may set in speedily and 
violently. In casual cases, however, there is usually an zxcudbation 
period varying on an average from three to fifteen days in the 
horse while it may be as short as two days in cow and sheep. 
Hoffmann quotes one incubation in the horse as but six hours 
after a wound in the neck, and another as twenty-five days, fol- 


342 Veterinary Medicine. 


lowing a castration. The last is rather unreliable as infection 
may have taken place long after the operation. He quotes cases. 
in the pig and goat, after castration, as eight to fourteen days, 
and one in the dog almost immediately after a bite on the loins. 

Following the incubation the marked phenomena are tonic con- 
tractions of groups of muscles beginning usually with those near 
to the seat of the infected wound and extending with varying rapid- 
ity to the locomotor muscles generally (limbs, croup, back, loins, 
neck, tail, abdomen) and those of mastication (jaw) and the eye. 
The muscles of respiration are only involved at alate date, causing 
stertorous breathing and it may be asphyxia. Peristalsis is im- 
paired so that there issome costiveness and tardiness in digestion. 
Urination becomes difficult and infrequent on account of the 
difficulty of assuming the normal position for the act, and spasm 
of the sphincter vesicze and dangerous distention of the bladder 
may follow. The urine is often albuminous and has a ‘high 
density and color. Priapism is not infrequent in the male. 

The predominance of the spasm in special groups of muscles. 
has been the occasion of giving different names to individual cases. 

Trismus or lockjaw is that condition in which the muscles of 
the jaws are violently contracted so that the incisors can only be 
separated slightly or not at all. 

Orthrotonos is that condition in which the muscles in tonic 
spasms keep the neck, back and loins rigid, straight and unbend-. 
ing, in one horizontal line. 

Opisthotonos is when the muscles of the spine are in rigid 
spasm, so that the back and loins are slightly depressed, the tail 
elevated and trembling, the neck drawn upward with a concave 
superior border (‘‘ewed’’), the head extended and the nose. 
elevated. 

Emprosthotonos is caused by spasms of the muscles of the ventral. 
aspect of the body, with arching of the back and tucking up of 
the abdomen. 

Pleurosthotonos is when the trunk is spasmodically bent to one. 
side, right or left. 

Spasms of the muscles of the eyeball, cause sinking, and. 
apparent diminution of that organ, with the protrusion of the 
membrana nictitans over one-third, one-half or even more of its. 
front surface. This is often referred to by owners as ‘‘ hooks’’. 


Tetanus. 343 


More striking and pathognomonic than the above is the extreme 
hypereesthesia and irritability which rouse into activity or aggra- 
vate the symptoms under the slightest cause of disturbance.. The 
effort required to feed from the ground, the stretching of himself 
to urinate or defecate, the rustling of straw litter under. his feet, 
loud talking, or other sudden noise, banging of doors and windows, 
hammering in the vicinity, a current of cold air, a flash of light, 
moving the patient in the stall, attempts at mastication, simple 
handling, administering medicine, or sudden jerking of the head 
upward promptly brings on a paroxysm of spasm. Pushing the 
head suddenly upward or jerking on the halter, is often resorted 
to as a means of diagnosis, the sudden resulting rigidity of the 
muscles generally, the rolling of the eye, its retraction toward the 
depth of the orbit and the protrusion of the membrana nictitans 
over one-half, one-third or more of the cornea, bringing out the 
diagnostic symptoms in a striking manner. In very severe cases 
the head may be drawn upward and backward almost to above 
the loins (Henry), or one or more of the dorsal or lumbar verte- 
bree may be broken or crushed (Zundel). A sudden loud noise 
will sometimes cause the exhausted animal to drop to the ground. 

Perspiration is not uncommon. Breathing is usually accel- 
erated, the encrease being in ratio with the violence of the spasms. 
Pulse and temperature are usually normal at first and may be in 
slight cases throughout. Even in severe cases the pulse does not 
rise so much as the respiration. In violent and fatal cases 
the temperature often rises excessively before death (104° to 
110° F.). 

When the jaws are not absolutely closed, the tongue is often 
wounded by the teeth, and, in any case is covered by a tenacious 
mucus, which may hang in strings from the lips. Ifthe jaws 
are still movable, mastication is still carried on, but slowly, pain- 
fully and imperfectly, and deglutition is more or less difficult. 
Young animals are unable to suck. 

Symptoms in the horse. When the symptoms are fully devel- 
oped, they are very characteristic. The neck is raised, often con- 
cave along its upper border, the nose raised and protruded more 
or less, the nostrils widely expanded, the eyes sunken, fixed and 
anxious, with dilated pupils and protrusion of the haw outward 
and upward from the inner canthus, the ears are pricked, rigid, 


344 Veterinary Medicine. 


and drawn toward each other at their tips, the facial muscles 
may stand out visibly and are firm, the angle of the mouth is 
drawn back, the veins of the head are full and prominent, saliva 
froths or drivels from the lips, the tail is elevated and during 
paroxysms will tremble, and the muscles of the back and limbs 
are projecting and hard. The limbs are extended outward to 
give a wider base of support. If moved, the general stiffness is 
at once seen. ‘The patient cannot be turned round in his stall, 
he may not even be able to turn the neck to one side, and if 
backed he resists, or accomplishes the movement only with the 
greatest difficulty. In walking, the limbs are used as stilts with 
little or no bending of the joints, and if turned, the body, is not 
bent but moved around with difficulty as if one rigid mass. The 
pulse is small and hard, the breathing slightly hastened, and the 
mucosze congested and reddened. The jaws may be firmly closed, 
or they may still part for a time half to one inch. In all severe 
cases the patient obstinately stands, and if he should drop, or lie 
down, the breathing and spasms are usually encreased and, in 
the efforts to rise, the respiratory muscles may become spastic 
with promptly fatal results. 

In cattle the same general symptoms prevail. ‘The stiffness of 
neck and back, the habitual elevation of nose and tail, the stiff- 
ness of the legs, propped outward for support, and moved like 
unbending posts when made to walk, the hardness of the muscles, 
standing out under the skin, the rigidity of the lips, firmly closed 
or slightly opened, the general fixity of the erect, retracted ears, 
and the sunken appearance of the eyes with marked protrusion 
of the haw, are largely as in the horse. The muzzle is usually 
dry and hot, the jaws clenched, the tongue firmly compressed 
against the palate and covered with thick, tenacious mucus, and 
the flanks are often flattened by the contraction of the oblique 
muscles, so that they descend almost vertically from the lumbar 
transverse processes. There is great difficulty in turning and 
the trunk moves in rather a rigid mass without bending laterally, 
and the limbs are stiff and stilted. T'ympany of the rumen sets 
in early with oppressed breathing and arrest of defecation and 
urination, which had been already difficult. The reflex excita- 
bility to noises, or other causes of disturbance is often less than 
in the horse. In cases following metritis, this may be due in 
part to the depressing poisons absorbed. 

a 


to 


Tetanus. 345 


Sheep and Goat. Show the same general rigidity of trunk and 
limbs, the drawing of the head and neck upward and backward, 
the elevation of nose and tail and the firm closure of the jaws. 
As the disease advances they may lie on the side with legs strait- 
ened and rigid and head and tail raised toward the back. The 
occlusion of the eye by the haw is the same as in the horse. 

In swzne the spasms begin with the jaws and face, and extend 
to the neck, back and limbs with the same general symptoms as 
in other animals. Champing of the jaws and profuse frothing at 
the mouth have been noted and the protrusion of the haw is 
characteristic. As in sheep, the animal may lie on its side with 
head and limbs rigid and an early death may be looked for. 
Convulsions are easily distinguished by their transient character. 

In dogs tetanus is rare. Moller had two cases in 50,000 sick 
dogs, Friedberger and Frohner but one out of 70,000. Cadiot 
saw two cases in ten years of the Alfort clinic. Labat had several 
cases in sheep dogs. A slight transient trismus has been noticed 
as common in puppies. When generalized there is stiffness of 
the trunk and limbs, abduction of the members. The spine may 
be straight and rigid or drawn upward and backward, and the 
loins depressed. The haw covers the eye more or less, the lips 
are rigid, the jaws clenched, and the skin of the forehead 
wrinkled. ‘The ears are stiff and drawn toward each other, or 
backward. ‘The reflex excitability is as great.as in the horse, 
the slightest touch or sudden noise producing violent paroxysms. 
Inability to bark is a marked feature. Temperature may be 
normal or up to 107° F. 

In birds it is very rare, in keeping with the insusceptibility to 
strychnia, ergot and other tetanizing agents. Dreymann gives 
one case in a ¢urkey, and Babes’ experimental cases in pigeons and 
chickens from a specially virulent bacillus obtained from the 
horse. ‘The pigeons suffered much more certainly and severely 
than the chickens, in which there was a marked power of re- 
sistance. Dreymann’s turkey moved with stiff limbs and body, 
had the wings clinging firmly to the body, the head and neck 
extended and the bill firmly closed. The haw protruded over the 
eye, and there was hurried and oppressed breathing. 

Course. Duration. ‘The course of tetanus varies with the 
genus affected, with the individual susceptibility and above all 


346 Veterinary Medicine. 


with the length of the incubation, and severity of the attack. 
Cases that set in with great violence, after an incubation of two- 
or three days or less are likely to advance to anearly death. An 
early generalization of the spasms, with high temperature- 
(104° F), hurried breathing, congestion of the mucosz, and ex- 
treme excitability may end fatally in twenty-four hours or within. 
a week. : 

If on the other hand the incubation appears to have extended. 
over one, two or three weeks ; if the disease is at first equivocal, 
with some stiffness and firmness of the muscles, but with little or 
no trismus ; if the patient can open the jaws an inch or more and 
masticate even slowly for a number of days after the onset of the 
first symptoms ; if the haw projects only slightly over the eye- 
ball and the excitability is not extreme the prospect for recovery 
is much better. Such tardy cases may seem to stand still for a. 
week and then have a slight aggravation and this may be re- 
peated, or a slow improvement may’set in and go on gradually to- 
complete convalescence. Improvement may be manifested by a 
softer or more relaxed condition of the muscles, by a slightly 
freer movement of the limbs and jaws, by a greater ease in 
swallowing, by encreasing movements of the ears and eyes, by 
the lessened projection of the haw, by the freer breathing and 
circulation and by the permanent lowering of temperature to the 
normal standard. Convalescence is always slow, but especially 
slow in severe cases in which time must be allowed for repair not. 
only of the central nervous lesions but also of the ruptures and 
trophic changes in the muscles. 

In cattle the disease is usually slow in its progress and im- 
provement may not set in till the close of the third week. In 
sheep, goats and dogs on the other hand it is habitually acute, 
and death may supervene from the third to the eighth day. In 
the horse all forms are met with and the result will vary ac- 
cording to the severity of the attack. 

Mortality. Friedberger and Frohner sets the mortality in 
sheep and pigs at nearly 100 per cent. : in horses at 75 to.85 per 
cent. : and in cows at 70 to 80 per cent. In tetanus neonatorum. 
in lambs, the deaths reach about roo per cent. Inthis case the: 
disease usually sets in within forty-eight hours after birth, and 
with a very high temperature difficult deglutition becomes a. 


Tetanus. 347 


marked feature, so that if the patient is not speedily killed by 
dyspnea, it soon perishes from starvation and exhaustion. 

The cause of death is usually asphyxia, hyperpyrexia, or exhaus- 
tion. 

Lesions. There are no constant or pathognomonic structural 
changes in tetanus. Those that are found are inconstant and as 
arule secondary. A wound (entrance channel) can usually be 
made out, often in the region of the foot, or in connection with 
castration. In the new born there is the unhealed navel, and in 
parturient cows the catarrhal, septic or injured womb. In the 
seat of such wound may be found the foreign body (nail, splinter, 
etc.), and some pus or simple congestion or even necrosis. The 
nerve trunks leading from such infected wound may be hyper- 
zemic. The presence of the bacillus in the wound may be deter- 
mined by microscopic examination or inoculation on a small 
animal. 

The changes in the nerve centres may be congestion of the 
horns of gray matter, and there may be slight hemorrhage, 
exudation, especially shown in the encrease of the cerebro-spinal 
fluid, softening, cell proliferation, and granular invasion of the 
nervoustissue. Inseparatecases the myelon, the corpus striatum 
and the cerebellum have shown lesions. ‘The meninges are occa- 
sionally hypereemic. Spinal lesions have been noted especially 
in the bulbo-cervical and lumbar regions. Exceptionally in the 
horse there are blood extravasations from fractures or dislocations 
of the vertebree. 

In subjects dying of asphyxia, the lungs and right heart are 
congested, and the blood may be black, only loosely coagulable 
and with free hemoglobin. ‘There is congestion of the intestinal 
as of the respiratory mucosa, and also of the liver, spleen and 
kidneys. The congested bladder usually contains urine contrary 
to what is the case in rabies. 

Diagnosis. From strychnia poisoning tetanus is distinguished 
by the gradual and progressive approach of the spasms and by 
the absence of the intervals of complete relaxation which separate 
the rapidly recurring and violent spasms of strychnia. In tetanus 
the spasms may be modified but never completely intermitted, and 
more or less stiffness, trismus and protrusion of the haw constantly 
persist. In strychnia too, the paroxysm is far more intense than 


348 Veterinary Medicine. 


in the early stages of tetanus, The spasms “of strychnia are 
general, while those of tetanus are often most intense in particular 
groups of muscles, especially at first in the vicinity of the inocu- 
lation wound. ° 

From vadies, tetanus is easily distinguished by the absence of 
any history of a bite; by the persistence of the tonic spasms. 
especially of the masseters and abdominal muscles during the 
intervals between the more violent paroxysms (in rabies there is 
temporary complete relaxation) ; by the absence of clonic spasms 
which alone occur in rabies; by the absence of the paralysis 
which characterizes advanced rabies; by the mental clearness 
and the absence of hallucinations or mischievous disposition which 
are marked features of rabies ; by the absence of the depraved 
appetite of rabies; and by the fact that the brain does not contain 
the infecting germ as is the case in rabies. 

From rheumatism of the neck (torticollis) tetanus is easily dis- 
tinguished by the permanent trismus which is not shown in rheu- 
matism, and by the fact that spasms are easily roused by any 
artificial excitement, indicating an extraordinary hypereesthesia 
and excitability which are nearly absent in rheumatism. The 
steady unmistakable progress of tetanus is in itself diagnostic. 

From meningitis tetanus is to be diagnosed by the presence of 
trismus without impairment of the mental faculties or fever. In 
meningitis the spasms are usually confined to particular groups of 
muscles and do not become generalized under active excitement as 
in tetanus. Even if the spasms of meningitis affect the jaws and 
-pharynx they are rarely paroxysmal or roused by excitement as 
in tetanus. ‘They may even be clonic. 

Tetany is more commonly localized in particular groups of 
muscles, and show longer and more irregular intervals between 
paroxysms than does tetanus. It isimproved by thyroid extract, 
and may be roused at will to contraction by pressing on the nerve 
going to the affected muscles. 

Laminitis in its most violent form and early stages, may be 
confounded at first glance with tetanus, but the high fever, the 
standing on the heels, the advance of the hind legs under the 
body, the great heat and tenderness of the feet, the impossibility 
of standing on one fore foot when the other is lifted and the 
strong pulsation of the digital arteries, are sufficiently distinctive. 


Tetanus. 349 


Treatment, For fully developed tetanus no known resort of 
theraputrics can be relied on. In slight cases that have shown a 
long incubation and a slow increase and extension of spasm and in 
those having trismus only, a recovery may beexpected. Treatment 
has been conducted largely on theoretic lines and may be divided 
into antispasmodic, eliminating and antidotal or antiseptic. 

Rest, darkness and absolute quiet are the first and main con- 
siderations. A dark stall, with no straw litter, the rustling of 
which often excites the patient, but rather a little chaff, saw dust 
or even earth to prevent noise from the feet, and the exclusion of 
all visitors are essential. Asa rule slings should be put under 
the patient so that he cannot lie, nor drop down, and this becomes 
more imperative as the disease advances. The aggravation of the 
spasms when down, and the danger of their extension to the res- 
piratory muscles are far more to be dreaded than the temporary 
excitement caused by the application of slings. Food should be 
sloppy mashes, of bran, middlings, oat meal, linseed meal, gruels 
or milk, or green food may be allowed in moderate amount if the 
jaws are still movable. It must not be forgotten that digestion is 
impaired and food that is indigestible, especially fermentescible, 
or in excess, may arouse fatal colics and bloating, yet in a pro- 
tracted exhausting disease like tetanus, the strength must be sus- 
tained by all means in our power. Pure water should always be 
accessible. Food and water should be furnished in buckets at a 
level which will not necessitate either raising or dropping the head 
to get to them (about 4 feet). The food must be given often, 
in small quantity to avoid fermentation and spoiling. If noise 

. cannot be wholly excluded it may be an advantage to put cotton 
wool in the ears. I have seen a mare recover when completely 
covered with cotton wool under blanket and hoods. 

Local antiseptic treatment. ‘Theoretically this is of great value 
since the microbe is confined to the inoculation wound and by the 
time the first symptoms appear, the spores have developed into 
bacilli and are in a condition to be easily destroyed by disinfect- 
ants. Wecan, therefore, by caustics or active disinfectants de- 
stroy the infecting microbian colony, and prevent the further 
entrance of any toxins into the circulation and nerve centres, 
The principal has been shown experimentally successful in cases 
of inoculation in the tails of cats and Guinea-pigs, and the ampu- 


350 Veterinary Medicine. 


tation of these members as soon as tetanic symptoms appear (Kit- 
asato, Babes). Unfortunately in too many cases, when first seen, 
too much of the marvelously potent toxin has already reached the 
nerve centres, and these have already undergone such changes, 
that the disease is likely to go on to a fatal issue in spite of the 
cutting off of future supplies of toxin. Yet the principle is sound 
and proves helpful in proportion as it is applied nearer to the time 
of infection. The most thorough method is the amputation of 
the infected member, if like the tail or ear it can be excised with- 
out ruining the animal. In 1875, Barbillon had success in again 
amputating the tail, in a case of tetanus after docking. Next to 
this comes the excision of the wounded tissues, but this can too 
seldom be effectually and certainly accomplished, and we must 
fall back on caustics and antiseptics. The actual cautery if thor- 
oughly applied may be trusted to destroy the bacillus along with 
the tissues, but most of the chemical escharotics unite with the 
albumen to form an impermeable film, which protects the tissues 
in the deeper part of the wound against the antisepticaction. Of 
the different antiseptic applications carbolic acid should be especi- 
ally recommended as being not only antiseptic, but also an anti- 
dote to the toxins as shown below. It has the further advantage 
of acting asa local anesthetic, and of not coagulating albumen. 
Creosote, creolin, lysol, or other antiseptic, may be used instead 
and should be applied thoroughly to all parts of the depth of the 
wound on a pledget of surgeon’s cotton or througha tube. When 
agents so little destructive are employed they may be continu- 
ously applied to the sores for a length of time. 

Recoveries have taken place after neurectomy, and after 
stretching the nerve going to the wounded part, the theory being 
to check the afferent (sensory) nervous current, and arrest the 
reflex spasms. The new irritation, however, caused by the sur- 
gical wound is to be dealt with, and may itself turn the balance 
against recovery. = 

Nervous derivation appears to have been beneficial in some ad- 
vanced, or partially convalescent cases. One horse after 14 days’ 
illness (Taffanel) and another after 21 days (Prud’ homme), were 
castrated, bled freely and slowly recovered. Tisserand gives 
another case without mentioning the stage of the disease. A 
horse with advanced tetanus was taken to the seashore and shot. 


Tetanus. 35! 


‘He fell into deep water, swam ashore and made a recovery. But 
~whatever virtue may be in elimination of the toxins by bleeding, 
‘in nervous derivation or in the shocking of an unbalanced ner- 
‘vous system, these can hardly be recommended as regular meth- 
ods of treatment. Yet the older veterinary records contain many 
instances of alleged benefit from bleeding. 

Internal treatment. The whole list of antispasmodics have 
‘been tried, with no very satisfactory result. Opium has been 
extensively employed in spite of its tendency to encrease consti- 
pation, and morphia given hypodermically has checked spasm 
and induced sleep. Hydrocyanic acid and potassium cyanide 
have shown a decided reducing action on the spasms with the 
same drawback of favoring constipation. Potassium and other 
bromides are useful in mild and chronic cases, and may be given 
in full doses in combination with chloral hydrate. Calabar bean 
and eserine have been given for their physiological action on the 
‘nerve centres, arid recoveries have followed their use, but they have 
little effect on the spasms until the system has been saturated to 
the point of threatening collapse. Chloroform has the advantage 
that it can be easily. given by inhalation, but while it may be 
‘pushed to the extent of temporarily checking the spasms, yet 
these return at once when the action of the drug is exhausted. 
Chloroform is always dangerous to a weak or exhausted heart 
and cannot be given for any great length of time continuously. 
It is, therefore, very unsatisfactory. Sulphonal and trional have 
similarly checked the spasms. Gelsemium has given good re- 
sults in certain mild cases, but it must be pushed to the extent of 
coming just short of poisonous doses, and the fear of an overdose, 
‘together with its failure in severe cases, have prevented its gen- 
eral acceptance. The same end has been sought by the use of 
nauseating antispasmodic agents, as tartar emetic, tobacco, apo- 
morphia, and lobelia, but, though useful in individual cases, 
‘these are on the whole no more successful than other agents. 
Phenacetin, antipyrin, acetanilid and cocaine have respectively 
received credit for some recoveries. 

Chloral hydrate commends itself as being at once a most potent 
-antispasmodic and hypnotic, and an antiseptic. It can, moreover, 
be conveniently given as a rectal injection, thus avoiding the irri- 
tation and excitement of administration by the mouth. Given 


* 


352 Veterinary Medicine. 


in this way too, it tends to relaxation of the bowels, instead of 
constipation. Carbolic acid which can be conveniently given by 
enemata has an aneesthetic action. 

Antiseptic and Antidotal or Antitoxin treatment is more prom- 
ising, yet it has failed to come up to the full measure of expec- 
tation, mainly because the nervous changes have already reached 
a stage which cannot be undone speedily or at all. Under this. 
heading would come phenic acid (¥% oz.) and probably chloral 
hydrate (1 oz.), already referred to, and the various compounds 
of iodine which may be here noted. 

Llodine Terchloride. lodine. Behring and Kitasato secured im- 
munity of two months duration, by injecting the animal with 
a filtrate of a culture of tetanus bacillus, and then injecting at 
the same point 3cc., daily, for five days, of a 1 per cent solution of 
iodine terchloride. Roux and Chamberland had similar results by 
using iodine instead of the iodine terchloride, and maintained the 
full measure of immunity by repeating the inoculation every 
fortnight. Here it is evident that the action of the iodine is di- 
rectly antitoxic or antidotal, when introduced along with the 
toxins and before they can reach the nerve centres. 

lodine of Potassium. Inan experimental case of general tetanus. 
in the dog, Babes had a recovery in ten days, by injecting sub- 
cutem s5cc. of Lugol’s solution and thereafter for eight days 1o- 
to 30cc. daily. This suggests the use of this agent along with 
phenic acid, or as an alternate, in any case in which phenol ap- 
pears to be losing its effect by use. It may be used hypodermi- 
cally, or in the drinking water or by rectalinjection. It has an 
- advantage over phenic acid in being actively diuretic and eliminat- 
ing, while phenic acid has the recommendation that it tends ta 
lower nervous excitability and moderate the reflex spasm. 
Theoretically the combination of the two agents, which do not 
mutually decompose each other, should give the best results. 

These experiments have been often repeated showing clearly 
the antidotal action of the iodine compounds when mixed with 
the virus before inoculation, or injected with the virus into the 
seat of the wound. When employed later when the symptoms 
have developed, everything depends on the changes already ac- 
complished in the nerve centres, and the severity and generaliza- 
tion of the spasms. 


Tetanus. 353 


Serum Antitoxin Orrotherapy. Babes appears to have been 
the first (1889) to use the serum of animals (rat) recovered from 
tetanus in mitigating and curing tetanus in experimental cases. 
An attempt on a well developed case in man failed. His method 
of preparing the serum is as follows: A horse of 900 lbs. (461 
kgm.), is inoculated with a mixture composed of o.5cc. toxin 
(of which o.cor mgm. kills a mouse) and o.5cc. iodo-potassium 
iodide, and then at intervals of four or five days of 2.5cc., 4, 5 
and tocc. of the iodine mixture. Then stronger mixtures are 
used : first 2 parts of toxin to 1 part of the iodine mixture ; dose 
tocc. ; then 3:1 dose rocc. ; then 4:1 dose 5cc. ; then 15:1 dose 
tocc. ; then 30:1 dose 25cc. ; and finally virulent cultures in pro- 
gressively encreasing doses 10, 20, 30 and socc. One week after 
the last injection 1cc. of the blood serum will antidote s5occ. of 
toxin. Injection of toxin is however continued and the dose is 
gradually raised to 200cc. Hight or fourteen days after the last 
injection the blood serum may be taken for protective purposes. 
He has prepared antitoxin from cows in the same way, and 
Brieger and Ehrlich have prepared it from the goat. Chickens be- 
ing naturally refractory to tetanus toxin can bear large doses and 
a potent antitoxin is more speedily secured from them. In the 
case of the cow the milk is rich in antitoxin. 

Other methods of preparing an animal for producing the anti- 
toxin have been resorted to, as injecting it with a mixture of toxin 
and antitoxin in increasing doses, or again injecting it with a mix- 
ture of toxin and thyroid extract in increasing doses. The ex- 
tract of the normal thyroid contains a natural antitoxin. 

It may be fairly inferred that the antitoxin is not formed in the 
nerve cells alone in their resistance to the toxin, but also in the 
thyroid, the liver (bile having an antitoxic action), and perhaps 
in other organs or liquids. 

The blood of the immunized animal drawn through the steril- 
ized cannula and aspirating syringe is coagulated in vessels set 
on ice, and the serum when separated is mixed with o.5 per cent. 
carbolic acid and 1 per cent chloroform, and kept in the dark in 
well closed bottles. It will usually keep for years. 

Early experiments with antitoxins showed that when mixed 
with the toxin before injection it could be trusted to neutralize 
it. Ehrlich, Tizzoni and Cattani even claimed success in all ex- 


23 


354 Veterinary Medicine. 


perimental subjects if employed as soon as the sligtest symptoms 
of tetanus were shown. ‘They found, however, that: it required 
1000 to 2000 times the amount of antitoxin in such cases than was 
required when it was mixed with the toxin prior to injection. 
They found, moreover, that when the disease is fully developed 
the dose must be 150 times more than is required when the first 
symptoms are shown. It should be added that when the disease 
has developed rapidly, after a short incubation, and is well ad- 
vanced the antitoxin treatment is usually of little avail. The 
changes in the nerve centres are already too great to allow hope 
of recovery. In man the ratio of recoveries are about as follows : 
After incubation of 10 days or under, 3 to 4.5 per cent. recover. 
After an incubation of 11 to 15 days 50 per cent. recover (Wood- 
head). Lambert claims 46 per cent. recoveries in 114 cases, 
and 38.71 per cent. recoveries in acute cases with an incubation 
of 8 days and under. 

On the whole the ratio of recoveries is greater under the anti- 
toxin treatment than before, though far from sustaining the opti- 
mistic views of Behring and other early experimenters. Babes 
draws attention to the fact that spore laden splinters of wood, in 
the wound render the antitoxin useless as a continuous succession 
of fresh spores, bacilli and toxins are thereby supplied. As this 
is one of the most common forms of casual infection it interferes 
seriously with the success of antitoxin treatment. 

Roux and Borrel found that in animals, intracranial injection of 
the antitoxin was the most effective method. Recovery also fol- 
lowed its injection into the cerebrum of a tetanic boy. Babes had 
recoveries in two cases out of three with cerebral or intracranial 
injections. As the reflex spasms depend on the spinal centres 
these would seem to be the ideal points of injection. 

Babes who has done a large amount of subcutaneous and intra- 
peritoneal injection of antitoxin, employed for man doses of 300 
to 500 cc., which would represent 8 to 10 ozs. as the dose for an 
ordinary horse. As the antitoxin is rapidly eliminated from the 
body, these should be repeated daily or every other day. Nor 
should this supersede other curative measures. ‘The leading 
principles may be thus stated: 1st. Antitoxin should be used at 
the earliest possible moment. 2nd. The infected wound area must 
be thoroughly disinfected or destroyed by caustics, and that at 


Tetanus. 355 


once. 3rd. The antidotal treatment by phenol and iodine must 
not be omitted. 4th. Palliative treatment by antispasmodics, nar- 
cotics or soporifics must go hand in hand with antitoxic treat- 
ment. 5th. Measures should be taken to secure elimination of 
the toxins present in the blood. 

Treatment by brain emulsion. Wassermann and Takaki (Ber- 
lin Klin. Woch. Jan. 3d, 1898) have in a number of cases, 
mixed 1 cc. of brain substance of a warm-blooded animal with ten 
times the lethal dose of tetanus toxin and injected without pro- 
ducing any symptoms of tetanus. They obtained a similar im- 
munity by injecting the brain emulsion 24 hours after the injec- 
tion of three times, and in other cases of five times the lethal 
dose of tetanus toxin. Control cases uniformly died of tetanus. 
The brain matter was obtained from Guinea-pigs, pigeons, rab- 
bits, horses, and men. ‘They accordingly advanced the theory 
that brain matter is a direct antidote to the tetanus toxin, uhiting 
with it chemically and rendering itinnocuous. The liver, spleen, 
kidney, bone marrow and blood serum gave no such protection. 

Marie, in a series of experiments, injected the brain emulsion 
and tetanus poison at different parts of the body of Guinea-pigs 
and found that fatal tetanus ensued. It would appear, therefore, 
that the brain emulsion acts by direct contact, and that it is only 
by its meeting and combining with the toxin before the latter 
reaches the spinal cord that tetanus can be prevented. 

Roux and Borrel (Ann. de I’Instit. Pasteur, 1898) demon- 
strated this union between the poison and brain matter, by mak- 
ing an emulsion of the two, and putting in a centrifuge, which 
will separate the brain substance from the clear liquid. The 
fluid obtained in this way was shown by injection on the living 
animal to contain almost no toxin. Knorr and Blumenthal 
reached the same conclusion as to a chemical union with the 
brain matter which robbed the toxin of its toxicity. 

Knorr, and Tizzoni, and Cattani and Morax showed indeed, 
that if the tetanus toxin is injected subdurally or into the surface 
layers of the cerebrum, it produces not tetanus, but a character- 
istic cerebral disease. A dose of 35th or #yth cc. of tetanus 
toxin produces in the rabbit, in 10 to 12 hours, restlessness, con- 
stant change of place, and signs of great fear like hiding the head, 
turning rapidly round, attempting to escape, polyuria, grinding 


356 Veterinary Medicine. 


the teeth, epileptoid convulsions. The toxin in this case had 
manifestly united with the brain substance while the cord suf- 
fered little. 

Metchnikoff (Ann. de l’Inst. Past., April, 1898) holds that 
the brain matter is only valuable in holding the toxin until it can 
be destroyed by the leucocytes. He showed that the injection 
of the tetanus toxin in chickens or Guinea pigs greatly encreased 
the production of leucocytes. He injected tetanus toxin into the 
aqueous humor of the rabbit without producing much effect, but 
when the same agent mixed with cerebral substance was injected, 
the result was a great accumulation of leucocytes, and hypopion. 
If the mixture of brain substance and tetanus toxins were in- 
jected on the brain, little encrease of leucocytes occurred, but if 
thrown into the peritoneum, a most remarkable leucocytosis took 
place. In twenty minutes after the injection the fluid withdrawn 
from the abdomen showed large numbers of leucocytes filled with 
brain substance, but no free cerebral matter. 

The present status of the treatment by brain substance is there- 
fore somewhat uncertain. The value of that agent in holding 
the toxin is allowed, but like the antitoxin it must be employed 
before the toxin has reached the nerve centres and united with 
the living ganglion cells. Its use would be called for therefore 
at the earliest possible moment and it should be continued so long 
as there is reason to suspect the production of fresh toxin in the 
wound. Its direct action on the toxin would suggest its injection 
around an infected wound, or even as a dressing for the wound 
in connection with antiseptics. When tetanus has already set in 
it cannot be expected to undo the evil already accomplished by 
the union of the toxin with the cells of the cord, though it might 
in part arrest and hold new supplies of this poisén coming from 
the wound to the nerve centres. 

Prevention. Ina disease so deadly as tetanus and so refractory 
to treatment even by antitoxin when it is once developed, pro- 
phylactic measures are of the greatest importance. With the 
extensive adoption of antiseptic surgery there has already been a 
material diminution in the number of cases, yet a greater atten- 
tion is demanded to the prevention of casual cases which result 
from ordinary wounds. Dirty, grimy wounds filled with the 
dust of stable yard or garden soil, and such as contain splinters 


Tetanus. 357 


of wood, stones, thorns, straw and the like can only be considered 
quite safe after thorough disinfection. It has been shown that 
the toxin is easily neutralized at the time of infection, whereas, 
after the disease is developed it will require 1,000 or 100,000 
times as much antitoxin to produce the same effect. In the case 
of soiled wounds, therefore, in a valuable animal, a harmless injec- 
tion of antitoxin or of phenic acid or lodine solution before the 
development of tetanic symptoms is not an unwise precaution. A 
succession of such injections might be given to ward off the 
disease until after a lapse of time exceeding the short and danger- 
ous incubation. 

Much more important is the disinfection of the wound itself. 
All foreign bodies must be removed, but especially those that like 
splinters of wood and straws are likely to harbor the spores of the 
bacillus. Then the wound may be thoroughly cauterized ther- 
mically or chemically, or it may be irrigated with a strong anti- 
septic solution and then dressed with some agent that will prove 
destructive to the spores, and antidotal to the toxin. Strong car- 
bolic acid may be applied to the whole raw surface including the 
uttermost recesses of the wound, and after a few seconds or half 
a minute this may be neutralized by filling the wound with dilute 
acetic acid or alcohol, after which a dressing of Lugol’s solution 
may be applied. Lambert advises a combination of hydrochloric 
and carbolic acids. 

Weaker antiseptics, like a 5 per cent. solution of carbolic acid, 
do more harm than good, as they destroy the pus and saprophytic 
microbes and even the tetanus bacillus in the wound, without 
affecting the tetanus spores, which finding no other microbes to 
contest with them the possession of the field may find themselves 
in a better position than before to develop into bacilli and cause 
tetanus. 

Tetanus neonatorum may be certainly prevented by the appli- 
cation of a disinfectant plaster on the navel at birth. Over 50 
years ago in Scotland this desideratum was met by applying on 
the navel of the new-born child a soft and immaculately clean 
piece of cotton cloth which had just been flamed over a light. 
On the island of St. Kilda the former mortality of 67.2 per cent. 
of new-born infants was promptly arrested by dressing the 
navel daily with iodoform, For new-born animals a cheap and 


358 Veterinary Medicine. 


convenient application may be made by incorporating 1 oz. 
powdered iodine and 2 lbs. wood tar, and smearing this on the 
navel. ' 

Much may be done by disinfection of stables and yards where 
the victims of tetanus have been. ‘The anzerobic germ soon loses 
its virulence in free air and sunshine, and one has to dread 
especially, filthy stables, collections of manure, contaminated 
litter, wood, combs, brushes and buckets. In unpaved yards re- 
move the infected surface soil and replace by fresh disinfected 
earth, or still better, well burned brick. 

For horses which are necessarily exposed to manure or con- 
taminated soil, it is commendable to wash the hoofs and pasterns 
on returning from work and then sponge with a weak solution 
(5 per cent.) of phenic acid. Another resort is to smear the 
hoofs daily with an ointment of tar and lard, equal parts. This. 
cannot protect from infection by splinters of wood containing the 
spores, but is to a large extent preventive in the case of bacilli 
that might have been otherwise lodged on the surface and which 
could have been carried into the wounds inflicted by nails and other 
noninfected bodies. Careful shoeing is all important, to avoid 
the bruises, suppurating corns and gvavelling which make 
openings for the ready entrance of the spore. 

Roux and Nocard recommend immunization by protective in- 
oculation. This is not only possible, but would be justified 
economically in the case of valuable animals, or in all animals in 
a district where the bacillus tetani is universally spread. The 
method is the same as advised above for the immunization of 
animals, for the production of antitoxin. 

In districts where tetanus is rare, the cost of universal im- 
munization against the disease would very far exceed the losses. 
from casual cases. Under such conditions it would be an 
economical blunder. 


FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 


Synonyms. Definition. Susceptible animals: cloven footed, all warm 
blooded animals. Historic notes; Geographical distribution ; English in- 
vasions in 18th and 19th centuries ; North and South American invasions in 
1870, 1884, 1902; In Asia from immemorial times. Causes: infection in 
liquid of vesicles, saliva on pastures, roads, feeding and drinking places, 
halters, etc.; from feet on pastures, buildings, yards, roads, cars, boats, etc.; 
from teats through milk. Microbe not certainly known, micrococci, 
streptococci and bacilli found. Virus inert when dried 24 hours at 88° F.; 
survived 9 months at 32° F., attack immunizes for 5 months; injection of 1 
lymph and 2 of blood of immune renders refractory ; filtered lymph still 
virulent; microbe probably infinitesimal ; accessory causes ; movement, 
mingling of cattle, sheep, swine, etc., war, trade, common pasturage, in- 
fected roads, ships, yards, halters, ete. Symptoms: incubation 36 hours to 
6 days ; slight fever ; redness, tenderness of buccal mucosa and teats, grind- 
ing teeth, smacking tongue, tender feet, shaking them backward, bull on 
mouth and teats, not nodular, nor chambered as in variola, salivation, 
bloody, circular or irregular raw sores, vesicles and erosions in interdigital 
space, shedding hoofs, sheep walk on knees, gangrenous mammitis ; in- 
testinal eruption and diarrhcea in sucklings. Mortality. Prognosis; re- 
covery in 15 days, deaths rare if cared for. Losses from destruction of pro- 
duct and emaciation—occasional abortion. Diagnosis: based on infection 
of all exposed bisulcates, localization on mouth, teats and feet, inoculability 
on other warm blooded animals, unchambered vesicles, slight fever, and 
prompt recovery. Notes of affection in man. Symptomsin man. Preven- 
tion and treatment in man. Prevention in animals: exclusion of contagion, 
immediate and mediate ; close infected pastures and roads, stop all move- 
ment of bisulcates, disinfect all boats, cars, places and things exposed, ex- 
clude visitors, guarantees with strange animals, quarantine and disinfect 
arrivals, exclude fresh animal products, fodder and litter, wash, disinfect 
soiled cloths. Inoculation undesirable. Treatment in animals : cleanliness, 
dryness, disinfection, segregate sick and well, gaseous antiseptics, liquid 
ointments. Gruels, mashes, sliced, boiled, or pulped roots. Local dress. 
ings for mouth, teats and feet. Evulsion of hoof. Mammitis. 


Synonyms. Aphthous fever: Aphtha “Epizodtica, Eczema 
Epizootica. 

Definition. An acute infectious disease of the lower ani- 
mals but especially of ruminants, characterized by a slight 
fever and the eruption of vesicles, or bullee on the skin and mu- 
cosee, and usually those of the mouth, feet and teats. 

Susceptible Animals. ‘The animals that prove the most obnox- 
jous to the disease are the bisulcates—large and small ruminants 


359 


360 Veterinary Medicine. 


and swine. Man however is susceptible as are also horses, hogs, 
cats and fowls, when they are inoculated or fed upon the in- 
fected milk or other products. It is doubtful if any warm- 
blooded animal enjoys an immunity. . 

History, Geographical Distribution. ‘Toward the middle of the 
eighteenth century this disease prevailed in Central Europe and 
England. The latter country stamped out both this and the 
Rinderpest, but it continued to prevail on the continent and was 
re-imported into England in 1839. It reached America through 
an importation from England to Montreal in 1870, but owing to 
more or less effective quarantine, to the absence of cattle traffic 
from east to west, and above all to the prolonged confinement in 
yards and stables during our northern winter, it burnt itself out 
in the course of the year. Another outbreak from an unknown 
source and through an unknown channel, started probably in 
June, 1902, near the docks, Chelsea, Mass., was discovered by 
the authorities on Nov. 14th., and extended through shipments of 
cattle into Vt., N.H., and R.I. Unlike the invasion of 1870, 
this began at the terminus of cattle traffic, and failed to gain the 
alarming extension of the earlier plague, which had in succession 
swept into Quebec, Ontario, Central and Eastern New York, New 
Jersey, and every Statein New England. Like that it broke out 
in autumn when the seclusion in winter quarters and the absence 
of birds asinfection-bearers counteracted extension. Then in place 
of trusting to the mere arrest of cattle traffic, etc., as in 1870-1, 
the invasion of 1902 was met by vigorous slaughter of the affected 
herds, and indemnification of the owners. In all 4461 animals 
(cattle, sheep, swine, goats) were killed and the owners reimber- 
sed to the amount of $128,908.57. The outbreak lasted eleven 
months, the stockmen having seen cases as early as June, 1902, 
and the last slaughters having been 3 herds of 59 cattle in May, 
1903. ‘The two outbreaks were equally virulent, equally conta- 
gious, and equally free from fatalaties. Each was a fair sample of 
the disease as constantly seen in Europe. The first was more ex- 
tended because it first gained a status in Ontario and New York. 
Had the trend of cattle traffic been westward rather than east- 
ward, in either case it would have swept the continent with the 
free headway at first allowed it. 

Several importations at different times have been reported, in 


foot and Mouth Disease. 361 


which the owners secluded the herds for some months and then 
disinfected the premises with complete success. One occurred at 
Portland Me., in 1884, in which cattle, supposedly recovered, 
traversed the highway to the quarantine station, and a team of 
oxen which followed them the same day contracted the disease. 
The seclusion of both put an end to the trouble. In Asia it has 
prevailed from time immemorial, and it was imported into South 
America in 1870. 

Etiology. "This disease has long been known as caused by 
infection alone. Excluded from England in the middle of the 
eighteenth century it did not appear again until re-imported in 
the middle of the nineteenth, and then speedily overran the 
whole island except the breeding districts into which strange 
stock were never taken. In South America it was unknown 
until imported from the Old World into the Argentine Republic 
_ and then it made a wide extension and maintained itself where 
the stock was kept on unfenced ranches. In our fenced North- 
Eastern states it died out in 1871 and was stamped out in 1903, 

The infection is especially resident in the vesicles or aphthe. 
From the mouth this is distributed, with the abundant drivelling 
saliva, on pastures, roads, feeding and drinking troughs, ponds, 
streams and halters, and readily communicates the disease to 
healthy stock following in the same places. From the feet and 
especially the interdigital space, it is left on the vegetation, build- 
ings, yards, cars, boats and all other possible media to infect. 
other stock in turn. From the teats it mingles with the milk so 
as to infect the young suckling and all animals and men to whom 
the milk may be given. It may become dried on litter and other 
light objects and carried by the winds, or it may be carried on 
the feet of men or animals including birds, but apart from this it 
is not readily diffused and oftentimes a broad highway may set a 
limit to its propagation. 

The infecting microbe is not definitely known. Nosotti found 
a micrococcus in the lymph of the vesicle, which stained readily 
in aniline colors, was easily cultivated and pathogenic. Klein 
found a steptococcus which, similiarly tested, presented an equal 
claim to be the causative factor. Bassianus and Siegal found in 
the blood and tissues of a person who died of foot and mouth 
disease a small oval bacillus, which they later obtained from the 


362 Veterinary Medicine. 


vesicles of three children who were suffering from the disease, 
and from animals attacked in two successive epizootics. With 
this they first successfully inoculated a calf and from the pure 
cultures obtained from its blood, inoculated three calves and a. 
young pig. 

Loffler and Frosch, the recent commission on foot and mouth 
disease in Germany, report that no organisms could be seen nor 
cultivated from the lymph found in recent bulle of the buccal 
mucosa, though this lymph later passing through a Berkefield 
filter still proved virulent when inoculated on calves. A Pasteur 
filter arrests it. 

They found that the lymph became inert when dried for 24 
hours at 31° C. (88° F.), while it retained its vitality and viru- 
lence after exposure for 9 months to a temperature of o° C. They: 
concluded that it could not penetrate through the unbroken skin 
nor mucosa, and that it was most effective when injected into the 
blood or peritoneal cavity. One attack conferred immunity for 5 
months. Blood from immune animals, injected into susceptible 
ones does not confer immunity, but 75 per cent. could be ren- 
dered immune if injected with a mixture of the lymph from the 
vesicle and double the same amount of the blood from the immune’ 
animal. Animals so treated become immune to 100 times the 
infecting dose. Filtered lymph was still virulent and the com- 
mission suggests that the microbe may be so small as to pass 
through the filters and escape discovery by the most powerful 
lenses. An object one-fifth the size of the smallest known bacil- 
lus—that of influenza--would be invisible under our best micro- 
scope. 

By actual experiment the virus has been found in the nose, 
larynx, bronchia, stomach and intestines, but into all these the 
virulent lymph of the bullee can find its way. In the intestines, 
indeed, in cases caused by feeding, bulla have been found on the 
mucosa. 

A most important question would be that of the virulence of the 
milk, but inasmuch as the vesicles appear on the teats and even 
on the openings of the milk ducts, and in bursting discharge their 
contents with the milk into the pail, the milk becomes per force 
infecting. The experience of Hertwig and his students who: 
infected themselves by drinking the warm milk by way of experi- 


foot and Mouth Disease. 363 


ment, has been often repeated unwittingly by unwilling victims,’ 
and the many cases of calves, pigs and chickens contracting the 
disease by consuming the otherwise discarded milk leaves no room 
for doubt that this product is often infecting. 

Among conditions contributing toa spread of infection, nothing 
is more potent than a free movement of ruminants and swine, 
whether determined by war, trade, or the intermingling of 
different herds on commons or unfenced ranges. In infected 
countries, in which cattle are distributed through large central 
markets there is always a wide extension after one of these fairs, 
the infection being narrowly circumscribed to herds receiving 
cattle from the fair, or those that have travelled on the same roads 
or fields after the market cattle.- It has repeatedly happened that 
cattle shipped from the United States, where this disease has long 
been unknown, have been found diseased on their arrival at a 
British port, simply because they have been tied upon the passage 
with halters formerly used on infected Irish or Continental stock. 

Symptoms in animals. There is first a period of incubation 
shorter in hot than in cold weather and varying from 36 hours to 
6 days (exceptionally 15 days). It is altogether probable that 
prolonged incubation is really delayed infection, the virus 
having been attached to the feet for some time before it entered the 
tissues. Cattle usually show the disease two days after exposure 
in a public market, building, or conveyance. 

There is first moderate hyperthermia (102° to 103° F.), indi- 
cated by the clinical thermometer before there is any outward. 
sign of ill health. There may be erection of the hair, tremors or 
distinct shivering, dryness and heat of the muzzle, redness and 
even tenderness of the buccal mucosa and teats, saliva drivels. 
from the mouth or may show asa frothy mass at the commissures 
or margins of the lips, and there may be grinding of the teeth 
and a peculiar smacking of the tongue and hard palate which may 
be heard at a considerable distance. There are greatly impaired 
appetite and rumination. ‘Tenderness of the feet is shown by 
halting or lameness and by the extension backward and shaking 
‘of the hind feet in turn. 

With the appearance of the eruption, usually on’ the second 
day of illness, the fever as a rule moderates, and on examination of 
the mouth, bullze of 14d. to 1 inchin diameter may be found on the 


364 Veterinary Medicine. 

inside of the lips, and cheeks, or on the palate and tongue, with, 
in many cases, a congested areola, but showing no nodule as in 
variola. ‘These bullee may extend to the muzzle, pituitary mem- 
brane or pharynx. They burst very soon after their formation, 
exposing a red base of inflamed corium, with a clearly rounded 
margin, or, at first, with shreds of the torn epithelial covering. 
The salivation now becomes more profuse, glairy and even 
bloody, and there is more active movement of the tongue. When 
the bullee have been confluent there are formed extensive red 
patches denuded of epithelium, and the suffering causes a com- 
plete but temporary dysphagia. The renewal of the epithelium, 
however, takes place promptly and may be well advanced in four 
or five days. Upon the teats the bullze appear at about the same 
time but are usually smaller than the buccal, and do not show the 
thickened base of cow pox. ‘They burst in 36 to 48 hours unless 
broken earlier by the hands of the milker, forming sores com- 
parable to those of the mouth, which are liable to be kept up by 
the necessary manipulations in milking. 

Upon the feet the eruption shows especially in the interdigital 
space, at first as vesicles smaller than those of the mouth and 
teats, leaving erosions and ulcers which extend under the adjacent 
horn, and upward on the front and back of the pastern. From 
exposure to mud and filth these are liable to be kept up even 
longer than those of the mouth and teats, and under neglect the 
entire hoof is often shed. In sheep and swine the disease may be 
localized almost exclusively in the feet. Sheep will even walk on 
the knees. 

In young animals and those fed on the milk, the eruption may 
take place on the intestinal mucosa with violent congestion, diar- 
rhoea and a fatal issue. Aggravated cases may show gangrenous 
mammitis or abortions. 

Mortality and Prognosis. While there are seasons of special 
pathogenic severity, yet as a rule, the foot and mouth disease is- 
a mild affection and unless neglected, the patients entirely re- 
cover in about fifteen days. The pecuniary loss in dairy and 
feeding cattle has been found to average in Great Britain about 
$10 per head, and as few animals escape, the consequences are 
usually very serious. In England the losses from this disease in 
1883 reached $5,000,000, in France, those of 1871 were $7,500,000 


foot and Mouth Disease. 365 


and in Switzerland, $2,500,000. In Germany, over 7,000,000 
animals suffered from 1889-94. 

Differential Diagnosis. While a mistake might be made in an 
isolated case, such a thing should be absolutely impossible where 
cattle and other animals are collected in herds. ‘The rapid infec- 
tion of the whole herd, the implication of sheep and swine along 
with the cattle, and the eruption of the characteristic bulle on 
the mouth, feet and udder or on two of these locations to the ex- 
clusion of the rest of the body, is not likely to be counterfeited 
by another disease. An outbreak of gangrenous ergotism in 
Kansas, Missouri and Illinois in the spring of 1884, was pro- 
nounced to be foot and mouth disease by a number of veteri- 
narians, including an expert sent by the Government of Canada. 
On behalf of the U. S. Treasury I investigated the disease, which 
caused in many cases sores on the mouths and feet, but it spared 
all sheep and swine, could not be conveyed to them nor to new 
born calves by inoculation, and in many cases it caused gangrene 
of all the tissues, soft and hard, and separation of the limb at a 
given point, often near the tarsus. The quarantines were raised, 
the disease made no further extension, and the existing panic 
subsided. 

Infection of Man. ‘The first authentic record of this affection 
in man we owe to Valentin, who records that during the outbreak 
in Hesse in 1695 men suffered from inflammation of the gums, 
tongue and mouth. Michel Sagar says, that in 1764 men who 
drank the milk were affected with aphtha. In 1828 it was con- 
veyed from animals to men in Bohemia (Nadberny), in Styria 
(Levitsky) and Wurtemberg (Kolb). In 1834, three veteri- 
narians, Hertwig, Mann and Villain, voluntarily drank a quart 
each of the warm milk of a cow suffering from this affection. 
On the-second day Hertwig suffered from fever, headache and 
itching of the hands and fingers. Five days later bullz formed 
on the hands and fingers, the tongue, cheeks and lips. In the 
two others the eruption was confined to the buccal mucosa. 
Since that time, records of the infection of human beings have 
been very numerous. During the American epizootic of 1870 I 
met with the case of a farmer at South Dover, N. Y., who suf- 
fered from sore mouth and blisters along the margin of the 
tongue from drinking the milk. The danger is greatest in chil- 


, 


366 Veterinary Medicine. 


dren on an exclusive milk diet and who drink it warm. Kolbin 
1828, noticed acid vomiting and diarrhoea in such subjects. Htb- 
ner observed that beside the buccal eruption such children often 
suffered from inflammation of the stomach and bowels and that 
very young-children fed on the milk of the diseased cows died. 
Balfour, Watson and others have noticed similar results in Scot- 
land. 

Allbutt saw the buccal eruption in three children in Yorkshire, 
England, during the local prevalence of the English epizootic in 
1883, and secured information of a number of other cases in the 
same district. 

A number of cases were recorded during 1893 in Germany. A 
shepherd infected himself by holding in his mouth the knife with 
which he had pared the diseased feet of sheep, and another work- 
man and a veterinarian had extensive eruptions on the hands after 
dressing the affected feet. A number of milk-maids were infected 
by milking, the eruption appearing on the hands, and in one case 
on the breast. A child fed on the milk of diseased cows, had 
chill and fever with gastric disturbance, and later an eruption of 
vesicles on the lips and tongue and between the fingers and toes. 

Again, in 1895, during the prevalence of foot and mouth dis- 
ease in the southern part of Berlin, a considerable number of the 
milk consumers suffered from fever with the eruption of bullee on 
the tongue and buccal mucosa generally, which on early bursting 
left very painful ulcerations. The acute disease did not last more 
than five days, but left a sense of great weakness for a time. 
Virchow, who made an investigation, unhesitatingly pronounced 
it to be foot and mouth disease. 

Cases of infection through butter made from infected milk are 
on record. A Berlin veterinary student suffered from the buccal 
eruption and erysipelatoid swelling of the ear, and a German cler- 
gyman had in addition a period of chilliness, fever, diarrhoea and 
pruritis. Similarly Schneider quotes cases determined by infected | 
cheese, and Friedberger and Froéhner, cases caused by virulent 
buttermilk. 

Symptoms in Man. In man there is observed the tendency to 
localization on the same points as in animals. As the hands are 
naturally exposed to infection by milking or treating the diseased 
animals, they are especially obnoxious to the eruption, and the 


Foot and Mouth Disease. 367 


same is true of the mouth when the infected milk or other dairy 
products are consumed. The bulle on the buccal mucosa are 
generally confluent, and often extend to the fauces and pharynx, 
‘rendering speech difficult and swallowing painful, and leaving ex- 
‘tensive and painful sores which, however, soon heal up. In 
‘women the bullz have been seen around the congested nipples, 
and in exceptional cases they have been generally diffused over 
the body. 

In cases due to drinking the milk, the early febrile symptoms 
are liable to be accompanied or followed by nausea, anorexia, ab- 
-dominal pain and diarrhoea, and still later by the cutaneous and 
buccal eruption. 

The duration of the disease is from 10 to 15 days and asa rule 
‘no permanent scars are left on the skin or mucous membranes. 

The diagnosis is assisted by the knowledge of the prevalence 
-of the disease in herds in the district, and that the patient has 
handled the diseased animals, or drunk their milk, or eaten their 
‘butter or cheese products. The predilection of the eruption for 
‘the fingers, the roots of the nails and the mouth is very significant. 
“The,disease follows an acute course and convalescence is complete 
‘in ten or fifteen days, which serves to differentiate it from most 
skin eruptions. From variola which pursues an equally rapid 
course it is distinguished by the absence of the primary nodular 
swelling, and of the septa or pillars that divide the mature pock 
into independent chambers. 

Prophylactics. "The best prevention to man is to exclude the 
disease from the country and its herds as is now the case in the 
United States. When the disease does exist in herds the attend- 
ants should cauterize any sores on the hands, and wash the hands 
‘with an antiseptic, such as a 10 per cent. carbolic acid solution, 
after handling the diseased. The milk and its manufactured 
-products—butter and cheese—should be withheld from consump- 
‘tion until after the herd has recovered. Infection can be obvi- 
ated by boiling the milk. 

Treatment. The disease follows a rapid course and is self- 
limiting, and usually benign so that active treatment is not 
urgently demanded. The local lesions are best met by non-pois- 
nous antiseptics, such as: borax in powder or strong solution ; 
boric acid (4:160) ; sodium hyposulphite (%4 oz. 1 qt.) ; chlorate 


368 Veterinary Medicine. 


of potash (% oz. to 1 qt.) ; salicylic acid (1:100) ; or salicylate 
of soda. Pounded ice may be used as a soothing agent. ‘The 
cutaneous lesions may be wrapped in cloth wet with one or other 
of the antiseptic lotions. Any disposition to ulcerate may be met 
by the stick of silver nitrate. 

Slightly laxative or diuretic agents may be employed for their 
febrifuge and eliminating properties and the food should be light,. 
easily digestible and given cold. 

Prevention in Animals. When the disease exists ina country 
or district this includes all measures preventive of immediate or 
mediate contagion. Arrest of all movement of cloven footed 
animals in infected districts, disinfection of cars, boats and other 
conveyances, of markets, yards, highways, seclusion of infected 
herds and pastures, exclusion of visitors, disinfection of products, 
certificates of soundness of origin, thorough disinfection after 
recovery of the herd, such are the leading points to attend to.. 
Inspection or closure of-fairs and markets is desirable and any 
exposure of diseased or infected animals should be visited with 
heavy penalty, in addition to the cost of detention and super- 
vision. For non-infected country a certificate and guarantee of 
non-exposure with each cloven-footed animal imported, and of 
thorough disinfection of the cars, boats, halters, or other objects. 
used upon them, and of the places, fodder and litter supplied, 
together with quarantine (1 week) and surface disinfection. 
should be required under penalty. Exclusion of fresh hides,. 
bones, guts, hair, bristles, wool, horn, as well as of fodder and. 
litter is essential. Cattle attendants, drivers and others whose 
clothes are soiled with the products of the barn, should have the 
same washed and disinfected. 

Inoculation has been proposed, and even practiced to pass a. 
whole herd promptly through the malady, but as immunity lasts. 
but three months, and the attendant risks to other herds are- 
greatly encreased it is at once an economic blunder, and a great 
injury to adjoining owners. Any resulting extension to other: 
herds should be an occasion for a verdict for damages at common 
law. 

Treatment in Animals. Provision is first made against ex-- 
tension of the infection. The floor should be kept clean, dry 
and covered with sawdust, tan bark, gypsum or litter sprinkled. 


Foot and Mouth Disease. 369 


with these or with phenic acid. The herd should be divided into 
two lots—the apparently sound, and unsound kept strictly apart 
under separate attendants, above all separate milkers. As soon 
as any symptoms are shown by an animal in the sound enclosure 
it must be instantly transferred to the other and its stall disin- 
fected. Antiseptics such as gaseous iodine (two tablespoonful of 
tincture of iodine. thrown into a quart of boiling water twice 
daily), sulphurous acid, salicylic acid, creolin, lysol or other 
ointment on the feet and teats, may also be used. In this way it 
may be possible to save a number from an attack, yet most com- 
monly the exposure is common and universal and the malady de- 
velops in all simultaneously. For those already attacked, gruels,: 
mashes, and cool pulped, finely sliced or boiled roots may be all that 
is required, the disease runs its course and recovery ensues in 15 
days. As local dressings the following may serve as examples : 
for the mouth, borax, chlorate of potash, salicylate or sulphite of 
soda 2 drs. to 1 quart water; phenic acid, creolin, or lysol, one or 
two teaspoonfuls to a quart ; for the foot, clean the interdigital space 
and apply tar and carbolic acid with bandage, or use solutions of 
creolin, lysol, pyoktanin or blue-stone ; in aggravated cases strong 
mineral acids with tar; for the teats, ointments of boric or 
salicylic acid, creolin, lysol, naphthalin or napthol. Separation 
of the hoof or mammitis will require treatment according to in- 
dications. Mercuric chloride subcutem has been lately adopted 
‘to cut short the disease. 


24 


MILK SICKNESS. ‘‘THE TREMBLES.”’ 


Geographical distribution : timbered lands in the United States ; different 
altitudes, and geological formations ; on hills and wooded bottoms ; known 
to Indians and pioneers ; now unknown where formerly prevailed. Con- 
tagion : through milk ; no specific microbe found in every case. Alleged 
causes: rhus ; nickel; spirillum ; bacillus. Prevails in dry seasons; con- 
tracted under night exposure ; confined togiven enclosures ; to latesummer 
and autumn. Not conveyed by contagion, indefinitely, as are plagues. Men 
show very varying susceptibility ; young children may be relatively immune. 
Fatigue, debility, ill health, predispose. Exertion to fatigue rouses symp- 
toms in animal affected. Cow in full milk eliminates toxins and does not 
show symptoms ; the milk infects. Steers, bulls and heifers, show marked 
symptoms Calvessuffer through milk ; swine through veal ; dogs through 
pork ; buzzard through dead dog. Incubation 8to 12 days. Symptoms : 
tardy, lazy gait, drooping, anorexia, ardent thirst, inactive bowels and kid- 
neys, milch cows when driven or excited, tremble and may suddenly die. 
Muscular debility, constant decubitus, complete apathy, neither evades nor 
resents injury. Bloodshot, fixed, glazed, unwinking eyes, pulse and breath- 
ing slow, temperature low, hebetude, torpor, coma ; death 8th to roth day. 
Sheep very prostrate. Calves tremble when sucking, vomit and perhaps die 
suddenly. Pigs and dogs vomit, and show costiveness, remarkable debility 
and weariness. Man is weary, languorous, weak, apathetic, loathes food, is 
nauseated, retches. No fever; but ardent thirst, tremulous tongue, mawk- 
ish breath, soft lappy belly, careless of own or family interests, forgetful 
of decency. Nausea, vomiting of blueish liquid, hebetude, inactive bowels, 
coma. Lesions: gastro-intestinal congestions ; ingesta like hard balls of 
saw-dust. Treatment: charcoal, mild laxatives, elm bark, egg-nog, potas- 
sium permanganate. Prevention: clear timber land, let in sunshine, culti- 
vate. Insects. Sterilize the milk. 


This is an infectious disease which has been found enzootic in 
certain unimproved, timbered lands of North Carolina, Georgia, 
Tennessee, Kentucky, W. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, in-- 
diana and Illinois. Beach says it has never been reported on any 
of the Western prairies, at any point west of the Mississippi- 
River, in New England, in the Canadas, in any islands, or in 
any part of the Old World. Altitude appears to have no effect 
in its production, nor geological formation ; it has been found in 
the wooded mountains of the Blue Ridge of N. Carolina and 
Georgia (Kerr, Salmon, Phillips) ; in the hills of Pennsylvania 
and Kentucky ; (Beach, Phillips) ; on timbered uplands (Phil- 
lips) ; and on the wooded bottoms of the Scioto and Miami 
in Ohio (Phillips, Schmidt) ; in the timbered bottom lands of the 

370 


Milk Sickness. ‘‘ The Trembles,” 371 


Wabash and White Rivers in Indiana (Phillips) ; and in the 
wooded bottoms (Beardsley) , and Indian Grove in McLean, Co., 
Ill. (Beach). The constant conditions are the heavily timbered 
and virgin condition of the soil. 

It was much more prevalent in the time of the early settlers, 
than it is to-day, many infécting localities having become salu- 
brious in connection with the clearing away of the forests and. 
cultivation of the soil. The disease was well known to the In- 
dians and often proved disastrous to the pioneers, whole com- 
munities being swept off as recorded of Pigeon Creek, by Nico- 
Jay and Hay in their History of Abraham Lincoln. According 
to these writers it was ‘‘a malignant form of fever,—attributed 
variously to malaria, and to the eating of poisonous herbs by the 
cattle—attacking cattle as well as human beings, attended with 
violent retching and a burning sensation in the stomach, and 
often terminating fatally on the third day.’’ Even in these early 
days settlers were loathe to acknowledge the existence of the 
infection on their lands, doubtless because it depreciated them, 
and to-day with a better knowledge of the necessary precaution- 
ary measures, it has literally disappeared in many places, so that 
it is now difficult to find a case. 

Contagion. ‘That the disease has been transmitted through the 
milk from animals to man and other animals has been too pain- 
fully evident from the first, but no specific microorganism has 
been found to be constantly present, capable of pure culture in 
artificial media and of causing the disease when transferred from 
such media to a new victim. Naturally all sorts of theories have 
been: advanced, no one of which has been demonstrably proved. 
It has been attributed to eating of poison ivy (Rhus toxicoden- 
dron) by the cattle, as this plant was usually found on the in- 
fecting lands, but rhus is also common throughout New England 
and the Eastern States where milk sickness is unknown. It has 
been claimed that it was due to mineral agents, especially nickel, © 
in the water but the mineral salts in the water are not removed 
by culture of the surface soil, which puts an end to milk sickness. 
Phillips (1876) claimed to have found the cause in an actively 
motile spirillum in the blood, but he had examined the blood of 
but one patient, and it has not been found in other patients by 
subsequent observers. Bitting found a bacillus but further re- 
search has not determined its constancy. 


372 Veterinary Medicine. 


Beach furnishes a series of observations which should be useful 
in seeking to estimate the value of any theory propounded. 1st. 
Milk sickness is a disease of dry seasons. 2d. In unusually dry 
seasons it is dangerous to leave domestic animals out, over night 
in the localities where the disease is prevalent. 3d. It has never 
been considered dangerous for animals to pasture on such lands 
in the day time. 4th. Cattle in one field will habitually escape, 
and in another with apparently exactly the same conditions and 
the same flora they are attacked. 5th. The disease is unknown 
on the open prairies of the Western States, where the domestic 
animals are not allowed to remain over night in the timber belts. 
6th. With occasional exceptions, it is a disease of late summer 
and autumn. ‘The dangerous lots can, as a rule, be safely de- 
pastured in winter and spring. 7th. The pioneers found that 
they could protect their stock by keeping them coralled on a 
‘‘tame’’ piece of land from before nightfall until the fogs and 
dews became dissipated on the following morning. 

For the land to become ‘‘tame’’ it was only considered neces- 
sary to cut off the timber and let the sunshine act freely on the 
surface. Plowing and cultivation did not seem to be requisite in 
all cases. 

A great drawback to research is the difficulty of securing cases 
to study. Many lots, formerly dangerous, are no longer so, and 
others still infecting are kept so secluded that casual cases 
cannot be found, without much expense for experimental ani- 
mals. Again, owners do not care to depreciate their land by ac- 
knowledging that it is infecting. The experiment stations 
naturally enough look askance, on the proposal to institute ex- 
pensive experiments on a disease which dies out when the soil is 
improved. Deadly as the disease is to the individual attacked 
(man or beast), it is not propagated indefinitely from non-milking 
subjects, by simple contact or proximity after the manner of 
* plagues. It usually comes to an end by the death or recovery of 
the subject that has contracted it by consuming meat, milk, but- 
ter or cheese, the product of an infected animal. The demand 
for sanitary police measures is, therefore, less urgent. Different 
observers claim that cases occur in the large cities, through the 
consumption of meat, butter or cheese, sent from infected locali- 
ties, but that the city physician fails to make a correct diagnosis. 
These must, however, be comparatively rare. 


Milk Sickness. ‘‘ The Trembles.’’ 373 


In addition to ingestion as a cause, certain accessory causes 
ought to be noted. Some men eat the infecting material with 
impunity, while others succumb to the deadly disease. As the 
observations have all been made in or near the infecting locali- 
ties, individuals may be immune through a previous attack and 
recovery, or there may be a native immunity through unknown 
conditions. Young children often suffer less than adults, pos- 
sibly because of the greater activity of their emunctories and 
consequent elimination of the toxic products and the comparative 
absence of exhausting or depressing conditions. Their purely 
animal food (milk) may exercise an influence, and this may as- 
sist in explaining the fact that certain adults appear to be 
refractory. 

Fatigue, debility and ill-health are said to predispose the sys- 
tem. Milk sickness attacks most violently those that have been . 
subjected to overwork or severe exertion of any kind, especially 
in hot weather, those suffering from want of sleep (sitting up with 
the sick), those having a special cause of mental depression, 
those suffering from some illness—constipation, indigestion, ma- 
laria, etc. 

Milch cows are probably more open to the attacks of the germ 
because their systems are reduced by simultaneous milking and 
breeding through a number of years. Exertion or fatigue has. a 
potent influence in developing the symptoms, so that it is a 
common practice in the vicinity of infected localities to subject 
animals to a good run before purchasing. Paradoxically enough 
the infected milch cow which is distributing the infecting element 
freely in her dairy products usually shows, in herself, no distinct 
symptoms of the disease. If she is dry or farrow she suffers like 
any other animal, but if in full milk, the toxins, and even the 
hypothetical microbe, seem to escape in that secretion, which 
proves highly poisonous to other animals, while the cow retains 
her spirits, vigor and outward appearance of health. Steers, 
bulls, and heifers, on the other hand, show violent symptoms. 

Calves suffer so long as they suck the milk. The dead calf is 
eaten by swine, which suffer in their turn, and the dog contracts 
the disease by eating one of these animals, or by taking infected 
anilk or cheese. ‘The buzzard eats the dead dog and dies as the 


result. 


374 Veterinary Medicine. 


Incubation is from 8 to 12 days, though it may be reduced to 
two. (Beach). 

Symptoms. In the domestic animals the first indication of 
illness is a lazy, tardy disposition. The subject stands apart 
from the herd, with drooping head and ears, listless, indifferent 
to all around him, and often without appetite ; or, in cattle or 
sheep, rumination. There is usually extreme thirst, but without 
correspondingly free urination or defecation. Peristalsis is vir- 
tually abolished and nothing whatever passes from the bowels. 
The patient is likely to be found lying down and it is difficult to: 
get him up, and when raised he moves stiffly and with reluctance. 

In milking cows there may be no symptoms until the animal is 
excited or fatigued by violent or continued exercise, as a hard 
run, or a drive of four or five miles. This develops the tremors. 
alike in milch cows and in the mild cases in dry cattle or sheep. 
The subject stands still and trembles in a striking way, the action. 
resembling the muscular contractions seen after the removal of 
the hide in an animal newly killed. The head and ears are 
drooped, movements are uncertain and stiff, and the animal may 
even drop dead on the spot. 

As the disease advances the muscular debility becomes so great 
that the animal lies down if possible, and if once down he seldom 
rises again. The decubitus is extended, the head being stretched. 
on the ground. There is a most complete apathy, the subject 
showing no fear, no apprehension, no disposition to escape or 
resent injury. The wildest or most timid steer can be freely 
handled, and there is no disposition to flight or retaliation. The 
eyes are bloodshot and become fixed and glazed, winking ceases, 
the breathing is slow, pulse infrequent, and temperature often. 
sub-normal. The extremities and surface of the body are cool, 
the muzzle dry, the coat usually stares, the apathy merges into- 
a complete hebetude, torpor and coma, in which condition the 
animal often dies on the eighth or tenth day. Violent exercise: 
precipitates the death at once. Recoveries are infrequent and 
attended by no critical discharge from bowels or kidneys, only by 
a slow, at first almost imperceptible, resumption of natural action. 

The milder cases, those that show no appreciable symptoms. 
when at rest, are seized with trembling or rigor when made to- 
undergo the slightest exertion ; they appear haggard, stupid and. 


Milk Sickness. ‘‘ The Trembles.’’ 375 


spiritless, drag their limbs slowly and stiffly and quickly stop 
from pure weariness and debility. 

The prostration is even more marked in sheep, which often 
seem unable to rise, or lack the nervous energy to do so. 

Calves tremble while sucking, and will sometimes leave the 
teat, vomit the contents of the stomach, fall down and perish. 

In Vomiting Animals (pig, dog), emesis usually occurs, and 
torpor of the bowels or obstinate constipation is present. Pigs 
burrow under the litter and are driven out with difficulty, and 
dogs when called on to follow, do so reluctantly, slowly and 
stiffly and fail to keep pace with their master ( ‘the Slows’’). 

In all animals alike, active or continued exertion rouses or in- 
tensifies the symptoms. 

In man there is at first extreme langour, weariness and weak- 
ness, the patient cannot be troubled to move, he loses appetite, 
loathes food, and soon has nausea and retching—often from the 
first. There is no chill, rigor nor violent headache as in other 
fevers; but insatiable thirst; large, flabby, tremulous, moist 
tongue, coated a dirty white; cold nose, ears and general sur- 
face; dry skin; sweet, mawkish or offensive breath ; flat, flabby 
empty belly ; without peristalsis or defecation. Respiration be- 
comes very slow, pulse weak and compressible, heart action 
tumultuous and labored, temperature often below normal, and 
though sometimes 99° or 100° F., never higher. The patient 
takes to bed in four or five days, or, after exertion or fatigue, in 
a few hours becomes profoundly apathetic, expresses no concern 
for his business, his own future or that of his family, is intolerant 
of bed clothes or other covering and utterly oblivious of the de- 
mands of decency. Nausea continues, but retching becomes 
weaker, and comparatively ineffective, or brings up a little liquid 
which has been compared to blueing water of the laundry. The 
apathy merges into a state of hebetude and this into coma, with 
fixed, glazed eyes, absence of all winking, and insensibility to 
irritants and death takes place quietly without a moan or 
struggle. 

Recovery is slow, and improvement for a time is almost imper- 
ceptible. In some cases there remains a nervous atony, and in 
man, a lack of mental and bodily vigor, and a disposition to re- 
; lapse under exposure to intense heat or fatigue has been noted, 


376 Veterinary Medicine. 


but in many cases recovery is complete and permanent without 
lasting weakness. 

Lesions. Both in man and animals, congestions of the gastric 
and intestinal mucosze have been noted, usually with a dark firm 
condition of the membrane, but in some cases with capillary 
stasis, and sloughing. Beach never saw indication of tenderness 
in the abdomen or elsewhere, nor did he ever find blood nor 
stercoraceous matter in the vomited material. The contents of 
stomach (paunch in cattle) and bowels formed hard balls like 
cemented sawdust, firmly adherent to the dry mucosa. 

Treatment and Prevention. ‘Treatment by the Indians con- 
sisted in giving large doses of powdered charcoal suspended in 
milk. The early physicians attempted to open the bowels by 
calomel and jalap, olive oil, magnesia citrate, and even croton oil, 
but the last generally with fatal results. Milder and hardly less 
effective treatment consisted in large doses of elm bark. Beach 
believed he got better results with quinine and egg nog. It 
might be’suggested to try such antiseptics as potassium perman- 
ganate, peristaltic stimulants like eserine or pilocarpine, as an 
eliminating agent pure water or weak diuretics, and nerve stimu- 
lants, nitroglycerine or ammoniacal preparations. 

Prophylaxis. 'The time-honored resort of clearing the timber 
and brush land so as to let the sun act freely on the soil, and the 
putting in of cultivated crops, is proved reliable and permanent. 
The other precautions in use are valuable in protecting the herd, 
but lack the merit of thoroughness and permanence and thus fail 
to strike at the root of the trouble. They are: ist the exclu- 
sion of domestic animals from the infected woods in late summer 
and autumn and in very dry seasons; and 2d. the exclusion of 
stock from such pastures from before nightfall until after the dews 
have evaporated on the following morning. 

The danger which attends on passing the night in the forest, 
strongly suggests the intervention for the transfer of the poison 
of some nocturnal animal, perhaps a night-flying insect, like the 
anopheles, which transmits the plasmodium of malaria. If the 
germ and its intermediate bearer (if any) were demonstrated, 
probably other and simpler means of prevention could be adopted. 

The fact that the propagation of the disease is not constant and 
wide spreading, like a genuine plague, lessens the urgency for 
a rigid sanitary police, yet animals kept on such infected farms, 


Variola : Pox. 377 


should be tested by long or vigorous driving before they are killed 
for food, and all milk devoted to the production of butter and 
cheese should be Pasteurized or sterilized before use. It might 
‘well be questioned whether the clearing and exposure of infecting 
places should not be undertaken by the state as a sanitary measure. 

In view of the fact that a milch cow may not show symptoms 
of the disease, and yet yield deadly milk, and considering that 
the owner cannot always tell whether she has been in the infect- 
ing woods, or having been in, whether she is infected, it becomes 
an important public health question whether such a source of 
deadly disease should be perpetuated, where human food is open 
to contamination. 


VARIOLA : POX. 


Definition: Structure of lesion. Nomenclature History, smallpox, 
sheeppox, cowpox, horsepox Animals susceptible : Man, sheep, cow, goat, 
horse, pig, dog, buffalo, camel, monkey. Microbiology: A pure contag- 
ium, particulate contagium, cocci, sporidium vaccinale. Horsepox : Early 
history, means of infection. Symptoms : Vesicles on lips, on heels, concre- 
tions, treatment. Cowfox: Relation to horsepox. Causes. Relation to 
smallpox. Observations of Ceeley, Fletcher, Thiele, Klein, Martin, Reiter, 
Chauveau, influence of vaccination, of spring parturitions, of infected 
stables. Symptoms: Incubation, seat and nature of vesicle, inoculations 
for vaccine. Diagnosis from aphthous fever, rinderpest, eruption of mast- 
feeding, false cowpox, streptococcuseruption. Duration. Course. Prognosis. 
Treatment. Sheeppox: Synonyms. Definition. Pathogenesis: Sheep, 
‘goat, ox, dog, pig, horse Forms: Discrete, confluent, haemorrhagic. 
Distribution. Causes. Contagion ; extends on air ; experiments on blood ; 
wool, hides, litter, buildings, yard, parks, railway cars, boats, clothes, 
manure, urine, milk, men, dogs, cats, birds, vermin, flies. Receptivity. 
Overcrowding, filth, starvation, neglect, wars, commerce. Recovered 
sheep. Disinfectants. Incubation 4 to 8 days ; conditions affecting. 
Symptoms : Hyperthermia, general disorders, rigors, anorexia, skin blush 
on parts devoid of wool, red points, papules, vesicles, pustules, desiccation. 
Successive crops. On eye, nasal mucosa, mouth, pharynx, intestines, 
lungs. Confluent cases. Lesions. Prognosis. Mortality. Depreciation. 
Treatment. Prevention: By segregation, slaughter and disinfection ; by 
ovination. Technique of ovination. Resulting immunity. Sheep-pox in 
Goat : Danger of infection to sheep. Goatpox. Swinepox: From man, 
sheep, goat. Symptoms. Forms: Discrete, confluent. Susceptibility of 
young. Treatment. Prevention. Dogpox: From man; from sheep. 
Other eruptions in dog. Symptoms: Fever, flushed skin, red points, 
papules, vesicles, pustules, Discrete. Confluent. Treatment. Preven- 
tion of infection of man and sheep. 


378 Veterinary Medicine. 


By the generic name Variola is understood a febrile malady 
attended by a characteristic eruption on the.skin, at first papular, 
then becoming vesicular and finally pustular. The structure of 
the vesicle is so characteristic that it may be taken to indicate the- 
variolous eruption as found in man and a variety of the domestic: 
animals. ‘The first indication of the lesion is the appearance on 
the skin of fine points of congestion like fleabites. This is fol- 
lowed by active diapedesis and proliferation of cells in the papil- 
lary layer and rete mucosum, constituting the nodule or pimple 
stage. In smallpox this is so firm and definitely outlined that it 
has been compared to the presence of a shot in the skin. Asthe 
proliferation of cells increases these form in separate clusters or 
groups, isolated from each other by septa or walls largely made 
up of the epidermic cells. In the next stage, therefore, when. 
exudation takes place the lymph accumulates in the spaces occu- 
pied by the clusters of growing cells, and is found in a series. 
of chambers more or less perfectly separated from each other, so 
that to evacuate the whole vesicle, each minute sac must be punc-- 
tured independently. ‘The vesicles thus differ from others caused 
by ordinary irritants in that each is chambered, instead of form- 
ing one common undivided sac, which may be emptied by a single 
puncture. In the next stage, when suppuration ensues, the septa. 
usually undergo liquefaction, so that the liquid occupies one 
undivided cavity in each pustule. For this reason the central. 
depression seen in the larger vesicles (cowpox) in their early 
stage tends to disappear in the pustule.. It may reappear later in 
the resulting scab. Desiccation, scabbing and desquamation com- 
plete the course of the affection, a distinct pzt being left as a. 
result of the destruction of the superficial layer of the dermis. 

Nomenclature. The term vaviola is believed to come from the 
Latin varius (variegated, spotted) and pox from the Saxon pock. 
(pouch). The specific names, drawn from these tongues sus- 
tain this view: As, variola vaccine, cow-pox, kine-pox ; variola. 
equine, horse-pox ; variola ovine, sheep-pox ; variola caprine,. 
goat-pox,; variola suilla, swine-pox ; variola canine, dog-pox. 
The term small-pox, (petite verole) is deduced from the small size 
of the vesicle as compared with that of cow-pox, just as the: 
same has originated the term smal/pox in sheep. 

History. Variola has undoubtedly existed from very ancient. 
times. Moore found it referred to in Chinese records of 1122 


Variola : Pox. 379 


years before Christ, but it was only clearly described early in the 
tenth century by Rhazes an Arabian physician. Gregory, how- 
ever, found the name varzola in Latin manuscripts in the British 
Museum of a much earlier date. The early epidemics of small 
pox have usually extended from the east, and the disposition has 
been to refer its origin to the crowded communities of central 
Asia, but nothing is certainly known as to such origin and the 
lack of definite recognition and description cannot be taken as 
implying that the disease did not exist. The extension of small 
pox to America in 1520 was distinctly traced to a sick negro 
slave landed in Mexico, and the way in which it swept the con- 
tinent killing the Indians by tens of thousands, speaks strongly 
for its prior absence and the extraordinary susceptibility of the 
hitherto unaffected Indian races. 

The variole of animals are not recorded until later, the mild- 
ness of the forms attacking cattle and horses, and the lack of 
close observation of the diseases of sheep furnishing a reasonable 
explanation. We must pass over as uncertain the /wes ovium of 
Thomas Wallsingham, (Historia Anglicana), imported in a votten 
Spanish ewe in 1274, and which prevailed for 25 years destroy- 
ing nearly all the sheep of the kingdom, also the reference to the 
‘‘pockes’’ of sheep in Chaucer’s ‘‘Pardoners’ tale’ as highly un- 
certain. Laurent Joubert in his work on the ‘‘feste’’? mentions 
sheep pox as prevailing in 1567, and Rabelais speaks of it as pre- 
vailing in France in 1578. It prevailed in Padua in 1649, in 
Venice in 1664, 1672, and 1674 (Bottani), in Italy in 1690, 
(Ramazini), in Germany in 1687-8 (Stegmen), in England in 
1711, in Hungary in 1712, in France, Italy, etc., in 1714 (Kanold), 
in Venice and Bohemia in 1719 (Bottani), in Saxony in 1720, 
in Venice and France in 1723-24 (Bottania, Astruc), in Thurin- 
gia in 1725, in Siberia in 1771 (Pallas), and in Persia generally 
at the beginning of the 19th century (Bruce). Great Britian, 
long protected by her insular position, was infected by sheep 
from Germany in 1847 and again in 1862. Under ovination the 
first invasion prevailed for four years causing wide spread 
destruction ; under strict separation based on thermometry, the 
second lasted but four months. 

Cowpox has existed in England for centuries, but it has only 
attracted general attention since the introduction of vaccination 
by Jenner in 1796. Morsepox has existed concurrently with cow- 


380 Veterinary Medicine. 


pox, the infection being habitually transferred by the hands of 
the milkers from horse to cow and vice versa. Jenner found it 
so common in the Valley of Gloucester, that he considered it as 
the habitual source of cowpox. Sacco recognized it at the begin- 
ning of the 19th century, Hertwig in Berlin in 1830, Roll in 
Vienna in 1855, and Bouley and others later in different parts of 
Europe. 

Animals Susceptible. Variola in some form affects man, sheep, 
cattle, horses, pigs, goats, dogs, buffaloes, camels and monkeys. 

Microbiology and Infection. It has long been well established 
that variola is due to contagion alone. The habitual dread of 
contact with a smallpox patient, shows the general appreciation 
of the danger of contagion, and the many epidemics, started 
by the introduction of a smallpox patient and thereafter 
spreading from that as a centre, together with the long continued 
immunity of certain insular or trans-oceanic countries illustrate 
this. One of the most striking examples isthe immemorial im- 
munity of the New World until the landing of the variolous slave 
in Mexico in 1520, and the immediate, rapid and destructive 
spread of the disease among the native tribes. Sheeppox offers 
a no less striking example. Prevailing for centuries in Asia and 
Europe, its extension to a new district was always the manifest 
result of the movement of infected sheep; England remained 
immune until her first invasion in 1847, and the second in 1862, 
in both cases the source was easily traced, and the disease com- 
pletely extinguished by the destruction of the infection in its 
circumscribed area; the more distant sheep raising countries, 
America, North and South, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, 
South Africa, in the absence of importation of infected sheep re- 
main free to the present time. For horsepox and cowpox the 
demonstration is more difficult, as limited outbreaks have occured 
at intervals in different localities, traceable more or less clearly to 
infection from vaccinated persons, yet often mistakenly attributed 
to spontaneous developments of the disease. Before the days of 
Jenner however it prevailed habitually in certain dairying dis- 
tricts (Gloucestershire), and I can point to localities in New 
York, in which the infection is manifestly laid up in the stables, 
and the disease develops yearly in the heifers coming into milk 
for the first time and in newly puteneeed cows, that have not 
been previously exposed. 


Variola: Pox. 381 


The contagion varies greatly in force in the different forms of 
variola, the milder horsepox or cowpox, requiring actual contact 
(inoculation) while in smallpox and sheeppox, infection may take 
place at some distance from the patient (in sheep over 200 yards). 

A particulate infecting material was demonstrated by Chau- 
veau, who filtered the virus and inoculated the -filtered liquid 
without effect, while the solids retained on the filter invariably 
produced the disease. 

The identity of the microbe of variola has been much discussed, 
Guttmann and Grigorjew found in the lymph a coccus (Staphy- 
lococcus albus variole), Ruete a very motile diplococcus, and 
others streptococcus, but in cutaneous lesions it is very difficult 
to exclude such elements. Pfeiffer, Guarnieri, Van der Loeff, 
Wasielewski and others have drawn attention to small proto- 
plasmic bodies (manifestly protozoa) found in the vaccine lymph, 
and which appear to be the infecting agents. Wasielewski culti- 
vated these on a rabbit’s cornea to the 48th generation, and from 
the last successfully inoculated a calf and several children. 

Funck finds this sporidium vaccinale constantly in the vaccine 
lymph and surrounding tissue, as a refractile, amceboid, spherical 
organism (spore) I to 3u in diameter, and, less abundantly, a 
round or ovoid spore cyst 254. These cysts are either smooth, 
or uneven like a raspberry, and have a single or double contoured 
membrane. ‘They are easily stained with Sudan III. Examined 
in hanging drops they are seen just under the cover glass, not on 
the surface of the drops. Larger flattened bodies found in the 
lymph, with many included spores are manifestly epithelial cells. 
Copiman cultivated the organism in glycerinated collodion cap- 
sules in the peritoneal cavity of rabbits and dogs, producing 
zoogloea masses staining peripherically with methylene blue, 
andwhich caused typical vacciniain calves. He found the same 
elements in variola of man. The research of Councilman sus- 
tains the theory of a protozoon. 


HORSE POX. VARIOLA EQUINA. 


‘This was recognized toward the end of the 18th century, in the 
valley of -the Severn, England, by Jenner, who believed it to be 
the origin of cowpox, but failed apparently to distinguish it from 
ordinary ‘‘gvease.’’ ‘Today, when we must trace each case to a 


382 Veterinary Medicine. 


preéxistent one in some animal, and ignore the question of pri- 
mary origin, we must still recognize that it passes readily from 
horse to cow, and from cow to horse, through the hands of milk- 
ers and stable-men, but that it also has the source of vaccinated 
persons in the families of those handling the horses. Whether it 
was also often derived from the very prevalent smallpox in past’ 
times is doubtful, yet it appears to have been much more common 
about the year 1800 than it is today. When once started in a 
stable it passes readily from horse to horse, through the hands of 
shoeing-smiths and grooms, including, of course, their aprons, 
brushes, sponges and rubbers, and also through blankets, band- 
ages, litter and other things on which the virus has been received. 
The susceptibility of the skin in the hollow of the pastern depends 
mainly on the frequency of chaps and abrasions, and to a certain 
extent on contact with the road-mud infected by other passing 
animals. At times the suffering animal licks the affected part, 
and determines the eruption on the mouth, lips and nose (see con- 
tagious pustular stomatitis). Megnin saw cases affecting the ex- 
ternal generative organs and transmitted between the sexes by 
coition. (See vesicular eruption on the genitals). All such 
cases should be identified by inoculation. 

Hertwig, as early as 1830, recorded the existence of horse-pox 
in Berlin, where it has been seen frequently since, and noted its 
transmission to man. Bouley gave evidence of its special preva- 
lence at Paris, and of the production of typical vaccine vesicles 
in man by its inoculation. More recently it has been frequently 
observed and studied by inoculation and otherwise. 

Symptoms. 'These, whether seen in horse, cow or man, do not 
differ from those of cow pox, with which it may be held to be 
identical. ‘The observations of Chauveau, Warlomont, and Pfeif- 
fer show that experimental infection, intravenous, subcutaneous, 
intratracheal (inhalation), or by feeding almost always failed to 
give the general eruption which characterizes smallpox and sheep 
pox. It remains strictly local except when inoculated on other 
parts of the skin or mucosa. It must be added, however, that 
small pox or sheep pox, when inoculated successfully on the horse, 
as a rule remains confined to the seat of inoculation. /The con- 
stitution of the horse, like that of the cow, tends to resist its vir- 
ulence. 

The affected horse may show preliminary febrile symptoms, but 


Variola: Pox. 383 


‘these are usually too slight to be noticed. They are followed by 
‘heat, tenderness and swelling of some part or the skin, usually 
‘in the hollow of the pastern and perhaps the back part of the 
‘metatarsal region, with more or less (sometimes extreme) lame- 
‘ness. On the swollen skin may be detected nodules, which may 
‘pass early into vesicles and pustules. ‘The eruption varies, how- 
ever, as developed on the comparatively hairless lips or nose, or 
on the densely pilous pastern. 

On the lips, or other part lightly covered with hair, one can 
easily follow the successive formation of the round nodule, the 
distinct (sometimes unbilicated) vesicle, with its clear translucent 
Straw-colored contents, and the pustule, which bursts, forming a 
sore, or dries up forming a dense scab, like that of cowpox. 

On the heels, or on any part thickly covered with hair, the 
vesicle or pustule is rarely recognized, the exudate on the con- 
trary takes place mainly on the surface, which becomes encrusted 
with an abundant yellowish concretion, matting the hairs together, 
and sometimes literally covering them. This may be very mis- 
leading to the practitioner who expects to see the succession of 
fully developed vesicle and pustule, and overlooking the true 
nature of the malady he may allow it to spread widely inastable. 

Describing his inoculation cases, Chauveau gives the following 
successive phenomena :— 

‘‘From the fifth to the eighth day the points of inoculation be- 
come distinctly papular. As far as about the tenth day, the 
papules encrease, and become more prominent, taking the form 
of an extremely wide cone, with a base of 4 to %inch. During 
this period these large conical papules are resistant and painful 
on pressure, but show no elevation nor change in the epidermis, 
save aslightly reddish reflection in animals with white skins. 
Afterward supervenes a new stage which may be called the 
period of secretion. This commences from the ninth to the twelfth 
day. ‘The epidermis, slightly raised upon all the papule, sweats 
out numerous drops of a limpid, very slightly yellow serosity. 

These drops soon concrete into yellowish, transparent crusts 
covering the whole surface of the pustule :—a species of charac- 
teristic crystallization, very different from the crusts that succeed 
the vaccine pustules in mare and cow. The secretion, which 
continues several days, is terminated from the thirteenth to the 
seventeenth day after inoculation. If then the crust is raised 


384. Veterinary Medicine. 


there is exposed a humid, pink, granular surface not projecting, 
beyond the surrounding skin. This surface is hollowed out by a. 
very deep central cavity, a sort of umbilicus, in which is inserted, 
like a nail, a projection from the deep surface of the crust.”’ 

I would add that after recovery the hair in the seats of the 
nodules has a lighter color and, on the shanks and higher, re- 
mains dappled for the season. 

No treatment is demanded. ‘The application of a solution of 
sodium bisulphite once or twice a day, or continuously on a 
bandage, will greatly modify the intensity of the inflammation, 
and ward off complex infections. If the skin is left tender or 
witha disposition to crack, treat it as advised under chapped heels. 


COWPOX. VARIOLA VACCINA. 


This is manifestly the same disease, and due to the same mi- 
crobe as horse pox. The disease of the one genus is easily trans- 
mitted to the other and the lesions and symptoms are the same, 
as if the virus were derived from an animal of the same species. 
Differences in the local manifestations appear to be due rather 
to the varying conditions of the skin and hair follicles, than to 
any material distinction in the virus. 

Causes. Aside from the germ the conditions which favor in- 
fection are: the milking of susceptible cows with imperfectly 
washed hands, after dressing legs, the seat of horse pox eruption ; 
the milking of healthy cows after those affected with cowpox ; 
and the milking with hands contaminated with the exudate in 
cases of vaccination of man. ‘That susceptible cows may also 
be inoculated successfully from smallpox patients, under given 
conditions appears to be true, but in Western Europe and 
America this is very uncommon, and would be much more so if 
vaccination were universally carried out. Among those who 
claim the identity of small pox and cow pox may be named Ceely, 
Reiter, Babcock, Thiele, Voigt and Klein. 

Ceely alleges the infection of five cows and one heifer, in 1839, 
in England, from chewing the flock of a bed on which a small. 
pox patient had died. In 12 or 14 days they had tender con- 
gested udders, with hard pimples imbedded in the skin, followed’ 
by blisters, and brownish scabs. The milk diminished, saliva 
drivelled from the mouth, the cheeks were inflated and retracted.,. 


Variola: Pox. 385 


the coat stared, their feet were drawn together and the back was 
arched. The disease was communicatedto the owner. ‘This was 
clearly an outbreak of aphthous fever, which invaded England in 
that year, and was still an unknown disease to medical men. The 
implication of the heifer which would not have been inoculated 
with variola through the hands of the milker, and the salivation 
which is unknown in cow pox, but points directly to the buccal 
vesicles of foot and mouth disease, are conclusive on this point. 

Ceely, later, after many fruitless attempts to convey smallpox 
to the cow, at last met with results which indicated cowpox, and 
which he thereafter passed from cow to cow with the character- 
istic cowpox eruption. 

Fletcher further reports the transmission, of smallpox through 
the horse to the cow, and thence to the child in the form of cow- 
pox. 

In 1836, Thiele, Kasan, S. Russia, inoculated some cows on 
the udder with smallpox lymph, and conveyed the lymph of the 
resulting vesicles back to man, and from man to man for seventy- 
five generations of the virus without finding any variation from 
the type of the true vaccine disease. He repeated the experi- 
ment with equal success in 1838. 

Such experiments, made before the days of careful antiseptic, 
or aseptic, laboratory methods, by men who were daily engaged 
in making vaccinations, cannot be very implicitly relied on, yet 
the success of Thiele in Central Asia, the early home of variola, 
may indicate the possibility of a transition, under given eastern 
conditions, which, to say the least, is exceedingly rare in West- 
ern Europe or America. 

The experiments of Klein, conducted under modern methods, 
are more conclusive, and seem to imply the possibility of small- 
pox passing into cowpox, in the bovine system, under some not 
yet clearly defined conditions. Until such conditions are suffi- 
ciently well known, so that they can be controlled at will, no one 
can be justified in attempting to produce lymph for vaccination 
by simply passing smallpox virus through the system of the cow. 

It seems important to note one or two instances of the evident 
transmission of smallpox from man to man through the bovine 
System. 

In 1860, Martin inoculated variolous matter, froma man who 


25 


386 Veterinary Medicine. 


had just died of smallpox, on a cow’s udder, and subsequently 
inoculated about fifty persons from the eruption caused in the 
cow. Most of those so inoculated had unmistakable smallpox 
and three died. Reiter had a very similar experience. 

Chauveau (French Commission) inoculated twelve susceptible 
cattle with smallpox virus and produced, in all but one, small 
conical (smallpox) papules and vesicles, and in ten of these, on 
subsequent inoculation with cowpox, six proved immune, three 
had rudimentary pustules, and one had a distinct cowpox eruption. 

A milch cow and two heifers were inoculated with smallpox 
and cowpox on two sides of the vulva, with the result that each 
disease appeared in the seat of its inoculation, with its character- 
istic vesicles, and the,two developed side by side. The smallpox 
vesicles were by inoculation conveyed from ox to ox, with stead- 
ily decreasing activity. Inoculated from the cow on a child, it 
caused great hyperthermia, vomiting, one large vesicle like vac- 
cinia and a general eruption like varioloid. Inoculation from 
this child upon another produced a mixed eruption of cowpox 
and varioloid. Inoculation from the second child on a bull and 
heifer produced papular eruption only. 

Smallpox virus, inoculated on a horse produced a papular erup- 
tion, but failed to affect another horse that had been previously 
vaccinated. Cowpox virus inoculated on the first horse which 
had had the papular eruption, caused a second papular eruption 
(not cowpox). The virus from a vesicle in the first horse caused 
a similar eruption in another horse, on which it was inoculated. 
The lymph from the papular eruption led to a similar eruption in 
cattle, on which it was inoculated, but did not protect against 
cowpox, subsequently inoculated. 

The lymph from the papular eruption in the horse, inoculated 
on two children, produced fever, vomiting, a general papular 
(smallpox) eruption, in which a few of the pustules only showed 
a tendency to umbilication. A child and its mother in the same 
ward contracted varioloid. A child inoculated from one of the 
first named children, had six large umbilicated vesicles like cow- 
pox and a general papular (smallpox) eruption. Another child 
inoculated from the last had six large umbilicated vesicles, and a 
general papular (smallpox) eruption. From the papular erup- 
tion of one of these children a horse and seven cattle were inocu- 
lated and in all a varioloid eruption resulted. 


Variola : Cowpox.. 387 


The rational conclusion is, that while there is every indication 
of a primary identity of the two diseases, and indeed of all forms 
of variola, as shown by a disposition of the virus from one genus, 
when inoculated upon a totally different genus, to show some in- 
dication of the characteristic eruption of the latter, yet the 
generic type, which comes from the long-continued growth in the 
one class of animal, becomes so fixed, that it cannot be overcome 
at once, and sometimes apparently not at all, by transferring it to 
an animal of another class. 

If the unfortunate results obtained by Martin, Reiter, and 
Chauveau, are insufficient to deter from the use of smallpox 
lymph which has been passed through the cow, the long experi- 
ence with humanized vaccine, which in its inoculation from man 
to man for a century has shown no tendency to revert to small- 
pox virus should be a sufficient warning against such dangerous 
optimism. 

No deduction can be safely drawn from the comparative mild- 
ness of most of the cases caused by reinoculation, from cow or 
horse to man, inasmuch as that all forms of variola can be 
rendered less severe by resorting to inoculation, which was ex- 
tensively practiced to limit the ravages of smallpox before the 
days of vaccination, and is still largely resorted to in the case of 
sheeppox in Europe. In each of these diseases the mortality 
can easily be reduced to 2 per cent. instead of the 20 to 50 per 
cent which are lost when the disease is contracted casually. 

As occuring casually, cowpox like horsepox is rare. Yet in 
Denmark, a dairying country, 1,037 cases were reported in 
1877-8, and 878 cases in 1888-9. I have found some outbreaks 
explainable, through the existence of vaccinations in the families 
of the milkers, and Bollinger says that in Germany, most out- 
breaks take place in spring, the time when children are vaccinated. 
He should have added that this is the usyal time of parturition 
in the cow, the time when primipara are first subjected to the 
danger from the hands of the milker, and when the cow from the 
non-infectéd district is brought into an infected stable for the 
season’s milking. In a dairying district in Tompkins Co., N. V., 
the affection appeared every spring, in the same barns, in heifers 
with their first calf and in newly bought cows. All older cows, 
bulls, steers and unimpregnated heifers escaped. 


388 Veterinary Medicine. 


Symptoms. The period of incubation is two days, after inocula- 
tion, and though it may appear to extend to a week when the 
disease is contracted accidentally, it is impossible in such cases to 
state the exact date of infection. The preliminary fever is not 
always present, or recognized, yet there may be slight. encrease 
of temperature, partial impairment of appetite and rumination, 
extra firmness of the faeces, a higher color of the urine, and above 
all a slight diminution of milk, which is a little more watery and 
coagulates more readily, than the normal. 

This is followed by heat and tenderness of the udder and the 
appearance on the teats of small, pale-red nodules the size of a 
pea or larger. In one or two days more the nodule, largely 
encreased in size presents in the centre a depressed or umbilicated 
bluish white portion, with a firm yellowish, reddish or reddish- 
blue margin, and outside this a soft pink areola, shading off into 
the white skin. The epidermis is raised at points by a viscid, 
yellowish lymph, enclosed in a series of saccules (multilocular 
vesicle). The vesicle encreases to 8 or ro lines in diameter by 
the eight or tenth day, and exceptionally, the umbilication is 
effaced by the excessive production of lymph. If left unbroken 
a brownish shade appears in the centre and gradually extends 
toward the periphery, the contents becoming purulent, and the 
pustule gradually drying up to forma crust. The drying and 
thickening of the crust goes on until the fourteenth day and the 
crust is usually detached by the twentieth, leaving a pale rose 
colored, smooth, shallow depression, which forms the permanent 
pit left after the skin has healed. The primary scabs usually 
show the central umbilication, and always the conical projection 
in the center of the deep aspect, and corresponding to the pit. 

Vesicles on the mammz may pass through the above stages, 
but those on the teats are usually ruptured by the hands of the 
milker as soon as the liquid is thown out, and this gives rise to 
troublesome sores, with complex infections, at times implicating 
the gland tissue so as to cause destructive mammitis with loss of 
one or more quarters, and in any case abraded and ‘irritated at 
each milking, so that the animal resists handling, the milk is 
drawn off imperfectly, and dries up or the cow becomes an invet- 
erate kicker. If the milker has not been vaccinated he is liable 
to contract the disease. 


Variola : Cowpox. 389 


A succession of vesicles often appear on the same animal, so 
that they may be found in all different stages of vesicle, pustule 
and crust on the same bag at onetime. ‘The later eruptions may 
be the result of inoculation from the earlier ones, and tend to pro- 
long the attack materially. 

In inoculation of the bovine animal for the production of lymph 
for vaccination, the skin of the abdomen from the symphysis 
pubis to the umbilicus is shaved, or in other cases the skin be- 
tween the thighs, or in still others the skin on each side over the 
loins, and the virus applied in 50 to 200 points, by preference 
scraped until liquid oozes, but without any escape of blood. In 
a warm room the eruption matures in four or five days, its form 
taking on an appearance approximating that seen on the hairy 
skin of the horse. The individual lesions are somewhat extended 
corresponding in form and size to the abrasion on which the 
lymph was applied, and usually present the appearance of a raised 
patch, covered by a grayish film of epidermis, on the removal of 
which there is seen a raw alveolated surface filled with the amber- 
colored lymph. 

Differential Diagnosis. From aphthous fever, cowpox is clearly 
distinguished by (a) the multilocular structure of the vesicle, 
while that of aphthous fever is a single undivided cavity which 
can be drained completely by a single needle prick ; (b) by the 
pitting or umbilication, the aphthous vesicle being uniformly 
rounded and convex ; (c) by the absence of vesicles or sores on 
the mouth and feet, which are rarely wanting in the aphthous 
eruption ; (d) by the comparative absence of hyperthermia and 
constitutional disturbance, which is better marked though still 
slight in aphthous fever, and (e) by the absence of the intense and 
subtle infection of aphthous fever, which quickly attacks a whole 
therd and extends with equal rapidity over sheep, goats and pigs, 
attacking all cloven-footed animals virtually without exception. 
“The cowpox patient, on the contrary, does not necessarily infect 
the cow in the next stall unless milked by the same hands, and 
‘spares heifers, bulls, steers, sheep, goats and pigs. 

From the vinderpest cutaneous eruption it is easily distinguished 
‘by the presence of lymph in the lesion, that of rinderpest being a 
mere epidermic concretion ; by the absence of the intense fever, 
anorexia and general constitutional disturbance, and of the early 


390 Veterinary Medicine. 


and high mortality which characterize that disease; by the ab- 
sence of rapid and uniform infection of other cattle irrespective of 
a common milker ; by the immunity of heifers, steers and bulls, 
which are speedily prostrated by rinderpest, and by the absence 
of the congestions and epithelial concretions of the mucosz which. 
characterize rinderpest. 

From the leg irruption found in animals feeding on distiller’s. 
swill and grains, or on the mast of beet sugar factories, by the 
history of the outbreak, of the dietary, of the seat and nature of 
the disease, and by the escape of animals living on a different. 
aliment. 

