PAM af fe bia il (he iit ma Tn | LAr Peason HE Mew Pork Htate College of Agriculture At Cornell Aniversitp Ithaca, N. DV. Library Soft hog Jp aa ‘iT 1 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001249352 NEW MANUAL OF BOTANY OF THE CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAINS (VASCULAR PLANTS) BY JOHN M. COULTER, Pu. D. PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. wast y: REVISED BY AVEN NELSON, Pu. D. PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING NEW YORK -:. CINCINNATI .:. CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY PREFACE In 1885 the Manual of the Botany of the Rocky Mountain Region was published. It was based upon general explorations of the region concerned, and was confessedly tentative. During the last twenty-four years, general explorations of the vascular flora have merged into more or less intensive studies, and the manual long ago became inadequate. It was the original purpose to revise it as frequently as new material justified, but the author’s time and attention became absorbed in other kinds of botanical work, so that no revision has appeared. AS the book continued to be in demand, it seemed necessary, in justice to its users, to bring it up to date. This work has been undertaken by Professor. Aven Nelson of the University of Wyoming (Laramie), whose great familiarity with the flora of the Rocky Mountain region suggested his fitness for the task. _ Professor Nelson has completely rewritten the book, and in such a way that it is as,far from being a compilation as so general a manual can be. Hé has checked up the descriptions by an examination of the plants and by his extensive field experience. Descriptions and keys have been tested repeatedly, and are believed to be workable. The manual is intended to represent current knowledge in "eference to the flora for the benefit of the ordinary user of a manual. The professional taxonomist will not find in it all of the subdivisions of genera and species that he might wish, but it is thought that this will make it more serviceable to the general user, and that it presents an adequate account of the flora from , the more conservative viewpoint. ; The sequence of families is that known as Engler’s, which is in general use by botanists; and the nomenclature, so far as practi- cable, is that adopted by the Vienna Congress. Names following the descriptions, but without citation or parenthesis, are those of the old manual, which have been changed. Names with cita- tion and parenthesis represent what are regarded as synonyms. When new combinations have been found necessary, the discarded 4 PREFACE combinations are indicated as are other synonyms: Common names have been used sparingly, for it has not been deemed wise to propose them when they are not already in general use. The area covered can be outlined somewhat more exactly that in the previous edition, as the natural boundaries of our floras are now better understood, which do not always coincide with the boundaries of States and Territories. The purpose has been to use Colorado as the center of the flora included in the manual, and to present complete the flora of that State, of Wyoming, of Yellow- stone Park, and of the Black Hills of South Dakota; also to in- clude most of Montana, southern Idaho, the eastern half of Utah, and the northern half of New Mexico and adjacent Arizona. Naturally the manual will also cover fairly well an indefinite border to the territory outlined. 1t is not possible to acknowledge all the sources of information in the preparation of a manual, but the following list of authors may be cited, from whose publications, descriptions and keys have been obtained: LeRoy Abrams, L. H. Bailey, N. L. Britton, F. V. Coville, M. L. Fernald, L. N. Goodding, Asa Gray, E. L. Greene, J. M. Greenman, H. M. Hall, Thomas Howell, W. L. Jepson, Elias Nelson, C. V. Piper, B. L. Robinson, J. N. Rose, | P. A. Rydberg, J. K. Small, William Trelease, Sereno Watson, and many others. - JOHN M. COULTER. Tue University or Caicaco. =< Ever since Professor Coulter invited me to undertake the re? vision of his well known Manual I have had his advice and.en.. couragement. The. work has gone through the press under hig © direct | supervision, and all of. the proof sheets have passed through his hands. I take great pleasure, therefore, i in acknowledging my indebtedness and in expressing my gratitude for his courtesy and . helpfulness. If this, new edition serves its purpose as well as the ~ first, a large measure of credit must be given to Professor Coulter. | For any errors that the book may contain, I assume entire re- sponsibility. AVEN NELSON. | THE UNIVERSITY oF WYoMING. CONTENTS ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES PTrERIDOPHYTES (FAMILIES 1-7) SPERMATOPHYTES (FAMILIES 8-116) GYMNOSPERMS (FAMILIES 8-9) : ain ANGIOSPERMS (FAMILins 10-116) MonocoryLEpons (Famities 10-27) DicotyLepons (FaMILies 28-116) ARCHICHLAMYDEAE (FAMILIES 28-85) SYMPETALAE (Famitigs 86-116) SUMMARY ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES . List or New Names: AND COMBINATIONS . GLOSSARY yO a : INDEX . ; ‘ . . . ° oO 127 127 366 603 606 608 611 623 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES * Division I. PTERIDOPHYTES Fern-like, moss-like, or rush-like vascular plants without true flowers or seeds, Se dy Stems conspicuously jointed, their nodes covered by toothed sheaths; sporangia on the scales of terminal dry cone-like spikes 4. EQuisETACEAE, 23 Stems without conspicuously sheathed joints. Leaves closely imbricated or very narrow ; sporangia sessile, axillary. Stem short, corm-like; leaves subulate to long-linear 5. Isomraczasn, 24 Stems elongated, creeping or branching; leaves very short, crowded or imbricated. Sporangia of two kinds, some containing many minute spores (microspores), others bearing few (usually 3-4) much larger spores (megaspores) _ 7. SELAGINELLACEAE, 27 Sporangia bearing uniform minute spores 6. LYcoPpopIacraE, 25 Leaves (fronds) not closely imbricated; if narrow without axillary sporangia. Leaves (fronds) 4-foliate, sporocarps (inclosing the sporangia) stalked from the creeping stem 3. MARSILEACEAE, 23 Leaves (fronds) not 4-foliate, simple or variously cleft; sporangia borne on the underside of the ordinary fronds (leaves) or on sporophylls (specialized spore-bearing leaves). Sterile segment of the frond simple; the fertile a. long-stalked simple spike 1! OpntocLossacEAg, 17° Sterile and fertile fronds or segments more or less cleft, either conspicuously unlike or essentially similar 2. PotypopracEak, 18 Drviston II. SPERMATOPHYTES Plants with seeds and mostly true flowers. Suxnprvision I. GYMNOSPERMS Ovules not in a closed ovary. Trees and shrubs with needle-shaped, linear, or scale-like leaves (mostly evergreen), and monoecious or dioecious, cones. Staminate and pistillate cones with no true flowers (perianth none), the pistillate becoming dry or berry-like 8. Prvaczaz, 26 Staminate flowers in aments; pistillate single or in pairs; perianth urn-shaped; low shrubs with jointed branches, and leaves re- duced to sheathing scales 9. GNETACEAR, 30 * Adapted from Gray’s New Manual of Botany, as revised by Dr. B, L. Robinson and Professor M. L. Fernald. 7 8 ANALYTICAL KEY Suppivision II. ANGIOSPERMS Ovules borne in a closed ovary, which at maturity becomes the fruit. Cuiass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONS Stems mgatly without central pith or annular layers, but’having the woody fibers in small separate bundles which appear, in cross section, irregularly dispersed throughout the cellular tissue. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Embryo with a single cotyledon and the first leaves in germination alternate. Parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes, never in fives. Our species herbaceous, - : ie THALLOID AQUATICS WITHOUT TRUE STEMS OR LEAVES The plant, body lens-shaped, ellipacidal, or flask-shaped, floating 18. LEMNACEAE, 105 PLANTS WITH STEMS AND LEAVES tr PERIANTH FREE FROM THE OVARY OR WANTING Perianth wanting, or of scale-like or bristle-form divisions. Flowers inclosed or subtended by ‘imbricated chaff-like scales (glumes); grass-like, plants with jointed stems, sheathing and mostly narrow leaves, and one-seeded fruit. Stems hollow, round, or flattened; leaf-sheaths split; anthers at- tached by the middle 16. GRaMINEAR, 38 Stems solid, usually more or less triangular; leaf-sheaths not split; ; anthers attached at the base 17. CYPERACEAE, 84 Flowers not inclosed in chaff-like scales (though sometimes in in- volucrate heads). Immersed. aquatics, branching and leafy, the upper leaves often re floating 12, NAIADACEAE, 33 Terrestrial or marsh plants. ae ; Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers in cylindrical spikes 10. TyPHACEAE, 31 Flowers in lateral heads : 11. SPARGANIACEAE, 32 Flowers perfect. bake = Ovaries 3-6, separating ue lenat Sak ripe 13, JuncaGINnacEAE, 36 Ovary single, of 3 carpels De 21 JuncacEas, 108 Perianth always present, herbaceous or colored, never scale-like nor bristle- form. Pistils numerous, in a head or ring ; 14, ALIsmAcEAE, 37 Pistil 1, cells or placentae mostly 3. Stamens all alike and fertile. : Ovary of nearly separate carpels 13. JuncaGcinacEag, 36 Ovary often angled or lobed but not deeply cleft. Flowers perfect; plants not climbing., ie og Divisions of the perianth alike or nearly so. Plant rush-like; Berante small, greenish or purplish- "brown we 21. Juncaceaz, 108 Plant not rush-like, ANALYTICAL KEY 9 Styles united, often short, or rarely wanting; capsule loculicidal. Plants with bulbs, corms, erect rootstocks, or igi caudices, or bundles of fleshy roots 22. Lataaczar, 1s Plants with elongated horizontal rootstocks ae CoNVALLARIACEAE, 119 Styles distinct; capsule septicidal ' 23, MELANTHACEAE, 117 Divisions of the perianth unlike (3 green sepals and 3 col- : ored petals); leaves Tovar and the flowers'in umbels ''” a a 19. ComMELINACEAE, 107 Flowers dioecious; plants scrambling or climbing 25. eee a 121 Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers. | | Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 3 colored ephemeral petals 19; CoMMELINACEAE, 107 Perianth tubular, 6-lobed i 20. PoNTEDERIACEAE, 108 ’ rhe ¢ PERIANTH, PRESEN, ADNATE TO THE OVARY Stamens 3 or more; flowers regular or ‘nearly so. Aquatics, ripening éheir fruit. under water; flowers digericus | or polygamous. , Sibiet dees LOE , HX¥DROCHARITACEAE, 38 Terrestrial plants with pertsct Avan aud 2-ranked equitant leaves ; ot ay, 26. Tnrpacwag, 121 Stamens 1 or 2; flowers arregular. - hl ste Sepals usually 3; petals usually 3, one of which (the lip) i is generally spurred 27. OncuIpacear, 122 Cuass 2. DICOTYLEDONS' * Stems with central pith inclosed by « zone of ood: Leaves net-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives. COROLLA WANTING; OFTEN THE CALYX ALSO FLOWERS MONOECIOUS OR DIOECIOUS; ONE OR BOTH SORTS IN AMENTS Staminate or pistillate flowers (not both) in aments.or in ament-like clusters, ¥ : 1 Trees; the leaves alternate. ‘ The sap not milky. Fruit a samara, winged all around : -2< © 31. UnMacwan, 143 Fruit a nut oranachene =" oe ‘ 30. Facacrag, 141 The sap milky ; te “ay tosses 32. Moracnag, 143 Herbs or herbaceous vines, mostly with opposite leaves. Styles and stigmas 2 32.: MORACEAE, 143 Style and stigma 1 iB Usricsiaas, 144 ONeting + Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments. ty aa Ovary becoming a ‘A-celled, many-seeded pod; the seeds hairy-tufted 28. SaLicacnag, 127 Ovary becoming a 1-seeded nut, achene, or berry. “‘Trees‘or shrubs, not parasitic : ie 29. BETULACEAE, 139 Plants parasitic on trees, 34. LorRanTHscBAR, 145 10 ANALYTICAL KEY FLOWERS NOT IN AMENTS Ovary or its cells 1-2 (rarely 3-4)-ovuled. Pistils more than 1, distinct or nearly so. Stamens inserted on the calyx; leaves with stipules 54, Rosaceaz, 245 Stamens inserted on the receptacle; calyx present, usually petal- like 45. RANUNCULACBAB, 189 Pistil 1, simple or compound. Ovary free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting. Stipules (ochreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes 36. PotyGoNnacrEag, 147 Stipules (if present) not sheathing the stem. Herbs. - Aquatics, submerged or nearly so. Leaves whorled, dissected; style 1 44, CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 189 Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2 65. CALLITRICHACEAE, 311 Not aquatics. ' Style (if any) 1 and stigma 1. Flowers unisexual; ovary of the fertile flowers 1-celled 33. Urticaceag, 144 Flowers perfect; pod 2-celled and 2-seeded, Lepidium in 48. CruciFEeRaz, 207 Styles 2-3, or branched; ovary 1-4-celled. Ovary and pod 3-celled; juice usually milky 7 64. EvpHoRBIACEAER, 308 Ovary not 3-celled; juice not milky. Flowers in an involucrate head; fruit 2 3-angled achene, Eriogonum in 36. PotyGonacgag, 147 Flowers not involucrate. Leaves covered, at least’ beneath, with stellate hairs 64. EUPHORBIACEAE, 308 Leaves without stellate hairs. Leaves opposite. Plant fleshy, Salicornia in 37. CuENopopiacEag, 160 Plant not fleshy. Flowers in heads or spikes; anthers 1-celled 38. AMARANTHACEAE, 170 Flowers sessile in forks of branching in- florescence, Paronychia in 42. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 180 Leaves alternate. Flowers and bracts scarious 38. AMARANTHACEAE, 170 Flowers chiefly greenish, no scarious bracts 37. CHENOPODIACEAE, 160 Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Fruit 3-celled, not winged 70. Ruamnaczag, 314 Fruit winged. Fruit 2-celled, 2 double samara 69. AcERAcEAB, 313 Fruit 1-celled, a single samara 91, OuvEAczar, 378 Leaves alternate. Ovary 3-celled 70. RHAMNACEAE, 314 Ovary 1-celled 31. Unmacrar, 143 ANALYTICAL KEY 11 Ovary inferior or so closely and permanently invested by the calyx as to appear so. Parasites on the branches of trees 34. Temarimienan, 145 Not parasitic. Aquatic herbs 82. HALORAGIDACEAE, 345 Terrestrial. Herbs with the calyx corolla-like. _ Leaves opposite . 