FLORA

OF

WINNESHIEK COUNTY

BY B, SHIMEK

FROM ilUwaA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY, VOL. XVI.

ANNUAL REPORT, 1905 yy 147-211.

DES MOINES
1906

ALBERT R. MANN
LIBRARY

New YorK STATE COLLEGES
OF
AGRICULTURE AND HomE ECONOMICS

AT

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

ak 160.863" University Library

WMA
3 1924 001 280 5

22 mann

Cornell University

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001280522

THE PLANTS OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY. 147

”

THE PLANIS OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

;
BY B. SHIMEK.

Winneshiek county presents a flora of unusual richness. Both
because of its geographic position and its varied surface features
it offers conditions which have made possible the development
of a variety of plants scarcely equalled in any other county of
the state. Its northerly position and its rough topography,
especially along the Upper Iowa or Oneota river have brought
a northerly flora, such as belongs to the heavily wooded regions
of Minnesota and Wisconsin; its wooded knobs and ridges along
the Turkey and the head waters of the Yellow rivers remind one
of the rough wooded areas of southern Iowa; while the prairies
are but a continuation of the greater prairies of the west. Each
of these territories presents a variety of conditions. The
roughest includes the driftless area and the drift border, with
their deep gorges with narrow alluvial bottoms, their exposures
of both sandstones and limestones, their shaded mossy banks
and wooded slopes with not infrequent small bogs, and their
drier wooded ridges with occasional treeless barren summits ; the
more southerly timbered ridges present somewhat similar con-
ditions, but without the prominent rock-exposures, and with
floral areas less sharply defined than those which characterize a
region cut by deep gorges; and the treeless areas include both
the rich level prairie and the prairie bogs of the Iowan drift, and
the more rolling and drier prairie of the Kansan. The soils are
derived chiefly from loess and drift (which are discussed. else-
where in this report), and therefore vary comparatively little in
chemical ‘composition. Occasionally coarser, sandy material
appears on tke ridges, but on the whole a finer soil prevails,

314288

148 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK’ COUNTY,

,

its fertility, however, varying with topography and plant-cover-
ing, and with the consequent possibility of retaining the humus-
laden surface soil. Alluvial tracts are not, for the most part,
of great extent in the county, being limited by the narrow
valleys. In the rougher parts sandy and rocky tracts are
frequent.

The investigations upon which this report is chiefly based
were carried on largely during the spring, summer and fall of
1903. Every township in the county was visited, and certain
typical localities were more thoroughly studied. Thus Moneek
and Ft. Atkinson were selected for the study of the flora of the
rougher territory of the two principal river systems in the
southern part of the county; the vicinity of Calmar for the
southerly prairie, and Orleans township and Bluffton for that
in the western part of the county; for the rougher wooded region
the entire gorge of the Oneota was traversed a number of times
across the county, Decorah, Bluffton and Kendallville being the
main centers of investigation, while the hilly country bordering
Canoe creek and Bear creek received some attention; and the
vicinity of Hesper, with its woods and prairies, and unique
exposures of St. Peter sandstone proved the richest and most
interesting single locality in the county.

The flora of this county had received some previous attention.
Arthur’s ‘‘Flora of Iowa’’* contains numerous references to
plants from this county, which are based, at least in large part,
on material furnished by Mrs. M. C. Carter of Hesper, and Mr.
K. W. D. Holway, formerly of Decorah; individual references
are also made to Winneshiek county plants by a number of other
authors who did not secure the material themselves, but received
it from others—chiefly from Mrs. Carter, and Messrs. E. W. D.
Holway, Herbert E. Goddard, Thos. E. Savage, Alois Kovarik,
and EK. Orr.+

*Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, J. C. Arthur, 1876, with continuation, Nos II
VI in the Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, Vols. III and IV
{Such are the following: Ae ae
Cerastium arvense var. oblongifoli i : i i
To e ‘Bot Cin, Vor SEV, vi ifo umn, var., Hollick and Britton, Bull. .
otes on the uatic —R. I. 7 5 . Hi
State Univ ot pe aauati ai epeeama of Iowa,—R. I. Cratty, Bull Lab. Nat. Hist.,
An illustrated Flora, etc,, Britton and Brown. 8 Vols. , 1896-1898.
Vol he Uyperaces of Towa, R.1. Cratty, Bull. Lab. Nat Hist , State Univ. of Towa,
The lowa Pteridophyta, B. Shimek. ibid., Vol. V,, 1901 i Pgh a
ryptogams of Iowa, — . Ta. - Bei. %
Ix, 02 also reprint, as Cont. No, 20, Bot. Dap, Ta. B. Col. of A. and MA a ‘Bos Wal
otany of the No. U. 8.,— Asa Gray, several e DB.
Manual of the Flora of the U. S.,—N. L. Britten, ist ed., 1901, : and ed., 1905,

THE PLANTS OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY. 149

Aside from the resident students of botany the most extensive
collectors have been the following:

Mr. T. J. Fitzpatrick, who made a trip down the Upper Iowa
in company with Dr. Paul Bartsch in the summer of 1895. He
has published, in part jointly with Mrs. Fitzpatrick, a number
of reports on the plants collected,* including, however, a large
number of plants obtained from other collectors.

Prof. Thos. E. Savage, who visited the county in the spring
of 1899. A small part of his collection was noted in some of the
references cited, but the greater part is here reported for the
first time.

The present writer, who made a number of trips to the county
in 1902 and 1903. His collections and those of Prof. Savage are
now in the Herbarium of the State University. They include
a large number of lower cryptogams, especially fungi, lichens
and mosses, a report upon which cannot be here ineluded.
Two short reports treating of the plants of the county have been
published by the writer,* and in the present paper it is purposed
to report upon all the plants obtained in the field, and also to
include such as have been definitely reported from the county by
others.

All the papers treating of Winneshiek county plants which
have been heretofore published, have been little more than mere
annotated lists. Very little attention has been paid to the eco-
nomic value of the native plants, though this is often note-
worthy, and the public has treated them rather as an undesirable
encumbrance which must be removed as soon as possible to make
way for the plants of the field and pasture. Aside from the use
which we may make of individual plants or their products, the
native flora has a vastly more important function whose influ-
ence extends far beyond the limits of any particular tract of
land upon which it is developed, especially in a territory with a
much broken surface such as is found in this county. It develops
a better soil, conserves moisture, and prevents erosion and the

*Notes on the Flora of Northeastern Iowa,—Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci. «» Vol. V, 1898.
Manual of the Flowering Plants of Iowa, 1899. :

The Orchidaceze of lowa,—Proc. Ia. Acad Sci., Vol. VII, 1900.

The Scrophulariacez of Ilowa,—Proc. Ia Acad. Sci., Vol. X, 1903.

Hi ae Ploragh of the St. eter Sandstone in Winneshiek County, Iowa, Bull. Lab. Nat.
is ¥
. Notes on Some: Towa Plants, —Proc. Dav. Acad Sci., Vol. X, 1904.

‘150 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

consequent clogging of our streams with sand and mud. It is
superior to any aggregation of cultivated or pasture plants for
the reason that it is not removed to leave the soil bare during a
large part of the year, as is the case with cultivated crops, and
it is not eaten or tramped upon by cattle as in the | case of
pastures. Moreover, through long adjustment. to existing con-
ditions the native plants are perfectly adapted to the various
surfaces upon which they occur, and they have become more
pliant under the varying moods of our uncertain climate. They
are, therefore, more certain of persisting, and thus ‘continuing
their benificent influence. In a rough country the dangers from
erosion and desiccation are great, not only to the land itself, but
to the streams and water-courses. The steeper slopes should
never be cleared of their covering of native vegetation, either by
cultivation or by pasturing, for not only will they not be profit-
able, but they will be a menace to better lands and to valuable
springs and streams.

But aside from these uses to which all our native plants lend
themselves more or less readily, many of them more directly, and
therefore more appreciably, affect the interests of man. Among
the questions to which this usefulness of plants gives rise may
be mentioned the problems of the forests, weeds, ornamental
plants, medicinal plants, and consideration of rusts, smuts and
other fungi which attack plants. The last subject has received
much attention locally from Mr. Holway and will not be dis-
cussed here.

I. The Forest Problem.

Originally not less than one-fourth of the surface of Winne-
shiek county was covered with forest. This was sometimes
‘secant, as upon the rocky slopes and drier hill-tops, or consisted
of trees of but little value, as upon the narrow lower bottom
lands. Here, as elsewhere, the forest was developed chiefly upon
poorer soils. The sandy alluvial bottom lands, the rocky slopes,
the gravelly or clayey hills—these formed the favorite habitat
of trees. Even where a veneer of rich soil and leaf-mould
appeared it was the effect rather than the cause of the forest.
The forest prevented erosion; it retained moisture which made
easier the disintegration of both organic and inorganic mater-

THE FOREST PROBLEM. ~’ 152

ials; it annually contributed its leaves to the accumulating soil;
it harbored worms and other burrowing animals which brought
fine soil-materials to the surface; and in its shelter the burden
of dust-laden winds was deposited. So man thought that he saw
alluring promise in the richness of the forest soil, and this
coupled with the prospect of immediate gain from its products,
led him to remove the forest. But an awakening has already
come, and men realize that with the removal of the riches of the
forest they also lose the richness of the soil, for the rains and
melting snows quickly strip it from the hillsides. The land is
then practically worthless, for it will make neither field nor
pasture—it is fit only for growing trees, as it has grown trees
in the past. Few counties in the state have suffered more than
Winneshiek in this respect. The principal forest areas were in
the roughest territory, unsuited to the ordinary purposes of
agriculture. Man’s greed and thoughtlessness combined in many
cases to strip the best, if not all, of the forest from these hill-
sides, but this was not the gravest error, for if left to its own
resources the forest would renew itself. But an attempt was
made in many cases to cultivate or pasture the stripped areas,
and this was done on the steepest slopes with uniformly dis-
asterous results. More acres were cultivated that still. other
acres might be secured, under the pretext that the children of
the land-holder must not be left without inheritance. The desire
for immediate gain was, however, responsible for this, for men
had not yet learned that a growing forest is one of the most
splendid legacies which they may leave to their children. The
best of the legacy which we ourselves received has been dis-
sipated, in Winneshiek county as elsewhere, but conditions for
the renewal of the forest are here very favorable. There are
three distinct forest areas in the county, drained respectively
by the Upper Towa, the Turkey and the Yellow rivers. Of these
the first is much the largest within the county, but all agree in
having a relatively large amount of adjacent rough land, as has
been noted. Much of this land is worthless, or at least of little
value, for agricultural purposes, and it would entail but little
present loss, and would vastly benefit posterity, if given over to
the cultivation of timber. This would not require a large amount

152 ‘ FLORA. OF: WINNESHIBK COUNTY.

of expensive nursery stock, nor great: labor im the: cultivation of
the soil, nor assiduous attention to the welfare of the trees. The
territory is so well adapted to the growth of trees that it is:
necessary only to strew seed on the ground in suitable places,
and to keep out stock and fires, and the forest will take care of
itself. For this purpose seed should: be gathered: in considerable
quantity, preferably from nearby trees, and should not be per-
mitted to become too dry. Seed maturing in spring or early
summer may be scattered at once if the land is not devoid of
other vegetation, or it may be covered with a thin layer of sand
or soil in a shady place and left until fall. Seeds. and fruits
which mature in autumn should be scattered just before the
leaves begin to, fall. They will thus be better protected both
against the: severity of winter, and against squirrels and chip-
munks., Less than one-half the: seed. sown. in this manner will
germinate, and: for that. reason it should: be. scattered. liberally.
With a little care it may be secured in abundance from native
or acelimated. trees, practically without expense, in connection
with a, pleasant summer or autumn outing. If a little trouble is
taken, each year to: re-seed where: the stand is. thin, to remove.
rotting wood in order that it may not spread its infection by:
scattering countless. spores of fungi, to trim out excessive under-
brush, and to protect the trees against domestic animals and.
fires, the forest, will be a vast improvement upon. those which
the first: settlers; found.

Native trees. will be found most satisfactory for reforestation,
for as yet no introduced forest tree has demonstrated: its
superiority over the native species. Moreover, in a county as
well timbered as this both quantity and variety may be secured:
with comparative ease. In order that some conception of the
range of choice: may be. given, a list of the native trees. and
shrubs: is here presented, the species being grouped. according
to habitat. In selecting:trees for any tract it is well that heed be:
given to the character of its surface in order that an appropriate
choice may be made from species occupying similar stations
elsewhere.

The following list contains the native trees and shrubs: of the
county. Their distribution, abundance, full scientific names,

TREES AND SHRUBS. 153

ete., may be determined from the systematic list which makes up
the closing part of this paper.

TREES AND SHRUBS.

1. Species belonging to bogs and wet places.—The species are
shrubs, the last two, only, becoming small trees. They are: the
meadow-sweet (Spiraea), red-osier dogwood (Cornus stoloni-
fera), button-bush (Cephalanthus), shiny willow (Salia lucida)
and pussy. willow (8. discolor).

2. Species of the low alluvial bottoms.—The shrubs are:
the false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), sandbar willow (Salia
interior) and heart-leaved willow (9. cordata), the willows some-
times becoming small trees. The soft maple (Acer saccharinum),
red birch (Betula nigra), almond-leaved willow (Salia
amygdaloides) and black willow (8. nigra) are trees.

3. Species of higher rich alluvial bottoms.—The wild grape
(Vitis vulpina) and poison ivy (Rhus radicans) are woody vines,
the latter sometimes a low shrub; the elder (Sambucus can-
adensis), flowering currant (Ribes floridum) and the wahoo
(Euonymus) are shrubs, the last sometimes a small tree; all the
species of haws (Crataegus) and the sheep-berry (Viburnum
lentago) are small trees, the latter sometimes a shrub; and the
following species are trees: the box-elder (Acer negundo), hack-
berry( Celtis), the ashes (Fraxinus, except F’. pennsylvamica),
honey locust (Gleditsia), the butternut and walnut (Juglans),
cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and white elm (Ulmus
americana).

4. Species of upland thickets—-The Missouri gooseberry
(Ribes missouriensis) and the hazel (Corylus americanus) are
shrubs, and the haws (Crataegus) and wild crab (Malus) are
small trees.

5. Species of wooded rocky banks and open slopes.—The fol-
lowing are woody vines: the purple virgin’s-bower (Atragene),
climbing bittersweet (Celastrus) and the two honeysuckles
(Lonicera). The shrubs are: the American yew (Taxus), shad-
bush (Amelanchier botryapium), the dogwoods (Cornus alterni-
folia, amomum, aspcrifolia and circinata), shrubby cinquefoil
(Dasiphora), dwarf cherry (Prunus pumila), leather-wood
(Dirca), prairie nine-bark (Opulaster), wild gooseberry (Ribes

154 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

cynosbati), the wild roses (Rosa blanda and humilis), wild black
raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), dewberry (Rubus procumbens),
wild red raspberry (R. strigosus) red-berried elder (Sambucus
pubens), bladder-nut (Staphylea), high bush-cranberry (Vibur-
num opulus) and arrow wood (Viburnum dentatum). The fol-
lowing species are often shrubs,’ but also become small trees:
hoary alder (Alnus), alder-leaved. June-berry (Amelanchier
alnifolia), round leaved June-berry (A. rotundifolia), panicled
dogwood (Cornus candidissima), choke cherry (Prunus virgin-
jana), staghorn sumach (Rhus hirta), prickly ash (Xanthoxy-
lum) and black haw (Viburnum lentago). The June-berry
(Amelanchier canadensis) and blue beech (Carpinus) are small
trees. The following species are forest trees: the balsam
(Abies), red cedar (Juniperus viginiana), white pine (Pinus),
hard maple (Acer saccharum), cherry birch (Betula lenta),
canoe birch (Betula papyrifera), red ash (Fraxinus pennsylva-
mica), balm of Gilead (Populus candicans), American aspen
(Populus tremuloides) and rock elm (Ulmus racemosa).
_, 6. Species of upland, mostly rather open woods.—The iron
wood (Ostrya) is a small tree, and the following are forest
trees: the hickories (Hicoria), large-toothed aspen (Populus
grandidentata), all the oaks (Quercus), the white oak (Q. alba)
preferring deep woods, and red elm (Ulmus fulva).

7. Species of deep upland woods——The hispid greenbrier
(Smilax hispida) and the Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus)
are woody vines; the following are trees: red oak (Quercus

rubra), white oak (Q. alba), black cherry (Prunus serotina) and
basswood (Tilia). All the species of the preceding group may
also be found in deeper woods.

8. Species of prairie .and forest borders——Most of the
species of this group are shrubs, as follows: juniper (Juniperus
communis), lead plant (Amorpha canescens), New Jersey tea
(Ceanothus americana), red root (Ceanothus ovatus pubescens),
bush honeysuckle (Diervilla), prairie rose (Rosa arkansana),
wild rose (R. humilis), prairie willow (Salix humilis),
and wolf-berry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis). The blackberry
(Rubus nigrobaccus) is also found along borders, but extends
to deep woods, and the smooth sumach (Rhus glabra) is found
along borders, in open woods, on dry slopes, etc. But one small

“TREES AND SHRUBS. 155

tree, the wild red cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica) , properly
belongs to this group.

' In addition to the foregoing species, which are native, the red
currant (Ribes rubrum) and the black locust (Robinia pseud-
acacia) may be found in waste places or openings, having
escaped from cultivation. The red currant appears to be native.

Not ali the species here listed are of like value, nor are all
‘usable for the same purposes. The most useful lumber trees
are the ashes, butternut and walnut, red and rock elms, cherry
’ birch, black cherry, the hickories, the oaks, red cedar and white
pine. For ties and posts the white oak, bur oak, honey locust
and black locust are most servicable. The most valuable native
shade trees are the hard maple, hackberry, ashes, American
‘elm, basswood, canoe birch and white pine. The most useful
species for windbreaks and shelter belts are the soft maple,
ashes, boxelder, cottonwood, balm of Gilead and red cedar.
All of these are used more or less for fuel.

Among the native ornamental trees and shrubs the hard
maple, Virginia creeper and the sumachs are remarkable for
the splendor of their autumn foliage; the bittersweet for its
bright fruit; the June-berry, crab-apple, hawthorns and black
locust for their flowers; the false indigo, honeysuckles, wild
roses, elderberries, atragene, bladdernut, dogwoods, black haw,
sheep-berry, New Jersey tea and nine-bark for flowers and foli-
age; and the white pine, balsam fir, shining willow and red-
osier dogwood for the beauty of the foliage and crown.

As already noted these native species are eminently suitable
for all purposes for which trees and shrubs. are used, but never-
theless, numerous species have been introduced in cultivation
for ornamental purposes. Among the introduced conifers are
the Scotch and Austrian pines, Norway spruce, European larch,
arbor-vite and hemlock, and among the deciduous trees the
silver poplar, Lombardy poplar, buckeye, catalpa, mountain ash
and white willow. In this connection a report on a tree-census
of a portion of the city of Decorah, including several blocks and
streets in the residence part, may be of interest. The number

156 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

to the right in each case indicates the number of trees found
within the territory selected:

Hard maple ......... ... 97 Red cedar ..........-..- 11
Olt Maple ..esscwivess 86 Balsam fir ...........-- 7
Box elder .............. 64 Walttt sco; cence acess 5
American elm ........... 62 Red lM .a.ce<s0e+ Sie 4
Cottonwood ............ Wl ACAIBL DE: ca nweke wc eea nese 3
White pine vis exex ree ens 45 Black locust ...........- 3
Norway spruce ......... 36 European larch ........- 2
Bur oak (native) ........ 20 Scotch Pine ...........-- 2
Mountain ash .......... Th BUCKeVe .evseyeeeedens4s 2
White cedar ............ 14 Choke cherry ........... 1

Hackberry ..........5-- 1

Also several specimens of silver and Lombardy onlané and
Austrian pine.

It is interesting to note that notwithstanding the abundance of
splendid available native species, such forms as the soft maple,
box elder, cottonwood, silver poplar and Lombardy poplar are
commonly planted. Indeed in some cases fine native species
were first removed, and these less desirable ‘kinds were set out.

II. Ornamental Plants.

In addition to the ornamental trees and shrubs already dis-
cussed, there are numerous native herbaceous plants which are
well worthy of cultivation. While not many of them lend them-
selves readily to use in formal flower-beds, all may be used to
advantage in various nooks and corners, to hide unsightly places,
such as bogs and sand ridges, to replace weeds along garden
fences, and to be mingled in fern-beds, either on the north side
of the house, or in well-shaded rock-ferneries.

Perhaps the most adaptable of these species are the colum-
bine, common blue violet, wild phlox, Jacob’s ladder (blue-bell),
shooting star (Dodecatheon) and lungwort (Mertensia) but even
these will do better in their natural habitats. For convenience
the native ornamental herbs are here grouped under their respec-
tive habitats, which suggest the kind of places in which they
should be cultivated.

1. Water—For artificial or natural ponds the most suitable
species are the yellow pond lily (Castalia) and the white water
crow-foot (Batrachium).

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 157

2. Shaded bogs.—The fringed gentian and greater lobelia
are well adapted to seepy banks. ae

3. Open bogs and wet meadows.—For larger bogs the cat-
tail and Iris are satisfactory, while for smaller boggy places
the oak-leaved fern (Onoclea), shield-fern (Nephrodium
thelypteris), Canada lily, the fringed orchis (Blephariglottis) -
and marsh marigold (Caltha) are very desirable.