From the false cowpox (varicella) it is distinguished by the 
unilocular lesion of the latter, its absence of areola, and its rapid 
pustulation and drying, in five or six days into a thin papery 
crust instead of a thick, firm, umbilicated scab, as in cowpox. 
Varicella is further liable to appear in successive crops and thus. 
last for several weeks. 

The streptococcus eruption on teats and udder, is marked by the 
formation of abscesses of various size$ from a simple pustule up-- 
ward, by the unilocular condition of the pus sac, by its tendency 
to invade the deeper tissues, and by its rupture and granulation. 
without the formation of the thick umbilicated scab of cowpox. 

The hard warty growths on the teats which last for weeks or 
months should never be mistaken for cowpox. 

Cowpox usually lasts for some weeks in a herd, the duration 
depending on the number of susceptible animals and, whether 
these are habitually milked by the same person. 

Course. Prognosis. It isa mild affection, which does not en- 
danger life, yet it causes considerable loss through diminytion of 
the milk secretion and, it may be, altered character of the milk,. 
through the persistent sores and ulcers of the teats, through in- 
flamation of the mammee, and through an acquired habit of 
kicking. 

Treatment is rarely needed. Any costiveness should be cor- 
rected by a cooling saline laxative (% to 1 lb. Epsom salts) or 
by soft food, and milking should be done with great care to pre- 
vent rupture of the vesicles and the formation of sores. A teat. 
tube may be used if necessary, Sores may be dressed with 
bland ointment. An ounce each of spermacetti and sweet almond. 


Variola ; Sheeppox. 391 


oil with half a dram of gum myrrh. Or the vesicles or sores 
may be washed aftereach milking with a solution of 2 drams: 
hyposulphite of soda in 1 quart water. 


SHEEPPOX. VARIOLA OVINA. 


Synonyms. Pocks; Peltrot ; Clavelee, Picotte, (Fr. ). 

Definition. An acute febrile affection, eminently contagious, 
prevailing epizodtically in sheep and goats, characterized by 
early and marked hyperthermia, and general constitutional dis- 
order, followed by the appearance on the bare or merely hairy 
portions of the skin, of diffuse redness becoming intensified in 
points, a rounded papular eruption, passing into vesicles, pus- 
tules and scabs, which later dry up and drop off in 15 to.20 days. 

Pathogenesis. Beside sheep and goats which contract the dis- 
ease by exposure, the following genera have been successfully 
inoculatéd : ox, dog, pig, horse. 

forms. 'Two typical forms are recognized : (a) the discrete, 
regular or benign, in which the vesicles remain relatively few, 
and well isolated from each other, and (4) the confluent, irregular 
or malignant in which the vesicles are generally diffused over 
the body, even on the parts covered by wool, and set so close 
together that they merge into each other forming extensive con- 
tinuous lesions. Other forms are the hemorrhagic, purple or 
black sheeppox, the volante or intermittent kind, etc. 

Geographical Distribution. Formerly common in Central and 
Western Europe, it still prevails continuously in the Balkans, 
‘the Danubian Principalities, Italy, Spain, the South of France 
and Algiers. Like other forms of variola, its permanent home is 
in Asia. 

Causes. Tong before the advent of modern bacteriology, 
sheeppox was held to be always and everywhere the result of 
contagion alone. Whenever it entered a new locality it was as 
the result of the importation of an affected sheep or one of its 
products : insular places like England maintained a permanent 
immunity, though the disease prevailed on the other side of the 
narrow straits or channel ; yet when imported (1847 and 1862) 
it demonstrated a general susceptibility of the flocks on exposure 
or inoculation ; more distant lands (America, Australia, Tasmania, 


392 Veterinary Medicine. 


South Africa, etc.) in the absence of imported infection remain 
clear to the present day. This absence for centuries from coun- 
tries where cowpox, horsepox and even smallpox prevails speaks 
volumes for the clinical difference of the germs. 

The infection is more intense and diffusible than that of cowpox 
and horsepox resembling in this the smallpox of man. Absolute 
contact is not necessary, in either case the infection is carried in 
the air either on dust or otherwise, and above all in a confined 
building, a crowded sheep fold or a dusty highway. 

In all forms of variola the virulence is concentrated in the 
lymph of the vesicle, and in horsepox and cowpox it is largely 
confined to this, whilst in sheeppox in severe cases it must also 
at times infect the blood, as lambs are occasionally born with 
sheeppox. On this basis the infection of the secretions generally, 
has been asserted, but it is to be supposed that in moderate 
cases these are contaminated after secretion. Nocard and Roux 
produced immunity by the transfusion of blood from the sick to 
the healthy, but in no case a variolous eruption. Even the sero- 
sity from the swollen lymph glands failed to convey the disease. 

In view of the diffusible nature of the germ, however, we must 
recognize that all secretions may be quickly contaminated as soon 
as they are exposed, and therefore no product of a sick or sus- 
pected sheep can be held to be safe, and all should be treated as 
presumably infected. The most dangerous products and those 
most liable to convey the disease are wool, hides, litter, build- 
ings, yards, covers, parks, railway cars, boats, manure, urine and 
milk. Living creatures like men, dogs, cats, birds, vermin, flies 
and other predacious insects are occasional bearers of infection. 

Receptivity must be considered in every case. In countries and 
districts habitually immune from sheeppox, all breeds appear to 
be equally susceptible, the only refractory specimens being sheep 
that have survived a first attack, and lambs born of ewes that had 
the disease (naturally or inoculated) during the later stages of 
gestation. New born lambs, on an exclusively milk diet, are 
alleged to be somewhat refractory. In a country where sheeppox 
has prevailed long and extensively, as in Algiers and Brittany, 
certain breeds of sheep seem to have attained to a large measure 
of immunity (Nocard). ‘This is doubtless largely due to the sur- 
vival of the more insusceptible strains of blood, as Algerian sheep 
carried into France lead to most virulent outbreaks among the 
native animals (Galtier). 


Variola: Sheeppox. 393 


This relative immunity is still more decided when we come to 
animals of other genera. ‘Though the latest results of research 
seem to identify the sporidia found in the different forms of 
variola, yet the long habit of living in an environment found in 
the ovine race unfits the germ for pathogenic life in various other 
genera that have their own variole. Sacco and Villain reported 
inoculations from sheep to man, but as the first was experimenting 
with variola at the same time, and the second did not test his 
pustules by reinoculation, the results are not convincing. Kiichen- 
meister had a general eruption in sheep after intravenous injec- 
tion of variola of man, but failed to test it by reinoculation. 
Voisin and Nocard on the other hand were uniformly unsuccessful 
in attempts to convey sheeppox to man, and the handling of 
variolous flocks from time immemorial must have led to many 
cases in man, had he been appreciably receptive. It is virtually 
the same with cowpox. Huzard vaccinated 2,000 sheep without 
producing immunity from sheeppox. Voisin had precisely similar 
results. He further inoculated infants with sheeppox, and later, 
successfully, with vaccine lymph. 

It does not follow that these genera would be insusceptible 
under all conditions. Yet the failure to immunize against each 
other would argue a wider divergence of sheeppox and cowpox, 
than of smallpox and cowpox, or than of bovine and avian 
tuberculosis. 

Galtier failed to inoculate sheeppox on rabbits or Guineapigs, “ 
yet Jourdan, records a destructive outbreak in the Alps, in hares, 
kept in the same places with variolous sheep. 

Accessory External Causes. All unwholesome conditions of 
life, and especially overcrowding, filth, starvation, and neglect 
contribute to the extension of the infection. Still more so, the 
importation of sheep, whether in the parks of armies, or in the 
channels of trade, by rail, or steamboat, through stockyards or 
markets. 

The virus is possessed of unusual vitality, and in the dried 
condition, secluded from air and light will remain virulent for an 
indefinite period. Hence the danger of wool, and dried sheep- 
skins. Even in the moisture of an ordinary shed it has retained 
its infectiveness for five or six months. ‘The sheep that has re- 
covered from the affection may transmit the disease to others for 


394 Veterinary Medicine. 


a period of six weeks. The virulence is rapidly destroyed by ex— 
posure to free air and sunshine, by a high temperature (140° F.),. 
by dilute HCI (2:100), by carbolic acid (2:100), by zine chloride: 
(5:100), by potassze permanganas (10:100), by lime chloride 
(4:100), or indeed by any of the strong antiseptics. 

Incubation. This extends from four to seven days on an. 
average, with a minimum of two and a maximum of twenty days. 
The conditions favoring an early eruption are youth, high con-- 
dition, and a hot season, or close warm building, with overcrowd-- 
ing. ‘Those favoring a tardy eruption are old age, debility, and. 
above all a cold or wet season with exposure in the open air. 
Simonds, who inoculated in England in the cold months (October 
and November) never saw it exceed 13 days. In certain cases, 
however, when the eruption had already commenced in mild. 
weather, the sudden occurrence of a week of cold and wet,. 
would stop it short to start anew on the return of warm weather 
a week later. In inoculated cases the incubation is shortened, | 
while it is prolonged when the virus is introduced by the digestive 
or respiratory passages. 

Symptoms. During the last two or three days of a prolonged. 
incubation and especially in old sheep, there may be some im-. 
pairment of appetite and rumination, dulness, a stiffness of 
movement of the hind limbs, and a disposition to lag behind the 
flock. The temperature may even have risen (104.5° F.), yet. 
Simonds has never seen the febrile symptoms precede the eruption. 

There follow, trembling, or rigors, accelerated pulse (80 to 90): 
and breathing, arched back, anorexia, suspension of rumiination,.. 
costiveness, redness of the eyes, epiphora, a watery discharge: 
from the nose, gradually becoming more viscid, and a marked. 
hyperthermia (105°, 106° or 107” F.) If the skin is white, a- 
blush, with some heat, is shown in the seat of the future erup- 
tion, usually on the parts uncovered by wool, the axille, sternum, 
abdomen, udder, inner sides of the thighs, lower surface of the: 
tail, and the face—especially the eyelids, nostrils and lips. 

In two days more, deep red points, like flea bites, appear more 
or less numerously, in the congested parts of the skin, and in 
twenty-four hours these have increased to firm rounded papules. 
which are felt to extend into the true skin. These vary in size 
from 3 to12 mm. or more. In two or three days the papule has 


Variola : Sheeppox. 395 


become firmer and less tender, and shows in the centre a paler 
area where the exudation has resolved it into a vesicle. The 
characteristic sheeppox vesicle is rounded or flattened on its 
summit, being rarely pointed as in smallpox, or umbilicated as 
in cowpox. It is usually surrounded by a pink zone, which is at 
times infiltrated, firm and resistant. After about the sixth day, 
the vesicle becomes yellowish from the formation of pus. The 
pustules, with the surrounding tumefaction, encrease for about 
three days, when if they have not become confluent nor infected, 
they begin to dry up, acquiring a grayish crust on the surface 
which gradually encreases to a thick scab, which in five or six 
days more is detached leaving a pink, pitted spot covered by 
forming epidermis. Sometimes no distinct scab forms, but the 
crust dries, cracks up, and falls off in scales. 

All the vesicles do not appear at once, but some earlier and 
some later, so that the successive stages of the eruption may be 
often seen together on the same subject, and the case is thereby 
materially prolonged. 

As in other forms of variola the hyperthermia usually subsides 
with the appearance of the eruption, but as often re-appears in 
some measure with pustulation (secondary fever of reaction), and 
becomes more severe in proportion to the extent and confluence 
of the eruption and the occurence of complex infection. 

The eruption may invade the conjunctiva, the cornea (induc- 
ing blindness), the nasal mucosa (causing difficult breathing), 
the mouth (salivation, difficult mastication), the pharynx (diff- 
cult deglutition), the stomach and intestines (diarrhcea), the 
bronchia (cough), or the vulva. 

With the occurence of desiccation, in discrete cases, the fever 
stibsides, the swelling of the skin and head dissapears, the dis- 
charges from the nose and eyes cease, and the animal is restored 
to health. 

A secondary eruption will sometimes take place, but only 
papules form, which disappear without reaching maturity. 

The duration of discrete sheep pox is usually about three 
weeks, but it may reach four in cool weather. It is more rapid 
and more prone to dangerous complications in hot weather. As 
the members of a flock are usually attacked in succession, it may 
take three months to pass through a flock. 


396 Veterinary Medicine. 


In confluent or complicated cases the fever of: invasion is very 
high, the sheep dull, prostrate, tender to touch along the back 
and loins particularly, with hurried, labored, panting breathing, 
and mawkish, fevered breath, the weakness increases rapidly, 
standing even may become difficult, the wool is loosened and falls 
off in patches, the exposed skin is red, shading, it may be, intoa 
violet hue. ‘The head droops, the lips and nostrils swell, saliva 
drivels abundantly, anorexia is complete, though thirst may be 
ardent, a yellowish and even reddish, foetid discharge may flow 
from the nose, respiration is difficult, the eyes are watery and 
deeply sunken, and the head, limbs, breast and abdomen are ex- 
tensively infiltrated and cedematous. 3 

Fever does not subside with the occurence of eruption, which 
may appear thickly over the whole body, the wooly parts as well as 
the bare or hairy. The vesicles, which have often adark, unhealthy 
look, tend to become confluent, and instead of proceeding regu- 
larly to maturity, they may remain hard or indolent papules or 
nodules or blacken and dry up. ‘The secretion, when it takes 
place, is liable to be a thick, yellowish, foetid pus. The eruption 
has much more tendency than with the discrete form to invade 
mucose, and not infrequently the serosee are involved, especially 
those covering the lungs, liver and spleen. In the worst cases 
death may result from the fever before any eruption has taken 
place, in other cases the extent of the internal lesions tends to 
hasten a fatal result. With the amount of care that can be-given 
to a flock, confluent cases are usually fatal. 

In connection with the itching and scratching of the nose, 
abrasions and complex infections ensue, resulting in extensive 
ulceration and gangrene implicating the nasal cartilages and 
bones. The eruption around the pasterns may lead to shedding 
of the hoofs, and sloughing of the whole digital structures. Sup- 
purating and gangrenous swellings form subcutaneously and in 
the lymph glands with fatal results. Blindness is especially 
liable to happen from the formation of the eruption on the con- 
junctiva and cornea. Ulcerations and sloughs are common on 
the internal mucosz, and even on the serose. In implication of 
the abdominal organs, a foetid diarrhoea is usually present, and 
in pregnant ewes abortion is the usual result. 

Lesions. ‘The cutaneous lesions are in their multilocular struc- 
ture, the same as in cowpox, but differ materially in size and 


Variola - Sheeppox. 397 


form. ‘The typical vesicle is small (5 to 12 mm.), and neither 
broad and umbilicated like cowpox, nor conical and pointed as in 
smallpox, but round with a slight flattening on the summit. On 
the same animal may often be found all the successive stages at 
once, red points or hemorrhagic spots, vesiculation, pustulation, 
“and even desiccation. ‘The early changes are seen in the papil- 
lary layer and rete mucosum, in the form of swelling and conges- 
tion of the papilla, exudation, active proliferation of the epi- 
dermic and tissue cells, and migration of leucocytes, (embryonic 
cells, polynuclear), vacuolation of the papule, the spaces being 
filled with a straw colored exudate; and finally, the replacing of 
this by pus. If the local inflammation is very acute, the pustule 
may be resolved into a small abscess. On section of the skin the 
affected parts are found to be the seat of congestion and gelatinoid 
exudation, extending into the subcutaneous and intermuscular 
connective tissue, and even the muscles themselves are blackish 
and their capillaries engorged. The exudation is especially abun- 
dant in the dependent parts (head, neck, sternal and abdominal 
regions, legs). In proportion to the severity of the attack there 
are congestion, exudation, swelling, and blood extravasation in 
the lymph glands. 

The nasal mucosa is congested, thickened or even ulcerated 
with abundant, tenacious, muco-purulent secretion and the nasal 
chambers narrowed or obstructed, and similar changes may be 
present in the larynx, trachea and bronchia. Spots of ecchy- 
mosis and even distinct variolous vesicles are to be expected. 
The pleurze are often the seat of congestion, petechiz, exudation, 
and discoloration (red or pale). The lung may show congestion 
and hepatisation in circumscribed areas, or there may be on the 
surface of such hepatised portions red or grayish foci, like a lentil, 
pea or bean, the seat of degeneration or forming mitute abscesses. 
The pericardium and myocardium may be involved to a limited 
extent. 

The buccal and pharyngeal mucose may be the seats of vesi- 
cles, or erosions or ulcers the result of their destruction, and the 
gastro-intestinal mucosa presents ecchymoses, vesicles, abrasions, 
and open sores in the midst of inflamed catarrhal patches. The 
mesenteric and other lymph glands are congested, swollen, 
softened and friable. Congestions and petechiz are found on the 


398 Veterinary Medicine. 


peritoneum, liver, spleen and kidneys, with, at times, nodular 
foci. In certain cases congestions and effusions have been found 
on the pia mater and arachnoid, in the cerebral ventricles and the 
brain substance. 

Prognosis. Mortality. Mortality varies much with the severity 
of the special outbreak and the conditions of life, favorable or 
otherwise, in which the flock is placed. In the milder forms 
the mortality may not exceed seven per cent., while in the more 
violent the whole flock almost may perish. A fatality of 20 to 
30 per cent is the general average. Yet the inoculated form kills 
but 2 per cent. 

If at the outset there is great weakness and prostration, com- 
plete anorexia and high fever, the prospect is discouraging. If 
the fever is moderate and strength and appetite retained, the case 
is very hopeful. On its first advent into a new country it 
causes a far greater mortality than after it has been long domiciled 
there and frequent outbreaks have killed off the more susceptible 
strains of blood. Again very hot weather, or, still more, the 
prevalence of cold, drenching rains aggravates an outbreak 
and greatly encreases the fatality. 

The loss is not to be measured by the deaths alone. The 
failure of the crop of lambs, through abortion, the shedding of 
wool, the loss of sight, hearing, hoofs, digits, flesh, stamina, etc., 
render recovery far from desirable, in the worst cases, as the 
animal fails to thrive or pay for its keep. On the contrary it is 
immune from any future attack, and if left in a thrifty condition 
it becomes especially valuable in a district where sheeppox 
prevails. 

Treatment. Once established in the system the disease will 
follow its regular course, through all its stages. Yet wecan, by 
dieting, pure air, cleanliness, shelter and even by medicinal 
measures, do much to render that course a safe one. Cool sheds, 
pure air, clean floor, dry clean litter and shelter from rain are 
above all important. The sheep may be separated in different 
enclosures in small lots of 5 or 6 to prevent crowding, heating, 
and excitement, and in any case the infected should be removed 
from the noninfected, and even from each other to avoid infec- 
tion and reinfection. This is especially requisite in hot weather. 

For the strong and vigorous, a diet of sliced roots and meal 


Variola: Sheeppox. 399 


Coat, bran, linseed, barley, wheat middlings) is good, while for 
‘the weak, gruels of oat meal, barley meal, linseed meal, or the 
same agents dry, may be given. Powdered saltpeter may be 
-given in this (1 oz. to 8 or 10 sheep) and common salt allowed to 
‘be licked at will. Drinking water may be given pure, or slightly 
-acidulated with sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, or hyposul- 
-phite or bisulphite of soda may be used as a substitute for the 
‘latter. ‘The bowels are usually costive, and may be relieved at 
‘first by 3 ozs. of sodic sulphate, and later, if need be, by soapy 
‘injections. Often during the course of the disease a sudden 
access of fever may be cut short by a milk laxative, if that is not 
contra-indicated by existing diarrhcea. 

Avoid giving heating agents to bring out the eruption. The 
severity of any case and the danger of complex infection are 
usually in ratio with the extent of the eruption. 

Lotions of hyposulphite of soda may be applied to the affected 
“parts from the first, and even weak lotions of chloride of zinc 
after the maturation of the pustules. For the eyes, nose and 
mouth antiseptic lotions may be called for. 

In the advanced stages, in weak subjects, tonics and stimulants 
‘may prove useful. To the mineral acid, quinine (10 grain doses) 
-or gentian (drachm doses) or other bitter may be added for val- 
suable stock. 

Treatment is only permissible in the case of very valuable 
animals and when they are surrounded with the most perfect 
antiseptic precautions, to prevent the escape of the infection. 

Prevention. Asin all dangerous infections this must be the 
preéminent object, and when a new country has been invaded by 
the disease, no sentiment nor alleged value of affected or exposed 
animals should be made the warrant for treatment, nor stand in 
the way of the extinction of the plague by the most rigorous 
‘measures. ‘Ihe recovery of an individual flock is never to be put 
-in the balance with the danger to which other flocks are thereby 
exposed. To avoid smuggling away of exposed animals, and 
-consequent spread of the disease, the loss should be met by the 
commonwealth and no folly, misnamed administrative economy, 
should tempt a stock owner to endanger the flocks of a whole 
nation. 

Sheep and goats from countries where sheeppox exists should 
“be absolutely excluded. If, in exceptional cases they are allowed 


400 Veterinary Medicine. 


to land on our shores, they should be guaranteed by a veterinary 
certificate as coming from a noninfected district, by a route free 
of infection, they should be critically examined by an expert on 
arrival, and if passed, should still with all clothing and utensils, 
besubjected to thorough disinfection. Theclothing of attendants. 
should be similarly dealt with. If importation is merely across a. 
frontier, a quarantine of 21 days followed by a disinfectant bath 
should be enforced. 

If sheeppox has gained a footing in a flock in a new country, 
the flock should be at once appraised and destroyed, and the place 
thoroughly disinfected and shut up for three months. All cars, 
ships, wharfs, landings, chutes, yards, buildings, parks, roads, 

-etc., used by them should be closed and thoroughly disinfected. 
All flocks exposed to any such place or thing should be placed in. 
strict quarantine for three weeks, under official veterinary super- 
vision and disposed of should they become affected. 

As an alternative each infected and suspected flock should be 
secluded in a well fenced place or shed from which all men except 
the necessary attendants, all dogs and other mammals, including’ 
vermin, all birds and as far as possible all flies are excluded. 
They should be divided into small lots of 5 or 6 placed in separate 
pens, their temperatures should be taken 3 or 4 times a day, and 
any one showing a temperature of 104° or 105° F. should be 
instantly removed to a separate pen, and destroyed as soon as the 
disease can be identified. In this way a diseased sheep can usually 
be removed before it has infected its fellows, and at the worst the 
infection will rarely spread beyond the 5 or 6 animals enclosed in 
the pen where the first case appeared. It is well to sprinkle the 
wool of all the flock with a 5 per cent. solution of carbolic acid. 
and the floor or ground with chloride of lime. The diseased car- 
casses should be thoroughly sterilized by burning, boiling, or im- 
mersion in strong acids, or they should be deeply buried, the in- 
fected pen disinfected on each occasion, and the hands and clothes 
of the attendants purified. 

Careful treatment in this way will usually cut short the disease: 
with the loss of those only that were already infected when the 
outbreak was taken in hand, but it must be in the hands of men 
who are at once experts and vigilant-and trustworthy. The En- 
glish invasion of 1862, under the direction of the late Professor 


Variola: Sheeppox. 401 


Gamgee, was completely stamped out in four weeks on this plan, 
whereas the invasion of 1847, met by the expedients of inocula- 
tion and quarantine, lasted for four years, with great losses in a 
number of flocks, and a very heavy bill for continued expert 
supervision. This should be a wholesome lesson to the American 
legislators who consider the prompt extinction of infection, by 
abolishing this source of its increase in the living body, as a 
wasteful outlay. ‘ 

Preventive Inoculation, Ovination. Tf it were possible to give- 
immunity against sheeppox by inoculation with the exudate of 
cowpox, and without danger to the sheep from fatal cowpox, or 
from its transformation into the more destructive sheeppox, it 
would be a most desirable resource. But experiment goes to 
show that vaccination is useless, in the temperate climates at 
least. Sacco, Hussan, Buniva and others in Italy vaccinated 
sheep extensively and claimed to have obtained good results, but 
this has not been endorsed by subsequent observers. D’Arboval 
vaccinated 1,523 sheep, of which 1,341 contracted cowpox, and 
out of 429 of these exposed to sheeppox later, 308 contracted the 
latter disease. Ceely vaccinated two sheep, both of which after- 
ward had mild sheeppox through inoculation. Simonds and 
Marson vaccinated 306 sheep, 112 of them successfully, and of 
these last two-thirds contracted cowpox a second time on re-vac- 
cination. ‘Twenty-nine of the successfully vaccinated sheep were 
inoculated with sheeppox lymph, and in every case successfully. 
It is obvious that vaccination, as a protective measure, is abso- 
lutely untrustworthy in France or in England. Under the warm 
skies of Italy, asin Persia, there may be a close relationship be- 
tween the two diseases, yet in Italy sheeppox was constantly 
prevalent, and it is to be feared that the immunity in a number 
of cases was due to a previous attack of that disease rather than 
to the vaccination. It should be noted that in Persia sheeppox is 
said to be communicable to man, while in England, Ceely failed 
to transmit it. 

‘Ceely suggested variolisation with human smallpox as a pre- 
ventive of sheeppox, but Simonds and Marson failed to convey 
smallpox to the sheep, though the same animal readily contracted 
sheeppox. One can hardly contemplate Ceely’s proposal with 
equanimity. Immunity for sheep would be dearly bought at the 
cost of a general diffusion of smallpox virus. 

26 


402 Veterinary Medicine. 


Ovination or inoculation with the lymph of sheeppox is the 
only accepted method of immunization. It entails, however, an 
extraordinary multiplication of the virus in each inoculated ani- 
mal, and considering the numerous loopholes for its possible dif- 
fusion it can only be looked on as a very dangerous and usually, 
in the long. run, a very expensive resort. The experience of 
England, above referred to, is eloquent in witnessing against 
ovination, and ‘‘in Prussia and Austria the dissemination of 
sheeppox went hand in hand with inoculation.’’—Friedberger and 
Frohner. 

On the other hand ovznation is not fatal to the flock operated 
on. ‘The mortality is often below 1 per cent., and virtually never 
exceeds 4, with a general average of about 2 per cent. It is this 
comparative impunity of the inoculated flock which closes the eyes 
of most persons to the great danger to a whole country and the 
wasteful prodigality of the operation. 

Ovination further shortens the duration of the outbreak in a 
large flock, passing all through the disease in 21 days; whereas 
as contracted by simple exposure, the duration of the outbreak 
may last 90 days or more. It further enables the owner to give 
such protection, shelter and care as will guard the flock against 
exposure and dangerous complications. But while preferable to 
the abandoning of the disease to its natural course, it is always to 
be strongly condemned where it is possible to adopt the method 
which detects the sick animal in the incipient stage by thermometry, 
and does away with the infection by its removal, followed by dis- 
infection. The only excuse for ovination is the general preva- 
lence of sheeppox on an island or other secluded district where 
there is no great added danger from the further diffusion of the 
virus, and when its simultaneous practice over the whole region 
can be made the basis for universal disinfection and the definite 
extinction of the contagium. 

Technique of Ovination. ‘The lymph (‘‘ ovine’’) should be 
taken from a mild case of the disease, and from a vesicle at full 
maturity (about the 6th day), but containing as yet a clear, 
translucent exudate, without turbidity or other indication of for- 
mation of pus, or other infection. Inoculation is made by prefer- 
ence on the bare lower surface of the tail near its tip or 3 to 4 
inches behind the anus. If this is unsuitable, the inner side of 


Variola: Sheeppox. 403 


the ear, an inch from the tip is usually selected, though there is 
here an added element of danger, owing to its proximity to the 
eye. The insertion is made with an ordinary suture needle, 
which is introduced obliquely under the epidermis about one line, 
and pressed upon with the thumb as it is withdrawn. A still 
better instrument is the inoculation needle or lancet with a groove 
or spoonlike hollow on one side. Or the skin may be scratched or 
abraded with the lancet, as in vaccination, until serum oozes, 
when the virus is rubbed on and the part is covered with a piece 
of sticking plaster. On the third or fifth day the flock is again 
examined and those that have failed to sake are ovinated anew. 

The virus is most conveniently taken direct from the affected 
sheep, but it may be preserved in capillary tubes, or on glass or 
ivory points, or mixed with glycerine between glass plates, or 
finally, the first scab well dried may be preserved and utilized, a 
minute portion being inserted with the lancet in a pocket made 
under the epidermis. 

Attempts have'been made to secure a mitigated and safer virus, 
by diluting the lymph with water or normal salt solution (1: 50- 
150) (Peuch), by amputating the seat of inoculation (the tip of 
the ear) on the 4th or 7th day, when the vesicle is formed) Gal- 
tier), by taking a susceptible sheep and inoculating it with sheep- 
pox virus for ten consecutive days, and then selecting for use the 
lymph from the papule of the sixth inoculation. The inocula- 
tions of the seventh day and later give rise to no papule even 
(Pourquier). By this meansit is claimed that the inoculated dis- 
ease remains strictly local, passes through its successive stages in 
a shorter time (15 days or less), and is perfectly harmless to the 
sheep inoculated. Nocard and Mollereau sought the same end 
by mixing the virus with oxygenated water, and Semmer and 
Raupach by heating it to 130° F. In view of the facts that it is 
only under extraordinary conditions that ovination is permissible 
at all, and that the mortality, resulting from it can be kept down 
to about 1 per cent., it seems hardly worth while to attempt to 
obviate this loss, by any method which may come short of the 
full measure of immunity. 

Ovination confers immunity for a year or longer. 

‘The care of the flock during eruption is thé same as in sheep- 
pox contracted in the usual way. 


404 Veterinary Medicine. 


SHEEPPOX IN GOAT. VARIOLA CAPRINA. 


The goat can be successfully inoculated from the sheep, the 
resulting vesicles being smaller and less prominent, and the dis- 
ease assuming a milder type. It is alleged to pass naturally 
from sheep to goat, and from goat to sheep, as well as from goat 
to goat but, on the whole, it is a rare disease and goats have 
been known to live in flocks of sheep attacked with sheeppox, 
without themselves contracting the disease. ‘The malady seems 
to be of little account to the goat, yet in sheep countries, the in- 
terests of flockmasters would demand that it should be stamped 
out as vigorously as the same disease in sheep. 


GOATPOX ; VARIOLA CAPRINA. 


In Persia according to Bruce goats suffer from a form of 
variola, having larger vesicles, umbilicated and approximating 
to, if not identical with cowpox. In Algiers there is found a 
goatpox from which sheep are alleged to be immune (Nocard, 
Peuch, Bremond, Galtier) so that further observations are 
wanted to put the different forms of variola of the goat in their 
proper places. In a country where sheeppox is constantly 
present, there is of course the possible source of fallacy of ex- 
perimenting with animals that have already had the disease, 
therefore it would be expedient to put all forms of goat variola 
under police control. 


= SWINEPOX. VARIOLA SUILLA. 


Variola appears to be rather more frequent in swine than in 
goats. Ficanus as quoted by Joubert saw it in 1567, contracted 
it was supposed from smallpox patients. It was noted by Rama- 
zini in 1690, by Stegman in 1697, and later by Gerlach and others. 
In 1891, 517 cases were reported in Hungary. It is said to be 
derived from man by the use of bed straw for litter and from 
sheep by occupying the same stall. It can be transmitted ex- 
perimentally from pig to pig, from pigs to goats, and from goats 
back to pigs (Gerlach). It is also claimed to pass from the pig 
to man (Freidberger and Froéhner). Young pigs are especially 
subject to it and one attack confers immunity for the future. 


Variola : Dogpox. 405 


Symptoms. After a febrile condition of variable length, but 
usually of a high intensity, red spots appear on the head, neck, 
chest, belly or inside the arms and thighs, at first like flea bites, 
but passing through the stage of papule to become vesicular on 
the sixth day. About the ninth or tenth day they become 
purulent, and in two or three days more a black, concave, 
circular crust has formed which is soon detached. The eruption 
may be /ocal or general, discrete or confluent and the issue of the 
case will depend much on this character. In exceptional cases 
the eruption invades the mouth, eye, throat, stomach, or intes- 
tines. Croker notes the accompaniment of a fatal lobular 
catarrhal pneumonia. 

It must be carefully distinguished from urticaria, eczema, and 
eruptions due to pustulating irritants. 

Treatment is in the main the same as for sheep, care being 
taken to secure perfect cleanliness, pure air, dry clean litter, 
easily digested food, and protection from crowding, undue heat, 
cold or wet. Buttermilk and other acidulous and diuretic drinks 
are recommended, and careful attention to the state of the bowels 
throughout. 

Prevention is still more important, and better than any treat- 
ment would be the most rigorous measures for its extinction 
along the lines laid down for sheep pox. Whether the infection 
has beeu derived from man or sheep it must be looked on as 
eminently dangerous to the class of animals from which it 
originated, and every available means used for its extinction. 


DOG POX: VARIOLA CANINA. 


Dog pox is rare, the affection occuring especially in the 
young. It is said to be derived in certain cases from smallpox 
patients (Weiskopf), and in others from sheeppox (Roll). The 
latter claims: that the dog has also its own specific form. 
Dupuis and others claim experimental transmission from man to 
dog: At the same time eruptions connected with gastric or 
hepatic disorder, distemper, eczema, or aphthous fever are liable 
to be mistaken for it. 

Symptoms. ‘The young animals suffer from fever for a day or 
two, ‘followed by heat and redness on the sides and belly, and 
‘points of deeper red, like flea bites, which gradually evolve 


406 Veterinary Medicine. 


through papules and vesicles to pustules, and terminate in crusts, 
that drop off leaving round bare spots. The vesicles may 
appear locally or generally and may be discrete or confluent. 
Sucking puppies, when attacked usually perish. 

In treatment the same hygienic measures are demanded as for 
other animals, special care being required to keep the bowels and 
kidneys acting ina healthy manner. Perfect cleanliness must be 
secured, and nonstimulating, easily digested food. Excessive 
fever would demand tepid baths, cold sponging, or acetanilid, 
and an undue warmth, crowding and cold exposure must be alike 
guarded against. 

In view of the alleged sources of the disease in man and sheep, 
the strictest seclusion of the affected dog, in disinfected surround- 
ings will become absolutely essential and when this cannot be 
carried out he should be summarily destroyed. 


VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF HORSES. 


Definition : Vesicles usually on external genitals, with fever and infec- 
tion. Causes: Contagion by coition, clothing or stable utensils ; inoculated 
on man or cow, resembles cowpox, but a first attack does not always 
immunize a stallion; inoculable on sheep, goat aud pig. Symptoms : 
Incubation one to six days; local redness, heat, swelling, tenderness, 
papule, vesicle, pustule, scab, desquamation, depigmentation on genitals 
or in sucklings on mouth, lips, nose; may extend to mammary and inguinal 
regions, with swelling, stiffness, and constitutional disturbance. Diagnosis. 
from dourine. Treatment: Cleanliness, astringent, antiseptic lotions ; open 
and disinfect abscesses ; laxative or diuretics. Prevention : Withhold from 
breeding. 


Definition. An acute infectious disease, manifested by hyper- 
thermia, hyperzemia, and the formation usually on the external 
generative organs of a crop of papules rapidly progressing to 
vesicles, pustules, and open sores, and attended by great local 
irritation and itching. Itrunsa mild course and recovery ensues. 
spontaneously in about fifteen days. 

Causes. ‘The disease is only known as a contagious affection, 
propagated from animal to animal by breeding together, or by 
using the same comb, brush or rubber, or by sucking, and in rare 
cases by other accidental or experimental inoculations. ‘To make. 
a successful inoculation the virus must be taken from the vesicles. 


Vesicular Exanthema of Horses. 407 


or pustules. When transferred to man or ox it develops an 
eruption which is indistinguishable from cowpox (T'rasbot, 
Peuch, Galtier). Still a first attack does not always confer im- 
munity, as stallions may have two successive attacks within a 
few weeks (Steinhoff). This implies that either this is not gen- 
uine cowpox, as claimed in France, or that two different exan- 
thematous affections have been classed asone. Inoculation with 
the virus has produced a characteristic eruption in sheep, goats 
and pigs. 

Symptoms. After a period of incubation of from one to six 
days there appear heat, swelling and tenderness of the affected 
part, followed by the formation of papules, gradually passing 
into vesicles, pustules and scabs which scale off, leaving a white 
depigmented surface. In stallions and mares the usual seat of 
the eruption is the external generative organs ; in young sucking 
animals the mouth, lips, nose and quarters, and in inoculated 
cases wherever the virus has been implanted. 

In the mare there is swelling of the lips of the vulva and 
redness of the vaginal and vulvar mucosa with points of a 
darker red, which become firm, papular, vesicular and finally 
pustular. A similar eruption shows on the skin of the swollen 
Jabize, on the lower surface of the tail and on the hips, though 
on these points the phenomena are obscured somewhat by the 
abundance of pigment. ‘The contents of the vesicles are at first 
limpid but gradually change to opaque yellowish-white, brown, 
or even red from slight blood extravasation. It causes not only 
marked tenderness but great itching so that the patient rubs the tail 
and rump, rupturing the vesicles, causing blood extravasations 
and retarding healing. The sores are primarily two or three lines 
in diameter but may widen and deepen under the friction. The 
surface may be red and angry and covered by a yellowish viscid 
discharge. When they heal they leave on the dark skin, round 
spots white and devoid of pigment. The itching during the 
acute stage of the disease, leads to generative excitement, fre- 
quent straining, contractions of the erector clitoris and ejection 
of urine. ‘The animal appears to be constantly in heat, yet the 
absence of hyperthermia shows that there is no constitutional 
disorder nor central nervous affection. The disease appears to 


be purely local. 


408 Veterinary Medicine. 


In the séal/ion after a similar incubation, the penis and usually 
the sheath become swollen and congested and if free from pig- 
ment there are dark points as described in the vulva. These 
points become firm, prominent, and finally vesicular and pustular. 
If continued in service the resulting sores may extend and prove 
protracted. In the absence of service they tend to heal about the 
fifteenth day. ‘The eruption may extend on the scrotum, the 
inner side of the thighs, the throat, the lower surface of the 
neck, and the inside of the forelegs; on any parts indeed that 
may become soiled on mounting the mare. The meatus urinarius 
is red, swollen and angry, and shows a mucopurulent discharge. 
Generative excitement is shown by the more frequent rising and 
falling of the testicles, protrusion and retraction of the penis, 
and the frequency of urination. , 

In bad cases in both sexes the eruption encroaches more widely 
on the skin, and subcutaneous abscesses may form on the vulva, 
anus, tail, between the thighs. or on the scrotal, mammary or 
inguinal regions. These are attended by extensive local swellings 
extending on the croup, or down to the hock, or forward on the 
hind limbs. In such cases there is more or less stiffness or 
lameness, with constitutional disturbance, hyperthermia, gastric 
disorder and emaciation. 

Diagnosis. ‘This disease is distinguished from dourine by the 
known absence of the latter from the locality, by the ready 
transmission, of the benign exanthema to cattle, by the entire 
absence of paresis or mental hebetude, by its rapid progress and 
early recovery, usually in fifteen days. 

Treatment consists in thorough cleanliness, and the application 
of cooling, astringent, antiseptic lotions to the affected parts. 
Solutions of borax, boric acid, sulphate or chloride of zinc, perman- 
ganate of potash, corrosive sublimate, chlorine water, creolin, 
lysol, carbolic acid, or other such agent with glycerine will act 
promptly and well. In the severe cases with secondary abscesses 
the latter must be opened and the cavities treated antiseptically. 
Cooling laxatives and diuretics with salicylates or hyposulphites 
may also be desirable. 

Prevention. No animal having sores nor discharge from the 
generative organs should be used for breeding. The owner of 
the animal infected by breeding has a good claim for damages. 


VESICULAR EXANTHEMA IN CATTLE. 


Definition : acute infectious, eruptive affection, usually of the genitals, in 
cattle, transmitted by breeding, and marked by congestion, papules, vesi- 
‘cles and pustules. Cause: infection by coition ; by contact, by gutter, by 
tail, by licking, in sucklings. Oxen and non-pregnant cows suffer. Symp- 
toms : incubation 1 to 6 days, cows have swelling, red points, papules, vesi- 
cles and pustules on vulvar mucosa and adjoining skin, with profuse glairy 
discharge, and it may be fever : bull has matting of preputial hairs, frequent 
micturition, swollen sheath, red penis, vesicles, even necrotic ulcers and 
distortion. Immunization short, uncertain. Treatment as in horse. Pre- 
vention : seclusion and disinfection of animals, disinfection of talls, gutters, 
rubbing posts, trees, complete segregation of sick from healthy, 


Definition. An acute eruptive affection, attacking particularly 
the generative organs of breeding cattle, manifested by conges- 
tion, papules, vesicles and pustules of the mucosa and skin and 
transmitted largely by copulation. 

Causes. ‘The one known cause is infection and the most com- 
mon mode of communicating it is by the generative act. In this it 
agrees with the mild coital exanthema of horses, and the two af- 
fections have been considered as identical with each other and 
with cowpox (Trasbot). The similarity of the symptoms and 
the duration of the disease sustain this view, but, if correct it is 
probable that the affection has undergone a distinct modification 
which adapts the microbe especially to life in the genital canal, 
and to the maintenance of its virulence for a longer period, and 
finally, robs it of the power of producing any permanent im- 
munity. Cowpox, though raised on the lips of the vulva, the 
inner side of the thighs and the.abdomen where it can be easily 
reached by the tail, does not tend to implicate the genital canal, 
and it so quickly secures immunity, that neither male nor female 
> would be likely to long convey the disease. Yet in both horses 
and cattle, experience shows that the acquired immunity of vesic- 
ular exanuthema is very short lived. 

Cattle, much more than horses, are liable to transmission of 
the disease by other channels than coition. Contact with the 
same soiled stall and gutter, the direct transference to adjoining 
animals by the soiled tail, and the greater frequency with which 


409 


410 Veterinary Medicine. 


they lick themselves and others doubtless contribute tothis. The 
frequency of non-coital infection is shown in Numann’s cases af- 
fecting the anus and sheath in oxen; also in Fenner’s long list. 
of cases in 669 non-pregnant cows, in a number of cows in ad- 
vanced pregnancy and in calves of a few weeks old (Friedberger 
and Frohner). 

Symptoms. In Cows. After an incubation of one to six, (or 
exceptionally ten) days, there occur swelling and redness of the 
lips of the vulva, and the vaginal mucosa with here and there 
dark red points, and an abundant clear, glairy discharge. The 
red points may become firm and papular, and an exudate beneath 
the epithelium transforms them into vesicles at first translucent 
but later yellow or brown as pus cells accumulate. The clear 
mucous discharge meanwhile becomes opaque and, as the pustules 
open, forming sores, yellowish and purulent. This discharge 
soils the tails and hips, drains out on the back part of the stall 
and the gutters and is carried by the tail to the udder and to 
other stock. Itching may be severe and the constant rubbing 
and switching of the tail, may irritate the sores and cause them 
to deepen or extend, beside favoring septic infection and local 
necrotic processes. In such cases there may be more or less 
fever, impairment of appetite, rumination and digestion, and of 
the secretion of milk. Abortion is not unknown though excep- 
tional. 

Symptoms. In Bull. ‘The matting together of the long hairs 
of the prepuce may be the first indication of the disease, attended 
or followed by frequent micturition, or by standing with the tail 
raised and the accelerator urinze pulsating over the ischiatic arch 
as if passing urine. The sheath appears swollen, the penis red 
granular, and angry, with red spots, and even the scrotum may 
be involved in the enlargement. The red points advance as in 
the female through the different forms of papule, vesicle and 
pustule to the formation of sores which are more or less red and 
angry. There may be an indisposition or even inability to pro- 
tract the penis, and the bull may be tardy to serve, or in case the 
organ is erected and used, blood may ooze from the respective 
sores. The disease usually lasts about two weeks, but may 
recur a few weeks later in connection with a new infection. In 
aggravated and prolonged cases there may be local septic and 


Vesicular Exanthema in Cattle. 4II 


necrotic processes, and general fever and digestive disturbances. 
Distortions of the penis may render the subject permanently use- 
Jess as a sire. 

Treatment is essentially the same as in the horse. Antiseptic 
and astringent solutions (sulphate of zinc, iron or copper (2:100), 
nitrate of silver, carbolic acid, corrosive sublimate, lysol, creolin, 
etc.,) may be used to advantage. Laxatives and diuretics may be 
called for. 

Prevention. ‘This would require the temporary seclusion and 
final disinfection of all animals attacked, the thorough cleansing 
and disinfection of the stalls and gutters, as well as all posts, 
trees and fences on which the animals rub themselves. The at- 
tendants should use no combs, brushes, sponges nor rubbers in- 
discriminately on the sick and healthy. They should disinfect 
their hands and, if necessary, their clothes after having handled 
the sick and before handling or milking sound animals. An 
obvious precaution is to place the sick and healthy in separate 
buildings and yards. 


INFECTIOUS GENITAL CATARRH IN RABBITS. 


Freidberger and Frohner record a very contagious catarrhal 
affection of the vulva and prepuce in high bred rabbits, and 
conveyed from animal to animal by sexual congress. The 
characteristic symptoms were extensive swelling of the parts and 
an abundant mucopurulent discharge. 

Injection of the genital passages with a sulphate of copper 
solution (1 to 2 per cent) for several weeks in succession effected 
a cure. 


INFECTIOUS ULCEROUS STOMATITIS IN LAMBS AND 
KIDS. 


Prevails in France Predisposing causes, bad hygiene. Specific cause, 
streptococcus. Pathogenesis, to lambs and kids through sucking, drinking, 
feeding ; inoculable on Guineapig, not rabbit. Lesions: like thrush, con- 
gested patches, with curd like concretion ; epithelium, leucocytes, microbe ; 
in bad cases gastro-enteritis hepatitis, or pneumonia. Symptoms: hyper- 
thermia, refusal of teat, froth on lips, dulness, debility, emaciation, death in 
15 days ;in mouth, concretions and red raw sores ; cough, hurried breath- 
ing, diarrhoea ; subacute cases have little fever, or infection. Mortality 8 


412 Veterinary Medicine. 


percent. in acute cases, nonein subacute. Prevention: separation and dis- 
infection of fold. Treatment : antiseptics to mouth; borax, sulphites, 
chlorate of potash, sodium salicylate, iron chloride, copperas, silver nitrate. 
Feed through tube orsyringe. Internally, sulphites. 


This is found in all parts of France, as described by Besnoit. 

Causes. ‘The predisposition, as in the case of many other fatal 
internal inflammations, depends largely on faulty hygiene, foul, 
ill ventilated, hot, close, damp, overcrowded folds, without sun- 
shine, drainage or free access to the outer air. 

The specific cause is a large coccus, isolated or in chains of 2, 3, 
4 or more (streptococcus), and found abundantly in the pultace- 
ous buccal exudate, and in the internal lesions developed by auto- 
infection. It grows readily in bouillon in the form of a precipitate 
in the bottom of the liquid, in gelatine and glucose in very small, 
thin colonies, and on potato in creamy masses. It is stained by 
anilin and by Gram’s (iodine) preparation. 

Pathogenesis. Inoculable on the Guinea pig, it is harmless to 
the rabbit. It is readily conveyed to lambs and kids by inocula- 
tion, or through the teats, by licking, drinking, feeding, etc. 
Acute cases are very virulent, subacute very little so. Isolated 
cases of the latter are not uncommon. 

Lesions. ‘The buccal lesions are like those of thrush (muguet). 
The mucosa is more or less congested and reddened with raised 

- patches, of varying extent, of white, curdy looking concretions, 
composed of excess of epithelial cells and leucocytes with an 
abundant exudate. The specific coccus is present in great num- 
bers and often in almost pure cultures. The internal lesions 
found in the more acute and fatal cases, are mostly in the form of 
gastro-enteritis, hepatitis and pneumonia, containing the specific 
cocci, and due to the inhalation or swallowing of the virulent 
buccal products. 

Symptoms. In the acute cases an intense hyperthermia is the 
first symptom, speedily followed by refusal to suck, the accumu- 
lation of froth around the lips, great dulness and lassitude, pros- 
tration, rapidly advancing debility, and emaciation, and death in 
15 days ina condition of marasmus and inanition. When the 
mouth is opened the curdy white or yellowish white patches of 
exudation are seen with an abundant glairy mucus, and occasion- 
ally red, raw, angry patches from which the morbid growth has 


Contagious Abortion. 413 


been detached. The symptoms of pneumonia or of muco-ente- 
ritis are usually in evidence, with or without diarrhceal or dysen- 
teric discharges. Acute cases are extremely contagious. 

In sub-acute cases the lesions are confined to the buccal mucosa, 
as curdy white, raised concretions with ulcerous surfaces, frothy 
lips and refusal of the teat, but without marked hyperthermia or 
constitutional disturbance. Contagion is little marked, the dis- 
ease appearing enzootically in flocks, or even as but one case in 
each of several flocks. 

Mortality. ‘ight per cent. of acute cases may perish, but the 
sub-acute nearly all recover. 

Prevention. When the disease has appeared in a flock, or in 
its vicinity, the mouths of the lambs should be examined daily 
and affected subjects and their dams carefully separated. A 
thorough disinfection of the fold and mamme is imperative. 

Treatment. Use antiseptics on the mouth, selecting the non- 
poisonous articles. Borax may be rubbed freely on the patches. 
Solutions of sulphite, bi-sulphite or hyposulphite of soda (1 oz. 
to 1 qt.) may be used at frequent intervals on the mouth and mam- 
mee ; chlorate of potash (5 : 100); sodium salicylate (1 : 100),iron 
chloride (1 : 100) may be used. Ulcerous patches may be cauter- 
ized by iron sulphate, silver nitrate, or the potential cautery. 
Besnoit advises mercuric chloride (1 : 1,000) for cutaneous lesions, 
but this would be unsuitable for either mouth or lips. The 
strength must be sustained by the dam’s milk given through 
a tube or syringe. For gastric lesions the sulphites may be given. 


CONTAGIOUS ABORTION. 


Definition : Premature expulsion of non-viable foetus. Synonyms. Sus- 
ceptible animals: cows, goats, sows, mares, Accessory causes: Ice cold 
drinks at periods of ovulation, frozen aliments, ice cold bath orrain storm, 
mechanical injuries, unwholesome fermentescible food, indigestible foods, 
close stabling, heavy milking, early breeding, inbreeding, stagnant water, 
ergot, smut, vegetable irritants or ecbolics, constitutional diseases, irritation 
of generative organs, death of foetus, urinary calculi, odor of carcass or car- 
rion, contagion, experimental infection between cows, between mare and 
cow, relation to omphalitis. Nocard’s streptococci and bacilli, Bang’s 
bacillus with best growth in two distinct grades of oxygenation, Galtier’s 
observations, bacterium of the Colon group in America, infection of the 


414 Veterinary Medicine. 


calves (pneumonia). Various kinds of infectious abortion. Acquired im- 
munity, variable in different forms. Immunized cow still infecting. Symp- 
toms. Lesions. Abortion in mares. Therapeutics. Prevention : Protec- 
tion of asound herd, guarantee with purchase, a government control, precau- 
tions with male or unimpregnated female, with pregnant. Extinction ina 
herd, separation, disinfection, disposal of abortion, manure, urine, disinfec- 
tion of animal, of genital organs, precautions as to service, new born, fields, 
ewes. Disinfectants, subcutem or in muscles. 


Definition. ‘The premature expulsion of the product of concep- 
tion, before itis viable out of thewomb. Strictly speaking, a par- 
turition in which the offspring is so far matured as tobe wiable is 
a premature parturition, while if it is xon-viable it is an abortion. 
Vulgarly, however, as applied to herds, the term is used for any 
early parting with the foetus. In this wider sense infectious 
abortion is the premature expulsion of the fetus owing to an infec- 
tious catarrh of the womb, transmitted from one animal to another 
by the transference of the microbe. 

Synonyms. Infectious Abortion, Enzodtic Abortion, Epi- 
zootic Abortion. 

Animals Affected. Abortion is most common in cows, and less 
frequent in ewes, goats, sows and mares. 

Forms and Accessory Causes of Abortion. It was formerly sup- 
posed that abortion in herds was mainly due to mechanical and 
chemical agencies acting injuriously on the system, and in adopt- 
ing the explanation of a particulate, transferrable, infectious 
agent for the habitual widespead forms of the disease, we should 
not forget these accessory causes, many of which by themselves 
cause sporadic abortions without the intervention of an infectious 
element. 

The free consumption of ice cold water by the healthy dam 
causes active gastro-intestinal peristalsis and vigorous movements 
of the advanced foetus, which can be seen or felt in the right 
flank, so that this is often resorted to, to determine whether the 
animal is pregnant or not. If this is frequently repeated or car- 
ried to excess in susceptible animals it will at times cause abor- 
tions. Asin all other cases of mechanical or physiological dis- 
turbance, this is most operative at those periods of constitutional 
changes, which, if the animal had been unimpregnated, would 
have brought about ovulation and cestrum. 


Contagious Abortion. 415 


The greedy ingestion of cold aliments, like frozen roots, or green 
vegetation covered with oar frost, may have a similar action, 
‘the more so that such aliments are extremely fermentescible and 
liable to cause tympany and undue pressure on the gravid womb. 

Even without ingestion, exposure to cold rain or snow storms 
or the plunging in ice cold water tends to produce excessive peri- 
stalsis and foetal movements and thereby prove injurious. 

Mechanical injuries to the abdomen as crushing by a gate, kicks, 
hooking with horns or tusks, hounding with dogs, riding of each 
other when a cow ts in heat, are liable to produce congestions, de- 
tachment of foetal membranes, and even death of the fcetus. 

Very fermentescible foods like those following a wet season or 
bad harvest, or those made of the leafy albuminous plants like 
lucerne (alfalfa), sainfoin and clover, act injuriously in the way 
of causing tympanies and compressions, but it must also be recog- 
nized that we are here dealing with fodders abounding in bac- 
terial ferments, and that some of their products may act physio- 
logically as ecbolics, even if the hacteria themselves do not colo- 
nize the genital passages as infections. 

Insufficient food or very innutritious forage, too close stabling, 
heavy milking, early breeding (dam or sire), inbreeding, are 
liable to lower the general stamina and throw the system more 
open to the action of other factors. 

Stagnant, corrupt drinking water has been charged with caus- 
ing abortion, and the trouble has ceased when it has been with- 
drawn, but it is difficult to estimate its value in different cases— 
disturbing digestion, fermentation, poisoning, or introducing of 
actual infection. 

Ergoted grasses and smut in maize, wheat or oats, have been often 
charged with wide spread abortions, and though each has in turn 
been administered in large and continuous doses without causing 
abortion, this does not invalidate the many cases in which it mani- 
festly had that effect, nor does it show that obstetricians have been 
mistaken in their almost immemorial trust in ergot as an ecbolic. 
It must be recognized, however, that grown under different con- 
ditions, of sunshine and shade, and harvested at different stages 
of its development, ergot varies greatly in its physiological action, 
as it does also from having been overkept and thus one specimen 
is effective or dangerous while another is absolutely ineffective. 


416 Veterinary Medicine. 


The specific action of the alkaloids in determining contraction of 
involuntary muscular fibre, is seen alike when used medicinally 
and when acting as an accidental toxic agent in causing spasms, 
nervous torpor or paralysis, delirium ; gangrene of the feet, tail 
or tip of the ear ; or contraction of the womb and expulsion of its. 
contents. Like other agents mentioned ergot is at times an active 
ecbolic when cooperating with other similarly operating agencies. 

Irritant vegetables of various kinds are to be dreaded. Such as. 
act on the bowels and kidneys, keeping up a constant diarrhea 
and diuresis, are quite liable to cause abortion in susceptible sub- 
jects. Savin, tansy and rue have obtained a bad reputation in 
this sense. 

Cotton root bark is an active ecbolic, but is not likely to harm 
animals unless deliberately administered. 

Impaction of the rumen or manifolds, and obstinate constipation 
with the resulting straining or compression must be named as an 
accessory catise. 

Severe constitutional diseases, especially the infectious fevers, 
aphthous fever, lung plague, rinderpest, etc., are occasional causes. 
of abortion. 

It may be brought about by direct irritation of the womb, as 
in ovariotomy or dilatation of the cervix, or again by death of the 
fetus through twisting of the umbilical cord. 

Where cattle are subjected to dry winter feeding, in the ab- 
sence of ensilage or roots, on the magnesian limestone, small. 
calculi in the kidney are almost the rule in winter and the irrita- 
tion caused by these conduces to abortion. ‘ 

Nor must mental influence be altogether ignored. Cows and 
even mares are exceedingly sensitive to the smells of decomposing 
animal matter, as seen every day in the vicinity of abattoirs, or in 
case the carcass of one of their fellows has been opened, and not 
infrequently in connection with carrion, and the occurrence of 
abortions after such excitement has been frequently noticed. 
Cases are on record of specially susceptible cows having had 
active labor pains, from being with another cow at the time of 
parturition. Shepherds have noticed that violent thunder storms. 
have been followed by numerous abortions in the flocks. 

The Contagious Form. Any of the usual causes of sporadic or 
accidental abortion may codperate with the true infectious ele- 
ment and give unusual energy to it, yet it is of the utmost im- 


Contagious Abortion. 4l7 


portance to recognize the contagion as the essential cause in all 
cases in which it is present. This can usually be done by a care- 
ful inquiry into the history of the outbreak. 

When a herd has been continuously healthy up to the date of 
the introduction of a cow brought from a herd where abortion 
has been prevailing, and when following her arrival, one after 
_ another of the original members of the herd abort, without any 
apparent cause in the way of change of feed, water, barn, stalls, 
or general management, the evidence of the introduction of con- 
tagion by the cow in question is very circumstantial and forcible. 
If pregnant cows standing next to the new cow, or near to her, 
abort, the argument for contagion is still further corroborated. 
If the trouble continues in the herd year after year, attacking 
fresh animals some months after their purchase, the case becomes 
still stronger. 

Or if a cow from a healthy herd is sent to a bull, that has been 
allowed to serve an aborting cow, and if the resulting pregnancy 
in the first cow is terminated by abortion, and if this is followed 
by successive abortions in the previously healthy herd, we may 
reasonably conclude that we are dealing with the infectious form. 
If no other appreciable cause for the trouble can be found we 
may reasonably conclude that this was the channel for infection. 

Or a bull is brought from a herd where abortions have taken 
place, and some time after his arrival, the cows of the previously 
sound herd begin to abort, the first cases being in those that the 
new bull has served. The occurrence is manifestly the result of 
contagion. 

Or a newly purchased cow aborts, and is disposed of in con- 
sequence, and another cow, placed in the same stall, in due time 
aborts also, and others follow in succession, especially those that 
stood next or near to the stallin question. Everything points to 
an introduced infection. 

An indefinite number of other exemplary cases might be 
adduced, each varying from the last, but all agreeing in this, that 
the evidence of infection stands out prominently and unmistakably. . 
The infecting material may have been carried by the tail, tongue, 
soiled stall, gutter, rubbing post, fence or other object, yet the 
fact of contagion can be demonstrated with reasonable certainty. 

These conclusions have been repeatedly affirmed by actual 


27 


418 Veterinary Medicine. 


experimental transmission. The Scottish abortion committee 
found that healthy pregnant cows often escape, though standing 
near or even next to an aborting one, but that when a piece of 
cotton wool was inserted into the vagina of an aborting cow for 
twenty minutes and then transferred to that of a healthy one, the 
latter invariably aborted. Galtier found that when the infecting 
vaginal mucus of the aborting cow was transferred to the same 
passage of the healthy pregnant one, abortion took place in the 
latter. He succeeded in conveying the disease in this way from 
cow to sow, ewe, goat, rabbit and Guinea pig, and found that 
growth in the body of the rodent intensified its virulence, so that 
it could then be successfully inoculated on the mare, bitch and cat. 

Bang subjected two cows, from healthy herds and three months 
pregnant, to repeated injections of the products of the culture of his 
abortion bacillus in serum glycerine bouillon. Three injections 
were made on April 14, May 23 and June 4, and on June 24 one 
cow aborted. ‘The other sickened and when killed was found to 
carry a dead fcetus. Pure cultures of the abortion bacillus were 
found in the foetal membranes and liquids of both animals. 

Casual Infections. Ina case which came under the observa- 
tion of the present writer, a family cow kept in a barn where no 
abortion had previously occurred, was taken for service to a bull 
in a herd where abortion was prevailing, and though she was 
only present at the latter place for a few minutes, she aborted in 
the sixth month. 

Another cow. from the same aborting herd, was taken into 
another herd at a distance of two miles, where abortion had been 
unknown up to that time, and some months later the cow stand- 
ing in the stall next to her aborted. The remainder of this herd 
was sold soon after, so that the further progress of the disease was 
not traced. 

‘Tobiassen quotes the case of a cow from an aborting herd, which 
calved a fortnight before the regular time. The calf was at once 
sent to another farm where no abortion had occurred, and placed 
in the same building with the pregnant cows, all of which later 
aborted. The outbreak thus started lasted for several years. 

Jansen as quoted by Sand, reports the case of a cow from an 
aborting herd having been taken into a herd that had been pre- 
viously quite free from the disease. Soon after her arrival she 


Contagious Abortion. 419 


aborted, and later, cows in the same herd aborted. ‘The owner 
kept the matter secret and sent his cows to a neighbor’s bull for 
service, with the result that for two years abortion prevailed 
among the cows served by this bull. 

J. R. Jansen reports that a cow brought from an infected farm, 
for fattening purposes, proved to be pregnant and finally aborted, 
and that 24 of the pregnant cowson the same farm aborted in 
the same year. : 

Morck relates how a cow that had aborted a fortnight previously 
was taken to a farm where abortions had never been known. 
She aborted during her next gestation and so did the rest of the 
herd, 9 in number. 

Christensen records the occurrence of a general abortion in a 
previously healthy herd, members of which had been sent for 
service to the bull of a neighboring aborting herd. 

Nygaard reports that a bull from a healthy herd, but which 
had been allowed to serve some cows from a neighboring infected 
herd, was sold to go on a previously healthy farm, where he was 
put to 14 cows only. Of these 12 aborted, and the complement 
of the herd, beyond the 14 cows, put to another bull, remained well. 

In each of these cases the environment of the animals and the 
conditions remained the same, the one appreciable cause of the 
outbreak being the contact with an animal from an aborting herd. 

Experimental Infection. Bratier led the way by transferring 
in 11 instances the vaginal mucus of aborting cows to the vagina 
of healthy ones. The resulting abortions occurred from the 9th 
to the 21st day after inoculation. Lehnert repeated this on two 
cows, the abortions taking place on the twelfth and twentieth days 
respectively. Trinchera transferred the purulent vaginal 
mucus of an aborting cow to the vaginz of healthy ones, deter- 
mining in the latter, in 9 to 13 days, abortion attended by suppu- 
rating vaginal catarrh. He secured similar results by using the 
material scraped from the surface of the chorion of an immature 
foetus. 

The Scottish Commission (Woodhead, McFadyean and Aitkin) 
placed a healthy pregnant cow in an aborting herd, and on two 
successive days lodged in her vagina for twenty minutes a piece 
of cotton wool soaked in the vaginal mucus of a recently aborted 
cow. Within a month abortion threatened, and on the seventieth 
day a seven-months calf was dropped. 


420 Veterinary Medicine. 


In a second experiment a cow, six months in calf, was taken 
from a healthy herd and placed in an aborting dairy herd and a 
quantity of vaginal mucus from a cow that had recently aborted 
was injected under the skin of the vagina. She calved prema- 
turely at the end of the eighth month of gestation. 

Williamsen, while treating a herd for abortion, took a piece of 
the afterbirth of one of the aborting cows and rubbed it on the 
vagina of a healthy cow of his own, which had a habit of carry- 
ing her calf fourteen days over time. Five days after she had 
premature parturition. 

He took a fragment of the foetal membrane from the cow just 
named and rubbed it on the vagina of a pregnant cow condemned 
for tuberculosis. In seventeen days the cow aborted. 

Though not started as an experiment, the writer may name the 
general extension of abortion from one or two cows in a tubercu- 
lous herd after they had been tested with tuberculin. Cases of 
this kind are doubtless much more common than has been sup- 
posed. 

Kilborne and Smith developed suppurating vaginal catarrh in 
cows and mares by inoculating them with the artificial cultures 
of bacilli obtained from the vaginal secretions of aborting mares. 

Turner made cultures from the ovaries of aborting mares, and 
others from the genital organs of foals suffering from omphalitis, 
and produced abortions in pregnant mares by injecting with the 
same. 

Pathology. Bacteriology. Franck attributed the disease to 
leptothrix vaginalis, but subsequent observers failed to substan- 
tiate this. 

The Scottish Abortion Commission isolated five different bac- 
teria from the abortion membranes and vaginal mucus, but failed 
to identify any one of these as, by itself, capable of causing the 
disease. . 

Nocard found in the fibrino-purulent matter between the 
chorion and womb in aborting animals a micrococcus occurring 
singly or in chains, and a short, delicate bacillus isolated or in 
pairs. From the absence of evil effects between pregnancies he 
opines that the germs grow in the membranes only, and do not 
affect the womb nor the general system. He recognizes, how- 
ever, that they survive in the womb from one pregnancy to an- 
other in the complete absence of these membranes. In 1894 


Contagious Abortion. 421 


Nocard found the bacillus coli commune in an aborted calf, 
which had died zz utero and precipitated abortion. 

Galtier, on the contrary, conveyed the disease variously by the 
inoculation or feeding of the milk or abortion membranes to 
sheep, goat, pig, rabbit and Guinea pig, and accordingly claims 
that the general system of the pregnant animal is infected, and 
that the germs can be conveyed through the blood to the womb. 
In deducing this from feeding experiments he appears to make 
too little account of the ready infection through proximity of the 
anus and vulva. 

Chester, of Delaware Agri. Experiment Station, found in the 
foetal membranes of aborting cows a bacillus, which in form and 
habits of growth closely resembled the bacillus coli commune. 
In the fermentation test, however, it showed a marked difference. 

Inoculated on rabbits it did not prove fatal. Injected into the 
vagina of a healthy pregnant cow it caused slight catarrhal dis- 
charge for four or five days, but the calf was carried to full time 
six and a half months later. 

Bang found in aborting cows, between the womb and foetal 
membraues, a considerable odorless, gelatinoid, liquid exudate, 
and some pus cells. There was active catarrh of the uterine 
mucosa which often carried the disease over into the next preg- 
nancy. In the exudate he founda number of very minute non- 
motile bacilli (1 to 3#), which stained, readily with aniline colors, 
excepting in a vacuole or nucleus which was less deeply pig- 
mented. ‘This bacillus grew well in serum-glycerine bouillon, 
and more sparingly in serum-gelatine agar. In the latter it 
showed a remarkable peculiarity which serves to identify it read- 
ily from other microbes, in two successive zones of luxuriant 
growth at two different depths, with an intermediate clear zone, 
in which little or no growth took place. It seems to prefer a 
greater or lesser supply of oxygen (21 or 90: 100) without being 
able to adapt itself to the intermediate condition. As already 
stated it produced abortion in the cow in 21 days after injection 
into the vagina. It also induced uterine catarrh and abortion in 
ewes, goats, rabbits, Guinea pigs and mares when injected into 
the vagina. From the vagina it usually reaches the womb, but 
not always. In several cases in which it was injected subcutem 
or intravenously it caused hyperthermia, and was later found in 
abundance in the interior of the womb and fcetal membranes, and 


422 Veterinary Medicine. 


in the bowels of the foetus. The microbe is, therefore, capable of 
living in the blood and affecting the womb by whatever channel 
it may enter the system. 

V. A. Moore and the present writer made a series of experi- 
ments at the New York State Veterinary College. In the foetal 
membranes and uterine mucus of a number of cows, aborting in 
different parts of the State and therefore long distances apart, we 
found a bacillus that in form and culture-experiments closely re- 
sembles bacillus coli commune. This was nearly always in pure 
cultures, and in the few cases showing other microbes, these were 
only such as inhabit the healthy vagina. Our bacillus was never 
found in the womb nor foetal membranes of cows that had calved 
at the full period in healthy herds. It agreed in most respects 
with the bacillus found by Chester, but differed somewhat in fer- 
mentation tests. It differed also in proving fatal to rabbits when 
inoculated on these animals. Injected in the form of cultures 
into the vagina in three old pregnant cows it continued to live on 
the mucosa, producing more or less catarrh and mucopurulent 
discharge in the different cases, yet all three carried the calf to 
full time, one having calved on the 123d day after injection, the 
second on the 167th, and the third on the rgoth. 

The results obtained at the Delaware College Experiment Sta- 
tion and the New York State Veterinary College, do not differ so. 
seriously, as either one does from those obtained in Europe, .by 
Nocard, Bang, and the Scottish Abortion Committee. The facts 
that the same germs were found, either in pure cultures, or ex- 
ceptionally, along with the normal microbes of the healthy 
vagina, in the womb, and foetal membranes of every aborting cow, 
that they were never found in the healthy cow which had calved at 
full time, and that the generative passages were the seat of a 
catarrh, alike in the cows that aborted and in those that were 
inoculated with the abortion discharges, but did not themselves. 
abort, are all but conclusive that this microbe is the essential cause 
of the abortion. 

The single objection to this view, namely that the inoculated. 
cows did not abort, is explained by the fact that in the New York 
abortions it is the rule that the calf is carried six or seven months. 
from the date of impregnation (the date of the presumptive infec- 
tion) to that of abortion. It is to be further borne in mind that. 
our experimental cows were old, and may have passed through 


Contagious Abortion. 423 


the disease before and become in some measure immune, that 
they were dry during the experiment, and were subjected to no 
extraneous excitement that would predisposethem to abort. The 
presumption is that had the experiments been started earlier in 
the gestation, the abortion would have come in due time. ‘The 
microbe maintained its hold on the mucosa and continued to 
advance up to and beyond parturition. 

Another distinction of the European abortion, is in the pres- 
ence of the microbe in European form in the digestive organs of 
the calf, and that the viable calves of infected cows are liable to 
die of intestinal disorders a few days after birth. Galtier, the 
Marquis de Poncius and Pry insist strongly on this. Ona farm 
on the estate of the Marquis, where abortion had prevailed for 
twenty yeais, the calves of infected cows show at birth, or very 
shortly after, symptoms of broncho-pneumonia and ofa complica- 
tion of nervous disorders. ‘hey are breathless, wheeze, dis- 
charge from the nose, cough, scour, have convulsions or other 
nervous trouble. A large proportion of such calves die; and 
their lungs are found in part red, consolidated and devoid of air 
and the bronchia contain a mucopurulent product. Lesions 
denoting inflammation of the serosz of the lungs, liver and intes- 
tines are common. ‘This coincidence of a fatal disease in many of 
the surviving calves is exceptional among the aborting herds of 
New York. 

In noting the evidence of a wide difference between the preva- 
lent American and European forms of abortion in cows, one 
should be prepared to go farther, and accept if need be, still other 
distinctive forms in each of the two continents. Any catarrhal 
condition of the uterine mucous membrane, is a recognized hin- 
drance to conception, and cause of abortion, and we must recognize 
that the forms of invasion of the womb by pus microbes are as 
numerous as there are irritant germs capable of living in the mem- 
brane. ‘The question as to how many of these can produce con- 
tagious abortion is to be determined by the susceptibility of the 
membrane to irritation by each germ, and whether the latter can 
retain all its power of survival and virulence in passing from one 
animal to another. ‘The presumption is, therefore, in favor of a 
variety of forms of contagious abortion, each due to its own spe- 
cific microbe or microbes, rather than of a single unvarying type 


424 Veterinary Medicine. 


of the disease. In some the affection appears to bea purely local 
one (American), the microbe being confined to the genital or 
genito-urinary mucosa, whereas in others the microbes (Bangs’, 
Galtier’s, etc. ) live also in the blood, producing a general infection. 

Two great types at least have been demonstrated in Europe, and 
one in America. Whether future investigation shall show the 
presence in one of these continents of the types as yet only known 
in the other, remains to be seen. If the particular forms should 
turn out to be limited to different continents we are at once con- 
fronted with the necessity of an international sanitary quarantine, 
and inspection. Matters are bad enough now in our dairying 
districts, but if we are to be open to the importation of new types 
of abortion, which do not mutually immunize against each other, 
but which may be taken one after another in succession through 
a series of years, they may easily become incomparably worse. 

Acquired immunity. The question of persistent abortion year 
after year, in the same animal, is most important. Ifa first con- 
tagious abortion entails a second, a third, a fourth and a fifth 
in the same animal, in as many successive years, then manifestly 
the preservation of such animal is a most wasteful economy, al- 
together independently of the danger of her transmitting the in- 
fection to healthy stock. If, however, she herself becomes im- 
mune after a first or second abortion, it may be profitable to retain 
her for milk production or breeding, provided that she can no 
longer infect susceptible cows with which she must come in con- 
tact. 

Acquired immunity of the individual cow is the rule after one 
or two abortions caused by the microbes with which we are at 
present most familiar. There are exceptions to this rule due to 
special nervousness and excitability of given cows, which tend 
to a indefinite repetition of the abortion, under the stimulation 
of pregnancy, of the continued presence of the microbe, or of 
some local disease (tubercle, tumor, parasite, etc.) of the ovary, 
womb or peritoneum. Yet statistics show that this only applies 
to a small proportion of cows and these the most nervous and 
excitable. The tendency toward insusceptibility to the deleterious 
action of the germ, which may still be present, isin the cow as 
a rule greater than the disposition toward a nervous encrease of 
the susceptibility. The difficulty of reaching a conclusion on 


Contagious Abortion. 425 


this point depends on the fact that stockowners very commonly 
dispose of aborting cows, and as the freshly bought cows are 
usually attacked sooner or later, it is too confidently assumed that 
the old cows would also have continued to abort had they been 
retained. Many years ago, however, observant New York dairy- 
men had noticed that the same cow rarely aborted over three 
years in succession, and in the great majority of cases not over 
two. ‘The owner of a large herd, who has had much experience 
with the disease, assures me that the rule has been, that a cow did 
not abort with hima second time. The continuous abortion ina 
herd was mainly among newly purchased cows and ‘others that 
had not been previously attacked, including heifers carrying : 
first calf. ‘the same is in a measure true of the European abor- 
tions. 

Nocard says that after three to five years there is an acquired 
immunity. Only heifers and the cows that have been recently 
bought in, abort. 

Pemberthy, speaking of England, says that in case of repeated. 
abortion in the same cow, the calf is carried longer each succes- 
sive year until it comes to its full term. 

Sand, in his symposium of the experience of Danish veteri- 
narians, says it is quite exceptional that a cow should continue 
to abort, but outbreaks of abortion disappear spontaneously if no 
new cows are brought in. ; 

Bang refers to a herd of 200 head of which 83 aborted in their 
first pregnacy, and of these only 20 aborted in the second, 
while 7 failed to breed. Counting the latter as having aborted, 
this amonnts to less than one-third, while over two-thirds of the 
cows that aborted in the first gestation carried the calf to full time. 

Paulsen quotes the case of a herd of 16, 7 of which aborted 
after service by a bull in an aborting herd. One of the seven 
was sold, but the remaining six all went full time in the following 
year. 

Morck records the case of a herd of 16 cows, the majority of 
which aborted in the same year. All the aborting cows were 
sold and fresh ones purchased. Next year the new stock aborted 
together with some of the cows that had been held over. He 
continued this course for eight years without any improvement, 
and then decided to keep the aborting cows as well as the others. 
In two years the affection disappeared from the herd. 


426 Veterinary Medicine. 


Such small herds, in which all become early infected, and iw 
which there is no further opportunity for the infection of sus- 
ceptible animals (cowsnot yet infected, heifers in first gestation, 
new purchases), furnish a better opportunity than do large herds,, 
to trace the acquirement of tolerance. : 

Ina question of this kind, one must allow for variations in the: 
different types of abortion caused by various microbes, but in the 
forms with which we are familiar in Europe and America, the 
acquired tolerance of the individual can be counted on with great 
confidence. It has indeed been largely traded upon by purveyors. 
_ of antiabortion nostrums who promise to cure the individual cow,,. 
to which alone their drugs are administered. Two evils result « 
the stock owner’s money is paid for that which, unaided, nature 
would have accomplished for him; and attention is withdrawn 
from the real necessity of the case, the prevention of the infection 
of freshly introduced animals. The nostrum vender thus secures. 
for himself a growing market, as the yearly production of fresh 
cases in the same herds, appears to demand a constant use of the 
agent which appeared to work so well in the earlier ones. 

Immunized animal still infecting. The cow that no longer 
aborts is not, therefore, a safe member of a herd. As an indi- 
vidual animal she has become resistant to the pathogenic influ- 
ence of the germ, she is invulnerable to it to the extent that she 
no longer aborts, but her system and generative passages have ac- 
quired no such active bactericidal power over the microbe as to 
lead to its speedy destruction. The genital passages, once col- 
onized, continue to bea field of growth of the bacillus long after 
its power to cause abortion in that particular animal has passed. 
Analogous cases can easily be quoted from the field of pathology.. 
The horse that has apparently recovered from dourine still con- 
veys the disease to others with which it has sexual congress ; the 
recovered syphilitic person is by no means eligible for marriage ; 
the recovered pig continues to carry the infecting swine-plague 
bacillus in its air passages. In short, it i$ the rule that the im- 
munized animal can with safety to itself carry a germ that readily: 
infects its non-immunized fellows. 

In the case of infectious abortion this is one of the most dan- 
gerous elements, as the apparently healthy recovered cow receives. 
no attention in the way of separation and disinfection, but is. 


“Contagious Abortion. 427 


allowed to spread the infection through the bull that serves her 
in common with other cows, and also by being sold into new and 
healthy herds. 

Symptoms. Contagious abortion sometimes takes the form of 
temporary sterility, the animal taking the male at frequent inter- 
vals, but failing to conceive. If conception takes place, the 
abortion is usually deferred until the foetus has attained a consid- 
erable development—in cows till the third or seventh month ; in 
mares till the fourth or ninth month ; in ewes or sows till the 
tenth week. 

Often times premonitory symptoms are entirely unobserved. 
Usually there may be detected some heat and enlargement of the 
mammee, with a decrease in the milk-yield, or a serous modifica- 
tion of the milk asin colostrum. Still more striking is a muco- 
purulent discharge from the vulva—opaque, white or yellow—in 
marked contrast with the perfectly clear, transparent mucus 
which appears in cestrum. The discharge may be densely white 
(in mares) or reddish, and may be accompanied by some swell- 
ing of the vulva and redness of its mucosa, which is dull, rough 
and granular, or even the seat of a papillary eruption. There is 
rarely hyperthermia or other constitutional disturbance, and in 
some cases the abortion is only discovered by the finding of the 
foetus and its membranes in the gutter or pasture. The mem- 
branes are, however, not unfrequently retained, becoming offen- 
sively putrid. In other cases a muco-purulent discharge persists 
for a length of time, insuring sterility so long as it lasts, and caus- 
ing ill health and emaciation. The foetus is usually born dead. 

The Zeszons are confined to the generative organs. Bang, 
found an odorless, dirty yellow, flocculent, slimy and more or 
less watery exudate between the chorion and uterine mucosa in- 
volving the connective tissue between the chorion and arachnoid 
so as to render it thick and friable. These conditions were well 
marked in the French and English cases, and perhaps somewhat 
less so in the American, which are habitually slower in reaching 
the abortion. Bang found the uterine catarrh with the character- 
istic bacillus in cases in which the calf had been carried to full 
term, exemplifying the local presence and culture of the bacillus 
without the usual abortion outcome. The bacilli were occasionally, 
though not always, found in the body of the foetus, and in some 


428 Veterinary Medicine. 


\ 


cases the dead and mummified foetus was found in the womb, 
which had not been stimulated to its expulsion. He even found 
the bacillus in the mummified foetus, and still virulent, after an 
apparent seclusion of seven months. 


ABORTION IN MARES. 


This follows the same general course as does the disease in 
cows. In certain American outbreaks (Kilborne and Th. Smith) 
it has been traced to a bacillus like the colon bacillus, propagated 
in the womb and genital passages, and which produced sup- 
purating vaginal catarrh in cows and mares on which it was in- 
oculated. It is liable to occur, without premonitory symptoms 
having been observed, and to be followed by no marked sequele, 
so that, as in most cases in the cow, it may be looked on as a 
purely local infection. In England, Penberthy, found it to oc- 
cur not earlier than the fourth month of gestation, yet he ad- 
duces several cases in which the first case in a breeding stud oc- 
curred in four weeks after the introduction of an infected mare 
from an aborting stud. In America on large breeding farms the 
introduction of the infection has proved ruinous, as many as 70 
or 80 per cent. of the mares having aborted in the same season. 

The conclusion is inevitable, that as in the case of cattle, the 
sire may become the means of transtnission, and that the same 
measures of prevention are demanded. ‘he fact that the affec- 
tion is less widely spread or injurious, than in cattle, is largely 
due to the usual presence of but one, two or three breeding mares 
on a farm, so that there is little opportunity for a rapid extension 
of the infection. Multiply and encréase our studs of breeding 
horses, as cows have been in our dairying districts, and abortion, 
once introduced, would prove equally infective, spreading and 
injurious. 

Therapeutics are useless in contagious abortion as the disease 
usually runs its course before any danger is suspected. If pre- 
monitory symptoms are observed, the abortion may sometimes be 
warded off for a time by secluding the animal ina quiet place and 
seeking to obviate labor pains by opiates and ounce doses of 
viburnum prunifolium. 

Prevention. his isto be sought along two principal lines: 


Contagious Abortion. 429 


tst. The protection of a sound herd against the infection : and 
and. The extinction of infection in a herd already diseased. 

Protection of a sound herd. This requires the greatest possible 
care, because the infected animal usually presents the general 
appearance of perfect health, and there is no ready means of 
testing the presence or absence of the abortion bacillus. In pur- 
chasing a cow or mare in a public market the new owner may 
find her affected with this bacillus, and a serious danger to his 
whole herd. To protect the latter he must learn that the herd 
from which she came has had no abortions for several years 
before, and that the offspring for the different years are present 
in numbers corresponding to the dams. In the absence of this a 
certificate, and guarantee against infection of other animals by the 
one purchased, may well be demanded of the seller. A certificate 
from the veterinarian attending the herd furnishing the animal, 
may also be sought as evidence of the absence of abortion from 
the locality. Imported animals should be safeguarded in the 
same way but with even greater care, lest the microbian sources 
of new types of abortion, should be brought into the country. A 
guarantee of this kind might well be demanded by the Federal 
Government in the case of all breeding animals imported. 

In case of failure to secure the most perfect guarantee with the 
purchased animal it would be worth the purchaser’s while to 
seclude it from his valuable herd, and not to breed it with the 
other animals of his herd until it has been proved to be entirely 
free from infection. If bought fora sire it should be subjected 
to a course of disinfection of the sheath and penis : if for a dam 
and unimpregnated, antiseptic irrigation of the vagina may be 
made daily for a week, and the external parts, hips and tail daily 
washed with antiseptics. If very important to have her bred, 
secure, if possible, a male that is not to be used on other animals. 
If this is impracticable, let the sheath and penis, and surrounding 
skin be thoroughly disinfected as soon as the service has been had. 

If the newly acquired female is pregnant, keep her by herself 
until parturition and, even if this takes place at full term, irrigate 
the womb daily for a week with a disinfectant, delay having her 
served for a month, and if she must go to the sire of-the herd, 
subject him to thorough disinfection after service. It may be 
that she carries the germ but has become tolerant of it. 


430 Veterinary Medicine. 


Extinction of Contagious Abortion ina herd. 1. Twoseparate 
stables, or compartments, not having a common gutter should be 
provided, one for the sound animals, and one for those that are 
known to be affected, or that are open to suspicion. 

2. ‘The cow or mare that shows symptomis of abortion, or that 
has aborted, should at once be removed to the quarantine stable, 
and her stall including the gutter and drain leading from it 
thoroughly disinfected. The whole stable should be whitewashed. 

3. The aborted foetus with its membranes, should be at once 
removed and burned, or boiled, or deeply buried after it has been 
thickly sprinkled with chloride of lime or other active disinfectant. 

4. The manure from the infected stable should be taken into an 
enclosure into which no animals have access, and freely watered 
with a solution of sulphate of copper (6: 100). 

5. Allin the quarantined stable and even those left in the gen- 
eral stable, should have the external generative organs, the hips, 
and the whole length of the tail washed once or twice a day with 
an antiseptic solution. Carbolic acid or creolin (2 or 3: 100) 
makes a very safe and convenient agent, but copper sulphate 
(6: 100) or mercuric chloride (2: 1000) may be substituted. 
The colorless mercuric solution though effective and inodorous, 
has an element of danger in it, when left in barns in large 
quantities. 

6. Cows or mares that have just aborted, should have the 
uterus irrigated daily fora week with a disinfectant solution. 
Carbolic acid (1: 100) with 1 sodium carbonate) or creolin (1 to 
2: 100) or mercuric chloride (1: 1000 with 1 hydrochloric acid) 
are good examples. Use a long rubber tube and funnel. They 
should not be bred until all discharge has ceased.° 

7. It is a good practice to keep a separate sire for the aborting 
and quarantined suspected animals, but the bull for each herd 
should, after each service, have his sheath injected with the dis- 
infectant liquid, the orifice being held and the liquid pressed into 
all parts and finally the skin around the sheath must be well 
washed with the same. 

8. All cows or mares in an aborting herd, or one from which 
aborting animals have been removed within a year, should, after 
delivery, be injected with a disinfectant for one week exactly as 
if they had just aborted. This will guard against the danger 


Contagious Abortion. 431 


from animals that carry the germ, but have become so tolerant of 
‘it that they no longer themselves abort. 

9. New born animals brought in from other herds should be 
-sponged all over with one of the above-named disinfectant solu- 
tions before being added to the herd. 

10. In case the breeding animals go to pasture, separate fields 
‘should be furnished for the aborting and suspected ones and those 
supposed to be sound. 

tr. Breeding ewes, goats and sows should be excluded from 
.all pastures occupied by suspected herds or those under treatment. 
The fields should further be cleared of rabbits as being susceptible 
to the infection and capable of keeping it up and transmitting it. 

12. It is important to reserve the herd sires for the exclusive 
use of the home herds. Where this cannot be done, disinfection 
of the sheath and penis should be practised immediately after 
each service. 

Attempts have been made at different times to destroy the 
bacillus by subcutaneous or intermuscular disinfectant injections. 
Bauer used in the cow a 2 per cent. solution of carbolic acid, of 
~which he injected two Pravaz syringefuls under the skin of the 
flank every fortnight from the fifth to the seventh month. It 
was rather unreasonable to expect much from 10 minims of car- 
‘bolic acid once a fortnight, even apart from the fact that this 
agent is converted into the inert sulphophenic acid in the body.. 

Lignieres followed in the same line by injecting into the bodies 
of the cervical or other muscles 10 cc (2% drams) of a mixture 
-of terpinol one part, olive oil nine parts. This was injected dur- 
‘ing pregnancy every second day for the first three months, every 
third day for the second three months, and every fourth day for 
two months. * The claim for success is based on the alleged pre- 
vention of second and third abortions in the same animals, and 
this becomes rather shadowy when we consider that the rule with 
-cows is that they do not abort a second or third time. We have 
met with veterinarians who claimed a splendid success with the 
single injection of the terpinol. Lignieres claims no such suc- 
cess with his long-continued treatment, as he had a percentage of 
abortions in every herd treated, and from first to last almost 
every animal in each herd aborted once, or was sold nympho- 
maniac. It is to be feared that the apparent immunity depended 
‘mainly on that tolerance which comes early in nearly every case 
to the aborting cow. 


INFECTIOUS ENTERO-HEPATITIS IN TURKEYS. 


Blackhead. Definition : Infectious protozoan disease of czeca and liver 
and general toxicemia, Microbiology : Amceba in czeca, liver, etc. 
Symptoms: Attacks young, dulness, drooping, ruffling, moping, anorexia, 
greenish diarrhoea, icteric or dusky mucose, blackening of gobble, etc. 
Lesions: Enlarged thickened ceca, epithelial degeneration and desquama- 
tion, exudation, mottled liver, with giant and round cells and amcebe, de- 
generation, necrosis, caseation, no abscess. Diagnosis from bacteridian 
typhlitis or diphtheria. Treatment : Intestinal antisepsis. Prevention = 
Disinfection of buildings, yards, manure, seclude from other flocks, birds, 
flies, breed new flock on fresh ground from eggs of affected or other flock, 
set in incubator or under hens. 


Synonym : Blackhead. 

‘Definition. An infectious disease of turkeys (and hens, Ches- 
ter), especially destructive to the young, due to a protozoon 
(amceba meleagridis), and characterized by inflammatory thicken- 
ing of the walls of the ceeca, diarrhcea, brownish, yellowish or 
greenish areas of degeneration of the liver, and congestion with 
blackish discoloration of those portions of the head which are 
uncovered by down or feathers. 

Area infected. New England, New York, Delaware and 
other states. 

Microbiology. ‘The microérganism (amoeba meleagridis) is 
found in the thickened walls of the czeca, in the exudate, in the 
lumen, and in the degenerating patches of the liver. The most 
common and simple form is that of a rounded body, varying 
slightly in form, and containing a group of very minute granules. 
situated somewhat eccentrically. They may be enclosed in lymph 
spaces or less frequently in giant cells, or have portions of broken 
“sup cells adherent. Their size varies from 10 to 154. "They may 
be stained by the following process: Harden in 95 per cent. 
alcohol saturated with mercuric chloride, then in the same with 
an equal amount of a 5 per cent. solution of bichromate of potash, 
and finally in Hemming’s solution. After a day in these solu- 
tions they are washed for a day in running water, then treated 
with ascending strengths of alcohol, dried by passing through 
alcohol and chloroform, imbedded, in paraffin, sectioned dry, and 
stained in Delafield’s hematoxylin and eosin. ‘The spherical or 
slightly oval amcebee have'a homogeneous, bluish red tint, feebler 


432 


Lnfectious Entero-hepatitis in Turkeys. 433 


and therefore distinct from the tissue nuclei. Near the centre in 
most a blue circular line shows the outlines of the nucleus. 

Th. Smith compares this affection with the amcebic dysentery 
affecting the large intestine and liver of man, and notes these 
differences, that amcebic movements have not been observed in 
amceba meleagridis, and that hepatic abscess does not occur in the 
turkey. The indisposition of the bird to suppuration may per- 
haps account for the latter distinction. Smith found rounded 
organisms in the tubules of the ceca and flagellates in the lumen 
of the gut, but did not attach any importance to their presence. 
Bacteria were only found in the lesions in the solid tissues where 
the subject had not been killed and immediately examined, but 
left over night for examination in the morning. There was no 
constancy in their species as in the case of the amcebe, all indi- 
cating that their invasion was post mortem. 

Symptoms. ‘The disease is most frequent and fatal in the 
young (1 to 4 months, exceptionally 6 to 10 months), and the 
symptoms vary much in different cases, according to the intensity 
of the disease and the relatively extensive implication of the dif- 
ferent organs. Among the general symptoms are those of general 
suffering and ill health, dulness, spiritlessness, drooping of the 
head between the wings, a pendent condition of wings and tail, 
erection of down or feathers, separation from the flock, the bird 
moping alone and sitting much of the time. The more charac- 
teristic phenomena which are rarely sufficient to identify the 
disease unless it is known to be prevalent, are loss of appetite, a 
greenish diarrhcea, yellowish or brownish discoloration of 
mucosze, emaciation which becomes extreme if the subject sur- 
vives long enough, and more or less blackish discoloration of the 
protractile caruncle of the forehead and bare portions of the skin 
covering the head. 

Lesions. ‘These are characteristic, the cseca being greatly 
enlarged, the walls thickened by a yellowish submucous exudate, 
the epithelium disintegrated and desquamating, and the mucosa 
covered by a solid yellowish gelatinoid exudate arranged in super- 
posed layers, while the contents are soft, pasty or ofa greenish 
liquid appearance. The comparative stagnation of the contents 
as in the appendix of man appears to favor microbian infection. 
Amcebe are especially abundant in the exudate into the submucosa 

28 


434 Veterinary Medicine. 


and inthelymphspaces. The liver changes show infective inflam- 
mation in the spots of mottling, followed by degeneration, and 
necrosis, the liver cells disappearing under the compression of the 
giant and round cells and the amcebe, the surface over the affect- 
ed parts is depressed, and the mottling may show a variety of 
colors, as brown, brownish red, or yellow, pale yellow, grayish or 
dirty white. The degenerating tissue may become caseated, but 
abscess appears to be unknown, though so common in amcebic 
dysentery of man. In the skin of the head the blackish color 
predominates ; there is more or less congestion, capillary embo- 
lism, and tissue degeneration. ; 

Diagnosis. Th. Smith notes three cases of diseased ceecee without 
great thickening of their walls, and an exudatein the lumen hav- 
ing the general appearance of that seen in the amceba disease but 
with no amcebe, only the bacillus coli communis. The odor was 
strongly feculent. In all three cases the liver was healthy. In 
one there was an abundance of tapeworms in the bowels. Mani- 
festly the absence of liver lesions may be held to indicate the 
absence of the protozoan disease. VonRatz (Budapest) gives two 
similar cases, with many nematodes, those in the exudate being 
8 to 14 mm. long. 

Zurn describes the presence of the diphtheria of fowls in the 
intestines of hens, turkeys and palmipeds and sometimes confined 
to the czeca. It is characterized by great prostration and debility, 
and an offensively smelling diarrhoea at first pultaceous and 
mucous, later bloody, and followed by constipation, in which case 
ceeca and rectum are ulcerated and blocked with the yellow 
croupous exudate. It lasts 2 to 3 weeks or even months, is sub- 
ject to relapse, and sometimes occursas a sequel to the diphtheritic 
affection of the head and throat. The absence of marked thick- 
ening of the czecal wall, and of the protozoon, the presence of the 
diphtheric exudate in the lumen, and the croupous condition or 
congested appearance of the head and throat are distinctive. Th. 
Smith, however, refers to two cases, supposed to be of this kind, 
in which the walls of the caeca were greatly thickened, the result 
of reparatory inflammation following a slough of the mucosa. 
Siedamgrotzky also describes thickening of the walls of both czeca 
ina hen, the mucosa being covered with a thin pseudo-mem- 
branous exudation, without ulceration. 


Infectious Entero-hepatitis in Turkeys. 435 


It would seem that the czca of birds, like the vermiform appen- 
dix of man is very, subject to invasion microbes, bacterian and 
protozoan, and should always be carefully examined in case of 
intestinal or hepatic disorder. 

Treatment would be in the line of intestinal antisepsis with 
carbolic acid, salol, sulphurous acid, or the sulphites, with a laxa- 
tive of castor oil, to carry these agents unchanged to the ceca, 
but no success has attended attempts in this direction, and the 
danger that comes from preservation of the infected animal, and 
consequent multiplication of the microbe would asa rule far more 
than counterbalance any probable recoveries. 

Prevention. Moore has shown that the amoebze, passed with 
the feeces, contaminate the food and water and thus actively 
propagate the disease, so that preventive measures must be mainly 
directed toward the purification of these infecting media. To be 
thorough, new ground must be secured on which no diseased 
turkeys have been, and through which no water from con- 
taminated or suspected land can flow ; if necessary this must be 
closely fenced to prevent all ingress or egress, and on this ground 
we can place, turkeys from sound flocks or hatched from eggs 
obtained in noninfected localities. The eggs of infected birds 
can convey the disease(Curtice). The amceba is not known as 
a parasite of other birds than turkeys and hens, but if it should 
eventually be found to be so or to occupy any other animal body 
as an intermediate host, the local extermination of such host 
will become a necessary precaution. 

When a new flock has been started in this way, the birds of 
the old flock may be fattened, killed and marketed, and as sug- 
gested by Cooper Curtice the grounds they have occupied may be 
secluded by fencing for one or two years, in the hope that the 
amceba will perish by this break in the chain of its life history. 
If this should prove successful with the land, the infection might 
be easily exterminated in the whole infected district or state. 

The poultry buildings will require thorough disinfection. All 
manure and droppings must be carefully removed and the build- 

_ing whitewashed, using freshly burned quicklime and Y% Ib. of 
chloride of lime to the gallon of the mixture. The litter should 
be burned, and all nests, roosts, drinking vessels and troughs 
soaked with a mixture of sulphuric acid % gallon, carbolic acid 


436 Veterinary Medicine. 


¥% gallon, and water 20 gallons, (Th. Smith). The agents are 
mixed slowly in a vessel set in cold water. The same may be 
liberally applied on the surface, fences, etc., of the yards. Or 
quicklime, freshly burned, may be used freely on the yards hold- 
ing the infected flocks (Moore). Mercuric chloride is dangerous. 
When the infected flock has been finally disposed of, the build- 
ings and yards should be again thoroughly disinfected, and 
together with the field runs, abandoned for at least one year. 


ASTHENIA IN CHICKENS. 


Microbiology : bacillus of colon group. Pathogenesis to Guinea pigs : 
rabbits, pigeons and chickens refractory to artificial cultures. Treatment. 


Synonym. “Going Light,’’ Bacterial Infection of the Duo- 
denum. 

C. F. Dawson, in investigating a wasting disease of well fed 
Brahma fowls in Maryland in which there was no appreciable 
symptom except the gradual and extreme loss of flesh and weight 
found in all cases a catarrhal duodenitis, with the presence in the 
contents of a bacterium in pure cultures, and apparently allied to 
bacillus coli communis. 

Bacteriology. ‘The bacterium is 1 to 1.34 long, by .5« wide, 
with rounded ends, often in pairs. It does not stain in acid nor 
alkaline methylene blue, carbol fuchsin, nor alcoholic dyes, but 
stains easily in aqueous solutions of the same stains and by 
Gram’s method. It is ezrobic, facultative anaerobic, grows at 
50° to 120° F. in acid or alkaline beef bouillon, with fcetor ; in 
glucose, saccharose, or lactose bouillon with the production of 
acid ; in milk causing coagulation ; on gelatine, agar and potato. 
Growth in Bouillon ceased at 131° F. and sterilization took place 
at 135° to 140° F. Vitality was not lost under freezing nor 
drying. It was killed by a 1 per cent. solution of carbolic acid in 
five minutes, or by formaldehyde gas, but not by lime water. 

Pathogenesis. Inoculated subcutem, in a Guinea pig caused 
death in 24 hours, with a necrotic cedematous condition of the 
adjacent tissues like malignant cedema, and containing the 
microbe. It was further found in the liver, spleen, abdominal 
exudate, heart, blood and lungs, but not in the kidneys. 


Apoplectiform Septicemia in Chickens. 437 


_ It proved harmless to vaddcts when injected subcutem, but fatal 
in 24 hours when thrown into the peritoneum. The lesions were 
severe duodenitis and omental inflammation, and the bacterium 
was found in the liver and duodenal wall. 

Pigeons, rats and mice proved refractory to the artificial cul- 
tures, also chickens. The latter were injected subcutem, intra- 
abdominally and intravenously. Yet in view of the constancy of 
the lesion in hens with the microbe in pure cultures and the 
absence of all other morbid conditions, Dawson felt justified in 
attributing the disease to the microdrganism. It is possible that 
his experimental hens had become immune from a previous 
attack, or failed in some condition of food or environment which 
is essential to pathogenesis, or finally there may possibly be some 
other infinitesimal microbe present which escaped observation, 
but which furnished the occasion for the coincident development 
of the colon bacterium. 

Treatment, ‘The indications are: the expulsion of the offend- 
ing bacterium to be followed by nutritious, easily digested food, 
pure water and tonics. Dawson advises castor oil in dose of two 
teaspoonfuls, or calomel 4% grain and repeated till purgation occurs; 
and to be followed by powdered fennel, anise, coriander, cinchona 
of each 30 grains; powdered gentian and ginger of each % 
dram ; powdered copperas 15 grains. ‘The addition of bismuth, 
pepsin, or orexin may be suggested. 


APOPLECTIFORM SEPTICAIMIA IN CHICKENS. 


Streptococci infection in hens. Most violent in pullets and hens ; less so 
in capons and cockerels. Found dead, or sick 24 hours, ruffled, prostrate, 
neck limp, head drooped, indisposed or unable to rise, liquid icteric faeces, 
blood stained skin of neck and breast, death without agony. Lesions: 
Soiled anal feathers, plump carcass, skin pallor save neck and breast, ex- 
travasation of blood subcutem and intramuscular, mucosz anzemic, peri- 
toneal engorgement and effusion, enlarged, engorged liver, cell prolifera- 
tion, degeneration, coagulation necrosis, gall bladder full. Enlarged con- 
gested spleen, degeneration. Con gested swollen kidneys, epithelial degen- 
eration, casts, streptococcus. Congested, consolidated bronchioles, alveoli, 
lungs, with microbe. Meningeal congestion, exudate. Bacteriology : 
Streptococcus, pure culture in lesions, size, chains, tetrads, staining quali- 
ties, culture media, colonies, action on sugars, acid, no gas, on milk no 


438 Veterinary Medicine. 


coagulation, on gelatine noliquefaction. History: Stagnant water; no evi- 
dent source of infection, buzzard, etc. Pathogenesis: Inoculation, intra- 
venous or intramuscular, feeding. On duck, pigeon, rabbits, mice, dogs. 
Guinea pigs and sheep immune. Inimunization by injection of sterilized 
‘cultures. 


Under this name Norgaard describes a haemorrhagic strepto- 
coccic infection which prevailed in 1901 in a flock of 200 to 250 
Plymouth Rocks in Loudon County, Va. Forty birds died with- 
in six weeks, and later the mortality reached 200, death often 
occurring suddenly while feeding, or the birds would drop from 
their roosts in the night and be found dead in the morning. An 
outbreak has been seen in New York. 

Symptoms. Inthe majority, (the pullets which died suddenly, ) 
no symptoms whatever were observed, yet a certain number of 
the capons and cockerels were noticeably ill for 12 to 24 hours. 
In these the feathers were ruffled, the prostration extreme, the 
head drooped between the wings, the neck was weak and wob- 
bling (limber neck), the wings and tail drooped, and the animal 
lay on its:‘breast often unable to rise. Sometimes there was a. 
passage per anum of liquid bile-stained mucus. Close examina- 
tion of the neck and breast might detect hemorrhagic discolora- 
tion of the skin, though the skin elsewhere was pale and smooth. 
Death takes place without a struggle. 

Lesions. 'The anal feathers were usually stained, indicating 
diarrhcea ; the picked carcass was plump and fat, with pale, 
healthy looking skin, except on the neck and breast, where it. 
was discolored by extravasated blood ; at such points the connec- 
tive tissue and muscles were infiltrated with blood in areas of an 
inch in diameter, more or less, and with irregular outlines. The 
buccal mucosa was clear, pale and bloodless. The cavity of the 
body contained an abundance of sero-sanguinolent exudate, and 
the mesenteric veins were engorged. The iver was greatly en-- 
larged and congested, the greater part of its substance being ap- 
parently composed of the distended blood vessels. The hepatic 
cells were granular and fatty, and if death had been delayed over 
twenty-four hours their outline became indistinct and the nucleus 
stained only faintly. In the foci of disease were clumps of round 
cells and leucocytes in and between the acini, and in still more 
tardy cases points of coagulation necrosis. The streptococcus. 
was abundant in the necrotic centres, among the clumps of leuco~ 


Apoplectiform Septicemia in Chickens. 439 


cytes, in the parenchyma and capillaries. The gall bladder was 
usually distended with bile. The spleen had the large size and 
well developed Malpighian bodies that characterize the well-fed 
bird, but it showed still greater enlargement, combined with san- 
guineous congestion and circumscribed blood extravasations. 
With a hand lens were seen numerous round, semi-transparent 
points, the size of pin holes, which the microscope revealed to be 
centres of coagulation necrosis, surrounded by embryonic tissue. 
The centres consisted of a:granular debris with abundance of the 
streptococcus. The £zdneys were congested and swollen, and in 
cases that had survived two or three days there was granular de- 
generation of the epithelium of the tubules, and the lumen of the 
tubes contained casts with leucocytes and streptococci. ‘The or- 
ganism was also present in the capillaries. ‘The /ungs presented 
areas of congestion and consolidation, exudation into the walls of 
the bronchioles and the alveoli, and an abundance of streptococci 
in the lesions. In the cranium were a subdural exudate and 
meningeal congestion. For examination of the tissues they were 
hardened in specimens of alcohol of encreasing strengths, em- 
bedded in paraffin and stained with carbol fuchsin with a counter- 
stain of methylene blue. 