89. NycTacInacEAE, 172 Leaves alternate 35. SANTALACEAE, 146 Shrubs or trees with scurfy leaves 79, EvaAzaGNacEaE, 331 Ovary or its cells containing many ovules. Ovary or ovaries superior. Ovaries 2 or more, separate 45. RanuNcULACEAE, 189 Ovary 1. es Ovary 3-5-celled ; leaves opposite or whorled 40, AIZOACEAE, 176 Ovary 1-2-celled. : Leaves compound 45. RANUNCULACEAE, 189 Leaves simple. ; Sepals distinct ; 42, CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 180 Sepals more or less united. ; _ Calyx ; 5-toothed or -cleft, Glauz in 90. PrimuLaczraE, 372 * Calyx 4-toothed or -cleft, Synthyrisin 104, ScropHuLARIACEAE, 437 Ovary and pod inferior, Chrysosplenium in 51. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 233 CALYX AND COROLLA BOTH PRESENT COROLLA OF SEPARATE PETALS Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 (rarely 9-10 in Polanisia) and more than twice as many as the sepals or calyx-lobes. . Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils. Pistils several to many, wholly distinct, or united ‘at base into a strongly lobed or several-beaked ovary.’ Aquatics with peltate leaves - 43, NyMPHAEACEAE, 188 Terrestrial plants. Usually climbers, with opposite leaves, Clemetis in 45. RanuncuLaceag, 189 Not climbing, the leaves alternate. Filaments united into a tube 72. Mauvaczaz, 316 Filaments distinct, on the calyx 54, Rosackag, 245 Pistils strictly 1 as to ovary; the styles and stigmas sometimes more numerous. - Leaves punctate with pellucid dots 75. HyPEricacrar, 320 Leaves not punctate. Ovary simple, 1-celled. Ovules 2, seed solitary 56. Drupacran, 269 Ovules many; leaves 2-3-ternately compound or dissected 45, RANUNCULACEAE, 189 Ovary compound as ghewen by- the number of’ its cells, placentae, styles,-or stigmas. Ovary 1-celled. Placentae parietal; juice watery, milky, or yellow. Sepals 2 (rarely 3) 47. PAPAVERACEAE, 205 12 ANALYTICAL KEY Sepals 4 49. CAPPARIDACEAE, 23] Placentae central; juice watery; sepals 2. 41. Porrunacaceae, 176 Ovary several-celled. : Calyx valvate in bud; stamens united 72. MatvaceEaE, 316 Calyx imbricate in bud; stamens not united 43. NYMPHAEACEAE, 188 Calyx more or less united to a compound ovary. Ovary 1-5-celled (10-celled in one genus of Pomaceae). Fleshy-stemmed, without true leaves; petals numerous 78. CacTACEAB, 326 Leaves present. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2; ovules arising from the base of a 1-celled ovary 41. PorrunacacEaE, 176 Sepals or calyx-lobes more than 2, Leaves opposite; stipules none 53. HyDRANGEACEAE, 243 Leaves alternate. Stipules present. Carpels distinct, free from the calyx-tubei fruit achenes, follicles, or drupelets. Carpels several or numerous, or if solitary becoming an achene 54, RosacgEag, 245 Carpel solitary, becoming a drupe 56. Drupacran, 269 Carpels united, inclosed by and adnate to the calyx- tube; fruit a pome 55. PoMAcEAE, 265 Stipules wanting; herbage rough-pubescent 77, LOASACEAE, 324 Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them. Ovary 2-4-celled. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; petals valvate 71. Viracnag, 315 Calyx 4-5-cleft; petals involute 70. RHAMNACEAE, 314 Ovary 1-celled. Anthers opening by uplifted valves 46. BERBERIDACEAE, 204 Anthers not opening by uplifted valves, Style 1, unbranched; stigma 1 90. PRIMULACEAE, 372 ‘Styles, style branches, or stigmas more than 1; sepals or calyx-lobes 2 41. PoRTULACACEAE, 176 Stamens not of the same number as the petals, or if of the same «number alternate with them. Calyx free from the ovary, i. e., ovary wholly superior. Ovaries 2 or more, wholly separate or somewhat united. Stamens united with each other and with a large thick stigma common to the two ovaries 95, ASCLEPIADACEAE, 386 Stamens free from each other and from the pistils. Stamens on the receptacle, free from the calyx. Leaves punctate with translucent dots; shrubs 62. RurTacwraz, 306 Leaves without translucent dots; herbs. « Leaves fleshy 50. CRASSULACEAE, 232 Leaves not fleshy. Ovary or lobes of the ovary 2-5, with a common style. Ovary 2-3-lobed 66. LIMNANTHACEAE, 312 Ovary 5-lobed 58. GERANIACEAE, 302 Ovaries with separate styles or sessile stigmas 45. RaNuNCULACEAR, 189 ANALYTICAL KEY 13 Stamens inserted on the calyx. Plant fleshy; stamens just twice as many as the pistils ' + 50. CRASSULACEAE, 232 Plant not fleshy ; stamens not twice as niany as the pistils. Stipules present ') 64. Rosaceag, 245 Stipules wanting 51. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 233 Ovary 1. q Ovary simple, with 1 parietal placenta : 57, LEGUMINOSAE, 270 Ovary compound, as shown by the number of ‘its cells, pla- centae, ‘styles, or stigmas. Ovary 1-celled. Corolla irregular. Petals 4; stamens 6, Corydalis in . 47, PAPAVERACEAE, 205 Petals 'and stamens 5 76. VIOLACEAE, 320 Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule selitary ; trées or shrubs 67. ANACARDIACEAE, 312 ‘Ovules more than 1. Ovules at the center or bottom of the’ cell. Petals not inserted on the calyx 42: CaryoPHYLLACEAE, 180 Petals inserted on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx 80. oe ecaioe 332 Ovules on 2 or more parietal placentae. Leaves punctate with translucent dots 75. ronereone 320 Leaves not punctate. Petals 4 or 5; stamens 6. Stamens essentially equal. - Calyx persistent; fruitacapsule 74. FRANKENIACEAE, 319 Calyx deciduous; fruit a stipitate pod’ 49, CAPPARIDACEAE, 231 Stamens unequal, two being shorter than the ~ other four; pod sessile 48. CRUCIFERAE, 207 Petals 4 or 5; stamens as many; fruit a berry 52, GROSSULARIACEAE, 241 ‘Ovary 2-several-celled. ° Flowers irregular; anthers opening at the top 63. POLYGALACEAE, 307 Flowers regular or nearly so," Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals. ‘Trees or shrubs. ; Stamens usually fewer than the 4 petals :) Oumactag, 378 Stamens more numerous than the petals. ° - Woody throughout; fruitadoublesamara 69, ACERACEAE, 313 Woody at base only; fruit a capsule 74. _ FRANRENIACEAE, 319 Herbs. hy . ean Petals 5 ; wz HyPEricaceas, 320 Petals 4 “48. CRUCIFERAE, 207 Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs. : - Flowers monoecious or dioecious 64. EvurHorBIAcEAE, 308 Flowers perfect and symmetrical. ve Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals. Ovary 2-3-celled 66. LIMNANTHACEAE, 342 14 ANALYTICAL KEY Ovary 5-celled 58, GERANIACEAE, 302 Celis of the ovary twice as many as the sepals, Leaves abruptly pinnate 61. ZyaorHyYLLAcEAE, 306 Leaves simple 60. LinacEAE, 304 Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves. Leaves palmately veined 69. AcERACEAE, 313 Leaves pinnately veined 68. CELASTRACEAE, 313 Ovules and usually seeds several or many in each cell. Leaves compound; the leaflets 3, obcordate 59. OXALIDACEAB, 304 Leaves simple. ; Stipules present between opposite leaves 73. ELATINACEAE, 319 Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Style 1. Stamens free from the calyx. With broad green leaves 86. PyroLacEagr, 366 Without green leaves 87, MonorRoPacEAk, 368 . Stamens inserted on the calyx 80. LyTHRACEAE, 332 Styles 2-5; leaves opposite 42, CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 180 Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs 112. CucurBiTacEag, 472 Not tendril-bearing. Ovules and seeds more than 1 in each cell. Ovary I-celled. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2; ovules borne at the base of the ovary 41. PorTuLacacgEaE, 176 Sepals or calyx-lobes 4-5; pleseitay 2-3; fruit a berry ; 52. GROSSULARIACEAE, 241 Ovary 2-many-celled. Stamens inserted on or about a flat disk which covers the ovary 68. CELASTRACEAE, 313 Stamens inserted on the calyx. Style 1; stamens 4 or 8 81. ONAGRACEAE, 333 Styles 2-3; stamens 5 or 10 51. SaxiFRaGacEaE, 233 Ovules and seeds only 1 in each cell. Stamens 5 or 10. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, Crataegus in 55. Pomacraz, 265 Leaves compound or prickly 83. ARALIACEAE, 346 Herbs. Fruit dry, splitting at maturity; styles 2 84. UMBELLIFERAE, 346 Fruit berry-like; styles 2-5, separate or united 83. ARALIACEAE, 346 Stamens 4 or 8. Style and stigma 1; fruit a drupe 85. Cornacnak, 365 Fruit not drupaceous. ; Style 1; stigma 2—4-lobed 81. OnaGRACEAE, 333 Styles or sessile stigmas 1 or 4 82, HaLoracIDaceaE, 345 COROLLA OF MORE OR LESS UNITED PETALS Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled. Placenta 1, parietal 57. LEGUMINOSAE, 270 ANALYTICAL KBY 15 Placentae 2, parietal, Corydalis in (47. PAPAVERACEAE, 205 Ovary 3~several-celled, Stamens free from the corolla. Style 1; leaves simple. Ovary superior; fruit.a capsule or berry 88. ErtcacEAz, 369 Ovary inferior; fruit a berry 89. VACCINIACEAE, 372 Styles 5; leaves 3-foliolate 59, OXALIDACEAE, 304 Stamens attached to the base or tube of the corolla. Saprophytic herbs, without green foliage 87, MoNoTROPACEAE, 368 Not saprophytic; foliage green. : . Filaments united into a tube 72. MALVACEAE, 316 Filaments free from each other. Low shrubs, with simple leaves 89. VaccINIACEAE, 372 Low herbs, with radical leaves ternate 111. ApoxacEag, 472 Stamens not more numerous than the corolla-lobes. 7 , Stamens of the same Bamber as the corolla-lobes and ‘opposite them 90. PRIMULACEAE, 372 Stamens alternate with the oeitslsties or fewer. , Ovary free from the calyx-tube (superior). Corolla regular. Stamens as many as the eosnnigbe Ovaries 2, or, if 1, 2-horned. . Stamens distinct 95. AscLEPIADACEAE, 386 Stamens united : 94. ApocyNacEaAr, 385 Ovary 1. ~ Ovary deeply 4-lobed. : Leaves alternate 100, BoraGinacEag, 410 Leaves opposite 102. LapratTar, 426 Ovary not deeply lobed. Ovary I-celled; seeds several-many. ‘Leaves entire, opposite gw 3 92. GENTIANACEAE, 379 Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound. Whole upper surface of the corolla white-bearded ; leaflets 3, entire , 93. MENYANTHACEAR, 384 Corolla not conspicuously bearded ; leaves, if com- pound, with toothed leaflets 99. HypRopHyLLacEaE, 405 Ovary 2-10-celled. : ; Leafless, twining parasite 96. CuscuTAcEAE, 389- Leaves alternate, or, if opposite, without stipules, Stamens free from the corolla, or nearly so 88. Errcacrak, 369 Stamens on the tube of the corolla. Stamens 4, Stem with apostle leaves; corolla petaloid 101. VERBENACEAE, 424 Stem wanting; corolla scarious 108. PLANTAGINACEAE, 464 Stamens 5. Fruit of 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets 100. Boracinacrar, 410 Fruit a few-many-seeded capsule, or berry. Styles 2. Capsule few (mostly 4)-seeded 97. ConvOLVULACEAE, 392 Capsule many-seeded 99. HynproprHyLiaceag, 405 16 ANALYTICAL KEY + Style 1, often branched. Branches of the style (or at least the lobes of the stigma) 3 98. POLEMONIACEAE, 394 Branches of the style or lobes of the stigma 2, or wholly united 103. SoLANACEAE, 433 Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. ‘Stamens with anthers 4, in pairs 101. VERBENACEAE, 424 Stamens with anthers only 2, or rarely 3. Ovary 4-lobed, Lycopus in 102. LasiaTar, 426 Ovary 2-celled, not 4-lobed. Stemless; corolla scarious 108. PLANTAGINACEAE, 464 Leafy-stemmed; corolla not scarious, Veronica in ' 104. ScROPHULARIACEAE, 437 Corolla irregular. Stamens with anthers 5, Verbascum in 104, ScROPHULARIACEAE, 437 Stamens with anthers 2 or 4. ; Ovules solitary in the 1-4 cells. .. Ovary 4-lobed ; style rising from between the lobes 102. LasraTar, 426 Ovary not lobed; style from its apex 101, VERBENACEAE, 424 Ovules 2-many in each cell. Ovary imperfectly 4-5-celled 107. MaRTYNIACEAE, 464 Ovary 1-2-celled. Parasites, without green foliage ' . 106. OROBANCHACEAER, 463 Not parasitic. oe Ovary 1-celled; stamens 2; aquatics 105. PrneuicuLAcEAE, 462 Ovary 2-celled; placentae in the axis, usually many- seeded. 104, ScROPHULARIACEAE, 437 Ovary adherent to:the calyx-tube (inferior). Tendril-bearing herbs; anthers often united 112. CucursBiTacgEaE, 472 Not tendril-bearing. Stamens separate. : Stamens free from the eeiitass or nearly 80; as many as its lobes ms 113. CAMPANULACEAE, 473 Stamens.inserted on the corolla. : wy Stamens 1-3, always fewer than the corolla-lobes ye 8 115. VALERIANACEAE, 475 Stamens 4~5; leaves opposite or whorled., Leaves opposite or perfoliate, but neither whorled nor provided with stipules .- 110. CaPRIFOLIACEAE, 468 Leaves.either opposite and stipulate, or whorled and “ols. without stipules 109. Rusracnae, 466 Stamens united by their anthers; these joined in a ring or tube. Flowers separate, not involucrate; corolla irregular i 114. LopEeniaceaE, 474 Flowers in an involucrate head 116. ComposiTap, 476 1 ae DESCRIPTIVE FLORA PTERIDOPHYTES 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl. ApDER’s-TONGUE FAMILY Leafy plants; the leaves (fronds) simple or branched, erect in vernation. Spores of one kind, borne in special spikes or panicles in sporangia (without an elastic ring) which are formed by groups of cells in the interior of the fruit- ing segments of the frond. Prothallia underground, destitute of cholorophyll. 1. BOTRYCHIUM Swartz. Grarz Fern. Moonworr Fronds with a posterior pinnatifid or compound sterile segment and an an- terior panicled fertile segment, the separate sporangia in a double row on the branches of the panicle. Bud inclosed in the base of the stalk. Leaf borne above the middle of the stem. Leaf near the middle of the stem, its lobes lunate or fan-shaped » il Leaf near the summit of the stem, triangular eet e ae’ Leaf borne near the base of the stem. Sporophyll simple, often much reduced , sy Z ‘ - 8 Sporophyll multipinnate S % * * ¥ ‘ . 4 1. Botrychium Lunaria (L.) Sw. Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 110. 1800. Plant 1-3 dm. high, very fleshy: leaf rising near the middle of the stem, pinnate with 2-8 pairs of lunate or tan euaped lobes which vary from crenate to entire, over- lapping each other or somewhat distant: sporophyll 2-3-pinnate, often dense, 24 cm. long; in vernation apex of leaf bent over sporophyl].—Colorado, north to Canada and thence across the continent. ' 2. Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Augs. Bot. Notiser 1854: 68. Plant 5-25 em. high, scarcely fleshy: leaf sessile near the summit, deltoid, once or twice pinnatifid, with oblique’ oblong-lanceolate acute segments: sporophyll slightly longer than the leaf, short-stalked, 2-3-pinnate, in vernation recurved with the leaf reclined upon it.—Across the continent northward and south in the mountains to Colorado. - 3. Botrychium simplex E. Hitch. Am. Journ. Sci. 6: 103. 1823. Plant smooth, fleshy, 5-15 em. high: leaf rising near the base, short-petioled, vary- ing from simple and rounded obovate (4-6 mm. long) to triangular-ovate and deeply 3-7-lobed, and even to fully ternate with incised divisions; the segments broadly obovate-cuneate or somewhat lunate: sporophyll. a simple or slightly compound spike, sometimes reduced to only a few sporangia: spores large, minutely tuberculate——Wyoming to Montana and thence across the con- tinent. 4. Botrychium Coulteri Underw. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 25: 537. 1898. Stout and fleshy, with numerous fleshy roots: stem only 2-3 cm. long, swollen with the contained bud of the succeeding season: leaf short-petioled, broader than long, 3-parted and each division tri- or quadripinnatifid; the segments obliquely ovate, about 10 mm. long, with entire or barely repand margin: sporophyll large, paniculate, 3-6 cm. long; the numerous pinnae crowded: sporangia numerous, bright yellow, with copious yellow spores.—On the geyser formations; Yellowstone Park and Montana, ROCKY MT. BOT.—2 7 . B. Lunaria, . B. lanceolatum, . B. ‘simplex, . B. Coulteri, 18 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 2. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. FERN Famity Leafy plants; the leaves (fronds) often much branched, circinate in verna- tion, rising from a rootstock.’ Spores of one kind, borne on the under surface or margins of the leaves in sporangia (with an elastic ring), which are de- veloped from a single epidermal cell. Prothallia above ground, green.—The sporangia are usually collected in little masses (fruit dots or sori), which are often covered by a scale (indusium), which is produced by a cellular ougrowth from the frond, or by a general involucre formed from the infolded margin of the frond.—Eaton, Ferns of North America. Leaves of two kinds; the sterile broader than the fertile . a . 1. Cryptogramma. Leaves all alike. Indusium wholly wanting, Sori dorsal, roundish, : Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid . A é * Fi 7 ‘| . 2, Phegopteris, Leaves simply pinnate . . is * a @ . 38. Polypodium, Sori marginal, elongated . é ‘ . % . : . 4. Notholaena, Indusium present, — : Formed from the inflexed leaf-margin, , : , Sporangia on the underside of the reflexed portion of the leaf . 5. Adiantum, Sporangia in a continuous vein-like groove, or receptacle, which connects the ends of the veins, . Large plants of moist copses |. 7. : 5 ‘i . §6. Pteridium, Small plants of cliffs and rock slides. Pinnae tomentose or scaly beneath . 5 e rs . 7%, Cheilanthes, Pinnae smooth beneath . . . © . . . §8 Pellaea. Formed from epidermal cells (not from the leaf-margin) and variously attached, Sori round. : Indusium superior, reniform or peltate, attached by a central stalk. Sori near the midvein of the leaf P é f : . _9. Dryopteris, Sori near the margin of the leaf ‘ 3 fe ‘ . 10. Polystichum, Indusium inferior or partly so. Hood-like, attached to the inner side,soon openontheother 11. Filix, Cup-like, attached underneath, bursting above into a . briated margin . : . « 12, Woodsia, Sori oblong or linear e : . oo : ‘ . 13. Asplenium, 1. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. Rock Braxs Rootstocks short, bearing numerous light-green small smooth fronds of two kinds; the sterile much broader than the taller fertile ones; all with stramineous stipes. Sori extending down the free veins. Involucre very broad, at length flattened out and exposing the now confluent sori. Stipes tufted; fronds 3-4-pinnate . 5 s . % . 1, C, acrostichoides, Stipes scattered; fronds 2-3-pinnate 5 ‘ e y 7 . 2. C, Stelleri. 1. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. App. Frank, Journ. 767. 1823. Fronds 5-10 cm. long, chartaceous, ovate, closely 3-4-pinnate; pinules ovate or obovate, adnate-decurrent, those of the fertile fronds narrower and longer, the involucres very broad: sori extending far down the veinlets.—In dense. patches among rocks; California to Colorado, thence far northward and east to Lake Superior. . 2. Cryptogramma Stelleri (Gm.) Prantl, Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 3: 413. 1882. Rootstock very slender, creeping, nearly naked: fronds very delicate, 5-10 em. long, oblong-ovate, pinnate with a few once or twice pinnatifid pinnae; seg- ments oblong or obovate; involucres broad and delicate. Pellaea gracilis.— Crevices of damp and shaded limestone rocks; Colorado, northward and east- ward to Labrador, and thence south to Pennsylvania. 2. PHEGOPTERIS Fee Medium sized ferns with leaves 2-3-pinnate, triangular-ternate, the primary divisions stalked and the rachis not winged. Sori small, on the back of the veins below their attenuate apices. Indusium wholly wanting. POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 19 1. Phegopteris Dryopteris (L.) Fee, Gen. Fil. 243. 1850-52. Fronds smooth and thin, 1-2 dm. wide and long, lateral divisions divergent, all tri- angular and pinnate; the pinnae pinnatifid into oblong, obtuse, entire or even pinnately lobed segments; lowest inferior pinna of the lateral divisions equal to the second pinna of the middle division.—Open rocky woods; reported from Colorado; across the continent northward. 3. POLYPODIUM L. Potrropy Stipes articulated to the branching rootstocks. Leaves pinnate. Veins uni- formly free. Sori large, round, on the veins or at their ends, without indusium. 1. Polypodium hesperium Maxon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 13: 200. 1900. Leaves subcoriaceous, 5-20 cm. long, ovate-oblong to oblong-linear, pinnatifid into linear-oblong obtuse or acute segments, the lowest ones rarely diminished: veins branched into three or four veinlets, the lowest ones on the upper side of the vein bearing at their thickened ends the subglobose sori midway be- tween the midrib and the margin of the segments. P. vulgare-—From the Rocky Mountains eastward to the Atlantic; also westward. 4. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. In ours the leaves are 3-5-pinnate, and covered beneath with a white or yellow powder, the primary and secondary pinnae distinctly stalked, and the ultimate pinnules very small, oval or 2-3-lobed.. Sori somewhat elongated, often of very, few sporangia, situated below the tips of the veins near the margin of the lobes of the fronds. 1. Notholaena Fendleri Kunze, Farrnkr. 2: 87. 1851. Leaves densely tufted, 5-15 cm. long, broadly deltoid ovate, 4—5-pinnate; the stipes dark brown; rachis and all its branches flexuous and zigzag; the pinnae alternate; ae pinnules 2-4 mm. long.—In clefts of cliffs; Colorado to Arizona and ‘exas. 5. ADIANTUM L. Marpenwair Stipe mostly blackened or very dark Ae pele ie and commonly highly polished. Sporangia borne at the ends of the veins, on the underside of the Teflexed margin of the frond. Midvein of the pinnules eccentric, dissolving in the forking veinlets. ; \Fronds bipinnate, ovate-lanceolate 1, A. capillus-veneris, Fronds dichotomous, orbicular in outline 3 : 1 2A pedatum. 1. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Sp. Pl. 1096. 1753. Fronds 2 Real ie with the rachis continuous to the terminal pinnule, 2-4 dm. long, often pendent, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnate at base; pinnules wedge- obovate or rhomboid, 1-2 cm. long, deeply and irregularly incised, smooth: involucres lunulate or transversely oblong.—In moist rocky: places; southern California across the continent to Virginia and Florida; rare if at all within our range. 2. Adiantum pedatum L. Sp. Pl. 1095. 1753. Frond often 2-3 dm. broad: stipe forked at the top, the branches recurved, and bearing several pinnate divisions on the upper side; primary divisions 6—14, bearing numerous oblong or triangular-oblong pinnules, which have the lower margin entire and the upper more or less lolfed: involucres oblong-lunate or transversely linear.— Across the continent and far northward; within our immediate range reported only from the Black Hills of Dakota, and from Utah. 6. PTERIDIUM Scop. Bracken or Brake In curs the rootstock is stout, cord-like, and extensively creeping. Fronds scattered, ternate, with decompound divisions, and pale green stipe. Sporangia 20 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) borne on a continuous vein-like marginal receptacle which connects the ends of the veins. Indusium membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf.—Pteris. 1. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Decken’s Reisen III. Bot. Ost-Afrika 11. 1879. Leaf often very large, the stipe and frond usually more than 1 m. in length and often 2 m.: frond broadly triangular, primary divisions stalked; pinnae mostly pinnately lobed, with several to many rather short obtuse lobes, and with a sometimes very long subentire apex.—Frequent in the northern half of the United States and in Canada. 7 CHEILANTHES Swz. Lip Fern Small ferns, with 2-4-pinnate fronds, and the under surface either smooth or variously covered with hair, wool, scales, or waxy powder. Ours belong to the section in which the involucres are continuous around the greater part of the margin.of the very minute and bead-like ultimate segments, and the lower surface of the fronds tomentose or scaly. ok Fronds tomentose beneath, but not scaly . 5 ‘i 3 < . . 1. C. Feei. Fronds very scaly beneath, tomentum scanty or none , ‘ . . 2, C. Fendlert, 1. Cheilanthes Feei Moore, Ind. Fil. 240. 1857. Fronds 5-12 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, tripinnate or bipinnate with pinnatifid pinnules; ultimate segments less than a line long; upper surface scantily tomentose, the lower surface matted with jointed woolly hairs: involucres herbaceous, very narrow. C. lanuginosa.—In dense tufts, on dry exposed rocks; Arizona to Colorado, northward and eastward to the Great Lakes. 2. Cheilanthes Fendleri Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 103. 1858. Rootstock slender, its scales loose and nerveless: frond 8-15 em. long, tripinnate; ultimate pin- nules rounded and entire, or obovate and 2-3-lobed, covered beneath with broadly ovate acuminate scales, which are sometimes sparingly ciliate at base.—In crevices of rocks; Colorado to Arizona and Texas. 8. PELLAEA Link. Curr Brake Rock-loving small or medium-sized ferns with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, glabrous, having neither tomentum nor scales. Sori marginal and ultimately in a confluent line. Involucre membranous and continuous around the ypin- nules. Fronds herbaceous or subcoriaceous; the veins clearly visible. Pinnae 6-8, membranous * . . ° Pinnae 2-5, subcoriaceous . — Fronds coriaceous; the veins not perceptible, if 1, P, Breweri. . . . e123 Ps 3. P occidentalis, Closely tripinnate, 4-5.cm. long . . . . . . . . densa. Bipinnate, 10-20 em. long ‘ < < ‘i ‘ 4, P. Wrightiana. 1. Pellaea Breweri DC. Eat. Proc. Am. Acad. 6: 555. 1866. Rootstock short, densely covered with narrow fulvous chaff: fronds membranous, 5-15 em. long, simply pinnate with mostly unequally 2-lobed pinnae; the seg- ments obtuse, in the fertile frond narrower: indusium continuous, pale: veins repeatedly forked.—From California to Utah and Colorado. i 2. Pellaea occidentalis (E. Nels.) Rydb., Underw. in Our Native Ferns 98. 1900. Rootstock short and thick, densely covered with rusty hair-like scales: stipes caespitose, 1-4 em. long, dark brown, glabrous, shining, very slender: fronds 3-8 em. long, oblong, simple-pinnate; pinnae 2-5 pairs, oblong, mostly obtuse, dark green, shining, firm and somewhat coriaceous, entire, or the lower with 1 or 2 lobes at the base: indusium broad, wholly covering the sori. P. atropurpurea in part. (P. pumila Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1:4. 1900.)—Colorado to Montana, and west to Washington. 3. Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 150, t. 125. 1858. Rootstock slender, chaffy with blackish scales: stipes densely tufted, wiry, very slender, POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 21 brown, 8-20 em. long: fronds 3-5 em. long, ovate, closely tripinnate; the ultimate segments linear, 6~12 mm. long, sessile; the sterile ones serrate.—In clefts of rocks; northwestern Wyoming to Oregon and California. 4. Pellaea Wrightiana Hook. 1. c. 142, t. 115. Rootstock short, thick, densely chaffy: stipes crowded, purplish-brown: fronds 1—2 dm. long, lanceolate to 'triangular-ovate, bipinnate; pinnae longer than broad, having 3-13 oval or oblong-oval pinnules; fertile ones with the margins rolled in to the midvein.— Exposed rocky places in cafions; Colorado to Arizona and Texas. 9. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Suretp Fern Rather large coarse ferns; in ours the fronds bipinnate and subcoriaceous. Indusia roundish-reniform with a narrow sinus, attached to the middle of the sorus by ashort central stalk. Veins free and the large sori borne near the mid- vein.