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The birds of Amherst and vicinity :inclu

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Second Edition: Revised and Rewritten,.

BIRDS oF AMHERST

AND VICINITY,

INCLUDING NEARLY THE WHOLE OF HAMPSHIRE COUNTY,
MASSACHUSETTS.

HUBERT LYMAN CLARK.

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY

Proressor CHARLES H. FERNALD, Pu. D.

AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS:

Press of Carpenter & Morebouse.
1906.

COPYRIGHT, 1906,
sy CARPENTER & MOREHOUSE.

INTRODUCTORY.

The importance of a thorough knowledge of our birds and
their habits cannot be over-estimated. Some species are ex-
ceedingly useful, others are positively injurious, while still
others are probably neither beneficial nor injurious. The bene-
ficial birds comprise those which feed mainly on insects, and-
when we remember how prolific our insect pests are and that
these birds are very efficient agents in reducing their numbers,
we can well understand how important it is to be able to dis-
tinguish the beneficial from the injurious, in order that we may
protect the former and destroy the latter.

The author of this work, an associate member of the Ameri-
can Ornithologists’ Union, has taken great pains to incorporate
into this paper all desirable information concerning the birds
of this region, including a brief, technical description of each
species, the times of migrating, nesting, and food habits,
whether beneficial or injurious, and a very useful key for the
determination of the species. It is believed that very few, if
any, birds, which occur in Hampshire County, have been
omitted.

We can most cheerfully recommend this work to those inter-
ested in ornithology, as well as to farmers and fruit growers in
this region.

C. H. FERnNacp.
Amherst, Mass., April 15, 1887.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

Itisnow nearly twenty years since the first edition of this little
book appeared, the result of several years’ diligent field work
in and around Amherst. Owing to a considerable local inter-
est in birds, the edition was soon exhausted and for many
years now the work has been out of print. As there has been
a number of calls for‘copies, which could not be supplied, a
second edition has seemed worth while, although the author is
no longer a resident of Amherst, and has done no field work
there for many years. In preparing this new edition it has
seemed desirable to make some radical changes in the arrange-
ment of the species, and the old division into three groups,
‘‘regular,” ‘¢ irregular,” and ‘‘ extremely rare,” which really
served no useful purpose, has been discarded. The ‘* artificial
key ” has also been rearranged to conform to those now so
commonly used for both flowers and animals, particularly those
in. Chapman’s ‘‘ Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North
America.” The names used are also those of that very useful
‘¢ Handbook,” to which the more advanced student will fre-
quently wish to refer. One new feature, which it is hoped will
prove a really useful addition, is the ‘‘ field key,” but it must
be remembered that identifications made by any such easy
method are not to be relied on’ unless the observations are
made with good field glasses, under favorable conditions, and
are confirmed by reference to a full description, such as those
given in Coues’ ‘‘ Key to North American Birds.” Although
considerable field work was done by the author in the years
1887-92, and since then by others interested, only three new

species have been added to the list of Amherst birds; these
are the golden eagle, the pine finch and the evening grosbeak.
But seven species are added, which have been recorded from
other parts of the county. Additional notes on other species,
particularly in reference to the spring arrivals, have been very
kindly furnished me by Miss Margaret Morse. Aside from
these, little new material is incorporated in this edition. The
number of species included is only 185, which is some 40 less
than the number given in Morris’ ‘‘ Birds of Springfield ” (1901)
but the area considered is much less than that of the Spring-
field list, and has much less topographical variety. Neverthe-
less it is to be expected that a number of additions will yet be
made to the Amherst fauna, and if this little book assists any-
one to detect such species, or in any other way maintains or
adds to the interest in, and love for, our native birds, it will
have fully served its purpose.

In conclusion it is but just to put on record the very great
help which the writer received in preparing the text originally,
from Mr. W. A. Stearns. then of Amherst, and Mr. E. O.
Damon of Northampton. The latter provided most of my in-
formation regarding the water fowl and larger birds of prey.
Mr. C. R. Kenfield of Amherst also assisted in many ways
and collected a number of rarer species. Besides so kindly
furnishing the introduction to the first edition, Professor
Fernald has been so good as to turn over to me a number of
_ his field notes. Seven of the additions to the present list

are made on the authority of Mr. Robert O. Morris of Spring-
field and are taken from his list previously referred to, and
from some notes of his in the ‘‘Auk,” October, 1908. To these
gentlemen, and to many others who have contributed sympathy
and encouragement, is hereby extended the most sincere
thanks of

Tue AUTHOR.

FIELD KEY

To the Birds of Amherst: an artificial arrangement based on
size, color, habitat, habits and notes.

NOTE WELL: This key is not intended to identify immature birds; its
use in the fall is therefore liable to lead to mistakes and disap-
pointment. »

Size large; as big as a crow or bigger. Group I.

Size medium; as big as an English sparrow or bigger,
but smaller than a crow. Group II.

Size small; smaller than an English sparrow.
Group III.

NOTE WELL: This use of size is obviously purely relative.
There is room for difference of opinion as to whether
certain birds are ‘‘as big as an English sparrow” or
not. Moreover individuals differ. If in doubt, try
Group IT, and if that fails to lead to a satisfactory
result, try Group III.

Group I. Large birds.

1. Usually seen swimming on surface of still water, or div-
ing, or flying high up with outstretched neck.
A. About 3 feet long.
General coloration brownish-gray ; bill 2 inches, blunt,
Canapa GOOSE.
General coloration black and white ; bill 3 inches, acute,
Loon.

10

B. Less than 23 feet long.
a. No conspicuous white marks.
Purple, metallic patch on wing; bill blunt, flat,
Dusky Duck.
No metallic patch on wing; bill acute, compressed,
HoLpor.y’s GREBE.
aa. More or less white on head, neck or wings.
b. With compressed, semi-circular crest,
Hooprep MERGANSER.
bb. No such crest.
c. Little white on wings.
A loose flowing crest; breast spotted,
Woop Duck.
No crest at all; breast unspotted, not black,
' Pry-tartep Deck,
No crest; head, neck, upper breast black,
Brant.
ec. Much white on wings.
d. Muchblue on wings, SHOVELLER Duck.
dd. No blue on wings.
A slight, loose crest,
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.
No distinet crest, Common MERGANSER.
2. Long-legged wading birds.
A. Plumage white.

Length over 3 feet, AMERICAN EGRET.

Length about 2 feet, Snowy Heron.
B. Plumage not white.

a. Length over 34 feet, Great BLuE Heron.

aa. Length from 2 to 2} feet.
Prevailing colors buff and black; a black patch on
side of neck, ’ BITTERN.
Prevailing colors not buff and black; no black patch
on side of neck, Nicut Heron.

11

3. Ground birds with short legs.
Plumage brown and gray, RUFFED GROUSE.-

4. Birds usually seen flying or perching, not having notably
long neck or legs.

A. Plumage mainly white or very light colored.
Face flattened, eyes in front; uncommon winter visitor,
Syowy Ow t.

Face not flattened; eyes on sides of head; accidental:

visitor, near water, Herring GULL.

B. Plumage black,
Length under 20 inches, Crow..
Length over 24 inches, RAVEN..

C. Plumage neither black nor nearly white.
a. Face flat; eyes in front; bill short and strongly
hooked.
b. Head with prominent tufts of feathers, like ears,
Great Hornep Owt..
bb. Head without such feather tufts.
Length only 20 inches, BarRrEeD OWL..
Length 27 inches, Great GRay OWL.
aa. Face not flat; eyes on sides of head.

b. Length over 23 feet; extent of wings about 6 feet.
Lower half of tarsus bare; head of adult white,
Bap EaGLe.
Tarsus feathered to base of toes; head not white,.
GOLDEN EaGue..

bb. Length 2 feetorless ; extent under 5 feet.

ce. Uppertailcoverts conspicuously white,
Marso Hawk..

ec. Upper tail coverts not conspicuously white.
d. General coloration black (or very dark.
brown) and white.

Almost pure white beneath, haunting rivers.
and lakes, Fish Hawk..

12

Not almost white beneath, haunting meadows,
Roveu-LecceD Hawk.
dd. Not notably black and white or fond of
water or open meadows.
e. Strong, aggressive birds with short, blunt
wings and long tail and feet.
Less than one-half of tarsus bare; length 2

feet ; rare, GosHAWE.
Less than two-thirds of tarsus bare; length
14 feet; common, Coorer’s Hawk.

ee. Strong, aggressive birds with long,
pointed wings and short tail and feet ;

very rare.

Length about 13% feet; dark bluish-ash
above, Duck Hawk.

Length 2 feet; not bluish-ash above,

GYRFALCON.

eee. Heavy, woodland ‘birds, with broad

wings and tail, the latter not notably long ;

rather slow ; common.

Area on breast white and unspotted; gen-
eral castof plumage not fulvous,

Rep-TalLED Hawk.

No unspotted area on breast; general castof

plumage fulvous, Rep-sHOULDERED Hawk.

Group II. Birds of Medium Size.

1. Swimming Birds of Ponds or Streams.
A. Length 10 inches or less; pure white beneath,

DOoveEKIE.
B. Length over a foot.

Dark slate color; bill white; length 15 inches, Coor.
Dark brownish above; shining white beneath; length
13 inches, Common GReEBE.

18

Back black and white ; wing coverts not blue,
GREEN-WINGED TEAL..
Back varied with brown and black; wing coverts,.
sky-blue, BLUE-WINGED TEAL.

2. Birds of Open Field, Marsh or Shore, with long, bare-
legs.

A. More or less pure white beneath, with or without
spots.
a. Upper parts more or less variegated and streaked.
with black, brown and lighter shades.
b. Length over 10 inches.
Bill 2} in.; crown black with pale median stripe ;.

legs greenish-gray, Witson’s SNIPE.

Bill 14 in.; crown not as above; legs chrome-
yellow, YELLOW-LEGS.
Bill 1 in.; crown variegated; legs not bright
yellow, Urianp PLover.

bb. Length under 9 inches.
Length over 8 in.; under parts slightly streaked,.
not clearly spotted, Soiirary SANDPIPER.
Length under 8 in. ; under parts distinctly spotted,.
SPOTTED SANDPIPER.
Length under 6 in.; under parts streaked and.
spotted, Least SANDPIPER.
aa. Upper parts uniform ashy or grayish-brown, not
streaked ; a white collar around neck, often accom--
panied by a black one.
Length over 9 in. ; upper tail coverts tawny, KILDEER..
Length under 7 in. ; upper tail coverts white,
Preine PLovEr..

B. Not white beneath.
a. Length 1 to 14 feet; bill long, 2 inches or more ;.
legs long and bare.

14

Prevailing colors pale greenish olive and gray ; throat

white, CuapPPeR Ral.
‘Prevailing colors dark green and brown; throat
-not white, GreEn HERON.
Prevailing colors brownish-yellow and some. dark
shade, , Least BItTERN.
Prevailing colors grayish-brown and buff, streaked
with black, Hupsonran CurLew.

-aa. Length 9 to 12 inches; bill long, 14 inches or
more ; legs not notably long and bare.

Prevailing tints dark brown, tawny-olive and espec-

ially cinnamon-red ; difficult to flush; flight weak,

Vireinia Ral.

Prevailing tints black, gray, russet and especially pale

brown ; flight powerful, rapid and zigzag, Woopcock.

aaa. Length 6 to 9 inches; bill short, less than an

inch ; legs rather’ short.
Length over 8 in.; black, olive-brown, slate gray

_ and white, Carouina Rat.

Length under 7 in. ; black, pale brownish-yellow and

white, YELLOW Ral.

<3. Raptorial Birds, with stout, hooked beak and powerful
claws.

A. Eyes in front; face flat; bill short.
a. Length over 1 foot.
Tufts of feathers, like ears, present, conspicuous ;
brownish-black, grayish-white and tawny,
LonG-EaRED OWL.
Ear-tufts present, very small; dark brown and pale
ochrey, SHORT-EARED OWL.
Ear-tufts wanting ; almost black and white,

Hawk Ow.
.aa. Length Jess than 10 inches.

Ear-tufts present, ScrEECH OwL.
Ear-tufts wanting, Saw-wHET Ow.

15

B. Eyes on sides of head; face not flat; bill not spec-
ially short.
a. Extent nearly 3 feet; wings broad; tail relatively
short; coloration dark brown and white,
BroavD-wINGED Hawk.
aa. Extent 2 feet or less; wings and tail long.
b. Feet not noticeably long and slender.

Back aud tail bright rufous with more or less
black; under parts white with more or less
streaking; summer resident, Sparrow Hawk.

‘Upper. parts bluish-ash or dark umber-brown ;
under parts whitish, more or less heavily streaked
with blackish ; winter visitor, Pickon Hawk.

bb. Feet long and slender; above dark slate color;
beneath tawny-white cross-barred or streaked
_with rufous, SHARP-SHINNED Hawk.
4. Tree-climbing Birds, with straight, sharp beak and stiff
tail with pointed feathers ; flight very undulating.
A. Length a foot or more.
Dull black, with some red and white on head and

neck, PILEATED WOoopPECKER.
Olive-brown, marked with black above; rump white;
beneath beautifully spotted with black, FLIcKER.

B. Length 10 inches or less.
a. Lustrous black; secondaries and upper tail coy-
erts white ; whole head crimson,
ReD-HEADED WOoDPECKER.
aa. Variegated black and white.
b. Yellowish on back and beneath; crown crimson,
YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER.
bb. No yellowish tinge; little or no red on head.

c. Length 6 to 7 inches, Downy 3W ooDPECEER.
ec. Length 9 to 10 inches,
Middle of back, white, Harry WoopPECKER.

Middle of back,black, Arctic 3-TOED WOODPECKER.

16

5. Not one of the above four groups.

A. Breast and belly distinctly clear, unspotted white.
a. Length12inches; upper parts iridescent olive-brown.
Much white on tail; bill yellow and black,
YELLOW-BILLED Cuckoo.
Little white on tail; bill bluish and black,
BLACK-BILLED Cuckoo.

aa. Length 7 to 9 inches; upper parts not olive-brown.
Blackish-ash ; tail broadly.white tipped, Kine Bip.
Light slate color; wings and tail black with white
markings, LoGGERHEAD SHRIKE.
Various shades of brown and black; winter visitor,
Snow Buntine.

B. Breast and belly not entirely unspotted white.

a.- Blue a conspicuous color in the plumage.
Length 11 inches ; black, white and blue, Bue Jay.
Length 7 inches; blue above; chestnut on breast;
belly white, BLUEBIRD.
aa. No conspicuous blue.
b. Black or deep purple, in mass, a conspicuous part
of the coloration.
ce. Unicolor.
d. Lustrous blue-black; length 73 inches, wing
nearly twice as long as tail,
Mate Puree Martin.
dd. Iridescent black; length over a foot; tail
noticeably long and wedge-shaped.
Tridescence of head steel blue; of back brassy ;
of wings violet, BronzED GRACKLE.
Iridescence not specially defined in color or area,
PuRPLE GRACKLE.
ddd. Lustrous black; head brown; length 74
inches, Mate Cow-sirp.

17

dddd. Black with green reflections; length
9} inches ; in swamps during the migrations,
Maze Rusty Biackeirp.
ddddd. Jet black; bend of wing scarlet,
Mace Rep-wincrep Biackeirp.
cc. Blackbeneath, with buff and white above,
Mate Bosoring.
cece. Black and some other color in mass, but with-
out white (except sometimes in small amounts
on wings and tail).
Black and scarlet, Mave Scarier TANAGER.
Black and chestnut, Mate OrcHArpD ORIOLE.
Black and orange or yellow,
BALTIMORE ORIOLE.
ecce. Black, white and some other color.
Black, white and chestnut, Mate Curewinr.
Black, white and rose-red,
Mate Rosr-BrEASTED GROSBEAK.
Black, white and yellow,
Eveninc GROSBEAK.
bb. No noticeable black in mass; red, rose or pink
conspicuous.
c. With noticeable red crest, CarDINAL Birp.
ec. Nocrest.
d. Tips of mandibles crossed ; length about 6 inches ;
winter or early spring visitors.
.Rosy-red ; wing with two white bars,
Mare WHITE-WINGED CRossBILL.
Bricky-red ; wing without white bars,
Mate Rep CrossBiLu.
dd. Tips of mandibles not crossed.
Length about 6 inches ; sumnier resident,
Mare Purpie Finca.

18

Length about 84 inches; winter visitor,
Mate PINE GROSBEAK.
bbb. No black in mass, nor noticeable red, rose or pink.
ce. Above brown, gray, olive or olive-green of some
shade,—not evidently mottled or streaked.
d. Some or all of upper parts bright rufus, or
tawny-brown.
Whole upper surface bright rufus; length 11

inches, Brown THRASHER.
Whole upper surface reddish-brown ; length 74
inches, Witson’s THRusH.

