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MANUAL
FLOWERING PLANTS

IOWA

PART 1. POLYPETALAE.

MANUAL

OF THE

FLOWERING PLANTS

OF

IOWA

BY

T. J. FITZPATRICK.

Fellow of the lowa Academy of Sciences

A THESIS.

PRIVATELY PUBLISHED
1899.

Copyright Applied For.

PREFACE.

Tuis volume is the result of continued study of the flowering plants of lowa
during a period of seven years. The author has collected in more than
thirty counties and in most portions of the state. To the collections thus ob-
tained the author’s many friends have made generous additions either by
donation or by exchange. So far as possible all the literature relating to
Iowa botany has been canvassed and the collections in the State University
have been examined. All previous treatises have been in the nature of lists;
many aunotated, some not; and were mostly confined to the flora of restricted
loealities. In this volume all the scattered information is gathered and the
author endeavors to correct previous errors. to confirm the observations
already made. and to add new information obtained by fersonal effort.

This work is founded primarily upon the private herbarium of T. J. and M.
F. L. Fitzpatrick and in this connection the author wishes to state that he is
under obligations to the followiug parties who have sent many rare or infre-
quent and interesting specimens: I'red Reppert of Muscatine county. Prof. B.
Fink of Fayette county, E. W. D. Holway and Herbert Goddard of Winne-
shiek county. R. I. Cratty of Emmet county. Prof. Pammel, C. R. Ball and
Wilmon Newell of Iowa State College, J. P. Anderson of Decatur county, J.
fi. Mills of Henry county, and Profs. T. tl. Macbride and B. Shimek of the
State University, and to many others who have lent aid in a limited amount.
In the determination of difficult material the author has received aid from
Prof. Wm. Trelease and Prof. J. B.S. Norton of the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den, F. Lamson-Seribner of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and R. I.
Cratty.

The question of nomenclature is as yet unsettled. For some reason the new
nomenclature has not been received with much favor by Iowa botanists. Be-
cause of this the author has thought it best to pursue a conservative course.
All needful changes have been adopted and by the use of synonyms both the
old and new systems are presented.

The author shall be pleased at all times to receive information and material
so that he may be able to extend his knowledge of a subject the pursuit of
which has been a source of much pleasure.

T. J. Firzparricx.
LAMONI, Iowa, July 39, 1899 ;

MANUAL OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF IOWA.

a ae ee
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

Series 1. PHANEROGAMS or FLOWERING PLants: those producing true
flowers and seeds.

Class 1. ANGlosPERMS: plants which have the ovules contained in a
closed ovary.

Subclass 1. DicoryLepons: stems differentiated into bark, wood, and
pith; leaves netted-veined; embryo with a pair of opposite cotyle-
dons; flowers usually 4 or 5-merous.

Division 1. PoLyprraLas: calyx and carolla present, petals separate.
Apetalous forms occur as will be noted farther on.

The following wholly artificial key is taken from various governmental
publications and adapted to the Iowa flora.
A. Stamens ten to many and more than twice the number of sepals.
* Calyx entirely frec from the ovary.
Pistils many, distinct, enclosed in a hollow receptacle; leaves alternate,

stipulate. Rosa, in RosacEak, 49.
Pistils several, contained in pits on the upper surface of a large convex
receptacle. Nelumbo, in NyMPHAEACEAE, 7.

Pistils more than one, distinct, not enclosed in the receptacle.
Stamens inserted on the edge of a disk which lines the calyx-tube, dis-

tinct; anthers 2-celled. RosacEAk, 44.
Stamens monodelphous, united with the base of the petals; anthers 1-
celled. MALVACESE, 23.
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Small trees; filaments shorter than the anthers. ANONACEAE, 6.

Herbs or woody climbers; filaments longer than the anthers.
Flowers dicecious; twiners; leaves alternate, palmately lobed.
MENISPERMACEAR, 7
Flowers perfect, if climbers the leaves are opposite.
Leaves peltate; petals persistent.
3rasenia, in NYMPHAEACEAE, 7.
Leaves not peltate; petals deciduous. RANUNCULACEAE, 1.
Pistils several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle.
RESED 4CEAE, 16.
Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis.
MALVACEAE, 23.
Pistil solitary as to the ovary but styles or stigmas may be several
Leaves punctate with pellucid or black dots. HYPERICACEaE, 22.
Leaves not punctate with pellucid or black dots.
Ovary simple, 1-celled, 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe. Drupaceag, 43.
Ovary simple, 1-celled, several-ovuled; fruit a legume.
MIMOSACEAE, 43.
Ovary compound, 1-celled; placenta central. PorTULAcACcgAg, 21.

Ovary simple, 1-celled; placenta parietal, many-ovuled.
Leaves 2-3-ternately compound or dissected.

RANUNCULACEAE, 1.
Leaves peltate, palmately lobed.

Podophyllum, in BERBERIDACEAE, 7.
Ovary compound, 1-celled; placentae 2 or more, parietal.
Sepals caducous; juice milky or colored. PAPAVERACEAE, 9.
Sepals deciduous, 4. CAPPARIDACEAE, 16.
Sepals persistent, 3 or 5. CISTACEAE, 17.
Ovary compound, several-celled.
Calyx valvate in the bud, and persistent; stamens monodel-
phous; anthers 1-celled. MALVACEAE, 23.
Deciduous; anthers 2-celled. TILIACEAE, 25.
Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent.
Ovaries on many partitions; aquatics. NYMPHAEACEAE, 7.
Ovaries on 5 placentae in the axis. SARRACENIACEAE, 9.
** Calyx more or less cohercnt with the surface of the compound ovary.
Ovary 8-30-celled; ovules many, on partitions, aquatic.
NYMPHAEACEAE, 7.
Ovary apparently 10-celled, each division 1-ovuled.
Amelanchier, in POMACEAE, 49.
Ovary 2-5-celled.

Leaves alternate, stipulate. PoMACEAE, 49.

Leaves opposite, exstipulate. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 51.
Ovary 1-celled; ovules parietal.

Fleshy jointed prickly plants; petals many. CaACTACEAE, 49.

Rough-leaved plants; petals 5 or 10. LOaCEag, 59.

Ovary 1-celled; placenta free, central; pericarp opening by a lid.
PoRTULACACEAR, 21.
B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.
Pistil solitary; flowers mostly perfect; herbs, shrubs, or woody vines.

Ovary 1-celled; anthers opening by valves. BERBERIDACEASE, 7.
Ovary t-celled; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. PORTULACACEAE, 21
Ovary 2-4-celled.

Calyx-lobes small or wanting; petals valvate. VITACEAR, 29.

Calyx 4-5-cleft valvate in the bud; petals involute. RuAMNACEAE, 29.
Pistils 3-6, separate; flowers dicecious; woody vines. MENISPERMACEAE, 7.
C. Stamens of the same number as the petals «nd alternate with them or not more

than twice us many.
* Ovary superior, the calyx entirely free.

+ Ovarics 2 or more, separate.
Stamens hypogynous, distinct.

Leaves pellucid-functate. RUTACEAE, 27.
Leaves not pellucid-punctate. ‘
Tree; leaves odd-pinnate; flowers paniculate. SIMARUBACEAE, 28.
Herbs; leaves thick, succulent; flowers cymose. CRASSULACEAE, 53.
Herbs; leaves not fleshy; inflorescence various. RANUNCLACEAK, 1.
Stamens inserted on the calyx. distinct.
Stamens twice as many as the pistils. CRASSULACEAE, 53.
Stamens neither the same nur twice the number of the pistils.
Leaves stipulate. RosacEAk, 44.

Leaves exstipulate. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 51.

+ + Ovaries 2-5, separate above, mvure or less united below.
Leaves pellucid-punctate. , RUTACEAE, 27.
Leaves not pellucid-punctate.
Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, palmately lobed or pinnate; fruit a

samara. ACKERACEAE, 30.
A small shrub; leaves opposite, 3-foliolate. STAPIYLEACBAB, 31.
t+ + + Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled; style compound. FERANIACEAE, 26.

tt + + Ovary simple, 1-celled with one parietal placenta.
Flowers irregular, the upper petal enclosing the others in the bud.
PAPILIONACEAR, 33.
Flowers mostly regular, the upper petal enclosed by the lateral in the
bud. CAESALPINACEAR, 42.
++4+ + Ovary 1, compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentae, styles,
or stigmas.
Ovary 1-celled.
Corolla irregular, spurred; petals 4; stamens 6. FumARIACEAE, 9.
Corolla irregular, lower petal spurred; petals and stamens 5.
VIOLACEAR, 17.
Corolla regular or nearly so.
Ovule 1; stigmas 3; small trees or shrubs with resinous or milky acrid

juice. ANACARDIACEAE, 32.
Ovules 1 or 2; herbs. A few of the CruciFERAE, 10.
Ovules 2 or more, central or basal.

Petals inserted on the throat of the calyx. LYTHRACEAE, 55.

Petals not inserted on the throat of the calyx. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 19
Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentae.

Leaves pellucid-punctate or black-dotted. HYPERICACEAE. 22.
Leaves non-punctate.
Sepals 5, unequal or only 3. CISTACEAE, 17.
Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6. CRUCIFERAE, 10.
Sepals and petals 5: stamens 5 or 10. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 51.

Ovary 2-several-celled; flowers irregular.
Stamens 6 or 8; anthers I-celled, opening at the top. PoLYGALACcEAR, 21.
Stamens 11 or 12, dehiscence longitudinal; petals inserted on the throat
of the gibbous or spurred calyx. Cuphea, in Ly THRACEAR, 55.
Stamens 5 to 8 or 10; petals mostly hypogynous.
Ovary 3-celled; leaves opposite, digitate; trees. HIPPOCASTANACEAE, 31.
Ovary 5-celled; leaves alternate, simple; herbs. BALSAMINACEAE, 27.
Ovary 2-several-celled; flowers regular.
Stamens neither the same nor twice the number of the petals.

Petals 5; stamens collected into 3 clusters. HYPERICACEAE, 22.
Petals 4; stamens 6, 2 shorter, rarely 2 or 4. CRUCIFERAE, 10.
Petals 5; stamens more, distinct. ACERACEAE, 30,

Stamens of the same or twice the number of the petals.
Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.
Herbs, with perfect symmetrical flowers.
Ovary deeply lobed, 5-celled; sepals 5. GERANIACEAR, 26.
Ovary globose, breaking into 5 2-celled carpels, sepals 5.
: LINACEAE, 26.
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. RUTACEAE,
Leaves palmately lobed and veined; fruit a 2-winged samara.
ACERACEAE, 30.

io
rt

Leaves simple, pinnately veined, non punctate.
Fruit a globose or lobed pod; seeds arillate. CELASTRACEAE, 28.

Fruit a berry-like drupe. ILICINEAE, 29.
Ovules and seeds several to many in each cell.
Stipules caducous; leaves opposite, compound. STAPHYLEACEAE, 31

Stipules wanting when the leaves are opposite.
Stamens 10, monodelphous below; leaflets 3, obcordate.
OXALIDACEAR, 27.
Stamens distinct, hypogynous. , CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 19.
Stamens distinct, perigynous.
Styles usually 2, simple. sometimes cohering. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 51.

Style 1; capsule often 1-2elled. LYTHURACHAE, 55,
* * Calyz-tube m ore or less adherent to the ovury.
Ours climbing annuals, with °-forked tendrils. . CUCURBITACEAE, 59.

Mostly erect herbs, not tendri) bearing.
Ovules and seeds two to many in each cell of the ovary.

Ovary 1-celled; ovules many, basal. PORTULACACBAR, 21.
Ovary 1-celled; placentae 2 or 3, parietal. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 51.
Ovary 2-several-celled.

Anthers dehiscing by apical pores; style 1. MELASTOMACEAE, 55.

Anthers not dehiscing by apical pores.
Stamens inserted on a disk which fills the bottom of the calyx.
CELASTRACEAB, 28.
Stamens inserted on the calyx.

Stamens 4 or 8, rarely 5; style 1. ONAGRACEABR, 56.
Stamens 5 or 10; styles 2 or 3, distinct. SAXIFRAGACBAE, 51.

Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell of the ovary.
Stamens 2 or 8; styles 1; stigma 2-4-lobed; herbs. ONAGRACEAE, 56.

Stamens 4 or 8; styles or stigmas 4; aquatics. HALORAGIDACEAR, 54.
Stamens 8, but 4 of them sterile, scale-like, styles 2; small tree.
HaMAMELIDACEAE, 54,
Stamens 4; style and stigma 1; small shrubs. CoRNACEAE, 65.
Stamens 5; flowers umbellate, rarely capitate.
Fruit dry, consisting of 2 coherent carpels; styles 2.
UMBELLIFERAE, 60.
Fruit a 2-5-celled drupe; styles 2-5. ARALIACEAE, 64,

Gamopetalous forms in polypetalous families.

Forms which have their petals more or less united into one piece.
* Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.

Ovary 1-celled, with one parietal placenta.

The upper petal enclosing the others in the bud. PAPILIONACEAR, 33.

The upper petal enclosed by the lateral in the bud.

CARSALPINACEAB, 42.

Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. POLYGALACEAR, 32.
Ovary 3-many-celled.

Stamens 10, hypogynous, united below; styles5. ONXALIDACEAE, 27,

2

Stamens many, monodelphous; styles many. MALVACEAE, 23.
**® Stamens as many as the lobes of the ovary.
Annuals, climbing, tendril bearing. CUCURBITACEAE, 59,

Shrub, with alternate simple |. aves. TLICINEAE, 29,

Apetalous forms in polypetalous families.

Forms having the corolla and sometimes the calyx wanting; calyx often
petaloid.

* Ovary or its cells with many ovules.
Ovary inferior, 4-celled; stamens 4. Ludwigia, in ONAGRACEAE, 56,
Ovary inferior, 1-celled; stamens usually 8. Chrysosplenium, in

SAXIFRAGACEAE, 52.
Ovary superior.

Pod 5-celled, 5-beaked, the beaks falling away at maturity; stamens 10.
Penthorum, in CRASSULACEAE, 53.

Pod 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. AIZOACEAE, 60.
Pod 1 or 2-celled; placentae central.
Stamens inserted on the calyx. LYTHRACEAE, 55.

Stamens hypogynous or inserted at the base of the calyx.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 19.
Pod 1-celled, with one parietal placenta. RANUNCULACEAE, 1.
Pods 2 or more, separate, simple. RANUNCULACEAE, 1.

* * Ovary or its cells usually with 1 or 2 ovules.
Pistils 2 or more, distinct or nearly so.

Stamens hypogynous; leaves punctate. RUTACEAE, 27.
Stamens hypogynous; leaves not punctate; calyx usually petaloid.

RANUNCULACEAE, 1.
Pistil 1, simple or compound.

Ovary inferior, 3 or 4-celled; aquatics. HALORAGIDACEAE, 54.
Ovary naked; calyx none. Callitriche, in HALORAGIDACBEAE, 55.
Ovary free from the calyx; trees or shrubs.

Ovary 2-celled; fruit a 2-winged samara. ACERACEAE, 30.

Ovary 3-celled; fruit drupaceous or dry. RHAMNACEAE, 29.

, RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Crowroot FAMity.

Annual or perennial herbs, with colorless usually acrid juice; and poly-
petalous or apetalous, regular or irregular flowers. Leaves simple <r
dissected, opposite or alternate; petioles dilated. Sepals 3-15, frequently
petaloid. Petals 3-15. Stameus usually many. Fruit dry achenes, fol-
licles, or berries.

* Leaves opposite, terminatiny iu tendrils; seyrils 4, potaloid.

CLEMATIS. Woody climbing plants.

** Upper tenes opposite or wiorled; poliuuactes with one apelaluus flower.

ANEMONE. tnvolucre fuliaceous. remote from the flower.

Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, calyx-like.

ANEMONELLA. Flowers umbellate.

THaLICTRUM. Sepuls 4, petaloid or greenish.

*** Sepals usually 5; petels present; achenes wumy.

RANUNCULUS. Petals yellow, rarely white. with wu nevtariferous pitor scule at the base

inside.

Myosurus. Flowers solitary, scapose; petals 5. white.

eEe* Blowers conspicuous, apetalous, nob racemose; sepals petialuid.,

‘CaLTHa. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided; flowers yellow.

IsoPpykuM, Leaves divided; flowers white,

#*2 2% Sens or petals spurred,

AQUILEGLA. Petals produced backward into 5 hollow spurs.

DELPHiNiuM. Upper sepal produced-backward into a long spur.

HeeR** Mowers rcyulur; fruit ow berry.

AUTAEs. Flowers small, in asingle short raceme; pistil 1.

Hyprastris. Flowers apetulous, solitary; roots yellow.

CLEMA.TIS L. Virern’s-Bower. Woody climbing plants, with opposite pin-
nate leaves, terminating in tendrils; and large purplish flowers. Sepals 4.
Petals none. Achenes many, ina giobular head, with long persistent styles.

* Flowers cymosc-puniculate.

C. virginiana L. Common V. Leaves petioted, of 3 ovate leaflets; leaflets
cut or lobed; styles persistent, plumose. A trailing vine, common in low
grounds in thickets or along fence-rows; July-Sept.

** Flowers solitary.

C. pitcheri T. & G. Leaflets 3-7, ovate, 1-3-lobed; sepals thin, tips recurv-
ed; achenes with filiform, persistent, silky, but not plumose styles. Thickets;
June-August; frequent. (C. simsil Sweet. )

C. viorna L. Leather-flower. Similar to the precedding; persistent styles
plumose. This species has been frequently reported but the author has seen
no reliable specimens, the so-called specimens not being in fruit their identity
was questiopable.

ANEMONE EL. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER. Perennial herbs, with the leaves
mostly radical, leng-petioled, the few cauline, whorled soas to forma folia-
ceous involucre remote from the flower, all compound or dissected. Pedun-
cles 1-flowered. Sepals 5-20, petal-like. Petals none or in one of abortive sta-
mens. Fruit compressed 1-seede d achenes.

i)

RANUNCULACEAE.

* Involucre forming « cup; carpels in a globular head, with lony persistent plu-
mose styles.

A. patens nuttalliana Gray. Pasque-flower. Stem 4-10 inches high, vill-
ous; flowering before leafing; leaves ternately-parted, the divisions dissected
into narrow linear lobes; involucral lobes linear; peduncle solitary, [engthen-
ing after flowering; flower large; sepals 5-7, ovate, whitish or purplish. High
prairies; March-May; once common, becoming scarce as the prairies are bro-
ken up. Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Delaware, Story, Hardin, Emmet,
Lyon, Woodbury, Calhoun, Crawford, and Shelby counties. ( Pulsatilla hirsu-
tissima ( Pursh ) Britton. )

* * Styles short, not plumose.
+ Leaves of the involucre 3, sessile.

A. pennsylvanica L. Stem 1-2 feet high, hairy; radical leaves 5-7-parted
or cleft, divisions eut or toothed toward the apex; primary peduncle naked,
two lateral ones with a 2-leaved involucre; sepals 5, obovate, white; achenes
in a globose head, flat, nearly orbicular, pubescent. Low places; June—Ju-
ly; common. (4. canadensis L. ) :

+ + Leaves of the involucre lony-petivled; sepals 5-8, usually silky beneath.

A. cylindrica Gray. Stem 1-2 feet high, silky-pubescent; flowers 2-5, on
exserted naked peduncles, sometimes one involucellate; involucral leaves 4-18,
3-divided, the divisions cuneate-lanceolate, cleft, toothed toward the apex;
head eylizdrical, 1 inch long; achenes pubescent. Prairies and woods; June—
July; common.

A. virginiana L. Stem 2-3 feet high, pubescent; involucral leaves 3, 3-part-
ed, tke divisions ovate-lanceolate, cleft and serrate; the first peduncle naked,
the later with a 2-leaved involucel near the middle; sepals 5; head of fruit o-
val to oblong. Woods; June-August; frequent and widely distributed.

A. quinquefolia L. Stem 4-8 inches high, smooth or slightly pubescent,
from horizontal rootstocks; involucral leaves 3, leaflets wedge-shaped, con-
spicuoucly toothed, somewhat lobed; sepals 4-7, ovate, white varying to blue
or purple. Rich upland woods; April-May; common locally; Winneshiek,
Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, and Story counties. (A. nemorasa L. of
Gray's Manual. )

** * Involucre far below the flower.

A. carcliniana Walt. Stem 3-8 inches high, pubescent, froma small tu-
ber; root-leaves 3-parted or cleft; sepals 6-20, linear, purplish varying to whit-
ish. Dry soil, open places; April-May; infrequent; Fayette, Scott, Musca-
tire, Stcry, Hardin, Hancock, and Sioux counties.

HEPAT)CA Scop. Low perennial seapose herbs, with thick heart-shaped
3-lobed radical leaves and sclitary flowers. Stamens many; filaments short;
anthers 2-celled. Invcluere 3-leaved, close to the flower, calyx-like.

H. acutiloba DC. Scapes 4-8 inches high, villous; leaves thick, evergreen,
3-lcbed or sometimes 5-lobed; leaf-lobes and those of the involuere acute or
acutish; floweis blue, purple, or white. Upland woods; March-April; com-
mon in the eastern hali of Iowa, but apparently rare in the western portion.
(H. acuta ( Pursh ) Britton. )

H. triloba Chaix. Lobes of leaves and involuere rounded or obtuse. A
species closely resembling the precefding. It has been reported from Scott
county, and various other localities but there is much doubt as to whether it
belongs to our flora. ( H. hepatica ( L.) Karst. )

ANEMONELLA Spach. Leaves 2-3-vernately compound; involueral leaves

CrowFooT FAMILY. 3

Similar, sessile; leaflets more or less 3-lobed, rounded to heart-shaped at
the base and iong petiolate. Flowers white or pinkish, umbellate. Sepals
5-10, large, broad ovate. Achenes terete, ribbed, sessile.

A. thalictroides (L.) Spach. Rue Anemone. A low glabrous perennial
herb, 3-5 inches high with stem and radical leaves rising from a cluster of tu-
berous roots. Upland woods; April-May; common. Occasionally double
flowered forms are found. ( Syndesmon thalictroides (L. ) Hoffmg. )

THALICTRUM L. Meavow-Rve. Perennials. with alternate 2-3-ternately
compound leaves, the divisions and leafets stalked; and perfect, polygamous
or. dicecious, paniculate or racemose flowers. Sepals 4-5, frequently petaloid.
Petals none. Stamens many, exserted. Fruit achenes.

T. purpurascens L. Purple M. Stem 2-6 feet high, frequently purplish;
leaves 3-4-ternate, the cauline nearly sessi'e; leaflets oblong-ovate to nearly
lanceolate, veiny, often waxy beneath, usually with three apical lobes; fow-
ers greenish or purplisk, dicecious or polygamous; filaments narruw. Low
prairies and woods; May-June; common.

T. polygamum Muhl. Tuli M. Similar to the precedding; plant not gland-
ular or waxy; filaments broadened. Reported as belonging to our flora.

T. dioicum L. Early M. Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous; leaves 4-4-ternate,
petioled; leaflets drooping, 3-9-lobed, rounded; flowers dicecious, purplish or
greenish. Rich upland woods and meadows; April-May; frequent; Winne-
shiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Fayette, Scott, Story, Cerro Gordo, Webster, Dall-
as, and Dickinson counties.

RANUNCULUS L. Crowroor. Buttercup. Annual or perennial herbs,
with alternate leaves, and white or yellow flowers. Flowers solitary, some-
times corymbed. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, rarely more or less, some-
times minute, with a nectariferous pit or scale at the base inside. Achenes
many, usually flattened, pointed, capitate or spicate.

* Aquatics.

R. trichophyllus Chaix. White Water C. Stem about 1 foot long; leaves
petioled, flacid, divided into capillary divisions, collupsing when withdrawn
from the water; petals ovate, twice as long as the calyx, white. Growing in
the soft mud in shallow water, immersed except the flower; June-August; in-
frequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, and Muscatine counties; reported from Haiw-
ilton county. (R. aywutilis var. trichophyllus of Gray’s Manual. Batrachium
trichophyllum (‘Chaix. ) Bossch. )

R. circinatus Sibth. Stiff WaterC. Similar to the preceéding but leaves
sessile or nearly so, rigid, not collapsing; stipules conspicuous. In similar situ-
ations; June-August; infrequent; Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, and Emmet
counties. (B. divaricatum (Schrank ) Wimm. )

R. multifidus Pursh. Yellow Wuter C'. Stems floating or immersed, some-
times emersed; leaves repeatedly 3-forked, the ultimate divisions long, cap-
illary; out of water the leaves are often reniform, Jobed or toothed or else the
divisions are shorter and linear; petals 5-8, bright yellow. In ponds and
slow streams; May-July; infrequent; Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Johnson,
Story, Hardin, Emmett, Hamilton, Decatur, and Lyon counties. ( R. delphin-
ifolius Torr. )

* * Terrestrial, but frequently growing in wet places; flowers yellow.
+ Radical leaves deeply cleft or divided.

R fascicularis Muhl. Plant pubescent, low; 3-10 inches high, fibrous roots

thickened; leaves 3-5-divided, divisions lobed and cleft, the ultimate segments

4 Crowroor Famtuy.

oblong or linear; petals 5-7, spatulate-oblong; achenes flat, beaked by a subu-
late style. Prairies and wooded hillsides: April-May common; Winneshiek,
Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, Polk, Mahaska, and Pottawattomie
counties.

R. septentrionalis Poir. Low, 6-20 inches high, pubescent, erect or in
wet places mostly procumbent and forming runners, roots many, fibrous;
leaves petioled, 3-divided; the divisions usually all stalked, 3-cleft or -divided,
the segments toothe or cut; achenes margined, tipped by a sword-shaped
style of about their length. Moist soil; April-May; common in all portions of
the state.

R. repens L. Habit and foliage closely resembling the preceyding; leaves
often white-spotted; achenes margined; the beak stout, short, and slightly
bent. Low grounds; May-July; Muscatine and Johnson counties.

R. recurvatus Poir. Hovked C. Stem 1-2 feet high, hirsute, leaves all sim-
ilar, long-petioled, broadly reniform, deeply 3-cleft, the divisions toothed and
lobed beyond the middle; flowers small, on long peduncles; calyx retlexed;
petals shorter; achenes compressed, tipped by a recurved beak which is half
their length. Woods; May-June; Scott, Muscatine, and Johnson counties.

R. pennsy'vanicus L. f. Bristly C. Annual; stem 1-2 feet high, branch-
ing, bristly hairy, leaves ternately compound; divisions frequently 3-cleft,
the lobes lanceolate, cuneate, cut or toothed; flowers small; calyx reflexed;
head of fruit oblong; achenes tipped by a sharp beak one-third their length.
Wet soil; June-August, infrequent; Wianeshiek, Allamakee, Scott, Muscatine,
Henry, Linn, Story, Emmet, Cerro Gordo, Hancock, Dickinson, Winnebago,
aud \Woodbury counties.

R. hispidus Hook. HispidC. Resembles the prece¢ding; annual or bienni-
al; ascending or declined, hairy or somewhat hispid; stems 1-2 feet long,
rarely rooting; leaves 3-divided, leaflets petiolate, ovate or broadly oblong,
cuneate, mostly 3-parted or -cleft, or variously lobed or cleft, somewhat tooth-
ed; head of fruit oblong; achenes smooth, the sharp straight beak about one-
fourth their length. This species has been confused with R. pennsylvunicus L.
and R. septentrivnalis Poir.; probably frequent; Fayette county. (R.mucounii
Britton. )

R. bulbosus L. Bulbous C. Stem about 1 foot high, from a bulbous base;
radical leaves 3-divided, latera] divisions sessile, the terminal stalked and 3-
parted, all more or less cleft and toothed; calyx reflexed; petals much longer;
head of fruit globose; achenes compressed, short beaked. Fields and waste
places; May—July: reportea as an Lowa weed.

R. acris L. Tall C. Stem 2-3 feet high, hairy; leaves of 3 sessile divisions,
the basal 3-7-divided, the divisions 3-cleft or -parted, the seginents cut into
narrow or linear lobes; petals obovate, 2-3 times longer than the calyx: head
of fruit globose; achenes compressed, short bealed. Fields and waste places;
June-August; infrequent; Jones, Story, and Page counties.

t + Rovt-leaves frequently undivided; roundish, sometimes lobed or cleft.

R. abortivus L. Snel lowered C. Biennial, conspicuous by having the
primary root-leaves round, heart- or kidney-shaped, obscurely erenate and
lony-petioled, other leaves 3-5-lobed or -parted and variously toothed, petiol-
ed or nearly sessile; flowers small, inconspicuous, pale yellow: petals shorter
than the reflexed sepals. Very common in moist places in meadows and
woods; April-June.

R. sceleratus L. Curse C. Annual; stem 6-20 inches high, glabrous, thiek,
hollow, with acrid juice: roct-leaves of 3-5 rounded lobes, others 3-parted, cut

RANUNCULACEAE. °

and toothed, the upper nearly sessile. deeply lobed or divided: lobes oblong
or linear. obtuse, entire or toothed; petals about as long as the sepals, pale
yellow: head of fruit obloug or cylindric; achenes mucronulate. Wet ditches:
June-August: frequent; Scott. Emmet, and Calhoun counties.

R. rhomboideus Goldie. Pruirie C. Stem 4-16 inches high, hairy, some
branched; root-leaves roundish to rhombic-ovate, toothed or crenate, others
3—5-lobed or -parted, the upper sessile or nearly so: petals large, deep yellow:
head of fruit spherical; achenes orbicular, minutely beaked. Prairies: April
~May: frequent: Winneshiek. Fayette, Emmet, Lyon, and Calhoun counties.
( R. ovalis Raf. )

R.cymba)aria Pursh. Sra-side (. Low. smooth, sprealing by long root-
ing runners. leaves clustered at the roots and on the joints of the runners,
long-petioled, cordate or kidney-shaped. crenate: scapes 1-several flowered,
sometimes leaf bearing toward the base: petals sometimes as many as8. Dry
prairies and sandy shores; June-August: infrequent; Story, Dickinson. Em-
met, Sioux, and Lyon counties. ( Oxrygraphis cymbalaria ( Pursh. ) Prantl. )

R. affinis R. Br. A small hairy or glabrous plant, from 4-10 inches high;
flowers small, pale yellow; root-leaves pedately cleft, stem leaves with nar-
row oblanceolate divisions: heads oblong. Reported from Iowa. (R. peda-
titidus J. E. Smith. )

MYOSURUS Dill. Small annual herbs, with linear basal leaves, and 1-
flowered scapes. Sepals 5. spurred. Petalssmall, narrow. Stamens usually
many. Pistils numerous. .

M. minimus L. Mouse-tait. Low, 1-6 inches higk. glabrous; roots fibrous:
leaves tufted, entire; achenes numerous, on an elongated receptacle, glabrous,
apiculate. Alluvial soil: April- July; Muscatine county, reported from Scott
county.

CALTHA L. Glabrous perennial succulent herbs, with orbicular or kid-
ney-shaped leaves, and conspicuous flowers. Sepals 5-9. petaloid, deciduous.
Petals none. Stamens many. Pistils 5-10; styles obscure. Puds compressed,
spreading. bearing the many seeds in two rows along the ventral] suture.

C. palustris L. Marsh Marigold. Stems 1-2 feet high. hollow, grooved,
stout; basal leaves long-petioled, cordate or reniform. witha narrow sinus,
entire or crenate, the upper with shorter petioles and more or less truncate
bases; sepals oval, obtuse, yellow. Swamps, banks of streams: April-May:
frequent: Winneshiek,. Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Emmet,
Dickinson, and Woodbury counties.

ISOPYRUM L. Smooth perennial herbs. with ternately decompound
leaves, and axillary or terminal long-peduncled flowers. Sepals 5, petaloid,
deciduous. Petals in ours none. Stamens many. Pistils usually 4. Pod o-
vate or oblong, sessile. 2-several seeded.

I. biternatum ( Raf.) T. & G. Roots many, fibrous, occasionally thicken-
ed into small tubers. Moist woods; May: common; Winneshiek, Fayette,
Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, Story, Emmet, Decatur, and Calhoun coun-

ties.

AQUILEGIA L. Perennial herbs, with ternately compound long-petioled
leaves, and showy flowers. Sepals 5, petaloid. Petals 5, prolonged back-
ward into long hollow spurs. Stamens numerous, exserted. Pistils 5.

A. canadensis L. Wild Columbine. Stem 1-3 feet high, branched; leaflets
lobed; flowers solitary, large, scarlet, nolding, spurs pointing upward; pods

erect. Woodlands: May-June: common throughout.

6 ANONACEAE.

DELPHINIUM L. Larkspur. Herbs, with palmately cut or divided leaves,
and racemose flowers. Sepals 5, upper one prolonged into a spur, petal-like.
Petals irregular 4 or 2, upper pair prolonged back into the spur of the calyx.
Pistils becoming many seeded pods in fruit.

* Pcrenniuls; leaves long-petioled; pistils 3.

D. tricorne Mx. Dwarf L. Stem simple, hollow, 1-3 feet high, glabrous or
pubescent; roots a cluster of small tubers; leaves about 5-parted, divisions 2-3-
cleft; raceme open; flowers blue or whitish; spur ascenling, nearly straight;
pods diverging. Prairies and rich woods; May; frequent; Decatur, Union,
Clark, Pottawattomie, Mahaska, and Shelby couaties. :

D. azureum Mx. Stem slender, 1-3 feet high, nearly solid, more or less
pubescent; leaves 3-5-parted, the divisions cleft into linear segments; raceme
strict; flowers blue to whitish; pods erect. Prairies; June; common and
widely distributed. (D. carolinianum Walt. )

D. exaltatum Ait. Raceme narrow, elongated, many-flowered; pods erect.
- Reported; so-called specimens proved to be D. azurewm 31x. (D. wreeolatum Jac. )

= Animucdls, escapes; petals 2, pistil 1.

D. ajccis L. Leaves nearly sessile; the divisions narrow, numerous; flow-
ers numerous; spur long and narrow; pods erect, pubescent. Sparingly es-
caped from gardens; Fayette and Johnson counties.

D. consolida L. Field L. Differs from the above by its glabrcus pods, lon-
ger and slightly bent spurs, and shorter and more cpen recemes. Reported
as an escape in Adams and Mahaska counties.

ACTAEA L. Baneperry. Conosi. Perennial herbs, 2-+ feet high, with

_2-3-ternately compound leaves, leaflets sharply cleft and toothed, and race-
ose flowers. Sepals 5, white, deciduous. Petals4-10. Stamens numerous.
Pistil 1. Fruit a globular many-seeded berry.

A. rubra ( Ait. ) Willd. Red B. Stem 1-2 feet high, bushy, raceme ovate;
‘petals spatulate, shorter than the stamens, pedicels slender; berries red.
-Rich woods; April-May; infrequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Muscatine, Jchn-
son, Stovy, Shelby, Emmet, Winnebago, Pottawattomie, and Woodbury coun-
ties. (A. spicata var. rubra Ait. )

A. alba (L.) Mill. White B. Resembles tke preceding in general appear-
ance; flowers appear 2-3 weeks later; receme oblong, petals slender; pedicels
usually red, thickened in fruit; berries white. Rich woods; April-June; fre-
quent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Henry, Story, Em-
met, Floyd, Winnebago, and, Decatur counties.

HYDRASTIS Ellis. Low vernal perennial plants, from thick yellow root-
stocks, with one radical leaf, and a hairy stem which is two-leaved above and
terminated by a solitary greenish-white flower. Sepals 3, soon falling. Pet-
als none. Stamens numerous. Pistils 12 or more. Fruit 1-2 seeded crimson
berries. :

H canadensis L. Oreinye-root. Golden Seal. Stem about 1-foot high, erect;
leaves rounded, 4—)-inches wide, 5-7-lobed, doubly serrate, veiny, base cor-
date, rootstcck contains a yellow dye. Rich woods; April; rather rare; Win
neshiek, Fayette, and Muscatine counties; reported fron Lee county.

ANONACEAE DC. Cusrarp-AppLe Faminy.

Trees or shrubs, with alte: nate entire exstipulate leaves, and solitary
axillary flowers. Sepals 3, valvute in our species. Petals about 6, in 2
rows, thickish, valvate in tae bud, hypogynous. Stamens many; anthers
adn vte, extrorse. Represented in our flora by a sinvle species of the ge-

~~

MoOONSEED FAMILY.

nus ASsIMINA Adans.

A. tri:oba (L,) Dunal. Common Pupaw. A small tree, 10-30 feet high: shoots
anil young leaves rusty pubescent. becoming glabrous; leaves obovate-lanceo-
late. thin. acute, -12 inches long, very short-petioled, base cuneate: flowers
appearing with the leaves. on shoots of the preceeding year: peduncles and
ovate sepals dark-pubescent: petals dull purple, the outer much longer than
the calyx: fruit a fleshy yellowish edible berry. borders of rivers: flowers
in April; fruit edible. ripe in October; infrequent: Clayton, Dubuque.
Louisa, Des Moines, Lee, Johnson, and Fremont ccunties.

MENISPERMACEAE DC. MoonsEEp FAMILY.

Climbing woody plants, with alternate leaves, and small dicecious pan-
icled flowers. Sepals and petals similar. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe.

MENISPERMUM L. MoonsEEpD. Vine pubescent. Leaves long-petioled.
large. enti e or 3-7-lobed, palmately veined, downy beneath. flowers small,
white, on long axillary peduncles, panicled. Sepals 4-s. Petals s-8. Sta-
mens 12-24: anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4. Drupe globular. black.

M. canadense L. A common vine found in all parts of tre state in rich
woodlands. The flowers appear from the last of May until the end of July.
Fruit ripe in September.

BERBERIDACEAE 7. ¢ G. BarBerry FaMizy.

Perennial berbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate or exstipulate leaves,
and regular perfect flowers. Sepals and petals imbricated in the bud, us-
ually in two rows of three each. Pistil single. Fruit a berry or capsule.

PODOPHYLLUM. Flowers large. white; fruit a large berry.
CAULOPHY:.LUtM. Flowers greenish; the ovary soon bursting and exposing 2 naked seeds.

PODOFHYLLUM L. Herbs, with long running rootstocks, and 2 large pcl-
tate l-sided 5-9-parted leaves, the divisions variously lobed and toothed.
Flowers 1-2, perfect, nodding, white, 1-2 imches across. in fork of 2 leaves;.
flower bud with 3 green early deciduous bractlets. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12--
18. Fruita large many seeded berry.

P. peltatum L. May Apple. Plant 1-2 feet high; common in rich wood-
lands; flowers in May: fruit ripe in July: then the plant decays. Winneshiek,
Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson,
Story. Appanoose, Decatur. Ringgold, Union, and Page counties.

CAULOPHYLLUM Mx. Peduncles 2-2 inches long: pedicels a little longer
than the flower. Flowers paniculate, yellowish-green. Calyx petal-like,
with 3 or + small lance-linear bracts; sepals 6, ovate. “Petals 6, small, opposite,
gland-like, thick. Stamens oppusite. 6: anthers large, oblong, 2-celled; fila-
ments short. “tvle short. stigma small.

C. thalictroides (L.) Ms. Blue Cohosh. Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous,
green, glaucous when young, with 2 or 3 large sheathing bracts at the base,
from thick matted rootstocks; leaves 3-ternately compound, one near the sum-
mit and usually one near the base of the panicle: leafiets wedge-ovate, 3-cleft,
middle division frequently with 3 large teeth; seeds the size of a grape. deep
blue, drupe-like. Rich woods; April-May: frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee,
Clayton. Dubuque. Fayette. Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Emmet, Win-
nebago, Cerro Gordo, Woodbury, Shelby, and Decatur ccunties.

NYMPHAEACEAE DC.) Water Lity Famity.

Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks: peltate or cordate,
floating, immersed or emersed leaves; and solitary axillary flowers. Flow-
ers showy, regular. Sepals 3-5. Petals andstamens many in most of

8 Water Lity FAmity.

our species. Fruit indehiscent. S2eds enclosed in pulpy arils or naked.
BRASENL\. Sepals and petals 3; stamens 12-18; leaves peltate.
NELUMBO. Sepals about 4-5; petals numerous; carpels 1-ovuled, separately immersed in
the top of an obconical receptacle.
NYMPHAKA. Petals large, adnate to the ovary; stamens from the summit of the ovary.
NepuHar. Petals small, stamen-like; stamens hypogynous.

BRASENIA Schreber. Stems branching, slender, lengthy, from creeping
rootstocks. Leaves alternate, oval, centrally peltate, palmately veined, long-
petioled, floating. Carpels 4-18, separate, indehiscent, 1—2-seeded.

B. peltata Pursh. Leaves oval, entire, 1-3 feet across; flowers small, dull-
purple, long-peduncled; fruit obloug. Ponds; rare; Museitine and Story
counties. (B. purpurea ( Mx.) Casp. )

NELUMBO Adans. Rootstock tuberous. Leavescentrally peltate. Flow-
ers very large. Sepals 4-6. Petals many, in several rows. Stamens indefi-
nite. Sepals, petals, and stamens passing gradually into each other. Petals
and stamens inserted on the calyx, caducous. Carpels many, distinct, con-
tained in pits in the large convex top-shaped receptacle.

N. lutea ( Willd.) Pers. Yellow Nelumbo. Leaves much above water,
large, with a cupped or depressed center or else floating and plane, circular,
1-2 feet in diameter; flowers pale yellow, 5-10 inches broad; tubers and seed
edible. Sloughs of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and interior lakes;
July-August; frequent; Allamakee, Clayton, Muscatine, Louisa, Des Moines,
Henry. Iowa, and Monona counties.

NYMPHAEA L. Water Lity. Flowers large, white or pinkish. Sepals
4-5, green outwardly. Petals numerous, in many rows, gradually passing into
the stamens. Stamens very numerous, inserted on the ovary. Ovary 12-37-
celled. Fruit depressed globular,.covered with the bases of decaying petals,
maturiog under water.

N. odorata Ait. Sweet-scented W. L. Rootstock with a few persistent
branches; leaves orbicular, entire, cleft at the base to the insertion of the
petiole, usually purplish beneath; stipules broadly triangular to kidney-
shaped, notched at the apex: dowers usually white, sometimes pinkish, very
fragrant, large, frequently 6 inches in diameter, opening in the morning aud
closing in the afternoon; petals narrowly oblong, obtuse. Ponds; June—
September; infrequent; range rather uncertain as it has been confused with
the following speci2s. (Castalia odorata (Dryand.) W. & W.)

N. reniformis DC. Tuber-hearing W. L. Rootstock with numerous
detatchab!‘e tubers by means of which the plant propagates; leaves'reinform,
orbieular, larger than the preceeding, 8-15 inches wide, green bcth sides, ribs
prominent; flowers very large, scentless or nearly so, white; petals oblong,
broader than those of the-prece¥ding species. Ponds; July-September; infre-
quent; widely distributed; Muscatine, Linn, Story, Hamilton, Cerro Gordo,
Winnebago, Hancock, Lyon, Emmet, and Fremont counties. (C. tuberosa
( Paine ) Greene.)

NUPHAR Smith. YELLow Ponp Lity. Rootstock creeping, cylindrical,
Flowers yellow. Sepals 5 or 6, greenish outward, roundish or concave.
Petals numerous, small, thick, stamen-like or scale-like. Stamens numerous,
short, inserted with the petals cn the receptacle; stigmas united into a radiate
disc. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually ripening above water.

N. advena Ait. f Leaves floating, emersed or erect, thick, orbicular,
entire, palmately veined, base deeply heart-shaped; sepals 6, oblong,

Poppy FaMiy. 9

a

unequal: petals shorter than the stamens, resembling them; stigmatic dise
undulate or nearly entire, pale red, 12-24 rayed. Ponds and slow streams;
May-August; frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine,
Johnson, Linu, Story, Hamilton, Cerro Gordo, Winnebago, Dickinson,
Emmet, and Lyon counties. (Nymphaca adveind Sol.)

SARRACENIACEAE La Py/. PrrewerR-PLanr Fairy.

Marsh plants, with hollow pitcher-shaped or trumpet-shaped leaves,
and scapose nodding fluwers. The principal genus of the order is
SaRRacenra L.

S. purpurea L. Piteher-plut. Side-saddic Flower, Leaves aseending,
curved, broadly winged; hood erect, open. round heart-shaped: scapes 10-20
inches high, bearing a solitary deep purple flower; calyx of 5 sepals with 3
bractlets at the base; petals 5, obovate. Bogs; May-June; reported from N.
E. Iowa (Gray's Manual.) and also from Scott county (Nagel and Haupt.).
W. D. Barnes of Blue Grass thinks the latter locality isa mistake as there
jis no specimen in the collection of the Davenport Academy of Sciences
and the species has not been found in the vicinity after thorough search.

PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss. Poppy FAmizy.

Herbs, with milky or colored acrid juice, alternate exstipulate leaves,
and long peduncled solitary regular flowers. Sepals 2, early deciduous.
Petals usually 4, imbricated, deciduous. Stamens 16-24. Ovary
usually 1-celled, many-ovuled; style short or none; stigmas 1 or 2.
Pods 2-valved, 1-celled, many seeded.

SANGUINARIA. Juice red: flowers on scapes. white.

ARGEMONE. Juice yellow; leaves spiny-toothed.

SANGUINARIA L. Flowers’ white. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong.
Stamens numerous. Stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, dehiscent, 1-celled, 2-
valved, many seeded.

S. canadensis L. Bluodroot. A low perennial; rootstock horizontal, large,
with a red juice; leaf solitary, long petioled, kidney-shaped, palmately
lobed, the lobes repand or cleft at the apex. Rich woods; flowers mostly in
April, fruits in June; frequent.

ARGEMONE L. Pricxty Porry Annual or biennial herbs, with yellow
sap, sessile sinuate-lobed prickly-toothed leaves, and large showy flowers.
Sepals 2-3. Petals 4-6. Style short; stigmas 3-6, radiate. Pod oblong,
prickly, opening at the apex by 3-6 valves. Seeds numerous, crested.

A. mexicana L. Whole plant setose-prickly; stem 1-2 feet high, simple or
somewhat branched; leaves blotched; petals yellow. Waste places; infre-
quent; Muscatine county.

A. alba Lestib. Similar to the prece¢ding; leaves glaucous or green;
petals white. Waste places: infrequent; Johnson and Wapello counties.

FUMARIACEAE DC. Fumirory Famity.

Smooth delicate herbs, with watery juice, delicate alternate exstipulate
compound dissected leaves, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2, minute.
Corolla flattened; petals 4, in 2 pairs, outer pair with spreading tips one
or both saccate or spurred at base, inner pair narrow, their tips united
over the stigma. Stamens 6, in 2 equal sets; the sets opposite the outer
petals. Pod 1-celled, in our species deciduous by 2 valves, with 2 parietal
placente, several-seeded. Often placed in the prece¢ding order.

10 FOMARIACEAE.

DicENtTRA. Corolla cordate or 2-spurred at the base.
CORYDALIS. Corolla 1-spurred; flowers large. ycllow.

DICENTRA Borkh. Low stemless perennials. with ternately compound
and dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted
Petals slightly cohering. Stigma 2-crested.

D. cucullaria DC. Dutchinan’s Breeches. Plant from a scaly bulb of grain-
like tubers; leaf-lobes linear; flowers 5-8, white, on a scape, alternate, pedi-
celled; the 2 outer sepals with their divergent spurs longer thau the pedicels.
Rich woods; April-May: common, ( Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp.)

D. canadensis DC. Squirrel Corn, Leaves similar to the prece¢ding; roots
with yellow grain-like tubers resembling corn whence the name; flowers 4-7,
short pedicelled, greenish-white with a purplish tinge; spurs short, rounded.
Woods; May; rare; Winneshiek and Fayette counties. (B. canadensis (Goldie)
Millsp. )

CORYDALIS Vent. Pale or glaucous Jeafy-stemmed biennials, with basal
and cauline decompound leaves. and racemose flowers, Petals erect-eonni-
vent, deciduous, one of the outer pair spurred. Style dilated or lobed, per-
sistent. Pod linear or oblong, with many crested seeds.

C. micrantha Gray. Much branched, diffuse or spreading; corolla pale
yellow; spur short, the crest entire or flowers very small and cleistogamous;
pods ascending, torulose, short pedicelled; seeds obtuse-margined. smooth.
Sandy soil; July; local; Muscatine, Lee, Linn, Winneshiel, Calhoun, and
Hardin counties. (Capnoides micrunthum (Englm.) Britton.)

C. curvisiliqua Englm. Stem 6-15 inches high, brancbed, more or less
rigid; flowers spicate, bright yellow, spur conspicuous; pods short-pedicelled,
curved upward, somewhat 4-sided. Sandy soil; April-June; frequent; Musca-
tine and Henry counties, reported from Page county. (C. curvisiliqun (Englm.)
Kuntze.)

CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. Musrarp FAmIby.

Herbs, with a pungent watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and
corymbose or racemose flowers. Sepals 4, deciduous, persistent in
Alyssum. Petals 4, hypogynous placed opposite in pairs, thus forming a
cross. Stamens 6, 2 in Lepidium, 2 shorter and inserted lower down.
Pods 2-celled, rarely 1-celled, linear, oblong, or short, dehiscent by 2
valves, except in Raphanus. Seeds in one or two rows, oblong, ovoid, or
globular, sometimes wing-margined. The determinative characters of
this order depend largely upon the pods and seed.

* Pod short, flattened contrary to the narrow partition; flowers white.
CaPSELLa. Pod obcordate, triangular, wingless, several seeded.
LEPIDIUM. Pod flat, oval, 2 seeded; stamens 2.
THLASPI. Pod obovate or obcordate, winged, several seeded.
**® Pol linear, sometimes short, tercte, turgid, or 4-cngled; seed wingless.
NasToRTIuM. Pod oblong to short linear, valves strongly convex. nerveless; seeds in 2
rows; flowers white or yellow.
BARBAREA. Pod linear, terete, obscurely 4-angled; seeds in one row; flowers yellow.
Erysimoum, Pod 4-angled, valves with prominent veins: stigma 2-lobed; flowers yellow.
SISYMBRIUNM. Pod slender, short-pointed, teretish or angled, valves 1-3-nerved; flowers
small, yellow or white.
THELYPODIuM. Pod terete, valves |-nerved; flowers large, purplish.
Brassica. Pod with a lopg stout beak; seeds globose.
HEsPeErRis. Pod terete, long; flowers large, purple.
*** Pod compressed para'lel to the broad p:trtition; seeds flat or fattish, or-
Diculer or oval, mostly wingless.

MeusrarD FaMILy. 11

ARABIS. Pod flat, long-linear: seeds winged or wingless; flowcrs white or purple.
DraBa. Pod oval to narrowly lanceolate, flat; flowe-s racemose.
DENTARLA. Stem simple, mostly naked.
CaRDaMINE. Stem leafy; pod linear.
ALYSSuM. Pod orbicular, thin margined. 4 seeded.
C.MELINA. Pod pear-shaped, seeds numerous: flowers yellow.
* *** Pod indehiscent.
RipPHanus. Pod elongated, long pointed, constricted; seeds cushioned.

CAPSELLA Medic. An erect annual herb, with along descending root-
stock, clustered pinnatifid or toothed root-leaves, the cauline sessile. saggitate,
and small white racemose flowers. Pods obcordate, many-seeded, long pedi-
celled.

C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Moench. Shepherd's Purse. Stem 4-20 inches high,
pubescent below, more or less glabrous above. Fields and waste places;
April-October; a very common weed. (Bursu bursu-pusturis (L) Britton.)

LEPIDIUM L. Annual or biennial herbs with pinuatitid, lobed, or entire
leaves and small white or whitish racemose flowers. Stamens 2 in our
species. Pods roundish, flat, notched above, 1 seed in each cell. Weeds,
commonly known as pepperwort or peppergrass.

L. virginicum L. Wild P. Plant leafy, somewhat branched: stem 6-20
inches high; leaves cut-serrate. Petals usually present; pods marginless or
nearly so, on slender pedicels: cotyledons accumbent. Fields and waste
places, preferring moist shady places: May—October; common.

L. intermedium Gray. Similar to the prece¢ding but stem less leafy and
more bushy-branched, nearly entire; petals minute or wanting; pods wing-
margined at the top; cotyledous incumbent. Dry or sterile soil, fields and
pastures: May-September; very common. (L. «petetum Willd.)

THLASP! L. Low herbs, with undivided leaves, the basal forming a
rosette, those of the stem auriculate, clasping, and small white or purplish
racemose flowers.