Bacteriology. ‘The streptococcus was found in pure cultures in 
all the diseased centres except in the intestinal contents. Smear 
preparations were made from the blood, the abdominal exudate, 
the intestinal contents, the bone marrow, the cerebral exudate 
and the sanguineous effusions into the muscles. 

The coccus is .6 to .8” in diameter, in short chains of 2 to 8 
cells, or in some media much longer. Involution forms are com- 
mon, and Norgaard claims to have seen indications of fission in 
two directions to form tetrads. ‘The organism stains in the usual 
aniline dyes, as well as by Gram’s and Gram-Weigert’s method. 
It is nonmotile, zerobic, facultative anzerobic, grows in solid and 
liquid media that is neutral, or slightly acid or alkaline (not if 
strongly acid), best at 98.6° F., and slower at the room tempera- 
ture. In alkaline peptonized beef bouillon in 24 hours it forms 
threads and balls on the sides and bottom of the tube, leaving the 
liquid clear. On agar there are formed small shining, grayish 
colonies 1.5 mm. in diameter with brownish centre and bluish per- 
iphery. With all the sugars it produces acid, but no gas. It 


440 Veterinary Medicine. 


does not coagulate milk. On gelatine colonies are formed in four 
days, and there is no liquefaction. 

History of the Outbreak, ‘The outbreak commenced early in 
January, without any obvious occasion for the introduction of 
infection. ‘There had been no chicken disease on the place for 25 
years, and no chickens had been purchased except from a neigh- 
boring farm where the stock remained healthy. They had been 
fed on corn meal, wheat bran, wheat tailings and whole corn, 
together with scorched wheat from a burned barn. The poultry 
houses were clean and well aired, and after they had been closed 
there was no abatement of the disease. The water was from a 
stagnant pool receiving drainage from the stable, but this was no 
new condition and January is not the driest month with the foul- 
est water. The suggestion may be hazarded that the infection 
may have been introduced by the usual infection bearer, the buz- 
zard, or by some other wild bird, or mammal. 

Pathogenesis. Among the chickens the most rapid and fatal 
cases were in pullets, then among the laying hens, while the 
capons and cockerels were less severely affected, and some sur- 
vived from three to seven days. 

Those inoculated intravenously as a rule sickened on the second 
or third day with a temperature of 110.7° F., and were found 
dead the following morning. 

Some took injections of .25 to 1cc; in the pectoral muscles with 
impunity. 

Chickens that had fasted 24 hours, took each daily for 3 days, 
a few cubes of bread soaked in a fresh bouillon culture. Death 
followed in four out of six, in from four to thirteen days from the 
beginning of the experiment. The birds gradually become list- 
less, refused to eat, and remained quiet in a corner of the cage, 
with closed eyes and head drooping until it rested on the ground. 
Diarrhcea was frequent but not invariably present. 

Chickens fed on the chopped up viscera of rabbits that had died 
of the disease perished in 3 to 10 days. 

A white duck inoculated intravenously with .5 cc of peptonized 
beef bouillon culture, took illon the 8th day, and died on the 
12th. ‘There was loss of codrdination and use of the wings, tem- 
perature 109° F., and necropsy showed valvular endocarditis con- 
taining the streptococcus. A second duck sickened on the 11th 


Abpoplectiform Septicemia in Chickens. 441 


day, but recovered after three day’s illness. Killed on 21st day, 
all cultures from heart, spleen and kidney remained sterile. Sub- 
cutaneous, intra-muscular and feeding experiments failed to pro- 
‘duce the disease in ducks. 

A pigeon injected with .5 cc. bouillon culture intravenously died 
on the fourth day with the internal lesions of chickens, and blood 
extravasations on head and neck. Intra-muscular injections and 
feeding experiments were fruitless. 

In rabbits, intravenous injections of 1 to 1.5 cc. led in 24 hours, 
to temperature of 105.3° F., without impairment of appetite, or 
other marked sign of illness, and asa rule the subject was found 
dead next morning. Jntra-abdominal and intrapleural injections 
kill in two to four days, and subcutaneous onesin threedays. In 
addition to the lesions found in chickens, there is often bloody 
urine, a sanguineous lymph on and beneath the cerebral meninges 
and in the fourth ventricle, and deep congestion of the cancellated 
tissue of the vertebree. Streptococci are abundant in the lesions. 

In mice intra-abdominal injections of .o1 cc killed in 48 hours, 
and subcutaneous injections in 2 to 5days. The lesions were like 
those seen in birds, and streptococci were abundant. 

In dogs after intravenous injection there was hyperthermia 
(103.6° and 104.1" F.) and lameness of the right fore shoulder 
joint, followed in 5 to 8days by recovery. Feeding on the 
viscera of the diseased chickens, was followed by anorexia, and 
vomiting only. 

Guinea pigs and sheep proved refractory. 

Immunization. 'The injection into the wing vein of .5 to 2.5 cc. 
of bouillon culture, sterilized by heat proved protective to the 
chickens against inoculations of the virus while the check animals 
invariably died. 


TUBERCULOSIS. 


Synonyms. Definition : infectious disease caused by bacillus, attended! 
by productive inflammation, tubercles, necrotic degeneration, caseation, 
fibroid change, calcification or ulceration. Animals susceptible : python, 
salamander, carp, fish, birds, rodents, sheep, goats, solipeds, cattle, dogs, 
cats, apes, swine, wild ruminants, kangaroo, carnivora, cage birds, civilized: 
(housed) man. Geographical distribution : with dense population, Central 
Europe, Britain, Eastern States; little in absence of cattle products— 
Scottish Western Isles, Iceland, Newfoundland, Greenland Highlands, 
Arctic North America, Northern Norway, Sweden, Lapland : open air life 
protects. Virulence : ancients records, modern, early antituberculous legis- 
lation, decimation of herds, researches of Vilemin, Gerlach, Chauveau,. 
Semmer, Parrot, Tappeiner, etc. Bacillus tuberculosis : evolutionary 
changes, relation to actinomyces, 1.5 to 3.54 by 0.2 shorter and thicker in 
ox, solitary, exceptionally short chains, on blood serum may be filamentous, 
staining slow, carbolated fuchsin, technique, sections; biology, adaptation 
to environment, to genera, variation in same genus, experiments showing 
real identity of variant forms ; vitality : in water human bacillus 50 to 70 
days, bovine bacillus indefinitely, avian 117 days, dried sputa 9 months, 
cow’s lung 102 days, putrid material 43 days to years, survives gastric juice, 
sunlight killsin some hours, if in thin layer, daylight 7to 18 days, dry 
heat (212° F.) for an hour left living bacilli, moist heat 140° F. for 1 hour 
kills, low temperatures (—25° F.) fail, after 15 days in salt failed in rabbit, 
after 30in Guinea pig. Chemical disinfectants. Accessory causes : racial 
vulnerability, close buildings, dark, foul, damp stables, poor scanty food, 
heavy milking, conformation, early breeding, inbreeding, age, predisposing 
diseases, traffic in animals, dairy extension, admission of tuberculous animals. 
from other states, assorting tuberculous for sale ina given State, sale of 
sound from tuberculous herd, lack of indemnity for animals killed, private 
testing of herds and sale of tuberculous, accustoming to tuberculin test, 
anti-pyretics during tuberculin test, false certificates of tuberculin tests, 
feeding hogs on tuberculous offal, feeding calves and hogs on tuber- 
culous milk, feeding hogs after tuberculous cattle, feeding from a com- 
mon trough, dry, dusty stables, extension through vermin, flies and 
other insects carry virus. The tubercle: miliary, pinhead, conglomerate, 
proliferation of cells—tissue and leucocytes, in nests in stroma, giant. 
cells in center, then epithelioid, then lymphoid, caseation, calci- 
fication, fibrosis, pearl disease. Localization: Cadtle: pulmonary: miliary 
tuberculosis, aggregation into larger tubercles, caseated centres, fibroid,. 
cretified, abscesses, vomice, complex infections, infiltrations, differ- 
ence from broncho-pneumonia, lesions of different ages ; pleural lesions ; 
“congestion, exudation, fringes, nodules, grapes, adhesions, caseations :. 
bronchial and mediastinal glands, congestion, swelling, softening, in- 
duration, caseation, cretefaction: cardiac lesions: lesions of mouth and 


442 


Tuberculosis. 443 


throat, pharyneal glands: gastro intestinal, peritoneal, mesenteric, glandu- 
lar ; cesophagastoma ; liver tubercle; splenic; pancreatic; genito-urinary ; 
mammary ; cerebral; spinal ; orbital ; skeletal ; cutaneous ; muscular ; gland- 
ular; table of distribution. Swine: lesions: pharyngeal, intestinal, mesen- 
teric, muscular, hepatic, splenic, glandular, pulmonary, skeletal, caseation, 
liquefaction. Horse: lesions: thoracic, abdominal, glandular, of serosz, 
vertebrae, etc. Sheep and goat: lesions: thoracic, abdominal, glandular, 
hepatic, pharyngeal, facial, etc., verminous affections. Dog and Cat: 
lesions : respiratory, abdominal, pharyngeal: tonsillar, hepatic, pancreatic, 
splenic, skeletal, arthritic, cutaneous. Apes and Menagerie Animals: 
lesions. Chickens : lesions: intestines, liver, spleen, peritoneum : lungs and 
kidneys often escape. Pheasant: lesions: as in hens, centre zone has 
epithelioid cells, fibroid, cretefaction, amyloid degeneration.  arrot: 
lesions : eye, beak, tongue, palate, larynx, bones, joints, lungs, liver, intes- 
tines, muscles, skin. Primary and secondary infection, extension by lym- 
phatics, blood channels, tonsils, inhalation, deglutition. 7 


Synonyms. Consumption ; Tabes ; Scrofula ; Pining ; Grapes ; 
Great White Plague, etc. 

Definition. An infectious disease common to man and a large 
number of animals, caused by the bacillus tuberculosis, and 
characterized by a productive inflammation giving rise to small, 
rounded bodies (tubercles), or diffuse infiltration, with a tendency 
to necrotic degeneration, and caseation, or to fibroid degeneration 
(sclerosis), calcification or ulceration. 

Animals susceptible. ‘Tuberculosis comes near to being a pan- 
zootic, since although reptiles, fishes, birds and some mammals 
do not readily contract it under normal conditions, yet under ab- 
normal and debilitating conditions nearly all will succumb to it. 

Reptiles. Sutton found tuberculosis in a python which was 
kept so warm in the London Zoological Gardens that a ther- 
mometer between its folds registered 85° F. Krahl, Battaillon - 
and Ferre cultivated the bacillus in frogs, Krahl in snakes. 
Blauvelt found tuberculosis in a salamander. Lechner found it 
in amphibia. 

Fishes. Broussais records the prevalence of tuberculosis in 
carp in a pond which received the sputa of a consumptive man. 
Under the skin were found rounded tumors, containing abun- 
dance of bacilli, that infected rabbits and Guinea-pigs on which 
they were inoculated. 

Birds. In birds of the farmyard—hens, pheasants, turkeys, 
ducks and pigeons—it is very frequent and often occurs as an 


444 Veterinary Medicine. 


epizootic. While the tuberculosis of barnyard fowl is a manifest 
variety and not readily interchangeable with the varieties affect- 
ing the mammal, yet, with a special predisposition, it can be 
transferred and can then be conveyed from animal to animal in 
the new genus in which it has been implanted. That of cage 
birds is interchangeable with that of man. 

Rodents. Guinea-pigs have a strong susceptibility to tubercu- 
losis, whether from human or bovine source, and rabbits for that 
of birds, and by continuous transmission through the body of the 
rodent, all alike seem to tend tqward acquiring common charac- 
ters. The Guinea-pig, therefore, has been especially availed of 
for the experimental transmission of tuberculosis, and, as the dis- 
ease in them becomes acute and rapid in its progress, these sub- 
jects permit the multiplying of experiments in a short period. 
Rabbits are less vulnerable to the bovine or human form. 

Sheep and goats, kept under usual conditions, show a re- 
markable immunity from tuberculosis, yet if directly inoculated 
an inherent susceptibility is easily shown. Habitual immunity 
may be in some degree due to their open air life, to the heavy 
winter fleece protecting them against chills, to the comparative 
absence of the heavy and continuous milk yield demanded of 
cows, to the more restricted development of the lymph plexuses 
in the lungs and elsewhere, and to the limited opportunity offered 
by the small tonsils for infection entrance. 

The horse, ass and mule rarely contract tuberculosis casually, 
the more spacious stall, outdoor life, hard muscular condition, the 
very small tonsils, the exclusive nasal respiration, the paucity of 
connective tissue lymph plexuses, and the abundance of red 
globules, probably favor immunity. Yet on inoculation by 
Chauveau, Nocard and others, the horse readily succumbed to 
infection, generalization taking place more certainly than in the ox. 

Cattle. ‘The bovine races are remarkably subject to tubercu- 
losis. This is probably due in part to the great amount of con- 
nective tissue lymph plexus in the lungs and elsewhere, the habit 
of using the mouth in hurried breathing, the deep, sudden in- 
spiration through the mouth and over the tonsils that follows a 
cough, the habitual restricted size of the cow stables, the absence 
of individual separated stalls, the habit of feeding from the same 
trough with the cattle adjacent, the great drain of yearly breeding 


Tuberculosis. 445 


and heavy milking, the retention in the herd of old, failing cows 
for their milk product and high priced offspring, and the bovine 
habit of licking each other with the infected tongue. In many 
European cities and even in country districts the disease is very 
prevalent. In Copenhagen a few years ago 17.7 per cent. of all 
oxen and cows killed in the abattoirs were tuberculous ; in Berlin 
15 percent. ; in Holland 20 percent. ; in Pomerania and Bomberg 
50 per cent. ; in Hildesheim, Hanover, 50 per cent.; in Berlin 
dairies 75 per cent. (Ostertag) ; in Leipsic and Edinburgh 20 
percent. The great variation in the data for the different cities 
is suggestive of different inspection standards. American figures 
as given by the Bureau of Animal industry are from Baltimore 
(mostly cows recently from the country) 2.5 to 3.5 per cent. ; 
and for the packing centers (among 2,273,547 mostly fat steers, 
and therefore selected) 0.02 per cent. It is here largely a matter 
of locality and infection, I have seen large herds with 100 per 
cent. tuberculous, and extensive districts, in the north and especi- 
ally in the south, entirely free from the disease. 

Dogs and cats in their natural condition rarely show the disease, 
but contract it readily on inoculation. Cadiot found 40 cases in 
9,000 post mortems of dogs. The young are apparently more 
susceptible than the old, and primary lesions in the abdomen are 
common and suggest infection through the food. The majority 
belonged to consumptive persons, and gnawed the bones that had 
been first picked by the owner, and ate from his plate what he 
left. Jacobi records-the case of a dog, with general tuberculosis, 
which habitually licked up the expectorations of his phthisical 
master. 

Apes and Monkeys, inconfinement, almost all die of tuberculosis. 

Swine contract tuberculosis readily, the large tonsils, the habit 
of breathing through the mouth, and the abundance of connective 
tissue and lymph plexuses in the lungs and elsewhere contributing 
to this. Yet in them the affection is mainly a dietetic disease. 
Swine kept in the country and fed on vegetable food are rarely 
affected. In Saxony, where 17 per cent. of the cattle are tuber- 
culous only a shade over one per cent. of swine were so, and in 
Baden only 0.02 per cent. In hogs raised on our western farms 
and corn-fed the proportion is much less. Yet in those fed on 
uncooked skim milk, kitchen scraps and the uncooked refuse of 


446 Veterinary Medicine. 


slaughter-houses, tuberculosis becomes very common. In 
one case, in a large public institution, where the dairy herd 
was universally affected, and where, on their slaughter, their raw 
offal had been thrown to the hogs, I found that the latter were 
almost all tuberculous. Similarly, in feeding experiments, from 
the time of Gerlach, pigs and especially young pigs, have shown 
themselves to be very susceptible. 

Among the less domesticated animals that contract tuberculosis 
may be named deer, elk, gazelle, antelope, camel, dromedary, 
giraffe, kangaroo, tion, tiger, jackal, jaguar, bear, arctic fox, rat, 
mouse and the common cage birds, etc. Frohner found 36 per 
cent. of parrots affected in Berlin. 

Man has long been recognized as standing in the front rank of 
susceptibility to tuberculosis. Yet even in his case the preva- 
lence of the affection bears an intimate relation to his indoor life. 
In large cities post mortems often show that one-third have suf- 
fered, and that one-seventh and upward of the whole population 
die of tuberculosis. Natives of tropical islands and countries, 
living in the open air and apart from close association with civili- 
ized man, often escape entirely. In South Africa the herdsmen 
living in close buildings suffer encreasingly, while their cattle, 
kept constantly in the open pasture, escape. 

Geographical Distribution. 'The prevalence of tuberculosis 
shows a direct relation to the opportunity for infection rather 
than to climate, latitude or altitude. It is the prevailing disease 
of civilized communities with dense populations, and especially in 
large cities where the general vitality is lowered and the crowded 
buildings give every opportunity for infection. It is preémi- 
nently the disease of Central Europe, of Great Britain and of our 
Eastern States, where there is the greatest activity in business, 
manufacture and commerce. Yet in the Scottish Hebrides, Ice- 
land, Newfoundland, the Greenland Highlands, Arctic North 
America, the northern parts of Norway and Sweden, Lapland 
and Finland it is hardly known. ‘The absence of commerce and 
cattle and the sparse population have much to do with this. 
The coasts of Greenland with their Danish stations have two-thirds 
of the population tuberculous (Cook) ; the Indians of Barrow’s 
Straits, when infected in 1899 by the frozen-in whalers, suffered 
from it as from a plague; in Christiana, Stockholm and St. 


. 


Tuberculosis. 447 


Petersburg it is as prevalent asin the large cities of Central 
Europe. Elevated and dry climates have often been found to be 
free from the affection, yet it prevails inside the double windows 
of houses in the higher Alps, and has, within a generation estab- 
lished a notorious prevalence in Minnesota, Dakota and westward, 
as it has in Australia, mainly owing to the advent of consump- 
tives who sought for health in the dry atmosphere. The hills 
and dry tablelands in North and South America, Africa and Asia 
which have acquired a reputation for salubrity, owe this largely 
to the sparse population and the absence of facilities for infection. 
In South Africa, in spite of the dry and genial climate, the disease 
is constantly encreasing in the human (housed) population. The 
sea-coasts, which are the seats of large cities and the centres of 
population and trade, are also the most extensively affected with 
tuberculosis—in the West Indian Islands, Panama, Nicaragua, 
“Mexico, Yucatan, Columbia, Equador, Peru, Chili, Ceylon, 
‘Guinea coast—while the sparsely peopled highlands of the same 
countries are practically free. 

What is true of man is equally so of cattle. Inthe Gulf states 
of this country, herds living in the open air are practically free 
from tuberculosis, while in New Orleans and other large cities, 
the cows shut up in the confined stables and yards, are as tuber- 
culous as those of the great cities of the north. So in many dis- 
tricts in the northern states we find no bovine tuberculosis, while 
in others, differing in no essential particular as regards geological 
formation, altitude, exposure, and industrial use of the animal, 
a large proportion are affected. 

Virulence. ‘Tuberculosis has long been recognized as virulent. 
“Tt is indicated in the Mishna and other Jewish works as render- 

ing the meat unfit for consumption, but to come to more modern 
times, we find that throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth 
centuries the flesh of tuberculous animals was excluded from 
human food, alike by the civil and ecclesiastical laws of Europe. 
“Tuberculosis in cattle was erroneously identified with syphilis of 
man, which made a frightful extension in the end of the fifteenth 
century, spreading from the army of Charles VIII which had 
‘been engaged in the siege of Naples. This conviction lasted 
until it was disproved about 1782. Though mistaken in the 
identity of the two diseases, the fact that for centuries the com- 


448 Veterinary Medicine. 


mon people and physicians both associated tuberculosis with a. 
malady so notoriously contagious as syphilis, speaks strongly for 
the forcible evidence of contagion manifested at that time. Mor- 
gagni, who must have begun practice about 1700 A. D., testifies. 
to the strong conviction of the contagious element in tuberculosis. 
Indeed it became a common practice to isolate the consumptive 
person from the public, and after his death to burn his clothes. 
and sometimes even the house, or at least to subject them to a. 
careful disinfection. It is recorded that in 1750, in Nancy, the 
magistrates ordered the burning, in the public square, of the per- 
sonal property of a woman who had died of phthisis, from sleeping 
in the bed of another consumptive person. 

‘At Naples, a royal edict of September 20, 1782, prescribed 
the sequestration of the phthisical, the disinfection of the rooms, 
chattels, movables, books, etc., with vinegar, eau-de-vie, lemon 
juice, sea-water, fumigations, etc., under a penalty of three years. 
at the galleys, or in the case of nobles, of three years imprison- 
ment and a fine of 300 ducats. A physician who failed to report 
a case of consumption was fined 300 ducats for the first offense, 
and banishment for ten years in case of a second. Any one as- 
sisting in such evasion of the law was sent to prison for six. 
months. ‘ 

‘‘ Chateaubriand found that, in 1803, he could not sell car- 
riages in Rome, because Mme. Beaumont, who had died of con- 
sumption, had ridden in them three or four times. George Sand, 
who was with the phthisical Chopin in Minorca in 1839, was re- 
fused a lease of the house for the second month, and the price of 
repainting and purifying was demanded. Later, in Barcelona, 
they were assessed for the bed on which Chopin had slept, as the: 
police regulations prescribed it should be burned. 

‘This was not a mere survival of vulgar prejudice. Jacobi 
tells us of a dog which died of consumption from eating the sputa. 
of hisphthisical master. Laennec, the discoverer of auscultation, 
and the great authority on pulmonary consumption, records that. 
he himself contracted a tuberculous nodule, through a wound. 
with a saw, while making a necropsy in a case of phthisis. 
Laennec died of tuberculosis later, although he seemed to have: 
checked this lesion by caustics. Andral joins Laennec in enjoin- 
ing the greatest caution and cleanliness in taking care of, or asso- 
ciating with persons having advanced tuberculosis. 


Tuberculosis. ? 449 


. “Cullen, who started with a strong prejudice against the doc- 
trine of contagion, leaves us the following instance of its occur- 
rence : ‘A young man predisposed to phthisis married a Dutch 
girl of a sanguine temperament and good constitution. Some 
days after the marriage the woman lost her fresh color and was 
attacked by a bad cough ; a month later she commenced spitting 
blood. The physician advised her not to sleep in the same bed 
with her husband, but she refused to follow his advice, and “six 
months later she died of phthisis, The servant who took care of 
her, and the domestic, who avoided as far as possible staying in 
the sick chamber, both died of consumption.’ 

‘* Wickmann, court physician in Hanover, in 1780, pronounces 
emphatically for contagion. In Zurich, at that time, one death 
in every six was from phthisis. The contagion of phthisis was 
slow in its operation, and was, therefore, less evident than that 
of plague, smallpox, scarlatina and other affections attended by a 
skin eruption, but it was no less real and deadly. It was also 
less frequently indirect, or carried from victim to victim by inter- 
mediate agents. He cited instances of the transmission of con- 
sumption from husband to wife and vice versa, and claimed that 
the marriage of a phthisical person should be legally prevented. 
As a means of preventing the disease, he proposed a strict sur-. 
veillance of establishments for the sale of old clothes, and the 
avoidance of leaving infants with consumptives. 

‘‘Valsalvi and Sarconi refused to make necropsies of persons 
who had died of phthisis. 

‘‘Dr. Ruhling, of Gottingen, writing in 1774, of the disease in 
animals, says: ‘The malady is transmitted to sound animals by 
direct contact of animals standing side by side in the stall, and 
licking each other, and breathing the expired air direct from the 
diseased lungs ; the frequenting of the same pastures will also 
serve to propagate it.’ In Krunitz’s encyclopedia, published in 
Berlin in 1787, is the following : ‘The heifers show an ardent 
desire for the male, and remarkably enough, do not become preg- 
nant, but part with the fruit of conception. When opened these 
animals show the first stomach, kidneys and surface of the lungs, 
covered with pustules like dried mulberries, orin suppuration. 
The affection is contagious, and communicates itself from one an- 
imal to another by contact.’ 


29 


450 Veterinary Medicine. 


‘‘Fromage, in the dictionaire de Rozier, Article Phthisis, says : 
‘Men of art are very much in accord that this malady is noncon- 
tagious, but some stock owners think differently.’ 

‘‘Huzard, who saw much of tuberculosis in the Parisian dairies 
in the concluding decade of the last century, said that most of 
the veterinarians looked upon the disease as contagious, and that, 
some of the physicians believed the same of the phthisis of man. 

‘‘ Dewar, speaking of his experience in Scotland in 1839, and 
succeeding years, ina particular herd, says: ‘The proprietor 
agreed to remove partition walls, and to make openings opposite 
one another in the outside walls, so that there might be a current 
of fresh air passing through. These alterations combined with 
cod-liver oil, tonics and stimulants, may have prolonged life but 
yet no cure was effected, and that herd died out. I resorted to 
every precaution when new cattle were purchased to prevent 
infection ; as I had an idea, even at that time, that the disease 
might be communicated from one to another when in immediate 
contact. The precautions adopted when fresh cattle were pur- 
chased had the desired effect, for in a few years afterward, they 
were as good a lot of cattle as any in the district. That herd left 
an impression on my mind that never can be effaced, and made 
me always dread the evil consequences of tuberculosis. Having 
practiced in the same locality, which is an extensive breeding and 
rearing district, I have seen several herds decimated. ThoughI 
have sometimes foretold the owner what he might expect, yet he 
did not believe me until so many were infected that the byres 
were infested with the fearful malady, and your remarks in regard 
to nose contamination are so true.that I do not think it possible 
any can escape that are so exposed. I have also seen, as Grad 
has, the same stall infecting beast after beast until a thorough 
cleaning and disinfecting, with plenty of fresh air had removed all 
infection.’ 

‘‘ Spinola, writing in 1858, of bovine tuberculosis, gives conta- 
gion as a possible cause, and Lafosse, in 1867, says: ‘ physicians 
begin in imitation of Morgagni to believe in the contagion of 
phthisis. The facts published by Villemin appear to support 
this opinion, which has been held by our colleague, Dupont, of 
Bordeaux, for several years.’ 

‘“*Cruzel in his work of date, 1868, is much more positive ; he 
says : ‘This foetid expired air, inhaled immediately by another 


Tuberculosis. : 451 


cow upon a sound lung, gives the latter tuberculous infection. 
It is a matter of every day experience to the veterinarian. Two 
oxen or cows are kept in the samé stable, take their food from a 
common rack or manger, lie in the same stall, and respire nose 
to nose. The one is, to all appearances, perfectly sound, the 
other is in as good a condition, and is vigorous, but it coughs 
from time to time, and its breath is foul. Soon we notice that 
the animal that does not cough, eats with less appetite, he loses 
flesh. and soon he is unequivocally affected with the same malady 
as the first.’ The foregoing quotations show clearly that in 
spite of the misleading teachings of Broussais and others, the 
doctrine of contagion in tuberculosis could not be overcome, 
and that up to the time of the remarkable experiments of Vil- 
lemin, in 1865, it maintained its hold upon the minds of extensive 
and careful observers. In animals, especially, the evidence was 
so frequent and clear, animal following animal in the same stall, 
and eating from the same infected manger, only to be infected in 
turn, and two animals stalled together, and licking the same 
manger with their prehensile tongues, transmitting the infection 
with certainty the one to the other, were facts that could not pos- 
sibly be ignored. Other cattle in the same building might escape 
for a length of time, but the eating in common from the same 
fatal manger, by a tuberculous and a healthy animal, quickly 
sealed the fate of the latter. 

‘‘Physicians, too, who were compelled to investigate the 
causes of the extraordinary fatality from tuberculosis in the 
armies and navies, could not shut their eyes to the fact not- 
withstanding that they came to the task strongly prejudiced 
through education against the acceptance of contagion. ‘Thus, 
Dr. Bryson, in his report to the Epidemiological Society, in 1860, 
on consumption in the several ships of the English navy on the 
Mediterranean station, says distinctly that the disease appeared 
to be propagated by contagion. Dr. Parkes, quoting this in his 
Practical Hygiene, says: ‘It may be inferred that pus cells were 
largely thrown off during coughing, and floating through the 
air, were received into the lungs of other persons. ‘The produc- 
tion of phthisis in animals confirms this view. ‘The case of 
monkeys in the zoological gardens, narrated by Dr. Arnot, is a 
striking instance. Cows in close stables frequently die of 


452 Veterinary Medicine. 


phthisis. But not only phthisis may reasonably be considered 
to have one of its modes of origin in the breathing of an atmos- 
phere contaminated by respiration, but other lung diseases, bron- 
chitis and pneumonia, appear also to be more common under 
such circumstances.’ 

Villemin in 1865, published his investigations in which he had 
produced tuberculosis in a great number of animals, by inserting 
particles of fresh tubercle or injecting the tuberculous sputa of 
man into the subcutaneous connective tissues, the peritoneum 
and the trachea. ‘There resulted in nearly every case a chronic 
disease, the marked phenomena of which were caseated centers. 
devolving from firm inflammatory nodules in the seat of inocula- 
tion, in the adjacent lymphatic glands, in the lungs, serous mem- 
brane, liver, spleen and kidneys. The centers of such nodules 
were at first transparent and grayish, but soon the center under- 
went necrobiosis, forming a soft cheesy mass the size of a pin’s 
head, and gradually enlarging to that of a pea, a bean, a hazel 
nut or larger. After a period of about 14 days the lymphatic 
gland nearest the seat of injection could be felt as a firm pea- 
like nodule, and in two weeks more a second gland on the line of 
the lymph circulation, had become enlarged and nodular, while 
the first, now the size of a large bean, had probably undergone 
distinct softening. This became adherent to the skin, burst and 
discharged continuously or at intervals with little or no tendency 
to heal. If killed at this date, the animal showed only the open 
sore and a chain of nodular pea-like caseated lymphatic glands 
leading up from it. The lungs might be apparently sound, but 
the spleen and liver usually showed miliary elevations on the sur- 
face, with clear grayish centers, as viewed under a magnifying 
glass, opaque patches were found on the omentum, and the lym- 
phatic glands of the mesentery, of the portal fissures of the liver 
aud of the hilus of the spleen were distinctly enlarged and re- 
sistant. If not killed, the subject usually died 100 to 120 days 
after inoculation, and then the lungs were found studded with 
tubercles miliary or larger and more or less caseated ; the bron- 
chial mediastinal, subdorsal, pectoral, prepectoral, phrenic, mesen- 
teric, hepatic, and splenic lymphatic glands were more or less 
enlarged and caseated, while the liver and spleen were enlarged 
and studded with multiple tubercles. Guinea pigs give the most 


Tuberculosis 453 


extensive and intensive lesions, rabbits much less so, but in both, 
emaciation and wasting are very marked. In short the lesions 
are essentially and unmistakably those of generalized tuber- 
culosis. 

‘* At first, however, incredulity prevailed and experiments ona 
jarge scale were inaugurated all over Europe and America to put 
the question to crucial test. Martin, Conheim, Burdon-Sander- 
son, Simon, Wilson, Fox, Lebert and Wyss, Fraenkel, Walden- 
bourg, and others inoculated with all sorts of non-tuberculous 
organic materials (bronchial mucus, foul pus, cancer juice, dis- 
eased liver, simple cotton setons, etc.) and from these in Guinea 
pigs there resulted local caseated foci, and implication of the 
adjacent lymphatic glands. It was found that the Itquids from 
low types of pneumonia produced these apparently tubercular 
deposits, while that from acute sthenic pheumonia did not ; that 
the cotton thread seton failed to produce the disease if it were 
first steeped in carbolic acid, and that the lesion caused by break- 
ing a bone without injury to the skin failed to produce the 
characteristic lesions even in the very susceptible Guinea pig. 
It became evident, therefore, that the morbid results in these 
cases, were due to accidental inoculations with the poison of the 
tubercle, which is widely distributed, or with some pyaemic or 
other germs. 

‘‘ Gradually the truth triumphed, and those who had at first 
been loudest in their opposition were led by their own experi- 
ments to become the firmest supporters of the new truth. 

“* As early as 1874, Gerlach had experimented largely in feed- 
ing the milk of tuberculous cows, and had infected calves, pigs, 
sheep and rabbits in this way, Chauveau in (1874), Klebs (1873), 
Semmer (1880) and Parrot (1870) fed calves, cats, Guinea pigs, 
pigs, sheep and a variety of other species of animals with tuber- 
culous flesh or lungs, or saliva, producing tuberculosis in a large 
proportion of cases. In this manner they escaped the charge of 
the operation of a wound and of aerial bacteria, and yet succeeded 
in producing infection. ‘The lesions in this case began in the in- 
testinal mucous membranes and mesenteric glands. 

‘“« Another essay in the same direction was made by Tappeiner 
(1878), who infected rabbits, Guinea-pigs and dogs, by enclosing 
them in boxes and compelling them to breathe tuberculous 


454 Veterinary Medicine. 


liquids intimately mixed with the air by atomization. In these 
cases lesions began in the lungs and bronchial and mediastinal 
glands.’’* 

Bacteriology. ‘The bacillus tuberculosis, the essential cause of 
tubercle, was demonstrated by Koch in 1882. It was at first 
supposed to be peculiar in its indisposition and tardiness to take a 
stain, and in its retention of the stain once imparted, even when 
it is treated with acids. Later observations have shown that 
these characteristics are common to certain other bacilli, notably 
to those of leprosy, smegma, and to specimens found in timothy 
hay and other grasses, cow dung, milk and butter. These fur- 
nish sources of fallacy in the milk and butter especially, but 
when the specimens examined are taken from the interior of a 
tubercle, lymph gland or serous cavity the danger of error may 
be practically ignored. Whatis quite as important is the fact 
that the tubercle bacillus is subject to evolutionary changes in 
adapting itself to a habitat in different genera of animals, and to- 
a lesser extent in different parts of the same animal, by which its 
pathogenisis is modified, but these variations do not materially 
affect the staining qualities. Still more striking variations have 
been found in old cultures, ovoid forms (Metchinkoff), club- 
shaped microbes and filaments (Metchinkoff, Klein, etc. ), branch- 
ing filaments (Fischl, Coppen Jones), divergent club-shaped. 
groups, like actinomyces (Babes and Levaditi). The last named, 
seen in inoculated rabbits, have been held to establish a relation- 
ship between the microbes of tuberculosis and actinomycosis, as. 
the club-shaped cells do not takethe usual Ziehl-Neelsen stain 
for tubercle bacilli, but the Birsch-Hirshfeld’s actinomyces stain. 
Apart from the rabbit such variations are not likely to prove 
sources of fallacy in identification of the microbe. 

Morphology. As met with in the tubercle of man or ox the 
bacillus is a minute rod with rounded ends, 1.5 to 3.54 long, by 
o.2u in thickness. In the ox it is shorter and thicker on an 
average than in man. ‘They are usually solitary, but two and 
exceptionally even three or four elements may be united. In 
stained specimens unstained portions are frequently seen (spores?) 
When cultivated on blood serum there is .a tendency to form. 


* (From Report to the N. Y. Legislature, 1895. James Law.) 


Tuberculosis, 455 


elongated rope-like colonies having a waving outline. Other 
evolution forms have been already noted. 

Staining. ‘The resistance to staining is overcome by a heated 
alkaline watery solution of methylene blue (Koch), or better by 
a carbolated solution of fuchsin (Ziehl-Neelsen). To a 5 per 
cent. watery solution of carbolic acid add one-tenth of its volume 
of saturated alcoholic solution of fuchsin. The suspected 
sputum, or scraping from a section of a lesion, is spread in a thin 
layer on a cover glass by drawing over it the straight edge of a 
second cover glass, dried in the air, and passed three times 
through an alcohol flame with the smeared side up. It may then 
be floated on the surface of the staining fluid with the specimen 
side down, then gently heated for three or four minutes almost 
to ebulition, drying being prevented by the addition of more of 
the carbol-fuchsin solution as required. It is then washed in 
water to remove excess of the staining fluid and treated with a 
bleaching acid solution (sulphuric acid 5 per cent. or nitric acid 
15 per cent). When decolorized it is well rinsed in two or more 
portions of a 60 or 70 per cent. alcohol and then in water. Next 
stain with a 1 or 2 per cent. aqueous solution of methylene blue 
for one minute and wash off the excess with water. The tubercle 
bacilli will appear of a deep red and other bacteria blue. 

Gabbet? s counter-staining and decolorizing solution is especi- 
ally useful in economizing time. After staining, as above direct- 
ed, in the carbol-fuchsin solution for one minute, wash in water, 
then cover with a solution of 2 grams methylene blue (powder) 
in 100 cc. of 10 per cent. sulphuric acid, until the film has a 
faintly bluish tint : then wash thoroughly in water and examine. 
Tubercle bacilli come out red, others blue. 

In examination.of tissues the microscopic sections are steeped 
for twenty-four hours in the carbol-fuchsin solution (or 1 hour at 
a temperature of 45° to 50° C. ), then decolorized in a 5 per cent. 
sulphuric acid for a few seconds, then in a 70 per cent. alcohol ; 
they are then counter-stained in an aqueous solution of methylene 
blue, washed in water dehydrated with absolute alcohol, cleared 
up in xylol or oil of cedar, and mounted in Canada balsam. 

Biology. The bacillus tuberculosis is notorious for its variant 
forms, assumed in adapting itself to given environments, and 
which it retains with considerable tenacity for a time, even when: 


456 Veterinary Medicine. 


placed in a new and different medium. It is largely held to be 
an obligatory parasite, andincapable of survival asasaprophyte, yet 
Straus, Nocard and others, have shown that the form obtained 
from the tuberculosis of birds can easily be made to live in suit- 
able dead mixtures of organic matter. It is also notorious that 
the bacillus taken direct from the tubercle of the mammal, and 
which, asa rule, fails to grow at once in glycerined bouillon, 
yet after a first successful culture in the new medium, often 
adapts itself completely, and thereafter it can in many cases be 
transferred from bouillon to bouillon, with as great certainty as 
it could formerly be inoculated from ox to ox. The difference 
is one of habit and adaptability, rather than any primary and 
permanent distinction of species. There is every reason to be- 
lieve that the microbe has lived, and ander given conditions can 
still be made to live as a saprophyte, with a greatly reduced 
adaptability to parasitic life in the animal, just as we see to-day 
that itis only with great difficulty transferred from certain genera 
of animals to ‘certain other genera (from bird to ox and vice 
versa). ‘Trudeau tells us of a culture of a bacillus tuberculosis 
from man, inoculated on the rabbit and then cultivated zz vitro 
in successive generations for six years, that was in this way 
robbed of its pathogenesis for Guinea pigs, which, after inocula- 
tion, lived for many months, some two and a half years, and 
some even recovered. The average duration of life in the 
Guinea pig, after tuberculosis inoculation from man, rabbit, 
Guinea pig or recent culture is but seventeen days. The bacillus 
of human sputum often produces only localized tuberculosis in 
the ox. Even in the same species and individual the patho- 
‘genesis often varies materially. Nothing is more familiar than 
the slow progress of tuberculosis in the bones and lymph glands 
of man, on the one hand, and its frequently rapid progress in the 
lungs, liver and brain, on the other. As inoculated on the lower 
animals bacilli from the lungs of man are usually more virulent 
than those from the lymph glands (Creighton, Arloing, F. 
Craven Moore, Courmont and Denis). Among seven specimens 
of human sputum, the bacilli in six cases showed a fair average 
vitality, whereas those of the seventh failed to grow on blood 
serum of the dog (Theobald Smith). In both man and cow a 
’ large proportion of cases of tuberculosis remain localized, the 


Tuberculosis. 457 


‘disease lasting for years with little or no appreciable advancement, 
and not a few subjects appear to make a permanent recovery. 

On every hand this evolutionary tendency of the bacillus tuber- 
-culosis places itself in evidence, demanding a recognition of the 
‘fact, that more or less transient or lasting variations in accordance 
‘with previous or existing environment, control to a large extent 
the transmissibility of the disease among different genera and 
even among individuals of the same genera and species, and also 
‘the fatal progress, or the mild and evanescent issue of the infection. 

Even the most widely divergent of these evolutionary forms can 
often be made to approach each other and apparently merge into 
-one type. Profiting by the example of Metchnikoff, Nocard en- 
closed in collodion capsules the bacilli of the human sputum and 
‘inserted the capsules into the peritoneal cavity of chickens which 
‘had proved refractory to their direct inoculation. This extended 
the direct action of the leucocytes from the encapsuled bacilli, 
but allowed the endosmosis of the serum of the fowl for their 
‘nourishment. After a sojourn of four months or more they were 
‘transferred to other capsules and again enclosed in the peritoneum 
and after a second and third transference of this kind it was found 
that the bacillus had become actively pathogenic for the chicken, 
having acquired the infecting potencies of the bacillus of avian 
tuberculosis. 

In keeping with the above is the fact that both rabbit and horse 
.are easily infected by the bacillus obtained from birds, and that 
after a certain number of transmissions, through the rabbit the 
issue of the bacilli of bird and mammal appear to become identical. 
No less instructive are the cases of the infection of carp by human 
sputa and the conveyance of tuberculosis to rabbits and Guinea 
pigs by inoculation with the nodules of the infected carp. 

The vitality of bacillus tuberculosis is strong but variable. In 
sterilized water at 46° to 64° F. the human bacillus survived for 
fifty to seventy days (Chantemesse and Vidal), the bovine in- 
-definitely (Galtier) and the avian bacillus at a higher temperature 
one hundred and seventeen days (Straus and DeBarry). In 
-dried expectoration the bacillus of man still infects after nine or 
ten months (Koch, Schill, Fischer, De Thoma). In infected 

-cow’s lung, dried and pulverized, it infected Guinea pigs at 102 
.days (Cadeac and Malet). In putrid matter it infected after 43 


458 Veterinary Medicine. 


days (Schill, Fischer), 167 days (Cadeac and Malet), several 
years in a grave Schottelius). 

It is not destroyed by gastric juice (Fischer, Falk). The 
bacillus from tubercle of birds has a much greater vitality than 
that of mammals, Marfucci successfully seeded new media from 
a culture of two years old, and cultures in artificial media can be 
started more successfully. 

Full sunlight renders sputum on a solid non absorbent surface 
non infecting in several hours, varying according to the thickness. 
of the layer (Koch, Straus). When sputum is mixed in soil it 
may survive until the 137th day (Feltz). On woolen cloth it may 
live five hours (Migneco). 

Diffuse daylight, with shading from the sun, killed in seven 
days (Koch), to eighteen days (Lucibelli). 

X-Rays do not arrest the growth of cultures (Blaikie, Pott, 
Ausset). 

A dry temperature of 212° F. for an hour left some of the 
bacilli still infecting to Guinea pigs (Lartigan). 

A moist heat of 140° F. for an hour sterilizes (De Man, Th. 
Smith, etc.). The scum formed on the milk may still prove in- 
fecting (Th. Smith). Half an hour of a moist temperature of 
212° F. issterilizing. Yetin the case of steaks, roasts and boiled 
meats the size of the piece often prevents the reaching of this 
temperature throughout, and it becomes unsafe to use any meat 
in which the redness of the juice shows that the albumen has not 
all been fully coagulated (162° F.). 

A freezing temperature, —16° to—26° F., does not devitalize 
the bacilli, even when alternated with thawing at intervals for 
several weeks (Galtier, Cadeac and Malet). 

fleavy salting of meats has been thought to kill the bacillus in 
a month, After 15 daysin salt the microbe failed to kill rabbits, 
but still killed the Guinea pig, whereas after 30 days it killed’ 
neither (Galtier). The fact that salted meats are always unequally 
impregnated in different parts, renders this extremely unreliable 
and more of a snare than a guide. 

The action of chemical disinfectants varies not only with the 
agent but also with the medium in which the bacillus is found. 
In simple liquid media (bouillon) the following results were ob- 
tained : 


Tuberculosis. 459 


Parts per rooo. Killed in. 

Carbolic Acid__________ 50: 1000 ___.____ 30” ----.... (Yersin) 

a“ SS) Seo srs TOLTO00)sieee SI eee ee 
Alcohol (absolute)__-._ 1000: 1000 _______- 5% 2 __--- ee ee 
Hthe? 222. wee seeocow 1000: I000 __-...__ 10/ Seesenee 
Iodoform ether ______ __ TO: 1000 __---___ 5/ Bese tats es 
Mercuric chloride ._____ I: 1000 ________ HOO | eee. a8 
Salicylic acid~___ ____ __ 25: 1000 ...____ 6 hrs. __----__ = 
Thymol____--_------_-_ = 3: 1000 ________ Bhs “gssecth “Ie 
Formalin vapor.__.__._.. 60: 1000 ________ 40 hrs, _______- (Murray) 
Sulphurous Acid (Sulphur 

1 oz, to cubic metre)... ———— _______- 14 hrs. _---___. ( Vallin) 


The following agents proved ineffective : Saturated aqueous 
solution -of creosote, or of B-naphthol, of naphthalin, of potassium 
iodide, of potassium bromide :—-bromine water, iodine water 
(1:500), iodoform solution or vapor, vapor of oil of turpentine. 


ACCESSORY CAUSES OF TURBERCULOSIS IN ANIMALS. 


While recognizing that in the absence of the tubercle bacillus 
there can be no tuberculosis yet we must not ignore the fact that 
many conditions of the animal system and its environment con- 
tribute largely to the propagation of the disease on the one hand, 
or to hinder its progress on the other. None of these conditions 
can call the germ into being de novo, but in its presence, they 
greatly favor its diffusion or evenits malignancy. Like any other 
seed, this bacillus requires a suitable soil and favorable climate, to 
bring out its most destructive development. In striking the bal- 
ance, we have to guard against the error of so many, who would 
attribute to the germ alone the deadly results and who assume 
that these should be the same under all conditions, and the oppo- 
site error no less prevalent, that ascribes the evil to the condition, 
and holds that without these the germ would be harmless. 

- Hereditary Predisposition. Racial Vulnerability. Before the 
discovery of the specific bacillus, when as yet tuberculosis was 
held to result from a constitutional weakness, or cachexia in which 
. deterioration of cells was held to be the main factor, the disease 
was held to be mainly hereditary, and its every day transmission 
in the line of descent, and the increasing mortality to extinction 
‘of given families were confidently appealed to in support of the 


460 Veterinary Medicine. 


doctrine. Now, however, we recognize that congenital tubercu- 
losis in man or beast is very exceptional, and that the morbid 
process almost invariably takes its start from the germ implanted 
after birth. In Saxony when the tuberculous cows were 16.5 
per cent. tuberculous calves were but. .2 per cent., though the 
latter had been fattened on the milk of the former. In Munich 
but two calves were found tuberculous in 400,000 killed, and in 
Lyons but five in a similar number. Up to the present the 
number of calves recorded as tuberculous at birth does not exceed 
seventy. : 

That the young almost always contracted the disease, only after 
birth, virtually disposes of the alleged heredity of the tuberculosis 
but it by no means antagonizes the heredity of the racial vulner- 
ability. Asman, cattle, swineand Guinea pigs showa much greater 
vulnerability than the carnivora in general, so certain families in 
each of these genera show a more decided susceptibility to tubercu- 
losis under similar conditions, than do certain other families. "This 
goes far to explain the appearance of tuberculosis, in certain lines 
of blood, and its advance to the extinction of the family, while 
under no better environment, other families can count on a prac- 
ticalimmunity. In the Burden herd of Jerseys in 1877, I con- 
demned eleven animals, verifying my diagnosis by necropsies, and 
found to my surprise that I had taken every representative, even 
the grades, of a given family, and left all the pure bred members 
of a second family untouched. Both families had mingled freely 
in the pastures and yards, yet the second family furnished no 
cases of tuberculosis then, nor for many years afterward. ‘The 
case is all the more striking that the non tuberculous family gave 
the largest yield of milk and might have been expected to run 
down rather than the other on account of this drain. 

Close Buildings. Lack of Ventilation. Air rendered impure 
by being breathed again and again, predisposes strongly to tuber- 
culosis, and has been even looked upon as the sole cause (Macor- 
mac). Everywhere city dairy cows, kept in confined, close 
buildings, suffer severely (6 to 20 per cent. and upward ; in Ber- 
lin 75 per cent. (Ostertag), in Denmark 61 per cent. (Bang), 
while in the same districts country cows are comparatively im- 
mune (often 1 to 2 per cent.), and steers raised in the open air 
still moreso (0.02 per cent. for our Plains cattle). Fortheslighter 


Tuberculosis. . 461 


cases of tuberculosis in man and beast, life in a pure open air, 

day and night, in a genial climate, gives the best hope of im- 

provement or recovery. In the Burden Jersey herd above re- 

ferred to, animals condemned in spring as tuberculous, were. 
turned out to pasture during the summer where they maintained 

an appearance of robust health, yet when returned to the barns in 

Fall they fell off rapidly so that some had to be helped to rise in 
the stall. ‘‘ The stabled cow, the tame rabbit, the monkey, the 
caged lion, tiger or elephant are almost invariably cut off by 
scrofulous affection’’ (Aitken). It has long been noticed that 
sailors sleeping in close spaces (Bryson, Parkes), suffer much 
more than the officers in more spacious rooms (Clark). Monks 
and nuns (two-thirds of the deaths, Leudet) occupying confined 

cells, and the inmates of prisons (four times the average outside, 

Baer) have shown an extraordinary prevalence of tuberculosis 
and attendant mortality. While this can be attributed mainly to 
the preservation and concentration of the bacillusin such places, 

a considerable allowance must be made for the impure and re- 

breathed air. 

Dark. Foul, Damp Stables. Dark stables are usually close, 
dirty and damp as well, and all these conditions alike conduce to 
tuberculosis. Darkness hinders the development of organic 
coloring matter in living bodies, whether chlorophyll in plants or 
hemoglobin in the blood of animals. Hzemoglobin is the main 
oxygen carrier in the blood, and in case of its deficiency the tis- 
sues are not properly rated. The result is as if the inhaled air 
contained little oxygen, so that darkness further intensifies the 
evil of rebreathed, deoxygenated air. The extraordinary mor- 
tality from tubercle among prisoners, monks, nuns and miners 
serves to further accentuate this conclusion. 

Trudeau’s experiment with rabbits is instructive in this con- 
nection. Of a number inoculated with the same number of 
tubercle bacilli, one half were kept in the open air and the rest 
in a dark, damp, underground place deprived of sunlight. When 
killed on the same day, it was found that the open air rabbits 
showed only slight lesions or none, while the underground lot had 
extensive tuberculosis. 


462 Veterinary Medicine. 


The impure stable air lowers the vital tone of the animal, 
especially if the impurity has come from animal exhalations. 

The same is true of damp air, ‘‘a damp ship is an unhealthy 
one,’’ and Bowditch and Buchanan pointed out thé espectal preva- 
lence of tubercle in cold, damp, undrained, foggy localities. 
This does not hold for all damp lands, yet damp, fog, and cold 
are especially hurtful in presence of the germ. 


INSUFFICIENT OR UNWHOLESOME FOOD. 


Starvation and indigestible or innutritious food contribute to 
debility, and lessen the power of resistance. Hence in the poor, 
half starved denizens of city slums, and among neglected herds 
of cattle, tuberculosis, once introduced, makes rapid and exten- 
sive ravages. Conversely, overfeeding often acts in the same 
way, developing indigestion and thereby robbing the tissues of 
their proper nourishment. 


HEAVY MILKING. 


In dairy cows, of milking breeds, the drain on the system is 
liable to prove too great, under a ration-for-milk, warm sloppy 
mashes of grains, bran, middlings, roots, distillery swill, exclusive 
diet of silage, saccharine roots, or marc, warm drinking water, a 
warm atmosphere, liberal salting, and enforced idleness in the 
stall, with careful stripping of the bag. The butter cows, 
(Jerseys, Guernseys, Alderneys, etc.) are especially liable to 
suffer, as the greater the yield the more the system is robbed of 
the adipose material which is so needful to a vigorous health. 
When the cow has been reduced to a high-pressure milk factory 
her physical size reduced to obviate the need of a large sustaining 
ration, and her milking capacity stimulated to the highest degree, 
the presence of the tubercle bacillus is especially dangerous. 


CONFORMATION. 


It was formerly held that cows with heads narrow between the 
horns, small thin necks, narrow chests defective also in depth and 
length, loose projecting shoulders and elbows, pendent, pot bellies, 
with hollow flanks, and a general laxity of the frame were 


Tuberculosis. 463 


especially predisposed to tubercle. In many such cases the sus- 
pected animal was already the victim of the affection, which had 
brought out these characteristic features of weakness and emacia- 
tion. In other cases the unthrifty appearance was due to poor 
feeding and care or to chronic disease, which in robbing the sys- 
tem of vigor and hardihood laid it open to the attack of the 
tubercle bacillus whenever it was introduced. Even when there 
‘was no such depressing influence affecting the individual, the 
inheritance of such a frame, betokened a constitution lacking in 
vigor, and with little power of resistance to the invading microbe. 
Some milking breeds which tend to the above conformation, show 
an unusual development of the lymph glands and plexuses, and 
as tuberculosis attacks the lymphatic system preéminently, the 
bacillus finds an especially favorable field for development in 
such systems. It would, however, be an error to assume that the 
compact, rounded frame, with circular chest and abdomen, and 
full, firm neck and shoulders, with a great disposition to fat and 
little to milk, is in any degree immune. Under the presence of 
the tubercle bacillus, and close stabling, they often succumb quite 
as rapidly as the most susceptible milking breeds. The meat pro- 
ducing breeds with a strong propensity to fatten, have an ex- 
traordinary development of lymph spaces and plexuses in the inter- 
muscular and subcutaneous connective tissue, and the microbe 
finds a welcome home in their sluggish, inactive and atonic sys- 
tems as well as in the typical dairy cows. 


BREEDING TOO YOUNG. 


Breeding from immature animals undermines the vitality as 
the system is overtaxed to sustain at once the demands for further 
growth, for the nourishment of the unborn offspring, and for the 
yield of milk. Some families of Jerseys have been undoubtedly 
injured in this way, through the desire to diminish the size of 
the cow, and yet retain the highest milk and butter yield. 


CLOSE-BREEDING. 


Inbred families are proverbially subject to tuberculosis. By 
pairing individuals that show in a marked degree the desired 
qualities of early maturity, heavy milking, or fattening, the 


464 Veterinary Medicine. 


greatest stimulus is given to the enhancement of such qualities,. 
and with this there is the correspondingly ready receptiveness to- 
the tubercle bacillus. To this is added a degree of constitutional. 
delicacy which comes from too close breeding, and which other- 
wise shows itself in an encreasing infertility, when bred with an. 
animal that is nearly related. In addition, the high bred animal 
is kept much indoors, where the bacillus, once introduced, is- 
easily preserved and propagated, and is denied the free outdoor 
life and exercise which might develop muscle and vigor. This- 
is no valid argument for introducing inferior blood to the deteri-- 
oration of the economic value of a race, but rather for the com-. 
plete exclusion of the bacillus which may find in our treasured. 
herd an especially inviting field for its ravages. 


AGE. 


In both man and beast, age appears to have a predisposing” 
effect, but apart from debility or trauma, this may be fully ex- 
plained on the ground of often repeated infection, an indoor life, 
and, in dairy cows, the excessive drain upon the system. In. 
thoroughbred herds of cattle, in which the cows are preserved as. 
long as they will breed, and in dairies where they are kept as. 
long as the milk yield is satisfactory, the oldest show by far the 
largest percentage tuberculous. In secluded individual dairies. 
we have found 100 per cent. affected, Ostertag gives the average 
for Berlin at 75 per cent., and Bang for Denmark at 69 per cent.. 


PREDISPONENT DISEASES. 


As already noted all diseases which undermine the health tend. 
to diminish the powers of resistance to the tubercle bacillus. TYo- 
be especially dreaded, are long standing diseases which produce 
emaciation and debility, fevers that for a length of time impair 
sanguification, metabolism and nutrition, diseases of the digestive 
organs ‘which cut off the requisite supply of nutritive material, 
and, above all, diseases of the lungs and air passages that impair 
the tone of the tissues and invite the attack of the invading mi- 
crobe. Bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis and tonsilitis in all. 
their varied forms are to be particularly noted. Even in man it. 
is believed that one of the most common channels of infection. 
entrance is through the open tonsillar crypts, and the same doubt- 


Tuberculosis 465 


less is true of animals. Pigs, with their large tonsils and fre- 
quent infection through feeding, are probable examples of this, 
and when, in addition to the detention of the microbe in the cavi- 
ties, there is an inflammation and debility of the tissues, the op- 
portunity for infection is greatly enhanced. 


ENCREASED TRAFFIC IN (TUBERCULOUS) ANIMALS. DAIRY 
EXTENSION. 


In common with all infectious diseases, tuberculosis owes 
its great extensions to the sale and purchase of animals. Where 
an indigenous race of cattle is raised and sold, without any addi- 
tions from without, tuberculosis is usually rare and confined to 
the one herd, or to those having intimate intercommunication 
with it. Where, on the other hand, a large stock is kept up, as 
in milk dairies, and few or no calves are raised, but the bulk of 
the cows are sold off yearly and replaced by new purchases, 
tuberculosis, sooner or later, finds admittance through the body 
of an infected animal, and once implanted in the herd, it goes on 
encreasing, without limitation, except by the sale or death of the 
more seriously affected. The larger the herd and the greater the 
number of yearly changes, the greater the number of opportuni- 
ties for the introduction of an infecting animal. Where a great 
part of the herd is turned off yearly, and the new animals are 
drawn from any or every source indiscriminately, it would bor- 
der on the miraculous if such a herd were to remain free from the 
infection for any great length of time. The recent extension of 
tuberculosis in herds has been coincident with the great develop- 
ment of commerce in live stock, and the rapid transit on land and 
water by steam. Before the days of the steam engine, animal 
plagues advanced slowly and uncertainly, excepting in the pres- 
ence of a great European war, which drew animals from all avail- 
able sources, congregating them in large mutually infecting 
droves in commisariat parks, and marching them in the wake of 
the army for its daily supply. Inevitably every country invaded 
was infected, and the plagues spread from the line of march in 
all directions. The more deadly plagues, like rinderpest and 
lung plague, were the first to appear, and in this lay a certain 
measure of palliation of the evil, as the exposed and often weaker 
animals were killed off, so that the slower contagion like that of 


30 


466 Veterinary Medicine. 


tuberculosis had not time to develop. This mitigating influence 
held good so long as the deadly plagues were not placed under 
effective control. When, however, a nation successfully extir- 
pated and excluded lung plague and rinderpest, the way was 
opened for a freer extension of tardily developing plagues like 
tuberculosis. The great development of beet sugar factories and 
the accumulation of herds to consume the marc; the extraordi- 
nary extension of manufactures which have made England and 
certain countries of Western Europe consuming rather than agri- 
cultural lands, and the wonderful modern expansion of dairy 
husbandry have combined to encrease and concentrate the cattle 
industry in ratio with the manufacturing and commercial progress 
of the nations, and as the live stock are kept under a milk-stimu- 
lating regimen and a life passed largely indoors, the way has 
been open for an ever-advancing encrease of tuberculosis. In the 
United States the centralizdtion of population in the Eastern 
States and in all great centres of industry and the concentration 
of cows for the milk supply, and in certain districts in connection 
with butter and cheese factories, have contributed to wide local 
extensions of consumption. Hence it has been no uncommon 
thing to find herds in the vicinity of cities with 20 to 100 per 
cent. affected, in striking contrast with the 0.02 per cent. found 
in the fat cattle from the plains. 

The modern railway traffic brings to all these swarming centres 
of animal industry, live cattle from long distances to supply the 
constant depletion through deaths and the disposal of dry cows, 
and thus the whole Atlantic slope is drawn upon to fill the east- 
ern stalls. Infected animals thus shipped from Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan for the good of the herds in 
those states find new homes in New York, or New England, 
where they have four to twelve months to propagate the infection 
before they are themselves disposed of. As in the days of the 
lung plague in America, the eastward trend of bovine traffic, 
becomes to a certain extent a protection and benefit to the herds 
of the west, but in equal ratio it operates to the detriment of our 
eastern stock. What is true of the planting of new centres of 
infection in the busy dairy districts of the east, and of the steady 
increase of disease in already infected herds, through the con- 
stant addition of new cases purchased, is no less true of the cor- 


Tuberculosis. 467 


responding districts devoted to dairying interests in the west. It 
is the natural order of things, that, everywhere, the new acces- 
sions of infection, coming in the lines of trade into large dairy 
herds, kept to a great extent indoors for months at a time, must 
hasten the general infection of such herds. When, therefore, no 
intelligent measures are interposed to check the evil, we must 
expect that the marked increase in the prevalence of tuberculosis, 
which we have witnessed of late years, shall become more and 
more evident year by year. Journals have claimed credit for be- 
friending the stockman, in opposing all control of the cattle traffic, 
dealers have denounced all control as ruinously oppressive and 
injurious, and legislators have turned a deaf ear to the warn- 
ings of science and experience, but time, in this as in all 
other plagues, will justify the demand for an intelligent control, 
and the increasing losses will one day open the eyes of the stock- 
owners to the fact that their truest friends are those that would 
exclude the baneful seed, and kill it ere it has had time to germi- 
nate and bring forth its ever increasing harvests. 

In the absence of any systematic and efficient government pro- 
tection in this line, the stock owner can ,only protect his sound 
herd by the rigid exclusion of all animals that are not of his own 
breeding, or in case of purchase, by an exhaustive inquiry as to 
the occurrence of sickness or deaths in the herd from which he 
buys, and by the professional examination and test of every ani- 
mal to be bought. Even then he must promptly separate, test, 
and, if necessary, destroy any animal that proves unthrifty, or 
which by cough, diarrhoea, wheezing or other sign gives evidence 
of probable tuberculosis. 

Unregulated Traffic in Tuberculous Animals from Other States. 
The danger of buying animals untested is in no degree lessened 
when they are sent in from other states. While some make a busi- 
ness of supplying the store market with what they believe to be 
good stock, there is always the temptation to turn off animals that 
are unthrifty or poor milkers and which have proved less profit- 
able than the others. Some even have the herd tested and sell 
off those that show evidence of tuberculosis. Unless, therefore, 
it is held in check by the tuberculin test, the traffic is made to the 
extent of such sales a direct means of disseminating tuberculosis. 


468 Veterinary Medicine. 


ASSORTING THE TUBERCULOUS ANIMALS FOR SALE INA GIVEN 
STATE. 


A still more injurious result comes from the order of given 
States, that the admission of store cattle shall be guarded by the 
tuberculin test of each animal, and the supineness or worse, of 
adjacent states in establishing no effective safe guard against the 
disposal of the tuberculous culls in the unprotected State. Cattle 
from the west or elsewhere in the United States, arrive in a great 
public market as, for example, New York, they are here tested, 
those that stand the test are shipped into one of the States re- 
quiring the test (Massachusets, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
Canada), and those that have shown the reaction of tuberculosis 
are sold into the herds of the State in which they were tested. 
The most malicious enemy of the New York stock owners, could 
not devise a surer means of stocking the herds of the State with 
tuberculosis than this atrocious system. Yet when the present 
writer (1898) had a bill introduced into the legislature to correct 
the evil the opposing interest proved strong enough to prevent it 
from coming toa vote. -The legislative committee on tuberculosis 
which sat later, and upon whose attention the subject was pressed, 
also failed to correct the evil and left the matter as bad as before. 
Under the present law the New York purchaser must secure his 
own interests by having every animal he buys tested by a trust- 
worthy veterinarian. 

Sale of Sound Animals Concentrates the Tuberculosis. "The 
action of one or more States in admitting store cattle only after a 
tuberculin test, acts directly in encreasing the relative number 
of tuberculous animals in adjacent States. The purchaser from 
Pennsylvania for instance, goes into a New York herd and pur- 
chases all the best animals on the condition that they pass the 
tuberculin test uncondemned. It follows that the New York herd 
is left with the tuberculous cattle only, and those that, aside from 
tuberculosis, are-of low value or profitless to keep. Further as 
the advance of tuberculosis is proportionate to the relative number 
of tuberculous subjects in the herd or building, and the concen- 
tration of the poison, the depreciated herd is almost certain to 
become rapidly and generally affected by the disease. | 

The Denial of Indemnity for Tuberculous Animals Killed. 


Tuberculosis. 469 


* 


Several American States forbid compensation to the owner for 
any animal affected with the contagious disease charged. All 
history attests, and any consideration of human nature might 
teach, that sucha measure is only calculated to spread the in- 
fection. The owner of an animal, affected with a contagious 
disease, who can get little salvage by turning it into beef, and 
none at all if he hands it over to the State for slaughter, will 
naturally think of putting it on the market, where he can 
secure a good price. How much more is he tempted to do 
this when the disease is an occult one, and the animals show 
the outward appearance of health, as is the case in nine-tenths 
of many tuberculous herds! Crime cannot be fixed on the 
seller, for he is not an expert, and cannot be expected to di- 
agnose the disease. If the infected cow is of little value for the 
dairy, she is passed on, from hand to hand, leaving infection in 
every herd she has entered. The ultimate owner (in whose 
hands the State finds her and diagnoses her disease), though he 
may have bought her in good faith as a sound animal and paid a 
correspondingly high market price, is made to lose the whole 
value of the cow. ‘The real offender who knew her to be a tuber- 
culous animal, and sold her in consequence at the price of a sound 
cow is shrewd enough to keep himself out of the clutches of the 
law, while the honest purchaser who has been already swindled, 
has his income and property cut off without compensation. Such 
a law is self-evidently unjust; it plays into the hands of the 
swindler at the expense of the just man ; with the object of pro- 
tecting the community against infection, it refuses to call on the 
public for any contribution toward its own protection. The 
system is a direct bid for extensive and encreasing violation of 
the law and diffusion of the infection and must be accorded a 
prominent place in the list of causes. It would be surprising to 
find that any country ever extirpated an animal plague by working 
ou such asystem. Asa matter of fact no country ever did; all 
such sanitary successes from the extinction of sheeppox or rinder- 
pest in Western Europe, to the recent stamping out of lung plague 
in the United States, were based on a just compensation to the 
owners of the stock. When, therefore, veterinary sanitary 
. principles and experience have been so far ignored as to allow the 
passage of a law, which at once favors the diffusion of infection 


470 Veterinary Medicine. 


by the crafty sale of the infected, the expatriation of the healthy 
animals from the home herds, leaving only the diseased, and 
finally the selection from herds in transit of the tuberculous ones. 
to be scattered widely among the herds of the State, we must not. 
wonder at the continuance or encrease of tuberculosisin the com- 
monwealth. Until a more rational and common sense legislation 
can be secured, the unfortunate stock owner must defend himself 
by the expensive alternative of testing every animal he buys. 

Private Testing of Herds and Sale of the Tuberculous. A most 
reprehensible practice is the private testing of herds and the sale 
as store animals of those that re-act. In this way a herd may be 
cleared of infection, but at tenfold expense to the public at large, 
as every animal sold may convey the infection into a separate 
herd. It is, however, a natural outcome of the unwise system of 
refusing indemnity for the infected. 

Flabituating to Tuberculin Testing and then Selling under 
Test. Many (not all) cattle, when injected with tuberculin re- 
peatedly at short intervals, acquire a tolerance of the agent and 
fail to react as at the first test. We have in such cases examined. 
the animals post mortem and found active tuberculosis. Unscru- 
pulous owners, aware of the fact, have their diseased cattle in- 
jected repeatedly every few weeks, and as soon as they fail to. 
respond, sell them under the guarantee of the tuberculin test. 
The cattle, of course, carry the infection into other herds. ‘This. 
swindle could be obviated if it could be made a misdemeanor to 
have or use tuberculin except as a State or Federal official acting: 
for the government. ‘This would imply the corollary that the 
State should test the herds when called upon. 

Antipyretics During Tuberculin Test. Another method of un- 
doing the tuberculin test is to feed large doses of antithermic 
agents to depress the temperature at the time the rise from tuber- 
culin would take place. ‘Tuberculous cattle may thus be sold as. 
sound animals, with a certificate of having successfully passed 
the tuberculin test, the operator having given such certificate in 
perfect good faith. It suggests the importance of withholding 
tuberculin from public use, or of securing an absolute control of’ 
the feeding and watering of the animals during the test. 

False Certificates of Tuberculin Tests. Stock owners have re- 
ported to the writer alleged tuberculin tests of their herds which 


Tuberculosis. 471 


were completed in three hours, and others have named instances 
of marking animals for shipment and giving certificates of testing 
where no tuberculin had been used and no examination beyond 
the most cursory glance had been made. ‘This might be expected 
of some non-graduates, registered on a basis of alleged practice, 
shamefully ignorant of veterinary medicine and conscious of their 
false position, and some educated veterinarians thus placed at a 
disadvantage may have been tempted to follow suit, but it can 
only end in personal disgrace and an inevitable extension of 
tuberculosis. Begotten in a legislative wrong and nourished by 
moral weakness, it can only grow into greater evil. Unfortu- 
nately such unworthy actions throw discredit on the very name 
of sanitary police. ‘To avoid the evil every one aspiring to the 
responsible work of testing cattle should be thoroughly examined 
as to fitness and licensed to practice under a heavy penalty for 
neglect or malpractice. 

Feeding Hogs‘on Fresh Offal from Albattoirs. It has been a 
common practice, especially in country districts, to turn the raw 
offal of slaughterhouses to pigs, and as the tubercle is usually 
concentrated in internal organs, the hogs become infected in large 
numbers. In public institutions which slaughtered their own 
meat I have found the hogs all but universally tuberculous. The 
danger is only slightly lessened when the hogs are fed raw 
butcher and kitchen scraps in swill. It suggests the compulsory 
boiling of all swill or garbage containing raw meat. 

Feeding Calves and Hogs on infected Milk. Though it has been 
repeatedly shown that the majority of moderately tuberculous 
cows do not yield infected milk, yet in every tuberculous herd, at 
irregular intervals, one or more are attacked with tuberculosis of 
the mammee, and the drinkers of the milk take in the tubercle 
bacilli. ‘This will happen in the most strictly supervised tubercu- 
lous herds, while in those that are less carefully managed, the 
milk that is considered unfit for human consumption is fed to pigs 
or calves. In one dairy, I found that the calves, all fed in this 
way afterward reacted under the tuberculin test, while the follow- 
ing year the crop of calves, though fed on the milk of the same 
diseased cows, with this difference that the milk had been first 
heated to 180° F., without exception grew up healthy, and not 
one reacted under the tuberculin test. 


472 Veterinary Medicine. 


Feeding hogs after Tuberculous Cattle. Where cattle and hogs 
are kept on the same place, it is a common practice to let the 
swine clean up all food left by the satiated cattle. If there are 
tuberculous cattle, affected either in the air passages or ali- 
mentary tract, the pigs become infected by taking in the expecto- 
ration by which the food is soiled, or by rooting around where 
the cow manure has fallen. ‘This evil is encreasing yearly. 

Feeding from a Common Trough. In an infected herd, a 
common cause of extension is found in the use by the whole herd 
of a common feeding trough, in which the food soiled by viru- 
lent discharges, is taken by healthy animals. The habit of tying 
a cow in different stalls in succession as she happens to strike one, 
in place of keeping each cow by its own stall, is a fruitful source 
of infection. Even when each cow is kept by its own stall, she 
often becomes infected by reaching into the feeding trough in 
front of the next cow on the left or right and taking in soiled 
and infected fodder. In swill stables the evil reaches its maxi- 
mum, as the feeding trough for 50 or 60 animals is slightly in- 
clined so that the liquid food runs from the supply end to the 
other, and infecting expectorations are carried in front of all in 
turn. 

Dry, Dusty Stables. ‘Tubercle bacilli are not carried out on 
the expired air, unless there is forced expulsion as in coughing, 
snorting or sniffing. In such cases the solid particles are thrown 
off in masses or fine spray and lodged on surrounding objects. 
These, together with infecting discharges from bowels, urinary 
or generative organs, open sores, etc., dry up, and rise on the 
dust, and, as sterilization occurs slowly indoors, they cause more 
or less infection of the animal inmates. Cornet, Tappenier and 
others have thoroughly established this as a common form of 
transmission, and shown the great importance of cleanliness, dis- 
infection and the removal of infecting materials without raising 
dust. In an establishment in Paris, a consumptive had served 
for 3 years. In the following ro years, 15 of the 20 employés 
died of phthisis. c 

Extension through Vermin. As rats and mice (and other 
rodents) are susceptible to tuberculosis by ingestion (Galtier) it 
follows that they may become the media for extension of the 
infection through fodder in which their droppings are scattered, 


2 Tuberculosts. 473 


or from their feeding in the same troughs as the cattle or 
swine. For swine in particular the danger is greater because 
of their carnivorous habits ; the rat acquires tuberculosis through 
eating the offal of the abattoir, or the scraps of the butcher’s stall, 
or kitchen, and the sick rat is thereafter easily caught and de- 
voured by the pig to its own undoing. To block this channel 
of infection the destruction of vermin about slaughter houses, 
stables and pig pens is a most important consideration. 

Flies and Other Insects as Carriers of Tuberculosis. ‘These con- 
gregating on tubercular sores, around the nares or lips, on the 
skin contaminated by the virulent bowel discharges, on dishes 
holding infecting milk, on objects soiled by infecting discharges, 
on diseased carcasses at abattoirs, rendering works and elsewhere, 
(Spillman, Hofmann, Lartigau, etc.,) and on graves where the 
earth worms have brought the bacillus to the surface, (Lortet, etc.) 
become more or less active'agents in disseminating the virus. In 
this way food and water are contaminated, and exceptionally, in- 
fection may even be implanted on sores. As the excreta of the 
flies contain the virulent bacilli, the latter are deposited on 
windows, walls, furniture, etc., and may be later disseminated in 
the dust of the apartment. j 

Dewevre found tubercle bacilli in the bedbugs infecting a bed 
in which successive cases of consumption had developed, showing 
that other parasitic or rapacious insects besides flies must be 
looked on as possible propagators of the bacilli. There is reason 
to suspect lice, fleas, ticks and acari especially. The same is 
true of leeches and other rapacious invertebrates. 


LESIONS. THE TUBERCLE. 


The characteristic lesion in tuberculosis is the tubercle, taking 
its name from the small rounded nodule which, at first virtually 
invisible, encreases often to the size of a millet seed, or a pinhead 
or even larger, and which by confluence with others, forms con- 
glomerate masses of all sizes to which the term tubercle is still 
applied. Where the bacillus tuberculosis is implanted, the 
fixed tissue cells are stimulated to an undue proliferation, and a 
diapedesis of leucocytes takes place from the neighboring capillary 
blood vessels, the whole eventuating in the formation of a rounded 
cluster or nest of epithelioid and giant and later small rounded 


474 Veterinary Medicine. 7 
lymphoid cells in a fine fibrous stroma. Baumgarten and his: 
followers claim that the larger epithelioid and giant cells result. 
from the karyokinesis and proliferation of the fixed tissue cells,. 
epithelial and endothelial cells, and that the lymphoid cells which. 
later (often after the eighth day in experimental cases) invade 
the lesions, are alone the product of the migrating leucocytes.. 
Metchnikoff, Yersin and others contend, on the other hand, that 
epithelioid and giant cells are directly derived from the leucocytes. 
and endothelial cells and like these are possessed of actively 
phagocytic qualities. As the final outcome before caseous de- 
generation, is the predominance of the small lymphoid cell, 
it may well be questioned whether this is not the result of active: 
encrease in both kinds of cells, as appears to happen in many 
other inflammations. For our present purpose it is well to note 
the early characters : Centrally often a large (giant) cell with a. 
number of peripheral nuclei and at times, branching processes ; 
around this as a second zone epithelioid cells of large size, with. 
round or oval nuclei, and sometimes giant cells; outside this a. 
third zone of small rounded lymphoid cells with large nuclei. 
There is a delicate fibrous network between the cells, but no in- 
dication of capillary blood vessels, the absence of which may 
partly explain the constant tendency to degeneration, necrosis, 
and:caseation. The tissue around the miliary tubercle is red and. 
congested. 

Caseation. Astriking characteristic of tubercle is the occurrence 
of coagulation necrosis, beginning in the centre of the specific 
nodule as a whitish or pale softening and degeneration of the cell 
elements and gradually extending toward the circumference. The 
cells, and even the proximate tissue elements, die and disintegrate 
passing into a structureless, granular or hyaline debris, which has. 
been named from its supposed resemblance to old, ripe, soft 
cheese. Baumgarten has observed that the small lymphoid cells. 
are the first to degenerate, followed by the epithelioid and giant. 
ones. 

While the formation of tubercle is at first a productive inflam- 
mation of which the cell clusters and nodules are the result, yet: 
the tendency to necrosis, and caseation is so great that it must be 
looked upon as one of its most prominent features, and is rarely 
absent, whether the lesion exists in the connective tissue of the: 


Tuberculosis. 475 


lungs, liver or other organ, in the lymph glands, in the respiratory 
or intestinal mucosa, or submucosa, in the oseous cancelli, brain 
or skin. Itis, therefore, largely pathognomonic, yet it is not 
peculiar to tubercle, being common in glanders, and other infec- 
tive inflammations. Its presence should always lead to a search 
for the primary tubercle nodule, with its nonvascular cluster of 
lymphoid and giant cells and above all for the specific bacillus 
resistant to staining. 

The tendency to extensive degradation and caseationisespecially 
marked in swine, in which the resulting: debris is often so liquid 
that the tubercles bear a strong resemblance to abscesses. 

Calcification, ‘The deposition of lime salts (mainly phosphates) 
in the tubercle is a common feature of advanced cases in man and. 
pig, but especially incattle. It is unknown in rabbits and Guinea 
pigs. The tubercle assumes a hard cretaceous aspect and feeling, 
grates under the knife and crepitates when pressed. This is 
always an evidence of chronicity, but it has been observed in 
swine in 334 months. 

Fibroid Degeneration. Fibrosis. In ‘this case a productive 
‘fibroid inflammation takes place in the tissue of the tubercle, and 
it is resolved more or less extensively into a hard, white, resistant 
body. This is the pearly mass which has given rise to the name 
of the pearl disease ( perl-zucht) in Germany. It may be fibrous 
throughout, but usually a number of the nodules show a caseated 
centre while the external zone, that nearest to healthy tissue, has 
alone taken on the conservative fibroid development. Like crete- 
faction fibrosis is an indication of chronicity in the lesion. It is 
often seen in man, but still more so in cattle, in which it affects 
particularly the abdominal cavity, but also to a lesser extent the 
chest and other parts. It is remarkable for the paucity of 
bacilli to be found in its substance, often requiring many sec- 
tions and infinite patience to reveal the presence of the microbe. 
This comparative lack of actively multiplying bacilli is doubtless 
one factor, operating in the direction of conservative processes, 
chronicity and even partial recovery. In experimental tubercu- 
losis the extent and rapidity of development of tubercle, as also 
of the degeneration are found to be closely allied to the number 
of bacilli introduced. 

Cattle: Pulmonary Tuberculosis. One of the most frequent 


476 Veterinary Medicine. 


seats of tuberculosis, the lung, may in acute cases show a diffuse 
miliary tuberculosis, a considerable part of a lobe or of several 
lobes being congested, infiltrated, and filled with small individual 
tubercles, grayish or transparent in the midst of the general red- 
ness. A second form, often of old standing, is in the shape of 
hard masses, often circumscribed or isolated, and easily felt when 
the soft lung tissue ismanipulated. They are respectively formed 
by the local aggregation, and confluence of the small miliary 
nodules and may vary in size from a pea toa mass of ten or 
twelve inches in diameter. On section the miliary tubercle may 
not yet show central caseation, but the larger ones do soas a 
tule. The caseated nucleus may be soft, cheesy and somewhat 
homogeneous ; it may be dry, granular and yellow, resembling 
damp farina of maize ; it may be calcified in its outer portion and 
invested bya firm fibrous envelope. The tubercle may be the seat 
of general fibroid degeneration, constituting the pearl nodules 
(perl-knoten) dense as cartilage and either with or without asoft 
caseated centre; it may show an agglomeration of nodules in all 
stages from the early congested nodule to advanced caseation or 
cretefaction, the whole embedded in a solid congested and infil- 
trated tissue, largely fibroid. There may be extensive abscesses, 
the seats of complex infections, having thick uneven walls, often 
showing grape like tuberculous outgrowths, and containing thick, 
caseo-purulent, viscous, granular, yellowish or greenish and 
comparatively odorless contents: in other cases the abscesses 
have burst into the bronchia, leaving vomice and with the new 
resultant infections the contents have acquired an offensive putrid 
odor ; finally, there may be extensive inflammatory infiltrations, 
affecting lobules or lobes, and interspersed with tubercles in the 
form of the early grayish or transparent nodule, or even more 
advanced caseous or cretaceous centres. These latter serve to 
distinguish the condition from broncho-pneumonia, the grayish 
centres of which might suggest miliary tubercle. ‘The broncho- 
pneumonia, however, has the whitish centres confined to the 
bronchioles and their terminal air sacs, and represent their thick- 
ened walls and muco-fibrinous contents; they do not show the 
same tendency to caseation, nor necrosis of the tissue, nor to 
caseation of the dependent lymph glands, and, above all, they do 
not contain the bacillus tuberculosis. 


Tuberculosis. 477 


A noticeable feature in the tuberculous lungsis the great fre- 
quency of tubercles of all different ages from the initial trans- 
parent nodule to the caseated or calcified mass side by side. A 
tuberculous bronchitis isa familiar accompaniment, with lines of 
miliary tubercles, ulcers and a flocculent (sometimes gritty) 
muco-purulent discharge, containing elements of the necrotic 
tissue and bacilli. Emphysema and interlobular cedema are also 
met with. 

The pleure often suffer by continuity of tissue from the 
diseased lung, but they may be affected primarily through in- 
fection of the circulating blood. The earliest pleural lesions may 
be congestion, exudation and the formation of false membranes 
in fringes, but soon these become the seats of minute nodules or 
forming tubercles which steadily.encrease to form pale red cauli- 
flower-like growths—which have been spoken of as grapes, from 
their supposed resemblance to bunches of that fruit. Extensive 
areas of the mediastinal, costal or pulmonic pleurz are often 
completely covered by these productions. Dense, and thick ad- 
hesions sometimes form, holding in their substance characteristic 
tubercles. 

The bronchial and mediastinal lymph glands receiving as they 
do the afferent trunks from the lungs and the greater lymph sac of 
the pleura, offer in their sluggish currents the most favorable cul- 
ture vessels, and almost always become affected in consequence. 
Not infrequently they are found to be tuberculous when the tis- 
sues which they drain appear to be sound, and we must therefore, 
conclude that the primary. slight lesions in the latter have re- 
covered, or that the bacilli have passed through the tissues and 
lymph channels without establishing any centre of disease. The 
glandular lesions are primarily congestion and redness, with more 
or less infiltration and swelling, followed by a nodular induration, 
with enlargement or exceptionally shrinking. When bisected 
they may show all stages of the tubercle from the miliary granule 
to the caseous, dry, yellow, granular or cretaceous necrosis. By 
aggregation these often grow to a large size, a long diameter 
of 6 to 12 inches being not uncommon. 

Pericardial and Cardiac Lesions. The pericardium may be 
implicated from the pleurze or independently, and though tuber- 
culosis of the heart is rare, it may be the seat of primary tuber- 


478 Veterinary Medicine. 


culosis or of extension from the pericardium or endocardium. In 
the N. Y. State Veterinary College Museum is ‘a cow’s heart, 
greatly enlarged, and completely invested and invaded by tubercle 
several inches thick. 

Tuberculosis of the Mouth and Throat. 'Tubercles sometimes 
form in the éongue causing nodular swelling, with a caseated 
centre. Much more frequently they attack the pharynx or larynx 
with the formation of nodular necrotic swellings, followed by 
ulcers and the implication of the adjacent lymph glands. The 
glands are liable to be invaded through the tonsillar and other 
follicles of the faucial and pharyngeal regions, which like the 
solitary and agminated glands of the intestines form excellent 
culture vessels. The glands most frequently attacked are the 
retro-pharyngeal, but the lateral.pharyngeal, the intra-parotidean 
and sub-maxillary lymph glands occasionally suffer. They often 
become indurated, yet the formation of abscess-like sacs is not 
uncommon especially in the retropharyngeal. 

Gastro-Intestinal, Peritoneal and Mesenteric Tubercle. ‘Tuber- 
cles of the interior of the stomachs are rare, though they are 
frequent on the peritoneal surface of the first three stomachs, as 
rounded, subserous nodules varying in size from a pea upward. 
The mucosa of the small and large intestines may suffer, by 
preference in the seats of the solitary or agminated glands, and. 
the resulting ulcers may extend in the lines of the lymph vessels 
from the convex to the attached border of the gut. The small 
greenish caseated and calcified nodules on the intestines, which are 
so often mistaken for tubercles, are the degenerated cysts of the 
cesophagastoma. ‘Tuberculosis of the mesenteric lymph glands 
is much more common, the successive stages being essentially 
like that seen in the bronchial glands. Besides these the surface 
of the mesentery, omentum and abdominal parietes often becomes 
the seat of congestion, exudation and cauliflower-like neoplasms 
or grapes, as already stated of the pleurze. In a certain number 
caseation or cretefaction may be detected. 

Liver Tuberculosis. ‘The liver is greatly exposed to tubercu- 
losis as the single destination of all the blood from the gastro-in- 
testinal tract. Tubercles also form on its surface by direct 
infection from the peritoneum. The hepatic tubercles are often 
very large and numerous, adding greatly to the bulk and weight 


Tuberculosis. 479 


-of the viscus. There is usually coincident tuberculosis of the 
lymph glands of the porta. 

Tubercle of the Spleen. 'This is also a favorite seat of the 
morbid process, exposed as it is to the reflux of infected blood in 
‘the portal vein, and to access of the bacillus from the peritoneum 
and omental lymphatics. 

The pancreas is less exposed to the channels of the circulation 
and is less frequently affected. 

Gentto- Urinary Tubercles, The kidneys are always liable to 
suffer in generalized tuberculosis, in accordance with their func- 
tion of elimination and the great quantity of blood that passes 
through them. The tubercles may be numerous, encroaching 
upon and destroying the glandular tissue, and determining con-— 
‘gestion, nephritis and hemorrhage (Schiitz). The ovarzes, 
-when tuberculous, lead to nymphomania and sterility ; they be- 
-come swollen, with rounded projections, indurated, and on sec- 
‘tion show all stages of infiltration, caseation and calcification. 
They may encrease to a great size. Tubercles are found on the 
fallopian tubes, the serous and mucous surfaces of the womb, and 
in the broad ligaments, in all their characteristic forms. ‘The 
bladder and vagina are less frequently involved. In the male 
the testicle, epididymus, tunica vaginalis and prostate vesicles are 
sometimes affected. ‘The swelling and induration of the affected 
organ, or the existence of hydrocele, may be noted. 

Tubercle of the Udder. From the mass of blood passed 
through the udder it is specially exposed to infection whenever 
the bacilli enter the circulation. It may also be directly infected 
by the entrance through the teat, or a trauma, of the bacillus of 
‘the stable dust. There may be for a time only a slight general 
swelling which leads to no suspicion on the part of the milker, 
and as the secretion is not arrested, a dangerous product may be 
distributed. At this stage the lobules on section appear swollen, 
gray, with paler or yellowish points and minute heemorrhages. 
‘The milk ducts contain coagula and bacilli (Bang). In other 
cases, usually more advanced, the gland is hard, nodular, en- 
larged, and shows a marked thickening of the walls of the smaller 
milk ducts and secreting follicles, with yellowish and even cas- 
-eous and calcified centres. The gland is often greatly enlarged, 
the milk suppressed or completely altered, and tubercular neo- 
‘plasms or ulcers exist in the larger ducts. 


480 Veterinary Medicine. 


Tuberculosis of the Brain and Spinal Cord. As noted in 
Volume III. this occurs in young cattle especially in the form of 
tubercles of all ages attached to the pia or arachnoid, on the brain, 
or cerebellum, or in the ventricles, also in the cerebral matter, in. 
or on the lumbar enlargement of the cord or on its pia. Several 
cases have come under my notice in the mature cow. 

Tuberculosis of the Eye. ‘This has been seen mainly as a re- 
sult of experimental inoculation, yet casual cases also occur in 
the cornea, sclerotic, iris or choroid, the product undergoing early 
necrosis and softening into a yellow mass filling the different. 
chambers. 

Tuberculosis of the Bones. ‘Though less frequent than that of 
internal organs this is not rare. It usually attacks the spongy 
tissue, near the articular extremities, or the vascular line between 
epiphysis and diaphysis, giving rise to considerable exudate, 
thickening of the bone and arthritis. The vertebra, ribs, 
sternum, petrous temporal, frontal and occipital also suffer. Sec- 
tions of the bone show dilatations of the cancelli, filled with the 
characteristic non-vascular groups of giant, epithelioid and 
lymphoid cells with, at times, softened and caseated centres.. 
The adjacent bone is congested and softened, so that the detach-. 
ment of epiphysis and apophyses is not uncommon. In case of 
invasion of the joints the cartilages and ligaments are the seat of 
tubercular deposits, softening, fibroid change and caseation, and. 
there is general synovitis. The cartilages of the ear (concha) 
and nose (septum) may also be invaded. 

Tubercles of the Skin. 'These are not very uncommon in cattle 
being the counterpart of the tuberculous warts and ulcers of the 
hands of butchers, tanners and others that handle the products of 
diseased animals. They may show as little pea-like nodules in 
the substance of the skin, or immediately beneath, very com- 
monly on the side of the abdomen, where their presence in life 
furnishes a useful suggestion, as enlarged masses forming raw, 
warty projections with centres of caseation, or as clusters of 
warty-like growths of this kind (grapes). 

Tuberculosis of the Muscles. This is comparatively rare in 
cattle, though by no means unknown, appearing as tubercles of 
the size of a pea and upward, in or between the muscular masses, 
often showing a caseated centre. 


Tuberculosis. 481 


Tubercle of Lymph Glands. No organs in the body suffer 
more than the lymph glands as they receive through their affer- 
ent trunks and develop the bacilli coming from any adjacent tis- 
sue to which they are subsidiary. There is also evidence to show 
that bacilli entering from the lungs or bowels may pass through 
these without apparent effect, to develop in the connected lymph 
glands. The frequent infection of the pharangeal, bronchial, 
mediastinal and mesenteric lymph glands has been already suffi- 
ciently noticed, and if the other groups suffer less it is mainly 
because the tissues from which they derive their lymph are less 
frequently infected. An intimate knowledge of the different 
groups of lymph glands is a most essential prerequisite to the 
diagnosis of tuberculosis in life, and no less to a satisfactory post 
mortem examination. The order of relative susceptibility and 
importance is somewhat as follows: Bronchial, mediastinal, 
mesenteric, hepatic, sub-lumbar, mammary inguinal, sub-dorsal, 
phrenic, intercostal (especially the first and second), pharyngeal, 
parotid, sub-maxillary, prescapular, prefemoral (stifle), prepec- 
toral, axillary, subital and popliteal. 

Relative Frequency of Tubercle in Different Parts in Cattle. 
The following table gives the seat of tubercle as noted by a num- 
ber of observers. It is open to the objection that it is the result 
of examination for diagnosis, and therefore gives the most obvi- 
ous rather than the complete list of lesions. Examination of the 
brain, bones, deep muscles and intermuscular glands, etc., was 
usually omitted. Again, as the animals were often steers, the in- 
dications as regards the generative organs are unreliable. The 
cesophagostoma nodules on the bowels have been so often mis- 
taken for tubercles that I have omitted all reference to intestinal 
tubercle. 


31 


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‘A ILLVO GHLOgdaV JO LNHD Yd *AWILLIVO JO SNVOUO LNHUHAAIC NI SHIOVHALL AO NOILAGIULSIa 


Tuberculosis. 483 


Swine. The lesions in swine, though essentially like those in 
cattle, differ in some particulars. The primary tubercles are 
more commonly pharyngeal or intestinal and mesenteric, in keep- 
ing with infection by ingestion ; caseation will often proceed to 
liquefaction, so that the tubercles appear like grumous abscesses 
with irregular outlines and vascular growths on their walls ; 
there is less tendency to cretefaction than in cattle ; the muscular 
and intermuscular tissues and the lymph glands are far more 
frequently affected ; ulceration of the pharyngeal and intestinal 
mucosz is morecommon. ‘The lungs, liver, spleen and visceral 
lymph glands are very subject to tubercle, the kidneys, uterus 
and testicles somewhat less so, and the nerve centres least of all. 
The serosze are often involved and the seat of clusters of vascular 
or caseated neoplasms (grapes). The bones and joints also 
suffer, particularly in young growing animals. 

fforse. ‘The horse suffers much less frequently than cattle or 
swine, probably largerly because of his outdoor life, his better 
tone as the result of muscular work, and the absence of the ex- 
cessive milk secretion which is secured from cows and of the 
dangers from ingestion that attend on swine. Vet according to 
Nocard, it is even more susceptible, and the disease once estab- 
lished is liable to advance more rapidly to a diffuse generaliza- 
tion. The /eséons in the lungs and abdominal cavity resemble 
those of cattle, both in nature and abundance ; tuberculous polypi 
and ulcers are more common ; the visceral lymph glands (bron- 
chial and mesenteric) are early and severely attacked ; the liver 
and spleen suffer extensively, the seroseze somewhat less so ; 
lesions have been noted in the vertebre, skin and muscles 
(Cadiot). In rare instances tubercles have been seen in the 
heart, and the aorta has been atheromatous (Cadiot). Necrotic 
degeneration, caseation and cretefaction occur as in cattle. 

Sheep and Goat. Tuberculosis is infrequent in the goat and 
especially soin the sheep, owing perhaps largely to open air life and 
their predilection for high, airy pastures. When inoculated they 
show a marked susceptibility, and under favorable conditions they 
contract the infection casually. The tubercles may be found in 
all parts of the body,—lungs, thoracic lymph glands, intestines, 
mesenteric and sublumbar glands, liver, spleen, serosze, lymph 
glands at large, vertebree, etc. There is less tendency to calci- 


484 Veterinary Medicine. 


fication than in the ox, the older tubercles remaining in the 
caseated condition or bursting and forming vomice. A common 
seat of casual tubercle in sheep is around the throat or on the 
sides of the cranium or face. 13 

More frequently than in cattle, verminousaffections (cesopha- 
gostoma columbiana, and veriulosum in the bowels, strongylus 
filariaand rufescens in the lungs, linguatula denticulata in the 
mesenteric glands, ) are mistaken for tuberculosis, hence the neces- 
sity fora careful investigation into the nature of the neoplasm, 
for the presence of the tubercle bacillus, and the absence of the 
worms and their eggs. Except in the case of the linguatula the 
lymph glands are little affected by the worms. 

Dog and Cat. The lesions are often concentrated on the respi- 
ratory or alimentary tract, but they have been noted also in the 
pharyngeal glands, tonsils, posterior nares, serosz, liver, pan- 
creas, spleen, nerve centres, ovary, uterus, testicle, epididymus, 
tunica vaginalis, prostate, heart, aorta, bones and joints. They 
follow the regular development of bovine tubercle, and caseation 
and cretefaction are prominent features. ‘These animals are especi- 
ally liable to infection by eating the left victuals from the plate of 
a consumptive owner, as well as by devouring consumptive prey, 
and the primary lesions are to be looked for along the line of the 
throat, bowels, liver and lungs. For the dog Cadiot records 
caseating polypi and ulcers on the mucosa of the larynx, trachea 
and bronchia, and Miillerand Cadiot several cases of pharyngeal 
caseating adenitis in the dog bursting externally and developing 
intractable fistulae, having abundance of bacilli in the discharge. 
These he attributes to expectorated virus from old-standing 
tubercles in the chest infecting the pharyngeal mucosa and indi- 
rectly the lymph glands. ‘The infection entering with the food 
and lodging in the follicles of the tonsils would act in the same 
way, and infected wounds received in fighting must also be 
quoted. Cats suffer from similar intractable sores, some of 
which may be traced to a tuberculous origin. The lungs are 
often extensively hepatized and of a general pale grayish color, 
but the early miliary lesions, the caseating and cutaneous centres, 
the vomicee often intercommunicating, the tuberculous bronchial 
and mediastinal glands and the bacilli show thetrue nature. In- 
testinal ulcers are common, especially on the agminated glands, 


Tuberculosis 485 


and small tubercles, in all stages of degeneration are met within 
the enlarged liver, the spleen, pancreas, kidney, etc. 

Apes and Menagerie Animals. In these tuberculosis is com- 
mon alike in the thoracic and abdominal forms, and the lesions in 
the main are those of domestic cattle. 

Chickens. ‘The lesions are common in the abdominal cavity, 
the intestines, liver and spleen being the most frequently attacked, 
while the subcutaneous connective tissue, bones and joints also 
suffer. The lungs and kidneys usually escape. The intestinal 
mucosa shows small nodules, often caseated, or ulcers; the 
enlarged and friable liver is studded with tubercles from the size 
of a hemp seed upward, gray or translucid, homogeneous or with 
central necrosis, singly or in conglomerate masses, with congested 
or hemorrhagic periphery ; spleen is swollen and permeated 
by similar deposits ; fibrinous ascitis is not uncommon; the 
abdominal lymph glands are enlarged and congested. 

The early tubercle shows a central, necrotic, hyaline area, con- 
sisting of the debris of disintegrated cells, which iscolored brown 
by picro carmine, unlike the nucleus of the pheasant tubercle 
(Cadiot). Around the hyaline centre is a zone of large epithe- 
lioid cells, the nuclei of which stain strongly in carmine. Out- 
side this is the usual zone of small, round, lymphoid cells. In 
the whole the tubercle bacilli can be made manifest by the carbol- 
fuchsin (Ziehl-Neelsen) stain. In the older and larger tubercles 
the central necrotic mass has encroached in part or in whole on 
the epithelio-lymphoid zone. 

Pheasant. ‘The lesions have the same seats and naked-eye 
vaspect as the chicken tubercle, but under the microscope the 
smallest and most recent tubercles show epithelioid cells to the 
centre, or later, the central zone presents a dense fibrous network 
enclosing open spaces and giving a mahogany stain with Lugol’s 
solution (iodine and potassium iodide) (Cadiot). There has 
been an organisation of connective tissue which has submitted to 
amyloid degeneration, making a clear distinction from the tubercle 
of chicken. 

Parrot. ‘The lesions were thus located by Eberlein and Cadiot: 


486 Veterinary Medicine. 


Cadiot Eberlein. 


Eye and periocular region, ___. -__.------------ ------ 12 14 
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Upper limbs (wings),----. 7 14 
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The skin lesions are vascular neoplasms containing bacilli and 
usually invested with a covering of horn, but sometimes, on the 
legs and feet, raw. The morbid growth may be rounded or con- 
ical, narrowing to a point. The lesions of the buccal mucosa 
begin as small, grayish swellings on the angle of the mouth, 
palate, tongue or larynx which grow out into more or less 
rounded vegetations. The Jestons of the liver and lungs are 
mostly miliary with the usual tubercular features, but they may 
grow to larger size, as a pea or bean. In the cancelli of bones and 
on their surface, the lesions resemble those of the mammal. 

The cutaneous form has been held to be the counterpart of 
warty lupus of man, the more plausibly that the disease is de- 
veloped by inoculation from tuberculous men. The arthritic 
type represents what is described as gout in parrots. 

In any case the recent miliary lesion presents the true tuber- 
cular type of a central giant cell or cells with bacilli, surrounded 
by epithelioid cells, and they in turn by small, rounded lymphoid 
globules. 


PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INFECTION. 


The estimate of the relative, early or late infection of two or- 
gans or tissues may often be made with reasonable accuracy 
from the fact that the lesions in one organ are old, caseated, cal- 
cified or sclerosed, while those in the other organ are all recent, 
with vascular environment and almost devoid of caseation or 
other degenerative process. We cannot safely predicate our de- 
cision on the greater number of old lesions in one organ rather 


Tuberculosis. 487 


than another, as the disease may have advanced much more 
rapidly in the one issue. Still less can we state with certainty 
that the disease has not entered by a given channel because no 
lesions are left to show the transit of the bacillus along its sup- 
posed course. We frequently find tuberculosis of the bronchial 
or mesenteric glands, when we can detect no lesion in the lung, 
nor intestine. The bacillus has been passed on without establish- 
ing any lasting lesion in transit. 

It is often too confidently asserted that the infected dust in- 
haled, falls directly on the air cells and determines the extensive 
pulmonary tuberculosis that ensues. So on the other hand, it 
is often too arrogantly assumed that tubercle bacilli ingested with 
food, must necessarily show their results mainly in the intestines, 
mesenteric glands and liver. That solid particles can find their 
way directly into the lungs, has long been demonstrated by the 
pulmonary anthracosis of the miner, and the deadly phthisis of 
the stone hewer and cutler. The experiments of Cornet, Tap- 
peiner and others in producing pulmonary tuberculosis, by com- 
pelling the inhalation of infected spray, corroborate this experi- 
ence very satisfactorily. Yet it does not follow that all of the 
offensive matter penetrated the air cells at once on the air in- 
haled. The heavy particles of steel, quartz and even of coal 
dust must be mainly arrested on the surface of the moist air pas- 
sages, yet, under the irritation caused by their presence and the 
consequent arrest of the ciliary motion, they would slowly gravi- 
tate downward to the pulmonary cells. Inthe case of the in- 
spired tubercular spray or dust, we must recognize the possibility 
of the approach of the bacillus to the lungs through the lymph 
and blood channels as well. The bacilli lodged in the pharynx, 
and, above all, in the tonsillar follicles, can readily enter the 
lymph vessels, and are finally poured into the lower end of the 
jugular vein, but a few inches from the right heart, by which 
they are instantly propelled into the lungs. If then the lung is 
the most receptive and least resistant organ, it may easily be that 
this is the first point where the bacillus can establish a strong 
and effective colony. Apart from this the colonization of the 
tonsillar follicles may determine a constant supply of fresh ba- 
cilli, which may gravitate down with the abundant mucus toward 
the lungs. 


488 Veterinary Medicine. 


This tuberculous colonization of the tonsillar follicles is doubt- 
less the main source of the infection of the pharyngeal lymph 
glands, which is so common in ox, pig and dog. It tends 
further to intestinal tuberculosis through the frequent swallowing 
of the products of the infected follicles. Then the infection of 
the pharynx and tonsils, whether established by inhalation or 
deglutition, may be the first step toward a secondary infection of 
the intestines. 

Again the bowels can be infected by the frequent swallowing 
of the expectorations brought up from the diseased lungs or 
bronchia. 

Conversely the lungs may be easily infected secondarily from 
preéxisting disease of the abdominal organs, and again primarily 
through the lymph channels. With tuberculosis of the cardia or 
liver the bacilli can follow the lymph vessels of the cesophagus or 
vena cava so as to reach the mediastinal glands, and from these 
glands in a state of disease they can easily pass into the adjacent 
pleural cavity and reach the lung. Or by following the mesen- 
teric lymphatics they reach the thoracic duct and enjoy what is 
virtually for them a culture fluid, until discharged into the jugu- 
lar, which, as already stated, is but a few inches from the right 
heart and lung. 

Extension through the general blood stream usually takes 
place only when tubercles have already become numerous and 
extensive ina given region of the body, and its occurence is the 
signal for a generalized tuberculosis. 

The extension from the gastro-intestinal organs, pancreas and 
spleen may be considered as a partial exception. Here the in- 
fecting blood is not the general blood stream, but has to run the 
gauntlet of the liver capillaries by which the bacilli may be sifted 
out and delayed. This arrest subjects the liver to secondary 
tuberculosis in almost all cases of abdominal tuberculosis, and 
goes far to explain the extraordinary frequency of the disease in 
this organ. Ingestion tuberculosis almost necessarily leads to 
hepatic tuberculosis, and this notwithstanding that the primary 
lesion may have been very circumscribed. 

The tuberculization of such a large vascular organ as the liver, 
however, paves the way for further extension, and if once exten- 
sively diseased, the early generalization of the infection is to be 
dreaded. 


TUBERCULOSIS CONTINUED. 
SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. 