—Aspidium in part. 1. Dryopteris Filix-mas (L.) Schott. Gen. Fil. 1834. Fronds 3-8 dm. long, broadly oblong-lanceolate, somewhat narrowed and twice pinnate towards the base; pinnae lanceolate-acuminate from a broad base; pinnules or segments oblong to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, toothed or incised, not glandular but sometimes slightly chaffy beneath, the upper confluent: sori near the mid- vein, commonly only on the lower half of each segment: stalks more or less chaffy with large scales. Aspidium Filiz-mas. Mate Fern.—Somewhat vari- able; cosmopolitan, and not infrequent in our range. 10. POLYSTICHUM Roth. Ho.tity Fern Ferns with pinnate leaves and numerous large contiguous round sori; the indusium orbicular and entire, fixed by the depressed center to the middle of the sorus. Pinnae and pinnules often auricled on the upper side of the base. Veins all free and the large sori borne near the margin of the leaf—Aspidium in part. 1. Polystichum Lonchitis (L.) Roth, Tent. Fl]. Germ. 3: 71. 1800. Fronds simple pinnate, 14 dm. long (stalks only 3-7 em.), linear-lanceolate; pinnae broadly lanceolate, faleate, sharply spinulose-serrate, the lower ones symmet- rically triangular and shorter, the upper ones strongly auricled.—Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, north to Canada and east to the great lakes. 11. FILIX Adans. Tufted ferns with slender and delicate twice or thrice pinnate fronds and cut-toothed lobes. Indusium delicate, hood-like, or arched; attached by a broad base on the inner side partly under the sorus, free at the other side and early thrown back or withering away. Veins free.—Cystopteris. _ 1. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Our Native Ferns 119. 1900. Fronds 1-3 dm. long, broadly lanceolate, usually bipinnate; pinnae oblong-ovate, pointed; pinnules ovate or oblong, variously toothed or incised. Cystopteris Jragilis. Brrrrty Fern.—Usually in shaded rock-crevices; throughout North America. 12. WOODSIA. R. Br. Small tufted ferns growing on exposed rocks. Ours have the stipes not articulated to the rootstock, and the fronds are glandular-pubescent or smooth, not chaffy. Indusium situated beneath the sorus and partly or wholly inclosing it, soon dividing into irregular lobes or bursting into a delicate fringe above. Fronds glandular-puberulent beneath . ‘ . « ‘ . « te We. scopulina. Fronds smooth beneath . . e . . ° . . . 2, W. oregana. 22 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 1. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eat. Can. Nat. 2: 90. 1865. Fronds 1-2 dm. long, puberulent beneath with minute jointed hairs and stalked glands, oblong- ovate and crenulate: indusia deeply cleft into narrow segments terminating in jointed hairs.—In dense masses on rocks and in crevices; Minnesota to Cali- fornia, south in the mountains to Colorado. 2. Woodsia oregana D. C. Eat. 1.c. Very similar, but with smooth fronds, the fertile taller than the sterile: the indusium reduced .to a few moniliform hairs.—From Arizona and Colorado to British Columbia and Lake Superior. | 13. ASPLENIUM L. Spieenwort Plants very variable in size, with simple pinnate, 2-3-pinnate, or pinnatifid leaves. Sori oblong or linear, borne on veins more or less oblique to the rachis or the midrib, not confluent. Indusium straight or sometimes ued opening toward the midrib when single (sometimes double). Veins ree, Fronds simply pinnate, . Pinnae 12-30 pairs, oval, ovate, or rhomboidal, obtuse. . Rachis purple-brown Ss a ee are . A. trichomanes. A. viride, . A, septentrionale, A, Andrewsii. . A, Filix-femina, Rachis green. ci ° é . 5 < . a Pinnae only 2-5, linear-cuneate . 4 . . . . Fronds 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid. aye Fronds 3-10 cm. long, ternate and bipinnate . . Fronds 2-4 dm. long, bipinnate o 5 . . ou otons 1. Asplenium trichomanes L. Sp. Pl. 1080. 1753. Fronds 1-2 dm. long, narrow, simply pinnate, with 15-30 pairs of subsessile, roundish-oval, or oval- oblong pinnae; these obtusely cuneate or truncate at base, entire or crenu- late, rarely slightly incised, falling separately from the persistent rachis: stipes purple-brown, shining.—Colorado, Wyoming, and across the continent. 2. Asplenium viride Huds. Fl. Angl. 385. 1762. Stipes densely tufted, 5-10 em. long, naked, the lower part chestnut-brown, merging into the green of the rachis: fronds narrow, 5-15 cm. long, with 12-20 pairs of ovate or rhomboidal pinnae; these obliquely truncate at base and crenate on the outer edge: rachis naked: sori numerous.—Idaho, northern Wyoming, and across the continent. 3. Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hofim. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 12. 1795. Stipes densely tufted, 8-15 cm. long, slender, naked, ebeneous toward the base: fronds irregularly forking, consisting of 2-5 narrowly linear-cuneate rather rigid segments, which are entire or sometimes cleft at the ends into a few narrow teeth: sori elongated, placed near the margin, usually facing each other in pairs, commonly only 2 or 3 to each segment. Acrapteris septentrionale (L.) Link.—In clefts in exposed rocks; southern Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. : ' 4. Asplenium Andrewsii A. Nels. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 17: 174. 1904. Rootstock enveloped in matted roots: stipes few to several, ebeneous below, passing into the green of the rachis: frond thin-herbaceous, deltoid-ovate, often ternate; pinnae lanceolate, tapering gradually into the pinnatifid tip; pinnules ovate-lanceolate, sharply incised and somewhat incisely serrate: sori short but almost connecting with those in the successive lobes, forming nearly a contin- uous sorus from the base to the apex of the pinnule: indusium straight, finally forced back and concealed by the sporangia—Type locality, sandstone cliff, Boulder Cafion, Colorado. 5. Asplenium Filix-femina (L.) Bernh. Schrad. Neues Journ. Bot. 1: 26. 1806. Fronds 3-8 dm. long: delicate and softly membranaceous, oblong- lanceolate, 2-3-pinnate; pinnules adnate to the secondary rachis, ovate to elongated-lanceolate, variously toothed or incised: indusia more or less curved, often crossing the fertile veinlet and continued a short distance down the other side of it, lacerate-ciliate. Lavy Fmrn.—Widely distributed; not rare in our range. ‘ EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) 23 3. MARSILEACEAE R. Br. _ Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in the mud, with slender creeping root- stocks, and 4-foliate or filiform long-petioled leaves. The sporocarps borne at the base, either sessile or on a stipe (petiole), crustaceous, ovoid or bean- shaped, 2-valved, several-celled and containing both megaspores and micro- spores; the former give rise to prothallia producing archegonia; the latter to prothallia producing antheridia. MARSILEA L. Characters of the family: Sporocarp toothed above . , . a é ¥ « * « 1. M. vestita. Sporocarp rounded above. a ‘ ‘ ‘ . 2, M., oligospora. 1. Marsilea vestita Hook: & Grev. Ic. Fil. Pl. 159. 1831. Slender, 8-15 em. high: leaflets broadly cuneate, entire or slightly toothed: sporocarp 4-7 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, densely covered with soft spreading hair-like scales; the lower tooth short and blunt; the upper acute, longer, sometimes curved: sori in each valve 10-11; megaspores in each sorus 12-20 (usually 15-18).— Variable and widely dispersed but rare; possibly not within our range. | 2. Marsilea oligospora L. N. Good. Bot. Gaz. 33: 66. 1902. Plant 4~7 cm. high: le&fiets woolly or becoming glabrous, 6-10 mm. long, 3~7 mm. wide: sporocarp solitary, 4-6 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, covered with long, straight and appressed (rarely somewhat woolly) pubescence: raphe short: lower tooth short and blunt, upper a mere rounded papilla or wanting: peduncle 5-8 mm. long: sori 5-8 in each valve; megaspores oval to barely oblong, 6-9 in each sorus.—Northwestern Wyoming (Jackson’s Hole and Yellowstone Park). Possibly the Rocky Mountain specimens all belong to this rather than to the preceding species. 4, EQUISETACEAE Michx. Horsrram Famity Perennials with subterranean rootstocks. Stems rush-like, simple or branched, striate, jointed, usually hollow. Leaves of two kinds: the sterile reduced to toothed sheaths at the nodes; the fertile shield-shaped and form- ing a short spike terminating the stem. Occurring mostly in moist or sandy situations. : 1. EQUISETUM L. Horserai,. Scourine Rusu Stems simple or branched, the joints having closed ends. Leaves of the fruiting cones 5—7-angled, with sporangia hood-like. Spores round, furnished with two slender filaments attached by the middle and clavate at the free ends. Prothallia above ground, green, usually dioecious. Stems dying down to the ground each year year. ; Stems of two kinds; the fertile simple; the sterile with whorls of slen- der branches at the nodes. Fertile stems withering early : é : . 1. EB. arvense. Fertile riting pereirane for the season. é . &. E, pratense. Stems all alike, simple. _. ‘ Sheaths with about 8 white-margined teeth . ‘ . . 3. E. palustre. Sheaths with about 18 dark-brown teeth . * . * . 4. E, fluviatile, Stems perennial, evergreen. . Stems many-grooved. Rough wit! Conspicdous tubercles. Stems thick, often 1-3m.high . é st & . 5. E. robustum. Stems slenderer, mostly less than 5 dm. high . % e . 6. E. hiemale. Nearly smooth, the tubercles inconspicuous . ‘ Ps a . 7, E, laevigatum. .., Stems with only 5-10 grooves . . . . . . . . 8. E, variegatum, 24 ISOETACEAE (QUILLWORT FAMILY) 1. Equisetum arvense L. Sp. Pl. 1061. 1753.: Stems of two kinds; the fertile in early spring, soft, pale or brownish, with loose and usually distant 8-12-toothed sheaths, 1-2 dm. high, crowned by the short spike of sporophylls, withering early; the sterile stems slender, becoming 3-5 dm. high, 10-14- furrowed, with numerous verticillate 4-angled solid slender branches with 4-toothed sheaths. Common Horsrtait.—Across the continent; also in Europe and Asia. Aace 2. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Hanov. Mag. 138. 1784. Differing from the preceding in that the fertile stem is persistent, withering (after the spores are shed) only at summit, then putting out branches and becoming like the sterile in appearance: branchlets triangular with 3-toothed sheaths.—Re- ported from Colorado, but rare in our range. : 3. Equisetum palustre L. Sp. Pl. 1061. 1753. Stems all alike, slender, 2-4 dm, high, deeply 5-9-grooved, with conspicuous wing-like ridges: sheaths with about 8 lance-subulate teeth: branches few, short; their sheaths about 5-toothed._Scarcely within our range, but possibly occurring from Wyoming to Montana and thence across the continent, and northward. : 4, Equisetum fluviatile L. Sp. Pl. 1062. 1753. Stems 5-8 dm. high, at first simple and then ee with the short spike of sporophylls, later produc- ing erect yellow branches; furrows numerous, inconspicuous: sheaths ap- pressed with about 18 dark brown, short, acute, rigid teeth.—In bogs and in the borders of shallow ponds, northwestern Wyoming and Montana and thence across the continent northward. 5 5. Equisetum robustum A. Br., Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 46: 88. 1844. Stems evergreen, usually very stout and tall, often 1 m. or more high and 2 cm. in diameter: the ridges narrow, rough with one line of tubercles: sheaths short, with a black girdle above the base, rarely with a black limb, teeth about 40, 3-keeled, ovate-subulate, deciduous.—In many parts of North’ America north of Mexico; also in Asia. 6. Equisetum hiemale L. 1. c. Stems lower and slenderer, 3-8 dm. high: the ridges roughened by two more or less distinct lines of tubercles: sheaths elongated, with a black girdle above the base and a black limb of about 20 (17-26) narrowly linear teeth, 1-keeled at the base and with subulate de- ciduous points: spikes tipped with a rigid point. The common Scourine Rusu.—Nearly throughout North America; also in Europe and Asia. 7. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br., Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 46: 87. 1844. Stems 3-10 dm. high, sometimes with numerous branches: the ridges convex, obtuse, smooth or barely roughish with minute tubercles: sheaths elongated, with a narrow black limb and about 22 linear-subulate caducous teeth, 1-keeled below.—From New Mexico to Canada and across the continent. 8. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. Cat. Pl. Helvet. 27. 1807. Stems in tufts from a branched base, slender, ascending, 2-5 dm. high, usually simple, only 5-10 grooved: sheaths green, variegated with black above; the 5-10 teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle——Colorado to Utah and Wyoming and almost across the continent. 5. ISOETACEAE Underw. Quituworr Famity Mostly aquatic plants, with a short solid corm-like stem (trunk) and elon- gated grass-like leaves, the bases of which are expanded and have thin stipule- _like infolded margins (the velum), which inclose large simple ovoid thin-walled sporangia; the outer ones containing large spherical megaspores; those of the inner leaves filled with very minute grayish microspores. 1. ISOETES L. Quitiworr Characters those of the family. For an elaboration of the genus, see Under- ‘wood’s Our Native Ferns. Our species (as reported at present) belong to the “«“GELAGINELLACKAS 25 group With bilobed trunks, are all submerged, with quadrangular leaves and an incomplete velum. Leaves acute, not long-pointed; stomata absent’ . < z a - 1, I. lacustris, Leaves with a long fine point; stomata present . . . a . . 2. I, Bolanderi, 1. Isoetes lacustris L. Sp. Pl. 1100. 