Tawny brown anteriorly shading into oliva-
ceous behind ; length 8inches, Woop Turusu.
Olivaceous anteriorly shading into rufus behind ;

length 7 inches, Hermit Turuss.
dd. Entire upper parts rich warm brown; sides chest-
nut; belly white, FEMALE CHEWINK.

ddd. Upper parts, wholly or in large part, slate, ashy,
gray, grayish-brown or olivaceous-brown of
some shade.

e. Dark slate, overlaid with rusty-brown; paler

beneath, Frema.e Rusty BLacksirp.

ee. Slate, ashy, gray, grayish-brown or olivaceous-
brown, not overlaid with rusty.

f. Belly and two outer tail feathers wholly or in

part, white.
Breast tawny-red, little white on tail, Rozin.
Beneath white, finely transversely barred

with black, BuTcHER-BIRD.
Throat and breast, slate, JUNCO.

ff. No white. ‘
g. Crown black ; rump like back, CarpirD.

gg. Crown and rump yellowish or reddish,
Fema.e Pinz Grosseak.

19

ggg. Head purplish and some purple gloss on
back, FEMALE PurePLe Martin.

gggg. No purple or decided black.
Length 9 inches; belly vellow; tail
chestnut, Great Crestep FLycaTcHeEr.
Length 7 inches, no yellow or chestnut;
no greenish tinge or noticeable wing bars,

PHOEBE.
Length 63 inches, olivaceous; light bars
on wings, Woop PEWwEE.

dddd. Upper parts olive or olive-green.
e. Under parts more or less yellow, not spotted.
f. Throat and breast golden yellow; belly abruptly
white, YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT.
ff. No golden yellow and pure white in sharp con-
trast beneath.
Bill stout; colors clear; no white on wing,
vy FEMALE ScaRLet TANAGER.
Bill slender ; colors dull; white on wing,
FEMALE OrcHARD ORIOLE.
ee. Under parts white, thickly spotted.
Crown golden-brown ; length under 6} inches,
Oven Birp.
Crown olive, like back ; length over 64 inches,
OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH.
ddddd. Upper parts not tending towards rufous, gray,
olivaceous-brown or olive.
e. Length over a foot; no crest.
Upper parts slaty-blue ; length 17 inches,
PassENGER PIGEON.
Upper parts grayish blue shaded with brownish
olive ; length 12 inches, © Mournine Dove.
ee. Length about 7 inches; with a crest,
Crpar Birp.

20

ce. Plumage above evidently mottled or streaked.
d. Prevailingly bluish; white beneath; bill long;
crest present, Beirep KInGrisHEr.
dd. Not at all bluish; no crest.
e. Very dark mottled, black, brown, gray and
tawny ; wings long; nocturnal birds, roosting
on the ground or longitudinally onlimbs, fence-

rails, etc.
Tail rounded ; no white spaces on wing,
WHIPPOORWILL.
Tail slightly forked; large white spaces on
wing, NIGHTHAWK.
ee. Prevailing tint brown, streaked with darker ; not
nocturnal. :

f. Length 10 inches; stocky, ground loving birds.
Breast bright vellow with black crescent; outer

tail feathers white, Merapow Lark.
Breast not yellow ; no white tail feathers,
BoswHite.

ff. Length 6-8} inches; not stocky.

g. Terrestial birds with outer tail feathers white.
Upper parts pale grayish-brown distinctly
streaked; wings and tail not very dark;
bend of wing bright bay, in contrast to
other parts, VesPreR SPARROW.
Upper parts dark brown, obscurely streaked ;
wings and tail blackish; bend of wing not
contrasted with other parts, TITLARK.
gg. Meadow and swamp birds; outer tail feathers

not white ; walkers, not hoppers.

Brown, heavily streaked with paler; beneath
whitish with numerous dark streaks; tail
feathers soft and rounded at end,

FemaLe REp-wincep BLackzirD.

21 ’

Dusky grayish-brown, paler below ; no white,

yellow or reddish,
FremaLe Cowsirp.

Distinctly yellowish, especially beneath ; tail
feathers rigid and very acute,
FeMaLe Boxouiyx.
ggg. Birds of trees, shrubbery, feuce-rows and
the street; no white on tail; hoppers.
h. Crown with conspicuous median and lateral
stripes of pure white.
Throat white; yellow on head and wing,
WUHITE-THROATED SPARROW.
Throat ash; no yellow,
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.
hh. Crown without white stripes.
i. Length 7 inches; bright rusty-red above,
Fox Srarrow.
ii. Not bright rusty-red above.
j. Underneath dingy ashy-white without
streaks, ENGLISH SPARROW.
jj. Under parts streaked.
k. Winter or early spring visitors; tips of
mandibles crossed.
Wings with two white bars,
FEMALE WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.
Wings. without white bars,
FremMa_e Rep CrossBiLu.
kk. Summer visitors; tips of mandibles
not crossed.
Length about 8 inches; lining of
wings saffron yellow,
FEMALE RosE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.
Length about 6 inches; lining of
wings not saffron-yellow,
Femae Purpye FInca.

22

Group III. Small Birds.

1. Wings very long, 70 to 100 per cent. of total length; bill
and feet small and weak ; usually seen flying but some-
times on the ground or perched on wires.

A. Uniform sooty-brown, or brownish-gray ; no white.
Wings as long as body, which ordinarily appears
tapered towards each end ; flight very rapid ; never
perch, ~ Cumney Swirr.
Wings only 80 per cent of body :, flight not notably
swift; very rare indeed, Rougu-winer> SwaLLow.
B. Not uniform sooty-brown.
a. Under parts white.
Large ; tail slightly forked; back iridescent green
or blue, WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW.
Small; tail not forked ; back mouse-brown,
Bank SwaLLow.
aa. Under parts more or less rufous.
Tail deeply forked ; rump like back,
Barn SwaLLow.
Tail not forked ; ; rump rufous in contrast to back,
Eave Swallow.

2. Wings less than 70 per cent. of total length.

A. Underparts uniform white, whitish creamy or ashy,
without streaks, spots or wavy transverse lines and
with no decided yellow or black on chin, throat or
breast.

a. Back streaked with various dark and light shades.
b. Crown streaked like back ; active tree climber,
Brown CREEPER.
bb. Crown chestnut, not like back; not tree climbers.
Wings almost uniform bright bay; shy swamp
bird, hard to find, Swamp Sparrow.

23

Wings dusky; general tint ashy ; bill black ;
familiar birdof gardens, lawns, roadsides, etc.,
CuriprIne SPARROW.
Wings dusky; general tint brownish; bill flesh
color; bird of fields and roadsides,
FIELD SPARROW.
aa. Back more or less olivaceous or brownish, not
streaked at all.
b. Head with a small but evident crest; erect, impul-
sive, somewhat erratic, little flycatchers.
Length over 54 inches; eggs spotted; not very
common nor usually seen near houses,
TRAILL’s FLycaTcuEr.
Length under 54 inches; eggs unspotted ; com-.
mon in orchards and gardens,
Least Fiycatcuer.
bb. No crest evident; active insect hunters, but not
noticeably impulsive or erratic.
ce. Size small, under 4% inches; winter visitors or
migrants.
Crown black, bordered with white, with yellow
or flame-colored patch at center,
GOLDEN-CROWNED KineLer.
Crown never black; sometimes with ruby-red

patch at center, RuBy-CROWNED KINGLET.
ec. Size larger over 5 inches. Summer residents or
visitors.

Head buff with four longitudinal black stripes,
one on each side through eye and two on

crown, WorM-EATING WARBLER.
Crown ash, edged with black; white stripe
over eye, ReD-EYED VIREO.

Crown bluish-ash; no black; broad white
stripe, nostril to eye, Sovrtary Vireo.

24

Crown olive-green like back; sides and under
tail coverts yellow, Wuits-£vep VIREO.
No distinctive markings, Wars1ine VIREO.
aaa. Back bright ashy-blue; crown glossy black; tree
climber, WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH.
B. Underparts not as above.

a. Back, breast and sides (and often other parts) dis-
tinctly streaked with various shades of black,
brown and lighter colors.

b. Length scarcely 5 inches; plumage with evident
yellow tinge.

Tail feathers very acute; secretive meadow bird,

in summer, HeEns.tow’s Sparrow.
Tail feathers not acute; active bird of trees and
shrubs; in winter, Pine Fincu.

bb. Length more than 5 inches; plumage without
decided yellow tinge.
ce. Crown crimson; face and throat blackish; winter
visitor, Lesser Rep-Po.t.
ec. No crimson; summer residents.
d. Dark brown; streaking thick; bend of wing and

line over eye yellow, Savanna Sparrow.
dd. Bright brown; streaking not so thick; no
yellow.

Breast, though streaked, with a broad trans-
versecream-buff band, Lincoin’s Sparrow.
Breast with no such band but often with a
distinct central brown blotch,
Sone Sparrow.
aa. Back, breast and sides not as above.

b. General cast of plumage brown, palest beneath,
everywhere waved or crossbarred with dusky;
small, active birds.

Length about 5 inches; no white; summer
resident, Housr Wren.

25

Length about 4 inches ; some white on back and
wings; migrant, WinTeR WREN.
bb. General cast of plumage not as above.
c. Upper parts uniform dark olive; walkers and
wagtails.
Lower parts clearly tinged with sulphur-yellow,
sharply streaked, Water THRUSH.
Lower parts tinged with buff, rather indistinctly
streaked, Lovuisrana WaTER THRUSH.
cc. Upper parts not uniform dark olive; hoppers;
usually not wagtails.
d. No yellow.
e. Black and white only.
Cap solid black,
Mate Biack-PoLL WARBLER.
Cap with a white stripe through middle,
Back anp Waite WaRBLER.
ee. Not simply black and white.
f. General color more or less bright blue.
Above sky-blue, beneath white, streaked
on breast,
Mae CaERULEAN WARBLER.

Indigo-blue ; no white,

°

Mate Inpicgo-Birp.

ff. General color not largely bright blue.
Grayish, black-capped and black-throated,
CHICKADEE.
Metallic green above ; length about 3 inches,
RuByY-THROATED HUMMING-BIRD.
Pale warm brown, lightest beneath ; lower
mandible white, FEMALE INDIGO-BIRD.
Grayish-blue above, rusty reddish beneath,
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

26

Back streaked with black, bay and flaxen ;
breast ashy with a distinct dusky spot at
center, TREE SPARROW.

Back mixed black and olive; crown, chin
and throat more or less chestnut,

Bay-BREASTED WARBLER.

Black ; belly white ; sides and much of wings

-and tail flame-red, Mate Repstakr.

dd. With more or less yellow.

e. With a slight crest; bill broad and flat; olive
green above ; under parts yellow, brightest on
the belly, YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.

ee. No crest.

f. Bill not flat; belly white; throat bright yellow,

; YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.

ff. Bill short and thick; lemon yellow with cap,

wings and tail black; or olivaceous above,

soiled yellowish beneath, GOLDFINCH.

fff. Bill neither notably flat, nor short and thick,
usually rather slender.

. g. Chin and throat bright yellow or even orange.

h. With conspicuous black markings.
i. .Crown black.
j. Ear-patch orange-brown ; breast and sides
thickly streaked,
Maze Care May Warster.
jj. No conspicuous ear-patch.

Upper parts yellowish-olive; beneath
unstreaked, Mats WItson’s WARBLER.
Upper parts mainly black; spot on
crown, line over eye, chin and throat

intense orange,
Mae BLackBURNIAN WaRBLER.

27

ii. Crown not black.

Cheeks more or less black, which is con-
tinued as streaks, like a necklace along
the sides of neck and across throat,

CaNnaDIAN WARBLER.

Forehead and sides of head black, bordered

posteriorly with ashy ; no black beneath,
Mae Marytanp YELLOW THROAT.

Crown ash}; sides of head black ; rump yel-
low, breast and sides heavily streaked with
black, Maenoria WARBLER.

hh. No conspicuous black markings.

i. Upper parts ashy-blue with a patch of green-
ish or brownish-yellow in middle of back ;
two white bars on wing; some white on
tail; belly white, ParuLa WaRBLER.

ii. Upper parts olive green, greenish-yellow or
bright yellow, without sharp contrasts.

j. Whole head golden yellow.
Bill large, 4 inch long; tail feathers with
much white, ProrHonotary WAKBLER.
Bill not large ; no white on tail,
YELLOW WARBLER.
‘jj. Yellow of throat contrasted with the color
of head. .
Head ashy; no white on wings or tail;
length 43 inches, NasHviLLe WarBLER.
Crown chestnut; beneath with brownish
red streaks ; conspicuous white spots on
tail, YELLOW RED-POLL WARBLER.
No noticeable contrasts in color; wing bars
and blotches on tail, white
Mace Pine Wans.er.

28

Bright yellowish-olive above; rich yellow
beneath ; no white; no streaks or marks,
FremaLte Wison’s WARBLER.
Rich olive above, grayer on head; rich
yellow beneath, becoming whitish on belly,
Femate MaryLano YELLOW-THROAT.
Brownish-olive above streaked with black ;
two white bars on wing and much white
ontail, FemaLE BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.
Yellowish-olive above spotted with black ; a
little white on wings and tail; breast and
sides streaked with blackish,
. FemaLte Care May Wars er.
ge. Chin and throat-not bright yellow.
“h. Chin and throat wholly or largely black, often
more or less veiled with yellowish or ashy.
i. Upper parts yellow-olive or bright yellow.
Much white on wings and tail,
BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.
No white on wings and tail,
Mare Mourning WARBLER.
ii. Upper parts slaty-blue.
Patch on wing white,
Mate BLacK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER,
Patch on wing, and crown, yellow,
GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER.
hh. Chin and throat pure white.
Crown gray; much yellow on wings and
tail, FemaLe Repsrarr.
Crown yellow ; sides chestnut,
CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER.
Center of crown, rump and sides of breast
yellow; breast and sides mostly black,
Myrtit Warsier.

29

hhh. Chin and throat ashy.
Tail much shorter than wing; some white
around eye, ConNECTICUT WARBLER.
Tail long, as long as wing; no white
around eye,
FemaLe Mourninc Wars Ler.
hhbh. Chin and throat like rest of under parts,
dingy yellowish or whitish.
i. No white bars, but a white patch on wing;
length about 5 inches,
FEMALE BLACK-THROATED BLUE WaRBLER.
ii. Two white bars on wing.
j. Length 4 to 44 inches; white spots on 5
outer tail feathers,
FemaLe CaERULEAN WARBLER.
jj. Length over 5 inches; white spots on 2
outer tail feathers.
Not streaked beneath,
FEMALE Pine WaRBLER.
Evidently streaked beneath,
FEMALE BLACK-POLL WARBLER.

AN ARTIFICIAL KEY

To the Birds of Amherst, to be used when the specimen is
actually in hand.

Toes 3, allin front. Group I.
Toes 4, 2in front and 2 behind. Group II.
Toes 4, 3 in front and 1 behind. Group III.

Group I. Three-toed Birds.

A. Feet fully webbed, DovEKIE.
B. Feet not webbed.
a. All 3 toes in front.
Bill black; length of bird 9-10 inches, KiLpreEr.
Bill yellow with black tip; length 7 inches,

Piping PLOVER.
aa. Two toes in front and one behind,

ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

Group II. Four-toed Birds, the toes in pairs.

A. Tail feathers rounded.
Bill black and bluish, BLACK-BILLED Cuckoo.

Bill black and yellow, YELLOW-BILLED Cuckoo.
B. ‘Tail feathers sharply pointed.

a. Length a foot or more.
Length 16-18 inches ; lining of wings white,
PILEATED WOODPECKER.
Length 12-13 inches; lining of wings golden,
FLickeEr.

31

aa. Length 10 inches or less.
b. Crown or whole head red.
Only the crown red,
YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER.

Whole head red, RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.

bb. Little or nored on head.
Length 9-10 inches, Hairy WoopreckKeER.
Length 6-7 inches, Downy WoopreEckER.

Group III. Four-toed Birds, the toes not in pairs.

1. Front toes fully webbed.
A. Edges of mandibles with teeth-like projections.
a. Length over 36 inches, CaNaDA GOOSE.
aa. Length under 31 inches.
b. Bill broad and flattened.
c. Bill twice as wide at tip as at base,
SHovetLer Duck.
cc. Bill not as above.
d. Length over 18 inches.
e. Tail rounded.

Length 26-28 inches, BRAnrT.
Length 22-24 inches, Dusxy Duck.
Length 18-20 inches, Woop Duck.
ee. Tail not rounded, Pin-tart Duck.

dd. Length under 16 inches.
Wing coverts sky-blue, BLuE-wincED Tra.
Wing coverts not blue,GREEN-WINGED TEAL.
bb. Bill narrow, nearly cylindrical.
c. Head with large, more or less semi-circular crest,
HoopEep MERGANSER.
ec. Nosuch crest.
Nostrils near middle of bill,
Common MERGANSER.

32

Nostrils near base of bill,
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.
B. Edges of mandibles smooth.
Length 30-36 inches, Loon.
Length 24 inches, Herring GULL.
2. Front toes not webbed but edged with wide flaps:
A. Forehead protected by a broad, horny shield, Coor.
B. No such shield.
Length 19 inches, HoLsoet.’s GREBE.
Length 13 inches, Common GREBE.
8. Toes neither webbed nor edged with wide flaps.
A. ‘Tibiae naked below.
a. Outer and middle toe grown together for most of
length, BELTED KINGFISHER.
aa. Toes not so united.
b. Size large ; length 16 inches or over.
c. Color pure white.