Mictoscope and staining ; by centrifuge ; by agglutination test ; byinocu- 
lation ; by tuberculin test ; tuberculin ; reaction ; precautions, temperature 
before injection, exclusive of other illness, of parturition, abortion, heat, 
isolation, of hot building, of cold draughts, of hard floor, of faulty milk_ 
ing, privation of water, of change of food, of journey, of rude handling, 
of previous recent tests, of anti-pyretics, make special examination in un- 
thrifty, test excluded animals later, danger of infecting through thermome- 
ter ; technique ; dose ; time of injecting ; identification and record of sub- 
jects; seat of injection ; sterilization of syringe and skin; temperatures 
hourly or every second hour from 8th to 16th or later; typical reaction ; 
accurate record of feeding, watering, milking or other occasion of hyper- 
thermia or hypothermia ; passing on the value of a rise; local swellings ; 
chills ; tremors ; effect of test on general health of reacting and non-react- 
ing animal; action on parturient cows; reliability of test. Relation of 
human to bovine bacillus; varying character of microbes generally, of 
tubercle bacillus in man ; bacillus of man and bird interchangeable ; tuber- 
culosis in man and ox, similarity, coextensive, apparent exceptions, direct 
infection—man to cattle—cattle to man ; encrease of tabes ; experiments of 
Adami, Ravenel and others; experiments on cold blooded animals; 
bearing of variations of susceptibility on sanitary work. Treatment: 
when admissible ; hygiene; rich feeding ; oleaginous seeds; cod liver oil; 
pneumatic cabinet; grooming; warm bath; medicated inhalations; sul- 
phurous acid; chlorine; formaline; calmatives; carbonate of creosote; 
derivatives ; streptococcic serum; air or oxygen in peritoneum; excision 
of tubercle. Prevention ; Extinction in cattle; expense, supply of tuber- 
culin and efficient veterinarians ; appraisment ; indemnities ; vermin ; dis- 
infection ; scheduling ; control of purchases. Breeding healthy stock from 
infected ; raising healthy offspring without sterilizing the milk. Removal 
of unthrifty and suspicious animals. Removal of animals showing objective 
symptoms, or, tuberculin reaction. Generally applicable measures. Hy- 
giene of milk, butter, cheese, whey, oleomargarine. Hygiene of meat. 


Tuberculosis may be acute or chronic, yet as seen in cattle, 
from casual infection, it usually comes on very slowly and insidi- 
ously and follows a chronic course. As the symptoms vary 
according to the organs involved it will be convenient to consider 
these in turn, beginning with such as show the most diagnostic 
phenomena. 

Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Though one of the most common 
and dangerous forms of the disease this may last for months or 


489 


490 Veterinary Medicine. 


years without any suspicion on the part of the owner or caretaker 
of anything amiss. There may be an occasional cough, short, 
weak, dry, wheezing, perhaps repeated and roused by opening 
the stable door in cold weather, by leaving the stable for the cold 
outer air, by rising suddenly in the stall, by being driven on a 
run for a short distance, by drinking cold water or by eating dusty 
food. If driven for some distance, or put to draught work (ox) 
the subject blows more than the others. Sometimes even at rest, 
breathing is slightly accelerated. Yet the spirits may be as good, 
the eye as clear and full, the coat as smooth and sleek and the 
skin as soft and mellow asin health. Some such animals give as 
much milk, of as rich a quality, or, when put up to fatten, lay on 
flesh apparently as well as their healthy fellows. In favor- 
able cases percussion may elicit circumscribed areas of dulness, 
and wincing or other sign of tenderness, and auscultation may 
detect crepitation or wheezing over the same points. By covering 
the nose and mouth with a sac or blanket the breathing is ren- 
dered more labored and the morbid sounds become clearer and 
“more definite. The use of a stethoscope or phonendoscope may 
also render them more distinct. The morbid rales are more sig- 
nificant of tuberculosis if found in a number of isolated and cir- 
cumscribed spots, with healthy respiratory murmur between, than 
if simply surrounding a single extended area of flatness as is usual 
in pneumonia. Much, however, stands in the way of success at 
this early stage. The heavy muscular and bony mass of the 
shoulder covers the anterior lobe and partially muffles the auscul- 
tation sound, while it renders percussion useless. The thick 
covering of the ribs in fat animals proves a serious barrier to suc- 
cessful auscultation and percussion. ‘The varying plenitude of 
the abdominal viscera, and the rumbling, trickling, gurgling, and 
in the case of the rumen the crepitation of the contents, tend to 
complicate, obscure or cover up the pulmonary sounds. ‘There 
is usually no appreciable elevation of temperature, or a slight 
rise of about one degree takes place at distant and uncertain 
intervals so as to render it useless for purposes of diagnosis. ; 

When the disease is more advanced and the pulmonary lesions 
more extensive, the animals usually appear less thrifty on the 
same.feeding, yet fat animals are habitually killed for food that 
show quite extensive pulmonary tuberculosis. With loss of 


Tuberculosis 491 


condition, the coat loses its lustre somewhat, the hair becomes dry 
and stares in patches, and the skin loses its mobility and mel- 
lowness. The cough may be more frequent, perhaps paroxysmal 
under excitement, harsher, more short and broken, and either 
dry and husky or moist and gurgling, with a succeeding deep in- 
spiration, perhaps a moist rale. When the skin on the last ribs 
is pinched up between the fingers and thumb it is slower in flat- 
tening down to its normal smoothness, pinching of the spine at 
the shoulder or back, or it may be of the sternum, may cause 
Wincing and even moaning, and the same may come of percussing 
the ribs smartly with the closed fist. There is now more decided 
evidence of flatness on percussion on the various affected points, 
and of abolition or lessening of the respiratory murmur, which 
is replaced by wheezing, or by bronchial blowing sound, heart 
beats and abdominal crepitation or gurgling, conveyed to the ear 
more clearly through the intervening consolidated tissue. The 
breathing may be slightly accelerated even at rest, and becomes 
distinctly so on exertion. ‘The appetite fails somewhat and the 
secretion of milk lessens, or it may become more pale and watery. 
Chronic tympany occurring after meals occasionally appears, 
usually indicating tuberculosis of the glands along the cesophagus 
with pressure on that organ impairing eructation, and on the 
vagus nerve so as to impairnervous control. In connection with 
this there come on signs of generalization of the tubercle, as 
irregularity of the bowels, or enlargement or nodular induration 
of some of the superficial lymph glands, as the pharyngeal, pre- 
scapular, prepectoral, axillary, prefemoral, inguinal or mam- 
mary. Expectoration is usually abundant but it is difficult to 
secure it for. diagnostic purposes since the moment it reaches the 
pharynx it is instantly swallowed, while any that may have been 
projected into the anterior nares is licked out by the pointed 
tongue. Nocard tried to secure this through a cannula passed in 
between the tracheal rings but with very little success. Others 
have introduced the hand into the pharynx, rousing the cough by 
tickling the larynx, and attempting to bring out the expectora- 
tion in the hand. When it can be secured its solid and opaque 
flocculi may be stained and examined for the bacillus, or it may 
be inoculated on a Guinea pig, intraperitoneally, to test its viru- 
lence. If there are open vomicz or complex infection the breath 
is usually heavy and mawkish. 


492 Veterinary Medicine. 


In the most advanced stages the symptoms are very charac- 
teristic. "The subject is miserably thin and wastes visibly from 
day to day, the hair is dry and erect, most marked along the 
spine, the skin is scurfy, rigid, lousy, and clings firmly to the 
bones, the eyes are pale, deeply sunken in their sockets and 
bleary, the tears running over the cheeks, while a yellowish, 
granular, foetid, and often gritty discharge flows from the nose, 
and dries in masses around theale. The cough is weak, painful, 
paroxysmal, and easily roused by pinching the back or breast or 
percussing theribs. The breathingisliable to be hurried, even 
panting, and the animal may stand most of its time with nose ex- 
tended to obviate the oppression that comes of recumbency. All 
the visible mucose are pale and blanched, and the pulse weak 
and rapid with every indication of anemia. The temperature is 
usually raised to 104° to 105° F. and the milk secretion is com- 
pletely arrested. Indications of generalized tuberculosis become 
more marked in the enlarged glands, diarrhoea, and clouded 
(purulent), or blood stained urine with microscopic casts, and 
even anasarca. ‘The morbid sounds in the lungs have become a 
complex variety according to the nature of the lesion, blowing, 
wheezing, amphoric, friction, creaking, mucous, with the. other 
bruits conveyed from adjacent organs. Death usually occurs in 
a state of complete marasmus, after months or years of illness. 

Tulerculosis of the Abdomen. 'This usually affects the intes- 
tines, mesenteric glands, peritoneum, liver, spleen and pancreas, 
and has been known as ¢abes mesenterica, ‘The generative organs 
also occasionally suffer, in which case, an early and rather per- 
sistent symptom is sterility, with a too frequent or it may be per- 
sistent desire for the bull (nymphomania). There is usually a 
steady loss of condition in spite of good feeding, the impaired 
functions of the intestinal mucosa, but especially of the mesenteric 
glands, liver and pancreas, interfering seriously with absorption 
and assimilation. The victims are therefore known as piners. 
While there may be more or less fever, highest in the evening, 
this is by no means marked, and cough and respiratory trouble 
may be entirely absent. Indications are not lacking, however, 
of digestive trouble. Slight tympany may follow meals, and the 
bowels are irregular, costiveness alternating with diarrhcea. If 
heavy feeding is resorted to, diarrhoea is the usual result, accom- 


Tuberculosis. 493 


panied, it may be, by colic andtympany. ‘There is a tendency 
to formation of pea or nut-like nodes under the skin of the flank, 
and Kleinpaul claims that the tubercles or, vegetations on the 
rumen can be felt by manipulation of the left flank. Clearer 
evidence can often be had by rectal exploration, the tubercles 
and enlarged glands being felt on the rumen, in the knotted 
mesentery and in the sublumbar and subsacral region. 

In case of uterine tuberculosis, the nymphomania may be sup- 
plemented by a purulent discharge, and rectal exploration may 
detect the tubercles on its surface, in the broad ligaments or even 
in the enlarged ovaries. 

Great fcetor of the feeces may indicate ulceration of the mucosa, 
indigestion or impaired hepatic function. 

For a great length of time the disease may be virtually con- 
fined to the mesenteric or portal glands, or even to tHe spleen, 
while the animal enjoys fairly good health. Again, in some in- 
stances, the subject may be fat and sleek, though the rumen, 
omentum or mesentery is to a large extent literally covered with 
tuberculous vegetations. The tuberculization of the intestines, 
mesenteric glands, liver or pancreas interferes far more with the 
geueral health than does even extensive peritoneal tuberculosis. 

As the case advances it tends to generalization and winds up 
with the general symptoms predicated above of pulmonary tuber- 
culosis. 

Genital Tuberculosis in the bull is associated with nodular 
swelling of the testicle, epididymus or cord, hydrocele, and ex- 
ceptionally tubercle on the penis, or in the prostatic sac. 

Mammary Tuberculosis, This may be primary and circum- 
scribed under direct infection through a trauma or by the milk 
ducts, but more commonly it is secondary. to generalized tubercu- 
losis. It may bea rather firm, uniform, painless swelling of one 
or two quarters (usually hind ones) without at first serious inter- 
ference with milk secretion. Asthe disease advances, the follicles 
and ducts being invaded, an irregular knotted condition is de- 
veloped, the milk becomes pale, watery, semi-coagulated and 
filled with bacilli, and the climax is reached in a densely indur- 
ated condition of the gland. From the first the mammary lymph 
glands, behind and it may be in front of the organ, become 


494 j Veterinary Medicine. 


swollen, and they are finally indurated as caseation or calcifica- 
tion ensues. ‘The superficial inguinal glands often participate. 

Pharyngeal Tuberculosis. In thisa rather common localisation 
the retro-paryngeal glands and those on the side of the pharynx 
especially suffer, though the parotidean lymphatic gland and the 
sub-maxillary often participate. Enlargement and induration of 
the tonsils and ulceration of the mucosa may be present. There is 
distinct swelling of the throat or displacement downward of the 
larynx, and the enlarged or hard nodular, perhaps even shrunken, 
glands may often be detected by manipulation. The nose is car- 
ried slightly protruded and a stertor or wheeze accompanies the 
breathing. A glairy liquid may run from the mouth or nose, 
and in this, bacilli may often be detected under the microscope. 
The retro-pharyngeal glands are very subject to softening and 
liquefaction, and in such a case an obscurely fluctuating swelling 
may be detected above the pharynx when the hand is introduced 
through the mouth. 

This usually terminates in generalized tuberculosis, though it 
will often remain for a length of time the one appreciable locali- 
zation. 

Cutaneous Tuberculosis. ‘The counterpart of éuberculosis verru- 
cosa of man, this probably usually occurs by direct inoculation in 
a sore, yet the infection may reach the seat of lesion through the 
blood. It is usually represented by an irregular clustering warty 
growth, hanging more or less loosely from the skin and showing 
at points caseating centres. Bacilli may be recognized under the 
microscope. 

Glandular Tuberculosis. Aside from the tuberculosis of the in- 
ternal lymph glands already referred to, tubercles may form in 
any group of lymph glands, causing swelling, induration, fibroid 
degeneration or tuberculous abscess. Among these may be 
named the glands in front of the stifle or shoulder, at the root of 
the ear, beneath the zigoma, in the jugular furrow, the prepec- 
toral, axillary, inguinal, etc. 

Tuberculosis of the Brain and Meninges. Disorder of the cere- 
bral functions occuring in generalized tuberculosis may be held 
to point to this disease. The earlier meningeal symptoms are 
often those of excitability, timidity, spasms, visual troubles, etc., 
merging later into vertigo, hepetude, paresis, unsteady gait, local 
paralysis and coma. 


Tuberculosis. 495 


Tuberculosis of the Eye. ‘This has been seen mostly as the re- 
sult of experimental inoculation, with conjunctival and sclerotic 
congestion, corneal opacity, and the development of yellowish 
centres in the iris and choroid, from which the tubercle extends 
into the chambers. 

Tuberculosis of the Heart, Pericardium or Pleura. 'Tubercu- 
losis of the pleura is usually a concomitant of pulmonary phthisis, 
yet it may exist for a time independently, and its diagnosis pre- 
sents serious difficulties. "There may be tenderness of the inter- 
costal spaces, a friction sound in case of raw granular surface or 
vegetations, creaking from false membranes or even flatness 
low down on percussion. If these escape notice, a short painful 
cough and slightly hurried breathing under exertion, in the ab- 
sence of objective symptoms of lung disease, may lead to suspi- 
cion, but the true nature of the affection must remain in suspense. 
It usually leads to pulmonary or glandular (bronchial), and 
finally generalized tuberculosis. 

Pericardial or Cardiac Tuberculosis is usually secondary and 
may be suspected when friction is synchronous with the heart 
sounds, when the heart beats or sounds are irregular or intermit- 
tent, or when the area of cardiac dulness is greatly encreased. 

Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints. This is more common in 
calves and growing cattle, but may be present at any age. As 
affecting the vertebree it causes stiffness and unsteady gait, per- 
haps what was looked on as a simple sprain causes persistent 
lameness in spite of treatment, and a point or area of tenderness 
on pinching is manifest. In the large bones and joints of the 
limbs, the cancellated extremities, or it may be a simple process 
with its inserted tendon or ligament, shows a firm, persistent 
swelling, and there is acute synovitis of the joint. In acute cases 
in calves the epiphysis may become detached from the diaphysis so 
as to make the limb useless. In the mature animal the enlarge- 
ment and lameness may last for years without material change. 
The condition may be difficult to diagnose, in the absence of signs 
of tuberculosis elsewhere in the body, or unless the synovia with- 
drawn through a sterilized nozzle, with antiseptic precautions, 
should show the presence of bacilli. 


496 Veterinary Medicine. 
SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN SWINE. 


In young pigs, infected by the milk of the dam, there are gen- 
eral unthriftiness, stunted growth, emaciation and unhealthy 
skin, encrusted with a dark unctuous matter or scurf, asin chronic 
hog cholera. Temperature is variable on successive days, or 
times of the sameday. Digestivedisorder is manifested by slight 
colics, diarrhcea, vomiting, tympany and abdominal tenderness. 
The pig becomes pot-bellied, with hollowness of the flanks in 
front of the iliac bones, and manipulation may detect the tuber- 
culous bowels and mesentery in the form of a knotted mass, 

Roloff describes a caseous colitis with ulceration of the mucosa, 
which is probably tuberculosis. 

Enlargement of the superficial lymph glands (pharyngeal, in- 
guinal, prescapular) may be present. Traumatic infection of the 
castration sore and inguinal glands has been noted. As the dis- 
ease becomes generalized, implicating the lungs, there is a dry 
paroxysmal cough and hurried breathing, becoming more op- 
pressed on the slightest exertion. If quiet and thin enough for 
auscultation and percussion the usual morbid lung sounds can be 
heard. Unlikecattle, pigs are very subject to muscular and inter- 
muscular tubercles, and as there is a general tendency to casea- 
tion, these are usually to be found as saccular cavities with soft, 
sometimes liquid, caseated contents. The bones and joints may 
suffer, as in cattle. The tonsils are usually enlarged and even 
caseous. ‘The outer auditory meatus and the interior of the eye 
have been found affected. Cases affecting the brain were mani- 
fested by nervous disorder, rearing up on the fence, turning in 
a circle, spasms, rolling of the eyes, paresis and paralysis, often 
hemiplegic. When one or other of these indications of local dis- 
ease is found associated with the general disorder of the lungs or 
bowels, in a herd fed on raw meat scraps, milk, or the soiled 
food of tuberculous animals, the evidence is strongly in favor of 
the local tubercle corresponding to the symptoms. It is noticea- 
ble that diagnosis by microscopic examination is difficult and 
uncertain because of the relatively very small number of the 
bacilli. In the mature pig the disease may be difficult of diagno- 
sis without tuberculin, and a post mortem examination may be 
necessary to identify the disease in the herd. 


Tuberculosis. 497 
SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN THE HORSE. 


Though not a common disease in the horse yet a large nutnber 
of cases are on record, and accidental and experimental cases 
alike show that this animal is peculiarly receptive to the disease. 
The early symptoms depend on the location of the primary lesions, 
yet the general phenomena of debility, langour, early fatigue, 
unfitness for violent efforts, perspiration on slight exertion, irregu- 
lar appetite, occasional rises of temperature and emaciation may 
usually be noted. The advance is generally slow, almost imper- 
ceptible, with periods of improvement and aggravation. 

Some cases have appeared in the submaxillary and pharyngeal 
lymph glands with sore throat and were for atime mistaken for 
glanders (Ehrhardt, McFadyean). Others show a swelling of 
the appearance of cold abscess in the seat of the prepectoral 
glands (Johne, Robert). One showed widely distributed lymph 
nodes and enlarged and indurated lymph glands (prepec- 
toral, inguinal etc.) with thickening of the intervening lymph 
vessels (Cadiot). This last suffered from bronchitis two months 
before. A number of cases reported by McFadyean showed 
special stiffness of the neck, with swelling and distortion of the 
vertebral joints, due to a tubercular osteitis and periostitis, and 
associated as necropsy showed with internal tuberculosis. Cases 
of this kind occurred in the practice of McConnell, Dawes, Insall, 
Malcolm and Hill, so that tuberculosis may well be suspected in 
cases of disease of the cervical vertebrze. In all of these cases 
post mortem examination, performed at once, or after a long 
delay, showed generalized internal tuberculosis. 

When the chest is extensively affected, the symptoms are those 
of broncho-pneumonia or heaves (broken wind), there is hurried 
breathing with paroxysmal cough sometimes dry and wheezy, at 
others moist or mucous, a double lift of the flank in expiration, 
and a mucopurulent discharge from the nose, sometimes streaked 
with blood. Auscultation detects a varying force of the respira- 
tory murmur at different points, with more or less wheezing. 
Blowing and other sounds conveyed to the ear through the solidi- 
fied lung tissues are more rare or less marked. Percussion may 
show general resonance, encreased at emphysematous points, and 
diminished in small circumscribed areas, the seats of tubercle or 


32 


498 Veterinary Medicine. 


consolidation. There are of course the attendant debility, inap- 
petence, fever and steadily advancing emaciation. In some cases 


the enlarged tracheo-bronchial glands are seen to bulge forward 
between the two first ribs, and by the sides of the trachea. Stock- 
ing of the limbs is frequent. 

Abdominal tuberculosis is most common in the young foal and 
when not secondary, may be due to feeding on tuberculous milk, 
especially in those brought up by hand on cow’s milk. There is 
debility,emaciation, aneemia, irregular appetite, digestive disorder, 
constipation alternating with diarrhoea, colics, pot-belly, falling 
in beneath the lumbar transverse processes, dry, harsh, scurfy 
skin and advancing marasmus. Rectal exploration will usually 
detect the enlarged sublumbar and mesenteric glands, and the 
simultaneous manifestations of disease of the lungs, superficial 
lymph glands, throat, or bones serve to identify the disease. 

In the advanced stages of tuberculosis in solipeds polyuria is a 
frequent phenomenon (Nocard) tending to hasten the general 
anemia and marasmus. 

The patient often works for months or years but with gradually 
encreasing debility, which is soon fatal after the occurrence of 
generalized tuberculosis. 

In estimating the nature of the disease, indications may often 
be drawn from the environment, feeding, etc. Nocard as the re- 
sult of a careful study of the morphology and habits of the bacilli 
has shown that the more purely abdominal form of equine tuber- 
culosis is near akin to that of the chicken, while the pronouncedly 
pulmonary form resembles the human type. McFadyean on his 
part adduces a number of cases of tuberculosis in horses that 
had been fed largely on cows’ milk, a most significant fact con-- 
sidering that such a ration is rare for this animal, and that few 
horses contract tuberculosis casually. Exposure therefore to the 
sputa of man, of the nasal or bowel products of birds or to the 
milk of cows, may suggest the probability of tuberculosis in a 
horse with chronic anemia, debility and wasting. 

The discharges from the nose of the affected horse are more 
available than those of cattle for examination and experimental 
inoculation, yet in many occult cases the diagnosis by tuberculin 
is the only reliable resort. 


Tuberculosis. 499 
SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN SHEEP AND GOATS. 


The tubercles have been usually found post mortem in these 
animals or as the result of experimental inoculation, and symp- 
toms have not been well recorded. They follow the same order 
as in the ox, weak husky cough, wheezing and other rales in the 
lungs, disorders of the digestive organs, swollen lymph nodes 
and glands, and caseated products in those that were of some 
standing. I have found these latter especially, in the region of 
the throat in high bred rams kept in confined buildings or yards 
and highly fed to prépare for Jetting or sale. These lose in vigor 
and activity and scrofulous swellings form on the neck, head or 
elsewhere and become rapidly caseated. In German abattoirs 
tuberculous sheep proved 0.1 to 0.15 per cent. In Saxon goats 
the percentage was 0.6. 


SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN DOGS AND CATS. 


These follow in the main those of consumptive cattle. As the 
infection generally enters with food, the early symptoms often 
point to disease of the throat and alimentary tract, while the later 
ones involve those of the respiratory organs as well. Impaired 
and capricious appetite,debility, early exhaustion under exertion, 
emaciation, sunken pallid eyes, apathetic expression of the face, 
lack of life and gaiety, a knotted feeling of the abdomen if the 
region is flaccid, anda tense fluctuating sensation if ascitic, with 
usually enlargement of the superficial lymph glands are noticeable. . 

When the chest becomes affected there is the hurried breathing, 
quickly encreased by exertion, panting, paroxysmal cough, 
wheezing, and the various morbid rales in the chest, crepitant, 
friction, creaking, blowing, cavernous, mucous, etc. On per- 
cussion, flatness is detected in limited areasin a number of centres. 
Expectoration is usually promptly swallowed and can only be 
secured with difficulty for examination. 

When tuberculous sores and fistulee occur in the region of the 
throat or elsewhere, the evidence is patent and the bacilli can 
easily be found in the discharges. 

In cats the course and symptoms do not materially differ. In 
both animals the history usually shows the connection of house 
life and the habit of eating after tuberculous persons. 


500 Veterinary Medicine. 
SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN BIRDS. 


In the gallinaceze there may be inappetence, vomiting, diarrhcea, 
with hurried breathing, sneezing, and the general phenomena of 
debility, weakness, advancing emaciation and anzmia, the comb 
and wattles becoming pale and flaccid and the visible mucosz 
bloodless. ‘The eyes are sunken and lack lustre, the head sinks, 
the wings and tail droop, and weight is steadily lost. When the 
bones and joints of the legs and wings are involved the local 
swellings and distortions are visible indications of the trouble. 

In parrots these local swellings and particularly the horn-cov- 
ered vegetations on the face and around the beak are characteris- 
tic. 

Canary. Tuberculosis is common in the canary, contracted, 
as in the parrot, from man, with whom alone the caged bird 
comes into dangerous contact. The interchange of the disease 
between pet birds and their owners would demand the exclusion 
of such from the rooms of consumptives, and a careful watch for 
indications of disease of the air passages with marasmus, that the 
bird may be disposed of before it has become a source of danger. 


DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS. 


It is needless to repeat the various symptoms of tuberculosis ac- 
cording toits different seats and the degree of its extensionin the 
animal body. In cases in which the indications are slight, 
greater importance may be given to them through the knowledge 
of the existence of more advanced or decided cases in the same 
herd, or the necropsies of animals taken from it. Vet in the 
average herd it is safely within bounds to say that three-fourths 
of the affected cattle will escape condemnation if we employ ob- 
jective symptoms alone. In one herd of seventy head, in which 
the tuberculin test condemned twenty-four head (being 50 per 
cent. of the mature animals), I left the examination after 
slaughter to the veterinarian of the A. J. C. C. who was at the 
time skeptical as to the value of the tuberculin test. He wrote 
me afterward of his surprise at finding every one of the twenty- 
four condemned animals tuberculous, when not one of them had 
shown symptoms by which he could recognize the disease in life. 
This is no exceptional case, and may be advanced rather as a 
typical example of the ordinary infected country herd. 2 


Tuberculosis 501 


Microscopic detection of the bacillus in the expectoration may 
be successful in the horse with pharyngeal or pulmonary tuber- 
culosis, but fails in those forms that affect the other internal 
organs. It-is all but useless for the expectoration of cattle and 
dogs. When there is cutaneous tuberculosis or a tuberculous 
fistula this is much more valuable, and it is especially useful in 
dogs and parrots. 

The precipitate in the centrifuge will often show the bacilli 
that are present in milk, but in very many cases of tuberculosis 
the bacilli are not present in the milk. 

The centrifuge used on the uvime may also succeed when kid- 
neys, bladder or prostate are affected, but the bacilli are rarely 
found in the absence of disease of these organs. "The smegma 
bacillus is a source of fallacy. 

The serous effusions in the affected sevose (pleura, peritoneum, 
pericardium, synovial cavities) may also be centrifuged and the 
presence of the bacilli revealed. 

The agglutination test of Arloing and Courmont though often 
giving positive results, (95.5 percent. in pulmonary tuberculosis, 
50 per cent. in surgical, Arloing and Courmont ; 40 per cent. 
Knopf ; 25 to 50 per cent., Lartigan) ; yet proved too unreliable, 
and frequently gave positive results when tuberculosis was absent. 
The best medium for cultures to be so used is 6 per cent. gly- 
cerine bouillon, and the age of the tuberculosis culture 8 to 12 
days. One part of fresh blood serum of the suspected animal in 
a sterilized capillary tube is added to ten parts of the bacillus cul- 
ture, and the tube placed in an oblique position. In 2 to 24 
hours a fine sand-like material precipitates along the sides of the 
tube, and the microscope shows the bacilli in clumps, absolutely 
still without even Brownian movements. Gallemaerts found that 
it proved very satisfactory with the serum of Guinea pigs after 
three days from intraperitoneal inoculation, was less marked 
after inoculations subcutem, and that in man the agglutination 
appeared in influenza and pneumonia in the entire absence of 
tuberculosis. Such an uncertain test cannot be utilized in vet- 
erinary sanitary work. 

Experimental inoculation with milk, expectoration, morbid dis- 
+ charges, the scraping of nodules, etc., is much more searching, 

and will detect more cases than the microscopic examination, 


502 Veterinary Medicine. 


But it fails entirely in cases in which the milk of unquestionably 
tuberculous animals is free from bacilli, or in which the local 
nodule or discharge tested is itself free from tubercle. It is a 
test of the local lesion and not of the entire animal system. 

In choosing a subject for inoculation, the first consideration is 
that it must come from a healthy stock and be itself free from 
tuberculosis. Next, it must be of a species actively susceptible 
to the habitual tuberculosis of the animal from which the inocu- 
lated matter is taken. Thus for man, ox, dog and parrot, the 
Guinea pig is especially appropriate, while for gallinaceze and 
horses, the rabbit is to be preferred. Inoculation is usually made 
into the peritoneal cavity. 

Asa period of two or three weeks is usually necessary to 
allow of an extensive development of tuberculosis, the method 
must be too often discarded on account of the delay in obtaining 
results. 

Tuberculin test. Many stock owners still entertain an ignorant 
and unwarranted dread of the tuberculin test. It is quite true 
that, when recklessly used by ignorant or careless people it may 
be made a root of evil, yet as employed by the intelligent and 
careful expert itis not only perfectly safe, but it is the only 
known means of ascertaining approximately the actual number 
affected in a given herd. In most infected herds, living under 
what are in other respects, good hygienic conditions, % or 34 are 
not to be detected without its aid, so that in clearing a herd from. 
tuberculosis and placing both herd and products above suspicion 
the test becomes essential. 

Tuberculin is the bouillon in which the tubercle bacillus has. 
been grown, charged with the toxic products of its growth, but 
which has been raised to a boiling temperature to destroy all 
germ life, and from which the dead germs have been removed by 
“passing it through a porcelain filter. When a physiologicaldose. 
of this has been injected, subcutem, into the suspected animal, 
it has no effect on the non-tuberculous, while in the tuberculous. 
it produces, in the course of the next 24 hours (usually from the 
8th to the 16th), a steady rise of temperature by 2° F. or more, 
followed by a slow subsidence to the normal. ‘This may last for- 
from three to ten hours in different cases. 

Among the precautions may be named : 


Tuberculosis. 503 


1. The temperature of the animal is best taken at intervals, or 
at least, morning, noon and night, on the day preceding the in- 
jection to see that the subject shows no habitual rise at any time 
of the day. Yet in busy field work the one night temperature 
taken just before injecting will rarely fail to give a satisfactory 
normal as a standard for the animal. Any quotidian rise almost 
invariably reaches its climax at night. 

2. The subject must be in good general health. If there is 
present in the system any concurrent disease it may undergo an 
aggravation within twenty-four hours and give a rise of tempera- 
ture that will be mistakenly set down for tuberculosis. At the 
very start, therefore, it is important that the general health of 
the subject should be first assured by a critical professional ex- 
amination. If some other disease is present the tuberculin test 
had best, as a rule, be delayed until that has subsided, while if 
tuberculosis is found the test will be superfluous. 

3. The subject must not be within three weeks of parturition, nor 
. about to abort. In many cases, though not in all, as preparations 
are made for calving, the system becomes unduly susceptible to 
the presence of tuberculin and that agent will cause a rise of 
temperature, though no tuberculosis is present. Unless this 
source of error is carefully guarded against the most valuable 
cows in the herd may be condemned unjustly. 

4. The cow must not be within three days of the period at pion 
“* heat’? would naturally occur. Under the excitement of cestrum 
the body temperature usually rises two or three degrees, and if 
tuberculin has been used this rise may be attributed to tubercu- 
losis and a sound animal may be condemned. Nor is it always 
enough that the animal is supposed to be pregnant. Abortions 
sometimes take place unexpectedly and unknown to the owner. 
If, therefore, a cow under the test and which is not well advanced 
in pregnancy should show a tise of temperature it should be at 
once ascertained’ whether the dnimal is notin ‘‘heat.’’ If symp- 
toms of ‘‘ heat’’ are found she should be set aside along with any 
calving cows to be tested again when such a source of error is no 
longer present. 

5. The tested animal must not be exposed to a hot sun in a 
closed area. In excess this will cause heat apoplexy, and the 
fever heat which ushers this in, may easily be mistaken for the 
indications of tuberculosis. 


504 Veterinary Medicine. 


6. Cattle taken from pastures must not be enclosed in a hot, 
stuffy stable. While they must be tied up to allow of the tem- 
perature being taken at short intervals, coolness and ventilation 
should be secured in summer by a sufficient air space and the 
requisite ventilating openings. , 

4. Exposure to cold draughts between open doors and windows, 
or to wet or chilly blasts out of doors should be carefully guarded 
against, A chill proceeding from any source and alike in the 
presence or absence of tuberculin causes a rise of the internat 
body temperature. 

8. Heavy cows unaccustomed to stand on hard boards may 
have a rise of temperature in connection with resulting tenderness of 
the feet. One must avoid hard floors on the day of the test or 
make examination of feet and allow for attendant fever. 

9. Omission of the previous milking or a change of milker and 
consequent retention of part of the milk will raise the temperature 
of a nervous cow, and in careless hands secure an erroneous con- 
demnation. 

10. Privation of water at the regular time will often cause rise 
of temperature especially when on the dry feeding of winter. I 
have seen a general rise of two degrees and upward from the 
delay of watering for a single hour, while after watering the 
temperature went down to the normal and remained so. Water 
always tends to a temporary lowering of temperature but in the 
presence of tuberculosis it soon rises again. 

11. Change of food zs liable to produce a slight indigestion and 
rise of temperature. ‘This should be avoided as far as possible, 
and when a herd is taken up from pasture for the test, it should 
have grass, ensilage or other succulent food. 

12. Cattle just from a long journey by road or rail, or other 
cause of violent exertion are liable to have an elevated tempera- 
ture from the leucomain poisoning. Such should be left at rest 
until the transient fever shall have subsided. 

13. Violent handling of nervous cows in taking the tempera- 
ture must be carefully avoided. The operator who cannot handle 
them gently is not fit for this work. 

14. There must be evidence that the animals have not been re- 
peatedly tested at short intervals shortly before. Ina number of 
instances I have found a proportion of the cattle irresponsive to 


Tuberculosis, 505 


tuberculin, though a post mortem proved the presence of tubercu- 
‘losis. Unscrupulous men, wishing to sell on a guarantee, can 
avail of thisin animals so unaffected by the test. 

15. The operator must have absolute control, even of the feed- 
ing and watering of the animals on the day of testing. Other- 
wise the rise of temperature may be prevented by a liberal use of 
antipyretics and a false guarantee may be secured. 

16. An unthrifty animal, having general symptoms suggesting 
tuberculosis, must be subjected to the most critical examination 
in addition to the tuberculin which in such animals often fails to 
cause hyperthermia. Fortunately in such animals the tubercles 
are usually numerous and extensive enough to be discovered 
through objective symptoms. 

17. Animals excluded from the test by reason of some individ- 
ual unfitness at the time (parturition, cestrum, obortion or any 
other disease) must be marked and held for the test later after 
such disqualification shall have passed. 

18. The operator must bear in mind the possibility of trans- 
ferring other diseases from animal to animal, by contact, by the 
use of the same hypodermic needle on two in succession, and 
above all by the clinical thermometer. Diseases like contagious 
abortion, which present no obvious symptoms in the intervals, 
are especially liable to be carried in this way, and instances of 
the active extension of this after a test, have come under my 
notice. ‘The operator should always enquire carefully as to the 
existence of abortions and sterility in the herd, put the aborting 
animals by themselves, using a special thermometer upon them, 
and carefully washing the hands before going to othercattle. It 
is well further to clean the thermometer after each animal and 
disinfect it with carbolic acid solution (5:100). 

Dose of Tuberculin. Of the usual American preparation 2cc. 
(30 drops) is adapted to a cow or ox of 1,000 to 1,200 pounds. 
For larger and smaller animals a moderate encrease or reduction 
must be made, yet a considerable latitude is allowable. The 
new-born calf will take five drops and the animal of 700 pounds 
25 drops. 

Technique of the Operation. Lapses are so easily made when 
dealing with a large herd and are so dangerous that a regular 
plan should be systematically followed. The following will be 
found simple and convenient: 


506 Veterinary Medicine. 


1. Inject the herd at 10 or 11 P. M. to secure a good rest and. 
be fresh for the rise of temperature early next morning. 

2. Before injecting have the subjects arranged in order and. 
record them by name or other means of identification, with age, 
sex, breed, weight, pregnant or not, past or prospective date of 
calving, abortion, indications of disease, temperature taken just 
before injection and appropriate dose. 

3. Inject into the loose connective tissue on the side of the 
neck, the animal being held by the nose, if necessary, by an 
assistant. 

4. Use a syringe which has not been employed for any infec- 
tious products, and see that it is thoroughy cleansed and disin- 
fected by boiling or by filling it with a carbolic acid solution. 
(5:100). 

5. After drawing the appropriate dose into the syringe, wipe 
the nozzle and dip it in strong carbolic acid before inserting it 
into the skin. ‘This safely disinfects any virulent matter that 
may be lodged on the surface of the skin, and obviates those in- 
fected swellings and abscesses that have been a cause of com- 
plaint by stock owners. 

6. When the nozzle is withdrawn from the skin, wipe it and. 
dip it again into the strong carbolic acid to prevent any risk of in- 
fecting the tuberculin into which it is to be plunged. 

7, The nozzle is much more easily inserted in the skin if the 
latter is pinched up so that the needle will transfix it at a right 
angle, instead of passing through a greater amount of the dense 
tissue because of the obliquesdirection. An excited animal with 
a thick, dense hide and a contracted panniculus muscle will offer 
serious obstruction which lessens greatly as the subject gets over 
its excitement and the muscle relaxes. 

8. Temperature should be taken at 6 or 7 A. M., eight hours. 
after injection of tuberculin, and every two hours thereafter, 
until the sixteenth hour. 

g. If any subject shows no rise of temperature until the 16th 
hour after injection, its examination may be discontinued, but if 
it shows a slight rise toward the 16th hour it should be continued 
until it has shown a distinct reaction with steady rise and fall, or: 
until, without such distinct reaction, the temperature descends to- 
the normal. 


Tuberculosis. 507 


1o. If one has shown a distinct reaction but is still rising at 
the 16th hour, it should be continued till it begins to fall. The 
typical reaction is one in which the rise and fall are both gradual, 
and extend over a number of hours. 

11. In recording the temperatures, there should be noted the 
exact time of each feeding, watering and milking, or any other 
condition (change of weather), which may in any way affect the 
heat production or radiation. 

12. In old, emaciated animals and in second or third tests, 
Pearson uses twice the usual dose of tuberculin or more. 

Tuberculosis Reaction. With slight variations different opera- 
tors make their estimate of tuberculosis reaction on nearly the 
same general basis. A rise of 2° F. over the highest temperature 
of the day or days before, in the absence of any other appreciable 
cause, and provided that the elevation has followed the tubercu- 
losis type of gradual rise and fall, is held to condemn. If, how- 
ever, this rise does not exceed the normal average, if the tem- 
perature before injection did not exceed 100° and that after in- 
jection 102°, the case may well be held in doubt and reserved for 
re-testing. If, on the contrary, the initial temperature of the 
animal was 103”, and there was, between the 8th and 16th hours, 
a gradual typical rise and fall, reaching 104° or a little over, in 
the absence of any other cause for this, the subject would be con- 
demned. Cattle having an initial temperature of 103° or above 
are not favorable subjects for the test, except in the case of 
calves in which the temperature is normally higher and the re- 
action must reach a higher point. In all cases of doubt it is well 
to hold for a second test, unless urgent sanitary considerations 
demand that a herd should be freed from the infection in short 
order. Then it may be better to risk a single error, with the 
concurrence of the owner, than to leave a possible centre of infec- 
tion in the herd. 

Local swelling in the seat of injection may be charged to lack 
of antiseptic care, or the presence of septic germs in the system 
of the animal prior to injection. 

A chill during the period of reaction is not uncommon, especi- 
ally in cold weather, or in a draught of cold air. The coat may 
stare along the spine in patches, or generally, tremors may be 
seen on the body or limbs, and a clammy coldness invades the 


508 Veterinary Medicine. 


ears and horns, and especially the points of the hocks and ischia. 
The back is sometimes arched and the feet drawn together some- 
what. . 

In the absence of any source of excitement the head may be 
less elevated, the ears lopped forward or drawn back, and even 
the eyelids may droop somewhat. These phenomena may last 
for a few minutes or for an hour or two. 

In testing other genera consideration must be had of the differ- 
ent normal temperature (horse 99.5°, dog 98.5°, sheep or pig 
103°, bird 106°), and the varying susceptibility to tuberculin, 
the Guinea pig requiring a maximum dose relatively to its size 
and man or horse a minimum. 

Effect of Tuberculin Test on the Later Average Health of the 
Animal Reacting. ‘The transient fever and reaction on the day 
after injection modifies the milk secretion temporarily to a certain 
extent in ratio with the hyperthermia. The consensus of veter- 
inarians of the largest experience, and the voice of the Interna- 
tional Veterinary Congress at Berne in 1895, oppose the doctrine 
of any continuous effect on the health even of the tuberculous. 
Yet in the case of Governor Morton’s large herd of Guernseys a 
careful record of temperatures showed that for weeks after the 
test the reacting animals presented oscillations which were not 
shown before, and which were not found to occur in the sound 
animals. In the activities of sanitary work such indications are 
easily missed. 

Effect of Tuberculin Test on Sound Animals. In 18941 tested 
this on a number of thoroughbred Jersey and grade cows, inject- 
ing them six times at intervals of from five to fourteen days. It 
led to no appreciable change of the general health as shown by 
the temperature, breathing, pulse, yield of milk or its quality. 
Careful analysis was made of the milk at each milking, and in 
two animals soundness was attested by fost mortem examination. 
Similar tests made by the Bureau of Animal Industry and others 
led to the same results. Cows in which the yield of milk was on 
the gain continued to encrease in the same ratio as those that had 
not been injected, and those in which it was on the wane showed 
no more rapid decrease. ‘The butter fats and total solids showed 
no variation more than appeared in the healthy. 

Action of Tuberculin on Parturient Cows. The testimony of 


Tuberculosis. 509 


Bang, Eber and Pearson, based ona very extensive experience, 
would indicate that the tuberculin test is not forbidden by the 
parturient condition. Eber concludes that unless the initial tem- 
perature materially exceeds 39.5° C. (103° F.) the parturient 
state is no barrier to successful testing. My own experience, on 
the contrary, is that a considerable proportion of parturient cows 
give a reaction when the initial temperature did not exceed 
103” F., and when no sign of tuberculosis could be found. As 
an example, a cow in high condition, with an initial temperature 
of 102.8° F., rose gradually from the eleventh hour after injec- 
tion and reached 106.3° by the eighteenth, a rise of 3.5°. From 
the record she was not due to calve for three months, but a fort- 
night later, when already killed and laid open, she showed all 
the signs of parturition, a fully matured calf, and not a trace of 
tubercle. ‘This is far from unusual, and I am convinced that 
many errors will be avoided by refusing to condemn parturient 
animals or those within a couple of weeks before or after parturi- 
tion on the tuberculin test alone. 

Reliability of the Tuberculin Test. Even in the most careful 
hands the tuberculin test cannot be held to be infallible. A cer- 
tain véry small proportion of cows react without the recognition 
of any tubercle post mortem, some because of other bodily condi- 
tions, like parturition or abortion, but in skilled hands these may 
be ignored in ordinary sanitary work. Pearson claims to have had 
but 8 such cases in 4400 cows that gave a typical reaction. He 
suspects that some of these even had undiscovered tubercle, and 
Nocard thinks that all such cases are tobe explained in this way. 
On the other hand a very few really tuberculous animals fail to 
react, some in connection with advanced disease, some because of 
repeated previous tésting, and some because of the introduction 
of antipyretic agents into the system, but such cases can either be 
detected and controlled or are so infinitesimal in numbers, that 
they can safely be ignored in sanitary work. In skilled hands, 
the tuberculin test will show at least =° ths of all cases of tuber- 
culosis, when other methods of diagnosis will not detect #5 th. 
See above case of herd where objective symptoms showed noth- 
ing, yet tuberculin condemned half the mature cattle, and post 
mortem confirmed this, the skeptical veterinarian being judge. 


510 Veterinary Medicine. 


The Relation of the Bacillus Tuberculosis of Man to that of Cat- 
tle. On the discovery of the bacillus tuberculosis it was largely 
assumed that it was the same in all tuberculous animals, in all 
organs and inall circumstances. But it was soon found that the 
bacillus of chicken tuberculosis differed materially from that -of 
the mammalian, that it could be inoculated only with difficulty on 
cattle or Guinea pig, as could that of the latter on the bird. The 
bacillus of the chicken found a most receptive home in the rabbit 
and horse, and was more easily started in artificial culture in 
glycerine bouillon, than was that of man or ox. But presently it 
appeared that the affinities and disparities did not end here. The 
bacillus from man or ox led to much more pronounced lesions in 
Guinea pigs than in rabbits, and the abdominal bacillus of the 
horse was inoculable on the chicken. Both horse and parrot 
proved receptive to the bacillus from man. Swine, like Guinea 
pigs showed a receptiveness to the bacillus of man or ox. The 
bacilli from the sputum, open tuberculous sore, or bones of man 
showed less virulence for Guinea pigs and rabbits than did those 
from tubercles in the human lungs and liver. The bacillus from 
the ox showed a greater virulence toward rodents and other small 
animals than did the bacillus from man. The bacillus of human 
sputum inoculated on the ox did not habitually cause generalized 
tuberculosis, but often a local tubercle or group of tubercles, 
and sometimes the inoculation wound healed without permanent 
lesions. These last points were seized upon to sustain a doctrine 
of probable duality for the microbe of tuberculosis, but if duality 
it was quite evident it could not end there, but must be extended 
to multiplicity, each small group of genera having a tubercle 
bacillus peculiar to itself. Those who thought their interest lay 
in arresting all sanitary control of tuberculous cattle and their 
products, became urgent in opposition to active government meas- 
ures, demanding mathematical proof of the infection of man from 
cattle, under conditions that would exclude the remotest possi- 
bility of the introduction of infection from another source. "The 
clearest and most. abundant circumstantial evidence would not 
suffice, they must have direct experimental inoculation under con- 
ditions of precaution against outside germs, which were practi- 
cally impossible in any community, conveniently ignoring that 
such inoculation, if successful, would have amounted to man- 


Tuberculosis 511 


‘slaughter, and that no such experimental evidence has been had, 
or can be had, of any of the deadly diseases of man. Infection 
by exposure and accidental inoculations can be had in abundance, 
just as they can in tuberculosis, but never under the rigid pre- 
cautions which would exclude the possibility of extraneous infec- 
tion. 

The subject has assumed such importance that I may be excused 
for introducing a portion of my paper read before the New York 
State Medical Society in 1900. 

1. This Variability is Common to Microbes Generally. Certain 
bacilli, like those of anthrax, grow in the living body as rods 
only, but become long filaments in given artificial media.. They 
produce no spores in the living tissue, but do so readily in the 
carcass or soil. Transferred from ox to ox they are generally 
fatal, but if grown for several generations in Guinea-pigs, and 
‘then transferred to cattle, the resulting disease is slight (Burdon- 
Sanderson, Duguid, Greenfield). Rabies passed from dog to 
‘dog is almost constantly fatal, but if passed through the ape and 
then back to the dog it is comparatively harmless (Pasteur). In 
‘both these cases the inoculated animals become immune from the 
more virulent germs, showing that they have passed through the 
actual disease in an unusually mild form. The later system of 
Pasteur is founded on this same general truth, as are also the 
methods of lessening the pathogenesis of germs by subjecting 
them to compressed oxygen, to graduated heating, to an altered 
chemical condition of the culture medium, toantisepsis, etc. For 
a time such weakened cultures often retain their lessened patho- 
genesis, even through a succession of cultures in a susceptible 
animal body, acting as if the germ were indeed a distinct species. 
But it might well have been considered that a microbe which had 
changed its aptitudes in a given environment could presumably 
revert to its original habits under the incentive of a suitable 
medium. And this is precisely what does take place. Pasteur 
has shown that the less potent rabic virus becomes more potent 
-when passed several times through the body of a rabbit, and that 
the weakened anthrax germ acquires greater force when passed 
through a series of small birds or newly-born mammals. 

To come to tuberculosis, Trudeau tells us that a culture of ba- 
cillus tuberculosis from man inoculated on the rabbit, and then 


512 Veterinary Medicine. 


cultivated for two years zz vitro, becomes much less destructive 
to Guinea-pigs, and that after six years of such artificial culture 
all the Guinea-pigs inoculated with it live for many months, some 
for two and a half years, and some even recover. ‘The usual life 
of the Guinea-pig after inoculation is seventeen days.’ All of our 
zymotic diseases have in a similar way cycles of malignancy and 
benignancy. Fora series of years measles, scarlatina, diphtheria, 
smallpox, or grippe have an unwonted mildness, and, again, one 
or another merges into a cycle of extreme and fatal malignancy. 
Rinderpest on the steppes of Asia is comparatively harmless to- 
the nativestock, but among outside cattle imported into thesteppes- 
or attacked in their native lands it is habitually fatal. Texas 
fever is mild among the indigenous cattle in the Gulf States, but: 
very deadly to Northern stock. Glanders is not at all fatal to 
horses of the plains, the Rockies, or the Sierras ; but it becomes. 
redoubtable when these horses carry it to the Eastern seaboard, 
and still more so in Western Europe. It is a common experience: 
to see a malady transformed through the effects of heredity or 
acquired immunity, through environment or the temporary miti- 
gation of virulence in the germ; and again we see the same- 
disease, no longer restrained by such inhibitory conditions, burst- 
ing forth asa malignant and deadly plague. Wehave, therefore,,. 
no warrant for the hypothesis that a pathogenic germ which,. 
under given conditions of life, has lost in pathogenesis, but not. 
in vitality, should continue forever to exist as a harmless microbe. 

2. Varying Malignancy of the Tubercle Bacillus in Man. 
Nothing is more familiar to physicians than the slow progress of 
tuberculosis of the lymph-glands and bones, on the one hand, 
and its frequent rapid progress in pulmonary, abdominal, or 
encephalic organs on the other. It has on this account been 
rather difficult to persuade many of the etiological identity of 
scrofula and consumption. In experimental tuberculosis the 
same truth constantly crops up. Arloing and his followers found 
that the tubercle bacillus from the lymph-glands of man proved 
less virulent and deadly than that from the human lungs (Lecons: 
sur la Tuberculose). As early as 1880, Creighton drew attention. 
to this in his work on Bovine Tuberculosis in Man. 


1 Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports, Bulletin 100. 


Tuberculosis. 513 


But the bacillus from the lungs is subject to variations of this 
kind. Among seven specimens of human sputum, cultivated by 
Theobald Smith, six had a fair average vitality, while the seventh 
failed to perpetuate itself on dog serum.” 

It should be strongly emphasized in this connection that the 
failure of extension and generalization of the sputum germ when 
transferred to cattle does not distinguish it from the tubercle 
bacillus as conveyed from ox toox. Everyone at all experienced 
with the tuberculin test well knows that in most herds the majority 
of the tuberculous animals show no generalization, but only a local- 
ized tuberculosis. ‘There is reason to believe that even recoveries 
take place after slight infection, and it is certain that many tuber- 
culous cattle continue for years in what appears to be good general 
health. Unless in particularly susceptible subjects or under 
specially poor hygienic conditioris, or unless in case of reinfec- 
tion, the average bacillus of bovine origin habitually fails to pro- 
duce in other cattle a rapid extension and generalization. 

3. Interchangeability of Bacillus of Man and Bird. Of all 
known forms of tubercle bacillus that of birds is the most distant 
from that of man or ox, and yet the beautiful experiments of 
Nocard? serve to establish their essential identity. Taking the 
bacillus of human sputum, which would not infect the fowl, he 
enclosed it in collodion capsules, which confined the bacilli while 
allowing transudation of the animal fluids, and left these in the 
abdomen of the chicken for not less than four months. He 
repeated this three times in succession with the product of the 
original sputum germ, and obtained a bacillus which was ac- 
tively pathogenic for the chicken, though it had been harmless 
after the sojourn of four and eight months respectively. 

This may explain the reported cases in which a flock of poultry 
have developed tuberculosis a few months after they were placed 
in the hands of a consumptive caretaker. That such transmission 
does not always occur is not surprising, considering that trans- 
mission between man and man is infrequent in comparison with 
the number of exposures. So in cattle the majority of exposed 
animals usually escape, although in such a case there can be no 
plausible explanation on the ground of a difference of germ. We 


1 Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1898, No. 111. 
2 Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, September, 1898. 


33 


514 Veterinary Medicine. 


have in-every case to consider the necessity for.receptivity ‘as 
well as infectivity, and the lack of ‘either is. a bar :to- infection. 
When, however; we assume that the most diverse tubercle bacilli 
are descendents of one original.stock, that .a large:herd must fur- 
nish some animals of more than usual susceptibility, and that 
such animals are subjected to continuous.accessions of both bacilli 
and toxins, we’ can easily understand how some of the more 
adaptable germs will in time accommodate themselves to the new 
medium. <A -Pettinkoffer, ‘with an- immune constitution or a 
specially vigorous gastric digestion, may with. impunity drink a 
culture of cholera spirillum, but the-same is not true of. the drunk- 
ard fresh from-a spree and with seriously impaired digestion. 

Bacillus. Tuberculosis in Man and Ox.  Points:of Similarity. 
The bacillus tuberculosis of cattle is in general shorter and thicker 
than those of man, but many in both’subjects are morphologically 
indistinguishable. Such differences are often far exceeded by 
different specimens of one stock. ef germ seeded on different 
media.’ There is no great difference in the thermal. death-point, 
and the viability in light, dryness, cold and putrefaction. ‘The 
tendency is in all cases: to colonize the lymph-plexus-or glands 
and to develop the specific lesions, with slight variation in detail. 
The slow development of the lesions from both forms of bacilli 
and their histological similarity is another argument’ for their 
essential identity. ‘The slow growth of both on artificial media, 
the demand of each for a medium having the same approximate 
composition, and the similar pathogenic and diagnostic characters 
of the toxic matters’elaborated by both germs bespeak a primary 
identity. The very remarkable staining qualities of tubercle 
bacillus, from whatever source it may be drawn, are no less 
remarkable. 

Tuberculosis of Man and Ox Coextensive. The prevalence of 
tuberculosis in man and ox in the same country and district is so 
frequent that it may be safely set down as the rule. Among 
ichthyophagists and great fishing communities, like the people of 
the Hebrides, Iceland, Newfoundland, Greenland, .and the coasts 
of- Hudson Bay, tuberculosis is rare. _In these countries: cattle - 
are few or absent, or, like the hardy highland kyloes of. the 
Hebrides, they are kept in the open air. The immunity of the 
people is not due to insusceptibility, since they fall ready victims 
to tuberculosis when removed to infected countries and cities. 


Tuberculosis. 515 


In Northern Sweden, Norway, Lapland and Finland, where 
cattle are scarce. and reindeer plentiful, tuberculosis is said to be 
rare, though the inhabitants live in the closest of dwellings 
through the long winter. In most. of the. Pacific islands there are 
pate) cattle, and the natives are comparatively free from, consump- 
tion. In Hawaii, since the introduction of cattle, consumption 
has increased. Australia and Tasmania, which forty years ago 
were the great resorts for English consumptives, have become in- 
creasingly the homes of infection since the development of the 
cattle ‘industry and the influx of phthisical subjects. Minnesota 
and Dakota, in the early days, were held to be incompatible with 
tuberculosis, but since the advent of the white man. and his 
stabled herds they have largely lost their sanitary. reputation. 
‘The highest known mortality, from tuberculosis to- day i is that of 
the reservation Indians of these States, who feed on raw, diseased 
beef. In. the Kirghiz steppes the Tartars subsist on the flesh and 
milk of .their solipeds, and largely escape consumption, In 
Japan, Dr. Ashmead tells us that the common people escape 
tuberculosis, while the aristocracy suffer severely. He attributes 
this mainly to the debauchery of the ruling class ; but it must not 
be overlooked that they eat freely of beef and dairy products, 
which the rice-eating poorer population do not. The same re- 
marks apply in measure to the mandarin and plebeian classes in 
China. Holden tells us that tuberculosis is rare in Columbia, 
Ecuador and on the eastern slopes of the Andes, where little or 
no milk or butter is used. It must be further borne in mind that 
in these countries all herds live in the open air, and practically 
escape infection. 

‘These examples must be contrasted with the consumers of beef 
and milk in civilized temperate countries, where the stock are 
largely kept in-doors. A general average mortality of 7 or 8 per 
cent. from tuberculosis, and the post mortem evidence in European 
and American hospitals of 33 to 50 per cent. which show tuber- 
cular lesions, recent or remote, cannot be lightly passed over, 
The contrast with our reservation Indians is still more striking. 
Holden and Treon testify that the meat furnished to the Indians 
is always poor and often diseased, and that when the stock arrives 

our hungry wards devour the internal organs raw, or, later, the 
flesh as pounded preserved meat, and still uncooked. The deaths 


516 Veterinary Medicine. 


of these Indians from tuberculosis is 50 per cent. of the total 
mortality... Dr. Washington Matthews, who spent twenty-one 
years among the Indians, gives their food as the main cause of 
the disease, and states that when the supply of fresh meat is 
liberal the death rate from tuberculosis is highest (Census of 
1880). 

If we now contrast this fearful mortality with the immunity of 
the Indians of Hudson Bay, Great Slave Lake, Alaska, and the 
North generally, we have a most suggestivé picture. It may be 
conceded that the extreme Northern Indians, being beyond the 
cereal region, have a slight measure of protection in their meat 
diet ; but the recent spread of tuberculosis like a plague among 
the inhabitants of Barrow Straits, when introduced by the frozen- 
in whalers and the relief party, is sufficient disproof of any claim of 
special insusceptibility. There can be no doubt that in this, as 
in other virulent diseases, the rule holds that the long absence of 
the infection secures the preservation of the susceptible lines of 
blood, so that when the contagion does come it finds a more in- 
viting field than in countries in which the more susceptible strains 
have been killed off and the comparatively immune have survived. 
Toward the Arctic circle the Indian must crowd into closer quar- 
ters in winter than his brother further south ; but, in spite of all, 
the beef-eating Indian is being rapidly exterminated by tubercu- 
losis, to which his brother of the north is a comparative stranger. 

Exceptions : their Explanation. This statement would be in- 
complete without a notice of exceptions to the rule. The Cape 
Town branch of the British Medical Association reports ‘‘ that 
tuberculosis is rapidly increasing there in the human population, 
while tubercle in cattle is almost non-existent.’’ ‘This finds an 
abundant explanation in the different conditions of life. The 
men live in-doors and concentrate the infection, whereas the cattle 
enjoy an out-door life and escape. Ina latitude of 30° south, 
where frost is rare, and with a dry climate (12 to 30 inches 
of rain per annum), the colonists find no occasion for housing their 
cattle, so that the conditions for the prevention of tuberculosis are 
ideal. It may be added that cattle are far less numerous in Cape 
Colony than they formerly were. The destruction first by lung 
plague and later by rinderpest has made the cattle industry ex- 


1Medical Record, August 13, 1883. 


Tuberculosis. 517 


tremely hazardous, and even before the advent of the rinderpest 
many had abandoned cattle and taken to sheep. 

Parallel cases can be found in other countries. In Egypt, the 
great.resort of consumptives, cattle are almost immune, the abat- 
toirs furnishing about one tuberculous ox in ten thousand killed. * 
From Tunis (Alix), Algiers (Sarciron, Plaise) and Senegambia 
(Lenoir) asimilar testimonycomes. Cattle imported from Europe 
tay die of tuberculosis, which is liable to assume a rapidly fatal 
type; but the native cattle, kept in the open air, are practically 
exempt. 

Jersey cattle in their native island, staked out at pasture all 
the year round, show little or no tuberculosis, whereas the housed 
Jerseys of England and America suffer severely. The cattle of 
our Gulf Coast States; kept on ranches in the open air, are largely 
immune, and the cattle of Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and the Ar- 
gentine Republic largely escape ; but the housed dairy cows of our 
Southern cities show a very high ratio of consumptives. Con- 
sumption becomes more and more deadly in the Southern negro 
even in the country localities, while the out-door cattle of the same 
districts escape. 

The absence of tuberculosis from the sanitarium herd at Saranac 
requires to be explained on adifferent basis. This herd is housed 
in winter, and infection, once introduced, would have opportunity 
to spread. The absence of tuberculosis ishighly complimentary 
to the management of theestablishment. But a similar immunity 
is the rule for all well-managed sanitariums, and not as regards 
cattle only, but man aswell. At Argeles no case of tuberculosis 
contagion to attendants occured in ten years (Ferrand). At 
Soden baths, in a village of 1500, there were in thirty-four years 
65 deaths, 15 from consumption (Hopt). At Falkenstein, in 
fifteen years, one attendant became tuberculous (Jousset). At 
Gorbersdorf the cases of consumption in the village and environs 
decreased (Knopf). At Brompton, London, in thirty-six years, 
among 150 attendants, but one became consumptive, though they 
individually served for from fifteen to twenty-four years, and 
nearly 40,000 patients had been received.* A well-conducted 


1Danzon. Etudes Expérimentale et Clinques sur la Tuberculose, Vol. i. 


Pp. 350. 
2 Etudes Expérimentale et Clinques sur la Tuberculose, Vol. iii. p. 408. 


518 Veterinary Medicine. 


sanitarium is and should be a safer place than the average com- 
munity, in which 15 per cent. and upward are tuberculous. The 
educational influence of such an institution should decrease tuber- 
culosis in the surrounding districts. 

Cases of Direct Infection from Man to Ox. Chauveau induced 
tuberculosis in cattle by feeding the tubercle from the lungs of 
man.’ 

Nocard relates that a Beauce farmer, with a finely appointed 
stable and healthy herd, in 1883 employed a dairyman who had 
cough, profuse expectoration, and occasional hemoptysis, and who 
had been several times in the hospital in consequence. He slept 
in the cow stable directly over the cows. In 1886 two cows, 
stalled immediately beneath him, showed ill health and were put - 
up to fatten, but did badly and showed extensive tuberculosis when 
butchered. The dairyman stayed until 1891,"having to go tothe 
hospital several times in theinterval. In 1892 the tuberculin test 
was applied and seven more cows were found to be tuberculous. 

Huon tells of a cow bought to furnish milk for calves used to. 
raise vaccine. She stood the tuberculin test, and was carefully 
secluded from all other cattle, but soon began to fall off, and in 
six months was very much emaciated, responded to the tuberculin 
test, and when killed showed extensive tuberculosis. Her care- 
taker at the vaccine establishment had what was believed to be 
chronic bronchitis, but when he died, soon after, this was found 
to be extensive pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Bollinger inoculated a three-months’ calf with liquid from 
human tubercle and killed it seven months later. Fibroid 
pedunculated tumors, from a pea to a walnut in size, hung from 
the mesentery and spleen, and the mesenteric and retroperitoneal. 
glands were tubercular.” 

Sidney Martin furnishes the following : Four calves were fed 
70 c.c. of sputum containing a large number of bacilli. ‘Three 
were killed after four, eight, and twelve months respectively, 
and had severally 53, 63 and 13 nodules on the small intestine, 
mostly on Peyer’s patches. ‘Two calves received at one dose 440- 
c.c. of tuberculous sputum, and were severally killed after eight 


? Arloing. Tuberculosis Congress of 1891. 
? Miinchener medicinische Wochenschrift, 1894. 


Tuberculosts. 519 


and nineteen weeks. The first had tubercular nodules in the 
intestine and mesenteric glands.’ i 

Frothingham injected into the peritoneum of two Bites ives 
and thirteen weeks old, a culture of tubercle bacilli isolated one 
year before from the liver of a child. Slight local nodules were 
produced, some like spontaneous tubercle, others granulation 
tissue. 

Theobald Smith inoculated sputum into the chest and abdonmien 
of the following : 

1. A yearling heifer, which was killed two months. later and 
showed on the pleura near the seat of infection a mass of tubercles, 
one by one and a half inch in diameter, with partly caseated 
centres ; also a nodule one-eighth of an inch on the right lung, 
and small tubercles attached to the diaphragm and omentum. 

2. A yearling injected in the same way showed in two months 
on the diaphragm a mass of tubercles two inches in diameter, and 
a second mass one inch in diameter on the ribs near the seat of 
infection. Microscopical examination failed to detect bacilli, but 
there is no evidence that they were sought by culture or inocula- 
tion. 

3. A cow injected in the chest and killed after two months 
showed tubercles of the lungs, pleura, and mediastinal glands, 
partly caseated and containing bacilli. Vascular fringes hung 
from the pleura. 

4. A cow receiving a chest injection of sputum culture and 
killed in two months showed fringes and pendulous masses on 
the pleura, with small tubercles containing cheesy matter and a 
few bacilli.’ 

Crookshank injected tubercular sputum into the peritoneum of 
a calf, which died of streptococcus infection on the forty-second 
day. It showed extensive tubercular deposits in the seat of 
injection and an abscess the size of a walnut. Nodular fleshy 
neoplasms in hundreds studded the mesentery, omentum, liver, 
spleen, and diaphragm, and small tubercles disseminated through 
the lungs and liver contained tubercle bacilli. These abscesses 
contained streptococci.*: 


1 Report of Royal Commission of 1895. 
2 Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1898, vol. iii. p. 482. 
3 Transactions of the Pathological Society of London, 1891, p. 332. 


520 Veterinary Medicine. 


The experimental inoculations of cattle with sputum by T. 
Smith, Kruse, and Adami showed a decided lack of potency in 
the bovine system, but (1) they do not show that the germ at 
once perishes in the system of cattle ; (2) they do not prove that 
this germ, if returned from the ox to man, would prove less path- 
ogenic than if carried from man to man without the intervention 
of the ox. (3) The observations of Bollinger, Baumgarten, and 
Crookshank show that under certain conditions the sputum. 
bacillus can and does produce generalized tuberculosis in cattle. 
(4) Diminished pathogenesis of the germ when passed from 
man to cattle is no guarantee that this germ, or the slightly modi- 
fied germ of casual bovine tuberculosis will prove equally mild if 
transferred from the bovine to the human patient. 

Cases of Infection of Man from Ox. 'Tscherning, of Copen- 
hagen, attended a young veterinarian who had cut his finger in 
dissecting a tuberculous cow. ‘The skin wound healed in three 
weeks, but a subcutaneous swelling persisted, an ulcer formed, 
and a tuberculous mass containing bacilli was removed. No 
secondary tubercles formed.’ A parallel case occurred ta a 
prominent American veterinarian. The disseased tissue was ex- 
cised and the bacilli identified by the bacteriologist of the uni- 
versity with which the patient was connected, and a permanent 
recovery ensued. 

Pfeiffer, of Weimar, attended a veterinarian who had been 
similarly inoculated from a tuberculous cow. ‘The patient, aged 
thirty-four years, had a good constitution and no tuberculous 
taint. The cutaneous lesion healed, but six months later there 
was tuberculosis in the cicatrix ; pulmonary tuberculosis followed, 
and the patient died of this two yearslater. At the necropsy were 
found tubercular arthritis of the wounded thumb and many 
vomicee in the lungs.’ 

The post-mortem wart (tuberculosis verrucosa cutis) is familiar 
to surgeons as occurring in butchers and tanners, and there is 
every presumption that in many cases this is of bovine origin 
(Martin du Magny, Hanot, Senn, Riehl, Paltauf, Osler). Gerber 
testifies that in exceptional cases this extends to the lymph-glands 
aud becomes generalized. 


'Nocard. Dictionnaire de Med. Veterinaire. Article, Tuberculosis. 
? Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene, Band iii. 


Tuberculosis. 521 


Dr. Stang, of Amorbach, had a five-year-old, finely developed 
boy patient, of healthy parents, destitute of hereditary taint. He 
died after a few weeks’ illness with miliary tuberculosis of the 
lungs and enormously enlarged tubercular mesenteric glands. The 
cow which supplied his milk had been killed a short time before 
with pulmonary tuberculosis.’ 

Dr. Demme, of the Children’s Hospital, Berne, had four in- 
fants, the offspring of sound parents, with no hereditary taint of 
tubercle, die of intestinal and mesenteric tuberculosis, having been 
fed on the milk of tuberculous cows. Among 2,000 tubercu- 
lous infants treated in twenty years these were the only ones in 
which he could exclude the probability of hereditary and other 
causes.” 

Mr. Howe, of North Hadley, Mass., lost a son, aged twenty 
months, from abdominal tuberculosis, three months after he had 
paid a week’s visit to his uncle and had been fed the milk of the 
uncle’s tuberculous cow. ‘The cow showed at death generalized 
tuberculosis. ‘The child had been strong and well, as were his 
parents. 

‘The four-year-old son of Colonel Beecher, of Yonkers, died 
March, 1894, of tubercular meningitis, and the two Alderney 
cows which had supplied him with milk were then proved con- 
sumptive by the tuberculin test and post-mortem examination.* 

The child of Dr. Brown, U. S. A., was similarly cut off by 
tuberculosis, having been fed on the milk of a tuberculous cow. 

Dr. C. H. Peabody had a child patient die of tubercular men- 
ingitis three months after the family cow had been killed for 
generalized tuberculosis. There had been previously no tuber- 
culosis in the family (Ernst, /zfectiousness of Milk). 

A. H. Rose, of Littleton, Mass., gives the case of a child which 
was fed for three years on the milk of a tuberculous cow and 
died with abdominal tuberculosis (Ernst). 

Gordon, of Quincy, Mass., records the case of a ten months-old 
child of healthy parents and ancestry which had been fed on the 
milk of a cow with advanced tuberculosis, and which died after 
a few weeks with acute tuberculosis (Ernst). 


lLydtin. Veterinary Congress, Brussels, 1883. 
2Nocard. Dictionaire de Med. Veterinaire. Article, Tuberculosis, 


3 New York Sun, March 29, 1894. 


522 Veterinary Medicine. 


Gage, of Lowell, Mass.,.had.an infant patient of healthy 
parents and surroundings, but which subsisted exclusively on a 
cow’s milk that contained bacilli and infected Guinea pigs. ‘The 
child died of tubercular meningitis. A second child ‘fed the same 
milk suffered in a similar way (Ernst). 

Andersen, of Seeland, reports the death from tuberculosis of a 
six-months-old child which had fed on the milk of a cow having 
tuberculosis of the udder. The mother developed symptoms of 
tuberculosis after the death of the child.’ 

Dr. Gosse, of Geneva, Switzerland, spent his Sundays with his 
family on an estate in the hills, and his daughter, aged-seventeen 
years, took great pleasure in drinking milk warm from the cows. 
Early in 1893 she sickened with an obscure illness, and after ten 
months died, revealing at the necropsy intestinal and mesenteric 
tuberculosis. The five cows on the estate were tested with tuber- 
culin; four reacted and were killed ; two showed tuberculous 
‘udders (Nocard). 

Dr. H. M. Pond reports four cases of tuberculosis in one fam- 
ily, three of them fatal. The cows supplying the family with 
milk were tuberculous.’ 

Dr. Faust, veterinarian, of Poughkeepsie, records the case of a 
family on Long Island that lost from tuberculosis 139 cows. A 
three-year-old child and two grown sons died of tuberculosis. 
Tuberculosis was unknown in the parents’ families.’ 

Dr. Kelly, veterinarian, Albany, gives the following : In a 
family of five a son, aged nineteen years, was very fond of milk 
and drank it fresh from the cow, and contracted tuberculosis. 
Some months later the farm herd of seventeen registered Jerseys 
were tested with tuberculin, and thirteen reacted and showed ex- 
tensive tuberculosis when killed. 

Dr. Cooper, veterinarian, Paterson, N. J., furnishes this: A 
child, fed on the milk of a cow, contracted tabes mesenterica. 
Examination revealed the presence of tubercle bacilli in the milk. 
The milk was then fed to ten kittens, all of which became ill and 
emaciated, and when killed showed tuberculosis. 

Such cases, in connection with the experimental inoculations, 


1 Hatch Experiment Station, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Bulletin 
No. 3. 

? Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal, 1888, 

5 Report to the Board of Health. 


Tuberculosis. 523 


furnish more than meré circumstantial evidence. ‘They are cor- 
roborated and: strengthened by the very ‘uniform diffusion of 
tuberculosis in man and stalled cattle in practically all. civilized 
countries. Of the closer connection in’ individual cases one or 
two instances may here be added as drawn from personal observa- 
tion : 

. In one case a family cow and the owner’s wife had both ad- 
eee tuberculosis. The lady consumed a good deal of the 
cow’s milk, but when she gave up its use shé felt’ decidedly 
better. 

2. The owner of a thoroughbred herd of sixty head had suf- 
fered for years from consumption, and attributed the poor condi- 
tion of the animals to lack of care since he had been laid aside. 
Without the tuberculin test, I eiepnond tuberculosis in fifty-nine 
of the animals. 

3. In a second thorougbred herd there never lacked one or 
two cases of advanced tuberculosis, two of the family suffered, 
and the eldest son, who was fond of milk and vegetable food, died 
of pulmonary tuberculosis. 

4. A dairy of common cows had seventeen out of twenty-six 
destroyed for tuberculosis, and the farmer’s wife, father-in-law, 
and two brothers-in-law had shortly before died of consumption. 
The wife felt ill in the close house air, and with her father occu- 
pied herself much about the cattle. 

5. A veterinary professor, who was meat inspector of the city 
abattoir, died a few years ago of tuberculosis, which he handled 
so constantly in his daily duties. 

6. While printing this second edition, I have before me a 
veterinarian, a strong, splendid vigorous man who has contracted 
tuberculosis in the lungs, just after making necropsies of tuber- 
culous cows. 

Stalker and Niles report that 5 persons, 20 to 30 years of age, 
of healthy ancestry, died of tuberculosis within two years, on a 
farm where 17 tuberculous cattle were found, and others had 
died in previous years, (Bull. Ia. Agr. Exp. Stat., 29). 

Leonhardt reports the death from tuberculosis, abdominal and 
meningeal, of two children, fed on the milk of a tuberculous cow, 
(Rep. N. H. Bd. of Health, 1892). 

Sontag reports the death by tuberculosis of a six months old 


524 Veterinary Medicine. 


child of healthy parents, that had been fed the milk of a tuber- 
culous cow, (Rep. N. H. Board of Health, 1892). 

Dr. I. Pearson quotes the following : 

‘A well known veterinarian, wounded in the handin opening - 
a tuberculous cow, had a tumid, intractable sore, the tissues of 
which when excised showed tubercle bacilli. 

A veterinarian, of Chester Co., Pa., in opening a tuberculous 
cow, cut his knuckle, which healed tardily, remained swollen 
and when excised, showed typical tubercular lesions including 
giant cells. ’’ 

He quotes from Hartzell the cases of two men wounded in 
cleaning cattle cars, both of whom had resulting tubercle, arrested 
in one case by excision, but in the other advanced to generalized 
tuberculosis and death. 

Bang gives the following Danish cases : 

A merchant having two chlorotic daughters secured a fine cow 
to feed them fresh milk. The cow was killed tuberculous and was 
replaced by another which also showed tuberculosis, this time 
affecting the udder. The girls died of tuberculosis at 16 and 18 
years. Two younger children fed on the milk of sound cows 
grew up healthy. 

A healthy cow became tubercular, after having been placed in 
‘the same stall in which another had died of tuberculosis. A 
child fed almost exclusively on the milk of these two cows died of 
tuberculosis. 

A peasant at Silkeborg drank freely of milk freshly drawn. 
He died of tuberculosis, as did also a cow, and later in the same 
stable, a pig. 

A peasant had an 11 year old cow with generalized tubercu- 
losis, implicating the udder. ‘The wife of the peasant, formerly 
healthy, became tuberculous shortly after the udder became af- 
fected and died at 45. A daughter who, like her mother, used 
the milk of this cow, died consumptive in the same year. ‘The 
husband who drank beer, and not milk, remained well. 

A physician fed his two children on the milk of his tubercular 
cow, and lost both from tuberculosis. Neither parent nor 
grand-parents were tuberculous. (1,. Pearson in Bull. 75, Tuber- 
culosis of Cattle). 

Thorne had reports from twenty-two Ohio physicians to the 
effect that they had traced tuberculosis in their patients to the 
use of the milk of tuberculous cows, and thirty-three who be- 


Tuberculosts. 525 


lieved they had reason to suspect the meat and milk supply as the 
source of cases of consumption. (Ohio Exp. Stat. Bull. 108). 

To these may be added the cutaneous forms of tuberculosis 
(tuberculosis verrucosa cutis), which occur on the hands of per- 
sons (butchers, tanners, coachmen, cooks, etc.), who handle in- 
fected products of animals. These have been described by Riehl 
and Paltauf, Senn, and a number of surgeons and dermatologists, 
and the relation of the occupation to the seat of the disease is con- 
‘clusive as to the source of theinfection. It isthe exact counter- 
part of the verrucosa necrogenica of the hands of persons working 
in-the dissecting rooms of medical schools, and the source of in- 
fection is equally well established in both cases. 

A strong argument for the appreciable influence of the bovine 
bacillus upon man (acting directly or indirectly through the pig) 
is that the relative death rate of Jews from tuberculosis is mate- 
tially less than that of other races. It is constantly claimed that 
orthodox Jews who eat only kosher (rabbi inspected) beef and no 
pork, suffer least of all the population from tuberculosis. Dr. 
Gerster, judging by the burial returns of the United Synagogue 
and the English Registrar General’s returns, concludes that only 
about half the relative proportion of Hebrews suffer from con- 
sumption as do other races inthe same country. Some remarka- 
ble facts come out in the report of the Royal Commission on 
tuberculosis in England. In England and Wales the disease had 
decreased 39.1 percent. in thirty-five years, but this decrease has 
been mainly in pulmonary cases, while the abdominal forms de- 
creased only 8.5 per cent. Sir Richard Thorne, indeed, says that 
in children of the first year there had been an actual encrease of 
27.7 per cent. Northrup and Still, on the contrary, present sta- 
tistics showing that in children the pulmonary form of tubercu- 
losis is the most common (Brit. Med. Jour. 1898). If in the face 
of this there has been a very material encrease of the abdominal 
form, coincident with the notorious encrease of the disease in 
dairy cows and of the bottle-feeding of infants, may we not en- 
quire how much of this is due to the greater prevalence.of bottle- 
feeding and the infected cow’s milk? It is not for a moment 
supposed that the majority of infections in children come from 
the cow. ‘The question is whether this encrease in the minority 
is not in measure chargeable on the cow. Theimpaired nutrition 


526. Veterinary Medicine. 


resulting in some instances from. the use of cow’s milk cannot 
well be. charged. with a. marked encrease of cases in which the 
mesenteric tubercles point, so directly to infection through the 
food. If it.is held that the tubercle bacilli in the milk are harm- 
“less, we wait for evidence, of the real cause. of such encrease and 
localization, »..._ ., wee 

The experiments of ‘Adami chow that tubercle j is directly, trans- 
missible from man.to ox. though usually: with decreased virulence. 
More. recently, Ravenel-using the bacillus derived from the mesen- 
teric :glands of a child, injected. intravenously two tuberculin- 
tested calves, with.5 cc. .each of the culture, producing exalted 
hyperthermia, miliary tuberculosis of the lungs, tuberculosis and 
caseation of the bronchial and.mediastinal glands, and. death .in 
17 days. . 

As showing aécommadation to. environment, Bataillon and 
Ferre found that the.bacillus (mammalian and. avian) grown in 
frogs; Dubard that grown in fishes, KrAhl that grown in. frogs, 
snakes, fishes and lizards, and Miieller that. grown in the glow 
worm, thereafter grew at summer temperature (68° F..) and grew 
poorly or not at all in the bodies of mammalia. . 

The tubercle bacillus is primarily and essentially one, -but this 
must not close our eyes to the fact that in different hosts. and 
environments it takes on very different habits;so that for the 
time and in these surroundings, it is materially modified, in its 
pathogenic attitude toward different races. Yet its ready vari- 
ability when conditions are favorable to change, renders it desir- 
able to destroy it in all its forms, and. especially in those which 
approximate most closely to those that prey on man and animals. 

An impartial review of the, whole field warrants the conclusion 
that the nineteen young (and therefore comparatively unsuscep- 
tible) cattle which in Koch’s hands failed to develop generalized 
tuberculosis after inoculation. with the virulent sputum of man, 
and the smaller numbers.that resulted in the same way under 
similar treatment in the hands of Th. Smith, Dinwiddie and 
Adami, while showing a very marked limitation in the suscepti- 
bility of the sound bovine system to weak bacilli from man, can- 
not disprove the many well authenticated cases of the transmis- 
sion of tuberculosis from cow to man andthe reverse. . The 
greater potency of the bovine bacillus over that of man, in its 


Tuberculosis... 527 


action on the small rodents and pigs, utterly. forbids. the. BBE: 
assumption that, it is on the.contrary harmless, to man. . 

If the object. of the sanitarian.. were merely to. delay. a. fatal: re- 
sult in his tuberculous patient, while .he accepted the prevalence: 
of tuberculosis as, inevitable for all future, time, the acknowledged 
lessened receptivity..of the.ox for the bacillus from, man .would 
mean more and would, be at least worthy of:a hearing, but as the. 
extinction of a disease. germ.,and. its, representative plague must 
ever be the first object, any movement toward the preservation in. 
cattle of. a germ which is deadly toman and much, more so to 
cattle, must be held as stibyersive of the prime,.purpose of sani- 
tary work, This is true even if we allow,. for the sake of argu- 
ment, that only. a few of, the bovine bacilli are capable of danger-. 
ously colonizing the, human body, and that special environment. 
is needful to-allow of. such successful colonization.. .On the other. 
hand the limited receptivity of the ox for the bacillus from man. 
is the greatest. encouragement to active work to exterminate 
tuberculosis from our herds, It is impossible. to.adopt in man 
the summary measures that are so successful in the speedy stamp- 
ing out of the plagues of the lower. animals, so that tuberculosis 
in the human family can only, be eradicated by slow degrees, and 
therefore will long continue for our-herds. the danger from 
the human side, but just so far as the susceptibility of cattle to 
human tuberculosis is limited, in the same ratio are our hands 
strengthened in effective work for the extinction of consumption 
in our herds and for preserving their soundness after they have 
once been purified. Ifthey were to be reinfected by the presence 
of any consumptive person we might well despair of success in 
face of a wide prevalence of tuberculosis in man, but since it is 
only exceptionally that cattle suffer from man, outbreaks coming 
from this source can the more easily be taken care of. In this 
view tuberculosis is approximated somewhat more closely to the 
other bovine plagues (lung plague, rinderpest) which can be 
stamped out with the greatest ease and certainty, so that as a 
purely economic measure the argument for, the speedy extinction 
of tuberculosis in our herds.is, pesntqucen: 


4 


TREATMENT ‘OF ‘TUBERCULOSIS. 


Like all dees infectious diseases’ in the lower- animals, tuber- 
culosis is not to-be profitably treated.as-a rule. In the case of 


528 Veterinary Medicine. 


specially valuable breeding animals, in which the prospective 
progeny will pay for large outlay, and when the disease is in its 
incipient stage, treatment may be warranted. The patient should 
be thoroughly separated from other animals, kept in the open air, 
or, in our northern winters, in roomy, well ventilated buildings 
facing the south, well lighted, kept immaculately clean, frequently 
whitewashed, and well drained. If there are more than one case 
every precaution named under the head of prevention must be 
adopted. Exercise to keep the muscular system in good tone is 
called for, but never tofatigue. Hence, a sheltered pasturage is 
ideal. Feeding must be liberal including a ration of grain or 
seeds, and oil bearing seeds like linseed, rape seed or cotton seed 
may be specially named. Cod liver oil alone, or etherized, is often 
of great value, with iron and bitters continued for weeks or 
months. Pancreaticextract subcutem delays the growth of bacilli, 
and in dilute solution cured one local tubercle ; with encreased 
phagocytosis. Concentrated preparations aggravate (Italia). In 
the case of specially valuable animals one may use a pneumatic cabi- 
net the principle of which is to diminish the air pressure on the 
body at large by an exhaust, while pure air for breathing, at the 
ordinary atmospheric pressure, is introduced through a tube fur- 
nished with a face piece fitting around closely beneath the eyes. 
This serves the purpose of attracting (sucking) the blood toward 
the skin and other tissues from the lungs, which in their turn are 
compressed by the air at the atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary 
congestion is in this way lessened, exudates are absorbed, necrotic 
tissue removed, sepsis counteracted, hzematosis encreased, circu- 
lation of both blood and lymph stimulated, digestion and nutrition 
improved, and general health invigorated. 

Active grooming and even the stimulating effect of cold douches 
may be invoked, the skin being rubbed actively until dry and 
warm. 

If the circulation is poor, astimulating steam or hot water bath 
of fifteen minutes, followed by a cold sponge and rubbing till dry 
may be profitably substituted. In such'cases it is well to puta 
cold sponge on the head while in the bath. 

Medicated inhalation is often valuable especially when the 
lesions are on, or near the bronchial mucosa. In 1868, Dewar met 
with most successful results from inhalation of sulphurous acid 
gas impregnating the atmosphere as strongly as the patient can 


Tuberculosis. 529 


breathe without discomfort. His own groom who had given up 
work because of advanced phthisis, under treatment of half an 
hour three times a day, became ruddy, gained weight, and betook 
himself to work again. In rabbits which I inoculated with human 
sputa, the same year, all died tuberculous excepting one which I 
fumigated three times a day for weeks. This rabbit remained 
plump and well. 

As an example of a still more irritating inhalent, I watched the 
case of a phthisical man who secured employment on the govern- 
ment disinfecting corps, in Chicago, in purifying the lung-plague- 
infected stables with chloride of lime solution, and who very soon 
began to improve, gaining weight and strength, his cough mean- 
while subsiding. 

Cervello’s use of formalin by inhalation though well spoken of 
by its inventor would seem too irritating on the delicate lungs, 
however good it is as an antiseptic. 

Inhalents may be conjoined with the pneumatic cabinet. 

Among agents used to moderate the cough may be named 
codeine, morphia, cherry laurel water, wild cherry bark, guaiacol, 
menthol, syrup of Tolu, or chloroform, or alcohol inhalation. 

As an internal antiseptic, carbonate of creosote has often 
proved beneficial. ; 

Mustard blisters on the skin covering the tubercle is claimed 
by Knopf to act beneficially by attracting the microbes from the 
delicate lungs to the more robust skin and connective tissue, 
where they can be better disposed of by the more abundant 
leucocytes. 

He has also found excellent results in complex infections in 
animals from the use of Marmorek’s streptococci serum in doses 
of 10 cc., followed after the second dose by 5 cc. every 24 hours. 
In other cases it failed of the effect (reduction to normal tempera- 
ture) evidently indicating that the hyperthermia was maintained 
by other microbes than the streptococcus. The principle is good, 
and perhaps at some time in the future a bacteriological exami- 
nation of the sputum may reveal the microbes present and sug- 
gest the sera for such complications. 

The introduction of air into the peritoneum has long been 
known to exercise a retarding and curative action on abdominal 
tuberculosis. My colleague, V. A. Moore, has lately experi- 
mented by pumping air and oxygen into the peritoneum and 
pleure in cattle slightly affected, with encouraging results. 


34 


530 Veterinary Medicine. 


I should add that isolated superficial tubercles may often be 
excised to advantage, and the part dressed antiseptically. 

It is only in exceptional cases, however, that one is warranted 
in preserving and running the danger of spreading the tubercle 
bacillus for the advantage that can be secured to individual ani- 
mals from treatment. 


EXTINCTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. 


As cattle are the great propagators of tuberculosis on the 
farm, the question of extinction necessarily centers around this 
race. As in all other dangerous infections, the most prompt and 
successful method would be in the time honored one of destroying 
the infected and thoroughly disinfecting all their products. The 
only barrier to success in such a case would be the conveyance of 
infection anew from man to cattle after the herd had been puri- 
fied. ‘The demonstration that cattle are less susceptible to in- 
fection by the human sputa than many had supposed does away 
largely with this objection, asin a generally purified bovine race, 
the few primary cases contracted from man could be easily taken 
care of. Then, if tuberculous persons were interdicted from at- 
tendance on cattle, the danger in this direction would become 
very nearly a negligible quantity. 

There remains the question of expense and many honestly 
consider this as absolutely prohibitory. The estimate of 5 per 
cent. of our 68,000,000 head to be killed and paid for at $25 per 
head, would be $85,000,000. But there is no necessity for this. 
Our fat steers at the packing houses are tuberculous only to the 
extent of 0.02 per cent., speaking well for their dams and nurses. 
The estimate of 5 per cent. based upon the testing of those few 
herds that have been taken because they were already known to 
be tuberculous, is unquestionably far above the actual ratio for 
the United States. It may apply to dairy cattle in some infected 
districts, but, for the bovive race of the whole country, it is ab- 
surdly high. If we had 10, 20 or 50 per cent, infected, as in 
some countries of Europe, the objection of expense might be a 
formidable one, but when the ratio of the infected is but 2: 10000, 
we have every encouragement on the score of expense to enter 
on a campaign of extinction. But again, we do not need to deal 
with 68,000,000 cattle as we can omit the steers which are so 


Tuberculosis. 531 


little affected and which will all come to the slaughter house ‘in 
two or three years. The source of their infection (a few cases 
excepted) is in the older cows and bulls of the dairy and breeding 
herds, and this brings down our total to a little over 17,000,000. 
The average census price for dairy cows is $29 and, as the con- 
demned cows are depreciated by their condition, it would be a 
high average to estimate them at $20. Again, the average in- 
fected ratio of cows for the entire country would be set high at 2 
per cent., and on this basis it might well be that the required in- 
demnity would not aggregate much over $6,000,000. Five or 
even ten times that amount would be a mere trifle in comparison 
with the $3,000,000,000 value, constantly encreasing, of our do- 
mestic animals, with the $99,210,272, representing our yearly 
product of beef and beef products, with our annual dairy pro- 
ducts, worth $500,000,000, (Alford), or with our yearly loss of 
100,000 of our population in the very prime of life when they are 
of the greatest value to the country, representing a yearly drain 
of $100,000,000, beside all the suffering and loss entailed by their 
prolonged and too often helpless idleness. Though this last item 
is doomed to continue for a length of time after the disease has 
been extinguished in our herds, it is. receiving constant acces- 
sions from the latter, and can never be entirely done away with 
until our cattle are above suspicion. 

An even more serious problem is the demand for tuberculin and 
above all for accomplished, experienced and honorable veteri- 
narians fitted to conduct the sanitary campaign over the entire 
country. The tuberculin cannot be produced in a week or a 
month, yet the problem of its production in any required amount 
in a few months is merely one of the encrease of existing plants 
under the management of the same careful hands now engaged 
upon it. As to veterinarians it would be impossible to secure at 
once the required staff of men capable of carrying out the work 
over the whole country. But this is not essential. The work 
can be begun in the counties supplying the large cities with milk, 
and in the great butter and cheese producing areas where it is so 
urgently needed, and it must be made to include all thoroughbred 
herds, which are so constantly drawn upon to improve the blood 
elsewhere, and each herd, county and district, as freed from infec- 
tion must be scheduled and no additions made to it from outside, 


532 Veterinary Medicine. 

except under the guarantee of the tuberculin test, repeated in six 
months. ‘The reacting animals, must be appraised, excluded 
from the herd, and disposed of, it may be to the butcher to be 
killed under official expert inspection, and the salvage, if any, to 
be deducted from the appraised value ; or to be rendered and the 
salvage estimated ; or to be buried as the case may be. In all 
such cases the other animals (horses, pigs) that occupy the same 
buildings and yards should be tested, although the risk of the 
infection of cattle from these animals is comparatively small. 
Unless in badly infected herds, steers and young cattle, which 
can be kept in a separate herd need not be tested. Vermin must 
be killed. Thorough disinfection must be applied to buildings 
and yards, and the dairy herd must be retested at the end of 
every six months until no more reactions are met with. 

In this way the campaign in any State can be begun with a 
small staff, which may be steadily encreased as men are trained 
to the work, and in no great length of time the dairying and 
breeding herds can be purified and the investigation carried into 
the more purely agricultural fields, where herds are small and 
usually free from infection. Many minor points would require 
the attention of a competent superintendent of the work. My. 
object here is to make a plea for the approved and attested method 
which has never failed in the case of other animal infection on 
enclosed farms, and which is based on the absolute destruction of 
every seed of the disease in the area under sanitary control. The 
method has the apparent drawback, that it demands a greater 
relative outlay at the start, than do others proposed, but in view 
of its certainty, and the confident hope of an early abolition of all 
infection, loss, and expensive expert control, it must, in my 
opinion, be looked upon here, as it has always proved in the past, 
the course of the truest economy. It may be compared to the 
treatment of a field of thistles by removing the offensive weeds, 
root and branch, before they have advanced to seed, instead of 
merely cutting them down with a mower, and leaving the roots, 
to grow anew, to leaf, to blossom and seed, in spite of the 
temporary partial drawback. But as the prospect of early legis- 
lation along this line is not a bright one, the expert must accom- 
modate his aims and efforts to what can be done under the exist- 
ing laws. 


Tuberculosts. 533 


Breeding Healthy Stock from Parents with Latent Tuberculosis. 
When a State is not pledged to exterminate tuberculosis by 
prompt and radical measures, it is quite possible to raise healthy 
stock from sires and dams that have the disease in a latent form. 
It is very exceptional that calves are born tuberculous. If, then, 
they are kept ina pure environment and furnished with the milk 
of sound nurses, or even withthe milk of their own tuberculous 
dams, after it has been heated for one-quarter of an hour to 180° 
F. or 212° F. they can be preserved in perfect health. 

This is especially adapted to herds of valuable thoroughbreds, 
the destruction of which would be aserious loss, and the preser- 
vation of the strain of blood a most desirable object. 

The whole herd should be tested with tuberculin, and the ad- 
vanced and generalized cases, that can be detected by objective 
symptoms, should be at once destroyed and safely disposed of. 
The animals in good condition and that have not reacted should 
be placed in a new barn and yard, or where no tubercle has been, 
or in places that have been thoroughly disinfected, under special 
attendants. There will remain, the animals in good condition 
with no objective symptom, but that have reacted, and these are 
placed in separate barn, yard and pasture well away from other 
stock, under their own attendants, for breeding purposes. They 
should have the best of food and air, clean, well lighted, roomy 
buildings with shelter from storms, clean sheltered yards, and in 
summer, pasturage. Any cow showing indication of active ad- 
vance or generalization of the disease (cough, wheezing, dyspnoea 
‘under exertion, excessive pallor of mucosz, unthriftiness), 
should bé at once separated and destroyed as endangering the 
reinfection of others, and the stable subjected to disinfection. 
‘The calf, as soon as born, must be removed to a special building 
or park, where it shall get milk from a sound cow or that of its 
own dam after it has been carefully sterilized. After sterilization 
the milk cannot safely be returned to the unscalded pail into 
which it was drawn from the cow, and it should be fed by separ- 
ate attendants who have not milked nor handled the affected 
animal. Any loss of condition, unthriftiness, cough or scouring 
.on the part of any of the calves should be the signal for its separ- 
ation from its fellows, ‘subjection to the tuberculin test, and, if it 
reacts, for its' destruction and the disinfection of the building 


534 Veterinary Medicine. 


where it was. It is well to test each calf at six weeks old and to 
remove the reacting ones. The success of this method is now 
well established. 

Goodman, of Dorpat, applied it largely as early as 1891, rear- 
ing the healthy calves of reacting cows on the milk of cows that 
had stood the test. Bang, of Denmark, raised such calves to 
sound maturity on sterilized milk. Reynolds, of Minnesota, re- 
- ports the raising of twenty-four healthy calves from infected cows 
on the milk of tested cows, while three fed on milk of reacting 
cows, which was supposed to be sterilized, all became tubercu- 
lous. McEachran (1899) in an extended experiment succeeded 
perfectly with the milk of tested cows only. I have now in hand 
a Jersey herd in which the progeny, fed on the milk of their react- 
ing dams, became tuberculous without exception, and in the years 
following, those fed on the milk of the same reacting cows after 
it had been kept at 180° F. for half an hour all grew up healthy. 

Under this method, inasmuch as the infection is not at once ex- 
tinguished, but temporized with for the benefit of the stock 
owner, State indemnities are not necessarily called for. Vet the 
State can profitably test the cattle at public expense, mark indel- 
ibly those that react, schedule them and control them, so that 
they will not be allowed to change hands nor to mingle with 
sound animals until finally butchered, dead or recovered. The 
State should see to the thoroughness of the seclusion, disinfec- 
tion, the safe disposal of all products from milk to manure, and 
the testing at intervals of three or six months of both cows and 
calves. 4 

Raising Healthy Offspring Without Sterilizing the Milk. In 
the northwest territories, cows and heifers that have reacted to. 
tuberculin, but which otherwise appear to be in good health, are 
made into a herd by themselves and placed on a special range 
apart from all other cattle. They live in the open air, slight 
shelter being allowed in winter only, and their calves are allowed 
to suck the dams until winter. The wide range, the open air 
life, and the early destruction by oxygen and sunshine of the dis- 
chargedjbacilli, tend in the main to ward off infection, except such 
as comes in the milk, and the majority of the calves grow up in 
apparent health and are fattened for market. A small minority 
are born tuberculous or contract the infection from the milk, but 


Tuberculosis, 535 


this does not seriously impair the financial success, and living in 
the open air they bring little danger to others. The loss is in- 
finitesimal as compared with the expense of milking a large 
herd, sterilizing the milk and feeding it by hand. Advanced 
cases, with objective symptoms, should always be removed, and 
the cows may be tested at intervals if compatible with profit. 
The seclusion of the herd should be complete, by distance, by the 
configuration of the country, or by fence. 

For this system the climate of our Southern States, where stock 
can remain out of doors all the year, offers a better field than the 
semi-arctic northwest. 

Removal of all Unthrifty Animals and Those Showing Physical 
Symptoms of Tuberculosis. Before the days of tuberculin testing 
I succeeded in extinguishing tuberculosis in several herds by the 
prompt removal of all unthrifty animals and such as showed 
objective symptoms of tuberculosis, the disinfection of the build- 
ings, the restocking from sound herds, and the strict separation 
of the new stock from the old. In one herd of 200 this entailed 
the final destruction of the whole original herd; in others the 
destruction was in the main, limited to particular (susceptible) 
families. But in these days, with the tuberculin test available, a 
resort to a method of this kind would produce an unnecessarily 
slow, uncertain and expensive result. 

Removal of Animals Showing Objective Symptoms or Reaction 
under Tubercnlin. ‘The Bang (Danish) method is the chief ex- 
ample of this, and is so considerate of both state outlay and 
stock owner’s interests that it is deserving of high praise. Under 
it the State usually waits for the stock owner to take the initiative, 
but to encourage applications from the owners, it furnishes tuber- 
culin testing without expense, and even allows a small indemnity 
for animals killed because of advanced tuberculosis. In return 
for this the stock owner agrees to furnish separate buildings (or 
enclosures) yards and pasturages, new or, when necessary, disin- 
fected, one set for the high conditioned, nonreacting, healthy 
herd, and a second for the animals that reacted but which show 
no further sign of tuberculosis, with separate attendants, utensils 
and other appointments foreach. This reacting herd is furnished 
with the best of food, air, accommodation and hygiene generally, 
and the milk is sterilized before it is allowed to pass into consump- 


536 Veterinary Medicine. 


tion by man or for calves or pigs or for the production of butter. 
The quarantined herd is marked, registered, and kept under 
government surveillance ; it cannot be parted with for stock uses, 
but it is at the disposal of the owner to keep it for milk, or fatten 
at once for the butcher. Finally every member of this herd is 
slaughtered under government inspection, and the beef put on 
the market or sent to the rendering works as may be decided. 
‘The system secures the hearty codperation of dairyman, dealer 
and government, and while it comes short of the speed and 
efficiency of a generally applied method of extinction, it is ac- 
complishing a great work for Denmark, putting an immediate 
stop to the advance of the disease in the worst infected herds, 
and placing the latent cases of such herds in a safe seclusion for 
the rest of their lives. At first the tested herds showed 40 per 
cent. affected ; now less than 20 per cent. 

The feature which would be likely to work the least satisfactorily 
in the United Statesis the disposal of the sterilized milk as such. 
It is to be feared that this milk would find a poor market with 
us, and if it proved unsalable, the preservation of the reacting 
herd would be no longer an economic success. 

In Pennsylvania where practically the same method is in force, 
leaving it in the option of the owner to keep the reacting latent 
cases and sterilize their milk, or to abandon them to the State, 
have them appraised and slaughtered withindemnity, the uniform 
practice has been to accept the latter alternative. Nota single 
owner, I believe, has elected to keep a herd in quarantine and 
sell the milk sterilized. The result has been that four times the 
number of applications come in that the appropriation will war- 
rant the officials to take in hand. 

A special feature of the Pennsylvania method is the provision 
that a stockowner can have his herd examined, and tested with 
tuberculin, at his expense, the State to furnish a certificate setting 
forth the condition of the animals. In case of infection, the 
owner has the option of abandoning the reacting ones to the State, 
to be secluded, or appraised and slaughtered, he meanwhile 
guaranteeing that he shall introduce no new animals into the 
herd except by tuberculin test under the direction of the State- 
Board. 

The usual provision is in force that no indemnity is allowed for 
any animal that entered the state not more than three months 


Tuberculosts. 537 


before, and without the tuberculin test demanded of all such stock 
animals. 

Indemnities are restricted to $25 per head and under for non- 
registered animals and grades, and $50 for registered thorough- 
breds. The average appraised price has been $23. 

On the whole an excellent work is being done in Pennsylvania, 
and herds now tested are found to contain not more than half as 
many infected animals as did those tested a few years ago. A 
better showing would doubtless have been made if the State ap- 
propriation had permitted the board to give attention to all ap- 
plications made. 

The good results may be attributed to the adoption of a system. 
which secured the confidence and trust of the stockowner: he 
sees that the State has no desire to oppress nor injure him ; he is 
in no dread of a high-handed confiscation of his remunerative 
property without indemnity ; while advanced cases are destroyed 
he is left the option of segregating his latent cases and marketing 
their products under the precaution of sterilization ; he can raise 
the progeny of these animals if he will, under similar precautions ; 
he can sell his stock and its product under government certificate 
if they prove sound; he can avail of government assistance in 
protecting his herd against reinfection, by the testing of animals 
tobe purchased. Under sucha system there is no object in secret- 
ing infection, nor in underhanded sale of tuberculous animals, 
with the spread of the disease into new centres. Even the tardy 
or inimical stockowner is roused to action by public opinion, when 
he finds the market for his suspected product growing more and 
more uncertain, and feels the daily encreasing pressure of opinion 
among neighboring owners, that he is exceeding his rights in 
maintaining an infected herd in the very midst of their purified 
ones. 

A most important item of the system of Pennsylvania, and of 
sixteen other states, is the compulsory testing of all stock cattle 
introduced into the State. This has the further support of the 
Federal Government which demands a tuberculin test of every 
stock bovine animal imported into the United States. This is a 
natural corollary of every attempt to restrict or extripate tuber- 
culosis from a State, but when through willful blindness a great 
State like New York, repudiates a measure of this kind, it but 


538 Veterinary Medicine. 


makes its dairy and breeding herds the depository of the reacting 
animals that other states wisely exclude. The sifting process. 
goes on at Buffalo and other centres and the New York herds are 
loaded with the rejected, diseased animals. Under the operation 
of this, it will be wonderful, if the New York stock owner is not 
soon roused up from his idle dream of fancied security, by a great 
extension of the infection. 

Generally Applicable Measures. Under any system many 
special rules will be demanded in individual cases, which it will 
require the skill of the expert sanitarian to apply, and which 
cannot be referred to here. The following are generally applicable 
whether by the owner in his particular herd, or by the State or 
other authority dealing with the subject. 

1st. On discovery of a case of tuberculosis, test the whole herd 
with tuberculin. (See Tuberculin Testing. ) 

2d. Remove all animals that show a typical reaction. 

3d. Destroy and burn, boil or deeply bury all cases of the dis- 
ease, unless it is decided to form an isolated herd of latent cases 
which are in good condition and apparent good health. 

4th. In case of doubt or disturbing influence which may have 
caused rise of temperature (calving, heat, exposure, concurrent 
disease, changes in management, etc.), keep the suspected ani- 
mals apart for four weeks and test again. 

5th. Repeat the test every six months, and if two successive 
tests show no indication of tuberculosis, the herd may be accounted 
sound. 