4. Open prairie, etc—The following more or less showy
species are adapted to open places: red lily (Vagnera stellata),.
-pasque-flower (Pulsatilla), shooting star (Dodecatheon), downy
gentian (G. puberula), prairie phlox, horse mint (Monarda),
both blazing stars (Lacinaria), prairie violet (Viola pedatifida),
foxglove beard-tongue (Pentstemon), bushy goldenrod
(Euthamia), the wild asters (A. novae-angliae, laevis and exi-
guus) and the two prairie clovers (Kuhnistera). On dry ridges
the early buttercup (Ranunculus fascicularis) will be attractive
because of its early flowering. In open sandy places the coryda-
lis (Capnojdes), blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchiwm) and bird--foot
violet (Viola pedata) will do well.

5. Moderate shade—This naturally grades into both the
preceding and the following groups, and therefore is not sharply
defined. Its most satisfactory plants are the following: the
ostrich fern (Struthiopteris), smooth Solomon’s _ seal
(Salomomia), starry campion (Silene), hepatica, rue-anemone
(Syndesmon), white virgin’s bower (Clematis), hydrangea,
common blue violet (Viola papilionacea), spiked willow-herb
(Chamaenerion), wild phlox (P. diwaricata), lungwort
(Mertensia), the goldenrods (Solidago speciosa and serotina)
and Aster shorti.

6. Deep shade—Plants of this group are best cultivated in
places suited to our ordinary ferns. Our flora includes the fol-
lowing: the lady fern (Athyrium), the shield ferns (Nephro-
dium), bladder fern (Cystopteris fragilis), maiden-hair fern
(Adiantum), flowering fern (Osmunda) moonwort (Botry-
chium), bellwort (Uvularia), dogtooth violet (Erythronium),.
false Solomon’s seal (Vagnera racemosa), the larger species of’
Trillium, the ladies’-slippers (Cypripedium), spring beauty
(Claytonia), false rue-anemone (Isopyrwm), crane’s-bill
(Geranium), yellow violet (Viola pubescens), the gentians (G.

158 FLJRA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

andrewsii and flavida), Jacob’s ladder (Polemonium), may
apple (Podophylium), white snake-root (Eupatoriwm ayerat-
oides) and a goldenrod (Solidago ulmifolia).

7. Shaded rocky banks.—Most of the species in the preceding
group may be included here, with the following additional

species: the early wake-robin (Trillium nivale), nodding wild
onion (Allium cernuum), both species of Bicuculla, American

vetch (Vicia), blood-root (Sanguinaria), water-leaf (Hydro-
phyllum virginicum) and the heart-leaved aster (A. cordifolius).
The species of the following group may also be planted with the
foregoing.

8. Rocky fernery—Well shaded heaps or ledges of lime-
stone, with scant soil intermingled, will produce very pleasing
effects. While many of the plants of the two preceding groups
may be used in such places, the following are especially suit-
able: the bulb-bearing fern (Cystopteris bulbifera), bishop’s cap
(Mitella) and wild columbine (Aguwilegia).

As all the plants here listed as suitable for cultivation are
perennial, with persisting roots or underground stems, it is
possible to transplant them from their native habitats. This
should be done early in the spring before growth has ddvanced,
or after the plant has matured its fruit. Seed should also be
collected, and sowed freely in suitable places. This may be
done immediately upon the maturing of the seed, or the seed may
be kept until spring. Where the fruit (or seed) is dry it may
simply be kept in a box or paper in a moderately dry cool place.
Where the fruit is pulpy it may be set in a cool cellar in a small
box of sand, which must be kept barely moist, and in the spring
sand and seed may be scattered. However, in most of these
cases it will require at least two years. to mature the plant.
Usually a combination of the two methods, transplanting and
seeding, will give the best results. In the case of all plants
which require shade, leaf-mould should be liberally supplied,
and in all cases some attention must be given to weeds, as they
will otherwise over-run the wild-flower bed. Blue grass is per-
haps the most dangerous of these weeds, and is fatal to practic-
ally all wild flowers.

WEEDS. 159.

III. Forage Plants.

None of the native or naturalized forage plants take rank with
red clover, timothy and blue grass, which are cultivated for this
special purpose. Nevertheless there are among them many
species which contribute liberally to the forage supply of the
county. Indeed during dry seasons all species which are not
protected by harsh structures, such as spines, etc., or by poison-
ous, or at least disagreeable, products with repelling taste and
odor, are eaten more or less by cattle. Formerly the native
herbs, especially grasses, which covered the prairies, formed
valuable pasture and hay, but so little of the original prairie
remains that most of these species have disappeared, or are
found only sparingly. With the exception of the clovers the
best forage plants are grasses. The most valuable species of
prairie and meadow were Cinna, Calamagrostis and the two
species of Andropogon. Of less value are Bromus ciliatus and
kalmii, and Agropyron tenerum and occidentale, while coarser,
harsher grasses like Muhlenbergia mexicana and glomerata,
Spartina and Leersia have little beyond bulk to recommend
them. Among introduced plants, in addition to the ubiquitous
blue grass and timothy, Agrostis alba, Dactylis and Setaria
glauca have some fodder value, the last chiefly in stubble fields.

IV. Weeds.

All plants which have sufficient persistence and adaptability
to become weeds are of public interest. Among the plants of
Winneshiek county there are not only many introduced weeds,
.but some of the native plants have so far changed their habits
that they, too, have become pernicious weeds. Among the most
vicious of the former, both because of abundance and persist-
ence, are the following: black bind-weed (Polygonum convol-
vulus), curly dock (Rumezx crispus), the species of Amaranthus,
plantain(Plantago major), both species of Brassica, shepherd’s
purse (Bursa), both sweet clovers (Melilotus), round-leaved
mallow (Malva rotundifolia), wild parsnip (Pastinaca), ground .
ivy (Glecoma), chickweed (Alsine media), purslane (Portu-
laca), the thornapples (Datura), dandelion (Taraxacum),
prickly lettuce (Lactuca scariola), dog-fennel (Anthemis),
burdock (Arctium), field-thistle (Carduus lanceolatus), Canada
thistle (C. arvensis) and the panic grasses (Panicum crus-galli

160 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

and glabrum). Blue grass (Poa pratensis) is often a persistent
weed. The less pernicious, or less abundant, introduced weeds
are: the panic grasses (Panicum sanguinale, capillare and
dichotomum), the fox-tail grasses (Setaria glauca and viridis),
Eragrostis major, both kinds of chess (Bromus secalinus and
racemosus commutatus), orchard grass (Dactylis), St. John’s-
wort (Hypericum perforatum), lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium
album), hedge mustard (Sisymbriwm officinale), false flax
(Camelina), low hop clover (Trifolium procumbens), sheep-
sorrel (Rumex acetosella), patience dock (R. patientia), Rus-~
sian thistle (Salsola), mullein (Verbascum), speedwell (Veron-.
ica peregrina), hemp (Cannabis), black nightshade (Solanum
nigrum), ground cherry (Physalis pubescens), motherwort.
(Leonurus), chicory (Cichorium), tansy (Tanacetum) and: sow-
thistle (Sonchus). :

The following native weeds are more or less seorMideornas
squirrel-tail grass (Hordeum), wire grass (Juncus tenuis),
water dock (Rumesx brittanica), smart-weed (Polygonum penn-
sylvanicum), pepper-grass (Lepidium virginicum), partridge-
pea (Cassia chamaecrista), white clover (Trifolium repens),
three-seeded mercury (Acalypha), the native spurges (Huphor-
bia), velvet-leaf (Abutilon), yellow oxalis (Oxalis stricta), even-
ing primrose (Onagra biennis), milkweed (Asclepias syriaca),
the dodders (Cuscuta), nyctelea (Macrocalyx), beggar’s lice
(Lappula), the verbenas (Verbena) both species of Scrophu-
laria, Rugel’s plantain (Plantago rugeli), slender nettle (Urtica
gracilis), bur-weed marsh-elder. (Iva), both ragweeds (Artem-
isia trifida and artemisaefolia), cocklebur (Xanthium), horse-.
weed (Leptilon), daisy flea-bane (Erigeron strigosus), tall eone-
flower (Rudbeckia laciniata), several species of sunflowers.
(Helianthus annuus, grosse-serratus, rigidus, etc.), Spanish
needles (Bidens) and fire weed (Erechtites). Muhlenbergia
mexicana sometimes becomes a weed, and the sand-bur (Cen-
chrus) is often troublesome in sandy fields. For additional
notes on all these species see the annotated list.

Individual effort avails but little in the conflict with weeds.
Until concerted systematic and intelligent action is taken
against them men will continue to suffer great loss from this:
source. Fire, the plow, and the scythe or mower are the most

MEDICINAL PLANTS. 161

effective weapons, and they should be used to prevent, as far as
possible, the development of seeds.

V. Medicinal Plants.

This is by no means the least interesting part of the flora.
The products of more than forty native species are recognized
as official by the U. S. Pharmacopzia. In addition to these,
many species are used as substitutes, or as home remedies.
Some of the official species are not found in sufficient quantity
to be of commercial value, but their occurrence in the county is
of interest. Various parts of plants contribute the official pro-
_ duct, and the best séason of the year for collecting the materials
will vary with the part used. It may be stated as a general rule
that rhizomes and roots should be collected in late summer or
early autumn; the bark of Ulmus in early spring, and other
barks (of both root and stem) in spring or autumn; the herbs
and leaves are usually best just before flowering has commenced;
the flowering tops when the first flowers are about to fruit; the
flowers just after opening; and the fruits when mature. The
distribution in the county, and the habits of the species dis-
cussed in this connection are given in the annotated list. The
species are here grouped according to the part of the plant
yielding the official drug, the official name preceding the name
of the plant, which is given in parenthesis.

1. The herb (leaves and young stems).—Oil of Erigeron
(Leptilon canadense), Pulsatilla (Pulsatilla hirsutissima) and
Scutellaria (Scutellaria lateriflora).

2. Flowering tops—Hupatorium (Eupatorium perfolia-
tum), Hedeoma (Hedeoma pulegeoides) and Lobelia (Lobelia
inflata).

3. Leaves.—Chimaphila (Chimaphila uwmbellata), and Rhus
Toxicodendron (Rhus radicans), the latter fresh.

4. Flowers—Sambucus (Sambucus canadensis).

5. Fruit—Rhus Glabra (Rhus glabra), Humulus (Humulus
lupulus), Oil of Juniper (Juniperus communis) and Raspberry
(Rubus occidentalis and strigosus).

6. Seeds.—Sinapis Nigra (Brassica nigra).

7. Bark of stem—Hamamelis Bark (Hamamelis virgini-

ana), Canada Balsam (from Abies balsamea), Oil of Betula
it

-162 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

(from Betula lenta), Salicin (from all the species of Populus
and the larger species of Salix), Ulmus(Ulmus fulva), Vibur-
num (Viburnum opulus), Viburnum Prunifolium (Viburnum
prunifolium), Quercus (Quercus alba), Prunus Virginiana
(Prunus serotina and virginiana), and Xanthoxylum (Xanthoay-
lum americanum). ;

8. Bark of root.—EKuonymus (Euonymus atropurpureus),
Juglans (Juglans cinerea) and Rubus (Rubus nigrobaccus and
procumbens).

9. Root—Apocynum (Apocynum cannabinum), Asclepias
(Asclepias tuberosa) and Senega (Polygala senega).

10. Rhizome (rootstock)—Calamus (Acorus calamus),
Caulophyllum (Caulophyllum thalictroides), Cypripedium (Cy-
pripedium hirsutum and parviflorum), Geranium (Geranium
maculatum), Hydrastis (Hydrastis canadensis), Iris (Iris ver-
sicolor), Leptandra (Leptandra virginica), Menispermum
(Menispermum canadense), Podophyllum (Podophyllum pelta-
tum) and Sanguinaria (Sanguwinaria canadensis).

The common names of all the medicinal plants are given in
the annotated list.

VI. Systematic Annotated List of Plants.

In the following list no attempt is made to define species,
as this is not necessary in view of the number of available des-
‘eriptive manuals. Brief notes upon distribution, habits and
abundance are given under each species, and locality names
are given where specimens were preserved, or where a report
was published. In case the record is not based on the writer’s
own material the name of the collector or recorder follows
in parenthesis. Messrs. Savage and Goddard did not publish
lists, but the writer examined their material. In all other
eases the published record is accepted. The scientific nomen-
clature for the following plants is in the main that of Britton’s
Manual,* for ferns that of the writer’s paper on Iowa Pterido-
phyta,+ and for grasses that of Pammel’s ‘‘Grasses of Iowa.’’
These may not in all cases be entirely satisfactory, but they are
available to Iowa workers, and, moreover, the question of exact

*Manual of theFlora of the Northern U. 8S. and Canada, by N L Britton, 2nd Ed.

1905. ‘
2 Lab Nat. Hist., State Univ. of Iowa, Vol. V, 190), pp. 145-170.
ore Geol. Sur. , part II, Sup. Report for 1903.

SYSTEMATIC ANNOTATED LIST OF PLAN'S. 163

nomenclature is of no great inportance in a mere geographical
list. Gray’s Manual is still widely used in this state, and the
earlier plant lists published by the Survey were based on it.
For that reason, in cases in which the name here adopted dif-
fers from that of the Manual, the latter follows in parenthesis.

SUBKINGDOM PTERIDOPHYTA, FERNS, ETC.
Family 1. Equisetacee, Scouring Rushes.

Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail. Quite common in
sandy and clay grounds. Decorah (Goddard), Hesper.

Equisetwm robustum A. Braun. Great Scouring-rush. Com-
mon on moist banks, ete. Decorah.

Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Prairie Scouring-rush. Quite
common. Decorah (Goddard).

Equisetum hyemale L. Scouring-rush. Not common. Cal-
mar. :

Family 2. Obphioglossacee.

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Swz. Moonwort. Not rare
in deep woods. Hesper, Moneek.

Family 3, Filicacee. °

Osmunda claytoniana L. Flowering-fern.. Common in deep
woods. Moneek, Decorah, Hesper.

Polypodium vulgare L. Polypody. Rather rare, on moss-,
covered ledges along Canoe creek. “

Woodsia ilvensis (L.) A. Br. Rare, in crevices of St. Peter
sandstone near Hesper. J,

Onoclea sensibilis L. Oak-leaf Fern. Locally common ‘in
moist meadows and ravines. Hesper.

Struthiopteris struthiopteris (L.) (Onoelea strythiopteris
Hoffm.) Ostrich fern. Locally abundant on alluvial grounds.
Along Bear and Canoe creeks.

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Bladder-fern. Quite com-
mon’in rich woods. Decorah.

Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Bulb-bearing Fern. Very
common on rocky banks and ledges. Decorah, Highlandville.

Phegopteris robertiana (Hoffm.) Fee. (P. calarea Fee.)
Beech Fern. Rather rare, on shaded rocky banks. Decorah
(Goddard). i

164 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Nephrodium thelypteris (L.) Desv. (Aspidum thelypteris:
Swartz.) Shield-fern. Locally common in open bogs. Hes-
per.

Nephrodium goldieanum (Hk.) Hk. & Gr. (Aspidium goldi-
anum Hk.) Goldie’s Fern. Not common, in rich woods. De-
corah (Goddard). ;

Athyrium filia-foemina (L.) Roth. (Asplenium filia-foemi-
na Bernh.) Lady-fern. Common in woods. Hesper, Calmar.

Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Walking Fern. Not.
common, on mossy ledges. Decorah (Savage); Canoe creek.

Pteridiwm aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. (Pteris aquilina L.) Com-
mon Brake. Ccmmon in open woods. Hesper, Calmar; De-
corah (Fitzpatrick). .

Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. Rock Brake. Common on
exposed limestone ledges. Decorah, Kendallville, north fork of
Bear creek, Highlandville.

Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. (Pellaea gracilis
Hook.) Smaller Cliff-brake... Locally common on shaded lime-
stone ledges. Highlandville; Decorah (Savage).

Cheilanthes feei Moore. (C. lanuginosa Nutt.) Lip-fern. Not
common, on exposed rocks. Decorah (Calvin).

Adiantum pedatum LL. Maidenhair Fern. Common in deep.
wods. Decorah (Goddard), Hesper.

Family 4. Lycopodiacee. Club Mosses.

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Club-moss. Reported by
Arthur from Hesper. The species occurs in damp woods.

Family 5. Selaginellacee,

‘Selagimella rupestris (L.) Spring. Locally common. Dry
rocky soils and sandstone ledges. Hesper, north fork of Bear
creek. ;

SUBKINGDOM SPERMATOPHYTA. FLOWERING PLANTS.
Class 1, Gymnosperme, Conifers. :
Family 1, Pinacee,
_ Pinus strobus L. White Pine. Locally frequent in upland.
woods especially above rocky ledges, along the Upper Iowa
Upper Iowa river. Most abundant near Kendallville and
along Pine, Bear-and Canoe creeks. Groves of white pine
occur in Fremont township.

SYSTEMATIC ANNOTATED LIST OF PLANTS. 165

Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir. Not rare, along
rocky slopes and above ledges along the upper course of the
Upper Iowa river. Most abundant near Kendallville and
Bluffton.

Juniperus communis L. Juniper. Locally conimon on dry
rocky hilltops. Kendallville, Bluffton, Canoe creek, both forks
of Bear creek.

Juniperus virginiana L. Red Cedar. Common on dry hili-
sides and rocky slopes. Kendallville, Bluffton, Decorah, Canoe
creek, both forks of Bear creek, Hesper.

Family 2, Taxacee,

Taxus canadensis Marsh. American Yew. Locally common
on steep shaded slopes and above ledges. Kendallville, Canoe
creek, south fork of Bear creek.

Class II, Angiosperme.

SUB—CLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Order I. Graminales.
Family 1. Gvraminee. Grasses.

Andropogon provincialis Lam. (A. furcatus Muhl.) Blue-
stem. Still common where the native prairie flora is not wholly
“destroyed. Ft. Atkinson.

Andropogon nutans L. (Chrysopogon nutans Benth.) Indian
Grass. Common in dry borders and openings. Ft. Atkinson,
Hesper.

Panicum crus-galli L. Barnyard Grass. A naturalized weed,
in waste places. Decorah (Goddard), Calmar, Ft. Atkinson.

' Panicum glabrum Gaud. Smooth Crab-grass. Common
introduced weed. Freeport.

Panicum sanguinale L. Finger Grass. Introduced weed,. in
cultivated places. Near Hesper, etc.

Panicum capillare L. Old Witch Grass Common native
weed, in waste and cultivated grounds. Ft. Atkinson.

Panicum latifolium L. Porter’s Panicum. Rather common
in open woods. Ft. Atkinson.

Panicum scribnerianum Nash. (P. scopariwm Gray, in part.)
Scribner’s Panicum. In dry soil. Decorah (Savage).

Panicum dichotomum L. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

_ Panicum unciphyllum Trin. Finger Grass. In dry places.
Decorah (Goddard). hg.

166 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Yellow Fox-tail. An intro-
duced weed, common in fields and waste places. Ft. Atkinson,
Calmar, near Hesper.

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green Fox-tail. A, common
introduced weed. Ft. Atkinson, ete.

Setaria germanica Beauv. (8. italica Kunth,) German Millet.
Introduced. Ft. Atkinson.

Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sand-bur. An annoying native weed
in sandy places. Not rare. Ft. Atkinson.

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz. Rice Cut Grass. In open
places along ditches and swamps. Ft. Atkinson.

Aristida basiramea Engelm. Tufted Triple Awn-grass. On
dry sandy ridges and sandstone ledges. Near Hesper.

Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine Grass. Reported by Fitz-
patrick.

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Mexican Dropseed.
Sometimes a weed. The ‘ene filiforme Muhl. was collected
at Decorah.

Muhlenbergia ‘glomerata (willd.) Trin. Marsh Muhlenber-
gia. Common in moist places. Calmar, Ft. Atkinson, Hesper,
Freeport. ,

Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Muhl.) Torr. Woodland Drop-
seed. In dry open woods. Ft. Atkinson, Kendallville..

Oryzopsis melanocarpa Muhl. Black-fruited Mountain-rice.
Common in woods. Decorah, Canoe creek, Hesper, Ft. Atkin-
son. :

Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Very generally escaped from
cultivation. Calmar, ete.

Alopecurus geniculatus L. Marsh Fox-tail. In wet places,
locally common. Calmar.

Sporobolus cuspidatus (Torr.) Wood. Prairie Rush-grass.
Tn dry open places. On sandy ridge near Freeport.

Cinna arundinacea L. Indian Reed-grass. In woods, not
rare. Hesper.

Agrostis alba L. Red-top. In low grounds. Pammel (l.c.)
marks this as occurring in Winneshiek county in the map on p.
166, but mentions no locality in this county in the text.

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue Joint. In
low meadows. Still quite common. Ft. Atkinson, Calmar.

-- CLASS 11. ANGIOSPERM.:. 167.

Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Willd. Slough-grass. Common
in wet alluvial soils.. Ft. Atkinson.

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (B. racemosa Lag.)
Grama Odts. Locally common in dry sandy or rocky places.
Wt. Atkinson, Hesper. |

Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Koeleria. On dry sandy ridges,
ete. Calmar; Decorah (Goddard).

Eragrostis frankii Steud. Short-stalked Meadow-grass. On
dry sandy ridges. Freeport.

Eragrostis major Host. Candy Grass. A common intro-
duced weed, in waste and cultivated places. Decorah, etc.

Eragrostis purshii Schrad. Southern Spear-grass. In dry
soils. Decorah (Goddard); Ft. Atkinson, Calmar.

Eatonia pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray. Eaton’s Grass. Moist
woods. Decorah, Ft. Atkinson. :

Melica mutica Walt. Narrow Melic Grass. Rich soil. Re-
ported by Fitzpatrick..

Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard Grass. Introduced, and com-
mon in shaded places. Hesper.

Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Blue Grass. Introduced, and
now crowding out most of the common grasses, even in deep
woods. Hesper, ete.

Glyceria nervata (Willd.) Trin. Nerved Manna Grass, in
wet grounds along creeks, etc. Hesper.

Glyceria americana (Torr.) Pam. (G. grandis Wats.) Reed
Meadow Grass.. In moist places. Hesper (Arthur).

Festuca octoflora Walt. (F. tenella Willd.) Slender Fescue.
Grass. Dry sandy soils, locally common. Calmar, sandstone
ledges near Hesper.

Festuca nutans Willd. Nodding Fescue. Frequent, in woods.
Hesper.

Bromus purgans L. (B. ciliatus var. purgans Gray.) Brome
Grass. Locally common on dry, sparsely wooded banks. De-
corah, Ft. Atkinson.

Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome Grass. Common in open
woodlands. Fort Atkinson, Decorah, Canoe creek, Hseper.

Bromus kalmii-Gray.. Kalm’s Brome Grass. In moist thick-
its. Decorah.

168 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

' Bromus secalinus L. Cheat. An introduced weed, quite com-
mon. Calmar.

' Bromus racemosus commutatus L. (B. asper L.) Upright
Chess. An introduced weed, not rare. Decorah (Savage), Cal-
mar.

Agropyron tenerum Vasey. (Agropyrum.) Slender Wheat-

grass. In dry, open places. Locally common. Decorah, Cal-
mar. ;

Agropyron occidentale Scrib. (Not in Gray.) Colorado Blue-
stem. Quite common on dry prairie. Calmar, Ft. Atkinson.

Agropyron repens Beauv. (Agropyrum.) Couch-grass. A
common introduced weed. Calmar.

Agropyron caninum '(L.) R. & 8S. (Agropyrum.) Awned
Wheat-grass. In rich soil. Introduced(?). Calmar.

Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel-tail Grass. Very common in
pastures, waste places, ete. Calmar, etc.

Elymus striatus Willd. Slender Lyme-grass. Rather common
in woods. Decorah, Hesper. :

Elymus canadensis L. Canada Lyme-grass. Common, on
shaded banks. Decorah.

Elymus robustus S. and S. (£. canadensis L., in part.) Robust
Wild Rye. Not rare, on moist banks. Calmar.

Asprella hystriz Willd. Bottle-brush Grass. Locally common
on wooded banks. Ft. Atkinson, Calmar, Decorah, Hesper.
. Family 2. Cyperace@. Sedges.*

Cyperus diandrus Torr. Low Cyperus. Marshy places.
Decorah (Cratty).

Cyperus schweinitevi Torr.. Schweinitz’s Cypress. In sandy
soils. Decorah (Goddard).

Cyperus esculentus L. Yellow Nut-grass. Locally common
in moist, open places. Hesper, Ft. Atkinson. |

Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Slender Cyperus. Frequent on dry
open ridges, ete. Decorah (Goddard); Hesper.

Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & 8S. Ovoid Spike-rush. In wet
soil, quite common. Ft. Atkinson.

Eleocharis palustris (L.) RB. & S. Creeping Spike-rush.
Swamps and edges of ponds. Decorah (Savage).

*Most of the specimens here listed were examined by Mr. R. I. Oratty.

i

CLASS II. ANGIOSPERMA:. 169:

i Scirpus americanus Pers. (S. pungens Vahl.) Chairmaker’s
Rush. In water, etc. Decorah (Savage).

Scirpus validus Vahl. (S. lacustris L.) Great Bull-rush,
Locally common, in swamps, etc. Moneek.

Scirpus atrovirens Muhl: Dark-green Bull-rush. Common
in swamps and bogs. Decorah (Goddard); Hesper, Calmar.

Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. (Eriophorum cyperinum L.)
Wool-grass. Frequent, in swamps. Ft. Atkinson.

Carex lupulina Muhl. Hop Sedge. Swamps and ditches.
Decorah (Goddard).

Carex hystricina Muhl. Porcupine-sedge. Common in bogs.
Hesper. 7

Carex stricta Lam. Tussock ree. In swamps. Decorah
(Goddard).

Carex longirostris Torr. ‘eres Sedge. On moist
shaded banks. Decorah (Goddard).

Carex amphibola Steud.’ (C. griséa var. (%) rigida Bailey.)
Narrow-leaved Sedge. In dry soil. Decorah (Goddard).

' Carex albursina Sheldon... (C. laaiflora var. latifolia Boott.)
White-beaked Sedge. Not rare, on shaded slopes. Decorah.

Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Early Sedge. Common in dry
open woods. Decorah (Goddard).

Carex stipata Muhl. Aw1-pointed Sedge. Reported by Fitz-
patrick.

Carex gravida Bailey. Heavy Sedge. In moist places. De-
corah (Goddard). This is the form which Cratty reports as
var. laxiflora Bailey.

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Fox Sedge. Common along edges
of swamps and in wet meadows. Hesper, Calmar.

Carex rosea Schk. Stellate Sedge. In woods. Decorah
(Goddard). .

Carex sparganioides Muhl. Bur-seed Sedge. Not common,
in moist woods. Decorah. .

Carex cephalophora Muhl. Oval-headed Sedge. In dry
places. Decorah (Goddard). .

Carex tribuloides Wahl. | Blunt Broom. Sedge. Common in
meadows. Calmar.

170 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

‘Carex cristatella Britt. (C. tribuloides var. cristata Bailey.)
Crested Sedge. Frequent, in meadows and moist shaded places.
Calmar.

Carex tenera Dewey. (C. straminea var. aperta Boott.)
Marsh Straw-sedge. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Carex festucacea Willd. (C. straminea var. brevior Dewey.)
Fescue Sedge. Decorah (Goddard).

Order 2.. Pandanales
Family 1. Typhacee.

coe latifolia L. Common Cat-tail. In swamps. . Not rare.
Decorah (Cratty), Moneek.

Family 2. Sparganiacece.

' Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Common Bur-reed. In
marshy places. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Order3, Naiadales.
Family 1,. Naiadacee.

‘.Potamogeton foliosus Raf. (P. pauciflorus Pursh.) Leafy
Pondweed. Common in ponds. Ft. Atkinson.
'.Potamogeton lonchites Tuck. (P. fluitans Roth.) Tona-lenved
Pondweed. Upper Iowa river (Fitzpatrick). a

Family 2, Alismacee.

_ Alisma plantago- aquatica L. (A. plantago L.) Water-plan-
tain. Common in shallow water or mud. Decorah (Cratty),
Hesper. |

_ Sagittaria latifolia Willd, (S. variabilis Engelm.) Broad-
leaved Arrowhead. Common in mud and shallow water along
ponds and sluggish streams. Decorah, Ft. Atkinson.

Sagittaria rigida Pursh. (8. heterophylla Pursh.) Sessile-
fruited Arrowhead. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Famtly 3. Vallisneriacea.

Philotria canadensis. (Michx.) Britt. (Hlodea canadensis
Michx.) Ditchmoss. Common in ponds. Decorah (Cratty).

Vallisneria spiralis L. EHel-grass, In the Upper Iowa river.
Bluffton (Cratty).

Order é. Arales.
Family 1. Avacee. Arums.

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Indian Turnip. Common
in rich woods. Decorah (Savage, Cratty); Calmar.

CLASS Il. ANGIOSPERM4. 171

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott. Dragon-root. Less abund-
ant, in alluvial woods. Decorah (Cratty).

Spathyema foetida. (L.) Raf. (Symplocarpus foetidus
Salisb.) Skunk Cabbage. Common in shaded bogs. Decorah
(Cratty), Bluffton, ete.

Acorus calamus L. Calamus. Locally common in swamps and
bogs. Decorah (Cratty), Hesper, said to be introduced.

Family 2. Lemnacee. Duckweeds.

Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. Greater Duckweed. Float-
ing on still water, abundant locally. Decorah (Cratty).

Lemna trisulca L. Duckweed. Not rare, in still water. Decorah
(Cratty). :

Order 5. Xyridales.
Family 1. Commelinacee,

Tradescantia bracteata Small. (T. virginica L., in part.)
Long-bracted Spiderwort. Common in sandy soil. Decorah
(Savage) ; Ft. Atkinson.

‘Tradescantia reflexa Raf. (T. virginica L., in part.) Reflexed
Spiderwort. Common, in sandy soil. Calmar.

Order 6. Liliales.
Family 1. Juncacee, Rushes.

Juncus tenuis Willd. Slender Rush. In hard soils, common.
Calmar; Decorah (Goddard).

Juncus vaseyt Engelm. Vasey’s Rush. Not rare. In moist
open places. Ft. Atkinson. |

Juncus nodosus L. Knotted Rush. Common along eipes of
ponds and in open boggy places. Ft. Atkinson.

Family 2. Melanthacee.

" Zygadenus elegans Pursh. Glaucous ependcnue: Not com-
mon. Decorah (Goddard).

Uvularia grandiflora J. . Smith. Common Bell-wort.. Com-
mon in rich woods. Hesper, Ft. Atkinson; Decorah (Goddard).

Uvularia sessilifolia L. (Oakesia sessilifolia Wats.) Sessile-
leaved Bell-wort. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Family 3. Liliacee. Lilies.

Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild Leek. Tecally: common in rich
woods. Hesper.

Allium cernuum Roth. Nodding Wild Onion. On shaded
banks, etc. Not rare. Hesper; Decorah (Arthur). i

172 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Allium stellatum Ker. Prairie Wild Onion. Common on
rocky banks and slopes. Hesper.

Liliwm umbellatum Pursh. (L. philadelphicum L., in
part.) Western Red Lily. Formerly. very abundant, ab now
restricted by cultivation of prairies. On dry prairie. Hesper.

Lilium canadense L. : Wild Yellow Lily. Teeny common in
prairie bogs and meadows. Calmar.

Erythronium americanum Ker. Yellow Adder’ s Tongue In
rich woods. Hesper. (Arthur).

Erythronium albidum. Nutt. ‘White. Pepe Wicleti Re-
ported by Fitzpatrick. :

Pandhy qd. Convallariacee.

Asparagus officinalis L. - Asparagus. Natamaed 3 in woods
and elsewhere. Decorah.

Vagnera. racemosa (I) Morong. | (Smilacina racemosa
Desf.) Wild Spikenard. Common in rich woods and thickets.
Calmar.

Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. (Smilacina stellata Desf.)
Smaller False Solomon’s Seal. Common on moist prairie, ete.
Calmar.

Unifolium canadense (Desf.) Greene. Maianthemum cana-
dense Desf.) False Lily-of-the-Valley. Rather common in rich
woods. Decorah (Savage), Hesper. .

Salomonia commutata (R. & 8.) Britt. @imalin gigan-
tewm Dict.) Smooth Solomon’s Seal. In moist soils, on banks,
along borders, etc. Common. Decorah (Savage), Calmar, Ft.
Atkinson.

Trilium nivale Rid. Early Wake-robin. Not, rare, on
shaded banks and slopes. Decorah (Savage), Bluffton.

Trillium erectum L. Ill-scented Wake-robin. Locally com-
mon on wooded banks. Decorah (Arthur), Ft. Atkinson.

Family 5. Smilacee. Smilax.

Smilax herbacea L. Carrion-flower. Common in thickets, ete.
Decorah (Savage), Calmar.

Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) 8. Wats. Upright Smilax. -Re-
ported by Fitzpatrick.
- Smilax hispida Muhl. Hispid: Greenbrier. Common in
woods and thickets. - Decorah (Savage).

QOLASS If.: ANGIOSPERMA. - 178

Family 6. Amaryllidacee..

Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Cov. (H. erecta L.) em In
open woods, ete: Common. Decorah (Savage).

Family 7. Dioscoreacee.

Dioscorea villosa L. Wild Yam-root. Reported by Fitzpat-
rick.

, Family 8. ILridacee,

Iris versicolor L. Blue Flag. Hoey common in marshes
and wet meadows. (Fitzpatrick).

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Miller. Blue-eyed Grass. Com-
mon in open, especially. sandy places. | . Freeport, aia

ae *. Order 7. Geohidales '
Family 1. _Orchidacee,. Orchids...

Coprinediin reginae Walt. (C.. spectabile. Salisb.) - Se
Lady’s slipper. Not.common, in deep moist woods. Bluffton.

Cypripedium candidum Willd. . Small White Lady’s Slipper.
In bogs, rare. Decorah (on authority of Holway).

Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. (C. pubescens Willd.) Large
Yellow Lady’s Slipper. Rather common, in deep woods.
Canoe creek, Decorah, Hesper.

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Lady’s
Slipper. With the preceding, but less, common. Scarcely a
distinct species. Hesper.

Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb. (Orchis spectabilis L.)
Showy Orchis. In rich woods, not common. Canoe creek,
’ Hesper.

Coeloglossum bracteatum (Willd.) Parl. (Habenaria bracte-

ata R. Br.) Long-bracted Orchis. » Reported by Fitzpatrick.

- Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rydb. (Habenaria hyperborea
R. Br.) Leafy Green Orchis. Rare, in deep upland woods.
Hesper (Arthur).

Lysias hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb. (Habenaria hookeri
Torr.) Hooker’s Orchis. Locally common in deep upland
woods. _Hesper, Canoe creek.

Blephariglottis leucophaea (Nutt.) Rydb. (Habenaria leuco-
phaed Gray.) White Fringed-Orchid. Prairie bogs and wet
meadows. Not common. Ft. Atkinson.

174 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Gyrostachys gracilis (Bigel.) Kuntze. (Spiranthes gracilis
Bigel.) Slender Ladies’ Tresses. Decorah (Arthur).

Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM. (Goodyera pubescens
R. Br. Rattle-snake Plantain. In deep upland woods. Not
rare. Hesper.

Acroanthes unifolia (Michx.) Raf. (Microstylis ophioglosso-
ides Nutt.) Green Adder’s Tongue. In deep woods. Decorah
(Arthur), Hesper (Arthur).

Leptorchis liliifolia (L.) Kuntze. (Liparis liliifolia Rich.)
Large Twayblade. Not rare. In deep upland woods. Ken-
dallville, Hesper.

Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) ‘Torr. Putty-root. Locally
common in deep woods southward. Ft. Atkinson.

Corallorhiza multiflora Nutt. Large Coral-root. Very com-
mon in deep upland woods northward. Hesper.

SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES.
Series I.
Order 1. Salicales.
Family Salicacee, Poplars; Willows.

Populus alba L. Silver-leaf Poplar. Naturalized in waste
places. Decorah.

Populus candicans Ait. (P. balsamifera var. candicans
Gray.) Balm of Gilead. Seemingly native on banks and
slopes along the Upper Iowa. Kendallville, Calmar (culti-
vated).

Populus deltoides Marsh. (P. monilifera Ait.) | Cottonwood.
Common along streams. Decorah (Savage), Calmar. Also
observed at Ft. Atkinson, Kendallville, Bluffton, ete.

Populus grandidentata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. In
upland woods. Notcommon. Decorah (Savage), Hesper, north
fork of Bear creek. Also observed at Moneek. Kendallville,
Canoe creek, and south fork of Bear creek.

Populus tremuloides Michx. American Aspen. Very com-
mon in thickets, upland woods, etc. Decorah. Observed at
all the other localities in the county.

‘Salic nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Not rare. In low
grounds along Turkey river. Ft. Atkinson. Observed at
Bluffton.

« SUB-CLASS If. DICOTYLEDONES. 175

Salix amygdaloides Anders. Almond-leaved Willow. Com-
mon along streams, etc. Decorah, Fort Atkinson (a form
approaching S. nigra). Observed at Canoe creek, both forks
of Bear creek, Bluffton and Kendallville.

Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. Locally common in wet
‘grounds. Ft. Atkinson, Freeport (some are small trees). Ob-
served at Canoe creek and Bluffton.

Salia alba L. White Willow. Occasionally naturalized.
Decorah (Savage).

Salix cordata Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Very common
in low grounds. Kendallville, Hesper. Observed at Canoe
creek, ete. .

Salix missouriensis Bebb. Missouri Willow. (Probably
included with S. cordata by Gray.) In low grounds, not rare.
Decorah, Hesper.

Salia interior Rowlee.(S. longifolia Muhl.) Sandbar Wil-
low. Common on sandbars, ete. Decorah. Observed at Hes-
per, Canoe creek, and Ft. Atkinson.

Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith. Slender Willow. In low
‘grounds. Not common. Calmar.

Salix discolor Muhl. Glaucous Willow, Pussy Willow. Com-
mon in bogs, ete. Decorah (Savage), Kendallville, Canoe creek,
Hesper, etc.

Salix ericocephala Michx. Pussy Willow. (Included with the
preceding by Gray.) Rather common, in low grounds. Decorah,
Hesper. (The latter may be a hybrid, S. humilis+-8. discolor.)

Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. Common in dry open
places. Calmar, Decorah, north fork of Bear creek. Also ob-
served at Canoe creek, Moneek and Ft. Atkinson.

Order2. Juglandales.
Family Juglandacee.

Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut. In rich grounds. Decorah
(Savage). Also observed at Hesper and Moneek.

Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. Rather common, on lower
slopes, etc. Decorah. Also observed at all the other localities
excepting Calmar.

176 -.1LORA OF, WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Hicoria minima .(Marsh.) Britt. (Carya amara Nutt.)
Bitternut. In rather rich soil, quite common. Decorah, Mon-
eek. Also observed at Hesper, Canoe creek, both forks of Bear
creek, Bluffton and Kendallville.

Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt. .(Carya alba Nutt.) Shell-bark
Hickory. Rather abundant, in rich soil. Decorah. Also
observed at Hesper, Canoe creek, both forks of Bear creek,
Brunton Kendallville and Moneek.

Order3. Fagales.
Family 1. Betulacee.

Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue Beech. Quite common on
moist banks, ete. Canoe creek, Hesper. Also observed at Ken-
dallville, and both forks of Bear creek.

‘Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Iron-wood.. Common in
higher woods. Decorah, Hesper, Ft. Atkinson. ema at all
-other localities here named except Calmar.

Corylus americana Walt. Hazel-nut. Common in eee:
etc. Kendallville, Hesper, Calmar. Observed at all other seca:
ities.

Corylus rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut. Very rare. "Found
only at Kendallville, in rich soil.

Betula papyrifera Marsh. Canoe Birch. Common on- rocky
slopes, etc. Hesper, Canoe creek, both forks of Bear creek,
Kendallville, Bluffton, Decorah.

Alnus iccana (L.) ‘Willd. Hoary Alder. On rocky banks
and slopes, not abundant. Bluffton, Coldwater Spring, Canoe
creek.

Family 2, Fagacee.

Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. Quite common, chiefly in upland
woods. Typical specimens were -obtained at Decorah, Free-
port, Hesper, Highlandville and Plymouth Rock. A variety
with typical leaves, but narrow acorns with convex or almost
obconical cups was found at Moneek and Hesper. It may be a
distinct species.

Quercus schneckii Britt. Schneck’s Red Oak. (Not in Gray.
Sargent calls this Q. texana Buckl.) This and the two follow-
ing species have been indiscriminately reported as Q. coccinea
in Iowa. The writer has not been able to find true Q. coccinea

SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES. 177

Muench. in the state. The inner bark of the three species here
recognized is yellow, never red. Common in upland woods.
Specimens from Canoe creek, Kendallville, Moneek and Decorah
seem to be typical, while others from Hesper, Moneek, Free-
port, Calmar and Ft. Atkinson approach Q. velutina in the
character of the acorn. The series is interesting, and needs
further study.

Quercus borealis Michx. (Q. coccinea var. ambigua Gray.)
Gray Oak. Specimens which appear to be typical, and which
agree exactly with Engelmann’s specimens labelled Q. ambigua
in the herbarium of the St. Louis Botanical Garden, were col-
lected at Hesper and Sattre, and observed throughout the
northeastern part of the courty in upland groves remote from
streams, and frequently in the company of the preceding species.
The leaves are like the moderately lobed, broad, typical leaves
of Q. rubra, while the acorns resemble those of Q. velutina, but
the scales of the cup are appressed. The bark is comparatively
smooth, thin and very brittle, and the general aspect of the
tree is different from that of any other Iowa oak. Sargent
refers Q. ambigua (which is the same as this species) to Q.
rubra, but judging from the specimens here reported this is
certainly an error.

Quercus velutina Lam. (Q. coccinea var. tinctoria Gray.)
Yellow Oak; Black Oak. This species is rather common in
the southern part of the county. It was obtained at Decorah,
and observed at Ft. Atkinson, etc. The species is replaced
northward by the two preceding species.

Quercus alba L. White Oak. Common in upland groves and
deep woods, especially near streams. Decorah (Savage),
Bluffton, Highlandville. Also observed at Hesper, Canoe
creek, both forks of Bear creek, Kendallville, Moneek and Ft.
Atkinson. Our -most valuable forest tree.

Quercus macrocarpa Michx: Bur Oak. Common in upland
woods. Collected at Decorah and Calmar, and observed in all
parts of the county where collections were made. This tree,
is very variable in the size and form of the leaves and acorns,
according to habitat.

12

178 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Order 4. Urticales.
Family 1. Ulmacee.

Ulmus americana L. White Elm. Common in alluvial woods.
Decorah, north fork of Bear creek. Observed at all the stations.

Ulmus racemosa Thomas. Cork Elm. Rather common, on
rocky slopes. Canoe creek, north fork of Bear creek. Observed
at Highlandville and Bluffton. |

Ulmus fulva Michx. Red Elm; Slippery Elm. Common in
upland woods. Decorah, Kendallville.

Celtis crassifolia Lam. (C. occidentalis L., in part.) Hack-
berry. Rather common, often on higher grounds. Decorah.
Observed at Bluffton and Kendallville.

Family 2. Moraceae.

