Fe | ISB RAG, Yi New York State Veterinary College ITHACA, NEW YORK Hirst, Stanley. Mites injurious to domestic animalse Cornell University Library SF 593.M5H66 ites injurious to domestic animals(with BRITISH MUSEUM (N ATURAL HISTORY) : MITES INJURIOUS TO DOMESTIC ANIMALS (WITH AN APPENDIX. ON THE ACARINE DISEASE a OF HIVE BEES) BY ‘STANLEY HIRST Assistant Kesperr, DEPARTMENT OF Zoonoey ILLUSTRATED WITH 85 TEXT-FIGURES LONDON PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM 1922 [Price Taree Saintes] Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001182892 BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) Economic Series No. 19, MITES INJURIOUS TO DOMESTIC ANIMALS (WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE ACARINE DISHASE OF HIVE BEES) BY STANLEY HIRST ASSISTANT KEEPER, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ILLUSTRATED WITH 85 TEXT-FIGURES LONDON PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM SOLD AT Tse British Museum (Naturan History), Cromwextt Roap, 8.W.7. AND BY B. QuarircH, Lrp., 11, Grarron Srreet, New Bonp Srreet, W.1. Duuav & Co., Litp., 34-36, MarGaRE? STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.1, AND THE Oxrorp UNIverRSITY Press, AMEN CorNER, E.C, 4. 1922 . All Rights Reserved. PREFACE. —+<>>——_ THANKS are due to the following gentlemen, who have kindly assisted the author by the loan or gift of specimens of Acari parasitic on domestic animals, viz., Lieut.-Colonel A. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.8., of the London School of Tropical Medicine; Professor J. H. Ash- worth, D.Sc., F.R.S., Department of Zoology, University of Edin- burgh ; G. A. H. Bedford, Esq., Veterinary Dept., Union of South Africa; F. C. Bishopp, Esq., United States Dept. of Agriculture ; Professor O. Charnock Bradley, M.D., D.Sc., M.R.V.C.S., Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, Edinburgh; Rev. G. H. Hewison, M.A. ; Dr. M. Langeron, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris; Professor R. G. Linton, M.R.C.V.8S., Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, Edinburgh; Leslie Linzell, Esq., late of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps; Prof. A. Martin, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse; C. D. Soar, Esq.; Prof. E. L. Trouessart, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.. Also to Miss E. Knight, of the Cancer Research Laboratory, Middlesex Hospital. The majority of the illustrations are reproductions of drawings made by Mr. P. Highley and Mr. A. J. E. Terzi. These have been drawn with great skill and care, and the thanks of the Trustees are due to Mr. Hirst—whose property they are—for allowing them to be used. Fig. 78 is from a photo by the Rev. G. H. Hewison, M.A. Fig. 54 is reproduced by permission of Dr. Walter E. Collinge. Figs. 62-66, 69 (a), 70, and 71 by permission of Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, C.M.G. Figs. 40 and 79-83, by permission of Messrs. Taylor and Francis. Figs. 1, 3, and 34 by permission of the Quekett Microscopical Society. C. TATE REGAN, Keeper of Zoology. February, 1922. CONTENTS. eee en PAGE List or ILLUSTRATIONS . : 3 A ‘ Fi . 7 INTRODUCTION : ‘ 4 5 j : ; : 11 Systematic InpEX AND List or FAMILIES OF ACARI . » 1B Mires Ingurnious to Domestic ANIMALS . : : . 15 APPENDIX. ON THE ACARINE DISEASE OF HIVE BEzEs . - 94 On Mounting MITES FOR EXAMINATION UNDER THE Micro- SCOPE 5 . ‘ 3 3 . . ‘ . 103 LITERATURE ‘ ‘ 9 . é : : : . 104 INDEX ; : . ‘ . ; : ’ . 105 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. TExtT-FIGURES. Fic. 1.—Otodectes cynotis, var. felis, showing distribution of ” tracheal tubes. (a) Portion of tube greatly magnified to show striation : é 2.—(a) Distal end of leg of Chorioptes or Otodectes (b) Distal end of leg of Psoroptes . 3.—Posterior abdominal lobes of males of Psoroptes F 4.—Ventral view of male nymph of Psoroptes communis, var. ovis. (a) Posterior end of female (pubescent) nymph 5.—Dorsal view of male of Psoroptes communis, var. ovis 6.—Ventral view of male of Chorioptes [= Pen from foot of sheep 7.—Dorsal view of wale of Oledectes eersoits, var. canis . 8.—Sarcoptes scabiei, var. equi, @. Dorsal view §.— a Se 3s é. Ventral view. 10.—Notoedrus cati, var. cuniculi. Dorsal view of female li— % % “ . Ventral view of male 12.—Notoedrus muris. Dorsal view of female 13.—Cnemidocoptes mutans. Dorsal view of female i4— se “a Ventral view of male 15.—Cnemidocoptes laevis, var. gallinae. Dorsal view of female 16.—Cytoleichus nudus. Ventral view of female 17.—Laminosioptes cysticola. Ventral view of female 18.—Hypopial nymph (“‘ Hypodectes”’) of Faleulifer rostratus 19.—Megninia sp. Ventral view of male ‘ 20.—Megninia columbaec. Ventral view of male 21.— (a) Tarsus of fourth leg of sel, (b). Tarsus of third leg of male . 22.—(a) Posterior end of body of male of Megninia velata (b) ss * a5 a cubitalis, var. ginglymura j : . 23.—Pterolichus obtusus. Female from above 24,— es 30 Male from below x : A 25.—Posterior abdominal lobes of male of (a) Péterolichus bicaudatus ; (b) of P. sculpturatus 26.—(a) Posterior end of nymph of Pterolichus Heaudatus (b) 3 i3 sculpturatus 27.—Pterolichus sp. Female from below. (a) Tarsus of second leg of same. (b) Denticle on first tarsus 28.—Pterolichus sp. Male from above 29,— ay s, Cast skin of nymph 30.—Freyana chanayi, 3. Dorsal view PAGE 8 List of Lllustrations. Fia 31.—Dermoglyphus elongatus. (a) Male; (b) Female \V 32.—Epidermoptes bilobatus, ¢. From below 33.— s a é 34.—Listrophorid mite, showing distairution of tracheal tubes 35.—Chirodiscoides caviae. Ventral view of male . 36.—Hypopial or travelling nymphs of Tyroglyphidae 37.—Tyroglyphus longior, var. castellanii, ¢. Dorsal and ventral aspects , - 38.—Glycyphagus domesticus : Oe 39.—Cheyletid mites. (a) Psorergates ee Dorsal view of male. (b) Myobiasp. Dorsal view of male 40,—Cheyletiella parasitivorax. Dorsal view of female : d1.—(a) Syringophilus bipectinatus. (b) S. columbae. Dorsal aspect of females ‘ 42.—(a) Tarsus of leg of Syringophitu biveninanes (b) ” ap columbae i : 43.—Tydeus molestus, 9. From below. (a) Leg. (b) Palp. much enlarged : . : 44.—Leptus (Trombicula ?) similis 45.—Schingastia americana 46.—Capitulum of Demodex folliculorum 4+7.—Dorsal spinule on capitulum (palp) of Demodex spp. 48.—Demodeax canis, ?. Ventral view ; and capitulum from above ‘ ‘ 49 —Demodex equi. Male and female. Also capitulum from above i ‘ 2 50.---(a) Demodex canis, var. ovis. 9. From below (b) Capitulum of same, from above. (c and d) Demodex phylloides, 9. Dorsal and ventral aspects (e) D. cati, 6, from above 51.—Demodex bovis. Ventral view of Fonialle: and dorsal ane’ lateral views of male 52.—Stages in life cycle of Demodex “ : ‘ 53.—(a) Penis of Demodex cati. (b) Early larva of D. bovis. (c, d, and e) Penis of D. bovis 54.—Anterior end of Dermanyssus, showing pheliasee in situ . 55.—Dermanyssus gallinac, 9. Dorsal view 56.— ae 3 @. Ventral view 57 — 5 _ a a bs 58.— on ba Second nymph. Ventral view 59.— 3 % First nymph. Dorsal view 60.— ‘i 55 be Ventral view 61.— 8 9 Larva. Dorsal view 62.—Dermanyssus muris, ?. Dorsal and ventral aspects i " sanguincus, 9. Dorsal and ventral aspects 64.— ey aegyptius, @ es se 65.—Liponyssus bacoti, ¢?. ‘ r - 66.— mr bursa, 9. Dorsal aspect 67.—(a) Sternal plate of Liponyssus bursa, 9 (b) iy az s se sylviarum, 2 68.—(a) Posterior end of dorsal shield of Liponyssus bursa, 9 (b) 45 i i “9 6 sylviarumn, 9 66 66 70 76 List of Llustrations. . 69.—(a) Liponyssus bursa, g. From below . (b) 553 sylviarum, 6. From below 70.—Liponyssus bursa, dorsal aspect of protonymph 71.—Laelaps echidninus, 9. From below 72.—Raillietia auris, 9. Dorsal aspect. 73.— a5 i g. Ventral aspect 4 F F r 74.— - 5 (a) Second leg of male. (b) Chelicera of male , 75.—Sternostomum rhynolethrum, 2. Dorsal view 76.— ” 9. Ventral view 77.—Holothyrus sp. From below 78.—Tracheal tube of honey bee infested with Acanmie woodt 79.—Acarapis woodi, 9. Dorsal aspect 80.— _,, » ¢@. Ventral aspect 81.— és to &. Dorsal aspect 82.— Fe (a) Larva. (b) The same still enclosed in ege- -shell ; : 83.— ,, » (a) Fourth leg of female. (b) Egg (c) Posterior leg of larva (d) First leg of larva 84.—Larva of Tarsonemus, and end of second leg of same 85.—Tarsonemus apis. Ventral view of female. (a) Last leg of male of same species . . INTRODUCTION. —_+oo—_ Mires, or Acari, belong to the class Arachnida, which also includes the spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, etc. Arachnids differ from Insects in having eight legs instead of six. The chief feature distinguishing mites from other Arachnids is that they have only three pairs of legs when they are hatched from the egg, the fourth pair being added later. Most Acari are very small and their body is usually unsegmented. There is great diversity of structure in the group. The names of the principal families are given below, those dealt with in the present pamphlet being printed in heavier type than the others. Ticks are not included, but it is hoped that another pamphlet dealing with them may be issued later. The parasitic mites found on domestic animals differ greatly in habits. They may burrow or tunnel in the skin (e.g., Sarcoptes) or live in the sebaceous glands (e.g., Demodex), or cause crusts or scabs on the surface of the skin (e.g., Psoroptes). The feather mites, or Analgesidae, as their popular name implies, live in the plumage of birds, and some even live in the interior of the quills, as do also some Trombidiidae (Syringophalus, etc.). The Listro- phoridae and ‘some Trombidiid mites (Myobia) cling to the hairs of mammals. Many of the Gamasidae live in the nests of rodents, but may also sometimes be found on their bodies. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. =o Cuass ARACHNIDA. Order Acari. PAGE Family Sarcoptidae ‘ 15 . CANESTRINIIDAE. Sub-order Sarcoptoidea , Analgesidae . 61 » Listrophoridae » 68 » Tyroglyphidae 70 Sub-order Cryptostigmata Family OrTBaTIDAE. Sub-order Vermiformia Family Demodicidae . 78 Family Trombidiidae | . 72 » HRYTHRAEIDAE. Sub-order Prostigmata . .» HyYDRACHNIDAE. » HALACARIDAE. NICOLETIELLIDAE. Sub-order Heterostigma Family Tarsonemidae. 94 Family Gamasidae , . 86 Sub-order Mesostigmata . » Holothyridae . 