T. arvense L. Field Penny-cress. Annual, 6-18 inches high, smooth, sim-
ple or branched above; basal leaves petioled, oblanceolate, early deciduous,
stem leaves oblong or :anceolate, remotely dentate; flowers white: pods flat,
nearly orbicular, broadly winged, notched at the apex; seeds about 6 in each
cell. Waste places; rare; Muscatine county.

NASTURTIUM R. Br. WareR Cress. Glabrous, usually marsh or aquatic
plants, with deeply incised or pinnatifid leaves, and white or yellow flowers.
Pods oblong-linear to almost globular, terete or teretish, with convex nerve-
less valves. Seeds in 2 imperfect rows, marginless.

* Annual or biennial; routs simple, fibrous; flowers small, yellow cr yellowish.

N. palustre DC. Mursh C. Plant 1-3 feet high, erect, simple or much
branched, usually smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pinnately cleft or
parted; pedicels about one-fourth inch long; pods erect, shorter than the
pedicels, ovoid or oblong. Shallow water or moist depressions; June—-Septem-
ber; common. ( Roripu palustris (L ) Bess.)

N. hispidum DC. Similar to the prece¢ding; stem stouter, often 4 feet
high, hirsute; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, hirsute on the veins beneath: pedicels
slender, spreading, longer than the ovoid or globose ped. Wet places: July;
reported from Scott county. (R. hispida ( Desv.) Britton.)

N. sessiliflorum Nutt. Stem erect, simple, 1-2? feet high; leaves petioled,
obovate or oblong, obtusely incised, crenate, or nearly entire; flowers
small, nearly sessile; pods about one-half inch long or less, thick, pedicelled.

12 CRUCIFERAE.

Wet places; April-July: infrequent; Clinton, Muscatine, Story, Van Buren.
Decatur, and Page counties. (R. sessilifiora (Nutt.) A. S. H.)

N. obtusum Nutt. Stem much branched, diffusely spreading; leaves
pinnately parted or divided; flowers very small on short pedicels; pods longer
than the pedicels, varying from linear-oblong to short-oval. Moist places;
April-August; infrequent; Scott, Johnson, and Decatur counties. (RR. obtuse
(Nutvs.) Britt.)

** Perennial; flowers white or yellow, usually larye and shoiry; leaves uneli-

vided or pirnatifid,
+ Flowers white.

N,. armoracia (L.) Fries. Horseradish. Stem erect, 2-3 feet high. from a
large descending root; root-leaves long-petioled, very large, oblong, crenate,
sinuate or sometimes pinnatifid; cauline leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate,
sessile, dentate or crenate; pods globular, or oblong, pedicels erect, many
times longer than the pod; style short. Frequently found near old building
sites and about gardens; May-June; infrequent; fruit rarely found. (R.
c«armoracia (L.) A. 38. H.) : ;

N. lacustre Gray. Lake Cress. Aquatic; stem 1-2 feet long, branched,
immersed leaves dissected into many filiform divisions, emersed leaves
oblong, obtuse or acute, entire, serrate, lobed, or pinnatifid; pedicels slender,
widely spreading; petals longer than the sepals; pods ovoid, 1-celled. Ponds
and streams; July-August; infrequent; local. Clinton and Muscatine coun-
ties. (R. cnericcnut (Gray ) Britton.)

N. officinale R. Br. True W. C. Stem spreading, rooting; leaves pinnate;
leaflets 3-11, nearly entire, rounded to oblong: petals twice the length of the
calyx; pods linear, about an inch long, pedicels slender, widely divergent.
In water or wet places; April-August; rather rare; Winneshiek, Fayette,
Story, and Page counties.

: t + Flowers yellow.

N. sinuatum Nutt. Plant low, decumbent, some branched; leaves oblong,
pinnately cleft, divisions linear or oblong, entire or sparingly dentate; pods
linear-oblong, slightly curved, slender pedicelled; styles slender. Mississippi
and Missouri river bottoms; June-September; common; Scott, Henry, Page,
Pottawattomie, and Fremont counties. (R. sinwata (Nutt.). A. S. H.)

BARBAREA R. Br. Winter Cress. Pods linear-terete, obscurely 4-sided:
seeds marginless, one row in each cell.

B. vulgaris R. Br. Yellow Rocket. Stems tufted, 1-2 feet high; lower leaves
petioled, pinnatifid, the divisions oval or obovate, repand-toothed or entire,
the terminal division much larger than the lateral ones; cauline leaves
usually sessile, sometimes clasping by an auricled base, obovate, cut-toothed
or pinnatifid; pods half-inch long; pedicels one-third the length of the pods,
erect or spreading. Fields and waste places; May-June; infrequent; Jones,
Johnson, Story, Boone, and Shelby counties. (B. barberca (L) Mae M.)

ERYSIMUM L. Mostly biennials, with entire, toothed, or lobed leaves. and
small yellow flowers. Pods 4-angled, small, linear; valves keeled by a promi-
nent vein. Seeds murginiess, oblong, in 1 row.

E. cheiranthoides L. Worm-sced Mustard. Stem 1-2 feet high, slender,
simple, erect; leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire or scarcely toothed; pods
about an inch long: pedicels scarcely shorter, divergent; pod and pedicels
angled to each other. Woods; June-August; common.

E. asperum DC. Western Wall-flower. Tower leaves lanceolate or linear,

Mustrarp FaMiny. 13

somewhat petioled, Gentate or entire, the upper sessile, entire or toothed:
flowers large; pedicels short, stout; pods elongated. Waste places; has been
collected near Ames, Story county; introduced.

SISYMBRIUM &. Mvusrarp. Pubescent annuals or biennials, with vari-
ously pinnatifid leaves, and small white or yellow flowers. Pods elongated,
terete or flattish. Seeds oblong, in 1-2 rows.

S. officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge M. Stem 1-3 feet high, erect, slender.
mostly simple: leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, the lobes crenate, dentate, or
nearly entire; gods small, pointed. appressed to the stem. constricted, nearly
sessile. Waste places; May-September; common.

S. canescens Nutt. Whole plant densely canescent; stem 1-2 feet high,
branched; leaves twice pinnatifid, divisions small, toothed or entire. obtuse;
pods shorter than their horizontal slender pedicels, in long open racemes,
oblong, linear, or club-shaped; seeds in 2 rows in each cell. Rocky or dry
soil; May-July: rather frequent and wicely distributed. (Sophia pirate
(Walt.) Britton.)

S. sophia L. Similar to the precegding; pods slender, ascending; seeds in
1 row in each cell. Reported from Scott county. (Sophi«. sophia (L.) Britton.)

S. altissimum L. Tumbling Af. Stem erect, 2-4 feet high, branched,
glabrous; lower leaves petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid, the upper leaves short
petioled, pinnatifid, the segments linear or lanceolate, dentate or entire, the
uppermost leaves linear, bract-like; flowers yellowish: pedicels short, spread-
ing; pods narrowly linear, 3-4 inches long. Waste places along the railway;
June-September; infrequent; Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque, Scott, Clay, and
Story counties.

THELYPODIUM Endl. A glabrous perennial herb, with root leaves and
lower ones lyrate-pinnatifid, the stem leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-
ing both ways, sessile, auricled, or the lower short-petioled, sharply and some-
times doubly toothed, and large purplish flowers. Pods terete, an inch long,
on short divergent pedicels; valves nerveless. Seeds in one row, oblong, mar-
ginless.

T. pinnatifidum Watson. Stem 1-3 feet high. Frequent in low woods;
May-June: Winneshiek, Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, and Cerro
Gordo counties. (Jodanthus pinunatifidus ( Mx.) Steud.)

BRASSICA L. Musrarp. Introduced weeds, annual or biennial, with oppo-
site, incised or lyrate-pinnatitid leaves, and racemose yellow flowers. Pods
linear and nearly terete or 4-sided, with a long 1-seeded beak, valves 1-5
uerved. Seedsin 1 row in each cell. Style persistent. Fields and waste
places. ,

B. nigra (L.) Koch. Blick AF. Stem 2-6 feet high, erect, branched; lower
leaves long-petioled, with a large terminal lobe and 2 or more lateral ones,
dentate, somewhat spiny pubescent; flowers in a large terminal raceme;
pods slender, appressed. June-August; very common.

B. sinapistrum Boiss. Wild M. English Charlot. Leaves similar to the
prece}ding but less pinnatifid, upper leaves scarcely toothed; pods knotted,
armed with a long 2-edged beak; valves strongly 1-nerved. May~September;
frequent. (B. arvensis (L.) B.S. P.)

B. alba Boiss. White Mf. Lower leaves obovate, deeply pinnatifid, the
upper lanceolate or oblong, dentate; pods bristly, ascending, beak sword-
shaped, as long as the pod, 1-seeded. Rather rare; reported from Muscatine,
Story, and Decatur counties. (Stiucpsis albu L.)

14 CRUCIFERAE.

B. campestris L. Turnip. Sometimes persists for a year or two as an
escape near fields where the species was cultivated.

HESPERIS L. Biennial or perennial herbs, with simple. sessile, or
petioled. ovate or ovate-lanceolate toothed leaves, and large racemuse purple
or white flowers. Pods spreading, linear, cylindrical. Seeds oblong, mar-
ginless, in l row. Stigma erect, lobed.

H. matronalis L. Daie’s Violet. Stem 2-3 feet high, simple or somewhat
branched; pods 2-4 inches long. An infrequent escape from gardens;
reported from Fayette and Story counties.

Arasbis L. Rock Cress. Annual or perennial herbs, with undivided or
pinnatifid leaves, and white or purple flowers. Pods elongated, flattened
parallel to the partition; valves 1-3-nerved. Styleshort. Seeds usually mar-
gined or winged, in 1 row or in 2 indistinct rows.

* Plowers small, whitish; pods recurved; seeds broudly winged.

A. canadensis L. Sickle-pod. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect. mostly simple,
smooth; stem leaves sessile, pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceo-
late, obscurely veined, lower remotely toothed; petals twice the length of the
calyx; pods narrow, 4-6 inches long, scythe-shaped, pendulous; pedicels one-
half inch long, rough hairy. Woods; June-Avgust; infrequent but well dis-
tributed; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Scott, Fayette, Henry, Johnson,
Story, Cerro Gordo, Webster, Decatur, and Page counties.

A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Smooth R. Glabrous, glaucous, stem 1-3 feet
high, erect; basal leaves spatulate or obovate, dentate, petioled; stem leaves
sagittate-clasping, entire or toothed; petals longer than the calyx; pods nar-
row, long: pedicels erect or spreading. Wooded hillsides; May; Fayette and
Muscatine counties; rare.

* * Seeds wingless, oblony or elliptical, stem branching from base.

A. dentata T..& G. Toothed R. Stem 1-2 feet high, pubescent; root leaves
on short margined petioles, obovate, dentate; stem leaves oblong, obtuse,
sharply and unevenly toothed, auriculate clasping: pods slender, spreading,
short pedicelled. Low grounds; May-June; infrequent; Winneshiek,
Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Story, and Decatur counties.

A. tyrata L. Lyre-leaved R. Tufted, 4-12 inches high; glabrous or pube-
scent below; radical leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; stem leaves linear to spatulate,
entire or toothed; petals white, longer than the calyx; pods ascending,
spreading, long, slender. Rocky woods; April-July; common in N. E. Iowa;
Winneshiek. Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque, and Scott counties.

*2 * Seeds in 2 indistinet rows; eauline leaves sayittate-claspiny.

A. confinis Watson. Stem 1-3 feet high, erect, somewhat glaucous; root-
stock running; root-leaves petioled. narrow spatulate; stem-leaves sessile,
lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire, or lower ones occasionally toothed; petals
white to rose purple, twice the length of the calyx: pods 2-4 inches long, flat,
pedicels and pods erect or spreading; seeds wing-margined. Rocly woods;
June-July: frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Scott, Johnson, and Emmet
counties, (A brachycurpa (T. & G.) Britton.)

A. perfoliata Lam. Tower Musturd. Stem 2-4 feet high, erect, glaucous
above, smooth; root-leaves petioled, oblanceolate or oblong; stem-leaves
sessile, entire, oblong or lanceolate; corolla yellowish white, little longer
than the calyx: pods narrow, 8-6 inches long: sgeds marginless. Reported
from Benton and Johnsen counties. (A. glibrea (l.) Beroh.)

#8 * Seeds ucarly wingless, leaves simple, flowers greenish white.

Mustarp FaMity. 15

A hirsuta Scop. Erect, simple, 1-2 feet high, rough-pubescent or nearly
glabrous; root-leaves obovate or spatulate, dentate or repand, petioled; stem-
leaves oblong to lanceolate, sessile, anvicled; petals longer than the calyx;
pedicels and pods erect, immature ceeds in 2 rows. Rocky woods; May-June:
infrequent; Clinton, Jackson, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Woodbury, and
Lyon counties.

DRABA L. WurrLtow Grass. Ours low annuals, with sessile hairy leaves,
and racemose white flowers. Petals 2 or more times the length of the calyx.
Pods oval to oblong or linear, flattened; valves nerveless. Seeds in two rows,
marginless.

D. caroliniana Walt. Stem 1-5 inches high; leaves tufted, oblcng or
obovate, entire or rarely toothed; flowers on scape-like peduncles; raceme
short or corymbose in fruit; pods linear, broad, smooth, longer than the pedi-
cels. Sandy places; March-May; infrequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Musca-
tine, Johnson, Linn, Story, and Hardin counties.

D. cuneifolia Nutt. Stem 4-8 inches high, branched below, leafy; leaves
obovate to wedge-shaped or spatulate, toothed; raceme elongated in fruit,
pods oblong-linear, longer than the horizontal pedicels; March-April;
Reported from Scott county.

D. verna L. Stems scapose, 1-5 inches high; leaves basal, tufted, oblong
or oblanceolate, entire or dentate; petals deeply 2-cleft. Reported from
Scott county.

DENTARIA L. Tooruwort. Peprer-roor. Perennials. Stem-leaves few,
opposite or whorled, about 3-divided, the divisions coarsely toothed or lobed.
¥lowers large, showy, white, in terminal clusters, pedicelled Pods linear,
flat, valves nerveless or with a faint midnerve.

D. laciniata Muhl. Stems 6-14 inches high, scapose; tubers several, deep
seated; leaves petioled, the cauline usually 3, verticillate, 3-parted, the
divisions lanceolate, oblong or linear, toothed or incisely lobed; flowers white
or rose color. Rich woods; April-June; not uncommon, widely distributed.

D. diphylla L. Rootstock elongated, continuous; stem leaves 2, opposite;
leaflets 3, ovate, crenate; flowers white. Hancock county, near Twin Lakes,
collected in 1882 by Prof. Shimek. The species is also given in Arthur's
catalogue without locality.

CARDAMINE L. Herbs, with alternate leaves, and racemose or corymbose
white or purple flowers. Pods linear, flattened, pedicelled; valves veinless.

C. rhomboidea DC. Spriny Cress. Perennial, glabrous; stem 6-18 inches
high, from a tuberous base; root-leaves oval or orbicular, entire or angled.
long-petioled; stem- leaves simple oblong or oblong-ovate, sessile to short-
petioled; flowers large, white; petals 3 or 4 times the eh of the calyx.
Wet meadows; April-June; common. ((.bulbosa (Schreb.) B.S. P.)

C. purpurea (Torr.) Britton. Purple C. Stem 4-10 inches high, from
tuberous rootstocks; leaves similar to the prece€ding; flowers purple, appear-
ing 2 weeks before the last. Common in Johnson county. (C. rhomboiden
purpurea T. & G.)

C. hirsuta L. Smatlt or hairy Bitter C. Somewhat pubescent; leaves mostly
basal, pinnate, the terminal segments orbicular, entire, or few toothed, the
lateral obovate or narrower; the stem- leaves few, low, segments linear;
flowers small, white; pods linear, erect. Wet places; May-July; frequent.

ALYSSUM L. Flowers small, yellow, racemose. Pods small, orbicular;
valves convex, nerveless, the margins flattened. Seeds 1-several in each cell.

16 CRUCIFERAE.

A. calycinum L. Plant a small hoary annual, 3-10 inches high, with
linear-spatulate leaves, and pale yellow or whitish flowers; petals slightly
exceeding the persistent calyx; pods orbicular, margined, 2-celled, with 2
seeds in each cell. Reported as rare from Story county.

CAMELINA Crantz. Flowers small, yellow. Pods pear-shaped, pointed,
flattish parallel to the broad partition; valves l-nerved. Seeds oblong,
numerous.

C. sativa (L.) Crantz. False’ Flax. Annual; lower leaves lanceolate,
petioled, entire or toothed; upper sessile, entire, clasping by a sagittate base;
pods large, margined. Waste places, along railways and in flax fields; June-
July: infrequent; Winneshiek, Buchanan, Story, and Emmet counties.

RAPHANUS L. Rapiss. Biennials with lyrate-pinnatifid leaves and
showy flowers. Pods linear, terete, long pointed, constricted, indehiscent.
Seeds in a single series, globose, cushioned.

R. sativus L. Stem 2-4: feet high, from a descending fusiform root,
branched, covered with scattered spines; leaves petioled, roughly pubescent;
flowers white to pinkisiu. Waste places; June-September; occasionally an
escape from cultivation.

CAPPARIDACEAK Lindl. Caper Faminy.

Herbs, with alternate compound exstipulate leaves, and cruciform
hypogynous flowers. Stamens 6 or more, never tetradynamous. Fruit
a 2-valved, l-celled pod with 2 parietal placentae. Seeds many, reni-

form.
POLANISIA. Stamens 8 or more; pod sessile or nearly so, many seeded.

CLEOME. Stamens 6: pod long-stipitate. few-seeded.

POLANISIA Raf. Strong scented annuals, with glandular viscid hairs,
and palmately compound leaves. Flowers in leafy racemes. Sepals 4,
spreading, deciduous. Petals 4, with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens
8-many, unequal. Pod linear or oblong, veiny, many-seeded.

P. graveolens Raf. Stem 4-15 inches*high; leaflets 3, oblong; flowers
axillary, solitary, small; calyx and filaments purplish; petals yellowish
white, cuneate; stamens about 11, about the length of the petals; styles
short; pod 1-2 inches long, slightly stipitate. Sandy shores; May-July: in-
frequent; Muscatine and Emmet counties, and reported from a number of
other localities.

P. trachysperma T. & G. Flowers larger; stamens 12-16. long exserted;
pod sessile or nearly so. Sandy shores; May-July; common. This and the
precegding species have been confused in Iowa herbaria.

CLEOME L. Ours a glabrous branching herb, with digitately 3-foliate
leaves and white or rose colored Mowers in leafy-bracteate racemes. Sepals
and petals +. Stamens 6. Pod Mnear or oblong, stipitate, many-seeded.

C integrifolia T. & G. Stem erect 2-3 feet high, branching; leaflets
lanceolate or oblong, entire or serrulate: calyx 4-cleft; racemes elongated in
fruit; bracts lanceolate or linear; stipe and pedicel about equal. Waste
places; July-September; common in western Iowa, infrequent elsewhere;
Muscatine, Linn, Woodbury, Monona, Harrison, Pottawattomie, and Ire-
mont counties. (C. serrulate Pursh.)

Reseda luteola L. of the order Ruesepacnan 8S. F. Gray has been
reported from Lee county by Arthur, The species is known as Dyer’s Weed
or Weld. It has simple entire sessile lanceolate ov linear leaves and green-

Rock-RoskE FaMIby. 17

ish yelluw flowers in long slender spikes. Sepals 4. Detals 4 or 5, the upper
lobed, the lower entire. The species is found in waste places near New York
and other seaports ana is doubtful as an Iowa plant.

CISTACEAE JLrnd//. Rock-rose Faminy.

Herbs or shrubs; stems terete. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite,
entire, sessile or petioled; stipules foliaceous. Flowers perfect, solitary
or in cymose or paniculate clusters. Sepals 5, unequal, persistent. Petals
3-5, convolute in the bud. Stamens indefinite; anthers 2-celled, introrse.
Capsule 1-celled, 3-5-valved, sometimes with 3-5 imperfect cells and with
3-5 parietal placentas. Seeds few to many.

HELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5, large, yellow, fugaceous or none: stamens many.

LECHEA. Petals 3. small, brown-purple: stamens 3-12.

HELIANTHEMUM Pers. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller, bract-like. Petals
5. Styles short or none; stigma 3-lobed. Capsules triangular, 1-celled, open-
ing at the top. Flowers frequently of two kinds, the early ones larger, yel-
low, with many stamens and many-seeded pods; petals lasting only one day;
later flowers smaller, often apetalous, stamens 3-10, pods small, few-seeded.

H. majus (L.) B. 8. P. Whole plant hoary-canescent: stem 1-2 feet high,
erect, simple, at length much branched, the branches ascending; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, stellate-canescent beneath, petaliferous
flowers in a terminal cymose panicle, (-11, their capsules about twice the size
of those of the apetalous flowers which appear later in axillary clusters. Dry
soil, prairies; June-July; frequent. lowa specimens have usually been
referred to H. ciutleuse Mx. of Gray's Manual.

LECHEA Kalm. Pinweep. Perennial herbs, somewhat woody below,
with purplish or greenish flowers. Sepals 5, 2 outer bract-like. Petals 3,
lanceolate. not longer than the calyx. Stamens 3-12. Style nearly obsolete;
stigmas 3, scarcely distinct. Pod globular, 2-valved, imperfectly 3-eelled;
placente 3, each 2-seeded.

L. stricta Legget. Stems about 1 foot high, reddish below. fastigiately
branched, strigose-canescent; leaves linear, acute; flowers numerous, racemi-
form, small, on pedicels twice the length of the flower. Dry upland soil;
July-August; reported as belonging to the flora of Iowa. ,

L. tenuifolia Mx. Stemwis tufted, 4-10 inches high, much branched,
minutely strigose-pubescent; leaves narrowly linear to filiform, sessile or
nearly so; flowers more or less secund. Dry soil; July-August; Van Buren,
Henry, and Johnson counties. L. minor L. has been frequently reported but
the specimens probably belcng here.

VIOLACEAE DC. VioLtrer Famity.

Low perennial herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, usually scarious
stipules and axillary nodding flowers. Sepals 5, persistent, auriculate at
the base. Petals 5, unequal, inferior one spurred. Stamens 5, hypogy-
nous, 2 with appendages extending into the hollow spur of the inferior
petal; anthers connate, filaments broad, extending beyond the anthers
and uniting over the stigma. Pistil 1, club-shaped; stigma turned to
one side. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, with 3 parietal placentee. Represented
in Iowa by the genus Vioxa L, the violets.

* Stemless plants with a short and thick rootstock,
+ Lateral petals bearded.
Vv. cucullata Ait. Common Blue V. Glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves

18 VIOLACEAE.

cordate-reniform or ovate, crenate; flowers blue, purple, white or inter-
mediate. Moist low woodlands; April-June; common. (V7. obliqua Hill. V.
communis Pollard.)

V, palmata L. Hanid-leaved V. Pubescent to glabrous; leaves cordate,
palmately to hastately-lobed, middle lobe the longest; lobes ovate to linear;
flowers blue, pale, or whitish. Moist or dry sterile soil; April-May; frequent;
Scott, Museatine, Henry, Appancose, Decatur, Fremont, and Story counties.

V. pedatifida Don. Prairie V. Leaves 5-7-parted, divisions 2-3-cleft;
lobes linear, obtuse; flowers blue. Prairies; April-May; common.

V. sagittata Ait. Arrow-leaved V. Smooth or somewhat pubescent: leaves
on short margined petioles, or on long naked ones, ovate to oblong-ovate or
lanceolate, denticulate, frequently cut-toothed near the sagittate base. Dry
or moist grassy places; April-May; Muscatine and Johnson counties,
reported from Fayette, Scott, and Henry counties. Forms of this and of the
first two are with difficulty distinguished.

+ + Lateral petals not bearded.

V. pedata L. Bird’s-foot V. Leaves 3-5-divided, divisions 2-3-lobed. fre-
quently toothed at the apex; flowers large, an inch across, deep purple to
blue, the two upper petals sometimes dark purple. Prairies and open upland
woods; April-June; frequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry,
Johnson, Decatur, Polk, Story, and Calhoun counties.

* * Stemless plants, with long, filiform creepiny rootstocks and white flowers.

V. blanda Willd. Sweet White V. Leaves cordate or reniform, usually
glabrous; flowers faintly sweet scented; petals usually beardless. Meadows;
May; rare; Reported from Fayette, Scott, and Muscatine counties.

V. lanceolata L. Lance-lewed V. Plant glabrous; stolons extensive,
rooting at the nodes and beariug apetalous flowers; leaves lanceolate, erect,
obtuse, tapering into a long margined petiole, obscurely crenate: petals
beardless. Damp soil, local; June; Cedar river region, Muscatine county.

V. primulaefotia L. Primrose-leaved V. Glabrous to pubescent; leaves
oval or ovate, blade decurrent on the petiole or frequently cordate at the
base; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; petals often acute; lateral usually

slightly bearded. Damp soil, local; June; Cedar river region, Muscatine
county.
* = * Rootstocks short and thick; leafy-stemmed plants,

V. pubescens Ait. Downy Yellow V. Soft pubescent; leaves breadly
ovate or reniform, base cordate, obtusely toothed and pointed; stipules large
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or somewhat toothed: flowers yellow, lower
petals purple-veined, spur short; stigma beakless, pubescent. Rich woods;
May; common throughout.

V. canadensis L. Canada V. Stem 4-16 inches high; leaves broadly ovate,
cordate, serrate, acute or pointed; flowers whitish, upper petals purple-
tinged, the lateral bearded. First found at Decorah, \Winneshiek county,
with small pink flowers and beardless petals (Arthur). Also reported from
Wovdbury county by Prof. Pammel. Found by the writer in Winneshiek and
Allamakee counties, in damp woods; June-July; infrequent.

** ** Rootstocks annual, bicunial, or perennial; leafy throughout; stipules
larye, foliuceous, Lyvate-pinnatifid,

V. tricolor L. Punsy, Heurt’s-case. Stem angled and branched, leafy:
leaves oval or heart-shaped, crenate or entire; petals blue, purple, yello-v or
white. The so-called var. arvensis DC. has the petals shorter or but little

Pini FAMIny. 19

exceeding the calyx and is the wild representative of the common garden
pansy. Occasionally escaped; reported by Arthur as belonging to the Iowa
flora, also by Gray’s Manual.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE Richenb Pink FPaminy.

Annual, biennial, or perennial herds, often with swollen joints, oppo-
site or verticillate entire leaves, and regular sometimes apetalous
flowers. Calyx persistent, sepals + or 5, separate or united into a calyx
tube. Petals 4 or5. Stamens double the number of the sepals or fewer.
Styles 2-5, stigmatic along the inside. Ovary usually 1-celled. Fruit a
membranous capsule, dehiscing by teeth or valves or else an indehiscent
achene or utricle. Stipules wanting in our species.

* Calyx of united sepals, tubular or ovoid,

DIANTHuS. Calyx terete, with scaly bractlets: styles 2.
SAPONARIA. Calyx oblong cylindrical. obscurely nerved or 5-ungled; styles 2.
SILENE. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, 10-nerved: styles 3.
Lycuanis. Calyx 4-toothed, 10-nerved; styles 5. opposite the calyx lobes.
AGROSTEMMA. Calyx 5-toothed, !0-nerved; styles 5, alternate with the calyx lobes.

** Calyx of distinet sepals, or iorited only at the base.
ARENARIA. Petals entire: styles usually 3.

STELLARIA. Petals 2-cleft or wanting: styles usually 3.
CERASTLUM. Petals notched or 2-cleft; styles 4 or 5.

DIANTHUS L. Prxx. This genus is represented in our flora by an annual,
with linear leaves, and smal! pink flowers borne in terminal clusters. Calyx
terete, bracted at the base, tubular, 5-toothed, many-striate. Petals 5, long-
clawed, dentate or crenate. Stamens 10, Styles 2%. Ovary 1-celled, stipitate.
Capsule oblong, opening at the summit by means of 4 or 5 valves or teeth.

D. armeria L. Deptford P. Stem 1,-1!4 feet high: lanceolate; leaves
acute or lower obtuse; bractlets lanceolate-subulate; flowers white-dotted.
Upland woods; June-July; infrequent; Johnson county; intreduced.

SAPONARIA L. Annual or perennial glabrous herbs, with broad leaves,
and conspicuous fowers. Calyx ovoid or oblong, 5-toothed, faintly nerved,
naked. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, or partially 2-4-celled, 4-
toothed at the summit.

S. officinalis L. Soapwrort. Bouncing Bet. Perennial; stem 1-2 feet high,
sparingly branched; leaves oval-lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed, short petioled; flow-
ers whitish or pink, in terminal corymbs; petals obcordate, clawed, append-
aged. Waysides, waste places, old garden sites; July-August; frequent.

S. vaccaria L. Cow-herh. Annual, stem 1-3 feet high, branched above:
leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, connate; flowers pale red, in
louse corymbed cymes; calyx 5-ribbed, in fruit inflated and wing-angled;
petals crenulate, not appendaged. Fields and waste places; June-August;
infrequent; Winneshiek, Scott, Henry, Johnson, Story, and Lyon counties.

SILENE (&. Annual or perennial herbs with opposite or verticillate leaves
and solitary or cymose flowers. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, 10-many-nerved,
bractless. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 10. Styles usually 3. Pod 1-celled,
sometimes 3-celled below, opening above by 3 or 6 teeth.

* Perennials; calyx inflated.

S. stellata (L.) Ait. Starry cumpion. Stem 2-4 feet high; leaves mostly in
4’s, a few opposite, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, margins ciliate; flowers in
panicled cymes: calyx campanulate, inflated, teeth triangular; petals white,
fringed. Woods; June-August; common.

S. nivea Otth. Stem 1-3 feet high, rather weak, erect or ascending, sim-

20 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

ple or some branched; leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate; petals white, cuneate, 2-cleft or 2-lobed. Low prairies and
woods; June-July; infrequent; Winoneshiek. Allamakee, Fayette, and John-
son counties. (S. alba Muhl.)

S. cucubalus Wibel. Bladder campion. Glaucous; stem 1,~11, feet high,
branched from the base, usually glabrous; flowers numerous, in leafiess
cymes; calyx globular, much ioflated. Reported from Ames, Story county.
(S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke.}

** Annuals; calyx not inflated.

S. antirrhina L. Sleepy Catehjly. Stew 1-3 feet high, pubescent or
glabrous, simple or branched, slender, a portion of the internodes glutinous;
leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, the upper passing into bracts,
the lower spatulate, tapering intoa petiole; flowers small, paniculate, pink,
transient in the sunshine: calyx ovoid, petals obcordate. Dry soil; June-
September; common.

S. noctiflora L. Stem 1-3 feet high, viscid-hairy; lower leaves large,
spatulate or oblanceolate, narrowed into a broad petiole, upper leaves lanceo-
late, acute; flowers fragrant, opening in the evening, closing next morning;
calyx tubular, becoming ovoid, teeth linear; petals 2-parted. Waste places;
July-September; infrequent; Fayette, Scott, Story, Emmet, Lyon, Calhoun,
and Fremont counties.

LYCHNIS L. Ours a biennial herb. Petals 5, narrowly clawed, 2-cleft.
Stamens 10. Styles 5, opposite the calyx lobes. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled.
Capsule dehiscing by 10 or fewer apical teeth.

L. vespertina Sibth. Plant viscid pubescent, often dicecious, much the
aspect of Silene. noctifiura L.; stem 1-2 feet high, branched; leaves cvate-
oblong or lanceolate, acute, lower with margined petioles; flowers paniculate,
white or pinkish, opening at dusk and closing next morniug; calyx tubular,
ovoid in fruit, petals crowned. Waste places; June-August; rare; reported
trom Winnesbiek, Story, and Montgomery counties. (L. «lba Mill.)

AGROSTEMMA L. Annual pubescent herb, with linear-lanceolate sessile
leaves, and large red flowers. Calyx oblong, 5-lobed, 10-ribbed, not inflated.
Petals 5, shorter than the calyx lobes, not appendaged. Styles 5, alternate
with calyx lobes. Capsule 1-celled.

A. githago L. Corn Cockle. Stem 1-3 feet high, mostly simple; flowers
solitary, on long axillary peduncles; petals obovate-cuneate, slightly emar-
ginate. Waste places; July-September; infrequent, but widely distributed.
(Lychnis githago Lam. of Gray’s Manual.)

ARENARIA L. Ours perennials, wita sessile leaves, and small white
flowers. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled,
dehiscing at the apex by 3 or 6 valves.

A. michauxii Hook. f. Stems 6-14 inches high, tufted, erect or nearly so;
leaves filiform or subulate, l-ribbed; flowers cymose, bracted, parts in 5's
sepals ovate. pointed, 3-ribbed, slightly shorter than the ovoid pod, and half
the length of the petals. Dry prairies; May-July; infrequent; Fayette
county, reported from Clinton county. (A. stricta Mx.)

A. lateriflora L. Stems 4-12 inches high, erect or ascending. mostly sim-
ple, finely pubescent; leaves thin, oval or oblong, obtuse, margin and nerves
ciliate; flowers solitary or in few-flowered lateral or terminal cymes, white,
parts in 4's or 5’s; sepals oblong, obtuse or acute, half the length of the
petioles; ovary at first 3-celled; capsule ovoid, about twice the length of the

PURSLANE FAMILY. 21

ealyx, dehiscent by 3 2-cleft valves. Sandy shores; May-July: frequent:
Winneshiek, Fayette, Scott. Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, and Chickasaw
counties. (Mvehringia laterifiora (L.) Fenzl.)

STELLARIA L. Tufted annual herbs, with solitary or eymose white
flowers. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft. Stamens 10, 8, or less. Pod
ovoid, 1-celled, dehiscing by about 6 valves.

S. media Smith. Cummon Chickweed. Stem angled. erect or ascending,
much branched, glabrous except 1 or 2 pubescent lines; leaves ovate or oval,
acute, with ciliate petioles, the upper sessile; flowers solitary, axillary, or in
terminal leafy cymes; petals shorter than the calyx: stamens 2-10. Waste
places, fields and woods: June-August: infrequent; Muscatine county;
reported from Winneshiek. Fayette, Wvodbury, and Lyon counties. (.1.
longifolia (Muhl.) Britton.)

S. longifolia Muhl. Lony-leaved Stitchwort. Stems erect, weak, glabrous,
or with rough angles; leaves linear, spreading, acutish at both ends; pedicels
slender, divaricate; sepals lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, equalling or shorter
than the petioles; capsule ovoid-oblong, about twice the length of the calyx.
Grassy places, meadows and woods: May-July; frequent; Winueshiek,
Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, Lion, Story, Hramet, Woodbury, and Lyon
counties. (A. lonyifelia (Mubl.) Britton.)

CERASTIUM &. Annuals or perennials, mostly pubescent or hirsute,
with mostly flat leaves, and white flowers in terminal cymes. Sepals and
petals in our species 5. Petals notched or 2 cleft. Stamens usually 10.
Styles 5, opposite the sepals. Pod membranous, dehiscing at the apex by 10
teeth, elongated, many-seeded.

C. nutans Raf. Annoual; stem 6-20 inches high, weak, reclining or ascend-
ing, clammy-pubescent, rarely glabrate; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute,
lower spatulate; cymes loose, many-flowered; pods nodding, much exceeding
the calyx, curved upward. (Grassy moist places; May-June; frequent:
Winneshiek, Seott. Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, aud Decatur counties.

C. vulgatum L. Biennial or perennial; stems viscid-pubesceat, tufted,
erect or ascending. 6-18 inches high; leaves oblong, the lower spatulate-ob-
long, obtuse; bracts searious-margined; petals about equalling the calyx: pod
elongated, curved upward. Grassy banks; May-September; frequent:
Allamakee, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, Linn, and Decatur
counties.

C. arvense L. Perennial; stems tufted; lower leaves linear-oblong, the
upper distant, linear or linear-lanceolate; flowers larger, petalsiobcordate,
twice the length of the calyx; pod equal or but little exceeding the calyx.
Winneshiek county. he variety oblonyifolium (Torr.) Holl. & Britt. larger,
leaves oblong or lanceolate, pod twice the length of the calyx, is reported
from Fayette county. Various cther localities are claimed for both species
and variety.

PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. PursuanE Famizy.

Herbs, with fleshy entire exstipulate leaves, and regular mostly ephem-
eral flowers which open only in the sunshine. Sepals 2. Petals 5.
Stamens 5, opposite to the petals, or often many. Styles 2-8, united
below, stigmatic along the inner surface. Ovary free, l-celled. Pod 1-
celled, few to many-seeded.

TALINUM. Stamens usually many; pod 3-valved, with muny seeds on a globular stalked
placente.

HYPERICACEAE.

lw

CLiYTONIA. Stamens 5; pod 3-valved.
PORTULACA. Stamens 7-20; pod globular, opening by a lid.

TALINUM Adans. Ours perennial, -vith alternate linear leaves, aad
ceytmose flowers. Sepals ovate. Petals fugaceous. Styles 3-lobed.

T. teretifolium Pursh. Plant 4-12 inches high, leafy beluw, scapose
uwhove; leaves cylindrical; peduncles slender, bracted, branched; flowers
pink; sepals membranous, half the leagth of the petals; stamens 10-30; style
us long as the stamens. Sioux quartzite exposures; June-August; common;
Lyon and Woodbury counties.

CLAYTONIA L. Low perennial spring plauts, with simple stems from
tuberous roots, and entire leaves. Sepals ovate, persistent. Petals 5, bypo-
gynous Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft.
Pod 3-valved, 2-5-seeded.

C. virginica L. Spriny Beauty. Tuber globular, deep seated; stems 6-9
inches high, weak, with 2 opposite linear or linear-lanceolate leaves; flowers
white or roseate, in a terminal loose raceme. Rich woods; April-May; coin-
on.

C. caroliniana Mx. Similar to the preceéding; basal leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or oblong, cauline leaves petivled. Reported as an Iowa species by
Arthur.

PORTULACA L. Purstanr. Annuals, with succulent stems and leaves,
and small yellow mostly ephemeral flowers. Calyx 2-cleft, upper portion
deciduous, the tube cohering with the ovary. Petals 5, rarely more or less,
equal, fugaceous, Stamens 8-20, inserted onthe calyx along with the petals.
Style 3-8-parted. Pod globular, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening transversely
near the middle by a lid. :

P. oleracea L. Cummon P. Stems prostrate, smooth, reddish; leaves
obovate or cuneate, apex rounded; flo'vers sessile, solitary, pale yellow;
sepals keeled; stamens 7-12; style about 6-parted. Cultivated grounds and
waste places; June-September; common.

P. retusa Englm. Similar to the precef¢ding but the leaves cuneate, the
apex retuse or emarginate Reported from Scott county.

HYPERICACEAE Lindl. Sr. Joun’s-worr Famizy.

Herbs or sinall shrubs, with cpposite entire punctate or dotted exstipu-
late leaves, and regular and perfect solitary or cymose flowers. Sepals
4-5, imbricated. Petals 4-5, mostly oblique or contorted, convoluted or
imbricated in the bud. Stamens few or many, usually in 3 or more
clusters. Ovary 1-7-celled; styles 1-7. Pod 1-%-celled, with septicidal
dehiscenre.

HYPERICUM. Petals yellow, convolute.

ELoves, Petals purplish, imbricate.

HYPERICUM L. ‘The principal genus of the order.

* Percinials; styles 5.

H. ascyron L. Great St. Johi's-wort. Stems 2-6 feet high; leaves ovate-
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, clasping. acute or obtuse; flowers large,
in terminal cymes; styles numerous, in 5 sets; styles united below; pod
conical or ovoid. Rich woods, banks; July; infrequent; Winoneshiek,
Allamakee, Clayton, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, Story,
Winnebago, and Cerro Gordo counties.

** Perennials; stamens numerous; styles 3.
H. prolificum L. Shrubby St. J. A small shrub, 1-6 feet high; leaves nar-

MabLtow Faminy. 23

rowly oblong or oblanceolate, base tapering into a sho~t petiole; stamens dis-
tinct; pod 3-ceiled. Dry soil, fence rows and thickets; July-August;
infrequent; Johnson, Jefferson, Henry, Des Moines, Lee, and Appanoose
counties.

H. cistifolium Lam. Stem 1-2 feet high, 4-angled, from «w somewhat
woody perennial base; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, sessile, somewhat clasp-
ing, with sma/ler leaves in the axils; cyme compound, many-flowered; sepals
ovate, varying to linear; stamens distinct; capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal
placente. Sterile soil; July-August; frequent; Dubuque, Muscatine, John-
son, Henry, Appanoose, and Fremont counties, reported from Clinton and
Benton counties. (H. sphuerccirpum Mx.)

H. maculatum Walt. Stem 1-3 feet high, from a woody perennial base;
leaves short-petioled, sessile or clasping, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse,
black-dotted; flowers smail, numerous; sepals ovate; petals longer, pale-yel-
low; stamens in 3 or 5 sets; capsules 3-celled. Moist soil, fields and open
woods; July-September; frequent.

H. pe-foratum L. Leaves oblong or linear; sepals lanceolate. Intro-
duced, Henry county, and probably other localities.

*** Annuals; stamens few; styles 3.

H. mutilum L. Stems tufted, }s-2!4 feet high, branched; leaves ovate or
oblong, obtuse, sessile or partly clasping, 5-nerved; flowers small, subulate-
bracted; sepals linear to oblanceolate; pods ovate-conical, exveeding the
ealyx. Low places, open woods; July-September; common; Decatur and
Johnson counties, reportec from Muscatine and Scott counties.

H. majus (Gray.) Britton. Stems varying froin +j-2 feet high, with
neariy erect branches; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, 5-7-
nerved, obtuse or acute; bracts subulate; sepals lanceolate, acuminate.
Moist soil; June-September: frequent.

H. canadense L. Stems -2 feet high, with erect or ascending angular
branches; leaves linear, 3-nerved, obtuse, tapering toward the base; bracts
and sepals similar to those of the last. Sandy soil; July-September; probably
frequent.

H. drummondii (G.& H) T. & G. A bushy branched annual, 1-244 feet
high, with small linear-subulate 1l-nerved leaves, and scattered flowers;
sepals lance-linear,. exceeding the petals; stamens 10-20; Bayles ee Dry soil;
July-September; reported from Iowa.

ELODES Adans. Perennial herbs of marshy places with opposite leaves
and pink or greenish purple flowers in terminal or axillary cymes. Sepals 5,
equal. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, not contorted. Stamens 9 or more,
in 3 sets which are separated by large orange-colored glands. Styles 3. Pods
oblong, 3-celled.

E. campanulata Pursh. Stem 1-? feet high, nearly simple; leaves ovate
or oblong. sessile or cordate-clasping, welesuniis beneath, apex very obtuse or
emarginate; capsule and frequently the stem red purple. Borders of swamps;
July-September; infrequent; Fayette, Muscatine, Cerro Gordo, and Emmet
counties. (Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf.)

MALVACEAE Neck. MALLow FaMI_y.
Herbs or shrubs, with fibrous bark, simple alternate stipulate usually
palmately-veined leaves, and axillary flowers on jointed pedicels. Calyx
5-lobed, valvate, often with an involucre of few or many bractlets at the

24 MALVACEAE.

base. Petals alternate with the calyx lobes, hypogynous, convolute in
the bud. Stamens many, united at the base with the short claws of the
petals, filaments more or less monodelphous; anthers 1-celled, reniform.
Pistils several; stigmas various. Ovaries circularily arranged or form-
ing a several-celled pod.
* Carpels 5-20; united in a ring around «a central avis.
+ Styles stigmatic down the inside; caurpels 1-seecded.
MAuva, Involucel of 3 bractlets; carpels beakless; petals obcordate.
CALVIRRHOE. Involucel of 3 bractlets; curpels beaked: petals truncate.
NAPAEA. Involucel none; flowers dicecious; carpels beakless.
+ + Styles with terminal capitate stigmas; carpels 1-few-seeded.
ABUTILON. Involucel none: carpels 12-13, 3-seeded.
Sipa. Involucel none; carpels 1-seeded.
MALVaSTRUM. Involucel of 3 bractlets; seeds solitary, ascending, filling the cell.
* * Fruit a 5-celled lweulicidal pod.
Histscus. Involucel of many bractlets; pod 5-celled, many-seeded.

MALVA L. Mattow. Calyx 5-cleft. Involucel 3-leavea. Petals obcordate.
Styles many, stigmatic down the inner side. Carpels as many as the styles,
blunt, depressed, 1-seeded.

M.rotundifolia L. Common M. Root large, biennial; stems procumbent;
Jeaves on long petioles, round-reniform, cordate. obscurely 5-lobed. crenate;
flowers axillary; petals white, twice the length of the calyx; fruit depressed,
pubescent. Waysides and waste places; June-September; common.

M. sylvestris L. High M. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, branched; leaves
orbicular or reniform, sharply 5-7-lobed, crenate; flowers in axillary clusters;
petals 3 times the length of the calyx, reddish-purple; carpels wrinkled-
veiny. Waste places near gardens; June-July; rather infrequent; Fayette,
Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Shelby, and Emmet counties.

M. crispa L. Curled M. An erect annual, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
nearly orbicular, with 5-11 shallow angular lobes, the margin dentate,
crisped and wrinkled; flowers small, sessile, in axillary clusters. Waste
places; infrequent; Winneshiek and Decatur counties. (M. verticillate crispa L.)

CALLIRRHOE Nutt. Herbs with lobed or divided leaves and axillary or
terminal flowers. Calyx deeply 5-parted, naked or with a 3-leaved involucel.
Petals cuneate, truncate, rose-purple. Styles 10-20, stigmatic down the inner
side. Carpels as many as the styles, short-beaked, 1-seeded.

C. involucrata Gray. Stems 1-2 feet long, from a large descending
tuberous root, procumbent or ascending, hirsute; leaves rounded, 5-7 palm-
ately-cleft or parted, segments incisely cut or lobed; flowers large, axillary,
on long peduncles; sepals long-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, longer than the invo-
lucel; carpels indehiscent, reticulated. Dry soil; May—August; locally fre-
quent; Scott and Shelby counties. In most cases apparently an escape from
eultivation.

C. triangulata Gray. Stems from a tuberous root, erect, pubescent;
leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, crenate, sometimes heart-shaped and
lobed; involucel about as long as the short calyx; sepals ovate-lanceclate, 5-
nerved; dowers panicled, short-pedicelled, purple. Dry prairie soil; June-
August; reported from Iowa. The author has found the species near the
border.

NAPAEA L. An erect perennial with 5-9-palmately-parted leaves and
small white flowers in leafy corymbose panicles. Calyx 5-cleft; involucel
wanting. Petals 5. alternate, entire. Flowers dicecious. Staminate flowers

LINDEN FaMILy. 25

With 15-20 anthers. Pistillate flowers with 6-10 styles. Carpels 6-10, 1-
seeded, beakless, minutely tipped, indehiscent, ‘mperfectly 2-valved. separat-
ing at maturity from the axis.

N. dioica L. Glade M. Stem 4-5 feet high, but little branched, glabrous to
appressed pubescent: leaf divisions lanceolate. acuminate, incisely lobed or
toothed. Frequent in alluvial soil along the Upper Iowa river in Winneshiek
and Allamakee counties. also found in Fayette county; July.

ABUTILON Gaertn. Ours an annual weed, with cordate leaves and
axillary yellow flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, alternate. Stamens
many. Styles in ours about 12 or 12; stigmas capitate. Carpels 12 or 13.

A. avicennce Gaertn. Velvet-leaf. Cake-print. Whole plant clothed with
a soft pubescence: stem 2-5 feet high; leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate,
taper-pointed, entire or obscurely dentate, base cordate; pedicels shorter than
the petioles; calyx persistent: petals yellow; carpels 2-valved. each valve
beaked, hairy, usually 3-seeded; flowers axillary. Waste places; June—Sep-
tember: common.

SIDA L. Calyx 5i-cleft. Petals 5, entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or
more; stigmas capitate. Carpels as many as the styles, I-seeded, tardily
separating. Seeds pendulous.

S. spinosa L. Annual; stem 1-2 feet high, branched, minutely pubescent,
leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, serrate. -vith a spinous tubercle at the base
of the slender petiole; stipules bristle-like: peduncles axillary, shorter than
the petioles, 1-flowered; flowers small, yellow; ecarpels 5. Waste places,
spreading; July-September; Muscatine, Des Moines, Henry, Van Buren,
Decatur, Page, aud Fremont counties.

MALVASTRUM Gray. Flowers in ours solitary, in the axils of the upper
leaves, short-peduncled, yellow. Bractlets of the involucel 2 or 3, linear.
Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes ovate-triangular, pubescent.

‘-M. angustum Gray. Annual, somewhat hairy, 6-12 inches high; leaves
oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong, remotely dentate; carpels 5, reniform,
at length 2-valved. Reported from Scott county.

-HIBISCUS L. Herbs, with dentate or lobed leaves and showy axillary or
paviculate flowers. Calyx 5-eleft, involucellate at the base by a row of linear
pbractlets. Column long, with many lateral stamens. Styles 5, stigmas
capitate. Fruita 5-cellea capsule, loculicidal. Seeds 3-many in each cell.

H. militaris Cav. Hulberd-leanved Ruse-Mallow. Perennial; stem smooth, 3-
4 feet high, leaves hastately 3-lobed; lobes long acuminate, serrate, middle
lobe much longer; flowers axillary, large. showy; calyx enlarged: in fruit;
corolla somewhat campanulate, purplish: capsule smooth; seeds hairy. Along
rivers and marshy lakes; July-August; locally frequent; Muscatine, Louisa,
Des Moines, Johnson, and Fremont counties.

H. trionum L, Bladder Ketmia. Annual; stems sub-erect. hispid: leaves
3-parted, middle segments long, all segments sinuate-lobed or cleft; fruiting
calyx enlarged, membranaceous, 5-winged; flowers yellowish, with a dark
centre, lasting only for the day. Waste places; July-September; becoming
frequent.

TILIACEAE Juss Linpen FaMiby.

Trees with simple alternate stipulate leaves and fibrous bark. Sepals
4-5, deciduous. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens many, polyadel-
phous, with 2-celled anthers.

26 LINACEAE.

TILIA L. Linpen. Basswoop. Sepals5, petaloid. Petals 5, oblong, obtuse.
Each set of stamens with a petaloid scale at the base. Pistil 1. Ovary
superior, 5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled. Fruit dry, becoming by abortion 1-celled,
1-2-seeded.

T. americana L. Tree 40-70 feet high; wood white, soft; leaves alternate,
broadly ovate, pointed, sharply serrate, base cordate; stipules deciduous;
flowers cream colored, fragrant, appearing after the leaves, in axillary
eymes; pecuncles hanging and united to a ligulate membranaceous bract;
fruit ovoid. Rich woods; July; frequent, widely distributed.

LINACEAE Dumort. FLAx FaMIby.

Herbs, with alternate simple leaves, and perfect regular flowers.
Stipules none or gland-like. Sepals 4-5, imbricated, persistent. Petals
4-5, hypogynous, imbricated, usually contorted. Stamens as many as
the petals and alternate with them. Styles 3-5. Ovary 4-5-celled, with
2 ovules in each cell. Capsule globose.

LINUM L. Fuax. Herbs, with fibrous bark and sessile leaves. All parts of
the flower in 5’s, each series regularily alternate with the preceeding. Cap-
sule 5-celled, breaking into 5 carpels in dehiscence, each cell wholly or partly
divided by a false partition. Cells with 2-suspended mucilaginous seeds.

L. usitatissimum L. Common F. Annual, stem terete, striate, erect, 1-2
feet high, much branched; leaves lanceolate, sessile; stipules none; flowers
blue. axillary; sepals lanceolate, ciliate; petals twice the length of the sepals,
crenulate; capsule globular. Spontaneous in fields and waste places, June—
August; infrequent.

L. sulcatum Riddell. Annual, erect, 1-2 feet high, somewhat branched
above, stem and branches narrowly wing-angled and grooved; leaves lanceo-
late or linear; stipules a pair of dark colored glands; flowers yellow; sepals
acuminate, glandular ciliate, 1-nerved; styles united below the middle. Dry
soil, prairies; June-August; common.

L. rigidum Pursh. Probably perennial, glaucous, glabrous or puberu lent;
branches rigid, more or less angular; upper leaves and sepals glandular-ser-
rulate. Loess hills; Woodbury and Fremont counties; frequent.

GERANIACEAE J. St. Hil.