Length 24 inches, Snowy Heron.
Length 36-42 inches, AMERICAN EGRErt.

ec. Color not white.
d. Tail feathers 10, BITTERN.

dd. Tail feathers 12.
e. Length42inches or more, Great BLue HERON.
ee. Length 26 inches or less.

f. Length 23-26 inches, Nicur Heron.
ff. Length 16-18 inches,
Bill much under 3 inches, GREEN HERON.

Bill much over 3 inches, HupsoniaAN CURLEW.
bb. Size small; length under 15 inches.
c. Tail feathers 10, Least Birrern.
ec. Tail feathers 12 or more.
d. Length 7 inches or less.
Beneath brownish-yellow, YELtow Ratu.
Beneath white, Least SANDPIPER.

33

dd. Length 73 inches or more.
e. Legs bright yellow, YELLOW-LEGS.
ee. Legs not bright yellow.
f. Beneath white, with or without spots.
g. Thickly spotted, : SpoTTED SANDPIPER.
gg. Not spotted; fore breast dusky.
Length about 12 inches, UeLanp PLovEr.
Length 8-9 inches, Soxitary SANDPIPER.
ff. Beneath not white.

Bill much over 2 inches, CLAPPER Ral.
Bill less than 2 inches but much over an
inch, Virernia Ral.

Bill much less than an inch,
Carona Rat.
B. Tibiae feathered to tarsal joint or very nearly so.
a. Tarsus fully feathered.
b. Eyes large, directly in front.
ce. Ear-tufts, present.

d. Length less than a foot, ScrEEcH OWL.
dd: Length 14-18 inches.
Ear tufts conspicuous, LonG-EARED OWL.
Ear tufts small, SHORT-EARED OWL.

ddd. Length over 20 inches, Great Hornep Ow1.
ec. Ear tufts practically wanting.

d. Tail graduated, Hawk Owt.
dd. Tail not graduated.
Length 27 inches, Great Gray OwL.
Length 24 inches, Snowy Owt.
Length 6-8 inches, Saw-wHet OwL.

bb. Eyes moderate, on sides of head.
Length less than 24 inches,
RovcH-LececeD Hawk.
Length over 30 inches, GoLpEN EaGLe.
4

34

aa. Tarsus never fully feathered.
b. Eye above and back of ear.
Three outer primaries abruptly narrowed,
Woopcock.
Outer primaries not narrowed, Witson’s SNIPE.
bb. Eye in front of ear.
ce. Bill hooked; base covered with a thick skin.
d. Tarsus covered with plates in front and behind.
e. Rump pure white, Marsx Hawk.
ee. Rump not white.
f. Length 17 inches or less, Broap-winGED Hawk.
ff. Length 18 inches or over.
Wing coverts more or less rufous,
RED-SHOULDERED Hawk.
Wing coverts without rufous, :
RED-TAILED Hawk.
dd. Tarsus with plates only infront, or‘‘booted” (i. e.
with the front scales fused intoa single smooth

plate.)
e. Length over 30 inches, Bap Fac te.
ee. Length under 25 inches.
f. Length over 20 inches, GosHAWE.
ff. Length under 20 inches.
Length 16-18 inches, Cooper’s Hawk.

Length 12-14 inches, SHarp-sHInNNED Hawk.
ddd. Tarsus without plates.

e. Bill not notched or toothed, Fish Hawk.
ee. Bill notched or toothed.
Length over 21 inches, GYRFALCON.
Length 16-19 inches, Duck Hawk.

Length 10-12 inches; back not chestnut,
Piczon Hawk.
Length 10 inches; back chestnut,

Sparrow Hawk.

35

ec. Bill not as above, but with the nostrils opening
beneath a soft swollen membrane.
Tail of 12 feathers, PassENGER PIGEON.
Tail of 14 feathers, Movrnine Dove.
ccc. Bill and nostrils not as above.
d. Hind toe elevated above the front ones.
e. Gape of mouth not reaching below eye.
Tail of 18 feathers, Rurrep GROUSE.
Tail of 12 feathers, BogswhHite.
ee. Gape of mouth reaching below eye.
f. Length over 8 inches.

Tail rounded, WHIPPOORWILL.
Tail slightly forked, Nicut Hawk.

ff. Length under 6 inches.
Length 4 inches, CHIMNEY SwirT.

Length 3 inches,
Rusy-THROATED HUMMING-BIRD.
dd. Hind toe not elevated.
e. Primaries 10, outermost at least two-thirds as
long as longest.
f. Length over 8 inches.
Pure white beneath, KING-BIRD.
Not white beneath,
Great CresteD FLYCATCHER.
ff. Length 7 inches or less.
g. Length over 64 inches.
Bill wholly black, PHOEBE.
Lower mandible not black, Woop Pewee.
gg. Length 6 inches or less.
h. Throat yellow, YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
hh. Throat white.
Length 6 inches, TRAILL’s FLYCATCHER.
Length 54 inches, Least FLYCATCHER.

36

ee. Primaries 9 or 10; if 10, outermost not two-
thirds as long as longest.

The great group of song-birds belongs under this head ; for
convenience we will divide it into two sections: those species
in which the front of the tarsus is covered by a number of
scales or long plates, and those in which these plates are fused
into a single sheath, a condition in which the tarsus is said to
be ‘‘ booted.”

Section I. Tarsus not booted.

1. Billstrongly hooked, and notched.
A. Length over 8 inches.

Beneath pure white, LoGGERHEAD SHRIKE.
Beneath white, with numerous fine transverse black
lines, BuTCcHER-BIRD.

B. Length under 7 inches.
a. Throat bright yellow, YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.

aa. Throat not yellow.
b. Two white or yellow bars on wing,
Tris brown ; head ashy with no yellow,
Sorirary VIREO.
Iris white ; head olive green with yellow.
WHITE-EYED VIREO.
bb. No bars on wing.
Iris red; crown black-edged, Rxrp-zyep VirEo.
Tris brown ; crown without black,
ee Warsiine Vireo.
2. Bill not strongly hooked and notched, but nearly as broad
at base as long and with mouth extending under eyes.
A. Plain brown above,
A tuft of feathers at base of toes, Bank SwaLitow.
No such tuft, RoUGH-WINGED SWALLOW:

B. Not plain brown above.
a. Forehead same color as crown.
Green above; white beneath,
WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW.

No green or white, PureLe Martin.
aa. Forehead not same color as crown.
Tail deeply forked, Barn SwaLLow.
Tail almost square cut, Eave SwaLLow.
Bill not as above, but with tips of mandibles crossed.
Two white bars on wing, WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.
No bars on wings, Rep CrossBitu.

Bill not as above, but with a distinct sharp lobe or tooth

near middle of edge of upper mandible,
: ScarRLeT TANAGER.

Bill not as above, but much shorter than head and with
corners of mouth sharply drawn down.
A. Tail feathers sharply pointed ; length over 64 inches,

Bopo.ink.
B. Tail feathers not sharply pointed if bird is over 6
inches.
a. Bill black.
b. Crown rufous, reddish or yellowish.

Length over 8 inches, PINE GRosBEaK.
Length under 6 inches, CurpPine SPARROW.

bb. Crown not rufous, reddish or yellowish.
Belly white ; sides chestnut, CHEWINK.
No white or chestnut, CowBirD.

aa. Bill not wholly black.
b. Length over 7 inches.
ce. Bill very large and light-colored.
Breast rose-red ; or else under wing coverts saf-
fron-yellow, ROsE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.
Breast not rose-red; under wing coverts not
saffron-yellow, EVENING GROSBEAK.

38

cc. Bill not as above.
d. With a prominent crest, CARDINAL Birp.
dd. No crest.
Colors chiefly black, white and brown,
Snow Buntine.
Colors not as above, Fox Sparrow.
bb. Length under 7 inches.
c. Nowhere decidedly streaked or spotted.

Slate-colored ; belly white, JUNCO.
More or less blue, Mate InpIGo-BIRD.
More or less yellow, GOLDFINCH.

ce. Streaked or spotted somewhere.
d. Lower mandible white with black stripe along
middle, FEMALE INDIGO-BIRD.
dd. Lower mandible not as above.
e. Outer tail feathers largely white, VEsPER SPARROW.
ee. Notas above.
f. Wings much longer than tail.
g. With crimson or clear red.
Nearly whole bird crimson,
Mate Pourpe FIncu.
Only crown and throat crimson,
; Lesser RED-POLL.
gg. With no red.
h. With yellow.
Tail yellow at base, Pine Finca.
Tail not vellow at base,
SavannaH SPARROW.
hh. With no yellow. ¢
Not streaked beneath, EneLiso Sparrow.
Much streaked beneath,
FEemALe Puree Finca.
ff. Wings little if any longer than tail.
g. Sharply streaked beneath.
No buff or yellow, Sone Sparrow.

39

Under parts with buff; yellow on wing,
HENsLOW’s SPARROW.
Under parts with buff; no yellow,

LincoLn’s SPARROW.
gg. Not streaked beneath.
h. Crown without white.

i. Tail rounded, Swamp SPaRRow.
ii. Tailslightly forked.
Bill pale reddish, FIELD SPARROW.
Bill black and yellow, TREE SPARROW.

bh. Crown with white stripes.
Throat white ; yellow line from bill toeye,
WHITE-THROATED SPARROW.

Throat ash; no yellow,
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.
6. Bill not asabove; as long as head or longer and with cor-

ners of mouth sharply drawn down.
A. Underparts with yellow or bright chestnut.
a. Black crescent on breast; tail feathers acute,

Meapow Larg.
aa. Not as above.
Rump more or less orange, BALTIMORE ORIOLE.
Rump not orange, OrcHARD ORIOLE.
B. Under parts without yellow or chestnut.
a. Length a foot or more.
Iridescence not in distinct areas, PurpLe GRACKLE.
Tridescence in distinct areas, BronzeD GRACKLE.
aa. Length 10 inches or less.
Bend of wing scarlet or else under parts streaked
with dark brown and white,
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.

Not as above, Rusty BLAcKBIRD.
7. Billnot as above.

A. Length over 7 inches.

40

a. Conspicuously crested.

Color largely blue, Buve Jay.
No blue at all, Cepar Birp.

aa. No crest.
b. Length 2 feet or more; black RAVEN.

bb. Length under 20 but over 16 inches; black, Crow.
bbb. Length under 14 inches; not black.
c. Breast bright yellow, YELLOW-BREASTED Cuat.
ce. Breast not yellow.
Bright ferruginous above, Brown THRASHER.
Slate color, Cat Birp.
B. Length under 62 inches.
a. Nostrils covered by a tuft of bristly feathers. ,

Throat black, CHICKADEE.
Throat rusty-red, RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.
Throat white, WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

aa. Nostrils not as above; tail feathers rigid and sharp
pointed like a woodpeckers, Brown CREEPER.
aaa. Nostrils and tail feathers not as above.
b. Color chiefly brown, more or less waved withdarker ;
wings and tail barred.
Length over 44 inches ; wings equal to tail,
House Wren.
Length under 43 inches; wings much longer
than tail, WINTER WREN.
bb. Color not as above.
ce. Bill conical, slender; bristles at base short or

wanting.

d. Length 5} inches or more; tail feathers without
white.

e. Crown golden-brown, Oven Birp.

ee. Crown not golden-brown.
f. Not spotted beneath, Worm-raTiInc WarsBLer.

4}

ff. Spotted beneath.
Tinged with buff beneath ; legs pale,
Louisiana WaTER THRUSH.
Tinged with sulphur-yellow tcneath; legs
dark, Wares THRUSH.
dd. Length over 6 inches; hind claw almost straight,
nearly twice as long as middle claw, TiriarK.
ddd. Length usually under 5} inches; if over that,
outer tail feathers conspicuously marked with
white.
e. Tail feathers without white blotches.
f. Throat yellow.
g. Tail nearly equal to wing,
MaryLanp YELLOW-THROAT.
-gg. Tail much shorter than wing.
Whole head yellow, YELLOW WaRBLER.
Whole head not yellow,
NaSHVILLE WARBLER.
ff. Throat not yellow.
A white ring around eye,
ConnecticuT WARBLER.
No white eye-ring, Movurnrne WARBLER.
ee. Tail feathers with white blotches.
f. Tarsus shorter than middle toe and claw,
Brack aND WHITE WARBLER.
ff. Tarsus not shorter than middle toe and claw.
g. Rictal bristles nearly wanting.
Entire fore-parts golden yellow,
PROTHONOTARY WARRLER.
Fore-parts not wholly yellow,
GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER.
¢. Rictal bristles evident.
h. Back blue, with a central yellowish patch,
PaRuLa WARBLER.

42

hh. Back not so colored.
i. Wing bars not white.
Beneath white, CHESTNUT-sIDED WARBLER.
Beneath yellow,
YELLOW RED-POLL WARBLER.
ii. Wing bars, if present, white.
j. Large white spot at base of primaries,
BLacCK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.
jj. No such spot.
k. Rump yellow.
]. White spots near middle of tail feathers,
Macenoria WaRBLER.
ll. White spots near ends of tail feathers.
Beneath white streaked with black,
MyrtLe WaRBLER.
Beneath yellow streaked with black,
Cape May WaRBLER.
kk. Rump not yellow.
l. ‘White spots atends of 5 pairs of tail
feathers, CaERULEAN WARBLER.
ll. White on tail not so distributed.
m. Outer tail feather edged with white
externally.
Throat black or blackish,
BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.
Throat orange or yellow,
BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.
mm. Outer tail feather not edged with white.
n. Large white spots at ends of only 2
outer tail feathers, Pine WARBLER.
nn. White spots small, at ends of 2 or
more outer tail feathers.
Bay or buffish on breast; belly
white, BAY-BREASTED WARBLER.

43

Not as above,
BLAacK-POLL WARBLER.
ce. Bill broad, flattened ; bristles at base reaching far-
beyond nostrils.
d. Black, white and flame-red, or brown, white and.
yellow, RepstarrT.
dd. Notas above.
Olive-green and yellow, Wutson’s WARBLER.
Ashy and yellow, CanapiaN WARBLER. .

Section II. Tarsus booted.

1. Length 5 inches or less.
Crown with a patch of orange or yellow,
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.
Crown with a patch of ruby red or none.
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. -
2. Length 7 inches or more.
A. Breast white more or less tinged with buff and often.
spotted
a. Tail same color as back.
Upper parts cinnamon-brown, Witson’s THRUSH.

Upper parts olive, OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. .
aa. Tail different from back.
Tail brownish olive, Woop Truss.
Tail bright rufous, Hermir TuHrvusH.
B. Breast not as above.
Back bright blue, Buve Birp.

No blue, Rosin.

The Birds of Amherst.

1. Colymbus holboellii (Reinh.).

HOLBOELL’S GREBE. RED-NECKED GREBE.

Above, blackish or brownish, the feathers edged with grayish; sides of"
neck, brownish-gray; beneath, silky-white. Length, 19 inches.

Two specimens of this rare bird have been taken at Belcher--
town ponds; one about 1871, the other in March, 1886. The
latter is in the collection of Mr. Stone, Enfield.

2. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.).

COMMON GREBE. DIPPER DUCK.

Above, dark brownish, the feathers with paler edges; beneath, silky--
white. Length, 13 inches.

Not uncommon in Adam’s and Hadley ponds and the Con--
necticut river. Very possibly breeds.

3. Urinator imber (Gunn.).

LOON. GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.

Above, black marked with white on the back; beneath, white. Length,.
32-35 inches.

An irregular and rare visitant during the migrations.

4. Alle alle (Linn.).

DOVEKIE.
Above, blue-black; beneath, pure white. Length, 8-9 inches.
Belchertown ponds, winter of 1872; many were blown inland:
by a severe storm. Entirely accidental.

46

5. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues.

AMERICAN HERRING GULL.
“Guill blue; part of wings, black. Length, 24 inches.
Has occurred at rare intervals at Belchertown ponds.

6. Merganser americanus (Cass.).
COMMON MERGANSER. GOOSANDER.

MaLe: Head and neck, dark green; upper parts, mostly black; surface of
~wing, white.

FEMALE: Head and neck, reddish-brown; black of male replaced by

aShy-gray. Both sexes, more or less salmon tinted beneath. Length,
~ 24.27 inches.

Not uncommon on the Connecticut river during the
-migrations.

7. Merganser serrator (Linn.).
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.

MALE: Head and neck, dark green; above, black and gray; breast, brown-
‘dsh-red; belly, salmon-white.

FEMALE: Head and neck, grayish-chestnut; above, gray; beneath, white.
‘Length, 22-24 inches.

Taken: once on the Connecticut near Northampton.

8. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linn.).
HOODED MERGANSER.

MALE: Above, black; center of crest, white; beneath, white; sides, waved

“with brownish. ’
FEMALE: Head and neck, grayish-chestnut; back and sides,dusky brown.

‘Length, 16-18 inches.
Not rare:on the Connecticut. river, during the migrations.

9. Anas obscura Gmel.

DUSKY DUCK. BLACK DUCK.

Dusky-brown; spot on bend of wing, purple; iris brown. Length, 22
“inches.