1753. Leaves stout, rather rigid, acute but scarcely tapering, dark or olive-green, 10-25 in number, 5-15 cm. long, with no stomata: sporangium orbicular to broadly elliptical, not spotted, with a rather narrow velum; megaspores 0.5-0.8 mm. in diameter, marked all over with distinct or somewhat confluent crests: microspores smooth, 0.035-0.046 mm. in the longer diameter.—Generally distributed through- out northern America. : la. Isoetes lacustris paupercula Engelm. Trans. St. Louis, Acad. 4: 377. 1882. .Leaves fewer (10-18), thinner, shorter: spores smaller; megaspores 0.50-0.66 mm. in diameter; microspores somewhat granulated, 0.026-0.036 aa long.—Grand Lake, Middle Park, Colorado, and near Mt. Shasta, Cali- ornia. i ; ; 2. Isoetes Bolanderi Engelm. Am. Nat. 8: 214. 1874. Leaves erect, soft, bright green, tapering to a fine point, 5-25 in number, 5-10 cm. long, generally not many stomata: sporangium broadly oblong, mostly without spots, with a narrow velum; megaspores 0.30-0.40 mm. thick, marked with minute low tubercles or warts; microspores 0.026-0.031 mm. long, generally spinulose, rather smooth.—In ponds and shallow lakes in the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada of California, and Cascades. 6. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. | Crus Moss Fatty. Moss-like plants, with small leaves imbricated in 4—-many rows on the pinnately or dichotomously branching stems, and (in ours) with reniform 1-celled sporangia in the axils of bracts, forming stalked or sessile spikes. Spores all alike. Prothallia subterranean. 1. LYCOPODIUM L. Cius Moss. Grounp PINE Characters those of the family. In ours the.leaves (bracts) of the spike are yellowish, ovate or heart-shaped, very different from the other leaves. 1. Lycopodium annotinum L. Sp. Pl. 1103. 1753. Stems prostrate and creeping, 3-10 cm.,long; the ascending branches similar, dichotomous, 10- 15 cm. high: leaves in several ranks, equal, spreading, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, serrulate, 4-5 mm. long: spikes solitary at the ends of leafy branches. —From Colorado to Washington, northward and eastward across the conti- nent. : : 7, SELAGINELLACEAE Underw. Moss-like terrestrial annual or perennial plants with slender branching stems and small leaves arranged in 4 or several ranks. Sporangia solitary, in the axils of the leaves of the somewhat quadrangular spike, minute, sub- globose; some containing 4 megaspores; others numerous microspores. From each of these spores are developed the prothallia bearing archegonia and antheridia respectively. 1. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Characters those of the family. In ours the leaves are all alike, arranged in. many ranks, those of the fruiting spikes 4-ranked. 26 PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) Stems very short, densely tufted . ‘i ‘ ‘ ‘i o ‘ . 21. 8, densa. Stems creeping, 5-10 cm. long. ; Leaves with a conspicuous whiteawn . é Lemma and palet membranous; ae first glume Reually. larger than the rest; PASAT Fe Tribe II. Zoysieae. Lemma and palet chartaceous to coriaceous, very: aif ferent in color and appearance from the glumes. Tribe III. Paniceae. Spikelets much compressed laterally; glumes none or rudi- mentary; hilum linear ie G8 Tribe IV. Oryzeae. Spikelets with the glumes persistent, tha rachilla entieuintal above them, 1-many-flowered; frequently the upper lemmas are empty; rachilla often produced. Berens the sterile lemma. : \ Spikelets borne in an open or spike-like partially or raceme, usually upon distinct pedicels. Spikelets, 1-flowered. Glumes 4; palet l-nerved 968) wees Wt », Tribe VV. Phalarideae. Glumes 2, rarely 1; palet 2-nerved (except in Cinna) Tribe VI. Agrostideae. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. : ae SG at Jemma, usually shorter than the glumes; the awn dorsal and.usually bent . es Tribe VII.: Aveneae. Lemma. usually longer than the glumes; the: awh “tena : nal and straight (rarely dorsal in Bromus) or none Tribe IX. Festuceae. Spikelets in two rows, sessile or nearly so. to ’ Spikelets.on one side of the continuous axis, forming one- sided spikes. : jaiatls oes 4 ‘ty Tribe VITL Chlorideae. Spikelets alternately on Gaposita sides of the axis, which: is often articulated ‘ ‘ a “ i . Tribe X. Hordeae. or Tribe I. ANDROPOGONEAE Rachis-internodes not sulcate; branches of the simple panicle paired, or rarely single or.variously branched. te Some or all of the racemes sessile ss . Bs Bay. . 1, Andropogon. All of the racemies more or Jess peduncled. Pedicellate spikelets wanting . i * 3 . 8%. Sorghastrum. Pedicellate spikelets present and usually staminate:, ‘ . 4. Sorghum. Rachis-internodes sulcate ‘ ke eg 5 ie é . & Amphilophis. Tribe Il, ZOYSIEAE Inflorescence in terminal spikes. . . 7 ee . 65. Hilaria. * This excellent key to the tribes represented in our range is taken without change (except in terms used) from Rydherg’s Flora of Colorado, : eas keys have been adapted from those of Rydherg’s Fl, Colo.; Piper's Fl. Wash.; and Britton’s Man. 40 GRAMINEAF (GRASS FAMILY) Tribe III. PANICEAE Spikelets without a subtending involucre of bristles or valves, Spikelets in one-sided racemes or spikes, First glume well developed a : a A e A . 6. Paspalum. First glume small or abortive. * Plant annual 4 . . A is « ‘ és . 7. Syntherisma. Plant perennial . ; . . A . 8. Brachiaria. Spikelets not in one-sided racemes or ppidien: Glumes awned . ~ . . . z . . 9. Echinochloa. Glumes not awned . Fi . “ . . 7 . - 10. Panicum. Spikelets involucrate. The involucre consisting of bristles . = ° a + 11, Chaetochloa. The involucre consisting of spine-bearing valves forming abur . 12. Cenchrus. Tribe IV. ORYZEAE Flowers perfect; glumes wanting . 5 a : ‘i a . 13. Homalocenchrus Tribe V. PHALARIDEAE Uppermost floret perfect, the others empty . o ‘ : . 14, Phalaris. Uppermost floret perfect, the others staminate . . . . 16. Hierochloe. Tribe VI. AGROSTIDEAE Lemma with a long terminal awn, and closely embracing the grain, Spikelets not in pairs. Fruiting lemma thin and membranous . i ‘ . - 20. Muhlenbergia. Fruiting lemma firm and indurated, Awns 3-branched ‘ é is . * . A . 16. Aristida. Awns simple. Twisted, persistent on the lemma . ‘ fe . « 17. Stipa. Straight, deciduous from the lemma. Lemma glabrous or appressed-pubescent * . - 18. Oryzopsis. Lemma long silky-pubescent . . 5 a . 19. Eriocoma. Spikelets paired, in a spike-like raceme . , . 21. Lycurus. I.emma awnless or short-awned, and loosely investing the ran: Inflorescence a dense spike. Spikelets persistent; lemma awnless or with a short terminal awn. Spikes cylindrical i i F ‘ Y . : . 22, Phleum. Spikes ovoid ‘ i 4 . 27. Polypogon. Spikelets early deciduous; lemma with a dorsal awn © . 23. Alopecurus. Inflorescence a loose panicle. Pericarp discharging the seed at maturity. A diminutive alpine perennial : iz ‘ < . 24. Phippsia. Larger and mostly at middle and lower altitudes, Nerves of lemma not pilose 4 5 . . = . 26. Sporobolus. Nerves of lemma pilose a e . . . - 26. Blepharineuron. Pericarp permanently investing the seed. Palet 1-nerved; stamenl ., . 5 . ° 5 . 28. Cinna. Palet 2-nerved; stamens 3, Lemma naked at the base . 5 7 . 29. Agrostis. Lemma with a tuft of long hairs at the base: Thin-membranous ‘ . . . . . - 80. Calamagrostis. Chartaceous . é “ ‘ ‘ ‘ “ . . 81, Calamovilfa. Tribe VII. AVENEAE Awn of the lemma dorsal, Spikelets less than 1 em. long. Lemma erose-truncate . e . « - 82. Deschampsia. Lemma 2-toothed, with awn twisted and bent i . A . 88. Trisetum. Spikelets more than 1 cm.long . . . . Fi - $65. Avena. Awn of the lemma terminal, between the teeth ¥ x . 86. Danthonia. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) Tribe VIII. CHLORIDEAE Spikelets with perfect flowers. Spikelets deciduous as a whole, the articulation below the glumes. Spikelets much flattened; glumes unequal, keeled. + * Spikelets subterete; glumes equal, convex . Spikelets in part persistent, the articulation above some of the glumes. Spikes few (1-4). 7 . 7 A ‘ * 7 . Spikes numerous, Spikes long, very slender; plant annual # Pi z ‘é Spikes short, one-sided . . Spikelets with imperfect flowers, the pistillate very different fom the staminate and on very short culms a s ; 3 . Tribe IX. FESTUCACEAE Lemma 3-lobed and 3-awned . . . . a . ~ ° Lemma entire or 2-lobed. Rachilla long-hirsute . . ‘ . . ° Rachilla glabrous or with short aire: Plant prostrate, with spinescent leaves . ° . . . Plants erect, leaves not spinescent. Lemma 3-nerved (or rarely 1). Lateral nerves hairy. Inflorescence a congested raceme; leaves with cartilagi- nous margins . P 3 a Inflorescence a panicle; leaves not dastilagingin on this Inargins . . . ° ° . . . Lateral nerves glabrous, Lemma long-hirsute at base . . ee . . Lemma glabrous at base. Glumes similar, Inflorescence spike-like . ‘ x _ ‘ . Inflor an open panicle, Rachilla continuous; flowering glumes decidu- ous, the palet persistent . Rachilla articulated; flowering zluine a, palet both deciduous . . @ . z a Glumes very dissimilar . . . . ‘ - Lemma 5-nerved or more. Spikelets with the upper florets sterile and folded about each other ‘ . Spikelets with the upper ” foret jertent,, or narrow - asd abortive Stigmas arising below the apex of the ovary . A ‘ Stigmas arising at the apex of the ovary. Lemma, compressed and keeled. Awn-pointed . . ° ° . e a Pointless. Glumes 1-3-nerved. Scarious-margined . . ‘ . ‘ Membranous . . ° . ° ° Glumes 5-nerved or more . * * e Lemma. convex or rounded on the back. Acute or awned . 7 . 2 7 . . Obtuse and scarious at apex. Prominently 5-7-nerved . 6 . e ‘* Obscurely 5-nerved . A 5 as ote ’ Tribe X. HORDEAE Spikelets mostly solitary at each joint of the rachis, Spikelets placed edgewise on the rachis . ‘ ry 40. 87. 34, 39. 41. 42. 44, 43. 45. 47. 46. 48. 51. 49. 61. 41 Beckmannia. - Spartina. Bouteloua. Schedonnardus. Atheropogon. Buchloe. Scleropogon. Phragmites. Munroa. Tricuspis. Diplachne. Redfieldia, Koeleria. Eragrostis. Catabrosa. Eatonia. Melica. Bromus. Dactylis, . Poa. . Graphephorum, . Distichlis. . Festuca. . Glyceria. - Puccinellia. Lolium. 42 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY, Spikelets placed flatwise on therachis .«.:. °° . Bi ‘ . 62. Agropyron. Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis, Spikelets 1-flowered . < 3 ee. Boa 5 5 % . 63. Hordeum. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, : Rachis continuous . i y a . . . 64, Elymus. Rachis readily separating into joints . : aie . 665. Sitanion. | 1. ANDROPOGON L. Berarp Grass or BLUE-sTEM Perennials, usually with long narrow leaves, and terminal and axillary racemes. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one sessile and perfect, the outer with a pedicel and either staminate, empty, or reduced toasingleglume. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 glumes; the outer 2 coriaceous, the second keeled and acute; the two inner hyaline, the fourth more or less awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. Racemes solitary, distinct, 1-3 at each node . ‘ : c eg . 1, A. scoparius, Racemes in pairs or approximate, Awn doom spiral, geniculate. . . . . . . . 2, A, furcatus, Awn straight or sometimes wanting . ¥ : a # i « @ Ae dial, 1. Andropogon scoparius Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 57. 1803. Culms tufted, 6-12 dm. tall: sheaths sometimes glaucous: leaves 15-30 cm. long, scabrous: spikes 25-50 mm. long, loose, distinct, and 1-3 at each node, on long-exserted slender peduncles: rachis slender, flexuous; joints and pedicels ciliate with long spreading hairs: outermost glume of sessile spikelet about 6 mm. long; awn spiral, 10-12 mm. long; pediceled spikelet a single awn-pointed glume.—Dry, | sandy soil; throughout our range : 2. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 919. 1806. Culms stout, 9-18 dm. tall: sheaths smooth and glabrous: leaves 15-45 em. long: spikes 2-5, in pairs or approximate, 5-10 em. long; joints of the rachis and pedicels ciliate with short hairs: outermost glume of sessile spikelet 6-8 mm. long; awn “ of the sterile lemma loosely spiral, geniculate, 10-14 mm. long; pediceled © spikelet of 4 glumes.—Eastern part of our range and eastward. . 8. Andropogon Hallii Hack. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 89: 127. 1884. Culms robust, 9-18 dm. tall, more or less glaucous: sheaths somewhat glaucous: leaves 3 dm. long or less: spikes 2-5, in pairs or approximate, 5-10 em. long: joints of the rachis and pedicels villous with long hairs: outermost glume of sessile spikelet about 8 mm. long, acuminate, glabrous at base, from sparingly to copiously silky-pubescent toward the apex; awn of the sterile lemma straight, 4-10 mm. long, or sometimes wanting; pediceled spikelet consisting of 4 glumes, generally larger than the sessile spikelet ae inclosing three stamens.—Dry, sandy soil of the plains and foothills; along the eastern border of the Rocky Mountain pails ; 2. AMPHILOPHIS Nash Perennials, usually with flat leaves and showy, often silvery-white panicles, the axis short, making the. panicle appear fan-like, or elongated with the branches more scattered. Racemes usually numerous, the internodes with manifestly thickened margins, the median portion thin and translucent ; the pedicels of the same structure, the margins ciliate with long hairs. Sessile spikelets of 4 glumes, the first one 2-keeled, the second 1-keeled, the lemmas hyaline, the latter very narrow, stipe-like, somewhat thickened, gradually merging into a usually geniculate, contorted or spiral awn, or the awn rarely wanting. Pedicellate spikelets staminate and similar to the sessile, or sterile and smaller. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas.plumose. Grain free, in- closed in the lemmas. ; C4 : 1. Amphilophis Torreyanus (Steud.) Nash, Brit. Man. 71. 