Cannabis sativa L. Hemp. Common in waste places. Intro-
duced. Ft. Atkinson, etc.

Family 3. Urticacee.

Urtica gracilis Ait. Slender Nettle. Common in rather dry
places. Canoe creek, Calmar.

Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze. (Laportea canadensis
Gaud.) Wood Nettle. Inrich woods. Common. Hesper, etc.

Adicea pumila (L.) Ref. (Pilea pumila Gray.) Richweed.
Low places, quite common. Hesper.

Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania Pellitory. Dry
rocky banks. Locally common. Decorah.

Order5 Santalales.
Family Santalacee.

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard Toadflax. Locally
common on dry hills and prairies. Decorah (Savage).

Order6. Aristolochiales.
Family Aristolochiacee.

Asarum acuminatum (Ashe) Bick. (A. canadense L., in
part.) Longtipped Wild Ginger. Common on shaded. mossy
(rocky) banks. Decorah, Hesper. |

Asarum reflecum Bick. (A. canadense L., in part.) Short-
lobed Wild Ginger. Locally common in alluvial woods. De-
corah.

SUB-CLASS Il. DICOTYLEDONES. 179 |

Order?. Polygonales.
; Family Polygonacea.

Rumex acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel. Common in dry fields
and waste places. Calmar, Hesper.

Rumex verticillatus L. Swamp Dock. In swamps. Re-
ported by Fitzpatrick.

Rumes altissimus Wood. Tall Dock. Common in low places.
Decorah (Savage), etc.

Rumex patientia L. Patience Dock. Common in waste
places. Introduced. Calmar.

Rumex brittanica L. Great Water-dock. Common in wet
places. Calmar, etc.

Rumex crispus L. Curled Dock. Introduced. Decorah
(Arthur).
| Fagopyrum fagopyrum (L.) Karst. (F. esculentum Moench.)
Buckwheat. Not uncommonly naturalized in waste places. Ft.
Atkinson, ete.

_ Polygonum amphibium L. Water Persicaria. Aquatic. Re-
ported by Fitzpatrick. ; ‘

Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Britt. (P. muhlenbergii S..
Wats.) Swamp Persicaria. Locally common in ponds. Ft.
Atkinson.

Polygonum incarnatum Ell. (P. lapathifolium var. incar-
natum Wats.) Pink Persicaria. Common in wet soils. De-
corah, Ft. Atkinson.

Polygonum lapathifolium L. Pale Persicaria. Common in
waste places. Introduced.

Polygonum pennsylvanicum lL. Pennsylvania Smartweed..
Common in moist soil. Decorah, Hesper, Calmar.

Polygonum persicaria L. Lady’s Thumb. Introduced weed.
Calmar, ete. ;

Polygonum hydropiper L. Smartweed. In moist grounds,’
common. Ft. Atkinson, etc.

Polygonum virginianum L. Virginia Knotweed. Rather com-
mon in woods. Decorah (Goddard), Canoe creek.

Polygonum aviculare L. Doorweed. A common introduced
door-yard weed. Calmar, Hesper, ete.

Polygonum camporum Meisn. Prairie, Knotweed. In dry,
sandy soil. Near Hesper.

t

180 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Polygonum tenue Michx. Slender Knotweed. Locally com-
mon in dry sandy soil. Decorah (Holway), the St. Peter sand-
stone region near Hesper.

Polygonum douglasiti Greene. Douglas’ Knotweed. (Not
included in Gray.) With the preceding in the vicinity of Hes-
per, and even more abundant.

Polygonum convolvulus L. Black Bindweed. A common
introduced weed. Calmar, Hesper, etc.

Polygonum scandens L. (P. dumetorwm var. scandens Gray.)
Climbing False Buckwheat. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Polygonum sagittatum L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. In low
grounds. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Order 8. Chenopodiales.
Family 1. Chenopodiacee.

Chenopodium album L. Lamb’s Quarters. A common intro-
duced weed. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Chenopodium glaucum L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. A common
introduced weed. Calmar.

Chenopodium hybridum L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Common.
in woods. Decorah. :

Salsola tragus. Russian Thistle. Introduced. Not common.
Calmar.

Salsola kali L. Salt-wort.

. Family 2, Amaranthacee.
Amaranthus retroflecus L. Rough Pigweed. A very com-
mon introduced weed. Ft. Atkinson, Decorah (Goddard).
Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. Prostrate Pigweed. Intro-
duced from the west. A common weed. Ft. Atkinson, ete.
Family 3. Nyctaginaceae,
Allionia nyctaginea Michx. (Oxybaphus nyctagineus Sweet.)
Wild Four-o’clock. Common in dry open places. Calmar.
Family 4. Azoiacee.
Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet-weed. Common in sandy and
waste grounds. Ft. Atkinson.
Family 5. Portulacacee.
Claytonia virginica L. Spring Beauty. In rich alluvial
woods. (Fitzpatrick.) :

SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES. 181

Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. A common introduced weed.
Calmar, ete.
Family 6. Caryophyllacee.

Agrostemma githago L. (Lychnis githago Scop.) Introduced
weed. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Silene stellata (L.) Ait. Starry Campion. Along borders
of thickets, ete. Common. Calmar.

Silene alba Muhl. Western White Campion. In moist
grounds, along borders of thickets. Not rare. Calmar, ete.

Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. In dry places. Re-
ported by Fitzpatrick.

Lychnis alba Mill. (L. vespertina Sibth.) White Campion.
Introduced weed. Decorah (Arthur), Hesper.

Saponaria officinalis L. Soapwort. Introduced. Locally
common in waste places, etc. Ft. Atkinson.

Vaccaria vaccaria (Li) Britt. (Saponaria vaccaria L.) Cow-
herb. Introduced. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Alsine media L. (Stellaria media Smith.) Common Chick-
weed. Common weed in waste places, etc. Introduced. Hes-
per, etc.

Alsine longifolia (Muhl.) Britt. (Stellaria longifolia Muhl.)
Long-leaved Stitchwort. Common in wet meadows, ete. De-
corah (Goddard).

Cerastium longipedunculatum Muhl. (C. nutans Raf.) Nod-
ding Chickweed. Common in moist woods, etc. Decorah (Sav-
age), Hesper, Ft. Atkinson.

‘Cerastium arvense L. Field Chickweed. Reported by Fitz-
patrick.

Cerastium arvense oblongifolium (Torr.) Holl. & Britt. In
rocky places. This variety was founded on Winneshiek county
material.* Decorah (Holway).

Moehringia lateriflora (.) Fenzl. (Arenaria lateriflora L.)
In moist, shaded places. Decorah (Savage).

*See Bull. Torrey Bot. Olub, Vol. XIV, p. 48, 1887.

182 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Order9. Ranales
Family 1. Nympheacae.

panne advena Sol. (Nuphar advena Ait. f.) Yellow
Pond-lily. In permanent ponds. Not common. Ft. Atkinson.

‘Castalia odorata (Dry.) W.& W. (Nymphaea odorata Ait.)
Sweet-scented White Mea: In permanent ponds. Rare.
Ft. Atkinson.

Family 2. Ranunculacee.

Hydrastis canadensis L. Orange-root Golden Seal. Rare,
in deep woods. Canoe creek.

Caltha palustris L. Marsh-marigold. In bogs and wet mead-
ows. Not common. Hesper.

Isopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. False Rue- anemone.
In rich alluvial woods. Decorah (Savage).

Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. (A. spicata var. rubra Ait.) Red
Baneberry. Not rare, in deep woods. Hesper, Decorah.

Actaea alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry. Rich woods
Hesper. fe

Aquilegia canadensis L. Wild Columbine. Common on
shaded rocks. Decorah (Savage), Calmar.

Delphinium carolinianum Walt. (D. azurewm Michx.)
Prairie Larkspur. Still frequent on rather dry prairie west of
Ft. Atkinson.

Anemone cylindrica A. Gray. Long-fruited Anemone. Com-
mon on prairie and in open places. Calmar.

Anemone virginiana L. Tall Anemone. Common in open
woods. Calmar, ete. ,

Anemone canadensis L. (A. pennsylvanica L.) Pennsylvania
Anemone. In moist grounds. Common. Decorah (Savage),
Calmar.

Anemone quinquefolia L. (A. nemorosa L.) Wood Anemone.
In woods. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Hepatica acuta (Pursh.) Britt. (H. acutiloba DC.) Heart
Liver-leaf. Common on wooded banks and slopes. Decorah
(Savage), Hesper. :

Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffm. (Anemonella thalictro-
ides Spach.) Rue-anemone. In open woods. (Fitzpatrick).

SUB-CLASS II, DICOTYLEDONES. 183

Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh.) Britt. (Anemone patens var.
nuttalliana Gray.) Pasque-flower. On prairies and dry ridges.
Not rare. Bluffton, Decorah. .

Clematis virginiana L. Virgin’s Bower. Common along bor-
ders of thickets, etc. It. Atkinson, Decorah, Hesper.

Atragene americana Sims. (Clematis verticillaris DC.) Pur-
ple Virgin’s Bower. Shaded rocky banks. Found at Decoral
by Holway and Goddard.

Ranunculus ovalis Raf. (R. rhomboideus.) Prairie Crowfoot.
In open places. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidney-leaved Crowfoot. In moist
shaded ground. Common. © Decorah (Savage), etc.

Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. ‘Hooked Crowfoot. In rich
woods, locally frequent. Hesper.

Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Bristly Crowfoot. Reported
by Fitzpatrick.

Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir. Marsh Butter-cup. Com-
mon in low grounds. Decorah (Savage).

Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Early Butter-cup. Reported
by Fitzpatrick. ’

Batrachium trichophyllum (Chaix.) Bossch. (Ranunculus
aquatilis var. trichophyllus Gray.) Common White Water Crow-
foot. “Abundant in Bear creek near Highlandville.

Thalictrum diocicum L. Karly Meadow-rue. Common on
wooded slopes. Decorah (Savage), Hesper.

Thalictrum purpurascens L. Purplish Meadow-rue. Common
in open places. Calmar, Decorah (Goddard), ete.

Family 3. Berberidacee.

Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh. Rather
common, in deep woods. Hesper.
Podophyllum peltatum L. May Apple. In deep woods. Not
common. (Fitzpatrick.)
Family 4. Menispermacee.
Menispermum canadense L. Moonseed; Yellow Parilla. Quite
common, in woods. Decorah (Savage), Hesper.

184 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Order 10. Papaverales.
Family 1. Papaveracee.

Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot. On _ well-wooded
slopes and banks, not rare. Decorah (Savage), Hesper.

Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp. (Dicentra cucullaria DC.)
Dutchman’s Breeches. In rich woods. Decorah (Goddard).

Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie.) Millsp. (Dicentra canadensis
DC.) Squirrel Corn. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Capnoides micranthum (Engelm.) Britt. (Corydalis micran-
tha Gray.) Small-flowered Corydalis. In woods. Decorah
(Goddard).

Famtly 2. Crucitere.

Lepidium virginicum L. Wild Pepper-grass. A common
weed. Hesper, Calmar, etc.

Lepidium apetalum L. (L. intermedium Gray.) Apetalous
Pepper-grass. A weed. Decorah (Savage).

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge Mustard. A com-
mon naturalized weed. Calmar, etc.

Sinapis alba L. (Brassica alba Boiss.) White Mustard. An
introduced weed. Not common. Calmar.

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. A common in-
troduced weed. Calmar, etc.

Brassica arvensis (L.) B.S. P. (B. sinapistrum Boiss.) More
common than the preceding, and observed at several stations.
(Fitzpatrick. )

Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. (Thelypodium pin-
natifidum Wats.) Purple Rocket. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Roripa palustris (L.) Bess. (Nasturtium palustre DC.) Marsh
Cress. In low grounds. Calmar.

Roripa nasturtium (l.) Rusby. (Nasturtium officinale BR.
Br.) Water Cress. In clear streams. Canoe creek, Decorah.

Roripa armoracia (L.) A. 8. Hitch (Nasturtium armoracia
Fries.) Horse-radish. Run wild. (Fitzpatrick.)

Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S. P. (C. rhomboidea DC.)
' Spring Cress. In bogs, ete. Decorah (Savage).

Cardamine hirsuta L. Bitter Cress. In moist grounds. (Fitz-
patrick.)

Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Pepper-root. Rich woods. (Fitz-
patrick. ).

SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES. 185

Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britt. (Capsella bursa-pastoris
Moench.) Shepherd’s Purse.. A very common introduced
weed. Decorah (Savage), Calmar, ete.

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. False. Flax. An introduced
weed. (Fitzpatrick.)

Draba caroliniana Walt. Carolina Whitlow-grass. In sandy
places. (Fitzpatrick.)

Sophia intermedia Rydb. (Sisymbrium canescens Nutt., in
part.) Western Tansy-mustard. On dry ridges, ete. Decorah
(Savage).

Arabis lyrataL. Lyre-leaved Rock-cress. On rocks, ete.
Locally common. Decorah.

Arabis dentata T. & G. Toothed Rock-cress. In rocky places.
Decorah (Savage).

Arabis laevigata (Muhl.)’ Poir. Smooth Rock-cress. On
rocky slopes, etc. Decorah (Savage).

Arabis canadensis L. Sickle-pod. In woods, ete. (Fitzpat-
rick.)

Arabis brachycarpa (T. & G.) Britt. (A. confinis S. Wats.)
Purple Rock-cress. In rocky places. (Fitzpatrick.)

Erysimum cheiranthoides L. Worm-seed Mustard. Along
borders and on banks. Not rare. Decorah, ete.

Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum. Not common.
Decorah.

Family 3, Capparidacee.

Polanisia trachysperma T. & G. Large-flowered Clammy-
weed. In sandy places. Ft. Atkinson.
Order 11. Rosales.
. Family 1. Penthoracec.
Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch Stonecrop. In low wet places.
Locally common. Decorah, ete.
Family 2, Parnassiacee.
Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Grass of Parnassus. Quite
rare, in bogs near Hesper.
Family 3. Saxifragacee.
Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. Swamp Saxifrage. Not rare, in
bogs. Hesper. .

186 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Sullivantia sullivantii (T. & G.) Britt. (S. ohionis T. & G.)
Sullivantia. Locally common, on faces of cliffs. Highlandville.

Heuchera hispida Pursh. Rough Heuchera; Alum-root. Com-
mon, on prairie. Calmar.-

Mitella diphylla L. Two-leaved Bishop’s Cap. Common, on
shaded banks. Decorah (Savage), Hesper.

Chrysosplenium iowensis Rydb. (C. alternifolium L.) Towa
Golden Saxifrage. Rare, on shaded mossy banks. Decorah
(Goddard). Also found in Dubuque county.

Family 4. Grossulariacee. ;

Ribes cynosbati L. Wild Gooseberry. Locally common, on
rocky banks. Decorah. Also observed at Canoe creek, both
forks of Bear creek, Highlandville and Ft. Atkinson.

Ribes missouriensis Nutt. (R. gracile Michx., in part.) Mis-
souri Gooseberry. Common on banks and in open thickets.
Decorah, Hesper. Also observed at Canoe creek and Ft. Atkin-
son.
Ribes floridum L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Not rare, in
low rich woods. Decorah. Also observed at Hesper, Canoe
creek, and north fork of Bear creek.

Ribes rubrum L. Red Currant. Rare, in deep woods at Hes-
per. May be introduced, but appears to be native.

Family 5. Platanacee.
Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore; Plane-tree. In low woods.
Rare, observed only at Bluffton.
Family 6. Rosacee. ;
Opulaster intermedius Rydb. (Physocarpus opulifolius, in
part.) Common on wooded banks and in thickets. Decorah.
Also observed along Canoe creek, north fork of Bear creek, and
at Bluffton and Kendallville.
Spiraea salicifolia L. American Meadow-sweet. In swamps.
Decorah. Also observed at Ft. Atkinson.
Rubus americanus (Pers.) Britt. (R. triflorus Rich.) Dwarf
Raspberry. Swamps. (Fitzpatrick.)
Rubus strigosus Michx, Wild Red Raspberry. Rather com-
mon, on rocky banks. Decorah.
Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry. On wooded banks
and in thickets. Decorah.

SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES. 187

Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. (R. villosus Ait.) Blackberry.
Common in thickets. Decorah.

Rubus procumbens Muhl. (R. canadensis L.) Dewberry.. In
sandy or rocky soil, not common. Decorah, Hesper. The spec-
imens from the latter locality have an unusually large number
of leaves having but one large leaflet. This form was reported
by the writer under the name of R. baileyanus,* a species which,
so far as known, does not occur in Iowa.

Drymocallis arguta (Pursh. ) Ryd. (Potentilla arguta Pursh.)
Tall Cinquefoil. On dry prairie and hills, locally common. Ft.
Atkinson. . .

Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. (Potentilla fruticosa L.)
Shrubby Cinquefoil. Rare. Decorah (Arthur).

Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Soland.) Rydb. (Potentilla triden-
tata Soland.) Three-toothed Cinquefoil. Very common on the
St. Peter sandstone exposures northeast of Hesper.

Fragaria virginiana Duches. Wild Strawberry. In open
places, locally common. (Fitzpatrick.)

Fragaria americana (Port.) Britt. (F. vesca L.) Wood
Strawberry. Locally common, in rocky places. Decorah (Sav-
age), Canoe creek, Ft. Atkinson.

Potentilla monspeliensis L. (P. norvegica L.) Rough Cin-
quefoil. Rather common, on banks and in thickets. Calmar.

Potentilla canadensis L. Five-finger. Common in dry soils.
Moneek, Canoe creek, ete. |

Geum virginianum L. Rough Avens. Moist woods. More
common than the preceding at Hesper.

_. Geum macrophyllum Willd. Large-leaved Avens. In moist
woods. (Fitzpatrick.)

Sieversia ciliata (Pursh.) Rydb. (Geum triflorum Pursh.)
Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bick. (A. eupatoria L.) Com-
mon in woods. Hesper, ete.

Rosa blanda Ait. Smooth Wild Rose. Not rare, on shaded
banks, ete. Decorah.

* See Trans. Iowa Hort. Society, Vol. 38, p. 463;
Proc. Dav. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. X, 1904.

188 ‘FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Rosa sayi Schwein. Prickly Rose. Common on banks and in
thickets. Canoe creek, Bluffton, Calmar, Ft. Atkinson.

Rosa woodsti Lindl. Wood’s Rose. Not common, in open
places. Bluffton.

Rosa humilis Marsh. Pasture Rose. Reported by Fitzpat-
rick. A specimen collected by the writer at Calmar is probably
this species.

Family 7. Pomacee.

Malus iowensis (Wood) Britt. (Pyrus coronaria L., in part.)
Western Crab-apple. Common in thickets at all the stations
named, excepting Calmar.

Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britt. (Pyrus arbutifolia var. melano-
carpa Hook.) Black Choke-berry. Very rare. Found only
upon an exposure of St. Peter sandstone near Hesper.

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. June-berry. Rather
common, along river-bluffs, ete. Decorah (Goddard), Bluffton.
Observed at Hesper, Canoe creek, south fork of Bear creek and
Kendallville.

Amelanchier botryapium (L. f.) DC. (A. canadensis var. ob-
longifolia T .& G.) Shad-bush. Local, on shaded rocky banks.
Decorah (Goddard), Bluffton.

Amelanchier rotundifolia (Michx.) Roem. (A. canadensis var,
rotundifolia T. & G.) Round-leaved June-berry. On wooded
banks and slopes. Rather common locally. Hesper, Bluffton.

Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Northwestern June-berry. Lo-
cally frequent on dry slopes. Decorah (Savage), Freeport.
Also observed at Hesper.

Crataegus punctata Jacq. Large-fruited Thorn. Very com-
mon in thickets. Decorah, Bluffton, Canoe creek, north fork of
Bear creek, Hesper, Ft. Atkinson. This is the most common
red-haw in the county. Fitzpatrick also reports C. crus-galli,
but one of his specimens in the University herbarium, so la-
belled, is certainly C. punctata. The writer’s notes contain ref-
erences to C. crus-galli, and the species probably occurs, but all
the specimens which were collected are typical C. punctata.

Crataegus coccinea L. Scarlet Haw. What has usually been
called C. coccinea is rather common in thickets. It is evidently

SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES, 189

C. pruinosa K. Koch, as recognized by Sargent, and should prob-
ably be called by that name. Kendallville, N. fork of Bear creek.

Crataegus macracantha Lodd. Long-spined Thorn. Rather
common in thickets. Decorah (Savage), Canoe creek, Moneek.
Crataegus tomentosa L. Pear Haw. Quite common in thick-
ets. Canoe creek, north fork of Bear creek, Hesper.
Family 8. Drupacee.

Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum. Common in thickets.
Decorah, Ft. Atkinson. Also observed at all the stations except-
ing Calmar and Moneek.

Prunus pumila L. Dwarf Cherry. Very rare. Found only
on an exposure of St. Peter sandstone near Hesper, with Aroma.

Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry. Common
along borders and in thickets. Hesper, Canoe creek. Also ob-.
served at Decorah, Bluffton and north fork of Bear creek.

Prunus virginiana L. Choke Cherry. Locally common, on
rocky banks, etc. Decorah. Also observed at Hesper, Canoe.
creek, both forks of Bear creek, Bluffton and Kendallville.

Prunus serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Common in up--
land woods. Hesper, Canoe creek. Also obresved at all the
other stations, excepting Calmar.

Familh 9. Cesalpinacee

Cassia chamaecristg L. Partridge Pea. A common weed, in
dry soils. Decorah. ete.
Family 10. Papilionacee.

Baptisia bracteata Ell. (B. leucophaea Nutt.) Large-bracted
Wild Indigo. Open places. (Fitzpatrick.)

Baptisia leucantha T. & G. Wild Indigo. Locally common on,
rich prairies. Calmar.