Formerly abundant but now rather rare. Occasionally seen
‘from the last of March until the middle of May and again in

October and November. Feeds on vegetable matter, mollusks,
worms and insects.

10. Anas carolinensis Gmel.
GREEN-WINGED TEAL.

MALE: Head, chestnut; upper parts and sides, waved with black and
white; beneath, whitish, spotted on breast with black; under tail coverts,
black.

FEMALE: Head and neck, brown streaked with reddish; above, mottled
with dark brown, barred and streaked with tawny or grayish. Length, 14
inches.

Occasional on the Connecticut river and on the ponds about
Amherst, during the migrations.

11. Anas discors Linn.
BLUE-WINGED TEAL.

MALE: Above, various shades of brown; head,dark leaden-gray; beneath,
purplish-gray, thickly spotted with black.

FEMALE; Above, dark brown, edges of feathers, paler; head, buff
streaked with blackish; beneath, whitish-gray, obscurely spotted. Length,
15-16 inches.

Not rare on the Connecticut and occasional on the ponds
about Amherst, during the migrations.

12. Spatula clypeata (Linn.).
SHOVELLER DUCK.

Head and neck, dark green in the male, brownish-yellow streaked with
dusky inthe female; breast, white; belly, more or less purplish-chestnut;
rump, upper and under tail-coverts,black; wing-coverts, sky-blue, Length,
17-21 inches.

Has been taken a few times on the Connecticut river.

13. Dafila acuta (Linn.).
PIN-TAIL DUCK.

MALE: Héad and neck, rich dark brown; above, waved or striped with
black and whitish; beneath, white,

FEMALE: Head and neck, buffy; almost white beneath, streaked above
and on sides with blackish; above, fuscous marked with buffy or whitish;
beneath, whitish, spotted on the breast; Length, 22-30 inches.

Reported only once ; the Connecticut river near Northampton.

48

14. Aix sponsa (Linn.),
“OOD DUCK. SUMMER DUCK.

MALE: Crown, glistening green and purple; patch on throat, white;
beneath, white except throat and breast which are rich chestnut spotted
with white; back, bronzy-green, purple and velvety-black, mingled with
white; feet, orange; iris, red.

FEMALE: Head and neck, gray; throat and breast, yellowish-brown mot-
tled with gray or spotted with brown; back, dark brown; feet, yellowish-
dusky. Length, 18-20 inches. : :

Common migrant but rare breeder, and becoming more /vare.
Earliest arrival, April 9; departs in October. Raisés one
brood. Eggs, 10-12, pale drab. Nest of feathers, etc., ina
hollow tree. Feeds on vegetable matter, mollusks, worms and
insects. Deserves most careful protection.

15. Branta canadensis (Linn.).

CANADA GOOSE. WILD GOOSE.

Bill, feet, head and neck, black; chin and sides of head, white; above,
prownish-gray; beneath, paler. Length, 36-38 inches.

Common in. spring and fall, flying over. Earliest arrival
March 10; in the fall, usually seen in November. Occasion-
ally taken on the Connecticut and on the ponds around
Amherst. Note, a loud ‘‘honk.”

16. Branta bernicla (Lian.).

BRANT.

Head, neck, throat and upper breast, black; sides of neck, speckled with
white; back, brownish-gray; lower breast, ashy-gray; belly, white.
Length, 26 inches.

Accidental visitor. One taken near Northampton, April 11,
1903 (fide Morris).

17, Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.).
BITTERN. STAKE-DRIVER.

Everywhere varied with brownish tawny, white and black; a black patch
on side of neck. Length, 2-3 feet.

Not common, but a regular summer visitor; formerly bred

49

and probably does still. Frequents wet meadows and the bor-
ders of ponds. Feeds on frogs, mollusks, insects, etc. Note
resembles the sound made by driving a stake into soft ground
with a mallet.

18. Ardetta exilis (Gmel.).
LEAST BITTERN.

Crown, back and tail, greenish-black in male, purplish-chestnut in
female; back of neck and most of wing coverts, chestnut; beneath,
brownish-yellow. Length, 11-14 inches.

Apparently very rare. Only specimen reported was taken
near Northampton.

19. Ardea herodias Linn.

' GREAT BLUE HERON.

Above, slaty-blue; beneath, black and white or ashy (young); tibia and
edge of wing, chestnut. Length, 42-50 inches.

Rare and of irregular occurrence. Most of the specimens
taken have been in late summer, in the young plumage.

20. Ardea egretta Gmel.

AMERICAN EGRET.

Pure white; bill, cheeks and eyes, yellow; legs and feet, black. Length,
36-42 inches.

One instance. North Hadley, Aug. 27, 1883. Three were
seen and 1 shot. An accidental visitor from the south.

21. Ardea candidissima Gmel.

SNOWY HERON.

Pure whité; cheeks, eyes and feet, yellow; billand legs black. Length,’
24 inches.

Another accidental visitor from the south. A single speci-
men wataken near Northampton about 1883.
5

50

22. Ardea virescens Linn.
GREEN HERON.

Crown, wingsand tail,dark green; back, bluish; neck, purplish chest-
nut with a whitish throat line; beneath, brownish-ash; legs, yellow; iris,
orange. Length, 16-18 inches.

Common summer resident. Arrives last of April or early in
May; departs in October. Earliest arrival April 28. Raises
1 brood. Eggs 3-6, blue. Nest of coarse sticks, nearly flat,
sometimes in a bush, but usually ina tree. Eggs laid about
the first of June. Feeds on insects, seeds, frogs, etc. Note,
a peculiar squawk.

23. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Bodd.).
NIGHT HERON. QUA-BIRD.

Crown and part of back, dark, glossy green; rest of bird, bluish-gray,
tinged with lavender; very pale beneath. Length, 23-26 inches,

An occasional but irregular visitor along the Connecticut
river.

24.’ Rallus longirostris crepitans (Gmel.).
CLAPPER RAIL. -

Above, very pale greenish-olive, the feathers margined with gray; neck
and breast, pale cream-buff; belly, gray barred with white; throat, white.
Length, 14-15 inches.

. Accidental visitor reported once from Hadley and once from
near Northampton (jide Morris).

25. Rallus virginianus Linn.

! VIRGINIA RAIL.

Above, prownish-black and tawny-olive; top of head, dark brown; wing
eoverts, chestnut; beneath, cinnamon-red. Length, 8-10 inches.

Probably a regular summer resident in suitable marshes but
owing to its very shy and secretive manners, it is not often
seen and has rarely been taken. The nest however has been
found several times. Nest of grasses and sedges in marshes.

51

Eggs 6-12, buffy, spotted and speckled with rufous brown.
Note, a peculiar cry, which has been written ‘‘cit, cit, citta-
cutta-citta.”

26. Porzana carolina (Linn.).
CAROLINA RAIL. SORA.

Black, white and olive-brown; face and center of throat, black in adults;
rest of throat and breast, slate-gray in adults; whole of throat and breast,
brown in young. Length, 8-9 inches. :

Irregular summer resident in suitable marshes. Nest of
grasses or sedges on a hummock or on the ground. Eggs
8-15, ochraceous-buff spotted and speckled with brown. Note
‘“a clear, whistled ker-wee” (Chapman).

27. Porzana noveboracensis (Gmel.).
YELLOW RAIL.

Above, streaked with blackish, brownish-yellow and white; beneath,
pale brownish-yellow. Length, 7 inches.

Very rare visitor. One instance near Northampton, many
years ago (fide Stearns).

28. Fulica americana Gmel.

COOT. MUD-HEN.
Dark slate; under tail coverts, white. Length, 14-16 inches.
Irregular and rather rare visitor; was formerly supposed to
breed.

29. Philohela minor (Gmel.).
WOODCOCK.

Above, varied with black, brown, gray and russet; beneath, rich warm
brown. Length, 10-12 inches.

Summer resident, formerly common; arrives in March and
departs in November. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 4, brownish-
clay-¢-«lored, thickly spotted with brown and stone-gray, Nest
of grass, etc. on the ground. Eggs laid last of May. Feeds

52

on insects and worms. Notes and flight extraordinary but
indescribable in-brief. Most notable of our game birds.

30. Gallinago delicata Ord.
WILSON’S SNIPE. JACK SNIPE.

Above, blackish, speckled with whitish, bay and tawny; beneath, white,
fore breast slightly speckled with dusky. Length, 11 inches.

Irregular and uncommon visitor during the migrations,
especially in the late fall.

31. Tringa minutilla Viell.

LEAST SANDPIPER. PEEP.

Above, each feather black centered, edged with bright bay and tipped
with white; beneath, white, lower throat with a brownish suffusion.
Length, 6 inches.

Occasional during the spring migration, at Adam’s pond
and in similar places. Taken in May, 1884 and 1886.

32. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.).
YELLOW-LEGS. LESSER TELL-TALE.

Above, blackish speckled with whitish; beneath, white; lower throat,
dusky. Length, 11 inches.

Rare and irregular visitor during the migrations.

33. Totanus solitarius (Wils.).
SOLITARY SANDPIPER.

Above, olive-brown finely speckled with white; beneath, white, lower
throat shaded with brownish. Length, 8-9 inches.

Uncommon and uncertain migrant in May, August and Sep-
tember. The reported breeding near Adam’s pond is undoubt-
edly erroneous; neither parent bird was taken.

34. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.).
UPLAND PLOVER.

ms

Above, varied blackish, whitish and tawny; lateral] tail feathers, wrange-
prown marked with black and tipped with white; beneath, white; lower
part of throat, dusky- Length, 12-13 inches.

53

Rare summer resident but not uncommon in the spring and
fall. Earliest arrival May 8; departs in October. Raises
one brood. Eggs 4, clay-colored, thickly spotted with dark
brown. Nest of a few stalks of grass, and leaves, in a slight
hollow on the ground, usually in an open meadow. Eggs laid
the first of June. Feeds on insects and seeds. Notes loud
and shrill; sometimes written quip-ip-ip, quip-ip-ip.

35. Actitis macularia (Lion.).

SPOTTED SANDPIPER. TIP-UP.

Above, ashy-olive, finely varied with black; beneath, white, inthe adults
thickly spotted with blackish; feet, flesh color or yellow. Length, 7-8
inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival April 29;
departs in September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 4, buff orclay-
colored, spotted with brown. Nest ina slight hollow on the
ground, of a few leaves and grasses. Eggs laid the last of
May. Feeds on insects, mollusks, seeds, etc. Note a loud
peet-weet, often repeated.

36. Numenius hudsonicus Lath.

HUDSONIAN CURLEW.

Above, grayish brown with white spots; rump and tail, barred with,
puffy and blackish; under parts,pale buffy streaked with blackish. Length,
17 inches.

Accidental visitor. One instance, a specimen taken at
Northampton ; now in Springfield (fide Morris).

37. Aegialitis vocifera (Linn.).

KILDEER PLOVER.

Above, grayish-brown; rump, chestnut; forehead, neck-collar and under-
party, white; band above forehead, neck-collar and crescent on throat
black. Length, 9-10 inches.

Rare and very irregular visitor.

54

38. Aegialitis meloda (Ord).
PIPING PLOVER.

Above, very pale ash; beneath, white; bar across crown (and in the
male, incomplete ring around neck), black; band across back of-neck,
white. Length, 7inches.

Rare migrant. One instance. Adam’s pond, May, 1884.
C. R. Kenfield.

39. Colinus virginianus (Linn.).
BOBWHITE. QUAIL.

Crown, neck and forepart of breast, brownish-red; above, varied with
chestnut, tawny, gray and black; beneath, tawny-whitish regularly barred
with black double-crescents; throat of maie, white, of female, buff.
Length, 9-11 inches.

Uncommon resident. Raises 1 brood. Eggs white, 8-12 in
number, tho 32 are said to have been laid by a single bird.
Nest of grass in bushy pastures. Eggs laidin June. Feeds
on seeds, insects, etc. Note, the well-known bob-white.

40. Bonasa umbellus (Linn.). |
RUFFED GROUSE. PARTRIDGE.

Varied grayish-brown and black; whitish beneath, barred with brown.
Length, 16-18 inches. Ey = oe

Common resident. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 8-16, buff. Nest
of leaves in the woods at foot of a tree or bush. Feeds on
buds, berries, etc.

41. Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.).
PASSENGER PIGEON. WILD PIGEON.

Above, iridescent slaty-blue / beneath, in male, purplish-chestnut, in
female, brownish-gray; under tail coverts, white; iris, orange. Length,
17-18 inches.

‘Uncommon migrant. Earliest arrival, April 5; seen again
in August and September. Feeds on seeds, insects, etc.”

The above is quoted from the first edition and reveals the
status of this interesting bird in 1887. Today itis an open

55

question whether the passenger pigeon is any more entitled to
a place in this list than the wild turkey which was an undoubted
inhabitant of the vicinity of Amherst in the early part of the
nineteenth century. Apparently the wild pigeon is now as
extinct as the wild turkey in Massachusetts, and there is no
reason to expect it will ever return. In the spring of 1888 the
‘pigeons were quite common near Amherst; one fine male was
shot and individuals were seen on two other occasions, 6
together on April 17, but none were seen after that date nor in
any subsequent years.

42. Zenaidura macroura (Linn.).
MOURNING DOVE. CAROLINA DOVE.

Grayish-blue; head and neck ochrey-brown with ruby and golden irides-
cence; a violet-black spot back of ear; beneath, paler than above.
Length, 12 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, March 26;
departs in October. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 2, white. Nest
of fine twigs in trees. Eggs laid last of May. Feeds on
seeds, insects, etc. Notes, plaintive ‘‘coos.”

43. Circus hudsonius (Linn.).

MARSH HAWK.

MALE: Bluish-ash; rump, white; belly, white thinly spotted. Length,
19 inches.

FEMALE: Dark brown above; rump, white; beneath, brownish-yellow.
Length, 22 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, March 20;
departs in October. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 3-6, dull bluish
white, rarely spotted. Nest of grass onthe ground. Eggs
laid in May. Feeds on mice, insects, birds, etc. Beneficial.

44, Accipiter velox (Wils.).
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK.

Dark plumbeous; tail crossed by four blackish bars; beneath white,
parred crosswise in the adult, streaked longitudinally in the young, with
tawny. Length, 10-14 inches.

56

Common migrant but has not been taken in summer. Feeds
on small birds, mice and insects. Probably beneficial. Note,
a shrill scream.

45. Accipiter cooperi (Bonap.).
COOPER’S HAWK. CHICKEN HAWK.

Coloration as in the preceding. Length, 16-20 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, April 10;
departs in October. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 3 or 4, dull white
tinged with bluish, rarely marked with dark brown. Nest of
sticks, twigs, bark and leaves in a tree. Eggs laid in May.
Feeds on birds and small quadrupeds; often chickens and
game birds. Probably injurious. Note, a loud scream.’

46. Accipiter atricapillus (Wils.).
GOSHAWK.

Above, dark bluish-slate, each feather dark-shafted; crown, blackish;
beneath, white closely barred with narrow, zigzag lines of slaty-brown,
each feather with a black shaft line. In the young the upper parts are
more rufous and the under parts are streaked, not barred. Length, 20-24
inches.

Not uncommon fall visitor in the vicinity of Northampton,
but has not been taken in Amherst. Very destructive to
poultry and game. Decidedly injurious.

47. Buteo borealis (Gmel.).
RED-TAILED HAWK. HEN HAWK.

Above, varied with brown, fulvous, gray and whitish; beneath, whitish
streaked with brown; tail of sdult, rich chestnut with a broad barof
black near the tip; tail of young, brown like the back, crossed by numer-
ous blackish bands. Length, 20-24 inches.

Common resident. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 2-4, dull whitish
usually streaked and blotched with brown. Nest large and
bulky, of sticks, twigs, bark, etc. in tall trees. Eggs laid
last of April. Feeds on mice and other small quadrupeds,,
birds and insects. Probably beneficial. Note, a loud shrill
‘* kee kee.”

57

48. Buteo lineatus (Gmel.).

RED-SHOULDERED HAWK. HEN HAWK.

Wing coverts, bright bay; above, reddish-brown, streaked with darker;
beneath, orange-brown, varied with white; in the young there is much less
bay on the wing-coverts. Length, 18-22 inches.

Common resident. Nesting and other habits like the pre-
ceding. Rarely attacks poultry and is undoubtedly very
beneficial.

49. Buteo latissimus (Wils.).
BROAD-WINGED HAWK.

Above, dark brown, marked with gray and white; beneath, mixed white
andfulvous. Length, 16-17 inches.

Apparently rare. Has been recorded from Pelham and
Leverett. Beneficial.

50. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.).

ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.

Varying from wholly black to fuscous-brown marked with white above
and white marked with blackish beneath. Length, 22 inches.

Common winter resident in the meadows along the Connect-
icut, but has never been taken in Amherst. Feeds on mice.
Very beneficial.

51. Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.).
GOLDEN EAGLE.

Fuscous brown; basal part of tail and tarsal plumage, white in adult;
basal part of tail, brown with grayish bars and tarsal plumage, buffy, in
young. Length, 30-40 inches.