1901. Culms erect, 4-10 dm. tall, the nodes naked: sheaths more or less glaucous: leaves 7-17 cm. long, glaucous: spikes 25-35 mm. long, in a terminal long-exserted panicle 4-10 em. long; outermost glume of sessile spikelet 3-1 mm. long, about GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 43 equaling the terminal jhairs of the rachis-joints, lanceolate, acute; awn 8-16 mm. long, spiral; pediceled spikelet rudimentary. (Andropogon Torreyanus Steud.) —Kansas and Colorado; extending southward and westward to Ne- vada. 3. SORGHASTRUM Nash Annual or perennial, generally tall grasses, with long narrow flat leaves and terminal panicles. ‘Spikelets in pairs or threes at the end of the branches; one sessile and perfect; the lateral pediceled, empty, or reduced to the pedicel only. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 glumes; the two outer indurated and shining; the inner hyaline, the fourth awned and subtending a palet and per- fect flower, or the palet sometimes wanting. Stamens 8. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Crain free. 1. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, inSmall Fl. 66. 1903. Stout perennials, 9-18 dm. high: lower leaves 3 dm. or more in length: panicle, 1-3 :dm. long, brownish-yellow;. branches 5-10 cm. long, erect-spreading: spikelets erect or somewhat spreading; first glume of sessile spikelet 6-8 mm. long, pubescent with long hairs; second glume glabrous; awn 1-2 cm. long, the column having but a single bend; lateral spikelets wanting. Chrysopogon nutans.—Extend- ing into our range from the eastern United States. 4. SORGHUM Pers. Annual or perennial grasses, with long, broad, flat leaves and terminal, ample panicles. Spikelets in pairs at the nodes, or in threes at the ends of the branches, one sessile and perfect, the lateral pediceled, staminate or empty. Sessile spikelet consisting of 4 glumes, the outer indurated and shining, ob- scurely nerved, inner hyaline, the fourth awned and subtending a small palet and perfect flower, or palet sometimes wanting. Stamens 3. Style distinct. Grain free. 1. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. ‘Syn. 1: 101. 1805. Stout perennial, 9-20 dm. tall: sheaths smooth; leaves 3 dm. or more long, 6-25 mm. wide: panicle 15-45 cm. long: outer glumes of sessile spikelet 4-6 mm. long, usually urplish, pubescent with long appressed hairs; awn when present 8-16 mm. ong. Jounson Grass.—lIntroduced in fields and waste places. 5. HILARIA HB. Biack BuNcH-GRAss Caespitose or decumbent perennials, often.stoloniferous, with flat or: in- volute leaves and terminal solitary spikes. Spikelets sessile, in groups of three at each joint of the zigzag continuous rachis, forming terminal spikes, the several groups falling off entire; the two outer or anterior spikelets staminate and 2-3-flowered, the posterior or inner one pistillate or hermaphrodite, and 1-flowered. Glumes firmer in texture than the lemmas, unequal, many-nerved, more or less connate below, entire at the apex or more often divided, usually unequally 2-lobed with one to several intermediate awns or awn-like divi- sions; lemmas much narrower. Stamens 3. Styles connate below; stigmas shortly plumose. Grain ovate or oblong, included within the lemmas, free. 1, Hilaria Jamesii (Torr.) Benth. Journ./Linn. Soc. 19: 62. 1881. Rather coarse, branching, 3-5 dm. high: spikes erect, often purplish, 5-8 cm. long: spikelets 8-10 mm. long, hairy at base; staminate spikelets 2-flowered, the glumes 5-nerved, the outer glume with an awn from the back longer than the spikelet, the inner unawned.—Mesas and table-lands from southern Wyoming to New Mexico and southern California. 6. PASPALUM L. Perennials, various in habit; with usually flat leaves and 1-flowered spike- lets borne singly or in pairs in 2 rows on I-sided spikes, which are single, in 44 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY ) pairs or panicled. Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the outer surface, con- vex on the inner. Glumes 3, the outer ones membranous, the inner one in- durated and plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free. 1. Paspalum setaceum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 43. 1803. Culms mostly erect, 3-6 dm. tall, slender, smooth: sheaths and leaves generally very pu- bescent; the latter 7-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, erect, acuminate: spikes 4-8 em. long, more or less curved, generally solitary, occasionally 2, on a long- exserted slender peduncle, with usually 1 or 2 additional shorter peduncles from the same upper sheath: spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, in 2 narrow rows, broadly obovate, very obtuse; pikes glumes 3-nerved, glabrous or pubescent, third glume obovate, shining. —Colorado and eastward. 7. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Annuals, with flat leaves and spikelets borne in pairs or sometimes in threes, in secund spikes which are digitate or approximate at the summit of the culm. Spikes often purplish. Glumes of the spikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the suppres- sion of the lowest one; the fourth or innermost glume chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. 1, Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac. Fl. Hautes-Pyr. 77. 1867. Culms 3-8 dm. high, becoming prestate at base and rooting at the lower nodes: lower sheaths densely papillose-hirsute: leaves 4-20 em. long, 4-10 mm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute on both surfaces: racemes 3-10, 5-18 em. long: spikelets 25-30 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, in pairs, the first glume minute, triangular, the second 3-nerved, about one half as long as the spikelet, the third 7-nerved, the fourth yellowish-white, acutely apiculate. Panicum sanguinale. Cras Grass.—Generally introduced in fields and waste grounds. 8. BRACHIARIA Ledeb. Annuals or perennials with flat leaves and a panicle composed of alternate scattered one-sided racemes with the spikelets borne in 2 rows. Spikelets 1-flowered, articulated to the pedicel below the glumes. Glumes 4, the outer 3 membranous, the fourth chartaceous, inclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain free.—Panicum in part. 1. Brachiaria obtusa (H.B.K.) Nash, Brit. Man. 77. 1901. Glabrous stoloniferous perennial, the culms 3-6 dm. high, simple or branching at base: leaves 6-22 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, usually erect, long-acuminate: panicle 5-15 em. long, composed of 3-5 erect racemes 18-37 mm. long: spikelets about 3 mm. long, crowded, oval or obovoid, obtuse, turgid; first glume shorter than the rest, obtuse, 5-nerved; second, third and fourth glumes about equal, the second and third 5-nerved, the fourth chartaceous.—Colorado and southward. 9. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Commonly annuals with broad leaves and a terminal inflorescence consist- ing of one-sided racemes racemosely or paniculately arranged. Spikelets J-flowered, singly disposed, or in smaller racemes or clusters on the ultimate divisions of the inflorescence. _Glumes 4, the outer 3 membranous, hispid on the nerves, the third and usually also the second awned or sometimes merely awn-pointed, the awn often very long; fourth glume indurated, shining, frequently pointed, inclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain free.—Panicum in part. 1. Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Agros. 58. 1812. Annuals, 4-12 dm. high, the culms often branching at base: sheaths smooth and glabrous: leaves GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 45 15-60 em. long, 6-25 mm. wide, smooth or scabrous: panicle composed of 5-15 sessile, erect. or ascending branches, or the lower branches spreading or reflexed: spikelets ovate, green or purple, densely crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis; second and third glumes about 3 mm. long; scabrous or hispid, the second awnless or with a long rigid awn, the third awnless or short awned, the fourth ovate, abruptly pointed. Barnyrarp Grass.—Introduced in fields and waste grounds. 10. PANICUM L. Panic Grass Annuals or perennials, various in habit, with open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, when 2-flowered the lower one staminate. Glumes 4, the 3 lower membranous, empty, or the third with a staminate flower, varying in the same species; the inner or fourth glume chartaceous, shining, inclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower; awns none. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain free, inclosed in the hardened fruit- ing glume and palet. Spikelets acuminate, Annual; spikelets 2-2.5mm.long . . . 5 . . - 1. P. capillare. Perennial; spikelets 4—4.5 mm, long a . is < < . 2 P. virgatum, Spikelets obtuse or barely pointed, Leaves smooth above, scabrous beneath; spikelets about 3mm.long 3. P. Scribnerianum, Leaves more or less pubescent on both surfaces; spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm, long 4, P. scoparium, 1. Panicum capillare L. Sp. Pl. 58. 1753. Culms erect or decumbent, 3-6 dm. tall, simple or sometimes sparingly branched: sheaths papillose- hirsute: leaves 15-30 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide, pubescent: panicles widely spreading, capillary, the terminal one 20~25 cm. long; the lateral panicles, when present, smaller: spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, acuminate; first glume one fourth to one half as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes nearly equal, very acute; the fourth 1.5 mm. long. Wirca Grass.—Dry soil; a weed in cultivated fields. 2. Panicum virgatum L.Sp, Pl. 59. 1753. Stout, erect, glabrous, perennial, 9-15 dm. high, usually forming large tufts, with strong creeping rootstocks: leaves elongated, 3 dm. long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, flat, long-acuminate, narrowed toward the base, glabrous, rough on the margins: panicle 15-50 cm. long, the lower branches 10-25 cm. long, more or less widely spreading or sometimes nearly erect: spikelets ovate, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm. long; first glume acuminate, about one half as long as the spikelet, 3-5-nerved; second glume generally longer than the others, 5-7-nerved; the third similar and usually subtending a palet and staminate flower. Swircu Grass.—Sandy river bottoms; extending into our range from the eastern United States. 3. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 22: 421. 1895. Perennial, 2-4 or more dm. high: culms erect, finally branching, sparingly pubescent: sheaths usually papillose-pilose: leaves more or less spreading, flat, smooth above, scabrous beneath, 5-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide: panicles small, ovoid, 3-7 em. long: spikelets turgid, obovoid,.obtusish, about 3 mm. long, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous.—Throughout our range. 4. Panicum scoparium Lam. Encyel. 4: 744. 1797. Perennial, 1-4 or more dm. high: culms erect or ascending and finally more or less branched, usually densely pubescent with spreading hairs as also the sheaths, the nodes bearded and with a glabrous ring immediately below: leaves more or less softly pubes- cent on both surfaces and often somewhat villous, scabrous on the margins, -15 em. long, 5-10 mm. wide: panicles ovoid or subpyramidal, 4—7 em. long: pikelets ovate, subacute, 1.5-2, rarely 2.5 mm. long, pubescent.—Throughout mur range. 11. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Annuals or perennials with erect culms, few leaves, and bristly spike-like panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, or rarely with a second staminate flower, the 46 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) basal bristles single or in clusters below the articulation of the rachilla, and therefore persistent. Glumes of the spikelet 4, the other three membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower; inner or fourth chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated; stigmas plumose. Grain free, ‘in- closed in the lemmas.—Setarva. : Annual; panicle dense. ‘ mi ‘ w ¥ * i ‘ . 1. C, viridis, | Perennial; panicle more or less interrupted . < . z 2 . 2, C. composita, 1. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Serjbn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. Erect glabrous caespitose annuals, 2-9 dm. high: leaves 7-25 em. long, 4-12 mm. wide: spikes compound, 3-10 em. long: spikelets about 3 mm. long, elliptic, much shorter than the green or sometimes yellowish bristles; first glume less than one half as long as the spikelet, 1-3-nerved; second and third glumes obtuse, 5-nerved; fourth glume equaling or slightly exceeding the ieee) Green Foxratt.—Introduced into cultivated. grounds and waste places. — 2. Chaetochloa composita (H.B.K.) Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. Pale glaucous caespitose perennial, 3-10 dm. high, much branched from the base: culms scabrous and often pubescent, rarely. glabrous, the nodes bearded with a ring of silky appressed hairs: leaves 10-25 cm, long, 2-5 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides or sometimes nearly glabrous: spikes usually more or less interrupted, 5-16 cm. long: spikelets 2 or rarely 3 mm. long, narrowly ovate, acute, much shorter than the single or rarely paired, green, flexuous bristles; first glume one half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved; second and third glumes acute or apiculate, 5-nerved; fourth glume slightly exceeding the second. Setaria setosa caudata.—Southwestern Colorado. 