Lupinus perennis L. Wild Lupine. Collected by Holway

at Decorah.
Melilotus alba Desv. White Sweet-clover. A common intro-

duced weed. Calmar, ete.
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Sweet-clover. Intro-
duced. Less common than the preceding. (Fitzpatrick.)
Trifolium arvense L. Stone Clover. Introduced. (Fitzpat-
rick.)
Trifolium pratense L. Red Clover. Everywhere escaped
from cultivation. Calmar, Hesper, ete.

190 . FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Trifolium hybridum L. Alsike Clover. Becoming quite com-
mon in waste places. Ft. Atkinson, etc.

Trifolium repens L. White Clover. Common everywhere.
Calmar, ete.

Amorpha fruticosa L. False Indigo. Along streams, rather
common. Decorah. Observed at Bluffton, ete.

Amorpha canescens Pursh. lLead-plant. Common on dry
prairies and ridges. Hesper, Freeport, Calmar, Ft. Atkinson,
Highlandville. Observed at Kendallville, ete.

Kuhnistera candida (Willd.) Kuntz. (Petalostemon candi-
dus Michx.) White Prairie Clover. Local, on prairies and
dry ridges. Calmar.

Kuhnistera purpurea (Vent.) MacM. (Petalostemon viola-
ceus Michx.) Purple Prairie Clover. With preceding. Cal-
mar.

_Cracca virginiana L. (Tephrosia virginiana Pers.) Goat’s
Rue. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Robinia pseudacacia L. Black Locust. Common, evidently
introduced. Observed at Hesper, Bluffton, Kendallville, ete.

Astragalus carolinianus L. (A. canadensis L.) Milk Vetch.
On open banks and slopes. Not rare. Calmar.

Meibomia pauciflora ( Nutt.) Kuntze. (Desmodium pau-
ciflorwum DC.) Few-flowered Tick-trefoil. Rare. In deep woods
near Hesper. .

Meibomia grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. (Desmodium acu-
minatum DC.) ‘Tick-trefoil Common in deep woods.
Decorah.

Meibomia longifolia (T. & G.) Vail. (Desmodium —not men-
tioned in Gray’s Manual.) Long-leaved Tick-trefoil. In thickets,
etc. Decorah (Goddard), Calmar.

Lespedeza capitata Michx: Tall Bush-clover. Common on
dry prairies and ridges. Calmar, Ft. Atkinson, Freeport.

Lespedeza leptostachya Engelm. Prairie Clover. Reported
from this county in Fitzpatrick’s Manual.

Vicia cracca L: Cow Vetch. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Vicia americana Muhl. American Vetch. Common in rather
moist open grounds. Decorah (Savage), Calmar.

SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES. 191

Vicia satwa L. Common Vetch. Introduced, in waste places.
Calmar.

Vicia angustifolia Roth. Smaller Common Vetch. Intro-
duced. Fitzpatrick reports one specimen.

Lathyrus venosus Muhl. Veiny Pea. In rich, rather moist,
open places. Not frequent. Calmar.

Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. Cream-colored Vetchling. On
hillsides. Not common. Decorah (Goddard).

Falcata comosa (L.) Kuntze. (Amphicarpaea monoica
Nutt.) Hog Pea-nut. Not rare, in woods. Ft. Atkinson.

Falcata pitcheri (T. & G.) Kuntze. (Amphicarpaea pitcheri
T.&G.) Pitcher’s Hog Pea-nut. More common than the pre-
ceding, and in similar places. Hesper; Decorah (Goddard).

Apios apios (L.) MacM. (A. tuberosa Moench.) Ground-nut.
Not rare, in rather moist grounds. Calmar, Hesper.

Order 12. Geraniales.
Family 1. Geraniacee.

Geranium maculatum L. Wild Crane’s-bill. In upland woods.

Decorah (Savage).
Family 2. Oxalidacee.

Oxalis violacea L. Violet Wood-sorrel. Not rare, in sandy
and rocky places. (Fitzpatrick.)

Oxalis stricta L. (O. corniculata var. stricta Sav. ) A common
weed, in open places. Calmar, ete.

Family 3. Linacee.

Linum usitatissimum L. Flax. Escaped from cultivation,.
chiefly along railway right-of-way. Ft. Atkinson, ete.

Linum sulcatum Riddell. Grooved Yellow Flax. Common,
in dry places. Hesper, Ft. Atkinson.

Family 4. Rutacee.

Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly Ash. Common, in
thickets and on rocky banks. Decorah (Savage), Highlandville.
Also observed at Canoe creek, both forks of Bear creek, and
Bluffton.

Family 5, Polygalacee.

Polygala verticillata L. Whorled Milkwort. In dry open
places. Not common. Ft. Atkinson.

192 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Polygala viridescens L. (P. sanguinea L.) Field Milkwort.
Rather common, on prairies and in meadows. Hesper, Ft.
Atkinson.

Polygala senega L. Seneca Snakeroot. On rocky slopes. Not
common. Bluffton.

Family 6. Euphorbiacee.

Euphorbia maculata L. Milk Purslane. A common weed.
Calmar.
Euphorbia nutans Lag. (E. presi Guss.) Upright Spurge.
A common weed. Decorah (Goddard), Ft. Atkinson.
Euphorbia corollata L. Flowering Spurge. Common in dry,
open places. Calmar, etc.
Euphorbia commutata Engelm. Tinted Spurge. Reported
from Decorah by Arthur. _ ;
Euphorbia cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge. Introduced,
locally common. Decorah.
Order 13. Sapindales,
Family 1, Anacardiacee.

Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. (BR. typhina L.) Staghorn Sumach.
Locally common, on rocky slopes. Decorah, Freeport.

Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumach. Very common in thickets
and along borders, chiefly in dry places. Decorah (Savage),
Calmar. Observed at all the stations.

Rhus radicans L. (R. toxicodendron L.) Poison Ivy. Com-
mon along borders, and in low grounds. Both bushy and climb-
ing forms are common—the former chiefly in dry places. De-
corah. Also observed at Hesper, Bluffton, Kendallville, ete.

Family 2. Celastracee.

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Burning Bush; Wahoo. In
alluvial grounds, and on banks. Not rare. Decorah. Also
observed at Bluffton.

Celastrus scandens Li. Climbing Bittersweet. Rather com-
mon, in woods and along borders. Decorah. Also observed at
Hesper, Canoe creek and at Bluffton.

Family 3. Staphyleacee.

Staphylea trifoka L. Bladder-nut. Not rare, on rocky banks.

Decorah. Also observed at Hesper, Canoe creek and Bluffton.

SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES. 193

Family 4, <Aceracee.

Acer saccharinum L. (A. dasycarpwm Ehrh.) Soft Maple.
Common on alluvial grounds. Kendallville. Observed at Canoe
creek, Decorah, Ft. Atkinson and Bluffton.

Acer saccharum Marsh. (A. saccharinwm Wang.) Hard
Maple. Very common in upland woods, and on bluffs. Decorah.
Observed at all stations excepting Calmar and Moneek. ,

Acer negundo L. (Negundo aceroides Moench.) Box Elder.
Common, especially in alluvial soils. Decorah (Savage), Cal-
mar. Observed at all the stations.

Family 5. Balsaminacee.

Impatiens biflora Walt. (J. fulva Nutt.) Spotted Touch-me-
not. In moist grounds. Locally common. Ft. Atkinson, Hes-
per.

Impatiens aurea Muhl. (I. pallida Nutt.) Pale Touch-me-
not. In moist places, but rather less common than the preced-
ing. Decorah (Savage).

Order 14. Rhamnales.
Family 1. Rhamnacee.

Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea. Common on dry
prairies and ridges. Decorah, Calmar. Also observed at the
north fork of Bear creek, Canoe creek, Bluffton and Kendall-
ville.

Ceanothus ovatus pubescens T. & G. (The variety is not men-
tioned in Gray.) Downy Red-root. Rare. On dry prairie rid-
ges at Decorah.

Family 2. Vitacee.

Vitis vulpina L. (V. riparia Michx.) Common Wild Grape.
Very common along streams and ascending slopes. Decorah
(Savage), Calmar. Also observed at all the other stations.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (Ampelopsis quin-
quefolia Michx.) Virginia Creeper. Very common iu thickets
and deep woods. Caimar. Observed at all the other stations.

13

194 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Order 15. Malvales.
Family 1. Tiliacea.

Tilia americana L. Basswood... Common in rich woods, espe-
cially on lower slopes. Decorah. Observed at all the other sta-
tions excepting Calmar.

Family 2, Malvacee.

Malva rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Mallow; Monkey-cheese.
A common introduced weed, in waste places. Decorah, ete.

Malva crispa L. Curled Mallow. An introduced weed. One
specimen reported by Fitzpatrick.

Napaea dioica L. Glade Mallow. In moist grounds. Not
common: (Fitzpatrick.)

Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby. (A. avicennae Gaertn.) Vel-
vet-leaf. An introduced weed, common in waste places, ete.
Decorah, ete.

Order 16. Parietales.
Family 1, Hypereicacee.

Hypericum ascyron L. Great St. John’s-wort. Locally com-
mon in rather moist, open places. Hesper, Decorah.

Hypericum sphaerocarpon Michx. (H. cistifolium Lam.)
Round-fruited St. John’s-wort. Not common, on rocky slopes.
North fork of Bear creek.

Hypericum maculatum Walt. Spotted St. John’s-wort. Com-
‘mon, in rather moist soil. Hesper, Ft. Atkinson.

Hypericum canadense L. Canadian St.John’s-wort. On
moist, sandy banks, ete. Not abundant. Ft Atkinson.

Family 2. Cistacee.

Helianthemum majus (L.) B. 8. P. (Lechea major Michx.)
Hoary Frostweed. Quite common, on dry ridges, etc. Hesper,
Calmar, etc. This species was reported from the county by
Fitzpatrick under the name H. canadense Mx.

Lechea stricta Leggett. (Not included in Gray’s Manual.)
Prairie Pinweed. Locally common on dry sandy or rocky rid-
ges. Hesper, especially on the St. Peter sandstone exposures.

Family 3. Violacee.

Viola pedatifida Don. Prairie Violet. Locally still common
on prairies. Calmar.

Viola pedata L. Bird’s-foot Violet. On dry, sandy slopes
and ridges. Not rare. Hesper, Ft. Atkinson.

SUB-CLASS II. DiCUTYLEDONES. 195

Viola papilionacea Pursh. (V. palmata var. cucullata Gray:)
Common Blue Violet. Common, usually in thickets or along
borders, sometimes in open places. Decorah (Savage), ete.

Viola scabriuscula (T. & G. ) Schwein. (V. pubescens var.
scabriuscula IT. & G.) Common Yellow Violet. Common in
rich alluvial woods. Hesper, ete.

Viola canadensis L. Canada Violet. Locally common in rich
woods, especially on lower banks and slopes. Hesper.

Order 17. Thymelales.
amily Thymeleacee.

Dirca palustris L: Leatherwood. Rare and local. Canoe
creek..

Order 18. Myrtales.
Family Onagracee.

Ludwigia polycarpa Short & Peter. Many-fruited Ludwigia.
Locally common in wet grounds, often in water. Ft. Atkinson.

Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (E'pilobium angusti-
folium L.) Great Willow-herb. Locally common in dry open
places. Calmar, Moneek.

Epilobium coloratum Muhl. Purple-leaved Willow-herb.
Common in swampy grounds. Ft. Atkinson.

Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. Northern Willow-herb. In
wet grounds. Rather common. Decorah.

Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. (Enothera biennis L.) Common
Evening Primrose. In dry soils and waste places. Common,
often a weed. Ft. Atkinson, Calmar, etc.

Meliolia serrulata (Nutt.) Walp. (Enothera serrulata Nutt.)
In dry places. (Fitzpatrick.)

Gaura parviflora Dougl. Small-flowered Gaura. Not rare,
in dry soils. Ft. Atkinson.

Circaea lutetiana L. Enchanter’s Nightshade. Common in
deep woods. Hesper, etc. _

Circaea alpina L. Smaller Enchanter’s Nightshade. In deep
woods. Not common. Decorah (Goddard), Canoe creek.

Order 19. Umbellales.
Family 1 Araliacce

Aralia racemosa L. American Spikenard. Not rare, in deep
upland woods. Decorah.

Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Common on rocky,
well-shaded banks. Decorah (Savage), etc.

196 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Pana quinquefolium L. (Aralia quinquefolia D. & P.) Gin-
seng. Becoming rare. In deep rich woods. Hesper, Decorah.
Family 2. Umbellitere.

Sanicula marylandica L. Sanicle. Common in rich woods.
Decorah (Savage), Calmar, Hesper.

Eryngium aquaticum L. (E. yuccaefoltum Michx.) Button
Snake-root. Not rare, on dry prairies, but also occurring in
moist grounds. Calmar.

Washingtonia claytoni (Michx.) Britt. (Osmorrhiza brevi-
stylis DC.) Woolly Sweet Cicely. Common in deep woods.
Hesper, Decorah.

Conium maculatum L. Poison Hemlock. In waste places.
Introduced. Decorah (Goddard).

Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. Golden Meadow Parsnip. In rather
moist open places. Decorah (Savage), Calmar.

Cicuta maculata L. Water Hemlock. Not rare, in swamps.
Calmar; Decorah (Goddard). 7

Deringa canadensis (L.) Kuntze. (Cryptotaenia canaden-
sis DC.) Honewort. Very common in woods. Hesper, Decorah,
ete.

Taenidia integerrima (L.). Drude. (Pimpinella integerrima
B. & H.) Yellow Pimpernel. Common on rocky slopes. Decorah
(Savage), ete.

Sium cicutaefolium Gmel. Water-parsnip. Common in
swamps.. Ft. Atkinson, Hesper.

Pastinaca sativa L. Wild Parsnip. A common weed in waste
places. Introduced. Calmar, Decorah.

Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow-parsnip. In rather moist:
soil. Not rare. Decorah (Goddard).

Family 3. Cornacee.

Cornus circinata L’Her. Round-leaved Dogwood. Common
on shaded rocky slopes. Decorah, Bluffton, Highlandville.

Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. Common, in
wet places. Decorah, Bluffton, Canoe creek, Hesper.

Cornus candidissima Marsh. (C. paniculata L’Her.) Pan-
icled Dogwood. Common on shaded banks, ete. Ft. Atkinson,
Decorah, Hesper.

SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES. 197

Cornus alternifolium L. f. Alternate-leaved Dogwood. Com-
mon on wooded slopes and banks. Decorah, Canoe creek, north
fork of Bear creek, Hesper.

Series JI.

Order 1. Ericales.
Fumtilv 1 Pyrolacee.

Pyrola slipliei Nutt. Shin-leaf. Common in deep upland
woods. Decorah (Savage), Ft. Atkinson, Canoe creek, Hesper.

Pyrola secunda L. One-sided Wintergreen. Rare, in deep
woods. Hesper, Decorah (Holway).

‘Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. Pipsissewa. Rare, in up-
jand woods. Hesper.

. Family 2. Monotropacee.

Monotropa uniflora L. Indian Pipe. Very abundant in deep
upland woods. Hesper, Canoe creek.,

Hypopitys americana (DC.) Small. (Monotropa hypopitys
LL. Pine-sap. Very abundant in deep upland woods at Hesper.

Order 2. Primulales.
. Family 1. Primulacre.

Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife. Com-
mon in wet prairies. Calmar.

Steironema quadriflorum (Sims.) Hitch. (S. longifolium-
Gray.) Prairie Loosestrife. In moist low places. Decorah
(Goddard).

Dodecatheon peal L. Shooting Star. On prairies and
treeless ridges. Not rare. (Fitzpatrick.)

Order 3. Gentianales
family [, Oleacee

Fraxinus americana L. White Ash. Fitzpatrick reports this
as frequent in rich woods, but the writer saw no specimens which
could be so referred with certainty. Most of the specimens
reported under this name from Iowa undoubtedly belong to the
following species.

Fraxinus lanceolata Borck. (fF. viridis Michx.f.) Green
Ash. Common on alluvial grounds, but also extending into
upland forests. Decorah, Kendallville. Observed in all the
forest-covered parts of the county.

198 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Fraxinus wigra Marsh. (F. sambucifolia Lam.) Black Ash.

Quite common in upland woods. North fork of Bear creek,
Hesper.

Family 2. Gentianacee.

Gentiana crinita Froel. Fringed Gentian. Locally common
in shaded boggy places. Bluffton, Fremont Twp., Canoe creek.
Gentiana quinquefolia occidentalis (A. Gray.) A. S. H. (G.
quinqueflora var. occidentalis Gray.) Stiff Gentain; Western

Ague-weed. Chiefly on dry, rocky slopes. North fork of Bear
creek, Decorah, Kendallville.

Gentiana puberula Michx. Prairie Gentian. On dry prairies.
(Fitzpatrick.)

Gentiana andrewsti Griseb. Closed Gentian. In moist woods.
Not common. Hesper. :

Gentiana flavida A. Gray. (G. alba Muhl.) Yellowish Gen-
tian. Not common. In deep woods. Bluffton.

Family 3. <Apocynacecee.

Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane. In
thickets, ete. Common. Calmar, Moneek.

Acopynum cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. On prairies and
in open places. Not rare. Calmar.

Family 4. Asclepiadacee.

Asclepias tuberosa L. Pleurisy-root. On dry prairies and rid-
ges. Common. Ft. Atkinson.

Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. Common in
swamps and wet meadows. Decorah.

Asclepias syriaca L. (A. cornutt Dec.) Common Milkweed.
In open and waste places. Common. Calmar.

Asclepias exaltata (L.) Muhl. (A. phytolaccoides Pursh.)
Tall Milkweed. In thickets. (Fitzpatrick.)

Asclepias verticillata L. Whorled Milkweed. Common on
dry prairies, ete. Ft. Atkinson.

Ipomoea pandurata (L.) Meyer. Wild Potato Vine. Dry
soil. (Fitzpatrick.)

SUB-CLASS II, DICOTYLEDONES. 199

Order 4. Polemoniales.

Fumily 1. Convolvulacee,

Convolvulus sepium L. Hedge Bindweed. Common in fields
and waste places. Decorah (Goddard), Calmar.

Convolvulus arvensis L. Small Bindweed. In fields and
waste places. Introduced. Calmar.

Family 2. Cuscutacee.

Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelm. Dodder. On coarse herbs, ete.
Common. Decorah.
“Cuscuta gronovii Willd. (C. gronovii var. latifolia Engelm.)
The variety latifolia was reported from Hesper by Arthur.
Cuscuta paradoxa Raf. (C. glomerata Chois.) Glomerate
Dodder. Reported by Fitzpatrick.

Family 3, Polemoniacew.

Phlox pilosa L. Prairie Phlox. Common on prairies, and
open ridges. Decorah, Ft. Atkinson.

Phlox divaricata L. Wild Blue Phlox. Common in alluvial
woods. Decorah (Savage).

Polemonium reptans L. Jacob’s Ladder. Common, in woods.
Decorah, Hesper.

Family 4. Hydrophyllacee,

Hydrophyllum virginicum L. Virginia Water-leaf. Com-
mon, in rich woods. Decorah (Savage).

Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. Appendaged Water-
leaf. In rich woods. (Fitzpatrick.)

Macrocalyx nyctelea (L.) Kuntze. (Ellisia nyctelea L.)
Nyctelea. Common in moist, shaded places. Becoming a weed.
Decorah (Savage), ete.

Famity 5. Bovraginaceae.

Lappula lappula (L.) Karst. (Echinospermum lappula
Lehm.) Burseed. Introduced. In waste places. Decorah.

Lappula texana (Scheele) Britt. (Echinospermum redowski
var. occidentale Wats.) On dry ridges and slopes. Common.
Decorah (Arthur), Highlandville.

Lappula virginiana (L.) Greene. (Echinospermum virgin-
icum Lehm.) Beggar’s Lice. Along borders, in open woods,
ete. (Fitzpatrick. )

200 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Mertensia virginica (L.) DC. Smooth Lungwort; Smooth
Blue-bell. In alluvial woods. (Fitzpatrick.)

Merteénsia paniculata (Ait.) G. Don. Tall Lungwort. In
woods. Decorah (Goddard; Arthur).

Lithospermum latifoliwm Michx. American Gromwell. In
dry thickets, ete. (Fitzpatrick.)

Lithospermum gmelini (Michx.) A. S. H. (Z. hirtwm Lehm.)
Hairy Puccoon. In dry, usually open places. Decorah (Sav-
age).

Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon,
In dry places. Decorah (Savage).

Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. (L. angustifoliwm
Michx.) Narrow-leaved Puccoon. In dry soil. (Fitzpatrick.)

Onosmodium molle Michx.. (O. carolinianum var. molle
Gray.) Soft-hairy False Gromwell. On dry prairie. (Fitz-
patrick.)

Family 6. Verbenacee.

Verbena urticifolia L. White Vervain. Common introduced
weed. (Fitzpatrick), ete.

Verbena hastata L. Blue Vervain. Common in moist places,
Calmar, Hesper, etc.

Verbena stricta Vent. Hoary Vervain. Common on dry
prairie, etc. Ft. Atkinson, ete.

Verbena bracteosa Michx. Large-bracted Vervain. In dry
and waste places. Calmar, ete.

Family 7. Labiatee.

Teucrium canadense L. Wood Sage. In moist grounds.
Decorah.

Isanthus brachiatus (L.) B. 8. P. (I. caeruleus Michx.)
False Pennyroyal. On sandy or rocky slopes, ete. Decorah
(Holway).

Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skull-cap. In low places.
Not rare. Decorah.

Scutellaria cordifolia Muhl. (8. versicolor Nutt.) On wood-
ed banks. (Fitzpatrick.) :

Scutellaria parvula Michx. Small Skull-eap. On sandy and
rocky slopes. Hesper.