93 i IXODIDAE. ARGASIDAE, Sub-order Notostigmata Family OpILIoAcaRIDAE. Sub-order Tetrapoda Family EriopHyirDak. MITES INJURIOUS TO DOMESTIC ANTMALS Sus-orDER SARCOPTOIDEA. Faminy SARCOPTIDAE. The mites of this family, commonly called itch mites, are very small, whitish, and in shape oval or round. They are usually considered to be without tracheal tubes, but in the genus Otodectes (fig 1), and possibly in other members of the family, these are present. Fia. 1. Otodectes cynotis, var. felis, showing distribution of tracheal tubes, x 142. (a) Portion of tube greatly magnified to show striation. (After Hirst, Journ. Quekett Microscopical Club (2) xiv, Nov. 1921.) Genus Psoroptes, Gervais, 1841. The genus Psoroptes differs from the allied genera Chorioptes (formerly known as Symbiotes) and Otodectes in having the terminal 16 WWites Injurtous to Domestic Animals. sucker of the legs borne on a long three-segmented peduncle (fig. 2 b). There are two distinct species of Psoroptes, viz., P. natalensis and P. communis. Psoroptes natalensis, Hirst, 1919. In the male of this species two of the hairs on each abdominal lobe are distinctly flattened and blade-like near the distal end (fig. 3 h), but not nearly to the same extent as the modified hairs present in the same position in Chorioptes (Symbiotes). x th Highley del Fie. 2. (a) Distal end of leg of Chorioptcs, showing the ambulacral sucker borne on a short unsegmented peduncle. (b) Distal end of leg of Psoroptes, showing the sucker borne on a long three- segmented peduncle. (Original.) This species was first described from specimens found on cattle at Richmond, Natal. Mégnin’s examples from a buffalo from Cochin China, determined by him as P longirostris [P. conumunis], are really referable to P. natalensis. Psoroptes communis, Fiirstenberg, 1861 The author has examuned a large series of specimens of Psoroptes from various domestic animals, and can find very little structural difference between them. It seems that the mites of this genus Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 17 (with the exception of Psoroptes natalensis) should be regarded merely as races or slight varieties of a single species. The hairs on the abdominal lobes of the male are all normal in appearance in P. communis (fig. 3 a-g, 1), none of them being in the least flattened or blade-like. Although differing so little in structure, various observers have Fic. 3. Posterior abdominal lobes of males of Psoroptes. (a) Psoroptes communis, var. equi; (b) var. ovis, (c) var. cunicult, (d) var. bovis (from Johannesburg, South Africa); (e) var. caprae (St. Vincent, West Indies); (f) var. bovis (from Amarillo, Texas) ; (g) and (i) var. cervinae (Colorado); (h) Psoroptes natalensis, Hirst. (After Hirst, Journ. Quekett Microscopical Club, (2) xiv, Nov. 1921.) pointed out that it is very difficult to transmit mites of the genus Psoroptes from one host to another of a different species. For instance, Delafond and Bourguignon failed to transmit Psoroptes communis, var. ovis, to any other host. Psoroptes communis occurs on the following domestic animals : sheep, goats, cattle, horses and rabbits. Scab or Psoroptic Mange in Sheep.—The variety found Cc 18 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. on sheep (Psoroptes communis, var. ovis, figs. 4 and 5) is of great economic importance, being the cause of the serious disease called sheep-scab, which damages the wool and also occasions much loss of stock. Whilst the sarcoptic mange Fig. 4. Ventral view of male nymph of Psoroptes communis, var. ovi. j : i . ovis., X 102. (a) Posterior end of female (pubescent) nymph, showing the little pair of knobs that are grasped by the copulatory suckers of the adult male. (Original.) of the sheep is restricted to the head, the psoroptic occurs on the parts of the body covered with wool. The mites do not burrow in the skin, but pierce it with their elongated mandibles. Irritation is intense, and the wool becomes pry d in places, also matted and full of greasy scabs or crusts Sheep Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 19 suffering from scab are restless and rub themselves against posts, trees, fences, etc. The disease may be spread through healthy sheep rubbing themselves against places infected in this manner, or through actual contact with diseased sheep. This malady is WILL ey \ AJ ON, . { Highley del a Fria. 5. Dorsal view of male of Psoroptes communis, var. ovis, X 102, (Original. ) very contagious. The Psoroptes is sometimes found in the ears of sheep, without occurring on the body, and this source of infection should be borne in mind and the ears examined and treated if necessary. Well-fed sheep are much more resistant to this disease than c 2 20 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. those in poor condition, and are more easily cured. As is well-known, sheep-scah is treated by dipping, and many patent dips are on the market. The wool should be clipped from the affected parts before dipping. Most of the dippings fail to destroy the eggs, hence it is necessary to give a second immersion at an interval of about eight days in order to destroy any mites that have developed (before they start laying eggs themselves). According to Stockman and Beare creosote dip is very effective against the eggs. Sheep in the first stage of the disease often show no visible signs, hence the necessity of systematic dipping. Much advice on the dipping of sheep is given in leaflets Nos. 61 and 145 issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. Sheep-scab is a notifiable disease, and it is the duty of the owners of infected sheep to give notice of the fact to the nearest police constable. A. W. Shilston has written an excellent account of the habits of Psoroptes communis, var. ovis, based on observations in South Africa (Third and Fourth Reports of the Division of Veterinary Research, Dept. of Agriculture, Union of South Africa, Nov. 1915, pp. 69-98). He points out that the all-important factor in the eradication of sheep-scab is the destruction of every mite on the sheep themselves, and that to ensure this more efficient dipping is necessary than has usually been employed in the past. He says that the interval between the first two dippings should be ten days, and that a third dipping is advisable. The expense of this third dipping is slight compared to that occasioned by a recurrence of the disease, possibly some months later, owing to the survival of a few acari on one or two sheep which may have passed too rapidly through the tank, or were not completely immersed. “ In addition, a third dipping would greatly lessen the risk of reinfection from kraals or sleeping places. Acari are known to be unable to live for more than four weeks apart from sheep (in the experiments all were dead in twenty-one days), and eggs will not hatch after ten days, so that by the time the third dipping is given—say twenty to twenty-four days after the first—acari in the kraals would be dead or too feeble to infect recently dipped sheep. It would, of course, be unwise to neglect to thoroughly disinfect. all places in which scabby sheep had been confined, but absolute cleansing of the sheep is the essential point in the eradication of the disease. The necessity of treating every sheep in the. flock, and not only those visibly affected, is obvious.” The above observations, of course, refer to sheep as kept in South Africa under different climatic conditions from those of this country. Shilston especially recommends thelime Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 21 and sulphur dip, which, if properly used, and at the right strength, destroys the eggs as well as the mites. Shilston was unable to infect goats by placing all stages from scabby sheep into their ears, for the mites did not live more than two days. Specimens of sheep Psoroptes were placed by him on goats, and other goats were kept in contact with scabby sheep for several months, but with negative results. Similarly, all attempts to produce otacariasis in rabbits, by infecting them with Psoroptes communis, Var. ovis, were unsuccessful. Psoroptic Mange or Parasitic Otitis. of the Goat.— Psoroples communis, var. caprae, like the variety found in rabbits, is confined to the ears of its host. Usually the presence of the mites does not seem to be harmful, but occasionally it provokes serious trouble, inducing deafness and lack of appetite, and sometimes causing the death of the infected goats. Shilston found that P. comimunis, var. caprae, was able to live and reproduce itself on sheep, but the second generation usually died on reaching the nymphal stage, and in no case was a third generation observed. Otacariasis of the Rabbit.—The Psoroptes of the rabbit (P. communis, var. cuniculi) usually occurs only in the ear, numerous Specimens being found in a yellowish substance which may fill up almost the entire cavity. Cases have been recorded in which the face, neck and limbs were also attacked, but they seem to be rare. Sometimes the body is affected with a combination of psoroptic and sarcoptic mange. This variety of Psoroptes is quite a common parasite of English rabbits, and also occurs on the Continent, in North America, and in several parts of Africa. P. communis, var. cuniculi, can apparently be transmitted to the horse, and, according to Shilston, it is able to live on sheep for periods up to seventeen days ; during that time it may lay eggs and give rise to symptoms and lesions similar to those due to the sheep Psoroptes. The second generation, however, die before repro- ducing, and therefore continuous acariasis in sheep cannot result from infection with rabbit Psoroptes. Psoroptic Mange in Cattle.