6th. As soon as tuberculous animals have been removed from 
a stable, let it be vacated and thoroughly disinfected with chloride 
of lime, 4 ozs. tor gallon of water, and enough quick lime to 
make a good whitewash which will show if even a square inch is 
missed. When chloride of lime is objectionable because of its 
tainting the milk, use mercuric chloride 1 dr. to 1 gallon water, 
with enough sal ammoniac to make it freely soluble. The roof, 
walls and especially the floor, gutter and feeding trough must be 
first thoroughly scraped, washed and cleaned, all rotten wood 
work must be removed, and, in case of double boarded walls, the 
boards must be removed on one side to permit of a thorough ap- 
plication. Utensils should be scalded and dressed with carbolic 


Tuberculosis. 539 


acid, 1:20. A stable incapable of disinfection should be aban- 
doned for a length of time or burned. 

7th. In making new purchases, avoid any herd in which tuber- 
culosis has appeared, or that has had sickness or deaths in recent 
years. 

8th. Do not purchase from city, suburban nor swill stables. 

gth. Do not take a cow that is in ill health or low condition, 
especially one with cough, nasal discharge, foul breath, wheezing 
breathing, hard nodules under the skin, diseased udder, swollen 
bones or joints, or a tendency to scour or bloat. 

1oth. Test every animal with tuberculin before admitting it 
into the herd. 

t1th. Do not admit strange cattle to house, field or yard. Keep 
apart from the herd until tested. 

12th. Keep each animal strictly to its own stall and manger. 

13th. Board up between the stalls in front so that no two cows 
can feed from the same manger. 

14th. Be especially watchful of the older cows and on the 
slightest sign of ill health, separate and subject to the tuberculin 
test. 

15th. In case a herd of cattle is found to be tuberculous, sub- 
ject to the tuberculin test all domestic animals that have mingled 
with them freely and fed from the same troughs. Remove those 
that show a reaction. 

16th. Exterminate the vermin (rats, mice, sparrows) in a 
building where tuberculosis has prevailed. 

17th. Let no consumptive person attend on cattle nor prepare 
their food. 


HYGIENE OF MILK AND MEAT. SANITARY POLICE MEASURES. 


This has a reference to both man and beast and involves meas- 
ures of private and public hygiene alike. In man, as we have 
seen, milk is the source of greatest danger, being habitually 
taken uncooked, whereas meat has been usually subjected to a 
high temperature before it comes to the table. 

Milk. The unsterilized milk of the tuberculous cow must 
always be regarded with gravesuspicion. Especially is the drink- 
ing of milk warm from the cow to be strongly condemned. The 
feeding experiments of Vilemin, Gerlach and others, in 1866 to 


540 Veterinary Medicine. 


1869, demonstrated the virulence on the lower animals of the milk 
of infected cows, and many accidental infections have shown the 
same for man. (See relation of the bacillus of man to that of 
animals). [his conceded, the question arose as to the virulence 
of milk drawn from the sound udders of tuberculous cows. 
Many experiments of Nocard, Galtier, McFadyean and others 
seemed to decide against such infection. Others have had a dif- 
ferent experience, and especially when the test was made by in- 
oculation. Ernst found tubercle in 30 per cent. of the cows he 
examined, though no affection of the udder could be made out. 
Theobald Smith, Hirschberger, Bang and others found tubercle 
bacilliin milk from sound udders. Pearson, injecting the milk from 
sound udders intraperitoneally into Guinea pigs had ten in sixty- 
threeaffected. Rabinowitsch and Kemper found tubercle bacilliin 
‘milk, in ten out of fifteen cows withsound udders. While it must 
be allowed that often a very small proportion of tuberculous cows 
with sound udders pass the bacilli in the milk yet a sufficient 
number of exceptions are found to deter one from endorsing such 
milk as safe. Much more is this conclusion justified by the con- 
sideration that commencing mammary tuberculosis is in many 
cases unrecognizable by ordinary examination intravitam or post 
mortem. Again when the bacilli are circulating in the blood 
(generalized tuberculosis) they can escape from such a vascular 
tissue as the mamma without the formation of a local lesion, as 
they can pass through the intestinal walls or lungs and colonize 
the adjacent lymph glands. Nocard’s injections of the bacilli 
into the veins seem to show that they disappear from the blood in 
4 to 6 days, but with a generalization of the infection from within, 
the presumption is against a single isolated entrance of bacilli, 
and in favor of a continuous introduction. In such generaliza- 
tion therefore the bacilli circulate in all vascular tissues, and are 
liable to escape with any normal secretion, but especially with the 
milk or urine on account of the great vascularity of the glands. 

When the udder is itself tuberculous the case is incomparably 
worse. ‘The milk can scarcely failto be infecting, and the bacilli, 
grown in these highly vascular tissues, apart from the air, are 
usually of a very virulent type. Of these Martin writes in the 
report of the Royal Commission (England) : ‘‘ The milk of cows 
with tuberculosis of the udder possesses a virulence which can 


Tuberculosis. 541 


only be described as extraordinary. All animals inoculated 
showed ‘tuberculosis in its most rapid form.’’ Woodhead is 
equally positive in this position. Galtier says ‘‘ we should abso- 
lutely avoid the consumption of milk from cows in which the 
udder is tuberculous, and boil before using, the milk of all 
cows affected with, or suspected of tuberculosis in any form.’’ 
Finally we should never consume without boiling, milk of which 
we do not certainly know the origin, and especially in cities, we 
ought not to omit this precaution in the case of milk furnished 
by milkmen.’’ Rabinowitsch and Kemper add: ‘‘ Milk from 
cows that react to tuberculin must be suspected of being tuber- 
culous in every case.’’ 

It may well be allowed that the mixed milk from a large dairy, 
containing but one or two tuberculous cows, is much less infecting 
than that of the tuberoglar cow herself, and that skim milk that 
has been passed through the separator has been robbed of many 
bacilli which have been precipitated-in the albuminoid material 
that collects on the inner side of the bowl. But these mean dilu- 
tion not purification ; they reduce the danger but do not altogether 
remove it, and sanitary police should aim at sterilization in every 
case where available. 

Butter, cheese, whey, and other dairy products have been proved 
virulent in different cases (Galtier, Heim, Lasar, Bang, Ober- 
miiller, Roth, Groéning, Gasperimi, Petri, Rabinowitsch). This 
was true for butter 120 days old, and cheese 330 days. Ina 
number of cases Rabinowitsch found a bacillus, similar to the 
tubercle bacillus and producing tubercle-like lesions, but differing 
in its staining, morphology and culture, and she supposed that 
other observers had mistaken this for the tubercle bacillus. Petri, 
Morgenroth and Hormann, found the bacillus of Rabinowitsch in 
company with the real tubercle bacillus in butter, and Rabino- 
witsch, later, in fifteen samples of butter found the bacillus tuber- 
culosis in two. Pseudo-bacilli from dairy products, if decolorized 
by 30% watery solution of nitric acid, may be ignored (Abbott 
and Guildersleeve). 

Bacilli coming from the mouth, bowels, or lungs, are also liable 
to get into the milk, through the floating dust of the stable, or 
from the teats, udder, tail, etc., (Gaffky). 

Oleomargarin cannot be considered as free from this indictment, 
for though the tuberculous glands, etc., from the mesentery, may 


542 Veterinary Medicine. 


be sterilized in the preliminary heating process, yet the subsequent 
mixing with milk is liable to convey the infection. 

The ideal course with milk, if the herds cannot be purified 
from tuberculosis, would be to compulsorily remove from the 
herd every cow that shows objective symptoms of tuberculosis, 
or any internal disease of the udder, and to subject all the milk 
of the remainder to Pasteurization at a temperature of 155° F. 
for twenty to thirty minutes. This, however, requires skilled 
and faithful management to avoid renewed contamination from 
the lips of the vessel which may have escaped the heat, or from 
hands, vessels and objects that were in contact with the milk be- 
fore. The boiling temperature for fifteen minutes would be a 
safer resort, as requiring less careful handling, yet even this may 
be contaminated afterward under poor management. It has the 
further drawback of the boiled milk taste.and the coagulation of 
the albumen. But the outlay for such careful sterilization will 
soon amount to more than will the tuberculin test. 

Meat. For various reasons meat must be held less virulent 
than milk, but mainly because it is less frequently the seat of 
tubercle than the udder, and because it is usually cooked before 
being eaten. The muscular tissue of the ox appears to be un- 
favorable to colonization by the bacillus, and although the inter- 
muscular lymph glands, do not partake of this inherent resistance, 
yet as the glands are very frequently affected from the tissues 
which they drain, they necessarily partake in some degree of the 
comparative immunity of the muscles. This immunity is, how- 
ever, far from complete, as the frequent implication of the inter- 
muscular glands (prescapular, axillary, prefemoral, etc.), suffi- 
ciently show. Again in estimating the virulence of meat we 
must never forget that in the great majority of cases, in ordinary 
infected herds, the tubercle is still essentially local; no general- 
ization has taken place. The muscle is vascular throughout, and 
in cases of generalized tuberculosis is infecting, yet a single 
transient escape of tubercle bacilli into the blood does not ensure 
permanent infection of that fluid, which can usually purify itself 
in six days or less (Nocard). On the contrary, when the escape 
of bacilli into the blood is constant, of necessity the virulence of 
the blood is constant and a rapid generalization ensues. Such 
continuous escape may occur in actively advancing tuberculosis 
at any point, but it is more certain if the degenerating tubercle 


Tuberculosis. 543 


has opened through the walls of the vessels (capillaries), so that 
the infecting bacilli can pass into the blood in a continuous 
stream. The pus and other microbes, in complex infections, 
hasten this degeneration and contribute to generalization of ‘the 
tubercle and emaciation. ‘The transient infection of the blood 
with the pure tubercle bacillus does not, however, lead to emacia- 
tion and marasmus, and hence the frequency of high condition in 
spite of extensive tuberculosis. 

Ostertag gives the following as indicating blood infection : 
““ When with emaciation there is evidence of recent blood infec- 
tion, enlargement of spleen and all lymph glands, miliary 
tubercles of the lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys.’’ In the 
absence of these indications, though there may be numerous old- 
standing tubercles, caseated, calcified or sclerosed, he considers 
that there is no reason to dread infection of. the blood and carcass. 
Even a tuberculous intermuscular gland does not, in his opinion, 
condemn the adjacent muscle. When vomicee (caverns) are 
present in the lungs and internal organs the flesh may still be 
used ‘‘if embolic tubercles of different ages, indicating repeated 
eruptions of tubercle bacilli into the blood stream, are absent from 
the spleen and kidneys.’’ This meat is, however, to be sterilized 
before marketing (Ostertag). 

The United States Bureau of Animal Industry orders the de- 
struction of all cases of ‘‘extensive or generalized tuberculosis ; ’’ 
*‘any disease or injury causing elevation of temperature or affect- 
ing the system of the fanimal to a degree which would make the 
flesh unfit for human food ; ’’ also ‘‘ any organ or part of a car- 
cass whichis * * * affected by tuberculosis * *,’’ 

In most countries of Europe even emaciated animals are used 
for food for animals or even man, provided the wasting is not too 
extreme. The carcass must, however, first be subjected to a 
temperature of 230° F. for a period of three hours. This is sold 
in a special market as low priced meat and labelled as such. 
Ordinary cooking does not always sterilize, as Martin and Wood- 
head, like Vilemin, found living bacilli in the centre of a cooked 
six-pound roast. 

Immunization. Attempts have been made to immunize the 
system against tuberculosis. The most notorious is that of Von 
Behring who claims that in three months, by three successive 


544 Veterinary Medicine. 


intravenous injections of a ‘‘bovovaccin’’, he can render the 
system of the calf refractory to virulent bacilli, even when inocu- 
lated. ‘Thousands of his protected calves have been exposed to 
casual infection with comparative impunity, but a certain number 
have apparently resisted virulent inoculation as well. This is 
supported by experiments of Vallée and others in Europe, and of 
Buckley in America. Its advocates concede that the method 
fails with mature animals, and various experimenters have found 
the results inconstant. Pearson, using the avian bacillus and 
later a nonvirulent bacillus from man, intravenously, has also 
had a large measure of success. In all alike a number of check 
calves, under virulent inoculation, but without previous protec- 
tive treatment, developed tuberculosis, mostly generalized. A 
measure of protection is undeniable, but cannot be safely made 
use of when radical, systematic work is carried on for the extinc- 
tion of the germ. Von Behrings’ ‘‘bovovaccin’’ fails with ma-. 
ture animals, its advocates themselves being judges: there is 
evidence from other sources that it fails at times in the young ; 
for the cases in which it appears to succeed we have as yet no 
sufficient evidence that the protection is permanent. 

In estimating its value the unequal virulence of tuberculosis 
at different times and places must also be considered. Sometimes 
whole families or herds are decimated or killed out in a few 
months, and at others we see tuberculous men and families live 
to old age, and herds, generally affected for years, with no 
particular indication of general ill health. In my hands a large 
herd has just shown 50 per cent. reactions to tuberculin, yet the 
general health seems good and the yield of milk generous. Iu 
these cases there is an acquired tolerance (partial immunization), 
yet the presence of every infected man or beast is a continual 
source of danger to the sound and unsound alike. ‘The indi- 
vidual, partial immunity thus becomes a factor in the preserva- 
tion and extension of the infection. Some day, under encreased 
virulence, or greater susceptibility, the disease will assume a 
more fatal type, and the losses will encrease in ratio with the 
numbers affected. Such deadly outbreaks have been noted 
among Indians, Esquimaux, Oregon herders, ‘Transvaalers, 
Negroes, and Philippinoes, and in Jersey, Guernsey and other 
thoroughbred cattle, and in all cases the preservation of the 


Pseudo- Tuberculosts from Strepto- Bacillus. 545 


bacillus is an invitation to such mortality whenever the suscepti- 
bility and environment become specially favorable. 

Again tuberculosis occurring casually does not naturally in- 
duce a marked encrease of immunity in the animal attacked. In 
an animal system that does not succumb readily and perish, the 
bacillus does not usually die, but in such tolerant system it may 
live for a long lifetime. It cannot, therefore, be hoped that a 
constant, satisfactory and lasting immunity can be educed by 
artificial injections of the pathogenic product. In this, tubercu- 
losis differs widely from all acute, self-limiting diseases (lung 
plague, rinderpest, anthrax, blackleg, measles, scarlatina, variola, 
etc.) which are followed by a striking immunity, and thus offer 
themselves for artificial immunization. 

To secure even the uncertain and imperfect immunization of 
cattle from tuberculosis, at $2 per head would demand $120,000,- 
ooo for our 60,000,000 cattle, and by the repetition of this at short 
intervals, for each crop of calves, or to replace cows that die, or 
are removed from the dairy, it would impose a grinding tax, with 
no prospect of abatement. Large as would be the outlay for a 
complete extinction of the bacillus of cattle by rational means, it 
would be but a trifle compared with a perpetual tax like this. 

But if the people and their legislators decide to preserve tuber-' 
culosis in their herds indefinitely, then: the owner of a valuable 
herd may reduce his losses by applying the confessedly imperfect 
immunization to the calves of his tuberculous herd. But this is 
a mere make shift, with no hopeful promise of complete extinc- 
tion of the infection, or of the absolute protection of the human 
family from infected meat and dairy products. 


PSEUDO-TUBERCULOSIS FROM STREPTO-BACILLUS. 


As early as 1885 Malassez and Vignal recorded a form of 
tubercle in the Guineapig by inoculation from a subcutaneous 
gland of an infant which died of supposed tubercular meningitis. 
The microbe appearing in pure cultures was a very short bacillus 


35 


546 Veterinary Medicine. 


in chain form, and aggregated in the form of zodgloea. Nocard 
found the same in an epizootic in chickens, Eberth in a vaddzt, 
and Chantemesse, Charrin and Roger, Nocard and Masselin, and 
Pfeiffer in the Guineapig, and others in the raddzt, hare, dog, cat, 
horse and mouse. 

The bacillus is 1 to 2u long, with rounded ends, in chains and 
zodgloea. Some are ovoid or round. It is erobic, (facultative 
anzerobic), stains readily in anilin colors and bleaches in Gram’s 
solution. Grows readily in peptonized bouillon, gelatine or blood 
serum, with foul odor. 

Symptoms. These were mainly a progressive emaciation with 
weakness, apathy, sluggish movements, breathlessness and wheez- 
ing when hurried, and in one cat (Hoen) weeks of semiconscious- 
ness. 

The /esions, caseated or purulent, miliary, pea-like, or even in 
larger conglomerate masses were mainly found in the liver, 
spleen, and intestine but also subcutaneously. 

Though less common than tuberculosis, this may become 
specially virulent and widespread in the small rodents and should 
be extirpated by segregation and destruction of the sick, disinfec- 
tion, new buildings and runs, care of water and food supplies, etc. 
' 


PSEUDO-TUBERCULOSIS IN CALF FROM 
DIPLO BACTERIA. 


Vallée, in 1898, described a miliary tuberculosis of the liver, 
occurring endemically year by year in young calves in the same 
herd. He traced it to an ovoid bacillus, smaller than that of swine 
erysipelas, nearly as broad as long, nonmotile, often in pairs, 
but never chains, asporogenous, staining even in Gram’s (I) 
solution, and growing freely in bouillon, glycerined potato, 
gelatine and gelose, forming transparent white or bluish gray 
colonies. It grows in acid and fails to coagulate milk, ferment 
sugar, or form indol. It proved pathogenic for the calf, Guinea- 
pig, rabbit and pigeon. Thermal death point 70°C. 

There were general symptoms of extreme weakness and com- 
plete anorexia. Leszozs, confined to the liver, resembled miliary 
tuberculosis but without implicating the lymph glands. The 
individual tubercle was grayish, and two or more had often 
coalesced. ‘The hepatic tissue was soft and friable, with a great 
excess of phagocytes, and destruction of the acini, with an outer 
zone of congestion. The initial lesion occurs in a capillary, 
usually in the periphery of an acinus. The endothelium is 
swollen, and invested by bacilli, which block the vessel. The 
hepatic tissue proper is invaded later. This intravascular origin 
of the lesion, and its strict limitation to the liver, supports 
Vallée’s theory of infection through the umbilicus, while the on- 
set not before eight to fifteen days after birth, implies a tardy 
propagation of thegerm. Intravenous injection kills the Guinea- 
pig in 7 or 8 days with liver and peritoneal lesions, the rabbit in 
2 to 3 days with hepatic, peritoneal and even pulmonary lesions, 
and the dog and pigeon in 2 days with hepatic lesions.. Sub- 
cutaneous injections caused a purely local lesion in Guineapigs 
and none in pigeons. 

Prevention. Vallée succeeded by disinfecting the buildings, 
and boiling the milk before feeding to the calves. Antisepsis of 
the naval immediately after birth is another obvious precaution. 


547 


TREMBLING IN SHEEP. LOUPING-ILL. INFECTIVE 
MYELO-MENINGITIS. IXODIC TOXAEMIA. 


Definition: infective, tick-borne disease, characterized by meningo-mye- 
litis. Animals susceptible : sheep, and possibly swine (Meek, Greig-Smith) 
and cattle (Williams). Known in North Britain only in spring (in Skye 
also in autumn), on rough pasture with much brush, and wood ticks, 
(Ixodes ricinus, erinaceous, marginatus or other). Experimental infection. 
Bacteriology : Bacterium fluorescens 6 and y found in exudate and infect- 
ing. Accessory causes: dried grass of previous year, brush, low condition, 
cold, youth. Symptoms: incubation ro to 30 days ; impaired innervation, 
hyperesthesia, timidity, excitibility, trembling, jerking, lack of codrdina- 
tion and balance, falling, convulsive struggling, jumping, rolling of eyes, 
stiffness, opisthotonos, paresis, paralysis of hind—later of fore limbs, apathy, 
Wry neck, arched back, stiff joints. Diagnosis from smyelo-meningitis by 
its ezodtic appearance, in spring, on tick infested ground: from paralytic 
rabies, also by absence of that disease locally ; from ¢etanus by its general 
prevalence, the absence of tonic spasm, and presence of palsy ; from draxy 
by the lack of emphysematous swellings, and of speedy sepsis ; from an- 
thrax by usually healthy spleen and its confinement to sheep. Lesions : 
cerebral meningitis with encrease of subarachnoid fluid, of myelon red- 
dened, softened, also of other serosz, stomach, bowels, liver and kidneys. 
Prevention : destroy ticks in winter by burning grass and brush, by plough- 
ing and cropping ; or fence off half the pasture one yearand the other half 
next; or lime soil; or dip repeatedly in April, May and June to keep off 
ticks ; avoid moving sheep in these months: Give liberal feeding. Mor- 
tality Io to 20 per cent. 


Definition. An infective disease of sheep, inoculated by ticks, 
and producing a meningo-myelitis, with drowsiness, hyper- 
eesthesia, irritability, paresis and other nervous disorders. 

Animals susceptible. This is almost exclusively a disease of 
sheep, yet Meek and Greig-Smith claim to have seen it in swine 
that have eaten the raw carcasses of louping-ill sheep, or that 
have ranged the tick infested pastures, and in rabbits inoculated 
with the microbe from the wound caused by the tick. W. Wil- 
liams claims to have seen well marked cases in cattle, and heard 
of cases in horses and swine. He speaks, however, rather ob- 
scurely of ‘‘ the tick disease’’ and seemingly includes in this all 
affections inoculated by ticks. 

Geographical Distribution. ‘This disease has been hitherto de- 
scribed as existing in the northern part of Great Britain only, 

548 


Trembling in Sheep, ete. 549 


but given the presence of the tick, and of the infection which it 
carries and the malady might easily be extended indefinitely. It 
is known to prevail in Northumberland north of the Tyne, in 
Kirkcudbright, Dumfries, Ayrshire, Lanark, Peebles, Roxburgh, 
Berwick, Argyle, Inverness, and Ross. In Berwick it is less 
prevalent than in the other countries named, while in the 
Western Isles it isnot only widely spread rising on the hills 2000 
feet or as high as the sheep range, but in Skye there are two dis- 
tinct outbreaks, in spring and autumn respectively, apparently 
coinciding with the appearance of two successive generations of 
ticks. This may be due to the prevalence of warm winds from 
the Gulf Stream. Further investsigation will doubtless show a 
much wider distribution—the author has seen an affection bearing 
the same general characters on the spurs of the Lammermoors in 
East Lothian, and the supposed adaptation of the Norse word 
hloupa (staggering) suggests that it is probably not unknown in 
Scandinavia. W. Williams notes its prevalence on the Silurian 
formation, but ticks confine themselves to no geologic stratum, 
and the tick is the main agent in carrying infection. 

Causes. rst. Sheep Ticks. The sheep tick is not the ked 
(Melophagus ovinus) which is common on long wooled sheep 
everywhere and is an example of a wingless, degraded dipterous 
insect. 

The sheep ticks, on the other hand, are true ixodes, and of the 
same family with our common wood tick and of the cattle tick 
(boophilus annulatus) of the Southern States and the West Indies. 
The ticks collected from the sheep by W. Williams were identified 
by Mr. Moore, of the British Museum, as ixodes ricinus, ixodes 
erinaceous and ixodes marginatus. Those obtained by Meek and 
-Greig-Smith showed the following characters: The maleis 2.48 
mum. long, by 1.30 mm. broad ; the female is 5 to 5.5 mm. long, 
by 3 mm. broad, or when gorged with blood, 1o mm. long, by 
7mm. broad. The fasting female is yellowish green, and when 
full of blood, blue. Following the rule of their genus, the mature 
tick has eight legs, the larva but six. The fasting larva has 
head, legs and dorsal plate (scutellum) brown, the remainder of 
the body yellow. Scattered hairs appear on the body, legs and 
maxille. 

In all ticks the rostrum is a characteristic feature. It consists 
centrally and inferiorly of a dart covered below and on each side 


550 Veterinary Medicine. 


by rows of teeth turned backward, which when, imbedded in the 
skin, hold so firmly that the parasite may be pulled in two in any 
attempt to pull it out. Above this dart and on the two sides lie 
the cheliferze (horns), each furnished with three or four teeth 
turned outwardly and more or less recurved, by which the dart is 
worked into the skin. Finally, on the lateral sides of this cen- 
tral apparatus, are the two maxillary palpi, which are not inserted 
into the skin, but applied against it and operate as feelers prior to 
and during the insertion of the dart and cheliferee. The maxil- 
lary palpi are club shaped and soft. 

Ticks pass through three moultings before they attain to the 
sexually mature eight-legged form, and though the hexapod 
larvee attach themselves to animals and irritate the skin by their 
bites, it is only the mature, impregnated egg-bearing female that 
lives exclusively on blood and sucks this to excess. 

While given species of ticks show a preference for particular 
genera of animals, yet ticks generally in their vagabond life will 
leave the long grass and brush where they have been hatched to. 
become temporarily the guests of any passing animal. It is, 
therefore, premature to seek to identify any single species of tick 
as the only bearer of the infection, and it is quite possible that 
any one of several species may contribute to its propagation. 

Experimental Infection by the Tick. W. Williams muzzled 

-four sheep from a healthy district and turned them for several 
hours a day on a tick-infested field, and two sickened—one on the 
eighth day and one on the sixteenth. Twelve ticks sent out of 
the district and put on a healthy sheep caused illness on the tenth 
day. Ina second experiment with ten sheep, during a colder 
spring, when there were fewer ticks, no deaths occurred. 

Meek and Greig-Smith turned twenty sheep on a tick-infested 
louping-ill pasture, six of the number wearing muzzles to prevent 
grazing, seven having been dressed with a mixture of sweet oil, 
2 quarts ; castor oil, 1 quart; train oil, 1 quart ; pitch oil, 3 gills, 
and cade oil, 1 gill, while the remaining seven were unmuzzled 
and undressed. The muzzled sheep were regularly taken out. 


and fed on food froma healthy locality. At the end of a fort- 


night oils were reapplied on the second lot (seven sheep). No 
ticks appeared on these sheep, while many were found on the 
undressed ones. On the fifteenth one of the unmuzzled and un- 


Trembling in Sheep, etc. 552 


treated sheep sickened and died with lesions of louping-ill. On 
the twenty-second day one of the muzzled sheep sickened, and 
died of louping-ill next morning. On the thirty-first day another 
of the muzzled sheep took ill and on the thirty-eighth was killed. 
It showed characteristic symptoms and lesions. The seven salved. 
sheep, on which no ticks could at any time be found, remained 
healthy throughout. 

Bacteriology. W. Williams describes a bacillus which he 
figures as forming filaments of very uneven breadth, with fre- 
quent branching (contrary to the habit of bacilli), and forming 
spores in clusters. These were obtained from the coagulum of 
the cerebro-spinal fluid and Meek and Greig-Smith conclude that 
the alleged mycelium was but the filaments of fibrin. 

McFadyean found pus microbes. 

Meek and Greig-Smith (Veterinarian, 1896-7) found in the 
black bloody swellings under the skin, where the ticks had 
inserted their proboscides, a variety of microbes which in pure 
cultures did not provoke louping-ill. These included staphylo- 
coccus cereus albus, sarcina lutea, bacterium putridum, bacterium 
coli commune, micrococcus sulphureus, micrococcus bicolor, and 
micrococcus candicans. He also found penicillium glaucum. 
Two organisms allied to the bacterium fluorescens and designated 
as B andy (G) respectively, were found in these sores and pro- 
duced in rabbits and sheep nervous disorders and lesions which 
could be fairly identified with louping-ill. These are about 1.5 
to 1.74 long by 0.7 broad, and chromogenic with a special fluor- 
escent appearance. Microbe 8 inoculated on a rabbit caused on 
the second day rhythmic movements of the head downward and 
to one side, the eyelids closing as the head dropped, as if the 
animal were constantly falling asleep. In another rabbit it caused 
stiffness of the legs only and in athird it had no effect. Microbe 
y when cultivated cerobically was harmless to rabbits, but when 
grown anerobically on mutton bouillon to which a drop of blood 
chad been added, it caused on the second day general paralysis of 
the neck and limbs, spasmodic twitching of the muscle, dyspnoea 
and feeble heart action. ‘Two rabbits which survived the early 
effects developed large axillary and inguinal abscesses four 
months later. 

A lamb inoculated with the bouillon culture of y showed after 
thirteen days, lameness of one hind limb, with paresis, and a dis- 


552 Veterinary Medicine. 


position to fall to one side or the other. ‘Two months later, when 
it had greatly improved, a second inoculation of microbe y grown 
anzerobically in bouillon and blood, caused, on the third day, a 
severe aggravation of the lameness. 

Accessory Causes. Much depends on the abundance of old dried 
grasses of the previous year in which the larval ticks may 
hibernate. Land that has been burnt over in winter, that is 
cleared of brush, or in which the aftermath has been killed by 
free salting or liming will be largely cleared of the ticks. 

Whatever disturbs or undermines the general health lays the 
system open to the disease and many flockmasters in tick-infested 
districts have succeeded in greatly reducing the mortality by 
feeding sound hay and oats in winter. Sudden changes of 
weather have long been noticed to coincide with outbreaks of the 
disease. A change to cold and wet is especially dangerous as 
causing a chill and robbing the system of itstone and vigor. But 
a sudden access of warm spring weather, especially if at the same 
time moist, may have a decidedly predisposing effect by lowering 
the general tone. A fatal paresis common in the flocks of New 
York, in the absence of ticks, shows a similar tendency to select 
the atonic animal. This occurs mainly in spring, when the sheep 
have been shut up in close confinement for weeks or months, with 
flaccid muscles and fatty livers, and above all if they are in 
advanced pregnancy with twin lambs, and if their fleeces are extra 
heavy. In both affections the majority of the flock escape, while 
those that are specially predisposed succumb. Lambs suffer most, 
doubtless because of relative weakness, and on account of their 
innate and unexhausted susceptibility. 

Symptoms. After anincubation varying from ten days to thirty 
some impairment or disorder of the innervation is shown, varying 
widely, however, in different cases. 

The two names ‘‘ trembling ’’ and ‘‘ louping-ill’’ long used by 
shepherds as characteristic of the disease indicate spasmodic dis- 
order of a clonic kind, the paresis which is essentially passive 
having been very naturally overlooked, or held to be subordinate. 
There is hyperthermia the temperature rising at times to 105” or 
higher, and often marked hypereesthesia and excitability at the 
outset. On approaching the patient it is very much frightened, 
and when caught, struggles and twitches in a remarkable manner 


Trembling in Sheep, ete. 553 


or trembles violently. If merely raised or disturbed the trembling 
or clonic spasms are very marked, the nose is jerked forward and 
upward from the contraction of the muscles attached to the occi- 
put; the legs may be lifted jerkingly as in stringhalt ; when 
raised they are moved stiffly or sway uncertainly before the foot 
is once more planted ; or the sheep loses its balance, falls to the 
ground and struggles convulsively in its efforts to get up and 
escape. As the result, it will in certain cases jump to its 
feet, rising meanwhile to an undue height in the air. In other 
cases there is squinting or rolling of the eyes, and movements of 
the jaws with frothing from the mouth. Or the spasms may be 
tonic affecting especially the muscles of the back and loins, and 
causing extreme stiffness or rigidity or even oposthotonos. Lambs 
are unable to suck. 

But whether the early spastic symptoms are well marked or 
not, paresis and even paralysis set in sooner orlater. This usually 
begins as paraplegia, or exceptionally one limb only may be 
affected at first, causing the animal to walk on three legs. Fora 
time the fore limbs may be free, and the patient attempts to move 
by dragging the hind limbs, which are extended backward. 
When the fore limbs become involved the animal remains down 
helpless and after awhile apathetic. Temperature and sensibility 
are both greatly lowered in the paralyzed limbs. Sometimes the 
spasms are lateral and the head may be drawn to one side. 

In the animals that survive the early attack, there is likely to 
remain some lasting deformity, such as wry neck, arched back, 
stiff or swollen joints. Abscesses, which appeared in the inocu- 
lated rabbits after a lapse of four months, are a not uncommon 
sequel in sheep, the pus collecting in the neighborhood of a joint, 
or of the lymph glands of the axilla, inguinal region, breast or 
shoulder. 

The succession of symptoms are in the main such as are ob- 
served in other cases of myelo-meningitis, first exalted function 
and later depressed and abolished. 

Diagnosis. From other forms of myelo-meningitis it may be 
distinguished by its enzodtic occurrence on tick-infested pastures, 
which already have a reputation for causing this malady, by its 
appearance only in the season of the development of the tick, by 
the presence of the tick or of its sores on the skin, and by its 


554 Veterinary Medicine. 


entire absence from adjacent fields which are free from ticks. 
From paralytic rabies it is differentiated by the same conditions, 
and asa rule by the absence of rabies from the district and of 
any evidence of a bite. In tetanus the tonic persistent nature of 
the spasms, the absence of paralysis, the marked spasms of the 
muscles of the eye, and the usually isolated condition of the case 
should prevent any confusion. Braxy is to be distinguished by 
its emphysematous swellings near the surface of the body, and 
by the comparative absence of hypereesthesia, spasm, or paralysis. 
The carcass in braxy undergoes much more rapid decomposition. 
Anthrax is more rapidly fatal, shows no such marked nervous 
disorder, has a dark, nonoxygenated and often incoagulable blood, 
an enlarged sanguineous spleen, and the characteristic anthrax 
bacilli. It attacks the larger herbivora as readily as the small. 

Lesions. 'The most constant and striking lesions are found in 
the nerve centres. In many cases there have been found cerebral 
meningitis, involving the choroid plexus (Fair, Hamilton, Klein, 
‘Murray, McFadyean) with an encrease of the ventricular and 
subarachnoid fluid (Murray, Hamilton, Williams). The exudate 
may be yellow or rosy from contained blood globules (Klein). 
The meninges are thickened and the seat of ramified redness. 
In the region of the spine inflammation is found not only in the 
meninges but also in the cord, which may be blood-stained, soft- 
ened (Mathewson, Goodwin, Robertson), or in older cases in- 
durated (Robertson, Hamilton, Williams, Young). In this last 
condition there is a sclerotic condition of the neuroglia, and it 
may be a distinct atrophy. The exudate is usually abundant 
and more or less coagulated into a soft, diffluent jelly. 

In many cases there is inflammation of the serous membranes 
of the chest (pleura, pericardium, endocardium), and even of the 
lungs (Fair, Hamilton, Klein). In some instances there has 
been inflammation of the stomach and intestines (McFadyean), 
liver and kidneys (Klein), and enlargement of the spleen has 
been noted. The most constant lesions appear to be those of the 
nerve centres, but the wide variety of organs involved in dif- 
ferent cases sufficiently accounts for the variability of symptoms. 

Prevention. As the ticks are the chief media of infection, the 
disease may be eradicated by their destruction. The burning of 
all withered grass and brush during the winter months will do 


Trembling in Sheep, ete. 555 


much in this direction. Their destruction is rendered even more 
complete by ploughing and putting the land under a series of 
cultivated crops. By this means not only is the winter shelter of 
the tick removed, but the animal host which it requires for its 
complete development is denied it, and it must perish before the 
land is again seeded to grass. When the land is unsuited to cul- 
tivation, the same end may be in some measure secured by fenc~ 
ing off half the pasture, and leaving it unpastured for a season, 
meanwhile burning the dry grass or temporarily suppressing it 
by a liberal application of salt. The following year the pasture 
so treated may be restored to pasturage, and the other half sub- 
jected tothe same course of treatment. In the absence of such 
thorough treatment, a liberal application of lime to a virgin soil 
will often bring a growth so fresh and appetizing that the stock 
keeps it closely cropped and thus removes the shelter for the of- 
fensive ticks. Finally, the ticks may be prevented from attacking 
the animals, by repeated use during April, May and June of a 
dip in which tar oil, cade oil, heavy petroleum or other odorous 
insecticide forms a component part (see the dip of Meek and 
Greig-Smith. 

A very obvious precaution is to avoid the movement of sheep 
during April, May and June from tick-infested pastures to others 
which furnish rank grass, brush or other suitable shelter for the 
preservation of the parasite. 

It has been noticed that sheep indigenous to the tick-infested 
and louping-ill pastures are less susceptible than those that have 
been introduced from outside, but, as yet, no attempt appears to 
have been made to secure immunity by the use of sterilized 
products of the microbe, nor therapy by the resort to anti-toxin. 
A liberal and tonic diet is an important element in prevention 
Grain and hay should therefore be allowed whenever. necessary 
to bring the sheep to early summer in good condition. 

Treatment can hardly be said to have been attempted, though 
mild cases are allowed by the shepherds to recover. According 
to Meek, the deaths often average 10 to 20 per cent. of the flock. 


BRAXY, BRADSOT, GASTRO-MYCOSIS OVIS. 


Defininion : Acute, infectious, bacteridian disease of sheep, with colic, 
enteritis, emphysematous swellings, dark, diffuent blood, and after death 
rapid putrefaction. Geographical distribution : Iceland, Norway, Faroe 
Islands, Scotland. Causes: inclement weather, exposed localities, low con- 
dition, winter fcod, chill, frosted grass. Bacteriology: Bacillus gastro- 
mycosis ovis: 2 to 64% by 1m in pairs or filaments, sporogenous, polar 
staining, anaerobic, liquefying, gasogenic, found in the gastro intestinal con- 
gested mucosa, serosa, liver, kidneys, blood. Pure cultures by boiling five 
minutes. Pathogenic to sheep, Guinea pig, mice, pigeons, hens and less 
certainly rabbits. Symptoms: resemble blackquarter, sudden, rapid, fatal, 
back arched, stiff hind parts, crepitating swellings on hind parts or else- 

, where, colics, tympany, anorexia, pulse and breathing hurried, separation 
from flock, lying, drooping head, ears and eyelid. Usually found dead in 
morning when apparently well previous night. Lesions: early putrefac- 
tion, slight, transient rigor mortis, tympany, foetor, sero-sanguineous 
exudates under skin, on fourth stomach and bowels, and elsewhere. Con- 
tents of large intestine dry, hard. Effusions in serosa. Spleen enlarged or 
not. Liver and kidneys congested, softened, small, pale necrotic areas con- 
taining bacillus. Prevention: drainage and cultivation, winter feeding, 
abandon infected pastures in Jate fall and winter as pasture for young, avoid 
overstocking, burn old fibrous heather. Immunization by sterilized kidney 
extract. Treatment. 


Definition. An acute infectious disease of sheep, manifested 
by sudden attack, colicy pains, inflammatory and sero-hemor- 
rhagic lesions of the bowels, and sanguino-emphysematous swell- 
ings occurring subcutaneously and especially in the hind quarters. 
The blood is dark, tarry and comparatively incoagulable and after 
death putrefaction advances with extraordinary rapidity. 

Geographical Distribution. Braxy is generally prevalent in 
Iceland where it was described over a century ago (1778) by 
Ketilson as ‘‘vinstrarfar’’ or ‘‘vinstrarpl4ga’’ (‘‘Omasum 
disease ’’). In Norway it prevails on the whole Atlantic border 
to as far north apparently as the sheep industry extends (Sta- 
vanger to Tromso Amt). The Faroe Islands are said to be 
affected throughout. In Scotland it prevails like louping-ill along 
the west coast especially, and embraces Caithness, Ross, Cromarty, 
Banff, Inverness, Aberdeen, Argyle, Bute, Ayrshire, Lanark, 
Galloway, Dumfries, Peebles, Selkirk and Roxburgh. 


556 


Braxy, Bradsot, Gastro-mycosis Ovts. 557 


Causes. Like louping-ill this affection is associated with incle- 
ment seasons, exposed localities, and insufficient or indigestible 
food, but it differs in being an affection of autumn and winter 
rather than spring. It is rarely seen in summer. At a time 
when it was looked upon as an acute indigestion, its coincidence 
with hard frost or deep snow, was explained on the basis that the 
victim had been driven to eat dry, fibrous, indigestible grasses, 
brakens and heather. W. Williams who formerly identified the 
disease with anthrax, seemed to go back to this theory of indi- 
gestion. Though that is no longer tenable, yet it would be wrong. 
to ignore the effect of inclement weather and unwholesome food 
in predisposing the animal system, and robbing it of the healthy 
tone which would otherwise have successfully resisted the infec- 
tion in many cases. ‘T‘he occurrence of deaths after frosty morn- 
ings more than during mild weather, suggests at once the chill 
effected in the animal, the chilling of the paunch by the frosted 
grass eaten producing a subsequent congestive reaction, and the 
known facility with which frozen vegetables undergo rapid fer- 
mentation. 

Cowan and Borthwick, (Transactions of Highland Society 
1863) agree that the disease is especially prevalent when - the 
land has been overstocked in summer, or when there has been a 
drought which withered up the pastures, and later a free growth 
of green herbage from the autumn rains. ‘This they attribute to 
the ‘‘ foul and unwholesome’’ character of the autumn growth, 
but it suggests no less the low condition of the sheep on the over- 
stocked lands and the soft, aqueous character of the herbage 
grown rapidly in a comparatively cold season. Cowan quotes 
cases in which the lambs, weaned early and put in a separate 
pasture (hogg hirsel), suffered a mortality of 50 per cent., while 
in later years when allowed to remain with the ewes until winter, 
the deaths were reduced to Io or 15 per cent. Here the more 
rugged health and vigor were manifestly strong prophylactic 
factors. 

Both Cowan and Borthwick incriminate the withered heather 
and the dry, fibrous (‘‘tathy’’) and innutritious tufts of grass 
which make up a large proportion of many hill pastures in 
autumn and winter. 

Cowan strongly condemns heavy smearing with tar, which he 
believes to encrease the mortality, by lowering the general tone of 


558 js Veterinary Medicine. 


the system: ‘‘ Hoggs are very dull and listless for some time after 
being smeared with tar, more especially if heavily smeared ; . 

when the skin is taken off, every shed or opening in the 
wool where the tar has been laid on, is as distinctly visible upon 
the flesh as the stripes upon a piece of printed calico.”’ 

It has been further alleged that the deaths are especially com- 
mon during the full of the moon, the usual explanation being 
that the sheep are tempted to feed in the night and overload the 
stomach. It may be added that at such times the grass is taken 
in a cold—(often frosted) condition so as to chill the stomach 
and cause a congestive reaction, and that short of this, under the 
night dews the microbian ferments are moist and ready to start 
into full activity, while the herbage if it has been partly frosted 
is particularly susceptible to bacteridian attack. 

Bacteriology of Braxy. 'The essential cause of braxy was re- 
vealed by Ivar Nielson in 1888, who demonstrated on the local 
lesions of the alimentary canal and the capillaries of various in- 
ternal organs a bacillus which he named bacillus gastromycosis 
ovis. ‘This is 2 to 64 long by 1m broad, occurring in pairs or fila-. 
ments. The organism has an eliptical form and stains deeply at 
the extremities, while the central, bulging portion fails to take 
the color, is highly refrangent, and represents the spore. The 
non-spore-bearing bacilli are long, uniform rods with rounded 
ends. The germ is anzerobic, grows readily in serum glycerine 
agar, and is gas-producing and foul smelling. Liquefies gelatine. 
It is found abundantly in the congested parts of the abomasum 
and to a less extent in the bowels, in the mucosa, and in the sub- 
mucous and subserous tissues. It is also found in the blood 
and in the small areas of degeneration in the liver and kidneys. 
Jensen obtained pure cultures through the survival of the spores 
when impure cultures were boiled for a few minutes. 

Animals susceptible. Inoculation of the cultures subcutem 
produces an affection resembling malignant cedema, or braxy, in 
sheep, Guinea pigs, mice, pigeons and hens, and less certainly in 
rabbits. Inoculation of a calf had no deleterious effect, while a 
second succumbed in forty-eight hours. In its pathogenesis this 
microbe appears to be more closely allied to that of malignant 
cedema than that of black quarter, as the latter attacks cattle 
very readily and has little effect on rabbits, pigeons and chickens. 


Braxy, Bradsot, Gastro-mycosis Ovts. 559 


Symptoms. 'The more obvious manifestations of braxy bear a 
resemblance to those of black quarter, so that the two affections 
have been often confounded. In both the attack is sudden, the 
course rapid and fatal, the back arched, the step short, especially 
with the hind limbs, and there are swellings which crepitate on 
pressure on the hind quarters or some other part of the body. 
Symptoms of colic soon appear, the sheep lying down and rising 
frequently and moving the hind limbs uneasily, and the abdomen 
becomes distended, tympanitic and tender. Rumination and 
feeding are promptly suspended, and as a rule defecation as well. 
Urine may be’passed frequently in small amounts and of a high 
color. The pulse is rapid and often irregular and the breathing 
hurried and labored. In some cases the abdominal pain is less 
acute, the animal standing apart with drooping head, ears and 
eyelids and frothy lips, or lying by itself at a distance from the 
flock. Sooner or later emphysematous swellings appear on some 
part of the body, but most commonly on the hind quarter, which 
have a soft, doughy feeling and crackle or gurgle on pressure. 
In the great majority of cases, however, the disease runs a rapid 
course and ends in death in a few hours, and as the attacks are 
mostly in the cold of the night, the victim, which appeared well 
at night, is found dead inthe morning. Cowan has often noticed 
that those that stepped short at night were dead next morning. 
In certain cases the sheep stood obstinately to the end and fell 
dead as if shot. When death. was deferred for several days a 
common result was shedding of the wool. , 

Pathological Anatomy. A marked feature of braxy is the early 
putrefaction of the carcass. The rigor mortis quickly passes and 
the carcass bloats up and exhales a putrid odor. On removing 
the skin one sees extensive sero-sanguineous exudations, mixed 
with bubbles of gas of an offensive odor. The abdomen is tense 
and tympanitic and the anus protrudes. Visceral lesions are 
especially marked in the fourth stomach, the walls of which are 
thickened in patches or throughout by a hemorrhagic or sero- 
hzemorrhagic exudation of a dark purplish color.. If killed in the 
early stages this may be very restricted in area, but becomes gen- 
eral in animals, that have died of the disease. Similar exudations 
are found on the walls of the first three stomachs, or on the small 
or large intestines. The fourth stomach and duodenum are, asa 


560 Veterinary Medicine. 


rule, empty of food, though containing a sanguineous liquid. 
The contents of the large intestines are usually dry and hard. 
Some serous exudate is usually present in the peritoneum, pleura 
and pericardium. The spleen may be normal or slightly en- 
larged. The liver is pale, soft and friable. The kidneys may be 
congested and swollen and usually show brownish areas of necro- 
sis in which the bacillus is readily found. The blood is dark, 
and though it may be coagulated, the clot is usually soft and 
diffluent. 

Prevention. Much may be done in the way of drainage and 
above all cultivation and liming of the braxy pastures, and again 
laying them downin grass. Cowan found that braxy diminished 
largely in ratio with the improvement and cultivation of thesoil. A 
rotation of crops and the free eration of the soil tends to destroy 
an anzerobic microbe or to render it nonvirulent. Winter feeding 
is another well attested source of protection. Hay with turnips, 
oats, linseed cake or oil cake seems to encrease the tone and vigor, 
and to counteract the fermentions in the digestive organs which 
lay the system open to attack. Wholesome and nutritious food 
then must be a main stay whenever the health threatens to be 
undermined by insufficient or unwholesome pasture, by dried or 
withered grass, ferns or heather, by the watery: grass of recent 
and rapid growth, by frosted and partially decayed herbage, or 
by pasture exhausted by overstocking or drought. 

Fields and hills known to be infecting must be abandoned 
especially in late fall and winter and in the case of the younger 
‘and more susceptible sheep. Understocking is always better than 
overstocking as the flock is kept better nourished, stronger and 
with a greater measure of tolerance and resistance. Upon land 
covered with old, fibrous, astringent heather, burning is often of 
great value. The new growth of young heather is much more 
digestible and nutritious, and destitute of injurious astringency, 
and maintains a stronger and healthier flock. 

Finally the question of zmmunzzation arises. Nielsen attempted 
this by drying and heating to sterilization the diseased kidney 
and injected small quantities of this suspended in water. Sheep 
treated in this way in Norway and Iceland have had a circum- 
scribed inflammatory swelling and afterward appeared to resist 
casual infection when placed on the braxy fields. Jensen carried 


South African Horse Sickness, ete. 561 


the experiment a step farther and inoculated his artificially im- 
munized sheep wlth 2% cc. of a virulent serum-gelatine-agar 
culture. It was rather unwell for half a day and walked lame 
but soon recovered. A dose of 35 cc. of the same culture killed 
in fifteen hours a larger sheep that had not been artificially im- 
munized. 

Treatment. Though some cases of braxy recover yet the treat- 
ment of the disease can hardly be seriously considered as yet. 
A disorder which isso rapid in its progress, so early associated 
with such great and rapidly extending lesions of the most vital 
organs, and which proves fatal so early and almost invariably, 
leaves little room for successful treatment. In the milder cases, 
likely to recover of their own accord, this may be hastened by 
the internal use of antiseptics and purgatives, and perhaps even 
by antitoxic serum from the blood of an immunized animal. 


s 


SOUTH AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS. CiDEMA MY- 
COSIS. DUNPAARDZIEKTE. DIKKOPZIEKTE. 


Definition : Geographical distribution : S. Africa ; enzodtic or epizodtic on 
dampsoils ;damp, humidatmosphere. Pathogenesis : horses, and more mildly 
mules and asses, quagga ; (cattle and goats?). Causes: green forage, from 
rich, damp lands, eaten dewy ; cut and fed with dew on; dried in sunsafe ; 
so of horses stabled or coralled; in hot summer only ; inoculable ; peni- 
cillium ;.cultures cause the disease ; debility. Forms: lung sickness— 
head sickness—blue tongue. Symptoms: incubation 8 days. Fulminant 
form asphyxiates in an hour. Acute lung form has rigor ; remittent hyper- 
thermia ; prostration ; dyspncea ; cyanosis ; serous nasal discharge ; froth- 
ing ; gurgling breathing ; cough ; death in threeorfourdays. Head cedema; 
general swelling and oozing ofserum. Bluetongue: great lingual swelling ; 
cyanosis ; coldness ; projection from mouth: salivation ; stertor ; asphyxia. 
Three forms combined. Mortality. Lesions: serous exudate coagulates 
with heat or blood ; intermuscular exudates ; whole head densely infiltrated ; 
excessive bloody pleural effusion ; punctiform petechize ; lungs pale, yellow, 
great interlobular infiltration ; or, if worked, hepatization ; dark, congested 
mucosze ; blood diffluent ; heart pale ; spleen enlarged, blood-gorged ; kid- 
neys infiltrated; gastro-intestinal congestions ; cerebro-spinal effusion. 
Prevention : keep indoors during summer and autumn; allow no fresh 
damp forage ; or cut only after dew is off ; check rein or muzzle ; pastured 
horses must be stabled at night orin damp weather. Immunization: by 
protective inoculations ; recovered horse is re-inoculated until a high grade 
of resistance is secured and his blood used to immunize. 

36 


562 Veterinary Medicine. 


Definition. An ectogenous, infective disease of solipeds in 
South Africa, characterized by intense vascular congestions, de- 
structive changes in the blood and the profuse exudation of liquor 
sanguinis into the tissues of the affected parts. 

Geographical Distribution. ‘The affection is not known out of 
South Africa, where it has been observed since 1780. It appears 
yearly in certain areas in the Transvaal, Orange River Colony, 
Natal, and adjacent States, but only in certain years in Cape 
Colony and especially in its southern portion. In some years 
it makes wide extensions so that it has appeared to become epi- 
zootic instead of enzodtic. The habitual enzodtic prevalence is 
in the areas that are relatively lower, damper and richer than the 
surrounding country, where the vegetation is luxuriant and the 
surface of the ground moist. Thus it is a disease of low meadows, 
basins, river bottoms, drying marshes or ponds, and the Boers 
have been in the habit of protecting their horses by sending them 
to high, dry tablelands, from the first appearance of the disease 
until the first frost. Yet elevation in itself is no protection, thus 
Johannisburg, 6000 feet above the sea, is habitually ravaged and 
Rhodesia loses 90 per cent. annually. A humid atmosphere, 
mist, or rain witha high temperature are directly connected with 
the outbreaks. 

Animals Susceptible. WHorses take the disease in its most fatal 
form. Mules suffer like horses, while in asses and guaggas the 
malady is relatively somewhat more benign, and the virus after 
having passed through the ass, has lost part of its potency. It 
does not attack cattle nor goats. (Theiler. See Heart water.) 

Causes. ‘The affection has been traced to the green forage, 
grown in damp, hot seasons on the rich moist bottom lands, in 
basins, gullies, etc., and which has been consumed while damp 
with night dews or fog. Few suffer that are only turned out to 
pasture after the sun has dried up the dew, and that are shut in 
the stable or kraal before sunset. Coley who witnessed a loss of 
60 per cent of the stabled horses at Eshowe, Zululand, found 
that the deaths were among horses that had been allowed to eat 
their fodder wet. The Guinea or Ubaaba grass and Indian corn 
were cut at night and fed to the horsesnext day. ‘The horsesthat 
ate this wet from the bundles were attacked, while those that had 
it only after it had been opened and dried in the sun escaped. 


South African Horse Sickness, ete. 563 


Race horses that receive no green fodder very rarely suffer. 
Horses that are corralled (in kraal) at night escape. 

The hot season is the season of greatest prevalence, the disease 
beginning in November and proving especially fatal from the end 
of December to the first of March. It appears in a modified form 
until May when the first frosts appear. © 

Though the disease can be fatally inoculated by transferring 
the blood from one horse to another, it is the rarest possible 
occurrence to have it propagated in this way. It can be absolutely 
ptevented therefore by attention to the diet. 

The alleged cause of horse sickness is an ultra-microscopic 
organism which enters the system with the moist, dewy food. 
Edington, who discovered a cryptogam, has found it in the 
blood in all his necropsies of horses dying of horse sickness. 
Why this should be no longer infecting when dried does not 
clearly appear. It has been alleged that the disease has gradu- 
ally extended to the higher grounds which were formerly 
free from it, and the introduction of diseased or infected horses 
has been advanced as the cause, but in the unfenced state of the 
veldt and the former abundance of wild animals this should 
have ensured such extension long ago, if it is really a permanent 
ove. ‘The deadly prevalence of the malady in particular areas in 
given years, and its entire absence from such localties in others 
may explain the instances of apparent extension. ‘The dryness 
and cold of winter is the factor which usually extinguishes the 
poison in a given district. We have as yet no absolute proof of 
a progressive acclimatisation of the germ in a colder and drier 
region. Wittshire observes that it will prevail on one side of a 
narrow river, while the other at an equal elevation is practically 
free from it. There is no mention of shade which might have 
explained such a difference in the growth of microbes on the 
right and left banks. 

Such limitations, together with the activity of the infection in 
damp seasons, and during damp hours of the day, and its inac- 
tivity in dry air and vegetation, would strongly suggest a microbe 
which is conveyed in the body of some invertebrate, but this 
appears to be nonessential because Edington has cultivated 
his virus in vitro and inoculated its products on horses so as to 
secure immunity. 


564 Veterinary Medicine. 


Debility doubtless renders an animal more susceptible, yet the 
disease usually kills nearly all horses attacked, excepting such as 
have been immunized. ‘T’his is the same for casual and inoculated 
cases. When, however,-the virulence has been lessened by 
culture or by passing through the body of an unsuitable animal 
the results are very uncertain ; some horses it will kill, while in 
others it produces a slight and harmless fever. 

Forms. Two leading forms of the disease are known: Ist, 
the dung sickness (Dunpaardzeickte), and 2d, the head sickness 
(Dikkopzeickte). A variety of this last is d/ue tongue (Blautong), 
which has been confounded with glossanthrax. 

Symptoms. 'The lung sickness may appear as a fulminant affec- 
tion following on the usual zmcudation of about eight days. Sud- 
denly, in the midst of apparently full health and vigor, the 
breathing becomes accelerated and dyspneeic ; this encreases for 
about an hour, then the patient staggers, falls, ejects a mass 
of white froth from mouth and nostrils and dies. When death 
is more delayed, there may be noted a rigor, and in the even- 
ing a rise of temperature to 103° F., lowering a little next 
morning and rising again toward night, yet making an encrease 
day by day until near the end, when it becomes sub-normal. 
Death in such cases occurs on the third or fourth day, preceded 
by great prostration, hurried, labored breathing, dark red or 
cyanosed mucose, loud rattling over the large bronchia or lower 
end of the trachea, coughing and dropping of a serous fluid from 
the nose, or accumulation of white froth around nostrils and 
mouth. The froth soon condenses in part into a straw-colored 
liquid, which collects in considerable quantity. The abundance 
of froth blocking the air passages produces death by suffocation. 

In the head edema, the muzzle, lips, head and neck become the 
seat of excessive exudation, the swelling of the face drawing 
back the lips so as to expose the teeth of the lower jaw. ‘The 
skin is rendered tense and exudes the straw-colored serum, as do 
also the buccal and pituitary mucosez. 

In blue tongue the exudate is concentrated in the lingual organ, 
which swells to an enormous size, forcing the jaws and lips apart, 
and hanging out as a dark blue, cold mass. A foul, liquid mix- 
ture of salivaand exudate drivels from the mouth. ‘The pressure 
on the larynx may cause marked stertor, advancing to asphyxia. 

While these three types may seem to be distinct and uncompli- 


South African Horse Sickness, etc. 565 


cated in some cases, more commonly the exudation appears to a 
slight extent in all three situations, and it is only the predomi- 
nance of the symptoms in one particular part that assigns the 
attack to one type rather than another. All are very fatal, but 
the lung sickness is preéminently so, very few surviving. 
Lesions. ‘There is usually a mass of white froth around the 
mouth and nostrils. The serous exudate coagulates readily in 
the presence of minute traces of blood, and forms a solid mass of 
clot when heated. A yellow gelatinoid exudate is found in 
streaks or patches, subcutaneously and between the muscles, but 
especially along the jugular furrow. In the head sickness the 
whole subcutaneous and intermuscular tissue in the head and 
neck are infiltrated, and the straw-colored liquid escapes abun- 
dantly when the partisscarified. ‘The same is true of the tongue,’ 
which is stained throughout with blood that has gravitated into it. 
The pleuree contain an abundant exudate more or less deeply 
stained with blood. The same is true of the pericardium. In 
the latter Edington has found 140 fluid ounces. On the surface 
of the lungs and pericardium are extensive yellowish exudates. 
They are covered with petechiz mostly small or punctiform. If 
the horse has stood at rest throughout the illness the lungs seem 
pale, yellowish, yet swollen and indisposed to collapse. The in- 
terlobular tissue especially is infiltrated with serum so that toward 
the free margin the lobules may be separated by intervals of half 
an inch in breadth as in lung plague of cattle. In horses that 
have been worked during the illness the whole organ is congested 
and firm, resembling the condition of croupous pneumonia. The 
trachea and bronchia show dark congestion of the mucose and a 
mixture of froth and serous exudate. The large blood vessels 
contain diffluent blood clots of an intensély dark color. In the 
vascular furrows of the heart and along the large vessels are yel- 
low exudates or blood extravasations. ‘The muscular tissue of 
the heart appears normal or rather pale, and under the micro- 
scope the strize are found to be obscured by cloudy swelling, and 
minute blood extravasations and hematin are met with. The 
endocardium is cloudy, with blood extravasations, and exception- 
ally ante-mortem clots are found. The spleen is usually swollen, 
very dark, blood gorged and covered with petechiz. On section 
there are found extensive extravasations, with masses of blood 
pigment and crystals. The kidneys are enlarged, the capsule 


566 Veterinary Medicine. 


easily detached, the epithelium of the glomeruli and convoluted 
tubes swollen and their nuclei multiplied. A gelatinoid exudate 
is usually present in the renal pelvis. Congestions have been 
found in the right gastric cu/-de-sac and less frequently in the in- 
testines. Exudations have also been found in the cerebro-spinal 
nervous system, the laryngeal mucosa and the conjunctiva. The 
latter is usually cyanosed. 

Prevention. The first consideration is to keep work horses in- 
doors or in a kraal during the summer or sickly season. Here 
they must be fed on dry hay and grain only, grass being strictly 
withheld. If it becomes absolutely necessary to feed green fodder 
of any kind it should not be cut until all dew or rain has com- 
pletely dried off in the heat of the sun, and if kept over night 
should be kept under cover and again dried before feeding. 
When taken out to work the animal should wear a check rein or 
muzzleso that he cannot by any chance reach the green vegetation. 
This rule must be most strictly adhered to at night or during 
damp weather. 

For horses turned to pasture a fair amount of protection may 
be secured by shutting them in a stable or kraal before sundown, 
and until the vegetation has been thoroughly dried by thesun 
the next morning. 

Immunization. A horse that has recovered from the sickness 
has been long held to be immune and will bring from six to ten 
times its former price. As any disease is liable to be called the 
sickness, this enhanced value is too often insubstantial. Wilt- 
shire even says that all ‘‘salted’’ horses eventually die of horse 
sickness if allowed to live long enough. Be thisas it may Eding- 
ton appears to have established a reasonable measure of immunity 
by his protective inoculations. He takes a recovered (‘salted ’) 
animal and reinoculates it at intervals with encreased doses of 
virulent blood. After the last of these inoculationsthe subject is 
allowed to rest for a long period of time, and is then reinoculated 
with a small dose of virulent blood. A definite amount of this 
horse’s virulent blood is mixed with 50 cc. of serum and injected 
subcutaneously ; some days later 30 cc. of the same serum with 
the same dose of blood is injected ; at a later date the procedure is. 
repeated, with a reduced dose of serum, and fourteen days later 
pure virulent blood is injected.’’ The result was satisfactory. 


South African Horse Sickness, etc. 567 


Koch, experimenting later, found a great difference in the 
virulence of the blood of successive sick animals, so that with 
each new animal furnishing the virus the dose must be carefully 
determined by experiment before it can be safely used for im- 
munization. The following gives, not a safe dose for every case 
but an approximation to the average doses, to be tested in the 
_case of each animal furnishing the virulent blood : 


Virulent Serum of 

Inoculation Blood Interval Immune Horse Interval 
I. 0.0Icc, 4 Days. Tooce. 12 Days. 
2: 0.05¢cc. 4 Days. 5occ. 12 Days. 
3. 0.2 ce, 4 Days. 5oce 12 Days. 
4. 0.5 ce. 12 Days. : 
5. 1.0 ce. 12 Days. - 
6. 2.0 ce. 12 Days. 
7 5.0 ce. 


The virulent blood is drawn by cannula from the jugular of a 
pronounced case of the disease. It is defibrinated, strained 
through wet, sterilized muslin, then mixed with an equal amount 
each of sterile glycerine and sterilized water having an admixture 
of 1 part of carbolic acid to every 1000, and finally placed in 
bottles, well filled, stoppered and preserved in an ice chest, in 
the dark for 2 or 3 weeks. The globules are dissolved and their 
solids should be separated by a second filtration through wet 
sterilized muslin. The liquid is preserved in sterilized bottles, 
well filled, and stoppered and kept in an ice chest. For inocula- 
tion the required dose is diluted in enough sterilized sodium 
chloride solution (0.85 per cent.) to make5cc. ‘The injection is 
made beneath the skin of the neck high enough up to allow of 
the injection of the immunizing serum below it, 4 days later. 

To prepare the immunizing serum a recovered horse is given 
intravenously, 2 quarts of the warm, fresh, defibrinated blood of 
an animal in the last stages of horsesickness, the blood having 
been first passed through a sterilized wet muslin filter. Four 
such injections are given at intervals of not less than 14 days. 
Fourteen days after the last injection 4 or 5 quarts may be drawn 
and used for immunizing serum, and the same amount on four 
successive occasions at intervals of 7 days. After some months 
rest the horse may be again fortified and its serum used anew. 


DOURINE. 


Synonyms. Definition: Contagious disease of breeding solipeds, with 
special lesions in generative and nervous system, and skin, and caused by a 
trypanosoma, Susceptible animals : horse, dog, rabbit, rat, mouse, ass. His- 
tory : in Europe and America. Causes : contagion; coition; micro— 
biology ; trypanosoma equiperdum. Its successive stages: 1. granules 
and refrangent spherules ; 2. chromatin bodies with two prolongations ; 
3. fusiform body with nucleus and neucleolus and two flagella ; 4. pyriform 
bodies with flagella ; 5. fusiform body with nucleus, nucleolus and undulat- 
ing membrane: in blood, sperm, milk, vaginal mucus, sores ; disappears 
from blood in intermissions and rapidly after death. Lesions : phlegmons 
of generative organs, papules, vesicles, mottling, swollen inguinal glands, 
penis, testicles, caseation or atrophy, thickened lymphatics, nervous les- 
ions, friable bones, arthritis, liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, lack of red 
globules, anzmia, muscular atrophy ; in mare, in dog. Symptoms: Horse: 
incubation 11 days, variable ; preputial, scrotal, sub-abdominal swelling, 
catarrh of genital mucosa, vesicles, sores, swollen penis, semi-erections ; 
paraphymosis, slight fever, tender loins, frequent micturition, paresis, 
swollen joints, tendons, emaciation, marked anemia, apathy, dementia, 
nasal ulcers, submaxillary swellings. Mare - vulvar swelling, distortion, 
leucorrhcea, eruption, spots of depigmentatior, erection of clitoris, urine in 
driblets often, inguinal swellings, sterility or abortion, lameness, trembling, 
great anzemia and emaciation. Diagnosis: from urticaria : from glanders 
generative lesions, no response to ma)lein, paresis : from chronic paraplegia, 
by its coition cause, and in horses only ; from vesicular exanthema by grav- 
ity and nervous phenomena. Prognosis : Mortality 7o per cent. and up- 
wards. Symptoms in ass slight : in dog severe and fatal ; in rabbits severe. 
Treatment : prevent copulation, castration, local antisepticsearly. Preven- 
tion : prevent copulation of infected and suspected animals, castrate, import 
only on certificate and on long quarantine. 


Synonyms. Venereal Disease of Solipeds,; Equine Syphilis ; 
Maladie du Coit; Chancrous Epizootic; Breeding Paralysis ; 
LEpizootic Paraplegia. 

Definition. A contagious remittent affection of solipeds, trans- 
mitted by copulation, and attended by specific lesions in the 
generative organs and nervous system, such as local venereal 
swellings, chancrous ulcers and cicatrices, dementia and paralysis. 
Susceptibility. As occurring casually the disease is essentially 
anZequine one, yet the following species are susceptible to ex- 
perimental inoculation in the order named : dogs, rabbits, rats, 

568 


- Dourine. 569 


mice, asses. While the horse shows the greatest susceptibility, 
the ass is comparatively very resistant to the poison. 

ffistory. ‘The malady has probably long prevailed in the east, 
yet it was first clearly distinguished in 1796 when described by 
Ammon as prevailing in the royal stud at Trakehnenin Northern 
Prussia. We have later descriptions of the disease in the same 
locality in 1801 (Hertwig), and 1807 (Ammon). It was found 
in Bromberg in 1817 to 1820 (Waltersdorf), also in Hannover 
(Haveman), in Austria and Bohemia in 1821-8 (Fischer), in 
Styria in 1821, in Switzerland in 1830, in France in 1830-2 (Lau- 
tour), in Silesia and Pomerania in 1833-40 (Fischer), in Italy in 
1836, in Russia in 1843, (Fischer), in Silesia and Poland in 
1830-40 (Freidberger and Frohner), in Algiers in 1847-55 and 
in Syria and Asia generally and perennially (Daumas and Signol). 

It appeared at Wapella, Ill, in 1882, the first affected 
animal being a brown stallion that had been imported from France, 
and which bore on his neck a brand like the letter D. In this 
locality it extended to a considerable number of breeding mares 
and stallions, and having been recognized by Dr. W. L. Williams, 
was largely stamped out by a rigid quarantine of diseased and 
exposed animals. Some exposed animals had, however, left the 
district, and isolated centres of infection have been since found 
in Nebraska and elsewhere in the United States and N. W. 
‘Territories. 

It is not known to have invaded Belgium, Scandinavia, Eng- 
land, South America nor Australasia. 

All indications point to Asia or North Africa as the primal-; 
home of the disease, as they still prove its perennial one. ca 

Causes. ‘The disease is transmitted by contagion and almost 
exclusively in the act of coition. Hayne has seen the affection in 
geldings, and Haxthausen in mares that had never been served. 
Schneider, Buffard, Nocard, Blaise and others have transmitted it 
freely by inoculation of blood and nervous matter, so that the 
possibility of infection through other channels than the generative 
organs must be admitted. But such irregular means of casual 
infection are so rare, and the probability of transmission of the 
virus from a non-breeding animal is so remote that in the practical 
measures of sanitary police, the breeding horses alone need be 
taken into account. 

The extra vascularity of the male and female generative organs 


570 Veterinary Medicine. 


at the period of coition undoubtedly favorsinfection, as a latent or 
apparently recovered case will relapse under its frequent repetition. 
The abrasion of the epithelial surface also forms infection atria 
and favors new multiple points of infection. 

The disease has occurred congenitally (Rodolff, Jessen). It 
has been claimed that the higher bred horses with lighter frames. 
are the more susceptible (Fischer), but this is probably a delusion, 
the disease having been often introduced by the Barb and Arabian 
and propagated among their grade descendants. ‘The heavy Per- 
cheron shows a very ready susceptibility and a virulent and fatal 
form of the affection. 

Microbiology. ‘That the affection was due toa microbe was. 
clearly shown by its absence from every part of the world into 
which infected horses had not been brought. The secluded 
countries, Belgium, England, Scandinavia, that breed their own 
horses, the distant Australia, New Zealand and South America 
remained free in face of the constant presence of the infection in 
different parts of Central and Southern Europe, in Africa and 
Asia. The horses of America and South Africa showed a ready 
susceptibility to the virus brought by infected horses, and rigorous 
sanitary police control speedily cleared a district of the trouble. 

Thanhoffer found in the blood, vaginal mucous, testicle, semen, 
spinal fluid, myelon, and roots of the dorsal and lumbar nerves 
cocci, especially streptococci and less constantly bacilli, to which 
he attributed the malady. More recently Schneider and Buffard 
have demonstrated that an infusorian, the ¢rypanosoma of dourine, 
is the essential pathogenic agent. 

- The Trypanosoma Equiperdum varies greatly in form at differ- 
ent stages of its growth or in different media. In the exudate of 
the slight early tumefaction, without as yet other symptoms, it is 
found as minute granules in groups, as larger spherical very re- 
frangent bodies like very large cocci, each having a strongly 
staining nucleus, and as larger bodies in which a delicate mem- 
branous covering encloses one, two or three masses of chromatin 
and extends to form one or more points (club-shaped or fusi- . 
form). Each chromatin mass had a nucleolus on its outer surface 
or slightly apart from it. ‘Twenty-four hours later there may be 
added : First, short, thick, chromatin bodies, with two slightly 
undulating, pointed, membranous prolongations. Second, more 
delicate, fusiform bodies, each with one chromatin nucleus, a de- 


Dourine. 57! 


tached nucleolus, and the membrane prolonged into two actively 
moving flagella. Third, larger pyriform bodies with chromatin 
nuclei and nucleoli and the membrane prolonged into one or sev- 
eral flagella. Fourth, fusiform bodies, thick or delicate, each 
having a chromatin nucleus and nucleolus, and arranged singly 
or in groups of two, four, six or more, united together at one 
end and diverging at the other to form a stellate mass. These 
last, 20 to 30 long by 1.5 to 24% broad, may perhaps be the adult 
form of the parasite from which the small granular or spore 
forms found in the most recent lesions are derived. ‘The fusi- 
form outline, the deep staining central mass, withits adjacent 
nucleolus, and the pointed or flagellate membranous prolonga- 
tions, more or less motile or undulating, are characteristic features. 

In these morphology and evolutionary forms the trypanosoma of 
dourine has not been shown to differ from that of surra, nor the 
nagana or Tsétsé disease, the granule form, the spherical, 
the club-shaped or pyriform, the fusiform with more or less stel- 
late grouping, are characteristic of all (Lydia Rabinowitsch, 
Kempner, Schneider, Buffard). The distinction is found in the 
pathogenesis of the two diseases. : 

With active cutaneous or mucous lesions, the parasite is usually 
found abundantly in the blood, sperm, milk, vaginal secretions, 
and the erosions of the vaginal mucosa or penis. During inter- 
missions, however, and in the absence of local lesions, examina- 
tion of the blood may fail to detect it, yet its inoculation on a dog 
will usually produce the affection. It disappears from the blood 
and tissues with great rapidity after death, so that, to prove suc- 
cessful, inoculations should be made before death or immediately 
after. ‘They are ineffective after 48 hours. 

Schneider and Buffard, Nocard and others found the tympano- 
soma in the blood and exudates of horses, asses and dogs, suf- 
fering from dourine, and failed to find it, in the same localities, 
in animals of the same species which were free from dourine. 
The infected blood, preserved for 24 hours in sealed glass tubes, 
and then inoculated on two dogs produced characteristic dourine, 
with the extensive production of trypanosoma in the blood, the 
destruction of blood globules, and the pathognomonic local lesions. 
Inoculations of two other dogs, with thesame material, at the end 
of 48 hours produced a slight transient hyperthermia only, 


572 Veterinary Medicine. 


without local lesions or propagation of the parasite in the blood. 
The same blood inoculated after 15 days produced neither local 
lesion nor fever. 

Lesions. Horse. In the early stages are found a phlegmonous 
or cedematous swelling of the sheath, scrotum, penis and inguinal 
glands anda yellowish liquid effusion into the scrotal cavity. 
‘The skin covering these parts may show a papular or vesicular 
eruption or if this has passed, a mottling with white spots shows 
where the lesions have been. Later still the inguinal glands are 
shrunken and have undergone fibroid degeneration and indura- 
tion and the testicles, swollen or shrunken, contain centres of 
caseation. ‘The connective tissue of the epididymus and cord is 
the seat of a gelatinoid exudation. The walls of the scrotum may 
be greatly thickened and the seat of abscess or of caseous degen- 
erated hyperplasia. In advanced cases the /esticles are usually 
abnormally small even if the scrotal mass is enormously dis- 
tended. The sheath and penis may be the seat of more or less 
numerous ulcers, and swellings, contractions and distortions of 
the latter organ are not uncommon. The penis may, however, 
retain its normal dimensions. The walls of the lymphatics in the 
inguinal region may be the seat of hyperplasia, the thickening, 
causing them to stand out like cords as in glanders. Inthe ad- 
vanced stages the muscles, especially those of the hind limbs, be- 
come pale and atrophied. 

The nerve centres undergo profound changes which have been 
studied by Thanhoffer. The fza mater in the affected parts of 
the spinal cord is the seat of active congestion and thickening, 
The central canal of the cord is dilated (syringomyelia) more at 
one point than another, contains more than the normal amount 
of liquid, and the neuroglia around it is thickened and fibrous 
(sclerosed). The sabstance of the cord, both white and gray, 
shows congestion, blood staining, at points foci of softening, and 
at others induration (hyperplasia of the neuroglia). The xerve 
cells are modified in various ways, some being granular, some dis- 
colored by fine granular pigment, some having enlarged and mul- 
tiplied nuclei, and some show vacuoles. The nerve filaments 
often show a granular degeneration extending from the nerve 
cell into the axis cylinder, and the latter is liable to be varicose 
or uneven in size. In the affected portion of the cord leucocytes 


Dourine. 573 


are numerous and hyperplasia is often present, The neuroglia 
especially tends to encrease, and apart from the foci of softening 
tends to give a special firmness to the substance. At intervals, 
in the perivascular spaces, may often be found minute (micro- 
scopic or macroscopic) blood clots. The subarachnoid and sub- 
dural fluid is encreased and may be pinkish. At the roots of 
spinal nerves, especially in the dorsal and lumbar regions, a gela- 
tinoid exudate may invest the nerve, distending the connective 
tissue beneath the neurilemma and even occupying the interval 
between the nerve filaments. Sometimes large corpuscular 
bodies are found between the nerve fibres. 

The cerebral meninges, especially the pia mater are congested 
and opaque. Foci of softening are by no means uncommon and 
the cerebral ventricles contain an abnormal quantity of fluid. 

The dony tissue generally has lost its consistency and the medul- 
lary matter may be unduly reddened. ‘The large joints contain 
an excess of synovia somewhat pinkish in color, and the liga- 
ments of the hip joints are often congested, thickened and soften- 
ed. The articular cartilage may even show patches of blood 
staining. : 

The zuéestines are usually nearly empty, soft, pale and flaccid, 
and Ruthe has in one case observed rounded ulcers on the mucosa. 
Fibroid thickening on the peritoneal surface may indicate a pre- 
vious exudate. 

The mesentery is thickened, with infiltration and has a yellow- 
ish discoloration and the mesenteric glands are usually enlarged, 
softened and friable, though sometimes firm and contracted. The 
lymph glands adjoining the generative organs are often swollen, 
pigmented and studded with foci of caseation, varying in size from 
a pea upward. 

The diver is softened and congested or fatty. The spleen is 
small. 

The £zdneys are usually large, but flaccid, pale and bleached. 

The thoracic organs may show little change, though hypostatic 
inflammation and foci of caseation or suppuration may be present. 

The dlood is pale and watery and forms a loose, pale, diffluent 
clot, while there is an extraordinary diminution of red globules 
and a relatively great encrease of leucocytes eosinophiles. 

In advanced stages the muscles are pale, aneemic and shrunken 
especially those of the hind limbs. 


574 Veterinary Medicine. 


Mare. Inthe mare in addition to the lesions of the internal 
organs and blood, the following may be noted in connection with 
the generative system. Phlegmonous or cedematous swellings, 
sores or ulcers on the lips of the vulva, and on the vulvar and 
vaginal mucose. ‘The parts become variously distorted, and the 
vulva, habitually open may expose the swollen and ulcerated 
clitoris. A crop of papules or vesicles, running into sores or 
ulcers may appear on the urethral orifice, the vulva and adjacent 
skin, and even though overlooked, their seats are marked later 
by loss of cutaneous pigment-and the formation of small white 
spots. The mammz are sometimes inflamed, cedematous and 
tender, with suppurative or necrotic foci and the adjacent lymph 
glands are enlarged by infiltration or contracted by sclerosis. 

Dog. ‘These resemble those in horses. In the bitch genito- 
urinary congestion, inflammation and catarrh, subcutaneous in- 
filtration under the belly and inside the thighs, swelling of the 
inguinal lymph glands, emaciation, and pallor and atrophy of the 
voluntary muscles are marked features. 

Symptoms. Horse. Incubation may last from one to eight 
weeks (Maresch), but is usually 11 days from the infecting 
service. It may be abridged by a special susceptibility, and by 
repeated infections and hence the more acute cases are especially 
seen in the male in daily service. In some such subjects local 
genital infiltrations are speedily followed by paralysis or vertigo 
which cuts off the patient in a few days. 

More commonly the malady is chronic though varying in 
different countries, epizootics, or even in particular cases. 

The first Symptom is slight swelling of the anterior border 
and raphe of the sheath, which gradually extends backward to 
the scrotum and inguinal region and forward on the abdomen it 
may be as far as the brisket. This may be hot and painful, but 
is usually oedematous, cool and painless. ‘The infiltration affects 
the end of the penis, the meatus may be red and angry with a 
slight muco-purulent discharge, and red spots, vesicles and ulcers 
may stand out clearly on the pigmented surface. Williams never 
saw stich eruptions in the American cases and doubts their exist- 
ence except as the result of injuries. There are frequent semi- 
erections and service is still possible. Later the engorgement ex- 
tends to the specially pendent testicles, inguinal glands and others 


Dourine. 575 


adjacent. Paraphymosis is occasionally seen or more commonly, 
the penis hangs out of the sheath soft and flaccid and erection 
seems impossible. The local swelling may become excessive, 
pressing the testicles up against the inguinal ring, or suppuration 
and extensive abscess may follow. Appetite is retained and the 
temperature remains moderate (100° to 102° F.). 

The local swellings may almost completely subside, except a 
slight tumefaction of the end of the penis, hence some (Fischer) 
have held that the cutaneous lesions are the primary ones, yet the 
start of infection at the generative organs and the fact that a 
stallion often infects a number of mares before there is any sus- 
picion of his own infirmity is evidence enough of the genital seat 
of the earliest lesions. 

The cutaneous lesions, which are essentially secondary, but 
highly characteristic, appear from forty to sixty days after the 
infection (Schneider and Buffard). They are from a quarter of 
a dollar and upward in size (in some old horses much smaller), 
and rise abruptly from the healthy skin, becoming the more marked 
that the hairs upon them stand erect. ‘These may arise suddenly 
and subside again in one day, or give out a serous exudate 
which mats the hairs into a tuft. They may, however, last four 
or five days. These are more patent after a full drink of water, 
or after sprinkling or sponging with water. Even when they 
have been overlooked these results may often’ be seen later on 
colored skins, in the presence of many circular white spots entirely 
devoid of pigment. The most common seat of these cutaneous 
lesions is the hind parts (anus, tail, croup, quarters), but they 
may appear on the sides, neck, shoulder or thighs. 

Tenderness of the loins may now be shown, with frequent, 
painful micturition, but the penis becomes more and more paretic, 
So that coition becomes encreasingly difficult or impossible. 
Paresis also shows in the hind limbs, the animal remains recum- 
bent a great part of the time, rises with difficulty, starts suddenly 
forward at the fetlock, and drags the toe on the ground in walk- 
ing. Swelling of the joints and tendinous sheaths, with attend- 
ant lameness, isnot uncommon. ‘The appetite remains good, yet 
emaciation and weakness make marked progress. 

The advanced stages are characterised by marked anzemia, par- 
aplegia and dementia. The visible mucose are pale, emaciation 


. 


576 Veterinary Medicine. 


advanced, the patient stubs his toes and sways in walking, and 
finally drops unable to rise ; or he stands with hind legs straddled 
and semi-bent, and largely oblivious of all around him. He may 
be too stupid to eat unless the food is placed in his mouth, and 
yet the neigh of another horse or a mare may draw forth a feeble 
retort, as if the deranged generic instincts remained. Swelling, 
or even abscess of the lymph glands, axillary, submaxillary or 
inguinal, is usually present, and mucopurulent discharge with 
ulceration of the nose or eyes is not uncommon. ‘The joints 
crack when moved and fractures are common. 

The duration of thedisease is two or three months, the progress 
being more rapid in winter. 

Mare. Vulvar swelling eight or nine days after service, with. 
ejection of urine in jets, contraction of the vulva, redness, swell- 
ing and erection of the clitoris, and a mucopurulent discharge are 
marked symptoms. European observers note nodules, vesicles 
and ulcers on the mucosa and adjacent skin, but these were not 
observed in the American cases (Williams). Yet later they 
showed the characteristic white spots. Switching of the tail, 
stamping of the hind feet and painful straining to urinate are 
followed in certain cases by ejection of the urine forcibly in jets 
or in small dribblets. The catarrhal discharge is at first watery, 
but later becomes viscid, sticky and white, yellow or grayish, or 
even red. It mats together the hair of the tail and thighs, and 
putrifies, exhaling a repulsive odor. The swelling involves the 
space between the thighs and often implicates the mammary 
glands and even the floor of the abdomen. The inguinal glands 
are often involved, and hyperplasias with degenerations and even 
abscesses may appear in this region. As in the stallion the local 
lesious may have periods of advance and subsidence, and in favor- 
able cases, that are not again served, there may seem to be a tem- 
porary recovery. ‘The mare, however, remains infecting, and if 
served the local disease is at once roused into activity. The but- 
ton-like skin eruption appears on the quarter as already noticed 
in the horse and in grave cases may caseate or suppurate and 
burst, forming an indolent and intractable sore. The dark skin 
of the vulva and perineum becomes marked by white spots or by 
irregular patches caused by the confluence of several such spots, 
which for ordinary breeds of horses are highly characteristic of 


Dourine. 577 


' this disease. Many Arabian horses naturally acquire such white 
spots on the dark skin, and in pure Arabs and grades this appear- 
ance need not be held as evidence of dourine. 

Infected mares rarely conceive, and any that do so are likely to 
abort before the sixth month. 

The systemic symptoms, nervous, paralytic, tremulous, dyspep- 
tic, atrophic, cerebral and cachectic follow a similar course as in 
the stallion. 

In grave and progressive cases the lesions of the generative or- 
gans become very marked. The lips of the vulva become rigid 
and distorted so that it remains constantly open and the erect 
clitoris continually exposed. The skin of the vulva is tense, dry 
and shining. Lameness is shown in one or both hind limbs, 
knuckling over at the fetlock, shortening of the step, planting the 
toe first and the heel later with a jerk, lack of balance, paresis 
and even inability to rise. 

A disposition to trembling is common to both sexes, as is also 
an intolerable itching of the skin which may make the animals 
tear the lower parts of the limbs with the teeth. In either there 
may be a local paralysis of a lip, an ear, an eyelid, or some other 
part of the body. In both sexes the disease tends to extreme 
anzemia, debility and emaciation, and to infective internal inflam- 
mations (lungs, bronchia) or septic or purulent infections. 

Diagnosis. From urticaria this disease is to be distinguished 
by the absence of lesions of the generative organs in the former, 
by its association with change of food and digestive disorder and 
by the absence of all evidence of contagion. 

From glanders it is to be distinguished in the same way by its 
casual transmission by sexual connection only, by its restriction 
to breeding animals, and by the irresponsiveness of the victim to 
the mallein test. The progressive paresis and hebetude are 
_ valuable diagnostic phenomena. From surra, by its avoidance 

of non-breeding animals, its transmission by coitus, the immun- 
ity of cattle, and the absence of marked regular febrile reactions. 

From chronic paraplegia it is distinguished by the same pre- 
valence in breeding solipeds only, and by its mode of transmission. 

The greatest difficulty is experienced with the slight and com- 
paratively occult cases, and in some of these the history of the 
‘infection of a number of breeding animals, which have been 

37 


578 Veterinary Medicine. 


served by the same horse may be the one guiding point for a 
number of the cases. For sanitary purposes it is well to treat as 
suspicious animals all mares that have been served by a stallion 
which is in the line of infection. ‘This suspicion would attach 
also to any stallion that had served a mare which had been to a 
diseased or suspected stallion, and to all mares that have been 
served by the suspected stallion after he had been to the sus- 
pected mare. 

From simple vesicular exanthema dourine is to be distinguished 
by its comparatively slow progress, and by the uniformity of the 
lesions of the generative organs and nervous system, which are 
lacking in the vesicular affection. 

Prognosis. A certain number of animals recover from the 
milder attacks which have not become complicated by the grave 
trophic and nervous lesions, but as in glanders, recovery from 
severe attacks and in the advanced stages is practically unknown. 
The mortality is set at 70 per cent. and upward. 

Symptoms in the Ass and Mule. The disease usually remains 
discrete, the lesions in the generative organs or other seat of in- 
fection being the marked symptoms, and recovery the rule. 
CEdema of the end of the penis, obliteration of the folds around 
the orifice of the urethra and eversion of the urethral mucosa are 
the most constant features, distinct even insemi-erection. CHdema 
of the sheath and skin eruption may follow. Exceptionally a 
mule proves as susceptible as the horse, and shows the disease 
with the same fatal severity. 

Symptoms in dog. A bitch, 15 days after vaginal injection 
of the infected equine blood, showed severe vaginitis and hyper- 
thermia (100°). On the 23d day she aborted, followed by muco- 
purulent discharge, vulvar cedema, pallor of the mucosa, 
anzemia, rapid emaciation, paresis and occasional convulsions. 
Blood drawn from the vulva contained the trypanosoma. She 
died on the 66th day. The temperature rose to 103°. 

Two male dogs that lined the above infected bitch showed after 
12 days, engorgement of the sheath and scrotum, muco-purulent 
discharge, and abundance of the trypanosoma in the blood of the 
affected parts. Cutaneous lesions on the loins, thighs, sides or 
forehead, showed erection of the hair, with infiltration, or 
shrivelling and bloodlessness. 

Other dogs showed arthritis, corneal opacities and ulcers, 


Dourine. 579 


hypopion, cataract, nasal discharges, facial periostitis, dyspnoea 
and syncope. 

Symptoms in Rabbits. Rouget found in inoculated rabbits, 
extensive gangrene of the skin, involving even the cranial bones, 
ulcerative keratitis, hypopion, panophthalmia, following on the 
earlier genital troubles of vaginitis, swelling and discharge. 

Treatment. Some cases recover spontaneously a few may be 
aborted in the earliest stage of the disease, but cases that have 
advanced to any extent and assumed a grave character are prac- 
tically hopeless. 

An important element in treatment is to do away as far as pos- 
sible with the cause of generative excitement since the disease 
is aggravated and more rapidly advanced by frequent copulation. 
Rodloff from a very wide experience speaks highly of castration 
of the stallion. Castration of the mare has not been specially 
advocated and the absence of marked lesions in the ovaries, may 
deter the veterinarian, yet whatever promises to lessen in any de- 
gree the genesic excitement is not to be despised, and the measure 
has besides a sanitary value for other animals. 

Early local treatment is the most promising, and especially if 
it can be applied to exposed animals during apparent incubation. 
Inject the urethra, sheath, vulva, vagina and uterus with 
antiseptic lotions, and apply them tothe externalsores. Mercuric 
chloride 1:2000, carbolic acid 2:100, silver nitrate 1:250, calcium 
chloride 1:100, or chlorine water may be taken asexamples. When 
local swellings have supervened it would be entirely appropriate to 
incise them freely or even to excise them and cauterize thoroughly 
with stronger agents. 

Internal treatment by mercuric chloride 1% to 3 grains, potas- 
sium iodide 2 to 5 drs., arsenic 7 to 14 grains, has been widely 
used but to little purpose. The same may be said of Rodloff’s 
treatment by tonics and carminatives (sal ammoniac, camphor, 
iron, angelica, gentian, ginger and valerian). 

Prevention. ‘The one thing to be secured is the prevention of 
copulation with any animal that has been affected, or exposed to 
this disease in the past three years. 

1st. Any stallion or mare once affected must be excluded from 
breeding for at least three years after apparent recovery. 

2d. Every such animal that has been exposed by copulation 


580 Veterinary Medicine. 


with a suspected animal must be excluded from breeding for the 
same period even if no active symptoms have been shown. 

3d. Every affected or exposed animal, should be quarantined 
in the hands of his or her owner and placed on an official register 
and the sale, gift or loan of such an animal, or its movement toa 
new place where it might propagate the disease should be made a 
misdemeanor. ‘ 

4th. In any country or district in which the disease exists all 
stallions and mares should be registered and none should be 
allowed to be used for breeding purposes without an official 
certificate showing that each of the animals mated is free from 
all suspicion of having been exposed to this infection. 

5th. If any stallion or mare is imported froma country in 
which dourine exists it should be accompanied by an official cer- 
tificate showing that it has not in the past three years been ex- 
posed to the possibility of infection with dourine. 

6th. In the absence of such certificate the imported animal 
(capable of breeding) should be kept in strict quarantine for the 
period of three years. 

7th. A much more radical measure, which may be made to 
supersede all of the above, would be to castrate every soliped 
(stallion or mare) which has suffered from the disease in the past 
three years, and every such animal that has by coition been ex- 
posed during that length of time to even a remote opportunity 
for contagion. This would embrace all apparently sound mares 
that had been served by a stallion which had shown slight symp- 
toms of the disease, or by a stallion which had not himself shown 
such symptoms, but which had served a mare that had shown 
such symptoms; or one that had served a mare that had not 
shown such symptoms, but that had been previously served by a 
stallion which had shown such symptoms, or that previously cov- 
ered a mare that had shown such symptoms. In such cases the 
State might well afford to indemnify the owner for any reduction 
in value of the castrated stallion from that borne by the animal as 
a prospective breeder, the breeding for which indemnity is sought 
being understood to count only from a date of three years after 
the sanitary castration. A mare once attacked should be remorse- 
lessly castrated or killed. A perfect recovery in a horse can be 
better attested ; that of a mare is always uncertain, and most 


Dourine. 581 


secondary outbreaks after the apparent extinction of the poison 
have come from breeding mares that have apparently recovered, 
or that after exposure have shown no appreciable symptoms. 

When a State is so lost to all sanitary considerations as to 
abandon an affection of this kind to take its course, the owners of 
stallions and mares cannot be too careful to avoid the exposure of 
their valuable breeders to the risk of infection. Each mare 
brought for service should be admitted only when accompanied 
bya certificate showing all previous services in the last three 
years, with the identification of the stallion, and this irrespective 
of whether the service has been fruitful or not. In such certifi- 
cate the owner of the mare should bind himself to make good all 
damage or loss that may accrue from his failure to set forth in 
the certificate every such service and every symptom of illness 
affecting the generative organs from which the mare has suffered 
in the three years antecedent. 

The owner of the stallion should give a similar guarantee that 
the horse has in the past three years served no mare that was in 
any way open to suspicion, and that the animal has fot suffered 
from any affection of the generative organs which had any of the 
characteristics of dourine. 

No mare should be served which shows swelling, nodules, dis- 
tortion, or gaping vulva, a muco-purulent discharge, or too fre- 
quent or two prolonged eats. 

No stallion in such locality should be allowed to serve which 
shows pasty swelling of the sheath, swelling, shrinking or dis- 
tortion of the penis, red, angry, tender meatus urinarius, or a 
muco-purulent discharge. 

Unless in case of Arabian horses the appearance of white spots 
on the dark ground of the sheath, penis, vulva, or perineum, 
should be ground for debarring from service until an absolutely 
stainless record covering a number of years has been shown. 


MAL DE CADERAS. 


Synomyms. Quebra Bunda, Broken Buttock ; Disease of the 
Rump ; Infectious Paraplegia ; Paraplegic Trypanosomiasis. 

Definition. An acute trypanosomiasis of solipeds characterized 
by fever, rapid emaciation, extreme anzemia, debility, dropsies, 
advancing paraplegia, and almost always a fatal result. 

Historic Notes. Geographical distribution. Long familiar in 
equatorial America, it was recognized in 1830 in the island of 
Maraja as a sequel of the ruthless destruction of 60,000 horses 
and the exposure of the carcasses without burial (Calendrini). 
Asa result the horses of the island were virtually exterminated. 
At first the affection proved fatal in a few hours, but after a 
year’s prevalence, when the more susceptible animals had been 
killed off, death was usually deferred as far as the 8th or 15th 
day, and now it is from two or five months. A septic complica- 
tion doubtless existed at first. At the present time the malady 
prevails from Corrientes in the Argentine Republic on the south, 
to Bolivia on the north, following especially the damp river 
bottoms and other wet grounds. ‘The whole basin of the Amazon 
suffers, and especially Part, Maranhd, Ccart, Goya, Matto- 
Grosso, and above all Maraja. In Argentina, Paraguay, Uru- 
guay and Bolivia the marshy regions are severely ravaged. 

Animals Susceptible. Of farm animals the horse and dog, 
suffer most severely, the ass and mule much less, while caétle, 
sheep, goats and swine seem to resist casual infection, and give 
but a mild reaction when inoculated. The cat is less susceptible 
than the dog. Thewild animals suffer about as follows: White 
and gray mice and rats, Cabiai (Hydrocherus capybara), monkey, 
coati, rabbit, and Guineapig. It exterminated the cabiai in 
Marajo in 1830. Birds appear to be immune, though Voges 
claims the infection of chickens, turkeys and ducks. 

Microbiology. The essential cause is the 7rypanosoma Equt- 
num discovered by Elmassian in 1901 and confirmed by Voges. 
It is 24 to 26 long, by 1 to 2 » broad, with a flagellum as 
long as the body, extending back from the head, in the undulat- 
ing membrane, for two-thirds of the body length. A distinctive 
feature of this trypanosoma is the lighter coloration of the 

582 


Mal de Caderas. 583 


centrosome, situated posteriorly. It multiplies by longitudinal 
division. ‘The microbe is found in the blood, exudates of the 
serosee, synovia and urine. 

Accessory Causes. As in surra and nagana the most important 
is the presence of blood-sucking flies, tabanus, mosquito and 
the mosca bravA (Stomoxys calcitrans) are especially blamed. 
All blood-sucking parasites are to be dreaded. Conditions favor- 
able to the encrease of the insect bearers contribute. The 
vicinity of barns with exposed manure and vegetable rubbish, 
exposed carcasses of the dead horses and other genera, low damp 
localities and rainy seasons, abundance of undergrowth, damp 
soils abounding in organic matter, and a high temperature are to 
be noted. Calendrini found the greatest fatality in stables sur- 
rounded by manure and decomposing carcasses, while Voges 
claims for to-day a lessened mortality in dry, elevated (and pre- 
sumably cleanly) stables, as compared with marshy pastures. 

Symptoms. As in surra and nagana there are a series of at- 
tacks of hyperthermia separated by complete intermissions. ‘The 
trypanosoma is found in abundance in the blood during the 
febrile access, and are absent during the non-febrile period. 
Slight or premonitory symtoms may appear for 7 to 14 days, 
dulness, sluggishness, hurried breathing under exertion, weak- 
ness and emaciation in spite of good appetite, generous feeding 
and ample rest. Hyperthermia advances slowly to 102° to 105° 
F. and after some days suddenly drops to the normal, to rise 
again in the same manner after the intermission. 

One of the most constant symptoms is the loss of power of 
the hind limbs which sway and stagger, the femurs turning in- 
ward, asif dislocated, and on uneven ground the animal can not 
walk without falling. When down, he cannot rise without 
assistance. In the earlier experience of the malady (1835) only 
8 to 16 per cent. failed to show these paraplegic symptoms, 
whereas in recent years 50 per cent. or more escape them. In 
these cases the emaciation alone, goes on gradually encreasing 
until the patient appears like a living skeleton. Some retain an 
appearance of liveliness, yet all stand on three limbs, and change 
from one hind limb to the other every six or eight seconds. 

The retraction of the abdomen is a marked feature, yet expul- 
sive contraction is defective, the patient fails to put himself in 


584 Veterinary Medicine. 


the position for urination or defecation, and there is more or less 
detention of urine or feces, the latter being dry, moulded, covered 
with mucus and of a reddish yellow color. The sphincter ani is 
dilated. After atime the urine escapes in fine jets, so small 
that in the absence of stretching to urinate, or raising of the 
tail, they are easily overlooked. 

The urine may be normally clear, or dark colored, albuminous or 
bloody. The penis hangs out of the sheath several inches 
farther than in health. 

Appetite is sometimes impaired, or completely lost, though 
usually the patient eats and drinks to the last, but without proper 
digestion or assimilation. It does not check the advance of ma- 
rasmus. ‘Thirst often becomes excessive and in such cases, there 
is diuresis together with frequent and excessive rumbling of the 
bowels. ‘The loins are very sensitive to pinching. 

About sixty to seventy per cent. in different outbreaks show 
cedema, in the epigastric region it may be six inches in diameter, 
or it may extend from the sternum back so as to include the ab- 
domen, sheath, or mamimee, and perineum, and even the hind 
limbs. Considerable serous oozing takes place from this for four 
or five days, after which it dries up. 

In about seven to fourteen per cent. the head became cedema- 
tous and swollen, with an abundant fcetid purulent discharge from 
the nose and eyes, and extensive ulceration of the pituita and 
conjunctiva. Such cases became completely blind prior to death. 
In other cases extensive ulceration of the skin sets in with the 
formation of most repulsive sores. 

The nervous symptoms assume various forms ; in some there 
is stupor with head resting on the ground; in others extreme 
debility and paraplegia with phenomenally rapid emaciation ; 
in a few hemiplegia, or even delirium is shown ; in all there is a 
marked paresis of the digestive organs and especially impairment 

_ of peristalsis. The blood is deficient in red globules and rich in 
leucocytes (lymphocytes and eosinophiles. 

The most constant symptoms appear to be dyspnoea under 
exercise, paresis of the hind limbs and intestines, genital atony, a 
wonderfully rapid and extreme emaciation, cedema, and a tend- 
ency to impaired nutrition or ulcerous degenerations of the pituita, 
conjunctiva or skin. 


Mal de Caderas. 585 


Lesions. ‘The pale coloress blood is often characteristic. The 
normally light colored tissues (serosee, mucosz, adipose tissue, 
etc., are abnormally white or yellow. ‘The muscles are pale and 
atrophied especially in the hind quarters. The intermuscular 
tissue often shows a gelatinoid exudation, and in the gluteal 
region points of hemorrhage may be found. There is enlarge- 
ment of the liver, spleen and lymph glands, and pallor of the kid- 
neys with points of congestion. The heart is soft, flabby and on 
the endocardium petechiated. A slight serous effusion may be 

. present in the chest, abdomen or pericardium. 

Diagnosis must be based on the very characteristic symptoms 
and on the lesions, but above all on the presence of the heemato- 
zoon during and immediately after each access of fever. Or 
inoculation of a dog or Guineapig may be resorted to. 

Treatment proved a continuous failure. Quinine and cacody- 
lates by the mouth and subcutem were equally ineffective. 

Prevention. Calendrini claimed excellent results from the 
killing and burial of the diseased, the separation of all sound 
horses from the places where they had been, and the thorough 
‘disinfection of all harness, utensils, wagons, etc. For a number 
of years his district (Soure) was, by this means, kept free from 
the plague. The precautions recommended under Surra would 
be equally applicable here. Above all remove all manure and 
rubbish heaps, or seclude them in close dark pits where they can 
be disinfected, apply to the skins of the animals preparations of 
naphthalin, tar or other agent obnoxious to the insects, and 
screen the stables against their invasion. Fly covers should be 
worn when abroad. Petroleum may be sprinkled on all stagnant 
water, devoid of fishes and frogs, to kill the mosquitoes. Stable 
vermin, caviai, dogs, water hogs and Guineapigs should be sub- 
jected to the measures for suppression. Agglutination of the 
hheematozoa is determined by the serum of strongly immunized 
cattle, sheep and swine, but attempts to avail of this in the 
immunization ortherapeutics of the horse have not proved satis- 
factory. 


PROTOZOAN CATTLE FEVER. TEXAS FEVER. 
PALUDISM OF CATTLE. 


Symptoms. Definition : protozoan, tick-borne, febrile, affection, of wild 
damp lands, and warm seasons, with enlarged spleen and liver and hemo- 
lysis. Historic Notes; Old World; Australia; tropical and subtropical 
America. Causes : contact of cattle from salubrious districts with the insalu- 
brious or with cattle from such ; Piroplasma bigeminum ; a bovine parasite, 
reducing red globules by 3(ths. ; successive forms of piroplasma ; the cattle 
tick, boophilis annulatus, bearer of piroplasma ; demonstration of the tick 
agency ; toxic saliva of tick ; toxic property in blood ; question of identity 
of infection-bearing ticks. Lesions: putrefaction rapid, icterus, ticks, blood 
oozing in skin, hydreemia hemoglobinzemia, few red globules, small pete- 
chiz, slight serous exudates and effusions: congestion, petechiation, 
sloughing, perforation of gastric mucosa, congestion of intestinal mucosa, 
in rectum like port wine ; liver enlarged, congested, biliary radicles in acini 
gorged with bile; spleen enlirged, engorged : kidneys cedematous, blood- 
stained ; bladder petechiated ; urine opaque or red, in convalesence watery ; 
womb ; foetus. Incubation three to ten days; delays due to hatching of 
ticks. Symptoms: Acute case: anamuesis ; hot season ; hyperthermia 104° 
to 109° F. ; hurried breathing and pulse ; anorexia ; dulness; costiveness ; 
icterus ; prostration ; weakness ; delirium ; urineturbid, red ; blood hydreemic ; 
diarrhoea ; emaciation. Duration oneto seven days. Fatal (90%) to exotic 
cattle ; mild in indigenous, or cool season. Mild case ; temperature 103°, 
anorexia, dulness, costiveness, enuresis, albuminuria, pallid mucosz, ema- 
ciation, round protozo6n in globules, ticks, oligocythemia. Differential 
diagnosis, from anthrax. Treatment : laxative : antiseptic ; mucilaginious 
food ; picking off ticks ; anti-ixodic lotion ; tick free pasture or place. Pre- 
vention : destruction of ticks ; picking ; dipping or smearing with tick kill. 
ing preparation, paraffine or extradynamo oil and sulphur, danger with 
shipping ; dressing of all cattle at intervals during warm reason ; cultiva- 
tion of tick-infected land ; exclusion of cattle for one summer and two win- 
ters; soil cattle for three weeks in each of two tick free pens, to let ticks 
drop ; danger of nonimmunized cattle in infested area; suggestions for ex- 
tinction by States. Immunization : Infection of sucking calf ; infected by 
a few ticks: by graduated injections of piroplasma blood; technique ; 
injection of blood from body of tick. Limited value of artificial tolerance. 
Marketing of the beef. Federal restrictions. 