Very rare, accidental visitor. A young specimen was cap-
tured in North Belchertown in November, 1902, by means of a
steel trap and was afterwards exhibited in Springfield and
placed in the collection of living birds in the park there.

58

52. Halizetus leucocephalus (Linn.).

BALD EAGLE.

Brown; head and tail white in adult. Length, 33-36 inches.
Rare and accidental visitor, occasionally seen near, or
flying towards, the mountains by the Connecticut river.

53. Falco rusticolus (Linn.).
GYRFALCON.

Above, more or less imperfectly barred with dark brown and pale ash;.
beneath, white streaked with dusky. Length, 24 inches.

Very rare winter visitor. One specimen taken at Northamp-
ton in the winter of 1879, by Mr. E. O. Damon. The speci--
men is now in the Science building, Springfield, and is said to be
subspecies gyrfaico. (Morris.)

54. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.).

DUCK HAWK.

Above, dark bluish-ash; beneath creamy-white spotted or streaked with
blackish except on throat and upper breast; adult barred rather than
streaked beneath. Length, 19 inches.

Very rare summer resident, more common in the fall. Known
to breed on Mt. Tom and has bred on Sugarloaf. Nest on
rocky ledges, sometimes of sticks and rubbish, but often the
eggs are laid on the bare rock. Eggs 2-4, creamy-white or
pale reddish, heavily marked with brown. Eggs laid in April.
Feeds chiefly on birds and is doubtless injurious.

55. Falco columbarius (Linn.).

PIGEON HAWK.

Above,brown(bluish penciled with'black in full plumaged male) ;beneath,
white tinged with tawny, streaked with dark brown. Length, 12 inches.

Rare and irregular visitor, probably only during the migra-
tions, though it has been reported in winter.

59

56. Falco sparverius (Linn.).
SPARROW HAWK.

Crown, ashy-blue, usually with a chestnut patch; seven black spots about
the head; black, chestnut, with black bars in the female; tail, chestnut
with black bars, and in the male, with outer feathers and tips, white;
beneath buffy, streaked with brown in the female. Length, 10-11 inches.

Common summer resident. [Earliest arrival, March 18;
departs in October. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 3-7, reddish,
spotted with brown. Nest in holes in trees. Eggs laid first
of June. Feeds on insects, mice, etc. Beneficial. Note, a
high shrill scream often repeated, which Chapman writes
“* killy-killy-killy-killy.”

57. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.).
FISH HAWK, OSPREY.

Above, dark brown, the feathers edged with white; head,neck and
beneath, white; crown and breast streaked with blackish or brown.
Length, 22-24 inches.

Common spring visitor in Hadley and uear the Connecticut
river, but rare in Amherst. Less common in the fall. Feeds
on fish entirely. Note, a whistling scream.

58. Asio wilsonianus (Less.).
LONG-EARED OWL.

Varied everywhere with black and tawny; no white on throat. Length,
14.16 inches.

Uncommon resident. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 5, white. Nest
in an old crow’s or hawk’s nest, or in a hollow tree. Eggs laid
in May. Feeds on mice chiefly. Beneficial.

59. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.).
SHORT-EARED OWL.
Varied every where with brown, white and tawny. Length, 15 inches.
Very rare in Amherst, but seems to be common as a winter
visitor near Northampton, at least in some years.

60

60. Syrnium nebulosum (Forst.).

BARRED OWL.

More or less regularly barred with liver-brown and whitish, iris black
-or dark brown. Length, 18-20 inches.

Regular but not common resident, least common in summer.
Nest usually in a hollow tree, or in an old crow’s nest. Eggs
2-4, white. Feeds on mice, birds, cray-fish, etc, Probably
beneficial: Note, a loud hoot, sometimes written ‘‘ whoo-whoo-
-whoo-whoo, who-whoo, to-whoo-ah” (Chapman).

61. Scotiaptex cinereum (Gmel.),

GREAT GRAY OWL.
Dusky-grayish-brown and grayish-white. Length, 25-30 inches.
Very rare winter visitor; reported once from Northampton
(Morris).
62. Nyctala acadica (Gmel.),
SAW-WHET OWL.

Above, purplish-brown, marked with white; beneath, white, marked
with tawny. Length, 6-8 inches.

Very rare visitor. One instance. Amherst, October, 1886.
-C. R. Kentfield.

63. Megascops asio (Linn.).
SCREECH OWL. RED OWL. MOTTLED OWL.

Mottled gray, black and white, or pure rusty-red, streaked beneath.
Length, 10-11 inches.

Common resident but least common in summer. Raises 1
brood. Eggs 4-6, white. Nestina hollow tree. Eggslaidin
May. Feeds on mice, insects, etc., veryrarely poultry. Ben-
-eficial. Notes, wierd cries and moans.

64. Bubo virginianus (Gmel.). °

GREAT HORNED OWL.

Black and tawny with wu white collar on the throat. Length, 24
~inches,

61

Common resident. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 2 or 3, white...
Nest in a hollow tree or in that of a hawk or crow. Eggs.
laid in March. Feeds on birds and quadrupeds. Injurious..
A famous * hooter.”

65. Nyctea nyctea (Linn.).
SNOWY OWL.

White, more or less marked with brownish-black. Length, 24 inches.

Rare and irregular winter visitor, seldom seen in Amherst
but more frequent in the Hadley meadows.

66. Surnia ulula caparoch (Mull.).

HAWK OWL.

Above, brown marked with white; beneath, white marked with brown.
Length, 15 inches.

Very rare winter visitor. Two instances; one at Northamp-
ton and one in Hadley. The latter was in March, 1884, when
a pair were taken by Mr. Henry Moody.

67. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.).

YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.

Above, iridescent olive-brown; beneath, white; tail, broadly tipped with:
white; no colored ring around eye; bill black and yellow. Length, 12
inches. ?

Uncommon summer resident. Arrives late in May; departs.
in August or September. Raises 1, or perhaps 2 broods. A
nest with 2 fresh eggs was found July 2, 1884. Eggs 2-4,.
pale blue. Nest of a few twigs, leaves and grasses, with oak
and willow catkins, loosely put togther in a low tree, often an-
apple. Eggs laid in June. Feeds on insects, caterpillars,
berries, etc. Very beneficial. Note similar to that of a tree--
toad.

62

68. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.).
BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO.

Similar to preceding, but less white on tail, a narrow red or yellow ring
around eye, and bill, black and bluish. Length, 12 inches,

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival May 13; departs
in August or September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 2-4, blue.
Nest of fine twigs, grass, down and rubbish, loosely put
together in a low tree, bush or grape-vine. Eggs laid the last
of May. Feeds on insects, caterpillars, berries, etc. Very
beneficial. Note, like a tree-toad’s.

69. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.).
BELTED KINGFISHER.

Above, dull blue; in the male, sides and band across breast same color as
‘pack but in female, nearly chestnut; beneath, white. Length, 12-13 inches.

Uncommon summer resident, absent only when the ponds are
frozen. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 6-8, white. Nest in holes in
banks of streams or near water. These holes are made by the
birds and measure from 3 to 9 feet in length; the far end is
‘slightly enlarged and a little rubbish is placed there for a nest.
Eggs laid about the first of June. Feeds wholly on fish.
Injurious only in stocked ponds. Note, like a watchman’s
rattle.

70. Dryobates villosus (Linn.).
"s HAIRY WOODPECKER.

Above black and white; outer tail feathers and beneath, white. Male
with a scarlet band onthe nape. Length, 9-10 inches.

Uncommon resident. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 4-6, white.
Nest in a hole ina tree. Eggs laid the first of June. Feeds
on insects and their larvae. Beneficial. Note, a loud, rattling
call,

63

71. Dryobates pubescens (Linn.).
DOWNY WOODPECKER.

Above, black and white; beneath, white. Male with scarlet on nape.
‘Length, 6-7 inches.

Common resident, Raises1 brood. Eggs 4-6, white. Nest
‘ina hole ina tree. Eggs laid about the first of June, Feeds
-on insects and their larvae. Beneficial. Note, a clear, rattling
-eall, besides the ‘‘ tattoo” which all woodpeckers delight to
‘beat on a dead limb.

72. Picoides arcticus (Swains.).
ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

Above, shining black; beneath, white; sides, wings and tail, black and
~white; male with bright orange-yellow patch on crown. Length, 9}
inches.

Very rare winter visitor. One instance. Mt. Nonotuck,
‘Easthampton ; William Street. Date? (jide Morris).

73. Sphyrapicus varius (Linn.).

YELLOW-BELLIED WOODPECKER. SAPSUCKER.

Black and white, tinged with yellow especially on the belly; top of
‘head, and in the male, throat, brightred. Length, 8-9 inches.

Rare visitor during the migrations, in April and October.
Feeds largely on sap. Injurious.

74. Ceophlieus pileatus (Linn.).
PILEATED WOODPECKER. LOGCOCK.

Black; throat, sides of neck and basalpart of wings, white; part of
‘crown, red. Length, 17 inches.

Like the passenger pigeon, probably exterminated in Hamp-
‘shire county, though it formerly occurred occasionally andmay
have been a resident.

75. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.).
RED-HEADED WOODPECKER.

Head, red; rump, secondaries and belly white: elsewhere, blue-black.
‘Length, 10 inches.

64

Rare and irregular visitor, occasionally seen in spring and
fall.

76. Colaptes auratus (Linn.).

FLICKER. GOLDEN-WINGED WOODPECKER.
HIGH-HOLE.

Above olive-brown banded with black; rump, white; beneath, pale
brown spotted with black; nape, red; lining of wings and tail, golden-
yellow. Length, 12-13 inches.

‘Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, March 15;
departs in November. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 6-8, white.
Nest a hole ina tree. Feeds on insects, berries, etc. Very
beneficial. Note, a vociferous calling of two syllables, often
repeated ; may be written ‘‘ yuc-ca-yuc-ca-yuc-ca,” etc.

77. Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.).

WHIPPOORWILL.

Mottled with black, white, gray and tawny ;first three pairs of tail feath-
ers, white or tawny attip. Length, 9-10 inches.

Not uncommon summer resident. Earliest arrival, May 5;
departs in September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 2, white, beau-
tifully spotted with brown and lavender; laid on the ground
in deep woods, the last of May. Feeds on insects. Very
beneficial. Note, the well-known 3-syllabled call, whip-poor-
will, often repeated, sometimes in rapid succession for several
minutes.

78. Chordeiles virginianus (Gmel.).
NIGHT HAWK.

Above, mottled with black, brown, gray and tawny; beneath, barred
with blackish and white or pale fulvous; throat, with alarge white or
tawny cross-bar. Length, 9-10inches.

65

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival March (?) 18,
1871 (Stearns) ; usually appears in May; departs in Septem-
ber. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 2, pale olive-brown, thickly and
finely spotted with adarker shade of the same; laid on the
ground or on a rock, the last of May. Feeds on insects.
Beneficial. Note, a loud rather sharp monosyllable.

79. Chaetura pelagica (Linn.).

CHIMNEY SWIFT. CHIMNEY SWALLOW.

Sooty-brown, paler beneath. Length, 5 inches.

Abundant summer resident. Earliest arrival, April 22;
latest date of departure, Oct. 31 (I. C. Greene). Raises 2
broods. Eggs 3-5, white. Nest of twigs, glued together by
the’bird’s saliva, ina chimney. Eggs laid in May and June.
Feeds on insects. Very beneficial. Notes, a rapid, rather
shrill twitter.

80. Trochilus colubris Linn.
RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.

Metallic green; male with a brilliant, ruby-red throat; female with under
parts dusky-whitish. Length, 3 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, May6; departs.
in September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 2, white. Nest of
moss, covered with lichens and lined with fern or thistle-down,.
saddled on the limb of a tree. Eggslaid in June. Feeds om
insects and honey. Beneficial. Male occasionally utters. m
sharp chirp.

81. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.).

KINGBIRD.

Above, brownish-black; beneath and tip of tail, white; concealed patch
on crown, fiery-orange, Length, 8 inches.

Abundant summer resident. [Earliest arrival, April 25;
departs inSeptember. Raises 2 broods. Eggs 3-5, cream-
6

66

colored, spotted with brown and lavender. Nest of weeds and
grasses, lined with fine roots, usually in an apple tree. Eggs
laid in May and June. Feeds on insects. Very beneficial,
Note, a shrill twitter.

82. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.).
GREAT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER.

Olivaceous; breast, asby; belly, yellow; tail, chestnut. Length, 8-9
inches.

Uncommon summer resident. Arrives early inMay; departs
in September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 3-5, buff with strange,
scraggling, purplish lines all over the surface. Nest of grass,
weeds -and snake-skins in a hollow tree. Eggs laid early in
June. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. Note a harsh and
characteristic scream.

83, Sayornis phoebe (Lath.).
PHOEBE. BRIDGE PEWEE. HOUSE PEWEE.

Dull olivaceous brown; beneath yellowish; sides and breast, ashy.
Wength, 7 inches.

Abundant summer resident. [Earliest arrival, Feb. 20;
departs in October or November. Raises 2-3 broods. Eggs
3-6, white usually with a few brown spots. Nest of grass,
mud, moss, etc., lined with feathers or hair; situated under
the eaves of a building or under bridges or rocks. Eggs laid
in May, June and July. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. Note,
‘‘ne-wée,” usually not drawled, but sometimes very much so.

84. Contopus virens (Linn.).
WOOD PEWEE.

Above, dull olive; beneath, whitish; sides and band across breast,
dusky; two noticeable white bars on wing. Length, 6} inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, May 22; departs
in September. Raises 2 broods. Eggs 3-4, cream-colored,

67

spotted with brown and lavender. Nest. of fine grass, lined
with hair and covered externally with lichens; on the limb of a
tree. Eggs laid in June and July. Feeds on insects. Bene-
ficial. Note, a drawled ‘‘pe-wéé.”

85. Empidonax flaviventris Baird.

YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
Above, olive-green; beneath, yellow. Length, 5h inches.

Uncommon and irregular migrant, arriving about May 20;
not recorded in the fall. Feeds on insects. Beneficial.
Note, either an abrupt ‘‘Psé-ek’’ or a plaintive ‘‘chi-é-2'-p”
(Dwight).

86. Empidonax traillii (Aud.).
TRAILL’S FLYCATCHER.

Above, dull olive; beneath, white with sides and band across breast,
dusky. Length, 6 inches.

Uncommon migrant and possible summer resident. Eggs 4,
creamy-white with brown spots. Nest of grass, plant fibres
and down, in the crotch of abush. EggslaidinJune. Notes,
a somewhat rasping ‘‘2é-2¢é'-2-zp” (Dwight).

87. Empidonax minimus (Baird.).

LEAST FLYCATCHER. CHEBEC.

Above, dull olive; beneath, whitish, dusky on sides and breast. Length,
54 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival April 30;
departs in August or September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 3-5,
white. Nest of fine grass, hair, bark, down, etc. in the crotch
of a tree. Eggs laid about June 1. Feeds on insects. Very
beneficial. Note, a clear and sharp ‘‘che-béec.”

68

88. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.).
BLUE JAY.

Above, purplish-blue; beneath, ashy, whitening on throat, belly and
under tail coverts; a black collar encloses the throat and the conspicuous
crest; wings and tail, rich blue marked with black and white. Length,
11-12 inches. :

Abundant resident. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 4-6, olive
green, thickly spotted witha darker shade of the same. Nest
of twigs and roots, usually in pine trees. Eggs laid early in
May. Feeds on eggs, young birds, insects, seeds, nuts, etc.
Beneficial ? Note, a harsh unmusical scream.

89. Corvus corax principalis Ridgw.
RAVEN.

Black, with steel-blue reflections. Length, about 24 inches.
Very rare, accidental visitor. Oneinstance. Northampton.
E. O. Damon.

90. Corvus americanus Aud.

CROW.

Black, with steel-blue or purplish reflections. Length, 19 inches.

Abundant resident. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 4-6, greenish,
thickly spotted with dark olive; morerarely pale bluish, with
reddish or light brown spots. Nest of sticks, leaves and
bark, in trees. Eggs laid early in May. Feeds on young
birds, eggs, grain, seeds and insects. Beneficial. Note, a
hoarse ‘‘caw.”

91. Dolichonyx oryzivorous (Linn.).

BOBOLINK.

MALE in breeding plumage: Black; back, ashy-white; nape, buff.
FEMALE, young and male in fall: Above, yellowish-brown streaked with
Diack; beneath, unstreaked brownish yellow. Length, 64-74 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, April 4
(Miss Morse); departs in September. Raises 2 broods.

69

Eggs 4-6, stone-gray, mottled and spotted with various shades
of brown. Nestof grass, on the ground in open fields. Eggs
laid early in June and in July. Feeds on insects, seeds, etc.
Beneficial. Notes, the familiar, clear, rollicking bod-o-link,
rapidly repeated with variations.