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, and perfect hypogynous |
recular or irregular flowers. Parts of the flower usually in 5's. Stamens
as many or twice as many as the sepals, some often rudimentary. Ovary
5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled, beaked with the compound style.

GERANIUM L. Herbs, with stipulate palmately lobed leaves and axillary
1-3 flowered peduncles, Sepals and petals 5, regular, the sepals imbricated
in the bud, persistent. Stamens usually 10, the 5 alternate ones longer, and
provided with glands at their bases, alternate with the petals. Ovary deeply
5-lobed. 5-celled, separating into 5, 1-seeded long-tailed carpels from a persist-
ent axis.

G. maculatum L. Wild Crune’s-bill. Perennial, from a thick rootstock:
stem 1-2 feet high, erect, hairy, branching above; leaves usually 5-parted,
divisions cuneate toward the base, incisely lobed or toothed above, root-
leaves on long petioles; flowers light purple, sepals ovate, pointed; petals en-
tire. broadly oval, bearded on the claw. Rich woods; May-July; common.

G. carolinianum L. Root annual; stem 5-14 inches high, much branched,
hairy; leaves about 5-parted, divisions cut into narrow lobes; flowers clus-

Woop-sorkrREL FAMILY. 25

tered at the ends of the branches; sepals ovate, awn-pointed; petals scarcely
longer than the sepals, light rose-tinted or whitish: stamens sometimes only
5. Waste places; May-August; infrequent; Fayette, Muscatine, Lee, and
Johnson counties.

OXALIDACEAE JZind!. Woon-sorret Famiiy.

Aunual or perennial herbs, with acidic juice, palmately trifoliate
leaves, und perfect regular flowers in umbel-like or forking cymes. Rep-
resented in Iowa by the genus.

OXALIS L. Woop-sorret. Leaflets obcordate, Sepals 5, persistent, im-
bricated. Petals 5, withering after flowering, sometimes united at the base,
longer than the sepals. Stamens 10, monodelphous at the base, alternately
shorter. Styles 5, distinct; stigmas terminal. Capsule oblong, somewhat
5-lobed, 5-celled, cells 1-several seeded.

O. stricta L. Yellow W. Annual or perennial, rootstock slender; stem
leafy, glabrous to villous: leaves long-petioled, sensitive; stipules none; fow-
ers yellow, peduncles lung, axillary. Fields and woods; May-September:
common.

O. violacea L. Viclet W. Stemless perennials, from a brownish scaly
bulb; leaflets broadly obecrdate; scapes 2-7 inches high, longer than the
petioles, umbellately flowered; flowers nodding, violet. Fields and woods;
May-June; common.

Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. of the order LimNanruacear Lindl...
has been reported from Lee county by Arthur. Anuual, with 3-5 oblong or
linear-oblong sometimes 2-3-cleft leaflets; and solitary axillary peduucled
white flowers. Sepals and petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovaries and stigmas 3.
Fruit 1-3 roughish fleshy achenes. River banks; April-June.

BALSAMINACEAE Lindl. JeweL-wEED FAMILy.

Succulept herbs, with smooth weak hollow stems, simple petioled
alternate exstipulate leaves, and showy irregular axillary nodding flow-
ers. Sepals 3, the lateral 2 small, green, nerved; the posterior one large,
petaloid, saccate, spurred. Petals 3, 2 of them 2-cleft. Stamens 5;
filaments appencaged by scales on their inner side which connive over
the stigma.

IMPATIENS L. Toucu-mse-nor. Leaves ovate, coarsely toothed. Ovary 5-
celled, oblong; stigmas sessile, 5-lobed. Pod 5-valved, 5-celled, sometimes
partitions not apparent, valves coiling elastically in dehiscence projecting
the seed. Seeds several in each cell. Ours annuals, 2-4 feet high.

I. pallida Nutt. Pale T. Leaves ovate-oblong; pedicels 2-4 flowered;
flowers pale yellow, sparingly dotted; sepals dilated transversely, broader
than long, tipped with a short recurved spur. Moist alluvial soil; July-
September; common. (J. «urea Muhl.)

I. Fulva Nutt. Spotted T. Leaves rhombic-ovate; pedicels 2-4-flowered;
flowers orange-yellow. thickly spotted with reddish-brown; sepals dilated
lengthwise, longer than broad; spur elongated, closely reflexed. With the
preceéding but less frequent. (I. hiflora Walt.)

RUTACEAE Juss. Rue FAamIty. ;
Shrubby plants, with alternate or opposite exstipulate compound
leaves dotted with transparent glands which contain a volatile aromatic

28 CELISTRACEAE.

or acrid oil. Parts of the flower in 3’s-5’s. Stamens in ours as many as
the petals and alternate with them. Pistils 2-5, separate or united;
styles conniviog. Fruit a capsule or a samara.

XANTHOXYLUM. Flowers dioecious; fruit capsular.

PTELEA. Flowers polygamous; fruit a samara. i

XANTHOXYLUM L. Small trees with prickly branches and umbel-like
clusters of flowers and odd-pinuate leaves. Calyx in ours wanting. Petals
4-5, imbricated in the bud. Piste 3-5; styles distinct below but slightly
united above. Capsule coriaceous, 2-valved, with 1-2 black seeds.

X. americanum Mill. Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree. A small shrub, 4-10
feet high, bark and leaves pungent and aromatic; leaflets 5-9, ovate-oblong,
pubescent when young; flowers appearing before the leaves, yellowish
green, in sessile axillary umbels; capsules globose, short-stipitate. Upland
thickets; April-May; common generally.

PTELEA L. Oursasmall shrub, with 3-foliate, long-peticled leaves, the
leaflets sessile, crenulate, and corymbose-paniculate greenish white flowers.
Sepals and petals 3-5. Ovary flattened, 2-celled; stigmas 2. Samara orbicu-
lar, the wing membranous, reticulated, emarginate.

P. trifoliata L. Hop-tree. Woods; June; infrequent; Scott, Muscatine,
Lee, Henry, and Johnson counties.

CELASTRACEAE Lindl. Starr-TREE FAMILY.

Small trees or shrubs, often climbing, with alternate or opposite sim!
ple entire or toothed leaves, small caducous stipules, and small regular
flowers. Sepals and petals imbricated in the bud. Petals 4-5, alternate
with the sepals. Stamens 4-5, alternate with the petals, inserted on a
disk which fills the bottom of the calyx. Styles united, Ovury sessile,
2-5-celled, free from the calyx.

EvonyMos, Leaves opposite; a small tree.

CELASrRus. Leaves alternate; a shrubby climber.

EUONYMUS L.. Pepresented in our flora by the following species.

E. atropurpureus Jacq. Burning Bush. Shrub 5-15 feet high; leaves
petioled, ovate-oblong, serrate, acuminate; flowers perfect, purple, solitary or
in axillary cymes, parts usually in 4’s; styles short or none; pod deeply 3-4-
lobed, 3-4-valved, 3-4-celled, each cell 1-4-seeded; seeds covered with a searlet
aril. Rich woods; June; frequent throughout the state.

CELASTRUS L. Flowers small, dicecious or polygamous, small, greenish,
in terminal raceme-like clusters. Sepals, petals and stamens 5. Disk 5-
lobed, bearing the crenulate petals and stamens on the edge.

C. scandens L. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Shrubby, climbing; leaves petioled,
ovate, thin, acuminate, serrate; pod globose, orange colored, 3-celled, 3-
valved, Spenine in the falland displaying the scarlet covering of the seeds;
seeds 1-2 in each cell. Thickets; June; frequent.

K SIMARUBACEAE DC. Atnantruus Famity.

Distinguished from the precegding order by the non-punctate leaves.
Represented in our flora by the genus AILANTHUS Desf.

A. glandulosa Desf. Trec-of-Heaven. Tree, 20-60 feet high, with long odd-
pinnate petioled leaves and greenish white polygamous panicled flowers: the
staminate flowers ill-scented; samaras oblong, membranous, 1-seeded, twisted,

re and about Keokuk, Lee coynty.
' ‘

Buckruorn FAMIty. 29

ILICINEAE Lowe. Hotty Fasiuy.

Shrubs, with alternate petioled simple leaves, and small solitary or
clustered axillary polygamo-dicecious flowers. The principal genus in the
United States is Ibex L.

1. verticillata (L.) A. Gray. Shrub 6-20 feet high; leaves oval, obovate to
oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate. turning black'in autumn: flowers alll
short peduncled, in clusters or the fertile solitary. Reported from Mitchell
county by Arthur.

RHAMNACEAE Dumort. Buckruorn Famtty.

Small trees or shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, and regular some-
times apetalous flowers. Sepals 4 5. Petals 4-5, valvate in the bud.
Stamens 4-5, opposite to the petals and alternate with the sepals, in;
serted along with the petals into the edge of the ‘fleshy disk which lines
the calyx and sometimes the ovary. Stigmas 2-5. Oriny 2 2-5-celled;
sessile; ovules solitary.

RAAMNUS. Calyx and disk free from the ovary; petals none or small and Shot clawed.
CHEANOTHUS. Calyx and disk adherent to the base of the ovary; petals long clawed.

RHAMNUS L. Leaves pinnately veined. Flowers in axillary, clusters,
greenish. Calyx campanulate, 4—\-cleft, tube. lined with the disk. Ovary
free, 2-4-celled; styles 2-1. Fruit a small berry-like drupe. ; ;

R. lanceolata Pursh. Buckthorn. A thornless shrub, 3-10 feet high; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, serrulate, petioled; flowers appearing
closely after the leaves, of two sorts on different individuals, one form in.
short axillary clusters with a short included style, the other with often soli:
tary longer pedicels and exserted style; petals 4, minute, deeply notched,
sometimes not apparent; styles 2; fruit dark colored, 2-seeded. Upland
thickets: May; a frequent shrub. widely distributed over the southern half
of the state and exteuding fur into the northern portion.

R. alnifolia L°'Her. A low shrub with oval acute serrate leaves; flowers
solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves, mostly dicecious, apetalous;
calyx-lobes 5; stamens 5. Reported from Winneshiek county. (Arthur.)

’ CEANOTHUS L. Low shrubby © ‘plants, with white Howers in umbel-like
clusters. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, petaloid: ‘ Petals 5, longer than the ealyx;
hooded. Stamens mostly exserted. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded.

C. americanus L. New Jersey Tea. Stems 1-3 feet high, from a dark red
root, branches slightly pubescent; leaves ovate, 3-ribbed, acuminate, serrate,
somewhat pubescent: peduncles axillary and terminal, elongated. Upland.
woods and prairies; June; common.

Cc. ovatus Desf. Usually smaller than the preceding; leaves oval-lanceo-
late or oblong, glandular serrate, peduncle short, pubescent. Prairies; May;.
common: Story, Shelby, Decatur, Adams, Montgomery, and Pottawattomie
eounties. Iowa specimens are more or less pubescent, the typical plant being
glabrous throughout, hence our specimens are usually refered to the var.
pubescens T, & G@ ’ : eo,
VITACEAE Lindl. Grape Fami.y. :

Climbiog shrubs, with copious watery juice, nodose joints, climbing by
tendrils, alternate petioled leaves, and small regular greenish perfect or
polygamo-dicecious flowers. Calyx entire or 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5,
caducous. Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a
2-celled 2--4-seeded berry. & .

30 ACERACEAE.

Vitis. Leaves simple; petals united into a cap, falling away without separating; fruit
pulpy. edible.

Cissus. Leaves simple in our species; petals separate, spreading; fruit scarcely pulpy,
inedible.

AMPELOPSIS. Leaves digitate; corolla expanding,

VITIS L. Shrubs, climbing by aid of coiling tendrils, with dentate or pal-
mately lobed leaves, small caducous stipules, and fragrant thyrsoid flowers.

V. riparia Mx. Leaves shining, glabrous, sometimes pubescent on the
veins beneath, sharply 5-7-loved, sinuses acute, lobes coarsely toothed, acute.
Low woods; May-June; fruit ripening July-September; common. (V. vul-
pina L.)

V. aestivalis Mx. Brauches terete; leaves large. more or less deeply 3-5-
lobed, dentate, whitish or rusty pubescent especially when young; berries
black, with bloom. Reported from Clinton county by Arthur.

V. cinerea Engelm. Branches angled; leaves dentate, somewhat 3-lobed;
pubescence whitish or grayish, persistent; berries black, without bloom.
Low woods; May-June, fruit ripe in September; Muscatine, Louisa, Page,
and Fremont counties.

CISSUS L. Represented in our flora by the single species,

C. ampelopsis Pers. Climbing, nearly glabrous; leaves ovate, coarsely
toothed, sometimes slightly 3-lobed, acuminate, base cordate or truncate;
berries 1-2-seeded. Low woods; May-June; Fremont county. (Ampelopsis
cordata Mx.)

AMPELOPSIS Mx. Leaves digitate. Flower clusters cymose. Calyx
slightly 5-toothed. Petals 5, thick, spreading. Stamens 5. Tendrils attach-
ing by sucker-like disks.

A. quinquefolia Mx. Vinginia Creeper. Climbing by rootlets as well as
by tendrils; leaflets stalked, oval to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed both ways,
usually 5, serrate above the middle, dark green above, pale beneath, turning
erimson in autumn. Thickets and low woods; July; fruit ripe in October;
common. (Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.)

ACERACEAE St. Hil. Mapes Famity.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite palmately lobed or pinnate leaves, and
small regular unsymmetrial polygamous or dioecious flowers. Sepals and
petals 5, the latter often wanting, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5-10;
filaments filiform. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; styles 2, inserted between
the lobes. Fruit of 2 winged samaras, joined below, 1-seeded. Repre-
sented in our flora by the genus AcER L, the maples.

* Leaves simple, palmately lobed; flowers polygamous.

A. saccharinum L. Soft or White M. Usually 40-100 feet high; leaves
palmately 5-lobed, sinuses obtuse or acute, unequally toothed, silvery white
beneath and more or less downy when young, base truncate; flowers appear-
ing before the leaves, in umbel-like clusters, nearly sessile, greenish, apeta-
lous; fruit with large divergent wings. Rich soil; March-April; common.
(A. dasycarpum Ehrh.) A common grove tree. The sap yields small quanti-
ties of sugar.

A. saccharum Marsh. Rock or Sugar M. A large tree; leaves dark green
above, pale beneath, 3-7-lobed, lobes sinuate, sinuses rounded and shallow,
base subcordate; towers appearing with the leaves, in terminal or lateral
sessile corymbose clusters, apetalous, on drooping hairy pedicels; samaras
glabrous, slightly diverging, the wings shorter than the prece¢ding. River

Bucxeve Faminy. 31

bluffs; April; a frequent tree along the water courses of eastern and scuth-
ern Iowa, extending far into the interior. Allamakee to Lee county, thence
west as far as Decatur county. (A. saccharinum Wang.)

A. nigrum Mx. Similar to the prece¢ding; leaves green both sides, pube-
scent beneath at least on the veins, lobes shorter, broader, but little undulate
or often entire, sinuses very obtuse, the basal one nearly closed. With the
preceeding; Fayette. Story, Decatur and Emmet counties; infrequent or rare;
often put as var. nigrum T. & G. of the precepding.

A. rubrum L. Red or Swamp M. Twigs reddish; leaves 3-5-lobed, lobes
serrate, acuminate, green above, pale or whitish beneath. sinuses acute, base
cordate; flowers reddish or yellowish, short pedicelled; petals linear-oblong:
fruiting pedicels elongated. Low grounds along river; rare; Johnson
county.

A. spicatum Lam. Mountain. M. A shrub or small tree; leaves 3-5-lobed,
glabrous above, pubescent beneath, coarsely serrate, lobes acuminate; flow-
ers in a dense erect compound raceme, greenish yellow. appearing after the
leaves; petals linear-spatulate; samaras small somewhat divergent. Bluffs of
the Mississippi river; Allamakee, Clayton, and Dubuque counties: rather
rare.

_ ** Leaves piniate; flowers dicectous.

A. negundo L. Box Eider. Asi-leaved M. Tree of average size; leaflets 3-
5, ovate or oval, pubesceut when young, becoming glabrous, acute, dentate or
entire; flowers dicecious. appearing shortly before the leaves, drooping,
small, apetalous; samaras glabrous somewhat incurved. Low woods; April;
common. (Negundo acervides Moench )

HIPPOCASTANACEAE 7. d& G. Buckeye Famity.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite petioled digitately 5-7-foliate leaves,
and irrezular polygamous puniculate flowers. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed.
Petals 4-5, unequal, clawed. Stamens 7, filaments slender, unequal.
Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit coriaceous, 3-celled, 3-
valved, 3-seeded or by abortion 1-celled, l-seeded. Represented by the
genus AEscuLus L.

AE. glabra Willd. Ohiv Buckeye. Tree 10-40 feet high. bark fetid; leaves
long-petioled; leaflets 5, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate; flow-
ers in terminal thyrsoid panicles, pale yellow: petals 4: stamens curved, ex-
serted; fruit globular, covered with prickles; seed large, shining, red; scar
large, roundish, pale. Alluvial soil and rich uplands; May; frequent; Des
Moines, Lee, Henry, Van Buren, Jefferson, Johnson, Boone, Polk, Appanoose,
Decatur, Ringgold, Union, and Taylor counties.

AE. octandra Marsh. Sweet B. Flowers yellow; petals 4, conniving,
long-clawed; stamens included; fruit smooth. May; Jasper county, reported
by Prof. Shimek; apparently infrequent. (AE. flava Ait.) °

STAPHYLEACEAE DC. Buapper-nut FAmMILy.

Ours a small shrub, with 3-foliate stipulate leaves, and axillary droop-
ing racemose flowers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Styles 3. Pod
large, membranous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, separating above, each cell
with 1-4 bony seeds. Represented by the genus StapHyLea © L.

S. trifolia L. Americun Bladder-nut. Shrub 4-12 feet high; flowers white
Moist woods; May; frequent throughout.

32 ANACARDIACEAE.

ANACARDIACEAE JZrndl. Sumac Famtty.

Small trees or shrubs, with milky acrid juice, alternate odd-pinnate
exstipulate leaves, and perfect or polygamous greenish or yellowish tlow-
ers. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Styles or stivmas 3. Fruit a small
dry drupe. Represented by the genus Rauvs L.

* Flowers polygamous, in terminal thyrsoid panicles.

R. typhina L. Staghorn Suinae. Tree 10-20 feet high; wood yellow, young
branches densely villous; leaflets 11-31, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate!
pale pubescent’ beneath; fruit red, with long crimson hairs. Wooded hill-
sides; May-June; frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque,
Fayette, Jackson, Delaware, Scott, Jones, and ones, counties. (R. hiric (b.)
Sudw.)

R. glabra L. Common S. Shrub 3-15 feet high; branches amoath, some+
what glaucous; leaflets 11-31, sessile, lanceolate- oblong , acuminate, serrate,
pale beneath; fruit red, with’ short crimson hairs. Gren uplands, thiekets;
June; common. ;

** Flowers polyyamous, in loose arillary panicles.

R. radicans L. Puison Ouk. Poison. Ivy. Bushy, 1-2 feet high or élse a
woody vine, climbing high; leaflets 3, ovate, acuminate, entire, sinuate or
somewhat lobed, moré or less pubescent beneath; fruit globular, smooth,
white or yellowish. Rich soil, waysides and thickets; June; common.
Usually given as R. toxicodendron I. :

“* ** Flowers polygamo-dioecious, appearing ea ‘the leaves, in terminal spicaté
chusicrs.

R. canadensis Marsh. Shrub 2-6 feet high; leaflets 3, crenately toothed)
pubescent when young, later glabrate, lateral ones ovate, sessile, terminal
one ovate with a cuneate base, short. stalked; fruit globose, red, pubescent.
Rocky woods; April; frequent; Delaware, Muscatine, Lee, Henry, Wapello,
Van Buren, Jefferson, and Linn counties. (R. arom«avicu Ait. )

POLYGALACEAE Richenb. MILKWorT Fawtny.

Ours herbs,, wita, simple entire alternate, opposite or verticillate eX;
stipulate leaves, and mostly racemose, spicate, or axillary flowers. Pedi-
cels frequently 2-bracted at the base. Flowers perfect, irregular.
Sepals 5, the upper and 2 lower small and often greenish, the 2 laterat
large, seloted: Petals.3, united into a split tube, more or less adnate to
the stamens. Stamens 6 or 8, monodelphous or diadelphous; anthers 1-
celled, opening at the apex by a hole or chink. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled;
style simple. Fruit a 2-celled 2-seeded capsule. ‘Seeds usually caruncled
and hairy. Represented in our flora by the genus Poty@ata L.

P. senega L. Sencea Snakeroot. Perennial; glabrous or nearly so; root-
stocks hard, knotty; stems several; 6-12 inches high; leaves lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, alternate, sessile, lower small, scale-like; flowers white, ina
solitary close spike; wings round-obovate. Rocky woods; May-June: fre-
quent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, and Cerro
Gordo counties.

P. sanguinea L. Annual; stem mostly simple, 6-15 inches high, glabrous;
leaves oblong-linear, alternate, sessile; flowers in a globular or oblong head,
rose-purple, greenish, rarely white; wings broadly ovaie, sessiie, exceeding
the pod. Moist prairies; June-September; common. (P. viridescens L.)

P. incarnata L. Annual, glaucous; stem simple, slender; leaves distant,

18

us

PAPILIONACEAE.

we

sessile, linear or subulate: flowers pink or rose, in a dense terminal spike.
Sandy moist soil, July-August; infrequent; Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, and
Story counties.

P. cruciata L. Annual: stem 410 inches high, square or slightly wiog-
angled, with spreading branches: leaves mostly in 4’s, linear or oblanceolate:
spikes sessile or nearly so; flowers purple, greenish, or white; wings triangu-
lar-ovate, slightly cordate. awn-pointed. ln mossy shaded places; July—Sep-
tember; Lake tewnship, Muscatine county.

P. verticillata L. Annual, glabrous; stems 4-12 inches high, branches
mostly opposite, spreading; leaves in whorls of 4 or 5, a few scattered, acute,
punctate, linear; spikes long-peduncled; flowers purvlish or greenish; wings
broadly oval, clawed, shorter than the pod. Prairies and open woods; June-
September; common.

PAPILIONACEAE ZL. Pra Fanmity.

Trees, shrubs, vines or herbs, with alternate compound, stipulate
leaves, and papilionaceous perfect flowers in spikes, heads, pauicles or
racemes. Calyx of 5 sepals, often unequal, more or less united. Coralla
of 5 petals; the upper one known as the standard is the largest and in-
the bud encloses the others, usually reflexed; the lateral petals or wiugs
are oblique and exterior to the two lower petals; the lower more or less
conniving by their edges to form the keel which encloses the stamens and
pistil. Stamens monodelphous, diadelphous or distinct, 10, rarely 9 or 5.
Ovary simple, superior, usually 1-celled; style simple. Fruit a legume,
2-valved, 1-many seeded, dehiscent or indehisceat, or else a loment. This
and the following two families are usually included under LEGUMINOSAE.

Tribe Podalyrieae. Leaves 3-foliate; stamens distinct.

BAPTIsSIA, A Single genus in our area.

Tribe Genisteae. Leaves digitate or simple; stamens monodelphous;
anthers of 2 kinds.

CROTALARIA. Leaves simple; calyx nearly equally 5-lobed.
LuPincs. Leaves digitate; calyx deeply 2-lipped.
Tribe Trifolieae. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets denticulate; stamens diadel-
phous.
TRIFOLIUM. Flowers capitate: pods straight.
MELILOTcS. Flowers rucemose: pods coriaceous.
MEDICAGu. Flowers racemose or spicate: pods curved or coiled.
Tribe Loteae. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets entire; stamens diadelphous.
HOSACKIA. With us the only genus.

Tribe Psoraleae. Leaves glandular-dotted; stamens mostly monodel-

phous; pod small, indehiscent.

PSORALEA. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliate.

AMORPHA. Coralla of one petal, the standard.

DaLEA. Wings and Keel adnate to the middle of the cleft stamen tube.
PETaALOSTEMON. Corolla nearly regular; stamens 5.

Tribe Galegeae. Leaves usually not dotted, pinnately several-foliate;
flowers racemose; stamens mostly diadelphous.

TEPHROSIA. Herb; leaves odd-pinnate; pod flat.

ROBINIa. A small tree; leaves odd-pinnate.

ASTRAGALUS. Pod inflated, partly or entirely 2-celled.

OxyYTROPIs. Stemless silky-pubescent herbs; keel pointed,
GLYCYRRHI1ZA, Leaves scaly or dotted: pod covered with hooked prickles.

34 PAPILIONACEAE.

Tribe Hedysareae. Herbs without tendrils, with pinnate leaves; pod a

loment or rarely 1-seeded.
DESMODIUM. Leaflets stipellate; flowers of one kind: pod several-jointed.
LESPEDEZA. Leaflets not stipellate; flowers of 2 kinds; pod 1-2-joirted.
Tribe Vicieae. Leaves evenly pinnate, terminating in tendrils.
Victa. Wings adherent to the keel; style bearded at the summit.
LatHyRus. Wings‘nearly free; style bearded along the inner side.
Tribe Phaseoleae. Leaves odd-pinnate; twining or trailing plants.
APIOS. Twining; leaflets 5-7. 2
STROPHOSTYLES. Leaflets 3; flowers in capitate clusters, keel of the corolla strongly in-
curved.
AMPHICARPAEA. Leaflets 3; flowers racemose, gamopetalous and apetalous.

BAPTISIA Vent. Fause Inpicgo. Ours perennial herbs, with palmately 3-
foliate leaves which blacken in drying, and white or yellowish flowers in ter-
minal or lateral racemes. Calyx 4-5-toothed. Petals 5, nearly distinct and
about equal in length. Stamens 10, distinct. Pod stalked, roundish or
oblong, inflated, pointed, many-seeded.

B. leucophaea Nutt. Stem 1-2 feet high, hairy, branches divergent;
leaves sessile or nearly so, leaflets oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or acut-
ish; stipules and bracts large, leafy, persistent; flowers in a long reclined
raceme, white or yellowish; pedicels slender; pod short stalked, hairy, witha
long recurved apical point. Prairies and pastures; May; common. (B.
bracteata Ell.) i :

B. leycantha T. & G. Stem smooth, 1-3 feet high, much branched;
leaves petioled; leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, obtuse; stipules lanceolate,
usually a little shorter than the petioles, deciduous; raceme elongated,
loosely flowered; flowers white; pod ellipsoidal, long-stalked, tipped with a
subulate style. Low grounds; June-July; common.

B. tinctoria (L.) R. Br. Plant glabrous; flowers yellow, in numerous
terminal racemes; pods ovoid to nearly globose, tipped with a subulate style.
Reported from Johnson county by Prof. Shimek.

CROTALARIA L. Herbs, with simple leaves, and yellow flowers on long
peduncles which are 2-+-flowered. Calyx 5-cleft, slightly 2-lipped. Standard
large, cordate; keel scythe-shaped; sheath of the stamens cleft on the upper
side; 5 of the anthers smaller; pod inflated, with many loose seeds.

C. sagittalis L. Rattle-bor. Annual, 1 foot high or less, hairy, branched;
leaves sessile or nearly so, entire, oval, oblong or lanceolate, stipules acumi-
nate, united, decurrent; corolla equal or shorter than the calyx. Sandy soil,
along water courses or dry uplands; June-September; frequent; Muscatine,
Johnson, Woodbury, and Fremont counties.

LUPINUS L. Herbs, with palmately many-foliate leaves, and terminal
racemose flowers. Calyx deeply 2-lipped, upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-
toothed; standard reflexed laterally; keel crescent shaped; stamens monodel-
phous, sheath entire; anthers alternately oblong or globose; pod knotty, ob-
long, compressed.

L. perennis L. Wild Lupine. Perennial; stem 1-2 feet high, more or less
pubescent; leaves 5-0-foliate, leaflets oblanceolate, mucronate; flowers ina
long raceme, purplish blue to white, showy; pod linear-oblong, hairy, 5-6-
seeded. May-June; Winneshiek county.

TRIFOLIUM L. Crover. Herbs, with 3-foliate denticulate leaves, and’
capitate or spicate flowers, Stipules large, adnate to the petiole. Calyx 5-
toothed, persistent, teeth nearly equal. Corolla withering or persistent;

Pea Famity. 35

petals united at the base: standard oblong or obovate, reflexed. Stamens
diadelphous, 9 and 1: pod included in the calyx or scarcely longer, 1-5-

seeded.
T. pratense L. Red C. Perennial; stems ascending, somewhat pubescent:

leaflets oval or obovate, obtuse or emarginate, with a pale spot on the upper
surface: stipules large, bristle poiated; heads globular, sessile; flowers rose
purple. sweet scented: lower tooth of the calyx longer than the 4 other equal
ones. Meadows: May-September: common.

T. repens L. White C. Perennial, low, creeping; leaves long-petioled;
leaflets obcordate, minutely toothed; stipules narrow. scarious: flowers in a
long-peduncled globular head, white: calyx small. teeth short; corolla twice
the length of the calyx. Fields aud waste places: May-September; common.

T. hybridum L. Alsike C. Perennial, stems erect or suberec$, somewhat
pubescent: leaflets much as in T. repens: flowers rose-tinted. Fields and
waste places; May-September: frequent.

T. reflexum L. Buffulo (. Aunual or biennial. erect or procumbent,
glabrous or pubescent; leaflets obovate or ovate-oblong; stipules foliaceous,
ovate-acuminate; flowers in a large head, slender pedicelled, at length re-
flexed; calyx short; calyx-teeth very long and narrow; standard rose-red.
wings and keel whitish. Sandy soil near river banks: April-August; infre-
quent; Muscatine, Johnson, Benton, Clinton, and Union counties.

T. stoloniferum Muhl. Perennial: glabrous. with long basal runners:
leaflets obovate or obcordate: stipules ovate-lanceolate, membranous: flowers
white, with a purplish tinge. Reported from Woodbury county.

T. arvense L. Annual, silky, about 8 inches high, simple or branched;
leaflets oblanceolate: heads oblong; calyx-teeth bristle-like, plumose; petals
whitish. Fields; infrequeot; Winneshiek and Story counties.

T. agrarium L. Yellow C. Annual, six inches or more high, upright;
leaflets obovate or oblong; stipules linear-lanceolate; flowers in. oblong or
oval heads, yellow. Waste places; infrequent; Story county.

T. procumbens L. Low Hop ('. Annual, 3-6 inches high, procumbent or
ascending, pubescent; leaflets cuneate-obovate; stipules ovate: heads globose,
yellow. Meadows and pastures; infrequent: Fayette, Johnson, Lee, Story,
and Winnebago counties.

MELILOTUS Juss. Biennial smooth herbs, with 3-foliate petioled leaves,
dentate leaflets: subulate stipules, and small flowers in slender spike-like
racemes. Calyx small, 5-cleft; teeth sbort. nearly equal. Corolla about twice
the length of the calyx. Stamens diadelphous. Pod longer than the calyx,.
ovoid, wrinkled, coriaceous, 1-2-seeded.

M. alba Desv. White Melilot. Sweet Clover. Stem 2-6 feet high; leaflets
oblong or oblanceolate; flowers white, standard longer than the other petals.
Waste places; June-September; becoming common. ~

M. officinalis (l.) Lam. Yellow M. Resembling the preceéding: leaflets
ovate, oblong, or oblanceolate; flowers yellow, standard about equaling the
wings and keel. Waste places; infrequent.

MEDICAGO L. Leaves pinnately 3-foliate, petioled; leaflets denticulate.
Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1. Pod 1-several seeded, incurved

or coiled.
M. sativa L. Lucerne. <Alfalfa. Perennial, suberect, glabrous; leaflets

ovate or oblanceolate; stipules lance-linear; raceme few flowered; flowers
violet-purple; pod spirally coiled. Waste places; June~September; infre-
quent, widely distributed.

36 Pra FaMILy.

M. lupulinag L. Annual, pubescent; leaflets obovate, oval or orbicular;
stipules dentate; flowers yellow, small; pod 1-seeded, curved into a rartial
spire. Reported from Story county.

HOSACKIA Douglas. Ours an annual herb, with 1-3-foliate leaves and
rose-colored flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the stamen
tube; standard ovate to roundish, claw remote; wings oblong or obovate;
keel incurved. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1; anthers all alike.

H. purshiana Benth. Stem 1-2 feet high, branched, more or less villous-
pubescent; leaves sessile or nearly so, leaflets usually 3, ovate to lanceolate;
peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; pods linear, about 1 inch long, 4-7-seeded.
Dry soil; June—July; infrequent; Henry, Boone, Lyon, and Woodbury
counties.

PSORALEA L. Herbs, with usually glandular-dotted 3-5-foliate leaves,
and spiked or panicled flowers. Calyx 5-cleft, campanulate, persistent, the
lower lobe the longest. Stamens monodelphous cr diadelphous. Pod about
the length of the calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent.

P. esculenta Pursh. Pruirie Apple. Stem 5-9 inches high, very hairy,
from a turnip-shaped farinaceous root; leaves palmately 5-foliate; leaflets
entire, oval or obovate, nearly smooth above but hairy below; spike short,
dense, long-peduncled; lobes of the calyx and the bracts lanceolate, corolla
but little exceeding the calyx, standard ovate, reflexed, wings attached to the
middle of the keel; flowers bluish. Prairies; May-June; frequent; Emmet,
Lyon, Shelby, Pottawattomie, and Fremont counties.

P. argophylla Pursh. Stem 1-3 feet high, clothed with silky white hairs;
leaves usually 3-foliate; leaflets oval, oblong or obovate; flowers in inter-
rupted spikes; calyx and bracts lanceolate. Prairies; common in the western
half of the state; June-August.

P. tenuiflora Pursh. Stem slender, erect, 2-4 feet high, much-branched,
appressed pubescent; leaves palmately 3~-5-foliate; leaflets linear, oblong er
oval; racemes loosely few flowered; Prairies; June-August; frequent;
Decatur, Union, and Ringgold counties.

AMORPHA L. Low perennial shrubs, with odd-pinnate glandular-punctate
leaves, the leaflets stipellate, midvein excurrent, and bluish or purplish flow-
ers in dense terminal clustered spikes. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard envelop-
ing the stamens and style; wings and keel wanting. Stamens 10, exserted,
monodelphous at the base. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, beaked.

A. fruticosa L. Willuw Herb. False Indigo. Shrub 4-7 feet high, somewhat
pubescent or glabrate, leaves petioled, 9-19, oval cr oblong, obtuse, not
crowded, short-stalked; pod 2-seeded. Common alung streams; May-June.

A. canescens Pursh. Lead Plant. Stems about a foot high, clothed with a
white velvety pubescence; leaves sessile; leaflets 21-49, crowded, nearly
sessile; pod 1-seeded. Common in dry svil, prairies; June-August.

A. microphylla Pursh. Stems a foot high or less, nearly glabrous, spike
solitary or few in a cluster. Prairies and upland woods; May; Emmet, Cerro
Gordo, Palo Alto, Clay, Dickinson, Delaware, Louisa, and Decatur counties.
(A. nana Nutt.) 7

DALEA L. Herbs, with odd-pinnate glandular-punctate leaves, minute
stipules, and small flowers in terminal spikes or heads. Calyx 5-toothed or
cleft, teeth about equal. Standard cordate, inserted in the bottom of the
calyx; wings and keel adnate to the center of the cleft stamen tube. Stamens
9 or 10. Pod 1-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.

Pra FAMILy. 37

D. alopecuroides Willd. Stem erect, 1-3 feet high, glabrous; leaflets 15-
41. oblanceolate or oblong; calyx densely villous, teeth linear-lanceolate.
plumose. Roadsides and waste places; July-September; frequent. (Pmrosela
dalea (I.) Britton.)

D. laxiflora Pursh. Stem 1-1 feet high. froma long thick root, smooth,
much branched: leaflets 5-11. linear-oblong or linear: flowers in small loose
spikes: calyx villous; teeth subulate. plumose; petals white; stamens 9.
Loess hills: June-August: common in the west counties; Woodbury. Harri-
son, Monona. Pottawuattomie, and Fremont counties. (P. enncandra (Nutt.)
Britton.)

PETALOSTEMON Mx. Prairit Clover. Perennial herbs, with odd-
pinnate leaves, mivute stipules, and small flowers in peduncled oblong heads.
Calyx 5-toothed. Sepals 5, much alike, 4 of them borne on the top of the
cleft sheath of monodelphous filaments and alternate with the 5 anthers,
the standard cordate or oblong, inserted in the bottom of the calyx.

P. violaceus Mx. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent; leaflets 5, narrowly
linear; flowers in a dense globose or oblong head. violet purple. Prairies;
July-August; common. (Kuhnistera purpurec (Vent.) Mae M.)

P. candidus Mx. Glabrous; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or oblong-linear;
flowers in an oblong or cylindrical spike, white. With the last. (K. cundida
(Willd.) Kuntze.)

P. villosus Nutt. Decumbent or ascending. densely villous; leaflets 13-17,
linear or oblong, spikes cylindric, villous; flowers rose-purple. Reported
from Story county. (Hitehcock.) (K. villosa (Nutt.) Kuntze.)

TEPHROSIA Pers. Ours a perennial herb, with odd-pinnate non-punctate
leaves, and flowers in a terminal often compound raceme. Calyx teeth 5,
nearly equal; bractlets none. Petals clawed; standard large. orbicular,
silky externally; keel bluntish, cohering with the wings. Pod linear, flat,
several-seeded.

T. virginiana Pers. Guoit’s Ruc. Catgut. Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, hairy:
leaflets 9-20, linear-oblong, mucronate, odd leaflet notched or obcordate and
base cuneate; flowers yellowish white, marked with rose or purple, short-
pedicelled, large, clustered; pod villous, bristle-pointed. Sandy soil; June-
July; infrequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Jackson, Delaware, Scott,
Muscatine. Louisa, and Johnson counties. (Craceca viryiniana L.)

ROBINIA L. Ours a small tree, with odd-pinnate leaves, spine-like
stipules, and flowers in hanging axillary racemes. Calyx short, 5-toothed, 2?
upper teeth more or less united. Standard large, reflexed, but little longer
than the keel; wings free. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1. Pod linear, flat,
several-seeded, margined.

R_ pseudacacia L. False Acacia. Leaflets ovate-oblong; flowers showy,
fragrant, white; pod glabrous. Roadsides and waste places; May; an escape
from cultivation, frequent in the older settlements.

ASTRAGALUS L. Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and racemuse
or spicate flowers. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla slender, much exceeding the
calyx; standard narrow, equaling or exceeding the obtuse keel, reflexed or
spreading. Stamens diadelphous, ‘9 and 1. Pod varies, usually turgid, 2-
valved, 1 or 2-celled, few-many-seeded.

* Pod 2-celled.

A. caryocarpus Ker. Ground Plum. Low, prostrate, whitish pubescent;

root long, descending; leaflets 11-21, narrowly oblong; calyx tubular; corolla

38 PAPILIONACEAE.

twice as long, violet purple; flowers 6-10, in a spile-like raceme; pod thick,
succulent, obovoid, corky when dry. Prairies; May; frequent; Fayette,
Poli, Calhoun, Cerro Gordo, Story, Shelby, Emmet, Lyon, Woodbury, Potta-
wattomie, and Decatur counties. (dA. erassicarpus Nutt.)

A. plattensis Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, villous; leaflets oblong or
obovate; flowers yellowish-white, with purple tinge; pod ovoid, pubescent,
not wrinkled. Reported from Harrison county. (Arthur.)

A. canadensis LL. Stem 2-+ feet hizh, smooth or somewhat puvescent;
leaflets 21-31, oblong-ovate or elliptical; fowers thickly set in an elongated
spike, greenish yellow; pod oblong, glabrate, terete. Bank of streams; July—
August; frequent throughout. (A. cerolinianus L.)

**® Pod 1-celled, sometimes partially 2-celled by intrusion of the sutures,

A. distortus T. & G. Low, diffuse or ascending. sub-glabrous; leaflets 11-
25, obovate or oval, apex rounded or emarginate; fowers purple, in a short
loose spike; pod sessile, glabrous, curved, grooved on the lower side. Musca-
tine county; reported from Scott county.

A. lotiflorus Hook. Nearly stemless, branched from the base, villous-
pubescent with whitish hairs; leaflets 7-15, oval or oblong; flowers yellow, in
dense short spikes; pod sessile, ovoid-oblong. pubescent. Lyon and Fremont
counties. Fremont county specimens are low, 1-3-flowered; pods near the
groucd. Loess hills, frequent. These have been referred to ul. (vtifioius
brachypus Gray.

A. cooperi Gray. Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous; leaflets 9-21, oblong or
elliptic, apex obtuse or emargisate; flowers short-pedicelled; pod sessile.
Reported from Lee county. (Arthur.) (Phaca neglecta T. & G.)

OXYTROPIS DC. Mostly stemless herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves. and
racemose or spicate flowers on scape-like peduncles. Calyx-teeth nearly
equal. Petals clawed; keel pointed or appendaged. Stamens diadelphons.
Pod 2-valved, 1-celled or partially 2-celled.

O. lamberti Pursh. Stemless Loco-Weed. Silky-pubescent: stipules mem-
branous, pubescent, lanceolate, imbricated; leaflets 9-19, linear or oblong;
flowers purple or yellowish; ped coriaceous, ovoid-cylindric. pubescent, long-
acuminate. Prairies; May-August; Lyon, Woodbury, and Fremont counties;
found usually on the loess hills. (Spesia lamberti (Pursh) Kuntze.)

GLYCYRRHIZA LL. Perennials; root large, sweet, descending. Leaves
odd-pinnate; stipules small. Flowers in dense axillary spikes; anthers alter-
nately smaller.

G. lepidota Nutt. Wild Liyuorice. Stem 1-3 feet high, appressed pubes-
cent; leaflets 15-19, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, scaly when young, dotted
when old, mucronate; flowers whitish; pods oblong, covered with hooked
prickles, few seeded. Fields and waste places; May-August; common in the
west counties, spreading eastward.

DESMODIUM Desv. Perennial herbs, with stipellate 3-foliate leaves.
scale-like stipules and bracts, and usually small flowers in axillary or termi-
nal racemes or bracts, Calyx more or less 2-lipped, the upper with 2 and the
lower with 3 teeth. Standard oblong, ovate or orbicular; wings obliquely
oblong, adherent by a transverse appendage; keel straight or straightish,
obtuse or truncate. Stamens monodelphous or diadelptous, 9 and 1. Ovary
sessile or stalked; ovules 2-many. Pod sessile or stalked, Hat. several
jointed; joints readily separable, indehiscent or nearly so, mainly coriaceous,
pubescent or muricate. (Meimomra Adans.)

Pea Famity. 39

* Pod long-statked, nut constricted wbove but deeply constricted below; stamens

monodclphous below; leaves petioled.

D. acuminatum DC. Stem erect, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 1-4
feet high; leaves clustered at the summit of the stem; leaflets ovate. acumi-
nate, remotely pubescent: stipules subulate, mostly persistent; peduncle
arising from the cluster of leaves; panicle large, naked, bracts deciduous;
flowers large, purple: pods 2-3-jointed. Rich woods; June-September: com-
men, CW. yrandiffora (Walt.) Kuntze.)

D. nudiflorum Di. Leaves crowded at the summit of the sterile stems;
leaflets ovate or oval, acuminate or bluntish; peduncle elongated, arising
from the base of the plant; panicle narrow, the few flowers rose-purple. Hilly
woodiands: July-August: infrequent: Muscatine and Cedar counties. (M.
nudiflord (L.) Kuntze.)

** Pod constricted on both margins, more dceply below than above; leaves

petioled.

+ Joints of the pod longer thun broad; stipe about the length of the calyx-lobes.

D. canescens DC. Stem much branched, 3-5 feet high, hairy; leaflets
ovate, acutish or obtuse, equalling the petioles, scabrous above, whitish and
somewhat pubescent beneath, ciliate: stipules ovate, acuminate. persistent;
pods 4+H-jointed, joints unequally rhomboidal, longer than wide. Rich soil;
July-September; infrequent; Muscatine, Johnson. and Lee counties. (1.
canescens (L.) Kuntze.)

D. longifolia (T. & (.) Stem 2-5 feet high, angled, branched, minutely
pubescent; leaves petioled; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate. long-acuminate,
seabrate above, slightly villous beneath; pods with 4-6 triangular-oblong or
lozenge-shaped joints. Woods; July-August; infrequent; Decatur and Page
counties. (M. longifolia (LT. & G.) Vail.)

D. cuspidatum T. & G. Stem 3-6 feet high mostly glabrous below, finely
pubescent above; leatiets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, glabrous,
above, glaucous beneath: pods 3-7-jointed, joints obliquely oblong, twice as
long as wide. Reported by Arthur as belonging to the flora of Iowa, (Af.
bracteosa (Mx.) Kuntze.)

+ + Pod sessile or nearly so: joints oval.

D. illinoense Gray. Stem erect, 2-4 feet high, uncinate-pubescent; leaflets
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, bluntish, coriaceous, scabrous above, strongly
reticulated and cinereous beneath; stipules ovate, acute, persistent; pods of 3-
6 oval or orbicular joints. Dry soil, prairies and woods; June-September;
frequent; Fayetie, Muscatine, Henry, Story, Decatur, Page, and Ringgold
counties.

+ +t + Pods long-stalked; joints little longer than broad.

D. dillenii Darl. Stem 2-3 feet high, glabrous or pubescent; leafiets thin,
oval to oblong-ovate, obtuse, pubescent or villous beneath; stipules small,
subulate; pods of 2-4 triangular joints; stipes shorter than the calyx lobes.
Borders of upland woods; June-August: frequent; forms have been referred
to this species from Jones, Muscatine, Lee, Johnson, Story. Chickasaw, and
Fremont counties. (VW. dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze.)

D. paniculatum DC. Stem nearly glabrous, 2-4 feet high; leaflets ob-
long-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, thin; stipules small, subulate,
deciduous; pods of 4-6 obliquely triangular or rhomboidal joints. Dry woods;
July-September; infrequent; Fayette, Johnson, Des Moines, Van Buren,
Decatur, and Fremont counties. (MW. proviculata (L.) Kuntze.)

40 PAPILIONACEAE.

1 ++ + Pod sessile or nearly so; joints roundish-triangular.

D. canadense DC. Stem 2-8 feet high, pubescent: leaves petioled, the
upper nearly sessile; stipules linear-lanceolate, persistent; leaflets, oblong or
ovate-lanceolate. obtuse, glabrous or roughish above, appressed pubescent be-
neath; flowers showy, larger than in any other species; pods numerous; joints
triangular, back straight or convex. Upland woods: July-September; fre-
quent. ( Mf. canadense ( L.) Kuntze.)

** © Leaves sessile or nearly so.

D. sessilifolium T. & G. Stem 2-4 feet high, pubescent; leaflets thickish,
linear or linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, nearly glabrousabove, pubescent
beneath; flowers small; panicle with long branches; pods with 1-3 obliquely
obovate hispid joints. Prairies, infrequent; Fayette county (Fink); copses,
abundant, Story county ( llitchcock ); July-September. ( VM. sessilifoliu (Torr.)
Kuntze. )

LESPEDEZA Ms. Buss Cuover. Perennial herbs. with pinnately 3-foli-
ate leaves, small stipules, and small flowers in axillary clusters, heads or
panicles. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes about equal. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1;
anthers equal. Pod short, oval or ovoid, reticulated.

L. capitata Mx. Stem 2-4 feet high. hairy; leaves short-petioled; leaflets
oblong or oval, smooth above, hairy or woolly below; flowers in short globu-
lar heads, on peduncles shorter than the leaves; pod shorter than the calyx,
pubescent. Prairies; July-August; common.

L. leptostachya Engelm. Stem 1-3 feet high, simple or branehed. silvery-
pubescent; leaflets linear to narrowly oblong; spikes slender, loosely flowered,
peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; pod ovate, pubescent, about e-
qualling the calyx. Prairies; August-September; Emmet county, reported
from Winneshiek, Fayette, Webster, Floyd, Story, and Lyon counties.

L.viotacea(lL.) Pers. Stems sparingly pubescent, clustered and mostly
spreading; petioles slender, as long as the leaflets; leaflets ovate or elliptical,
smooth above, minutely pubescent beneath; flowers several, in a loose panicle,
violet-purple; pod ovate, nearly glabrous. Dry soil; August-September; fre-
quent; Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Lee, Johnson, Van Buren, Appanoose, Deca-
tur, Ringgold, and Page counties.

L. reticulata Pers. Stem erect, simple or branched; leaflets linear or lin-
ear-oblong, glabrate or pubescent beneath; flowers in dense axillary clusters,
violet-purple; pod ovate, acute, glabrous or somewhat pubescent. Dry soil,
woods; August; infrequent; Muscatine and Decatur counties. (L. virginica ( L.)
Britton ).

VICIA L. Trailing or climbing herbs, with pinnate leaves terminating in
tendrils, semi-sagittate stipules, and axillary pedunculate flowers. Calyx
campanulate, 5-toothed, teeth nearly equal. Wings cohering to the middle
of the keel, Stamens diadelphous, 9and 1. Style slender, bent at right an-
gles to the ovary, villous at the apex. Pod 2-valved, flat, 2-several-seeded.

* Perennial; peduncle elongated, many-flowered.

V. americana Muhl. Stem glabrous, 2-3 feet long; stipules triangular-
ovate, sharply dentate; leaflets 8-14, elliptic, ovate or oblong, obtuse, slightly
mucronate: corolla purplish, one-half inch long; peduncles 4—8-flowered.
Rich soil, banks and woods; May-June; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette,
Linn, Story, Shelby, Cerro Gordo, Emmet, Lyon, and Pottawattomie counties.
Some forms approach the variety truncata (Nutt.) Brewer, which has the
leaves truncate and dentate at the apex.

Pea FAMILY. 4]

V.cracca L. Plant pubescett or rarely glabrous; spike-like racemes dense,
15-40-flowered; stipules linear, entire, acute; leaflets linear or linear-oblong.
Rare; reported from Story county.

V. caroliniana Walt. Glabrous or nearly so; stipules linear or oblong, en-
tire; leaflets oblong, obtuse; peduncles loosely flowered; flowers smaller than
the prece¢ding. River banks; rare; reported from Fayette county

** Annual; flowers nearly sessile, 1 or 2 in the axils.

V.angustifolia Roth. Glabrous or puberulent; stipules semi-sagittate,
toothed or entire; leaflets linear, lanceolate. or oblanceolate, apex acute, trun-
cate, or emarginate, mucronulate; pod linear, 1-2 inches long. One specimen
in my collection from Winneshiek county, probably rare. introduced.

LATHYRUS L. Ours perennial climbing vines, with pinnate leaves termin-
ating in tendrils, and solitary racemose flowers. Calyx campanulate, 5-tooth-
ed, the 2 upper teeth shorter. Wings nearly free. Stamens diadelphous, 9
andl. Style bent at right angles to the ovary. flattish, dilated above, pubes-
eent next the free stamen.

L. polustris L. Stem smooth or slightly pubescent, winged; stipules large,
semi-sagittate, acute; leaflets 2-5 pairs, narrowly oblong to linear; flowers
purple. 2-6 to each peduncle, half-inch long. Thickets; June-July; frequent;
Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson. Story, Hamilton, Erameh, Lyon, and Page coun-
ties.

L. venosus Muhl. Stem firm, pubescent or glabrous, 4-angled: stipules
small, slender, acute, semi-sagittate; leaflets 5-7 pairs, broadly ovate, obtuse,
mucronulate; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 10-16-flowered. Wooded
hillsides and banks; June-July; frequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Scott, Floyd,
Winnebago. Story, Cerro Gordo, Dickinson, Emmet, and Lyon counties.

L. ochroleucus Hook. Glabrous, somewhat glaucous; stipules large, folia-
ceous, semi-ovate and semi-sagittate; leaflets 3-5 pairs, ovate or oval. thin,
pale beneath; flowers yellowish-white. Borders: May-July: rare; Emmet
county, reported from Fayette county.

APIOS Boerhaave. Ours a perennial vine, with milky juice, twining over
bushes, bearing edible tubers, with pinnately 5~-7-foliate leaves, minute stip-
ules, and rather large purplish flowers in axillary racemes.

A. tuberosda Moench. Flowers in dense short racemes, brown purple, vio-
let-scented. Rich soil, moist thickets; July-September; common; Allamakee,
Scott, Muscatine, Lee, Johnson, Linn, Story, Emmet, Woodbury, Decatur,
Ringgold, Taylor, and Fremont counties. (A. apios (L.) Mac M.)