—In cattle psoroptic mange commences at the base of the tail, or on the neck or withers, and gradually extends to neighbouring parts of the body; it is rarely present in a generalised form. In summer this kind_of a2 Mites Injurious to Domestic Aninals. mange often almost completely disappears, to return again when the animals are housed during the winter months. Psoroptic mange in the horse is dealt with on page 34. Highley del Fia. 6. Ventral view of male of Chorioptes [= Symbiotes], from foot of sheep, x 195. (Original.) Genus Chorioptes, Gervais, 1859. (Syn. Symbiotes, Gerlach, 1857, name pre-occupied.) In the mites of the genus Chorioptes the suckers of the legs are borne on quite short unsegmented peduncles (fig. 2a); the abdomen of the male terminates in paired lobes bearing hairs, two of which Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 23 on each lobe, placed close together, are very wide and flattened (spatulate) (fig. 6). The forms of Chorioptes are principally found on domestic animals, viz., on horses, cattle, sheep, and goats. The author found specimens of Chorioples on the feet of a Huanaco which died in the Zoological Gardens, London, July, 1918. The forms of Chorioptes are so similar that they probably belong to a single species, of which they may be considered to be physiological varieties (like the forms of Sarcoptes and Psoroptes communis), which, although structurally alike, show a marked preference for their own animal host. Chorioptic, or symbiotic mange as it is more commonly called, is usually restricted to the feet or to the base of the tail and anal fossa in cattle. In some cases it spreads on to the neck and back, or on to the belly, perineum, etc. This mange is usually of a mild type, however, remaining localised and spreading but slowly. Symbiotic mange in the horse is dealt with on page 34. Genus Otodectes, Canestrini, 1894. Very like Chorioptes, the suckers of the feet being borne on short unsegmented peduncles as in that genus; but the posterior lobes of the body of the male are much less salient, and the hairs on them are not spatulate. The mites of the genus Otodectes live in the ears of dogs, cats,. and ferrets. They are usually considered to be varieties of a single species (Otodectes cynotis, Hering), but apparently do not differ from one another structurally. Otodectes cynotis, var. felis, Huber, 1861, is a very common parasite of London cats, and the otitis caused by it is usually known as canker. A little olive oil mixed with flowers of sulphur or a tenth part of naphthol should be poured into the ears every few days until a cure is effected. Dogs used in hunting are especially liable to this kind of otitis (O. cynotis var. canis (fig. 7)), which sometimes is the cause of fits very similar to those due to epilepsy. The shape of the ear may be altered by constant shaking, the lower lobe becoming much thickened. A warm solution of potassium sulphide (10 grams in a litre of water) should be poured twice daily into the ears of dogs suffering from parasitic otitis, and a cure will be effected in a few days. Before treatment the ears should be thoroughly cleansed, all visible waxy secretions being removed. Infected dogs should be isolated and the kennels disinfected. Mites Injurious to Domestec Animals. Genus Sarcoptes, Latreille, 1806. Dorsal surface furnished with characteristic sharply pointed (dentate) scales and also with symmetrically arranged rod-like setae posteriorly. Mites of the genus Sarcoptes are parasitic on a fairly large number Highley det Fie. 7. Dorsal view of male of Otodectes cynotis, var. canis, x 125. (Original.) of hosts, probably including all the domestic animals (mammals) but specimens found on different hosts are remarkably similar in structure. The author has examined examples of Sarcoptes trom man, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, lions, wolves, dogs, foxes, Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 25 coatimundi, hartebeest, kudu, guinea-pig, and rabbit without being able to find a constant morphological character by which they could be satisfactorily distinguished from one another. The skin complaints induced by the various forms of Sarcoples occurring on domestic animals are briefly described below. For the sake of convenience the three principal kinds of mange in the horse due to Sarcoptid mites are placed together, see page 34. Sarcoptic Mange of the Dog.—Sarcoptic mange is apparently less common in dogs than the mange due to Demodex, but is more frequently met with in some countries than others. It is very much easier to cure than demodectic mange. Apparently the mange caused by Sarcoptes can make its appearance on any part of the body, but most frequently commences on the head. It spreads rapidly, and in a few weeks large areas of the skin may be invaded by the parasite. The symptoms are very like those of demodectic mange. There are reddish spots rather like flea bites, and the scratching of the animal causes reddish places and papules to appear. The infected part often becomes dry and covered with yellowish crusts. The hair falls out and theskin becomes thickened, wrinkled and creased. Pruritus is intense. Sarcoptic mange is easily confused with the mange caused by Notoedrus cati and by Demodex, and also with several other skin complaints such as eczema, etc. The presence of the parasite is the chief distinctive feature. A number of cases of human beings becoming infected with the Sarcoptes of the dog (Sarcoptes scabiei, var. canis) have been recorded. Sarcoptic Mange in Cattle.-- The sarcoptic mange of cattle has been very prevalent in some areas in the United States, and is usually treated by four dippings in lime sulphur, the interval between the dippings being from six toten days. This kind of mange in cattle has also been a great nuisance in Alberta and Saskatchewan, where it has been combated by dipping, movement of cattle in the infected areas being prohibited, except when they are destined for immediate slaughter. In Britain, sarcoptic mange in cattle seems quite common in Scotland, and also occurs at Liverpool, and doubtless in other areas. Milkers often contract sarcoptic mange from cows, the arms, chest, and neck being affected. The complaint is known as “ dairyman’s itch.” Sarcoptic Mange in Pigs.—In pigs sarcoptic mange usually starts on the head, especially round the eyes and ears, but the back, 26 Mites Injurious to Domestic A nimals. sides, and inner surface of the thighs may also be invaded ; some- times the infection is general, the whole body being affected. Pruritus is intense even in the early stages. The hair falls out, and the skin becomes coated with dried crusts formed by the morbid secretions. Sometimes the papillae of the skin become increased Fia. 8. Sarcoptes scabiei, var. equi, ?.—Dorsal view, x 209. (Original. ) in size, forming wart-like eminences. In advanced eases the skin is very much thickened, wrinkled, and covered in places with thick crusts in which the specimens of Sarcoptes may be present in large numbers. This kind of mange is said to be more common i pigs in the United States than the mange due to Demodezx. ; Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 24 If only a few animals have to be treated, crude petroleum applied with a brush, mop, or cloth is a valuable remedy. Wallows medi- cated with crude petroleum, and dipping either in water and crude \ Hiebley eet Fie. 9. Sarcoptes scabiei, var. equi, ¢.—Ventral view, x 312. (Original.) petroleum or lime sulphur are much preferable, especially when large numbers of pigs have to be treated. When the lime sulphur dip is used, four or five dippings with an interval of five or six days between them are necessary. For further details concerning mange 28 Mites Tnjurious to Domestic Animals. in pigs and its treatment, see Farmers’ Bulletin, no. 1085, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, by Marion Imes. Sarcoptes scabiei, var. suis, is transmissible to man. Highley del. Fie. 10. Notoedrus cati, var. cuniculi (p. 50).—Dorsal view of female, x 360. (Original.) Sarcoptic Mange in Sheep.—In sheep sarcoptic mange is usually confined to the head. It is only in advanced cases that the limbs and more rarely the body become affected. The disease does Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 29 not spread to the woolly parts of the body. It occurs, however, ina generalised form in the Algerian and Tunisian breeds of sheep, also sometimes in Southdowns, Neapolitan sheep, etc. The Sarcoptes of the sheep (Sarcoptes scabiei, var. ovis, Mégnin) has been trans- mitted to goats. Highley det. Fic. 11. Notoedrus cati, var. cuniculi (p. 50).—Ventral view of male, x 370. (Original. ) Sarcoptic Mange of the Goat.— The kind of sarcoptic mange found on goats is said to commence on the head and ears, afterwards reaching the body and limbs. Dry crusts are formed on the surface of the skin which, in advanced cases, becomes thickened, folded, and sometimes cracked, whilst the hair falls out. Pruritus is intense. 30 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. The health of the goats suffering from this kind of scabies is some- times greatly affected; they become thin, and death frequently ensues. The Sarcoptes of the goat (Sarcoptes scabiet, var. caprae, Fiirstenberg) can be transmitted to man, and also to horses, sheep, cattle, and pigs. Highley del Fie. 12. Notoedrus muris, parasitic on brown rat 51).—D. i female, x 230. (Origtean) prensa? Papen Mange in Camels and Dromedaries.—Sar- coptlc mange 1s a very common disease of camels in Fo t and other parts of North Africa, and causes serious losses if woetsetad or improperly treated. Ifnot treated, F. E. Mason says the disease makes rapid progress and may extend to the whole body. Later the skin becomes thickened, wrinkled, and covered with thick crusts. When the disease reaches a more advanced stage the camel Mites [njurious to Domestic Animals. ce becomes emaciated, the crusts increase in thickness and extent, whilst ridges appear on the skin, which is cracked and ulcerated. A very offensive fluid is discharged by the cracks and ulcers, the limbs become swollen, etc. The working capacity of camels suffer- ing from scabies is much reduced, and death may finally take place through exhaustion or from complications with other diseases. The variety of Sarcoptes scabiei found on camels is transmissible Haghley det Fie. 13. Cnemidocoptes mutans.—The mite of scaly-leg in fowls (p. 51). Dorsal view of female, x 174. (Original.) to man and also to horses. Mason has used colocynth tar (distilled from the seeds of Citrullus colocynthus) successfully against sarcoptic mange in camels,.and also in sarcoptic and psoroptic mange in horses, and against ticks. Before applying this remedy, the camel should be clipped, washed with soft soap, and the crusts scraped off with a blunt knife. Ointments with a fatty basis are apt to become rancid in hot 32 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. climates and may cause blisters. For this reason, Curasson recom- mends an ointment, or rather paste with a white soap as a basis, for treating dromedaries suffering from scabies. Soap shavings (600 grams) are dissolved in one litre of warm water, after twenty- Fie. 14. Cnemidocoptes mutans (p. 51).—The mite of sealy-leg in fowls. Ventral view of male, x 305. (Original.) four hours 300 grams of flowers of sulphur are added, finally 200 grams of cresyl and 150 grams of petrol are slowly poured in, the mixture being gently stirred meanwhile. The resulting paste is applied with a brush or by hand and is well worked in with the finger tips. Next day some of the paste will be found at the e nd of the Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 23 hairs and should be rubbed into the skin again. On the sixth day the parts treated should be cleansed with a brush and tepid water, Sarcoptic Mange of the Rabbit.