-SUB-CLASS If. DICOTYLEDONES. 201

Agastache nepetoides (Lu.) Kuntze. (Lophanthus nepetoides
Benth.) Catnip. Giant-Hyssop. Along borders and in thick-
ets, not common. Hesper.

Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze. (Lophanthus
scrophulariaefolius Benth.) Giant Hyssop. In thickets and
woods. Common. Hesper.

Nepeta cataria L. Catnip. In waste places. Introduced.
Common. Calmar, Hesper.

Glecoma hederacea L. (Nepeta glechoma Benth.) Ground
Ivy. A common introduced weed. Decorah (Savage), ete.

Prunella vulgaris L. (Brunella vulgaris L.) Heal-all Moist
woods, waste places, etc. Native, or thoroughly naturalized.
Calmar, Canoe creek.

Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. False Dragon-head. On
alluvial banks, ete. (Fitzpatrick.)

Physostegia parviflora Nutt. (Not given in Gray.) In moist
places. Not abundant. Ft. Atkinson.

Galeopsis tetrahit L. Hemp-nettle. Not rare. Calmar,
Canoe creek.

Leonurus cardiaca L. Motherwort. Introduced weed, in
waste places. Decorah (Savage), Canoe creek.

Stachys palustris L. Hedge Nettle. Wet places. Especially
common on borders of prairie ponds or swamps.

Stachys aspera Michx. Rough Hedge-nettle. In wet places.
(Fitzpatrick.)

Monarda scabra Bick. (M. fistulosa var. mollis Benth.) Pale
Wild Bergamot. Prairies and borders. Common. Calmar.

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. In woods. (Fitzpatrick.)

Hedeoma hispida Pursh. Rough Pennyroyal. Dry grounds.
{Fitzpatrick.)

Koellia flaxuosa (Walt.) MacM. (Pycnanthemum linifoliwm
Pursh.) Narrow Leaved Mountain-mint. In thickets, along
borders, etc. Hesper, Calmar.

Koellia virginiana (L.) MacM. (Pycnanthemum lanceolatum
Pursh.) Dry borders and thickets. (Fitzpatrick.)

Lycopus virginicus L. Purple Bugle-weed. In wet places.
Not rare. Hesper.

202 FLORA OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Lycopus americanus Muhl. (L. sinuatus Ell.) Water Hoar-
hound. In swamps and bogs. Common. Calmar, Hesper.

Mentha canadensis L. American Wild Mint. Common in wet
places. Ft. Atkinson, Hesper.

Family 8. Solanacee.

Physalis philadelphica Lam. Ground-cherry. In rich soil.
(Fitzpatrick. )

Physalis lanceolata Michx. Prairie Ground-cherry. Dry
places. (Fitzpatrick.)

Physalis virginiana Mill. Virginia Ground-cherry. In open
places, fields, etc. Common. Ft. Atkinson.

Family 9, Scrophulariacee.

Verbascum thapsus L. Mullein. Common introduced weed,
in waste places. Decorah, etc.

Linaria linaria (L.) Karst. (Z. vulgaris Mill.) Butter-
and-eggs. Introduced, in waste places. Calmar.

. Scrophularia marylandica L. (S. nodosa var. marylandica
Gray, in part.) Maryland Figwort. In woods and thickets,
Common. Decorah, ete.

Scrophularia leporella Bick. (8. nodosa var. marylandica
Gray, in part.) Along borders and on prairies. Common.
Decorah (Savage), Calmar, etc.

Chelone glabra L. Snake-head. In bogs near Hesper. Local.

Mimulus ringens L. Monkey-flower. Borders of streams,
etc. Common. Decorah, ete.

Mimulus jamesii T. & G. Moist grounds. (Fitzpatrick.)

Gratiola virginiana L. Clammy MHedge-hyssop. In upland
woods, according to Fitzpatrick. ,

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (V. anagallis.) Water
Speedwell. Edges of streams and ponds. Not rare. Decorah.

Veronica peregrina L. Purslane Speedwell. A common weed,
in fields, ete. Decorah (Goddard; Savage).

Veronica arvensis L. Corn Speedwell. An introduced weed.
Hesper (Arthur).

Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. (Veronica virginica L.)
Culver’s Root. Moist prairies, thickets and borders. Locally
common. Calmar. '

Gerardia aspera Dougl. Rough Purple Gerardia. Rare, on
dry ridges near Highlandville.

Gerardia purpurea Iu. Large Purple Gerardia. In moist
pleecs. Quitecommon. Ft. Atkinson.

SUB-CLASS II, DICOTYLEDONES. 208

Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl. Slender Gerardia. In dry woods.
(Fitzpatrick.)

Castilleja coccinea (L.) Spreng. Painted-cup; Indian-pink.
In open thickets, ete. (Fitzpatrick.)

Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Swamp Lousewort. Locally
common, in swamps. Decorah, Ft. Atkinson.

Pedicularis canadensis L. Common Lousewort. Dry ridges
and prairies. Common. Hesper, Calmar.

Family 10. Lentibula iacee,

Utricularia vulgaris L. Greater Bladderwort. In ponds.
Local. Ft. Atkinson.

Family 11. Phrymacee.
Phryma leptostachya L. Lopseed. Common in upland woods,
and in thickets. Hesper, Calmar. ~
, Order 6. Plataginales.
Family 1. Plantaginacee.
Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry. Rare, in deep upland
woods. Hesper.
Galium aparine L. Cleavers. Common, chiefly in moist
places. Decorah (Goddard; Savage), etc.
Galium boreale L. Northern Bedstraw. Common on rocky
slopes. Decorah, Calmar.
Galium concinnum T. & G. Shining Bedstraw. Not rare, in
upland dry woods. Decorah.
Galium asprellum Michx. Rough Bedstraw. Common in moist
places. Calmar, Canoe creek, Hesper.
Lumily 2. Caprifoliacee.

Sambucus canadensis L. American Elder. Common in allu-
-vial soils. Observed at Decorah, Canoe creek, Bluffton, Ken-
dallville and Hesper.

Sambucus pubens Michx. (S. racemosa L.) Red-berried
Elder. Not common, on rocky banks. Decorah, Bluffton.

Viburnum opulus L. Cranberry-tree. Not common, on rocky
slopes. Hesper, Decorah.

Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy-leaved Arrow-
wood. On rocky slopes. Not common. Canoe creek.

204 FLORA OF: WINNtSHIEK COUNTY.

}
Viburnum dentatum L. Arrow-wood. On moist banks. Not

common. The specimens referred to this species may be a
form. of the preceding. Decorah.

Viburum lentago L. Sheep-berry; Black Haw. Common in
alluvial soils and on lower slopes. Decorah (Savage), Canoe
creek, Kendallville.

Triosteum perfoliatum L. MHorse-Gentian. Reported by
Fitzpatrick. Possibly an error. The writer was able to find
only the following species.

Triosteum aurantiacum Bicknell. (T. perfoliatum, in part.)
Red-fruited Horse-Gentian. Common in upland woods. Decorah,
Bluffton, Ft. Atkinson.

Linnaea americana Forbes. (ZL. borealis L.) Twin-flower. In
upland woods, not common. Decorah.

Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Snowberry. Not common.
On rocky slopes. Kendallville.

Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Wolfberry. Locally
common in dry places. Ft. Atkinson, Hesper.

Lonicera dioica L. (L. glauca Hill.) Glaucous Honeysuckle.
Common, on rocky slopes and banks. Decorah, Bluffton, High-
landville. ‘

Lonicera sullivantit A. Gray. Sullivant’s Honeysuckle. On
wooded slopes and along borders. Not rare. Decorah, north
fork of Bear creek.

Lonicera tatarica L. Tartarian Bush Honeysuckle. On rocky
wooded slopes. Decorah (Fitzpatrick).

Family 3. Adoxacee.

Adoxa moschatellina L. Musk-root. Rocky woods. Rare.
(Fitzpatrick. )
; Order 8 Valerianales.
family 1. Cucurbitacee.
Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene. (Echinocystis lobata
T.&G.) Wild Balsam Apple. Chiefly in low woods. Com-
mon. Decorah, Ft. Atkinson.

Family 2. Companulacee.

Campanula rotundifolia L. Arctic Harebell. Locally common
on rocks and rocky slopes. Decorah.

BUB-CLAS3 II, DICO1YLEDONES. 205

Campanula aparinoides Pursh. Marsh Bellflower. In grassy
swamps. Not common. Hesper.

Campanula americana L. Tall Bellflower. On moist wooded
banks and slopes. Common. Hesper, Canoe “creek, ete.

Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus’ Looking Glass.
On dry slopes, ete. (Fitzpatrick.)

Lobelia spicata Lam. Pale Spiked Lobelia. In dry open
places. (Fitzpatrick.)

Lobelia leptostachys A. DC. Spiked Lobelia. In dry prairie.
Not common. Calmar. .

Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Common in dry and

waste places. Decorah (Goddard), Highlandville, Ft. Atkinson.

Family 3. Cichoriacee.

Cichorium intybus L.: Chicory. A roadside weed, locally
common. Decorah.

Adopogon virginicum (L.) Kuntze. (Krigia amplexicaulis
Nutt.) Cynthia. .Common in upland woods. Hesper, Decorah.

Taraxacum taraxacum (L.) Karst. (T. officinale Web.)
Dandelion. A common introduced weed. Calmar, ete.

Sonchus asper (L.) All. Spiny Sow-thistle. A common in-
troduced weed. Decorah, Hesper, etc.

Lactuca scariola L.. Prickly Lettuce. An introduced weed,
spreading rapidly. Calmar, Hesper.

Lactuca canadensis L. Wild Lettuce. On moist prairies, etc.
Common. Calmar.

Hieracium canadense Michx. Canada Hawkweed. Common
in dry woods, ete. Bluffton, Canoe creek.

Heiracium scabrum Michx. Rough Hawkweed. On saiiee
open wooded slopes. Hesper, Ft. Atkinson.

Nabalus albus (L.) Hook. (Prenanthes alba L.) Rattle-
snake-root. Common in rocky, woods... Decorah, Hesper.

Nabalus. racemosus (Michx.) DC. (Prenanthes racemosa
Michx. ) Glaucous White Lettuce.- -On moist prairies. Ft. Atkin-
son, Orleans Twp.

Bamily4. Ambrosiacee,

' Iva nanthiifolta (Fresen.) Nutt. Burweed; Marsh Elder. In
moist prairie soils, becoming a common weed. Decorah, Ft.
Atkinson.

206 GEOLOGY OF WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

Ambrosia trifida L. Great Ragweed. A common weed in
low places, along roadsides, etc. Decorah, Hesper, Calmar, Ft.
Atkinson.

Ambrosia trifida integrifolia (Muhl.) T.&G. Entire-leaved
Ragweed. This variety is found in dry places. Decorah.’

Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L. Ragweed. A common weed,
along roads, in fields, ete. Hesper, Calmar etc.

Xanthium echinatum Murr. (X. canadense Mill., in part.)
Cocklebur. In sandy soil. A common weed. Decorah.

Familys5. Composite.

Veronia fasciculata Michx. Western Iron-weed. A com-
mon weed in alluvial pastures, etc. Ft. Atkinson, ete.

Eupatorium maculatum UL. (E. purpureum L., in part.)
Spotted Joe-pye Weed. In moist places, rather common locally.
Ft. Atkinson. ;

Eupatorium rydbergiit Britt. (FE. purpureum L., in part.)
Rydberg’s Joe-pye Weed. In moist soils. Not rare at Hesper.

Eupatorium aitissimum L. Tall Boneset. In Boge, ete. Quite
common. Ft. Atkinson.

Eupatorium ageratoides L.f. White Sanicle. In rich woods,
common. Decorah, Highlandville.

Kuhnia glutinosa Ell. (K. eupatorioides var. corymbulosa
T. & G.) Prairie False Boneset. In dry open places. Ft.
Atkinson.

Lacinaria cylindracea (Michx.) Kuntze. (Liatris cylindracea
Michx. and Liatris graminifolia Willd.) | Cylindric Blazing
Star. Rare, on dry prairies and ridges. Hesper, Highland-
ville.

Lacinaria pycnostachya (Michx.) Kuntze. (Liatris pycnos-
tachya Michx.) Prairie Blazing Star. Common on moist pra-
iries and in meadows. Ft. Atkinson.

Lacinaria scariosa (L.) Hill. (Liatris scariosa Willd.) Large
Blazing Star. Common on drier prairies. Hesper, Ft. Atkin-
son, Calmar.

Solidago flexicaulis L. (8S. latifolia L.) Zigzag Goldenrod.
Common in rich woods. Decorah, Canoe creek, north fork of
Bear creek, Hesper.

SUB-CLASS Il. DICTOYLEDONES. 207

Solidago hispida Muhl. (S. bicolor var. concolor T. & G.)
Hairy Goldenrod. In dry places. Hesper.

Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Bog Goldenrod. In bogs, not com-
mon. Kendallville.

Solidago speciosa Nutt. Showy Goldenrod. Common in
upland woods, ete. Bluffton.

Solidago rigidiuscula (T. & G.) Porter. (S. speciosca var.
angustata T.&G.) In dry open places. Not common. Decorah.

Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. Elm-leaved Goldenrod. Common
in deep woods and thickets. Hesper, Decorah, Ft. Atkinson.

Solidago serotina Ait. Late Goldenrod. In moist grounds,
common. Canoe creek, etc.

Solidago serotina gigantea (Ait.) A. Gray. Giant Goldenrod.
In moist grounds. Not rare. Hesper, Decorah.

Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Goldenrod. Common
on dry prairies. Hesper, Calmar, Ft. Atkinson.

Solidago canadensis LL. Canada Goldenrod. In rather d
places, not rare. Canoe creek.

Solidago nemoralis Ait. Field Goldenrod. Common in dry
places. Hesper, Decorah, Ft. Atkinson.

Solidago rigida L. Stiff Goldenrod. Common on dry prairies
and ridges. Hesper, Moneek, Canoe creek, Decorah, Ft. Atkin-
son.

- Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. (Solidago lanceolata L.)
Bushy Goldenrod. In moist open places. Not rare. Moneek,
Ft. Atkinson.

Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Greene. (Solidago tennuifolia
Pursh.) Slender Fragrant Goldenrod. On dry prairies, ete.
Hesper.

Aster azureus Lindl. Sky-blue Aster. On prairies, etc.
(Fitzpatrick.)

_ Aster shortii Hook. Short’s Aster. Borders of woods, etc.
Not common. Decorah.

Aster drummondii Lindl. Drummond’s Aster. In dry woods
and thickets. Common. Decorah, Hesper.

Aster sagittifolius Willd. Arrow-leaved Aster. In dry woods,
etc. Not common. Ft. Atkinson.

208 FLORA OF WINNESH(EK COUNTY.

Aster novae-angliae L. New England Aster. Common on
prairies, etc. Ft. Atkinson, Canoe creek. The form with rose-
red flowers was also found at Canoe creek.

Aster puniceus L. Purple-stem Aster. Common in bogs.
Decorah (Goddard), Hesper, Bluffton. Some of the Hesper
specimens approach var. lucidulus A. Gray. The Bluffton spec-
imens are almost smooth.

Aster prenanthoides Muhl. Crooked-stem Aster. Common
along moist borders, etc. Decorah, Canoe creek.

Aster laevis L. Smooth Aster. Common on dry prairies, etc.
Calmar, Decorah, Hesper.

Aster sericeus Vent. Silky Aster. On dry banks and slopes. _
Local. Sattre, Highlandville.

Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) T. & G. Upland White Aster.
Rare, on rocky ridges. Highlandville.

Aster salicifolius Lam. Willow Aster. In moist open places.
Common. Decorah (Goddard), Moneek, Ft. Atkinson.

Aster paniculatus Lam. Panicled Aster. In moist places,
Canoe creek. Not rare.

_ Aster tradescanti L. Michaelmas Daisy. In moist and open
places. Not rare. Hesper.

Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britt. (A. diffusus Ait.) Starved
Aster. In open places, along borders, ete. Decorah.

Aster exiguus (Fernald) Ryd.. (A. multiflorus Ait., in part.)

’ Ciliate-leaved Aster. Common on dry prairies, ete. Decorah.

Erigeron pulchellus Michx. (E. bellidifolius Muhl.) Robin’s
Plantain. On dry slopes ete. (Fitzpatrick.)

Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia Fleabane. Com-
mon in woods and along borders. Ft Atkinson.

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Daisy Fleabane. In fields and
open places. Common. Decorah, Hesper, Calmar, Ft. Atkin-
son. ‘

Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B. 8S. P. (EF. strigosus Muhl.)
Daisy Fleabane. Very common in meadows and fields. A
troublesome weed. (Fitzpatrick), ete.

Leptilon canadense.. (L.). Britt. (Erigeron canadensis 1,.}
Horse-weed. A very common weed in waste places and fields.
Hesper, Calmar, Ft. Atkinson, ete.

SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES. 209

Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Ness. (Aster umbellatus Mill.)
Tall Flat-top White Aster. In moist prairie. Local. Orleans Twp.

Doellingeria humilis (Willd.) Britt. (Aster umbellatus var.
latifolius Gray.) Broad-leaved Flat-top White Aster. In
moist places, Hesper.

Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Rich. Plantain-leaf Hver-
lasting. Common on dry ridges, etc. Decorah (Savage), etc.

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. (G. polycephalum Michx.) White
Balsam. In dry open places. Common. Hesper, Sattre, north
fork of Bear creek.

Inula helenium L. Elecampane. Introduced. Not common,
along roadsides. Canoe creek.

Polymnia uvedalia L. Yellow Leaf-cup. In rich soil. Not
common. Calmar.

Polymnia canadensis L. Small-flowered Leaf-cup. Common
on shaded rocky slopes at Decorah.

Siuphium perfoliatum L. Cup-plant. Common in wet places.
Ft. Atkinson.

Silphium laciniatum L. Compass-plant. Still common on
prairies. Hesper, Calmar.

Parthenium integrifolium L. . American Fever-few. In dry
places. Not rare. Calmar.

Heliopsis scabra Dunal. Rough Ox-eye. Common on dry
prairies, etc. Decorah, Calmar.

Rudbeckia triloba L. Thin-leaved Cone-flower. In thickets,
ete. (Fitzpatrick.)

Rudbeckia hirta L. Black-eyed Susan. Common in rather
dry open grounds. Calmar.

Rudbeckia laciniata L. Tall Cone-flower. Common on moist
pastures, ete. Calmar.

Ratibida pinnata (Vent) Bernh. (Lepachys pinnata T. & G.)
Gray-headed Cone-flower. Common on dry prairies. Calmar,
ete.

Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower. Introduced, in
waste places. Ft. Atkinson. ete.

14

o

210 "FLORA, OF )WINNESHIEK COUNTY.

_ Helianthus scaberrvmus Ell. (H. rigidus Desf.) Stiff Sun-

flower. On dry prairies and ridges. Common. Calmar, Ft.

; ‘Atkinson, ete.

Helianthus occidentalis Ryd. Few-leaved Sunflower. In dry
open places. Common. Decorah (Goddard), Calmar, Ft. At-

- kinson.

Helianthus grosse-serratus Martens. Saw-tooth Sunflower.

' In moist open places. Common. Bluffton, Calmar.

Helianthus decapetalus L. Wild Sunflower. In moist shaded
places. Not common. Decorah. '
Helianthus strumosus macrophyllus (Willd.) Britt. (H.

-_strumosus var. mollis T. & G.) Wood Sunflower. Common in

open woods, etc. Decorah, Hesper, Ft. Atkinson.

Coreopsis palmata Nutt. Stiff Tickseed. On dry prairies
and ridges. Common. Calmar, etc.

Bidens cernua L. Nodding Bur-marigold. Common in wet
places. Ft. Atkinson, etc.

Bidens connata Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks. Reported by

Fitzpatrick.

Bidens frondosa L. Spanish Needles. In moist soil, waste
places, etc. Common. Decorah, Calmar. .

Helenium autumnale L. Sneeze-weed. In moist places. A
common weed in low pastures. Decorah, Hesper, Ft. Atkinson.

Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow. In dry open places. A
common weed. Calmar, etc.

Anthemis cotula LL. Mayweed; Dog-fennel. A common intro-
duced weed. Decorah, Calmar, etc.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Ox-eye Day An intro-
duced weed, not yet abundant. Calmar.

Tanacetum vulgare L. Tansy. Escaped from gardens. Hes-
per, Highlandville.

Artemisia caudata Michx. Tall Wormwood. In dry open
places. Quite common. Decorah, Ft. Atkinson.

Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh. Linear-leaved Wormwood.
On dry ridges. Not common. Highlandville.

Artemisia biennis Willd. Biennial Wormwood. Moist banks.
Fitzpatrick.) 7

Artemisia serrata Nutt. Saw-leaf Mugwort. On prairies.
Quite common. Calmar, Hesper.

SUB-CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES. 211

Artemisia gnaphalodes Nutt. (A. ludoviciana Nutt., in part.)
In dry soils. (Fitzpatrick.)

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Fire-weed. Common in
waste places and clearings. Hesper, north fork of Bear creek.

Mesadenia reniformis (Muhl.) Raf. (Cacalia reniformis
Muhl.) Great Indian Plantain. Quite common, in woods. De-
corah, Bluffton, Canoe creek.

Mesadenia tuberosa (Nutt.) Britt. (Cacalia tuberosa Nutt.)
Tuberous Indian Plantain. In moist places. Not common.
Ft. Atkinson.

Mesadenia atriplicifolia (L.) Raf. (Cacalia atriplicifolia L.)
Pale Indian Plantain. In rich soil. Rare. Calmar.