92. Molothrus ater (Bodd.).
COWBIRD. COW BLACKBIRD.

MALE: Lustrous green-black; head and neck, coffee brown.
FEMALE: Dusky grayish-brown, each feather centered with darker.
Length, 7-8inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, March 9 (Miss
Morse) ; latest departure in Oct. 14 (I. C. Greene). Eggs
white thickly spotted with pale brown; laid in the nests of
other, usually smaller,birds ; as many as 5 cow-birds eggs have
been found in one nest, but whether laid by five different
females or not is not known, nor do we know how many eggs
each female lays. Feeds on insects, seeds,etc. Possibly ben-
eficial in its choice of food, but there is little else to be said
in favor of this sneaking, shiftless bird. (See Chapman, p.
263). Notes, few and unmusical.

93. Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.).
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD.

ADULT MALE: Black; lesser wing coverts, bright scarlet; middle coverts,
buff.

FEMALE AND YOUNG: Above, blackish-brown with pale streaks; beneath,
whitish, streaked with dusky; chin and bend of wing often tinged with
reddish. Length, 8-9 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, March 11;
latest departure Oct. 29 (I. C. Greene). Raises 2 broods.
Eggs 3-5, pale greenish or bluish, spotted. and streaked with
dark brown and black. Nest of grass, rushes, leaves, etc. in
low bushes, on tussocks, or among cat-tails. Eggs laid in May
and early in July. Feeds on insects, grain, seeds, etc. Bene-

ficial. Note, a loud ‘‘kong-ga-ree”’

70

94. Sturnella magna (Linn.). \
MEADOW LARK.

Above, streaked with black, brown and gray; breast, bright yellow with
a large, black crescent; sides and undertail-coverts, pale brown, streaked
with black. Length, 10 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, March 8 (Miss
Morse) ; departs in November. Raises 2 broods. Eggs 3-5,
white, spotted with bright brown. Nest of grass, on the
ground. Eggs laid in May and July. Feeds oninsects, seeds,
etc. Beneficial. Note, a clear, rather plaintive, agreeable
whistle.

95. Icterus spurius (Linn.).

ORCHARD ORIOLE.

MALE: Chestnut, with wings, tail and fore parts of the body, black.

FEMALE AND YOUNG; Olive-green above; yellowish beneath. The male
in the second year is like the female but hasa black throat. Length,7
inches.

Rare and irregular summer resident. Nest pensile, of
grasses, etc., ina tree. Eggs 3-5, bluish-white, marked with
blackish. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. A notably skillful
and sweet singer.

96. Icterus galbula (Linn.).

BALTIMORE ORIOLE. HANG-NEST. FIRE HANG-
BIRD.

MALE: Head, neck, back, wings and middle tail feathers, black; else
where bright orange.

FEMALE AND YOUNG: Above, mixed dusky and yellow-olive; beneath dull
orange. Length, 73-8 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, May 2; departs
inSeptember. Raises2 broods. Eggs 3-6, bluish-or-brownish-
white, marked with blackish. Nest of grass, hair, string,
rags, etc., compactly put together and skillfully suspended
from the end of a limb of some tree, most commonly an elm.
Eggs laid in May, June and July. Feeds chiefly on insects.
Very beneficial. A loud and beautiful singer.

71

97. Scolecophagus carolinus (Mull.).
RUSTY BLACKBIRD.

MALE: Black, with greenish reflections; iris, cream-colored.
FEMALE: Slaty-blackish, duller beneath; iris, brown.

Rare but regular migrant. [Earliest arrival, March 15;
leaves for the north the last of April; appears again in Sept-
ember and October. Feeds on insects chiefly. Beneficial.
Note, very similar to the squeak of an ungreased wheelbarrow.

98. Quiscalus quiscula (Linn.).
CROW BLACKBIRD. PURPLE GRACKLE.

Iridescent black; iridescence not specially defined in color or area.
Length, 12-13 inches.

98a. Q. q. avenus (Ridgw.).
BRONZED GRACKLE.

Iridescence of head, steel-blue; of back, brassy; of wings and tail,
violet. Length, 12-13 inches.

Crow blackbirds are common summer residents in Amherst,
but what proportion are ‘‘purple grackles” is still to be deter-
mined. In the years 1886-89, I took males of both the purple
and bronzed grackles, but unfortunately made no effort to
determine their relative abundance. In the first edition of this
work, the purple grackle is given as the common form, but in
1901, Morris states that the purple grackle is not known to
occur at Springfield, and Chapman does not give it as occurring
at Cambridge. It seems probable therefore that the common
crow blackbird in Amherst is the bronzed grackle, and that the
purple grackle is a more or less irregular visitor. Earliest
arrival, March 10; latest departure, Nov. 1 (I. C. Greene).
Raises 1 brood. Eggs 3-6, greenish or brownish, marked with
blackish. Nestof grass, weeds, mud, etc. in a tree, usually
a pine. Eggs laid about the middle of May. Feeds on
insects, grain, etc. Beneficial. Notes, loud and harsh
squeaks.

72

99. Cocothraustes vespertinus (Coop.).
EVENING GROSBEAK.

MALE: Crown and tail, black; forehead, rump and belly, yellow; wings,
black and white.

FEMALE: Brownish-gray tinged with yellow; wings and tail, black and
white. Length, 8 inches.

Very rare, accidental visitor. One instance; January to
April, 1890. The first specimen was taken Jan. 8 but later in
the winter the birds became quite common and were often seen
in flocks, feeding together on the ground. The normal habitat
of this species is west of the Great Lakes.

100. Pinicola enucleator (Linn.).

PINE GROSBEAK.

MALE in full plumage: Rosy-red, brightest on head.
FEMALE and male in winter: Ashy-gray; crown and rump varying from
saffron to brick-red. Length, 8-9 inches.

Frequent but very irregular winter visitor. Occurs in flocks.
Feeds on buds, seeds, etc. Probably injurious. Notes, very
feeble.

101. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.).
PURPLE FINCH. LINNET.

MALE: Rose-red, brightest on crown, dullest on back; belly, whitish.
FEMALE: Olivaceous-brown above; white beneath; everywhere except
on throat and breast, streaked with brown. Length, 6-63 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, March 6;
departs in October or later. Raises 2 broods. Eggs 3-5,
greenish spotted with blackish-brown. Nest of grass, twigs,
hair, etc. in an evergreen tree. Eggs laid in May and July.
Feeds on buds, blossoms, leaves and seeds. Injurious. A
very pleasing, though not powerful, songster.

102. Passer domesticus Linn.

ENGLISH SPARROW.
Ashy-gray; middle of back streaked with black and bay; beneath ashy-

73

white; in male, chin and throat, black, and erown, bordered with chestnut.
Length, 6} inches.

Abundant resident. Raises 2-4 broods. Eggs 4-7, grayish-
white, spotted with dark gray. Nest of cotton, feathers,
grass, string, etc., in holes in tree, houses, etc. Eggs laid
from April to August. Feeds on grain, seeds, buds, flowers,
and occasionally insects. Very injurious. Notes, loud and
quarrelsome ; a disagreeable chatter.

103. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm.).
RED CROSSBILL. ,

MALE: Dull red of some shade, rarely orange or yellow.
FEMALE; Dull greenish-olive, yellower on the rump. Length, 6 inches.

Uncommon and very irregular visitor in winter and spring;
latest date seen, May 2. Feeds on pine seeds, buds, etc.
Probably injurious. Note, a short whistle.

104. Loxia leucoptera (Gmel.).
WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.

Similar to preceding, but the male is more pink, and there are noticeable
white marks onthe wings. Length, 6 inches.

Occasionally seen in winter but much rarer than the preced-
ing, which it closely resembles in habits and notes.

105. Acanthis linaria (Linn.).
LESSER RED-POLL.

Forehead and throat-spot, blackish; crown, crimson; above, varied with
brown and dusky; beneath, white streaked withdusky. Length 5$inches.

Irregular winter visitor. Some years quite common in the
winter and early spring; other years not seen at all. Feeds
on seeds. Probably beneficial.

106. Spinus tristis (Linn.).
GOLDFINCH. YELLOW-BIRD. WILD CANARY.

MALE in spring: Bright yellow; crown, wings and tail, black.

74.

FEMALE,and male in winter: Olive-brownish above, including the crown;
beneath whitish, tinged with yellow. Length 5 inches.

Common resident. Raises1 brood. Eggs 3-6, bluish-white,
without spots. Nest of grass, bark, tow, etc., lined with
thistle-down, or rarely, fern-down, placed in a crotch or on the
limb of atree. Eggs laid last of July andin Augnst. Feeds
chiefly on seeds. Doubtfully beneficial. Notes, clear and
canary-like ; the ordinary call has been written ‘‘per-chz-co-ree”
(Chapman).

107. Spinus pinus (Wils.).

PINE FINCH. SISKIN.

Varied black, buff and white, lighter beneath, strongly tinged with yel-
low; bases of wing and tail feathers, yellow. Length, 43-5 inches.

Rare, irregular winter visitor. Very common from March
16 to April 21, 1888, but no other visits are recorded.

108. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.).
SNOW BUNTING.

‘Above, varied with brown and black; elsewhere, white, except parts of
wings and tail, which are black. Length, 7 inches.

Rare and very irregular winter visitor, occurring usually
only during severe winters.

109. Poocztes gramineus (Gmel.).

VESPER SPARROW. GRASS FINCH. BAY-WINGED
BUNTING.

Above, pale ashy-brown; beneath, white; everywhere streaked with
dusky brown; bend of wing, bright bay; two outer tail feathers, mostly
white. Length, 6 inches.

Very common summer resident. Earliest arrival, April 2;
departs in November. Raises 2 or perhaps 3 broods. Eggs
4.5, grayish-white, spotted and streaked with brown. Nestof
fine’ grass, on the ground. Eggs laid from April to July.
Feeds chiefly on seeds. Notinjurious, Notes, usually rather
weak, but in spring the song may be clear and ringing.

75

110. Ammodramus sandwichensis savannah (Wils.).

SAVANNAH SPARROW.

Above, dark brownish-gray; beneath, white; everywhere thickly
streaked with blackish; edge of wing, yellow. Length, 5} inches.

Rather uncommon migrant. Earliest arrival, April 4; seen
for about a month and again in October. Feeds on seeds,.
etc. Notinjurious. Song, a peculiar series of notes, some--
thing like a frog. Something of a ventriloquist and quite-
shy.

111. Ammodramus henslowii (Aud.)
HENSLOW’S SPARROW.

Above, varied with brown, gray, black and chestnut; edge of wing,
yellow; beneath, whitish, tinged strongly on breast and sides with buff; all.
these buff parts thickly streaked with black. Length, 5 inches.

Not rare summer resident. Earliest arrival, May 7; departs-
in October(?). Raises 1 brood. Eggs 4-5, grayish-white,
thickly and evenly speckled with pale reddish-brown. Nest of’
grasses, on the ground. Eggs laid about June 1. Feeds on
seeds, etc. Not injurious. Notes, sharp; have been written
“‘tee-wick” and ‘‘sis-r-r-rit-srit-srit” (Jouy). A shy, secretive:
little bird, first noted here in 1882.

112. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst..
WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW.

Crown, pure white with a broad, black stripe on each side; dark ash,.
paler beneath; middle of back streaked with brown. Length, 6}7 inches.

Rather rare and irregular migrant, sometimes seen in May
but has not been recorded in the fall. Habits and even the-
notes, a good deal like the next species.

113. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.).
WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. PEABODY-BIRD.

Above, ashy-brown, streaked with black and bay; beneath, plain ashy;.
crown, with three white and two black Simpss a yellow line in front of.
eye; throat, white. Length, 64-7 inches.

76

Common migrant. Earliest arrival, April 19 (Professor
Fernald) ; seen again in the fall; latest departure, Nov. 9
(I. C. Greene). Feeds on seeds, etc. Not injurious. Notes,
‘sweet and clear, the most common being the well-known
“tah-pedbody-pedbody, pedbody.”

114. Spizella monticola (Gmel.).
TREE SPARROW.

Crown, chestnut; above, streaked with black, bay and flaxen; beneath,
plain ash; two white bars on wing; an indistinct dark spot on center of
‘breast; bill black and yellow. Length, 6 inches.

Common winter resident. Arrives last of October ; departs
in April: Feed on seeds. Not injurious. Note, a bright
‘chirp.

115. Spizella socialis (Wils.).

CHIPPING SPARROW. CHIPPY.

Crown, chestnut; back streaked with black, bay and grayish-brown;
‘beneath ashy; no spot on breast; bill black. Length, 5-54 inches.

Abundant summer resident. Earliest arrival March 3
(Stearns) ; departs in November.. Raises 2 broods. Eggs
3-5, greenish-blue, spotted with blackish-brown. Nest of
grass, stalks, etc., lined with hair, in small trees and bushes.
Eggs laid from May to July. Feeds on seeds, insects and
‘worms. " Beneficial. Note, a short, sweet chirp, lengthened as
a song into the familiar ‘‘chippy-chippy.”

116. Spizella pusilla (Wils.).

FIELD SPARROW.

Crown and back, pale chestnut, the latter streaked with black and ashy;
beneath pale ashy-white; bill pale reddish. Length, 54 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, April 8 ; departs
in October. Raises 2 broods. Eggs 3-5, whitish, thickly
spotted with rusty-brown. Nest of grass, on the ground, or
in low bushes. Eggs laid, May to July. Feeds on seeds,

77
insects, etc. Beneficial. A sweet singer; song, a clear,
plaintive trill.

117. Junco hyemalis (Linn.).
JUNCO. SNOWBIRD.

Above, breast and throat, dark slate; belly and two outer tail feathers,.
white. Length, 6-6} inches.

Common, sometimes abundant, winter resident. Earliest:
arrival, September 23; latest departure, May 7. Feeds om
seeds. Notinjurious. Note, a sort of snapping chirp.

118. Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.).
SONG SPARROW.

Above, brown thickly streaked with black and rufous; beneath, white:
streaked with brownish-black; some of the streaks form a characteristic:
blotch at center of the breast. Length, 5} inches.

Abundant summer resident. Earliest arrival, March 155.
departs in November. Raises 2-3 broods. Eggs 3-6, bluish:
or brownish-gray, thickly spotted with dark brown. Nest of
grass, mud, stalks, hair, etc., on the ground or in low bushes.
Eggs laid, April to July. Feeds on seeds and insects. Ben--
eficial. A pleasant songster; song, a short, clear whistle.

119. Melospiza lincolni (Aud.).
LINCOLN’S SPARROW.

Above, black, brown and gray; beneath, white; sides, band across breast.
and under tail-coverts, buff streaked with black. Length, 6 inches.

Rare, but probably regular, migrantin May and September
and October. Several specimens have been taken in May, but
so far as the records go, it has not occurred in the fall. Shy
and silent, it is naturally a very inconspicuous bird.

120. Melospiza georgiana (Lath.).

SWAMP SPARROW.

Crown, bright bay blackening in front; above, thickly streaked with
black and bay; beneath, clear ash. Length, 53 inches.

78

Regular summer resident, rather common in suitable loca-
tions—thick swamps. Earliest arrival, April 4; departs in
‘October. Eggs 4-5, grayish thickly covered with brown mark-
ings. Nest of grass, on a tussock ina swamp. Eggs laid in
-June. Feeds on seeds and insects. Not injurious. Not
much of a songster ; usual note, a loud chirp.

121. Passerella iliaca (Merr.).

FOX SPARROW.

Above, rich rust-red; beneath, white spotted with rusty. Length, 7
inches.

Common spring and fall migrant. Earliest arrival, March
15; latest departure, April 23; seen again in October and
November... Feeds on seeds. Not injurions. Said to be an
exceedingly fine singer; usual note, a sharp chirp.

122. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.).
CHEWINK. TOWHEE.

MALE: Above and throat, black; sides, chestnut; belly and markings on
wings and tail, white.

FEMALE: Bright grayish-brown where male is black; otherwise similar.
Length, 8-8; inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, April 22;
departs in October. Raises 1 or 2 broods. Eggs 3-5, whitish,
speckled with reddish. Nest of grass and leaves, on the
ground. Eggs laid in May and June. Feeds on seeds and
insects. Beneficial. Something of a singer, but usual note, a
loud, clear ‘‘chew-wink.”

123. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.).
CARDINAL BIRD.
‘Rich red; bill surrounded by black. Length, S°9 inches.

Very rare, accidental visitor. Some of the recorded
instances were probably escaped cage-birds.

79

124. Zamelodia ludoviciana Linn.
ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK.

MALE: Above and throat, black; belly and rump, white; rest of under
parts, rose-red.

FEMALE: Above, brown streaked with whitish; beneath, white, streaked
with brown; lining of wings, saffron-yellow. Length, about § inches.

Rather uncommon summer resident. Earliest arrival, May
8 (Professor Fernald); departs in September. Raises 1
brood. Eggs 4-5, pale blue, with numerous brown markings.
Nest of fine twigs, weed stalks, and rootlets, in trees. Eggs
laidin June. Feeds on seeds and insects. Beneficial. A not-
able songster ; song, pure and joyous, sometimes compared to
that of a robin.

125. Passerina cyanea (Linn.).

INDIGO-BIRD. INDIGO BUNTING.

MALE: Bright blue, duller beneath.
FEMALE: Dusky, streaked with darker. Length, 5-54 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, May 10;
departs in September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 2-5, pale bluish-
white. Nest large and deep, of grass and hair, in a low bush.
Eggs laid in June. Feeds onseeds and insects. Beneficial.
A cheerful but not a powerful songster.