—Rabbits sometimes suffer from sarcoptic mange, besides being liable to notoedric mange and to otitis due to the presence of Psoroptes. In rabbits sarcoptic Heghley det Fié, 15. Cnemidocoptes laevis, var. gallinae (p. 54).—The mite of Depluming Itch in fowls. Dorsal view of female, x 210. mange affects much the same regions as the notoedric kind; the legs are, however, first attacked, then the tip of the nose, which may be transformed into a kind of proboscis. From the nose the mange spreads on to the face and ears, and sometimes on to the body. Greyish or yellowish crusts are present on the diseased parts. This kind of mange may cause great mortality. Raiulliet D ai Mites Injurious to Domestic Animats. and Henry state that treatment is easy ; much washing and bathing should be avoided; the fur on the affected parts should be cut and the crusts well rubbed with black soap; the diseased places should then be washed, carefully dried, and treated with some suitable ointment. Fic. 16. Cytoleichus nudus (p. 59).—An internal parasite of the domestic fowl. Ventral view of female, x 136. (Original.) The variety of Sarcoptes found on the rabbit can be transmitted to the guinea-pig and ferret. Mange in Horses.—Horses suffer from three different kinds of mange, viz., the sarcoptic (sometimes called scabies), psoroptic, and chorioptic (or symbiotic). The first of these is much the Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. at most serious owing to the burrowing habits of the parasites, which make it difficult to reach them with acaricidal solutions. Mange in horses is very common in war time, great numbers of animals being affected, whilst it is comparatively rare in normal times. All newly Fie. 17. Laminosioptes cysticola (p. 59).—An internal parasite of the domestic fowl. Ventral view of female, x 376. (Original.) purchased animals should be carefully examined for symptoms of mange. ; Sarcoptic mange commences by little circular hairless places and small elevations, accompanied by intense itching; these little D2 36 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. elevations can sometimes be felt if the hand is passed over the skin. Horses suffering from this kind of mange try to rub them- selves against any suitable object, and bite those parts of the body Fia. 18. Hypopial nymph (“Hypodectes”’) of Faculifer rostratus (p. 63); from pigeon, x 80. (After Neumann.) which they can reach. When the affected parts of the body are scratched with the hand the animal shows signs of pleasure, moving the end of the nose in a characteristic manner. Any part of the body may he attacked, but those parts which come in contact with Mites Injurtous to Domestic Animals. 37 the saddle or- harness are usually affected first. The disease often commences on the withers, spreading afterwards on to the back and sides. The hair is thin and broken in the rubbed parts of the Highley ce! Fig. 19. Megninia sp. (p. 63)—From domestic fowl, in North America. Ventral view of male. (Original.) body, and abrasions or excoriations may be present. In advanced cases the skin is hard and folded, and the animals become very thin and may die of exhaustion. 38 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. Under war conditions, according to Fayet, sarcoptic mange of the horse commences on the forehead, parotid regions, base of the ears, cheeks, intermaxillary spaces, etc., and may be localised for some time in these regions and on the forequarters. Tf treated promptly at this stage the disease can be prevented from invading Fie. 20. Megninia columbae (p. 64).—From domestic pigeon. Ventral view of male, x 154 (Original.) other parts of the body. Close clipping enables mange to be readily detected, Mr. A. W. Noél Pillers (Notes on Mange, and allied Mites, for Veterinarians, London, 1921) states that sarcoptic mange can be distinguished clinically from other types of mange with a fair degree of accuracy. He says that “the lesion prefers the thinner-skinned areas ; in addition to encrustation the skin itself is thickened, the Mites Injurtous to Domestic Animals. 39 lesion is diffuse, with intermingling of areas containing hair, and there are here and there numerous blood points. Early cases are difficult to diagnose as there are only a number of pimples, diffusely scattered without loss of hair and which give a positive labial reflex when the part is rubbed.”’ Mr. Pillers affirms that there is a marked seasonal prevalence in sarcoptic mange, the disease being usually at its lowest in warm weather and when there is plenty of sweating of the skin. There is a gradual increase during October, November and the following months, untilin March it reaches its height. In the ensuing months it falls slowly, and from June to September Fic. 21. (a) Tarsus of fourth leg. (b) Tarsus of third leg, of male of Megninia columbae (p. 64), greatly enlarged. (Original). the prevalence of sarcoptic mange is at its lowest. It may justly be said to be a disease of winter and long and dirty coats. Sarcoptes can usually be found by soaking scrapings from the infected animal in 10 per cent. solution of caustic potash. Occasion- ally, however, it is difficult to find the mites, and it may be necessary to boil the material in the caustic potash and then centrifuge it: after a few turns of the handle of the machine the Acari are generally to be found at the bottom of the tube. Sarcoptic mange should be treated at as early a stage as possible, 40 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. and infected horses should be isolated from healthy animals, According to Moussu, horses which are slightly affected with scabies should be treated for at least two or three weeks if the cure is to be complete, and serious cases need at least from two to two and a half months. Treatment has to be very thorough, particular attention being paid to areas that are difficult to reach and nooks Fig. 22. (a) Posterior end of body of male of Megninia velata (p. 64). (b) Posterior end of body of male of Megninia cubitalis, var. ginglymura (p. 64), from English turkey. (Original.) and corners such as the base of the ears, inner surface of the limbs, belly, base of tail, etc., otherwise the disease is apt to reappear, Sulphurated oil is very useful as a remedy. It should be applied to every part of the body, not merely to the areas in which the mange is visible. A fresh application of the acaricidal mixture should be made every four days until the cure is effected. Spraying with lime Mites Ingurious to Domestic Animals. 41 and sulphur is recommended as a preventive and for affected horses by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (see Leaflet No. 274). Noél Pillers gives several formule for dressings, one of them being Highley del Fig. 23. Pterolichus obtusus (p. 64), a feather mite from domestic fowl. Female from above, x 160. as follows :—Strong calcium polysulphide solution one part = 8 oz., water two parts = 16 oz., horse fat two parts = 16 oz., total two pints. He says that the strong solution of calcium polysulphide may 42 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. be prepared in small quantities by mixing 2 Ib. of sulphur with 1 lb. of good quicklime in a bucket, making into a paste, and boiling Highley del, Fia. 24, Pterolichus obtusus (p. 64), a feather mite from domestic fowl. Male from below. in two gallons of water until a dark red-brown solution is formed. Boiling will take about three hours; the whole must be kept well stirred during the process and made up to two gallons at the end. Afites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 43 About two pints of this oily mixture will be sufficient to dress an ordinary case. In war time dipping in specially constructed tanks is used against sarcoptic mange in horses, and is said to be much the best method of combating the complaint. Descazeaux gives a plan of a piscina or tank for bathing horses in Rec. Méd. Vét. D’Alfort, xciv., no. 12, June 30th, 1918, p. 273. Fie. 25. (a) Posterior abdominal lobes of male of Pterolichus bicaudatus (p. 64), a feather mite from ostrich. (b) Posterior abdominal lobes of Pterolichus sculpturatus (p. 64), from ostrich. (Original.) Sarcoptic mange of the horse is transmissible to man. Psoroptic mange in the horse chiefly affects the regions of the body situated near the long hair, such as the neck, withers, rump, base of tail, etc., but in advanced cases other parts of the body may be invaded. There is an accumulation of thick humid crusts under which the mites live and multiply. According to Railliet and Henry (Bull. Soc. Cent. Méd. Vet. Ixxiii., 1920, p. 41) the Psoroptes found in the ears of horses, mules and asses is distinct from that occurring on the body of these hosts. 44 AWites [ngurious to Domestic Animats. They consider the Psoroptes living in the ear to be a new species which they describe under the name P. hippotes. Only two of the longer hairs on the posterior abdominal lobes of the male of P. hippotis have their bases contiguous, whereas in P. communis, var. equi, three of these hairs originate quite close together, the bases of all three being contiguous and on the same level. It seems possible to the author that P. hippotis may prove to be identical with P. communis, var. cuniculi, or P. ¢., var. ovis, both of which have the hairs on the posterior abdominal lobes of the male disposed in a similar way (see text-fig.3, bandc). Professor A. Henry states that Fic. 26. (a) Posterior end of nymph of Pterolichus bicaudatus (p. 64), from above, showing shape of dorsal shield. (b) Posterior end of nymph of Pterolichus sculpturatus (p. 64). (Original). otocariasis due to Psoroptes is very common in the horse, sometimes being present in 70 per cent. of the horses examined in France. At the beginning of the great war all but a very small percentage of the cases of mange were due to Psoroptes, but this complaint became quite rare later, and sarcoptic mange became prevalent. Infection is spread through contact between diseased animals and also through contaminated harness, grooming implements, rugs, stable utensils, litter, etc. Anything that has come in contact with an animal suffering from mange may remain infectious for several wecks ; hence the need for cleanliness and disinfection with cresyl or other suitable preparation. Both surcoplic and psoroptic mange should be notified to an vuspector (in the Loudon district) or to a police constable (rural districts) Mites Ingurious to Domestic Animals. 