STROPHOSTYLES Ell. Ours annual prostrate or climbing plants, with
3-foliate leaves, and flowers in capitate long-peduncled axillary clusters. Ca-
lyx 5-toothed,.the 2 upper teeth more or less united. Corolla with the inclu-
ded stamens and style elongated, incurved. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1.
Pod linear, elongated, nearly terete or somewhat compressed. :

S. angulosa Ell. Stems 2-6 feet long, branched, retrorsely hairy; leafiets
oblong-ovate, with one or the terminal’ with two roundéd lobes near the base;
pod obscurely hairy, terete, 2-3 inches long; seed quadrate, 14 inch long, trun-
cate, pubescent, mealy. Sandy soil; July-September; common. (S. helveola
( L.) Britton.) ;

S. pauciflora (Benth. ) Wats. Low, pubescent; leaflets wvk oblong-linear
to linear, not lobed; pod pubescent, flattish, 1-11¢ inches long; seeds as in the
last. Sandy soil; August-September; frequent; Muscatine, Wapello, Fremont;
Dickinson, and Lyon counties.

2 CAESALPINACEAE

AMPHICARPAEA Ell. Trailing perennials from ovate tubers, with pin-
nately 3-foliate long-petioled leaves. and perfect flowers in axillary racemes
or solitary apetalous ones in the lower axils or on slender creeping branches.
Calyx 4-5-eleft; bracts minute or none. Standard obovate, enfolding the oth-
er petals; keel and wings straightish, similar. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and t.
Style beardless. Pods of the npper flowers, flat, reeurved, short-stalked, 2-3-
seeded; those of the lower flowers underground, fleshy, globose, 1-seeded.

A. monoica Nutt. Pubescent or glabrate; leaflets ovate, thin, 1-2 inches
long: stipules small, ovate; racemes nudding, purple; calyx short; pod an inch
Jeng, 14 inch wide, hairy onthe margin. Rich woodlands; August-September;
frequent. ( Fulcata eomnosa (bl. ) Kuntze.)

A. pitcheri T. & G. Villous-brown-pubescent; leaflets 2-1 inches long;
pods of the large flowers frequent, pubescent, subterranean pods infrequent.
Rich woodlands; August-September; frequent. (F. pitcneri (T. & G. ) Kuntze. )

CAESALPINACKAE Al. & Garcke. SENNA FAMILY.

Trees, shrubs cr herbs, with alternate simple or compound leaves, and
regular or irregular monoecious, dicesious or polygamous flowers. Calyx
mostly 5-toothed or 5-parted. Petals 5, the upper enclosed by the lateral
in the bud. Stamens 10 or fewer; filaments distinct or somewhat united.
Fruit a legume, dehiscent into two valves.

Crrcis. Trees, with simp'e leaves. perfect roseate apparently papilionaceous flowers,
and flat wing-marzined pods.

Cassia. Herbs, with pianate leaves. and nearly regular perfect flowers.

GYMNOCLADwS. Trees, With bipiuaate leaves. and regular polygamous or dioecious flow-
ers. Stamens 10.

GLEDITscH1A. Thoray trees, with 1-2 pinnate leaves, and greenish polygamous flowers.
Sepals, petals, and stamens 3-5.

CEPCIS L. Leaves large, ovate-cordate. Flowers reddish-purple, cluster-
ed, appearing before the leaves, on old branches. Calyx persistent, 5-toothed.
Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous; wings larger than the standard and envel-
oping it; lower petals large, free. Pods 2-3 inehes long, 4- inch wide,
wing-margined on the upper sucture.

C. canadensis lL. Leaves pointed, entire, petioles somewhat shorter than
the leaves; pods flat, many-seeded, veiny, nearly sessile. A small tree fre-
quent along water courses, preferring the bluffs; April-May; Scott, Musea-
tine, Louisa, Des Moines, Lee. Ilenry, Van Buren, Jefferson, Johnson, Appa-
noose, Polk, Decatur, and Fremont counties.

CASSIA L. Merbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and mostly yellow flow-
ers. Sepals 5, nearly equal, scarcely united at the base. Petals 5, unequal,
but not papilionaceous, spreading. Stamens normally 10, sometimes fewer
by abortion, often unequal; anthers opening by two terminal pores. Pods
flat, 1-celled, many-seeded.

C. chamaecrista lL. Purtrid ye Pea. Annual, stem 1 foot high, much branch-
ed; leaflets 10-15 pairs, oblique at the base, sessile or nearly so, linear-ob-
Jong, cbtuse, mucronate, a cup shaped gland situated on the petiole below the
first pair of leaflets; stipules lancvolate, striate, persistent; flowers large. on
slender pedicels; 2 or 3 of the petals with a purple spot at the base; anthers
10, unequal, elongated, + yellow, 6 purple. Sandy soil, fields and waste
places; July-August; common.

C. msrylandica L. Wild Senna. Perennial, stem 3-4 feet, high; leaflets
¢—-) pairs, short-stalked, obiong-lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, a club-shaped

Mimosa FaMILy. 43

gland near the base of the petiole; stipules deciduous; flowers in a raceme; sta-
mens 10, 3 upper small, imperfect; pod curved, 10-20-seeled. Low grounds;
July-August; infrequent; Dubuque, Scott, Muscatine, Louisa, Linn, Appa-
noose, Ringgold, Page. and Fremont counties.

C. tora L. Low Senna. Annual; leaflets 2-! pairs, obovate, gland between
or above lowest pair; pod long and slender, strongly curved. Reported from
Story county; introduced.

GYMNOCLADUS Lam. Flowers dicecious or polygamous, regular, in ter-
minal recemes. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, divisionslinear. Petals equal. oblong,
inserted on the calyx tube. Stamens 10, distinct, alternately shorter, insert-
ed with the petals, included. Pod large, cumpressed, oblong, 4-8 inches
long, 2 inches wide, tough, pulpy within, several-seeded.

G. canadensis Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree. A large tree, with rough gray-
ish bark, anda large pith-like center: leaves unequally bipinnate, the lower
two pairs of pinnae of single leaflets. the upper of 7-13 ovate acuminate leaf-
lets; stipules none, seeds }3 an inch in diameter, polished. Rich soil; May-
June; locally infrequent throughout the state; Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque,
Fayette, Delaware, Scott, Muscatine, Louisa, Lee, Johnson, Henry, Story,
Dallas, Decatur, Fremont, Pottawattomie, Shelby, and Woodbury counties.

GLEDITSCHIA L. Trees, with pinnate or bipinnate leaves, and usually
well developed thorns above the axils. Flowers polygamous, small, greenish,
in spike-like racemes. Sepals 3-5, spreading, united at the base. Petals 3-5,
equal in length to the sepals, the two lower sometimes united. Stamens 3-5,
opposite the sepals. Pod compressed, continuous, usually pulpy between the
seeds. Seeds flat.

G. triacanthos L. Honey Locust. A large tree; spines branched; leaflets
lanceolate-oblong, alternate, obscurely serrate, pod a foot or more in length
and fully an inch in wiith, flat, linear-oblong, often twisted, hanging, inter-
spaces filled with a sweetish pulp; seeds flattened, globose, dark. Rich woods;
June; frequent throughout the state.

MIMOSACEAE Jichenb. Mimosa Famizy.

Ours a perennial herb, with alternate bipinnate leaves, small stipules,
and small regular perfect greenish flowers in pedunculate axiilary heads.
Represented by the genus Desmantuus Willd.

D. brachylobus Benth. Stem angled, glabrous or nearly so, 1-+ feet high;
pinnae and leaticts numerous; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; petals 5, distinct;
stamens 5, distinct; pods many, iu a dense glubose head, flat, linear, curved,
2-valved, several-seeded. Alluvial soil; June-August; frequent; Dickinson,
Calhoun, and Fremont counties.

DRUPACEAE DC Puiu Famity.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled serrate leaves, and regular
mostly perfect flowers which are solitary or variously clustered. The
bark exudes a gum and the leaves, seed, and bark contain a bitter princi-
ple called prussic acid. Calyx inferior, deciduous, 5 lubed, the lobes im-
bricated in the bud. Petals 5, inserted along with the many stamens on
the calyx. Style simple, stigma smali, capitate. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovul-
ed. Fruitadrupe. Often included wi.h the following family.

Prunus. Drupe glabrous; native species.
AMYGDALUS. Drupe velvety; introduced species.

44 ROSACEAE

PRUNUS L. Plum Cuerry. Calyx 5-toothed, urn-shaped or campanulate,
falling away after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 15-20. Pistil 1. Ovary 1,
with 2 pendulous ovules. lruita fleshy drape, with a bony nucleus.

* Flowers expanding before the leaves.

P. americana Mars. Wild Plum. A shrub or small tree, 10-20 feet high,
thorny; leaves oblong, ovate or obovate, serrate, sometimes doubly serrate,
petioled, veiny; flowers in clusters, white, fragrant, fruit roundish, }s inch or
more in diameter, yellowish or red, edible, skin tough. Flowers in April,
fruit ripe in August; rich woods; common throughout the state.

** Plowers expunding with the leaves.

P. pennsylvanica L. f. Wild Red Cherry. A small tree, 15-30 feet high;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous, shin-
-ing on both sides; flowers white, in lateral corymbose leafless clusters; drupe
‘globcse, small, red, flesh sour. Woods; April-June; rare; Fayette county, re-
ported from Stury county.

** * Flowers terminating leafy branches, appearing after the leaves.

P. serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Tree 20-30 feet or more high.
branches reddish brown; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical. taper pointed, ser-
rate, teeth glandular, incurved; petioles with 2-4 glands; flowers small, white,
“in an elongated raceme; drupe smal]. black. Woods; May; coramon.

P. virginiana L. Choke Cherry. €hrub 4-15 feet high, bark grayish; leaves
oval or obovate, shert pointed, finely and sometimes doubly serrate, teeth
slender, petioles with two glands; flowers white, in a short raceme; drupe
small, red, turnicvg dark.. Woods; May; common; usually blooming a week
or more before the preceeding.

AMYGDALUS L. Represented in.cultivation by the Peach.

A. persica I. This species isa not infrequent escape in southern Iowa.
-Waysides; April; Ringgold, Fayette, Page, and Fremont counties.

ROSACEAE B. Juss. Rosk FAmILy.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate mostly stipulate simple or com-
pound leaves, and regular perfect or polygamo-dicecious flowers. Calyx
usually 5-lobed, free or adnate to the ovary, often with a row of bractlets.
Petals usually 5, sometimes none. Stamens usually many, distinct, in-
serted with the petals on the edye of the disk which lines the calyx-tube.
‘Carpels l-many. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled; style lateral or
terminal. Commonly includes the preceeding and the following families..

* Pistils usually 5, becoming 2-4-seeded follicles.

SPIRAEA. Leaves simple or pinnate; flowers perfect or dioecious; pods 1-valved.

PHYSOCARPCS. Leaves palmately lobed: flowers perfect; pods 2-valved.

* * Pistils few or numny, 2-ovulcd, becoming 1-seeded drupelets.

Rupes. Pistils many; drupelets pulpy, crowded upon a spongy receptacle,

* ® * Pistils few or many, 1-ovuled, becoming dry achenes.

Geum. Leaves interruptedly pinnate; styles persistent, often hairy or plumose.

FraGARiA. Leaves 3-foliate; styles deciduous; receptacle enlarged and pulpy in fruit.

POrENTILLA. Leaves pinnately compound or digitate; calyx with a row of bractlets alter-

nate with the calyx-lobes: stamens and achenes many; receptacle dry.
*%*** Pistils 1-4, becoming uchenes aud enclosed in the dry persistent
calyy-tiube.

AGRIMONIA. Flowers yellow, in long racemes; calyx bearing hooked prickles.

**** * Pistils many, becoming bony achencs and enclosed in a fleshy
persistent pome-like ealyx-tube.
Rosa, Prickly shrubs or herbs; the only genus.

ra

Rosé Famtizy. 45

SPIRAEA L. Herbs or shrubs, with simple or pinnate leaves. and panicu-
late or corymbose flowers. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Petals 5, roundish. Sta-
mens many. Carpels 5-8, 1-celled, l-valved, 1-10-seeded, scarcely dehiscent or
indehiscent.

S. salicifolia L. Common Meadow-swect, Erect. 2-3 feet high, smooth, leaf-
y: leaves sessile. lanceolate or oblanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; flowers
white. perfect, in a dense panicle. Woods and meadows: Jaly-August; wide-
ly distributed. frequent in the eastern counties. infrequent westward. Win-
neshiek. Favette, Delaware. Jones. Scott. Museatine. Tohnson. Linn. Henry,
Taylor, Page. Hancock, Cerro Gordo, Chickasaw, Winnebago, and Emmet
counties.

S. aruncus lL. Goat's Beard. A perennial glabrous herb, 3-7 feet high,
with long-petioled 2-3 pinnate leaves: leaflets oval or lanceolate. sharply
doubly serrate. and numerous white dicecious flowers in panicled spikes: stip-
ules wanting: spikes slender. elongated. Rich woods: May-July: frequent;
Clinton, Dubuque, Jackson, Muscatine, and Lee counties. (Arwmens aruncis
(L.) Karst.)

S. lobata Jacq. Queen-of-the-Prairic. A perennial glabrous herb, 2-8 feet high,
with large interruptedly pinnately 3-7-foliolate leaves. and fragrant perfect
pink or purple panicled or cymese flowers; stipules serrate, persistent. reni-
form: capsules glabrous, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Moist soil, prairies: June-July;
reported from Muscatine countv. ( GOlmaria rubra Hill.)

PHYSOCAPPUS Maxim. Shruhs, with palmately lobed leaves, and cor-
vmbose white flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. persistent. Petals 5. Stamens many.
Carpels 1-5. 2-valved, inflated. dehiscent.

P. opulifolius Maxim. Ninebark. Shrub 3-7 feet high, stems and branches
slender, recurved, old bark loose and shreddy: leaves roundish, more or less
3-lobed, somewhat doubly serrate: calyx pubescent. corolla 2-3 times the
length of the calyx. petals lance-oval. Rocky woods: June; infrequent: Win-
neshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Favette. Jackson, Jones, Muscatine, Henry,
Johnson. Linn. and Decatur counties. ( Opilaster opulifolins (L. ) Kuntze.)

RUBUS. L. Perennial herbs or shrubs, upright or trailing. with alternate
simple lobed or 3-7-foliolate leaves, adnate stipules. and perfect rarely dicecious
flowers which are solitary. racemose or panicled, usually white. Calyx per-
sistent, 5-parted, bractless. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens many, distinct, in-
serted on the calyx. Carpels many, inserted on a convex or elongated recep-
tacle. Fruit an aggregation of drupelets, edible

R. occidentalis L. Black Raspberry. Very glaucous, stems long, slender,
recurved, often rooting at the tip. sparingly armed with stout hooked prick-
les; leaflets usually 3, ovate, acuminate, white pubescent beneath, coarsely
doubly serrate; petals shorter than the sepals: fruit purple-black. Thickets,
fence ways: May-June. fruit ripe in July: common.

R. strigosus Ms. Wild Red Raspberry. A shrubby biennial; not glaucous;
densely clothed with weak glandular bristles, the older stems with a few
hooked prickles; leaflets 3 or 5: whitish pubescent beneath: sepals and petals
about equal in length; fruit light red. Dry or rocky soil; May-July. fruit
ripe in July-September; infrequent; Emmet, Fayette. Delaware, Johnson,
Henry, Lee, Dallas. Woodbury, and Lyon counties.

R. triflorus Richardson. Dwarf Raspberry. A sraall herbaceous unarmed
annual, 6-18 inches high or trailing; stipules oval, entire or few toothed; leafl-
ets 3 or 5, rhombic-ovate, glabrous or nearly so; fruit red purple. Reported

45 ROSACEAE

from Winneshiek county. (R. americanus ( Pers. ) Britton. )

R. villosus Ait. Common Blackberry. A perennial shrub, branched, gland-
ular-pubescent; stems 3-6 feet high, furrowed, erect or reclining, armed with
stout recurved prickles; stipules linear or lanceolate: leaflets 3or 5, ovate or
ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, pubescent beneath; flowers numerous, racemose,
petals spreading, much exceding the sepals; fruit black. Thickets; May-
June, fruit ripe July-August; common.

R. baileyanus Britton. Intermediate; stem trailing or ascending, spar-
ingly prickly; upper leaves unifoliate; leaflets ovate or oval, pubescent, base
rounded or cordate. Forms from Decatur county referred to this species.

R. canadensis L. Dewberry. Shrubby. trailing, somewhat prickly; braenh-
es 4-12 inches long, erect or ascending; leaflets 3 or pedately 5-7, oval or ovate-
lanceolate, thin, cut-serrate; fruit black. Dry soil, fields and woods; April-
May, fruit ripe June-July; frequent; Clinton, Muscatine, Johnson, Henry, Ap- -
panoose, and Decatur counties. The variety invisus Bailey, is stouter, partly
ascending, leaflets larger, coarsely dentate, peduncles elongated. Dry soil;
woods; Decatur county.

GEUML. Perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, and sol-
itary or cymose-corymbose flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, usually bracteolate
Petals 5, exceeding the calyx, Stamens many, inserted on a disk at the base
of the calyx. Achenes many.

G. album Gmel. Stems 1-214 feet high, glabrate to softly pubescent; stip-
ules small, dentate; basal leaves long-petioled, 3-foliolate or of 3-5 pinnately
divided divisions, dentate, somewhat lobed; cauline-leaves short-petioled or
sessile, 3-5-lobed or divided; flowers white; sepals lanceolate, reflexed; petals
obovate, equalling or shorter than the sepals; head of fruit globose-ovoid,
receptacle densely bristly-hirsute. Open woods, borders; June-August; fre-
quent. (G canadense Jacq.)

G. virginianum L. Similar to the preceding, stouter, bristly-hairv: pe
duncles pubescent with reflexed hairs; sepals reflexed; petals creamy-white,
spreading, shorter than the sepals; receptacle glabrous or nearly so; style pu-
bescent below. Low prairies, woods; June-July; infrequent; Fayette, Benton,
Muscatine, Johnson, Decatur, Fremont, Story, Dickinsoa, and Lyon counties.

G. macrophyllum Willd. Stem stout, 1-3 feet high, bristly-hairy: stip-
ules broad, foliaceous; basal leaves long-petioled, lyrately and interruptedly
pinnate, terminal segment large, reniform to cordate, 3-7-lobed, lateral leafi-
ets oval or obovate; stem-leaves short-petioled or sessile, lateral leaflets small,
terminal roundish, 3-cleft, lobes cuneate-ovate, all leaflets dentate; flowers
terminal, yellow; sepals reflexed, acute; petals obovate, exceeding the sepals;
receptacle nearly glabrous; style pubescent below. Low grounds; May-July;
infrequent: Wiuneshiek, Clinton, Winnebago, Cerro Gordo, and Pottawatto-
mie counties.

G. strictum Ait. Similar to the preceding, pubescent; basal leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate, terminal leaflet ovate or cuneate; stem-leaves of 3-5 rhom-
bie-ovate or oblong acute leaflets; receptacle downy. Low grounds; June-Au-
gust; reported from Fayette county.

G. triflorum Pursh. Hairy, seapose, 4-14 inches high; rvot-leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate, divisions laciniate, scape-leaves 2 pairs, opposite; peduncles
elongated, bractlets linear,exceeding the erect purple calyx-lobes; petals pur-
ple; styles long filiform, plumose in fruit. Prairies and open upland woods;
May-June; infrequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, and Fayette counties. ( @. cil-

Rosr FAMILY. 47

iatum Pursh.)

FRAGARIA L. StrawBerry. Stemless perennial stoloniferous hairy herbs,
with trifoliolate radical leaves. aud white scapose polygamo-dicecious flowers.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with 5 narrow bractlets at the base of the sinuses giving
it the appearance of being 10-cleft. Petals 5, obcurdate. Stamens and styles
many. Receptacle in fruit becoming globose or conical, pulpy, scarlet, bear-
ing Lhe dry acheues on or near the surface.

F. virginiana Duchesne. Stout, tufted. more or less villous-pubeseent;
leaflets obovate-cuneate, coriaceous, serrate; calyx becoming erect-spreading;
achenes imbedded in pits of the oblong receptacle. Vields and woods; May-
June; common. .

F. vesca L. Fruiting receptacle conical, without pits; achenes projecting
ou the nearly even surface; fruiting calyx spreading or reflexed; leaflets thick-
ish. Introducea; May; reported from several counties but is confused with
the following species.

F.americana Porter. Villous-pubescent or glabrate, runners produced
freely; leaflets thin, ovate or oval. the terminal cuneate-ovate, all incised-
dentate; fruit ovoid or elongaved-conie, reddish or pink, achenes borne on the
even surface. Rocky woods; May-June; infrequent; forms from Winneshiek,
Johnson, and Decatur counties referred to this species.

POTENTILLA L. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate compound
leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers. Calyx 5-lobed, 5-bracteolate. Petals
5. Stamens many. Achenes many, collected in ahead, onadry usually pu-
bescent or hairy receptacle.

* Perennials; flowers white; style nearly basal.

P. arguta Pursh. Glandular Chinquefoit. Stem 1-4 feet high, mostly sim-
ple, glandular and brownish-hairy; basal leaves petioled. pinnately 7-11-foli-
olate, leaflets incised dentate, the lateral ovate, oval or rhomboid. the termin-
al one cuneate; stem-leaves short-petivled or sessile, leaflets fewer: flowers
white, cyme dense; stamens 25-30, borne on a thick glandulardisk. Prairies;
June—July; common.

** Annual or biennial, flowers yellow; style terminal.
+ Leaves not white tomentose; stamens 5-20.

P. norvegica L. Annual or biennial. 6-30 inches high, hirsute leaves ter-
nate, basal and lower petioled, the upper sessile; leaflets obovate, obtuse, in-
cisely-serrate, pubescent; flowers small, ina close leafy cyme; calyx large,
lobes ovate; petals obovate, retuse, shorter than the calyx-lobes; stamens 15-
20. Dry soil; June-September; common. ( P montspeliensis L.)

P. paradoxa Nutt. Stems decumbent to erect, subvillous, 1-3 feet high;
leaves mostly petioled, pinnately 5-11-foliolate; leaflets obovate or oval, ob-
tuse; flowers ina loose leafy cyme; stamens about 20; achenes glabrous,
strongly gibbous. Wet soil, shores; June-September; frequent; Cerro Gordo,
Dieckinscn, and Woodbury counties. (P. supina L. of Gray’s Manual. )

P. nicolletii ( Wats.) Sheldon. Similar to the preceding but leaves mostly
3-foliolate; flowers falsely racemose; stamens 10-15. Reported from Iowa.

P. pentandra Engelm. Stem 1-4 feet high, erect, hirsute, branched a-
bove; basal and lower leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, the lateral leaflets deeply
parted, the upper ternate; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse, incised-den-
tate; flowers terminal, more or less cymose; stamens 5-8, when 5 opposite the
sepals. Reported from Scott, Story, Humbolt, Woodbury, and Fremont
couuties.

48 ROSACEAE

P. leucocarpa Rydberg. A decumbent or ascending annual, 6-30 inches
high, pubescent or glabrate; leaves all 3-foliolate; leaflets oblong, cuneate,
thin, incisely-serrate; flowers terminal, loosely cymose; stamens about 10; a-
chenes small, glabrous. Reported from Woodbury county. (P. millegrand
Watson. )

P. rivalis Nutt. Stem slender, branched, villous; leaves pinnately 5-folio-
Jate or 3-foliolate aud the terminal leaflet 3-parted; cyme loose; calyx small;
petals minute; stamens 10-20. Reported from Fayette and Woodbury coun-
ties.

+ + Leaves more or less white tomentose; stamens 20-25.

P. pennsylvanica L. Stems usually erect, 15-30 inches high: ‘eaflets
5-9, grayish-tomentose beneath. glabrous above, oblong, obtuse, incisely-pin-
natifid into linear segments; flowers in a dense cyme; stamens 20-25. Re-
ported from Lyon and Jones counties.

** *® Perennial; flowers purple; receptucle hairy, becoming large and spongy:

style lateral ; achenes glabrous,

P. palustris (L.) Seop. Base decumbent, woody, perennial; stem gla-
brous below, pubescent above; leaves pinnate, the lower long-petioled, 5-7 fo-
liolate; leaflets oblong or oval, serrate; flowers few, showy, in an open cyme;
calyx with narrow bractlets, purple within; petals shorter, purple: stamens
many. Swampy places; June-August; infrequent; Emmet. Cerro Gordo, and
Hancock counties. (Comarum palustre L.)

¥*** Shrubby perennials; reecptacle and achenes villous; style attuered below

the middle.

P. fruticosa L. Erect, shrubby, 14-3 feet high, much branched, bark
shreddy; leaflets 5-7, oblong, entire. silky, margins revolute; petals yellow,
orbicular; stamens 15-20. Rocky bluffs; June-September; infrequent; Win-
nishiek and Allamakee counties.

P. tridentata Ait. Stems tufted, woody, 1-10 inches high: leaves petioled,
3-foliolate; lower leaflets oblanceolate, cuneate toward the base, apex trun-
cate, 3-toothed or sometimes 2-6-toothed, upper leaflets linear or oblong, of-
ten entire; petals white; stamens about 20. Rocky places; June-August; re-
ported from Winneshiek county.

**** * Herbaceous perennials; flowers solitary, on slender axillary peduncles,

yellow; styles slender, lateral achenes gltbrous.

P. canadensis L. Stems slender, prostrate or decumbent; leaves petioled,
digitately 5-foliolate; leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, ser-
rate; stamens about 20. Dry soil, woods and fields; April-August; common.

P. anserina L. Leaves petioled, pinnate; leaflets 7-25, oblong to obovate,
obtuse, serrate, white and silky-pubescent beneath. Abundant along rail-
road embankment at Jewel Junction, Hamilton county. (Hitcheock).

AGRIMONIA L. Perennial herbs, with alternate interruptedly pinnate
leaves, and small yellow flowersin spike-like racemes. Calyx-tube inversely
conical, constricted at the throat, armed with hooked prickles on the upper
portion, 5-cleft, hardened in fruit, and enclosing the 2 achenes. Petals 5.
Stamens 12-15. Styles terminal.

A. hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell. Stem 2-4 feet high, erect, simple, hairy,
from fibrous roots; leaflets 5-7, with minute ones intermixed, elliptic to
broadly oblong, coarsely dentate, usually glabrous below; petals twice the
length of the reflexed sepals. Woods; July-August; common. (A. cipatoria Le
of Gray’s Manual.)

APPLE FAMILY. 49

A. mollis (T. & G.) Britton. Stem 1-+ feet high, villous below, pubescent
or canescent above, paniculately branched; roots tuberous; leaflets 5-11, nar-
rowly oblong to obovate, velvety pubescent beneath, crenate to dentate, inter-
posed leaf-segments mostly in single pairs. Dry woods; July-September; fre-
quent; Johnson, Van Buren, Ringgold, and Page counties.

A. parviflora Soland. Stem 2-5 feet high, virgately branched, densely hir-
sute with brownish hairs; roots not tuberous; leaflets crowded, 11-19, lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, serrate: flowers numerous, in long racemes; petals
small. Prairiesand woods; July~September; frequent; Muscatine, Lee, De-
eatur, Ringgold, and Page counties.

ROSAT.. Erect or climbing shrubs, usually prickly, with alternate odd-
pinnate leaves, adnate stipules, aud solitary or corymbose showy flowers.
Calyx-tube cun-shaped or urn-shaped, constricted at the throal, fleshy in fruit,
usually 5-lobea. Petals usually 5, spreading. Stamens many, inserted with
the petals into the edge of the ho'‘low annular disk. Achenes several, enclos-
ed in the fruiting calyx-tube. A difficult genus and perfect specimens are
requisite for positive determination.

*® Sepals persistent.

R. arkansana Porter. Stems 1-2 feet high, densely prickly, infrastipular
spines none; stipules narrow; leaflets 7-11, oval or obovate, sharply serrate;
outer sepals lobed; fruit globose, glabrous. Prairies; June-July; common.
Often mistaken for the following species,

R. blanda Ait Stems 2-4 feet high, entirely unarmed or with a few prick-
les; stipules dilated; leaflets 5-7, short-stalked, oval or obovate, obtuse, ser-
rate; sepals entire, hispid. Specimens from Emmet, Winneshiek, and John-
son counties have been referred to this species but the determinations are
doubtful. The species has been reported from several localities.

R. woodsii Lindl. Stems 4-30 inches high; armed with slender straight’
spines or naked above; infrastipular spines present; stipules rather
broad. entire; leaflets 5-9, oval or obovate, sharply serrate, somewhat glau-
cous beneath; sepals lobed or entire; fruit globose or globose-ovoid, glabrous,
sometimes glaucous. Thicket near a swamp; Fremont county.

* ® Sepals deciduous.

R. humilis Marsh. Stems 1-3 feet high, more or less prickly, infrastipular
spines present; stipules narrow; leaflets 5 or 7, ovate or-obovate,. coarsely and
sharply serrate; outer sepals more or less lobed: fruit globose or depressed-
globose, glandular hispid. Woods; May-July: frequent; Muscatine, Johnson,
and Henry counties.

R. rubiginosa L. Sweetbricr. Eglantine. Stems 3-5 feet high, armed with
stout recurved spines; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oval, doubly serrate, glandular-
pubescent and resinous beneath, aromatic. Introduced; June-July; infre-
quent; Muscatine, Henry, and Decatur counties.

POMACEAE JZ. AppLe FaMILy

Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, small free deciduous
stipules, and regular perfect flowers, solitary or in cymes or racemes. Ca-
lyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed, tube adnate to the ovary. Petals usually 5, clawed.
Stamens few to many. Ovary usually 5-celled. Carpels 1-5, wholly or
partially united, 1-2-ovuled. Styles 1-5. Fruita pome.

* Cells of the ovary as many as the styles.

pyrus. Pome large, fleshy; carpels papery, 2-5.
CRATAEGUS. Pome small; carpels bony, 1-5.

50 POMACEAE

* Cells of the ovary apparently twice as many as the styles.
AMELANCHIER. With us the only genus.
. PYRUS L. Small trees or shrubs, witk toothed or lobed leaves. and fra-
grant flowers in simple terminal cymes. Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5,
roundish. Stamens many. Styles 2-5. Fruita pome. with the central por-
tion papery, 2-5-celled, each cell 2-seeded.

P. ioensis (Wood) Bailey. Western Crab Apple. A small tree, 10-15 feet
high, bushy, often spiny; leaves ovate, oval or oblong, dentate cr crenate, or
often with a few rounded lobes, obtuse, white-pubescent beneath, mostly
glabrous above; flowers white to rose-color, appearing with the leaves; fruit
globular, about an inch in diameter, green, sour. Thickets; May; common.
Usually labled P. coronaria L. (P. cvronaria var. ioensis Wood. Matus ioensis
(Wood) Britton.)

P. malus L. Common Apple. This species is becoming a frequent escape
along roadsides and in waste places. Observed in Appanoose; Decatur, Ring-
gold Union, Adams, Page, Montgomery, and Pottawattomie counties.

CRATAEGUS L. Thorny trees or shrubs. with alternate petioled serrate
lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and usually white flowersin terminal corymbose
clusters. Calyx urceolate or campanulate, limb 5-cleft. Petals5. Stamens
many. Ovaries 1-5, with corresponding number of styles. Pome drupe-like,
containing 1-5 bony carpels.

* Leaves obovate, spatulate or oblanceolate.

C. crus-galli UL. Cockspur Thorn. Shrub or small tree, 8-25 feet high;
branches grayish, horizontal; thorns long and slender; leaves cuneate-obo-
vate, coriaceous, dull green, glabrous on both sides, serrate above the middle;
corymbs many-flowered, pedicels and calyx glabrous; fruit globular. Thick-
ets; May; common.

C. punctata Jacq. Similar to the preceding; leaves obovate, short-point-
ed or obtuse. cuneate toward the base and entire below, irregularly serrate,
slender petioled, glabrous above, mostly pubescent beneath; corymbs many-
flowered; calyx and pedicels mostly pubescent; fruit globose or oval. Thick-
ets; May; frequent; Allamakee, Fayette, Webster, Story, Cerro Gordo, and
Emmet counties.

* * Leaves ovate or broadly oval or somewhat orbicular.
+ Leaves pubescent, especially on the veins beneath.

C. mollis (T. & G.) Scheele. A small tree or shrub, 10-25 feet high; leaves
usually broadly ovate, base truncate, incised, sharply serrate, teeth gland-
tipped, rough aboye. very pubescent beneath; twigs, petioles, pedicels, and
calyx densely pubescent. Rich woods, thickets; April-May; common. (C.
coccinen var. mollis T. & G.) ;

C. tomentosa L. Ranging from 10-25 feet high; spines stout; leaves ovate-
oval or broadly oval, acute or acutish, sharply serrate, frequently incisely
lobed, base tupcring or cunerte, petioles margined; twigs, shoots, and lower sur--
face of the leaves, especially along the veins pubescent or villous-pubescent;
flowers small. ill-scented. Lowlands woods, thickets; May-June; frequent.

t + Leaves glabrous or nearly so; teeth mostly gland-tipped.

C. rotundifolia (Ehrh.) Barck. A shrub or small tree similar to the pre-
ceding, but with slender spines, and mostly smaller leaves which are oval or
obovate, slender-petioled, glabrous or nearly so, base tupering or cineate, in-
cised-serrate or somewhat lobed. Uplands; April-May: infrequent; Johnson
county.

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 5]

C. coccinea L. Spines stout; leaves ovate or orbicular, apex acute or a-
cumninate, base triicate or subeordate, thin, sharply incised and serrate; flow-
ers numerous. Weods. thickets; April-May; common; Johnson county. The
species has been reported from many localities but is confused with ('. mollis
(T. & G.) Sheele.

AMELANCHIER Medic. Small trees or shrubs, with simple alternate pet-
jioled leaves, und white racemose flowers. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes reflexed,
persistent, Petals 5, oblong-spatulate or oblong. Stamens short. many.
Styles 5, united below. Fruita berry like pome, 5-celled, each cell with a
false partition, thus apparently 10-celled, and each cell 2-seeded.

* Leaves usually serrate all around.

A. canadensis (l.) Medic. June-berry. Service-berry. A small tree, usual-
ly 10-25 feet high; leaves ovate or oval, acute or acuminate, base rounded or
cordate, sharply or finely serrate, sparingly pubescent when young, soon gla-
brous; racemes spreading or drooping, pedicels slender, Jong; petals linear-
oblong to linear-spatulate, 3-4 times the length of the calyx; pome globose,
red or purple, on long slender pedicels. Wooded bluffs; April-May, fruit ripe
in July; frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Delaware, Johnson, Sto-
ry, and Decatur counties.

A. botryapium (1. f.) DC. Usually a small shrub, with leaves and racemes
densely white-woolly when young, often glabrous when old; leaves oblong,
oval to obovate, acute, base rounded or narrowed, sharply serrate; raceme
dense, short; pedicels short; petals spatulate, 2-3 times the length of the ca-
lyx-lobes. Wooded bluffs; April-May; infrequent; Fayette and Johnson coun-
ties. (A. canadensis var. oblongifolia T. & G. )

* * Leaves dentate above the middle.

A. alnifolia Nutt. A shrub, 3-7 feet high, mostly glabrate, somewhat
glaucous; leaves thickish, broadly elliptical to nearly orbicular, obtuse or
sometimes truncate at the apex, base rounded or subcordate, coarsely dentate
above; raceme short, dense; pedicels short; petals cuneate-oblong. Dry soil;
April; infrequent; Winnebago county; reported from Winneshiek county.

SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate or opposite usually exstipulate leaves,
and mostly regular flowers. Calyx of 4or5 distinct or slightly united
sepals. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with them or none.
Stamens 4 or 5, inserted alternately with the petals, or twice the number
of the petals. Fruit a capsule ora berry.

* Herbs; leaves usually alternate.
SaXiPRiGa. Flowers perfect; stamens 10; ovary 2-celled.
SULLIVANTIA. Flowers perfect: stamens5; ovary 2-celled; seeds wing-margined.
MITELLa. Calyx adnate to the base of the 1-celled ovary ; petals pinnatifid; stamens 10.
HEUCHERA. Calyx adnate to the base of the 1-celled ovary; petals small, entire; stamens
‘5; carpels 2.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Petals wanting; stamens 10; styles2.
PARNASSIA. Flowers showy, terminal; fertile stamens 5, sterile stamens clustered at the
base of the petals.
* Shrubs; leaves opposite.
HYDRANGEA. Flowers in compound cymes; stamens 8 or 10.

SAXIFRAGA L. Perennials, with simple leaves, in ours clustered at the
root, and perfect flowers. Sepals 5, more or less connivent. Petals 5, entire,
inserted on the calyx-tube, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10; anthers 2-
celled. Styles2. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked.

52 SAXIFRAGACEKAE

S. pennsylvanica L. Scape 1-3 feet high, downy-pubescent; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, entire or denticulate, petiole broad; flowers cymose-panicu-
late: calyx adnate to the base of the ovary, lobes rccarved; petals greenish,
linear-lanceolate, but little exceding the calyx; capsul: diverging by the beaks
into nearly separate follicles. Moist meadows and woods; May-June; fre-
quent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Scott, Linn, Johnson, and Cerro
Gordo counties.

SULLIVANTIA T & G. Perennials, with lobed or eut-toothed petioled
rounded leaves, and small white flowers in a loose cymose-panicle. Calyx
campanulate, adherent to the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblanceo-
late, twice the length of the calyx. Stamens 5, included. Capsule 2-celled,
2-beaked, with many wing-margined seeds.

S.ohionis T. & G. Stem low, 4-10 inches high, weak, nearly leafless;
leaves palmately veined. Limestone cliffs; May-August; infrequent; Jones,
Delaware, Jackson, and Cedarcounties. (Sullivantia sullivantia (T. & G.) Brit.)

MITELLA lL. Perennials, with alternate radical leaves and opposite cau-
line leaves, and small flowers in a slender spike. Calyx 5-ecleft, short, adnate
to the base of the ovary. Petals5, pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles
2. short. Capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked, opening by two equal valves.

M. diphylla L. Bishop’s cap or mitre-wort. Stem hairy, 8-16 inches high;
leaves cordate acute, dentate, sublobate; radical ledves long-petioled, cauline
leaves 2; very Short-petioled; flowers white. Rich woods; May-June; frequent;
Winneshiek. Fayette, Scott. Muscatine, Henry, and Johnson counties.

HEUCHERA L. Perennials, with long-petioled radical leaves, and green-
ish or purplish flowers in small clusters, paniculate. Calyx campanulate, 5-
cleft, segments obtuse, tube adnate to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, small,
spatulate, entire, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the calyx.
Styles 2. Capsule !-celled, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks.

H. hispida Pursh. Stet 2-4 feet high; stem, petioles, and veins hirsute
with long spreading hairs; leaves rounded, cordate at the base, 5-9-lobed,
toothed; flowers greenish, oblique; stamens exserted. Prairies; May-June;
common. .

CHRYSOSPLENIUM L. Stems low. Calyx 4~5-lobed, yellow inside, ad-
nate to the ovary. Petals wanting. Stamens 8-10, short. Styles2. Capsule
obeordate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.

C. alternifolium L. Golden Surifrage. Found ina deep ravine among moss;
Winneshiek county, the only locality in the state.

PARNASSIA L. Scape-like perennials: with solitary terminal flowers.
Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, spreading,
white, imbricated in the bud. Tertile stamens 5, alternate with the petals,
sterile stamens in clusters at the base of the petals. Stigmas 4, sessile. Ova-
ry 1-celled, with 4 parietal placenta. Seeds winged.

P.carcliniana Mx. Scapes glabrous, 10-20 inches high, with one sessile
leaf near the base; radical leaves petioled, round-oval; sterile stamens in each
cluster 3, gland-tipped; petals ovate, obtuse, greenish veined, 3-4 times the
length of the sepals. Wet meadows and river banks; June-August; infre-
quent; Emmet, Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson, and Story counties.

HYDRANGEA L. Shrubs, with opposite petioled exstipulate leaves, and
corymbose often apetalous flowers. Calyx-tube hemispheric, adnate to the
ovary, 8-10-ribbed, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the disk.
Styles 2, diverging. Ovary 2-4-celled. Capsule membranous, 2-celled, many-
sceded, about 15-ribbed.

GOOSEBERRY FAMILY. 53

H. arborescens L. Wild Hydrangea. A shrub, 4-10 feet high, with ovate
pointed serrate leaves, and mostly fertile flowers in cymes. Reported from
Lee county.

GROSSULARIACEAE Pumort. GoosEBERRY FAMILY.

Low shrubs, with alternate palmately-lobed single or clustered leaves,
and solitary or racemose flowers. Calyx 5-lobed, adherent to the ovary,
withering persistent. Petals 5, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the
petals, inserted with the petals on the top of the calyx-tube. Styles 2,
distinct or united. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-parietal placente. Fruit a
berry. Represented by the genus Riszs L.

* Pedurneles axillary, solitary, 1-3-flowered.

R. gracile Mx. Cummon Wild Gooseberry. Stems recurved, often with long
and stout red thorns; leaves rounded; lobed and incised; flowers whitish;
calyx-tube short and narrow; calyx-lobes oblong-linear, filaments slender,
connivent or parallel, much exserted; berry smooth. Woods; May; common.

R. cynosbati L. Prickly G. Ueaves similar to the preceding, pubescent;
calyx campanulate, tube longer than the lobes, stamens and style not ex-
serted, styles united; berry armed with long spines. Woods; May; frequent;
Winneshiek, Clayton, Dubuque; Fayette, Delaware, Scott, Muscatine, Henry,
Johnson, Story, Dallas, Webster, and Cerro Gordo counties.

R. oxyacanthoides L. Flowers greenish or purplish, peduncles short;
stamens not exceeding the oblong calyx-lobes. Hillsides; April-May; re-
ported as frequent from Delaware and Henry counties.

** Flowers in drooping racemes.

R. floridum L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Stems without thorns or
prickles; leaves heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed, toothed; flowers large, whitish;
bracts longer than the pedicels; stamens and style short; berry smooth,
black. Woods; May; frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Delaware,
Scott, Muscatine, Fayette, Johnsoa, Emmett, Story, Winnebago, Floyd, Cerro
Gordo, Lyon, Woodbury, and Taylor counties.

R. rubrum L. Red Currant. Fruit globose, red. This species is the com-
mon garden currant, occasionally an escape.

R. aureum Pursh. Golden, Buffalo, or Missouri Currant. Shrub 5-12 feet
high, with 3-5-lobed, leaves, and showy golden-yellow flowers in short
racemes. Frequent in cultivation, occasionally spontaneous; April-May.

CRASSULACEAE DC. Orpine FaAMILy.

Herbs with cymose flowers. Sepals and pistals of the same number.
Petals as many as the sepals or wanting. Stamens twice as many as the
sepals. Fruit.capsular, dehiscent.

PENTHORUM. Plants not succulent; carpels united,
SrepuM. Plants very succulent; carpels distinct.

PENTHORUM L. Perennials, with leafy stems, and yellowish green
apetalous flowers. Sepals and pistils 5. Stamens 10. Fruit of 5 one-celled
carpels, united at the base, each horned above. Seeds small, many.

P. sedoides L. Ditch Stonccrop. Stem 1-3 feet high; leaves scattered,
sessile, lanceolate, tapering both ways, serrate. Common in wet soil; July—
September.

SEDUM L. Leaves thick, succulent, sepals, petals, and pistils 4-5.
Stamens 8-10. Carpels distinct, many-seeded.

S. telephium L. Orpine.’ Live-forever. A glabrous somewhat glaucous

34 HALORAGIDACEAE

perennial with ovate to obovate, obtuse, coarsely dentate leaves, and purple
flowers in a dense cyme. A rare garden escape observed in Muscatine and
Johnson counties.

HAMAMELIDACEAE Z/udl. Witon Haze, FaAMizy.

Small trees, with alternate simple petioled pinnately-veined leaves,
deciduous stipules, and axillary clustered or capitate flowers. Calyx
superior, imbricated in the bud, deciduous Petals inserted on the calyx,
valvate in the bud, deciduous. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, distinct. Repre-
sented with us by the genus HAMAMELIs L.

H. virginiana L. Witch-huzel. Tree 10-20 feet high; leaves oval or obovate,
wavy-toothed; flowers yellow; calyx 4-parted, with 3 scale-like leaves im-
mediately below; petals 4, long-linear; stamens 8, 4 fertile and alternate with
the petals, the remainder sterile; fruit a 2-celled woody capsule, opening at
the top, cells 1-seeded; seeds pendulous. Wooded ravines; flowers appearing
in October and the fruit the following July; infrequent; Clayton, Dubuque,
and Delaware counties.

HALORAGIDACEAE &l. & Garcke. WATER-MILLFOIL FAMILY.

Marsh or aquatic plants. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled,
entire or toothed; submerged leaves pinnately divided into narrow
segments. Flowers solitary, fascicled or whorled, sessile. Calyx su-
perior; tube coherent with the ovary. Petals small, inserted on the
calyx, alternate with its segments. Calyx and corolla sometimes want-
ing. Stamens 1-8, inserted with the petals. Ovary inferior, with 2-4

1-ovuled cells.
MYRIOPHYLLUM. Leaves whorled; flowers moncecious or polygamous, the parts in fours.
PROSERPINACA. Leaves alternate; flowers perfect, the parts in threes.
CALLITRICA. Leaves opposite; flowers monvecious; sepals and petals wanting.

MYRIOPHYLLUM L. Waver Miuiromt. Perennial aquatics. Leaves
erowded or whorled, the submerged dissected into capillary divisions. Flow-
ers moncecious or polygamous in the axils of the upper leaves; the upper stam-
inate. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4-lobed, 4-celled.

M. scabratum Mx. Stem slender; leaves in whorls of 4+ or 5, lower pin-
nately parted, floral linear, toothed or serrate; stamens 4. Shallow lakes;
July; frequent; Muscatine, Appanoose, Ringgold, and Fremont counties.
(M. pinnatum (Walt.) B. 8. P.)

M. heterophylium Mx. Stem stout; leaves in 4’s and 5's: floral leaves
ovate or lanceolate, crowded, serrate, stamens 4. Lakes; July; Winnebago,
Cerro Gordo, and O’Brien counties.

M. spicatum L. Leaves mostly pinnately-parted, capillary; floral leaves
small, shorter than the flowers, ovate, entire or toothed; flowers in an inter-
rupted spike; petals deciduous; stamens 8. Ponds; July; Muscatine,- Cerro
Gordo, Story, and Dickinson counties.

PROSERPINACA L. Perennial aquatics, with alternate lanceolate leaves,
and perfect small sessile axillary Howers. Calyx 3-sided, adnate to the ovary,
limb 3-parted. Petals wanting. Stamens 3-4. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit
bony, 3-4-angled, 3-4-celled, 43~4-seeded.

P, palustris L. JMermaid weed, Glabrous, mostly simple; emersed leaves
oblong or linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate; the immersed leaves pectinate or
pectinate-pinnatifid, the segments linear, stiff, acute, often serrulate, flowers

LoosESTRIFE FAMILY. 55

solitary cr several together; fruit sharply angled. Ponds; July; rather rare;
Museatine, Story, and Boone counties.

CALLITRICHE L_ Leaves spatulate or linear, opposite. Flowers monce-
cious, 1-3 together, axillary, sessile. Sepals and petals wanting. Sterile
flowers with one stamen; anther cordate, 4-celled, becoming 1-celled. Ovary
4celled. Styles 2, distinct. Fruit nut-like, 4-lobed, 4-celled, membranous,
indehiscent.

C. vernal. Perennial; floating leaves tufted, obovate, 3-nerved, narrowed
into a petiole; submerged leaves linear; flowers usually between a pair of
bracts; fruit ovate, styles shorter than the fruit. In a slough near Cedar riv+
er, Museatine county; June-September. (C. palustris L.)

C. hetercphylla Pursh. Similar to the preceding species; floating leaves
broadly spatulate, often retuse, narrowed into a petiole; fruit obovate; styles
longer than the fruit. Wet slough; July; infrequent; Decatur county.

MELASTOMACEAE RR. Br. Mrapow-Beauty FaAmILy.

Herbs with opposite parallel-veined leaves and perfect regular cymose
flowers. Petals inserted on the calyx-throat, alternate with the calyx-
lobes, stamens inserted with the petals, double their number; anthers
opening by pores at the apex. Represented with us by the genus RExIA
L.

R. virginica L. Meadow-Beruty. Stem 1-2 feet high, square, angles some-
what winged, rootstock tuberiferous: leaves with 3-5 nerves, sessile, acute,
oval-lanceolate, nerves and margin more of less bristly; flowers peduncled,
bright, purple; calyx persistent 4-celeft, lower portion of the tube coherent
with the ovary, the upper free; petals 4; stamens 8; anthers long-linear, 1-
celled, with a short spur near the filament; fruit a capsule, 4-celled, with 4
placentze from the central axis, many-seeded. In swampy places along Cedar
river; July; Muscatine county.

LYTHRACEAE JZnd/. Loosestrire FAmivy.

Herbs, with mostly opposite entire exstipulate leaves and axillary or
whorled flowers. Calyx free from the ovary but enclosing it, persistent,
4-7-toothed. Petals inserted on the top of the calyx-throat, equal in
number to the calyx-teeth, deciduous. Stamens 4-14, inserted on the
calyx-tube. Style 1; stigma capitate. Capsule 2-4-celled, with axial
placente, many-seeded.

* Flowers regular.
LyvraruMm. Flowers rarely solitary ;.calyx tubular; petals usually 6.
AMMANNIA. Flowers solitary; calyx globular; petals and stamens usually 4.
RoraLa. Flowers solitary ; sinuses of the calyx appendaged; petals and stamens 4.
Dipieiis. Flowers solitary: petals none; stamens 4.

** Flowers irregular.
CupHEa. Calyx more or less spurred; petals 6; stamens II or 12.

LYTHRUM L. Leaves opposite or scattered, sessile. Flowers purple, |
solitary, axillary. Calyx tubular, striated, 5-toothed, with appendages in the
sinuses. Petals 5-7. Stamens 5-14. Capsule oblong, 2-celled.

L. alatum Pursh. MWing-angled Loosestrife. Perennial, smooth; stem 1-3
feet high, with many long slender branches; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-
lanceolate, acute, base rounded or cordate, the upper mostly alternate; petals
deep purple; stamens of the short styled flowers exserted. Rich soil; July-

August; common.
AMMANNIA L. Low smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and sub-

56 ONAGRACEAE.

sessile cymose axillary flowers. Calyx globular, 4-angled, 4-toothed; sinuses
with horn-like appendages. Petals 4, purplish, deciduous. Stamens 4-8.
Capsule globular 2-4-celled.

A. coccinea Rottb. Stem 4-8 inches high, branched from below; leaves
linear-lanceolate; stamens more or less exserted; style slender, elongated.
Swampy places, shores; July-September; infrequent; Muscatine, Louisa,
Johnson, Decatur, Story, and Lyon counties. ° :

ROTALA L. Low herbs. Calyx semiglobose or campanulate; sinuses
with tooth-like appendages. Petals and stamens 4. Capsule globular, 4-
celled.

R. ramosior (L.) Koehne. Stem 5-6 inches high, smooth, simple; leaves
linear-oblanceolate, opposite, tapering to a petiole; flowers solitary, axillary,
sessile; appendages shorter or as long as the calyx-teeth. Low wet places;
July-September; infrequent; Muscatine, Henry, Benton, and Lyon counties.

DIDIPLIS Raf. Aquatic or marsh plants, with opposite leaves, 4-angled
stems, and mostly solitary axillary flowers. Calyx 4-lobed, appendages none.
Petals wanting. Stamens usually 4, inserted on the calyx-tube. Capsule
globose, 2-celled.

D. linearis Raf. A low glabrous much branched plant, 2-6 inches long;
leaves long-linear or lanceolate, mostly sessile; flowers small, greenish; calyx-
lobes broad, triangular; style short; capsule small. Mud flats, shallow
water; June-August; infrequent; Devatur and Ringgold counties. (D.
diandra (Nutt.) Wood.)

CUPHEA P. Br. Herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and axillary
irregular unsymmetrical flowers. Calyx tubular, gibbous or spurred at the
‘base, apex 6-toothed, with 6 appendages, mouth oblique. Petals 6, unequal.
Stamens 11 or 12, inserted on the throat of the calyx, unequal. Capsule ob-
long, included, 1-celled, dehiscent.