126. Piranga erythromelas Vieill.

SCARLET TANAGER.

MALE: Bright scarlet; wings and tail, black.
FEMALE: Clear olive; beneath, yellow. Length, about 7 inches.

Not uncommon summer resident. Earliest arrival May 8
(Miss Morse) ; departsin September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs
4-5, greenish-blue, finely spotted with brown and lilac. Nest
of twigs and roots, loosely put together on the limb of a tree,
usually an oak. Eggs laidin June. Feeds on insects. Ben-
eficial. Note, ‘‘a distinctly uttered ‘chip-chirr’ ; song, loud,
cheery, rhythmical” (Merriam).

Notre. Piranga rubra, Red-bird, recorded from Amherst in 1867 was an
escaped cage-bird.

80

127. Progne subis (Linn.).
PURPLE MARTIN.

MALE: Royal purple or shining blue-black.
FEMALE: Head, purple; elsewhere dull brownish with some purple tinge.
Length, 8 inches.

‘‘Formerly common ; now rare, being restricted to a few col-
onies in various parts of the town principally at North Amherst.
Arrives about May 1 and departs in September. Raises 1-2
broods. Eggs 4-6, white. Nest of hay, feathers, etc., in
bird-houses. Eggs laid in May and June. Feeds on insects.
Beneficial. Note, a sort of chattering.”

The above is copied from the first edition of this work. ‘Tt
described the situation down to about 1890, but whether the
martins still persist at North Amherst, I cannot say.

128. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say.).
EAVE SWALLOW. CLIFF SWALLOW.

Back, crown and spot on throat, steel-blue; band across neck and beneath,
rusty-gray; forehead rufous. Length, 5-5; inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, May 2; departs
in September. Raises 1 or 2 broods. Eggs 3-5, white, thickly
spotted with brown and black. Nest of hay, feathers and
mud, flask shaped, built on the outside of barns and sheds,
under the eaves. Eggs laid from May to July. Feeds on
insects. Beneficial. Note, a constant twitter.

129. Chelidon erythrogaster (Bodd.).
BARN SWALLOW.

Above, lustrous steel-blue; forehead and underparts, rufous. Length
6-7 inches.

Abundant summer resident. Earliest arrival, April 15;
departs in September. Raises 2-3 broods. Eggs 3-5, white,

81

thickly marked with brown and black. Nest built of mud, hay
and feathers, on rafters in barns. Eggs laid from May to July.
Feeds on insects. Beneficial. Note, a constant twitter.

130. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.).
WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW.

Above, dark lustrous green or blue; beneath white. Length, 6 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, April 10; departs
in September. Raises 1 or 2 broods. Eggs 3-5, white. Nest
of hay, mud, and hair or feathers, on beams or in bird-houses.
Eggs laid May to July. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. Note
like other swallows, but much less frequently uttered.

131. Clivicola riparia (Linn.).
BANK SWALLOW.

Above and band across breast, mouse-brown; beneath, white. Length,
5 inches.

Common summer resident, Earliest arrival, May 2; departs:
late in August. Raises 2 broods. Eggs 3-6, white. Nest of:
feathers, at end of a tunnel excavated by the birds in a sand’
bank. Eggs laid in June and July. Feeds on insects. Ben-
eficial. Note, weaker and less frequent than those of other
swallows.

132. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.).
ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW.

Brownish-gray, whitening on under tailcoverts. Length, 54 inches.

Very rare. One instance. Easthampton, May, 1851. W.
S. Clark. Now in the collection of Amherst birds in the
Amherst college museum.

7

82

133. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.).

CEDAR-BIRD. CHERRY-BIRD.

Head and crest, purplish-cinnamon, shading through olivaceous-cinna-
mon to clear ash on the rump; forehead, line through eye and chin, black;
beneath, yellowish, shading to white on under tail coverts. Length, 7
inches.

Common, and at times abundant, summer resident. Earliest
arrival, Feb. 18; departs in October. Raises 1 brood. Eggs
3-5, grayish-drab, spotted with black and purplish. Nest of
fine roots, etc. in alow tree. Eggs laid in July. Feeds on
seeds, fruit, buds and insects. Probably not injurious. Notes,
very feeble. ,

134. Lanius borealis Vieill.
BUTCHER-BIRD. GREAT NORTHERN SHRIKE.

Above, clear bluish-ash; rump and beneath, white; breast barred with
fine, wavy lines of black. Length, 9-10 inches.

Uncommon winter visitor. Arrives in November; departs
in April. Feeds on insects, birds and mice. Probably bene-
ficial. Very silent with us, but said to be a fine singer.

\

135. Lanius ludovicianus Linn.

LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE.

Above, light slate color; beneath white; wings and tail, black and white.
Length, 3-9 inches.

Very rare, accidental visitor. One instance. Amherst,
April, 1884. C. R. Kenfield.

In this specimen the rump is white, and in the first edition
of this work, it was recorded as the subspecies excubitorides.
Chapman however considers New England specimens with
white rumps as more probably the eastern ludotvcianus than the
western excubitorides.

83

136. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.).
RED-EYED VIREO.

Above, clear olive-green; beneath, white; crown, ashy bordered on
each side by blackish; a conspicuous white line over the eye; iris, rea.
Length, about 6 inches.

Abundant summer resident. Earliest arrival, May 6;
departs in September. Raises 1or 2 broods. Eggs 3-5, white
spotted at the larger end with blackish, Nest of strips of
bark, fine grass, cobwebs, paper, etc., neatly and compactly
woven together, pensile in the fork of a twig usually within 6
or 8 feet of the ground, Eggs laid in June and July. Feeds
on insects. Beneficial. Notes, loud and clear, especially
noticeable in the middle of hot summer days, when few other
birds sing. Our commonest vireo and found not only in wood-
land, but in orchards and among shade trees, even within the
village.

137. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.).
WARBLING VIREO.

Above, ashy olive-green; beneath, white with a yellow tinge. Length
4-6 inches.

Not very common summer resident. Earliest arrival May
5; departs in September. Habits, eggs and nest like the pre-
ceding species but the nest is usually in a tall tree. A very
sweet singer.

138. Vireo flavifrous (Vieill.).
YELLOW-THROATED VIREO.

Above, olive-green, shading into ash on the rump; throat and breast,
bright yellow; belly white. Length, 6 inches.

Not uncommon in May and probably breeds, though it has
not been noted here in summer. Earliest arrival May 13.
Habits, eggs and nest similar to the preceding species, but the
nest is covered externally with lichens. Notes, richer, deeper
and more deliberate than those of the red-eyed vireo.

84

139. Vireo solitarius (Wils.).
SOLITARY VIREO. BLUE-HEADED VIREO.

Above, olive-green; crown, ashy-blue with wu broad white line from
nostril to eye; beneath, white. Length, 54 inches.

Common migrant but very rare summer resident. Earliest
arrival April 26; departs in October. Habits, eggs and nest
like those of the red-eyed vireo, but the song ‘is more varied
and musical.

140. Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel.).

WHITE-EYED VIREO.

Above, bright olive-green; beneath, white; sides and under tail coverts
yellow; two yellowish wing bars; iris, white. Length, 51 inches.

Very rare visitor in May, in low, swampy, thickets.

141. Mniotilta varia (Linn.).

BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER. BLACK AND
WHITE CREEPER.

Above, black marked with white; beneath white, in male spotted with
black. Length, 5-53 inches.

Common migrant but rare summer resident. Earliest arrival
April 28; departs in September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 3-5,
white, marked with reddish. Nest of grass, leaves, hair, etc.,
on the ground at foot of a stump, ina swamp. Eggs laid in
June. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. Notes, weak and
infrequent.

142. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.).
PROTHONOTARY WARBLER.

Golden-yellow shading into bluish-ash on rump and tail; most of the
tail feathers marked with white. Length, 54 inches.

Very rare, accidental visitor from the south. One instance.
Northampton, May, 1888. E.O. Damon.

85

143. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.).

WORM-EATING WARBLER.

Crown with four black and three olive-buffy stripes; above, olive-green;
beneath, whitish cream-buff. Length, 5} inches.

Very rare, accidental visitor from the south. One instance.
Easthampton. Date? (jide Morris).

144. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn.).
GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER.

Above, slaty-blue; beneath, white; crown and patch on wing, yellow;
in male, a black patch on throat, Length, 5 inches.

Very rare visitor. One instance. Amberst. Date? (W.
A. Stearns).

145. Helminthophila ruficapilla (Wils.).
NASHVILLE WARBLER.

Above, olive-green; head, ashy; beneath, yellow; crown in male, chest-
nut. Length, 43 inches.

Common migrant in May and September. Earliest arrival,
May 3. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. Note, a sharp chip;
a sweet but weak singer.

146. Compsothlypis americana (LlInn.).

PARULA WARBLER. BLUE YELLOW-BACKED
WARBLER.

Above, blue; middle of back, golden-brown; beneath, yellow; a brown
spot on throat of male. Length, 43 inches.

Common migrant in May, September and October. Earliest
arrival, May 6. Feeds on insects, in high trees’ chiefly.
Beneficial. Notes, weak and insect-like.

- 86

147. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.).
CAPE MAY WARBLER.

Above, black and yellowish-olive; rump, sides of head and neck, and
peneath, yellow; under parts streaked with black; ear coverts, bright
orange-brown. Length, 5-5; inches.

Trregular, usually rare, migrant in May; some seasons, it is
not uncommon.

148. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.).

YELLOW WABBLER.

Bright yellow; in male, streaked beneath with reddish. Length, 5
inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival April 28;
departs in September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 3-5, white,
spotted with brown. Nest of grass, fine strips of bark, hair,
ete. in trees or bushes. Eggs laid in June. Feeds on insects.
Beneficial. A pleasant but not powerful singer; sometimes
the song is written, ‘‘wee-chee, chee, chee, cher-wee” (Chapman).

149. Dendroica caerulescens (Gmel.).

BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER.

MALE: Above, blue; beneath white; throat and breast, black.
FEMALE: Above, clear olive; beneath, pale soiled yellowish.

Common migrant in May and Septemher. Earliest arrival,
May 5. Possibly breeds in some of the hill towns. Habits
like other warblers. Rather quiet and not much of a singer.

150. Dendroica coronata (Linn.).
MYRTLE WARBLER. YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER.

Above, slate-blue, streaked with black; rump, crown and spot on side,
yellow; breast, black; throat and belly, white. Length, 5.6 inches.

Abundant migrant in May, September and October. Earliest
arrival, April 25. Habits and song like other warblezs, though
it associates with sparrows and feeds on the ground.

87

151. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.).

MAGNOLIA WARBLER. BLACK AND YELLOW
WARBLER.

Crown, ash; back, black; rump and beneath, yellow; under parts streaked
with black. Length, 5 inches.

Uncommon migrant in May and September. Earliest arri-
val, May 9 (Miss Morse). Habits and song like other
warblers.

152. Dendroica rara (Wils.).
CAERULEAN WARBLER.

MALE: Upper parts and band across breast, blue; back, streaked with
black; throat and belly, white.

FEMALE: Dull greenish-olive; beneath, yellowish-white. Length, 4-43
inches.

Very rare, accidental visitor from the south, One instance.
Amherst, May 19, 1884. Three females. W. A. Stearns.

153. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.).

CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER.

Back, streaked with black and yellow; crown, yellow; beneath, pure
white; sides,chestnut. Young,clear yellowish-green above and pure white
beneath. Length, 5 inches.

Common migrant and not rare summer resident. Earliest
arrival, May 7; departs in September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs
4-5, white, spotted with reddish brown. Nest of grass and
weeds, in low bushes. Eggs laid early in June. Feeds on
insects. Beneficial. Notes like those of the yellow warbler.

154. Dendroica castanea (Wils.).

BAY-BREASTED WARBLER.

Above, streaked witb black and graylsh-olive; crown and most of under
parts, chestnut; rest of underparts, ochrey. Length, 5} inches.

Rare and irregular migrant in May and September.

88

155. Dendroica striata (Forst.).
BLACK-POLL WARBLER.

MALE: Above, grayish-olive streaked with black; crown, black; beneath,
pure white, streaked on the sides.

FEMALE: Above, greeish-clive, with dusky streaks; beneath white;
sides streaked. Length, 5} inches,

Uncommon, very late migrant. Earliest arrival, May 26.
Seen again in October. Habits and notes, not specially
peculiar.

156. Dendroica blackburniae (Gmel.).
BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.

MALE: Above, black; belly, yellowish-white; spot on crown, throat and
breast, flre-orange.

FEMALE: Brownish-olive, where male is black; yellow, where he is
orange. Length, 5; inches.

Uncommon migrant in May and September. Habits and
song not specially peculiar.

157. Dendroica virens (Gmel.).
BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.

Back and crown, cleary yellow-olive; throat, black; forehead and sides
of head, yellow; under parts, white. Length, 5inches.

Common migrant in May, September and October. Earliest
arrival, April 29; have seen a pair in Amherst, June 9, but
there is no record of their breeding, though they probably do.
Nest in coniferous trees, 15-50 feet from the ground, but
eggs, habits and song much like the other warblers.

158. Dendroica vigorsii (Aud.).

PINE WARBLER.

Olive-yellow; beneath, yellow; belly, white. Female duller. Length;6
inches.

(Common migrant in April and May. Mr. Stearns calls it
‘ta very probable resident” and says he has taken it in nearly

89

2very month of the year.. Nest, eggs, habits and song not
specially different from other warblers.

159. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw.

YELLOW RED-POLL WARBLER.

Brownish-olive; rump, brighter; crown, reddish-chestnut; beneath, yel-
ow, streaked on throat and sides with reddish. Length, 5 inches.

Common migrant in April, May and September. Earliest
wrival April 17. Habits somewhat sparrow-like. Song a
simple trill.

160. Seiurus aurocapillus (Lina.).

OVEN-BIRD. GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH.
Olive-green; crown, golden-brown; beneath, cream-white, spotted with
rown. Length, 6-64 inches. ,

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, May 7; departs
n September. Raises 2 broods. Eggs 4-5, white, spotted
with brown. Nest of leaves, twigs, grass, etc. on the ground
n damp woods ; completely arched over, with entrance on the
side. Eggs laid in June and July. Feeds on insects. Bene-
icial. A charming singer; song, a loud, clear chant; written,
‘teacher, teacher, TEacHER, TEACHER,” (Burroughs).

161. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.).

WATER THRUSH.

Dark olive-brown; beneath, pale sulphur-yellow, streaked with black.
szength, 6 inches.

Rare and irregular migrant in May. Earliest arrival, April
19. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. Song, not peculiar or
ioteworthy.

90

162. Seiurus motacilla (Vieill.).
LOUISIANA WATER THRUSH.

Dark olive-brown; beneath white, tinged with buff, streaked with black
except on throat and middle of belly. Length, 6 inches-

Very rare visitor from the south. Two instances. Female,
Leverett, May 18, 1871; W. A. Stearns. Male, Amherst,
July 12, 1886; H. L. Clark.

163. Geothlypis agilis (Wils.).
CONNECTICUT WARBLER.

Olive-green; beneath, yellow; crown and throat, ash. Length,6 inches.

Very rare migrant. Mr. Stearns says ‘‘several have been
taken here in former years.”

164. Geothlypis philadelphia (Wils.).
MOURNING WARBLER.

Bright olive; beneath, yellow; throat feathers, black tipped with ash or
yellow. Length, 5} inches.

Very rare migrant. One instance; Amherst? 1872; Sid-
ney Dickinson.

165. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.).
MARYLAND YELLOWTHROAT.

Above, yellow-olive; beneath yellow; in male, front and sides of head,
black bordered behind by gray. Length, 5 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, May 5; departs
in October. Raises 2 broods. Eggs 3-5,white, spotted with
reddish-brown. Nest of fine grass and leaves, either in a tuft
of swamp grass or pensile in a group of ferns. Eggs laid in
May and July. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. Notes, clear
and energetic; may be written ‘‘witchery-witchery-witchery.”

91

166. Icteria virens (Linn.).

YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT.
sright olive-green; beneath, yellow; belly, white. Length, 74 inches.
Very rare visitor from the south. Two instances. Male;:
mherst, June 22, 1886;H. L. Clark. Male and female ae
nherst, May 18, 1887; H. L. Clark. Said to be now a regu-
> summer resident at Springfield (Morris) .

167. Wilsonia pusilla (Linn.).
WILSON’S WARBLER. BLACK-CAP.

tbove, bright yellow-olive; beneath yellow; crown of male, blue-black.
ngth, 5 inches.

Rare and irregular migrant in May, inlow wet woods. Feeds.
insects. Beneficial. Notes, feeble and unmusical.

168. Wilsonia canadensis (Linn.).
CANADIAN WARBLER.

-bove, ashy; beneath, yellow; a necklace of black or dusky spots across -
» breast; in male,sides of neck, black. Length, 5 inches.

Uncommon but regular migrant in May and September.
rliest arrival, May 138. Habits like the preceding but song”
louder and sweeter.

169. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.).
RED START.

[ALE: Black; belly, white; sides and basal half of wing and tail feathers
mon-red.