45 Chorioptic or symbiotic mange is usually confined to the lower part of the limbs and root of the tail. Sometimes this complaint causes horses to stamp when in the stable or to knock their feet together, and in doing this the coronets of the feet may be damaged. Fia. 27. Pterolichus sp., from interior of quills of feathers of North American fowl, female from below, x 104. (a) Tarsus of second leg of same greatly enlarged. (b) Denticle on first! tarsus very greatly enlarged. (Original.) Leaflet No. 274, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, should be consulted by those interested in parasitic mange in horses, asses, and mules. Remedies, symptoms," etc., will be found in this leaflet. 46 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. Besides the three kinds of mange described above, pruritus and other trouble may be caused by Demodex (see page 80). Genus Notoedrus, Railliet, 1893. Very similar to Sarcoptes, but with the anus well on the dorsal Fig. 28. Pterolichus sp., from interior of quills of feathers of North American fowl. Male from above, x 216. ‘(Original.) surface. This genus is not very distinct from Sarcoptes, and should perhaps be considered only a sub-genus. Mutes Ingurious to Domestic Animals. 47 Notoedrus cati, Hering, 1838. (Figs. 10, 11.) There are a number of scales grouped together in the middle of the dorsal surface in this species, but they are not nearly so well developed as in the species of Sarcoptes, only the posterior’ edge being somewhat salient. Mange in Cats.—Mange in cats generally starts on the neck, Fic. 29. Pterolichus sp., from interior of quills of feathers of North American fowl. Cast skin of nymph, x 160. (Original.) afterwards appearing on the ears, forehead, and round the eyes; finally nearly all the head is affected. Greyish crusts are present, and in advanced cases the skin becomes hard, thickened, and creased, almost like leather in appearance. Incats mange is usually 48: Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. restricted to the head and neck, rarely extending to the body and limbs. Craig has reported three cases in which this parasite of the cat was found in dogs suffering from mange. One of these animals was known to have associated with a cat affected with notoedric mange. Highley. okt Fig. 30. Freyana chanayi (p. 64). Feather mite from domestic turkey, North America, Dorsal view of male, x 183. (Original.) The following case of mange in a dog caused by Notoedrus cati was observed by the author in July, 1917. The disease occurred in a puppy aged about three months, and there was no history, the animal being a stray one found in the streets of London. The Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 49 symptoms were as follows :—The upper part of the face was badly affected, being greyish in colour and scabby, especially the forehead and round and between the eyes. A large part of the body was very seriously affected, the sides and belly being leathery and almost Fie. 31. Dermoglyphus elongatus (p. 64).—(a) Male, x 112. (b) Female, x 120. Ventral views. (Original.) hairless. Elbows of front legs leathery and with the hair worn off, the upper part of the hind legs was also much affected. Irritation was evidently intense. Specimens of N otoedrus were easily obtained from all the diseased parts, and could be readily picked out of the flanks, No specimens of Sarcopfes were to be met with in this E 50 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. case. It will be seen from the above that natural infection with Notoedrus is sometimes found in the dog, and may be intense and general, in character instead of being confined to the head. Notoedric' Mange of Rabbits.—In the case of rabbits, Notoedrus usually attacks the face, especially round the eyes, Fia. 32. Epidermoptes bilobatus (p. 65), 9, from below, x 268. (After Neumann.) more rarely attacking the ears. In advanced cases the legs and genital regions become affected. Scales and crusts are formed on the diseased parts of the animal. It is probable that the Notoedrus of the rabbit (N. cate, var. ewiniculi, Gerlach, 1857, figs. 10 and 11) is identical with that of the cat, or is at most merely a variety of the same species, but it is difficult to transmit the mite from the cat to this host. Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 51 Notoedrus muris, Mégnin, 1880. (Fig. 12.) This mite especially affects the ears of its host, the common brown rat, giving rise to characteristic crusts and warty excrescences. Later the face, feet, tail, and genital region may become infected. When neglected, the disease sometimes terminates fatally. Both tame and wild rats suffer from this disease. Genus Cnenudocoptes, Fiirstenberg, 1870. Without any distinct spines or scales on the dorsal surface, Fig. 33. Epidermoptes bilobatus (p. 65), ¢, from below, x 300. (After Neumann.) only a few hairs being present. Both the third and fourth legs of the male end in a sucker, borne on an unsegmented peduncle (whereas only the fourth leg has a sucker in Sarcoptes and Notoedrus). Cnemidocoptes mutans, Robin and Lanquetin, 1859. (Figs. 13 and 14.) This mite differs from the allied species, C. gallinae, by the arrangement of the linear markings on the dorsal es which g 2 52 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. are interrupted in the middle area so as to form raised almost scale-like sculpturings. A single pair of long hairs is present at the posterior end of the body. Scaly-Leg in Fowls.—Scaly-leg in the domestic fowl is Fie. 34. Listrophorid mite (unde- scribed genus occurring on Cricetomys gambianus), showing distribution of tracheal tubes (p. 69). : (After Hirst, Journ. Chirodiscoides caviae (p. 69), Listrophorid Quekett Microscopical mite, parasitic on guinea-pig. Ventral view Club, Nov. 1921.) of male, x 268. (Original.) Fic. 35. caused by Cnenvidocoptes mutans. The large scales of the tarsus of the feet are first affected, becoming raised at the edges by whitish floury powder, which is sometimes mixed with exuded serum. In advanced cases the disease assumes a characteristic form, the feet Mites Lnjurtous to Domestic Animals. 53 Fic. 36. Hypopial or travelling nymphs of Tyroglyphidae (p. 70), xc. 150. (After Michael.) Fia. 37. Tyroglyphus longior, var. castellanii (p. 71), dorsal and ventral aspects of male, x 97. (After Castellani and Hirst, Journ. Trop. Med. and Hyg.) 54 Mites Injurrous to Domestic Animals. becoming greatly distorted and covered with thick nodular spongy crusts. The comb and neck may also be attacked. Crude petroleum should be applied to the feet, or they can be dipped into the oil. Another method is to soak the feet of the fowl in hot soapsuds, removing as much as possible of the infected scales, etc., and then rub them with ointment containing sulphur or 6 per cent. carbolic. Scaly-leg is highly contagious, and the fowls suffer- ing from it should be isolated and their perches and runs disinfected. Depluming Itch of Poultry.—Cnemidocoptes laevis, var. gallinae (fig. 15), is the mite present in depluming itch, a complaint chiefly characterised by the falling out of the feathers over more or Fic. 38. Glycyphagus domesticus (p. 71), x 50. (After Michael.) less extended areas of the body. If afew feathers are plucked from the back, top of wing, near the vent, breast, or thighs, the mite will be found embedded in the tissue or scales at the base of the quill. According to H. P. Wood, of the U.S. Bureau of Entomology :— The damage to the plumage is very evident. Infested fowls have a ragged appearance, with a good many broken feathers or perhaps bare spots. This appearance is more evident in the summer and fall than it is soon after moulting. It is quite evident that any damage done to plumage would be detrimental to show birds. We believe also that more injury is done to poultry generally by this mite than is commonly supposed. There seems to be some itching, which may result in feather pulling, causing some hens to become quite Mites Injurious to Domestic Antnals. 55 bare... .”’ Depluming itch occurs both in North America and Europe. Neumann says it is especially prevalent in the spring and during summer, disappearing more or less completely in autumn, and usually making its reappearance in March or April. The typical form of this species (Cnemidocoptes laevis) was described by Railliet in 1885 from specimens found on a carrier pigeon. Mégnin observed Wighley ae Fie. 39. Cheyletid Mites. (a) Psorergates musculi (p. 78), parasitic in skin of house mouse, dorsal view of male, x 315. (b) Myobia sp. (p. 73), a pilicolous mite, dorsal view of male, x 105) (After Hirst, Studies on Acari, no. 1.) a mite causing similar trouble in pheasants, which is, perhaps, a variety (var. phasiant). Another species (C. prolificus, Railliet and Henry) occurs on geese in France. Bishopp and Wood recommend dipping in the following solu- tion as a cure for depluming itch, for it kills any lice that may be present on the bird in addition to the mites :_Sodium fluoride (chemically pure) $oz.; flowers of sulphur, 202. ; laundry soap 56 Mites Injurious to Donvestic Animals. about oz. ; water, 1 gallon.* Dipping of poultry is best done during the summer months, on a warm summer day, so that the fowls will dry quickly. Windy weather should be avoided. The operation should be completed a considerable time before sundown, so as to enable the fowls to become thoroughly dry before going to roost. The dipping should be done in a large tub filled to within six or eight inches of the top. In dipping the fowls it is best to hold the | Highley, del. i Fic. 40. Cheyletiella parasitivorax (p. 73).—A_ pseudoparasite of rabbit and domestic cat, x 153. (After Hirst, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. 1917.) wings over the back with the left hand and quickly submerge the bird in the solution, leaving the head out, while the feathers are thoroughly ruffled with the other hand so as to allow the solution to penetrate to the skin on the different parts of the body. -The head is ducked once or twice and the bird is allowed to drain and is then released. It is not necessary to keep the fowl under the * See “ Mites and Lice on Poultry,’’ by F. C. Bishopp and H. P. Wood, Farmers’ Bulletin no. 801, revised edition, 1919, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals, 52 Fia. 41. (a) Syringophilus bipectinatus (p. 74).