Synosma suaveolens (L.) Raf. (Cacalia suaveolens L.) In
rich woods. Rare. Ft. Atkinson.

Senecio aureus L. Swamp Squaw-weed. In bogs. Not rare.
Hesper.

Senecio balsamitae Muhl. (S. aureus var. balsamitae T. & G.)
Balsam Groundsel. In dry places. Bluffton, ete.

Arctium lappa L. Great Burdock. Introduced weed. Cal-
mar.

Arctium minus Schk. (A. lappa var. minus Gray.) Common
Burdock. Common introduced weed. Decorah, etc.

Carduus lanceolatus L. (Cnicus lanceolatus Hoffm.) Common
Field Thistle. Introduced weed. Common. Ft. Atkinson, etc.

Carduus altissimus L. (Cnicus altissimus Willd.) Tall This-
tle. Common in thickets, ete. Canoe creek, Kendallville.

Carduus discolor (Muhl.) Nutt. (Cnicus altissimus var. dis- ‘
color Gray.) Field Thistle. Common along borders, ete. De-
corah, Ft. Atkinson.

Carduus iowensis Pammel. (Cnicus altissimus Willd., in
part.) Jowa Thistle. Along borders and in thickets. Notcom- |
mon. Hesper.

Carduus hilli (Canby) Porter. (Not given in Gray.) Hill’s
Thistle. On rich prairies. Not common. Calmar.

Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers. (Cnicus muticus Pursh.)
Swamp Thistle. Common in bogs near Hesper.

Carduus arvensis (L.) Robs. (Cnicus arvensis Hoffm.) An
introduced weed. Fortunately not common. Ft. Atkinson.

,

Abies balsamea, 154, 161, 165.
Abutilon abutilon, 160, 194.
avicennae, 194.

Acalypha, ‘160.

Acer dasycarpum, 193.
negundo, 153, 193.
saccharinum, 158, 193.
saccharum, 154, 193.

Achillea millefolium, 210.

Acorus calamus, 162, 171.

Acroanthes unifolia, 174.

Actaea alba, 182.

rubra, 182.
spicata, 182.

Adder’s tongue, 172, 174.

Adiantum pedatum, 157, 164.

Adicea pumila, 178.

Adopogon virginicum, 205.

Adoxa moschatellina, 204.

Agastache nepetoides, 201.

scrophulariaefolius, 201.

Agrimonia eupatoria, 187.

hirsuta, 187.
Agropyron caninum, 168.
occidentale, 159, 168.
repens, 168.
tenerum, 159, 168.

Agropyrum, 168.

Agrostemma githago, 181.

Agrostis alba, 159, 166.

Alder, hoary, 154.

Alisma plantago-aquatica 170.

Allionia nyctaginea, 180.

Allium cernuum, 158, 171.
stellatum, 172.
tricoccum, 171.

Alnus iccana, 154, 176. ¥

Alopecurus geniculatus, 166.

Alsine longifolia, 181.
media, 159, 181.

Alum-root, 186.

Alyssum, hoary, 185.

Amaranthus blitoides, 159, 180.

retroflexus, 159, 180.

Amlrosia artemisiaefolia, 206.

trifida, 206.
trifida integrifolia, 206.
Amelanchier alnifolia, 154, 188.

botryapium, 153, 188.

canadensis, 154, 188.

rotundifolia, 153, 188.

Amorpha canescens, 154, 190.
fruticosa, 1538, 190.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, 193.
Amphicarpaea monoica, 191.
pitcheri, 191."
Andropogon furcatus, 165.
nutans, 159, 165.
provincialis, 159, 165.
Anemone, 182.

INDEX.

213

Anemone canadensis, 182.
cylindrica, 182.
nemorosa, 182.
patens, 183.
pennsylvanica, 182.
quinquefolia,, 182..
virginiana, 182.

Anemonella patens, 183.

thalictroides, 182..

Annotated list of plants, 162.

Antennaria plantaginifolia, 209.

Anthemis cotula, 159, 210.

Apios apios, 191.

tuberosa, 191.
Aplectrum hyemale, 174:
Apocynum androsaemifolium, 198.
cannabinum, 162, 198.
Aquilegia canadensis, 158, 182.
Arabis bracycarpa, 185.
canadensis, 185.
confinis, 185.
dentata, 185.
lnevigata, 185.
lyrata, 185. u
Aralia nudicaulis; 195.
quinquefolia, 196.
racemosa, 195.
Arbor-vite, 155.
Arctiwin lappa, 159, 211.
minus, 211,

Arenaria lateriflora, 181.

Arisaema dracontium, 171.
triphyllum, 170.

Aristida basiramea, 166.

Aronia nigra, 188.

Arrowhead, 170.

Arrow wood, 154, 2038, 204.

Artemisia artemisaefolia, 160.

biennis, 210.
caudata, 210.
dracunculoides, 210.
gnaphalodes, 211-
ludoviciana, 211.
serrata, 210.
trifida, 160.

Asarum acuminatum, 178.
canadense, 178.

reflexum, 178.

Asclepias cornuta, 198.
exaltata, 198.
incarnata, 198.
phytolaccoides, 198..
syriaca, 160, 198.
tuberosa, 162, 198.
verticillata, 198.

Ash, prickly, 191.

Ashes, 153, 154, 156, 197, 198.

Asparagus, 172.

Asparagus officinalis, 172.

Aspen, 154, 174. 7 ~ ms

244

Aspidum. goldianum, 164.
thelypteris, 164.
Asplenium filix-foemina, 164.
Asters, 157, 158, 207, 208, 209.
Aster azureus, 207. ‘
cordifolius, 158.
diffusus, 208.
drummondii, 207.
exiguus, 157, 208.
laévis, 157, 208.
laterifiorus, 208.
lucidulus, 208.
multifiorus, 208.
novae-angliae, 157, 208.
paniculatus, 208.
prenanthoides, 208.
ptarmicoides, 208.

. , puniceus, 208.
sagittifolius, 207.
Salicifolius, 208.
sericeus, 208.
shortii, 157, 207.
tradescanti, 208.
umbellatus, 209.

Astragalus canadensis, 190.
carolinianus, 190.

Athyrium filix-foemina, 157, 164.

Atragene americana, 153, 155, 183.

Avens, rough, 187.

Awn-grass, tufted triple, 166.

Balm of Gilead, 154, 155, 174.

Balsam, 154, 161, 165, 209.
white, 204.

Balsam apple, 204.

Baneberry, 182.

Baptisia bracteata, 189.
leucantha, 189.
leucophaea, 189.

Bartsch, Paul, cited, 149.

Basswood, 154, 155, 194..

Batrachium trichophyllum, 156, 183.

Beard-tongue, foxglove, 154.

Bedstraw, 203.

Beech, blue, 154, 176..

Beggar’s lice, 160, 199.

Beggar-ticks, 210.

Bellflower, 205.

Bellwort, 157, 171.

Bergamot, wild, 201.

Berteroa incana, 185.

Betula. oil of, 161,

Betula lenta, 154, 162.
nigra, 153.
papyrifera, 154, 176.

Bicuculla bicucullaria, 184.

canadensis, 158, 184.

Bidens, 160. —

cernua, 210.
connata, 210.
frondosa, 210.

‘

INDEX,

Bindweed, 159, 199.
Birch, 153, 154, 155, 176.
Bishop’s cap, 158, 186.
Bittersweet, 153, 155, 176, 192.
Blackberry, 154, 187.
Black-eyed Susan, 209.
Bladder nut, 154, 155, 192.
Bladderwort, 203. E
Blazing-star, 157, 206.
Blephariglottis leucophaea, 157, 173.
Blephilia hirsuta, 201.
Blood-root, 158, 184.
Blue bell, 156, 200.

flag, 173.

grass, 159, 160, 167.

joint, 166.

stem, 165, 168.
Boneset, 206.
Botrychium -virginianum, 157, 163.

_ Bouteloua curtipendula, 167.

racemosa, 167.
Box-elder, 153, 155, 156, 193.
Brake, 164. ;
Brassica alba, 184.
arvensis, 159, 184.
nigra, 159, 161, 184.
sinapistrum, 184.
Britton, N. L., cited, 148.
and Brown, cited, 148.
Hollick and, cited, 148.
Brome grass, 167.
Bromus asper, 168.
ciliatus, 159, 167.
Kalmii, 159, 167.
purgans, 167.
racemosus commutatus, 160,
168.
secalinus, 160, 168.
Brown, Britton and, cited, 148.
Brunella vulgaris, 201.
Buckeye, 155, 156.
Buckwheat, 179.
Bugle-weed, purple, 201.

‘Bull-rush, 169.

Burdock, 159, 211.
Burning bush, 192.
Bur-marigold, nodding, 210.

reed, 170.

seed, 199.

weed, 205.
Bursa bursa-pastoris, 159, 184.
Bush-clover, 190.
Butter-and-eggs, 202.
Buttercup, 157, 183.
Butternut, 153, 155, 175.
Button-bush, 153.

Cabbage, skunk, 171.
Cacalia atriplicifolia, 211.

reniformis, 211.
suaveolens, 211.
tuberosa, 211.

Calamagrastis canadensis, 159, 166.

Calamus, 162, 171.
Caltha palustris, 157, 182.
Camelina sativa,. 160, 185.
Campanula americana, 205.
aparinoides, 205.
perfoliata, 205.
rotundifolia, 204.
Campion, 157, 181.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus, 164.
Canada balsam, 161.
Candy grass, 167.
Cannabis sativa, 160, 178.
Capnoides micranthum, 157, 184.
Capsella bursa-pastoris, 185.
Cardamine bulbosa, 184.
hirsuta, 184.
rhomboidea, 184.
Carduus allissimus, 211.
arvensis, 159, 211.
discolor, 211.
hilli, 211.
iowensis, 211.
lanceolatus, 159, 211.
muticus, 211.
Carex albursina, 169.
amphibola, 169.
cephalophora, 169.
cristatella, 170.
festucacea, 170.
gravida, 169.
grisea, 169.
hystricina, 169.
laxiflora, 169.
longirostris, 169.
lupulina, 169.
pennsylwanica, 169.
rosea, 169.
sparganoides, 169.
stipata, 169.
straminea, 170.
stricta, 169.
tenera, 170.
tribuloides, 169.
vulpinoidea, 169.
Carpet-weed, 180.
Carpinus caroliniana, 154, 176.
Carricn-flower. 172.
Carter, Mrs. M. C., 148.
Carya alba. 176.
amara, 176. é
Cassia chamaecrista, 160, 189.
Castalia, 156.
odorata, 182.
Castilleja coccinea, 203.
Catalpa, 155, 156.
Catechfly. sleepy, 181.

INDEX. 215
fe % a

Catnip, 201.
Cat-tail, 157, 170. :
Caulophyllum pralictpoides,, 162," 183.
Ceanothus americana, 154, 193. ©
‘ovatus pubescens, 154," 193:
Cedars, 153, 154, 155, 156,/165.. .
Celastrus scandens,’ 153, 192.
Celtis crassifolia, 153, 178. °
occidentalis, 178. .
Cenchrus tribuloides, 160,. 166.
Cephalanthus, 153.5
Cerastium arvense, 181.
arvense oblongifowunn, ASL,
longipedunculatum, 181.
nutans, 181.
Chamaenerion angustifolium, 157, 195.
Cheilanthis feei, 164.
lanuginosa, 164.
Chelone glabra, 202.
Chenopodium album, 160, 180.
glaucum, 180.
hybridum, 180.
Caerry, 153, 154, 155, 189.
ground, 160.
Chickweed, 159, 181.
Chicory, 160, 205.
Chimaphila umbellata, 161, 197.
Choke-berry, 188.
cherry. 154, 156.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 210.
Chrysopogon nutans, 165.
Chrysosplenum alternifolium, 186.
iowensis, 186.
Cichorium intybus, 160, 205.
Cicuta maculata, 196,
Cinna arundinacea, 159, 166.
Cinquefoil, 153, 187.
Circaca alpina, 195.
lutetiana, 195.
Clammy-weed, 185.
Claytonia virginica, 157, 180.
Cleavers, 203.
Clematis verticillaris, 183.
virginiana, 157, 183.
Clover. 157, 159, 160, 189, 190.
Club-moss, 164.

Cnicus altissimus, 211.

arvensis, 211.

lanceolatus, 211.

muticus, 211.
Cocklebur, 160, 206.
Coeloglossum bracteatum, 173.
Cohosh, blue, 183.
Columbine, 156, 158, 182.
Comandra umbellata, 178.
Compass-plant, 209. —
Cone-flowers, 160, 209.
Conium maculatum. 196.
Convolvulus arvensis, 199.

sepium, 199.

216 INDEX.

Corallorhiza multifiora, 174. Datura, 159.
Coral-root, . 174.. Delphinium azureum, 182.
Coreopsis palmata, 210. carolinianum, 182.
Cornus alternifolium, 153, 197. Dentaria laciniata, 184.
amomum, 153. Deringa canadensis, 196.
asperifolia, 153. Desmodeum acuminatum, 190.
candidissima, 154, 196. parvifiorum, 190.
circinata, 153, 196. Dewherry, 154, 187.
paniculata, 196. Dicentra canadensis, 184.
stolonifera, 158, 196. cucullaria, 184.
Corydalis micrantha, 157, 184. Diervilla, 154.
Corylus americana, 153, 176. Dioscorea villosa, 173.
rostrata, 176. wvirca palustris, 153, 195.
Cottonwood, 153, 155, 156, 174. Ditchmoss, 170.
Couch-grass, 168. Dock, curly, 159, 160, 179.
Crab-apple, 153, 155, 188. vodders, 160, 199.
Crab-grass, smooth, 165. Dodecatheon meadia, 156, 157, 197.
Cracca virginiana, 190. Doellingeria humilis, 209.
Cranberry, bush, 154, 203. umbellata, 209,
Crane’s-bill, 157, 191. Dogbane, 198.
Crataegus, 153. Dog-fennel, 159, 210.
coccinea, 188. Dogwood, 153, 154, 155, 196.
crus-galli, 188. Doorweed, 179.
macracantha, 189. Draba caroliniana, 185.
punctata, 188. Dragon-head, 201.
tomentosa, 189. root,. 171.
Cratty, R. I., cited, 148. Dropseed, 166.
Cress, 184. Drymocallis arguta, 187.
Crowfoot, 183. Duckweed, 171.
Cryptogramma stelleri, 164. Dutchman’s breeches, 184.
Cryptotaenia canadensis, 196.
Culver’s root, 202. Eatonia pennsylvanica, 167.
Cup-plant, 209. Echinocystis lobata, 204.
Currants, 153, 155, 186. Hel-grass, 170.
Cuscuta cephalanthi, 160. 199. Elder, 153, 154, 155, 203, 205.
glomerata, 199. Elecampane, 209.
GOMOD: Ellisia nyctelea, 199.
paradoxa, 160, 199. Elm, 153, 154, 155, 156, 178.
Cut-grass, rice, 166. Elocharis ovata, 168.
Cynthia, 205. palustris, 168.
Cyperus, 168. Elodea canadensis, 170.
Cyperus diandrus 168. Elymus canadensis, 168.
esculentus, 168. hystrix, 168.
filiculmis, 168. : robustus 168.
Schweiniteii, 168. striatus, 168.
Cypress, 168, Enothera biennis, 195.
Cypripedium, 157. : serrulata, 195.
candidum, 173. Epilobum adenocaulon, 195.
hirsutum, 162, 173. angustifolium, 195.
parvifiorum, 162, 173. coloratum, 195.
pubescens, 173. Equisetum arvense, 163.
reginae, 178. hyemale, 163.
spectabile, 173. laevigatum, 163
Oystopteris bulbifera, 158, 163. robustum, 163. —
fragilis, 157, 163. Eragrostis frankii, 167.
Dactylis glomerata, 159, 160, 167. ae
Riba 208; 21 Erechtites hieracifolia, 160, 211.
Dandelion, 159, 205. Brigeron, oil of, 161.

Dasiphora fruticosa, 153, ‘187.

INDEX.

Erigeron annuus, 208.
bellidifolius, 208.
canadensis, 208.
philadelphicus, 208.
pulchellus, 208.
ramosus, 208.
strigosus, 208.

Eriophorum cyperinum, 169.

Eryngium aquaticum, 196.
yuccaefolium, 196.

Erysimum cheiranthoides, 185.

Frythronium albidum, 157, 172.

americanum, 172.

ELuonymus atropurpureus, 153, 162, 192.

Eupatorium ageratoides, 158, 206.

altissimum, 206.
maculatum, 206.
perfoliatum, 161.
purpureum, 206.
rydbergti, 206.

Euphorbia, ~60.

commutata, 192.

corollata, 192.
cyparissias, 192.
maculata, 192.
nutans, 192,
presiti, 192.

Euthamia caroliniana, 207.
graminifolia, 157, 207.

Everlasting, plantain-leaf, 209.

Fagopyrum esculentum, 179.
fagopyrum, 179.
Falcata comosa, 191.
pitcheri, 191.
Ferns, 157, 168, 164.
Fescue, nodding, 167.
Festuca nutans, 167.
octoflora, 167.
tenella, 167.
Fever-few, American, 209.
Figwort, Maryland, 202.
Fir, balsam. 155, 156, 165.
Fire-weed, 160, 211.
Fitzpatrick, T. J., cited, 149.
Five-finger, 187.
Flax, 160, 185, 191.
Flea-bane, 160, 208.
Flora, importance of, 149,
Flora of Winneshiek county, charac-
ter of, 147.
Flowering plants of Winneshiek coun-
ty, 164.
Forage plants, 159.
Forest problem of Winneshiek county,
_ 150. .
Four o’clock, 180.
Fox-tail, 166.
ragarte americanum, 187.
virginiana, 187.

217

Fraxinus americana, 153, 197.
lanceolata, 153, 197.
nigra, 153, 198.
pennsylvanica, 154.
sambucifolia, 198.
viridis, 197.

Frostweed, hoary, 194.

Galeopsis tetrahit, 201.
Galeorchis spectabilis, 173.
Galium aparine, 203.
asprellum, 203.
boreale, 203.
concinnum, 203.
Gaura parvifiora, 195.
Gentian, 157, 198.
Gentiana alba, 198.
andrewsti, 158, 198.
crinita, 198.
flavida, 158, 198.
puberula, 157, 198.
quinqueflora, 198
quinquefolia occidentalis,
198.
Geranium maculatum, 157,
-Gerardia, 202, 203.
Gerardia aspera, 202.
purpurea, 202.
tenuifolia, 203.
Geum macrophyllum, 187.
triforum, 187.
virginianum, 187.
Ginseng, 196.
Glecoma hederacea, 159, 201.
Gleditsia, 153.
Glyceria americana, 167.
grandis, 167.
nervata, 167.
Gnaphalium obtusifolium, 209.
polycephalum, 209.
Goddard, Herbert E., 1:8.
Goldenrod, 157, 158, 206, 207.
Golden seal, 182.
Goodyera pubescens, 174.
Gooseberry, 155, 186.
Goosefoot, 180.
Grape, wild, 153, 193.
Grasses, 157, 159, 160, 165, 147,
173, 185.
Gratiola virginiana, 202.
Gray, Asa, cited, 148.
Greenbrier, hispid, 154,, 172.
Gromwell. 200.
Ground cherry, 202.
Ground-nut, 191.
Groundsel, balsam, 211.
Gyrostachys gracilis, 174.
Habenaria bracteata, 173.
hookeri, 173.
hyperborea, 173.
leucophaea, 173.

162,, 191.

168,

218

Hackberry, 153, 155, 156, 178.
Hamamelis virginiana, 161.
Harebell, 204.

Hawkweed, 205.

Haws, 153, 154, 155, 188, 189, 204.

Hazel, 153, 176.

Heal-all, 201.

Hedeoma hispida, 201.
pulegeoides, 161.

Helenium autumnale, 210.

Helianthemum canadense, 194.

majus, 194.

Helianthus annuus, 160, 2vd.

decapetalus, 210.
grosse-serratus, 160, 210
occidentalis, 210.
rigidus, 160, 210.
scaberrimus, 210.
strumosus, 210.
strumosus macrophyllus,
i 210.

Heliopsis scabra, 209.

Hemlock, 155, 196.

Hemp, 160, 178.

Hemp, Indian, 198.

Hepatica acuta, 157, 182.
acutiloba, 182.
lanatum, 196.

Heracleum lanatum, 196.

Heuchera hispida, 186.

Hickory, 154, 155, 176.

Hicoria minima, 154, 176.
ovata, 1u4, 176.

Hieracium canadense, 205.

scabrum, 205.

Hoarhound, water, 202.

Hoary alder, 176.

Hollick and Britton, cited, 148.

Holway, H. W. D., 148.

Honewort, 196.

Honeysuckle, 158, 154, 155, 204.

Hordeum jubatum, 160, 168.

Horse-genuan, 204.

Horse-radish, 184.

Horsetail, 184.

Horse-weed, 160, 208.

Humulus lupulus, 161.

Hydrangea, 157.

hydrastis canadensis, 162, 182.

Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, 199.

_ virginicum, 158,199.

Hypericum ascyron, 194.

canadense, 194.
cistifolium, 194.
maculatum, 194.
perforatum, 160.
sphaerocarpon, 194.

Hypopitys americana, 197.

Hypoxis erecta, 173.
hirsuta, 173.

INDEX.

| Hyssop, 201, 202.

Impatiens aurea, 193.

biflora, 193.

fulva, 193.

pallida, 193.
Indian pipe, 196.

turnip, 170.

Indigo, 153, 155, 189.
Inula helenium, 209.
Iodanthus pinnatifidus, 184.
Ipomoea pandurata, 198.
Iris versicolor, 159, 162, 173.
Iron-weed, 206.
Iron wood, 154, 176.
Isanthus brachiatus, 200.