EMALE: Ashy-olive, where male is black; yellow, where he is red..
igth, 5-54 inches.

Common migrant in May, June and September and probable:
nmer resident. Earliest arrival, May 7. Eggs 4-5, whitish,
»tted and blotched with brown. Nest of fine strips of bark,
f stalks and plant down, in the crotch of a sapling in low
odland. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. Notes, warbler--

92

‘like; sometimes written ‘‘chiny, ching, sa) ser-wee, swee,
- swee-e-e” (Chapman).

170. Anthus pensilvanicus (Lath.)

TITLARK.
Dark Olive-brown; beneath, buff streaked with dusky. Length,6-7inches.

Very rare migrant. Two instances. A small flock, Hadley,
May 3, 1884; C. R. Kenfield. Oct. 31, 1891; I. C. Greene.

171. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.).
CATBIRD.

Slate-colored; crown, black; under tail coverts, chestnut. Length, 8-9
-inches.

Abundant summer resident. Earliest arrival, May 2;
-departs in October or November. Raises 2 broods. Eggs 3-5,
-dark greenish-blue. Nest of twigs and rootsin shrubbery. Eggs
laid in May and June. Feeds on insects, berries, fruit, etc.
Beneficial. Usual note, disagreeable and catlike; but really a
-charming singer and mocking bird.

172. Harporhynchus rufus (Linn.).
BROWN THRASHER. BROWN THRUSH.

Above, rich rust-red; beneath cream-color, spotted with blackish.
Length, 11 inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, April 26;
‘departs in October. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 3-6, bluish, thickly
‘spotted with fine dots of brown. Nest of sticks, leaves and
roots, in a low tree or bush or on the ground. Eggs laid in
June. Feeds on insects and berries. Beneficial. Our finest
‘Singer and a good mocking bird.

173. Troglodytes aedon Vieill.
HOUSE WREN.

Above, brown; beneath grayish-brown, everywhere waved with a darker
:S@hade. Length, 5 inches.

93

Jncommon summer resident. Earliest arrival, April 5}:
arts in September. Raises 2 broods. Eggs 4-8, almost
mecolor. Nest of twigs and rubbish in a hole in a tree, or
1 bird house. Eggs laid in May and June. Feeds on
ects. Beneficial. Song energetic but lacking in volume.

174. Troglodytes hiemalis Vieill.
WINTER WREN.

pbove, brown; rump, with white spots; beneath brownish; everywhere
red or barred with darker. Length, 4 inches.

zare and irregular migrant, in April and October ; more com-.
n in the fall than in the spring. Similar to preceding in.
1d and manners, but said to be a very fine singer.

175. Certhia familiaris americana (Bonap.).

BROWN CREEPER.

-bove, dark brown streaked with whitish; beneath, whitish. Length,.
nehes.

Probable resident; common in spring and fall not rare in
oter, but very rare in summer. Eggs 5-8, white, speckled
th brown. Nest of twigs, bark, dead wood, moss, etc.
wced behind the loose bark of a tree. Feeds on insects.
ry beneficial. Notes, insignificant.

176. Sitta carolinensis Lath.
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

ibove, ashy-blue; beneath, white; crown, black or ash. Length, 6
shes.

Resident, abundant in fall, winter and spring, but rare in
mmer. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 4-6, white, speckled with
ddish and lilac. Nest of fur, feathers, grass, etc. in a hole
atree. Eggs laid in June. Feeds on insects. Beneficial.
ote, a peculiar ‘‘quank.”

e

94

177. Sitta canadensis Linn.
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

Above, bluish-ash; beneath, rusty-brown; crown, black. Length, 44
vinches.

Rare and irregular winter visitor, from November to April.
Habits like the preceding, but note, higher pitched.

178. Parus atricapillus (Linn.).

CHICKADEE. BLACK-CAPPED TITMOUSE.

Above, brownish-ash; beneath, whitish; crown and throat, black.
Length, 5 inches.

Abundant resident, least common in summer. Raises 1 or 2
broods. Eggs 4-6, white, spotted with pink. Nest of fur,
‘feathers, etc. in a hole in a stump or fence post. Eggs laid in
May and June. Feeds on insects, chiefly.’ Beneficial. Notes,
‘the well known ‘‘chick-a-dee-dee-dee” or a plaintive ‘‘phoe-bee’’.

179. Regulus satrara Licht.
GOLDEN CROWNED KINGLET.

Above, greenish-olive; beneath, yellowish-white; patch on crown, orange
-or yellow, bordered by black. Length, 4inches.

Rather common winter visitor. Earliest arrival, Oct. 18;
‘departs northward in April. Feeds on insects. Beneficial.
Not much of a musician.

180. Regulus calendula (Linn.).
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.

Above, dull greenish-olive; beneath, yellowish-white; male with a ruby-
wed patch on crown. Length, 44 Inches.

Common migrant in October and November, April and May.
Feeds on insects. Beneficial. A very fine singer for so small
:a bird, though generally silent in the fall.

95

°

181. Turdus mustelinus Gmel.
WOOD THRUSH. SONG THRUSH.

Above, tawny-brown, shading into olive on rump and tail; beneath, white,
spotted with blackish. Length 73-8 inches.

Not very common summer resident. Earliest arrival, May
8; departs in September. Raises 1 or 2 broods. Eggs 3-5,
pale blue. Nest of grass, leaves, mud, etc. in a low bush or
tree, six or eight feet from ground. Eggs laid in May and
July. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. A remarkably fine
singer; the clear, flute-like call-notes have been written ‘* Céme-
to-mé.” (Chapman).

182. Turdus fuscescens Steph.
WILSON’S THRUSH. VEERY.

Above, reddish-brown; beneath, white; breast, with a tinge of buff and
small, indistinct wedge-shaped spots. Length, 7} inches.

Common summer resident. Earliest arrival, May3; departs
in September. Raises 1 brood. Eggs 3-5, blue. Nest of
grass, leaves, bark, etc., on or near the ground. Eggs laid
last of May. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. A pleasant
singer; the usual call note is a loud, clear, whistled ‘‘whéeu.”

183. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Cab.).
OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH.

Above, clear olivaceous; beneath, yellowish-white, marked with large,
broad spots of dusky, Length 7-7} inchts.

Rare and irregular migrantin May and Septembcr. Occurs
in the less frequented woods and is rather shy. Feeds on
insects. Beneficial. Practically silent while with us.

184. Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii (Cab.).
HERMIT THRUSH.

Above, olivaceous, shading into rufous on rump and tail; beneath, white,
thickly spotted with dusky. Length, 7 inches.

Common migrant in April, May and October. Earliest

96
arrival, April 8. Reported several times as breeding but the
evidence is unsatisfactory. Feeds on insects. Beneficial. <A
very fine singer in the late spring. ‘

185. Merula migratoria (Linn.).

ROBIN.

Above, ashy; head, black; breast, rufous; belly, white. Length, 10
inches. : .

Abundant summer resident. Earliest arrival, Feb. 20 (I. C.
Greene) ; departsin November. Very probably some winter.
Raises 2-3 broods. Eggs 3-6, blue. Nestof mud, and grass, in
tree, on a fence, or about a building. Eggs laid in May, June
and July. Feeds on insects, worms, seeds, fruit, etc. Bene-
ficial. A very good singer.

186. Sialia sialis (Linn.).

BLUEBIRD.
Above, blue; breast, chestnut; belly, white. Length, 7inches.

Common summer resident, sometimes abundant. Earliest
arrival, Feb. 20; departs in October. Raises 2 or 3 broods.
Eggs 4-7, pale blue. Nest of fine grass, in a hole in a tree or
in a bird house. Eggs laid from April to June. Feeds on
insects, etc. Beneficial. A pleasing singer; call-note clear
and characteristic of opening spring.

ERRATA.

Page 3, line 4, ‘‘ Toes 3, all in front ’—omit “all in front.”

Page 59, line 4, for “ black, chestnut ’’—read “ back, chestnut.”
Page 69, line 12, omit ‘‘ in.”

Page 71, No. 98a, for‘ AVENUS’’—read “AENEUS.” :
Page 82, next to last line, for “ ludoivcianus’—read “ ludovicianus.”
Page 83, No. 138, for ‘“FLAVIFROUS '—read “ flavifrons.”

P ige 86, line 21, after “‘ yellowish ’’--add ‘* Length 5} invhes.’’
Page 88, line 5, for ‘‘ greeish ’’—read “ greenish,”

Page 88, line 20, for ‘ cleary ’—read “clear.”

Page 91, No. 169, for “RED START’’—read “ Redstart.””

Page 94, No. 179, for ‘‘ SATRARA ”’—read ‘ SATRAPA.”’

A

Acanthis linaria
Accipiter atricapillus
cooperi
velox
Actitis macularia
Aegialitis meloda
... vocifera
Agelaius phoenicius
Aix sponsa
Alle alle
Ammodramus henslowii

INDEX.

sand wichensis savannah 75

Ampelis cedrorum

Anas carolinensis
discors
obscura

Anthus pensilvanicus

Antrostomus vociferus

Aquila chrysaetos

Archibuteo lagopus sancti-

johannis

Ardea candidissima
egretta
herodias
virescens

Ardetta exilis

Asio accipitrinus
wilsonianus

Bartramia longicauda
Bittern

Least
Blackbird, Cow
Crow
Red-winged
Rusty
Black -cap
Bluebird
Bobolink
Bobwhite
Bonasa umbellus
Botaurus lentiginosus
Brant
Branta bernicla
canadensis
Bubo virginianus
Bunting, Bay-winged
Indigo
Snow
Butcher-bird
Buteo borealis
latissimus
lineatus

Cc

Canary, Wild
Cardinal-bird
Carvinalis cardinalis
Curpodacus purpureus
Catbird
Cedar-bird
Ceophloeus pileatus
Certhia familiaris americana
Ceryle alcyon
Chaetura pelagica
Chat, Yellow-breasted
Chebec
Chelidon erythrogaster
Cherry-bird
Chewink
Chickadee
Chippy Mo
Chordeiles virginianus
Circus hudsonius
Clivicola riparia
Coccyzus americanus
erythrophthalmus
Cocothraustes vespertinus
Colaptes auratus
Colinus virginianus
Colymbus holboellii |
Compsothlypis americana
Contopus virens
Coot .
Corvus americanus
corax principalis
Cowbird 4
Creeper, Black and White
Brown
Crossbill, Red
White-winged

Crow ?
Cuckoo, Black-billed

Yellow-billed
Curlew, Hudsonian
Cyanocitta cristata

Dafila acuta

Dendroica aestiva
plackburniae
caerulescens
castanea
coronata
maculosa
palmarum hypochrysea
pensilvanica
Tara

RASASRSRSS

INDEX.

Dendroica striata
tigrina
vigorsii
virens
Diver, Great Northern
Dolichonyx oryzivorus
Dove, Carolina
Mourning
Dovekie
Dryobates pubescens
villosus
Duck, Black
Dipper
Dusky
Pintail
Shoveller
Summer
» Wood

Eagle, Bald
Golden
Ectopistes migratorius
Egret, American
Empidonax flaviventris
minimus
traillii

F

Falco columbarius
peregrinus anatum
rusticolus
sparverius

Flicker

Flycatcher, Great-crested

Traill’s
Yellow-bellied
Finch, Grass
‘ine
Purple
Fulica americana

Cc

Galeoscoptes carolinensis
Gallinago delicata
Geothlypis agilis
philadelphia
trichas
Goldfinch
Goosander
Goose, Canada
Wild

Goshawk
Grackle, Bronzed
Purple

Grebe, Common
Holboell’s
Red-necked

Grosbeak, Evening

Pin

e
Rose-breasted

Grouse, Ruffed 54
Gull, American Herring 46
Gyrfalcon 58
H
Halieetus leucocephbalus 58
Hang-bird, Fire 70
Hang- nest 70
Harporhychus rufus 92
Hawk, Broad-winged 57
Chicken 56
Cooper’s 56
Duck 58
Fish 59
Hen 56, 57
Marsh 55
Night 64
Pigeon 58
Hea shouldered 57
Red-tailed 56
Rough-legged 57
Sharp-shinned 55
Sparrow 59
Helminthophila chrysoptera 85
ruficapilla 85
Helmitherus vermivorous 85
Heron, Great Blue 49
Green 50
Night 50
Snowy 49
High-bole 64
Hummingbird, Ruby-throated 65
I
leteria virens 91
Icterus galbula 70
spurius 70
Indigo-bird 79
J
Jay, Blue 68
Junco viel
hyemalis vi
K
Kildeer 53
Kingbird 65
Kingfisher, Belted 62
Kinglet, Golden-crowned 94
Ruby-crowned 94
L
Lanius borealis 82
ludovicianus 82
Lark, Meadow 70
Larus argentatus smithsonianus 46
Linnet 72
Logeock 63
Loon 45,
Lophodytes cucullatyus 46

INDEX.

Loxia curvirostra minor
Loxia leucoptera

Martin, Purple
Megascops asio
Melanerpes erythrocephalus
Melospiza fasciata
georgiuna
lincolni
Merganser americanus
Common
Hooded
Red-breasted
serrator
Merula migratoria
Mniotilta varia
Molothrus ater
Mud hen
Myiarchus crinitus

Numenius hudsonicus

Nuthatch, Red-breasted
White-breasted

Nyctala acadica

Nvctea nyctea

Nycvicorax nycticorax naevius

fe)

Oriole, Baltimore
Orchard

Osprey

Oven-bird

Owl, Barred
Great Gray
Great Horned
Hawk
Long-eared
Mottled
Red
Saw-whet
Screech
Short-eared
Snowy

Pp

Pandion haliaétus carolinensis
Partridge

Parus atricapillus

Passer domesticus

Passerella iliaca

Passerina cyanea
Peabody-bird

Peep

73
73

Petrochelidon lunifrons
Pewee, Bridge
House
Wood
Philohela minor
Phoebe
Picoides arcticus
Pigeon, Passenger
Wilda

Pinicola enucleator
Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Plectrophenax nivalis
Plover, Kildeer

Piping

Upland
Podilymbus podiceps
Poocaetes gramineus
Porzana carolina

noveboracensis
Progne subis
Protonotaria citrea

Q

Qua-bird

Quail

Quiscalus quiscula
aeneus

Rallus longirostris crepitans
virginianus
Rail, Carolina
Clapper
Virginia
Yellow
Raven
Redstart
Red-poll, Lesser
Regulus calendula
satrapa
Robin

Ss

Sandpiper, Least
solitary
Spotted
Sapsucker
Sayornis phoebe .,
Scolecophagus carolinus
Scotiaptex cinereum
Seiurus aurocapillus
motacilla
noveboracensis
Setophaga ruticilla
Sbrike, Great Northern
Loggerhead
Sialia sialis
Siskin

InpEx.

Sitta canadensis
carolinensis
Snipe, Jack
Wilson’s
Snowbird
Sora
Sparrow, Cuipping
English
Field
Fox
Henslow’s
Lincoln’s
Savannah
song
Swamp
Tree
Vesper
White-crowned
W bite-throuted
Spatula Clypeata
Sphyrapicus varius
Spinus pinus
. tristis
Spizella monticola
pusillus
socialis
Stake-driver
Stelgidopteryx serripennis
Sturnella magna
Surnia ulula caparoch
Swallow, Bank
Barn
Chimney
Cliff
Eave
Rough-winged
7 White-bellied
Swift, Chimney
Syrnium nebulosum

T

Tachycineta bicolor

Tanager,Scarlet

Teal, Blue winged

Green-winged

Telltale, Lesser

Thrasher, Brown

Thrush, Brown
Golden-crowned
Hermit
Olive-backed
Song
Water

Louisana

Wilson’s
Wood

Tip-up

Titlark

Titmouse, Black-capped

Totanus flavipes
solitarius

Towhee

Tringa minutilla
Trochilus colubris
Troglodytes aédon
hiemalis

Turdus aonalaschkae pallasii

fuscescens

mustelinus

ustulatus swainsonii
Tyrannus tyrannus

Urinator imber

Vv

Veery

Vireo, Blue-headed
flavifrons
gilvus
noveboracensis
olivaceus
Red-eyed
Solitary
solitarius
Warhling
White-eyed
Yellow-throated

w

Warbler, Bay-breasted
Black and white
Black and yellow
Blackburnian
Black-poll
Black-throuted Blue

Green

Blue Yellow-backed
Caerulean
Canadian
Cape May
Chestnut-sided
Connecticut
Golden-winged
Magnolia
Mourning
Myrtle
Nashville
Parula
Pine
Prothonotary
Wilson’s
Worm-eating
Yellow

Red-poll
Yellow-rumped

BRBLESLESSRE

91

VSVRELKRSSSRRSAS

Whippoorwill 64
Wilsonia canadensis 91

pusilla a
Woodcock

Woodpecker, fe Three-toed 83

ny
Golden winged ay
Hairy 62
Pileated 63
Red-headed 638
Yellow-bellied 63
Wren, House 92
Winter 98

Y

Yellow-bird
Yellow-le gs
Yellow-throat, Maryland

Zz

Zamelodia ludoviciana

Zenaidura macroura

Zonotrichia albicollis
leucophrys