—A Cheyletid mite living in the quills of the feathers of the domestic fowl, x 97. (b) Syringophilus columbae (p. 75),\from quill of domestic pigeon. Dorsal aspect of females. (Original.) 58 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. Highley del. Fie. 42. a) Tarsus of leg of Syringophilus bipectinatus (p. 74). (b) Tarsus QO of Sprinsun ites columbae (p. 75). (Original.) Fie. 43. Tydeus molestus (p. 76), 9, from below, x 250, (a) Leg. (b) Palp, much enlarged. (Original.) fluid for more than thirty seconds and the head only an instant. Care should be taken to keep the dip well stirred go as to keep the Mites Injurtous to Domestic Animals. 59 sulphur in suspension. Sodium fluoride solution should not be allowed to remain in galvanized vessels or tubs for any length of time or it will damage them. Two species of Sarcoptid mites (Cytoleichus (=Cytodites) nudus, Vizioli, and Laminosioptes cysticola, Vizioli) are internal parasites of the fowl, and both are frequently found in this country. Cytoleichus nudus (fig. 16) is a minute soft-skinned, smooth, oval mite, the hairs on its body being few in number and very short. LY! 4 i Haghley el Fic. 44. Leptus (Trombicula ?) similis, Hirst (p. 78).—A larval Trombidiid mite occurring on the domestic fowl in North America, x 130. (Original.) Numbers of this mite often occur in the air sacs and respiratory tract of the fowl, pheasant, etc. It is possible that when present in very large numbers they may affect the health of their host. Another species of Cytoleichus (C. banks?) is a parasite of squirrels in California, whilst two specimens of a species of this genus were found by Castellani embedded in the fat of the omentum of a dead negro in Uganda. Laminosioptes cysticola (fig. 17) is a much more elongated species. Its presence may be detected by the occurrence of calcareous 60 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. nodules or cysts of varying size in the subcutaneous tissues. The living mites can be found in the tissues and not in the cysts, which apparently are formed round dead specimens. Mercier and Lebailly discovered numerous specimens of these Wh Highley de N le Schingastia americana, Hirst (p. 78).—A larval Trombidiid mite” occurring on the domestic fowl in North America, x 236. (a) Scutum of same greatly enlarged. (b) A hair greatly enlarged. (Original.) two species of mites in a hen which had a cancerous tumour (myzxo- sarcoma) adhering to the wall of the air-sac,near the kidney, and suggest that Cytoleichus nudus may, perhaps, inoculate the virus of the disease in much the same way as has already been done experimentally by means of the needle of a hypodermic syringe. Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals, 61 Famiry ANALGESIDAEF (futher Jites). The mites of this family are closely allied both to the Sarcoptidae and Tyroglyphidae, being somewhat intermediate between these Fic. 46. (See pp. 79-86.) A. Capitulum of Demodex folliculorum, from above. (a) Labial sheath of chelicera. (b) Chelicera (upper finger). (c) Spinule on palp. (d) Epistome. (e) Palp. B. Capitulum of Demodex folliculorum, from below. (a) Labial sheath of chelicera. (b) Chelicera (lower finger). (¢) Palp. (d) Membranous capitulum. (e) Supposed opening of respiratory system. (f) Mouth. (After Hirst, Studies on Acari, no. 1.) Fic. 47. (See pp. 79-86.) Dorsal spinule on capitulum (palp) of Demodex spp. A. of D._folliculorum. B. of D. canis. C. of D. equi. D. of D. cati. E. and F. Spinule of D. bovis, showing variation in form. G. of D. muscardini. H. of D. ratti. I. of D. arvicolae, var. muscult. (After Hirst, Studies on Acari, no. 1.) In some forms there is a lateral vesicle on each side They are found chiefly two groups. of the abdomen, as in the Tyroglyphidae. 62 Mites Injurvous to Domestic Animals. oe Fia. 48. Demodex canis (p. 79).—Ventral view of female, x 328, and capitulum from above. (After Hirst, Studies on Acari, no. 1.) th en g Fic. 49. Demodex equi (p.80). —Female from below, x 297, and male from above, x 330. Also dorsal view of capitulum. (After Hirst, Studies on Acari, no. 1.) Mites Injurtous to Domestic Animals. G3 between the barbules of the feathers of birds or more rarely make their way into the interior of the quills. The special nymph (Hypo- dectes, fig. 18) of certain forms (genus Falculifer) penetrates into the subcutaneous tissue of the pigeon, flamingo, and other birds. These Fie. 50. (a) Demodea canis. var. ovis (p. 84), 2, from below, Xx 456. (b) Capitulum of same, from above. (c) and (d) Demodex phylloides (p. 82), ¢ (from pig), dorsal and ventral aspects, x 378. (e) Demodex catt (p. 86), g, from above, x 566 (After Hirst, Studies on Acari, no. 1.) nymphs have also been found in large numbers in the thymus of pigeons both in Europe and North America. eds The anterior legs in the genus Megninia are characteristic, being armed with large spines (see fig. 19). One of the species of this genus (IM. cubitalis, Mégnin), which has the posterior lobes of the 64 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. male divided into two segments by a transverse line (see fig. 22 b) is found on the feathers of the turkey, peacock (var. ginglymura), and fowl, whilst another (M. columbae, Buchholz, figs. 20 and 21) occurs on the domestic pigeon, fowl, canary, and certain other birds ; a third (M. velata, Mégnin, fig. 22 a) is found on ducks. Pterolichus obtusus, Robin (figs. 23 and 24) is a feather mite occurring on several kinds of birds, especially on the red-legged or French partridge (Perdrix rubra), and is sometimes found on fowls. zs) ish? t va aie pe reapercy rete Fig. SL. Demodex bovis (p. 83).—Ventral view of female, x 335, and dorsal and lateral views of male, x 324. The specimens of this mite figured in this pamphlet were taken on chickens in the United States. Another member of the genus (Plerolichus bicaudatus, Gervais, figs. 25a and 26a) occurs on ostriches in South Africa and also in California, whilst an allied species (P. sculpturatus, Hirst, figs. 25 b and 26 b) lives on and inside the feathers of the South African ostrich in the Transvaal. Another feather mite (Freyana chanayi, Trouessart) is met with on turkeys (fig. 30). Two species of Dermoglyphus (D. minor, Norner, and D. elon- gatus, Mégnin) live inside the quills of the feathers of fowls, the latter Mites Ingurious to Domestic Animals. 65 species (fig. 31) is elongated in form like the species of Syringophilus, which also live inside the quills of various birds (see p. 74, fig. 41). Several species of feather mites are found on pigeons, viz., Megninia columbae, Buchholz, mentioned above, Faleulifer rostratus, Fie. 52. Stages in life cycle of Demodex. (a) Young nymph of Demodex muscardinus. (b) One of the epidermal scales of this nymph very greatly enlarged. (c) Larva of D. muscardinus. (d) Egg of D. muscardinus. (e) Large nymphal stage of D. bovis, showing completely formed adult inside, x 328. Buchholz, Faleulifer cornutus, Trouessart (in America), Analges bifidus, Nitzsch, and Pterophagus strictus, Mégnin. Two very minute mites allied to the feather mites (Hpider- moptes bilobatus, Rivolta (figs. 32 and 33), and Rivoltasia bifurcata, F 66 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. Fre. 53. (a) Penis of Demodex catt. (b) Early larva of D. bovis. (c) Tip of penis of D. bovis, very greatly enlarged. (d) End of same as it appears when protruding from sexual orifice. (e) Penis of D. bovis, showing its entire length. (After Hirst, Studies on Acari, no. 1.) Fre. 3 Anterior end of Dermanyssus (p. 87), showing chelicerde in situ. (After Hirst, Journ. Zool. Res., 1916.) Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 67 Rivolta), which have the skin only weakly chitinized, live on the surface of the skin of the domestic fowl. In some cases of squamous Fie. 55. Dermanyssus gallinae (p. 87).—Dorsal view of female, x 10+. (Original. ) skin diseases (Pityriasis) they have been found in great numbers and have been accused of causing the trouble. 68 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. Famity LISTROPHORIDAE. The mites of the family Listrophoridae live in the fur , of various mammals (bats, shrew mice, weasels, rodents,”etc.). The aes

i Ay B NY nn) J\ 4 7 \ Highley del q + ff rf \ \ @) / ZN JIN [ 7 : \ 4 \ f Age s, Fie. 73 Raillietia auris (p. 91).—Veniral view of female, x 47. (Original.) or hanging loose in places. In advanced cases the animals were in moderate condition as regards nourishment, the wool had disap- peared from the flanks, back, neck, and sides of the body, and the skin became hard as a board, thickened, and strongly wrinkled in the region of the neck. In the badly affected cases pruritus was intense. A slender form of Demodex, very similar to that of the dog, was present in numbers in these sheep. Judging by the symptoms given by Klein one would imagine 86 Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals, that Demodex was in this case associated with a skin complaint due to some other mite such as Sarcoptes or Psoroptes. Demodex cati, Mégnin, 1880. (Fig. 50 e.) Body elongated, the abdomen of the male pointed at the end. Demodez cati occasionally causes a skin disease very like that of the follicular mange of the dog. It may also be present in notoedric mange or in cases of parasitic otitis due to the mite called Otodectes, Specimens have been found in the skin of cats which were appa- rently quite healthy and showed no sign of any skin complaint. Demodex caprae, Railliet, 1895. The demodectic mange of the goat is characterised by little pustules varying from the size of a pea to that of a walnut. Some- times they are placed on the surface of the skin, but in other cases they are situated deeply and are not visible on the surface. These pustules contain a greyish matter with numerous specimens of Demodex in all stages of development. The more deeply situated nodules are only visible when the skin is taken off (for they are situated on the inner surface) ; when the skin is being tanned holes appear at the places where the nodules occur and greatly lessen its value. In certain parts of Germany, according to Rissling, the goats of the race of Saanen are especially affected with this com- plaint; in many villages the majority of the goats have con- tracted it, whilst in other localities it is unknown. Sus-ornpER MESOSTIGMATA. Famity GAMASIDAE (Parasiripae). These mites usually have rather strongly chitinized plates on the body. There is a well-defined linear peritreme running down each side of the body, the stigmal opening being placed close to the basal joint of the last pair of legs. Many of the mites of this family are free-living, often predatory forms ; others attach them- selves to beetles and other insects for transport ; others are para- sitic on small mammals, often living in the débris of the sleeping place or nest of the host, others are found on birds or reptiles. The species of Halarachue live in the bronchial passages of seals, whilst those of the genus Puenmonyssus inhabit little cysts or tubercles in the lungs of old-world monkeys. Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 37 Genus Dermanyssus, Dugs, 1834. This genus is chiefly characterised by the thin stylets (chelicerae) which are of considerable length in the female sex, being well adapted for piercing the skin of the host (fig.54). Only five species are known, two of them being found on birds and three on rats. One of the species found on birds (D. gallinae, figs. 55-61) is the common red mite of poultry and cage birds; the other (D. passerinus) is a parasite of the common sparrow and apparently restricted to that host. One of the species of Dermanyssus parasitic on rats (D. muris, Hirst, fig. 62), chiefly found on the black rat, is widely distributed, having been recorded from Egypt, Arabia, India, Ceylon, and Hchley del. Raillietia auris (p. 91). (a) Second leg of male. (b) Chelicerae of male. (Original.) Formosa. The other two (D. sanguineus, Hirst, fig. 63, and D. aegyptius, Hirst, fig. 64) have so far been found only in Egypt. Dermanyssus gallinae, Redi, 1674. (Fig. 55-61.) The colour of this well-known pest of poultry varies from whitish to dark red, according to the amount of ingested blood. The larva can transform itself into the next stage (first nymph) without taking any nourishment. The complete life cycle from egg to adult is said to take about seven days. Dermanyssus gallinae is of considerable economic importance, being very abundant in many fowl-houses in Europe and North 88 Mites Injurious to Domestic A nimals. America. Both poultry and cage birds are greatly weakened by loss of blood due to its attacks. It is nocturnal in habits, coming out at night to suck the blood of the birds. During the day time the mites conceal themselves in crevices, under boards, and in similar obscure places. Sometimes they live in the hollow perching- bars of cages or in the ornamental tops of metal cages. They are capable of living many days without feeding. Red mites (pre- sumably D. gallinae) have been proved by Mayer to transmit spirochaetosis (Spirochaeta gallinarum) in canaries, but it is not certain whether infection is due to the bites of the Acari or to their being swallowed by the bird. Bishopp and Wood point out that the mites can continue to infest the poultry houses long after the fowls have been removed. D, gallinae is able to live for a long time without sucking blood. In some test experiments made by the authors mentioned above some of the mites were still alive after being separated from the host for 113 days or more. Their tests showed that when the mites were supplied with a certain amount of moisture they lived longer than when kept under very dry conditions. The author has kept specimens of D. gallinae in tubes and cardboard boxes without food, but with a little moisture supplied occasionally, and one or two mites were still living after eighty-two days. Fowl houses infested with D. gallinae should be sprayed with crude petroleum either employed alone or diluted with kerosene at the rate of one part of kerosene to three parts of petroleum. Com- mercial carbolineum (a high grade anthracene oil) has been used as a spray with still better results in the United States. It is advisable to repeat the spraying after a month's interval. Creosote has also been successfully used against this fowl mite. Solutions of commercial disinfectants made up to double the usual strength recommended for domestic use can be applied by means of a watering-can with a fine rose to the interior of the fowl- house, the soil of the runs, dust bath, etc. If this be done weekly the parasites become reduced in number and gradually disappear. D. gallinae is also found in the nests of sparrows, pigeons, swallows, wrens, and of a few other species of birds. Horses and other mammals are sometimes molested by this mite. Genus Liponyssus, Kolenati, 1859. The genus Liponyssus is characterised by the rather short mandibles (chelicerae), the fingers of which are separate and smooth or with obsolete teeth. The body is often bilobed posteriorly. Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. 89 There are a number of species of Liponyssus, most of them being parasitic on bats and rodents, a few on reptiles and on birds. Two species (Z. bursa and L. sylviarum) are parasitic on the domestic hen. Another species (L. bacoti, Hirst, fig. 65), is parasitic on rats, and is widely distributed in the warmer parts of the world, some- times attacking man. Liponyssus bursa, Berlese, 1888. (Figs. 66, 67 a, 68 a, 69 a and 70.) The tropical fowl mite apparently replaces Dermanyssus gallinae in the warmer regions of the world. It is very widely distributed Fie. 75. Sternostomum rhynolethrum (p. 92).—A mite living in the nasal cavities of geese. Female from above. (After Berlese.) in Africa, also occurring in Mauritius, the Comoro Islands, China, India, Texas, the Bahamas, Colombia, Buenos Aires, and in Australia. Sometimes it occurs in very large numbers on nesting hens. Several cases of this fowl mite attacking man have been recorded. LL. bursa has been found on the common sparrow, and, like ZL. sylviarum, possibly it is conveyed from one locality to another by this host. When the name Dermanyssus gallinae is met with in reports by entomologists dealing with the parasites of the domestic fowl in tropical countries, it is probable that L. bursa 90 Miws Injurious to Domestic Animals. is really the species concerned. Numerous batches of Gamasid fowl mites from tropical regions have been forwarded to the British Museum (Natural History), but, with the exception of a few examples from Palestine and from the Kenya Colony, and an example found on Gecinus vaillantii at Tangiers, there have not been any specimens of D. gallinae amongst them. It would appear, therefore, that the European red mite of poultry does not thrive in tropical and sub-tropical countries. L. bursa is closely allied to L. sylviarwm, of which perhaps it is a variety. Liponyssus sylviaruwm, Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877. (Figs. 67 b, 68b, and 69 b.) Liponyssus sylviarwn is very closely allied to L. bursa, but has only a single pair of long hairs at the posterior end of the dorsal scutum instead of two pairs as in that species. There are only two pairs of hairs on the sternal plate instead of three. Ventral plate of male with a transverse line posteriorly in front of the anal plate, this line being absent in L. bursa. (Text fig. 69.) This Gamasid mite oceurs on several kinds of birds in Europe, including sparrows and pigeons, but it is not a very common species in England. In the United States it has recently been found on sparrows and in their nests, and also attacking poultry in several localities. It sometimes spends its entire life cycle on the fowl, all stages being found amongst the feathers. Egg production is much reduced in birds infested by it. Fortunately, this parasite seems to have been introduced into only a few localities in the United States, and, owing to the prompt and energetic measures taken against it, has probably been stamped out. Owing to the fact that this mite can live and breed on the fowl, it is necessary to apply some substance which will kill the mites without injuring the host. Fumigation by nitro-benzol has been successfully employed for this purpose at the Purdue University Agricultural Station, Lafayette, Indiana. This method should not be used in the case of laying hens, as the fumes affect the unlaid eggs to such an extent that they cannot be used for domestic purposes. Dusting with flowers of sulphur is also said to be a useful remedy. The mite described by Mégnin in 1891, under the name Lophoptes patarinns as causing a special acariasis in Paduan fowls, is possibly L. sylviarum. Another species of Liponyssus (L. suffuscus, Railliet) is said to Mites [njurious to Domestic Animals. gI have been found on rabbits, but little is known about the structure or habits of this mite. Some of the mites of the genus Laelaps, C. L. Koch, are parasitic on rodents, moles, and other small mammals. One species (L. echidninus, Berlese, fig. 71) is parasitic on the brown rat and, like its host, is probably cosmopolitan ; another species (L. nuttalli, Hirst) is common both on the black rat and brown rat in tropical regions. The species of Hacmogamasus, Berlese, suck the vé.. T. Sternostomum rhynolethrum (p. 92).—Female from below. (After Berlese.) blood of various small mammals such as moles, field mice, etc. ; and one species (H. owdemansi, Hirst) is found on the brown rat in this country. Genus Raillietia, Trouessart, 1902. Raillietia auris, Leidy, 1872. (Figs 72-74.) In general appearance this mite resembles a Dermanyssus or Liponyssus. Second leg of male very characteristic, being armed 92 Mites Injurtous to Domestic Animals. with knob-like protuberances, like those present in certain non- parasitic Gamasid mites (Gamasus, etc.). It measures slightly over a millimetre in length. This interesting mite lives in the external ear of cattle, appa- rently feeding on the waxy secretions. It is found both in North America and Europe (France, Austria, etc.). In some localities it seems to be fairly common. Ay Fie 77. Holothyrus sp. (p 93)., from below x 13. (After Thorell.) Genus Sternostomum, Trouessart, 1895. Sternostomum rhynolethrum, Trouessart, 1895. (Figs. 75 and 76.) This mite has been found living in the nasal cavities of geese in France, It feeds on the blood of the host and may set up severe inflammation of the nasal passages. Another species (Sternostomum Mites Injurious to Domestic Animals. Gs eryptorhynchum, Berlese and Trouessart) is parasitic on the com- mon sparrow. An allied mite (Piilonyssus nudus, Berlese and Trouessart) occurs im the nasal cavities of the common sparrow, whilst others (Rhinonyssus, etc.) are parasitic in various birds both in Europe and elsewhere. Famity HOLOTHYRIDAE. The Holothyridae are rather large reddish mites with the upper surface of the body convex and shining, the integument being hard. According to