Synonyms. Splenic fever; Spanish fever ; Mexican fever ; 
Southern cattle fever ; Australian tick fever ; Tristeza ; Red water ; 
Black water ; Bovine periodic fever ; Bovine yellow fever ; Mala- 
die du bois; Holzkrankheit ; Moor evil ; Wood-ill; Ixodic 
Anemia,; Rottmanian hzemoglobinuria. Piroplasmosis. 

586 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 587 


Definition. A specific fever of cattle, enzootic during the warm 
seasons in the low, malarious grounds and wooded or uncultivated 
districts of different countries, caused by a protozodn in the blood 
and red globules, which is conveyed from animal to animal by 
ticks, and leading to engorgement of the spleen and liver, de- 
struction of the red globules, heemoglobinuria, and oligocythzemia. 

Historic Notes. ‘This malady has doubtless existed from time 
immemorial in different malaria districts of the Old World, where 
the wood and moor ill is now coming to be recognized as a proto- 
zoan tick-borne disease. ‘The malady exists in Roumania (Star- 
covici, Babes, Gavrilescu) Turkey (Nicolle, Adil-Bey), Sardinia 
(San Felici, Loi) , Southern France (Lignieres), Italy (Celli, 
Santori), Algiers, Tunis (Lignieres), Finland (Krogins, Von 
Hollens), West Indies, Mexico, Nicaragua, United States of 
Columbia, South America as far south as the Argentine Repub- 
lic, German East Africa (Koch), Transvaal (Theiler), S. Aus- 
tralia (Pound). In Australia imported European cattle found the 
infection waiting for them in the uncultivated bottoms. In 
America it doubtless prevailed on the seaboard and islands of 
the Gulf of Mexico from the time of the importation of Spanish 
cattle, but for the first definite account of it we are indebted to 
Dr. James Pease, who records the widespread destruction of the 
native herds in Lancaster Co., Penn., in connection with the in- 
troduction of cattle from the south. None of the southern cattle 
died, but wherever they traveled, the native stock perished all 
but universally. Other droves from South Carolina were equally 
destructive to all cattle along their track. The recorded symp- 
toms of anorexia, great weakness, often inability to stand, trem- 
bling, groaning, bloody urine, bleeding from the nose, costiveness, 
congested kidneys, and decomposed, incoagulable blood serve to 
identify the disease. 

Later, whenever southern cattle were moved north, the disease 
followed their trail. Florida cattle left infection along their 
route until they reached the border of Virginia, where it usually 
ceased. When taken from the Georgia mountains to the low- 
lands, they died without infecting the native stock, and, when 
such native stock of the lowlands were moved to the hills or the 
north, they conveyed the fever to the stock among which they 
came, though themselves well and improving all the time 


588 Veterinary Medicine. 


a 


(Wilkinson). Similar experiences were had in all the middle 
states up to the war of 1861, but, in too many cases, the real source 
of infection was overlooked. It was observed that the disease 
was confined to the vicinity of the main highways and drove 
roads running north, and spared the lands lying somewhat back 
of these routes. Attention was drawn to the Texas cattle in 
1853 when a herd of 450 which had wintered in Jasper Co., Mo. 
moved north passing through Vernon Co. in June, and causing 
losses of 50 to 90 percent. of the native cattle along their course, 
and only along that line. Such invasions occurred yearly, andin 
1858 $200,000 worth of native cattle perished from this cause in 
Vernon Co. alone (A. Badger). During the war (1861-64) the 
cattle, in Texas especially, encreased without meeting with an 
adequate market, and, on the opening of the trade once more, 
they were sent northin large numbers carrying infection with 
them. When Forts Smith and Gibson had been occupied by the 
Union soldiers, the southern cattle poured in along the military 
road and the Kansas farmers along this route suffered severe 
losses, as well as those to whom the southern cattle were finally 
distributed (Bray). 

Causes. Up to 1889 the true cause of Texas fever was un: 
known. It was well established that cattle brought from the low- 
lands of the southern states, during the warm season, though 
themselves in apparently the best of health, proved deadly to 
northern cattle with which they came in contact, to those that 
followed them in the same pasture during the same warm season, 
and even in many cases to the mountain cattle of the south. In 
the same way northern cattle, removed to the infected regions in 
the south, contracted the fever and almost all perished. This 
was equally true of cattle taken from the northern states to 
Jamaica or other islands in the Gulf. In the winter season, after 
the first severe frosts of autumn and before the last keen frosts of 
spring, the southern cattle could be safely introduced into the 
northern states and on this a modus vivendi, for a trade in 
southern cattle in the winter only, was based. 

Microbiology. Piroplasma bigeminum: Apiosoma bigeminum., 
(Apios pear, geminus twin). In 1888 Starcovici discovered pyri- 
form organisms (Badesia bigeminum) in the red blood-globules 
of Roumanian cattle suffering from hzemoglobinuria, and Babes, 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 589 


after a study of the organisms, named them Hematococcus. The 
following year Theobald Smith found them in the Texas fever 
blood, and recognized them as protozoa (Pirosoma bigeminum). 
Wadoleck proposed Apzosoma, Bonome Ametbosporidia, and 
Patton, Pivoplasma. The latter pointed out that Pirosoma was 
already in use for another organism. Th. Smith’s discovery 
identified Texas fever with the Roumanian haemoglobinuria, and 
stimulated the Bureau of Animal Industry to an extended re- 
search which, in the main, elucidated the true nature of the dis- 
ease. Inalong series of experiments the observers produced 
the disease in healthy susceptible cattle, by injecting them, in 
the warm seasou with the blood of sick animals, and as con- 
stantly failed in the experimental inoculation of similar blood on 
non-bovine animals such as sheep, rabbits, Guineapigs and 
pigeons. In Australia, Pound had violent fever in two injected 
sheep but no pyroplasma, and their blood injected on the ox, had 
no affect. In none of these latter were the blood-globules in- 
vaded by the parasite, nor were the corpuscles lessened in 
number. In the affected cattle, the red cells were reduced from 
the normal 7,000,000 per cubic mm. to 1,800,000 and even lower 
in some cases. 

The Pivoplasma Bigeminum passes through a series of forms in 
the blood. Theobald Smith found in the red globule and attached 
to its margin a pale round body o.5u in diameter, and staining 
freely in alkaline methylene blue and other basic anilin dyes and 
in hematoxylin, but not in acid coloring fluids. These he found 
in the red globules in acute cases, often in company with the pear- 
shaped bodies, and usually in the absence of the piriform bodies 
in chronic cases, in non-fatal relapses, in cases occurring in cooler. 
weather, (late autumn or early winter) and in immune southern 
cattle. The red cells containing these rounded organisms were 
not crenated nor distorted, though 50 per cent. of them might 
contain the parasite. He looked on these as the earlier stage of 
the organism which later developed into the piriform body, by 
segmentation of its substance. The piriform or spindle-shaped 
bodies were usually found in pairs connected at their pointed ends 
by a filament and extending across nearly the whole breadth of 
the red globule. vee microérganisms, pear-shaped or round, he 
failed to find in the blood of the large vessels; but saw them 


590 Veterinary Medicine. 


only in the cardiac capillaries and especially in the kidneys. 
In some cases the dim remnant of the disintegrated blood globule 
could still be detected around the parasite. 

Laveran and Nicolle, examining the blood of Italian cases by 
fixing and staining, found the two forms, round or oval, and piri- 
form, and claimed that the first passed into the second by seg- 
mentation. 

Lignieres working in Buenos Ayres with the most ample op- 
portunity as regards fresh material and authority to use it, 
watched the successive changes in the living organisms, and 
reached further conclusions. He diluted the blood with a7 per 
cent. salt solution, or with ox serum or both, until the globules 
stood apart in the field. The blood can be kept under observa- 
tion for days under a cover-glass luted with sterile paraffin, and 
the changes clearly traced. Securing the blood from a subject 
having a great abundance of infected globules (usually at the 
height of the hemoglobinuria) he found mainly the pzriform para- 
site intra-globular and free, and in the latter an active whirling 
motion was kept up by means of the flagellum at its pointed end. 
As usually arranged in pairs (gemina), whether inside or outside 
the globule, they are connected by the flagellum attached to their 
pointed ends. Careful observation enables one to detect in the 
pyriform mass a small brightly refrangent point like a nucleus. 
In this form the piroplasma is 3 to 4m in length. 

After 4 or 5 hours, and on toward the 8th, the piroplasma has. 
assumed the round or oval form with a small linear prolongation 
(flagellum) and shrunken to 1 to 1% in diameter. All the 
piriform bodies pass into the rounded so that this last is the 
second stage of their development and not the first as was 
formerly supposed. ‘The round forms are always present in great 
numbers in the cortex of the kidney in the second stage of the 
disease (toward the subsidence of the hemoglobinuria). ‘The 
refrangent nucleus is no longer to be seen. 

After one, two or more days there appears in the round para- 
site a chromatine mass, which breaks up into 2, 3, 4 or 5 smaller 
chromatic bodies, which Lignieres considers as germs. He has 
seen no division of the protoplasm, but on the contrary the germs 
escape, yet remain for a time attached to the outer surface of the 
parent organism. They show rapid jerking movements. 


. 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 591 


Lignieres claims to have followed all these changes in the blood 
kept in a sterilized glass cup at room temperature or in the ther- 
mostat, and in the stomach of the tick, as well as on the warm 
stage of the microscope. 

He claims to have made a further success in cultivating the 
parasite in ox-blood serum highly charged with hemoglobin. It 
was only occasionally,and by the use of blood extraordinarily rich 
in the parasites, that success was obtained. In one such case he 
produced five successive cultures, the product being the rounded 
forms only and within these the germs. ‘There were no piriform 
bodies. These are not formed outside of the red globules. The 
third successive culture in this medium grew with great readi- 
ness, producing larger parasites with less disposition to contract, 
but the fourth and fifth cultures were encreasingly poor. Inocu- | 
lation with these cultures failed to produce the disease. To ex- 
plain this the doctrine of passive germs, strong for survival, but 
weak pathogenically, is hazarded. 

To summarize, the successive stages of the piroplasma are: 
1st. The intraglobular pear-shaped bodies with flagellum often 
connecting two bodies. znd. The vounded bodies with refrangent 
nucleus—intraglobular or extraglobular. 3d. The free round 
bodies with the nucleus divided into 2 to 5 chromatin masses. 4th. 
The free chromatin masses, large, active, infecting germs, and 
small, passive, non-infecting germs. ‘The insuccess of inocula- 
tions of cattle with the last named bodies throws an air of doubt 
upon them as links in the pathogenic chain. Definite informa- 
tion on the antecedents, environment, food, etc., of the cattle un- 
successfully inoculated, including the season, shelter and meteor- 

ological conditions might have brought us a step nearer to the 
full life history of the piroplasma. 

The Cattle Tick: Boophilus Annulatus: Boophilus Bovis : 
Ixodus Bovis: I. Dugestt: The Invertebrate Host of the Texas 
Fever Organism. As early as 1868 shrewd observers had noticed 
that in all outbreaks of Texas fever the affected animals were 
covered with ticks, and drew the natural inference that the dis- 
ease was due to the bites of these insects. But the prevalence of 
ticks in localities where the disease was unknown served to draw 
attention away from the important fact that was suggestive of 
the true explanation of the disease. The truth, however, con- 


592 Veterinary Medicine. 


stantly obtruded itself that casual cases were never found in the 
absence of the tick. Finally, in 1889, Kilborne conceived the 
idea of putting the matter to the test, and with the approval of 
the Chief. of the Bureau of Animal Industry, set aside special 
paddocks for this purpose. Five native cattle were placed, at 
midsummer, with three South Carolina cattle, from which all 
ticks had been carefully picked, and they completely escaped 
infection. 

After seventy-one days, on September 6th, when the hottest 
weather had passed, two were turned into a lot with four South 
Carolina cattle of the original herd which had stocked the pasture 
with ticks. Of the two, one died of Texas fever, September 20th, 
and the other sickened in the last week of September, and had a 
relapse in October, but finally recovered. Of eleven other native 
cattle placed in this tick-infested field up to September 30th, ten 
sickened and one escaped. One animal placed in the field Octo- 
ber r9th escaped. 

Again three North Carolina cattleand three natives were placed 
in a field September 14th and 15th. The new generation of ticks 
was retarded by the cool season, so that few larvee appeared on 
the native stock yet one of the three sickened. 

These results were confirmed by a series of other similar ex- 
periments. 

In a further experiment, September 13th, thousands of ticks, 
mostly mature, from North Carolina, were scattered over a sound 
lot and four native cattle turned intoit nextday. Three sickened 
and one, to outward appearance, escaped. 

These results: were corroborated by experiments made in suc- 
eeeding years. In addition the disease was produced regularly 
in native stock by placing on their skin the six-legged larve of 
boophilus bovis, which had been hatched in glass vessels in the 
laboratory. It was also shown that the Washington winter de- 
stroyed the ticks in infected pastures so that native cattle could 
be safely turned on them the following spring or summer. 

To summarize :— . 

1. The blood of southern cattle containing the piroplasma pro- 
duced the disease when injected into a healthy susceptible ani- 
mal. 

2. The animal with piroplasma in its blood, did not convey the 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 593 


disease, in the absence of ticks, to a susceptible animal kept with 
it. 

3. The animal with piroplasma in its blood and covered with 
ticks conveyed the disease to a susceptible animal kept with it. 

4. The ticks hatched and raised in glass vessels in the labora- 
tory, when put on susceptible animals, infected them. 

5. Ticks taken from cattle harboring the piroplasma, and put 
on the skin of susceptible animals, or on their pastures in the 
warm season, infected the exposed stock. 

6. The six-legged larvee developed in the laboratory from the 
eggs of mature ticks, taken from cattle having the piroplasma, 
conveyed the disease. 

7. On bare pastures as far south as Washington the winter 
frosts destroyed the ticks so as to render the pastures safe on the 
following season. 

8. Ticks artificially raised in a warm laboratory, produced the 
disease when placed on susceptible cattle in a warmed stable 
(65° to 80° F.) in winter. 

g. Inthe Gulf states, in stables which the cattle occupy con- 
stantly or enter twice daily for milking or feeding, the ticks may 
live through the entire winter. the same has occurred in the 
warn swill stables in the north. 

10. When taken into a new locality, it is rarely the mature 
ovigerous ticks that bite and infect the native cattle of the place, 
but the next generation of larvz, so that time must be allowed 
for the laying and hatching of ova. 

11. Ovipositing usually occupies about a week, while hatching 
varies with the temperature from two to six weeks. 

12. Cases can be adduced in which native cattle followed, on 
the same pasture, the tick-bearing infecting cattle, and remained 
for a week or more, and yet escaped, the larve being as yet un- 
hatched from the ova. Other native cattle, following these two 
or three weeks later, perished almost without exception. 

13. This delay in the hatching may be indefinitely prolonged, 
and thus in the southern states, the winter may be tided over, 
without the loss of vitality in the ova, especially if it is covered 
by leaves, moss, wood, or decaying vegetable matter. 

14. When dealing with lung plague in Chicago in 1888, I 
noted the facts that every cow that entered a city stable through 

38 


594 Veterinary Medicine. 


the stock yards during the dry, hot, midsummer weather died of 
Texas fever within a month, while those that passed through 
the same yards during a particular rainy week, all escaped. 
Berkau has shown that, in the absence of the coating of the 
glutinous saliva, the eggs do not hatch, and here we may assume 
that this covering was washed off by the rains and the eggs 
perished. 

15. It has long been noticed that the ticks are scarcely at all 
dangerous to young calves living on milk. This applies not only 
to calves born of cows native to infected localities, and therefore 
possibly having a congenital immunity, but also to the calves 
of northern and susceptible cows, and which were exposed 
simultaneously with theirdams. It suggests a special defensive 
power in even the bovine system when sustained on animal food. 
In the Bureau of Animal Industry experiments, calves of four 
months, already using vegetable food freely sickened, but still 
as a rule, recovered. 

16. The Bureau fed three cattle with adult live ticks (2000 to 
an animal) but no infection resulted. 

17. Four cattle were injected intravenously with the liquid 
charged by crushing ticks in a mortar with distilled water. In 
some cases the liquid was put through a Pasteur filter, in others 
only through two thicknesses of filter paper. No infection 
ensued. 

18. Lignieres injected, subcutem, in different animals the pulp 
of the ticks at all stages of life, ground in a mortar with distilled 
water, but found in no case tristeza as the result nor any destruc- 
tion of red globules. 

‘The apparent paradox involved in the last three items probably 
finds its explanation in the statement of Nicolle and Adil-Bey 
that, in biting, the tick instils into the wound a venomous saliva 
which causes local congestion and infiltration and presumably 
operates on the blood globules as well. Curtice describes the two 
racemose glands situated under the head shield, the secretions of 
which are pressed out by the movements of the mouth ring and 
appendages. How much of this irritant and toxic action is in- 
herent in the saliva, and how much due to the protozoan con- 
tained in it has not been shown. Nicolle, Adil-Bey and, later, 
Lignieres showed a similar toxic property in the blood. Three 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 595 


to five cc. of blood taken from an acute case at the crisis and in- 
jected into the marginal vein of the ear in a rabbit, killed the sub- 
ject in a few seconds. A similar amount thrown into the peri- 
toneum of a Guineapig destroyed life ina few minutes. It is 
probable that the dilution of the venom in the mass of tick pulp 
and distilled water reduced its toxic quality to such a low ebb 
that the red globules were comparatively unaffected by it and 
successfully resisted the attacks of the microbe. 

The name Bodphilus bovis was given to the bearer of the piro- 
plasma by Cooper Curtice who made a special study of the tick, 
and its development. For the description see Parasites, Ixodes. 
Among the most marked and distinctive features of the female 
are the extreme shortness and relative breadth of the rostrum, 
the slender palpi, the eight rows of spines on the lower surface of 
the labium, the smooth mandibles with terminal hooks, the limbs 
long, slender, in seven segments, and each furnished with a- 
terminal pad (pulvillus) and one hook (fore limbs) or two hooks 
(hind). Curtice has identified the ticks of hemoglobinuria in 
various other countries with the bodphilus. The Garrapata of 
Mexico and the West Indies, the Hemaphysalis rosea of Cuba 
(Koch), the Ixodes Annulata of Florida (Say), the Ixodes 
Dugesii of Italy (Nequin), the Ixodes Algeriensis and the Ixodes 
Egypti he found to be identical. There may be some doubt as 
to the Rhipicephalus Annulatus Microplus of Buenos Ayres, 
which agrees with the bodphilus in size, in the thickness of its 
rostrum, in the eight rows of hooks on the lower surface of the 
labium, in its host and habits, in the fact that it transfers the 
piroplasma to cattle, but the male has a distinct horny tail like 
the B. Australis with which it appears identical. Curtice holds 
that it was originally a North African tick, which was carried 
by the Spaniards to their American colonies. Rhipicephalus 
Annulatus of Roumania is probably the same, together with the 
ticks that convey the piroplasma in the other countries of Europe. 
‘There remain the B. Decoloratus of South Africa and the ‘‘ Scrub- 
tick’’ of Australia both distinguished by the presence of a tail in 
the male. -The life-history of the Queensland ‘‘Scrub’’ tick 
coincides with that of the bodphilus of America (Pound). 
In Rhodesia the brown tick R. Appendiculatus, carries the germ 
of the Coast fever. 


596 Veterinary Medicine. 


Lesions. If the course of the disease has been short, followed 
by an early death, the carcass-may be full and rounded, but if the 
animal has been sick for five or six days there is marked loss of 
condition and weight—emaciation. Asafter any other affection oc- 
curring during very hot weather, decomposition setsin early, though 
not quite so speedily as in anthrax, in which the subject dies full 
of rich blood. Something, too, depends on the condition at 
death, putrefaction being manifestly slower in protracted and de- 
bilitated cases. The color of the skin, the mucosz and normally 
white tissues varies in the same way. As it has been largely 
seen in our northern States (and Australia) in fat cattle, which 
contracted the disease in railway cars, cattle markets, or dealers’ 
or butchers’ parks, etc., the deep orange hue of the white tissues 
is one of the most marked features, and even the muscles have a 
deep mahogany yellow hue. In poor milch cows and stock cattle 
in the South, onthe other hand, the icteric hue is often conspicu- 
ous by its absence. Cattle killed early for experimental pur- 
poses may also show less icterus. The color appears to be influ- 
enced largely by the abundance of red globules in the blood when 
the animal was attacked, by the rapid destruction of these 
globules, and the saturation of the blood and tissues with heemo- 
globin in solution. The presence of ticks on the skin, especially 
along the ventral aspect, inside of the thighs, on the scrotum, 
udder or perineum, sufficiently explains the number of minute 
infiltrations into thederma, the oozing of blood or serum, and the 
matting of the hairs into little tufts. 

The pale, watery condition of the blood was recognized as one of 
the most constant features in 1868, together with the disappear- 
ance of the red glubules. The clot isremarkably soft and, at the 
crisis of the disease, the serum is of a reddish hue by reason of 
the hamogoblin in solution. When, however, the urine is no 
longer stained, the hemoglobin having been eliminated, the 
serum assumes its normal pale ainber hue. For the first counting 
of the red globules in this disease we are indebted to the Bureau 
of Animal Industry. The average count in healthy cattle ap- 
proximated to 6,000,000 per mm. of blood, and in three days this 
would descend to 4,000,000, 3,000,000, 2,000,000 or even 1,183,- 
ooo, The rates of decrease was } to} of the entire numberin 
one day. In case of recovery the repair of the red globules was 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 597 


slow, from one to two months being required to bring them up to 
the normal standard. Ljignieres claims recoveries after the count 
had gone as low as 300,000 per mm., and in fatal cases, a few 
hours before death, it may be but 31,000 per mm. 

In high conditioned animals, with high fever, often aggravated 
by travel, the muscles may be dark and firm, but in those out of 
condition and in the advanced anzmic stages of the disease the 
muscles are pale, and there may be sub-cutaneous cedema below 
the chest and belly. These last features are especially noted by 
Smith and Kilborne. 

The /ungs are usually normal. Sometimes limited congestions, 
punctiform petechize, emphysema and small areas of oedema or 
hepatization are noticed (Smith and Kilborne). 

The pericardium contains a little bloody serum and is marked 
by petechize. 

The /eft heartis usually empty, but the right heart full of fluid, 
or later, of clotted blood, in the latter case without buffy coat. 
‘The endocardium, and especially on the musculi papillares, is 
marked by petechize, punctate or in considerable patches. ‘The 
cardiac capillaries are full of blood, with numerous piroplasmata. 

The peritoneum often contains a little reddish serosity, and a 
slight gelatinoid exudation is sometimes found around the kidneys 
or elsewhere in the abdomen. Petechiz are frequent. 

The stomachs usually show petechiated spots on the mucous- 
‘membranes, and more or less diffuse congestion. Sloughing of 
the mucosa at such points is not uncommon, and even perforation 
of the folds of the third and fourth stomachs. ‘The Bureau of 
-Animal Industry and Lignieres both found these stomach lesions 
very inconsiderable. The smaller pin-head erosions described by 
Gamgee were identified by the Bureau of Animal Industry as bites 
‘of the strongylus convolutus. The small intestines are ustially 
moderately congested. 

The caecum and colon show more congestion, becoming at times 
of adeep red or almost black hue, and considerable extravasa- 
tion of blood may take place. This is especially marked in the 
rectum, which may be of a port wine hue, comparable to that 
seen in rinderpest or, hemorrhoidal anthrax. The faeces are 
often dry and massed in balls in czecum and rectum, while if 
diarrhoea has set in, the discharge may be colored with blood or 


598 Veterinary Medicine. 


blood elements. Yet in the cases reported by the Bureau serious 
lesions of the intestines were rather the exception, and some sub- 
jects showed scarcely any lesion. 

The diver is usually enlarged, averaging three to five pounds 
heavier than ina healthy ox of the same weight. In these en- 
larged and congested cases it is of a deep yellowish brown color, 
and often shows yellow spots on the darker ground. Micro- 
scopically each acinus has a bright yellow centre from which yellow 
radiating canals diverge to join the peripheral gall duct. In the 
superficial or portal portion of the acinus, the hepatic cells are 
granular from fatty change, yet the nucleus is usually still 
recognizable. ‘Toward the central zone it may have disappeared. 
The further this has advanced, the softer, the more easily pitted 
and the more friable the liver. The congestion of these radical 
gall ducts with the dense colored bile, displays the structure of 
the acini in a clear and beautiful way, which no injection can ac- 
complish. When theaffected tissue is teased out and placed under 
the microscope the inspissated contents of the bile canaliculi may 
be seen as yellow cylindroid casts sometimes bifurcated to repre- 
sent the union of the two canals. If stained in Ehrlich’s acid 
hematoxylin, the necrotic elements refuse to take the stain so 
that the contrast between the dead and the living tissues is en- 
hanced. Fatty degeneration is common in the liver of healthy 
beef cattle so that this is less significant than the congestion of 
the acini, and the phenomenal distension of the radical gall ducts 
with inspissated bile. 

The gall bladder is usually full (14 pint to 1 quart or more), 
and its mucous membrane congested and sometimes petechiated. 
The dile is thick and viscid, like tar, it may be yellowish green, 
darkening on exposure and contains hematoidin crystals and 
abundance of flocculi showing bright yellow or orange by trans- 
mitted light and reddish brown by reflected light. 

The spleen is always enlarged, often enormously so. From an 
average weight of 1.5 lb. to 1.7 lb. for a 1000 lbs. ox, it will rise 
to 2, 7 or even 10 lbs. One measured 27 inches long by 7% 
inches wide and in the centre 3 inches thick (Rauch). Even in 
apparent health the Gulf coast cattle have spleens averaging 
about 2% lbs. 

The spleen is gorged with blood which appears purple as seen 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 59 


through the stretched and attenuated capsule, and darker pete 
chial spots are found at intervals. When cut into, the pulp alon 
appears dark, brownish red, grumous, and showing under th 
microscope many red blood cells, larger cells granular and under 
going fatty degeneration, yellow flocculi, crystals of heematoidin 
and granules of black pigment. It is the excess rather than th 
nature of these agents that is significant. The pulp may b 
pressed or washed out, bringing the trabeculae and Malphigiai 
bodies into view. 

The &édneys are most seriously affected in acute and rapidh 
fatal cases. There may be cedema, with blood staining and eve 
extravasation on their lower surface and in the adipose tissue 
The gland may be enlarged and the cortical substance congestec 
of a dark brownish red or black. Its capillaries are gorged wit] 
red globules in which the piroplasmata are very numerous. Th 
medullary portion is much paler, and with fatty granules in the 
epithelium, and oil globules in the tubules. The renal pelvis ij 
more or less petechiated and marked by extravasations. 

The bladder is marked by petechie and usually contains som 
quarts of urine more or less deeply stained with hzemoglobin 
The depth of coloris in exact ratio with the extent and rapidity 
of the destruction of red globules, and of the elimination of thei: 
coloring matter. When the destruction is proceeding rapidly the 
urine may be as dark as port wine ; when their disintegration ha: 
lessened it may be pale though the temperature is still high (105° 
F). In slight and tardy cases there is reason to believe that th« 
redness of the urine may be omitted altogether as is the icteri 
discoloration of the mucosz, and hence cases seen in animals indi. 
genous to the protozoan fever districts, have been described as : 
distinct disease. In these mild cases and advanced stages ther 
is usually a certain amount of albuminuria remaining. In thr 
early stages the urine is strongly alkaline, effervesces with acids 
and hasa high specific gravity (1030-1040); later when abstinence 
and suspended digestion and assimilation cause the patient tc 
subsist on its own tissues the reaction may become distintly acic 
and the specific gravity reduced (1010-1020). It no longer effer 
vesces. During convalescence while there is a great deficiency o 
red globules and other blood solids, the urine tends to becom 
pale and watery, of a low specific gravity, and lacking in even it: 
normal pigments. 


600 Veterinary Medicine. 


The wond will at times show petechize and in pregnant cows 
the foetus will show sero-sanguineous effusions or even extravasa- 
tions in the chest or abdomen, and hemoglobinuria (Lignieres). 

Incubation. Outbreaks occurring in the North, in herds into 
which southern infected cattle have been brought, were at first 
held to indicate an incubation of thirty or forty days (or even 
sometimes sixty-five), but this is now explained by the time. re- 
quired for the laying and hatching of the eggs of the mature 
ticks and the evolution of infecting young larval or seed ticks. 
The actual incubation, as shown by the subcutaneous or intra- 
venous injection of the blood of an infected ox, extends from 
three to ten days. The hyperthermia is usually shown on the 
third day, and the more manifest outward symptoms on the sixth. 
Extreme heat of the weather, a special susceptibility of the ani- 
mal infected, and especially a large dose of the blood and proto- 
zoa will hasten somewhat the onset, but three to six days may be 
set down as the rule after the ticks have introduced the parasite 
into their victim. Cattle taken from the northern states and 
placed on southern pastures, or passing over trails already well 
stocked with the ticks, are infected at once and sicken in from 
three to ten days. Cattle in their northern home placed on a 
previously uninfested field with southern cattle just arrived, do 
not suffer for thirty, forty, sixty, and in exceptional cases, even 
ninety days. The paradox is explained by the time wanted for 
the laying of the eggs and the hatching of the tick larve. The 
female tick does not lay eggs until she is fully mature, and if the 
ticks on a southern ox are still immature there is a variable 
period of delay until the eggs are mature enough to be deposited. 
‘Then the ovigerous tick drops off her host and spends one week 
in laying her eggs. In warm weather these eggs take three to 
four weeks to hatch, so that usually five weeks elapse before the 
young (seed ticks) can climb upon the ox and infect him. Add 
three to six days more for the actual incubation and we ac- 
count for about six weeks of delay in the appearance of the 
disease in northern cattle. If we consider further that a wet sea- 
son occurring after the eggs have been laid and before they are 
hatched tends to divest them of their protective covering and to 
expose them to destruction, and that, in any case, a cold season 
will delay the hatching until the recurrence of warm weather, 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 601 


and that the absence of bovine victims will doom the new-born 
larva to an arrest of development, so that further indefinite de- 
lay may be entailed, we have abundant explanation of the fre- 
quently delayed evolution of symptoms. Yet in general terms 
the apparent prolongation of incubation is due to fortuitous cir- 
cumstances which delay the infection, and not to any actual ex- 
tension of the incubation itself. 

Symptoms of Acute Type. Cattle infected outside the area of 
habitual prevalence and stock from non-infected districts, con- 
veyed into the infected ones in hot weather, usually contract the 
disease in its acute and fatal form. ‘The period of the year is 
often significant, a number of animals being attacked at once in 
the hot dry period of late summer or autumn—July to September 
in North America, February to May in Argentina. 

The first symptom isa rise of temperatnre, and this may last 
two or even three days before other morbid phenomena are 
noticed. It may rise to 104° F. in the first day and later to 107°; 
108° or 109°. The more acute the case and the hotter the 
weather the greater the rise. he highest records are obtained 
late in the day, the lowest in the morning. The temperature 
often rises for two to four days, and then suddenly drops with the 
occurrence of collapse and imminent death. While the thermo- 
meter is of the highest value in taking the temperature, yet the 
extraordinary hyperthermia is easily detected by grasping the root 
of the horn or ear, or by feeling the nose, feet, anus or lips of the 
vulva. 

After 2 or 3 days the respirations become accelerated to 60 to 
100 per minute, and the pulse togo to 1ooor more. There is com- 
plete loss of appetite and rumination after the development of 
these symptoms, the mouth is hot and it may be dry, the muzzle 
dry, the head pendant, the eyes dull or semiclosed and congested 
(usually icteric), the bowels confined, to be relaxed again as the 
fever subsides. A disposition to stand or lie down in water has 
been frequently noted. Nervous symptoms are usually present. 
The extreme dulness, languor, and apathy, the drooping head 
and ears, the unsteadiness of the support the animal staggering 
or propping himself up by spreading all four limbs, and the 
tendency to assume and retain a recuinbent position, are marked 
phenomena in our domesticated northern cattle. The paresis 


e 
602 Veterinary Medicine. 


may absolutely incapacitate the animal from getting up. In our 
wilder range cattle it may show itself in active delirium and 
Lignieres notes the same of the Pampas cattle in Argentina. The 
animal lying dull and apathetic (triste), on being approached 
may raise his head, open his eyes and glare threateningly at the in- 
truder. Sometimes when trembling violently, and swaying ready 
to fall, he will marshal all his remaining energy to plunge at a 
man on foot or mounted. Some have become blind and uncon- 
sciously walked against obstacles, others have been noticed to run 
in wide circles. 

The milk secretion is suppressed, any little that can be drawn 
in the advanced stages having a thick, creamy appearance. 
Abortion is common in the pregnant cow. 

The condition of the urine has, however, always drawn 
especial attention and the names ved-water and hemoglobinuria. 
have accordingly been largely applied to the disease. When, in 
infected areas, the milder types of the disease have failed to show 
ved-water (Jamaica), the identity of the affection with Texas 
fever has even been denied. Shortly after the rise of tempera- 
ture, the urine becomes turbid, and this gradually encreases to a. 
more or less deep red. It assumes its darkest hue when the de- 
struction of red globules is most active and during convalescence 
it disappears. ‘The suppression of urinary secretion may account 
in some cases for the absence of this symptom even at the crisis 
of the fever, yet, asa rule, it is present at such time, and, even 
though it may have escaped notice during life, the ved-water is 
found.in the bladder at the necropsy. It may be of all grades, 
from the merest tinge of redness to a reddish brown, coffee- 
grounds, or blackish aspect. The coloration is not due to red 
globules, but tothe hemoglobin which has escaped from the dis- 
integrating globules, and been eliminated by the kidneys. It is. 
always associated with albumen, and, in the advanced stages and 
during convalescence, when the elimination of haemoglobin has. 
ceased, that of albumen continues in small amount for weeks. 

The thin, watery appearance of the blood when the disease has 
reached its height, is constant and even more characteristic than 
the ved-water. A single drop drawn from the skin will show to: 
the -naked eye the pale, thin, transparent appearance, but ex- 
amination under the microscope will confirm this. It remains, 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 60; 


too, for a length of time, being recognizable for a month in case 
of recovery. In connection with the watery blood, the mucosz 
and the muzzle (if naturally white) assumea pallidaspect. Thi 
is best marked in the absence of icterus, yet even with the yellov 
discoloration, the absence of ramifying red vessels is very charac 
teristic. 

The bowels are at first constipated and the feeces passed i: 
small, hard balls. Later they may assume a reddish brown o 
chocolate color, and a covering of mucus and fine blood clots. Diar 
rhoea supervenes in some cases. In passing the faeces, th 
everted mucosa usually shows a dark red color. 

Course and Duration. Acute cases, above all if traveled o 
otherwise excited, may terminate in death in 24 to 48 hours 
More commonly death will take place in 4 to 7 days. Som 
patients survive longer, but owing to the extraordinary loss o 
blood globules and the lesions of important solid tissues they ar 
unable to rally, become steadily weaker and perish in from tw 
weeks to three months. Such animals are pale and bloodless 
weak on their limbs, careless of food, and encreasingly emaciated 
The pulse is weak and irritable and the eyes sunken. The tem 
perature becomes normnial or nearly so, soon after the suspensio: 
of the hemoglobinuria. In cases of recovery there remains fo 
a month or more an unnatural pallor, with marked loss of con 
dition and weakness which are only gradually overcome. Con 
valescent animals are liable to die of indigestion when overfed 

The mortality averages not less than go per cent. in susceptibl 
mature cattle from a healthy district in the hot season. Late 
from October onward, the tendency is to a milder type of diseas 
and a greater ratio of recoveries. 

Symptoms of the Mild Type. ‘This is seen mainly in cattle in 
digenous to the Texas fever district, in sucking calves, and i 
mature cattle from healthy districts but attacked during the coc 
or winter season. It can be produced at will by placing a limite 
number of ticks (5 to 20) on the skin of susceptible cattle 
especially in the cool season. Again, it occurs as a relapse i: 
cattle that have survived an attack earlier in the season. 

Though there are all gradations from the violent type, yet w 
may set down as mild all cases in which the temperature does no 
rise above 105° F., running frequently about 103° F. There i 


604. Veterinary Medicine. 


loss of appetite, dulness, languor, costiveness, scanty urine, al- 
buminous but not hemoglobinuric, pallor of the mucose, and 
marked loss of condition. Examination of the blood shows the 
presence of the parasite in the red globules but usually in the 
coccus or round form only, and the destruction and disappearance 
of the globules is much less marked so that, though the blood is 
anemic and watery, it is not nearly so much so as.in the violent 
and fatal cases. Without the examination of the blood it may be 
impossible to distinguish these cases from other febrile affections, 
yet occurring as they do in the infected district in a number of 
animals at once, in the cooler season, and showing albuminuria, 
and marked anzmic symptoms, they should lead to suspicion 
and a search for the bodphilus on the skin, and the oligocythemia 
and the protozoa in the blood. 

Differential Diagnosis from Anthrax. As anthrax is the one 
disease with which Texas fever is most likely to be confounded, 
it may be profitable to collect in tabular form their differential - 
features. ; 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. 


A disease of given districts, wooded, 
swampy, uncultivated, and places 
where cattle from these districts 
are taken. 

Always shows Bodphilus, minute or 
mature, on the skin of the pa 
tient. 

Extends in warm season, as the Boo- 
philus from an infected district is 
introduced. 

Can be carried by the Bodphilus apart 
from cattle. 

Infection destroyed by winter frost 
above 35° of N. latitude. 

Attacks bovine animals only. 


Lapse of 5 to 6 weeks after introduc 
tion, for tick development, pre- 
cedes outbreak. 

Confined mainly to summer season 


Sucking calves nearly immune. 

Mucose become increasingly pale ; 
icteric in violent attacks. 

Urine red or blackish in acute cases 
at height of the disease. Hzemo 
globin. Albumen. 

Blood becomes increasingly thin and 
watery : Oligocythemia. 


Blood reddens more or less in air : 
then becomes darker. 

Spleen greatly enlarged, purplish, 
often firm: pulp reddeus slightly 
in air. 

Liver enlarged, congested, often yel- 
low, with fatty and necrotic areas : 
remarkable yellow injection of rad- 
ical bile ducts. 

Bile abundant, thick, tarry. 

Kidneys pale, or congested, black. 

Lymph glands slightly enlarged, 
petechiated or (rarely) hzmor- 
rhagic. 

Pallor in violent cases, in plethoric, 
icterus of tissues, especially of 
white ones. 

Muscles in acute cases mahogany 
colored. 


Blood and its red globules show the 
pyroplasma in different forms. 


Treatment. 


Texas Fever. 


Paludism of Cattle. 605 


Anthrax.” - 


Prevails in rich, swampy impermea- 
ble soils: not permanently im- 
planted on open well drained 
lands. 

Has no essential connection with the 
Boophilus: latter usually absent. 


Practically never conveyed by the 
Bodphilus, 
. #8 


Infection not destroyed by winter 
frosts 

Attacks mammals, generally, espe- 
cially herbivora. 

Outbreak may occur at once after 
introduction of infection. 


Occurs at any season: most preva- 
lent in summer. 

Sucking calves susceptible. 

Mucose dusky brownish red, not 
pallid, nor icteric. 

Urine exce ptionally red : blood glob- 
ules, in some cases. 


Blood becomes thick, tarry, inco- 
agulable ; not watery nor oligocy- 
themic. 

Blood reddens little, or not at all on 
exposure. 

Spleen greatly enlarged ; pulp very 
dark ; does not redden in air, 


Liver enlarged, congested, dark red 
or violet. 


Bile fluid. 

Kidneys congested. 

Lympb glands enlarged ; often he- 
morrhagic, black ; peripheral cede- 
ma. 

Tissues generally reddish, blood- 
vessels dark, prominent. 


Muscles pale, grayish, unless they 
are seat of congestion or extrava- 
sation. 

Blood shows bacillus anthracis, but 
no pyroplasma. 


Up to the present medical treatment has been _ 


essentially unsatisfactory. Lignieres gave quinia sulphate in 
large doses by the mouth, and in doses of 2% drams subcutem 


606 Veterinary Medicine. 


daily, before and during infection without any visible effect on 
the progress of the disease. Methylene blue (34 to 1% dr.), 
salicylate of soda (7% drs. daily), arsenious acid (1 dr. daily), 
cacodylate of soda (7% grs. subcutem) were also tried with no 
good result. The Metropolitan Board of Health, New York, 
claimed a succession of recoveries-under the use of carbolic acid 
in the drinking water and sprinkled on the ground sothat the 
animals inhaled it. ‘The cases were, however, the survivors after 
the first and more acute cases had perished, and the results no 
doubt depended largely on the mildness of the attacks. Thesame 
agent in other hands has not been equally successful. A large 
number of other agents have been used in vain. 

Among the most important measures are a laxative food, like 
flax seed gruel, a careful picking of all ticks from the surface, the 
washing of the skin with a 5 per cent solution of creolin, and the 
removal of the animals to a tick-free pasture, lot, or building. 
This at once arrests the introduction into the blood of fresh and 
continuous accessions of the pyroplasma and, if begun early 
enough, will determine a mild and nonfatal case. 

Prevention, ‘The prevention of the protozoan cattle fever is 
based on the life history of the parasite, and may be directed 
(1st) to the destruction of the Boophilus Annulatus ; or (2nd) to en- 
creasing the resisting power of the exposed animal,to the Piroplasma 
Bigeminum. rst. Destruction of the Ticks. (a) On the cattle. 
The picking of ticks from the skin is effective if the object is to 
make the animal safe for a few days only as the bodphilus habitu-. 
ally clings to the skin of the one ox from the stage of seed tick to 
that of ovigerous female, ready to drop off and lay itseggs. An 

-animal going direct to slaughter may therefore be sent through an 
uninfested district, even in the hot season with a fair amount of 
safety, after the careful gleaning of the ticks. The greatest care, 
however, must be taken to manipulate thoroughly all parts of the 
skin and above all, the ventral aspect, the inner sides of the limbs, 
the scrotum, udder and perineum. The animals must be shipped 
at once after such gleaning of ticks with no further opportunity of 
taking on a new supply, the cars and other conveyances must be 
cleaned and treated with acaricides and the litter burned as soon 

-as they are vacated, and the cattle must be passed over no loading 
banks, chutes nor yards that may by any possibility be used for 
other cattle unless these are going into a slaughter house. 


Potozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 607 


The picking will safely remove all the larger larve, and the 
mature ticks which are ready to lay their eggs, but it cannot be 
implicitly trusted to remove also the all but invisible embryos 
or seed ticks, and if the host is preserved these grow up and 
mature, while if they are accidentally dropped or brushed from 
the surface, they climb upon the first available ox and mature on 
that. By passing from ox to ox they may be kept alive for a 
time in the pens adjoining the slaughter house, but fortunately 
they do not travel over a few feet and if no cattle escape from 
Such pens there is small risk of their preservation. 

Dipping or smearing to destroy the seed ticks on the skin be- 
comes an essential adjunct to, or substitute for, picking. The 
Bureau of Animal Industry has experimented largely on dips 
with most important and valuable results, even if they have 
proved only in a measure successful and desirable. Aqueous 
dips they early discarded. Poisonous agents like corrosive sub- 
limate and arsenic are liable to poison through absorption and 
licking, with the added drawback that neither these nor calcium 
sulphide are at all effective in destroying the ticks. Proprietary 
sheep dips were abandoned on similar grounds. Baths of cotton 
seed oil were introduced by Francis, but proved not quite effective 
even when phenic acid, benzine, gasoline, or different mineral 
oils were added. Faraffin oil gave the best results, and later a 
staple sold as extra dynamo oil, which in combination with szd- 
phur (1: 100) proved most destructive to the ticks, was adopted. 
But in the hot season, when such dipping is required, any. one of 
these baths produced heating, and illness in the cattle, and 
together with the exertion and excitement served to rouse into 
dangerous activity the germs already present in the blood. Oph- 
thalmia, too, was a very frequent result. If the cattle could be 
kept on their native pastures the dipping might be permissible, 
but this was to lose the object aimed at—the wholesomeness of 
these cattle on uninfected ranges. When shipped north in the 
‘hot weather the losses were so great as to be prohibitory. 

If, however, it could be reserved for use on the southern pas- 
tures, to prevent the maturing of the ticks and the laying of eggs 
for a future generation, it might be employed to rid the infested 
‘pastures of the bodphilus, and consequently of infection. The 
question, then, is reduced to the comparative advantage of the 


608 ; Veterinary Medicine. 


destruction of the ticks, on the one hand, and the cost of frequent 
dipping throughout the warm season, on the other. The fol- 
lowing season there ought to be no ticks left. 

Cooper Curtice advocates kerosene 1 gallon in combination 
with an equal amount of lard, 1 lb. sulphur, and 2 lbs. pine tar. 
Melt the lard, add the sulphur and tar, bring to the boiling point, 
cool, add the kerosene with stirring. Rub daily with a brush on 
the whole skin but especially inside the arms and thighs. On 
tick-infested pastures it must be continued through the season, 
and if thoroughly done will leave the fields tick-free the follow- 
ing year. Like oil dipping it would manifestly be incompatible 
with immediate shipment on a long railway journey, but Curtice 
vouches for its efficacy as a means of eliminating ticks from 
southern pastures. The main question is the expense. What 
would be perfectly adapted to small herds of very domesticated. 
cattlein North Carolina would be a herculean and expensive task 
in the large herds of Texas. Curtice mentions cotton seed oil, 
fish oil and even a small proportion of linseed oil as good sub- 
stitutes for the lard. 

Destruction of Ticks on Pastures. Fields, farms and larger 
areas can be freed from the boophilus by the thorough application 
to the cattle pastured on them of one of the above-described 
methods, provided that no strange cattle are admitted on the land, 
The ticks are sluggish and, unless carried on the bodies of ani- 
mals, do not crawl many feet from where they drop. If cattle 
are kept in the next lot, they should not be allowed to come in 
contact with the treated or protected stock, but a double fence 
with an interval of five or six feet, will prove a sufficient barrier 
to the advances of the tick, apart from its bovine host. 

Cultivation of a tick-infested soil for one year or more, with 
complete exclusion of cattle from November or December until 
March or April of the second year thereafter, will exterminate 
the ticks. During the intervening summer there may be plenty 
of young live ticks on this land, but, in the absence of the bovine 
host, and blood, these cannot reach maturity, lay their eggs and 
thus leave new generations. In the course of the second winter 
therefore they are exterminated. In restocking such land, it is 
all important to see that the cattle placed upon it do not intro- 
duce any ticks on their bodies. Equally essential is it, to see that 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 609 


cattle are excluded from the cultivated land in winter as well as 
in summer. During warm days ovigerous female ticks, dropped 
from the skins of such cattle, may produce eggs and larve to 
start a new crop in the coming summer. But as has happened 
to the wood ticks of the North, so in the South, cultivation of 
the soil and the exclusion of cattle for a length of time, will ex- 
terminate the race of ixodes. 

Exclusion of cattle for two winters and the intervening summer 
will eradicate the ticks even in the absence of cultivated crops. 
To reach full maturity and propagate its kind, the tick must 
have bovine blood: If therefore the ticks of a whole season 
(spring, summer and autumn) are denied bovine victims, and 
thus cut short in their development, no crop is left for the suc- 
ceeding spring. If then a cattle pasture is divided in two parts 
by a double fence with an intervening space of 5 or 6 feet, and if 
the cattle are confined to one of these parts for a whole year and 
are transferred to the second half in January after dipping or 
smearing with ixodicide oil they may be kept entirely free from 
ticks thereafter. That half of the pasture which is abandoned 
in the second year, will be tick-free and salubrious in the third 
year. 

‘Another resort, advised by Curtice when a large tick-free pas- 
ture is available, is to place the infected cattle in a pen, and soz/ 
them for three weeks, no longer. Then transfer them to another 
clean pen and soz/ them there for three weeks more. Then ex- 
amine closely, and if entirely free from ticks they can be put in 
the large clean pasture. Should they still carry a few ticks they 
should be placed in a third clean pen for two weeks more, when 
they will be tick-free and may be turned into the large pasture 
without the formality of examination. This is substantially 
based on the period of parasitism of the tick on the skin of the 
ox, and its development from the newly hatched larva (seed tick), 
to the ovigerous female. This period is from three to four weeks. 
The greater number of the ticks are therefore dropped off as 
mature ticks to lay their eggs in the first pen, while the remain- 
der are similarly left in the second pen. As the stock leaves the 
two pens in succession long before the deposited eggs have had 
time to hatch out, they can take on no more ticks and emerge 
from the second pen clean and safe. The same pens cannot be 


39 


610 Veterinary Medicine. 


used repeatedly, as the eggs develop into seed ticks in 15 days in 
hot weather, and at once attack cattle. , 

A stockowner who, independently of his fellows, adopts one of 
the above expedients in an infested district, is however con- 
fronted by the risk of the infection of his herd, by the accidental 
or careless contact of his cattle with outside ones, and especially 
with the places where they have been. A broken fence and the 
entrance of tick infested cattle, or the escape of his tick-free 
cattle into infested lands, will be the death warrant of all that 
have not been previously exposed to the disease. Another con- 
sideration is that this rigid seclusion of the protected herd must 
be continued indefinitely,so long as ticks are maintained anywhere 
in the district. The protected animals cannot be driven over a 
highway without exposing them to almost certain death. Even 
if a group of adjacent stockowners agree to purify their respective 
farms, they cannot debar their less careful neighbors from using 
the highways for tick-infected stock, nor from turning such out 
on adjoining fields. The veriest scrubs, admitted to the high- 
ways, woods and unfenced grounds, keep up the general diffu- 
sion of the fever germ and its tick bearer and undo the best di- 
rected efforts of any combination of owners of high class and 
valuable stock. - 

Well directed legislation, excluding cattle for one or two years, 
from all woods and unenclosed lands, and enforcing some one of 
the available methods for the clearing of fenced and stocked lands 
(cultivation, pasturage by cattle on alternate years, frequent dip- 
ping or smearing, passing the stock through a succession of pens), 
could be made to put an end for all time to the obnoxious tick. 
If even some other than bovine animals should be discovered to 
harbor the bodphilus and pyroplasma it could be included in the 
prohibition and the work made complete. The results would far 
more than compensate for any necessary outlay. Illinois, with 
55,414 square miles of area has over 3,000,000 cattle. The coast 
states from Virginia to Texas, with Arkansas, Indian Territory 
and Oklahoma, amount to 767,215 square miles, and in the same 
ratio should sustain 43,240,040 head. A stock of 25,000,000 at 
$20 per head would amount to a capital of $500,000,000. Im- 
mune from the pyroplasma these cattle would draw freely on the 
best blood of the north and under the milder skies would compete 


, 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 611 


with the northern cattle on more than equal¥terms. Living in 
the open air, they would in the main escape tuberculosis and the 
other stable-propagated diseases of the north, and their dairy and 
beef products would enter the market free from suspicion, and 
command a readier sale, if not a higher price. The stock them- 
selves could be-moved to northern markets at all seasons without 
restriction, and escape the serious losses that now come from a 
sudden transfer, while pyroplasma-infected and susceptible, to the 
violent excitement of travel, and the frost-bound destination. 
‘Their owners could watch the markets and sell in the best, in 
place of being compelled, as at present, to hurry them in during 
November and December, and to sell often at a ruinous sacrifice. 
With the extinction of the bodphilus the present unrestricted 
pasturage and all other privileges now enjoyed would return, 
freighted with a value never borne before, and the free Southern 
cattle and cattle products need fear no competition in the markets 
of the world, and could no longer be justly subjected to any 
restriction. 

There would remain the constant danger of the introduction of 
the boophilus anew from Mexico, the West Indian Islands and 
the Central and South American States, where in the absence of 
frosts the boophilus cannot be extirpated in the same way, and 
here accordingly all importation must beforbidden. Cattle from 
Southern Florida and from islands on our Southern Coast may 
demand a similar exclusion. There is too much at stake to per- 
mit any laxity, and no infected area should be allowed to send 
out its cattle until it has been abundantly well proved that such 
district or State is absolutely tick-free. 

2d. Lmmunization - Encreasing the Resistance to the Piroplasma 
Bigeminum. ‘That cattle can be fortified to resist the attacks of 
the piroplasma is shown in the immunity possessed by the in- 
digenous herds generally, in the regions infested with this para- 
site and the bodphilus. To begin with, there may be a survival 
of the fittest, the more susceptible strains of blood having been 
long ago cut off. But the immune southern cattle if kept for 
years outside of the infested area and then returned to it, suffer a 
mortality about as great as that of northern cattle in the same 
circumstances., Their earlier immunity, therefore, is not merely 
a racial difference, but must be due in greatest part to an acquired 


612 Veterinary Medicine. 


resistance, and further, this resistance is not permanent but must 
be renewed at short intervals. The immunity may bein part ac- 
quired in the womb of the infested dam, in the last months of 
gestation, but it is chiefly post-natal through the attacks of the 
ticks. 

a. Infection of sucking calf. The indigenous cattle acquire 
immunity mainly through the attacks of the boophilus, in the 
first month or two when they are still on an exclusively milk 
diet, that renders the piroplasma practically harmless. Following 
a parallel method, calves, living on milk alone, can be taken into 
the infected regions and exposed to the attacks of the ticks with 
safety, and with the result of protection forthe future. Escaping 
the first invasion, they continue to harbor as many ticks summer 
after summer, as will reinforce yearly their acquired power of re- 
sistance, so that they continue measurably safe though spending 
the life in the area of the infection. 

Francis and Connoway applied this to Jersey calves of two to 
six weeks old applying to each 25 to 50 ticks. It led to slight 
hyperthermia, some dulness and inappetence, but on recovery 
they all gained flesh and condition. Twodied from exposure but 
necropsy showed no sign of Texasfever. The following summer 
all were infested with 200 to 500 ticks apiece but not one sickened 
in consequence. These were Jersey calves (the least susceptible 
breed) and the experiments were made in cool weather in autumn. 
The limitation of the practice to the cool fall or winter months 
renders the operation much more safe. 

6. Infecting Older Animals by a limited number of Ticks. 
Yearling Jerseys, Holsteins and Shorthorns were subjected to 25 
to 50 ticks in July, they showed only slight rise of temperature, 
and later resisted the free exposure to tick infestation. It must 
be recognized that these were still young animals, with pre- 
sumably greater resisting power than the mature, but on the other 
hand they were of the susceptible northern herds, they were first 
infested in the hottest season, and the acquired resistance appears 
to have been perfect throughout the succeeding summer. The 
added precaution of subjecting them, in late autumn or winter 
only, to the ticks raised in a warm room or thermostat, would add 
greatly to the safety of the operation. After recovery from the 
effects of the first crop of ticks, a second crop of 50 to 100 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Texas Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 613 


should be placed on the skin so that the system may be thoroughly 
habituated to them and the measure of resistance correspondingly 
strengthened. F 

This measure may be advantageously applied to valuable cattle 
that are to be moved into the infecting territory, but it has 
serious drawbacks. The relative strength of the poison intro- 
duced by the ticks to the susceptibility of the animals on which 
they are placed, can never be perfectly gauged, and a certain 
small but appreciable number of deaths result from this first in- 
festing. ‘This has been observed in North and South America, 
Australia, Roumania and Turkey. Again, the plan entails the 
necessity for clean, noninfected premises (lots or buildings) for 
each fresh lot of cattle, as the places previously used are left ina 
tick-infested condition, and are likely to furnish a dangerous ex- 
cess of ticks to any susceptibleanimal. The buildings could, of 
course, be disinfected and purified, but this entails considerable 
expense. 

c. Infection by Graduated Injections of Blood Containing the 
Pyroplasma. Up to the present this is the most promising 
-method of securing resistance to the pyroplasma. It is advised 
to take the blood from an immunized northern animal or from 
one indigenous to the infected district. Such an animalis not, 
however, strictly speaking zmmunized. It has acquired a éoler- 
ance so that it is no longer in much danger of succumbing to the 
pyroplasma, but it does not exclude the pyroplasma from its sys- 
tem. The micro-parasite is still found in the blood, though 
mainly in the coccus-like form in the interior of the red globules. 
‘The animal to be fortified against the disease is therefore inocu- 
Jated with the germ of the disease itself, though it may be, at the 
time, in a somewhat inactive form. If, however, the inoculated 
animal is specially susceptible, or if the dose is excessive, the dis- 
ease is produced in deadly form. The virulence is less in the 
case of blood drawn from a northern animal just recovered from 
the disease, than from an animal indigenous to the infected dis- 
trict, and which harbors the pyroplasma, it may be in spore form 
(Lignieres), without showing obvious disease. The former 
source of the blood is therefore the more desirable, while the 
latter is the more easily obtained. The precaution, however, 
should be adopted of reducing the dose whén taken from an in- 


614 Veterinary Medicine. 


digenous animal. Another important precaution is to select the 
winter or cooler season for the operation rather than the summer. 

The animal which is to furnish the blood may be fixed in stocks, 
or held with a bull ring, or it may be cast so that it can be kept 
still. The hair is clipped or shaved from over the jugular vein 
in the upper third of the neck and the surface is washed with soap 
and water and with a five per cent. aqueous solution of carbolic 
acid. A thick cord (Y% inch) istied tightly around the back part 
of the neck so as to compress and raise the jugulars. Witha 
sharp pointed bistuory sterilized by boiling, a small incision is. 
made through the skin, directly over the centre of the jugular 
and a cannula and trochar jth inch in diameter and sterilized by 
boiling, is passed obliquely upward through the coats of the vein 
and the trochar withdrawn. The blood flows through the 
cannula and is received in a sterilized (scalded) glass beaker. 
The blood isstirred slowly with a sterilized glass rod until all the 
fibrine has coagulated when the latter is lifted out and the remain- 
ing liquid blood is ready for use. The blood is injected with a 
hypodermic syringe which, with its nozzle, has been thoroughly 
sterilized by boiling. ‘The point selected for injection is usually 
back of the scapula on the middle of the chest. The skin is. 
clipped or shaved, washed with soap, soaked in a five per cent. 
carbolic acid solution, then pinched up, perforated with the point. 
of the bistuory, and with the nozzle of the syringe passed through 
this wound the blood is injected into the subcutaneous connective 
tissue. "The slight wound may then be covered with tar or collo- 
dion or merely left undressed. ‘The mass of blood in the connec- 
tive tissue may be diffused through its meshes by rubbing so as to 
favor absorption. 

The dose of defibrinated blood employed is 5 cc. if from an 
- immunized northern ox, or 3 cc. or even 2% cc. if from an indi- 
genous animal. The animal operated on should bein good health 
and condition, well fed, and kept if possible in the shade, in a. 
cool stable, or under trees. 

In some respects it is preferable to operate on the animals be- 
fore they are moved from the north or other noninfected territory, 
but as there is danger of infection in preserving and carrying the 
blood, the treatment is more conveniently deferred until the animal 
reaches the infected region where the blood can be had fresh. In. 


Protozoan Cattle Fever. Paludism of Cattle. 615 


such cases the animals should be shipped in carefully disinfected 
cars, and before leaving they should be liberally oiled or larded 
so that the ticks will not climb upon them, in being led to their 
stable. They must be kept stabled until the febrile effects of the 
injection have entirely passed, usually a month or more. 

@. Injection of Blood from Bodies of the Ticks. In view of the 
difficulty of shipping infected blood without danger of contamina- 
tion or sepsis, and the occasional accidents that happen to animals 
injected with such blood outside of the infected area, attempts 
have been made with dried blood, or that charged with antisep- 
tics (calcium oxalate), or that had been frozen, but in every in- 
stance the virulence of the pyroplasmia was destroyed. Dalrymple 
and Dodson availed of the blood drawn by mature ticks, which, 
in their blood-gorged condition, were shipped to the points where 
the injections were to be made. The niature ticks charged with 
blood were taken from infected indigenous cattle, and at once 
shipped. On their arrival they were washed externally with a 
mercuric chloride solution (1:1000) to destroy any adherent 
saprophytic or other bacteria, mashed in a sterilized mortar, with 
a few cubic centimeters of boiled water and the fluid portion 
drawn off and injected subcutem, into the animal to be protected. 
From 3 to 12 mature female ticks were used for each animal. 
The results were the same, only milder than when the blood of 
the indigenous animal was used direct, and the subsequent toler- 
ance of the pyroplasma proved satisfactory. 

It is difficult to explain the moderate effect of the considerable 
mass of blood injected in such cases, as compared with the deadly 
effect of the small amount that could come from the insertion of 
the rostra of even 50 or 100 ticks. But perhaps the venomous 
saliva instilled in concentrated form into the bites, protects the 
pyroplasma in the very limited area, until it gains sufficiently in 
numbers and force to hold its own even in the circulating blood. 

Limited Value of Artificially Induced Tolerance. It must be 
added that all these measures for-securing a partial immunity in 
the individual animal, and which enable us to safely intro- 
duce previously susceptible cattle into an infected district, virtu- 
ally imply the continuance of the infection and infection bearer 
(bodphilus) for alltime. They give no promise of the extinc- 
tion of the bovine infection at even a remote future time, nor the 


616 Veterinary Medicine. 


abolition of the taxes for prevention, which must oppress the 
southern cattle owner so long as the disease continues. They 
are most valuable measures truly, but mere temporizing ones at 
the best, and they could just as well give place to the more sani- 
-tary, economical and statesmanlike measure for its radical extinc- 
tion. 

Marketing of the Beef. The piroplasma is not communicable to 
man, so that the carcasses of well conditioned cattle, which bear 
the infection need not be rejected as human food. It is only in 
severe and advanced cases in which anemia, emaciation and pal- 
lid innutritious muscles are marked features, that the flesh is 
objectionable, and then only as being somewhat lacking in nutri- 
ment and digestibility,—not because of poisonous qualities. 
Danger of infection to cattle might be apprehended, but, if used 
outside the infected area, the second condition of the disease—the 
boophilus—is lacking, while within the existing area of preva- 
lance of the fever, the propagation from the carcass to the animal 
is infinitely less likely than from one live animal to its fellow. 

Federal Restrictions on Cattle within Infected Areas. 'The orders 
of the Secretary of Agriculture prohibit the removal of cattle from 
the following states and territory into any states that extend north- 
ward of the line indicated: California, Oklahoma, Indian ‘Terri- 
tory, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia and the states south of these 
to the Gulf of Mexico. Exceptions are made in the case of fat 
cattle, sent out of an infected area, for immediate slaughter at the 
point of destination ; conveyed in cars or boats placarded as con- 
taining Southern cattle and receiving no other ; fed and watered 
enroute in yards that admit no localor other cattle and which 
can be reached without passing over any highway or unfenced open 
ground; and unshipped at their destination directly into yards 
reserved for Southern cattle only and within the same enclosure 
as the slaughter house. If reshipped, the cars used must be sub- 
jected to the same restrictions. The cars, boats, shutes, alley- 
ways, pens and troughs are to be disinfected by thorough clean- 
ing ; by saturation of all wood work, etc., with a mixture of 1% 
tbs. lime, tb. phenic acid and 1 gallon of water, or (Tb. chlo- 
ride of lime in a gallon of water, ora jet of steam under a pressure 
of 3olb. to the square inch. The manure and litter must be 
mixed with quicklime, or saturated with a 5 per cent. solution of 


African Coast Piroplasmosis of Cattle. 617 


carbolic acid, or secluded in a well fenced enclosure from Febru- 
ary 1st to November 15th of each year. This is made the duty 
of the stock yard companies. 

Cattle may be freely moved north from the infected’ area at 
any time from November rst to December 31st, if inspected by an 
officer of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and found free from 
infection. : 

Provision is also made for sending infected cattle northward at 
any season, if they have been first dipped and pronounced free 
from the disease by an inspector of the department. 

Cattle from Mexico are admitted under analogous rules. 


AFRICAN COAST PIROPLASMOSIS OF CATTLE. 


Synonyms : Rhodesian fever. African fever. East Coast fever. 
‘Tropical piroplasmosis. 

Definition. A fatal piroplasmosis of cattle in Portuguese and 
British E. Africa, resembling Texas Fever, but not communic- 
able by one transfer of blood, not causative of red water, some- 
times complicated by pulmonary lesions, and very fatal (90%). 

Geographical Distribution. This affection was recognized in Ger- 
man EF. Africa and Rhodesia for many years, and in Portuguese E. 
Africa in 1896, the time of the Mashona rebellion, among transport 
cattle placed on low ground near Beira. A similar affection is 
alleged to exist in Asia Minor, so that importation appears 
reasonable, yet if imported cattle were the first victims at Beira 
this would argue rather an infection waiting and ready to attack 
them at that point. From Beira it spread inland to Mashona, 
Bulawayo, Transvaal and Orange River Colony, gaining a free 
extension during the Boer war. 

Microbiology. ‘The protozoon found in the red globules is 
smaller than the piroplasma bigeminum of Texas fever and 
shows a rod shaped or round form. The rod is sometimes en- 
larged at one end where it contains the karyosome, thus ap- 
proximating to the Texas fever parasite. The round form re- 
sembles an oval or elongated nucleated ring giving the differ- 

-ential characters according to Koch, but Theiler alleges that 


618 Veterinary Medicine. 


these rings can be found at will by inoculating a calf with 
the blood of a recovered Texas fever animal and examining the 
blood daily. Moreover Cape Colony cattle having such ring: 
shaped bodies in their blood die promptly when exposed to the 
Coast fever. Robertson, Bowhill and Dixon agree with Theiler. 
The parasite is best stained in eosin and azure II, having ‘been: 
fixed in alcohol and ether and then immersed in the staining 
mixture (freshly mixed) and left in anincubator at 30° F. for 
two hours. 

Tick bearers. In the infected areas Theiler found the dlue tick 
(Rhipicephalus decoloratus) the most abundant. Lounsbury, in 
a series of experiments, was especially successful with the mature 
brown tick (R. Appendiculatus), the larva of which had fed on 
Coast fever cattle. ‘A single tick produced the disease. But the 
larval drown ticks hatched from eggs laid by mature females 
taken from Coast fever cattle proved noninfecting. Larval d/ue 
ticks also failed. The drown tick nymphz on the other hand 
which as larve had fed on. Coast fever cattle proved infecting. 
He notes further that the d/ue ¢ck clings to the same host from 
the larva just hatched to maturity, whereas the dvown tick drops. 
off before each moulting and thus the same tick may infect at 
least two cattle in succession. In a series of careful experiments, 
the blue tick failed to convey the disease (Lounsbury, Robertson). 

Nature of disease. ‘This is in the main the same as in its near 
ally, Texas fever, with which it is often confounded and even 
complicated. Like that it is not communicated directly, except. 
by the (repeated) transfer of blood, and when conveyed by ticks, 
in pastures, roads and buildings there is the delay of a fortnight 
for moulting, between the introduction of the sick ox and the 
infection of the susceptible animal. A week more is required 
for zucubation. Koch says the sick ox may be stabled with the 
susceptible without transmitting the disease but this can only be 
true when the former has been divested ofits ticks. The disease 
differs from Texas fever in this that there is no such destruction 
of red globules, nor staining of the urine by freed hemoglobin. 
An attack of Rinderpest or of Coast fever in an ox recovered from 
Texas fever (salted) determines a relapse of the latter (Robert- 
son). 

Symptoms. After an incubation of six to twelve days, there 


African Coast Piroplasmosis of Catile. 619 


is a sudden extreme elevation of temperature (106° F.) with at 
first little change in appetite, rumination, breathing or secre- 
tions. Slight salivation, glazing of the faeces, dulness,:pain and 
stupor come on by degrees. Resting of the chin on the manger, 
or, during the prolonged recumbency, on the ground, glazing 
of the eye, weakness and staggering, intermaxillary cedema, 
foetid, even bloody, diarrhoea, cough, dyspnoea, flatness on 
percussion over the lungs, with abnormal murmurs, and at times 
crepitating subcutaneous swellings are to be noted. 

Lesions. Swelling and hemorrhagic condition of the lymph 
glands isa prominent lesion. Congestion of tonsils, larynx and 
trachea ; cedema of the lungs, pleural liquid effusion ; conges- 
tion and ulceration of the abomasum, with dropsical condition of 
the folds; congestion haemorrhagic effusion and even necrotic 
changes of the intestinal mucosa, especially of the caecum, colon 
and rectum ; infarcts of the kidneys ; and extensive ecchymosis. 
Unlike Texas fever the spleen is comparatively normal and there 
is no dearth of erythrocytes. 

Prevention. As treatment is as fruitless as in Texas fever 
attention has been mainly directed to prophylaxis. Koch ad- 
vises immunization by the subcutaneous injection of 5 cc. 
defibrinated blood, from the jugular of a recovered ox, to be re- 
peated every two weeks for five months. His previous inocula- 
tions of 5 cc. and 1occ., extended over five months, failed in the 
hands of other veterinarians, including those working under his 
own direction and failed to secure the confidence of the stock- 
owners. It is claimed that the inoculation is harmless, and can- 
not contribute to extend the infection, and yet we are told that 
the inoculated animal continues to bear the live ring-like para- 
sites in its blood, and becomes susceptible. 


PROTOZOAN ICTERO-H&MATURIA IN SHEEP. PA- 
LUDISM OF SHEEP. CARCEAG. PIROPLASMOSIS. 


This is described by Babes and Starcovici as prevailing among 
sheep in the delta of the Danube, and held by them to be identi- 
cal with the Roumanian Heemoglobinuria of cattle (compt. rend. 
de 1’ Acad. des Sciences, 1892). Its essential cause is a piro- 
plasma affecting the red blood globules, and very analogous 
to that of the protozodn of Téxas fever, but its especial election 
for the sheep shows a specific difference, inasmuch as the Texas 
cattle fever does not attack sheep. Not only the parasite, but 
the symptoms and lesions as well, furnish a close counterpart to 
those of the cattle infection. It remains to bé seen whether the 
pathogenic difference is due to a distinction in the piroplasma or 
to the absence from the Southern States of America of the par- 
ticular tick or other insect which attacks the Danubian sheep. 

Bonome (1895, Virchow’s Archives) describes the same 
disease as prevailing in Italy, describing the parasite and lesions 
at great length. 

Finally my colleague Dr. W. L. Williams, and later Dr. 
Knowles, have identified the disease in the upper part of Deer 
Lodge Valley and the lower part of Silver Bow Valley in Mon- 
tana, prevailing among sheep only, extending year by year, and 
proving disastrous to the sheep husbandry. Sheep were intro- 
duced into these valleys as early as 1875, but it was only in 1891 
that the flock masters recognized the existence of this disease. 
By 1895 it prevailed over an area of 300 square miles. It made 
its advent in 1891 in four or five large flocks (2,000 to 10,000 
head each) on land which they had occupied for nine years, and 
so disastrously that several sheep ranchers, after an experience 
of a year or two, sold out to the butcher and abandoned the 
sheep industry. 

All or nearly all cases seen in 1896 were in parturient ewes, 
(4 to 6 days after parturition), the constitutional condition attend- 
ing on lambing proving a most potent factor in causation. 

The protozodn repeated the characters of that found in the 
sick sheep in Italy and the Danubian delta, and the conditions of 

620 


Protozoan Ictero-hematuria in sheep, ete. 621 


the blood and the structural lesions supported the idea of identity. 
Altitude seems to have little or no effect as a causative factor, 
as the disease is domiciled alike on the low alluvium of the 
Danube and the Deer Lodge Valley of Montana over 5,000 feet 
above the ocean. In bothregions there is the common condition 
of inundation or its equivalent irrigation, for the Montana range 
is dry and arid, interspersed with alkaline bogs inimical to vege- 
tation, but prolific and fruitful under irrigation. ‘The Montana 
disease has been attributed to mineral poisons carried on the 
winds from the extensive copper smelters in Butte and Anaconda, 
but the smelters had been in existence for eight or ten years be- 
fore this disease was observed, and from its appearance the infec- 
tion has gradually extended, attacking sheep only, and sparing 
other domestic animals, which would have suffered as well 
from a mere mineral poison on the vegetation. The doctrine 
of a mineral poison is equally contradicted by the habitual preva- 
lence of the disease in spring and autumn, while it is dormant 
in winter and summer. In winter the flocks eat hay cut from 
the richer valley lands and meadows, while in summer they are 
pastured on the foothills and mountains, and drink from the 
mountain springs surrounded by alkaline bogs. The autumn 
outbreak occurs long after the mountain grasses have dried up, 
when the flocks are thrown back on the supplies obtained from 
the alkaline bogs and the valley pastures. In late winter and 
early spring the growth naturally starts first in the same boggy 
and valley areas, and both facts suggest a microbian infection— 
protozoan or bacterian. A vegetable poison would better accord 
with the conditions (See Cirrhosis of the Liver from Senecio. 
Vol. II.) fan intermediate host or bearer—insect or other 
invertebrate—is to be assumed it implies two generations 
of these, a spring and an autumn one, in the same season, 
or otherwise a restriction of such invertebrate to the low  val- 
ley pastures and the alkaline bogs on the higher levels, and 
that they disappear from the drier, arid areas in summer. It 
cannot be an obligate parasite like a louse or melophagus which 
would be constantly present, nor a musquito absent in early 
spring. But up to the present no invertebrate host or intermedi- 
ate bearer has been identified. Cases were at first reported in 
the Angora goat, but this animal is now known to be immune. 


622 _ Veterinary Medicine. 


Microbiology. ‘The parasite is formed in the red globules and 
blood serum of the affected sheep and closely resembles the mi- 
crobe of Texas fever. In the blood globules the parasite is seen 
in different forms, round, oval, oblong or curved and from one- 
tenth to one-sixth the diameter of the red globule. A single red 
globule may show from one to four of the microdrganisms. They 
may at times show indications of division, and at others, auto- 
matic amoeboid movements, from one portion of the blood globule 
to another, or fromthe periphery toward the centre. The affected 
blood globules are usually enlarged, having lost their biconcave 
outline, and become biconvex or spherical, with irregular crenated 
surface, and a dull, lustreless appearance instead of a clear red or 
yellow aspect. The protozo6n stains readily. in anilin red or 
methylene blue. 

Lesions. The condition of the carcass was good or even high, 
in sheep attacked when in good flesh, and in which the affection 
ran a rapid and fatal course. In sheep attacked while in low 
condition on the other hand, the case tended to be milder and 
more prolonged, and the body was emaciated and anzmic. 
Dropsical swellings were common on the ears and sides of the 
head and neck. 

The skin, connective tissue, fat, and other normally white 
tissues were usually of a yellow color, varying from sulphur to 
lemon.color. The muscles were pale and soft with a yellowish 
tinge. 

The blood was pale, thin and watery, especially in protracted 
cases, formed a loose coagulum, or remained fluid with a grayish 
red color. There was marked leucocytosis (1:4 or 5). 

The stomach and intestines were more or less icteric, and con- 
tained little ingesta. 

The liver was congested, softened, shrunken in protracted 
cases, colored of a deep yellow especially in the interior, and 
with gorged biliary radicles so that the acini stood out very 
prominently. The gall bladder was usually well filled with a 
thick, flocculent bile, yellowish green, blackish green or choco- 
late color. 

The spleen appeared shrunken, somewhat spherical, 2 to 3 ozs., 
firm, and with a dark, reddish brown pulp. 

The kidneys were greatly enlarged, weighing 12 to 16 ozs., 


Protozoan Ictero-hematuria in Sheep, etc. 623 


dark red or bluish black, friable, and on section exuding freely a 
bloody or chocolate-colored liquid. The capsule was easily de- 
tached. The bladder contained a bloody or chocolate-colored 
urine, but was sometimes empty. 

The heart cavities were empty or contained small diffluent 
blood clots. Petechize were common on pericardium and endo- 
cardium. 

Yellowish or yellowish green gelatinoid effusion was often 
present, not only on the head and neck, but also on the inner 
side of the thighs, and in one or other of the serous cavities. 

Symptoms.. ‘The first indications noticed are dulness, list- 
lessness, a dragging behind the flock, ceasing to graze, arched 
back, and stiff or unsteady movements. There is moderate fever, 
yellowness of the visible mucosze and skin, and rosy, bloody, 
or reddish brown urine. 

Puffy dropsical swellings are noticed, especially on the ears, 
sides of the face, on the neck or thighs, and the patient lies down 
most of the time. 

The patient usually dies in a state of collapse which has lasted 
for several hours, yet in certain cases it is preceded by a convul- 
sive agony. 

It is certain that the affection may appear in a mild form, as 
sheep slaughtered in apparent health are found to show the gen- 
eral icterus, the congested liver, and the leucocytosis with crena- 
tion of the red globules which characterize the disease. The 
icteric carcasses are said to be recognized and condemned at 
Kansas City and Omaha. 

The duration of the affection is from 1 to 5 days, though it 
may last longer, and severe attacks usually end in death. ~ 

The Prevention of this disease can, as yet, be based only on the 
same principles that guide us in the case of Texasfever. Search 
‘should be made for an invertebrate host of the protozo6n, by the 
extinction of which infection may be stopped. The spring out- 
break could be opposed by feeding hay on safe ground until the 
higher pastures furnish sufficient vegetation. Tocounteract the 
autumn attack, the sheep might be fenced out from the alkaline 
bogs, and the forage supplied in the form of hay or soiling crops. 
If it should appear that any wild animals harbor or transmit the 
parasite, a campaign of extermination upon them would be in 


624 Veterinary Medicine. 


order. If, as seems to have been the case in the early nineties, 
the movement of sheep from the infected flocks and pastures. 
tends to cause the disease, this should be legally interdicted. 
Finally, the complete extermination of the sheep on infected. 
areas could be practiced, and their places supplied by the immune 
Angora goat. 


PALUDISM IN DOGS. MALIGNANT PROTOZOAN 
JAUNDICE. PIROPLASMOSIS. 


Distribution : Senegal, Lyons, E. Africa, Paris, Pas de Calais, Cape 
Colony. Microbiology : piroplasma, differentiaticn from that of Texas. 
fever, pathogenesis, tick-borne. Symptoms : incubation 3 to 5 days, 
dulness, prostration, apathy, drowsiness, anorexia, thirst, hyperthermia, 
icterus, keemoglobinuria, offen:ive odor, emaciation, protozodn in globules,. 
loss of globules. Death in collapse. Lesions : body shrunken, emaciated, 
foetid; dark tissues, mahogany yellow, petechiz, enlarged congested liver 
and spleen ; muco-enteritis; bloody urine. Treatment unsatisfactory. 
Prevention : keep from tick infested land ; clear and cultivate land ; smear 
dog with insecticide ointment when hunting. 


In certain malarial districts dogs suffer severely and even 
fatally from a febrile affection in which violent shivering is fol- 
lowed by great hyperthermia and yellowish or brownish red dis- 
coloration of the visible mucosz. It was frequently attributed 
to malaria, and even sought to be identified with intermittent 
fever in man. Marchoux in 1899 studied this disease on the 
malarious seaboard of Senegal, and recognized the existence of 
hemoglobinuria and the presence in the red globules of a hzema- 
tozoon. Leblanc, about the same date, found a protozo6n in the 
blood of dogs at Lyons, suffering from ‘‘ red water, ’’ and Koch 
later found a double piroplasma in the red globules of suffering 
dogs in East Africa, both considering the disease analogous to- 
Texas fever in cattle. Nocard and Almy in 1901, at Charenton, 
Paris, met with a similar affection in a dog which had. just re- 
turned from a fox hunt, and was covered with ticks. Its urine 
was brownish red, like coffee grounds, and highly charged with 
albumen and hemoglobin. Many of the red globules were 
affected and contained minute, spherical refrangent bodies which, 
when stained with carbolized thionine, appeared like those of 


Paludism in Dogs, ete. 625 


Texas fever. There were but 2,800,000 red globules in a cubic 
millimetre of blood. 

The injection of 5 grammes of the blood into the jugular of 
an aged bitch caused in the 3d day hyperthermia (105° F.) and 
an extensive invasion of the red. globules which still counted 
6,100,000 permm. On the 4th day the animal was thoroughly 
prostrated, refused to eat, had hemoglobinuria, and many indi- 
vidual red globules enclosed from 4 to 8 hzmatozoa each. On 
the 5th day the count of the red globules was about 4,400,000 per 
mm. By the 6th day the urine was nearly normal, and appetite 
returned, but the red globules counted but 3,500,000 per mm. 
Menveux went to Pas de Calais with an Irish setter to hunt 
rabbits. The dog came in every night covered with ticks. In 
5 days he sickened, with extreme prostration, diarrhoea and red 
urine and died on the 25th day. 

Wm. Robertson describes the disease in Cape Colony. The 
piroplasma was first identified at Grahamstown by Purves and suc- 
cessfully inoculated by Spreul. By intravenous inoculation 
symptoms appeared on the fourth day and death followed about 
the sixth, while by subcutaneous inoculation the course was 
slower and the animal died about the eleventh day. Robertson 
inoculating from animal to animal carried it through a succes- 
sion of thirteen dogs, all of which perished. He found the 
blood to be infecting on the third day after inoculation subcutem, 
and the globules invaded on the fourth, They were especially 
numerous in blood taken from the spleen. 

Microbiology. The protozoén resembles that of Texas fever, 
but is larger, longer, less pyriform, and more like an oat seed, 
staining slightly in the centre which shows one clear spot, and more 
deeply at two or three places in the margin. It stains well with 
carbol thionin blue or methylene blue, but not readily with 
hematoxylin. The dog’s blood, containing abundance of para- 
sites, failed to infect horse, sheep, ox, cat, fowl, Guinea pig, 
rabbit, rat or mouse (Robertson). 

Robertson found the ticks on every affected dog which had 
contracted the disease by simple exposure and which came under 
his observation. Specimens sent to Neuman were identified as 
Hemaphysalis Leachi. Mature ticks from an infected dog were 


40 


626 Veterinary Medtcine. 


preserved and theireggs hatched in an incubator. ‘The resultant 
six legged larve, placed on susceptible puppies a month old 
proved harmless and no protozoa appeared in their blood. This 
was repeated when the same generation of ticks had reached the 
stage of nympha, and it was after two months from the hatching 
that the ticks, now mature, when placed on the same puppies 
conveyed the disease. On the thirteenth day the temperature 
reached 105° F., and the red globules swarmed with parasites, 
many single globules containing no fewer than eight. They were 
of various shapes, spherical, pyriform or cloveshaped many 
tapering finely toward the ends like an oat. The puppies died 
respectively 14 and 18 days after infection. 

Experiments made on other dogs with the larval and mature 
ticks, fully confirmed the conclusion that the immature insect 
was harmless. A 14 days old puppy infected by mature ticks 
died on the rith day so that the immunity of the other puppies 
cannot be due to a milk diet, as in-the case of calves and Texas 
fever. Intravenousinoculation with the infected blood invariably 
conveyed the disease. Even mature ticks grown from eggs of 
those fed on infected and sick dogs are not always infecting. All 
the eggs do not receive the piroplasma. Jackals are exempt. 
(Lounsbury). 

Symptoms. On the third day after inoculation the dog is dull, 
prostrate, apathetic and drowsy, refuses food and shows thirst. 
Temperature may reach 103° to 106° F. On the fourth day 
the mucosz assume a yellowish tinge, and by the fifth this has 
encreased to a deep chrome yellow, which involves any white 
portions of the skin as well. Hzemoglobinuria is now well de- 
veloped, the liquid being often as dark as claret, and the patient 
may lie perfectly prostrate, giving off an offensive odor from the 
skin, lungs, and especially from the mouth. The tongue is 
furred, the teeth dirty, and the gums may be congested or even 
ulcerated. Emaciation advances rapidly. The temperature may 
oscillate from day to day or it may rise steadily to a climax, and 
then descend suddenly when collapse occurs. In all cases the pro- 
tozoon is found in the red globules, or free in the blood. In the 
worst cases the red globules may be so reduced in number that 
they can scarcely be found. Death comes usually by collapse. 
In some instances the hemoglobinuria may be absent yet the 
disease advances to a fatal result. 


Paludism in Dog, etc. 627 


Lestons. The carcass is usually shrunken and emaciated and 
exhales a foetid odor. The mucosz, white skin, and all naturally 
white structures (fat, connective tissue, fascia, tendons, liga- 
ments, brain, spinal cord, etc.), are stained of a deep yellow. 
The muscles, liver and other darker tissues are of a mahogany 
yellow ; petchize appear on the heart and serose ; the liver is 
greatly enlarged and friable (10 lbs.) the spleen is swollen, gorged 
with blood and a soft, black, bloody pulp ; the stomach and small 
intestines are empty, yellow and sometimes congested. The large 
intestines show mucoenteritis throughout with an abundant rusty 
red exudate. The kidneys are yellowish with cortex somewhat 
pale. The bladder, also yellow, contains dark colored urine. 
The red blood globules are greatly diminished in number, many 
are crenated, Broken-up and distorted and they contain the piro- 
plasma in large numbers. 

No system of ¢veatment has proved successful. Essays would 
naturally be made with quinia and other antiperiodics. 

Prevention would naturally be sought in keeping dogs off from 
the uncultivated land and brush during the tick season (summer, 
autumn), in clearing and cultivating the tick infested pastures, 
in drainage, or in smearing the coat of the dog with the oil of tar 
liniment or other insecticide when he goes hunting. 


PALUDISM IN HORSES : PIROPLASMOSIS EQUI. 


Alleged identity withague. Geographical distribution. Points of difference 
from ague, Causes: low, damp, undrained, inundated localities, hot sea- 
sons ; inoculation, congenital. Symptoms: res'less, drowsy, stiff, shivering, 
hyperthermia, tremors, cough, frothy, rusty expectoration, excited breathing 
and pulse, anorexia; puffy, petechiated eyelids ; epiphora ; dyspncea ; albu- 
minous, yellow or red urine with casts: hemoglobinzmia: colics, consti- 
pation, fcetid diarrhcea Death in a few hours to 6 days, or months. 
Lesions : reduction in blood globules, crenation, watery blood : petechiz : 
enlarged, blood-gorged liver and spleen ; congested, swollen, softened, kid- 
neys; congested lungs with extravasations : in chronic—anzemia, dropsies, 
Jung hepitization and suppuration. Prevention: keep susceptible horses 
from low, infected lands from June to November and from their water: pro- 
tect from insect enemies. Treatment: quinia sulphate or bromide, hot 
baths, etc. 


628 Veterinary Medicine. 


Cadeac and others describe an intermittent or remittent febrile 
affection of the horse, as identical with ague, and due, they 
mistakenly allege, to the presence in the blood of the plasmodium 
malari@g of Laveran. 

Geographical Distribution. It has been observed on the low 
marshy grounds of Sicily, the Danube bottom lands, Algiers, 
S. Africa, Tonkin, Madagascar, Soudan, Senegal and Cochin 
China (Dupuy Lenoir, Pierre, Colin), Punjaub (Eassie,) Philip- 
pines (Gelston. ) | 

Microbiology. The protozoan microbe, Pivoplasma equi (Laveran) 
is more closely related to the P. digeminum of Texas fever than 
to the Plasmodium malariz of man. It is conveyed by ticks 
from one equine animal to another, rather than by anopheles. 
It is round or crescent shaped at different stages, 6.5 to 2m, and 
is found in abundance in the red globules during the access of 
hyperthermia, and disappears in great measure during a remis- 
sion. Yetthe blood remains infecting even in the recovered 
(‘‘salted’’) animals. 

Accessory Causes. J,ike malarial diseases in man, this is largely 
confined to low, damp, undrained and inundated localities or 
those covered by trees or brush, and is most prevalent in the hot 
season, though it is not, like horse sickness, arrested by frost. 
The elevated plains and tablelands which are habitually dry, or 
well drained are exempt, and their soliped herds- susceptible, 
while those of the lowlands are mostly immune. ‘he mortality 
in Algerian horses taken to the Soudan is 90 per cent., while 
but 25 to 35 of the native horses of the Soudan or Senegal suffer. 
In S. Africa the coast horses generally bore the parasite, and 
were not successfully inoculated even with the blood of the sick 
injected intravenously, while those from the Karoo nearly all 
proved free from the piroplasma and susceptible to it. Injection 
into the veins or subcutem, of Algerian, American, or Karoo 
horses, of 20cc. of the blood from a sick horse, ass or mule, 
produces in 24 hours hyperthermia and parasites in the blood 
which last for 3 days (Edington), till fever subsides. It has even 
been claimed that it has been transmitted to the foetus in utero. 

Exposure in the hot sunshine on the open ve/dt aggravates an 
attack and even rouses a latent case to a dangerous or fatal 
form, while shelter in an open shed leads to immediate improve- 
ment (Eassie). Relapses or second attacks are often due to heat. 


Paludism in Horses. 629 


Symptoms. Premonitory symptoms of restlessness, drowsiness, 
or stiffness are followed by violent shivering, elevation of tem- 
perature (104° or 108° F.), anorexia, muscular tremors, rapid 
breathing, hacking cough with expectoration of frothy mucus, 
tumultuous heart beats, and smallirritable pulse. There is com- 
plete anorexia, an opaque, infiltrated, petechiated, icteric or ma- 
hogany-colored conjunctiva, epiphora, and sometimes blood ex- 
travasations into the vitreous. The lungs may become intensely 
congested, with rapid, panting breathing, dyspnoea, a frothy, 
rusty expectoration, and extended head and limbs. This may 
prove fatal in a few hours. Otherwise there may be remisssions 
of the fever and dyspnoea at somewhat irregularintervals. Sooner 
or later are observed urinary changes, the liquid becomes albu- 
minous, yellow, amber colored or red, or it shows distinct casts. 
These indicate the destruction of the red globules and the escape 
of hemaglobin. In other cases there are slight colics and con- 
stipation alternating with a greenish yellow fcetid diarrhcea. The 
early nervous prostration and drowsiness may merge into vertigo, 
coma or paralysis. Vertigo isa very prominent feature in the 
Philippine cases (Gelston). The skin which, at first, may often 
be pricked without response, sometimes becomes tender, itchy 
and congested, with the erection of the hairs and the forma- 
tion of pustules, or small abscesses llke hazlenuts. There may be 
oedematous swellings on the sides of the neck or in the sapraorbi- 
tal cavities. 

Course. Duration. In very acute cases death may take place 
inafew hours. More commonly illness lasts from three to six days. 
In certain instances it becomes chronic and may last two or even 
three moriths, the early congestion of the mucosz giving place to 
pallor and anzemia with advancing emaciation, dropsies and finally 
marasmus and death, or recovery with immunity. 

Lesions. ‘These are mainly in the blood, red globules being 
distorted, crenated, massed in clusters and greatly diminished in 
numbers from (7,000,000 to 2,300,000) so that the liquid appears 
thin and watery. The mucosz, internal organs and serosz are 
petechiated and the serous cavities contain a yellowish serum. 
The muscles are mahogany colored. A yellowish tint pervades 
the white tissues generally. The softened, swollen, cedematous 
condition of the lymph gland is characteristic. The liver is 


630 Veterinary Medicine. 


congested, virtually gorged with blood, enlarged and yellow or 
yellowish brown. ‘The spleen is greatly enlarged, blood gorged, 
and shows irregular, rounded swellings indicating the seats of 
extravasation of blood. In some instances rupture has taken 
place. The kidneys are congested, enlarged, softened and of a 
brownish red or black. color, with circumscribed extravasations 
especially in the corticalarea. The lungsare violently congested, 
with many areas of blood extravasation, and they do not collapse 
when the chest is opened. The bronchia are filled with a white 
froth. The heart is petechiated, with a parboiled aspect and 
shows areas of commencing necrosis or fatty degeneration. 

In the chronic form the watery condition of the blood is remark- 
able, the serous cavities (peritoneum, pleurze, pericardium, arach- 
noid) contain considerable effusion, dropsical conditions of the 
neck, head, limbs and dependent parts of the body are common, 
the lungs show hepatization and minute centres of suppuration, 
and other viscera may show fibroid degeneration. 

Prevention. It is advisable to keep susceptible horses from the 
low marshy and tick-infested lands from June to November and 
to avoid especially water that is drawn from such lands. It is. 
not needful to take the stock to any very marked elevation pro- 
vided the land is dry and free from wet or swampy areas and 
ticks. The native horses or those that have heen long in the 
marshy district and have thus secured a partial immunity may 
profitably replace the more recently imported and susceptible 
horses during the dangerous summer months. 

Edington by injecting, intravenously, the blood of an immune 
horse or preferably ass, produced in 27 out of 50 the character- 
istic fever, and on recovery they proved immune. A 2nd in- 
oculation produced the reaction in cases where the rst failed. 
This is inapplicable to horses already affected (even recovered — 
salted—horses), and those under treatment should be sheltered 
from the summer sun. Any intercurrent disease like horse 
sickness should also forbid immunization, as either or both may 
be aggravated. 

To destroy ticks use similar measures to those advised for 
‘Texas fever. 

Treatment. Pierre employed quinia sulphate or bromide 45 grs.. 
in distilled water 1 oz., intravenously, Gelston, creolin, subcutem, 


Paludism in Fforses. 631 


Hot baths, 95° to 100° F. are claimed to lower the temperature 
and contribute to the arrest of anattack. Other complications are 
treated according to indications. 


SURRA: ROT. 


Synonyms, Definition : Acute protozoan remittent fever, of rainy season 
or after, with destruction of red globules, anzemia, emaciation, dropsy, 
icterus and cutaneous or mucous eruption or discharge. Distribution : 
India, Burma, Cochin China, Persia, Philippines, etc. Trypanosoma Evansi: 
a fusiform flagellate infusorian with undulating membrane, attacking the 
red globules: agency of flies as carriers, infection of dogs; of cows: 
feeding, licking ; rats; open sores; stables; yards; pastures; pickets ; 
stagnant water; manure or rubbish heaps ; abattoirs. Lesions: anemia ; 
trypanosoma swarms during relapses ; leucocytosis ; cedemas ; effusions ; 
blood extravasations ; splenic enlargeme:t ; emaciation ; gastric and intes- 
tinal congestions: gastric ulcers ; kidneys petechiated, swollen : brain effu 
sion. Incubation, 2 to 8 days. Symptoms: local swelling, 2 to 4inches by 
4th day ; decreases to 14th day ; the general symptoms: hyperthermia 102° 
to 104° F., night highest; dulnes;; sluggishness ; inappetence; icterus ; 
cutaneous eruption ; remission in 1 or 2 days; exacerbation after 3 to 10 
days ; catarrhs; petechiz ; stocked legs; pectoral swelling; encreasing 
anzemia and emaciation ; ulcers on mucosa or skin ; generative excitement ; 
foetid diarrhoea ; urine profuse, bilious, albuminous or with casts; thirst ; 
intestinal rumbling; debility; marasmus; hair erect; skin dry, rigid. 
Duration variable. Diagnosis: based on above, confirmed by finding blood 
parasites, constantly fatal in horses. Surra in camel, ox, buffalo, rabbits, 
rats, mice, dogs, cats, apes. Treatment: unpromising ; mercurials, iodides, 
chromates, arsenates, terebinthinate, phenic acid, santonin. Dry, clean, 
airy stable, dry grain, tonics. Prevention: keep horse and mule from in- 
fecting locality ; use oxen rather : stables, pickets, etc., apart from marshes, 
pools, manure and rubbish heaps; disinfectants, insecticides, seclude all 
surra-affected animals : smudges. Sanitary police. 


Synonyms. Sar, Zahrbad, Gumzahrbad, Kushkzaharbad, 
Sokra, Sokhra, Tap, Tapdik (Punjab) : Phitgya, Purana 
(Meerut) :'Berbay (Bombay) : Tarai, Tebersa, Wabai-ki-bokhar, 
Pernicious Anzemia, Trypanosomosis, Relapsing Fever, etc. 

Definition. An acute, relapsing, protozoan fever of equines, 
camels and elephants, inoculable on other animals, occurring 
during or after the rainy season, and characterized by hyper- 
thermia which is liable to be intermittent, remittent or relapsing, 


632 Veterinary Medicine. 


anasarcous, swellings, petechiz of the mucosz, icterus, cutaneous 
eruption, nasal, ophthalmic, vaginal and other mucous dis- 
charges, rapidly advancing aneemia, emaciation and debility, and 
above all, by the presence in the blood, at intervals from one to 
six days, of swarms of protozoa, analogous to those found in 
dourine or nagana. 

Geographical Distribution. Surra has long been known to the 
English veterinarians in India, occurring during or just after the 
rainy season, and especially on the low flooded lands, along 
canals, rivers, lakes, etc., and later in Burma, Cochin China, the 
Persian Gulf, Persia. Lingard ‘claims its existence in East 
Africa, North and South America, Australia and Southern 
Europe, but he has evidantly confounded it with nagana and 
other affections. The discovery of the disease by Dr. Slee in 
Ig01, among American, Australian and Chinese ponies in the 
Philippines is suggestive of a very wide diffusion of the infection 
in Southern Asia and adjacent islands, with which an American 
work on veterinary medicine must deal. 

Cause. Parasite. Trypanosoma Evansi. ‘The essential cause 
of the disease, Trypanosoma Evansi, discovered by Dr. Griffith 
Evans, Inspecting Veterinary Surgeon, British Army, in 1880, 
is a flagellate infusorian, pointed at one end, near which is a 
dark centrosome, and from this a flagellum running along the 
free border of the broad undulating membrane to the extreme op- 
posite end of the parasite and extended beyond this as a waving 
lash. The length of the Trypanosoma Evansi is 20 to 50u, (10 
to 14m, Smith and Kinyoun, Manila), its breadth 1 to r.su. By 
reason of its large size and active motion it is easily detected in 
a film of fresh blood under th inch objective, and no less easily 
when dried and. stained on a cover glass. It must be borne in 
mind that the mature parasite appears in the blood at intervals 
in swarms, so that examination at one time of day, or ona par- 
ticular day, may fail to detect it, while examinations made earlier 
or later are successful. The general structure and successive 
stages of growth of the parasite appear to be the same as de- 
scribed for the Trypanosoma Equiperdum of Dourine, to which 
accordingly the reader may turn for description. ‘The distinction 
from that parasite is to be’ found mainly in the pathogenesis. In 
this respect it should be noted that the parasites are strongly at- 


Surra: Rot. 633 


tracted by the red globules, upon which they fasten themselves by 
the blunt ends, shaking the cell in the most vigorous manner and 
even breaking pieces off and carryingthem away. They are most 
strongly attracted by the concave part of the disc, and when 
there are rouleaux they will bore between the globules and even 
push them apart (Evans). 

The appearance of the disease at the conclusion of the rainy 
season when the waters dry up and become foul, has led to the 
idea that the parasite lives in waters, but as this is also the time 
of the great swarming and activity of flies, and as the trypano- 
soma is found in the bodies of tabanidze and hippoboscide that 
have bitten affected animals (Lingard), and as horses.crowded 
together so that the fly with piercing apparatus still wet can pass 
from horse to horse (Evans), the opinion has grown that it is a 
compulsory parasite which is transmitted through the bites of in- 
sects. In 1880, Griffith Evans found that the native Hindoos at- 
tributed the disease to the bites of a very large brown fly which 
was active in July (probably a tabanus), in 1897, Pease identified 
the incriminated fly as the tabanus tropicus. Finally, Rodgers, 
in 1901, took flies that had been on surra horses, kept them 4 
days or longer and found that their bites failed to produce surra ; 
whereas those that were allowed to go directly from the sick to 
the healthy animal produced the diseasein the latter. The direct 
experimental inoculation from horse to horse infallibly conveys 
the‘disease so that the flies are not needed to pass the parasite 
through an intermediate stage of its existence, but merely to 
carry it. It follows that no partictilar fly is the bearer but any 
insect may carry the infection from a bite or sore to inoculate it 
ona sore or by a bite on afresh animal. Different observers 
have noticed the tendency to the infection of dogs and other ani- 
mals that fed from rubbish heaps, or upon the carcasses of ani- 
mals dead of surra, suggesting at once the intervention of the 
swarms of flies that congregate at such places. This is probably 
another example of the shrewd insight of the common mind, as 
in the case of the tick-borne Texas fever. 

Lingard finds another bearer in the crow which sits on the 
backs of affected horses, pecking at the wounds, and passes at 
once to other healthy horses to peck their sores. 

Experiments in feeding the infested blood to sound animals, 


634 Veterinary Medicine. 


have apparently succeeded, and the observation that dogs and 
cats suffer from eating the carcasses isin favor of this view. 
Horses that lick the infested sores, or the blood drawn by the 
flies may readily infect themselves, and especially if the mouth 
bears scratches caused by fibrous food, leech bites, or sores from 
bits, or if the pharynx or stomach has been wounded by bots or 
spiroptera. 

The water and food are blamed by the natives in some quar- 
ters, but Pease’s observations on the Bombay tramway horses, - 
which all perished though kept on boiled water and carefully 
picked fodder from sound regions, would suggest that this if a 
channel of infection at all, is not the main one. 

The bowel excretions of rats harboring trypanosoma, when 
mixed experimentally with the food of the horse, have been 
charged with causing surra, but there are objections to the ac- 
ceptance of this as a common cause. The alleged period of incu- 
bation in the horse in such cases was 4o days in place of the 
usual 7 or 8 days; when inoculated from a horse first affected in this 
experiment on a second the usual incubation of 7 or 8 days was 
shown, and though the horse fed on rat’s dung in the infected region 
of Bombay contracted the disease, the experiment failed when the 
same dung was fed in a high dry region unaffected by surra. 
The natural inference is that Bombay experimental horses con- 
tracted the affection in the usual way, probably through insects, 

In the rainy season the Indian rats swarm with the Trypanosoma 
Lewisi, an entirely different species, and though they can be suc- 
cessfully inoculated with the T. Evansi of Surra, the T. Equiper- 
dum of Dourine, the T. Brucei of Nagana, and it is alleged the 
T. Equinum of Mal de Caderas, yet these are not their common 
parasite. The presumption is that the rat affected with Trypano- 
soma Evansi could transmit the disease to the horse through one 
of the many possible insect channels or otherwise. 

Neither condition, sex nor age appears to affect receptivity. 
Open sores especially open the way for infection. 

The position of stables, yards, pastures or picket grounds near 
stagnant water, manure or rubbish heaps, abattoirs or other ° 
places that breed or attract flies, is a much more important con~ 
sideration. Foul stables, or those having light from both sides. 
are more exposed to flies. 


Surra: Rot. 635 


Pathology and Lesions. The pathology of the disease consists 
in the rapid destruction of the red blood globules by the trypano- 
somata. It is a form of rapidly advancing pernicious anzemia 
due to the great and active voracity of the trypanosoma. The 
swarming of the trypanosoma in the blood at the period of the 
relapse and the absence of the mature form in the intervals is re- 
markable. The trembling movement in the blood at the period 
of swarming results from their prodigiously active movements. 
The red globules may assume various forms, crenate, echinated, 
(Ranking), and more or less broken up or disintegrated, their 
numbers steadily decrease, leaving the blood thin and watery 
with rusty serum and yellow (icteric) staining of the white 
tissues, even the bones. Encrease of white globules, actual or 
relative, has been a marked feature (always present in typical 
cases, Burke). 

Petechiz are especially common on the conjunctiva, vagina, 
mucosa, endocardium, and less marked in the nose, mouth, and 
serose. 

CEdemas are common, yellowish, gelatinoid ex::dates at the base 
of the heart, subcutem, between the muscles of the limbs or else- 
where, and as effusions into the pleurze pericardium or peritoneum. 

Distinct blood extravasations have been noted beneath the en- 
docardium. 

“The spleen is often enlarged, excessively so if death occurred 
during a paroxysm. The lymph glands are swollen and appear 
dropsical. 

The whole body is emaciated and shrunken, the visible (un- 
petechiated) mucosz are pale and bloodless, often yellow, yet 
rigor mortis is well marked. 

Gastric ulcers are common (Steel, Burke, G. W. Evans) ap- 
parently preceded in many cases by capillary embolism con- 
gestion and degeneration. Intestinal congestions are frequent 
(Steele, Burke), but ulcers are rare (Geo. H. Evans). 

The liver may be normal (Griffith Evans), or especially during 
aparoxysm (Lingard) congested, inflamed and enlarged. The 
pancreas is usually normal. 

The kidneys are petechiated, congested, cedematous, or the 
seat of blood extravasations. 

Instances have been noted of cerebral and meningeal cedema 


636 Veterinary Medicine. 


(Steel, Lingard), encrease of fluid in the arachnoid or lateral 
ventricles, or in the spinal cord, with gelatinoid exudation in the 
lumbar portion (Lingard), Like other tissues, in advanced 
stages the nerve centres are usually anzemic (Geo. H. Evans). 