12. CENCHRUS L. Sanp Bur Annuals or perennials, usually with flat leaves. Spikelets 1-4 together, in terminal spikes or racemes, subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with them at maturity. Glumes 4; the first hyaline; the second and. third membranous, the latter sometimes having a palet and staminate flower.in its: axil; the fourth chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar structure which: incloses a perfect flower. Stamens3. Styles united below; stigmas plumose. Grain free, inclosed in the lemmas. 1. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sp. Pl. 1050. 1753. Culms erect or decumbent from an annual root, 2-5 or more dm. high: sheaths usually loose, com- pressed, smooth: leaves 6-12 cm. long: spikes 2-6 cm. long, sometimes ‘par- tially included in the upper sheath: involucres crowded on the scabrous rachis, 2-flowered, globose, pubescent except at the base, forming spiny burs, the spines stout: spikelets about 6 mm. long.—Sandy fields and waste grounds; extending into our range from the eastern and ‘southern United States. ! 13. HOMALOCENCHRUS Miog. Marsh grasses with flat, narrow, generally rough leaves and paniculate in- florescence. Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, strongly flattened laterally, and usually more or less imbricated. Glumes 2, chartaceous, the outer one broad and strongly conduplicate, the inner much narrower. Stamens 1-6. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. a 1. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Hist. Pl. Palat. 1: 52.: 1776. Rather stout rough much-branched perennial, 3-12 dm. high: leaves 7-25 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide: terminal panicle 12-22 em. long, finally long-exserted, its branches lax, and later widely spreading; lateral panicle generally included: spikelets 4-5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, elliptic; glumes pubescent, the outer one hispid on the keel and on the margins: stamens 3. Rice Cut-GRass.—™ In swamps and along streams in the eastern part of our range; rare. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 47 14, PHALARIS L., Canary Grass Annuals or perennials with flat leaves, inflorescence spike-like, capitate, or @ narrow panicle. Spikelets crowded, 1-flowered. Glumes 5; the first and second about equal in length, strongly compressed laterally, usually wing- keeled; third and fourth glumes much smaller or reduced to mere rudiments; fifth glume subtending a palet similar to itself and a perfect flower. Sta- mens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, smooth, in- closed in the indurated glume. Outer glumes not winged; inflorescence a narrow panicle . - . 1. P. arundinacea, Outer glumes broadly winged; inflorescence a spike-like panicle , . 2.-P, caroliniana, 1. Phalaris arundinacea L. Sp. Pl. 55. 1753. Stout erect glabrous peren- nial, 6-15 dm. high: leaves 8-25 em. long, 6-16 mm. wide: panicle 7-20 em. long, dense and contracted: spikelets 5-6 mm. long; outer glumes 3-nerved; third and fourth glumes less than one half as long as the fifth; fifth glume about three fourths as long as the spikelet, pubescent with long appressed silky hairs. Resp Canary Grass.—Throughout our range. 2. Phalaris caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car. 74. 1788. . Comparatively slender annual, 3-10 dm. high: leaves rather short, 5-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide: spike-like panicle oblong, densely flowered, 2-10 cm. long: spikelets 5 mm. long; third and fourth glumes less than one half as long:as the fifth; fifth glume about two thirds as long as the spikelets, acuminate, pubescent with long appressed hairs.—Infrequent in our range. : 15. HIEROCHLOE Gmel. Houy Grass. VANILLA GRASS Aromatic perennials with flat leaves and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate. Glumes 5; the first and second nearly equal, acute, glabrous; the third and fourth somewhat shorter, obtuse, entire, emarginate, 2-toothed or 2-lobed, with or without an awn, inclosing a palet and perfect flower. Stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect, 2. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain free, inclosed in the glumes.—(Savastana Schrank.) 1. Hierochloe odorata (L.) R. & S. Syst. 2: 513. 1817. Slender sweet- scented stoloniferous perennial, 3-6 dm. high: lower leaves elongated, 1-2 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; the upper ones 1—5 em. long: panicle brownish, open, 4— 10 em. long, the branches in pairs: spikelets yellowish-brown and purple, 4-6 mm. long; first and second glumes acute; third and fourth villous and strongl ciliate, awn-pointed. Hierochloe borealis—Throughout our range. 16. ARISTIDA L. THren-AwNeED Grass Tufted annuals or perennials with narrow, often involute-setaceous leaves. Spikelets narrow, 1-flowered, in terminal more or less expanded panicles. Glumes narrow, carinate; lemma rigid and convolute, bearing three awns oc- casionally united at the base, the lateral awns rarely wanting or reduced to rudiments; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain free, tightly inclosed in the lemma. First and second glumes subequal . ‘ 5 & A 3 < . 1. A. oligantha. First glume about one half as long asthe second, é . ie . 2, A, longiseta, 1. Aristida oligantha Michx. Fl. Bor, Am. 1: 41. 1803. Tufted annual, 2-4 dm. high, with slender dichotomously branched culms and loose sheaths: leaves smooth, 2-15 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide: spikelets few, in a lax spike-like raceme or panicle; first glume 5-nerved, occasionally 7-nerved at base, equal- ing or somewhat shorter than the second, which bears an awn 4~8 mm. long; lemma shorter than the first glume; awns divergent or spreading, middle on 4-6 cm. long, lateral ones somewhat shorter.—Infrequent; Colorado. = 48 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 2. Aristida longiseta Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 420. 1855. Densely tufted glabrous perennial, 1-4 dm. high, with numerous involute basal leaves, and erect simple culms: panicles few-flowered, 1-2 dm. long, its branches solitary or 2 or 3 at the lower nodes, each bearing 1-3 spikelets (usually 1): spikelets 20-25 mm. long; empty glumes unequal, acute or with a mucronate tip 1 mm. long; the first shorter than the lemmas and about one half the length of the second; the second much exceeding the lemma; setae nearly equal, about 7 cm. long.—Sandy soil; throughout our range. 2a. Aristida longiseta robusta Merrill, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Cir. 34. 5. 1901. Stout, 3-4 dm. high, with more rigid inflorescence and usually longer leaves than in the species: glumes prominently cleft at apex, bearing in the cleft a scabrous awn about 2 mm. long.—Same range. 2b. Aristida longiseta Fendleriana (Steud.) Merrill, 1.c. Two to four dm. high: basal leaves numerous: panicle strict: glumes generally cleft at the apex and bearing a short awn; second glume equaling or slightly exceeding the pane setae subequal, 2-3 cm. long.—Eastern Wyoming, Colorado, and southward. 17. STIPA L. FrarHer Grass Tufted perennials, the leaves usually convolute, rarely flat, the inflorescence paniculate. Spikelet 1-flowered, narrow. Glumes narrow, acute or acuminate, obtuse or awned; lemma rigid, convolute, with a hairy callus at base, and bearing a more or less bent awn, which is spiral at the base and articulated to the glume; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Styles short, dis- tinct; stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, tightly inclosed in the lemma. Awn less than 5 em. long. Panicle loose. Awn scabrous 3 rl é ‘ . . . . « 1. 8. Richardsonii, Awn plumose : . . . « . « 2, 8. mongolica, Panicle contracted and spike-like. Awn plumose, the hairs over 1 mm, long. Glumes 16-18 mm. long 5 . . . . . . Glumes 10-12 mm, long ‘ ‘ 5 s 5 S Awn not plumose, ye econ, if any, less than 1 mm. long. Lemma with a distinct crown of hairs at apex. Glumes 10-14 mm. long a : e Glumes 7-10 mm, lone . at ga : . 5 . Lemma not crowned with a tuft of hairs or the crown, if any, indistinct. Sheaths pubescent . ‘ 5 # : 5 < - 8. S. Williamsii. Sheaths smooth. 3 Very tall, 89-18 dm. high. é . 10. S. Vaseyi, a . - 9. 8. Nelsonii. 8. speciosa. . S- occidentalis, oe 4. S. Scribneri. 5. 8. Lettermanii, Less than 10 dm. or rarely 12 dm. high. Awn 35-40 mm. long F . E Awn less than 35 mm, long. Margins of sheaths pilose : ~ . ° - 11. S. viridula. Margins of sheaths not pilose . © . - 7. S. columbiana, Awn 5 cm. or more in length. Awn plumose . A ‘ : . . . 5 . - 12. S. neo-mexicana, Awn not plumose. Glumes 24-36 mm. long “i ‘ 7 a ‘ z A . S. spartea, 13 Glumes 18-24 mm. long ‘ . . . . a 14, S. comata. 1. Stipa Richardsonii Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 245. 1833. Erect, slender, 6-9 dm. high: leaves long and narrow, involute: panicle loose and open, more or less nodding, 7-12 cm. long, with very slender, few-flowered branches: spikelets 8-9 mm. long, broadly lanceolate, acute; glumes unequal, the lower about 9 mm. long, the upper one fourth shorter, both 3-nerved; lemma 6 mm. long, sparsely hairy, brown; awn slender, scabrous, 12-20 mm. long.—Through- out our range and northward. . 2. Stipa mongolica Turez. in Trin. Gram. Suppl. 42. 1836. Slender, densely tufted, about 3 dm. high, with short, setaceous leaves and loosely few-flowered purplish panicles 7-10 em. long: glumes 5 mm. long, equal, ob- tuse, smooth, subhyaline; lemma about 4 mm. long, thinly hairy below and at the 2-toothed apex; callus short, obtuse; awn 12-16 mm. long, geniculate and twisted below, long-plumose-hairy.—Mountains of Colorado. : GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 49 3. Stipa speciosa Trin. & Rupr. Agrostidea 3: 45. 1842. Erect and rather stout, densely tufted, 3-6 dm. high, with long narrow radical leaves, and erect contracted panicle 12-16 cm. long: glumes 16-18 mm. long, nearly equal, acuminate, hyaline, the first 3-, the second 5-7-nerved; lemma silky-pubescent, 10-12 mm. long; callus short, curved; awn 3-4 cm. long, geniculate below the middle, the twisted portion plumose with white silky hairs 3-6 mm. long.— Extending into Colorado from the southwest. 4. Stipa Scribneri Vasey, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 11: 125. 1884. Stout, erect and smooth, 4-8 dm. high, with rather long, narrow, involute-pointed culm leaves, and contracted panicles 12-16 em. long: uppermost culm-leaf almost equaling the panicle: glumes unequal; the first 12-14 mm. long; the second’ about 10 mm. long, both 3-nerved, acuminate; lemma 6-10 mm. long and crowned with a tuft of rather long hairs; awn once or twice bent, twisted in the lower half, 16-18 mm. long.—Southern Colorado and New Mexico. 5. Stipa Lettermanii Vasey, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 13: 53. 1886. Slender and glabrous, with wiry culms 2-6 dm. high, filiform leaves, and slender, few-” flowered, interrupted, shortly exserted panicles 5-15 cm. long: glumes narrow, more or less hyaline, equal or nearly so, smooth or very minutely scabrous on the back, 7-9 or rarely 10 mm. long; lemma 4~5 mm. long, pilose, the hairs spreading and forming a more or less distinct crown at apex; the callus acute.— In dry soil throughout our range. ; : 6. Stipa occidentalis Thurb. in Bot. King’s Exp. 380. 1871. Slender, erect and tufted, 3-8 dm. high, with narrow setaceously pointed leaves and erect, contracted panicles 8-16 cm. long: glumes about equal, thin-membranous and carinate’‘above, 10-12 mm. long; lemma clothed with a thin, short pubescence, 5-6 mm. long; awn twice bent, twisted to the second bend, pubescent or sub- plumose on the lower half, the upper half minutely scabrous, 25-35 mm. long. —Extending into Wyoming from the far west. ; 7. Stipa columbiana Macoun, Cat. Can: Pl. Part IV.191. 1888. Erect'and slender or rather stout, 4-9 dm. high, glabrous or the culms minutely pubescent below the nodes, with long narrow leaves and usually purplish panicles 15-20 cm. long: glumes somewhat unequal, 7-9 mm. long, usually more or less purplish; lemma 4-5 mm. long, thinly pilose; the callus short and acute; awn usually twice bent, twisted to the second bend, minutely scabrous, 15— 25 mm. long. [S. minor (Vasey) Scribn.}—Common in the mountains through-. out our range. ; bo 8. Stipa Williamsii Scribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bull. 11: 45. 1898. Erect and rather stout, 7-9 dm. high, with long-flat leaves and strict panicles 10-22 em. long: culms pubescent at least near the nodes: sheaths softly pubes- cent, at least the lower ones: glumes nearly equal, about 9 mm. long, smooth or very minutely scabrous; lemma about 6 mm. long, clothed with appressed hairs, the callus sharply pointed; awn usually twice bent, twisted to the second bend, minutely scabrous, 2-3 em. long.—Infrequent; Wyoming, Montana, and eastern Idaho. - re ; 9. Stipa Nelsonii Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bull. 11: 46.1898. Rather stout, glabrous, 6-9 dm. high, with long, narrow leaves: panicles strict, 10-25 em. long; pale and of a silvery and comose appearance: glumes narrow, thin and hyaline excepting the nerves which are quite prominent, smooth or minutely scabrous on back, the first about 10 mm. long, the second a little shorter; lemma 6-7 mm. long, clothed with soft, silky hairs; the callus rather acute; awn usually twice bent, twisted to second bend, scabrous, 35-40 mm. long.—Throughout ourrange. | . : 10. Stipa Vaseyi Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bull. 11: 46. 1898. Stout, erect, 8-18 dm. high, with long flat leaves and erect, densely flowered panicles 20-45 em. long: sheaths usually pilose at the throat and often sparsely: so on the margins: glumes nearly equal, about 10 mm. long, firm in texture, minutely but distinctly scabrous on the back; lemma pubescent, 6-7 mm. long; the callus acute; awn scabrous, usually twice bent, twisted to the second bend, 25-35 mm. long.