C. viscosissima Jaeq. An erect viscid-pubescent annual, 6-20 inches high,
branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, slender petioled, apex bluntish, base
rounded; flowers purple, axillary, short-peduncled; petals ovate, clawed.
Dry soil; July-September; reported as belonging to the flora of Iowa by
Arthur. (Parsonia petiolata (L.) Rusby.)

ONAGRACEAE Dumort. EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, and perfect symmetrical
flowers. Calyx herbaceous or colored, of 4 lobes, rarely less, valvate in
the bud, tube cohering with the ovary. Stamens as many or twice as
many as the petals and inserted with them on the top of the calyx-
throat; anthers 2-celled, introrse; pollen grains often cohering by threads.
Ovary inferior, 4-celled. Fruit a 2-4-celled many-seeced capsule.

* Parts of the flower in fours.

+ Culyx-tube not prolonged beyond the summit of the ovury; fruit dehiseent.
Lupwicia. Leaves opposite or alternate, stamens 4; capsule short.
+ + Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the summit of the ovary; fruit dehiscent.
EPLLOBIUM. Leaves often opposite; seeds silky tufted.
OENOTHERA. Leaves alternate; seeds naked.
t+ + + Fruit indehiscent.

GauRA. Filaments appendaged at the base; fruit indehiscent.

** Parts of the flower in twos.
CirkcaEA, Sepals, petals, and stamens 2; fruit bristly.

EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 57

LUDWIGIA L. Perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and
solitary axillary flowers. Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens 4, or petals want-
ing. Capsule short, many-seeded.

L. alternifolia L. Secd-box. Stem 2-3 feet high, branched, smoothish
slightly wing-angled; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, alternate, ses-
sile; flowers short peduncled; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, reddish; petals yel-
low; capsule cubical, wing-angled. Damp soil; June-August; rare; Johnson,
and Decatur counties.

L. polycarpa Short & Peter. Stem 2-4 feet high, glabrous; leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate, alternate, sessile, tapering both ways, those of the runners
oblong spatulate; flowers small, sessile; capsule 4-sided, longer than the
ealyx-lobes, ,with 2-linear awl-shaped bractlets from the base. Borders of
ponds aud in shallow water; July-September; frequent; Fayette, Scott,
Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Appanoose, Decatur, Ringgold, and Taylor coun-
ties.

L. palustris (L.) Ell. Marsh or Water Purslane. Stem smooth, creeping or
floating; leaves ovate or oval, petioled, opposite; calyx-lobes short; petals
small or wanting, reddish in terrestrial forms; capsule oblong, -4-sided, ses-
sile. Wet places; July-September; infrequent; Fayette, Muscatine, Johnson,
Benton, and Emmet counties. (Isnardia palustris L.)

EPILOBIUM L. Mostly perennials. Leaves nearly sessile, opposite or
seattered. Flowers violet, purple, or white. Calyx-tube scarcely prolonged
beyond the ovary; limb 4-5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8, with
short anthers. Capsule linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs
at the end, the coma. ;

E. angustifolium L. Great Willow-herb. Fire-weed. Stem simple, 4-6 feet
high, glabrous of finely pubescent; leaves scattered, mostly entire, narrowly
lanceolate, tapering both ways; flowers large, purple, in a long raceme;
calyx-limb deeply parted; petals entire; lobes of the stigma long. Rich
woods; June-September; frequent; Dubuque, Scott, Johnson, Winnehago,
and Shelby counties. (Cham«aenerion angustifolium (L.) Seop.)

E. coloratum Muhl. Stem 1-3 feet high, much branched, 4-angled, hoary
pubescent; leaves lanceolate, contracted to slender petioles or sessile,
acuminate, sharply serrulate or denticulate, lower opposite; flowers small,
pale, somewhat nodding, short-peduncled; coma reddish-brown. Low
grounds; July-September: common.

E. adenocaulon Haussk. This species resembles the preceding; leaves
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat serrulate or denticulate; inflores-
cence and capsules glandular-pubescent; coma white. Wet places; July-
September; frequent; Johnson, Story, Hamilton, Floyd, Hancock, Dickinson,
and Emmet counties.

E. lineare Muhl. Stems somewhat branched, mintely hoary-pubescent;
Jeaves numerous, linear or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled; fowers many,
small, pale; capsules hoary; coma dingy. Wet places; July-September; iu-
frequent; Fayette, Scott, Story, Hamilton, and Emmet counties.

OENOTHERA L. Evenine Primrose. Leaves alternate. Calyx-tube pro-
longed beyond the ovary, deciduous, limb of 4 reflexed lobes. Petals 4, yel-
low in our species. Stamens 8; anthers linear, versatile.

OE. biennis L. Stem 1-5 feet high, sometimes branched, pubescent or
hairy; leaves lanceolate or ovate, tapering both ways, acuminate, remotely
toothed, the lowest petioled; flowers in a leafy spike; calyx-tube long; cap-

58 ONAGRACEAE.

sules oblong, pubescent or hirsute, sessile, seeds prismatic-angled. Fields
and waste places; July-September; common. (Onagru bicninis (L.) Seop.)

OE. rhombipetala Nutt. Stem 1-4 feet high; simple, appressed pubes-
cent; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, entire or denticulate, the lowest
‘tapering to a petiole; flowers in a leafy or bracted spike; calyx silky canes-
cent; petals rhombiec-ovate; capsules linear; seeds obovoid, not angled.
Sandy soil, prairies; July-September; Muscatine county, reported from
Fayette, Story, and other counties, often confused with the preceding.

OE. fruticosa L Sundrops. Biennial or perennial; stem 1-3 feet high,
branched, villous to nearly glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or den-
ticulate: flowers in a loose corymb; capsule short-pedicelled, ribbed and
‘winged. Low grounds; June~August; infrequent; Muscatine, Johnson, and
Henry counties. (Kneiffia fruticosa (L.) Raimann.)

OE. serrulata Nutt. Stem 6-16 inches high, perennial, woody below,
canescent or glabrous; leaves mostly linear or lanceolate, irregularily and
‘sharply denticulate; flowers axillary; calyx-tube funnelform, nerved; petals
obovate, crenulate. Dry soil, pastures and waysides; June-July; frequent;
Winneshiek; Allamakee, Fayette, Story, Shelby, Fremont, Cerro Gordo, Han-
cock, Diekinson, Ida, Emmet, Sioux, Woodbury. and Lyon counties. (Meriolix
serrulata (Nutt.) Walp.)

GAURA L. Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers white or rose-color, in
spikes or racemes. Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the oyary, deciduous;
calyx-lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4, unequal, clawed. Stamens usually 8.
Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit nut-like, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-4-seeded.

G. biennis L. Stem 3-6 feet high, much branched, villous or downy-pube-
scent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, remotely denticulate; flowers
sessile, white, turning pink, in numerous slender spikes; fruit sessile, 4-
ribbed, oval or oblong, villous pubescent. Fields and waste places; July—
September; common.

G. coccinea Pursh. Stem 6-20 inches high, erect or ascending, much
branched, canescent, pubescent or glabrate; leaves oblong-lanceolate to
linear-oblong, entire, repand or denticulate; flowers sessile, red, turning
scarlet; fruit sessile, terete below, 4-sided above, canescent. Dry soil,
‘prairies; May—August; frequent; Woodbury, Harrison, Munona, and Fremont
counties.

G. parviflora Dougl. Stem 2-6 feet high, villous-pubescent; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, repand-denticulate, base narrowed, softly pubescent:
flowers many, pink, sessile, in an elongated spike; fruit sessile, 4-nerved,
obtusely 4-angled, glabrous or nearly so. Meadows and fields; May-August;
frequent; Woodbury, Harrison, Pottawattomie. and Fremont counties.

CIRCAEA L. Perennials, with opposite petioled thin leaves, and small
whitish racemose flowers. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a
cup-shaped disk, deciduous. Petals 2, obeordate. Stamens 2. Fruit small,
bur-like, indehiscent, clothed with white hooked hairs.

C. lutetiana L. Stem simple, 1-2 feet high; leaves ovate, long-petioled,
base rounded, acuminate. entire or slightly toothed; bracts none; fruit 2-
celled, slender pedicelled, bristly. Rieh woods; June-August; common.

C. alpina L. Stem weak, 3-” inches high; leaves cordate, thin, shining,
coarsely toothed; bracts minute; fruit 1-celled, obovate-oblong, soft hairy.
Rich woods; June-August; infrequent; Winneshiek, Clayton, and Muscatine
‘counties.

Gourp FAMILY. 59

LOASACEAE Peichen) Loasa FaMiny.

Erect herbs, with stinging or viscid pubescence, alternate or opposite
exstipulate leaves, and regular perfect solitary or cymose flowers. Calyx-
tube adnate to the ovary, limb 4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-10,
inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens many, inserted with the
petals. Ovary 1-celled, with 1-3 parietal placents:. Capsule 1-celled.
Represented in our flora by the genus MENTZELIA L.

M. ornata T. & G. Stem stout 1-2 feet high, roughish-pubescent; leaves
sessile, or lower petioled, oval to lanceolate or oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid,
flowers usually solitary, terminal, yellowish white, opening in the evening,
petals 10, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; capsules oblong. Sandy and
rocky bluffs along the Big Sioux river, Cedar Bluffs; June-September; com-
mon; Woodbury county. (Pammel) (Af. decupetalu (Pursh.) Urban & Gilg. }

CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. Gourp Famtry.

Climbing or trailing succulent herbs with tendrils. Leaves alternate,
petioled, palmately lobed, palmately veined. Flowers moncecious or
dioecious, axillary, sometimes gamopetalous. Calyx usually campanulate,
5-toothed or 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Corolla mouopetalous,
rotate or campanulate. Stamens 5 or 3, of which one is usually 1-celled.
Stigmas 2 or 3. Ovary inferior, 1-cclled, with 3 parietal placentas. Rep-
resented in cultivation by the gourd, pumpkin, melon, squash, cucum-
ber, etc.

ECHINOCYSTIS. Fruit echinate, 4-seeded.
Sicyos. Fruit prickly, 1-seeded.

ECHINOCYSTIS T. & G. Annuals with 3 forked tendrils, climbing high.
Flowers moncecious, small, greenish white; the sterile in a long compound
raceme, the fertile solitary or in small clusters; petals 6; anthers 3, more or
less united; stigmas 2; fruit fleshy, inflated, becoming dry, bursting above,
clothed with weak prickles, 4-seeded. y

E. lobata T&G. Wild Cucumber. Leaves broad, thin, sharply and deeply
5-lobed; fruit oval, spines nearly half an inch long; seeds black. Low grounds
along waterways: July-September; common. (Micrampelis lobata (Mx.)
Greene.)

SICYOS L. Annuals with 3 forked tendrils, climbing high. Flowers
moncecious, from the same axil, small, whitish. Petals 5, united below.
Anthers cohering ina mass. Style slender, with 3 stigmas. Ovary 1-celled,
with a single suspended ovule. [Fruit ovate, dry, indehiscent, filled by the
seed, spiny.

S. angulatus L, One-sceded Bur-Cucumber. Clammy hairy; leaves
roundish cordate, with 5 pointed angles or lobes. Rich soil, along rivers and
in waste places; July-Septernber; frequent; Scott, Muscatine, Louisa, Des
Moines, and Dallas counties.

CACTACEAE Zind/. Cactus Famity.

Ours green and fleshy plants, with flattened and joined stems armed
with spines and prickles, and solitary sessile flowers. Sepals, petals,
and stamens numerous, their bases cohering and adnate to the inferior 1-
celled many-ovuled ovary. Fruit a l1-celled berry. Represented in our
flora by the genus Opuntia Mill.

60 UMBELLIFERAE.

O. rafinesquii Engelm. Prickly Pear. Prostrate, green; joints obovate to
suborbicular or oval; leaves spreading, subulate; spines axillary, 1-5 together;
prickles tufted, axillary, reddish brown; flowers large, yellow, with a reddish
center; stamens shorter than the petals; stigmas 4-10; fruit fieshy, edible.
Sandy soil; June-July; infrequent; Muscatine and Lyon counties. (O. humi-
fusa Raf.)

O. fragilis (Nutt.) Haw. Prostrate or decumbent; joints ovate, nearly
terete or flattish; leaves small, reddish; flowers yellow, smaller than those of
the preceding; fruit dry at maturity. Dry soil; July-August; common; Lyon
county.

AIZOACEAE A. Br. CARPET-wEED FAMILY.

Mostly prostrate and branching herbs, with opposite or verticillate
leaves, and small regular perfect flowers, either solitary, cymose or
glomerate. Calyx of 5 sepals, free from the ovary. Petals wanting.
Represented in our flora by the genus Motiueo L.

M. verticillata L. Carpet-weed. Prostrate, much branched, annual, form-
ing patches; leaves spatulate, whorled at the joints; pedicels slender, 1-flow-
ered, clustered with the leaves; stamens mostly 3; stigmas 3; capsule 3-celled,
3-valved; seeds reniform. Sandy shores, waste places; July-September;
common. This species is included by different botanists under FicoIpEAE or
CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

UMBELLIFERAE B. Juss. Carror FaMizy.

Herbs, with usually hollow stems, alternate compound or simple leaves,
sheathing petioles, and small flowers in compound umbels, rarely in
heads. Calyx adherent to the ovary, limb obsolete or 5-toothed. Petals
and stamens 5, inserted on a fleshy disk which covers the ovary. Styles
2, distinct or united at their thickened bases. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled.
Fruit dry, consisting of 2 coherent carpels. A well defined but difficult
order.

* Flowers white.
+ Fruit flattened dorsally.
Daucus. Leaves pinnately decompound; calyx 5-toothed; fruit prickly along the ribs.
CONIOSELINUM. Leaves 2-3-pinnately decompound; fruit winged on the lateral lobes.
TLEDEMANNIa. Leaves simply pinnate.
HERACLEUM. Leaves large, ternately compound; flowers large.
+ + Fruit flattened luteratly.

Sium. Leaves once pinnate; ribs prominent, equal, corky.
Carum. Leaves decompound; fruit ovoid or oval; ribs filiform, inconspicuous.
Cicuta, Leaves pinnately compound, the veins running to the notches; ribs flattish,

corky.
CONIuM. Stems spotted; leaves tripinnately dissected; ribs wavy.

: “++ + Fruit linear-oblong, slightly flattened laterally.

CRYPTOTAENIA. Leaves 3-foliolate; fruit glabrous; ribs obtuse, equal.
BERuLA. Aquatics; leaves simply pinnate; fruit globrous, nearly galbose; ribs incon

spicuous.
CHAEROPHYLLUM. Leaves ternately decompound; fruit glabrous.
OSMORRHIZA. Leaves biternately divided; fruit bristly.

+ + + + Fruit ovate or obovate.

ERYNGIUM. Leaves parallel-veined, coriaceous, bristly-toothed; flowers in dense

bracted globose heads,

. ** Flowers yellow.
+ Fruit ylobular, armed with hooked prickles.
SANICULA. Leaves palmately divided; flowers greenish yellow.

Cartnor FAMILY. 61

t + Fruit flattened dorsally; slightly in Thaspium.
PasTINACA. Leaves pinnately compound; dorsal ribs fililorm, the lateral extending into
wings.
POLYTAENIA. Leaves 2-pinnate; fruit with the lateral ribs thick corky, dorsal ribs ob-
scure.
THasPiuM. Leaves 2 3-ternate; fruit oblong, with 5-7 wings, slightly flattened.
t ++ Fruit flattened laterally.
FOENICULUM. Leaves dissected into filiform segments; ribs prominent.
PIMPINELLA. Leaves ternately compound; ribs slender.
Zizts. Leaves 2-3-ternate; fruit oblong, with filiform ribs; stylopodium wanting.

DAUCUS L. Biennials, with bristly stems, and pinnately decompound
leaves. Involucre of foliaceous pinnately parted bracts. Involucels of many
entire or toothed bracts. Flowers white. umbels compound, concave. Calyx
‘teeth obsolete. Petals 5, the 2 outer often larger and deeply 2-cleft. Fruit
oblong, dorsally, flattened, with 5 bristly primary ribs and 4 winged second-
ary ones. Stylopodium depressed.

D. carrota L. The common cultivated carrot, frequently found wild in
cultivated fields and waste places; July-September; Dubuque, Fayette, Story,
Appanoose, and Decatur counties.

CONIOSELINUM Hoffm. An erect glabrous perennial, with pinnately
decompound leaves, involucre none or of few bracts, involucels of narrow
linear bracts. and compound umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth none.
Fruit oval or oblong, flattened, glabrous; dorsal ribs large, lateral broadly
winged; oil-tubes usually’? or 3 in the intervals. Stylopodium slightly coni-
eal.

C. canadense T.& G. Stem striate, 2-5 feet high; leaves decompound
into linear oblong segments. Reported from Scott and Story counties.

TIEDEMANNIA DC. Glabrous perennials. Involucre and involucels
present. Flowers white. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit elliptic-ovate, dorsally
compressed, glabrous; ribs equidistant, obtuse, the lateral ones broadly
winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2-6 on the inner face. Stylo-
podium short, thick, conical.

T. rigida (L.) Coult. & Rose. Whole plant smooth; stem 2-6 feet high,
terete, striate, hollow, simple or sparingly branched; leaves all simply
pseudo-pinnate; common petiole channeled, somewhat margined; leaflets
lanceolate to linear, often slightly falcate, sessile, entire or remotely toothed
toward the apex; umbels terminal and lateral. Sloughs and uplands;
August; common; Johnson, Benton, Jasper, Story, Decatur, and Ringgold
eounties. (Oxypolis rigidius (L.) Britton )

HERACLEUM L. Perennials, with ternately compound leaves, and white
flowers in large umbels. Involucre of few bracts, deciduous. Inyolucels of
small bracts. Calyx-teeth smal] or obsolete. Petals obcordate, the 2 outer
often larger and 2-cleft. Fruit obovate, flattened, somewhat pubescent;
dorsal ribs 3, obtuse, the lateral broadly winged. Stylopodium thick, conic.

H. lanatum Mx. Cow-Pursnip. Pubescent or woolly, 4-8 feet high; petioles
much dilated; leaflets 3, petiolulate, round cordate, about 3-lobed; irregularly
cut-toothed. Moist woods; June-July; frequent and generally distributed;
Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Story, Winnebago, Webster, Calhoun, Cerro
Gordo, Decatur, Union, Pottawattomie, Shelby, Woodbury, and Emmet
counties. ,

SIUM L. Smooth perennials, with simply pinnate leaves, the lower often
pinnatisected, and compound umbels of white flowers. Involucre and involu-
cels of numerous uarrow bracts. Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit glabrous, ovate

62 UMBELLIFERAE.

to oblong; ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal, oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals.
Stylopodium depressed.

S. cicutaefolium Gmel. Stem 2-6 feet high, striate; leaflets 3-8 pairs,
linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate, the submerged leaves finely dissected;
rays numerous. Sloughs and swamps; July-September; frequent.

CARUML. Ours a glabrous biennial or perennial, with pinnatisected
leaves, divisions filiform, and small white flowers in terminal compound um-
bels. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals inflexed at the apex. Fruit ovate or ob-
long, glabrous, slightly compressed. Stylopodium conical.

C. carui L Curuway. Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, branching; lower leaves
long-petioled, the upper sessile or nearly so, bases of the petioles dilated.
Introduced, waste places; May-July; Emmet county, reported from Fayette
county.

CICUTA L. Smooth poisonous perennials. Leaves pinnately compound;
leaflets serrate. Involucre usually wanting. Involucels of many slender
bractlets. Flowers white. Calyx-teeth 5, broad. Fruit subglobose, glabrous,
with 5 equal flattish corky ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Stylopo-
dium depressed.

C. maculata L. Water Hemlock. Stem 2-6 feet high, spotted or streaked:
leaves bipinnate or tripinnate; leaflets lanceolate, mucronately serrate; veins
running to the notches; fruit nearly terete. Sloughs and marshes; June—
August; common. ;

C. bulbifera L. Stem 1-3 feet high; leaves 2-3 pinnate; leaflets linear,
remotely toothed; upper axils bearing clustered bulblets. Swamps; July—
September; infrequent; Muscatine, Linn, and Emmet counties.

CONIUM L. Biennials, with tripionately dissected leaves, and white flow-
ers. Involucre and involucels of narrow bracts. Calyx-teeth obsolete, fruit
ovate, compressed; ribs equal, prominent, wavy when immature; oil-tubes
wanting. Stylopodium depressed.

C. maculatum L. Poison Hemlock. Stem 2-6 feet high, spotted, glabrous,
striate, sometimes glaucous; roots fusiform, fleshy; petioles very much dilated.
Waste places; June-July; Winneshiek and Scott counties.

CRYPTOTAENIA DC. Glabrous perennials, with 3-foliclate leaves, and
white flowers. Involucre and involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit
glabrous, linear-oblong, with 5 obtuse equal ribs; oil-tubes solitary, beneath
each rib and in the intervals. Stylopodium slender-conical.

C. canadensis DC. Stem smooth, 1-3 feet high; leaflets large, pointed,
ovate, doubly serrate, often lobed; umbels irregular, unequally few-rayed;
pedicels unequal; fruit often curved. Moist woods; June-September; com-
mon. (Deringa canadensis (L.) Kuntze.)

BERULA Hoffm. A glabrous aquatic or marsh perennial, with simple
pinnate leaves, leaflets serrate and variously cut, involucre and involucels of
narrow bracts, and terminal umbels of white flowers. Calyx-teeth minute.
Fruit glabrous; ribs slender; pericarp thick, corky; oil-tubes numerous.
Stylopodium conic; styles short.

B. angustifolia (L) Mert. & Koch. Stem 6-30 inches high; leaflets 7-19,
ovate to linear-oblong, serrate, laciniate, or lobed. Reported from Sioux
eounty. (B. ecrectu (Huds.) Coville.)

CHAEROPHYLLUM L. Annuals, with ternately decompound leaves, pin-
natifid leaflets, and white flowers. Involucre usually none. Involucels of
many bractlets. Truit narrowly oblong to linear, notched at the base, with

Carnot FAMILY. 63

5 equal ribs: oil tubes solitary in the intervals. Stylopodium conical.

C. procumbens (L.) Crantz. Stems weak, spreading, smoothish or some-
what hairy, 4-16 inches high; umbels féw-rayed; leaflets trifid or pinnatifid;
fruit acute. Low woods; April-May: infrequent; Johnson, Henry, Story, and
Decatur counties. :

OSMORRHIZA Raf. Glabrous or hirsute perennials. with large aromatic
roots, and biternately divided leaves. Involucre and involucels few-leaved.
Flowers white. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit long, linear, bristly, attenuate
atthe base. Stylopodium small, conic.

O. longistylis DC. (abrous or somewhat pubescent: stem 1-2 feet high;
style nearly as long as the cvary. Rich woods; May-June: common. (Wash-
inytonia longistylis (Torr.) Britton.)

O. brevistylis DC. Villous: stylopodium and style about as long as the
width of the ovary. With the preceding. (WW. claytoni (Mx.) Britton.)

ERYNGIUM L. Perennials, with coriaceous leaves, and bracted sessile
flowers in dense heads. Calyx-lobes prominent, rigid, persistent. Petals in-
flexed. Fruit ovate or obovate, scaly; ribs obsolete; oil-tubes usually 5.
Stylopodium wanting; styles filiform.

E. yuccaefolium Mx. Button Snakeront. Stem 2-4 feet high, glabrous,
striate; leaves often 1-2 feet long, rigid, grass-like. parallel-veined, tapering
toa point, remotely bristly; heads ovate-globose; flowers white. Prairies;
July-August; common. (E. aquaticum L.)

SANICULA L. Smooth oiennials or perennials, with few palmately divided
leaves, and greenish yellow flowers. Umbels irregular. few-rayed. Involucre
and involucels few-leaved. Calyx-teeth prominent and persistent. [Fruit
globular, ribless, with 5 oil-tubes, densely clothed with hooked bristles.

S. marylandica L. Stem 1-3 feet high, but little branched; leaves 3-7-
parted, root-leaves long-petioled; segments irregularly serrate or dentate,
often incised; staminate flowers many, long-pedicelled; calyx-segments lan-
ceolate, cuspidate; petals and anthers greenish white; pistillate flowers ses-
sile; styles slender, recurved, longer than the bristles. Low woods; May-
July; common.

S. gregaria Bicknell. Stems usually clustered, weak. erect, 1-3 feet high;
leaves 5-divided; segments doubly serrate, teeth bristle-tipped, incised; calyx
lobes ovate, obtuse; petals and anthers yellow: styles longer than the bris-
tles. This species probably belongs to our flora.

S. canadensis LL. Biennial, stem 1-4 feet high, branched: leaves 3-5
divided; segments cuneate-obovate to oblong, serrate and incised; staminate
flowers never in separate heads; styles shorter than the bristles. Low woods;
May-August; common.

PASTINACA L. Biennial, with pinnately compound leaves, involucre and
jinvolucels mostly wanting. and yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit
flat, oval, the dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral broad and nerved. Stylopodium
depressed.

P. sativa L. Stem 3-+ feet high. grooved, glabrous; root fusiform: leaves
downy beneath; leaflets ovate to oblong, toothed. terminal 3-lobed, all more
or less lobed or incised. Fields and waste places; July-September; frequent.

POLYTAENIA DC. Perennial, glabrous herb, with pinnately decompound
leaves, upper opposite, lower alternate and long-petioled, involucre wanting,
involucels of narrow bractlets. and bright yellow flowers in compound um-
bels. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit flattened, obovate to oval, glabrous, dorsal ribs
small, obscure, lateral thick and corky. Stylopodium wanting.

64 UMBELLIFERAE.

P. nuttallii DC. Stem 2-+ feet high; pedicels and involucels pubescent;
leaf-segments narrow, entire or lobed. Prairies and upland woods; May-
July; rather rare; Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Appanoose, Decatur,
Ringgold, and Montgomery counties.

THASPIUM Nutt. Perennials, with ternately divided leaves, and yellow
flowers. Involucre wanting. Involucels 3-leaved. Calyx 5-toothed. Stylo-
podium wanting; styles slender, exserted. Fruit oblong, ovoid, with promi-
nent wings; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the inner face of the car-
pels.

T. barbinode Nutt. Stem 2-3 feet high, somewhat angular, striate, loosely
branched, somewhat pubescent on the joints or in the umbels; leaves 1-3-ter-
nate, mostly biternate: leaflets ovate, with cuneate base, coarsely serrate,
often cleft or parted; flowers light yellow; fruit broadly oblong, 5-7 winged.
Rich woods; May-June; probably common.

FOENICULUM Adans. Biennials or perennials, with striate stems, leaves
biternately dissected into numerous filiform segments, and yellow flowers.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Involucre and involucels wanting. Fruit elliptic-ob-
long, subterete; ribs 5, prominent; oil-tubes solitary. Stylopodium large,
conic.

F. officinale All. Whole plant aromatic; stem 4-6 feet high, purplish
green, somewhat glaucous. Waste places; July-September; rarely escaped
from cultivation; Johnson and Story counties. (F. foeniculwm (L.) Karst.)

PIMPINELLA L. Glabrous perennial, with ternately compound leaves,
involucre and involucels scanty or wanting, and yellow fowers. Calyx-teeth
obsolete. Fruit ovate to oblong, laterally compressed; ribs slender, equal;
oil-tubes numerous, 2-6 in the intervals. Stylopodium thick, broadly conic.

P. integerrima (L.) A. Gray. Stem smooth, glaucous, 1-3 feet high;
leaves 2-3-ternate, leaflets ovate to lanceolate, entire; fruit broadly oblong;
stylopodium small or wanting. Rocky woods; May-June; common.

ZIZIA Koch. Glabrous perennials, with undivided or ternately divided
leaves, and yellow flowers. Involucre wanting. Involucels of small bractlets.
Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit glabrous, with slender ribs; oil-tubes large,
solitary, in the intervals and one in each rib. Stylopodium wanting. A
genus distinguished from Thaspium by the wingless fruit.

Z. aurea (L.) Koch. Stem 2-3 feet high, radical leaves long-petioled, all
except the uppermost 2-3-ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate,
sometimes incisely lobed or parted; rays 15-20; fruit oblong. Low grounds,
prairies and meadows; May-June; common.

Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. Stem 2-3 feet high; lower leaves long-petioled,
ovate to orbicular, crenate, base deeply cordate, stem leaves short-petioled,
ternate or quinate, segments ovate or oval, crenate or lobed; rays 7-16; fruit
ovate or oval. Woods; May-June; Lyon county.

ARALIACEAE Vent, Ginsena FAMILY.
Ours perennial herbs or shrubs, with alternate pinnate leaves, and um-
bellate flowers. Petals not inflexed, valvate in the bud. Styles usually

2-5. Ovary 2-5-celled; cells l-ovuled. Fruit a 2-5-celled drupe.
ARALIA. Leaves alternate, decompound; styles 5.
PANaX. Leaves verticillate, palmately 3-7-foliolate; styles 2-3,

ARALIA L. Herbs or shrubs from thick perennial roots. Flowers, white
or greenish, more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary,
limb 5-toothed. Petals 5, oblong, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 5, alter-

Doag-Woov Faminy. 65

nate with the petals. Styles slender, recurved above, persistent, Cells of
the ovary with a single suspended ovule.

A. racemosa Ll. Spikenard. Stem smooth, branched; leaves large, biter-
nate-pinnate; leaflets ovate, base cordate, doubly serrate, taper-pointed; um-
bels numerous, racemose; styles 5, united; fruit 5-celled. Rich woods; July;
frequent.

A. naudicaulis L. Wild Srsaparilla. Nearly stemless; roots long, hori-
zontal; leaf long-stalked, ternate, divisions 3-5-foliolate; leaflets ovate, taper-
pointed. serrate; umbels 2-5, on a scape shorter than the leaf-stalk; fruit 5-
celled. Rich woods; May-June; infrequent; Winneshiel, Allamakee, Fayette,
Scott, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, Story, and Winnebago counties.

A. spinosa L. Hercules Club. A shrub or low tree, 8-30 feet high, stem
and stalks prickly; leaves long-petioled, bipinnate; leaflets ovate, pointed,
serrate, glaucous and more or less pubescent beneath; umbels in terminal
compound panicles, peduncles and pedicels pubescent; flowers white. Rich
soil; June-August; an escape from cultivaticn; Johnson county.

PANAX L, Ours a perennial herb, froma fusiform, simple or branched root.
Leaves at the summit of the stem, verticillate,.digitately compound. Umbel
simple, solitary, terminal. Calyx-limb obscurely 5-toothed. Petals 5, spread-
ing. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Styles 2-3.

P. quinquefolia L. Ginseny. Stem slender, 1-foot higk; leaves palmately
3-7-foliolate; leaflets mostly 5, stalked, obovate-oblong, taper-pointed,
coarsely serrate; flowers greenish yellow; styles 2: fruit 2-celled, bright red.
Rich woods; July-August; becoming infrequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Jack-
son, Delaware, Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, Story, and Cerro Gordo counties.
(A. quinquefolia Dee. & P1.)

CORNACEAE Link. Dog-Woop Pamity.

Ours shrubs, with simple opposite or alternate exstipulate leaves, and
cymose flowers. Calyx-tnbe adherent to the 1-2 celled ovary; limb
minute, toothed or lobed. Petals valvate in the bud, distinct, alternate
with the calyx-teeth, epigynous, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many
as the petals, and alternate with them. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a 1-2-
seeded drupe, crowned with the calyx.

CORNUS L. Leaves with one exception opposite, entire. Flowers per-
fect, white in our species. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4. Style 1, slender;
stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe with a 2-celled, 2-seeded stone.

* Lerves opposite.
+ Lentves glabrate or minutely pubescent beneath.

C. paniculata L’Her. Panicled Cornel. Dogwood. A shrub 3-10 feet high,
branches erect, grayish, smooth; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, base acute, minutely appressed-pubescent on both sides, pale be-
neath; flowers cymose-paniculate, white; fruit globose, white: stone subglo-
bose, slightly furrowed. Rich soil, woods and thickets; May-June; common.
(C. candidissima Marsh.)

C. stolonifera Mx. Red-osier Dogwood. Shrub 3-12 feet high, wultiplies
freely from stolons thus forming clumps; the branches bright red-purple,
glabrous or slightly, appressed pubescent; leaves oval, ovate, or ovate-lanceo-
late, acute or short acuminate, base rounded or narrowed, minutely pubescent
on both sides, whitish beneath; flowers in flat-topped cymes, white; fruit

”

66 CORNACEAE.

whitish or white, globose; stone variable. Moist soil; June-July; ,a species
frequently reported but is confused with the others
t + Leaves downy-pubescent beneath, sometimes becoming glabrate.

C. sericea L. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. A shrub 3-10 feet high; branches
mostly purplish; branchlets and inflorescence silky-downy; leaves lanceolate,
ovate or elliptical, base rounded or acute, glabrous above, white or silky-
downy often rusty beneath; cymes broad, flat, compact; calyx-teeth lanceo-
late, conspicuous; fruit globose, pale blue; stone oblique, base somewhat
pointed. Moist woods; May-July; common. ((. amonum Mill.)

C. asperifolia Mx. Shrub 4-8 feet high; branches reddish brown, mostly
pubescent; branchlets and inflorescence rough-pubescent; leaves narrowly
ovate to round-ovate or oblong, more or less acuminate, base acute or obtuse,
rough pubescent above, whitish and roughish woolly beneath; cymes loose,
broad, often paniculate; calyx-teeth small; petals oblong-lanceolate, white;
fruit globose, white; stone slightly furrowed. Low woods; May-June; com-
mon.

C. circinata L’Her. A shrub 4-10 feet high; branches greenish, warty,
glabrous; leaves broadly ovat, acuminate, white; tomentose beneath; cymes
depressed, dense; fruit globose, light blue; stone globose, ridged. Rich
woods, May-June; rare; Winneshiek, Fayette, and Cerro Gordo counties, re-
. ported from Story and Benton counties.

** Leaves alternate.

C. alternifolia L. f. Shrub 8-20 feet high; leaves often clustered at the
ends of the branches, oval, acuminate, base narrowed or rounded, hoary
beneath; cymes pubescent; fruit globular, blue; stone obovoid. Rocky
woods; May-July; rather rare; Fayette, Jackson, Delaware, Muscatine,
Henry, and Johnson counties.

Acacia
ACERACEAE
Actaea
Agrimonia
Agrostemma
Ailanthus Family
Ailanthus
AIZOACEA
Alfalfa
Alyssum
-Amelanchier
Ammannia
Ampelopsis
Amphicarphaea
Amorpha
Amygdalus
ANACARDIACEAE
Anemone
Anemonella
Apios

Apple Family
Apple
ANONACEAE
Aquilegia
Arabis
ARALIACEAE
Aralia
Arenaria
Argemone
Aruncus
Asimina
Astragalus

Baneberry
Baptisia
Barbarea
Barberry Family
Basswood
BERBERIDACEAE
Berula

Bicuculla
Bishop’s Cap
Bitter Sweet
Blackberry
Bladder Campion
Bladder-nut Family
Bladder-nut
Bloodroot
Bouncing Bet
Box-Elder
Brasenia
Brassica
Buckeye Family
Buckeye
Buckthorn Family
Buckthorn
Burning Bush
Bush Clover
Buttercup

CACTACEAE
Cactus Family
CAESALPINACEAE
Callirrhoe

INDEX.

Callitriche
Caltha
Camelina
Capnoides
Caper Family
CAPPARIDACEAE
Capsella
Caraway
Cardamine
Carret-weed Family
Carpet-weed
Carrot Family
Carum
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Cassia
Castalte
Catehfly
Catgut
Caulophyllum
Ceanothus
CELASTRACEAE
Celastrus
Cerastium
Cercis
Chaerophyllum
Chamaenerion
Cherry
Chick weed
Chinquefoil
Chrysospleniura
Cicuta ,
Circaea
Cissus
CISTACEE
Claytonia
Clematis
Cleome
Clover
Cohosh

Blue
Columbine
Comarum
Conioselinum
Conium
Corn Cockle
CORNACEAE
Cornus
Cornel
Corydalis
Cow-herb
Crab Apple
Cracca
Crane’s-bill
CRASSULACEAE
Crataegus
Cress
Crotalaria
Crowfoot Family
Crowfoot
CRUCIFERAE
Cryptotaenia
Cucumber, wild

One-seeded

CUCURBITACEAE
Cuphea
Currant

Custard Apple Family 6

Dalea
Dame’s Violet
Daucus
Delphinium
Dentaria
Deringa
Desmanthus
Desmodium
Dewberry
Dianthus
Dicentra
Didiplis

| Dog-Wood Family

Dogwood

Draba

DRUPACEAE
Dutchman's Breeches

Echinocystis

Eglantine

Elodes

Epilobium

Eryngium

Erysimum

Evening-Primrose
Family

Evening Primrose

Evuonymus

Faleata
False Indigo
False Flax
Fire-weed
Flax Family
Flax
Floerkea
Foeniculum
Fragaria
FUMARIACEAE
Fumitory

34,

Gaura
GERANIACEAE
Geranium

Geum

Ginseng Family
Ginseng

Glade Mallow
Gleditschia
Goat’s Beard
Goat’s Rue
Golden Saxifrage
Golden Seal
Gooseberry Family
Gooseberry
Gourd Family
Grape Family
GROSSULARIACEAE
Ground Plum

36
1
61
6
15
62
43
38
46
19
10
56
65
65
15
43
10

59
49
23
57
63
12

56
bY

68

Gymnocladus

HaALORAGIDACEAE
HaAMAMELIDACEAE
Hamamelis
Heart’s-ease
Hemlock
Hepatica
Heracleum
Hercules Club
Hesperis
Heuchera
Hibiseus
HipeocasTANACEAE
Holly Family
Hop-tree
Horseradish
Hosackia
Hydrangea
Hydrastis
HYPERICACEAE
Hypericum

Tlex
ILICINEAE
Impatiens
Todanthus
Isnardia
Isopyrum

June-berry
Jewel-weed Family

Ketmia
Kinnikinnik
Kneiffia
Kuhnistera

Lake Cress
Larkspur
Lathyrus
Lead-plant
Leather-flower
Lechea
LEGUMINOSAE
Lepidium
Lespedeza
LIMNANTHACEAE
LINACEAE
Linden Family
Linden
Liquorice, Wild-
Live-forever
LOACEAE

Loasa Family
Loco-weed
Locust, Honey
Loosestrife
Loosestrife Family
Lucerne
Ludwigia
Lupinus
Lychnis
LYTHRACEAE
Lytbrum

ig to

INDEX.

Mallow Family
Mallow
Malva
MALVACEAE
Malvastrum
Maple
Maple Family
Marsh Cress
Marsh Marigold
May Apple
Meadow-Beauty
Family
Meadow-Rue
Meadow-Svweet
Medicago
Meibomia
MELASTOMACEAE
Melilot
Melilotus
MENISPERMACEAE
Venispermum
Mentzelia
Mermaid weed
Meriolix
Micrampelis
Milkwort Family
Millfoil, water
MIMOSACEAE
Mitella
Miter-wort
Mochringia
Mollugo
Moonseed Family
Moonseed
Mouse-tail
Mustard Family
Mustard
Mustard, Worm-
seed
Myriophyllum
Myosurus
Napaea

Nasturtium
Nelumbo

' New Jersey Tea

Nine Bark
Nuphar
NyMPHAEACEAE
Nymphaea

Oenothera
ONAGRACEAE
Opulaster
Opuntia
Orange-root
Orpine Family
Orpine
Osmorrhiza
OXALIDACEAE
Oxalis
Oxygraphis

) Oxrypolis

Oxy tropis

wewuwok

WD MH WW wk WO HPO BT OF or ar WD welt we or

vw

Owurohuwsoonsn

Panax

Pansy
Parnassia
Paroselit
PAPAVERACEAE
Papaw
PAPILIONACEAE
Parsonia
Partridge Pea
Pasque-flower
|- Pastinaca

Pea Family
Peach
Penny-cress
Penthorum
Pepper-root
Petalcstemon
Phaca
Physocarpus
Pimpinella
Pink

Pink Family

Plum Family
Plum, wild
Podophyllum
Poison oak
Poison ivy
Polanisia
POLYGALACEAE
Polygala
Polytaenia
POMACEAE
Poppy Family
PORTULAC1ACEAE
Portulaca
Potentilla
Prairie Apple
Prickly Ash
Prickly Poppy
Proserpinaca
Prunus
Psoralea
Ptelea
Pulsatilla
Purslare Family
Purslane
Pyrus

Radish
RANUNCULACEAE
Ranunculus
Raphanus
Raspberry
Rattle-box
Reseda
RHAMNACKAE
Rhamnus
Rhus

Ribes
Robinia
Rock Cress

Queen-of-the-Prairie

Pitcher-Plant Family

43
44

wwe

io we oF
CW WPA kh bh OMG-2

grisly

INDEX. 69
Roripa
yaks 11 | Soapwort 19 | Touch-me-not 27
49 | Spesia 38 | Triad
RosacBea ie iadenum 23
; 44 | Spikenard 65 | Tree-of-H 9
ose Fa $pir: a
Rose Family 44 | Spiraea 481 Peickam A
Rose Mallow or ih aeace 5 | Trifolium 34
° 7) | Spring Beauty 22 | Turnip 14
Labs 56 | Squirrel Corn 10
eee 45 | Staff-tree Family 2g | UMBELLIFERAE 60
ne \nemone 3 | STAPHYLEACEAE 31 | Ulmaria 45
Rue Family 27 | Staphylea 31 ms
RUTACEAE 27 | Starry Campion 19 oe 40
3 er Stellaria 9 lola 17, 18
a dt la . Stitch wort VIOLACEAR 17
Saponaria is St. John’s-wort 99 | Violet Family 17
Saree St. John’s- Wort Virginia Creeper 30
CENIACEAE 9 ; Virgin’s-
Sarsaparilla 65 Family 29 bade s-Bower 17
Lagan © | Stonecrop, Ditch 53 ITACEAE 29
Rear ee pac _ Strawberry 47 | Vitis 30
Saxifra G ~> | Strophostyles 41] w F
ifrage, Golden 52) Sui ti fs all-flower, Western 12
Saxifrage Family 5] 8 girs , 52 | Washingtonian 63
ered bor 57 nec amily ie Aes Cress 11, 12
edum 53° ls 7 ow ater Lily 8
Senaca Snakeroot 32 oe 49 | Water Lily Family 7
Senna Family a2) ee aoue 35 | Water Millfoil
Senna, Wild 40° | 24neToOps os Family 54
et Syndesmon 3 :
Senna, Low 43 Whitlow Grass 15
Service-berry 51] Talinum 99 | Willow Herb 36
Shepherd's purse 11 | ‘Tephrosia 37 Willow-herb, Great 57
Sickle-pod 14 | Thalietrum 2 | Wind-flower 1
Sicyos 59 | Thaspium 64 | Witch Hazel Family 54
Sida 25-1 Tiedemann ia 61 Witch-hazel 54
Side-saddle flower 9) Thelypodium 13 | Wood-sorrel a¢
Silene 19 | Thlaspi 31 | Wood-sorrel Family 27
SIMARUBACEAE 28) TMPIACEAE 2 - :
Sisymbrium 13 | Tilin Oa Xanthoxylum 28
Sium 61 | Toothache tree ag | Zizia 64
Snakeroot 63 | Toothwort 15
ERRATA.

Errors are an especial nuisance.
Page 3 line 2 for petiolate read petiolulate.

Page 3 line 37 for preceeding read preceding.

Page 3 line 46 for Emmett read Emmet.

Page 4 line 28 for petiolate read petiolulate.

Page 16 line 38 for preceeding read preceding.

Page 16 line 39 for foliate read foliolate.

Page 27 line 6 for trifoliate read trifoliolate.

Page 28 line 1 for Celistraceae read Celastraceae.

Page 31 line 8 for preceeding read preceding.

Page 31 line 14 for mountaim read mountain.

Page 31 lines 27 and 44 for foliate read foliolate.

Page 33 line 7 coralla read corolla.

Page 33 lines 26, 32, 37,41, and 45 for foliate read foliolate, and so on

through the Pea Family.

Page 53 line 29 for Emmett read Emmet.

Page 60 line 44 for globrous read glabrous.

Page 60 line 44 for galbous read globose.

All other mistakes are so obvious that the reader may correct, overlook or
eondemn at his pleasure.

Pa

MANUAL

OF THE

FLOWERING PLANTS

| OF

IOWA

PART 2. GAMOPETALAE.

MANUAL

OF THE

FLOWERING PLANTS

OF

IOWA

BY

T. J. FITZPATRICK.

Fellow of the lowaAcademy of Sciences

A TNESIS.

PRIVATELY PUBLISHED
1899:

Copyright Applied For.

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

Division 2. GAMOPETALAE: calyx and corolla usually present, the petals
more or less united. Polypetalous forms occur in the Asclepiada-
ceae, Oleaceae, Pyrolaceae, and the Monotropaceae, and apetalous
forms occur in the Oleaceae as noted at the end of the key.

A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.
Stamens free from the corolla or merely adnate to its base.
Ovary superior, 4-5-celled; fruit a cupsule.
Low evergreen perennials. PYROLACEAE, 102.
Waxy-white parasitic plants. MONCTROPACEAE, 103.
Ovary inferior, advate to the calyx; fruit a many-seeded berry.
VACCINIACEAE, 103.
Stamens borne on the tube or at the base of the corolla.
Leaves alternate. EBENACEAB, 105,
Leaves opposite and basal. ADOXACEAE, 69.
B. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla und inserted on the tube opposite
the lobes. PRIMULACEAE, 104.
C. Stamens ux many as the lobes of the corolla and inserted alternate with them, or

ewer,
: * Ovary inferior, adherent to the ealyx-tube.
+ Anthers united, except in Kuhnia of the Compositae, the Ambrosiaceac, und
mony of the Campanulaceae,
Flowers in involucrate heads.

Flowers all ligulate; juice milky. CICHORIACBAE, 97.
Flowers tubular or the outer ligulate; juice rarely milky.
Stamens distinct or nearly so. AMBROSIACEAR, 95.
Stamens united by their anthers around the style. COMPOSITAE, 72.
Flowers not in involucrate heads. CAMPANULACEAE, 101.
+ fF Stamens inserted on the corolla; anthers separate,
Stamens in ours 3, fewer than the corolla-lobes. VALERIANACEAE, 71.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, one lessin Linnuew of the Caprifoliaceae.
Leaves opposite or verticillate, usually stipulate. RUBIACEAE, 70.
Leaves opposite, exstipulate. CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 67.

** Ooury superior.
+ Corolla Invregulir, more or lexs 2-lipped; stamens 4 and didynaumeus, or only .2.
= Carpels 1—?-xeeded.
Ovary 4-lobed, becoming 4 1-seeded outlets. LABIATAE, 131.
Ovary not lobed; carpels separating into l-seeded nutlets. VERBENACEAE, 130,
LL Carpels 2—muany-seeded.

Ovary 1-celled; stamens 2; marsh or aquatic herbs. LENTIBULARIACEAE, 128.
Ovary 1-celled; stamens 4; brownish or whitish parasitic herbs.

OROBANCHACEAR, 127.
Ovary 1 celled or becoming partially 4-celled; fruit with 2 long recurved
MARTYNIACEABE, 129.

beaks.
Ovary and capsule Z-celled; placentae parietal; seeds winged in our species;
small trees or woody vines. BIGNONIACEAE, 128,
Ovary and capsule 2-celled; placentae axile.
Seeds usually many. SCROPHULARIACEAE, 120,
Seeds few, borne on curved projections. ACANTHACEAB, 129,

tT Corolla somewhat irregular; stamens 5,
Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Echium, in BORRAGINACEAB, 112.

Ovary notlobed; filaments bearded. Verbascum, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, 121,
TTT Corolla irregular.
{ Stamens of the same number us the lobes of the corolla,
Ovaries 2, separate; stigmas and somvtimes the styles united.
Filaments distinct; pollen granular. APOCYNACEAE, 106,
Filaments monodelphous; pollen in waxy-masses. ASCLEPIADACEAE, 107.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed.

Leaves alternate. BORRAGINACEAE, 112.

Leaves opposite. Mentha, in LABIATAE, 133.
Ovary 1, not deeply lobed, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. PLANTAGINACEAB, 139.
Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules parietal or in 2 parietal placentae.

Leaves opposite. _ GENTIANACEAE, 109.

Leaves basal or alternate, 3-foliolate. MENYANTHACEAE, 110.

Leaves basal or alternate, toothed, lobed, or compound.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 111.

Ovary 2—10 celled.
Leafless white or yellowish parasitic vines. CUSCUTACEAE, 116.
Leaves ulternate and stipulate or opposite and exstipnulate; stamens in-
serted on the tube of the corolla.

Stamens 4; capsule 2-celled, circumscissile. PLANTAGINACEAE, 139.

Stamens 4; ovary 2—4 celled, becoming 2—4 1-seeded nutlets.
VERBENACEAE, 130.

Stamens usually 5. ;
‘Fruit of 4 1-seeded outlets, or of 2 2-seeded carpels.

BORRAGINACEAE, 112.

Fruit a few-seeded capsule.

d Calyx 5-cleft; style 3-lobed or 3-cleft. POLEMONIACEAB, 110.
Calyx of 5 distinct sepals; styles 1 or 2, 2-cleft or entire; mostly twin-
ing vines.
Leaves normal. CONVOLVULACEAE, 115.
Leaves reduced to minute scales. CUSCUTACEAR, 116.

Fruit a many-seeded capsule or berry; style solitary.
SOLANACEAE, 117.

Lt Stamens less in number than the lobes of the corolla.

Stamens 4, didynamous.

Ovary 2-celled; cells several-ovuled. ACANTHACEAE, 129.

Ovary 2—4-celled; cells 1-ovuled. VERBENACEAE, 130.
Stamens with anthers 2; ovary 4-lobed. Lycopus, in LABIATAE, 133.
Stamens 2; ovary 2-celled. :

Herbs. Veronica, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, 124.

Trees or shrubs. OLEACEAE, 106.

Polypetalous forms in gamopetalous families.

Ovaries 2, separate. ASCLEPIADACEAE, 107,
Ovary 1, compound.
Stamens 2. rarely 3 or 4; petals 4. OLEACEAE, 106.
Stamens in ours 8 or 10; petals 4 or 5, d
Low evergreen perennials. PYROLACEAR, 102.
Waxy-white parasitic plants. MONOTROPACEABR, 103.

Apetalous forms in gamopetalous families.
Trees or shrubs; fruit a l-celled 1-seeded samara or drupe. OLEACEAE, 106.

HoNEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 67

GAMOPETALAE: those with both calyx and corolla present, the latter
having its petals more or less united, rarely separate or wanting.

CAPRIFOLIACEAH Vent. HoneysuckLte FaAmizy.

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite exstipulate leaves, and perfect mostly
5-parted regular or irregular flowers. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary.
Corolla monopetalous, tubular, or rotate. Stamens inserted on the calyx-
tube, usually of the same number as the lobes, one less in Linnaea.
Style 1; stigmas 3-5. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule, 1-several-
seeded.

Tribe Lonicereae. Corolla tubular, limb regular or irregular; style fili-
form.

* Herbs; jlowcrs axillary; corolla 5-lobed.
LINNAEA. Stamens 4.
TRIOSTEUM. Stamens 5.
. * * Shrubs, erect or climbing.
SYMPHORICARPOS. Stamens 4-5; berry 4-celled. 2-seeded.

LONICERA. Corolla tubular; stamens 5; berry 2-3-celled.
DIERVILLA Stameas 5: fruit a 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded capsule.

~Tribe Sambuceae. Corolla regular, deeply 5-lobed, rotate; stigmas 3-5,

mostly sessile.
Sambucus. Leaves pinnate; fruit a 3-seeded berry.
VipukNom. Leaves simple; fruit a i-celled, 1-seeded drupe.

LINNAEA L. A single species, creeping, evergreen, perennial. Leaves
roundish, slighly crenate, petiolate. Peduncle slender, erect, 2-flowered.
Calyx small, 5-parted, deciduous. Corolla campanulate, lobes 5, about equal.
Stamens 4, 2 longer, inserted toward the base of the corolla. Style slightly
exserted; stigma capitate.

L. borealis L. Somewhat pubescent; stems 6-30 inches long; pedicels
from the axils of small branchlets; flowers nodding; corolla roseate, fragrant,
about a half inch long. Moist woods; June; infrequent; Winneshiek county.