Ineubation. As made out by inoculation cases this extends 
from two to eight days, according to the dose—five to seven days 
being the most common. Infection by inoculation subcutem in 
mules showed a hyperthermia on the fifth day ; or by ingestion: 
(feeding the virus) on the sixth day (Steel). Longer (alleged) ° 
incubation depends mainly on the first slight paroxysms having 
been overlooked, or set down for the frequent bilious or icteric 
condition which is common in mules and horses in India (Steel), 
or to a later infection by insects or otherwise. 

Symptoms. In experimental cases a small raised swelling inf 
the seat of the inoculation, appears in 24 hours, encreasing to 2 
to 4 inches in diameter, and 1 to 1% inch high by the 4th day, 
and loosely connected with the parts beneath. From the 4th to 
the 14th day it decreases in size and softens and general symptoms 
set in. ‘ 

In casual cases these general symptoms are the first to be 
observed. There is transient fever 102” to 104°, highest toward 
night and without preliminary chill, hot mouth and skin, dulness, 
sluggishness, inappetence, yellowness of the mucose, petechiz 
on conjunctiva or vulva, and sometimes nodules like those of 
urticaria on the skin. After a day or two these symptoms 
subside, the temperature is ror’ F., or below, the mucoseze 
clear and pale, and spirit and appetite nearly normal. These 
slight first paroxysms are rarely seen by the veterinarian, having 
been looked upon as one of the oft-recurring bilious attacks of a 
hot climate. The remission lasts for 3 to 10 days when the 
second paroxysm sets in, like the first but often more marked ; 
temperature 102° to 104°, .eyes especially the membrana nictitans 
petechiated, epiphora, slight catarrh from nose or vulva, it may 
be stocking of the legs, or pitting swelling under the breast bone, 
or abdomen, orinthesheath. Like the first, the second paroxysm 
subsides, and after another interval a-third sets in, to be followed 
in like manner by a fourth, a fifth and so on, if the patient sur- 
vives. With each the symptoms become more pronounced, the. 
mucosz are left more pale and bloodless, debility and weakness 


Surva: Rot. 637 


are greater, emaciation is more marked, cedema of the limbs or 
body more extensive, hyperthermia may reach 105° or more, the 
pulse is weaker and the heart more liable to palpitation, and the 
respirations may reach 50 or 60 per minute. Vet in sparely built 
animals dropsy may be entirely absent (Steel). Steel often found 
superficial, circumscribed ulcers on the tongue, inner sides of the 
lips, nose, eye, or vulva, beginning as epithelial degeneration, 
followed by superficial erosion and early healing. Sometimes, 
similar erosions appeared on the skin. Generative excitement . 
may be present, the mare appears to be in heat, while the horse 
has erections, which are supposed to depend directly on the im- 
\plication of the generative centre in the lumbar myelon. The 
. submaxillary glands sometimes swell and even suppurate and dis- 

charge a gluey pus (Griffith Evans). The bowels are usually 
costive at first, the feces may be glazed, but in advanced stages 
they beconie- soft, pultaceous and feetid. ‘The urine at first 
normal in amount, becomes later abundant or even profuse 
(Griffith Evans, Ranking, Nariman and Vaz, Lingard). It is 
at first yellow and turbid, later of a dingy green or greenish yel- 
low. Sometimes it diminishes as the disease advances. It may 
contain bile, albumen, or even casts (G. H. Evans), though 
the latter appear to be exceptional. The reaction varies, sugar 
is absent, and the parasite has not been found in it. Appetite 
though interfered with during the paroxysms, remains fair or 
even voracious in the intervals and the animals may eat to the 
last (Burke). Thirst usually encreases with the advance of the 
disease, in keeping with the free urinary secretion. Rumbling 
and gurgling of the bowels are common and even tympany at 
times: (Lingard). 

In the advanced stages the picture is one of great anzemia, 
marasmus and genéral debility. When moved the animal will 
stumble over the slightest obstacle, even the litter, recovering 
himself with effort and difficulty. If he should fall he is liable to 
remain down indefinitely, the side next the ground becoming 
drenched with sweat though there is no general perspiration. 
The hair becomes encreasingly dry, withered and erect, the skin 
dry, powdery, rigid and more and more firmly adherent to the 

~ bones and muscles, losing all its natural pliancy and mellowness, 
and becoming like that of a dead animal. It is bloodless, and 


638 Veterinary Medicine. 


sloughs readily over the prominent bones, where compressed or 
bruised in lying, owing to the lack of nutritive and reparatory 
action. ‘The visible mucosz are absolutely bloodless. "The mus- 
cles as a whole are wasted to an extreme degree, but this atrophy 
is most marked in the back and loins, along the longissimus dorsi 
and in the quarter in the gluteal muscles. The patient may 
remain recumbent, from sheer weakness, for a length of time at 
the last, or he may get up after a long recumbency and stand to 
the end. 

Death may occur early with general anasarca and extreme hyper- 
thermia (110° F.). Inthe great majority it appears to result 
largely from perforation of the stomach, clots in the heart, or 
general debility and heart failure. 

Diagnosis. With symptoms such as are above described the 
discovery of the trypanosoma in the blood completes the diagnosis. 
Trypanosoma is found in dourine, nagana and other affections so 
that the discovery of it alone would not be conclusive as to the 
existence of surra. Nor can the discovery of the parasite always 
be made at the first or second attempt. The swarm of mature 
trypanosomata is found with the advent of a paroxysm, and as the 
veterinarian is often called during the decline of the attack the 
parasites have already retired and elude his investigation. It 
becomes needful to take the temperature and examine the blood 
daily sometimes for eight or ten days, and when with a sudden 
rise of temperature he finds also a swarming of the mature trypano- 
somata, the diagnosis is perfect. A drop of blood placed on a 
cover glass, pressed down upon the slide, and placed under the 
microscope, will show the parasite with eel-like movements 
among the blood globules. There may be very few during the 
‘first or second paroxysm, but they become numerous and very 
obvious as the disease gains its height. Evans recommends to use 
defibrinated blood. 

They may be dried rapidly on a cover glass, fixed in absolute 
alcohol one or two minutes, then stained ten minutes in a mixture 
of the two following liquids united just before using. 


Surra. Rot. 639 


A —ONE PART OF THE MIXTURE. 


Methylene blue__________..-- ee 1 Grams. 
BOra xine Ao a 25) 5 
Distilled'water!.<: - 40s oe ee 100 FF 


B.—FOUR PARTS OF THE MIXTURE. 


The plasma of the trypanosoma appears blue, the flagellum red 
and the chromatin of a different shade of red. It may beperma- 
nently mounted in balsam. 

Mortality. The disease is constantly fatal in horses, though 
the animal may survive for months. 


SURRA IN CAMELS. 


Haggar describes this as having remissions or intermissions as 
in the horse, the trypanosoma disappearing during the intervals 
to appear with the hyperthermia. The temperature may rise 
to 106° F. and the animal wastes away to a veritable skeleton. 
A remarkable feature of the disease is the formation of immense 
abscesses containing a thick, cream-colored pus on the sides of 
the chest in the vicinity of the pad, and in the sheath and scrotum 
or udder near to the stifle pad. The mortality is nearly as great 
as in the horse or mule, yet the camel- drivers say that a small 
percentage recover. 


SURRA IN BOVINES. 


The domestic ox, the sacred cow of India (Lingard) and the 
‘water buffalo (caribao) of the Philippines contract Surra. It is 
interesting to notice that in these animals the disease is relatively 
mild and recoveries are frequent. 

In the Indian buffalo it causes dulness ; advancing emaciation ; 
slight temperature variations ; muco-purulent inflammations of 
the conjunctiva, cornea, and pituita ; and occasionally eruptions 
under the breast or belly. 

Among /eszons were atrophy, softening of lymph glands, en- 
larged liver and spleen (slight), petechize and blood extravasa- 
tions on the pericardium, epicardium and other serose, and on 
the intestinal mucosa which sheds its epithelium in patches. * 


640 Veterinary Medicine. 


Stall enzodtics in cattle do not seem to affect horses casually. 
The disease is easily conveyed to rabbits, house rats and mice, 
dogs, cats and apes. Goats and ducks appeared to be immune 
(Penning). 

TREATMENT OF SURRA. 


In well established cases in the horse, ass or mule no treatment 
has succeeded in saving the patient. Almost every germicide 
has been called into requisition but without good effect. Among 
these may be named: mercuric chloride subcutem, iodine and 
potassium iodide intratracheally, iodoform subcutem and intra- 
venously, oleum terebinthinze subcutem and intravenously, po- 
tassze bichromas by veins and stomach, cinchona alkaloids and 
arsenic, phenic acid and iodine, quinine, hydrargyri biniodidum, 
santonin, potash. The claims of different agents, notably arsenic. 
and phenic acid, have been supported by the manifest improve- 
ment of condition under their use and the disappearance of the 
trypanosoma, but both these conditions may often appear during 
intermissions, without medication. ‘The usual outcome is that 
the animal dies and the only claim that can be made is a slight 
extension of life. This is favored by dry, clean, airy stables, 
change of water, rich grain and succulent food (oats, rice, lin- 
seed, barley, gram sorghum, bran, middlings, salt, etc.), with 
iron, arsenic, and other tonics, yet the best that can be said for 
them is that they have deferred somewhat the enevitable death. 

Prevention of Surra. ‘The first consideration is to avoid placing 
equines and especially horses and mules, or camels in the infect- 
ing localities in the rainy season and just after it. Oxen and 
buffaloes can be used in such places with greater impunity. If 
they must be used in such localities, place the stables or pickets 
in dry locations well apart from marshes, and stagnant water. 
keep the stables dark during the surra season, open to light on 
one side only and with screens in the windows. Make a deep pit 
for the manure, keep it well darkened and screened and turn every 
particle of manure into this several times a day so that the stable 
shall be perfectly clean. All rubbish heaps should be similarly 
dealt with. The flies breed in the manure and decaying organic 
matter. After each sweeping of the stable sprinkle the manure 


in the pit with some disinfectant, phenic acid, tar water, 
e 


Nagana. Tsetse Fly Disease. 641 


copperas, etc. Smear the skins of the animals with tar water, 
coal tar water, naphthalin, daily if necessary to prevent the at- 
tacks of the flies. Other suggestions in this line can be found 
under parasites. ‘ 

An important consideration would be to seclude every animal 
attacked with surra. The flies can only carry and inoculate the 
poison when there is some source from which they can obtain it. 
Until we shall learn how many animals, tame and wild, casually 
contract the Trypanosoma Evansi we cannot speak of how 
effective this may be made, but it is at least a substantial advance 
in the line of restriction, since the infected horse or mule in the 
vicinity of healthy ones is a constant peril, and as given insects 
attack by preference, given favorite genera, the horse flies, coming 
from the diseased animal are much more likely than other flies to 
attack the sound horses. Ina surra season it would bea wise 
economy to destroy the infected equine at once, as according to 
all past experience, sentence of death has already been passed 
upon him, and his preservation even for an hour is hopeless for 
him, but full of the gravest danger for others. ‘The carcass and 
all pertaining to it, blood especially, should be promptly and 
deeply buried and the place thoroughly disinfected. 

In the same way smudges made by burning green grass or 
other vegetation, tar, leather or other material producing empy- 
reumatic products. offensive to the fly may be employed. 

Sanitary Police. 'The Department of Agriculture forbids the 
landing in the United States or its dependencies of any animal 
from the Phillipines. If the infection should by any accident be 
imported no cost should be considered too high to secure a prompt 
and thorough extinction of it. 


NAGANA. TSETSE FLY DISEASE. 


Trypanosoma Brucii: attacks horse, ass, mule, cattle, buffalo, antelope, 
camel, hyena, dogs, etc. Elephants and zebra, pigeon and hen immune. 
Tsetse fly. Inoculation only certain channel ; virulence in dead body 24 
hours ; in vitro 3 to 4 days, or when dried or heated (122° F.) Symptoms : 
hyperthermia ; anzemia ; leucocytosis ; buffy coat ; cedemas ; catarrhs; wast- 
ing; debility. Lesions: as in surra; trypanosoma in blood at intervals, 
bone marrow, lymph glands, spleen. Immunizing unsuccessful. Preven- 
tion asin surra. 


41 


642° Veterinary Medicine. 


Thisis an infective disease caused by the 7rypanosoma Bructt, 
which has been supposed to be identical with 7xypanosoma Evanst 
but differsin its morphology and in its infectiveness toward a 
greater variety of animals. It is 25 to 30m long by 1.5 to 2.5¢ 
broad, less pointed at its posterior (nonflagellate) end, broader 
undulating membrane, more deeply staining protoplasm, and 
more sluggish movements. It invades the blood of horses, asses, 
mules, cattle, buffaloes, antelopes, camels, hyenas, and dogs, and 
can be inoculated on cats, rats, mice, rabbits, hedgehog, bosh- 
bok, zebra hybrids, Guinea pigs, goats, sheep, weasel, and 
monkey (Macacus rhesus). Elephants are immune though they 
suffer from ‘I’. Evansi, and the zebra is immune though a soliped. 

The ésetse fy (glossina morsitans) is credited with being the 
main agent in transmitting the parasite to mammals, (see Diptera). 

Kanthack, Durham and Blandford found that Guinea pigs 
were more resistant than rabbits, surviving the inoculation for a 
longer time. Bruce also found the native South African sheep 
and goats more refractory than others, yet their heematozoon was 
as deadly to other animals as that of horse or dog. Pigeons and 
South African hens proved refractory. Manifestly in Africa the 
present races of some animals are the products of the survival of 
the fittest. 

Inoculation, ‘The disease has been produced experimentally 
by inoculation only. Feeding experiments on rabbits, cats and 
Guinea pigs, the sucking by puppies of an infected dam for 14 
days, coitus, and even the careful dropping of infected blood 
under the eyelids failed to convey it. Lousy rats with sores on 
face, one cat doubtless scratched by a bone, and one rabbit sup- 
posed to be infected by sexual congress (Rouget) offer exceptions, 
whichin the light of the general results must be looked on as 
probable inoculations through wounds. 

Successful inoculations were made with blood, lymph gland, 
spleen, bone marrow, aqueous humor, serum, cedema fluid, and 
testicular juice. The effectiveness of inoculatiof did not vary 
materially with the different fluids used, with the amount, nor 
with the point selected for its insertion, subcutaneous, intra- 
venous, intraperitoneal, or on a mere scratch. 

Virulence is lost in the dead body in 24 hours or less; when 
the infected blood is kept aseptically zz vztvo, in 3 or 4 days at 


Nagana. Tsetse Fly Disease 643 


most ; or when completely dried. Heating to 122° F. for 30 
minutes sterilized, while at 114.8° F. for half an hour the 
trypanosoma became nonmotile, but not quite nonvirulent. 

Symptoms. Hyperthermia is marked about the time of the 
appearance of the infusoria in the blood. (Horse 106.7°; dog 
104° ; rabbit 105.8°), and in the horse there was a paroxysm 
with each new swarm of the parasite. In one ass intermissions 
were not observed. In rabbits there was no constant ratio be- 
tween the temperature and hzmatozoa, hyperthermia was constant 
or nearlyso. The horse had marked hyperthermia up to death, 
dogs and bats showed a striking descent even to subnormal, be- 
fore death. 

Anemia isa marked feature the red globules being greatly re- 
duced, and they show a tendency to clump in masses instead of 
forming rouleaux. The serum added to healthy blood has the 
same effect on that. Leucocytosis is not constant nor excessive 
(15,000 to 34,000 per’cmm. at the highest). In clotting the 
blood may form a buffy coat. 

' GEdema is common in horse, rabbit, cat and dog especially about 

the head, legs, belly and genital organs. Rabbits often show 
swellings, excoriations and sores of the labia, prepuce and penis 
favoring inoculation by this channel. 

Conjunctivitis is common in cats, dogs, rats, rabbits, often in 
connection with facial cedema, and corneal opacities and ulcers, 
and turbidity of the aqueous humor may follow. 

Nasal catarrh often interferes materially with breathing. 

Muscular wasting and debility are prominent phenomena, 
especially in horse, dog, cat and. rabbit, the loss of weight 
reaching 20 to 30 per cent. 

Lesions. ‘These arelike those of surra. Enlargement of the 
lymph glands, spleen and liver, firmness, friability and dark 
color of the spleen ; effusions, petechize and even hzemorrhages 
of the serosze, lungs and stomach, and great atrophy of the mus- 
cles and adipose tissue are prominent features. The liver is 
always fatty in rabbits. In the shafts of the long bones, the fat 
is replaced by red marrow. ‘The bone marrow is sometimes red, 
at others pale. 

The ¢rypanosomata in the blood vary greatly. In infected rats 
and mice they appear 3 or 4 days after inoculation, are almost 


644 Veterinary Medicine. 


constantly present thereafter, and as a rule, encrease steadily up 
to 2,000,000 or 3,000,000 perc.m. In dogs they appear in 4 to 
6 days, in cats in 5, in Guinea pigs in 5 to 6, and in horses in 7 
days. In rabbits there were found 60;000 per cmm., in dogs 
100,000 to 300,000, and in Guinea pigs 200,000 to 500,000. In 
one Guinea pig they did not appear until 6 weeks after inocula- 
tion and then rapidly encreased to a fatal termination. More 
commonly a few can be found about a week after inoculation, 
and then they disappear for a variable period. ‘They have been 
found in the bone marrow when they could not be recognized in 
the blood. Again, after subcutaneous flank inoculation in the 
rat, they were found in the corresponding inguinal glands 1 to 3 
days before they could be detected in the blood. After death 
they are found most abundantly in the bone marrow and spleen, 
but they have not been found in the intestinal contents nor urine 
except in the case of hzemorrhages or local sores. 

No soluble toxin appears to be formed, and xo zmmuntzation is 
effected by the serum. Blood serum kept several days until the 
infusoria had died and then passed through a Berkefeld filter had 
no apparent effect on the animal economy even in large doses. 
Blood heated to 122” F. was equally harmless. The same is true 
of extracts of organs and of bile from infected animals. 

Attempts to secure zmmunity by injecting the blood serum of 
affected animals, after it had been sterilized by heat, filtration, 
or standing one week zz vitro proved of absolutely no effect. 
The blood of the foetus almost at full term proved valueless, and 
the young born of infected mothers proved fully susceptible 
when inoculated. The serum of the Guinea-pig, which is 
naturally somewhat resistant, proved no protection to other ani- 
mals. Bile mixed with infecting blood zx vitro, kills the trypano- 
soma, but such blood has no protective effect on animals. Sewer 
and white rats inoculated and reinoculated with the common 
rat trypanasoma (T. Lewisi) until immune from that organism, 
show a full susceptibility to the trypanosoma of nagana. 

Flesh feeding and vegetable feeding. have made no difference in 
the susceptibility in the case of rats. Feeding with the hzemato- 
zoa has produced no immunity. 

It is evident that prevention must follow the same lines as in 
Surra, due consideration being had of the greater number of 
genera susceptible. 


LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 


Synonyms. Definition : infectious, cattle fever, with long incubation, in- 
sidious onset, excessive pulmonary exudation, infarctions and sequestra. 
History : ancient, modern ; England, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, United 
States,—its extinction in 1887 to 1892—Massachusetts, New Jersey, S Africa, 
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. Causes: contagion only. Bacteriolo- 
gy : Nocard’s organism cultivated in collodion capsules 7” vivo, as actively 
motile refrangent points, morphology uncertain. Modes of transmission, 
exhalations from sick inhaled by susceptible, ingestion of infected food, 
pastures, watering troughs, ponds, commingling of herds, attendants, deal- 
ers’ stables, manure, unrestricted commerce, convalescent cattle, breed, hot 
seasons. Lesions : profuse exudation in lymph net-worksof lungs, marbling, 
parenchymatous cell proliferation, compression and grangrene of lobulets, 
thrombi, sequestra, infarction, fibroid sac, or stalactite like fibroid peribron- 
chial formations, hepatization, pleural effusions and false membranes, peri- 
cardial, bronchial, lymph glands congested. Incubation : 6 to 30 days, pro- 
tracted cases, bearing on quarantine. Symptoms: conditions affecting 
gravity, breed, excitement, heat, chill, susceptibility, usually insidious, in- 
frequent cough, roused by cold water, dusty food, exertion, etc., hurried 
breathing when driven, slight auscultation rales, hyperthermia (103° to 108° 
F.), dulness, anorexia, suppression of milk, stiffness, no pandiculation, 
troubled breathing, auscultation, and percussion signs of extensive consoli- 
dation, tenderness of chest walls, in bad cases stands obstinately, head ex- 
tended, mouth open, tongue protruded, grunts with expiration, heavy breath, 
nostrils dilated, nasal and buccal discharge, rapid emaciation, foetid diar- 
rhoea, erect hair, pale, scurffy, adherent skin, varied chest rales, abortion. 
Mild in winter, severe in summer. Loss of one-third or one-half weight in 
one week. Chronic cases, fibroid and necrotic changes, sequestra. Diag- 
nosis : Anamnesis, inoculation : from tuberculosis by high fever, rapid,.ex- 
tensive infiltration, early succession of new cases, failure to react under tu- 
berculin, absence of tubercles ; from bronchitis and pulmonary strongylosis, 
‘by the succession of cases in place of many at once, the extensive exuda- 
tion, the evident cause (exposure or infected place), and by the lesions; 
from fibrinous pneumonia, by absence of climatic cause, the more extensive 
consolidation, more troubled breathing, and coexistence of old and recent 
lesions : from infectious pneumonia by the greater area consolidated, more 
exalted hyperthermia, more marked dyspnoea, the absence of white points 
of alveolar cell proliferation, and by the old and recent lesions ; from septi- 
camia hemorrhagica, by its occurrence at all seasons, on all soils, by the 
absence of sanguineous swellings at other parts, by the absence of cocco- 
bacillus from the exudate, and by its non-inoculability on sheep, horses, 
pigs and rodents ; from needle in pericaridium, by its epizootic prevalence, 
fever, and the absence of preliminary gastric and later cardiac, morbid phe- 


645 


646 Veterinary Medicine. 


nomena; from emphysema by the fever, absence of drum like tympany, and 
presence of consolidation ; from aspergillosis of the lung by the fever, more 
rapid progress and extended consolidation, by the harmlessness to birds, by 
the absence of aspergillus from expectoration and lung ; from insolation by 
the absence of the causes of heat stroke, of the implication at once of a 
number of exposed animals, of the excessive hyperthermia, the brain symp 

toms and sudden death. Treatment: a poor economy, ta be punished 
when extinction is attempted. Prevention: importation under three 
months quarantine, surveillance of three months more in case of single ani- 
mals ; applied to lung plague countries and those adjoining ; disinfect cars 
and boats that have been used in lung plague country ; exclude hay and 
fodder from lung plague country ; also litter, bags, head ropes, horns, hoofs, 
hides, hair. To extirpate : stop all ingress of possibly-infected cattle, stop 
movement of cattle, probibit common or unfenced pasturage, kill without 
idemnity in case of violation, record all cattle, make necropsy of all dead, 
kill and pay for all infected herds, disinfect all infected premises and things, 
use horses in removing and plowing under manure. Unaided owner may : 
breed all his stock, in buying bull quarantine him, allow no intercourse be- 
tween his herd and others, get new cattle from herds only that have had no 
illness nor losses fora year, and no exposure, and bring by thoroughly safe 
route, in disinfected cars or boats, then quarantine, under special attendants. 
Immunization ; by a first attack, inoculation in tail, intravenous, of steril- 
ized exudate. Conditions permitting and forbidding immunization. 


Synonyms. Bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia, Contagious Pleuro- 
Pneumonia, Peripneumonie (Fr.), Lungenseuche Vieseuche 
(Ger.), Pneumosarcia, Peripneumonia Exudativa, Epizodtic 
Pleuro-Pneumonia, Pulmonary Murrain,Slijmlongziekte (Dutch) 
Pulmonea dei Bovina (Ital.), Phush phush pirdaho, Pheepree 
(Bengalee). 

Definition. An infectious febrile disease, occurring casually 
in cattle only, so far as known, and characterized by a prolonged . 
incubation (10 to 90 days, a tardy insidious onset, inflammation 
of the bronchia, lungs and pleuree, a profuse exudation into the 
interlobular connective tissue and chest, a very extensive area of 
consolidation, pulmonary infarction, and sequestra. 

flistory. It is difficult or impossible to identify this disease 
among the various animal plagues in ancient times. Yet when 
lesions are given it may be admitted in different cases. Aristotle, 
writing 350 years before Christ says ‘‘the cattle that live in herds. 
are subject to a malady which causes the breathing to become hot 
and frequent. The ears droop and they cannot eat. They die 
rapidly and the lungs are found spoiled.’’ Here the facts that. 


Lung Plague of Cattle. 647 


cattle alone suffered, that large herds suffered most, that the 
lungs were the seat of very marked lesions, and that fever and 
mortality were both marked, point forcibly toward lung plague. 
Valentini’s description of a fatal lung disease in cattle also stands 
out prominently in the obscure records. ‘The first full and 
definite report is that given by Bourgelat of its prevalence in 
Franche-Compté in 1769. Later the records are frequent and 
from all over Europe, indicating its general prevalence before as 
well as after Bourgelat. 

Much more important are its definite extensions into new 
countries after a long interval of immunity as showing that with 
trustworthy records such invasions can always be satisfactorily 
accounted for by the introduction of cattle or their fresh products 
from a previously infected area. Into Holland it was imported 
from Germany in 1835 by Vanderbosch a Guelderland distiller 
and spread over the whole country. Attempts were made in 
Friesland, and at first successfully, to stamp it out by slaughter 
and disinfection, but the demands of the trade toward England 
grew so enormously that it was being constantly introduced anew 
and the measure was abandoned. ‘The British Consul at the 
Hague, in 1839 sent some Dutch cows to a friend in County Cork, 
Ireland, which led to the general infection of that island and in- 
directly of Great Britian. In 1842, under the Free Trade Act, 
England became at once deluged with lung plague cattle from 
Holland, Belgium and France on the one side, and Ireland on 
the other. Soon the whole island had been infected except ex- 
clusively breeding districts (Welsh and Scottish Highlands, etc.,) 
into which no cattle were ever introduced from outside. 

In 1847 an importation of English cattle into Sweden conveyed 
the disease, where it prevailed for some time and even infected 
Denmark through shipments of cattle, but was finally extirpated 
by the pole axe and disinfectants. 

In 1860, Norway imported infected Ayrshire cattle for the 
Royal Agricultural College at Aas, but the imported and exposed 
stock were promptly destroyed and the previous immunity of the 
country has been maintained up to the present. 

Denmark was infected in 1848 by importation from Sweden, 
and on different other occasions from Germany and England, but 
by prompt and rigid suppressive measures, stamped out the dis- 


648 Veterinary Medicine. 


ease on each occasion. ‘This was true also of Schelswig so long 
as it remaineda part of Denmark, but the infection entered in the 
commisariat parks of the German army in 1864, and the princi- 
pality remaining in German hands, the lung plague became per- 
manently established. 

Mecklenberg-Schwerin and Oldenburg also maintained vigor- 
ous suppressive measures and for long, kept clear of the infection. 

Into Brooklyn, lung plague was introduced in 1843 through the 
purchase of an English ship cow by a dairyman (Peter Dunn). 
From this centre the infection spread until it prevailed in con- 
necticut, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, 
Maryland, Virginia, District of Columbia, Ohio, Indiana and IIli- 
nois. 

In 1879, measures were taken in New York and New 
Jersey to extripate the disease but failed to receive the requi- 
site continued support and were practically abandoned. It 
was only in 1887 when the infection had reached Chicago, the 
largest cattle market in the world, that the National and State 
Governments were aroused tothe gravity of the danger, and, 
the Federal Government supplying the funds and the Illinois 
Government the authority, the beginning of a real attempt 
atextinction was seriously undertaken. The author acted as 
chief of the national veterinary force in Illinoisin 1887, and takes 
great pleasure in recording that at the end of three months from 
the date of his arrival, the last acute case of the disease had been 
disposed of and the frightful danger that had threatened the 
nation through the Chicago stock yards had been removed. ‘The 
supervision was maintained for a year later, and some old seques- 
tra were later found in the lungs of cattle slaughtered, but no 
acute nor dangerous cases of the disease. This was followed by 
vigorous suppressive work in other infected states and by Septem. 
ber, 1892, the quarantine was raised and the nation pronounced 
free from lung plague. The last cases were met with in New 
Jersey, early in 1892. In this last anti-lung-plague crusade the 
National Government inspected 1,605,721 cattle in 166,951 herds, 
made 356,404 necropsies, purchased 21,961 head of cattle, and 
disinfected 4,128 premises. 7,438 cattle were found affected at 
the necropsy. 

Another line of infection was started by 4 Dutch cows, landed 
at Boston in 1859, and before the end of the year the infection 


Lung Plague of Cattle. 649 


had extended into 20 different townships in Mass. In 1860, a 
State Commission was created, with Dr. E. F. Thayer as veterin- 
ary commissioner, and in the next few years they destroyed 
1,164 cattle, and stamped out the plague at a total cost of 
$77,511.07. 

An importation of infected cattle into New Jersey was made in 
1847, by Mr. Richardson, who on discovering the nature of the 
disease, made an end of that particular contagious centre, by 
slaughtering his whole herd ata cost of $10,000. 

South Africa was infected in 1854 by the landing of a Dutch 
bull at Cape Town. As there were no railroads and all inland 
carriage was conducted by ox-wagons, it soon spread over the 
colonies and extended thence into the native states, and has con- 
tinued to the present time. 

Australia was infected in 1859 through an English cow larided 
at Melbourne. When the disease was identified, the whole herd 
was slaughtered and paid for, and the farm quarantined. But 
the quarantine was broken by a teamster turning his work-oxen 
into the pastures under cover of night, and the infection escaped 
and has prevailed over Australia to the present day. 

Later the disease extended in a similar manner, to Tasmania 
and New Zealand. 

Causes. ‘The one essential cause of lung plague is contagion 
from a preéxisting case. Before the days of bacteriology, this 
had been demonstrated as conclusively as any truth canbe. All 
extensions into a new country or district could be traced to direct 
importation from a preéxisting area of infection. Until such im- 
portation such lands have been immue from time immemorial ; 
at once after, the infection has spread from the imported animals 
asa centre ; if the stock is divided up and scattered, several pri- 
mary centres are formed from each of which the plague makes 
extension. Again, isolated islands (Channel Islands) and purely 
breeding districts (Scottish Highlands) into the herds of which 
no store cattle from outside are admitted, remain immune through 
centuries, no matter how prevalent lung plague may be in the 
countries immediately around. The immemorial immunity of 
‘the Western Continent, up to the date of the arrival of the now 
famous Dunn cow, the continued immunity of Canada and 
Mexico after the infection of the Eastern United States, and the 


650 Veterinary Medicine. 


immunity of the United States since the last infected cattle were 
destroyed in 1892, are equally conclusive in this respect. 

Bacteriology. The history of lung plague forcibly illustrates. 
how harmless microbes of large size, that may be easily dis- 
covered, and which, existing in the environment, readily find their 
way into diseased and susceptible parts (in this case into the 
bronchia), may be held to be the pathogenic cause. Willems 
and Van Kempen, in 1852, found microbes in the exudate. 
Lustig in 1885 found four separate microbes in the lesions, Ist, a 
short, thick, liquefying bacillus to which he attributed the disease; 
and 2d, 3d, and 4th, three forms of micrococcus. Poels and 
Nolen, in 1886, demonstrated bacilli of variable size (0.9p), 
solitary, in pairs and chains, cultivable in different media, and 
inoculable by injecting such cultures into the lungs, but the re- 
sulting lesions were not marked by the full lung plague exudate. 
Arloing, in 1887, separated from the exudate the bacillus ligue- 
faciens bovis a very short, slender bacillus, often in pairs with 
flagella, motile, staining easily in anilin but not in Gram’s solu- 
tion, quickly liquefying gelatine as a culture medium and as- 
suming a form that might be taken for micrococci, quickly. ob- 
scuring peptonized bouillon, and growing on potato. The exu- 
date placed in a thermostat at 95° F. encreasesin potency. ‘The 
bouillon cultures injected under the skin or into the lung, produced 
characteristic lesions of lung plague. 

In the light of the later experiments of Nocard and Roux in 
1897-8, it would appear that Arloing’s bouillon cultures were prob- 
ably complex, containing not only the bacillus Liquefaciens bovis, but 
also, the infinitesimal microbe which is the true cause of the lung 
plague. In seeding culture media with the exudate taken with 
all possible precaution against contamination, from the interlobu- 
lar pulmonary connective tissue, they and others constantly failed 
to obtain results. Better success attended their efforts with Mar- 
tin’s culture bouillon for producing diphtheritic toxin. Five 
pigs’ stomachs are minced, pounded to pulp, mixed as follows: 
stomach 200 grs., pure muriatic acid 10 grs., water 50° C., 
1000 grs., left in a thermostat at 50°C. for 12 hours, (to 24), then. 
heated to 100°, to destroy the action of the pepsin, then 
lowered to 80° C, alkalized, filtered from flocculi that formed, 
heated to 120° C., and filtered. This is then mixed with pepton- 


Lung Plague of Cattle. 651 


ized meat juice prepared as follows: fresh beef or veal, minced 
and pulped, 500 grs., and water, 1 litre, are kept for 20 hours at 
35° C., the liquid expressed, 5 grs. common salt added, mixed 
in equal proportions with the peptonized liquid from the pig’s 
stomach, heated to 70° C. to coagulate albuminoids, filtered, alka- 
lized and sterilized. To this mixture is added »>,th part of 
blood serum (sterile) from the rabbit or cow. 

This bouillon was inoculated with the pulmonary interlobular 
exudate, enclosed in collodion capsules, having very thin walls, 
and inserted aseptically into the abdomen of the rabbit. In 15 
days the rabbit was sacrificed, and the capsules enucleated from 
their envelopes of exudate and cells. The contents showed 
the slightest possible shade of opacity, but they contained 
neither cells nor any other definite organism. Under a magni- 
fying power of 2000 diameters the liquid contents were found 
to be full of brilliantly refrangent points, actively mobile, 
but so minute that their form could not be made out even when 
staining was resorted to. The contents of these capsules when 
inoculated on cattle produced the unequivocal. phenomena of 
lung plague infection in a period of from 8 to 15 days. Other 
collodion culture cases inoculated from this produced the same 
cultures in the peritoneum of the rabbit. Collodion cases 
charged with the uninoculated peptonized bouillon, and placed in 
the rabbit’s peritoneum remained absolutely clear, with no re- 
frangency nor motility under high powers and with no infectivity 
when inoculated. The rabbits used for the infective cultures 
often became emaciated to the last ‘degree and even died, but 
their tissues proved in no respect infecting to culture media nor 
wheninoculated. The attempt to cultivate the germs in collodion 
cases in Guinea pigs completely failed. 

This ingenious form of culture devised by Metchnikoff for ex- 
periments on the more delicate organisms, has been used by No- 
card to accustom the tubercle bacillus of mammals to grow in the 
bird and opens up great possibilities for future investigators. 
The collodion, being impermeable to leucocytes and bacteria, 
allows these to grow almost together, only on the opposite sides 
of the collodion wall, restrains phagocytosis, and protects the 
microbe against the destruction which would otherwise overtake it. 

Modes of transmission. ‘The exhalations from the sick convey 
the infection to susceptible healthy cattle. Yet even this was 


- 


652 Veterinary Medicine. 


denied by one veterinary teacher in Great Britain in the latter 
half of the roth century. The transmission of the disease by 
immediate contagion was denied by those in authority in Great 
Britain up to the end of the century and this delusion contributed 
largely to the loss of many millions by the nation. Experiments 
made at Brown Institution were held to sustain this, but not an 
atom of evidence was furnished to show that the exposed animals 
were susceptible ones. Diseased lungs kept for a year at 21° F. 
proved infecting when inoculated (Laguerriere). 

Contagion through the air in the same stable was admitted 
even by the English sceptics. It may be carried in this way for 
forty yards, orif dried on dust or light materials to a great distance. 

Infection through food soiled by breath or nasal defluxion is a 
common cause. In our great swill stables during the prevalence 
of the plague, it was notorious that the disease advanced rapidly 
along the line of a feeding trough to the sixty or more animals 
using it, and that the rapidity of the advance was determined 
largely by the fact that the first animal was at the higher end of 
the trough. If at the lower end there was no upward current to 
carry infection to the others. Open pastures where the sick have 
fed and watering troughs or ponds are common sources of infec- 
tion. The permanence of infection in and around large cities is 
largely due to the common pasturage by different herds in suc- 
cession on the same unfenced lots waiting to be purchased for 
building. For this reason the plague always extended in summer 
when the cattle frequented these lots, and diminished in winter 
when strictly confined to stables and yards. 

Mingling of different herds on great unfenced areas has been 
the main cause of the maintainance of the infection from time im- 
memorial in the hills and forests of central Europe and on the 
boundless Steppes of Europe and Asia. ‘This alone is chargeable 
with the permanence of the affection, in spite of all efforts for its 
extinction, in South Africa, Australia, Tasmania and New 
Zealand. 

Contagion carried by attendants, cattle dealers and even dogs, is 
generally recognized, I have elsewhere quoted the case, in E. 
Lothian, Scotland, in which the son of the steward, who was 
cattleman on an infected farm, was the means of infecting first, his 
father’s cow, and later the whole of the stock on the place ; also 


Lung Plague of Cattle. 653 


the case at Quincy, Mass., in which a farmer coming straight 
from the slaughter of sick cattle, infected his own herd ; also the 
case of Mr. Jewell, of Long Island, who carried the infection 
from the herds visited, to his own family cow in a thoroughly se- 
cluded stable. 

Infection through infected and emptied stables, was a common 
experience in dealing with the lung plague in America. Cows 
kept alone and only introduced after the predecessor had died 
habitually contracted the disease, though brought, through the 
most carefully guarded stockyards, from healthy districts. Stables 
have continued infecting for a year after having been vacated, 
(Friedberger and Froéhner). 

Infection through manure spread on ground to which susceptible 
cattle had access was an occasional occurrence. 

An active unrestricted commerce is however the most prolific 
means of infection in cultivated countries. Slowly as the disease 
progresses, and long as the animal diffuses infection, it soon at- 
tacks and kills or immunizes all the susceptible animals in the 
single herd, and if no other susceptible animal is bought or born 
into the herd, the germ in due time loses its pathogenic potency 
and infection is atan end. Inthis way many centres of infection 
started in herds on well fenced farms have worn themselves out. 
But the case was far otherwise in the city dairies and swill stables. 
The trade demanded that the stalls emptied by death should be 
filled up to consume the Swill, or supply the milk route and thus 
fresh susceptible cattle were constantly exposed in the infected 
stable. The dairy cows were supplied by dealers who charged 
exorbitant prices for them and held a chattel mortgage for the 
amount. ney had come through the infected dealer’s stable, 
and if they did not come up to the. milk yield promised, they 
were either passed on to another dairy or returned to the dealer’s 
stable carrying back a new load of infection. The wagons used 
to carry the cows through the city were constantly infected and 
infecting. The swill stables became the final destination of the 
surviving cows that had gone dry and thus infection constantly 
gravitated into them. 

In Europe where the great cattle and meat trade with England 
and the constant demand for cattle to consume the marc of the 
beet sugar and other factories, cause a continuous draught upon 


654 Veterinary Medicine. 


the infected districts the great western centres of enterprise and 
commerce have found it impossible to exterminate the plague. 

In the country districts in England outbreaks were almost ex- 
clusively confined to the times when fresh cattle were purchased 
at one of the great fairs. Hence the late autumn, the period of 
laying in feeding cattle, witnessed the greatest extensions. 

In Ireland, as shown by Ferguson, the whole cattle trade 
seemed to be arranged as if for the speedy and universal diffusion 
of infection. Calves, bought by jobbers from all sources, were 
bunched together with every opportunity for intercommunication 
and infection. As soon as they were a little further matured, 
they were assorted in lots and sent to a fair, where they were 
sold, and found their way to great common pastures, and this 
process was repeated again and again until they had reached 
full maturity. On the way to and from each market they were 
quartered over night in a public yard which had just been vacated 
by other animals, often diseased, traversed the same roads, and 
drank and fed from the same troughs which diseased ones had 
just used. 

The introduction of apparently recovered cattle is generally 
credited with the infection of a fresh herd and Friedberger and 
Frohner quote with approval Walley’s assertion that a recovered 
animal with a sequestrum in the lung can infect a herd into which 
itis taken. I have failed to produce even local exudate, subcu- 
tem or in the lung, from sequestra which were much nore recent, 
but the animals operated on were rendered immune and inspired 
me to carry out a system of immunization by the use of the 
sterilized fresh exudate. The actual date of the expiration of 
virulence in the necrotic lung tissue has never been demonstrated 
and probably varies in different cases. 

The receptivity of different breeds has been discussed and the 
Holsteins and Shorthorns have been thought to show the greatest 
susceptibility. These are among the cattle that are most prized, 
bought and sold, and exposed to infection. The Shorthorn 
especially has a great development of the circulatory system, in- 
cluding the connective tissue with its great lymph sacs and chan- 
nels, and the microbe we are dealing with shows a marked prefer- 
ence for the lymph system, in which it finds its appropriate field 
of development. Susceptibility is greatly encreased by a warm 


Lung Plague of Cattle. 655 


climate or hot season, under which large herds may die without a 
single exception, the disease running a fatal course in two or 
three days. In cooler climates 20 per cent. will often escape at 
first (French Commission Experiments, 1849). 

Lesions. Tf death has taken place early, the lesions are 
usually essentially pulmonary, though they may implicate the 
pleurze and mediastinum. In many cases the lung alone is in- 
volved, yet even then the predilection of the microbe for the 
lympi network of the interlobular tissue is strongly manifested 
in the serous infiltration of that, rather than of the lung structure 
proper. This determines the much talked of marbled lung, the 
pulmonary lobules standing out at first as a more or less deep red 
brown or black, while the marbling is caused by the yellowish or 
grayish infiltrated tissue surrounding each pulmonary lobulette 
which appear set in, as in mosaic on the surface of a section. 
Sometimes a blood extravasation discolors the interlobular exu- 
date as well, yet it retains its soft liquid appearance which suf- 
ficiently distinguishes it from the firmer lung tissue. These yel- 
lowish interlobular markings vary much in thickness, but in 
acute cases this may be up to half an inch oreven more. Inthe 
lesions of longer standing the interlobular exudate has usually 
coagulated, or even undergone fibroid organization, so that it 
compresses and condenses the lobules which it surrounds. 

The pulmonary lobules may show the.earliest changes of the 
alveolar and lobular capillaries, with formation of an exudate, 
and an active proliferation of small round cells in and around the 
alveoli. Later the exudate coagulates, forming the farhiliar 
ted hepatization, and this in its turn may pass into the gray, or it 
may liquefy and undergo absorption and resolution. Other 
changes are not uncommon. The excess of interlobular exudate 
will compress the pulmonary lobules so as to reduce their size 
and expel the blood from their structure, giving them a pale 
color, or this compression becomes still -greater, completely ar- 
resting the circulation and inducing lobular gangrene. Thrombi 
in the afferent and efferent vessels contribute to the necrotic 
change, and sequestra of varying size, from that of a nut tothat 
of an infant’s head or larger, are formed. ‘The earliest stage of 
this necrosis is usually infarction of the lung, a definite area of 
which becomes saturated with dark blood cells so that in contrast 


656 . Veterinary Medicine. 


. 


with the rest of even the hepatized lung, it is almost as charac- 
teristic as the marbling. The farther process of this necrosis is 
varied. Most commonly the exudate surroundng the necrotic 
mass becomes organized into white fibrous tissue and forms an 
investing sac in the interior of which is the dead lung tissue, 
showing for a time distinctly, the bronchia, blood vessels, lobu- 
lettes, and interlobular tissue. This gradually becomes detached 
and floating in a liquid débris, slowly undergoes solution, and is 
absorbed, the sack meanwhile closing in on the cavity. A large 
sequestrum may be a year or sixteen months in undergoing com- 
plete solution. In other cases the pulmonary lobulettes undergo 
an individual softening while the interlobular tissue becomes or- 
ganized and when cut across, the lung presents a distinct honey- 
combed appearance. In still other cases a considerable area of 
both lobulettes and interlobular tissue is necrosed and liquefied, 
while the exudate, around the bronchial tubes, that supplied it, 
becomes organized, and on the necropsy the latter are found to 
constitute a thick branching mass of a very characteristic appear- 
ance. 

The newly affected lobulettes have a watery or, gelatinoid or 
dropsical appearance and if freely incised give out a large amount 
of serum and flatten down in doing so. When hepatized the cut 
surface is granular, and microscopic examination shows the termi- 
nal bronchia and alveoli filled with a fibrinous exudate containing 
great quantities of red blood globules and leucocytes. ‘The dis- 
tension of the lung is enormous, so that when the entire organ is 
infiltrated it may weigh from 50 to 100 pounds. 

In recent cases the lung may be extensively affected without 
affecting the pleure ; in other cases both are early involved. In 
advanced cases the pleurze are always implicated. First there is 
the subpleural infiltration over the affected part of the lung ; later 
the pleural surface has reddened arborescent patches, with a 
slight solid exudate, and a yellowish (sometimes blood-stained) 
serum collects in the bottom of the cavity ; later still the affected 
portion of the lung is covered more or less thickly with false 
membranes, while others cover the organ or the parietal pleura 
below this level, and hang in shreds or bind the lung to the ribs. 
In old standing and recovered cases these may be largely repre- 
sented by dense, white fibrous investments covering the lung or 


Lung Plague of Cattle. 657 


the rib, or establishing permanent adhesions. The amount of 
pleural effusion may be about two gallons in bad cases, and like 
the invasion is either unilateral or bilateral: ‘The pericardium is 
usually more or less involved in pleuritic cases. 

The larger bronrhia sometimes contain false membranes. 

The bronchial, prepectoral and mediastinal lymph glands are 
often enlarged, congested and infiltrated with an abundant 
exudate. 

Similar infiltration of the lymph glands of the pharynx, mesen- 
teries, sublumbar region and groin are described, together with 
hypertrophy and congestion of the intestinal follicles, and conges- 
tion of the muscles and inter-muscular tissue, of the articular and 
tendinous synovial sacs, and even of meninges of the brain 
and cord. I know of no facts to show that these conditions result 
from anything else than the toxins and the general constitutional 
disorder. The indications are that the microbes are speedily 
destroyed in the circulating blood, and intravenous injections and 
caudal inoculations alike fail to cause the characteristic lesions in 
the lung, their favorite point of casual election. 

Incubation. ‘This usually lasts from 6 to 30 days, being greatly 
abridged by hot weather and often prolonged in the cold. Dela- 
motte claims to have seen it extended to 5 months, and in one case 
a calf turned out on Montauk Point, £. I., from an infected place 
was noticed ill on the ro4th day. Australia, South Africa and 
Norway were each infected by cattle that had been three months 
out of the native infected land. I have seen cattle pass three 
or four months after purchase in an unhealthy condition, yet with- 
out cough or other recognized diagnostic symptom and then come 
down with,lung plague. Such doubtless explain the alleged pro- 
tracted incubations, the system has been invaded, ill health ensues, 
but the lungs are only slightly affected for a length of time. In 
other cases one animalin a herd has had amild attack, which 
escaped notice, and it was only later that the disease was recog- 
nized in a second victim, infected from this first. 

The bearing of this on imported animals is evident, An ani- 
mal imported alone should be kept under surveillance for a month 
or two after quarantine, while in any considerable herd the disease 
would certainly manifest itself during the prescribed three months 
detention. 


42 


658 Veterinary Medicine. 


Symptoms. ‘These vary greatly with the animal and its environ- 
ment. Other things being equal it may develop more suddenly 
and violently in the obese Shorthorn, Angus, Hereford, Ayrshire 
or Dutch, and less so in the spare Brittany or Jersey. In very 
hot weather the attack is very sudden and severe. A chill from 
exposure, an attack of bronchitis or pneumonia, the excitement 
attendant on parturition, on traveling by rail or driving may pre- 
cipitate and aggravate the seizure. Under some such conditions 
there may be sudden and extreme hyperthermia, rapid pulse, op- 
pressed breathing, percussion and auscultation evidence of ex- 
tensive pulmonary consolidation and death in two or three days, 
while the body is still plump and fat. 

Individual susceptibility appears to have influence, the same 
stable presenting simultaneously cases of acute and fatal type and 
others that are slow; and insidiously progressive. In newly in- 
vaded countries and in bovine families that have not been ex- 
posed to the infection for many generations the tendency is to a 
higher proportion of severe and fatal cases, while in herds native 
to districts that have been continuously or frequently exposed, 
mild cases tend to predominate. The more susceptible strains of 
blood have been killed out, and the surviving strains show a 
greater power of resistance. 

Apart from the predisposing environment the tendency of lung 
plague is to set in slowly, insidiously, and fora time almost with- 
out outward symptom. Fora week, fortnight, month or more 
there may be a slight cough heard only at rare intervals and 
neither painful nor specially troublesome. Though sometimes 
hard, it is more commonly small, weak, short and husky, noticed 
only when the animal rises, drinks cold water, goes out to the 
cold air, or eats dusty or fibrous fodder, and is usually attended 
by arching of the back, extension of the head, opening of the 
mouth and protrusion of the tongue. For weeks there may be 
no indication of constitutional disorder, appetite, rumination, 
milking, and other functions appearing to be normal. Driving 
the animal may unduly accelerate the breathing; and a careful 
auscultation may detect an unusually loud blowing sound behind 
the middle of the shoulder, a mucous rale, or a wheeze. Insome 
cases the disease never advances farther, the trouble subsides and 
the subject is thereafter immune. Cases of this kind occurring 


Lung Plague of Cattle. 659 


as the first in a herd, explain some instances of what are claimed 
to be specially prolonged incubations. 

In the great majority of cases further symptoms appear, hyper- 
thermia sets in, varying in different animals from 103° to 108°F., 
the animal becomes dull, depressed, loses in appetite, rumination 
and milking, omits pandiculation on rising, shows stiffnesss of the 
hind limbs, sometimes knuckles forward at the fetlocks, wanders 
apart from the herd, is found lying apart, shows extra thirst, 
bloats slightly, and shows some constipation. Pulse and breath- 
ing are accelerated, auscultation signs are more marked, and on 
percussion, areas of flatness may indicate lobular consolidation, 
usually more extended than in ordinary pneumonia with the same 
grade of constitutional disturbance. The muzzle becomes hot 
and dry, the roots of the ears and horns hot, and the hair stands 
erect along the dorsal aspect or in patches over the body. Pinch- 
ing of the dorsal spines, sternum or intercostal spaces, may cause 
marked wincing and a deep groan. The eye is dull, lacking in 
prominence and clearness, and the lids are often partially closed. 
At this stage improvement sometimes ensues and after inappe- 
tence and suppression of milk for one or two days, the patient 
may take to feeding and milking as before, and apparently 
recover, though with a large pulmonary sequestrum. 

In the continous and violent cases all the symptoms are aggra- 
vated. Fever may run to its extreme height, there is complete 
anorexia and suspension of rumination, pulse and breathing are 
rapid, the victim no longer lies down but stands with feet apart, 
arms and elbows turned out, head extended nearly on a line with 
the neck, mouth open, tip of the tongue projecting, and each 
expiration accompanied by a moan, so loud that it may be heard 
at a distance (often 50 yards). "The breath is heavy, feverish, 
mawkish. ‘The flanks heave violently, the nostrils are widely 
dilated and discharge mucopurulent, often bloody liquid, strings of 
foetid saliva drivel from the open mouth, there may be tympany or 
even colic, the eyes are sunken, and the conjunctiva and nasal 
and buccal mucosz are of a dull brownish and yellowish red. 
Emaciation advances at a rapid rate, and the constipation may be 
superseded by a profuse, fcetid diarrhcea which wears out the ani- 
mal. The skin is dry, scurfy, withered, pale, and clings firmly 
to the bones, and the interior of the vulva may show the pallor of 


660 Veterinary Medicine. 


anemia. ‘The spine, sternum and intercostals are more than ever 
tender, and pressure on the tender areas may detect a lack of 
movement of the lung which is felt on the healthy parts. 

On percussion very extensive areas of consolidation are revealed 
by the dulness and flatness. If pleuritic effusion exists the result- 
ing flatness is extreme below and up to a given horizontal level, 
the line of which may, however, be elevated at points by consoli- 
dation of the lung at such parts. Auscultation may reveal almost 
any of the abnormal sounds of pneumonia or pleurisy. Absence 
of respiratary murmur over large areas, with blowing, heart or 
abdominal sounds in unwonted situations (where the murmur is 
absent), and abnormally loud murmur where the lungs are still 
pervious ; crepitation around the margins of the consolidated por- 
tions ; the creaking sound of stretched false membranes, scarcely 
distinguishable from crepitation ; mucous rales ; wheezing sounds 
of various pitches ; exceptionally splashing sounds, and if the 
animal has just risen, the metallic tinkling sound. In other cases 
the pleural friction sound is prominent. 

Abortions are common in pregnant animals. 

Course. This varies greatly. In our northern states in 
winter, many would seem to recover after a few days illness; in 
summer, many died in a few days with excessive exudate, dysp- 
noea, and prostration. Others died early from tympany of the 
rumen. In others still, profuse, foetid, colliquative scouring led 
to anearly death. In extreme cases there would be a lossof one- 
third or one-half the weight in a single week. In the less 
rapidly fatal cases all the symptoms became aggravated, the ema- 
ciation progressed, and a liquid pultaceous condition of the 
bowels continued for two, three, four, or even six weeks, the ani- 
mal finally dying in a state of marasmus. In such cases the 
shrunken, pallid skin and mucosz bespoke an extreme degree of 
anzemia. 

Recoveries may take place from comparatively advanced 
stages, but they are liable to be slow and imperfect, the animal 
remaining unthrifty for a length of time. In some of the more 
favorable cases, when the recovery is less interrupted or retarded, 
fattening may take place rapidly, so that it would appear as if 
the loss of a portion of lung, and the lessened consumption of 
hydrocarbonaceous matter contributed to the deposition of fat. 


Lung Plague in Cattle. 661 


In some cases the active morbid processes subside, but are not 
quite arrested and the malady assumes a chronic form, the exu- 
dates become organized, causing a sclerotic or morbid condition 
of the lung and especially of the interlobular tissue, which com- 
presses and carnifies the lung tissue, or leads to necrotic changes 
and the formation of sequestra, or again to liquefaction and the 
formation of vomicz. Here the proliferation of the germ may 
go on, though little new tissue is invaded, and the animal may 
remain infecting for a long period. The patient remains thin, 
and weak, is easily blown under exercise, has a small, accelerated 
pulse, little power of digestion or assimilation, shows frequent 
tympanies, and may have profuse diuresis or diarrhcea. ‘The 
cough is frequent, often paroxysmal, easily roused, loose, 
mucous, painful and may be attended by muco-purulent dis- 
charge. Such animals are liable to die in the end in marasmus. | 

In some cases the malady is complicated by other infections, 
leading to the formation of abscesses in the lungs, pleurze, chest 
walls, bronchial glands, joints or elsewhere, or tuberculous de- 
posits may complicate the lung plague, and there may be an 
early death or a Jong drawn out decline. 

Diagnosis. So many different affections resemble lung plague 
closely during life, that a certain means of diagnosis is a great 
desideratum. Yet many points help one to reach a reasonably 
certain diagnosis : 

1. Does lung plague exist in the country? If not, the presump- 
tion is very strongly against it. 

2. Have the suspected animals been recently imported from a 
lung plague infected country? or have they been in contact with 
animals recently imported from such a country ? 

3. Have they been fed on provender imported from such a 
country ? 

4. Have they been attended by a man recently from such a 
country and whose clothes have not been sterilized ? 

5. Have they been carried on any imperfectly disinfected car or 
ship which has carried the cattle of such country? 

6. Has the affection attacked a considerable proportion of the 
herd at the same time? A rare thing with lung plague. 

7. Has the attack come on slowly and insidiously? Very 
characteristic of lung plague. 


662 Veterinary Medicine. 


8. Has hyperthermia been marked? Indicative of lung plague. 

9. Havea succession of cases occurred at intervals of several 
days or weeks, irrespective of weather? Suggestive of lung 
plague. 

10. Have the indications of consolidated lung been early and 
over extensive undivided areas? Like lung plague. 

11. Have cases been milder in cold dry weather and more vio- 
lent in hot and moist? Such is lung plague. 

12. Does the same subject present lung lesions of very different 
ages ;—infiltration with tough, elastic lung ; red hepatization ; 
gray hepatization ; black infarction ; sequestra, etc.? Bespeaks 
lung plague. 

13. Do the infiltration and red hepatization show a marbling 
with very extensive filling and turgidity of the interlobular and 
subpleural connective tissue, and abundant effusion into the chest? 
This is the nature of lung plague. 

14. Does the lung exudate when inoculated in the tail of a 
susceptible bovine animal (one that has never had the disease), 
produce local inflammation and exudation and procure immunity? 
This characterizes lung plague. Does it fail to cause inocu- 
lation-swelling, in an animal that hadlung plague. Lung plague: 
it still more indicated. 

15. If the disease had lasted long enough in a place to deter- 
mine, has it affected any other than bovine animals, and does. 
inoculation of the lung exudate into any other genus of animal 
cause the disease? Other genera are immune from lung plague. 

Tuberculosis is distinguished by the habitual absence of the 
high temperature, the numerous circumscribed areas of flatness. 
with wheezing or other abnormal lung sounds, in the midst of a. 
general field giving the normal respiratory murmur, by the en- 
largement or induration of superficial lymph glands, by the re- 
sponse to the tuberculin test, and by the lung tubercles and 
diseased lymph glands,—congested, indurated, caseated, calci-. 
fied—found at the necropsy. Inoculation of other genera causes 
tubercuolosis. 

Simple bronchitis is usualy connected with climatic change or 
exposure, tends to affect a number at once, gives the blowing and 
mucous rales, without indications of extended lung consolidation 
or pleural effusion, and after death does not furnish lesions of all 
ages, recent and remote. 


Lung Plague in Cattle 663 


Verminous bronchitis, attacks the young only or mainly, and 
never seriously injures the mature, involves all or nearly all the 
young in the herd, shows less hyperthermia, and less extensive 
consolidation, more wheezing in the lungs, and a free expectora- 
tion in which the worms (embryos or adults) may be found by 
careful search. 

Simple fibrinous pneumonia is likely to arise from climatic con- 
ditions or from exposure, attacks several at once and none later, 
has less abrupt rise of temperature, less tenderness of the chest 
walls, less dyspnoea, less obstinate standing, and after death, less 
interlobular exudate and marbling, and no presentation of old 
and recent lesions on the same lung. 

In the zxfectious pueumonia occasionally seen in western cattle, 
the distinction must be made mainly by the less elevated tempera- 
ture, less dyspnoea, the lack of the early signs of extensive con- 
solidation of the affected lung, and after death, absence of the ex- 
tensive interlobular infiltration, and in the predominance of the 
whitish points or mottling indicating the broncho-pneumonia and 
the cell proliferation in the terminal bronchia and alveoli. 

The pulmonary form of hemorrhagic septicemia (Wildeseuche) 
is distinguished by its enzodtic character, in connection with wet 
lands, its occurrence in the summer season, its association with 
other forms of localization, in the abdomen, muscular system, etc., 
its dependence on a cocco-bacillus, easily found in the exudate, 
and its inoculability on the smaller ruminants, horses, pigs and 
rodents. 

The perforation of lungs and heart by a sharp pointed foreign 
body from the reticulum, occurs sporadically in one animal which 
has usually been kept indoors ; itshows asa rule less fever, 
may be preceded by tympany or other gastric trouble, shows a 
line of consolidation from the reticulum forward, is earlier or 
later complicated by morbid heart-sounds or rhythm, and com- 
monly shows a pitting swelling beneath and beside the sternum. 

Pulmonary emphysema is sporadic only, usually devoid of sud- 
den hyperthermia, or constitutional disorder, has a dry paroxysmal 
cough, wheezing sounds on auscultation, and a drumlike sound 
on percussion. If associated with bronchitis or pneumonia and 
attendant fever, the case is more equivocal. 

Aspergillosis of the Lung usually advances more slowly, in the 
comparative absence of sudden hyperthermia, shows more limited 


664 Veterinary Medicine. 


areas of consolidation, less dyspnoea, and usually affects smaller 
animals (birds) as well. At the necropsy the presence of asper- 
gillus in bronchia and lung tissue is conclusive. 

The acute pulmonary congestion of heat stroke is sufficiently 
identified by the conditions under which it occurs, its sudden and 
rapid progress, the implication of the brain, and its occurrence in 
other animals similarly exposed. 

Such conditions as atelectasis, pulmonary actinomycosis, dis- 
tomatosts, or echinococcus, the congestion of mercurialism, etc., 
should be readily recognized by the attendant conditions, analysis 
or necropsy. 

Attempts have been made to diagnose lung plague by securing 
a reaction, local or general, as the result of injection of the steril- 
ized lung exudate or cultures, but they have proved eminently 
unreliable. The susceptibility of the serum to change under 
manipulation, the existence of hyperthermia before the injection, 
and the disposition to local infiltration under the lung plague 
poison are apparently insuperable obstacles. 

Treatment. No treatment has been devised that would warrant 
the preservation of the infected animals when the alternative of 
prevention is available. The question isan economic one, and with 
a disease that is so insiduous, with such along incubation, with so 
many occult and chronic cases liable to escape observation and 
recognition, and with such a constant and prolonged exhalation 
from the lungs of the virulent material and the certainty almost 
of the diffusion and preservation of the latter, no more suicidal 
policy could be adopted than the preservation and treatment of 
the sick. 

If allowed at all, treatment should be conducted in an isolated 
locality, well secluded from visitors and wandering animals includ- 
ing birds, and under the most intelligent antisepsis. It should 
proceed on general principles according to the indvidual mani- 
festations of the disease, and might include serum therapy from 
immunized animals. 

Prevention, For acountry like the United States, now happily 
free from the lung plague infection, the important object is its 
permanent exclusion. For this the federal quarantine for three 
months now in force ought to be effective. The only question 
would be in the case of small importations of one or two animals, 


Lung Plague.in Cattle. 665 


which might introduce infection under an apparently prolonged 
incubation, or with a chronic type of the disease. Small importa- 
tions of one or two, might be dismissed at the end of three months 
quarantine under a ¢icket of leave system, under which they and 
the herd into which they are taken can be kept track of for three 
months more. In the largerimported herds the possibility of the 
escape of infection under a three months quarantine is so infi- 
nitesimal that it may be practically ignored. 

Similar precautions must be taken against the importation of 
cattle from a country reputed to be free from thelung plague, but 
which imports cattle from an infected country without imposing 
the three months’ quarantine. 

The use, for transportation of cattle from one part of an immune 
country into another, of cars or boats which have been used for 
transporting cattle in an infected country can only be permitted 
after the vehicles in question have been thoroughly cleansed and 
disinfected and attested so by the official experts. 

The landing in an uninfected country of hay, fodder, or cattle- 
food of any kind, or of litter, grain bags, head ropes, manure, or 
other article coming from an infected country must be prohibited 
until such article shall have been thoroughly disinfected. 

Horns, hoofs, hides, hair and other products introduced into 
the country must be disinfected. The treatment adopted to ex- 
clude anthrax would be amply sufficient for lung plague. 

Measures to Extirpate the Infection. Stop all accessions of 
possibly infected cattle from outside. Proclaim the infected area, 
prohibiting all entrance and egress of cattle, and all movement 
of cattle from herd to herd within the area, except under special 
license, based on the soundness of each herd for six months ante- 
cedent. Prohibit absolutely the pasturage of cattle on public 
highways and unfenced or insufficiently fenced places. Send to 
instant slaughter cattle found in such places in violation of this 
rule. Make an accurate census, with individual description of 
each bovine animal in the infected district, and make a necropsy 
of each such animal dying at the hands of the butcher or casually. 
Hold the owner guilty of a misdemeanor with heavy penalty, for 
every bovine animal that goes amissing in the infected district 
without official post mortem examination. When an infected 
animal is found ina herd have the whole herd, marked, appraised 


666 Veterinary Medicine. 


and slaughtered under official supervision, with necropsy of each 
animal. If any herd has been losing animals, or had sick ani- 
mals within a year, buy and kill the whole herd. Indemnify 
the owners to the amount of at least two-thirds or three-fourths 
of the sound market value for all except the advanced and acute 
cases of the disease, and such animals as have been moved into the 
State less than three months before. ‘These latter may be sacri- 
ficed without indenmity. Disinfect thoroughly all infected 
premises and things at public expense. Close the fields against. 
all outside cattle for three months. Burn all hay, straw, litter, 
and grain in the infected buildings or see that they be fed to 
horses, sheep or pigs apart from where cattle are kept. Burn or 
disinfect all manure or have it drawn out and plowed under by 
horses, and the wagons and implements used in doing so. 
thoroughly disinfected. Allow restocking of the disinfected 
premises from sound districts only, and keep up the strictest. 
supervision and control of the herds for from three to six months. 

for private Control in the absence of Government Action. 'The 
stock-owner ina secluded locality, not bordering on a highway or 
railway can asa rule secure the immunity of his herd by such 
measures as the following. Breed all the stock on the farm. If 
a change of blood is required buy the bull young and keep him 
strictly by himself for at least four months, allowing him to. 
mingle with other cattle only after he has been thoroughly at- 
tested. Allow no animal to go outside for service or any other 
purpose and afterward return to the herd. Allow none to enter 
from without for any such purpose. If from any cause cattle 
must be bought, secure them from healthy herds and transport. 
them in thoroughly disinfected cars, boats and by healthy roads, 
and never through an infected district. Place them in special 
premises at least one hundred paces from all other cattle, and 
under special attendants for three months. 

Immunizing through a First Attack. When lung plague was. 
at its worst in Great Britain, Mr. Harvey a dairyman on a large 
scale in Glasgow practiced the method of buying heifer calves. 
and exposing them in his infected stables until they contracted 
the disease. He had a loss of 20 per cent. and the surviving 
80 per cent. were then turned out on his farm and raised and 
when they came in milk, were sent into Glasgow as new milch 


Lung Plague in Cattle. 667 


cows immunized from the plague. He thus reduced his losses to 
the minimum of one fifth of the inexpensive calves, and warded 
off the heavy losses previously sustained in the valuable milch cows 
and preserved the still more valuable trade in the milk of healthy 
avimals. The method was a mere temporary makeshift, de- 
pending forits success on the permanent maintenance of the lung 
plague, but so long as there were no well considered government 
measures for its extinction its permanence was assured in any 
case, and Mr. Harvey was working no injury to any one, while 
he was substituting a profitable occupation for a losing one, and 
supplying his customers with milk from sound cows in place of 
those that were continually coming down with theplague. Under 
official measures for the plague-extinction his attempt would have 
been most reprehensible, but in the absence of such measures it 
was highly meritorious. 

Inoculation in the Tip of the Tatl. This isan advance and in 
some respects an improvement on the Harvey system, as the in- 
fection and lesions are localized in the tail, and the mortality is 
reduced to 2 per cent. In practice a recently attacked animal is 
selected, and a portion of the lung which is strongly infiltrated 
but not yet hepatized. This is laid upon a clean scalded plate and 
incised with a clean scalded knife when an abundance of a clear 
yellow serum drains out. This is drawn up into a sterilized hypo- 
dermic syringe, and the tails having been washed and sterilized, 
the nozzle is inserted under'the skin of each in succession and a 
drop or two of the liquid discharged subcutem. If despatch is 
important the washing may be dispensed with and the nozzle 
wiped and dipped in strong carbolic acid between each two suc- 
cessive insertions. 

Various modifications of this procedure have been made. 
To avoid the inevitable entrance of cerial germs, flamed pipettes 
have been inserted into a puncture into the turgid lung, made with 
a flamed knife, the point is then broken and the serum is drawn 
up to fillthe vacuum caused by the heat employed in sterilization. 
The point is then sealed by melting the glass in the frame of an 
alcohol lamp, or by melted wax. 

Nocard washed the surface of the infiltrated or hepatized lung 
with boiled water, then with a sterilized knife cut out a deep 
segment so as to leave a conical cavity and covered this with an 


668 Veterinary Medicine. 


awning to keep off dust. ‘The space soon fills with the draining 
exudate in a very pure condition. 

Pasteur inoculated a calf in the dewlap or behind the elbow, 
where an enormous engorgement forms, involving the whole ven- 
tral aspect, and supplying an almost unlimited amount of serum, 
which may be collected with such precautions against contamina- 
tion as are indicated above. The product is thus secured at a 
comparatively cheap rate, and the risk of its diffusion on the air 
in breathing is lessened enormously. 

Another method is to employ the serum from the swellings in 
the inoculated tails and carry it on indefinitely from tail to tail. 

Arloing in his turn employed the cultures in vitro of his pneu- 
mo-bacillus, but with the modern evidence that this is not the 
infective germ, such cultures can not always be implicitly relied 
on. 

In place of the hypodermic syringe, Australians have used a 
simple thread soaked in the exudate and drawn through beneath 
the skin. Others have used a small lancet with a groove hollowed 
out in the middle of the flat surface of the blade on one side, and 
which carries in the required drop of the serum. 

To preserve the exudate for some time against decomposition, 
it has been kept on ice, or mixed with chloral hydrate or phenic 
acid (¥% its volume), and glycerine (14 its volume) for two or 
three months. 

Injection into the veins practiced by Burdon-Sanderson has the 
advantage of producing no local lesion whatever and yet securing 
a fair measure of immunity. It is, however, a much more deli- 
cate operation as it entails a possible though remote possibility of 
producing capillary thrombi, and some danger of infection of the 
wound in the vein. To avoid this latter, the jugular vein is 
raised as for phlebotomy, and a short needle is passed intoit. A 
longer and more delicate needle is now passed through this and 
the injection of a few drops of the exudate is made through the 
latter. The small needle is then carefully withdrawn to be 
followed a few seconds later by the large. 

Ingection of the Sterilized Exudate Subcutem. In 1881 having 
found that liquids obtained from old sequestra, produced no local 
lesions when inoculated subcutem, but secured immunity for the 
subjects, I inoculated ten susceptible cattle with the fresh pul- 


Lung Plague in Cattle. 669 


monary exudate which had just been heated for 30 minutes to 
180” F. No local inflammation nor exudate occurred in any of 
them, but subsequent inoculations with fresh unsterilized lung 
plague exudate were resisted in the same way. Six of these im- 
munized cattle were subsequently placed in two infected stables 
and herds, (Mr. Butts, Brooklyn, N. Y., and Mr. Christopher 
Slade, White Hall, Baltimore Co., Md.) and retained there for 
three months without showing the slightest indication of disease. 
Later I applied the measure on a number of herds with throughly 
satisfactory results. About ten years later a similar resort was 
had by Arloing and Rossignol with corresponding success. 

Two advantages come from this method : rst, there is no local 
infection and no marked swelling so that the injection can be 
made on the side of the neck where the skin is thin, and clean, 
and the connective tissue abundant, and where there is less risk 

- of extraneous infection than in the too often dirty or filth soaked 
tail ; 2nd, asno living germ is introduced there is no possibility of 
propagating the disease to other neighboring susceptible animals. 
Two per cent. of loss, of animals inoculated by the Willem’s 
method is counted on, but with the sterilized virus there is not 
even a remote probability of loss. Infection cannot occur from 
the animal injected with the sterilized virus, so that it can be 
safely applied among cattle that have not been exposed to infec- 
tion, but which are likely to be in the future, and these injected 
cattle can be left to mingle with others that have not been in- 
jected without a shadow of danger to either. 

Conditions permitting and forbidding Immunization. Im- 
munizaton is permissible or commendable in all cases in which 
lung plague is already widely spread in a land destitute of fences 
and in which cattle roam at large, and herd mingles freely with 
herd. Here the extension of the disease is inevitable and con- 
tinuous and effective measures for extinction are impossible. It is 
permissible where the plague is widely spread among cultivated 
and fenced farms, but where no authoritative measures are in 
force for its extinction. Insuch case, with the Willem’s system 
the inoculated herd should be kept thoroughly secluded in 
premises or well fenced pastures, apart from any highway, and 
not adjoining any other cattle pasture. 

When on the other hand official measures are in force for the 
extinction of lung plague, every form of immunization based on 


670 Veterinary Medicine. 


the production of the pathogenic germ in the living body of the 
bovine, or even in vitro, is to be unqualifiedly condemned. The 
risk of the escape of the infection through subtle, unsuspected 
channels is too great to allow of its reproduction in any form. 
‘By restriction of cattle movement, slaughter and disinfection, 
extinction of lung plague is easy and certain, but, whatever may 
be true of an individual herd, no country has ever permanently 
extinguished lung plague infection, when the virus was sys- 
tematically multiplied for uses in inoculation. 


CATTLE PLAGUE. 


Synonyms. Definition : infectious fever of poly gastrics, with sudden on- 
set, violent progress, high mortality, congestions of mucosz, petechiz, con- 
cretions on buccal vulvar mucosz and on skin, erosions of gastro-intes- 
tinal mucosz, and pulmonary interlobular emphysema. Historic notes: 
ancient—China, Hindoostan, Steppes ;in middle ages—Europe, Britain ; 
recent—Europe, England (1714 and 1740), Scotland (1770), Central Eu- 
rope (1796-1816), Southern Europe (1827), Gérmany (1830-1), Egypt (1841), 
Britain (1865), France (1870-1), S. Africa (1881), Abyssinia (1890), Japan 
(1892), The Philippines (1898-9). Animalssusceptible : ruminants, peccary, 
(swine), Bacteriology ; minute corpuscles in cell nucleus (Semmer, etc.), 
which are held back by Berkefeld and Chamberland filter. Accessory 
causes : such as favor preservation, multiplication and diffusion of germ. 
Susceptibility varies with previous exposure of the race. Immunity after 
one attack All liquids and secretions of the sick are virulent ; also manure, 
hay, straw, dust, stables, troughs, cars, boats, loading banks, yards, milk, 
flesh, fat, sausage cases, hairs, horn, hoofs, wool, bristles, hides, bones, hal- 
ters, harness, shafts, poles, goads, boots, clothes, feet (animals), wheels, 
runners, vermin, wild animals, Virulence lostin drying. Manure preserves 
for weeks. Lost at zero, and at 131° F. Lesions: congestion, petechiz, 
hzemorrhages and erosions on fourth stomach, small intestine, rectum, va- 
gina and mouth, emaciation, sunken eyes, diarrhcea, wart-like epidermic 
elevations, concretions on mouth ; conical papille dark, like port wine ; 
petechice and extravasations in subderma and submucosa; swollen intestinal 
glands ; spleen normal : liver, pale, soft ; kidneys swollen, congested, pete- 
chiated, softened ; lungs with spots of congestion and extravasation and 
emphysema : petechize on heart and pericardium : blood has excess of fibrine 
and leucocytes, black. Incubation 2 tog days. Symptoms; hyperthermia 
(104° to 108° F.), white epithelial concretionson gums, followed by abra- 
sions, congestion of visible mucosze, weariness, debility, thirst, constipation 
followed by diarrhoea, tender loins, drooping head and ears, weeping eyes, 


Cattle Plague. 671 


grinding teeth, rapid pulse, expiration with arrest and click, suppression of 
milk, relaxed sphincters. May become aggressive or soporific. Diagnosis : 
by rapid and deadly progress, and manifest infection ;-from malignant 
catarrh by the active spread, numbers attacked, concretions on mouth, and 
known exposure ; from ¢krushk by the high fever, contagion to old as well 
as young, and severe abdominal symptoms ; from aphthous fever by the high 
temperature, the absence of distinct vesicles on mouth, teats and feet, by 
the comparative immunity of swine, and by its high mortality ; from dysen- 
ery, by the early hyperthermia, the concretions in the mouth, by rapid 
general extension irrespective of filth and crowding, and by the implication 
-of stomachs and small intestines, rather than the large ; from gastro-enteri- 
tis, due to chemical irritants, by the lack of such manifest cause, and its 
rapid progress from herd to herd; from anthrax, by its rapid spread be- 
yond an anthrax locality, the buccal and skin concretions and desquama- 
tions, by the insuceptibility of horse, dog, and rodent, by the absence of 
‘splenic enlargement or incoagulable blood. In sheep: mortality in Steppes, 
30 to.50 per cent.; in new countries 90 to 95 percent. Treatment: to be 
condemned where its permanence is not accepted Serum-therapy : blood 
serum of immunized animal subcutem. Prevention by immunization : 
mixture of virus and bile ; inject with highly immunized and defibrinated 
‘blood, and expose to the sick, only admissible where extinction is despaired 
of, Exclusion : exclude all ruminants and their products which come from 
suspected lands, or admit on certificate and quarantine, or for slaughter 
only. Extinctions : Trace and kill all ruminants that come in proximity to 
every infected animal, or to any place or thing where it has been, disinfect 
throughly the carcasses, products, places and things, register all ruminants 
around a wide area of possible infection, make necropsy in every case of 
death, appraise and sacrifice any herd showing the infection. Each sea- 
board state should provide for instant action by the Federal Government. 
‘Question of extinction in the Philippines. 


Synonyms. Pestis Bovina, Rinderpest, Magenseuche, Viehpest, 
Viehseuche, Pockenseuche (German). Pest Bovine, Typhus 
Contagieuse, Typhus du gros Betail (French). Tifo Bovino 
(Italian). Dzuma (Polish). Tchouma Reina (Russian). Low 
-peng (belly sickness, China). Pushima (Hind., Burm.). 

Definition. Acontagious fever of polygastric mammals (bovine, 
ovine, caprine, cervine, exceptionally porcine), characterized by 
sudden invasion, rapid advance, hyperthermia, great constitu- 
tional disorder, congestion and blood extravasations of the mucosz 
generally, but especially of the gastric and intestinal, epithelial 
and epidermic hypertrophy in the form of white concretions or 
warty-like masses on the mouth, (vulva), and skin, followed by 
erosions, by pulmonary interlobular emphysema, by a catching, 


672 Veterinary Medicine. 


arrested inspiration, followed by an expiratory moan, and by an 
early and very high mortality. 

Historic Notes. As the most rapidly developing and deadly of 
the cattle plagues, this attracted the greatest attention of people 
in earlier times, and thus its invasions and ravages can be more 
satisfactorily identified, than those of the tardier and somewhat 
less deadly lung plague which usually followed in its wake. 

Sanctus Severus and Vegetius Renatus indicate its advent into 
Western Asia on the borders of the Caspian and Black Seas, coin- 
cident with the irruption of the Mongols in the first Christian 
century. It still prevails in China and adjoining countries, in- 
cluding Hindoostan, and since that date the Steppes near the 
Black and Caspian Seas have been looked on as the perennial 
home of the plague. Before 376, A. D., the chronicles of epi- 
zootics in Europe suggest anthrax affections which prevailed 
widely in man and beast, and since that time the special plagues 
of cattle come into prominence. At this date the Huns began a 
great onward movement from the region of the Caspian and Black 
seas into Dacia (Hungary) , Northern Italy, Germany and Gaul, 
and this was the occasion for a general diffusion of Rinderpest 
over these countries. 

After this date cattle plague spread widely on the occasion of 
any great European war in which the eastern nations were involved 
or which was so general or continued as to draw upon Eastern Eu- 
rope for the supply of the commisariat parks. One great epizootic 
culminated in 810 after the wars of Charlamagne ; one occurred in 
820 in connection with invasion of Hungary by the Franco-Ger- 
man army; one in 1223 to 1225 laid waste Central Europe and 
is said to have reached Great Britain ; in 1232-4 itagain gaineda 
wide extension following the invasion by hosts of Mongols from 
Siberia ; great extensions are recorded in Italy in 1616 and 1625 
during the 30 years’ war; in 1709 Charles XII wintered with his 
army in the Ukraine and his return was followed by the most dis- 
astrous mortality ever seen in Europe and which lasted from 1710 
to 1717. This reached England in 1714 and was there stamped 
out by killing and burning the sick, disinfecting the buildings 
and closing up the infected pastures. Paulet claims that Europe 
lost 1,500,000 head of cattle in the first three years of this in- 
vasion. It continued more or less prevalent in the eastern coun- 


Cattle Plague. 673 


tries of Europe, and, following the course of war, entered Italy in 
1735, and extended westward. Again in 1740 in connection with 
the war of the Austrian Succession it-extended westward invad- 
ing the Western Countries from France to Denmark inclusive, 
and once more extended into England, where it prevailed until 
1756 and caused an unprecedented destruction. It was finally 
stamped out as on the previous invasion. During this invasion 
Europe lost 3,000,000 head of cattle (Delafond). In 1770 an- 
other invasion of Great Britain occurred through the landing of 
infected Dutch hay at Portsoy, N. B., but this was quickly sup- 
pressed by the destruction of every bovine animal in the infected 
herds, and the thorough disinfection of premises, supplemented 
by a daily scrutiny of all cattle within a radius of 18 miles. In 
the second half of the 18th century cattle plague prevailed more 
or less generally in all Continental Europe, except Norway, Sweden 
and the Spanish peninsula, into which no cattle were imported, 
and carried off 200,000,000 head of cattle (Freidberger and Froh- 
ner). In 1796 to 1816 the cattle plague followed the marches and 
countermarches of the various armies in connection with the 
French revolution and the Napoleonic wars, causing unheard of 
losses through Europe. In 1827 it spread widely in connec- 
tion with the war of independence in Greece, and again in 1830-1 
a wide extension occurred in connection with the Polish revolu- 
tion. In 1844 Russia lost 1,000,000 head of cattle. In 1841 a 
shipment of Roumanian and Anatolian cattle to Alexandria, 
Egypt, carried the plague and in two years upwards of 350,000 
head of Egyptian cattle perished, only a few being left. From 
this date the great development of manufactures in the Western 
European nations, and especially in Great Britain, the consequent 
increasing demand for beef, and the inauguration of rapid transit 
from Eastern Europe by steamer and rail, introduced an era of 
the extension of the cattle plague by commerce rather than war, 
and Roll gives the losses in Austria alone in 1847 to 1864 at 
500,000 head. In1865 acargo of cattle from Revel on the Baltic, 
landed the infection at Hull, whence it speedily extended over the 
entire country, and prevailed for 18 months, but was stamped out 
“py vigorous measures of destruction and disinfection. In all 
279,023 head were reported attacked of which 233,629 died or were 
killed and 40,165 recovered. In 1865 the plague was once more 


43 


674 Veterinary Medicine. 


imported into Egypt, this time from the Danubian Principalities. 
A wide extension took placein the parks of the French and German 
armies in the war of 1870-1, 4s many as 43 departments in France 
having suffered. In 1872 it was imported from Russia into Great 
Britain but was speedily extirpated, and again in 1877 from Ger- 
many when it spread somewhat more widely but was easily sup- 
pressed. In 1881 it was introduced into S. Africa in Asiatic 
cattle during the war in the Transvaal and coming after the long 
continued prevalence of lung plague it threatened the cattle inter- 
ests with ruin. In 1890 it reached Abyssinia by cattle sent for 
the supply of the Italian Army and almost exterminated the large 
buffalo herds in E. Africa, (Schillings). In 1892 Japan suffered 
through importation from the mainland. The latest extension of 
cattle plague was in 1898-9 into the Philippines in the shipments 
of Asiatic cattle sent for the supply of the American army, and 
there as elsewhere in unfenced countries it is proving the cause 
of disastrous losses. 

Animals Susceptible. In spite of its name—cattle-plague, 
Rinderpest—this affection is not like lung plague peculiar to 
bovine animals. Yet bovine animals are by far the most suscep- 
tible, by them it is mainly propagated, and upon them comes the 
greatest mortality. Infection, however, extends to all other rumi- 
nants,—sheep, goats, deer, elk, antelopes, gazelles, aurochs, 
yaks, camels, dromedaries, buffaloes, etc. Swine have the 
stomach partially divided and show a certain susceptibility, 
it killed the peccaries in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, and Viseur 
in France and Pluning in Sumatra, claim to have seen cases in the 
domestic pig. The horse, dog, rabbit, bird, and man are immune. 

Bacteriology. In adisease with such destructive changes in 
blood and tissues, bacteria are found, almost of necessity, in the 
seats of the lesions and even in the blood. No constant mi- 
croorganism has, however, been isolated, cultivated in artificial 
cultures, and successfully inoculated on other and susceptible 
animals. Saweljeff isolated sporulating motile bacilli which break 
up into micrococci, and streptococci, with the culture of these 
on agar he produced what he believed to be cattle plague. 
Metchnikoff found ashort bacillus with rounded ends, forming” 
cocci and leptothrix-like threads, nonliquefying, and producing 
cattle plague in calves. Sacharow found a bacillus 0.254 to 1.5m 
long and Tokishige a very small short bacillus the cultures of which 


Cattle Plague. 675 


produced rinderpest in cattle. It would seem as if here as in the 
case of lung plague, the experimenters had retained the real but 
invisible ultramicroscopic, pathogenic agent in what they took for 
pure cultures. Semmer attributes the disease to fine corpuscles . 
which have so far eluded current methods of staining and cultiva- 
tion, and that they exist in the number of from one to six in the 
enlarged cell nucleus. Nicolle and Adel Bey sustain this position, 
having found that the unseen virulent germ passed through the 
more open and thinner Berkefeld filter, but failed to traverse the 
denser Berkefeld and Chamberland porcelain filters even when 
favored by a somewhat higher temperature. As this filtration 
usually removes the germ and renders the liquid noninfecting they 
hold that the real germ isalmost certainly intraleucocytic. When 
in exceptional cases a few pass through the filter it is held to be 
only such as were free in the liquid, and these are usually so small 
in number, that inoculation with the filtrate does not kill, nor 
always produce appreciable symptoms, but only immunity. 

Accessory Causes. ‘The essential cause being the germ, acces- 
sory causes are of necessity such a; contribute to the preserva- 
tion of that microbe and its introduction into the systems of sus- 
ceptible animals. 

Susceptibility has a powerful influence even in races habitually 
subject to rinderpest. The highest susceptibility inheres in cat- 
tle, and yet the surviving cattle of the Steppe race, which has 
been exposed to the infection for centuries, mostly recover from 
the plague, while fresh cattle imported into the Steppes perish 
almost without exception. Sheep and goats contract the disease 
but it is more severe and deadly in the latter than in the former 
animal. Both, however, can carry the infection back to the bovine 
animal, as can also the whole group of ruminants. The Guinea pig 
contracts the affection by inoculation and may thus become an in- 
direct means of conveying infection from ox to ox. 

Immunity follows a first attack. Calves born of cows that 
passed through cattle plague during the last months of gestation 
are usually immune. 

Exposure to infection arises in various ways. All of the secre- 
tions of the diseased animal are apparently infecting, and the 
virus posesses great vitality, so that the channels of infection are 
almost endless. Itis carried in the manure, washed on in streams, 


676 Veterinary ‘Medicine. 


and drains, dried up on hay, straw, feathers, and other light 
objects, or in dust, and blown about by the winds, left in stables, 
in feeding and watering troughs, in railroad cars, steamboats, 
ferry boats, loading banks and yards, it is carried in the fresh 
milk, flesh, fat, sausage cases, hairs, hoofs, horns, wool and 
bristles, in hides and bones, in halters and harness, on wagon 
shafts and poles, on goads, on boots and clothes of men, and the 
feet of dogs, birds and other animals, on the wheels of vehicles, 
the runners of sleighs, and by vermin and wild animals. The 
various infected products, however, soon lose their virulence after 
drying. Galtier assures us on the basis of the experiments of 
a Russian Commission, and the experience of France, Belgium, 
England and other countries that dried or salted hides can be 
introduced with perfect safety, and that rendered suet, and dried 
skins, horns, bones and hairs are equally harmless. On stalls, 
mangers and racks on the other hand, in an obscure and still 
atmosphere, virulence may be preserved for three months (Miller, 
Dieckerhoff). Again in litter and manure in the open air, and 
even in yards and pastures it may retain its vitality for weeks 
(Chauveau). The infection is destroyed by a temperature of 
zero, or 131° F. (Semmer). 

Whatever determines a movement of animals from an infected 
locality, determines the extension of the plague, hence war, and 
commerce, the food demands of a large and encreasing manufac- 
turing population, the inauguration of new routes of rapid transit 
by steam over land or sea all contribute in their various ways to 
the extension of rinderpest. 

Lesions. ‘The most significant feature of the morbid lesions is 
their concentration on the fourth stomach, smallintestine, rectum, 
oral cavity and vagina. The respiratory apparatus, eyes, skin, 
muscles, and nervous system suffer to a lesserextent. If the case 
has gone on to a fatal result there is usuaily marked emaciation, 
the natural openings (mouth, nose, eyes, anus) are soiled with 
morbid discharges (muco-purulent, feculent) the thighs smeared 
with offensive liquid feeces, and the skin may be yellowish red, or 

dark, with a general scurfy condition and distinct eruptions, 
” especially of rounded wart-like epidermic concretions on teats and 
udder. The eyes are deeply sunken, the conjunctiva of a yellow- 
ish red, and the lips and muzzle dry, swollen and it may be 
eroded. 


Cattle Plague. 677 


The buccal mucosa is swollen, foetid, with marked epithelial 
desquamation and more or less deep and extended erosions on the 
upper and lower lips, gums, dental pad of the upper jaw, cheeks, 
hard palate, and root of the tongue. There may still be some of 
the characteristic, white, epithelial concretions, or the epithelium 
may hang in loose semi-detached shreds, or there may be exten- 
Sive areas of abrasion, in transverse cracks or broad patches, and 
finally extensive petechiz. The conical papille on the cheeks 
and dorsum of the tongue are especially liable to dark red pete- 
-chial discolorations. 

The subderma and submucosa are also suffused with these con- 
gestions and petechiz, and like the epidermic layer show a marked 
increase of all elements and of the cell nuclei. 

The congestions, petechize. desquamations, erosions, are found 
on the fauces, pharynx, gullet, nasal mucosa, trachea, and bron- 
chia, to a greater or less extent in different cases. There may be 
even limited areas of superficial necrosis and even the formation 
of false membranes. In the diseased epidermis and epithelium, 
in the necrotic plaques and false membranes there are spores and 
mycelia of fungi and bacterial growths. 

In the rumen, reticulum and manifolds, the mucosa and sub- 
mucosa usually show limited areas of thickening and punctiform 
or arborescent congestion with softening and even detachment of 
the epithelium. 

The abomasum is profoundly involved, especially in the vicinity 
-of the pylorus. The folds are of a deep blood red or purple, or 
blackish, port wine hue, or they may be in part brownish red, or 
-when necrotic, slate colored or mottled. The peptic glands are 
swollen, elevated and dilated, and patches and spots of softened 
and loosened epithelium are easily detached leaving a deep red 
surface with, it may be redder oozing points. Ulcerous sores may 
show on the summits of the folds. The contents are a viscous, 
foetid grayish yellow, or reddish liquid, without solid ingesta. 

The small intestines show similar lesions, deep, dark red con- 
gestions, most intense on the summits of the folds, softened, 
loosened, ragged patches of epithelium, erosions, ulcers, circum- 
scribed sloughs, casts of the gut formed by desquamating epi- 
thelium, and congested, enlarged, and prominent agminated and 
' solitary glands are more or less in evidence. The contents are 


678 Veterinary Medicine. 


liquid and yellowish, grayish or reddish and fcetid. Micro- 
scopically the distension of the glands, (of duodenum, Lieber- 
kuhn and Peyer), the proliferation and softening of the epithe- 
lium, the enlargement of the nuclei of these and of the cells of 
the submucosa, and the profusion of microorganisms are marked 
features. . 

In the ceecum and colon the lesions are usually less prominent, 
though swelling, softening and desquamation of the epithelium 
often exists, and points and patches of congestion, ecchymosis, 
and necrosis are not uncommon, particularly in the czecum, and 
may extend to the muscular layer. 

The terminal portion of the rectum is especially liable to 
marked congestion and blood extravasation, with more or less 
desquamation and erosion. ‘The summits of the mucous folds are 
often of a dark red (port wine) hue, and as this is everted and 
exposed in defecation or later by the relaxation of the sphincter 
it becomes a marked lesion even in life. 

The spleen is normal in strong contrast with anthrax in which 
similar gross lesions are often found on the mucosz and especially 
the rectum. 

The liver is usually rather pale and soft, asin other cases of 
high fever, and centres of necrosis may be present. The gall 
bladder contains a variable amount of thin bile. The pancreas is 
nearly or quite normal. The lymph glands generally, and especi- 
ally those of the mesentery and abomasum are congested, enlarged 
and softened. 

The kidneys are congested, often petechiated, swollen and 
softened, with centres of necrosis. The bladder, vagina and 
uterus show mucous congestion, and thickening uniformly or in 
spots with muco-purulent secretion. 

The lungs show spots of hyperzemia, extravasation and at times 
hepatization, but a very characteristic lesion is the interlobular 
emphysema already referred to as connected with the abdominal 
pain and the sudden arrest of inspiration. ‘This gives a gross ap- 
pearance of marbling as in lung plague, only in this case the 
inflated interlobular tissue is dark colored instead of white as in 
lung plague, and it collapses at once when incised. 

The encephalon, medulla and nerves present more or less 
hyperzemia and even exudation. 


Cattle Plague. , 679 


The heart is usually pale except in the spots infiltrated by 
blood, but it may be mottled with petechiz and particularly on 
the endocardium. ‘The pericardial fluid is often red. The blood 
is at first little altered, but later undergoes marked changes, 
notably an increase of fibrine (50 per cent.) and a decrease of 
water (as in Asiatic cholera). There is marked leucocytosis, and 
distortion of the red globules. Before death it becomes black and 
incoagulable. 

The whole capillary system tends to be relaxed and over-dis- 
tended (congested ). 

Incubation. As seen in England the incubation was from four 
to five days. Four to nine days are claimed by Galtier as the 
extremes, yet he quotes incubations apparently as short as 12, 24, 
36 and 48 hours respectively. A source of fallacy rests in the preva- 
lence of cattle plague in the district and the possibility of infection 
through unsuspected channels, before the recognized exposure. 
Something must also be allowed for the greater susceptibility and 
the larger dose of the poison which would tend toshorten the incub- 
ation. ‘Thus the western improved breeds, which suffer a mortality 
of 80 to 95 per cent. (Refik Bey), and the winter season, when 
the virus is concentrated in small ill ventilated houses, both tend 
to shorten the incubation. At the Albert Veterinary College in 
1865, Gerlach went direct from the infected stable to the sound 
one, and in 48 hours several of the cattle in the latter had a mani- 
fest rise of temperature. Roloff observed the elevation of temper- 
ature in 36 hours after exposure, and Raupach and Ravitsch as 
early as 11 hours after the inoculation. 

Symptoms. The earliest symptom is abrupt hyperthermia, 
(104° to 108° F.). This is virtually pathognomonic in a herd or 
locality in which the disease exists, or insuspected animals presum- 
ably coming from an infected region. The temperature usually 
rises to its height on the third or fourth day, and falls materi- 
ally when other symptoms are developed. “In some instances 
death supervenes during the high temperature, but in the ma- 
jority the temperature goes below the normal before death. 

Often on the second day, or the third, white epithelial eruptions 
or concretions appear on the inner sides of the lips, closely resem- 
bling the eruption of muguet (thrush) and often showing also on 
the dental pad of the upper jaw and along the gums of the lower. 


\ 


680 Veterinary Medicine. 


In connection with the high temperature, which is absent in 
thrush, thissymptom is virtually pathognomic. These concretions 
are more or less abundant in different cases, sometimes so slight 
as to be easily overlooked, and in other cases encreasing up to the 
sixth day, and covering not only the lips, dental pad and gums, 
but extending back over the hard palate, pharynx and gullet. 
The concretion is as soft as cream cheese. easily detached and 
leaves a bright red abrasion (not ulcerated) when removed. 

By the fourth day there are dry or staring coat, sometimes 
rigors, sometimes small, accelerated pulse (60 to 120 per minute), 
some loss of appetite and impairment of rumination, dry muzzle, 
a general flush of the mucosz (mouth, vagina, rectum), and 
deep blood red discoloration of many of the buccal papille. 
‘There is weariness or debility, the animal remaining down much of 
the time, also marked thirst, constipation, the faeces covered with 
mucus or blood, rapidly advancing emaciation, and marked tend- 
erness of the skin, especially of the loins. The head and ears are 
drooped, saliva drivels, the mouth has a fcetid odor, the eyes 
weep, and there may be grinding of the teeth. The skin may 
be hot and the white and delicate parts (udder, teats) suffused 
by a deep blush. The milk is decreased at first and finally com- 
pletely dried up. 

As the malady advances the belly becomes tender, the constipa- 
tion is succeeded by diarrhcea with much attendant rumbling, the 
feeces are at first watery, greenish and acid, and later highly 
offensive, yellowish brown or gray, and alkaline. These become 
encreasingly profuse, fcetid and liquid, assuming perhaps a pea 
soup or rice water consistency before death. The sphincter, at 
first frm and quickly responsive, finally undergoes permanent 
relaxation, with constant exposure of the dark red mucosa. 

When the disease is fully established the respirations often be- 
come highly characteristic. There is not the sudden catching 
and shortening of the inspiration as in pleurisy, but a sudden 
closure of the glottis with an audible clicking sound in the course 
of the expiration, and, after a perceptible interval of holding of 
the breath, the expiration is resumed with or without an ac- 
companying moan. This phenomenon is so characteristic as to 
be largely diagnostic. Whether it is due to abdominal pain 
roused by the sudden forward movement of the diaghragm, or to 


Cattle Plague. 681 


nervous disorde: alone, it isa valuable symptom always to be 
jJooked for. It further explains the interlobular emphysema 
usually met with in the lungs in this disease. 

In the more violent cases death supervenes from the sixth to 
the ninth day, but in the indigenous breeds of Eastern Europe 
and Asia, which represent a survival of the fittest, the great 
majority suffer mild attacks and recover, and even in newly in- 
vaded countries, when the invasion has spent itself and the less 
susceptible are largely attacked, a fair proportion survive for a 
longer period and even recover. 

Inthese milder, protracted, or surviving cases theskin symptoms 
are likely to come out prominently. Chief among these and very 
constant at the height of the disease is an abundant unctuous 
exudation which dries on, forming a crust, comparable to what is 
seen on the skin in the fevers of swine. At different points, 
notably on the teats, udder, inner sides of the thighs, and arms, 
and on the neck, lips and face generally, are epidermic concretions 
having a warty-like appearance, and respectively seated on a very 
slightly swollen and congested point of the dermis. The deeper 
layers of these epidermic concretions often soften, so that they 
have been mistaken for vesiclesand pustules, and hence the error 
by which cattle plague was held to be but a malignant form of 
cowpox. But these concretions are histologically distinct from 
vesicles ; there is no liquid exudate on the papillary layer raising 
the epidermis in the form of a little sac, but merely an excessive 
production of the cuticular cells with abnormally large nuclei, 
as happens generally to cells in active proliferation, and an 
admixture with these of spores and mycelium of fungi which 
have no special significance. 

Papules, vesicles and pustules may form on the diseased skin 
and are described by different authors, but they are not character- 
istic of the disease as are the epidemic proliferations. 

In some rare cases nervous symptoms appear, the animal moves 
unsteadily without proper sense of balance, it may toss its head 
and horns as if attacking an enemy or it may sink into a somnolent 
or comatose condition. Wasting advances rapidly, abortion occurs. 
in pregnant females, the weakness becomes extreme, the animal 
remains constantly down, unable to rise, rests his head on the 
ground, breathes heavily and stertorously and perishes with or 
without convulsions. 


hes 


682 Veterinary Medicine. 


Diagnosis in Cattle. Individual symptoms of cattle plague may 
be found in other diseases, but the aggregate symptoms, in a 
rapidly spreading and fatal affection, and connected with a pre- 
vious prevalence of the disease in the country or district, or dis-: 
tinct evidence of the introduction of infection should in every case- 
obviate error. The chief diagnostic symptoms are :-a sudden, 
very marked rise of temperature ; a congestion or blush of the 
visible mucosee generally (mouth, nose, vulva, eyes); the forma- 
tion of white curd-like ephithelial concretions on the inside of the 
lips, dental pad, or gums of the incisors ; the formation of red 
spots or petechize on the mucosz ; later the desquamation of the 
softened epithelium with the formation of erosions or even ulcers ; 
the wart-like rounded epidermic eruptions on the skin ; the great: 
abdominal tenderness with tucking up of the abdomen, and sud- 
den arrest of the expiration with a sharp clicking sound and 
moan; the fcetid, watery diarrhcea and exposure of the dark red, 
congested and hemorrhagic rectal mucosa; the discharge from 
nose, mouth and eyes ; the characteristic fever odor; and the rapid 
progress of the disease from animal toanimal, and toa fatal issue. 
The rapidly advancing contagion and its fatality in cattle, sheep- 
and goats, together with the immunity of horses, dogs, birds and 
human beings are important elements in diagnosis. 

Malignant Catarrh of Cattle is distinguished by the absence of 
active contagion, one or two only in a’herd being attacked; by 
the absence of the curd-like concretions on lips, dental pad, and 
gums ; by the involving of the matrix of the frontal horns ; by the 
great congestion, swelling and discharge from the eyes ; and by 
the impossibility or improbability of the cattle plague contagion. 
in the particular locality. In localities where cattle plague actu- 
ally prevails, it may sometimes be impossible to distinguish at. 
first, and then every precaution should be taken to prevent dif- 
fusion of infection in case it should be cattle plague. 

Thrush of the mouth, though causing an eruption of the same: 
kind, occurs in sucklings only, is unattended by fever, marked. 
congestion, or severe abdominal symptoms. 

Foot and Mouth Disease, though equally contagious, and spread-. 
ing with the same rapidity, is easily distinguished by the very 
slight hyperthermia, the vesicular character of the mouth and 
mammary eruption (the cuticle being raised by an abundant clear 


Cattle Plague. 683 


straw-colored exudate); by the absence, in nearly all cases, 
of severe abdominal disorder ; by the all but constant vesiculation 
of the interdigital space, ‘and by its mild and non-fatal issue. 
Swine contract it as readily as cattle and sheep, and horses, dogs, 
birds and men by inoculation. 

Dysentery is marked by the absence of the early, abrupt hyper- 
thermia, though the temperature may rise gradually to a high 
point ; also of the curd-like concretions on the buccal mucosa; by 
the earlier onset of the foetid diarrhoea, and by the indisposition 
to contagious diffusion apart from the confined, foul, crowded 
buildings. The lesions are mainly on the large intestines while 
‘m cattle plague they are on the small intestines, fourth stomach, 
mouth, throat and skin. 

Gastro-enteritis and Stomatttis from corrosive agents and irritant 
bacteria, can be traced toa definite local cause, do not extend 
beyond the herd or animal poisoned, and usually occur where the 
possibility of cattle plague can be excluded. There is usually an 
entire absence of the white epithelial concretions, of the blush of 
the mucose generally, and of the wart-like epidermic prolifera- 
tion. 

Anthrax of the alimentary tract and rectum is distinguished by 
the fact that it is largely an enzootic disease, not spreading widely 
by simple contact ; that it is easily transmisible to horse, dog and 
man ; that it lacks the buccal epithelial concretions and character- 
istic desquamations and the warty-like skin products; that it 
shows marked enlargement and engorgement of the spleen; and 
that the blood and local lesions contain the large sized, square 
ended anthrax bacillus. 

Diagnosis in Sheep and Goats. This is based on the same 
phenomena as in cattle ; the sudden and exalted hyperthermia, 
blush or petechize of the visible mucosze, concretions on the lips, 
gums and skin, epiphora, salivation, prostration, emaciation and 
diarrhcea. These last symptoms are, however, less marked than 
in cattle and the mortality and infectiousness are materially re- 
duced. Pneumonic complications are much more common in 
sheep. 

Mortality. Among native cattle in the steppesthe mortality 
is 30 to 50 per cent. whereas elsewhere it is 90 to 95 per cent. 
Among sheep in Austria it reached 60 to 66 per cent. Among 
camels in Asia and Africa the fatality proved as high as among 


684 - Veterinary Medicine. 


cattle. The Italian buffalo usually recovered after seven days 
illness. 

Treatment. "The therapeutic treatment of cattle affected with 
cattle plague has been eminently unsatisfactory and is so certain 
to become a means of extension of the disease that it is legally 
prohibited in all countries, in which the plague has not been al- 
lowed to become generally diffused. Where it has become general 
in an unfenced country in which accordingly its permanence is 
virtually ensured, it may be employed. 