—Colorado and southward. 11. Stipa viridula Trin. Gram. Suppl. 39. 1836. Erect and rather stout, 50 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 6-12 dm. high, with involute pointed leaves, and narrow greenish contracted panicles 10-15 em. long: sheaths pilose about the throat and on the margins; glumes equal, with prominent green nerves, smooth or nearly so, subulate- pointed, 8-9 mm. long; lemma pubescent, about 4 mm. long; the callus blunt or subacute; awn usually twice bent, twisted to the second bend, minutely scabrous, 25-30 mm. long.—At the lower altitudes throughout our range. 12. Stipa neo-mexicana (Thurb.) Scribn. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bull: 17: 132. 1899. -Erect, rather stout and densely tufted, 3-9 dm. high, with in- volute leaves, and narrow racemose panicles 8-10 cm. long: glumes nearly equal, long-setaceous-pointed, 5-7-nerved, 3-4 em. long; lemma 10-14 mm. long, clothed with a close appressed pubescence; awn 8-12.cm. long, plumose- hairy excepting near the base-—Extending into Colorado from the south. 13. Stipa spartea Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 1: 82. 1831. Stout and erect, with simple culms 6-10 dm. high, long narrow leaves and con- tracted few-flowered panicles 10-20 cm. long: glumes subulate-pointed, slightly unequal, 24-36 mm. long; lemma 16-20 mm. long, including the barbed and very sharp-pointed callus, sparsely pubescent below and crowned with a few short hairs; awn stout, twisted and pubescent below, twice bent near the middle, 8-17 em.long. Porcupine Grass.—Extending into our range from the northeast. 14. Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Agros. 3: 75. 1842. Rather stout, erect, tufted, 3-9 dm. high, with mostly involute leaves and loosely-flowered panicles 16-24 em. long: sheaths loose, the uppermost inflated and inclosing the base of the panicle; ligule conspicuous, acute, 4-6 mm. long: glumes nearly equal, long-attenuate-pointed, 18-24 mm. long; lemma 8-15 mm. long, including the long, sharp callus, thinly pubescent; awn obscurely twice bent below, vari- ously curled and twisted or only slightly flexuous above, sparsely pubescent below, 10-15 em. long (S. Tweedyi Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bull. 11: 47. 1898). NeEpLE Grass.—New Mexico to British Columbia. 18. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Ricrt Grass Usually tufted, the leaves flat or convolute and the inflorescence paniculate. Spikelets 1-flowered, broad. Glumes about equal, obtuse or acuminate; lemma shorter or a little jonger than the glumes, broad, bearing a terminal awn which is early deciduous, the callus at base of the lemma short and obtuse, oramere scar. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free, tightly inclosed in the convolute lemma. Leaves 1—-2.5 mm, wide. Awn lessthan2mm.long . . . . . é « 1. O. juncea, Awn more than 2 mm, long. Panicle narrow. 7 © © © 6 » « 2, QO, exigua. Panicle open | . . 4 ° * . * eS é . 3. O. micrantha, Leaves 4-8 mm, wide . . * * * " ‘ . 4, O. asperifolia. 1, Oryzopsis juncea (Michx.) B.S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888. Erect, glabrous, slender, tufted, 15-60 cm. high, with erect involute leaves and nar- row panicles 2-5 em. long: sheaths crowded below; leaves filiform, smooth or scabrous: spikelets 3-4 mm, long: glumes about equal, glabrous, whitish; lemma pubescent with short appressed silky hairs; awn 2.mm. long or less.—. Colorado and northward and eastward. ; : 2. Oryzopsis exigua Thurb. in Wilkes U.8., Explor. Exped. 17: 481. 1874. Slender, densely tufted, 15-40 cm. high, with filiform leaves, and narrow simple few-flowered panicles 2-6 cm. long: spikelets 4-5 mm. long, on short appressed branches: glumes nearly equal, abruptly mucronate-pointed; lemma thinly pubescent; awn about 4 mm. long, twisted below, curved or geniculated when mature.—In the mountains; Wyoming and northwestward. 3.. Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. & Rupr.). Thurb. in Gray, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863: 78. Erect and slender, 3-7 dm. high, with narrow scabrous leaves, and small-flowered spikelets in open panicles 8-16 cm. long: spikelets; 20-25 mm. long, much crowded at the ends of the branches of the panicles: GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 51 glumes broadly ovate, acute, nearly equal, smooth or scabrous on the keel; lemma acuminate, the strongly scabrous midrib excurrent in a short point; awn slender, 6 mm. long.—Throughout our range. 4. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. I'l. Bor. Am. 1: 51.1803. Erect and slender, with smooth or scabrous culms 25-50 cm. long, long rough flat evergreen leaves, and narrow simple few-flowered panicles 6-10 cm. long: sheaths crowded at the base; leaves 4-8 mm. wide: spikelets 6-8 mm. long: glumes glabrous, green, the margins whitish; lemma whitish, sparingly pubescent; awn slightly twisted, 10-12 mm. long.—Colorado and northward. 19. ERIOCOMA Nutt. Densely tufted perennials with rigid culms, and contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes membranous, broad; lemma firm, becoming hard in fruit, broadly oval to elliptic, densely pubescent with silky hairs and bearing a terminal readily deciduous awn; the callus at the base short and ob- nee Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain free, inclosed in the lemma. > Panicle diffuse, the divisions filiform, flexuous and widely spreading . 1, E, cuspidata, Panicle more or less open, the branches erect or ascending . 7 . 2, EB, caduca, 1. Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Gen. 1: 40. 1818. Culms 3-6 dm. high: leavés narrow, involute, smooth or somewhat scabrous: panicle dichotomously branched, diffuse, 12-15 cm. long: spikelets 6-8 mm. long, on filiform and flexuous pedicels: glumes pubescent, 3—-5-nerved, broad and ventricose below, attenuate-pointed; lemma about one half as long as the glumes, broadly oval, densely pubescent with long silky erect hairs about one and a half times its own length; awn 4-6 mm. long, readily falling off. Inp1an MitLet.—Through- out our range. 2. Eriocoma caduca (Scribn.) Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 25. 1900. Culms 3-5 dm. high: leaves narrow, smooth or somewhat scabrous: panicle more or less open; the branches erect or ascending, 5-15 em. long: spikelets 5-6 mm. long: glumes scabrous or attenuate-pointed, 3-nerved; lemma about one half the length of the glumes, elliptic, densely clothed with silky hairs of less than its own length; awn 7-9 mm. long, readily falling off.—Infrequent; northern Colorado and northward to Montana. 20. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Drop-srrp. Harr Grass ‘Perennials (rarely annuals) of greatly varying habit,-with flat or involute leaves, small spikelets, and narrow or open panicles. Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets 1-flowered, very rarely 2-flowered. Glumes 2, membranous or hyaline, acute and sometimes awned; lemma 3-5-nerved, subtending a palet and perfect flower and rarely an empty lemma, obtuse, acute, or very often produced into a capillary awn; callus minute; palet 2-keeled. Stamens often 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain narrow, free, tightly inclosed in the lemma. Panicle contracted, spike-like, the short branches rarely spreading. Without scaly rootstocks. . Awn x20 ee long ee ¥ . . . * # * 1. M. gracilis. Awn less than 2 mm, long. Panicles 2-5 cm. long; second glume 3-nerved . Z fs . 2, M. filiculmis, Panicle 5-9 em. long; second glume 1l-nerved . ie 3. M. Wrightii. With scaly rootstocks, Culms more or less branched . ‘ . P ‘ ‘ . . 4, M, racemosa, Culms simple s : ‘ hey fe ‘ < ‘ . 5. M. comata, Panicle open, its branches long afd spreading. we Secondary branches of the panicle single; awn 2-4 mm. long . 6. M. gracillima. Secondary branches of the panicle fascicled; awn 1-2 mm, long 7. M. pungens. 1. Muhlenbergia gracilis Trin. Unifl. 193. 1824. Slender but rather rigid, densely caespitose, 15-60 cm. high, with narrow involute leaves and con- 52 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) tracted panicles 8-15 cm. long: leaves scabrous, 6-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide spikelets sessile or pedicellate, 3-4 mm. long: glumes nearly equal in length; the first about one half as long as the lemma, 1-nerved, acute or erose at apex; the second a little longer than the first, 3-nerved and 3-toothed, rarely entire at apex; lemma pubescent or scabrous on the back, ciliate on the mar- gins; awn flexuous, 8-20 mm. long.—Colorado and southward. la. Muhlenbergia gracilis breviaristata Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb, 3: 67. 1892. Slender, 15-30 cm. high: panicle about 5 em. long: awn 2-4 mm. long.—Wyoming and southward. 2. Muhlenbergia filiculmis Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 267. 1893. Low and tufted, with scape-like culms 15-35 cm. high, short setaceous radical leaves, and narrow spike-like panicles 2-5 cm. long: first glume 1-nerved, 1 mm. long; the second 3-nerved, 3-toothed, 5 mm. long; lemma ciliate on the margin of the lower half, 3-nerved, 2.5 mm. long, shading into an awn about 1 mm. long.—Colorado. 3. Muhlenbergia Wrightii Vasey, Coult. Man. Rocky Mt. Bot. 409. 1885. Erect or decumbent, 30-75 cm. high, with keeled sheaths and densely flowered, cylindrical, spike-like panicles 5-9 cm. long: leaves rigid, 8-12 em. long, the tips filiform: spikelets often 2-flowered: glumes subequal, 1-nerved, about 2 mm. long, thin at base, ovate, awn-pointed; lemma a little thicker and longer, very short-pubescent, 3-nerved, ovate, acute, tipped with a very short stiff awn.—Colorado and southwestward. . 4. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) B. 8. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888. Rather stout and upright, 6-9 dm. high, with very tough and densely scaly rootstocks, simple or more’ or less branched culms, and densely-flowered nar- row panicles 5-10 cm. long: leaves 5-12 em. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous: spikelets much crowded: glumes of the spikelet acuminate, 4-6 mm. long, in- cluding the awn, smooth or scabrous (especially on the keel); lemma one half to two thirds as long, acuminate, the strongly scabrous midrib excurrent in a short point.—Throughout our range. 5. Muhlenbergia comata (Thurb.) Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 19: 82. 1881. Either stout or slender, upright, 3-9 dm. high, with flat leaves and densely flowered, more or less lobed or interrupted panicles 8-10 em. long: leaves 6-12 em. long, 24 mm. wide, erect, rough: glumes of the spikelet equal, or the second a little longer, smooth, scabrous on the keel; lemma shorter, smooth and glabrous, bearing an awn 2-3 times its length, the basal hairs silky, erect, fully as long as the scale-—Throughout our range and far westward. 6. Muhlenbergia gracillima Torr. Pac. R. R. Rept. 45: 155. 1857. Densely tufted, with slender culms 2-4 dm. high, numerous involute basal leaves and open capillary panicles 10-20 cm. long: leaves 3-5 cm. long, smooth or somewhat scabrous, secondary branches of the panicle fascicled: spikelets about as long as the filiform pedicels, which are clavate-thickened at the apex: glumes unequal, usually awn-pointed or short-awned, slightly scabrous; lemma 2.5-3 mm. long, longer than the glumes, sometimes twice as long, scabrous; awn 2-4 mm. long.—Colorado and southward. 7. Muhlenbergia pungens Thurb. in Gray, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863: 78. Culms 2-4 dm. high, from creeping rootstocks, erect from a decum- bent branching base, rigid, minutely pubescent: leaves 3-5 em. long, involute- setaceous, rigid, scabrous: panicle open, 7-15 cm. long, the primary branches solitary, much divided from near the base, the divisions apparently fascicled: spikelets on long pedicels which are clavate-thickened at the apex: glurnes when mature equaling or often shorter than the body of the lemma, scabrous, especially on the keel; lemma, when mature, 1.5-2 mm. long, scabrous; the awn shorter than its body.—Infrequent in our range; south to Texas and Arizona. . 21. LYCURUS H.B.K. Texan Tirmoruy Caespitose erect. or ascending perennials with narrow or often convolute leaves and cylindrical, usually densely flowered, spike-like terminal panicles, Spikelets 1-flowered, usually in pairs. Glumes 2, 3-nerved, the nerves often GRAMINEAB (GRASS FAMILY) 53 produced into awns; lemma 3-nerved, awned, broader and longer than the glumes; palet a little smaller and more slender, 2-nerved, 2-keeled, very shortly 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain in- cluded within the lemma, free. 1. Lycurus phleoides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl. 1: 142, t. 45. 1815. Slender, wiry, 20-45 cm. high, much branched and often geniculate at the base, with narrow, long-pointed leaves and cylindrical spike-like panicles 3-6 cm. long: spikelets 4 mm. long, with awned glumes; the first glume often terminating in two unequal awns; the lemma terminating in an awn as long as its body.—Colorado to Texas and westward. 22. PHLEUM L. Timoruy Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes membranous, compressed, keeled, the apex obliquely truncate, the midnerve produced into an awn; the lemma much shorter, broader, hyaline, truncate, denticulate at the summit; palet narrow, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, somewhat elongated; stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free, inclosed in the lemma and palet. Spikes usually elongated; upper sheath not inflated .