TRIOSTEUM L. Coarse perennials, with opposite ample more or less con-
nate entire leaves, and sessile axillary flowers. Calyx-tube ovoid, limb of 5
nearly linear segments. Corolla tubular, but little exceeding the calyx,
gibbous at the base, limb of 5 nearly equal lobes. Stamens 5, included.
Style 1, exserted; stigma capitate, lobed. Ovary 3-celled, forming a drupe.
Seeds 3, bony, ribbed.

T. perfoliatum L. Fever-wort. Horse Gentian. Stems 2-4 feet high, sim-
ple, soft-pubescent to hirsute; leaves oval, acuminate, contracted toward the
base; flowers usually clustered, brownish purple, drupe orange color. Up-
jand woods; May—June; common.

T. angustifolium L. Stem 2-6 feet high, hairy; leaves lanceolate, acumi-
nate, tapering to the base. hardly connate; flowers mostly solitary, yellow-
ish. Woods: May-July; infrequent; Johnson and Lee counties.

SYMPHORICARPOS Juss. Low branching shrubs, with opposite oval
short-petioled entire leaves and small roseate axillary flowers. Calyx-tube
globose, teeth 4-5, short, persistent. Corolla campanulate, limb regular, 4—5-
lobed. Stamens 4-5, short, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Stigmas
capitate. Fruita globose berry. 4-celled, 2 of the cells with a single seed, the
others abortive.

Ss. vulgaris Mx. Indian Currant. Coral-berry. Stems slender, 2-4 feet
high; leaves nearly sessile, downy beneath; flowers in short thick clusters;

68 CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

stamens and bearded style incluted; berriessmall, red. Along streams and
bordering uplands; July; common but confined mostly to the southern half
of the state; Lee, Henry, Jefferson, Van Buren, Wapello, Appanoose, Monroe,
Decatur, Lucas, Ringgold, Union, Clark, Adams, Taylor, Page, Montgomery,
Fremont, Pottawattomie, Harrison, Monona, Shelby, Ida, Woodbury, Sioux,
Lyon, and Story counties. (8. symphoricarpos (L.) MaeM.)

S. occidentalis Hook. Wolfberry Leaves petioled; flowers larger than
those of the preceding, spicate, axillary, terminal; corolla bearded within;
stamens and glabrous style exserted; berries white. Upland woods; June-
July; frequent; Emmet, Lyon, Dickinson, Shelby, Pottawattomie, Fremont,
Page, Winnebago, Story, Fayette, and Winneshiek counties.

LONICERA L. Bushy or climbing shrubs, with opposite entire leaves. and
usually showy flowers. Calyx-tube subglobose; teeth 5, very short. Corolla
tubular or funnel-form; limbin 4 or 5 often unequal lubes. Stamens 5, ex-
serted. Stigma capitate. Ovary 2-3-celled, becoming a few-seeded berry.

L. sullivantii Gray. Honeysuckle. Stems climbing, 3-6 feet high; leaves
glabrous, often much glaucous, sessile, niostly connate-perfoliate, oval or ob-
ovate, the upper pair fortaing an orbicular disk; corolla pale yellow, hairy
within, tube half inch long, limb shorter; filaments nearly glabrous; berries
red. Woods; June; common; Winneshiek, Alamakee, Clayton, Dubuque,
Fayette, Jackson, Delaware, Muscatine, Johnson, Henry, Fremont, Pottawat-
tomie, Winnebago, Chickasaw, Cerro Gordo, and Emmet counties. ~

L. glauca Hill. Stems 3-4 feet high, usually bushy; leaves glabrous. less
glaucous, oblong, upper pairs connate; flowers greenish yellow or purplish,
tube short, limb nearly as long, hirsute within: style and base of the fila-
ments hirsute; berries yellow. Woods: May-June; common; \Winneshiek,
Allamakee, Fayette. Story, and Emmet counties, specitnens referred to this
species have been collected in Delaware, Johnson, Cerro Gordo, Henry, and
Calhoun counties. (L. dioica L.)

L. tartarica L. Bush Honeysuckle. An erect glabrous shrub, 5-10 feet
high. with ovate short petioled leaves, and pinkish or whitish flowers on axil-
lary bracted peduncles. Frequently cultivated; has been collected along the
Volga river, Fayette county, probably an escape.

DIERVILLA Moench. Leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, serrate. Flow-
ers in axillary cymes. Calyk-tube oblong, the limb of 5 linear segments.
Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular, 5-lobed, twice the length of the calyx.
Stamens 5, exserted. Fruit a capsule, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded.

D. trifida Moench. A small shrub, 4-6 feet high, with taper-pointed
leaves, and pale yellow flowers; capsule oblong, with a slender beak, crowned
with the persistent calyx-lobes. Bluff thickets; June-July; infrequent;
-Winneshiek, Fayette, and Muscatine counties. (D. diervilla (L ) MacM.)

SAMBUCUS L. Small shrubs, with simple pinnate leaves, and small
cymose white flowers. Calyx-lobes small, 5 or none. Corolla-limb 5-cleft,
spreading. segments obtuse. Stamens 5. Stigmas3. Fruit a pulpy berry, 3-
seeded.

S. canadensis L. Common Elder. Stems more or less woody, 4-10 feet
high, with a large white pith, leaflets 5-11, ovate-oblong, acuminate, smooth;
fruit dark purple. Rich soil, fields and open woods; June-J uly; common.

S. racemosa L. Reid-berrie? Elder. Stems woody, 3-10 feet high, with a
reddish-brown pith; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly downy
beneath; cymes panicled; fruit red. Woods; flowers in May, fruit ripe in

MoscuaAtet FaMIny. 69

June; infrequent; Winneshiek, Clayton, Fayette, Delaware, and Scott coun-
ties. (S. puhens Mx.)

VIBURNUM L. Small trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, and white
flowers in compound cymes. Calyx small, persistent, 5-toothed. Corolla
rctate, deeply 5-lobed, segments obtuse. Stamens 5. Stig:mas 1-3, sessile.
Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe. Fetioles frequently minutely stipulate.

V. lentago L. Swect Viburnum. Sheep-berry. Shrub or small tree, 8-30 feet
high; leaves ovate, long-acuminate, closely and sharply serrate, with long
marginped petioles; cymes 3-5 rayed, sessile; drupes oval, half inch long, ripe
in autumn, edible. Woods; May-June; frequent throughout the state.

V. prunifolium L. Black Haw. Similar to the preceding; leaves oval, ob-
tuse or acutish. finely serrulate. Low woods; May-June; rare; Johnson
county, reported from Huinbolt county.

V. pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy-lewved Arrow-wood. Shrub 2-3 feet
high; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, short acuminate, broadly dentate, pin-
nately veined, downy when young, base cordate, short-petioled or nearly ses-
sile; drupe dark purple, oval; stone flattish, slightly 2-grooved on both sur-
faces. Rocky woods; May-June; infrequent; Emmet, Fayette. Johnson,
Henry, Decatur, Story, and Cerro Gordo counties. A form of this species
with the characteristic fruit but the petioles a half inch or more long is found
in Johnson county. The forms referred to the next species may belong here.

V. dentatum L. Arrow-wood. A shrub, 4-10 feet high; branches slender,
glabrous, gray; leaves ovate, oval or orbivular, acute: or short-acuminate,
coarsely dentate, both sides glabrous or pubescent in the axils of the veins
beneath, base rounded or slightly cordate, petioles one-fourth of an inch to an
inch long, glabrous; drupe globose-ovoid, blue, becoming blackish; stone
deeply grooved on one side, rounded on the other. Woods; May-June; infre-
quent; forms have been referred to this species from Jackson, Delaware,
Johnsun, Henry, Winnebago, and Dallas counties. :

V. opulus L. Cranberry-tree. Wild Guelder-rose. Shrub 5-12 feet high;
leaves deeply 3-lobed, 3-ribbed, broadly ovate, base rounded or truncate,
lobes acuminate, dentate, entire in the sinuses; petioles stipuled. and with 2
glands above; drupes globose or oval, red, acidic. stone orbicular, flat, not
grooved. Woods; June-July; rather rare; Allamakee and Delaware counties,
reported from Fayette county.

ADOXACEAE Fritsch. MoscuATEL FAMILY.

Dwarf perennial herbs, with scaly or tuberous rootstocks, basal and
opposite ternately divided leaves, and capitate cluster of greenish flow-
ers. Calyx-limb of 3 or more teeth. Corolla rotate, 4-6-lobed. Stamens
of 4-6 pairs, in the sinuses of the corolla, separate or partly united;
anthers peltate, 1-celled. Style 3-5-parted. Fruit a greenish drupe,
with 3-5 cartilaginous nutlets. Represented by the monotypic genus
Apoxa L.

A. moschatellina L. Musk-root. Moschatel. Smooth, 3-5 inches high,
radical leaves 1-4, ternately compound, long-petioled; cauline leaves a single
pair, 3-parted or 3-cleft; flowers greenish or yellowish, 4-5 in a slender pedun-
culate glomerule. Rocky woods; May; rather rare; Winneshiek county, re-
ported from Fayette and Floyd counties.

70 RUBIACEAE.

RUBIACEAE B. Juss. MADDER FAMILY.

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite or verticillate entire leaves. Stipules
leaf-like, conuecting the bases of the petioles or none. Flowers perfect
but frequently of two forms in Houstonia. Calvx-tube adherent to the
ovary; limb 4-5-cleft. Corolla regular, inserted upon the calyx-tube;
lobes 4-5. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the corolla-tube, alternate with its
lobes. Styles 1-2. Ovary 2-4-celled. Fruit a capsule, berry, or a
drupe. .
Hovustontia. Low herbs. with opposite leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers.

CEPHaLsNTaus. Leaves opposite or in 3’s; flowers in dense globular peduncled heads.
GaLium. Leaves verticillate; stipules wanting; flowers cymose.

HOUSTONIA L. Low herbs. Stipules small, entire, connate with the
petioles. Flowers solitary or cymose, white or bluish. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-
lobed, persistent, the lobes becoming distinct in fruit. Corolla tubular, with
4 spreading lobes, longer than the calyx. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of
the corolla. Style 1; stigmas2. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit capsular, few-several-
seeded. Flowers often dimorphous, that is some flowers with exserted style
and included stamens, others with included style and exserted stamens.

H. minima Beck. Least Bluets. Annual; stem 1-4 inches high, glabrous;
radical leaves spatulate or ovate, cauline leaves ovate to linear; peduncles
axillary, the earlier ones usually 1 inch long, later ones shorter; flowers vio-
let or purple; calyx-lobes conspicuous; corolla-lobes about equalling the
tube. Fields and prairies; March-May; common; Johnson county.

H. angustifolia Mx. Perennial; stems tufted, from «a woody root, 4-20
inches high; leaves often fascicled, narrowly linear, 1-nerved; flowers numer-
cus, in compact terminal cymes, white or purplish, short-pedicelled; lobes of
the corulla bearded inside; capsule obovoid. Prairies; June-July; frequent;
Taylor, Fremont, and Shelby counties; reported from Pottawattamie, Harri-
son, and Woodbury counties.

CEPHALANTHUS L. Shrubs, with white flowers in dense globose pedun-
ecled heads. Calyx-limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4,
Style 1, filiform, much exserted; stigma capitate; fruit dry, 2-4-celled.

C. occidentalis L. Button-bush. Shrub 2-10 feet high; leaves opposite or
in 3's, ovate to lance-oblong, pointed, petioled; stipules small, triangular.
Low grounds, along streams and swamps; July-August; frequent in the
southeast quarter of the state but rarer elsewhere; Allamakee, Clayton, Clin-
ton, Jackson, Scott, Muscatine, Louisa, Lee, Henry, Johnson, Appanoose,
Story, Decatur, Page, Fremont, and Humbolt counties.

GALIUM L. Herbs, with angled stems, verticillate leaves, and cymose
flowers. Calyx-limb of four small teeth. Corolla rotate, 4-cleft, valvate in
the bud. Stamens 4, short. Styles 2. Fruit globular, dry or fleshy, separat-
ing into 2, 1-seeded, indehiscent carpels.

G. aparine L. Annual, stems 2-4 feet long, weak, reclining, retrorsely
prickly; leaves usually in 8's, sometimes in 6’s or 7's, oblanceolate to linear,
mucronate, peduncles axillary, 1-2-flowered; fruit densely covered with
hooked prickles. Low woods; May—August; common.

G. circaezans Mx. Wild Liquorice. Perennial, stem 1-2 feet high,
branched, downy or smooth; leaves large, in 4’s, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 3-
nerved, obtuse; peduncles few-flowered; fruit nearly sessile, hispid. Rich
woods; May-July; frequent; Johnson, Henry, Muscatine, Lee, Van Buren,
Decatur, Fremont, and Pottawattamic counties.

VALERIAN FAMILY. 71

G. boreale L. Northern Bedstraw. Perennial, stem 1-2 feet high, rigid,
smooth and glabrous; leaves in 4's, linear-lanceolste, acute, 3-nerved; flow-
ers white, uumerous, io terminal panicles; fruit hispid or smooth. Low
prairies and rocky woods; May—August; common; Winneshiek, Allamakee.
Fayette, Jackson, Jones, Floyd, Cerro Gordo, Hancock, Emmet, Dickinson,
and Lyon counties.

G. trifidum L. Small Bedstraw. Perennial, stem weak, decumbent or sub-
erect, diffusely branched, retrorsely roughish on the angles; leaves mostly in
4s, sometimes in 6's, linear or oblanceolate, obtuse, margins and midrib
rough; peduncles 1-7-flowered; flowers white, frequently 3-parted, pedicels
capillary; fruit smooth. ‘Wet woods; June-July; common. This species
varies much. Variety pustLLuM Gray is a small form with-narrow linear
leaves, in 4’s, and peduncles 1-2-flowered. Variety LAtIFoLium Torr., usually
less branched; leaves in 4’s, ovate, obtuse or oblanceolate; peduncles about
3-flowered; flowers 4-parted. These are the varieties given in Gray's
Manual. They are not now recognized.

G. concinnum T. & G. Similar to the preceding, perennial; stem decum-
bent, much branched, angles scabrous; leaves all in 6's, linear, slightly
pointed, 1-nerved, margins scabrous upward, peduncles filiform, 2-3 times
forked; flowers small, numerous, cymose, white; fruit smooth. Dry woods;
June-July; common.

G. triflorum Mx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. Perennial, diffuse, procumbent
or ascending; stem 1-3 feet long, weak, rough on the angles; leaves in 6’s,
narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, cuspidate, 1-nerved, margins rough;
peduncles 3-flowered; flowers greenish, pedicelled; fruit clothed with hooked
bristles. Rich woods; June-July; common; Jackson, Jones, Muscatine,
Johnson, Decatur, Story, Winnebago, and Emmet counties.

G. asprellum Mx. Rouyh Bedstraw. Perennial; stem diffuse, much
branched, retrorsely hispid; ieaves in 6’s or in 4's and 5’s on the branches,
Janceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, margins and midrib retrorsely prickly;
peduncles 2-3 times forked; flowers white; fruit smooth and glabrous. Allu-
vial soil; June-August; reported from Jones, Lee, Johnson, and Cerro Gordo
counties, perhaps frequent.

VALERIANACEAE Batsch. VALERIAN FaAmtity.

Herbs, with opposite exstipulate leaves, and cymose-clustered flowers.
Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb sometimes pappus-like. Corolla
tubular or funnel-form, 4- 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the corolla tube,
alternate with the lobes and usually fewer in number. Ovary inferior,
3-celled, but one cell fertile and l-ovuled. Fruit indehiscent, witha sin-
vile suspended ovule.

VALERIANA. Fruit 1-celled; calyx-lobes becoming pappus-like.
VALERLANELLA. Fruit 3-celled; calyx-lobes minute or obsolete.

VALERIANA L. Perennial herbs, with strong-scented roots, mostly pin-
nate leaves, and dicecious or dimorphous flowers. Calyx-limb small ‘at first
but evolving a plumose pappus as the seed develops. Corolla limb 5-lobed,
nearly regular. Stamens 3. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.

V. edulis Nutt. Edible Valerian. Stem 1-4 feet high, thick, smooth; root
ample, spindle-shaped, edible; leaves densely ciliate, radical spatulate, cau-
line pinnately parted into 3-7 long and narrow divisions; flowers whitish,

72 COMPOSITAE

polygamo-dicecious, in cymose clusters, disposed in a long narrow interrupted
panicle. Low prairies; May-June; common; Winneshiek and Fayette counties.

VALERIANELLA Poll. Annual branched herbs, with tufted basal leaves,
and terminal capitate, corymbed or panicled flowers. Calyx-limb short and
toothed or obsolete. Corolla small, 5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 3.
Fruit 3-celled, one cell 1-seeded, the others empty.

V. chenopodifolia (Pursh) DC. Stem glabrous, 1-2 feet high; lower and
basal leaves spatulate, obtuse, sometimes repand, the upper oblong or lance-
olate, entire, sessile; flowers in dense cymes; corolla white; fruit triangular-
pyramidal, glabrous or pubescent. Moist soil; May-July; reported from Lee
county by Arthur.

COMPOSITAE Adans. TuHisTLE FAMILY.

Curs herbs, with watery or resinous sap, and opposite alternate or ba-
sal exstipulate leaves. Flowers perfect, pistillate or neutral, infrequent-
ly moncecious or dicecious, few or many borne ona common receptacle
which is subtended by a common involucre composed of few or many bracts
arranged in oneormoreseries. Receptacle naked or chaffy, smooth, pit-
ted or honeycombed. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the limb wanting
or of bristles, teeth, scales, awns, or crown-like or cup-like andis known as
the pappus. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed or 5-cleft or the maryinal flowers
with astrap-shaped or ligulate corolla; the heads are radiate when the ray-
flowers are present, discoid when absent, the tubular are the disk“flowers.
Stamens usually 5, borne on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, the an-
thers united into a tube which sheaths the style, syngenesious, distinct
or nearly so in Kuhnia, sometimes appendaged at the apex or sagittate or
tailed at the base, the pollen grains globose, rough or echinate. Ovary 1-
celled, 1-ovuled; style of the fertile flowers 2-cleft, the branches various and
naked or variously appendaged; stigmas marginal; styleof sterile tiowers
usually undivided. Fruitanachene. A large family and well represented
in Iowa. Some writers include the two following families with this one.

Tribe Vernonieae. Heads discoid; flowers tubular, perfect, never yellow;
style-branches filiform or subulate; leaves alternate or scattered.

VERNONIA. With us the only genus.

Tribe Eupatorieae. Heads discoid; flowers tubular. perfect, never yel-

low; style- -branches thickened upward, obtuse, minutely pubescent; leaves

alternate, opposite or whorled.
EuPATORIuM. Achenes 5-angled; pappus of numerous capillary bristles; mann EROS
bracts more than 4.
Kuanta. Achenes 10-ribbed; involucral bracts striate-nerved; pappus strongly ae
mose.
Lisrris, Achenes 10-ribbed; involucral bracts faintly striate; pappus plumose or bar-
bellate; heads spicate or racemose.

Tribe Astereae. Heads radiate or discoid; style-branches of the perfect
flowers flattened, with triangular appendages above; flowers often yellow;
anthers not tailed at the base; leaves alternate.

GRINDELIA. Heads large; flowers fertile, many; pappus of caducous awns.

CHRYSOPSIS, Heads many-flowered; pappus double, the outer of chaffy scales, the
inner of capillary bristles.

APLOPAPPUS. Heads many-flowered, radiate; pappus persistent, of many unequal
bristles; achenes white-tomentose.

SoLipaco. Heads small, radiate, tew-many-flowered, yellow, rarely white; pappus of
numerous nearly equal capillary bristles.

THISTLE FAMILY. 73

BOLrTontaA. Heads many-flowered; rays white or purp ish, disk yellow; pappus of a few
short bristles and 2-4 awns.

AsvTER. Heads usually small, many-flowered. on leaf; peduncles; rays white, blue or
purple, disk yellow; involucre wellimbricated. paypus simple, copious, of capillary
bristles; achenes, flattish.

Erigeron. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles; invotucre bt little imbricated ;
pappus a single ruw of capillary bristles with intermixed smazicr 01¢s or with an
outer pappus of scales or little bristles; achenes flattened.

Tribe Inuleae. Heads usually small. discoid, except in Inula where the
ravs are large and yellow; anthers sagittate, unappendaged ahove, tailed be-
low; style-branches obtuse or lruncate, naked: pappus capillary or none.
Our species have the receptacle not chaffy.

ANTENNARIA. Heads dicecious;: pappus of the staminate flowers club-shaped, of the
pistillate flowers united at the base and falling away together.

ANAPHaLIS. Heads dioecious or polygamo-dicecious; pappus not club-shaped nor united
at the base, .

GNAPHALIUM. Heads with all the flowers fertile; pappus capillary.

InuLA. Heads large, many-flowered, with yellow rays; pappus of rough capillary
bristles.

Tribe Heliantheae. Heads radiate or discoid; involuere herbaceous or
foliaceous; receptacle chaffy; pappusa cup or crown, or awns, bristles or seales,
never capillary, sometimes none; style-branches truncate or hairy-append-
aged.

* Disk flowers perfect, but sterile, the rays fertile.

Potymnta. Involucral scales in 2 rows, the 5 outer foliaceous; achenes thick, short, not
flattened; pappus none

SILPHITM. Involucral scales thick, imbricated in several rows: achenes flattened, wing-
margined, in several rows; rays in 2 or 3 series; pappus none or 2 teeth.

PARTHENIUM. Involucral scales short. roundish. in 2 rows: achenes flattened, keeled
and margined: rays 5, very short, the heads appearing discoid; pappus of 2 small
scales.

* * Disk-flowers fertile; rays deciduous except in Hcliopsis, or none.

Ecuiera. Rays white. short; involucral scales in 2 rows; receptacle flat; chaff awn-
like or bristle-like.

HEtropsis. Rays yellow, fertile; achenes 4-angled. _

ECHINACEA. Rays rose-colored. pistillate, sterile: achenes 4-sided.

RupsBeckia. Rays yellow, neutral: achenes 4-sided, marginless.

LEPACHYS. Rays yellow. neutral: achenes flattened laterally and wargined.

HELIANTHUS. Receptacle flat or convex: achenes flattish, neither margined nor winged;
pappus of 2 deciduous scales or awns.

ACTINOMERIS. Receptacle convex; achenes laterally flattened, 2-awned; leaves decur-
rent.

CorREopPsIs. Receptacle flat; achenes flat; pappus of 2 short teeth or awns, or a mere
border, or none. é

BIDENS. Receptacle flat; achenes flat: pappus of 2-6awns or teeth which are hispid or
barbed. ; i

Tribe Helenieae. Similar to the preceding tribe; receptacle not chaffy;
pappus a row of chaffy scales, bristly-dissected in Dysodia; style-branches
truncate or with hairy tips.

HELENtwM, Receptacle oblong; rays 3-5-cleft; involucral scales distinct; leaves decur-
rent.

Dysupia. Receptacle flat; rays few, short; involucral scales united into a cup; ill-
scented plants.

Tribe Anthemidece. Rays mostly white or none; involucral scales im-
bricated, usually dry and scarious; pappus a short crown or none. Strong-
scented herbs with alternate leaves.

* Receptacle chaffy.

ANTHEMIS. Heads large; achenes terete.

ACHILLEA. Heads small; achenes flattened.

74 COMPOSITAE

* * Receptacle naked, sometimes huiry.
CHRYSANTHEMUM. Heads large, many-rayed; pappus none.
TANACETUM. Heads small, corymbed, rayless; flowers yellow; pappus a short crown.
ARTEMISIA. Heads small, racemose, spicate or panicled, rayless; pappus none.
Tribe Senecioneae. Leads radiate or discoid; involucral seales little if
any imbricated, not scarious; receptacle naked; pappus of soft capillary

bristles.
SENECLO. Flowers yellow; heads usually radiate
CACALIA. Flowers white or cream-colored, all perfect; heads discoid; sap often milky.
ERECATITES. Flowers whitish. the marginal pistillate, the central perfect; heads dis-
coid.

Tribe Cynareae. Heads large, discoid; flowers tubular, perfect; involu-
eral scales much imbricated; anthers long-tailed at the base, elongated-ap-
pendaged at the tip; style-branches short or united, smooth, often witha
pubescent ring below.

ARCT1uM. Leaves not prickly; involucral scales hooked; pappus of rough bristles.
Cnicus. Leaves prickly; pappus-bristles plumose.

VERNONIA Schreb. Ivon-weed. Perennials. with leafy stems, and corym-
bose cymes. Leaves alternate, acuminate Heads discoid, 15-40-flowered:
flowers purple, tubular, perfect. Invulucre shorter than the flowers, of many
imbricated scales, the inner longest. Pappus double, onter seale-like, inner
copious. capillary. Receptacle naked. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed. Species
are with difficulty determined.

V. fasciculata Mx. Stem 3~7 feet high, glabrous; leaves narrowly lanceo-
late to linear, sharply denticulate; heads many, cyme close, involucre bell-
shaped, half as long as the showy flowers; scales obtuse, closely appressed.
Low grounds; August-September; common.

V. noveboracensis (L.) Willd. Stem 3-6 feet high, pubescent or glabrate,
leaves lanceolate, serrulate; involucre purplish, scales ovate or lance-ovate,
with filiform or subulate spreading tips. Moist svil; July-September; re-
ported from Scott, Union, Pottawattamie, and Harrison counties. Specimens
from Des Moines, Lee, and Cass counties referred to this species.

V. glauca (L.) Britton. Stem 2-5 feet high, glabrous, or finely pubescent;
leaves thin, the lower oval or obovate, the upper ovate-langeolate, acute or
acuminate, pale beneath, sharply serrate; inflorescence loosely branched;
heads few, slender-pedunclea, 10-20-flowered; involucral scales acute or acu-
minate, appressed. ‘Woods, August-September; reported, but questionable.
(VY. naveboracensis latifolia Gray.)

V. baldwinii Torr. Stout, 2-5 feet high, densely tomentose-pubescent;
leaves lanceolute or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate,
scabrous above, tomentulose beneath; heads stout-peduncled; involucral
scales acute or acuminate, squarrose. Dry soil; July-September. Forms
from Van Buren, Appanoose, Decatur, and Ringgold counties referred to this
species.

EUPATORIUM L. Perennials. Flowers in corymbose heads, white, blue,
or red, never yellow, all tubular, 4-cleft. Involucre imbricate. Receptacle
flat, naked. Pappus a single row of capillary scabrous bristles. Style ex-
serted, deeply cleft. Achenes 5-angled.

E. purpureum L. Jue-Pye Weed. Stem simple, 38-8 feet high, often pur-
plish, pubescent above, mostly glabrous below; leaves 3-6 ina whorl, short-
petioled, large, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, coarsely serrate, pointed; flow-
ers flesh-color; involucral scales numerous, imbricated in several rows, Low
gounds; August-September; common.

\

THISTLE FAMILy. 75

E. altissimum L. Stem simple, 2-6 feet high, soft-pubescent, leafy; leaves
opposite, sessile. lanceolate, tapering both ways, conspicuously 3-nerved, en-
tire or toothed beyond the middle; involucral scales oblong, shorter than the
heads, in about two rows, outer shorter; heads 1-5-flowered. Dry ground;
August-September; frequent; eastern and southeastern counties, sparingly
westward; Winneshiek, Benton, Iayette, Muscatine, Des Moines, Henry,
Johnson, Story, Decatur, and Harrison counties.

E. serotinum Mx. Stem 3-6 feev high, usually branched, soft-puberulent,
leaves mostly opposite, a few upper alternate, long-petioled, ovate-lanceolate,
3-nerved, coarsely serrate; heads 12-15-flowered, in compound corymbs; ‘in-
volucre pubescent; scales obtuse. Low ground; August-September, infre-
quent; Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, and Woodbury counties.

E. perfoliatum LL. Boneset. Stem 2-4 feet high, hairy, corymbosely
branched; leaves opposite or in 3's, connate-perfoliate, lanceolate, pointed,
crenate-serrate, downy beneath; heads 10-15-flowered, in a dense corymb,
scales narrowly lanceolate, shorter than the flower. Low grounds; August;
common. The number of flowers in the head and the connate character of
the leaves vary greatly.

E. ageratoides L. White Snake-root. Stem smooth, simple or branched, 1-
3 feet high; leaves opposite, petioled, thin, broadly ovate, pointed, 3-nerved,
large toothed; heads 10-20-flowered, in a compound corymb, involucral scales
in one row, oblong, obtuse. Woods; July-September; common.

E. coelestinum L. Mist-flower. Plant pubescent or puberulent, 1-3 feet
high; leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, acute or obtuse, crenate-dentate, base
truncate or slightly cordate; heads cymose-corymbose; fiowers blue or violet.
Moist soil; August-September; reported from Lee county by Arthur.

KUHNIA L. Perennials. Heads paniculate-corymbose, cream colored, dis-
eoid, 10-20-flowered. Involucral scales narrowly linear, loosely imbricated,
parallel nerved. Pappus a row of white plumose capillary bristles. Achenes
cylindrical, 10-striate.

K. eupatorioides L. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, usually simple, minutely
pubescent,-leaves alternate, the upper sessile, the lower short-petioled, lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate, acuminate. Dry soil,
August-September; common. ‘

K. glutinosa Ell. Usually taller and stouter than the preceding, pubes-
cent or tomentulose; leaves all sessile, lanceolate to ovate-lanccolate, sharply
serrate, those of the branches linear-lanceolate and entire; heads numerous,
densely clustered in cymes. ‘Dry soil; August-September; reported from
Fayette and Story counties; probably common. (K. eupatorioides corymbulosa
T. & G.)

LIATRIS Schreb. ButTron SNAkgeRooT. Buiazine-STaR. Perennials, from
a roundish corm, erect, simple, leafy. Leaves long-linear, entire, rigid, ses-
sile, or lower oblong-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, petioled. Heads discoid, few
to many-flowered. Involucral scales well imbricated in many rows. Recep-
tacle naked. Pappus of from 15-40 capillary bristles. Achenes slender, tap-
ering, 10-ribbed.

: * Inwolucre cylindric or turbinate, 15—16-flowered.

L. squarrosa (L.) Willd. Stem 1-3 feet high; frequently hairy; leaves
rigid, long-linear; heads few, racemose, about an inch in length; involueral
scales tapering to an acute point, leaf-like, spreading; corolla-lobes hairy in-
side, pappus plumose. Prairie soil; August-September; Scott, Wapello,

76 COMPOSITAE.

Decatur, Taylor, Page, and Cass counties; common in southern Iowa. (La-
einaria squarrosa (L.) Hill.)

L. cylindracea Mx. Stem 6-18 inches high; heads few, oblong-eylindrical,
1; inch long; scales ovate, with appressed mucronate tips; pappus plumose;
corolla-lobes hairy inside. Prairies; Adgust-September; frequent, but appar-
ently local; Fayette, Jones, Muscatine, and Story counties. (Lacinuria cylin-
dracea (Mx. ) Kuntze ). :

** Involuere hemispheric; 15—45-flowered.

L. scariosa(L.) Willd. Stem 3-5 feet high, scabrous-pubescert; leaves
lanceolate, lower oblong-lanceolate and long-petioled; heads large, short, re-
motely racemose, few or many, 25-40-flowered; involucre hemispherical; seales
obovate, obtuse, margins scarious, often colored; pappus barbellate. Prairie:
August-September; common. (Lacinwria scariosa ( L.) Hill. )

L. pycnostachya Mx. Stem 3-5 feet high, hairy or smoothish; upper
leaves linear-lanceolate; heads small, many, few-flowered, ina dense spike,
6-20 inches long; seales oblong or lanceolate with recurved or spreading pet-
al-like tips. Low prairies; August-September; common. (Lacinaria pycno-
stachya (Mx. ) Kuntze).

L. punctata Hook. Stem 4-30 inches high, mostly glabrous; leaves nar-
rowly linear, punctate, rigid; heads 3-6-flowered, usually many ina dense
spike; scales oblong, acuminate, punctate; pappus very plumose; corolla-lobes
naked. Dry sandy knolls; August-September; Fremont, Harrison, Woodbury,
Lyon, Emmet, Hancock, and Dickinson counties. ( Lucinaria punctate ( Hook.)
Kuntze ).

GRINDELIA Willd. Coarse perennial glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate,
sessile or clasping. Heads large, terminating the branches, radiate or dis-
eoid, many-flowered; rays pistillate. Involucral seales closely imbricated in
several series, narrow-acuminate, green-tipped. Pappus of 2 or more awns.
Achenes short, thick. glabrous.

G. squarresa (Pursh) Dunal. Stem 1-3 feet high, leafy; leaves alternate,
sessile, linear or spatulate-oblong, serrate; leaves and heads balsamic-viscid;
rays pistillate, wanting in var. NUDA Gray. Waste places; August; infre-
quent; Woodbury, Sioux, Lyon, Ida, Palo Alto, Muscatine, Henry, Lee, Ma-
baska, Boone, and Fremont counties.

CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. Perenuials, with hairy stems, and large heads ter-
minatiug the branches. Rays many, yellow. pistillate. Involucral scaleslin-
ear, imbricated. Receptacle flat. Pappus double, outer of short racher ehat-
fy bristles, inner of long capillary bristles. Avhenes linear, flat, obovate or
linear-oblong.

C. villosa (Pursh) Nutt. Stem about 1 foot high, hairy, corymbosely
branched; leaves alternate, oblong-spatulate, entire, hairy. Dry soil; Au-
gust; frequent; Lyon county.

APLOPAPPUS Cass. Mostly perennials. Leaves alternate. Involucre
hemispherical, of many closely imbricated scales. Receptacle flat. Heads
many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate, yellow. Disk flowers yellow. Pap-
pus of simple bristles. Achenes short, top-shaped or linear.

A. spinulosus DC. Perennial; stem 4-12 inches high, usually spreading;
leaves pinnately or bi-pinnately parted, lobes bristle-tipped; achenes ptibes-
cent. Loess mounds, forming dense patches; April-September; Harrison,
Monona, and Woodbury counties. (Hriocarpum spinulosian (Nutt.) Greene.)

i

THISTLE FaMiLy. 17

SOLIDAGO L. GoLpEN-Rop. Perennials, with slender erect stems, near-
ly sessile, entire or serrate, alternate cauline leaves, and racemose or cluster-
ed, yellow, rarely white, heads. Involucral scales appressed, oblong, rarely
with green tips. Receptacle small, not chaffy, alveolate, fimbrillate in the
last. Rays pistillate, few to many. Disk flowers perfect, yellow. Pappus
simple, capillary, seabrous. Achenes teretish, ribbed. Flowers appear in
August and September.

* Inflorescence in ihe axils of feather-veined leaves.

S. latifolia L. Stem 2-3 feet high, angular, ziz-zag, smooth or downy a-
bove; leaves broadly oval, thin, deeply serrate, acuminate. base tapering into
«w margined-petiole, pubescent beneath; flowers in short axillary clusters, the
terminal racemose; scales appressed; rays 3-4. Rich woods; July-September;
frequent; ANlamakee, Fayette, Delaware, Jackson, Johnson, Henry, Des
Moines, Story, Decatur, Winnebago, and Emmet counties. (S. flexicaittlis L.

S. bicolor L. Stem 1-2 feet high, simple, hairy; leaves elliptical to oblong,
acute both ways, the lower slightly serrate, tapering into a petiole; flowers in
smnell axillary clusters, rays 6-12. white; involucral scales obtuse. Woods; in-
frequent; Johnson and Winneshiek counties.

* ® Inflorescence a terninal panicle.
+ Leaves not triple-ribbed; rucemes not secund.

S. speciosa Nutt. Stem 3-6 feet high, simple, smooth; leaves thickish,
the upper oval or oblong, smooth, rough-margined, lower ovate or broadly o-
val, sub-serrate, petioles margined; panicle ample, thyrsoid, rough-pubescent,
seules oblong; rays 5-8. Upland borders; common in eastern Iowa, rarer
westward.

S. rigidiuscula (T. & G.) Porter. Stem rather strict, 2-4 feet high, gla-
hrous below, rough-pubescent above; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
entire or the basal crenate, margins ciliolate, sessile-or the lower petioled.
Prairies; common throughout western Iowa, but the range is not well known
as the species has been confused with the preceding. (8. speciosa angustata Gr.)

+ + Leaves not triple-ribbed; raccines secund,

S. patula Muhl. Stem 4-5 feet high, smooth, angular-striate; leaves am-
ple, ovate, acute, serrate, very rough above. smooth and veiny beneath; heads
rather large, inshort racemes, on spreading branches; scalesobtuse. Swamps,
Cedar river region; Muscatine county.

S. ulmifolia Muh]. Stem 2-4 feet high, glabrous; branches pubescent;
leaves elliptic-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering both ways, thin, veiny and
soft-hairy beneath, sharply serrate or the upper entire; branches of the pan-
icle long, slender, recurved; involucral scales lanceolate-oblong; ray and disk
flowers 3-4. Woods; common; variable; Winneshiek, Jackson, Johnson, Hen-
ry, Des Moines, Decatur, and Taylor counties; reported from Fayette, Scott,

aud Story counties.
t + + Leaunes more or less triple-ribbed; stem glabrous. panicle sometimes pithescent.
S. missouriensis Nutt. Stem 2-3 feet high. simple, smooth throughout;
leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering both ways, entire or sparingly denticulate,
rough-margined, the lower frequently lanceolate, serrate; racemes short,
dense: involucral scales obtuse, thick. Dry woods and prairies; common;
flowering earlier than the other species; Muscatine, Johnson, Story, Decatur,
Ringgold, Page, Fremont, Cerro Gordo, Dickinson, and Lyon counties; repor-
ted from Fayette, Monona, and Harrison counties.

78 COMPOSITAE.

S. serctina Ait. Stem 3-6 feet high, glabrous, often glaucous, branched
above; leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate above the tapering
base, smooth on both sides, rough ciliate; panicle ample, pubescent: involu-
cral scales linear, obtuse; rays long. The var. GiGANT#zA Gray has the leaves
more or less pubescent beneath. Open woods and borders; common; Winne-
shiek, Clayton, Dubuque, Muscatine, Johnson, Henry, Des Moines,.Decatur,
Taylor, Winnebago, Dickinson, and Emmet counties; reported from Fayette,
Story, Hamilton, and Woodbury counties.

S. rupestris Raf. Stem slender, glabrous, 258 feet high; leaves thin,
linear-lanceolate, tapering both ways, entire or sparingly serrate; heads
small; rays short, 4-6. Loess mounds; Woodbury county, reported by Pam-.
mel, also reported from Scott county by Nagel and Haupt.

++ + + Leaves more or less triple-ribbed; stem prbescent.

S. canadensis L. Stem 3-5 feet high, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, acu-
minate, sharply serrate or nearly entire, pubescent beneath, rough above;
heads numerous, small; rays short. Borders and fields; common; varies
greatly; Winneshiek, Clayton, Dubuque, Floyd, Delaware, Johnson, Henry,
Decatur, Calhoun, Winnebago, and Emmet counties; reported from Fayette,
Scott, Story, Hamilton, Dickinson, Monona, and Woodbury counties. ;

S. nemoralis L. Stem 6-24 inches high, cinereous-pubescent, simple or
corymbed above; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, entire or the lower some-
what serrate and tapering into a petiole; heads small, in numerous usually
recurved racemes; involucral scales linear-oblong, appressed. Dry soil; com-
mon; Winneshiek, Dubuque, Floyd, Delaware. Johnson, Henry, Des Moines,
Decatur, Story, Calhoun, Winnebago, Dickinson and Emuinet counties; re-
ported from Fayette and Hamilton counties.

*** Heads in compound corymbs or in. cymose clusters.
+t Stem densely pubescent.

S. rigida L. Stem 2-4 feet high, stout, leafy, softly pubescent or scabrous;
Jeaves oval or oblong, thick, rigid. entire or obscurely serrate, feather-veined;
lower leaves oblanceolate, tapering into slender petioles; heads numerous,
large, many-flowered; involucral scales very obtuse; rays 7-10. Prairies;
common; Winneshiek, Floyd, Johnson, Decatur, Fremont, Jasper, Winne-
.bago, Emmet, and Lyon counties; reported from Fayette, Seott, Story, Hamil-
ton, Monona, and Woodbury counties.

+ + Stem glabrous or nearly so.

S. riddellii Frank. Stem 1-3 feet high, glabrous, stout; leaves long and
narrow, entire, froma sheathing base, mostly recurved, radical leaves very
long, tapering into long petioles; heads numerous, many-flowered, in a dense
corymb, the branches and pedicels rough-pubescent; rays 5-7. Low prairies,
sloughs, often growing in water; infrequent; Muscatine, Floyd, Hancock,
and Emmet counties; reported from Story and Hamilton counties.

S. lanceolata L. Stem from a long and slender rootstock, 1-3 feet high,
much branched, usually smooth; leaves narrowly lanceolate, sessile, 3-nerved,
heads small, in sessile glomerate clusters disposed in flat-topped corymbs;
rays small, 15-20;'late flowering. Sandy or wet soil, pastures and copses
common; Johnson, Henry, Decatur, Dickinson, and Emmet counties; reported
from Fayette, Scott, and Story counties. (Huthamia greminifotia (L.) Nutt.)

BOLTONIA L’Her. Bushy-branched glabrous perennials, with striate
angled stems, entire leaves, and Aster-like flowers. Heads mauy-flowered,
radiate; rays many, pistillate. Scales in two series, appressed, with scarious

TmisTLE FAMILY. 79

margins, Receptacle convex, punctate. Pappus of minut2 bristles and ofteu
2-3 awns. Achenes flat, obovate, 2-3-winged.

B. asteroides (L.) L'Her. Stem 1-6 feet high; leaves long-lanceolate, en-
tire; involueral scales acuminate. Movist soil, sloughs and low places; July-
September; frequent; Muscatine, Johnson, Ilenry, Lee, Decatur, Ringgold,
Taylor, Winnebago, and Emmet counties; reported from Story, Harrison, Mo-
nona, and Woodbury counties.

ASTER L. Aster. Perennials, with alternate leaves, and panicled, cor-
yinbed, or racemose heads. Disk-flowers perfect, yellow to purplish; rays
pistillute, 3-toothed at the apex; white, blue, or purple, never yellow. In-
volucral scales louse, imbricated. often with green tips. Pappus simple, or
double in the last, capillary. Receptacle flat, alveolute. Achenes compressed.
Common in late summer and autuinn. :

A. Pauppus simple, of capillary bristles.
* Lower and hosel leaves cord tie and slendcr-petioled, the stem leaves wot cordiate-
claspiig.
+ Rays white, vivlet, or rese.

A. corymbosus Ait. Stem 1-2 feet high. nearly smooth, somewhut flex-
uous: leaves xmple. ovate, acuminate, thin, coarsely serrate, all but the up-
permost with a heart-shaped base. and on long wingless petioles; heads ob-
long, in small open curyinbs; rays 6-9, white. Rich woods; Muscatine county.
(A. dimericutus L. ) :

A. macrophyllus lL. Stem 2-3 feet high, rigid, rough-pubescent: leaves
thickish, rough, serrate. pubescent beneath, the upper ovate or oblong, ses-
sile or on margined petioles, the lower cordate and long-petioled; heads one-
half inch high, larger than the preceding; scales obtuse, the inner longer and
thioner. Lilly woodlands, not rare; Muscatine county.

++ Rays blue or purple, rerety white.
t Leaves entire or nearly so, firm, or thick.

A. azureus Lindl. Stem 1-3 feet high. rigid, roughish, panicalately
branched; leaves rough, the radical and lower cauline leaves lanceolate, more
or less with corcate bases, on long petioles. the upper lanceolate to linear or
subulate, wing-petioled or with attenuated base to sessile; rays violet blue;
involucre obeonic; scales with abrupt green tips, appressed. Prairies and
thickets; frequent; Johnson, Story, Des Moines, Appanoose. and Decatur
counties.

A. shortii Mook. Stem 2-4 feet high, rough-pubescent; leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, entire, on slender naked petioles, base
deeply cordate, smooth above, minutely pubescent beneath, the upper leaves
sessile; racemes paniculate; involucre campanulate; scales with green tips.
Cliffs and banks; infrequent; Winneshiel, Muscatine, Johnson, and Lee coun-
ties, reported from Fayette county.

t { Leaves mostly sharply scrrate. thin.

A. cordifolius L. Stem 1-3 feet high, smooth or slightly pubescent, rarely
hairy, paniculately branched above; leaves ovate-cordate. sharply serrate, on
long slightly margined petioles, or upper lanceolate and sessile; heads pan-
icled; rays pale blue or white; involucre obconie, scales appressed, tipped with
short green points. W oods; common; Winneshielk, Johnson, and Decatur
counties, reported from Fayette, Story, and Des Moines counties.

A. ‘sagittifolius Willd. Stem 2- 4 feet high, rigid; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
pointed, serrate, pubescent beneath, the lower with the base truncate or cor-

80 COMPOSITAE.

date and wing-petioled, the upper linear or lanceolate, sessile; heads race-
mose, scales loose, linear-subulate. Woods; common; Fayette, Delaware. and
Johnson counties; reported from Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque,
Des Moines, Henry, Plymouth, and Monona counties.

A. drummondii Linal. Stem stout, 2-4 feet high, pale, grayish pubescent;
leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rough above, canescent beneath
the lower and basal cordate, with slender naked petioles, the upper with cor-
date or rounded bases and margired petioles, those of the branches sessile.
Dry soil, open woods; infrequent; \Vinpveshiek, Delaware, Muscatine, Henry,
Des Moines, Johnson, Jasper, Winnebago and Dickinson counties, reported
from Story and Floyd counties.

** Leaves not cordate or petinled, some or all of tre cuuline with corde or

auriculute clasping biwses.
+ Stem rouyh, or hirsute-pubescent.
t Leaves entire, oblong, linear, or Lancevlate.
@ Leaves sessile, stronyly cordate-clasping.

A. patens Ait. Stem 2-4 feet high, rough-pubescent, loosely paniculate
above; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, cordate-clasping; heads
large, termiral; rays many, violet-blue; scales slender, tips acute, spreading.
Forms from Delaware county have been referred to this species.

A. phicgifolius Muhl. Stem 2-4 feet high, rough-pubescent; leaves lan-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, emtire, acuminate, auriculate-clasping, much
contracted below the middle, thin, rongh above, pubescent beneath; rays
many, purple blue. Woods; Winnebago county. (A. patens var. phloyifolius
Nees.)

A. novae-angliae L. Stem 3-7 feet high, stout, hairy, leafy, corymbosely
branched; leaves lanceolate, auriculate-clasping, entire, acute; rays many,
violet-purple, rarely varying to rose-purple, or white; scales nearly equal,
green throughout, narrowly linear. Sloughs and low places; common; Win-
neshiek, Floyd, Delaware. Johnson, Jefferson, Des Moines, Appanoose. De-
cetur, Story, Winnebago, Lyon, and Emmet counties; reported from Fayette
and Monona counties. ;

@ 4 Leaves slightly cordate claspiny.

A. oblongifelius Nutt. Stem 1-2 feet high, much branched, hirsute-pu-
bescent, leafy; leaves narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire, clasping,
rough or hispidulous on both sides, rough-margined; rays violet purple; invo-
lucre hemispheric, the bracts glandular. Prairies and rocky bluffs; infre-
quent; Fayette, Muscatine, Des Moines, Johnson, Pottawattami> Calhoun,
and Lyon counties; reported from Story, Monona, and \Woodbury counties.

A. amethystinus Nutt. Resembles the preceding, stem taller, 2-5 feet
high, hoary puberulent or somewhat hirsute; leaves linear-lanceolate, rough
on both sides, partly clasping; involucral scales erect, the green tips merely
spreading, involucre turbinate, the bracts hispid. Moist places, searee; re-
ported from Floyd and Stcry counties.

tt The lower and most of the upper leaves serrate.

A. puniceus L. Stem stout, 3-6 feet high, hispid; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, auriculate-clasping, acuminate, coarsely serrate to sparingly denticulate
or sometimes entire; heads rather jurge, sparsely paniculate or thyrsoid-
erowded; involuere of loose, thin, equal, linear seales, arranged in tivo rows;
rays ¥% inch long, showy, violet, varying to purple or white. Swampy
grounds; frequent; Fayette, and Museatine counties, reported from Story
county.

THISTLE FAaMILy. 81

+ + Stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent above. See
t Leave sharply serrate, a a & A. laevis.

A. prenanthoides Muhl. Stem 1-3 feet high, slehder, nearly glabrous or
hairy above; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate in
the middle, tapering into a slender, elongated, entire portiun towards the
base, upper surface rough, lower sinooth, base auriculate-clasping: heads
about 4 ineh high, on short divergent peduncles, involueral scales narrow,
somewhat spreading; rays light blue or whitish. Rich woods; frequent;
Jackson, Delaware. Muscatine, and Johnson counties, reported fram Vayette
and Story counties.

A. laevis L. Stem 2-1 feet high. smooth, often glaucous; leaves lanceolate
or oblong-laneeolate, entire or sub-serrate, thickish, radical ard lower leaves
large, wing-petioled, the upper partly clasping by an auriculate base; heads
chiefly solitary on the branchlets; involucre hemispherical. scales with broad,
acute, appressed, green tips. Prairies and rocky woods; frequent and widely
distributed; Winneshiek, Fayette, Floyd, Delaware, Johnson, Henry. Deca-
tur, Winnebago, [uyon, Dickinson, and Emmet counties, reported from Story
and Hamilton counties.

t £ Leaves entire or nearly so.

A. longifolius Lam. Stem 1-3 feet high, glabrous. or somewhat pubes-
cent, branched; leaves lung-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate. entire or nearly
so, acuminate, base sessile, clasping; heads numerous, about an inch broad,
the scales narrow, green, acute, in 1 or 2 rows. Moist soil; specimens from
Delaware and Henry counties referred to this species

*** Leaves petioled or sessi’e, not claxping or scarcely so.
+ Leaves entire, silvery, silky or canescent or both sides.

A. sericeus Vent. Stem 1-3 feet high. smooth, very rigil, brauched;
leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile, entire, silvery white on both sides; heads
large, mostly terminal, on slender branches; rays many, violet-purp'’e; scales
leaf-like, tips spreading. Common on the prairies in western and southern
Jowa, infrequent eastward; Winneshiek, Delaware, Muscatine,, Johnson,
Decatur, Ringgold, Taylor, Page, Fremont, Montgomery, Pottawattamie,
Winnebago, Lyon, and Emmet counties; reported from Fayette, Story,
Buena Vista, Monona, Harrison, and Woodbury counties.

t ¢ Leaves often toothed, neither silvery, silky nor canescent.
t Heads corymbose.

A. ptarmicoides-(Nees) T. & G. Stems simple, tufted, 8-20 inches high,
smocth or sparingly pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-3-nerved, acute,
entire, rough-margined, lower tapering to a short petiole; heads in a flat
corymb; involucral scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, appressed, without green
tips; rays white. Sandy soil; Muscatine, Emmet, and Lyon counties.

t ¢ Heads solitary at the ends of the branchlets.

A. dumosus L. Stem 1-3 feet high, glabrous, paniculately branched;
leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire. acute or obtusish, rough-margined,
those of the branches small and bract-like: heads many, terminating the
branches and branchlets; involucre campanulate, the scales in + rows, linear-
subulate, obtuse or acutish, appressed, green-tipped; rays 15-30, white to pale
violet. Sandy soil; reported from Benton county by Arthur; specimens from
Lee county have been referred to this species.

t+ +t Heads paniculate, not in 1-sided racemes.

A. salicifolius Lam. Stem 2-5 feet high, slender, paniculately branched,

leafy, glabrous or slightly pubescent above; leaves lanceolate or linear-lan-

82 COMPOSITAE.

ceolate, sparingly dentate oer entire, rough-margined, acute or acuminate.
sessile or somewhat clasping, the lowest sometimes petioled; beads pumer-
ous, rather large; involucre turbinate, its braets linear-oblong, green-tipped,
acute or obtusish, appressed, in 4 or 5 series; rays many, violet, purplish, or
white. Low moist soil; common; Johnson, Henry, and Deeatur counties.

A. paniculatus Lam. Stem 2-8 feet high, glabrous. paniculately
branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base narrowed
and sessile or clasping, sparingly serrate to nearly entire; heads many, rather
broad; involucre hemispheric, the bracts linear-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, appressed, green-tipped, in 4 or 5 rows; rays many, white or purplish.
Moist soil; Fayette county, reported from Story, Woodbury, Lyon, Lee, and
Henry counties.