Isopyrum biternatum, 157, 182.

Iva wxanthiifolia, 160, 205.
Ivy, 153, 159, 192, 201.

vacob’s ladder, 156, 157, 199.
Joe-pye weed, 206.
Juglans cinerea, 162, 175.
nigra, 1538, 175.
Juncus nodosus, 171.
tenuis, 160, 171.
woseyt, Lil.
June-berry, 154, 155, 188.
Juniper, 154, 165.
oil of, 161.

Juniperus communis, 161, 165.
virginiana, 154, 165.

Knotweed, 179.
Koeleria cristata, 167.
Koellia flazuosa, 201.
virginicus, 201.
Kovarik, Alois, cited, 148...
Krigia amplexicaulis, 205.
eupatorioides, 206.
Kuhnia glutinosa, 206.
Wuhnistera candida, 157, 190.

purpurea, lei, YU.

Lacinaria, 157.
cylindracea, 206.
pycnostachya, 206,
scariosa, 206.
Lactuca canadensis, 205.
scariola, 159, 205.
Ladies’ slippers, 157, 173.
Lamb’s quarters, 160, 180.
Laportea canadensis, 178.
Lappula lappula, 199.
% texana, 199.
virginiana, 160, 199,
Larch, European, 155, 156. .
Lark-spur, prairie, 182..

Lathyrus achroleucus, 191.
venosus, 191.

Lead plant, 154.

Leaf-cup, ‘209.

Leather-wood, 153, 195.

Lechea stricta, 194.

Leek, wild, 171.

Leersia oryzoides, 159, 166.

Lemna trisulca, 171.

Leonurus cardiaca, 160, 201.

Lepachys pinnata, 209.

Lepidium apetalum, 184.

intermedium, 184.
virginicum, 160, 184.

Leptandra virginica, 162, 202.

Leptilon canadense, 160, 161, 208.

Leptorchis liliifolia, 174.

Lespedeza capitata, 190.

leptostachya, 190.

Lettuce, 159, 205.

Liatris cylindracea, 206.
graminifolia, 206.
pycnostachya, 206.
scariosa, 206.

Liliwm canadense, 172.
philadelphicum, 172.
umbellatum, 172.

Lily, 156, 157, 172, 182.

Lily of the Valley, false, 172.

‘Limnorchis hyperborea, 173.

Linaria linaria, 202.
vulgaris, 202.

Linnaea americana, 204.
borealis, 204.

Linum sulcatum, 191.
usitatissimum, 191.

Liparis liltifolia, 174.

Lithospermum angustifolium, 200.

canescens, 200.
gmelini, 200.
hirtum, 200.
latifolium, 200.
linearifolium, 200.

Liver-leaf, heart, 182.

Lobelia, 157, 205.

Lobelia inflata, 161, 205.
leptostachys, 205.
spicata, 205.

Locust, 153, 155, 156, 190.

. Lonicera, 153.
dioica, 204.
glauca, 204.
sullivantis, 204.
tatarica, 204.
Loosestrife, 197.
Lophanthus repetoides, 201.

Scrophulariaefolius, 201.

Lopseed, 203.
Lousewort, 203.
Ludwigia polycarpa, 195.

INDEX. 219

Lungwort, 156, 157, 200.

Lupine, 189.

Lupinus perennis, 189.

Lychnis alba, 181.
githago, 181.
vespertina, 181.

Lycopodium lucidulum, 164.

Lycopus americanus, 202.
cinuatus, 202.
virginicus, 201.

Lyme-grass, 168.

Lysias hookeriana, 173.

t

Macrocalyx nyctelea, 160, 199.

Mallow, 159, 194.

Malus iowensis, 153, 188.

Malva crispa, 194.

rotundifolia, 159, 194.

Maple, 158, 154, 155, 156, 193.

Marigold, marsh, 157, 182.

Marsh-elder, burweed, 160, 205.

May-apple, 158, 183.

Mayweed, 210.

Meadow-grass, 167.

Meadow-rue, 183.

Meadow-sweet, 153, 186.

Medicinal plants of WinnesHiek coun-
ty, 161.

Meibomia grandifolia, 190.
longifolia, 190.
paucifiora, 190.

Melica mutica, 167.

Melilotus alba, 159, 189.
Officinalis, 159, 189.

Melioliz serrulata, 195.

Menispermum canadense, 162, 183.

Mentha canadensis, 202.

Mercury, three seeded, 160.

Mertensia, 156, 157.

paniculata, 200.
virginica, 200.
Mesadenia antiplicifolia, 211.
reniformis, 211.
tuberosa, 211. :

Mexican dropseed, 166.

Micrampelis lobata, 204.

Microstylis ophioglossoides, . 171.

Milkweed, 160, 198.

Milkwort, 192.

Millet, German, 166.

Mimulus jamesii, 202.
ringens, 202.

Mint, 157, 202.

Mitchella repens, 203.

Mitella diphylla, 158, 186.

Moehringia laterifiora, 181.

Mollugo verticillata, 180. | :

Monarda fistulosa, 201.
scabra, 157, 201.

220:

-Monkey-flower, 202.

monotropa hypopitys, 197.
unifiora, 197.

-Moonseed, 183.

Moonwort, 157, 163.

Motherwort, 160, 201.

Mugwort, saw-leaf, 210.

Muhienbergia glomerata, 159, 166.

mexicana, 159, 160, 166.

sylvatica, 166.
Mullein, 160.
Musk-root, 204.
Mustard, 160, 184, 185.

Nebalus albus, 205.
racemosus, 205.

Napaea dioica, 194.
Nasturtium armoracia, 184.

officinale, 184.

palustre, 184.
Negundo aceroides, 193.
Nepeta cataria, 201.

glechoma, 201.

Nephrodium goldieanum, 164.

thelypteris, 157, 164.
Nettle, 160, 201.
New Jersey tea, 154, 155, 193.
Nightshade, 160, 195.
Nine bark, prairie, 153, 155, 186.
Nut grass, yellow, 168.
Nuphar advena, 182.
Nyctelea, 160, 199.
Nymphaea advena, 182.

odorata, 182.

Oak, 154, 155, 156, 176, 177.
Oaekesia sessilifolia, 171.
Oats, grama, 167.
Onagra biennis, 160, 195.
Onion, wild, 158, 171, 172.
Onoclea sensibilis, 157, 163.
strythiopteris, 163.
Onosmodium carolinianum, 200.
molle, 200.
Opulaster intermedius, 153, 186.
Orange root, 182.
Orchis spectabilis, 157, 173.
Ornamental plants, care of, 158.
Orr, E., 148.
Oryzopsis melanocarpa, 106.
Osmorrhiza brevistylis, 196.
Osmunda claytoniana, 157, 163.
Ostrya virginiana, 154, 176.
Oxalis, yellow, 160. _
Oxalis corniculata, 191.
stricta, 160, 191.
violacea, 191.
Ox-eye, rough, 209:

INDEX.

Ozybaphus nyctagineus, 180.

Painted-cup, 203.

Pammel, L. H., cited, 148.

Panazr quinquefolium, 196.

Panicum, 165.

Panicum capillare, 160, 165.
crus-galli, 159, 165.
dichotomum, 160, 165.
glabrum, 160, 165.
latifolium, 165.
sanguinale, 160, 165.
scribnerianum, 165.
unciphyllum, 165.

Parictaria pennsylvanica, 178.

Parilla, yellow, 183.

Parnassia caroliniana, 185.

Parsnip, 159, 196.

Parthenium intergrifolium, 209.

Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 154, 193

Partridge-berry, 203.

Partridge pea, 160, 189.
Pasque-flower, 157, 183.
Pastinaca sativa, 159, 196.
Pea, veiny, 191.
Pea-nut, hog, 131.
Pedicularis canadensis, 203.
lanceolata, 203%.
Pellaes atropurpureda, 164,
gracilis, 164.
Pennyroyal, 200, 201.
Penthorum sedoides, 185.
Pentstemon, 157.
Pepper grass, 160, 184.
Pepper root, 184.
Peramium pubcscens, 174.
Persicaria, 179.
Petalostemon candidus, 190.
violaceus, 190.
Phegopteris calarea, 163.
‘ robertiana, 163.
Philotria canadensis, 170.
Phieum. pratense, 166.
Phlox, 156, 157, 199.
Phlox divaricata, 157, 199.
pilosa, 199.
Phryma leptostachya, 203.
Physalis lanceolata. 202.
philadélphica, 202.
pubescens, 160.
virginiana, 202.
Physocarpus opulifolius, 186.
Physostegia parvifolia, 201.
virginiana, 201.
Pigweed, 180.
Pilea pumila, 178.
Pimpernel, yellow, 196.
Pimpinella integerrima, 196.
Pine, 154, 155, 156, 164.
Pine-sap, 197.

INDEX. 221

Pinus strobus, 154, 164.

Pinweed, 194.

Pipsissewa, 197.

Plane tree, 186.

Plantago major, 159.
rugeli, 160.

Plantain, 159, 160, 170, 174, 208, 211.

Plants of Winneshiek county, 147.
Platanus occidentalis, 186.
Pleurisy-root, 198.

Plum, 182.

Poa pratensis, 160, 167.

Podophylium peltatum, 158, 162, 183.

Poison ivy, 192.
Polanisia trachysperma, 185.
Polemonium reptans, 158, 199.
Polygala sanguinea, 192.
senega, 162, 192.
verticillata, 191.
viridscens, 192s
Polygonum amphibium, 179.
aviculare, 179.
camporum, 179.
convolvulus, 159, 180.
douglassii, 180.
dumetorum, 180.

- emersum, 179.
hydropiper, 179.
incarnatum, 179.
lapathifolum, 179.
muhienbergit, 179.

pennsylvanicum, 160, 179.

persicaria, 179.
sagittatum, 180.
scandens, 180.
tenue, 180.
virginianum, 180.
Polymnia canadensis, 209.
uvedalia, 209.
Polypodium vulgare, 163.
Polypody, 163.
Pondweed, 170.
Poplar, 155, 156, 174.
Populus: alba, 174
balsamifera, 174
candicans, 154, 174.
deltoides, 153, 174.
grandidentata, 154, 174.
monilifera, 174.
tremuloides, 154, 174.
Portulaca oleracea, 159, 181.
Potamogeton fluitans, 170.
foliosus, 170.
lonchites, 170.
paucifiorus, 170.
Potato vine, wild, 198.
Potentilla arguta, 187.
canadensis, 187.
fruticosa, 187.
monspeliensis, 187.

norvegica, 187.
tridentata, 187.

Prenanthes alba, 205.

racemosa, 20a.

Primrose, evening, 160, 195.

Prunelia vulgaris, 201.

Prunus americana, 189.
pennsylvanica, 155, 189.
pumila, 153, 189.
serotina, 154, 162, 189.
virginiana, 154, 162, 189.

Pteridium aquilinum, 164.

Pteris aquilina, 164.

Puccoon, 200.

Pulsatilla hirsutissima, 157, 161, 183.

Purslane, 159, 181, 192.

Putty root, 174.

Pycnanthemum, lanceolatum, 201.

linifolium, 201.

Pyrola elliptica, 197.
secunda, 197.

Pyrus arbutifolia, 188.

coronaria, 188.

Quercus alba, 154, 162, 177.
borealis, 177.
coccinea, 177.
macrocarpa, 177.
rubra, 154, 176.
schneckii, 176.
texana, 176.
velutina, 177.

Ragweed, 160, 206.

Ranunculus abortivus, 183.
aquatilis, 183.
fascicularis, 157, 183.
ovalis, 183.
pennsylvanicus, 183.
recurvatus, 183.
rhomboideus, 183.
septentrionalis, 183.

Raspberry, 154, 161, 186.

Ratibida pinnata, 209.

Red-root, 154, 193.

Red-top, 166.

Reed-grass, Indian, 166.

Reforestation, method of, 15z.

Rhus glabra, 154, 161, 192.
hirsuta, 154, 192.

‘yadicans, 158, 161, 192.
toxicodendron, 161, 192.
typhina, 192.

Ribes cynosbati, 158, 186.
floridum, 153, 186.
gracile, 186.
missouriensis, 153, 186.
rubrum, 155, 186.

Rice, mountain, 166.

222

Robinia pseudacacia, 155, 190.
Rock-cress, 185.
Rocket, purple, 184.
Roripa armoracia, 184.
‘nasturtium, 184.
palutris, 184.
Rosa arkansana, 154.
blanda, 154, 187.
humilis, 154, 188.
‘sayi, 188.
woodsti, 188.
Rose, 154, 155, 187, 188.
Rubus americanus, 186.
canadensis, 187.
nigrobaccus, 162.

occidentalis, 152. 154, 161, 187.-

procumbens, 154. 162, 187.
Strigosus, 154, 161, 186.
triflorus, 186.
villosus, 187.
Rudbeckia hirta, 209.
laciniata, 160, 209.
triloba, 209.

Rue, goat’s, 190.

Rue-anemone, 157, 182.

Rumeax acetosella, 160, 179.
altissimus, 179.
brittanica, 160, 179.
erispus, 15S, 179.
patientia, 160, 179.
verticillatus, 179.

Rush, 169, 171.

Rush-grass, 166.

Rye, wild, 168.

Sage, wood, 200.
Sagittaria latifolia, 170.
rigida, 170.

St. John’s-wort, 160, 194.

Salicin, 162.

Salix alba, 175, .
amygdaloides, 158, 175.
cordata, 153, 175.
discolor, 153, 175.
ericocephala, 175.
humilis, 154, 175.
interior, 153, 175.
longifolia, 175.
lucida, 153, 175.
missouriensis, 175.
nigra, 1538, 174.
petiolaris, 175.

Salomonia commutata, 157, 172.

Salsola kali, 180. :

tragus, 160, 180.

Sambucus canadensis, 158, 161, 208.

pubens, 154, 208.
racemosa, 203.
Sandbur, 160, 166.

INDEX

Sanguinaria canadensis, 158, 162, 184.

Sanicle, 196, 206. .

Sanicula marylandica, 196

Saponaria officinalis, 181.
vaccaria, 181.

Sarsaparilla, wild, 195.

Savage, T. E., cited, 148, 149..

Savifraga pennsylvanica, 185.

Saxifrage, 185, 186.

Scirpus americanus, 169.
atrovirens, 169.
cyperinus, 169.
iacustris, 169.
pungens, 169.
validus, 169.

Teouring-rush, 163.

Scrophularia marylandica, 160, 202.

Scutellaria cordifolia, 200.

laterifiora, 161, 200.
parvule, 200.
versicolor, 200.

Sedges, 169, 170.

Selaginella runestris, 164.

Senecio awrews, 211.
balsamitae, 211.

Senega, 162.

Setaria germanica, 166.
glauca, 159, 160, 166.
italica, 166.
viridis, 160, 166.

Shadbush, 153, 188.

Sheep-berry, 158, 155, 204.

iueep sorrel, 160, 179.

Shepherd’s purse, 159, 185.

Shimek, B., cited, 148, 149.

Flora. of Winneshiek coun-

: ty, 147:
Shooting star, 156, 157.
Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, 187.
Sickle-pod, 185.

Sieversia ciliata, 187.
Silene alba, 181.

antirrhina, 181.

stellata, 157, 181.
Silphium laciniatum, 209.

perfoliatum, 209.

‘Sinapis alba, 184.

nigra, 161.
Sisymbrium canescens, 185.
officinale, 160, 184.

Sisyrinchium angustifolium,.157, 173.

Sium cicutaefolium, 196.
Skull-cap, 200.
Smartweed, 160, 179.
Smilacina racemosa, 172.
stellata, 172.
Smilax, upright, 172.
Smilax ecirrhata, 172.
herbacea, 172.
hispida, 154, 172.

Snakeroot, 158, 192, 196.

Sneeze-weed, 210.

Snowberry 204.

Soapwort, 181.

Solanum nigrum, 160.

Solidago bicolor, 207.
canadensis, 207.
flexicaulis, 206.
_hispida, 207.
lanceolata, 207.
latifolia, 206.
missouriensis, 207.
nemoralis, 207.
rigida, 207.
rigidiuscula, 207.
serotina, 157, 207.

serotina gigantea, 207.

speciosa, 157, 207.
tennutfolia, 207.
uliginosa, 207.
ulmifolia, 158, 207.
Solomon’s seal, 157, 172.
Sonchus asper, 160, 205.
Sophia intermedia, 185.
Sow-thistle, 160, 205.
Spanish needle, 160, 210.
Sparganium eurycarpum, 170.

Spartina ' cynosuroides, 159, 167.

Spathyema foetida, 171.
Speedwell, 160, 202.
Spiderwort, 171.

Spikenard, 172, 195.

Spike-rush, 168. :

Spiraea salicifolia, 153, 186.

Spiranthes gracilis, 174.

Spirabolus cuspidatus, 166.

Spiradela polyrrhiza, 171.

Spring beauty, 157, 180.

Spruce, Norway, 155, 156.

Spurge, 160, 192.

Squaw weed, swamp, 211.

Squirrel corn, 184.

Stachys aspera, 201.

palustris, 201.

Staphylea trifolia, 154, 192.

Star-grass, 173.

Steironema ciliatum, 197.
longifolium, 197.
quadrifiorum, 197.

Stellaria longifolia, 181.

media, 181.

Stipa spartea, 166. °

Stitchwort, 181.

Strawberries, 187.

Struthiopteris struthiopteris, 157, 163.

Sullivantia ohionis, 186.

sullivantii, 186.
Sumach, 154, 155, 192.
Sunflower 160, 209, 210.
Sweet Cicely, 196.
Sweet-clover, 189.
Sycamore, 186.

INDEX.

223

Symphoricarpos occidentalis, 154, 204

. racemosus, 204.
Symplocarpus foetidus, 171.

Syndesmon thalictroides, 157, 182.

Synosma suaveolens, 211.
Sysymbrium officinale, 184.
Taenidia integerrima, 196.
Tanacetum vulgare, 160, 210.
Tansy, 160, 210.
Tansy-mustard, 185.
Taraxacum officinale, 159, 205.
Tazrus canadensis, 153, 165.
Tephrosia virginiana, 190.
Yeucriun canadense, 200.
Thalictrum dioicum, 183.
purpurascens, 183.
Thelypodium pinnatifidum, 184.
Thistle, 159, 160, 180, 201, 211.
Thornapple, 159.
Tickseed, stiff, 210.
Tick-trefoil, 190.
Tilia americana, 154, 194.
Timothy, 159, 166.
Tobacco, Indian, 205.
Touch-me-not, 193.
Tradescantia bracteata, 171.
reflexa, 171.
virginica, 171.
Traxzus canadensis, 165.
Trees and shrubs. of
county, 153.
Trifolium arvense, 189.
hybridum, 190.
pratense, 189.
procumbens, 160:
repens, 160, 190.
Trillium, 157.
erectum, 172.
nivale, 158, 172.
Triosteum aurantiacum, 204.
perfoliatum. 204.
Twayblade, 174.
Twin-flower, 204.
Typha latifolia, 170.

Ulmus americana, 153, 178.
fulva, 154, 162. 178.
racemosa, 154, 178.

Unifolium canadense, 172.

Urtica gracilis, 160, 178.

Urticastrum divaricatum, 178.

Utricularia vulgaris, 203.

Uvularia grandiflora, 157, 171.

Sessilifolia, 157, 171.

Vaccaria vaccaria, 181.
Vagnera racemosa, 157, 172.
stellata, 157, 172.
Vallisneria spiralis, 170.
Velvet-leaf, 160, 194.
Verbascum, 160.

, inneshiek

224

Verbena, 160.
Verbena bracteosa, 200.
hastata, 200.

stricta, 200.
urticifolia, 200.

Veronia fasciculata, 206.

Veronica anagallis, 202.
anagallis-aquatica, 202.
arvensis, 202.
peregrina, 160, 202.
virginica, 202.

Vervain, 200. :

Vetch, 158, 190.

Vetchling, 191.

Viburnum, 162.

Viburnum dentatum, 154, 204.

lentago, 153, 154, 204.

opulus, 154, 162, 208.
prunifolium, 162.
pubescens, 203.

Vicia americana, 158, 190.
angustifolia, 191.
cracca, 190. ©
sativa, 191.

Viola canadensis, 195.
palmata, 195.
papillionacea, 157, 195.
pedata, 157, 194.
pedatifida, 157, 194.
pubescens, 157, 195.
scabriuscula, 195.

Violet, 156, 157, 172, 194, 195.

_ Virginia creeper, 154, 155, 193.

Virgin’s-bower, 153, 157, 183.

Vitis riparia, 193.
vulpina, 153, 193.

Wahoo, 158, 192.

INDEX.

Wake-robin, 158, 172.

Walnut, 153, 155, 156, 175.
Washingtonia claytoni, 196..
Water crow-foot, white, 156, 183.
Water-leaf, 158, 199.
Water-plantain, 170.
Wheat-grass, 168.

Whitlow-grass, Carolina, 185.
Willow, 158, 154, 155, 175.
Willow-herb, 157, 195.

Winneshiek county, annotated list of

plants, 162.
. flora of, 147.
forest
150.
medicinal
161.

problems,

plants,

fi trees and shrubs,

153.
Wintergreen, 197.
Wolf-berry, 154, 204.
Woodsia ilvensis, 163.
Wood-sorrel, 191.

‘Wool-grass, ‘169.

Wormwood, 210.

Xanthium canadense, 206.
; echinatum, 160, 206.
Xanthorylum americanum, 154,

Yam root, 173.
Yarrow, 210.
Yew, American, 153, 165.

Zizia aurea, 196.
Zygadenus elegans, 171.

162,

Pee

rae