Serumtherapy is advocated by Refix Bey. An animal is hyper- 
immunized by repeated inoculations. His blood is then with- 
drawn and the serum obtained from it is injected in a dose of 
25 cc., subcutem, at a temperature of 104° F. The temperature 
is taken from the 3d to the 5th day and if it does not at this time 
rise above normal the treatment is ended. If still above normal 
a second dose of 25 cc. is given. It is claimed that the serum is 
harmless and may be safely given in a single dose of 50 cc. in 
case it is impossible to keep watch of the animal for five days. 

Prevention by Immunization. Semmer attempted this by inocu- 
lating cattle with virus which had been weakened by heat or by 
passing it through the body of a Guinea pig. The ‘results were, 
however, far from perfect and even in Russia the method failed of 
any wide acceptance. Koch and Edington in South Africa 
practiced extensive inoculations with a mixture of the virus in 
bile, Still better results are claimed by Danyoz, Bordet and 
Theiler in the Transvaal. These treated the animals by inject- 
ing 25 cc. to5occ. of highly immunized blood, defibrinated, and 
while the subjects were thus rendered temporarily insusceptible, 
they were exposed to infection by contact with diseased animals. 
In the Philippines a minimum virulent dose is given with the 
immunized blood. 

As with serumtherapy, measures of this kind are only per- 
missible in a country in which cattle plague is already generally 
diffused, and where there are no fences to limit the continued 
diffusion of the infection. The preservation of the cattle 
artificially infected until highly immunized, and again of the sick 
cattle requisite to give the disease to the cattle operated on, and 
finally of these last through the mild attacks that are to render 
them immune, affords an endless number of loopholes for the 
escape of contagion which would forbid the adoption of the 


‘Cattle Plague. 685 


method whenever the extinction of the disease is possible. When 
on the other hand a disease is already spread universally in a 
country destitute of fenced enclosures, in which herd mingles 
with herd in the most perfect freedom, and where accordingly 
extinction is impossible, the method is admissible and even com- 
mendable as a means of reducing the otherwise ruinous mortality. 

Exclusion and Extinction of Cattle Plague. or countries 
adjoining lands infected with cattle plague such general measures 
as the following are imperative : Prohibition of all imports of 
cattle, sheep and other ruminants, camels and swine from such 
infected countries, also of the fresh hides and other products of 
such animals, and of litter, fodder and other things that may have 
been stored in the buildings with infected cattle or otherwise 
soiled by them. Prohibition of imports of all cattle or other 
ruminants from adjacent countries (which may be plague-free), 
but through which animals have been carried in undisinfected 
cars or boats that had been in previous use for such species of 
animals drawn from infected countries, or that had been passed 
through infected countries, yards, buildings, loading banks, 
chutes, piers, gangways, or other places, or furnished with fodder, 
halters or appliances from such infected localities. In Eastern 
Europe the practice is to patrol the frontiers day and night to pre- 
vent the smuggling of cattle through from the infected country. 
Infected animals or herds, that it is sought to pass, are turned 
back or slaughtered. Sheep from countries that had been pre- 
viously infected are often admitted on affidavit of the official 
veterinarian in the country from which they come, that during 
the three months before they left, there had been no contagious 
disease of cattle nor sheep in the locality, and on the further con- 
dition that they shall be slaughtered at the point of entry, or, if 
brought by rail, at the nearest slaughter house approached by 
such railroad after entry. In France, sheep, sent from Russia 
by sea, in French bottoms, certified as above by the Russian au- 
thorities, and accompanied on the voyage by a French veteri- 
narian and certified sound by him, are allowed to circulate freely 
after three days detention at the point of arrival without evidence 
of disease. 

In the United States the 90 days quarantine of cattle (dated 
from the time of shipping at the foreign port), and the 15 days 


686 Veterinary Medicine. 


for sheep and other ruminants under strict veterinary supervision 
is safe as regards the importation of cattle plague in live animals. 
The greatest danger will doubtless come from intercourse with 
the Philippines, which were infected with the cattle plague during 
the recent war. The greatest possible precautions as regards the 
carriage of cattle on transports or other ships, will be necessary. 
Not only should no Philippine cattle be imported, but no vessel, 
that has carried Philippine cattle or sheep, should be allowed to 
take on board home cattle nor other ruminants until it has been 
thoroughly disinfected. 

Cattle or sheep should be rejected when imported on ships 
which, on the same voyage or a recent one, carried fresh hides or 
other fresh products of animals, derived from a country in which 
rinderpest exists. 

Hides that are thoroughly dried and salted, those that have 
been freely exposed for one week to the sun and air, and such as 
have been treated by active antiseptics, (caustic quicklime, mer- 
curic chloride, lime chloride, formalin, phenic acid, etc.), need 
be held under no such restriction. The same applies to thoroughly 
dried, sunned and aired hair, wool, hoofs, horns, bones and 
sinews. Rendered tallow is equally safe. 

Extinction of Cattle Plague in a Country. ‘This should never 
be called for on the American Continent. The introduction of 
such a deadly disease, with such a short period of incubation, and 
such severe symptoms and rapid course, would argue a most repre- 
hensible carelessness, which it is to be hoped will never be shown 
by the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry. Yet under the stress 
of a great European war this plague invariably overleaps the 
barriers successfully maintained in time of peace, and the same 
has happened to the two great English-speaking powers in con- 
nection with the wars in South Africa and the Philippines respect- 
ively and therefore it cannot be said that importation is impossible 
under any possible circumstances. 

In case of a recent importation the infection would be easily 
controlled. ‘Trace at once to its destination every bovine animal 
and other ruminant that arrived on the infected vessel, and all 
that came in contact with them since, or with the gangways, 
wharfs, streets, highways, yards, houses, fields, cars, loading 
banks and other places and things that might have been contami- 


Cattle Plague. 687 


nated ; stop all cattle and sheep traffic or movement for a large 
‘area around each centre of possible infection caused by such 
cattle ; remorselessly kill every head of such animals carried by 
‘such vessel, or that came in direct contact with them ; bury, burn, 
boil or dissolve in mineral acids, every animal thus exposed ; 
thoroughly disinfect the importing ship, and every house, place: 
-or thing the imported stock came in contact with, together with 
all the dejections and debris, and even the surface of the graves ; 
make a census of all cattle within the different quarantined areas, 
and hold the owners or custodians responsible, under a heavy 
penalty, to report every death and every case of illness ; whenever 
the cattle plague is found in a place dispose of the entire herd as 
‘thas already been done with the infected imported stock, and ina 
very few weeks the plague can be completely extirpated. The 
violence of the individual attack, and the very short period of 
latency, makes the work incomparably easier than the extinction 
of lung plague. ‘There is never a long period of uncertainty 
(incubation), there is virtually never a slight or occult case of the 
‘disease, there is no equivocal chronic form of the affection. The 
attack is made boldly and above board, and can be met success- 
fully if met promptly and energetically. The danger in such cases 
lies, less in the nature of the disease, than in the army of foolish, 
even if well meaning, meddlers, who denounce the temporary 
interference of trade, the payment of indemnities to the cattle 
owners, the interference with private property, the destruction of 
valuable thoroughbred herds, the interruption of the dairyman’s 
‘business, the cost of disinfection, and a thousand other things, 
and who too often succeed in hampering and delaying action, 
until the infection has reached and spread over great unfenced 
territories thereby getting beyond control, or, short of this, has so 
established itself as to necessitate the outlay of a hundred thou- 
ysand for every hundred that would have been demanded at first, 
and a long continued restriction of trade in place of the very tran- 
sient interruption required by early, sharp, decisive action. 

One of the most important prerequisites is that every state, but 
especially those on the seaboard and with ports of entry, should 
enact such laws as would make it possible for the Executive to 
act at a moment’s notice and to call in the help of the Federal 
Government to make an early and effective application of the 


688 Veterinary Medicine. 


only successful remedy. Most things can wait for the call, 
assembling and action of a legislature; the infection of cattle 
plague can not. Such laws are not superfluous. If never called 
for they still show a wise provision against a terrible, though 
remote, possibility; if really called for and they are not found 
teady, the great cattle industry aud even the agriculture of the 
continent may be largely sacrificed by the neglect. 

As guardian of the interests of The Philippines the United 
States is to-day called upon to consider the question of ex- 
terminating the disease which our interference brought upon the- 
islands. On the unfenced lands of these islands we have to face 
on a smaller scale the problem of stamping out the plague which 
has baffled the wisdom of Europe and Asia. The individuak 
islands may perhaps be taken independently, the cattle collected 
in small herds under fence, and by the sacrifice of a few the re- 
mainder of any herd that shows infection may be immunized, 
and the premises where they are confined disinfected until finally 
no more cases occur. But whatever method is adopted the seclu- 
sion of all within well fenced areas is the most important con- 
sideration. No nation has ever succeeded in extirpating this nor 
any other important infection in animals when they are allowed 
to run at large and mingle freely, herd with herd, on unfenced 
land. 


SPIRILLOSIS IN GEESE. 


Sakharoff in 1891 reported an epizootic of geese caused by a 
spiral anzerobic microérganism (spérochete anserina). Vater, in 
1899, Cantacuzene reported a similar affection and found that the 
leucocytes of the spleen were active in destroying the spirocheete. 
The symptoms of the affection were those of general dulness and 
prostration resulting in an early death. 

The main lesions were found in the spleen and liver, the former 
greatly enlarged and engorged with blood, and the latter swollen, 
with fatty and even necrotic degeneration of the parenchyma. 
Similar lesions were found in the cardiac muscle and other solid 
organs. ‘The spirillum was found in the blood as wellasin the 
substance of the affected tissues. The spirochzete anserina is 
carried from goose to goose by an argas (Marchoux and Salim- 
bene), that of relapsing fever of man by the bed-bug. 

Immunization has been secured by injections of the blood of the 
diseased goose, after it has been heated to 55° C. for five minutes, 
but if heated for ten minutes the immunizing power was destroyed. 
The blood became nonvirulent forty eight hours after it had been 
removed from the live goose, but its injection into healthy geese 
produced immunity. : 

The channel for infection of the goose has not been proven, 
but prevention should be sought by the general methods, exclu- 
sion and quarantine of strange geese, the confinement of the 
healthy on uncontaminated ground, the supply of water from 
dowing fountains or close, deep, cemented wells or after boiling, 
the furnishing of green food from uninfected sources or after 
cooking, and finally the raising of new stock from the eggs 
washed in boiled water, hatched in incubators, and raised on 
cement, stone or wooden floors, and on sterilized food. 


SPIRILLOSIS IN CATTLE IN EAST AFRICA. 


Synonyms. Red-water, Diarrhcea, Fever. 
Theiler describes a spirillosis of cattle prevailing in the Trans- 
vaal and E. Africa, and which has been hitherto confounded with 


44 689 


690 Veterinary Medicine. 


piroplasmosis (Texas fever). The piroplasma however is absent 
from the blood, while spirilla are present. 

The symptoms resemble those of Texas fever : temperature 99° 
to 106 F., anorexia, weakness, debility, jaundice, petechize on 
the visible mucosze, oppressed breathing under exertion, dulness 
on percussion of groin, pulmonary areas and the dependent 
parts of the chest. 

Among the lesions are a deep icteric hue of the fat and white 
tissues generally ; a flabby gelatinoid appearance of the adipose 
tissue due to a liquid exudate replacing the fat ; effusion straw- 
colored or bloody into the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavi- 
ties ; dropsical swellings of the head and dewlap ; petechial spots 
and more extensive haemorrhagic patches on the serosz especially ; 
a firm brown condition of the liver; bile brownish and viscid ; 
lymph glands enlarged, softened ; blood contains basophile gran- 
ules, and distorted, broken down globules (poikilocytosis). 

Bacteriology. Spirillum Theiler’. The microorganism is twisted 
in the form of a corkscrew, or the two ends may meet forming a 
ring, or again they may cross each other once forming a loop, or a 
second time forming the letter 8. It is usually attached to a blood 
corpuscle, white or red, or rolled round it. When free it moves 
with an undulating motion till it reaches another globule. The 
largest of the spirilla are 20n to 30 by 4% to Yu. There are very 
few observed in some cases, and in others as many as six may be 
detected in a single microscopic field. At intervals they com- 
pletely disappear to be absent for perhaps ten days and then come 
in a fresh swarm, in the manner of the spirilla of relapsing fever 
of man. They can be stained by the common aniline dyes, viz. 
methylene-blue, fuchsin. 


INTERNAL INVASIONS BY BACILLUS NECROPHORUS. 


The B. Necrophorus has been successfully inoculated on, or 
found in pathological conditions in deer, reindeer, horses, asses, 
hogs, kangaroos, dogs, chickens, pigeons, rabbits, Guineapigs 
and mice. 

It has been found in nodular masses of necrotic degeneration 
in the divers of deer, cattle (Mohler, McFadyean) and hogs 


Internal Invasions by Bacillus Necrophorus. 691 


(Mettam, Edelmann); in the /umgs of horses (McFadyean, 
' Nielsen, Caudwell) ; in the Aeart (Bang, Mohler) ; in the spleen 
(Jensen, Georgewitsch) ; and in the voluntary muscles (Mohler, 
Caudwell). Inanumber of cases these internal colonies were 
referred to their primary locations or entrance channels in the 
feet, umbilicus, skin or other superficial part. 

The microbe has been found in necrotic stomatitzs in calves, and 
pigs (Mohler), and in lambs (Damman, Loffler, Diem). Alsoin 
lesions of diphtheria of birds (Ritter, Jensen, Leth). 

The ulcerative ano-vulvitis, and necrotic vaginitis and metritis 
appear to have furnished the microdrganism (Mohler, Ellinger). 
It has been found in necrotic omphalo-phiebitis in the young as 
well as in its sequelae, hepatic and pulmonary nodules, and 
arthritis (McFadyean, Jensen, Olt, Mettam, etc.). It is some- 
times present in the deeper layers of the necrotic ulcers of hog 
cholera (Schutz, Bang, Jensen, Th. Smith, Mohler). Among 
superficial necrotic lesions in the horse the microbe has been 
found in guittor (Bang, Gutenacker), in mecrotic dermatitis 
(Frohner, Davis) and mecrotic scratches (Bang, Hell), and in 
necrotic turbinated bones (Cadiot). 

It is impossible, however, to accept all’of these as the result of 
the same unmodified organism. Mecrotic stomatitis has followed 
foot-rot in the same place but far more commonly foot-rot in 
sheep will prevail without entailing any of these other forms, 
and the same is true of omphalitis ; ano-vulvitis, and enzootic 
quittor. Under such circumstances each form spreads in the 
genus affected and_ largely or exclusively confines itself to the 
organ or organs which give the disease its name, without show- 
ing the disposition to attack other genera and organs. The dif- 
ferent forms of the germ may own a common origin, as do the 
different types of bacillus tuberculosis, or the different Pasteur- 
ellas, but it is evident that in such a case they acquire new habits 
in other environments, and that, in most outbreaks, the main 
danger is along the narrow lines in which the microbe is mani- 
festing its virulence at that time and in that place. Ano-vulvitis 
does not seriously threaten an outbreak of foot-rot, nor does 
omphalitis determine fowl-diphtheria. For clinical uses we can 
consider each different outbreak affecting but one genus and one 
‘set of organs, as a special morbid entity, to be dealt with accord- 
ing to its own special habits. See Contagious Foot Rot, p. 101. 


ULCERATIVE ANO-VULVITIS. 


This affection was recorded as prevailing in lowa, Missouri, 
Kansas and Nebraska in 1897-8, and again in Iowa in 1900-1. 

Causes. From the lesions Mohler has isolated a long rod 
shaped microbe which he identified with bacillus necrophorus of 
foot-rot. He Has even taken the microbe from hog cholera 
ulcers and successfully inoculated it in the vulva of a healthy 
heifer. There remains, however, the difficulty that this disease 
prevails in one genus only, attacking but one system of organs, 
proving infectious along this narrow line, and respecting pigs, 
sheep and other animals living in the same yard or field. If it 
is the same microbe which operates specifically in omphalitis, 
foot-rot and hog cholera it has apparently taken on new patho- 
genic potencies and parted with many that it shows prominently 
under other circumstances. 

The appearance of the disease in isolated herds which have 
had no known communication with other herds, and even in the 
young nonbreeding cattle to the exclusion of older ones, suggests 
an enzootic origin perhaps connected with microbian growths 
outside the animal body and the introduction of the microbes or 
toxins, in food, water or otherwise. Mediate contact through a 
bull serving in an affected and sound herd in succession has failed 
to convey the disease. 

On the Rodkey farm at Blue Rapids, Marshall county, Kan., 
eight heifers from ten to fourteen months old, suffered, while the 
seventeen steers of the same age and the milch cows escaped. 
(Steddom). Near Shelby, Ia., a bull, from a healthy herd, 
broke into an affected herd and served.cows there, and was after- 
ward returned to his own herd and served cows there, but did 
not communicate the disease. (S. T. Miller) No case is re- 
corded to show that any bull serving affected cows or heifers con- 
tracted ulcers or other diseases of sheath or penis. 

In one herd near Shelby, Ia., nineteen head of cows and heif- 
ers suffered, while the four steers in the herd escaped. In an- 
other herd of twenty-six head, in the same district, the four cows 
and eight of the twenty-two steers suffered. It is not therefore, 
confined to the females. (S. T’. Miller). 

692 : 


Ulcerative Ano- Vulvitis. 693 


In all cases the disease appeared in the cooler months, from 
October to April inclusive, and while the cattle were secluded in 
muddy yards. 

In different cases they occupied the yards in common with 
swine, which were charged with wounding the vulva, until the 
general character of the outbreak forbade this conclusion. At 
Blue Rapids it was sixty-two days after they, had been yarded 
with the hogs before the disease was observed. 

In this case the lot was small, poorly drained and very muddy 
most of the time. Calves and hogs drank from the same troughs 
until the disease appeared. The water supplied to the calves and 
hogs was from a well sixteen feet deep. The cows, which 
escaped, were supplied with water from the Blue River. 

-Cows, heifers and steers were fed on a ration of shelled corn 6 
parts, rye 1 part, oats 1 part, and had an abundance of fodder, 
consisting of prairie hay and millet in equal parts. They werein 
good condition, some of them fat, and nearly all dehorned. A 
second herd had shelled corn, kafir corn and cane, with water 
from a shallow well, and all (cows and heifers) suffered. 

As showing the localized nature of the cause, C. Muller adduces 
the case near Ottumwa, Ia., in which a herd of 30 calves were 
attacked, and sold out, the owner filling the same yard a few days 
later with 30 more bought in the surrounding country, and which 
he put on the same rations. In about 10 days the disease ap- 
peared in the second lot. 

On the Rice farm, Blue Rapids, were 60 yearling heifers, bought 
in Kansas City, and two home cows. In the first week after 
arrival 5 heifers suffered, in the second week 20, in the third 
week 40, and in the. fourth week all the 60. The two cows 
mingling with them were only slightly affected. 

In the Rodkey farm, Blue Rapids, cases, all of the young cattle 
(which alone suffered) had been raised on the farm and had not 
‘been exposed to outside cattle. 

Symptoms. ‘‘Theulcer, in almost every case, started as a mere 
abrasion, the size of a pin-head, usually on the inner surface of 
the labia, near the border of the inferior commissure, gradually 
eating its way through until it appeared as a much larger denuded 
surface on the outside.’’ (C. Miller). S. T. Miller says: ‘“The 
first noticeable symptom was serous exudate, rapidly forming into 


694 Veterinary Medicine. 


a brown scab, under which was very fcetid pus, with extensive 
inflammation. ‘The affection usually occurred on the lower por- 
tion of the lips of the vulva, in heifers and cows, and in steers 
around the anus or root of the tail. The scabs which formed 
seemed to spread very rapidly, destroying more and more of the 
underlying tissue and forming a thicker and thicker scab. The 
scab, if pulled off, would expose a raw surface which would 
bleed very readily. In a short time a new scab would be 
formed.”’ 

Steddom says: ‘‘T’he vulvar lips thickened and continued to 
discharge for four or five days. In the meantime certain pus- 
tules appeared, 0.1 to 2.5 centimeters in diameter. About the 
fifth day these ruptured and discharged yellowish pus.’’ The 
mucous membranes of the vulva and vagina were dry and 
slightly congested. The ulcers were covered with brown, leath- 
ery scabs, which adhered tenaciously and when detached left an 
angry, red, purulent, granular, elevated and pitted surface. In 
some of the more severe cases, one or both lips of the vulva had 
sloughed off, and the sore had extended ro to 15 centimeters on 
the skin of the escutcheon. The pus from this sore did not cor- 
rode the adjacent skin. 

The more severe cases showed loss of appetite, constipation, 
hurried breathing, tucking up of the abdomen, with general dull- 
ness and dejection, and great tenderness of the affected skin with. 
stiff, straddling gait. 

Pathology. This is very obscure. The primary cause of the 
sores is not evident, though their occurrence on the anus and 
vulva only, and especially on the latter would suggest an elective 
affinity of the poison (microbian or chemical) for these structures. 
and their products. If we assume a pathogenic microbe (Ba- 
cillus necrophorus) in the feeces, the question arises as to the 
cause of the habitual immunity of the steer, and of the margin 
of the anus in the majority of the affected heifers. The sus- 
ceptibility of heifers rather than cows may imply a previous ex- 
posure and acquired immunity on the part of the mature animal. 

Again if we suspect the existence of a necrobiotic agent of 
organic origin (like ergotin, secalin, sphacelin) we must assume 
a superadded microbian infection, implanted in the primary sore 
and rapidly extending it. The prompt recovery under antiseptic: 


Actinobacillosis. 695 


treatment shows that no mere chemical poison maintains the 
destructive process, for it is manifestly the microbicide which 
puts a prompt limit to the disease, and under such treatment no 
sphacelating agent in the blood or tissues keeps up the advance 
of the ulceration or prevents healing. 

Treatment, The ulcers healed rapidly under cleanliness and 
antiseptic applications. The tail, anus, and vulva were washed 
with tepid water, and then dressed with a solution of creolin 
(5:100), or carbolic acid (3:100), or mercuric chloride (1:500 or 
1000). The ulcers were touched with a pencil of silver nitrate. 
S. T. Miller followed the sublimate lotion by the subjoined oint- 
ment : iodoform 20 grains, eucalyptol 40 minims, phenic acid 20 
minims, petrolatum enough to make 2 oz. C. Miller in addition 
to the carbolic acid lotion applied the common white lotion (zinc 
sulphate 1 oz., lead acetate 1 oz., water 1 qt.) and used silver 
nitrate on the ulcers. Four dressings on four successive days were 
given and in the milder cases healing was completed in 10 or 12 
days. 


ACTINOBACILLOSIS. 


Lignieres and Spitz describe a disease of cattle in Argentina, 
which resembles actznomycosis, in the organs invaded, the steady 
progress by the invasion of different tissues indiscriminately, the 
hardness of the advancing growth, the presence of minute 
granules or tuftsof clubbed cells radiating from a centre, and 
the absence of any general poisoning by specific toxins. It 
differs in being due to a bacterium (bacillus) in place of actino- 
myces, in invading the adjacent lymph glands, and in being 
more easily inoculated. 

It is reported by the discoverers, Lignieres and Spitz, as epi- 
zootic in Argentina, while Nocard recognized it in France and 
Higgins in Canada. 

Bacteriology. The microbe is rod shaped, 1 to 2u by o.4p, 
eerobic, facultative anzerobic, non-motile, non-sporulating, stains 
easily in phenic fuchsin, picro carmine, and acid violet, bleaches 
in Gram’s, grows at 37° C. in peptonized bouillon without pro- 
ducing acid or odor, acidifies lactose and glucose, and dies in 10 
minutes at 143.6° F. 


696 Veterinary Medicine. 


Animals susceptible. Besides cattle, dogs, Guinea-pigs and 
rabbits are easily inoculated. In horses an abscess forms. 

Symptoms resemble those of actinomycosis, but it attacks 
especially the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue, the liver, 
spleen and omentum, and rarely the tongue, heart, lungs, 
pharynx, lymph glands, mammee, or facial bones. At first the 
size of a walnut, hard and insensible, they grow, as large as the 
closed fist, soften and fluctuate. This softening tends to dis- 
tinguish it from actinomycosis. The contents do not show 
filamentous forms. The serum of the victims agglutinates the 
actinobacillus cultures. 

Actinobacillosis is more readily transmitted by contagion than 
actinomycosis. 

Treatment by iodide of potassium is equally effective, (Nocard). 


NOTE ON GOOSE SEPTICAMIA. 


The following is drawn from Cooper Curtice’s bulletin on 
Goose Septicemia. 

This affection in 1900 caused a loss of 3,200 geese in July and 
August to Mr. Cornell, a Rhode Island owner. Mr Snell lost 
500. 

Bacteriology. The blood and tissues swarmed with a minute 
bacillus having the general morphological staining and biologi- 
cal characters of that of chicken cholera and rabbit septiczemia. 
It differs from these in the failure to infect chickens, whether 
inoculated or fed to them. It proved deadly to geese, ducks, 
pigeons, rabbits, mice, and more slowly to Guinea pigs. Geese 
were infected by inoculation or feeding of the germs, ducks from 
inoculation only. 

Symptoms. The geese were often found dead, and even in those 
noticed ill, death supervened so early that no very diagnostic 
symptoms were made out. The affected geese moved tardily and 
unsteadily, and failed to keep with the remainder of the flock. 
Some burrowed the head in the dirt and twisted it around, indi- 
cating, it was supposed, spasms of the throat. Some were seized 
with the death agony in a few minutes; in others the illness 


Goose Septicemia. 697 


lasted for hours, and from experimental cases it was concluded 
that the period from infection to death, in the majority of cases, 
did not exceed thirty-six hours. Some were believed to merge 
into a chronic condition, but the owner thought that none recov- 
ered. No diarrhcea is noted. 

Lesions. The head was the seat of marked venous and capil- 
lary congestion, suggesting asphyxia. The billand throat con- 
tained a large quantity of tenacious mucus, which was especially 
viscid in the nose. Extravasated blood in abundance was present 
in the gastro-intestinal mucosa and contents, much of it more or 
less digested. Atsome points there was abundant mucous exu- 
date ; at others the folds were only marked by punctiform 
petechize, or by bloody patches formed by their coalescence. 
The czeca were usually normal. 

The liver showed numerous punctiform extravasations and yel- 
low patches of necrosis extending more or less deeply into the 
hepatic tissue. Other congestions were seen in individual cases, 
implicating, in one instance, the heart and pericardium, and in 
another the lungs. Petechize were frequent on the pericardium 
and other mucosz. The blood was usually black, tarry, and 
with little disposition to brighten on exposure to the air. 

Diagnosis. Itis recognized as an infection of domestic water 
fowl by its attacking the larger proportion of that class of animals 
exposed to it. It is supposed that those which escape do so 
because of immunity due to a previous attack, or by reason of the 
absence of any wound of the mouth, throat or stomach by which 
the germ might enter. It is distinguished from fowl (chicken) 
cholera by the immunity of the chicken in this case. It is differ- 
entiated from Klein’s diarrheal enteritis of fowls, by the fact that 
neither pigeon nor rabbit isimmune. From the duck cholera of 
Cornil and Loupet, it is diagnosed by the immunity of the chicken 
only, while the rodents and pigeon suffer. 

The germ is manifestly one of the family of bacilli of the colon 
group, found in the different septiceemias, but sufficiently distinc- 
tive from these other forms, in its pathogenesis, to demand a 
separate place in connection with sanitary work. 

Treatment is hopeless from our present point of view. 

Prevention is the rational resort. In the case of those raising 
geese from the egg, it is imperative to abandon, for the season at 


698 Veterinary Medicine. 


least, any pastures that may have become contaminated. It 
would be better still to subject such pastures to cultivated crops 
for one or two years. ‘The pens should be thoroughly disinfected 
or abandoned and burned. Mr. Cornell used his infected pens 
for ducks without evilresult. The drainage'from infected pastures 
or pens must be guarded against, no geese nor ducks being 
allowed on land through which, or on which it passes, and no 
water receiving such drainage being employed for geese. In the 
case of feeders or handlers of geese who buy the birds in large 
numbers from many sources, a subsidiary quarantine should be 
constantly maintained, by enclosing the birds in as small groups 
as possible in separate pens, so that infection in one pen will not 
endanger the whole flock. When infection is shown in a pen, 
the diseased birds should be at once destroyed and burned, the 
pen thoroughly disinfected, and the other birds returned, or better, 
divided upinto still smaller lots, so that infection showing in one 
of these will not endanger the great number taken from the origi- 
nal infected pen. ‘The utmost care should be taken to maintain 
the most perfect cleanliness in the pens of exposed and suspected 
geese, and to sprinkle the floors and manure liberally with an 
antiseptic, such as asolution of sulphuric acid in water (2:100), 
or of phenic acid (3:100), or of a combination of the two. This 
will do much to prevent the hatching of flies which act as infection- 
bearers, and if these can be further excluded by screens the con- 
dition will be still more satisfactory. Vermin of all kinds should 
be excluded and whenever possible, separate feeders and attend- 
ants should be furnished for the suspected geese, and those that. 
have not been exposed. 


NOTE ON HAMORRHAGIC SEPTICAHMIA IN CHICKENS AND 
TURKEYS. 


Lucet describes a septiceemia of chickens and turkeys accom- 
panied by dysenteric discharges. The microbe resembles the 
bacillus gallinarum of Klein (see Vol. II, p. 254), even in the 
immunity of pigeons and rabits when injected subcutem. Rab- 
bits, however, suffer when injected intravenously. ‘The proba-. 
bility is that this bacillus is identical with that of Klein. Vetin 
this whole class of microbes of the colon group, variations, appar- 
ently superinduced by environment, appear to result at times in 


Note on Infectious Anemia of the Horse. 699 


a deadly pathogenesis for different genera, and epizodtics differ-. 
ing from each other. 


NOTE ON INFECTIOUS ANAMIA OF THE HORSE. 


Carré and Vallé report an infectious aneemia of the horse, as 
prevalent and almost constantly fatal in different parts of France 
and Alsace-Loraine. It is easily communicated by. inoculating 
the blood or urine of the sick horse, the disease developing after 
an incubation of 25 days. The convalescent animal transmits 
the disease for months after apparent recovery, and his urine is 
still rich in albumen. The microbe survives freezing, but is 
killed by 212” F. It is ultramicroscopic, passing through a 
Pasteur filter. ‘This germ leaves the infected system in the urine 
and probably in the manure and other secretions. Sanitary con- 
siderations would demand the scheduling and isolation of in- 
fected localities, forbidding the ingress or egress of solipeds ; the 
disinfection of all stable dung and urine produced in such 
localities ; its removaland plowing under by oxen ; the destruction 
of the sick with suitable indemnity to the owners; and the 
thorough disinfection of allinfected premises and objects. The 
greatest care should be taken to prevent diffusion of the infection 
through soiled fodder, litter, harness, drainage, etc., and water 
should he given boiled. Purchasers of solipeds should avoid not 
only the areas known to be infected but also the lands which re- 
ceive their drainage. For treatment see Vol. I, Pernicious Anz- 
mia, p. 528. 


DISEASE, INFECTIVE OR TOXIC, TREATED IN 
EARLIER VOLUMES. 


Catarrh ; Malignant of Cattle. Vol. I, p. 109. 
— Chronic, Infective, Summer. Vol. I, p. 107. 
Anemia; Pernicious. Vol. I, p. 527. 
Microbian Bronchitis in Dogs. Vol. I, p. 225. 
Infectious Broncho-Pneumonia in Cattle, Corn Stalk 
Disease. Vol. I, p. 284. 
Pseudo-Membranous Laryngitis. Vol. I, p. 135. 
Fibrinous Pneumonia inthe Horse. Vol. I, p. 257. 
Caseating Lymph-Adenitis in Sheep. Vol. I, p. 397. 
Infective Endocarditis. Vol. I, p. 461. 
Infective Lymphangitis. Vol. I, p. 545. 
Diphtheria in Calves, Vol. II, p. 24. 
Ulcerative Stomatitis of Swine. Vol. II, p. 20. 
Mycotic Stomatitis ; Thrush in Sucklings. Vol. II, p. 36. 
Microbian Tonsilitis in Pigs. Vol. II, p.. 46. 
Diphtheria of Pigeons and Chickens. Vol. II, p. 67. 
Dysentery of Cattle. Vol. II, p. 244. 
Infective Gastro-Enteritis in the New Born. Vol. II, p. 

138. 

Gastro Bateritis from Umbilical Infection. Vol. II, p. 150. 
Hemorrhagic Gastro-Enteritis in the Dog. Vol. II, p. 

256. 

Infective Catarrhal Enteritis of Birds. Vol. IJ, p. 258. 
Coccidian Enteritis in Cattle. Vol. II, p. 262. 

eS iy Dog. Vol. II, p. 265. 

“ ss Rabbit. Vol. II, p. 266. 

Os o Birds. Vol. II, p. 267. 
Hemoglobinemia Azotemia. Azoturia. Vol. II, p. 445. 
Lupinosis. Vol. II, p. 486. 

Infective Hepatitis. Vol. II, p. 508. 

Cirrhosis from Senecio Jacobcea. Vol. II, p. 516. 

Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. Vol III, p. 118. 

Tubercle and other Infective Disease of the Vertebrz. 
Vol. III, p. 174. 

Parturition Fever (Paresis). Vol. III, p. 301. - 

Infectious Conjunctivitis in Herbivora. Vol. III, p. 370. 

Recurrent Ophthalmia. Vol. III, p. 406. 

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis inthe Horse. Vol. III, p. 
514. 

Rachitis. Vol. III, p. 575. 

Rarefying Osteitis. Vol. III, p. 509. 

Rheumatism. Vol. III, p. 538. 


700 


INDEX. 


ABORTION and ergot, 415. 

Abortion, contagious, 413. 

Abscesses, secondary, their seats, 21. 

Acne varioliforme, 202. 

Actinobacillosis, 695. 

Acute hemorrhagic toxemia, 174. 

Adynamiccatarrhal fever of the horse, 
145. 

Adynamic pneumonia, 128. 

Aerobes, 2. 

African fever, 617. 

Agglutinins, 8. 

Agglutination test in diagnosis, 54, 
279, 501. 

Alexins, 6. 

Ambocepter, 6. . 

Amceba Meleagridis, 432. 

Anzemia in dourite, 573. 

Anzemia pernicious, 535, 596, 635. 

Anzerobes, 2. 

Anasarca, 174. 

Anasarcous toxzemia, 174. 

Angora goats, septic lung disease in, 


° 


95. 
Anthrax, 234. 
Anthrax and protozoan cattle fever, 
» 605. 
Anthrax apoplectic, 235, 241. 
Anthrax bacillus, 239 
Anthrax bacillus, vitality, 240. 
Anthrax, causes, 236. 
Anthrax, definition, 235. 
Anthrax, differential diagnosis, 248. 
Anthrax, disinfection, 252. 
Anthrax, drainage of land, 259. 
Anthrax, emphysematous, 220. 
Anthrax, external, 242, 245. 
Anthrax, forms of, 241. 
Anthrax, fulminant, 241, 245. 
Anthrax, geographical distribution, 


235. 

Anthrax, history, 235. 

Anthrax, immunity after first attack, 
237. : 

Anthrax, immunization from, 253. 

Anthrax, immunization, modes of, 
255- 

Anthrax, imports restricted, 259. 

Anthrax in birds, 247. 

Anthrax, incubation, 225. 

Anthrax in dogs, 247. _ 

Anthrax, infection atria, 241. 


Anthrax in horse, 246. 

Anthrax in man, 260. 

Anthrax in man, causes, 260. 

Anthrax in man, forms, 262. 

Anthrax in man, intestinal, 263. 

Anthrax in man, lesions, 262. 

Anthrax in man, prevention, 265. 

Anthrax in man, pulmonary, 265. 

Anthrax in man, treatment, 266. 

Anthrax in sheep and goats, 246. 

Anthrax in swine, 246. 

Anthrax, interdiction of sales, 253. 

Anthrax, internal, 245. 

Anthrax, isolation, 252. 

An hrax, lesions, 242. 

Anthrax, mortality, 250. 

Anthrax, movement of herds, 252. 

Anthrax cedema, 262, 264. 

Anthrax, pathogenesis, 237. 

Anthrax, preveution in animals, 250, 

Anthrax, prognosis, 250. 

Anthrax symptoms, 244, 246, 247. 

Anthrax synonyms, 235. 

Anthrax toxins, 243. 

Anthrax, treatment, 260, 266. 

Antiagglutinins, 9. 

Antibodies, 9. ‘ 

Antihzemol; sins, 9. 

Antiisolysins, 9. 

Antiprecipitins, to. 

Antitoxins, Io. 

Aphtha epizoGtica, 359. 

Aphthous fever, 359. 

Apiosoma bigeminum, 589. 

Apoplectiform septic emia immuniza- 
tion, 441. 

Apoplectiform septicaemia in chick- 
ens, 437. 


Apoplectiform septiczemia, lesions, 
438. 
Apoplectiform septicemia, patho- 


genesis, 439. 

Apopiedionm septiczemia, symptoms 
430. 

Argentina, Lombriz in, 84. 

Arteritis and pyzemia, 20,° 

Aseptic fever, 25. 

Asthenia in chickens, 436. 

Asthenia in chickens, bacterium, 436. 

Asthenia in chickens, pathogenesis, 
436. 


702 


Asthenia in chickens, treatment, 
437. 

Australian tick fever, 586. 

Autolysins, 8. 

Avian and human bacillus of tubercle, 


Nocard’s experiment, 457. 


BABESIA bigeminum, 588. 

Bacilli in distemper, 207. 

Bacillus anthracis, 239 

Bacillus anthracis emphysematosa, 
222. 

Bacillus Chauveei, 222. 

Bacillus cholerz suis, 26, 40, 42. 

Bacillus gastromycosis ovis, 558; 

Bacillus liquefaciens bovis, ‘650. 

Bacillus mallei, 272. 

Bacillus necrophorus, 101, 690. 

Bacillus of emphysematous anthrax 
compared with that of anthrax, 223. 

Bacillus of emphysematous anthrax, 
vitality, 224. 

Bacillus of malignant cedema, 23. 

Bacillus of Nicolaier, 336. 

Bacillus of rouget, 36 

Bacillus of septicaemia haemorrhagica 
in cattle, 74, 81. 

Bacillus of septiceemia haemorrhagica 
in cattle, vitality of, 75. 

Bacillus of septicaemia baemorrhagica 
in sheep, 84, 91. 

Bacillus of swine plague, 65. 

Bacillus pestis suis, 65. 

Bacillus tetani, 336 

Bacillus tetani, asa saprophyte, 336. 

Bacillus tetani, toxins of, 338. 

Bacillus tuberculosis, 454 

Bacillus tuberculosis, action of disin- 
fectants on, 459 

Bacillus tapeiealaaix biology, 455. 

Bacillus tuberculosis, evolutionary 
forms, 456, 457 

Bacillus tuberculosis in diagnosis, 
501. 

Bacillus tuberculosis 
cattle, 510. 

Bacillus tuberculosis in man and ox, 
commion features, 514 

Bacillus tuberculosis in salted meat, 


in man and 


459. 

Bacillus tuberculosis, morphology, 
454 

Bacillus tuberculosis of man rendered 
pathogenic to bird, 513. 

Bacillus tuberculosis of man variable 
in potency, 512. 

Bacillus tuberculosis, staining, 455. 

Bacillus tuberculosis, vitality, 457. 

Bacteria, clumping of, 8, 


Index. 


Bacteria as compulsory parasites, 13 

Bacterium choleree gallinaceze, 192. 

Bacterium coli commune, 43. 

Bacterium of chicken asthenia, 436. 

Bacteriology of septicemia heemor- 
rhagica in cattle, 74. 

Barbone, 73. 

Bench show distemper, 220. 

Builious pneumonia 128. 

Birdpox, 202. 

Birds, molluscum contagiosum, 202. 

Blackhead in turkeys, 432. 

Blackleg, 221. 

Blackquarter, 30, 61, 220. 

Black water, 586. 

Blautong, 564. 

Blitz catarrh, 146. 

Blood clots, infective, 20. 

Blood globules, clumping of, 8. 

Blood, relation to pyzemia of microbes 
and toxins in, 21. 

Blue sickness, 39. 

Blue tongue in horse, 564. 

Bones, tubercle of, 480. 

BoGphilus Annulatus, 591. 

Bodphilus bovis, 591. 

Bodphilus annulatus as the cause of 
Texas fever, 591. 

Boodphilus, dressing for, 607. 

BoOphilus, its destruction on pastures, 
608. 

Bou frida, 97. 

Bovine periodic fever, 586. 

Bovine pleuro pneumonia, 646. 

Bovine yellow fever, 586. 

Bradsnt, 556. 

Brain, tubercle of, 494. 

Braxy, 556. 

Braxy, causes, 557. 

Braxy, definition, 556. 

Braxy. geographical distribution, 556. 

Braxy, its bacteriology, 558. 

Braxy, lesions, 559 

Braxy, pathogenesis, 558. 

Braxy, prevention, 560. 

Braxy, symptoms, 559. 

Braxy, treatment, 561. 

Breeding paralysis, 568. 

Brine poisoning of pigs, 57. 

Broken buttock, 582. 

Bronchitis, infectious stable, 144. 

Brustseuche, 128. 

Buffalo disease, 73. 


CADERAS, mal de, 582. 
Calcified tubercle, 475 

Canine distemper, 204. 

Canine madness, 301. 
Carbuncular fever, 235, 244, 39. 


Index. 


Carceag, 620. 

Caseated tubercle, 474. 

Catarrhal fever, adynamic, 145. 

Catarrh, infectious bronchial, in dog, 
220. 

Cattle, Contagious foot rot in, ror. 

Cattle lung plague, 645. 

Cattle plague, 670. 

Cattle plague, accessory causes, 675. 

Cattle plague, bacteriology, 674. 

aes plague, channels of infection, 

75: 

Cattle plague, definition, 671. 

Cattle plague, gastro-intestinal le- 
sions, 677. 

Cattle plague, historic notes, 672. 

Cattle plague, immunity, 684, 675. 

Cattle plague, lesions, 676. 

Cattle plague, pathogenesis, 674, 675. 

Cattle plague, susccptibility to, 675. 

Cattle, pulmonary tuberculosis in, 


475- 

Cattle, septiceemia in, 73, 81. 

Cattle tick, 591. 

Cattle, ulcerative infection of the 
limbs in, Ioo. 

Chancrous epizodtic, 568. 

Charbon, 234. 

Charbon blanc, 174. 

Charbon symptomatique, 220. 

Chauveau’s experiments on tubercu- 
losis, 453. 

Chicken cholera, ror. 

Chicken cholera, accessory causes, 


193: 
Chicken cholera, bacteriology, 192. 
Chicken cholera, diagnosis, 196. 
Chicken cholera, distribution, 191 
Chicken cholera, history, 1gt. 
Chicken cholera, immunization from, 

197. 

Chicken cholera, incubation, 194. 

Chicken cholera, lesions, 195. 

Chicken cholera, losses from, 192 

Chicken cholera, pathogenesis, 193. 

Chicken cholera, prevention, 197. 

Chicken cholera, prognosis, 197. 

Chicken cholera, symptoms, 194. 

Chicken cholera, treatment, 198. 

Chicken pasteurellosis, rgr. 

Chicken pest, 199. 

Chicken typhoid, rgr. 

Cholera suis, 38. 

Cimurro, 205. 

Clavelee, 39r. 

Cocco bacilli in distemper, 207. 

Cocco bacillus of contagious pneu 
monia of the horse, 131. 

Cocotte, 146 


793 


Colonization of microbes, 2. 

Consumption, 443. 

Contagious abortion, 413. 

Contagious abortion, accessory causes, 
4T4. 

Contagious abortion, 
munity, 424. 

Contagious abortion bacillus of colon 
group, 421, 422. 

Contagious abortion, 
420. 

Contagious abortion, Bang’s bacillus, 
422. 

Contagious abortion, casual infec- 
tions, 418. 

Contagious abortion, definition, 414. 

Contagious abortion, exclusion, 429. 

Contagious abortion, experimental 
infections, 418. 

Contagious abortion, extinction, 430. 

Contagious abortion, immune iufect- 
ing, 426. 

Contagious abortion in mares, 428. 

Contagious abortion, lesions, 427. 


acquiredim- 


bacteriology, 


Contagious abortion, micrococcus, 
421. 

Contagious abortion, pathogenesis, 
414, 417, 418. 


Contagious abortion, pathology, 420. 

Contagious abortion, prevention, 429. 

Contagious abortion, symtoms, 427. 

Contagious abortion, synonyms, 414. 

Contagious abortion, treatment, 430. 

Contagious abortion, varieties, 421. 

Contagious pleuro-pneumonia, 645. 

Contagious pneumonia and influenza, 
166 7. 

Contagious pneumonia causes, 129. 

Contagious pueumonia, convalescents 
infecting, 130. 

Contagious pneumonia, 
128. 

Contagious pneumonia, history, 128. 

Contagions pneumonia in horse, 128. 

Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
bacteriology of, 131. 

Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
course, 137 

Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
diagnosis, 138. 

Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
immunization against, 143. 

Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
incubation, 134. 

Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
lesions, 133. 

Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
prevention, 141. 


definition, 


he, ‘ 
704 


Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
prognosis, 138. 

Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
quarantine for, 142. 

Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
serum therapy of, 143. 

Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
symptoms, 134. 

Contagious pneumonia in the horse, 
treatment, 139. 

Contagious pneumonia less diffusible 
than influenza, 130. 

Copula, 6. 

Cornstalk disease, 73. 

Coronet, gangrene of, 109. 

Coryza contagiosa equorum, IIo. 

Coryza gangrenosa, 174. 

Cowpox, 384. 

Cowpox, causes, 384. 

Cowpox, course, 390. 

Cowpox, diagnosis, 389. 

Cowpox, prognosis, 390. 

Cowpox, symptoms, 388. 

Cowpox, treatment, 390. 

Curtice’s smear for bodphilus, 608. 

Cynolyssa, 302. 


DEFENSIVE products of body, 5. 

De Schweinitz, serum therapy in 
swine plague, 70. 

De Schweinitz, serum treatment in 
hog cholera, 60. 

Desmon, 6. 

Destruction of red globules, 596 

Diagnosis of septicemia haemor- 
rhagica in cattle, 79. 

Diagnosis of swine plague, 69. 

Diastashemia, 174. 

Dikkopziekte, 561. 

Diphtheria in pig, 38. 

Diplococcus pneumonize Contagiosze 
Equi, 131. 

Disinfection in hog cholera, 61, 

Distemper, forms of, 209. 

Distemper in dogs and cats, 204. 

Distemper in dogs, causes, 206. 

Distemper in dogs, cutaneous symp 
toms, 212. 

Distemper in dogs, definition, 205. 

Distemper in dogs, digestive symp 
toms, 212. 

Distemper in dogs, eye symptoms, 
211. 

Distemper in dogs, history, 205. 

Distemper in dogs, immunization, 
215. 

Distemper in dogs, incubation, 210. 

Distemper in dogs, lesions, 213 


Index. 


Distemper in dogs, microbiology of, 
207. 

Distemper in dogs, nervous symp- 
toms, 213. 

Distemper in dogs, pathogenesis, 205, 
209. 

Distemper in dogs, prevention, 214. 

Distemper in dogs, respiratory symp- 
toms, 210. 

Distemper in dogs, symptoms, 210. 

Distemper in dogs, synonyms, 205. 

Distemper in dogs, treatment, 216. 

Distemper in young horses, 110. 

Distemper, mortality, 209. 

Distemper of bench show, 220. 

Distemper, prognosis, 210. 

Distemper, virulent products in, 2or. 

Dog ill, 204. 

Dog pox, 405. 

Dogs, paludism in, 624. 

Dourine, 568. 

Dourine, abdominal lesions, 573. 

Dourine, causes, 561. 

Dourine, changes in blood, 573. 

Dourine, definition, 568. 

Dourine, diagnosis, 577. 

Dourine, extinction of, 579, 

Dourine, history, 569. 

Dourine, history in America, 569. 

Dourine in geldings, 569. 

Dourine, its primary home, 569. 

Dourine, lesions in dog, 574. 

Dourine, lesions in horse, 572. 

Dourine, lesions in mare, 574. 

Dourine, microbiology, 570. 

Dourine, nervous lesions, 572. 

Dourine, pathogenesis, 568. 

Dourine, prevention, 579. 

Dourine, prognosis, 578. 

Dourine, symptoms, 574. 

Dourine, symptoms in ass and mule, 
578. 

Dourine, symptoms in dog, 578. 

Dourine, symptoms in mare, 576. 

Dourine, symptoms in rabbits, 579. 

Dourine, treatment, 579. 

Dropsies in malignant cedema, 29. 

Dropsy of connective tissue, 174. 

Druse, III. 

Dunpaardziekte, 56r. 


East coast fever, African, 617. 
Eczema epizootica, 359. 
Edematous pneumonia, 128. 
Elimination of microbes, 3. 
Embolism and pyzeniia, 20. 
Emphysematous anthrax, 220. 
Emphysematous anthrax, accessory 
causes, 224. 


Index. 


Emphysematous anthrax, causes, 222. 

Emphysematous anthrax, definition, 
221. 

Bue se aerae anthrax, diagnosis, 
226. 

Emphysematous anthrax, distribu- 
tion, 221. 

Emphysematous anthrax, immuniza- 
tion, 230. 

Emphysematous anthrax, incubation, 
225. 

Emphysematousanthraz, lesions, 226. 

Emphysematous anthrax, pathogene- 
sis, 222. 

Em physematous anthrax, prevention, 
228. 

Emphysematous anthrax, symptoms, 
225. 

Emphysematous anthrax, synonyms, 
221. 

Emphysematous anthrax, treatment, 
227. 

Emprosthotonos, 342. 

Entejado, 8r. 

Entequé, 81. 

Entero-hepatitis, amoeba of, 432 

Entero-hepatitis, diagnosis, 434. 

Entero hepatitis, lesions, 433. 

‘Entero-hepatitis, prevention, 435. 

Entero-hepatitis, symptoms, 433. 

Entero-hepatitis, tyeatment, 435. 

Enzootic abortion, 413. 

Epithelioma contagiosa, 202. 

Epizootic, 146 

Epizo6tic abortion, 413. 

Epizootic catarrh, 146. 

Epizootic cellulitis, 146, 173. 

Epizootic paraplegia, 568. 

Epizoétic pleuro pneumonia, 645. 

Equine influenza. 145. 

_ Equine syphilis, 568. 

Equinia, 270. 

Ergot and abortion, 415. 

Erysipelas in swine, 33. 

Eye, tubercle of, 480. 


Farcy, 277. 

Farcy in cattle, 296. 

Fermentation fever, 24, 

Fibroid tubercle, 475. 

Fibrosis iu tubercle, 475. 

Fixative, 6. 

Foot and mouth disease, 359. 

Foot and mouth disease, bacteriology, 

61. 

Foot and mouth disease, causes, 361. 

Foot and mouth disease, definition, 
360. 


795 


Foot and mouth disease, diagnosis, 
365. 

Foot and mouth disease, geographi- 
cal distribution, 360. 

Foot and mouth disease, history, 360. 

Foot aud mouth disease, infection of 
man, 365. ‘ 

Foot and mouth disease in man, pre- 
vention, 367. 

Foot and mouth disease, mortality, 
367. 

Foot and mouth disease, pathogene- 
SiS, 359. 

Foot and mouth disease, prevention, 


397. 

Foot and mouth disease, prognosis, 
364. 

Foot and mouth disease, symptoms, 


363 

Foot and mouth disease, symptoms in 
man, 365. 

Foot and mouth disease, treatment, 
367, 368. 

Foot and mouth disease, treatment in 
man, 367. 

Foot and mouth disease, virulent pro- 
ducts, 362. 

Fowl cholera, 191. 


GANGRENE in malignant cedema, 29. 
Gangrene of coronet in horse, 109. 
Garrapata, 595. 

Gastro conjunctivitis, 146. 
Gastro-enteric epizodtic, 146. 

Gastro- mycosis ovis, 556. 

Genital catarrh, infectious in rabbits, 


4Il. 

Genital tuberculosis, symptoms, 493. 

Genito-urinary tubercle, 479. 

Gerlach’s experiments on tubercu- 
losis, 453. 

Glanders, 270. 

Glanders, acute, symptoms of 275. 

Glanders, causes, 271. 

Glanders, chronic, symptoms of, 276, 
278. 7 

Glanders, cutaneous, symptoms, 281. 

Glanders, definition, 270. 

Glanders, diagnosis, 278. 

Glanders, forms of, 275. 

Glanders, geographical distribution, 
270 

Glanders in carnivora, 284. 

Glanders, infection atria, 274. 

Glanders in frog, 284. 

Glanders in man, 285. 

Glanders in man, causes, 285. 

Glanders in man, lesions, 289. 

Glanders in man, symptoms, 287. 


706 


Glanders in man, treatment, 295. 
Glanders in rodents, 283. 
Glanders in sheep and goat, 283. 
Glanders in swine, 282. 
Glanders, latent or occult, 278. 
Glanders, lesions of, 280. 
Glanders, pathogenesis, 271. 
Glanders, prevention, 290. 
Glanders, synonyms, 270. 
Glanders, treatment, 290, 293, 295. 
Glossanthrax, 73, 242, 245. 
Glossina morsitans, 642. 
Goatpox, 404. 

Goats, septic lung disease in, 95. 
‘*Going light’; 436. 

Goose septiczemia, 696. 

Gourme, IIo. 

Grapes, 443. 

‘“Grease’”’, 381. 

Great white plague, 443. 


HAMAGGLUTININS, 8. 

Hemaphbysalis leachi, 625. 

Hemaphysalis rosea, 595. 

Heematoblasts and blood globules in 
pyzemia, 20. 

Heenoolysins, 5. 

Heemolysis in influenza, 163. 
Hemorrhagic septicemia in chick- 
ens, I9I. ; 

He morrhoidal anthrax, 242, 246. 

Haptophore, 6. 

Heart, tubercle of, 477, 486, 495. 

Hog cholera, 38. 

Hog cholera, accessory causes, 46. 

Hog cholera, accessory causes, re- 
moval of, 55. 

Hog cholera and faulty feeding, 47. 

Hog cholera and interstate sanitary 
work, 62. 

Hog cholera and state rights, 62. 

Hog cholera bacillus, 4o. 

Hog cholera bacillus and allied or- 
ganisms, table of, 42, 44. 

Hog cholera, definition, 38. 

Hog cholera, diagnosis of, 53. 

Hog cholera, disinfection, 61. 

Hog cholera, disseminated by com- 
merce, 59, 

Hog cholera, extinction in herds, 62. 

Hog cholera, fulminant, 51. 

Hog cholera, gastro-intestinal lesions 
of, 51. 

Hog cholera germ, carried by ani- 
mals, 47, 59. 

Hog cholera germ, carried by flies, 
47, 58. 

Hog cholera germ, exclusion of, 58. 

Hog cholera, history 39. 


Index. 


Hog cholera, immunization, 60. 

Hog cholera, incubation, 51. 

Hog cholera losses in U,S., 40. 

Hog cholera, market restrictions, 61. 

Hog cholera microbe, invisible, 44. 

Hog cholera, poisoning mistaken for, 
48, 49. ; 

Hog cholera, precautions for owner, 
60, 


Hog cholera, prevention, 55. 

Hog cholera restrictions in England, 
61. 

Hog cholera, serum treatment, 63. 

Hog cholera, spread through markets 
and butcher shops, 49. 

Hog cholera, Swine plague and Rou- 
get, table of differential symptoms, 

6 


Hog cholera, symptoms, 33. 
Hog cholera, symptoms of acute form, 


51. 

Hog cholera. symptoms of sub-acute 
form, 53. 

Hog cholera, synonyms 39. 

Hog cholera, therapeutic treatment, 


63. 
Hog cholera, Widal test in, 54. 
Holzkrankheit, 586. 
Horse, gangrene of coronet in, Io9. 
Horse pox, 381. 
Horse pox, symptoms, 382. 
Horse pox, treatment, 384. 
Horse sickness, 561. 
Horse sickness, definition, 562. 
Horse sickness, forms of, 564. 
Horse sickness, from damp, green 
fodder, 564. 
Horse sickness, geographical distri- 
bution, 562. 
Horse sickness, immunity, 566. 
Horse sickness, lesions, 565. 
Horse sickness, pathogenesis, 514. 
Horse sickness, ultramicroscopic 
organism of, 563. 
Horse sickness, prevention, 562, 
Horse sickness, symptoms, 564. 
Hydrophobia, 301, 322. 
Hydrophobia, diagnosis, 315. 
Hydrophobia, symptoms, 309. 


ICTERO-HMATURIA in sheep, 620. 

Immunity, 3. 

Immunity, congenital, 3. 

Immunity, racial, 3. 

Immunity, acquired, 4. 

Immunization, 4, 

Immunization against apoplectiform 
septiceemia, 441. 


Index. 


Immunization against hog cholera, 
- 60, 
Immiunization against sheeppox, 4or. 
Immunization against strangles, 125. 
Immunization against Texas fever, 
6rI. ; 
Immunization, conditions of, 11, 
Immunization, factors modifying, 12. 
Immunization, from anthrax, 253. 
Immunization from canine distemper, 


215. 

Immunization from chicken cholera, 
197. 

Immunization from hog cholera, 44, 


Immunization from septicemia 
hzemorrhagica of cattle, 80. 

Immunization from swine plague, 69. 

Immunization in rabies, 330, 333. 

Infarction in pyzemia, 22. 

Infection atria, 1. 

Infections, purulent and septic, 17. 

Infectious abortion, 413. 

Infectious bronchial catarrh in dogs, 
220. 

Infectious entero-hepatitis in turkeys, 


432. 
Infectious genital cartarrh in rabbits, 


4Il. 

Infectious stable bronchitis, 128. 

Infectious stomatitis in lambs and 
kids, 411. 

Infectious stomatitis in lambs, causes, 
412. 

Infections stomatitis, lesions, 412. 

Infectious stomatitis, mortality, 413. 

Infectious stomatitis, pathogenesis, 
412. 

Infectious stomatitis, prevention, 413. 

Infectious stomatitis, streptococcus 
of, 412. 

Infectious stomatitis, symptoms, 411 

Infectious stomatitis, treatment, 413. 

Infective blood clots, 21. 

Infective myelo- meningitis, 548. 

Infective ulceration of anus and vulva 
in cattle, 651. 

Inflammatory cedema, 187. 

Influenza, accessory causes, 155. 

Influenza, as compared with croup 
ous pneumonia, 166. 

Influenza, bacteriology, 153. 

Influenza, catarrhal symptoms, 158. 

Influenza, cocci and cocco-bacilli 153. 

Influenza, complications in, 162. 

Influenza, contagion, 147. 

Influenza, diagnosis of, 165. 

Influenza, diagnostic symptoms 157, 

. 166, 


797 


Influenza, digestive disorder, 160. 
Influenza, equine, 145. 
Influenza, exudations, 164, 166 
Influenza, gastro-intestinal lesions in, 
160, I61. 
Influenza, 
Influenza, 
Influenza, 
Influenza, 
Influenza, 
Influenza, 


hemolysis in, 163. 
history, 147, 148. 
immunity, 156, 172. 
incubation, 156. 
inoculations, 153. 
lesions, 162. 

Influenza, leucocytosis, in, 163. 
Influenza, mortality, 167. 
Influenza, nervous symptoms, 161. 
Influenza of 1872-3, 148. 

Influenza, ophthalmicsymptoms, 161. 
Influenza phenomena as compared 
with contagious pneumonia, 166. 

Influenza, prevention, 172. 

Influenza, prognosis, 167. . 

Influenza, pulmonary Jesions in, 164. 

Influenza, quarantine for, 172. 

Influenza, rheumatoid, symptoms, 
162. 

Influenza, symptoms, 157. 

Influenza, thoracic symptoms 159. 

Influenza, treatment, 168. 

Inoculation in diagnosis, 501. 

Intestinal anthrax in man, 263. 

Isolysins, 8. 

Ixodic anemia, 586. 

Ixodic toxzemia, 548. 

Ixodes Algeriensis, 595. 

Ixodes annulata, 595. 

Ixodes bovis, 591. 

IxodesiDugesii, 595 


KLEBS’ experiments on tuberculosis, 
453- 


LA GRIPPE, 145. 

Lambs and kids, infectious stomatitis 
in, 411. 

Laminitis in influenza, 162. 

Lesions in haemorrhagic septicemia 
in sheep, 87. ; 

Lesions in septiceemia heemorrhagica 
in cattle, 77, 82, 83. 

Lesions of swine plague, 67.: 

Leucocytosis in influenza, 163. 

Leucophlegmasia, 174. 

Liver, tubercle of 478. 

Lockjaw, 334. 

Lombriz, 84. 

Louping-ill, 548. 

Lung diesase in Angora goats, 95. 

Lungenseuche, 645 

Lung plague, 74, 645. 

Lung plague, abortions in, 660. 


708 


Lung plague, absent from lands breed- 
ing all their cattle, 647, 649. 
Lung plague, acute symptoms, 659. 
Lung plague and aspergillus, 663. 
Lung plague, and bronchitis, 662. 
Lung plague and emphysema, 663. 
Lung plague, and fibrinous pneumo- 
nia, 663. 
Lung plague and foreign body in the 
heart, 663. 
Lung plague and hemorrhagic septi- 
ceemia, 663. 
Lung plague and infectious pneumo- 
nia, 663. : 
Lung plague and Oldenburg, 648. 
Lung plague and pulmonary conges- 
tion, 664. 
Lung plague, and tuberculosis, 662. 
Lung plague and verminous bron- 
chitis, 663. 
Lung plague, auscultation in, 660. 
Lung plague, bacteriology, 650. 
Lung plague, bronchial exudates, 
657. 
Lung plague, causes, 649. 
Lung plague, chronic form, 661. 
Lung plague, complex infection, 661. 
Lung plague, contagion through the 
air, 652. 
Lung plague, course, 660. 
Lung plague definition, 646. 
Lung plague, diagnosis, 661. 
Lung plague, duration of infection in 
sequestra, 654. 
Lung plague, exclusion of infected 
things, 665. 
Lung plague, extension into new 
countries, 647. 
ee plague, extensions in autumn, 
54. 
Lung plague, 
lung, 656. 
Lung plague, history, 646. 
Tang plague, honey combed lung, 
56. 
Lung plague, immunity of secluded 
islands, mountains, etc. , 649. 
Lung plague, immunizing by a first 
attack, 666. : 
Lung plague in Atlantic States, 648. 
Luug plague in Australia, 649. 
Lung plague in Brooklyn, 648. 
Lung plague in cattle, 645. 
Lung plagne, incubation, 657. 
Lung plague in Denmark, 647. 
pad plague, individual receptivity, 
58. 
Lung plague in England 647. 
Lung plague, infarction of lung, 655. 


granular, hepatised 


Index. 


Lung plague, infection by mingling 
of herds, 652, 654. * 
Lung plague, infection through active 
trade, 653. 

Lung plague, infection through at- 
tendants, 652. 

Lung plague, infection through con- 
valescent, 654. 

Lung plague, infection through food, 
652 


Lung plague, infection through ma- 
nure, 653. ' 

Lung plague, infection through pas- 
tures, 652. 

Lung plague, infection through sta- 
bles, 653. 

Lung plague, infection through un- 
fenced places, 652. 

Lung plague, infection through water- 
ing troughs, 652. 

Lung plague, infiltrated lung, 655. 

Lung plague in Holland, 647. 

Lung plague in Ireland, 647. 

Lung plague, injection of sterilized 
serum subcutem, 668. 

Lung plague in Massachusetts, 648. 

Lung plague in Mississippi Valley, 
648, 

Lung plague in New Jersey, 648, 649. 

Lung plague in Norway, 647. 

Lung plague, inoculation in tail, 667. 

Lung plague, inoculation methods, 
667. 

Lung plague in Schleswig, 648. 

Lung plague. insidious onset, 658. 

Lung plague in South Africa, 649. 

Lung plague in Sweden. 647. 

Lung plague in Tasmania and New 
Zealand, 649. 

Lung plague, intravenous inoculation, 
668. 


Lung plague, pharyngeal lesions, 657. 

Lung plague, lesions, 655. 

Lung plague, limits of admissible im- 
munization, 669. 

Lung plague, marbled lung, 655. 

Lung plague, measures to extirpate, 
665. 

Lung plague microbe, Nocard’s cul- 
ture of, 650. 

Lung plague, micrococci and bacilli 
in, 650. 

Lung plague, modes of transmission, 
6 


SI. 
Lung plague, only by infection, 649. 
Lung plague, percussion, 660. 
Lung plague, pericardial exudates, 
657. 
Lung plague, pleural exudates, 656, 


4HUEA,. 


Lung plague, prevention, 664. 

Lung plague, private control of, 666. 

Lung plague, proclivity of breeds, 654. 

Lung plague, quarantine for, 664. 

Lung plague, recoveries, 660. 

Lung plague, refrangent corpuscles 
in, 651. 

Lung plague, sequestra, 622. 

He plague, stalactite like bronchia, 

56. 

Lung plague; suppression in America, 

\ 648. 

Lung plague, symptoms, 658. 

Lung plague, synonyms, 646. 

Lung plague, thoracic glands in 657. 

Lung plague, transient cases, 658. 

Lung plague, treatment, 664. 

Lung plage, varying receptivity, 654. 

Lymphangitis epizootica, 296. 

Lymphangitis farcinoides, 296. 

Lymphangitis saccharomycotica, 296. 

Lymphangitis saccharomycotica, dis. 
tribution, 296. 

Lymphangitis saccharomycotica, pa- 
thogenesis, 296. 

Lymphangitis sa cc haro mycotica., 
symptoms, 297. 

Lymphangitis s acc har o my cotica, 
treatment, 298. 

Lymphangitis ulcerosa, 296. 

Lymph glands, tubercle of, 481. 

Lyssa, 302. . 

Lytta, 302. 


MAGENSEUCHE, 671. 

Maladie de bois, 586. 

Maladie de jeune age, 205. 

Maladie des chiens, 205. 

Maladie du coit, 568. 

Mal de Caderas, 582. 

Mal de tete de contagion. 174. 

Malignant carbuncle, 262. 

Malignant cedema, 27 

Malignant cedema, abscessfrom small 
dose, 30. 

Malignant cedema, cause, 28 

Malignant cedema, diagnosis, 30. 

Malignant cedema, immunization, 30. 

Malignant cedema, infection channels 
28. 

Malignant cedema, invasion by the 
intestine, 29. 

Malignant cedema, lesions, 29. 

Malignant cedema, pathogenesis, 28. 

Malignant cedema, prevention, 30. 

Malignant cedema, symptoms, 29. 

Malignant cedema, treatment, 3o. 

Malignant cedema with proteus vul- 
garis or micrococcus, 28. 


799 


ae protozoan jaundicein dogs, 

24, 

Malignant pustule, 262. 

Malignant vesicle, 262. 

Malleinization, 293. 

Mallein test, 279. 

Malleus, 270. 

Malleus gangrenosa, 174. 

Mammary tubercle, 493, 479. 

Mammary tuberculosis, symptoms, 
479, 493. 

Measles in swine, 39 

Mexican fever, 586. 

Microbes, affinity for tissues, 3. 

Microbes, elimination, 3. 

Microbes, modified by environment, 
Sir. 

Microbes, their extinction, or restric- 
tion, 16. 

Micrococci in distemper, 207. 

Micrococcus caprinus, 96. 

Micrococcus prodigiosus in malignant 
cedema, 29. 

Milk sickness, 370. 

Milk sickness, contagion, 371. 

Milk sickness, geographical distribu- 
tion, 370.. 

Milk sickness, incubation, 374. 

Milk sickness in man, 375. 

Milk sickness, lesions, 376 

Milk sickness, prevention, 376. 

Milk sickness, symptoms, 374, 375 

Milk sickness, treatment, 376. - 

Milzbrand, 235. 

Molluscum contagiosum in birds, 202. 

Moor ill, 586. 

Morbus maculosus, 174 

Muscles, tubercle of, 480. 


NAGANA, 641. 

Nagana, alike on flesh and vegetable 
food, 642, 644. 

Nagana, anemia in, 643. 

Nagana, animals susceptible, 642. 

Nagana, attempts at immunization, 


44. 

Nagana, elephants and zebras im- 
mune, 642. 

Nagana, eye lesions, 643. 

Nagana, inoculation, 642. 

Nagana, lesions, 643. 

Nagana, muscular wasting and debil- 
ity, 643. 

Nagana, not prevented by surra, 644. 

Nagana, cedema in, 643. 

Nagana, pigeons and hens immune, 
642. 

Nagana, prevention, 644. 

Nagana, symptoms of, 643. 


710 


Nagana, toxins, 644. 

Nagana, virulent products, 642. 

Nagana, vitality of virus, 642. 

Necrobacillosis, ror. 

Nervous fever, 146. 

Nocard’s culture of lung plague mi- 
crobe, 650-1. 


CEDEMA mycosis, 561. 

(Edema mycosis, causes, 562. 

C&dema mycosis, pathogenesis, 562. 

Omphalitis, 22. 

Opisthotonos, 342. 

Orthrotonos, 342. 

Osteomyelitis, 22. 

Ovination, 4o1. 

Ovination, technique, 402. 

Oxygen, used by horse, ox and pig, 
55, 57- 


PaLupIsM in cattle, 586. 
Paludism in dogs, 627. 
Paludism in dogs, anzemia in, 625. 
Paludism in dogs, geographical dis- 
. tribution, 624. 
Paludism in dogs, hemolysis in, 625. 
Paludism in dogs, lesions, 627. 
Paludism in dogs, microbiology, 625. 
Paludism in dogs, prevention, 627. 
Paludism in dogs, symptoms, 626. 
Paludism in dogs, treatment, 627. 
Paludism in horses, 627. 
Paludism in horses, anemia in, 629. 
Paludism in horse, causes, 628. 
Paludism in horses, duration, 629. 
Paludism in horses, geographical dis- 
tribution, 628. : 
-Paludism in horses, hemolysis, 629. 
Paludism in horses, icterus in, 629. 
a in horses, immunization, 
29. 
Paludism in horses, lesions, 629. 
canoe in horses, microbiology, 
28. 
Paludism in fresh horses, mortality, 
628. 
Paludism in horses, prevention, 630. 
Paludism in horses, remissions, 629. 
Paludism in horses, symptoms, 629. 
Paludism in horses, treatment, 630. 
Paludism in horses, vertigo in, 629. 
Paludism in sheep, 620. 
Paludism in sheep, duration, 623. 
Paludism in sheep, geographical dis- 
tribution, 620-1, 
Paludism in sheep, lesions, 622. 
Paludism in sheep, microbiology, 622. 
Paludism in sheep, prevention, 623. 
Paludism in sheep, symptoms, 623. 


Index. 


Pancreas, tubercle of, 479. 

Paralysis of breeding solipeds, 568. 

Paraplegia, infectious of solipeds in 
Maraja, 582. 

Paraplegic trypanosomiasis, 582. 

Pasteurellosis ovina, 84. 

Pathogenesis, modes of microbian, 1. 

Pathogenesis of septicaemia hzemor- 
rhagica in cattle, 75. 

Peltrot, 391. 

Peripneumonia exudativa, 646. 

Peripneumonie, 646. 

Pernicious anzemia in horse, 631. 

Perroncito, serum treatment in hog 
cholera, 63. 

Pest bovine, 671. 

Pestis bovina, 671. 

Petechial fever, 174. 

Petechial fever, antistreptococcic 
serum in, 186, 

Petechial fever, a sequel to other 
diseases, 176. 

Petechial fever, causes, 175. 

Petechial fever, course and duration, 
181, 

Petechial fever, definition, 174. 

Petechial fever, diagnosis, 181. 

Petechial fever in cattle, 187. 

Petechial fever in cattle, causes, 187. 

Petechial fever in cattle, diagnosis, 
189. 

Petechial fever in cattle, lesions, 188.. 

Petechial fever in cattle, prevention, 
189. 

Petechial fever in cattle, symptoms, 
188, ‘ 

Petechial fever in cattle, treatment, 
190. 

Petechial fever, intra-tracheal treat- 
ment, 185. 

Petechial fever, intra-venous treat-- 
ment, 186. 

Petechial fever, lesions, 176. 

Petechial fever, mortality, 182. 

Petechial fever, prognosis, 182. 

Petechial fever, symptoms, 178. 

Petechial fever, synonyms, 174. 

Petechial fever, treatment, 183. 

Peters, serum treatment in hog chol- 
era, 63. 

Phagocytosis, 5. 

Pharyngeal anthrax, 242, 245. 

Philippines, paludism in horses in, 629. 

Phlebitis and pyzemia, 20. 

Phthisis in cattle, 442, 475. 

Picotte, 391. 

Pigs poisoned by brine, 57. 

Pigs poisoned by soaps, 57. 

Pig typhoid, 39. 


Index. 


Pining, 442. 

Pink eye, 146, 173. 

Piroplasma, I. 

re aan bigeminum, life history, 
5°9- 

Pirosoma bigeminum, 589. 

‘Piroplasmosis in dog, 624. 

Piroplasmosis in cattle, 586, 617. 

Piroplasmosis in sheep, 620. 

Piroplasmosis in horse, 627. 

Pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa equo- 
rum, 128. 

Pleurosthotonos, 343. 

Pneumo-enteritis in cattle, 73. 

Pneumo-enteritis, infectious in sheep, 
ee 

Pneumo-enteritis in the horse, 145. 

Pneumo-enteritis in pig, 39 

Pneumonia, chronic in goats, 95. 

Pneumonia contagious, 128. 

Pneumonia sporadic, 73. 

Pneumosarcia, 646. 

Pockenseuche, 671. 

Poisoning mistaken for hog cholera, 
48, 49. 

Potchetchoui, 109. 

Potency, cycles of, 14. 

Powdered soaps poison pigs, 48. 

Pox, 377. 

Precipitins, 9. 

Preparator, 6. 

Prevention of septiceemia hzemorrha- 
gica in cattle, 80, 83. 

Prevention of septicaemia heemorrha- 
gica in sheep, 89, 94. 

Prevention of swine plague, 69. 

Prognosis of strangles, 123. 

Protective infection, 4. 

Protective intoxication, 4. 

Proteus vulgaris in malignant cedema, 
29. 

Protozoan cattle fever, 586. 

Protozoan cattle fever, anemia in, 
596. : 

ee cattle fever and anthrax, 
605. 

Protozoan cattle fever, bile in, 598. 

Protozoan cattle fever, causes, 545, 
588. 

Protozoan cattle fever, course, 603. 

Protozoan cattle fever, diagnosis, 604. 

Protozoan cattle fever, heemolysis, 596. 

Protozoan cattle fever, history, 587.. 

Protozoan cattle fever, immunization, 
611. 

Protozoan cattle fever, incubation, 


Protozoan cattle fever, kidney lesions, 
599- 


TIL 


Protozoan cattle fever, lesions, 596. 

Protozoan cattle fever, liver lesions, 
598. 

Protozoan cattle fever, microbiology, 


Protozoan cattle fever, mortality, 603. 
Protozoan cattle fever, prevention, 


oa cattle fever, spleen lesions, 

59°. 

Protozoan cattle fever, symptoms, 
601, 603. 

Pegronge ictero hematuria in sheep, 

20. 

Pseudo tuberculosis, 545, 547. 

Pulmonary murrain, 646. 

Pulmonary tubercle in cattle, 489. 

Purples, 39. 

Purpura hemorrhagica, 174. 

Purulent infections, 17. 

Pyemia, 17. 

Pyzemia and septicaemia, distinction, 
18. 

Pyzemia, causes, 19. 

Pyzemia, delay of access, 21. 

Pyzemia, lesions of, 22. 

Pyzemia, mortality, 23. 

Pyzemia, prevention, 23. 

Pyzmia, symptoms, 22. 

Pyzmia, treatment, 24. 

Pyzmic blood, effect of different 
doses, 20, 

Pyroplasma in cattle, 589. 

Pyroplasma in dogs, 625. 

Pyroplasma in sheep, 622. 


QUARTER ill, 221. 
Quebra bunda, 582. 


Ragsits, infectious genital catarrh 
in, 411. 

Rabidus canis, 301. 

Rabies, 301. 

Rabies, cases in ratio with bites, 307. 

Rabies, causes, 303. 

Rabies, countries immune, 303. 

Rabies, definition, 302. 

Rabies, diagnosis, 315. 

Rabies, diagnosis in man, 324. 

Rabies, eradication from a country, 
328, 

Rabies, furious symptoms, 311. : 

Rabies, geographical distribution, 303. 

Rabies in cainel and deer, 320. 

Rabies, incubation, 308. 

Rabies, lesions, 325. 

Rabies, lethargic symptoms, 314. 

Rabies, microbe of, 306, 307. 

Rabies, orrotherapy in, 327, 332. 


712 


Rabies, paralytic.symptoms, 313." 

Rabies, pathogenesis, 302. 

Rabies, premonitory symptoms, 309. 

Rabies, prevention, 328. ‘ 

Rabies, symptoms in birds, 321. 

Rabies, symptoms in cats, 317. 

Rabies, symptoms in cattle, 318. 

Rabies, symptoms in dogs, 309. 

Rabies, symptoms in Guinea pig, 321. 

Rabies, symptoms in man, 322. 

Rabies, symptoms in rabbits, 324, 321. 

Rabies, symptoms in sheep and goat, 
319. 

Rabies, symptoms in solipeds, 317. 

Rabies, symptoms in swine, 320. 

Rabies, symptoms in wild carnivora, 
322. 

Rabies, synonyms, 302 

Rabies, the Pasteur treatment, 329. 

Rabies, therapeutic treatment, 327. 

Rabies, treatment of bites, 329. 

Rabies, treatment with sterilized mat- 
ter from infected brain, 333. 

Rabies, viability of microbe, 306. 

Rabies, virulent matters, 304. 

Rauschbrand, 182 

Rauschbrand bacillus, 222, 223. 

Receptor, 6. 

Red fever of swine, 33. 

Red globules, destruction of, 596. 

Red soldier, 39 

Red water, 586. 

Red water absent in mild cases of 
Texas fever, 599. 

Relapsing fever in horse, 631. 

Resorption fever, 25. 

Rheumatic catarrh 146. 

Rhino-adenitis, infectious, 110. 

Rhipicephalus annulatus microplus, 


595- . 
Rhodesian fever, 617. 
Rinderpest, 670. 
Rinderseuche, 73. 
Rot, 631. 
Rothlauf, 33. 
Rouget, 33. 
Rouget, bacillus of, 36. 
Rouget, causes, 33. 
Rouget, course, 34. 
Rouget, definition, 33. 
Rouget, immunization, 37. 
Rouget, morbid anatomy, 35. 
Rouget mortality, 35. 
Ronget, pathogenesis, 33. 
Rouget, swine plague and hog chol- 
ay table of differential symptoms, 
56. 
Rouget, symptoms, 34. 
Roumanian hemoglobinuria, 587,595. 


Lhdex. 


SANITARY police for strangles, 124. 

Sapreemic fever, 25. 

Saprophytes, 12. 

Scalma, 144. 

Scarlatina in swine, 33. 

Schweinepest, 39. 

Schweineseuche, 39, 56, 65. 

Scrofula, 443. 

Scrub tick of Australia, 595. 

Sensitizing body, 6. — 

Septiczemia, 17, 24. 

Septiczemia from toxins, 25. 

Septiceemia, goose, 696. 

Septiceemia haemorrhagica, chronic, 
8r. 

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica, defini- 
tion, 73. 

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica, history, 


73. 
Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in cattle, 


73. 

Septiczemia hzemorrhagica in cattle, 
abdominal form, 77. 

Septicazemia hemorrhagica in cattle, 
accessory causes of, 75. 

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in cattle, 
bacteriology, 74. 

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in cattle, 
chronic, 81, 77. 

Septiceemic hzmorrhagica in cattle, 
external form, 76. 

Septiceemia hemorrhagica in cattle, 
immunization, 80. 

Septiczemia heemorrhagica in cattle, 
in winter and spring, 75. 

Septicaemia ‘heemorrhagica in cattle, 
lesions of, 77. 

Septiczeemia hzemorrhagica in cattle, 
mortality, 80. 

Septiczemia hzemorrhagica in cattle, 
on wet soils, 75. 

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in cattle, 
pathogenesis of, 73, 74. 

Septiczemia hzemorrhagica in cattle, 
prevention, 80. 

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in cattle, 
symptoms, 76. 

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in cattle, 
thoracic form, 77. 

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in horse, 
145. 

Septiczemia hzemorrhagica in sheep, 


84. 
Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in sheep, 
acute, 87, 91. 
Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in sheep, 
acteriology, 85, 92. 
Septicaeemia hzmorrhagica in sheep, 
causes, 85. 


Index. 


Septiceemia hemorrhagica in 
chronic, 88, 93. 

Septiceemia heemorrhagica in 
definition, 84. 

Septiceemia hemorrhagica in 
diagnosis, 87. 

Septiczemia hemorrhagica in 
distribution, 84. ‘ 

Septicazemia hzemorrhagica in 
lesions, 87, 93. 

Septiceemia heemorrhagica in 
mortality, 88. 

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in 
prevention, 89, 94. 

Septiceemia hemorrhagica in 
symptonis, 86, 92. 

Septiceemia hzmorrhagica in sheep, 
synonyms, 84. 

Septicaemia hamorrhagica suis, 65. 


sheep, 
sheep, 
sheep, 
sheep, 
sheep, 
sheep, 
sheep, 
sheep, 


Septiceemia hzmorrhagica, syno 
nyms, 73, 81, 84, 146. 

Septiceemia heemorrhagica,  treat- 
ment, 80, 83. 


Septicaemia in cattle, 73, 81. 

Septiceemia in chickens and turkeys, 
IgI, 698. 

Septiczemia in geese, 654. 

Septiceemia in geese, bacteriology, 
654. 

Septiccemia in geese, diagnosis, 655. 

Septiceemia in geese, lesions, 655. 

Septiceemia in geese, pathogenesis, 

_ 654. 

Septiczemia in geese, prevention, 656. 

Septiceemia in geese, symptoms, 654. 

Septicaemia in geese, treatment, 656. 

Septicezemia, lesions, 25. 

Septiceemia, mortality, 26. 

Septiczemia, prevention, 26. 

Septiczemias, 18. 

Septiceemia symptoms, 24. 

Septiceemia, treatment, 26. 

Septic infections, 18, 24. 

Septic intoxication, 24. 

Septico-pyzmia, 24. 

Serum therapy, 3. 

Serum therapy, conditions of, 17. 

Serum therapy in hog cholera, 63. 

Serum therapy in swine plague, 70. 

Sheep, contagious footrot, Io1. 

Sheep, paludism in, 620. 

Sheeppox, 391. 

Sheeppox, accessory causes, 349. 

Sheeppox, causes, 391. 

Sheeppox, definition, 391. 

Sheeppox, forms, 391. eee 

Sheeppox, geographical distribution, 


391. ; : 
Sheeppox, incubation, 394. 


713 


Sheeppox in goat, 404. 

Sheeppox, mortality, 398. 

Sheeppox, pathogenesis, 392. 

Sheeppox. prevention, 399. 

Sheeppox, preventive inoculation, 
401. 

Sheeppox, prognosis, 398. 

Sheeppox, symptoms, 394. 

Sheeppox, treatment, 398. 

Sheep, ulcerative infection of the 
limbs in, roo. 

Skin, tubercle of, 494. 

South African horse sickness, 561. 

Southern cattle fever, 586. 

Spanish fever, 586. 

Spirillosis in cattle, 689. 

Spirillosis in geese, 689. 

Spleen, tubercle of, 479, 482. 

Splenic apoplexy, 235. 

Splenic fever, 235, 586. 

Stable pneumonia, 128. 


Staupe, 205. 

Stomatitis, infectious in lambs and 
kids, 411. 

Stomatitis, ulcerous, in lambs and 
kids, 411. , 


Strangles, 110 
Strangles, abdominal, 117, 120. 
Strangles, accessory causes, 113. 
Strangles, bacteriology, 111. 
Strangles, cutaneous, 121, 117. 
Strangles, definition, rr1. 
Strangles, diagnosis, 122. 
Strangles, forms of, 117. 
Strangles, fulminant, 122. 
Strangles, general symptoms, 118. 
Strangles, history, 111. 
Strangles, immunization, 125. 
Strangles, incubation, 118. 
Strangles, infecting products, 114. 
Strangles, mild, symptoms, 118. 
Strangles, nervous lesions, 117. 
Strangles, pathogenesis, 112. 
Strangles, pathology, 115. 
Strangles, pharyngeal, 119. 
Strangles, prevention, 123. 
Strangles, pulmonary, 116, 120. 
Strangles of genital organs, 122, 
Strangles, sanitary police, 124. 
Strangles, synonyms, III. 
Strangles, tracheotomy in, 127. 
Strangles, treatment, 125. 
Streptobacillus in tuberculosis, 545. 
Streptococcus coryzz contagiosz 
equi, TIT. 
Streptococcus equi, 111. 
Streptococcus equi, its relation to 
strangles and contagions pneumo- 
nia, 112. 


714 


Streptococcus infection of limbs in 
cattle and sheep, 100. 

Streptococcus of apoplectiform septi- 
ceemia, 439. was 

Streptococcus of infectious stomatitis, 
412. 

Streptococcus pneumoniz contagi- 
osee equi, 131. 

Streptococcus rhino-adenitis, 111. 

Surra, 631. 

Surra, accessory causes, 633. 

Surra, anzemia in, 635, 637. 

Surra, avoidance of infected locali- 
ties,, 634. 

Surra, carried by crows, 633. 

Surra, carried by insects, 633. 

Surra, cattle don’t infect horses casu- 
ally, 640. 

Surra, cattle infect rodents, carnivora 
and apes, 640. 

Surra, cause, 632. 

Surra, definition, 631. 

Surra, destruction of the sick, 641. 

Surra, diagnosis, 638. 

Surra, disinfectants on manure, 640. 

Surra, disinfectants on skin, 641. 

Surra,disinfectants on stables, 641. 

Surra, disposal of manure and garb- 
age, 640. 

Surra, exclusion of flies, 640. 

Surra, geographical distribution, 632. 

Surra, goats and ducks immune, 640. 

Surra, in camels, 639. _ 

Surra, in cattle, 639. 

Surra in cattle in India, 639. 

Surra in cattle in Philippines, 639. 

Surra, incubation, 636. 

Surra, lesions, 635. 

Surra, mortality, 639. 

Surra, parasite, 632. 

Surra, pathology, 635. 

Surra, prevention of, 641. 

Surra, remissions in, 636. 

Surra, sanitary police, 641. 

Surra, smudges, 641. 

Surra, sterilization of carcasses, 641. 

Surra, symptoms of, 636. 

Surra, synonyms, 631. 

Surra, treatment of, 640. 

Surra, trypanosoma, 632, 638. 

Susceptibility, 3. : 

Swine, complex fevers of, 70. 

Swine, erysipelas, 33, 31. 

Swine, erysipelas bacillus and allied 
organisms table, 42. 

Swine, erysipelas, immunization, 37. 

Swine, erysipelas, lesions, 35. 

Swine, erysipelas, symptoms, 34. 

Swine fever, 31, 33, 38, 65, 70: 


Index. 


Swine fever bacillus and allied or- 
ganisms table, 42, 44. 

Swine fevers, effects of varying doses, 
32. 

Swine, infectious fevers of, 31. 

Swine plague, 65. 

Swine plague, accessory causes, 66. 

Swine plague bacillus and allied or- 
ganisms table, 42, 44. 

Swine plague and hog cholera, dual- 
ity, 71. 

Swine plague, bacteriology, 65, 46. 

Swine plague, deadly to wild birds. 
and rodents, 66. 

Swine plague, diagnosis, 69. 

Swine plague, hog cholera, and Rou- 
get, table of differential symptoms, 
42, 44. 

Swine plague immunization, 69. 

Swine plague lesions, 67. 

Swine plague, Marseilles, 72. 

Swine plague, McFadyean’s, 71. 

Swine plague, pathogenesis, 66. 

Swine plague, prevention, 69. 

Swine plague, serum therapy, 70. 

Swine plague, symptoms, 68. 

Swine plague, treatment, 70. 

Swine pox, 404. 

Symtomatic anthrax, 220. 

Symptoms of septicaemia heemorrha- 
ica, cattle, 76, 82. 

Symptoms of swine plague, 68. 


TABES, 443. 

Takosis, 95. 

Tappeiner’s experiments on tubercu- 
losis, 453. 

Tetanus, I, 434. 

Tetanus, accessory causes, 334. 

Tetanus, antidotal treatment, 309. 

Tetanus, antitoxin treatment, 309. 

Tetanus, bacillus, 336. 

Tetanus, brain emulsion for, 355. 

Tetanus, causes, 336. 

Tetanus, course, duration, 345. 

Tetanus, definition, 335. 

Tetanus, diagnosis, 347. 

Tetanus, form of death from, 347. 

Tetanus, general symptoms, 341, 

Tetanus immunization, 358. 

Tetanus, intra cranial injections for, 
355- 

Tetanus, lesions, 347. 

Tetanus, mortality, 346. 

Tetanus, orrotherapy, 353. 

Tetanus, pathogenesis, 335. 

Tetanus, pathology, 336. 

Tetanus, prevention, 356. 

Tetanus, symptoms in birds, 345. 


Index. 


Tetanus, symptoms in cattle, 344. 

Tetanus, symptoms in dogs, 345. 

Tetanus, symptoms in horse, 343. 

Tetanus, symptoms in sheep and 
goat, 345. . 

Tetanus, symptoms in swine, 345. 

Tetanus, synonyms, 335. 

Tetanus, treatment, 349. 

Texas fever, 586. 

Texas fever and anthrax, diagnosis, 
604. 

Texas fever and anthrax, table of dis- 
tinctions, 605. 

Texas fever, course and duration, 603. 

Texas fever, cultivating infested pas 
tures, 609. 

Texas fever, definition, 587. 

Texas fever, federal restrictions, 616. 

Texas fever, immunization against, 
611. 

Texas fever, immunization by blood, 
613. 

Texas fever, immunization by blood 
from ticks, 571. 

Texas fever, immunization of limited 
value, 571. 

Texas fever, incubation, 600. 

Texas fever, infecting by small num- 
ber of ticks, 615. 

Texas fever, infection by blood of im 
munized, 615. 

Texas fever, infection of sucking 
calf, 612. 

Texas fever, legislation for its extinc- 
tion, 610. 

Texas fever, marketing the beef, 616. 

Texas fever, mortality in severe form, 


560. 
Texas fever pastures, purifying by 
exclusion of cattle, 609. 
Texas fever, prevention, 606. 
Texas fever, prevention by dipping 
or smearing, 607. 
Texas fever, prevention by picking 
off ticks, 606. 
Texas fever, purifying infected pas- 
tures, 608. 
Texas fever, red water absent in mild 
cases, 602. 
Texas fever, susceptibility of cattle 
‘on purified pastures, 610. 
Texas fever, symptoms of mild form, 
603. 
exes fever, treatment, 605. 
Texas fever, value of its extinction, 
610. 
Texas fever, watery blood in, 596. 
Therapeutics in hog cholera, 63. 
Therapy, serum, 3. 


715 


“The trembles,’’ 370. 

Thrombosis and pyzemia, 20. 

Ticks, destruction of, in pastures, 
608 


Ticks, dressing for, 607. 

Ticks in paludism in dogs, 625. 

Toxins as cause of septicemia, 24. 

Toxophore, 6. 

Treatment of septicemia hamorr- 
hagica in cattle, 80. 

Treatment of strangles, 125. 

Treatment of swine plague, 70. 

Trembling in sheep, 548. 

Trembling in sheep, accessory causes, 
552. : 

Trembling in sheep, bacilli, cocci and 
penicillium, 551. 

Trembling in sheep, bacteriology, 
551. 

Trembling in sheep, causes, 549. 

Trembling in sheep, definition, 548. 

Trembling in sheep, diagnosis, 553. 

Trembling in sheep, geographical dis- 
tribution, 548. 

Trembling in sheep, lesions, 554. 

bia bling in sheep, pathogenesis, 
543. 

Trembling in sheep, prevention, 554. 

Trembling in sheep, sheepticks, 549. 

Trembling in sheep, symptoms, 552. 

Trembling in sheep, treatment, 555. 

Trismus, 335, 342. 

Tristeza, 586. 

Trypanosoma, I. 

Trypanosoma Brucei, 642, 644. 

Trypanosoma equiperdum, 570. 

Trypanosoma, Evansi, 642. 

Trypanosoma in blood during par- 
oxysm of surra, 639, 638. 

Trypanosoma, staining of, 638. 

Trypanosomiasis, 585, 568, 631, 641. 

Tsétsé fly, 642. 

Tsétsé fly disease, 641. 

Tubercle bacillus, 454. 

Tubercle bacillus, diminished patho- 
genesis when from cold blooded 
host, 526. ‘: 

Tubercle, calcification, 475. ie 

Tubercle, cardiacand pericardial, 433. 

Tubercle, caseation, 477. ee 

Tubercle, fibroid degeneration, 475. 

Tubercle, genito-urinary, 479. 

Tubercle in lymph glands, 481. 

Tubercle, local, 542. we 

Tubercle of brain and spinal cord, 
480. 

Tubercle of bones, 480. 

Tubercle of bronchial and mediasti- 
nal glands, 477. 


716 


Tubercle of eye, 480 

Tubercle of lymph glands, 481. 

Tubercle of mamme, 479. 

Tubercle of mouth and throat, 478. 

Tubercle of muscles, 480. 

Tubercle of pancreas, 479. 

Tubercle of skin, 480. 

Tubercle of spleen, 479. 

Tubercle, relative frequency in differ 
ent parts, 481, 482. 

Tubercle, structure of, 473. 

Tuberculin, action on parturient cows, 


503. 
Tuberculin, dose of, 505. 
Tuberculin, reaction under, 507. 
Tuberculin test, 502. 
Tuberculin test, antipyretics during, 


05. 

tuberculin test, effect on sound ani 
mals, 508. 

Tuberculin test, its reliability, 509. 

Tuberculin test, later effect on the 
tuberculous, 508. 

Tuberculin test, precautions, 502. 

Tuberculin test, false certificates of, 
470. 

Tuberculin test, technique, 505. 

Tuberculosis, 442. 

Tuberculosis, accessory causes, 459. 

Tuberculosis and absence of indem- 
nity, 468. 

Tuberculosis and increased trade, 465. 

Tuberculosis and private testing of 
herds, 470. 

Tuberculosis and sale of tubercu- 
lous, 468. ‘ 

Tuberculosis and sales of sound stock, 
468. 

Tuberculosis and unrestricted trade, 
465, 467. — 

Tuberculosis, bacilli of bird, horse 
and rabbit, 457. 

Tuberculosis, breeding healthy stock 
from infected parents, 533. 

Tuberculosis butter, cheese and whey, 


54. 
Tuberculosis by feeding, 453 
Tuberculosis by inhalation, 453. 
Tuberculosis, cerebral symptoms, 494. 
Tuberculosis, culling out the un 

thrifty and sick, 535. 

Tuberculosis, Danish methodin Penn- 

sylvania, 536. 

Tuberculosis, Danish method of re- 

striction, 535. 

Tuberculosis, decrease of in England, 


25. 
Tuberculosis, definition, 443. 
Tuberculosis, diagnosis of, 500 


Index. 


Tuberculosis, direct infection from 
man to ox, 518. 

Tuberculosis, encrease in infants in 
England, 525. 

Tuberculosis, expense of extinction 
in cattle, 530. 

Tuberculosis, experiments of Adami 
and Ravenel, 526. 

Tuberculosis from common feeding 
trough, 472. 

Tuberculosis from dusty infected sta 
bles, 472. 

Tuberculosis from feeding hogs after 
diseased cattle, 472. 

Tuberculosis from feeding offal to 
hogs, 471. 

Tuberculosis from infected milk, 471. 

Tuberculosis from strepto-bacillus, 
545. 

Tuberculosis, gastro-intestinal, peri- 
toneal and mesenteric 478. 

Tuberculosis, generalization of, 543. 

Tuberculosis, generally applicable 
measures, 538. 

Tuberculosis, genital in the bull, 
symptoms, 493. 

Tuberculosis, geographical distribu- 
tion, 446. 

Tuberculosis, Gerlach’s experiment, 


453- 
Tuberculosis, glandular symptoms, 


494 

Tuberculosis held virulent in early 
times, 447. E 

Tuberculosis, hereditary vulnerabili- 
ty, 459, 

Tuberculosis, hygiene of meat, 539. 

Tuberculosis, hygiene of milk aud 
meat, 539. 

Tuberculosis, hygiene of oleomar— 
garine, 541. 

Tuberculosis in apes and menagerie 
animals, lesions, 445, 485. 

Tuberculosisin birds. 485. 

Tuberculosis in birds, symptomis, 500. 

Tuberculosis in cattle, 444. 

Tuberculosis in chickens, lesions, 485. 

Tuberculosis in dog and cat, lesions, 
484. 

Tuberculosis in dogs and cats, 445. 

Tuberculosis in dogs and cats, symp- 
toms, 499. 

Tuberculosis, infection from ox to 
man, 520. 

Tuberculosis in fishes, 443. 

Tuberculosis in Hebrews and Chris- 
tians, 525. 

Tuberculosis in horse, ass and mule, 
444. 


index. 


Tuberculosis in horse, lesions, 483. 

Tuberculosisin horse, symptoms, 497. 

Tuberculosis in indoor subjects, 446. 

Tuberculosis in man, 446. 

Tuberculosis in man with sound cat- 
tle, 516. 

Tuberculosis in park and menagerie 
animals, 446. 

Tuberculosis in parrot, lesions, 485. 

Tuberculosis in pheasants, lesions, 
485. 

Tuberculosis in reptiles, 443. 

Tuberculosis in rodents, 444. 

Tuberculosis in sheep and goat, 444. 

Tuberculosis in sheep and goat, les- 
ions, 483. 

Tuberculosis in sheep and goat, symp- 
toms, 499. 

Tuberculosis in swine, 445. 

Tuberculosis in swine, lesions, 483. 

Tuberculosis in swine, symptoms, 496. 

Tuberculosis, its extinction in cattle, 
530. 

Tube: culosis, lesions, 473. 

Tuberculosis, limited susceptibility of 
ox to germ from man, 527. 

Tuberculosis, mammary symptoms, 


493- 

Tuberculosis of bones and joints, 
symptoms, 495. 

Tuberculosis of liver, 478. 

Tuberculosis of lungs in cattle, 475, 
489. 

Tuberculosis of lungs, symptoms, 489. 

Tuberculosis of man and ox co-ex- 
tensive, 514. 

Tuberculosis of skin, symptoms, 494. 

Tuberculosis of the abdomen, symp 
toms, 492. 

Tuberculosis of the eye, symptoms, 


495. 
Tuberculosis of the heart, symptoms, 


495- , 

Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, 443. 

Tuberculosis, pharyngeal, symptoms, 
494. 

‘Tuberculosis, practicability of its ex 
tinction in cattle, 530. 

Tuberculosis, primary and secondary 
infection, 486. 

Tuberculosis, raising heathly calves 
from diseased dams on the range; 


533- 

Tiperenlosis, sanitary police meas- 
ures, 536. 

Tuberculosis, sifting process in N. Y. 
markets, retention of the’ tubercu- 
lous, 468, 537. 

Tuberculosis, symptoms in cattle, 489. 


7U 
Tuberculosis, testing imported stock 


537- 

Tuberculosis through insects, 473. 

Tuberculosis through vermin, 473. 

Tuberculosis, treatment, 527. 

Tuberculosis, uterine, symptoms, 493 

Tuberculosis, varying pathogenesis 
its value in sanitary police, 527. 

Tuberculosis, Villemin’s inoculations 
452. 

Tuberculosis, virulence, 447. 

Tuberculosis, with bad ventilation 
460. 

Tuberculosis with conformation, 462 

Tuberculosis with damp stables, 461 

Tuberculosis with debilitating dis. 
eases, 464. 

Tuberculosis with early breeding, 463 

Tuberculosis with heavy milking, 462 

Tuberculosis with inbreeding, 463. 

Tuberculosis with insufficient nour 
ishment, 462. 

Tuberculosis with old age, 464. 

Typhoid fever bacillus, 43. 

Typhoid fever in the horse, 146. 

Typhoid in pig, 39. 

Typhose, 146. 

Typhus, 174. 

Typhus contagieuse, 671. 

Typhus des chenils, 205. 

Typhus du gros betail, 671. 

Typhus in pig. 39. 


ULCERATION of anus and vulva in 
cattle, 692. 

Ulcerative Ano-vulvitis, 692. 

Ulcerative infection of the limbs in 
cattle, 100 

Ultra-microscopic organism in horse 
sickness, 563. 


VARIOLA, 377. 

Variola canina, 405. 

Variola caprina, 404. 

Variola equina, 381. 

Variola, history, 378. 

Variola, nomenclature, 378. 

Variola ovina, 391. 

Variola, pathogenesis, 380. 

Variola suilla, 404. 

Variola vaccine, 324. 

Variole des chiens, 205. 

Variolisation, 401. 

Venereal disease of solipeds, 568. 

Vesicular exanthema, causes, 406, 
409. 

Vesicular exanthema, diagnosis, 408. 

Vesicular exanthema of horse, 406. 

Vesicular exanthema, prevention, 


718 


. 408, 411. 

Vesicular exanthema, symptoms, 407, 
410. 

Vesicular exanthema treatment, 408, 
4it. 

Viehpest, 671. 

Villemin’s inoculations of tubercle, 


452. 

Vulnerability, 3. 

va infective ulceration of, causes, 

92. 

Vulva, infective ulceration of, in cat- 
tle, 692. 

Vulva, infective ulceration of, path- 
ology, 692. 


Index, 


Vulva, infective ulceration of, symp- 
toms, 692. 

Vulva, ‘infective wieeration of, treat 
ment, 692. 


WIn4L test in hog cholera, 54. 
Wildseuche, 73.. 


Wood ill, 586. 
Woolsorters’ disease, 235, 263, 267. 


YELLOW water, 187. 


ZYMOTIC diseases, I. 


A MODERN WORK 


—OoNn — 


VETERINARY MEDICINE 


BY PROFESSOR JAMES LAW, F.R.C.V.S. 


DIRECTOR OF THE NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE, 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y. 


A book that places veterinary medicine on a modern basis, in 
embracing the latest advances in bacteriology, pathology and 
therapeutics, and in recognizing the commanding importance of 
microorganisms, not only in contagious diseases, but also in such 
non-infectious disorders as germs enter into as secondary yet most 
important factors. The text book used in the New York State 
Veterinary College, and the only systematic work, up to date, in 
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‘‘Monumental of the Author’s erudition and industry.’’ ‘‘It 
is a work the practitioner must place in his library.’’—7Zhe Vet- 
ertnarian, London, Eng. 


‘« A scientific as well as a practical treatise.’’ ‘‘ The only book 
of its kind in the English language in which the practice of veter- 
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“‘It bears on every page evidence of deep study, careful and 
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proved modern methods employed in the treatment of animal 
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Record, London, Eng. 


‘The work is written in that clear, forcible style which is 
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which distinguishes all his work. His colleagues are under 
many obligations to him for having given to his profession sucha 
complete treatise, and they may now feel that their literature has 
a system which will compare favorably with any in the domain of 
human medicine.’’—American Veterinary Review, New York. 


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with the codperation of numerous disciplined assistants, few 
writers could hope to better his performance. Professor Law has 
read, marked, learned and inwardly digested most of the recent 
utterances of the best English, French, German and Italian 
authorities. Adding to these~the experience gained during a 
long period of practice and teaching in the United States, he has 
moulded the information into a harmonious whole. . . Asa 
work of reference it will be highly valued and . . with its 
three companion volumes will form a valuable addition to the 
literature of veterinary medicine.’’—/our. of Comp. Path. and 
Therapeutics, London, Eng. 


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ITHACA, N.Y. 


General Surgery. By Dr. MED. EUGEN FROHNER, Professor 
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Ohio. 


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The reputation of Professor Froéhner as a writer of text books is 
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the 1905 edition ; the subject is presented in a scientific manner ; 
is both concise and complete, and based on the experience of 
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