some recent authors these mites should be regarded as forming a distinct family, but in general appearance, position of the stigmata, etc., they are very like Gamasid mites, and are regarded by some authors as being closely allied to that family. Genus Holothyrus, Gervais, 1842. (Fig. 77.) Holothyrus coccinella, Gervais, 1842. This species lives in the Island of Mauritius. It secretes an irritant poison, and is sometimes swallowed by ducks and geese, causing their death ; for this reason it is called “ towille canard” by the inhabitants. Children have suffered ill effects through putting the mite in their mouths, or from meddling with it and afterwards touching the mouth with the fingers. AP PND TX, ON THE ACARINE DISEASE OF HIVE BEES, Sup-opDER HETEROSTIGMATA. Famiry TARSONEMIDAE. Genus Acarapis, Hirst, 1921. The genus Acarapis is closely allied to Tarsonemus, from which it differs as follows :—Second and third legs of larval stage very short (almost rudimentary) and without either {claws or sucker (figs. 82 and 83 c), whereas, in the larva of Tarsonemus, these legs are about as long as the first and are provided with paired claws and a sucker (fig. 84). The female of Acarapos lacks the club-shaped pseudostig- mata present between the first two pairs of legs in that sex in Tarsonemus, and the fourth leg is shorter and wider, being provided with more numerous hairs (in this last respect somewhat resembling the fourth leg of Scutacarus). Acarapis woodi, Rennie, 1921. (Figs. 78-83.) Fora long time the “ Isle of Wight Disease”? of bees was thought to be due to a protozoon parasite (Nosema apis). But Rennie, White, and Miss Harvey (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, LIL., 1921, pp. 737-779) have found a Tarsonemid mite constantly present in the thoracic tracheal tubes of bees suffering from this disease. Loss of the power of flight is one of the chief distinguishing features of “ Isle of Wight ” Bee Disease, and another is the great mortality that occurs amongst infected bees. “ Crawling” bees are usually present in numbers in diseased stocks. According to Rennie crawl- ing appears to be intermittent. Apparently on very warm days an excessive amount of crawling may occur, ridding the hive of the bulk of the heavily infected individuals and lowering the proportion of sick bees in the hive. New bees are being produced in large numbers at certain times of the year, and even if some of them become 94 Mites [njurtous to Domestic Animals. 95 infected early in their adult life, they may continue to fly and work for along time. A false impression of recovery from the disease may thus be conveyed. The mite has been found in workers, drones, and queens, but the young stages of the bee do not seem to harbour it. It also occurs sometimes in apparently healthy bees, but in these the disorder usually makes its appearance at a later date. In some instances, however, the mite seems to be present without causing the disease, and heavily infested bees may be capable of flight. All stages of the life cycle of the parasite are found in the tracheal tubes of the thorax and sometimes of the Fia. 78. Tracheal tube of honey bee infested with Acarapis woodi. (Photo by the Rev. G. H. Hewison.) head, and apparently the mites are restricted to this part of the respiratory system. 56 (fig.), 73 Cheyletinae, 69, 72, Cheyletus, 72 Chirodiscoides caviae, 52 (fig.), 69 Chorioptes, 15, 16 (fig.), 22 (fig.) Chorioptic mange, 23, 34, 45 Cnemidocoptes, 51; C. laevis, 55; C. laevis, var. gallinae, 33 (fig.), 54; var. phasiani, 55; C. mutans, 31 (fig.), 32 (fig.), 51; C. pro- lificus, 55 Cytoleichus nudus, 34 (fig.), 59, 60; C. banski, 59 Dairyman’s itch, 25 Demodectic mange, of cat, 86; of cattle, 83; of goat, 86; of horse, 80; of pig, 82; of sheep, 85 Demodex, 11, 61 (fig.), 79; D. bovis 64 (fig.), 65 (fig.), 66 (fig.), 83; D. canis, 25, 62 (fig.), 79; D. canis, var. ovis, 63 (fig.), 84; D. caprae, 86; D. cati, 86; D. equi, 46, 62 (fig.), 80; D. phylloides, 63 (fig.), 82 Demodicidae, 13, 78 Depluming itch, 54 Dermanyssus, 66 (fig.), 87; D. aegyptius, 76 (fig.), 87; D. gal- linae, 67 (fig.), 68 (fig.), 69 (fig.), 70 (fig.), 71 (fig.), 72 (fig.), 73 (fig.), 87, 89; D. muris, 74 (fig.), 87; D. passerinus, 87; D. san- guineus, 75 (fig.), 87 Dermoglyphus elongatus, 49 (fig.), 64; D. minor, 64 Dog, canker or parasitic otitis of, 23; follicular or demodectic mange of, 62 (fig.), 79; noto- edric mange of, 48; sarcoptic mange of, 25 Dromedary, sarcoptic mange of, 30 Lpidermoptes bilobatus, 50 (fig.), 51 (fig.), 65 Eupodinae, 76 Falculifer, 63; F. cornutus, 65; F. rostratus, 36 (fig.), 65 Feather mites, 11, 61 Ferret, parasitic otitis of, 23 Follicular mange, 79 Forage mites, 70 Fowl, depluming itch of, 54; feather mites of, 61, 64; internal parasitic mites of, 59; red mite of, 67 (fig.), 87; scaly leg of, 31 (fig.), 52; Syringophilus of, 57 (fig.), 74, 75 Freyana chanayt, 48 (fig.), 64 I 106 Gamasidae, 11, 13, 86 Gamasus, 92 Glycyphagus cadaverum, domesticus, 54 (fig.), ornatus, 71 Goat, Chorioptes of, 23 ; demodectic mange of, 86; Psoroptes and psoroptic otitis of, 17 (fig.), 21; sarcoptic mange of, 29 Goose, nasal parasite of, 89 (fig.), 91 (fig.), 92 Grain mites, 71 Guinea-pig, pseudoparasite of, 52 (fig.), 69 ; Sarcoptes of, 25 71; G. Wl: Gs Haemogamasus, 91; H. oudemansi, 91 ‘ Halarachne, 86 Harpirhynchus, 76; H. nidulans, 76 Harvest bugs, 77 Holothyridae, 13, 93 Holothyrus, 92 (fig.), 93; cinella, 93 Horse, Chorioptes or Symbiotes and chorioptic mange of, 23, 45; Demodex and demodectic mange of, 46, 62 (fig.), 80; Psoroptes and psoroptic mange of, 17 (fig.) 44; Sarcoptes and_ sarcoptic mange of, 26 (fig.), 34 Hypodectes, 36 (fig.), 63 Hypopial nymphs, of Faculifer, 36 (fig.), 63; of Tyroglyphidae, 53 (fig.), 70, 71 A. coc- Insecta, 11 Isle of Wight Bee Disease, 94 Laelaps, 91; L. echidninus, 83 (fig.), 91; DL. nuttalli, 91 Laminosioptes cysticola, 35 (fig.), 59 Leptus, 77; L. (Prombicula ?) au- tumnalis, 77; L. (Microtrom- bidium ?) guineense, 78; Ls (Trombicula ?) similis, 59 (fig.), 78 Liponyssus, 88; L. bursa, 78 (fig.) 79 (fig.), 80 (fig:), 81 (fig.), 8 (fig.), 89; DL. sylviarum, 79 (fig. 80 (fig.), 81 (fig.), 89, 90; LD. suffuscus, 90 we Ras > LIEN. Listrophoridae, 13, 68 Listrophorus, 69; L. gibbus, 69; L. mustelae, 69 Lophoptes patavinus, 90 Megninia, 37 (fig.), 63; IM. colum- bae, 38 (fig.), 39 (fig.), 64, 65; M. cubitalis, 63; M, cubitalis var. ginglymura, 40 (fig.), 64; M. velata, 40 (fig.), 64 Metathrombidium poriceps, 77 Mounting mites, 104 Myobia, 55 (fig.), 73 Myxosarcoma, 60 Nosema apis, 94, 99 Notification of mange in horses, 445 of scab in sheep, 20 Notoedric mange, in cat, 47; in dog, 48; in rabbit, 50 Notoedrus, 46; N. cati, 47; N. cati, var. cuniculi, 28 (fig.), 29 (fig.), 50; N. muris, 30 (fig.), 51 Otacariasis, of cat, 23; of dog, 23; of goat, 21; of horse, 433 of rabbit, 21 Otodectes, 15 (fig.), 23 Otodectes cynotis, var. canis, 23> 24 (fig.); O. cynotis, var. felis 15 (fig.), 23 Parasitic otitis, of cat, 23; of dog, 23; of goat, 21; of horse; 43; of rabbit, 21 Parasitidae, 11 Pig, Demodex and demodectic mange of, 63 (fig.), 82; Sar- coptes and sarcoptic mange of, 25, 28 Pigeons, depluming itch of, 55: feather mites of, 63, 65 ; Syringo- philus, of, 57 (fig.), 75 Pilicolous mites, 7, 68, 72, 74 Pityriasis, 67 Pneumonyssus, 86 Psorergates, 55 (fig.), 73, 78 Psoroptes, 11, 15, 16 (fig.), 435 P. communis, 16; P. communis, var. bovis, 17 (fig.) ; var. caprae, 17 (fig.), 21; var. cervinae, 17 LIMUUON. (fig.); var. cuniculi, 17 (fig.), 21, 44; var. equi, 17 (fig.), 44; var. ovis, 17 (fig.), 18 (fig.), 19 (fig.), 44; DP. hippotis, 44; P. natalensis, 16, 17 (fig.) Psoroptic mange, in cattle, 21; of goat, 21; of horse, 34, 44: of rabbit, 21; of sheep, 17 Pterolichus bicaudatus, 43 (fig.), 44 (fig.), 64; P. obtusus, 41 (fig.), 42 (fig.), 64; P. sculpturatus, 43 (fig.). 44 (fig.), 64; Pterolichus sp. 45 (fig.), 46 (fig.), 47 (fig.) Pierophagus strictus, 65 Ptilonyssus nudus, 93 Rabbit, Cheyletiella of, 56 (fig.), 74; Listrophorus of, 69; Noto- edrus and notoedric mange of, 28 (fig.), 29 (fig.), 50; Psoroptes and psoroptic mange of, 17 (fig.), 21, 44; Sarcoptes and_ sarcoptic mange of, 33 Raillietia, 91; RK. auris, 84 (fig.), 85 (fig.), 87 (fig.), 91 Rats, 30, 51, 74, 77, 79, 87, 89, 91 Red mite of fowl, 87 Rhinonyssus, 93 Rivoltasia bifurcata, 65 Sarcopterinus, 76; S. nidulans 76 Sarcoptes, 11, 24,:39 ; S. scabiet, var, canis, 25; var. caprae, 30; var. equi, 26 (fig.), 27 (fig.), 34; var. ovis, 29; var. suis, 28 Symbiotes, 15, 16 (fig.), 22 (fig.) Sarcoptic mange, of camel, 30; of cattle, 25; of dog, 25; of dromedary, 30; of goat, 29; 107 of horse, 34; of pig, 25; of rabbit, 33; of sheep, 28 Sarcoptidae, 13, 15 Sarcoptoidea, 15 Scab in sheep, 17 Scaly-leg, 52 Schingastia americana, 60 (fig.), 78 Scutacarus, 94 Sheep, Chorioptes or Symbiotes of, 22 (fig.), 23 ; Demodex and demo- dectic mange of, 68 (fig.), 84; Psoroptes and psoroptic mange or scab of, 17 (fig.), 18 (fig.), 19 (fig.), 44; Sarcoptes and sar- coptic mange of, 28 Spirochaeta gallinarum, 88 Staphylococcus pyogenes albus,79 Sternostomum, 92; S. eryptorhyn- chum, 93 S. rhynolethrum, 89 (fig.), 91 (fig.), 92 Symbiotes, 15, 16 (fig.), 22 (fig.) Symbiotic mange, 23, 34, 45 Syringophilus, 11, 65,74; S. bipecti- natus, 57 (fig.), 58 (fig.), 74, 75; S. columbae, 57 (fig.), 58 (fig.) 75 Tank for dipping horses, 43 Tarsonemidae, 13, 94 Tarsonemus, 94, 100 (fig.), T. apis, 101 (fig.) Tracheal tubes of Otodectes, : 15 (fig.) ; of Listrophoridae, 52 (fig.), 69 Trombidiidae, 13, 72 Tropical fowl mite, 89 Tydeus, 76; T. molestus, 58 (fig.), 76 Tyroglyphidae, 13, 61, 70, 71 Tyroglyphus longior, 71; LT. longior, var. castellanit, 53 (fig.) 101 ; LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREERT, STAMFORD STREET, S.E.1, AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. 1 . NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM. Economic PAaMPHLETS. No. 1.—The House-Fly as.a Danger to Health. Its Life-history, and how to.deal with it. By Major EH. E. Austen, D.S.0. Third Edition, *, Pp. 16: 3 plates (containing 6 figures), and 5 figures in text. 1920, 8vo. . Bd. (postage 1d.) : No. la.—The House-Fly. Its Life-history, and Practical Measures for its Suppression. By Major H. E. Austen, D.S.0. Pp. 52: 8 plates (contain- ing 6 figures) and 5 text-figures. 1920, 8vo. 1s. 6d. (postage 2d.). No. 2.—The Louse as a Menace to Man.—lIts Life-history, and Methods for its Destruction. By James Waterston,B.D.,D.Sc. 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