A. tradescanti L. Stem 2-5 feet high, slender, paniculately branched,
branches ascending and sometimes pubescent in lines; eauvline Jeaves Janceo-
Jate cr linear-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to the sessile base. entire or
more commonly sharply serrate in the middle; heads numerous, racemose; in-
volucre hemispheric to broadly turbinate. its braets linear, aeute., green-
tipped, appressed. in 4 or 5 rows; rays white or whitish, short and narrow.
Fields and low places; specimens from Delaware and Johsuon county have
been referred to this species.

A. ericoides L. Stem 1-3 feet high, bushy, paniculately branched, gla-
brous; leaves firm or rigid, the basal spatulate, obtuse, dentate. with mar-
gined-petioles; cauline leaves linear, entire, acute, the uppermost linear-subu-
late; heads many; involucre hemispherie to campanuiate, the braets green-
tipped, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, in about 3 rows; rays 15-25, white or
rosy tinged. Dry soil; Henry county, reported from Lee and Monona coun-
ties.

ttt ¢ Heads racemose and usually t-sided on the branches.

' A. diffusus Ait. Stem 1-4 feet high, much branched. pubescent or nearly
glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. tapering both ways, sharply
serrate in the middle or the smaller entire, sessile, thinnish; heads disposed
singly or in clusters along the flowering branches; rays short, white or some-
times purplish; involucral scales linear, obtuse or acutish. Low woods; eom-
mon; Story, Fayette, Delaware, Jobnson, Henry, Appanoose, and Decatur
counties. (A. leteriflorus (L.) Britton).

A. multifforus Ait. Stem about a foot high, bushy-branched, grayish,
pubescent; leaves small, linear, entire, sessile or partly clasping; heads
small,crowded in numerous racemes; herbaceous tips of the invulucral seales
spreading; rays white, rarely bluish. Sandy soil, woods and prairies: eom-
mon; Winoneshiek, Fayette, Floyd, Delaware, Scott, Muscatine, Des Moines,
Henry, Jefferson, Johnson, Story, Hamilton, Appanoose, Decatur, Ringgold,
Taylor, Harrison, Woodbury. and Emmet counties.

B. Leuves petivled or sessile, entire; pappus double, the imner bristles long,
the outer shorter. ‘

A. umbellatus Mill. Stem 2-8 feet high, glabrous or pubescent above.
striate, corymbosely branched; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, taper
pointed, base narrowed into short petioles. upper sessile, usually pubescent
on the veins beneath, entire, margin hispid; heads many, in compound flat
ecorymbs; involucre campanulate or hemispheric, the scales acutish or obtus-
ish, in 3 or 4 rows. Low grounds; Johnson and Story counties, reported from

THISTLE FAMILY. 83

Fayette county. (Doellingeria wmbellute (Mill.) Nees.) The variety ruBENS
Gray has the lower surfaces of the leaves pubescent and is reported from
Story county. (D. wmbellate pubens (Gray) Britton).

ERIGERON L. Frranane. Herbs, with alternate simple leaves, and soli-
tary or corymbose pedunculate heads. Ray-flowers many, pistillate, white or
purple; disk-flowers yellow. Involucral scales narrow, equal, scarcely im-
bricated. Receptacle flat or convex. Pappus of capillary bristles, mostly
simple. Achenes compressed,:2-nerved, frequently pubescent.

* Hecds smull, rays short, iaconspicuous, in several rows.

E. canadensis L. Horse-weed. Stem 1-5 feet high, erect, hairy; leaves
linear to linear-lanceolate, usually entire. radical cut-lobed; heads small,
numerous, paniculate; rays short, white. Waste places; July—October; com-
mon. (Leptilon canadense (L.) Britton).

E. divaricatus Mx. Stems low, 3-15 inches high, diffuse and decumbent,
hairy; leaves linear, entire; heads small, corymbose; rays purple. Prairie or o-
pen woods; June-August;common; Emmet, Story, Johnson. Muscatine, Appa-
noose, Decatur, Ringgold, and Fremont counties. (L. divuricatum (Mx.) Raf.)

** Heads larger, rays elongated, conspicuous, in one or more rows.

E. annuus (L.) Pers. Daisy Fleabune. Stem 2-4 feet high, branching,
hirsute; leaves ovate to lanceolate, sessile or lower un margined petioles,
coarsely and sharply toothed; rays numerous, purplish. Fields and waste
places; June-August: common.

E: strigosus Muhl. Daisy Fleahune. Stem 2-3 feet high. branched, ap-
pressed pubescent or nearly smooth; upper leaves lanceolate. lower oblong
or spatulate, 3-nerved, tapering into a petiole. all mostly entire; rays white.
Fields; June-August; common. (E£. ramosus (Walt.) B.S. P.)

E. philadelphicus L. Common Fleabane. Stem about 2 feet high, hairy:
leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate, or lower spatulate, entire or
remotely toothed, thin; heads few, corymbed; rays rose-purple. Upland
woods; May-July; common.

E. bellidifolius Muhl. Robin's Plantain. Stem 1-2 feet high, hairy, sim-
ple; radical leaves obovate or spatulate, sparingly tootred, stem leaves re-
mote, lance-oblong, clasping, entire: heads few, large, on slender peduncles;
rays 50 or more, linear-spatulate, rather broad, purple. Woods; May-June;
infrequent. Winneshiek. Fayette, Muscatine, Delaware, Johnson, Henry
and Jackson counties. (E. ptlchellus Mx.}

ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Perennial white-woolly herbs, with alternate en-
tire leaves, and corymbed heads of dicecious or polygamo-dicecious flowers.
Heads many-flowered. discoid. Scales of the involucre imbricated, white or
colored, dry and scarious. Receptacle sub-convex, foveolate, not chaffy.
Pappus a single row of bristles, in the pistillate flowers capillary and united
at the base, in the staminate flowers thickened and barbellate above. Fertile
corollas slender. Achenes terete or flattish.

A. plantaginifolia (U.) Richards. Stem 4-18 inches high, simple, with
running stolons, forming patches, radical leaves spatulate to obovate or oval,
3-nerved, petioled, cauline leaves sessile, oblong or lanceolate to linear, the
upper small, bract-like; heads in a close terminal corymb. Vields and upland
woods; April-May; common.

ANAPHALIS DG. White-woolly perennials, with many of the characters
of the preceding genus. Fowers dicecious, usually the pistillate heads with a
few perfect but sterile flowers in the center. Pappus in the pistillate flowers

BE COMPOSITAE.

not united at the base, of copious capillary: bristles, in ae staminate flowers
not thickened above. : MS

A. margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Stem 1-2 feet bigh. simple; corym-
bosely branched above, leafy; leaves nearly linear to broadly Janeeolate, aeu-
minate, entire, sessile, becoming green above, the larger obscurely 3-nerved;
involucral seales pearly-white, numerous, unequal, imbriecated, obtuse. Fields
and open woods; July-August; frequent; Delaware, Johuson, and Deeatur
counties; perhaps generally distributed. This species is confused with the
following, the general appearance of which it resembles.

GNAPHALIUM L. Woolly or pubescent herbs, with sessile alternate
leaves, and variously clustered heads of fertile flowers. The pistillate flow-
ers in several series, the perfect flowers, central, few. Pappus of capillary
bristles. ,

G. polycephalum Mx. Annual or winter-annual; stem 1-3 feet high,
woolly or totnentose; Jeaves' lanceolate or linear-lahiceolate, sessile. glabrate
above, white-woolly beneath, margids undulate; heads in corymbose or pani-
culate clustets; pappus-bristles distinct. This species is frequently reported.
(G. obtusifolium L.)

INULA’ L. ‘Coarse paces alae with alteraate | simple Jeaves, and large
many-flowered heads. ' Rays'pistillate, yellow. Disk flowers perfect, yellow.
Involueré hemispherical, of imbricated'foliaceous sedles. Receptacle naked.
Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. Anthers sagittate at: the base. the auri-
eles caudate. Achenes somewhat 4 or 5-ribbed.

Il. Hhelenium L. ‘Elecmmpune. “Stem 2-6 feet high, from w# large thick root:
leaves large, oblong or’ ovate, woolly beneath,’ entire or denticulate, radical
petioled, cauline clasping; scales ovate. Open, woods;- July-August; loeal;
Johnson county; rarely i in waste’ places. Decatur county.

POLYMNIA L.* Perennial branching herbs, with opposite or alternate
thin lobed leaves,‘ahd light yellow flowers. Heads radiate, many-flowered;
rays few, pistillate; disk flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral scales in two
rows; outer about 5, leaf-like, spreading; . inner smaller, membranaceous.
Receptacle flat, chaffy. Pappus Wanting.

P. canadensis’L: Stem 2-5’feet high, ileus -hairy; leaves’ petioled, the
lower pinnatifid, the upper deltoid-ovate or hastate, 3-5-lobed or entire: rays
5, in the typical form shorter than’the ‘involuere, ‘often minute or obortive:
achenes 3-ribbed. The form represented in our flora is variety RapIaATA
Gray, which has'the rays longer and 3-lobed. Wooded ravines; June-July;
frequent; Winneshiek, eas Clayton, Dubuque, Fayette, Museatine,
and Des Moines counties. :

SILPHIUM L. Rostn-weev. Coarse perennials, with alternate or opposite
leaves, resinous juice, and large yellow-flowered heads. Ray-flowers miny,
pistillate, fertile, in 2'or 3 rows, outer ligulate; disl-flowers perfeet, sterile:
style entire. Involucral scales foliaceous, spreading, in several rows. Re-
ceptacle flat, chaffy. Pappus wanting or of 2 teeth. Achenes broad, flat,
dorsally compressed.

* Stems terete; leaves allernate,

S. laciniatum L. Compuss-plant. Whole plant covered with whitish hairs;
stem 3-10 feet high, terete, simple; leaves alternate, pinnately parted; divi-
sions linear, cut, sinuate-lobed or entire; petioles dilated at their bases;
radical or lower leaves 1-2 feet long; heads large, several, sessile or short
pedunéled, mostly alternately arranged along the upper part of the naked

TwistLeE FAMILy. 85

stem: scales ovate, tapering into long and spreading points: achenes broadly
winged. Prairies; July; frequent throughout the state.

S. terebinthinaceum Jacq. Stem 4-10 feet high, branched, sealy. gla-
brous or nearly so; leaves basal, large, ovate,"long-petioled, apex acute, base
cordate,*both sides rough, sharply ‘dentate; heads many; achenes obovate,
narrowly winged. Prairies and'dry woods; reportéd from:Iowa. f

* * Stems square; leaves or their petiole-bases connate-perfoliate.

S. perfoliatum L. Cup-plimt. Stem square, 4-7 feet high, often branched
above; leaves large. thin, uvate,"rough, remotely-toothed, opposite or in 3’s,
their bases connate, forming a cup around the ‘stem; lower leaves wing-
petioled; bases of ' petioles dilated and connate;'heads corymbose.'on long
peduncles; scales ovate, achenes ‘winged. “Moist soil; July-August; frequent
throughout the state. © ° ee ‘ ie

** * Stems tercte or slightly 4-angled; leaves opposite or whorled.

S. integrifolium Mx. Stem’4-angled and grooved, 2-4 feet high, smooth
or scabrous: leaves opposite or uppermost alternate, ovate-lanceolate. rough-
pubescent or smooth, entire. rigid, sessile, - bases “cordate. partly’ clasping
heads short-peduneled, in a’ close corymb:achenes broadly winged. Prairies,
roadsides, and:open woods. July—Augist: frequent throughout the state.

S. trifoliatum:>L. Stem 4-7\feet high, ‘glabrous, sometimes glaucous:
leaves lanceolate‘or‘oblong-lancedlate, the 'middle‘ones in whorls of 38 or 4,
the uppermost opposite. acuminate,’ narrowed at‘the base, rourh above, gla-
brate beneath, short-petioled. entire or somewhat dénticulate; heads several
or many; achenes rather broadly winged. Woods; reported from Winnebago
and Clinton counties.’ © *: aes

PARTHENIUM L. Perénnials, “with alternate leaves. and’ corymbose
heads. Rays 5; ligules white, short; obcordate:' fertile; disk-flowers many,
sterile. Involucre hemispherical;'scales in 2 series. ovate’ or roundish: Re-
ceptacle conical, chaffy. Achenes compressed, crowned with 2 teeth ahd the
remains of the corolla: © -- } ci ;

P. integrifokium’L. Prairie Dock. Stem 1-4: feét ‘high, rough-pubescent,
mostly simple;" radical‘ or lower leaves long-petioled, ample. ovate. crenite-
imps coriaceous, upper sessile:‘ heads many. Upland soil; Jane-Septem-
ber: frequent; more common in the eastern and southern counties; Winne-
ania, Allamakee, Fayette, Dubuque, ‘Muscatine, Johnson, Henry, See eee
Decatur: Ringgold, and’ Fremont counties. ~ '

ECLIPTA L.''A rough’ annual, with opposite leaves.'and' small seine
many-flowered heads. Rays short, white, numerous, fertile; disk-flowers
perfect, ‘4-toothed, fertile. Involucral scales in 2 rows. ovate-lanceolate, |
foliaceous. Receptacle flat. with bristle-like chaff Pappus wanting or of
2-4 teeth or short awns. Achenes thick. in the rays ae 3-sided, in the disk-
flowers compressed. more or less margined.'*

E. alba L. Hasskarl. Stem procumbent or vaneenTinE 1-3 feet highJap-
pressed-pubescent; leaves mostly sessile, lanceolate or oblong. tapering both
ways, sparingly serrate; rays scareely exceeding the disk. River banks;
July-August; infrequent; Johnson. Linn, Muscatine, and Lee counties.

HELIOPSIS Pers. Perennials, with opposite petioled 3-nervéd leaves, and
yellow flowers. Involucre short, of 2 or 3 rows of imbricated subequal scales.
Rays 10 or more, fertile. - Receptacle conical, with linear chaff. Pappus cor-
oniform,' of 2-3 teeth; or wanting. ‘ Achenes truncate. smooth, 4-sided.

H. scabra Dunal. Rough Ox-cyc. Stem 2-4 feet high, somewhat pubescent ©

86 COMPOSITAE.

scabrous; leaves broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, scabrous, serrate; rays
oblong or linear, 2-3-toothed; achenes pubescent on the angles when young.

Prairies and open woods; June-September; frequent throughout the state.

H. laevis Pers. Similar to the preceding; stem 3-5 feet high, glabrous;
leaves opposite, sometimes in 3's; ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rather thin, acu-
minate, sharply dentate, smooth on both sides or roughish above; achenes
glabrous, truncate. Woods; July-September; ee ee Muscatine, Deca-
tur, and Fremont counties. (H. helianthoides (L.) B. 8. P.)

ECHINACEA Moench. Perennials, with ae alternate 3-5-nerved
leaves, and single terminal large heads. Involucral seales in 2 or 3 rows, °im-
bricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical, bristling with spiny-tipped
chaff. Rays rose-purple. long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Disk-tlowers

purplish, shorter than the chaff. Pappusa few teeth. Mebence thick, short,
4-sided.

E. angustifolia DC. Pile Purple Cone-flower. Stem 1-3 feet ra bristly-
hairy, simple; leaves lanceolate or linear-laneeolate, entire, tapering both
ways, long-petioled, bristly hairy; rays 12-15, 2-3-toothed, 1-2 inches long.
Prairies; June-September; common. (Brauuneriu pallida (Nutt.) Britton ).

E. purpurea Moench. Purple Cone-flower, Stem 2-4 feet high, rough-
hairy to nearly smooth; lower leaves long-petioled, ovate, 5-nerved, upper
usually 3-nerved, all rough and frequently serrate; involuecral-seales in 3-5
rows, lanceolate; rays 15-20, dull purple.’ bifid, 1-2 inches long. Woods;
July-August; infrequent; Appanoose, Decatur, and Louisa counties. (B. pur-
purea (L.) Britton ).

RUDBECKIA L. Biennialsor perennials, with alternate leaves, and termin-
al showy many-flowered heads. Involucral scales about 12, in 2 rows, folia-
ceous. Receptacle conical or columnar, ¢chaffy. Rays many, neutral, mostly
yellow. Disk-flowers perfect. Pappusa toothed or cut margin, or wanting.
Achenes 4-angled.

R. triloba L. Brown-eyed Susan. Biennial; stem 2-5 feet high, with slender
spreading branches; lower Jeaves 3-lobed or 3- “parted, serrate; ‘apper ovate-
lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, subsessile; heads small; disk conical, dark
purple; chaff awned, ways about 8, oval or oblong. Woods; August-Septem-
ber; common.

R. subtomentosa Pursh. ‘Stem 3-4 feet high, branching, downy and sca-
brous; leaves mostly 3-lobed or 3-parted, downy, divisions ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, serrate; heads corymbose, short-peduncled; disk globular, dull brown;
chaff obtuse, bearded. Prairies and open woods; August-September; fre-
quent; Muscatine, Johnson, and Decatur countiés; reported from Fayette and
Story counties.

’R. hirta L. Black-eyed Susan. Biennial, bristly-hairy throughout; stem 1-2 feet
high, mostly simple; upper leaves oblong ur lanceolate, mostly entire, sessile,
lower long-petioled, spatulate, 3-nerved; rays 9-14; disk dull brown; chaff
hairy at the apex. Woods and prairies; June-August; common.

R. laciniata L. Stem glabrous, 2-7 feet high; lower leaves 3-lobed or 5-7-
parted, divisions usually cut or lobed, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; heads on
long slender peduncles; disk globular in flower, columnar in fruit; rays ob-
lanceolate, drooping. Low grounds; August; common.

LEPACHYS Raf. Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves,
grooved stems, and terminal heads. ' Involucral scales linear, in one row.
Receptacle oblong or columnar, chaffy. Rays few, neutral, yellow. Disk-
flowers perfect. Pappus of 2 teeth or wanting. Achenes compressed, 1-2-
winged.

TuistLe laAMiny. ST

L. pinnata T. & G. Stems 2-4 feet high, stigose-pubescent. slender.
branched above; leaflets 3-7. narrowly lanceolate, entire or remotely serrate;
disk ovoid: rays about 2 inches long, light yellow, drooping; uchenes ob-
scurely 2-tipped. Prairies: Jaly-Augast; frequent and widely distributed.
(Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart.) a

L. columnaris T. & G. Stem 1-? feet high. strigose-pubescent and
scabrous. branched; leatlets 5-9, oblung to linear. entire or 2-3-cleft. heads
on long peduneles: disk columnar, 1-2 inches long: rays usually shorter,
ovate, vellow. Prairies; August: rare: Henry, Page, Boone, and Lyon coun-
ties. CR. coltnuieris (Situs) D. Don).

HELIANTEUS L. SunFLower. Annual or perennial herbs. with alternate
or opposite leaves, and solitary or corymbed pedunculate heads which termi-
nate the stem or branches. Involucre imbricated, leaf-like. Receptacle
plane or convex, with persistent chaff which embraces the achenes. Rays
few to many, neutral, yellow. Pappus of » or 4 chaffy scales, wostly decidu-
ous. Achenes compressed or 4-angled.

* Disk purple. purplish or brown; veeeptacle flat or conver,
+ Ours aunuels; leaves mostly alternate, the lower opposite.

H. annuus Li. Common Sunflower, Stem 2-10 feet bigh, usually much
branched, hispid or seabrous: leaves mostly alternate. petioled. ovate
or lower cordate, 3-nerved, serrate; involucral scales ovate or oblong, long-
acuminate, ciliate; disk 1 inch or more across, Commonly cultivated anda
common eseape fh waste places; infrequent in the wild state: July—Septem-
ber. ; :
H. petiolar:s Nutt, Stem simple or branched. 1-3 feet high, strigvose-his-
pidulous: leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, slender-petioled. usually entire;
involucral scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. sometimes ciliate; tips mu-
cronate or attenuate: disk about half an inch broad. Dry soil; July-August:
vare; Dubuque and Muscatine counties.

es 4+-Perennial: leaves mostly opposite. the upper alternate.

H. rigidus Desf. Stem 2-4 feet high, simple. sometimes branched, rigid,
rough; leaves opposite. 5 nerved, nearly sessile, oblong-lanceolate or lower
oval, entire or somewhat serrate. rigid, rough on both sides. tapering both
ways: heads large, usually solitary. terwinal; scales ovate or oblong. acute.
ov obtuse. ciliate, appressed; rays 15-25; disk dark. Prairies; August-Sep-
tember: frequent; Floyd. Hangock, Johnson, Winnebago. Decatur, Ringgold,
‘Taylor, Page. and Fremont counties; reported from Fayette, Seott. Louisa.
Story. Woodbury, Sioux, Lyon, Dickinson, and Emmet counties. (EH. seaber-
rimus EM )

** Disk yellow or yellowish; receptacle conic or conver; perennial.
+ Leaves usteally lanceolate, much longer thaw wide.
}¢ Leaves mostly basal, the upper bract-lihe.

H. occidentalis Riddell. Stem 2-3 feet high, somewhat hairy with run-
ners from the base, simple, nearly Jeafless above; leaves oval: 3-nerved, lower
on long huiry petioles, the upper small, nearly sessile and remote: heads
small, 1-5. on long peduncles; scales lance-ovate. acute. often ciliate: disk
yellow. Prairies; August-September; frequent; Winneshick, Jounson, and
Lee counties; reported from Clinton, Benton, Fayette, Henry, and Muscatine
counties. ° : -
t+ Leaves mostly eauline and alternate or opposite.

@ Stem sedbrous, scabrate or hispid; leaves sessile or nearly so.

KS COMPOSITAE.

H. giganteus LL. [Roots fleshy. rootstock creeping: stems hispid or scab-
rous, 3-10 feet high, simple or branched above; leaves sessile or short-
petioled, laneeolate, scabrous above. hirsute beneath, dentieulate or serrate,
mostly alternate but sometimes opposite; heads several, long-peduneled; in-
volucre hemispheric, the bracts lanceolate-subulate, ciliate or hirsute. squar-
rose. Reported as rare from Fayette county.

H. maximiliana Sechrad. Stem 2-8 feet high. stout, hispidulous-seabrous:
leaves alternate, some opposite, narrowly lanceolate. tapering both ways,
subsessile, entire or nearly so, very scabrous on both sides; heads over medium
size, terminating the stem or branches: seales long-attennate; rays golden
yellow. Prairies; August-September: infrequent; Emmet and Dnbuyne
counties, reported from Ficyd, Story, Buena Vista. Monona, Woodbury,
Sioux, Lyon, and Diekinson counties.

4 @ Stem glabrous, glaucous, learcs petioled.

H. grosse-serratus Martens. Stem smooth, glaucous, 3-8 feet high,
mostly simple: leaves opposite; petioled, long-lanceolate, long-pointed,
sharply serrulate or denticulate, whiter and pubescent beneath: scales subu-
late; heads many, small, short-peduoeled; rays 15-20. Low grounds; Auguast-
September; common.

+ | Leaves ovate, ovate-taneceotate, or oblong.
t Leanes sessile, or nearly so.

H. mollis Lam. Stem 2-3 feet high, simple. hirsute: leaves ovate to lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate. 3-nerved, base cordate-clasping: heads few or
solitary; involucre hemispheric. the bracts lanceolate, acuminate. villous-
canescent, slightly spreading. Dry soil; August-September: reported as be-
longing to the flora of lowa. ,

H. divaricatus L. Stem 2-7 feet high, glabrous or pubescent above;
Jeaves usually opposite, divaricate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate or
denticulate, rough above, pubescent beneath, apex long-acuminate, base
truncate; scales narrowly lanceolate, hirsute or ciliate. Dry woodlands;
July-September; specimens from Winneshiek, Fayette, and Henry counties
have been referred to this species.

t ¢ Leaves petioled,
% Stems glabrous or pliberulent,

H. decapetalus L. Stem 1-5 feet high, slender, glabrous or nearly so,
branches puberulent; leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. sharply serrate,
roughish above. more or Jess finely pubescent beneath, the lower opposite,
slender petioled, the upper alternate, apex acuminate. base rounded or trun-
vate and decurrent on the petiole; scales linear-laneeolate. acuminate. hir-
sute, ciliate, ‘spreading. Moist woods; August-Septeinber: specimens from
Floyd county have been referred to this species.

H. tracheliifelius Mill. Stem 3-6 feet high, roughish-pubescent; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, 3-nerved at the base, green on both sides,
rougher above, lower sharply serrate: scales linear-lanceolate. long-acumi-
nate, pubernlent, ciliate, larger than the disk, sometimes foliaceous. Bor-
ders; August-September; infrequent. Specimens from Fayette, Johnson, and
Story counties are referred to this species.

H. strumosus lL. Rowtstock long and slender; stem 3-6 feet high, usually
branching, sinvoth, often. glaucous, the branches rarely hispidulous: leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, abruptly contracted or tapering into mar-
vined pevioles, cntire or slightly serrate, rough above, whiter and often

THistLE FAMILY. 80

downy beneath; scales ovate-lanceolate. acuminate or attenuate’ and spread-

ing, ciliate. Borders ot woods, August-September; common. ‘The variety

MOLLIs ‘I. & G., has the leaves finely and densely canescent beneath and is

reported frum Story county. ( A. strimcsus maerophytius (Willd. ) Britton’).
4% Stem scabrous, hispid, ov hirsute.

H. hirsutus Raf. Stem 2-4 feet high. hirsute; leaves petiolate, ovate-lan-
ceolate, base abrupt or roundish, acuminate. more or less serrate, very rough
above, usually rough-hairy beneath; scales ovate-lanceolate, ucuminate.
Often confounded with the preceding; Aagust-September; frequent: Fay-
ette, Van Buren, Decatur, and Ringgold counties; reported from Scott, Musca-
tine, Johoson, and Lee counties. ; : :

H. laetiflorus Pers. Stem 3-5 feet high. branched above, scabrous or his-
pid; leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate both + ways. nore or less
serrate, rough on both sides, thinner than: the preceding: beads rather short-
peduncled: scales in ? or 3 rows, ovate to oblong-launcevlate, acuminate; rays
numerous; disk yellow. Prairies; August-September; infrequent! Jackson.
Muscatine, and Johnson counties: reported from Fayette and Story counties.

H. tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Stem branching above, 4-3 feet
high, pubescent or hirsute: leaves of the branches aod upper part of the stem
usually alternate. all oblong-lanceolate to ovale or subeordate, petioled, acu-
minate. coarsely serrate, scabrous above, shortly pubescent or cinereous
beneath; scales lanceolate. attenuate. The variety sUBCANISCENS Gray, has
the leaves densely white canescent beneath and is fuund in Fayette county.
Moist soil: September; frequent: Winneshiek, Floyd. Henry, Van Buren.
Decatur. Dickinson. and Winnebago counties: reported from Fayette, Musca-
tine. Lee. Story. Boone. Emmet.-Cass, Woodbury. and Sioux counties.

ACTINOMERIS Nutt. Perennials. with simple or somewhat branched
steins. and feather-veined decurrent leaves. Heads corymbed, many-tlowered:
rays yellow, few, neutral. Involucral scales foliaceous, nearly equal. Ne-
ceptacle chaffy. :

A. squarrosg Nutt. Stem 4-9 feet high. winged; leaves alternate or lower
opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate. tapering both ways. more or less serrate:
rays 2-8. irregular: achenes flat, obovate. broadly winged; pappus of 2-3
awns. Low woods: July-Augest: frequent in the eastern, southeastern.
southern. and central counties: Johnson, Appanoose, Decatur, Ringgold,
Page, and Fremont counties; reported from Neott. Muscatibe, Des Moines,
lleury. and Story counties. (Verbesine alternifolia (L ) Britton). .

COREOPSIS L. Tickserp. <Annual.or perennial herbs, with opposite
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. Involucre double, of about 8 scales to
each part. outer foliaceous, more or less spreading, inner somewhat mem-
branous. appressed. Receptacle flat. with deciduous chaff. Pappus commonly
of 2 teeth or awns, barbed upwardly, sometimes wanting. Achenes flattened
parallel with the involucral scales.

C. palmata Nutt. Perennial; stem 1-% feet high, simple. rigid. glabrous;
leaves sessile, rigid, 3-nerved at the base. cuneiform ino outline. 3-cleft to or
below the middle, rarely undivided; divisions linear. slightly narrower than
the base. entire or 1-3 cleft; outer scales linear. equaling the inner. more or
Jess united at the base. Prairies; June—July: common throughout the state.

C. tripteris 1. Stem simple. 4-8 feet high, or corymbed above, smooth:
leaves petioled, 3-5-divided. leaflets lanceolate, tapering both ways, entire;
outer scales shorter, all united at the base. Woods; August-September; in-

WO COMICSITAE.

frequent: Johnson, Muscatine, Story, Deeatur, Ringgold, and Taylor counties.

BIDENS lL. Annaal berbs, with opposite variously cut or divided leaves,
avd yellow flowers. Tpvolucre double, the outer usually foliaceous. Re-
ceptacle flat, chaffy. Rays 4->. neutral, or none. Pappus of 2-4 awns,
roughened backward. Achenes slender. quadrangular or flattened parallel
with the involucral scales.

* Plants terrestrial; leaves lanceolate. serrate, undivided, rarely lobed,
+ Rays present, conspicuous, sometimes wanting be B. cernua.

B. chrysanthemoides Mx. Stem 6-24 inches high. erect or reclining be-
low; leaves sessile, lanceolate, tapering both ways, serrate, connate; heads
erect; outer involucre shorter than the rays; achenes 2-ft-awned. Wet places;
August-September; common; Winneshiek. Johnson. Floyd, Story, Deeatur,
Winnebago. and Emmet counties; reported from Fayette, Muscatine, and
Woodbury counties. (B. levis (L,) B.S. P.)

B. cernua L. Stem 6-24 inebes high, nearly smooth: leaves Janceolate.
sessile, sometimes slightly connate, coarsely serrate; heads nodding, rays
few or none; outer involueral seales longer than the head; achenes usually
t4-awned. Wet places; July-September; common: Johnson and Decatur
counties, reported from Fayette, Scott, enry, Lee, Story, and Emmet coun-
ties. j ,

+ + Rays rudimentary or none.

B. comosa (Gray) Wiegand. Stem 1-3 feet high. straw-colored; leaves
short-petioled, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, petioles broadly margined;, outer
involucral scales foliaceous, 2-4 times as Jong as the heads; corollas pale
greenish yellow, mostly 4-lobed; pappus awns usually 3. Mecist soil; August—
September; probably common; Johnsva and Decatur counties; reported from
Fayette county. (D. connate comosa Gray). Probably confused with the fol-
lowing. .

B. connati Muhl. Swamp Beyyur-ticks. Stem 1-5 feet high, purple: leaves
thicker and greener than in the preceding. lanceolate or oblong-lanceclate,
coarsely serrate, petioled: involuecral bracts not foliaceous: disk-flowers
orange; achenes with 2-1 awns. Wet places; August-September, common;
reported from Fayette, Johnson, Heory, and Story counties.

** Plants terrestrial leaves mostly 1-3-parted or dissected,
+ Rays short, rudimentary, or nore.

B. frondosa L. Beyyar-ticks Stem 2-4 feet high, branching. smooth or
somewhat hairy; leaves petivled, 3-5-divided. divisions mostly stalked. lanceo-
late, serrate; outer involucral seales slender, uch longer than the head,
ciliate below: rays wanting; achenes with 2 long retrosely barbed awns.
Moist ground; July-September; common.

+ 4 Rays larye and couspicuons.

B. aristosa (Mx.) Britton. Stem much branched, 1-3 feet high: leaves
thin, pubescent beneath, slender petioled. the lower pinnately 3-7-divided.
segments lanceolate, serrate, incised or pinnatifid, upper leaves less divided;
invotucral bracts glabrous or ciliate, short, the outer linear or spatulate,
usually ciliate, not exceeding the inner; awns slender. 2. barbed, as long as
the achene. Low grounds; August-September; reported from Muscatine and
Benton counties. (Corcopsis aristosa Mx.)

B. involucrata (Nutt.) Britton. Stem 1-3 feet high. much branched.
minutely pubescent; leaf-segments linear-lanceolate., long-acuminate, incised
ov pionatifid; outer involucral bracts Hoear-lanceolate, hispid and ciliate,

TristLE FaMIiy. My

much exceeding the inner ones: awns 2, short. Low grounds. waste places:
July-September: coninon: Johnson and Decatur counties; cuntused with the
preceding which it much resembles. (Coreapsix involucrata Nutt.)

*** Plants cutiie, submersed leaves filiforuily disseetcd.

B. beckii Torr. Water Marigold. Aquatic perennial This species was
observed by Hitebeuvek in a pond in Stury county in 1883 but no specimens
were collected.

HELENIUM L. Erect branching perennials, with alternate decurrent
leaves, and many-flowered radiale heads. Rays several, cuneate, fertile, 3-5-
eteft. _Involucral scales linear, reflexed. Receptacle ‘convex to oblong,
naked. Pappus of 5-9 one-nerved thin seales. Achenes turbinate. ribbed.

H. autumnale 1. Sneezewecd. Stem 1-6 feet high, nearly smooth. nar-
rowly wing-angled; leaves Javeceolate, sessile. tapering both ways, toothed;
disk and ray-flowers yellow. Pastures, preferring alluvial soil: August—
September; common; Winneshiek. Allamakeée, Clinton, Scott. Muscatine, Des
Muines. Johnson, Floyd. Jefferson. Deeatur. Taylor. Fremont, [Lancock.
Lyon, Dickinson. and Emmet counties: reported froin Fayette, Story. arri-
son, and Woodbury counties. ; ‘

DYSODIA Cav. Annual or biennial herbs, dotted with large pellucid glands
which exhale a strong odor, Leaves mostly opposite. Heads manv-flowered,
usually radiate; rays pistillate. Involucral seales in one row. partially
united. Pappus of one row of scales dissected into capillary rough bristles.
Achenes 4-angled. eo .

D. chrysanthemoides Lagasea. Fetid Marigold. Stem 6-15 inches high.
much branched. smooth: leaves pinnately parted. the divisions narrow,
bristle-toothed or out: heads with a few short rays. Roadsides and waste

places. | August-Septeln ber: common; an emigrant from the west. (D.
prtpposa ( Vent.) A. 8. Hiteheock ). '

ANTHEMS L. Ours annual branching herbs. with (-3-pinnately dissected
leaves, and solitary terminal heads. Rays white, pistillate or in the first
neutral; disk-flowers yellow. Involucral seales sinall. “searious, imbricated,
shorter than the disk. Pappus wanting ora mete border. Achenes terete or
ribbed. ;

A. cotula L. Mayieeed, Dog-fenncl. Stem about 1 foot high, nearly smooth.
leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected: pappus none; an ill-seented herb. toad-
sides and waste places: June-September; common. - ;

A. arvensis L. Corn Chamomile. Similar to ‘the preceding but not ill-
svented; stem pubescent; pappus a mere border. This species has been
found rarely in Story and Muscatine counties. ;

ACHILLEA L. Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. and alter-
nute much divided leaves. Heads many-flowered; rays few. fertile. Involu-
eral’seales with searious margins, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flattish,
chaffy. Pappus wanting.’ Achenes oblong. flattened. margined.

A. millefolium L. Common. Varrew or Millfoil. Stem simple. 1-2 feet high:
leaves 2-pinnately-parted; divisions linear, crowded, 3-5-clefu: heads in a flat-
topped corymb; rays 4-5. short, white or rose color. Prairies, fields, and open
woods: June-September: common.

CHRYSANTHEMUM L. Perennial herbs, with toothed. divided, or pin-
natifid leaves, white fertile rays. and yellow disk flowers. Involucre broad,
depressed, of many imbricated scarious-margined scales. Receptacle flat or
convex, naked. Pappus wanting. Achenes striate. similar.

ye COMPOSITAE.

C. feucanthemum L. Gr-eye or White Daisy. Stem 1-2 feet high, simple
or branched: lower leaves spatulate, petioled, more or Jess pinnatifid: upper
Jeaves clasping. toothed: heads large, solitary, terminating stem or branches.
Vields and waste places. June-September; infrequent but widely distributed:
Allamakee. Dubuque, Johnson, Decatur. Page, and Cerro Gordo counties;
reported from Muscatine. Story, Cass, Hardin, and Woodbury counties.

TANACETUM L. Strong-scented perennials. with alternate 1-3-pinnately.
dissected leaves, and corymbose yellow discoid beads. Ipvoluere hemispher-
ieal: the scales small, imbricated. Receptaele convex. Pappusa mere bor-
der. .\chenes angled or ribbed, termipated by a large flat disk.

T. vulgare L. Common Tansy. Stem 2-3 feet high, smooth: leaflets oblony-
lanceolate. cut-toothed or pinnatifid; pistillate flowers tubular, with an ob-
Jique 3-toothed limb: pappus 5-lobed. Along roadsides and in waste places:
August-September: infrequent: Winneshiek. Allamakee. Jobnson. and Deca-
tur counties: reported from Fayette and Story counties.

ARTEMISIA L. Wormwoop. Annual, biennial or perennial plants with en-
tire, toothed. lobed, or dissected, alternate leaves. and nodding heads which
are in panicled spikes or racemes. Involucre obovoid, imbrieated, of dry
connivent scales. Receptacle small. naked. Heads discoid: flowers few to
many, tubular, perfect, or the marginal pistillate. Pappus wanting. Achenes
obovoid. capped by a small disk. '

* Maryinal flowers pistillate and fertile; dish-floiwers perfeet but sterile.
+ Leaves pinnately dissected into narrowly linear lobes.

A. caudata Ms. Biennial, stem smooth, simple, 2-4 feet high; leaves 1-3-
pinnately divided: the segments alternate, filiform: heads small, globose.
humerous, in an elongated panicle. Sandy soil, August-September; common
locally; Winneshiek, Muscatine, Jounson. Cerro Gordo, Emmet. Winnebago,
and Lyon counties; reported from Fayette and Story counties.

A. canadensis Mx. Biennial or perennial: stem 1-2 feet high, pubesceut
or glabrous; leaves usually pubescent, the lower petioled and 2-pinnately di-
vided into linear Jobes, upper leaves sessile, Jess divided: heads short-pedun-
cled, in narrow panicles, usually numerous. Dry soil: July-August; reported
from Woodbury and Lyon counties.

+ + Leaves linear, cutive or the lower 3-cleft.

A. dracunculoides Pursh. Perennial, stem 3-4 feet high, glabrous or can-
escent when young, branched; leaves linear, entire or lower trifid: heads
small, numerous, in an open panicle. Dry or prairie soil: August-September:
frequent; Winneshiek, Floyd, Muscatine, Haneock, Dickiusop. and Wuimet
counties; reported from Fayette and Story counties.

** Flowers all fertile, the inarginal pistillute; receptacle hairy.

A. frigida Willd. Whole plant silky-caneseent; stems in tufts, 6-15 inches
high; leaves pinnatifid; segments linear, 3-5-cleft; heads small, globose, droup-
ing, racemose. Sterile soil; July-September; infrequent: Lyon eounty.

A. absinthium L. Conunon Wormwood. shrubby. finely caneseent: stems
1~4 feet high, much branched; leaves 1-3-pinnately divided into obovate or
oblong obtuse lobes, lower long petioled, the upper short-petioled or sessile,
the uppermost linear and entire; heads many. drooping, yellow, short-pedun-
cled, racemose-paniculate. Reported from Fayette county as a rare escape.

*#*% Blowers all fertile, the marginal pistillate; receptacle smovih.
+ Leaves dissected.
A. annual. Stem 1-4 feet high, branching, glabrous, leaves :-3-pin-

TuistieE FAaMiny. o5

nately dissected. segments oblong, deeply pinuatifid: heads suall. in animple
panicle. Waste places: July-September: infreguent. Muscatine and Deea-
tur counties; reported from Keokuk county.

A. biennis Willd. Biennial: stem simple. ereet. 1-4 feet high. glabrous:
feaves 1-2-pinnately divided: divisions linear. entire or cut-toothed: heads
globular, erect, in axillary spikes, collectively in a narrow leafy panicle.
Dry soil: August-September: frequent.

t+ Leaves serrate ov entire, mot purnatifid.

A. serrata Nutt. Perennial: stem leafy. 5-9 feet high: leaves lanceolate.
serrate, whitened beneath. the upper often linear: heads small, few-flowered,
greenish Bottom lands: August-September: frequent: Winneshiek, Jack-
son, and Museatine counties: reported from Fayette. Poweshiek. Stury. Win-
nebhago, and Cerrv Gordo counties.

A. gnaphalodes Nutt. Perennial: whole plant woolly-canescent: stem 2-
4 feet high, branched: leaves lanceolate. entire. or lower toothed or pinnati-
fid, upper surface usually glabrate and green: heads ovoid, stall, mostly ses-
sile. in narrow leafy panicles. Sandy and prairie soil: August-September:
common. (dd. Cadoviciane gneplelodes TL & G.)

SENECIOL. Herbs. with alternate leaves. solitary or corymbed heads.
and mostly yellow fluwers. Heads many-flowered: flowers all tubular and
perfect or else the marginal ligulate and pistillate. lovolucre of many equal
erect-convivent seales, sometimes with a few bractlets at the base. Recepta-
cle tlat. naked. Pappus of copious soft capillary bristles.

S. aureus L. Golden Rayivort. Perennial: stems 1-3 feet high, glabrous or
woolly when young: radical leaves thin, simple. orbicular or ovate-oval.
crenate-toothed. jony-petivied: lower lyrate-pinpatifid: upper sessile or partly
clasping, dentate or incised: rays s-12. Wet woods and meadows: May-
June; Johuson county: reported from Winoneshiek. Favette. Story. aud Wood-
bury counties: perhaps frequent and widely distributed but has been confused
with the following.

S. balsamitae Muhl. Stems a few inches to two feet high: radical leaves
oblong or spatulate. varying to lanceolate. tapering to the petiole. serrate.
upper lanceolate. laciniate or pinnatifid. petioled or the uppermost sessile.
Dry and rocky woods: May-July: common: Winbeshiek, Allamalkee. Scott.
Johnson, Decatur. and Shelby counties; reported from Fayette. Museitine.
aud Story counties. (NS. aureus balsamitae T. & G.)

S. obovatus Muhl. Stems 1-2-feet high: leaves rather thick, the basal
obovate or sputulate, very obtuse, base cuneate. crevate-dentate. with short
margined petioles. or the earliest nearly sessile in rosulate tufts: stem leaves
few, sessile. oblong to spatulate. incised or pinnatifid. Wet prairies: \pril-
June: reported from Story county. (8. aerets obovatius TL & G.)

S. lugens Richards. Stem stout. 1-3 feet high: basal and Jower leaves ob-
long. oval or slightly spatulate. denticulate. narrowed into margined petioles.
upper leaves sessile, bract-like: heads cor ymbose; involucral scales lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, with black tips. Moist soil: June-August: reported
from Plymcuth county.

S. palustris Hook. Annual or biennial: stem 6-20 inches high. woolly or
villous. sometimes at length glabrate; leaves oblong-lanceolate. toothed or
luciniate, the upper cordate-clasping; involucre naked below: rays many.
pale yellow: pappus copious. Wet ground: June-August: Emmet, und Cerro
Gordo counties; reported from Dickinson county.

U4 COMPOSITAE.

CACALIA L. Inpian PLanrain. Tall perennials. with alternate Ieaves,
and disevid heads in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish, all tubular:
corolla deeply 5-eleft. Involucre cylindric, the scales in ove row, erect-con-
nivent, with a few bractlets at the base. Pappus of capillary bristles.

* Heads 25-30-flowcered.

C. suaveolens L. Stem 3-4 feet high. glabrous, grooved; leaves triangu-
Jar-lanceolate, halberd-shaped, acuminate, serrate, wing-petioled. | Woods;
August-September; infrequent: Winneshiek, Fayette. and Muscatine coun-
ties: reported from Jackson and Seott counties. (Synosmut sudecolens ([s.)
Raf.)

= * Aeuds 5-flowercd; tinavolucre of 5 scates.

C. reniformis Muhl. Stem 3-8 feet high, angulate, grooved, not glaucous.
leaves green on both sides, lower Jeaves reniform, very large, long-petioled,
upper dilated fan-sbaped, toothed and angled, palmately-veined. petioled.
Rich woods; July-September; infrequent: Winneshiek, Allamakee. and Joha-
son counties; reported from Fayette county. (Mesudenia reniformis (Mubl.)
Raf.)

C. atriplicifolia L. Stem terete: 3-5 feet high, grooved. glaucous; leaves
palmately- -veined and angulately-lobed, “toothed, petioled, glaucous beneath:
lower triangular-renifor m, or slightly cordate. Rich woods; August-Septem-
ber; frequent; Muscatine. Johnson, Jefferson. Henry, Des Moines, Van
Buren, Decatur, Union, Ringgold, Taylor. Page. Fremont, and Pottawat-
tamie counties. (VWesadenia atriplicifoli:c (L ) Raf.)

C. tuberosa Nutt. Ente grooved and angled, 2-6 feet high, glabrous.
from a tuberous root; ledves oval or oblong, entire or obscurely toothe |.
thick, 5-7-perved; lower with long petioles, upper with, short margined
petioles. Wet prairies; June-August; frequent: Allamakee. Fayette, John-
son, Appanoose, Decatur, Union, Adams, Ringgold. Taylor. Page. Pottawat-
tamie, ‘Shelby, Hancock, Winnebago, Cerro Gordo. Dallas. Webster. and
Emmet counties: reported from Scott, Story, and Woodbury counties.
(Mesadenia tuberosa (Nutt.) Britton).

ERECHTITES Raf. lil-scented annuals, with alternate simple leaves, and
paniculate-corymbed discoid heads of whitish flowers. Involucre cylindrical,
of linear scales, in one row, with a few bractlets at the base. Flowers many.
all tubular, fertile. the marginal pistillate. the central perfeet. Pappus of
soft capillary bristles. :

E. hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Firewced. Stem grooved. 1-4 fect high, often
hairy; leaves lanceolate, or oblong, acute. unequally toothed, sessile, upper
auricled. Rich open woods and burnt clearings; August-September; fre-
quent; Winneshiek, Johnson. Des Moines, Lee. Decatur, and Calhoun coun-
ties; reported from Fayette and Story counties. _

ARCTIUM L. Biennial herbs. with large petioled alternate leaves, and
solitary or clustered discoid heads. Tnvolucral scales numerous, imbricated,
long-attenuated, with hooked tips. Heads globose. many-flowered: flowers
tubular. perfect. Receptacle bristly. Pappus of numerous. rough, deciduous
bristles. Achenes oblong, flattened,

A. minus Schk. Burdock. Stem 2-4 feet high. branehed: leaves thin,
broadly ovate, with a cordate base, or lanceolate with a cuneate base. smooth
above, pale-canescent beneath; heads many. racemose ou the branches, short-
peduneled or sessile, about half an inch broad, inuer bracts not exceeding the

RAGWEED FAMILY. 95

pink-purple flowers. Waste and cultivated grounds; July-October; common,
(A. leppa minus Gray.)

CNICUS L. Tinstie. Biennials or perennials, with sessile alternate
leaves, and large terminal discoid heads. Involuere ovoid or spherical; scales
numerous, spinous-tipped or unarmed, in many rows. Receptacle bristly.
Flowers tubular, perfect. Style nearly undivided. Pappus eopious, plumose.
deciduous. Achenes oblone. compressed, smooth.

C. Isnceolatus (L.) Willd. Common LT. Stem 2-4 feet high; leaves sessile,
decurrent, pinnatifid, hairy above, white-woolly beneath, lobes spiny; heads
purple; scales lanceolate, spreading, all tipped with aspine. Waysides and
pastures; July-September; common. (Cearduus lancevtatus 1.)

C. altissimus (.) Willd. Stem 2-6 feet high; leaves oblong-ovate to
lanee-oblong, rough-hairy above, white-woolly beneath, undivided to sinuate-
toothed, or sinuate-pinnatifid, lobes or teeth prickly; heads Jarge; scales
lance-ovate, outer with spreading spines; flowers purple. Fields and open
woods; August-September, common. (Ciurditus altissimus L.) The variety
FILIPENDULUS Gray. is 2-3 feet high; roots tuberous; leaves deeply pinnatifid.
Emmet county: reported from Cass, Cherokee. Palo Alto, and Woodbury
counties.

C. discolor Muhl. Similar to the preceding; leaves deeply pinnatifid into
lanceolate or linear segments. [ields and borders; July-September; reported
common. Variable and seems to pass inty the preceding. (Cricus altissimus
discolor Gray. . Cardias discolor (Muhl.) Nutt.) :

C. hillii Canby. Stem 1-2 feet high, simple or branched; root fusi-
form; leaves green on both sides, lobed or pinnatifid; lobes rounded, dentate
or prickly; lower leaves spatulate-oblong, narrowed to the base or petioled,
the upper oblong, sessile and clasping; outer involucral scales ovate lanceo-
late, tipped With short bristles, very glutinous on the back. inner narrowly
lanceolate and acuminate. Fields: June-July; reported from Story county
(Cardias hiltii (Canby) Porter).

C. arvensis (L.) Hoffm. Canada T. Perennial, stem 1-2 feet high, with a
long running root; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly.
smooth or slightly woolly beneath; heads small; flowers rose-purple, imper-
feetly dioecious; scales triangular, appressed, minute, prickly-pointed. Culti-
vated fields; infrequent but widely distributed. (Cardius arvensis (LL.) Robs.)

AMEROSIACEAE Reichenb. RaGweep FAMILy.

Annual or perennial herbs, mostly of a weedy aspect, with alternate
leaves, or the lower opposite, and small heads of greenish or whitish.
moncecious or dicecious flowers. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the
same head, or in separate heads. Involucral scales few, separate or
united. Receptacle chatfv, Corolla wanting in the pistillate flowers or
reduced to a short tube or ring; the culyx-limb none or a mere border;
style 2-cleft. Corolla in the staminate flowers tubular, funnelform, or
obconic, 4-5-lobed; stamens usually 5, separate, or the authers merely
connivent. <A family often included in the ComposiTa£ from which it is

mostly distinguished by the anthers not being truly syngenesious.

* Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads.
Iva. Represented in our flora by a single species.

96 AMBROSIACEAE.

*8 Straminale and pistillaie flowers in separate heads.
AMBROSIA. Involucral bracts of the staminate heads united.
XANTHiuM, Involucral bracts of the staminate heads separate: involucre of the pistil-
late heads closed, covered with hooked spines.

IVA L. Herbaceous or shrubby plants. with opposite or alternate leaves,
and small nodding greenish-white discoid heads. Fertile and sterile flowers
in the same head. Anthers nearly separate. Involueral scales 3-9, roundish.
- Receptacle small, chaffy. Achenes obovoid or lenticular,

I. xanthiifolia (Mresen.) Nutt. Warsh Elder. Annual, stem tall, 4-10 feet
high. roughish; leaves mostly opposite, petioled, ovate. rhombic or cordate,
lobed, doubly serrate or cut toothed, hoary: flowers in terminal or axillary
panicled spikes, bracts not obvious; fertile fowers 5, corolla rudimentary
or wanting. Waste grounds; July-September; common in the western coun-
ties but less frequent eastward. :

AMBROSIA L. Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate
lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in spike-like
racemes. Flowers moncecions; fertile 1-3 together, axillary. near the base
of the raceme; the involuere oblong, closed, achene-like; pistil with 2 long
protruding styles; stamens wanting; sterile flowers many, surrounded by a
depressed hemispherical cup formed from united scales. Anthers nearly
separate. Pappus wanting. Achenes ovoid.

* Leaves opposite, paliniutely lobed or wudivided; receptacle naked.

A. trifida L. Greet Rugweed. Annual; stem stout, 3-12 feet high. hairy:
leaves opposite, petioled, hairy, deeply 3-lobed, lobes oval. long-pointed, ser-
rate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5-6 ribbed: and tuberecled. Low
grounds; July-September; common. The variety INTEGRIFoLIA TT. & G., a
smaller forin, has ovate undivided leaves. This and intermediate forms are
frequently found.

** Leaves opposite and alternate, pimraatifid; receptacle cheatfy.

A. artemisiaefolia L. Annual; stem 1-3 feet high, much branched, hairy
or rough-pubescent; leaves opposite or alternate, thin, mostly twice pinnati-
fid, smooth above. hoary beneath; petioles ciliate; fruit obovoid or globular,
armed with 6 short teeth. Fields and waste places: July-September; com-
mon.

A. psilostachya DC. Perennial with slender running rootstocks; stem 2—
4 feet hich, paniculately branched, whitish. hispid; leaves thickish, mostly
once pinnatifid; fruit obovoid, tubercles small or wanting. “Low grounds and
prairies; July-September; common in western Iowa, rare eastward; Fre-
mont, Decatur, and Johnson counties; reported from Pottawattamie, Story.
Fayette. and Muscatine counties. ;

XANTHIUM L. Annuals, with alternate petioled leaves. and moncecious
heads of flowers. Fertile flowers in clusters, the sterile in racemes above.
Sterile involucres of separate scales: receptacle cylindric. Fertile involuere
closed, coriaceous, covered with hooked prickles, 2-celled, 2-flowered. Pappus
wanting. Corolla thread-form. Anthers nearly separate. Achenes oblong,
flat.

X. canadense Mill. Cocklebur. Stem 1-3 feet high, frequently brown
spotted; leaves ovate or cordate. 3-nerved, dentate. frequently lobed: fruit
about l-inch long, densely prickly, beaks hooked or ineurved. [Fields and
waste places: July-September; common.

Cuicory FAMILY. 97

CICHORIACEAE PReicheub. Cutcory FAMILY.

Herbs, usually with acrid or milky juice, alternate or basal leaves, and
vellow, blue, purple, or white flowers in involucrate heads. Involucral
bracts in one to several series. Receptacle tlat or flattish, scaly. smooth,
pitted, ov alveolate. Flowers all alike, perfect. Calyx-tube udnate to
the ovary, the limb of seales; or bristles. or both. or wanting. Corolla
gamopetalous, ligulate; tube short or Jone; ray usually 5-toothed.
Authers 5, united into a tube around the style, sagittate or auricled be-
low, usually appendaged above. Ovary 1-celled. 1-ovuled; style 2-cleft or
2-lobed. Fruit an achene. This family is usually regarded as a tribe of
the ComposiTAE and is also known as LIGULIFLORAE.

* Pappus of seales, or of scales and bristles,
CLCHORIUM. Flowers blue or white; involucre double: pappus of blunt scales.
Ivkicta. Flowers yellow; involucre simple: pappus of chatf and bristles.
** Pappus pliumosc.
TRAGOPOGON, Stems leafy: involucre simple; plume branches of the pappus interwebbed.
* 8% Pappus of capillary bristles, not plumose,
t+ vlchenes eylindric, prismatic or tercte. mot fluttened,
f$ Achenes not beaked.
HteRAcICM. Flowers yellow or orange, sometimes red; pappus tawny
PRENANTHES. Flowers white. cream-color, or purple: pappus tawny or brown; heads
often nodding.
LYGODESMIA. Flowers pink or purple: pappus white: heads erect.
tot Aehencs betked, sometimes bechkless th Troximon,; flowers yellow; heads solitary,
SCAPOSE,
TROXIMON. Involucre loosely ’imbricated; achenes 10-ribbed.
TARAXACUM. Involucre calyculate: achenes t-A-ribbed.

+ t clehenes flat or flattish; pappus white; involucre imbricated; heads panicted.
Lactuca. Flowers yellow or purplish; achenes more or less beaked.
SoncHus. Flowers yeHow: achenes flattish, beakless,

CICHORIUM L. Erect branching perennials. with deep roots. alter-
nate and basal leaves. and axillary and terminal heads. Involucre of two
series of herbaceous bracts. Receptacle flat, naked, or slightly fimbrillate.
Achenes j-angled or 5-ribbed. truncate, beakless. Pappus of 2 or 3 short
blunt scales, forming a crown.

C. intybus lL. Chicory. Basal leaves on the ground, runcinate-pinnatifid,
narrowed to long petioles; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong, lobed or entire.
base clasping and auricled; headsmany. Waste places; July-September: re-
ported trom Fayette, Scott, Polk, Adams, and Woodbury counties.

KRIGIA Schreber. Ours a perennial, with scape-like stems, mostly radical
leaves, and several to many-flowered heads. Involucral scales in 2 rows.
Pappus double, the outer of scales, the inner capillary.

K. amplexicaulis Nutt. Roots fibrous; stem 1-2 feet high, smooth, with
J—2 leaves; cauline leaves sessile, clasping, oblong or oval, mostly entire;
radical on winged-petioles, entire or toothed. rarely pinnatifid; heads 2-5,
peduneled. Rich woods; May-June; frequent; Wioneshiek, Allamakee, .
Jones, Muscatine, Johnson, Henry, Lee, and Cerro Gordo counties, reported
from Fayette and Scott counties. (Trayopogon virginicum L. Adopogon virgini-
cum (G.) Kuntze).

K. dandelion (L.) Nutt. Seape slender, leafless, with a solitary head. 6-
18 inches high; roots tuberiferous; leaves basal, tufted. linear-lanceolate to

98 CICHORIACEAE.

spatulate, entire, denticulate, sinuate, or pinnatifid. Moist soil; April-June:
reported from Woodbury counLy.

TRAGOPOGON IL. Glabrous biennials, rarely perennials, from long
descending roots, with elongated-linear, nervose, entire. clasping leaves, and
solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers. Involucre simple. of several Jarge
equal lanceolate acuminate seales. Pappus plumose. <Achenes narrow.
striate, with a long filiform beak.

T. pratensis L. Goat’s-beard. Stem 1-3 feet high, bases of the leaves ex-
panded; flowers yellow; peduncle searcely thickened. KFields; May-June; in-
frequent: Dickinson county; reported from Tayette. Johnson, Jasper. and
Story counties.

T. porrifolius 1. Oyster-plaut. Flowers violet-purple: peduncle thickened
and hollow. Reported from Story county.

HIERACIUM L. Hawkwren. Perennials, with alternate leaves, and few
to many heads of yellow orange or red lowers. Involuere more or less im-
bricated. Pappus tawny. of capillary bristles. Achenes striate, oblong or
evlindrical.

H. canadense Mx. Stems 1-3 feet high, leafy, erect. pubescent to nearly
smooth, corymbed above; leaves sessile, ovate-oblong to lanceolate. entire or
with a few remote teeth; involucre reguiarly imbricated; heacs large, many-
flowered; pappus of numerous unequal bristles; achenes brown, cylindrical.
Upland woods and prairies: August-September; infrequent; Emmet, Winne-
shiek, Fayette. Floyd, Muscatine. Johnson, and Winnebago counties.

H. scabrum Mx. Rough Hawhweed. Stem hirsute. 2-3 feet high; leaves
obovate to oval, hairy, sessile, nearly entire: heads small, corymbose, many-
flowered; involucre scarcely imbricated; pedicles and involucre clothed with
dark glandular bristles; achenes red, cylindrical. Dry upland woods: August:
infrequent; Muscatine, Johnson, Appanoose, Decatur, ard Ringgold counties:
reported from Fayette and Story counties.

H. longipilum Torr. Long-hearded A. Stem 1-4 feet high. clothed with
long erect shaggy hairs, leafy below. naked above; leaves oblong-lanceolate
or spatulate, entire, sessile, hairy like the stem; heads in a small racemed
panic’e; achenes narrowed at the apex. Prairies; July-August; infrequent:
Muscatine. Decatur, and Taylor counties; reported from Stcry county.

H. aurantiacum L, Stem 6-20 inches high, usually leafless. hirsute:
hasal leaves spatulate or oblong, entire or denticulate: flowers orange or red,
Waste places: reported from Story county.

PRENANTFES “. Perennials, with alternate leaves. and racemose-pani-
culate mostly nodding heads. Involuere cylindrical; scales linear, several, in
one row. with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Pappus of
rough eapillary bristles, brownish or straw color, copious. Achenes not
beaked, linear-oblong. striate.

* Bracts of the involucre hirsute-pubesecnt,

P. aspera Mx. Stem 2-4 feet high, rough-pubescent to smoothish; leaves
oval-oblong or lanceolate, dentate to nearly entire. sessile. not eclasping:
heads mostly erect, in small clusters, disposed in a long thyrsns; flowers yel-
lowish cream-color. Upland woods and prairies: August-September: infre-
quent; Scott, Emmet. Decatur. and Ringgold counties; reported from Fay-
vette, Museatine, and Story counvies. (Vahalus asper (Mx.) T. & G )

P. racemosus Mx, Stem 2-4 feet high, simple, smooth, elaueous: leaves
oval or oblong-lanceolate, smooth, denticulate, lower tapering to winged

Cuicory FAMILY. 99

petioles, upper clasping: thyrsus 4-20 inches long; involuere hirsute; flowers
purplish. Low prairies; August-Neptember; frequent; Emmet, Hancock,
Floyd, and Lyon counties: reported:from Fayette and Story counties, (N.71-
cemosus ( Mx.) DC ) ’

P. crepidinea Mx. Stem 4-8 feet high. branched above;. glabrous or mi-
nutely pubescent; leaves ample, ovate, triangular-ovate or hastate, toothed,
wing-petioled; heads nedding, in loose clusters, cory mbosely-paniculate, invo- -
luere hirsuté; flowers cream-color. ‘amine August-September; rare; Johnson
county. (XN. erepidineus ( Mx..) DC. ,

** Bracts of the ee glabrous or sparingly hirsute.

P. alba L. Stem 2-4 feet high, smooth, purplish, corymbosely- sanieitate
above; leaves angulate or deltoid-hastate, sinuate toothed, on long slender
margined petioles; heads nodding, involucral seales about &. purplish; papr us
reddish-brown. Upland woods; August-September; frequent: Winneshiek;
Clayton, Floyd. Jackson, Lee, and Winnebago counties; reported from lFay-
ette, Scott, Muscatine, Story. and “Emmet counties.. a3

LYGODESMIA PD. Don., Perennials, with rush-like stems, Unear-sub-
ulate leaves. and long peduncled rose colored: flowers. Invoiuere eyliudri-
eal, elongated. Pappus whitish, soft, copious. Achenes striate. terete.

L. juncea (Pursh) D. Don. Stem about one foot high, much branched,
striate, from a deep-rooted base, nearly leafless: leaves small, lance-linear,
the upper minute. subulate; heads 5-flowered; involucre about a half inch high.
Fields and waste places: June-August; common in western Iowa; Emmet,
Lyon, Shelby, Fremont, and Dickinson counties; reported from Sioux, Wood-
bury, Harrison, Monona, and Ida counties.

TROXIMON Nutt. Perennials, with tufted root leaves, and simple seapes.
bearing a solitary head of yellaw flowers. Involucre campanulate: scales
lanceolate or ovate, in 2 or 3 rows, pointed. Pappus white, copious, capillary.
Achenes linear-oblong, about 10-ribbed, beakless.

T. cuspidatum Pursh. Seéape 4-10 inches high, from a thick. fusiform
root; leaves elongated linear-lanceolate, tapering both ways, woolly-mar-
gined; head solitary, large, many-flowered. Prairies; April-May; infrequent;
Shelby,. Emmet, Calhoun, Marshall, Johnson, and Lyon counties:. reported
from Fayette, Seqtt,.and Story counties. |(Nuthocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene).

TARAXACUM Haller... Stemless perennials, with lyrate-pinnatifid root- ~
leaves, and yellow flowers. Heads solitary, many-flowered. Involuere dou-
ble: the outer of short small seales, reflexed; the inner linear, much longer,
in one row, appressed. Receptacle naked. Pappus white, capillary. copious.

T. officinale Weber. Common Dandelion. Sceapes 4-18 inches high, hollow.
from a thick descending root. * [uvolucre reflexed at maturity of the fruit,
exposing the achenes and globular head..of pappus to the wind. .Achenes
ovate-oblong to fusiform, apex prolonged into a slender beak which is 2 or 3
times the length of the achene. Fields and waste places; mostly April and
May but many appearing until the close of September; common.

LACTUCA L. Lerruce. - Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, with. leafy
stems, panicled heads, and yellow, blue, or white flowers. Heads few- to
many-flowere:. . Rays truncate, 5-toothed. Involuere glabrous, cylindrical.
imbricated in two or more unequal rows. Pappus white, rarely tawny, soft,
capillary, copious, Achenes flattened parallel with the scales, abruptly
beaked, 3-5-ribbed.

* Leaves spiny-maryined; the midribs spiny or hispid; flowers yellow.

100 CICHORIACEA E.

L. scariola L. Prickly L. Stem 2-5 feet high. prickly below, glabrous above:
leaves lanceolate to oblong or oblanceolate. sagittate-clasping, spinulose-
denticulate or sinuate-toothed, midrib prickly; achenes obovite-oblong,
striate-nerved, beak slightly longer than the achene. Waste ground; July-
September: becoming frequent throughout the state.

L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) DC. Stem 2-5 feet high, branched. glabrous. leafy;
leaves oblong to ovate-oblong, acute, auriculate-clasping. spinulose-denticu -
late, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid; heads many, loosely paniculate: dowers
vellow; achenes oval or obovate, flat, about the length of the filiform beaks.
River banks; July-September: reported from Muscatine, Emmet, Story, and
Winnebago counties.

* * Leaves neither spiny-maryined nor with spiny midribs; sometimes spintlose in
; L. integrifolia. ‘
t Achenes thin, flat; beaks filiform; flowers yellow. blue in L. pulchella.

L. canadensis L. Wile L. Stem 3-8 feet high, strict, smvoth, glaucescent,
leaves long. sinuate pinnatifid, pale beneath, the margins entire or sparingly
dentate, midrib naked or sparsely bristly; achenes oval. 1-nerved, beak
slightly shorter. Rich soil; fields and open places; July-September; com-
mon.

L. hirsuta Muhl, Stem 2-3 feet high, reddish. somewhat hairy; leaves
mostly runcinate pinnatifid, hairy on both sides, or midrib hairy, denticulate.
Forms from Winneshiek county possessing the above characters are referred
to this species. :

L. integrifolia Bigelow. Stem 3-4 feet high, smooth. paniculately-
branched above; leaves undivided, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate,
acuminate, denticulate or entire, zuriculate-clasping; flowers yellow or pur-
plish; achenes oval. longer than the beak. Rich soil; August-September; in-
frequent; Decatur, Taylor, and Ringgold counties: reported from Dickinson
eounty. (L. sayittifolia E11.)

L. pulchella (Pursh) DC. Perennial, glabrous, somewhat glaucous: stem
slender, 1-8 feet high, branched above; leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, or
oblong, acute, entire. dentate, lobed or pinnattid, the cauline sessile or partly
clasping, the lower sometimes petioled; heads many. rays bright blue or vio-
let; achenes oblong-lanceolate, twice the length of the’ tapering beaks.
Fields and waysides; June-September; coumon in western lowa, infrequent
elsewhere; Fremont, Montgomery, and Pottawattamie counties; reported
from Lee, Henry, Poweshiek, Story, Kossuth. and Woodbury counties.

t + clehenes thickish, beakless or with short necks; flowers blue.

L. acuminata Gray. Stem glabrous. 2-6 feet high: leaves ovate-oblonge or
oblong-lanceolate. frequently sagittate or hastate, simply or doubly toothed,
acuminate, wing-petioled; achenes beakless. Open woods; Angust-Septem-
ber: frequent; Clayton. Dubuque, Johnson, Des Moines, and Decatur eoun-
ties. (L. villosa Jaeq.)

L. floridana (L.) Gaertn. Stem 4-8 feet high, smooth; leaves large, wing-
petioled, deeply lyrate-pinnatifid. lobes simply or doubly dentate, lateral
lobes ovate. terminal deltoid, acuminate; flowers blue: involuere about one-
half inch high: pappus bright white; achenes thickish, ucuminate, short-
beaked. Rich svil, woods; August-September; frequent.

L. leucophaea (tray. Stem 3-12 feet high, glabrous; leaves deeply lobed
or pinnatifid, dentate, teeth mucronate-pointed, sessile or the lower petioled,
glabrous. sometimes pubescent on the veins beneath; panicle large, rather
dense; heads many: rays blue; achenes oblong: compressed, short beaked:

BELL ‘FLOWER FAMILY. 101

pappus brown. Moist woods; July-September: reported from Fayette and
Story counties. (£. spieata (Lam.) Hiteheoek).

SONCHUS L. Ours coarse annuals, with mostly smooth and glaucous leafy
stems and corymbose-paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Leaves spinulosely
or ciliately dentate. avriculate-eclasping. Involucre more or less imbricated,
of unequal seales. Pappus soft, white. copious, capillary. Achenes com-
pressed, striate or ribbed.

S. asper(l.) All. Stem smooth, 1-+ feet high; leaves rarely runcinate-
pinnatifid, usually undivided, the basal and lower obovate or spatulate.
petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate very spiny-toothed, auricles rounded;
achene smooth margined, 3-ribbed on each face. Waste places: July-Septem-
ber; frequent throughout the state.

S. oleraceus L. Stem 2-3 feet high: leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, rarely
undivided, with soft spiny or prickly teeth, auricles acute; achenes miany-
striate, rugulose-scabrous. With the preceding; infrequent; Johnson county:
reported from Winneshiek, Clayton, Fayette, Seott, Muscatine, Linn. and
Story counties.

CAMPANULACKAE Juss. BELL FLOWER FaMiLy.

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and solitary
racemose paniculate or spicate flowers. Calyx persistent, 5-lobed or 5-
parted, adherent to the ovary. Corolla regular or irregular, 5-lobed.
Stumens 5. separate or connate; anthers 2-celled. . Capsule 2-several-
celled, many-seeded.

* Coratla regular; anthers separate.
CAMPANULA. Flowers complete: corolla bell-shaped, rarely rotate.
SpPkCULARLA. Marly flowers cleistogamous: corolla rotate.
** Corolle irregular; anthers comnete.
LOBELIA. Our only genus.

CAMPANULA L. Calyx-tube short. Corolla for the most part eampanu-
late. Stamens 5; filaments flattened. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3 celled.

C. americana L. Tall Bell-lower. Annual, somewhat hairy: stem 3-6 feet
high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, thin, serrate. petioles margineéd;
inflorescence spicate, 1-2 feet long, flowers sessile, axillary; calyx-lobes long,
narrow; corolla light blue, broad;. style exserted. declined and curved up-
wards. Rich.soil. woods and fields; July-August; common.

C. rotundifolia L. Harebell. Perennial; stem 6-14 inches high, branehing,
weak, mostly glabrous; radical leaves long-petioled, ovate or reniform-cor-
date, entire or dentate, soon perishing: cauline leaves linear, entire; tlowers
on slender pedicels, nodding; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla campanulate, blue.
A delicate plant. Rocky woods; June-July; common in northeastern portion
of the state; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Dubuque, Jackson, Jones.
Webster, and Emmet counties; reported from Fayette and Scott counties.

C. aparinoides Pursh. Stem weak, somewhat angular. branched, rough
on the angles; leaves linear, mostly entire; flowers on long slender pedicels;
ealyx-lobes short, triangular; corolla white, campanulate. Wet places; June—
August; frequent: Winneshiek, Fayette, Muscatine. Johnson, Hancock, Cerro
Gordo, Winnebago. and Emmet counties: reported from Seott and Story
counties. ‘

SPECULARIA Leister. Calyx-tube elongated. Corolla rotate. Filaments
hairy, shorter than the anthers. Stigmasand cells of the angular capsule 3.

102 PYROLACEAE.

S. perfoliata (l.) A. DC. Venus Looking-gliss. Annual. stem simple, 5-20,
inches high, erect; leaves cordate-clasping, somewhat reniform, crenate;
flowers sessile, usually ?-3 in the axils .of the upper leaves. corolla conspicu-
ous in but few flowers. Fields and woods; May-August; common. (Leyorzia
perfoliata (ta.) Britton). mf a

LOBELIA L. Flowers in some form of a bracted raceme. Corolla tubular,
deeply cleft on the upper side, 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed.
Stamens 5: anthers and usually the filaments united into a curved tube.,2 of
the anthers bearded. Style 1... Capsule 2-celled, containing many small
seeds, opening loculicidally. ae -

: ; * Blowers ved or scartet -

L. cardinalis L. Curdinal-jlower. Stem 2-4 feet high. simple. glabrous,
leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering both ways, shortly toothed: flowers
ecnspicuous, deep red or. scarlet, in a terminal bracted raceme, stamens ex-
ceeding the corolla, calyx-lobes one-half inch, long, linear.. Damp woods,
marshy places: August-September; fr equent; Muscatine, Louisa, Des Moines,
Johnson, Story. and Appuncose counties; reported from Fayette and Scott
counties. Fe

** Plowers blue. ov blue and white.
+ Flowers rather large, the corolla tube about a half-inch ia length.

L. syphilitica L. Great Lobelia. Perennial; stem 1-3 feet high. angular,
hairy to glabrous, leaves lanceolate, acute, thin. unequally serrate; flowers
blue, varying to white, in a spike-like raceme: calyx hirsute. sinuses with de-
tlexed auricles; corolla about an inch in length. Moist soil; July-September;
common. :

L. puberula Mx. Finely soft pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse, denticu-
late, oval to oblong or obovate, the lower petioled; sinuses of the calyx with
small or inconspicuous auricles; corolla about one-half inch in length. Moist
soil; August-September; reported from Seott county.

tf} Flovers smell; corolla-lube very short.

L. spicata Lam. Stem simple, erect, 1-8 feet high, pubescent below. less
so above; leaves oblong, varying from spatulate below to linear bracts above,
obtuse. more or less denticnlate; flowers in a slender spike-like raceme; ealyx-
tube short. hemispherical. teeth long,and slender; corolla pale blue. ‘tube one-
fourth inch or less in length. Upland fields and meadows; June-July: ecom-
mon. The variety UIRT+LLA Gray, pubescence somewhat scabrous, bracts and
calyx-lobes ciliate or hirsute, occurs along with the type.

L. leptostachya A. DC. Similar to the preceding; sinuses of the ealyx
with deflexed’subdulate auricles. ,Dry sotl; June-August: probably belongs to
our flora. : : i

L. inflata Tu. India Tobuceo. A narcotic annifal; stem about 1 foot high,
simple. erect, branched, hairy or pubescent; leaves ovate. obtusely serrate:
flowers small, pedicels shorter than the leafy -braets; pod. inflated. Upland.
woods: July-September; infrequent; Winneshiek. Muscatine. Johnson, Des
Moines, Van Buren, Wapello. Appanoose, Louisa, and Deeatur counties: re-
ported from Fayette and Story counties. \

PYROLACHEAE Agardh. WINTERGREEN FPaminy.
Low mostly evergreen perennials, with branched rootstocks, simple
petioled exstipulate leaves. and perfect, nearly regular, solitary, race-
mose, or coryinbose flowers. Calyx 4 5-lobed. Corolla of 5 petals or 4—

Txpianx-Pipk FAMILY. 103

5-parted, white or pink. Stameus as many or twice as many as the lobes
of the corolla, hypogynous; anthers 2-celled, opening by terminal pores,
frequently appendaged; pollen composed of four united grains. Ovary
superior, 4-5-celled; style often declined; stigma 5-lobed or 5-crenate.
Capsule many-seeded.

PYROLA. Leaves basal: flowers racemose.

CALMAPHILA, Stem decumbent; branches erect. leafy; flowers corymbose.

PYROLA L. Calyx 5-parted, free from the ovary. Petals 5, equal, decidu-
ous. Stamens 10; anthers large, more or less 4-celled, inverted, hanging
apparently by the apex, opening above by two pores. Style thick; stigma 5-
lobed. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded.

P. elliptica Nutt. Shin-leuf. Stemless; leaves elliptical to oval, thin,
obscurely wavy-crenate, petioles margined; flowers white, many. nodding:
ealyx minute, lobes ovate; petals oblong. obtuse, much longer than the
calyx; style declined and curved. Rich woods; June-August; frequent
locally; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Muscatine, and Johnson counties; reported
from Fayette county.

P. secunda LL. Stem 3-8 inches high; leaves below, petioled. broadly
ovate, sub-serrate; flowers in wu spicate raceme, turned to one side; calyx-
lubes ovate; corolla oblong, whitish; style exserted. Woods; June-July;
local; Winneshiek county.

CRIMAPHILA Pursh. Low perennial herbs, with decumbent stems.
asgending branches. opposite or verticillate leaves, and white or purplish
flowers. Calyx 5 cleft or 5-parted. Petals 5, orbicular, concave. spreading.
Stamens 10; filaments pubescent or hairy; anthers as in Pyrola. 2-horned.
Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled; stigma orbicular, 5-erenate. Capsule 5-lobed, 5-celled,
h-valved; seeds numerous, small.

C. umbellat (.) Nutt. Branches 4-12 inches high, leafy; leaves spatu-
late or cuneate-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, sharply serrate, evergreen,
not mottled: flowers subeorymbose or umbellate. Woods: June-August; re-
ported from Winneshiek and Fayette counties.

MONOTROPACEAE JZind/. INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY.

Fleshy saprophytic herbs, with bracted scapes, and solitary or clust-
ered regular perfect flawers. Sepals 2-5. bract-like, deciduous. Petals
+-5, edges counivent. Stamens 8-10; anthers kidney-shaped, 2-celled,
becoming 1-celled. opening across the apex. Stigma flattened, about 5-
rayed. Capsule grooved, 4-5-celled. Represented in our flora by the
genus Movorropa L.

M. uniflora L. Tadian Pipe. Corpse-plant. Seape 4-10 inches high, clus-
tered: roots matted. brittle: leaves represented by scale-like bracts, ovate-
lanceolate. sessile; flower terminal, solitary, nodding; capsule erect. Whole
plant waxy-white, sometimes pink or red, glabrous, turning black in drying.
Rich woods; June-August; infrequent; Jones and Johnson counties: reported
from Fayette, Floyd, Muscatine, Story, and Woodbury counties.

VACCINIACEAE Zind/. HuckLEBERRY FAMILY.

Ours small shrubs, with scaly buds, alternate simpie leaves, and small
perfect flowers in clusters or Solitary. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary,
the limb 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed. Stamens 8 or 10;

104 PRIMULACEAE,

filaments short, usually flattened; anthers -2-celled. Ovary 2 -10-celled,
becoming a berry or drape-like fruit.
GAYLussAciA, Stamens 10; ovary 10-celled; berry drupaceous, with 10 nutlets.
VACCINIUM. Stamens 8-10: ovary 4 4-celled: the berry +-3-cvlled. the cells many-seeded.

GAYLUSSACIA H. B. K. Calyx adherent to the 10-celled, 10-ovuled ovary.
the limb persistent. 5-toothed. Corolla. tubular or campanulate, 5-toothed.
Stamens 10. opening at the apex [Fruita globular berry-like drupe.

G. resinosa (Ait.) T. & GG. Black Huckleberry. A much branched shrub,
1-3 feel high; leaves alternate, oval to oblong, clothed with resinous globules,
flowers in clustered racemes, turned to one side; fruit edible. ripe in August.
Dry hills; May-June: common in a limited area in Wild Cat Den. Muscatine
eounty.

VACCINIUM L. Calyx-limb 4-5-{oothed, persistent. Corolla 4-5-toothed or
4-5-lobed. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 4-5-celled; ovules usually many.

V. vacillans Kalm. Blue Huchleberry. Shrub. usually 1-2 feet ‘high.
much branched; branches glabrous, warty: leaves oblong, oval or obovate.
acute or obtuse, mucronulate, glabrous, entire or sparingly serrate, base nar-
rowed or rounded. short-petioled or sessile. Dry soil: May-June: fruit ripe
in July-August; reported frow Towa.

PRIMULACEAE, Vent, Primrose Famiy.

Herbs. with radic.J or cauiine opposite, alternate or verticilate leaves,
and regular. usually 5-purted flowers. Stamens us many as the lobes of
the corolla, and inserted on the corolla-tube opposite the lobes. Ovary
free. rarely adnate to the calyx. 1-celled, with one central free placenta Tis-
ing from the base. '

* Acailescent plants,
DODECATHEON. Corolla reflexed: stumens exserted.
ANDROSACE, Limh of corolla spreading: stamens ineluded.
** Cuulescent plants. ;
STEIRONEMA. Flowers axillavy: stamens 5, alternate with 4 sterile ones or staminodia.

LysiMacHia. Flowers axillary. racemose or capitate: staminodia present or wanting.
ANAGALLIS, Flowers racemose: corolla longer than the calyx; capsule circumscissile.

DODECATHEON. L. Perennial; leaves radical, oblong or spatulate.
Flowers in an involucrate umbel. Calyx short, 5-parted, reflexed; corolla-
lubes much longer. retlexed, tube short. Stumens united at the base, erect:
anthers long, conically arranged.

D. meadia & Shootin Star. Seape 1-2 feet high. glabrous as well as the
leaves; tlowers usually rose-color varying to white. Upland woods: May:
frequent; Winneshiek, Delaware, Scott. Muscatine, and Johnson counties:
reported from Fayette county.

ANDROSACE L. Small stemless tufted annuals. with umbellate flowers:
calyx 5-eleft, with a short tube; corolla white, shorter than the ealyx, funnel-
form, 5-parted, constricted in the throat. Stamens and style included: eap-
sule 5-valved, globular.

A. occidentalis Pursh. Stem 1-3 inches high; leaves spatulate to oblong,
entire; plants ininutely canescent. Gravelly banks: April-May: Johnson and
Linn counties. reported from Seott county.

STEIRONEMA Raf. Perennials. Leaves opposite or whorled. entire,
numerous. Tlowers yellow, pedancled, axillary: calyx 5-parted; ‘corolla
rotate, deeply 5-parted, tube obsolete, sinuses rounded; petals short-pointed,
Stamens 5, scarcely united at the base, alternate with 5 sterile ones or stami-

Epony FAMILY. 105

nodia, inserted at the base of the corolla; anthers linear; eapsnie 5-10-valved,
10-20-seeded.

S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. Stein erect, 4-angled, simple; leaves long-petioled,
lanceolate-ovate. tapering to a sharp point, base cordate, petiole and fre-
quently the margins of the leaf ciliate: corolla longer than the ealyx. Thick-
ets; June-August; common. ,

S. lanceolatum (Walt.) Gray. Erect: 10-24 inches high, leaves lanceolate
to linear, on short margined petioles or nearly sessile. very variable. Wet
grounds; June-August; frequent; Allamakee. Fayette, Delaware, Louisa,
Johnson, Linn, Deeatur, Kinggold, Story, Calhoun, and Kossuth countics;
reported from Lyon and Emmet countics.

S. longifolium Gray. Stem erect, slender, 4-augled; leaves sessile, oppe-
site or whorled, very narrow, linear. margins revolute, the lower oblong or
spatulate; river bottoms; June-July; Winueshiek, Fayette, Story. Cerro-
Gordo, and Dallas eounties: reported from Scott county. 6S. quadriflorune
(sims) Hiteheock).

LYSIMACHIA L. Sunilar to the preceding genus. Leaves glandular-
dotted, sessile. Staminodia present or wanting. Filaments united at the
base: anthers oval or oblong. ;

L. thyrsiflora Iu. Stem 1-2 feet high. simple; leaves narrowly linee late.
the lower seale-like; inflorescence in thyrsoid pedunculate axillary clusters,
shorter than the leaves, from the middle axils; petals. linear, dotted, 5-7,
with as many intervening teeth; stamens exserted. Swamps; May-July; in-
frequent; Emmet, Fayette, and Linn counties; reported from Museatiue and
Story counties. (Maonburygia thyrsifura (L.) Duby).

L. stricta Ait. Stem 1-2 feet high, 4-angled, at length branche.J; leaves
usually opposite, lanceolate, tapering: both ways; flowers in w terminal
raceme, yellow; corolla with purple streaks and unarmed sinuses; axils often
bulblet bearing. Swamps; June-August; rare; Linn county, reported from
Fayette county. (L. terrestris (L.) B.S. P.)

ANAGALLIS L. Ours a diffuse annual, with opposite sessile entire leaves.
and axillary peduncled flowers. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes subulate, soread-
ing. Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla;
filaments hairy.

A. arvensis L. Stem 4-12 inches long, glabrous, branched; leaves black:
dotted beneath, membranous; peduncles longer than the leaves. at length
recurved; corolla scarlet with a purple center, the segments crenate and
glandular-ciliate. Waste places; May-August; reported from Lee county.

EBENACEAE Jent.. Ebony Faminy.

Trees or shrubs, destitute of milky juice, with alternate entire exstipu-
late leaves, and dicecious polygamous or rarely perfect flowers. Calyx
persistent, 3-6-lobed. free from the ovary. Corolla 3-4-cleft. deciduous.
Stamens two or three times the number of the lobes of the corolla, usu-
ally some imperfect ones in the pistillate flowers. Ovary several-celled.
with 1-3 pendulous oyules in each cell. Fruit a berry. Represented by
the genus Diospyros L.

D. virginiana L. Persimmon A-small tree, ordinarily 10-30 feet high;
wood hard, tough, blackish; leaves ovate or oval, acuminate, at first pubes-
cent, becoming glabrous, petioled; flowers mostly 4-parted, cymose, racemose
or solitary: corolla pale greenish yellow: stamens about 16 in the sterile

106 OLEACEAE.

flowers and 8 or fewer in the pistillate flowers; fruit globose, about one inch
in diameter, reddish yellow, ripe after frost, edible; seeds 6-8, large, dark
purple. Woods; May-June; reported from southeastern Lowa.

OLEACEAE: Lindl. OLIVE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. simple or compound. Calyx and
corolla usually 4-cleft, sometimes wanting. Stamens 2. Ovary free, 2-
celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. |

FRAXINUS. Leaves pinnate: flowers dioecious: fruit a samara.
SYRINGA. Leaves simple; flowers complete; fruit a capsule.

FRAXINUS L. Asu. Flowers dicecious, racemose or panicled, axillary,
from second year’s growth. Calyx diminutive or wanting, entire or 4-cleft.
Corolla of 2-4 petals or wanting. Anthers linear or oblong. Style 1, stigma
2-eleft. Fruit a samara.

* Lateral leaflets stalked; calyx small, persistent,
+ Body of the samara terete or nearly so, the wing mostly terminal.

F. americana L. White Ash. A large tree; leaflets 5-9, ovate or lanceo-
late, acuminate, obscurely serrate, smooth or pubescent on the veins beneath,
petioles, petiolules and branchlets glabrous; body of the fruit terete, half as
long as the wing, marginless below, wing rising abruptly above, varying in
outline from lanceolate to linear. Along streams; April-May; frequent.

F. viridis Mx. Green Ash. A smaller tree, leaflets 5-9, ovate or lance-
ovate. taper-pointed, serrate, bright green below, petioles, petiolules, and
branchlets glabrous; body of the fruit slender. as long as the wing, tapering;
wing decurrent, spatulate. Woods; April-May; frequent. (F. lanceolata
Borck.)

F. pubescens Lam. Red Ash. Branctes. petioles, petiolules, rachis, and
lower surfaces of the leaves velvety-pubescent; leaflets 5-9, ovate, ovate-lan-
ceolate or oblong, acuminate, entire or denticulate; body of the fruit linear.
wing linear or spatulate, decurrent. Creek bottoms; April-May: reported
from Museatine county. (FF. pennsyloanica Marsh.)

+ + Body of the samara flat, winged all around.

F. quadrangulota Mx. Blue Ash. Branchlets 4-angular; leaflets 7-11,
glabrous, ovate, lanceolate, or oblong, acuminate, base narrowed or rounded,
serrate or serrulate; samara narrowly oblong or cuneate, wing usually
notched above, decurrent around the body. Reported from Fayette county.

** Lateral leaflets sessile; calyx wanting: saiara winged all around,

F. sambucifolia Lam. Bltck Ash. Leaflets 7-11, sessile, oblong-lanceo-
late, tapering. serrate; fruit oblong or linear-oblong, ends equal. Along
streams; April-May; infrequent: reported from Muscatine and Story coun-
ties. (F. xigra Marsh.)

SYRINGA L. A shrub, with opposite entire deciduous leaves, and com-
plete flowers in terminal panicles or thyrses. Calyx 4-toothed. persistent.
Corolla 4-lobed. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled. with 2 pendulous ovules in each
cell; style elongated; stigma 2-cleft. Capsule oblong, »-valved.

S. vulgaris L. Lilue. Run wild along the railway in Dubuque county.

APOCYNACEAE Lindl. DoaBanéE FamMtvy.

Perennial herbs, with milky juice, opposite leaves, and regular 5-parted
flowers. Calyx persistent. Lobes of the corolla twisted in the bua.
Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla; filaments distinct, pollen granular.
Ovaries 2, superior; stigmas united. Fruit a follicle.

MILKWEED FAMILY. 107

APOCYNUM L. Bark fibrous. Leaves mucronate-pointed. Calyx 4-
parted. Corolla campanulate, %-cleft. Stamens included, attached to the
base of the corolla; anthers sagittate, longer than the filaments. Follicles
separate, slender; seeds with a tuft of silky hairs at the apex.

A. androsaemifolium L. Doybane. Stem 2-3 feet high. mostly glabrous
branches divergent; leaves ovate. downy beneath, short-petioled; flowers in
spreading cymes, terminal or lateral; corolla rose red, tube longer than the
ealyx. Fields and waste places; June-July; frequent throughout the state.

A. cannabinum L. Indian Hemp. Stem 2-4 feet high, glabrous to soft-
pubescent; branches ascending; leaves sessile, oval to oblong, base somewhat
cordate; cymes terminal; corolla greenish white, tube about the length of.
the calyx-lobes. Rich soil; July-August; frequent.

A. pubescens R. Br. Whole plant densely velvety-pubescent; leaves oval
to elliptic, obtuse or acute, mucronate; cymes dense. Reported from Black-
hawk county by Arthur. According to Britton and Brown this species was
collected by Dr. C. C. Parry in Polk county in the ‘vear 1867.

ASCLEPIADACEAE JLsnd/. Minkweep FAamMivy.

Herbs. usually with milky juice, and opposite, whorledor scattered,
entire exstipulate leaves. Flowers in some form of an umbel, regular,
parts in 5's, sepals and petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 5. adhering
to and covering the 2 stigmas.

ASCLEPIAS. Hoods provided with horns.
ACERATES. Hoods destitute of horns.

ASCLEPIAS L. Miukweep. Perennials. Calyx persistent. 5-parted. re-
flexed. Corolla 5-parted, deciduous, valvate in the bud, reflexed. Crown
made up of 5-hooded bodies, each with an incurved horn. Stamens inserted
on the base of the corolla; anthers consolidated with the stigma, tipped with
a membranaceous appendage. 2-celled, each containing a suspended waxy
pollen mass. the ee those of each anther forming pairs. Ovaries 2,
developing into l or 2 follicles. Seeds flat, with a tuft of silky hairs at one
end.

= Loaves opposite or alternate; corolla and corona aos

A. tuberosa lL. Buttcrfly-wecd. Root tuberous; stem 1-2 feet high; juice
not milky; roughish-hairy, leafy, branching near the top: leaves alternate,
sessile or short-petioled, linear or lance-oblong; umbels many. erect, cor-
ymbed: flowers scarlet. Fields; June-July; common.

A. decumbens lL. Stems decumbent, 2-3 feet long, hirsute-pubescent;
leaves oblong or elliptic, obtuse, short-petioled or sessile, mostly opposite;
umbels from the upper axils; corolla dark orange; follicles slender, erect.
Vields; June-August; infrequent: reported from Story county. (dA. ttberosa
var. decumbens Pursh.)

* * Leaves opposite; corolla bright red or purple.

A. purpurascens L. Purple M. Stem 2-3 feet high, simple. smooth;
leaves opposite. short-petioled, ovate or elliptical, short-pointed, short-pubes-
cent beneath; umbels solitary, long-peduncled, axillary, pedicels shorter;
flowers long, dark purple. Prairies and thickets; June-August; infrequent:
Johnson, Henry, Appanoose. Decatur, Ringgold, Union, and Eminet counties;
reported from Scott. Muscatine and Story cou nties.

A. incarnata L. Swamp M. Stem 2-5 feet high, mostly smooth: leaves

108 ASCLEPIADACEAE.

lanceolate, fointed, short-petioled, base obseurely heart-shaped; flowers
small, rose purple. Wet places; July-September; common.
** * Leaves opposite or verticillate; corolla white, yreenish, yellowish or purplish.
+ Lecves varying from ovate or oblong to obovate or orbienlar.
}{ Leaves short-petioled or sessile, clasping; ‘pleats mostly glabrous.

A. sullivantii Engim. Tall, smooth; leaves uvate-oblong or oblong, base
somewhat heart-shaped, nearly sessile, smooth on both sides; hoods obovate;
follicles spiny on or toward the beak. Moist soil; July-August; frequent;
Emmet, Muscatine. Jefferson. Appanoose, Decatur. Taylor, Page, Calhoun,
Hancock, Cerro Gordo, and Shelby counties: reported from Fayette and Story
counties.

A. obtusifolia Mx, Stem 2-3 feet high, smooth; leaves opposite, sessile.
transversely veined, waxy, oblong to oblong-ovate, mucronate, sessile, sub-
cordate; umbel on a long naked peduncle; flowers reddish green. Fields;
May-September; infrequent; Johnson, Linn, Union, Adams. Montgomery,
and Shelby counties.

A. meadii Torr. Stem simple. 1-2 feet high. smooth: leaves sessile, ovate
or oblong-ovate, pointed or obtuse; peduncle about twice the length of the
leaves; pedicels about an inch long; flowers greenish white. Pry soil: May-
June; rare; Decatur and Adams counties.

t t Leaves petioled; plants glabrous

A. phytolaccoides Pursh. Poke M. Stem 3-5 feet high, simple, smooth;
leaves broadly ovate, tapering both ways, petioled, opposite, mostly smooth
beneath; umbels several, axillary; peduncles 2-3 inches long; pedicels almost
aus long, very slender. drooping; flowers 10-20 in an umbel, greenish; hoods
truncate. white, horns exserted. Woods, thickets; June-July: infrequent
Winneshiek and Johnson counties; reported from Fayette. Seott. and Musea-
tine counties. (A. exeltate (la.) Muh.)

A. quadrifolia Jacq. Stem 1-2 feet high. slender. simple; leaves ovate to
lanceolate, thin, somewhat pubescent on the veins beneath, acute or acumi-
nate. petioled, the upper and lower opposite, the middle verticillate in 4's:
corolla pink or whitish; hoods white; follicles ereet. glabrous. Woods; May-
July; infrequent; Muscatine, Johnson, Henry. and Lee counties.
ttt The lower surfaces of the leaves and often the whole plant earncseent or tomen-

tuse.
4 Follicles with soft spinose processes, tomentose.

A. cornuti Decaisne. Common M. Stem 2-+ feet high, short-pubescent:
leaves short-petioled, oval or oblong. large, downy beneath, longer than the
umbels: flowers varying from dull purple to white: follicles spiny, tomentose.
Vields and waste places; June-July; common. (A. syriaed 1.)

A. speciosa ‘Torr. Whole plant white-tomentose or canescent or glabrate
below; stem 1-3 feet high. simple; leaves broad!y ovate or oval, obtuse and
cuspidate or acute at the apex, base subeordate, rounded or narrowed.
petioled; corolla. purple-green; hoods elongated, lanceolate. with 2 blant
teeth below; horns short, inflexed; follicles erect or spreading. densely woolly,
eovered with soft spinose processes. Moist soil; May-July: in*requent:
Emmet and Haneoek counties.

4% Follicles with no spinose processcs, glabrous or pubescent,

A. ovalifolia Deeaisne. Stem 1-2 feet high, downy; leaves ovate. acutish.
short-petioled; peduncle very short, pedicels longer; hoods: yellow. horns in-
cluded; corolla-lobes greenish white tinged with purple. Prairies: June—

GENTIAN FaMILy. 109

July; rare; Emmet county;.reported from Fayette. Story. and Woodbury
counties,
+ + Leaves varying from narrowly lanceolate to linear.

A. verticillata L.’ Stems simple, 2-3 feet high; leaves 3-6 in w whorl.
sometimes scattered, sessile, very narrow, linear, margins revolute: umbels
small, lateral or terminal; corolla greenish white; horns exserted; follieles
slender, erect, glabrous. Dry wooded hills: July-August; common.

ACERATES Ell. GREEN MinKWeEps: Perennials. Hoods without horns.
Flowers greenish, in close umbels.

A. longifolia Ell. Stem 2-3 feet high, roughish-pubescent, leafy; leaves
3-7 inches long, linear, sessile, scattered; umbels lateral, peduncle and pedi-
cels about equalin length. Fields and prairies; July-September; frequent.
(cL. floridana (Lam.) Hitchcock).

A. viridiflora (Raf.) Eaton. Stem 1-2 feet high, whitish-pubescent; leaves
oppos'te, oval. oblong or ovate, shert-petioled or sessile; umbels lateral,
short-peduneled or sessile. Prairies; June-September; frequent, Variable:
one of its forms, the variety LANCEOLATA Gray, has lanceolate leaves and is
found with the typical form.

A. lanuginosa Decaisne. Low, hairy: umbel solitary. terminal. ke-
ported from Plymouth county.

GENTIANACEAE Diunort. GENTIAN FAMILY.

Herbs, with a watery bitter juice, opposite, rarely alternate, simple,
sessile entire exstipulate leaves, and regular, solitary or cymose flowers.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them.
Ovary superior, l-celled, with 2 parietal placentae. Fruit a 2-valved
man y-seeded capsule.

GENTIANA JL, Gentivx. Leaves simple, sessile. opposite. Calyx 4-5-
cleft. persistent. Corolla 4—5-cleft, funnel-form or campanulate, sinuses usu-
ally appendaged. Stamens inserted on the corolla. Stigmas 2. sessile or
nearly so.

* Corolla with no plats or teeth in the sinuses.

G. crinita Froel. Fringed G. Annual. 1-2 feet high; stem and branches
erect. smooth: leaves lanceolate. acute, base somewhat cordate; flowers blue,
large. on long terminal peduncles, mostly in 4’s; corolla-tube as long as the
ovate acute ealyx-lobes; corolla-lobes obovate, fringed. Wet places: Septem-
ber-October; infrequent: Muscatine, Johnson, Linn, and Chickasaw counties:
reported from Fayette, Story, and Hamilton counties.

G. quinquefolia L. Annual; stem- 1-2 feet high, 4-angled. branched:
leaves ovate-lanceolate, partly clasping; Howers smaller than those of the
preceding species, peduncled, usually 5 in a cluster. pale blue, corolla-lobes
bristle pointed. The type has the calyx-lobes very. small, lance-linear. The
common form with us is the variety occiD. NTaLis Gray, which has the calyx-
lobes leaf-like, half as long as the corolla. Moist soil, woods: August—Octo-
ber; Winneshiek, Johnson, Jefferson, Henry, and Hancock counties; reported
from Fayette, Muscatine, Story, and Emmet counties. :

* ¥* Corolle with toothed or lobed pliits in the sinuses.

G. puberula Mx. Stem about one foot high, roughish, leafy; leaves linear-
lanceolate, thick; flowers clustered; calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate; corolla
blue, 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx. the lobes ovate, spreading; sinuses
of the corolla with ent-toothed appendages. Vrairies: August-September:

110 MENY ANTHACEAE.

frequent; Winneshiek, Floyd, Muscatine, Johnson, Jeff2rson, Decatur, Win-
nebago, and Emmet counties; reported from Fayette, Story, Plymouth, and
Woodbury counties. ; S

G. andrewsii Griseb. Closed G. Stem simple, smooth; léaves ovate-lan-
ceolate to lanceolate. tapering to the apex and frequently moreor less toward
the base; calyx-lohes ovate to lanceolate, shorter than the tube; corolla one
and one-half inches long, inflated, bluish, folds in the sinuses fringed and as
long as the’ segments. Moist woods; August—October: frequent; Delaware,
Muscatine, Johnson, Linn, Appanoose, Decatur, Story, Winnebago, and
Emmet counties; reported from Fayette and Woodbury counties.

G. flavida Gray. Stem simple, 1-2 feet high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tap-
ering, base somewhat cordate, partly clasping; flowers in a terminal involu-
erate cluster, sessile; calyx-lobes ovate, short; corolla white, somewhat in-
flated, lobes longer than the toothed appendages. Moist soil. woods; August~
October; infrequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Delaware, Muscatine, Johnson,
Jefferson, Decatus, and Taylor counties; reported from Scott and Story.
counties, (@. alba of Gray’s Manual).

MENYANTHACEAE G. Don. BuckBEAN. FAMILy.

- Ours a perennial marsh herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, basal
or alternate 3-folivlate leaves, and regular perfect flowers. Calyx 5-
parted, persistent. inferior. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft. Stamens 5,
borne on the corolla, and alternate with its lobes; filaments short; pollen-
grains 3-angled. Ovary l-celled, with 2 placentae. Fruit a capsule.
Represented in our flora by the genus MENYANTHES L.

M. trifoliata L. Buckbean. Rootstock 1 foot long or less, thick. sealy:
leuves long-petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate. entire, obtuse, base narrowed
and sessile: raceme borne on a long naked peduncle, from the rootstock:
eorolla white or purplish. white-bearded inside: stamens usually included
and the style exsertéd. Marshes; May-July; infrequent; Emmet and Cerro
Gordo counties.

POLEMONTACEAE DC. Patosx Famity.

Herbs, with alternate or opposite entire leaves, and ro-gular showy per-
fect flowers. Calyx and corolla 5-parted. Stamens 5, inserted on the
long tube -of the corolla, alternate with the lobes. Ovary 3-celled::
stigmas 3, linear. Fruit a 3-celled. 3-valved Joculicidal capsule.

PuLox. Leaves opposite. entire,
POLEMONIUM. Leaves alternate. pinnate or pinnately parted.
CouLomiaA. Leaves alternate. entire.

PHLOX lL. Leaves opposite, sessile, entire. Calyx narrow, deeply 5-cleft.
Corolla salver-formed. tube long. limb spreading. Stamens 5, unequally in-
serted, included. Cells of the capsule I-seeded. Flowers eymose, bracted,
terminal or in the upper axils. Perennials.

P. paniculata L. Stem 3-4 feet high, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate.,
tapering both ways; panicle large. many-tlowered; calyx-teeth awn-pointed:
corolla pink-purple varying to white. Cultivated, ocvasionally escaped:
June-August; Johnscn county; reported from Fayette county.

P, maculata L. Stem 2-3 feet high, slender, smooth, purple spotted;
eaves lanceolate, the tapering base cordate; flowers in a narrow panicle:

WATER-LEAF FAMILY. 111

calyx-teeth triangular, much shorter than the tube; corolla purple. Fields;
June-August; Jones, Johnson, Linn, Cerro Gordo, and Hancock counties; re-
ported from Fayette and Story counties.

P. pilosa L, Stem 12-18 inches high, hairy or pubescent; leaves lanceolate
to linear, gradually tapering to an acute apex; calyx-teeth bristle-pointed a-
bout half the length of the corolla-tube; corolla pink or pinkish, lobes obo-
vate, entire. Prairie soil; May; common.

P. divaricata L. Stem 6-18 inches high, from a more or less decumbent
base, pubescent; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate; cymes corymbose-panicu-
late, loosely spreading; calyx-teeth slender, half the length of the corolla-tube;
corolla pale blue or lilac, varying to white, lobes obovate, notched or round-
ed. Moist woods; April-May; common.

P. bifida Beck. Low; stem 5-6 inches high. pubescent; leaves linear to
narrowly lanceolate; flowers few, on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth about as
long as the tube; corolla purple, lobes cleft to the middle, divisions linear-ob-
long. May; sandy soil along Cedar river, Muscatine county; reported from
Benton county. ; :

P. subulata Ll. Ground or Moss Pink. Pubescent or at length glabrate, ev-
ergreen; stems tufted. much-branched, diffuse, forming mats; leaves varying
from narrowly oblong to linear-subulate, acute or acuminate, rigid, ‘ciliate,
usually fascicled; flowers cymose, pink, purple. or white; corolla-lobes cune-
ate-obcordate, rarely entire. Sandy or dry soil; April-May; an escape from
gardens and cemeteries; Page county; reported from Fayette county.

POLEMONIUM L. Perennials, with alternate pinnate leaves, and cymose-
paniculate flowers. Calyx campanulate, leaf-like, 5-cleft. Stamens 5, equal-
ly inserted near the base 7 the corolla, declined, base of the filaments hairy.

P. reptans lL. Stem 6-14 inches high, weak, branched, spreading;
smooth to minutely bene leaflets 7-15, varying from ovate-lanceolate to
oblong; flowers corymbose, nodding; calyx somewhat inflated in fruit; cor-
olla light blue; stamens and style included. Rich woods; May-June; fre-
quent; Winneshiek; Allamakee, Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Henry. Decatur,
Mahaska and Cerro Gordo counties; reported from Fayette, Story, and
Cherokee counties.

COLLOMIA Nutt. Annual. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers glomer-
ate, mostly terminal, with leaf-like bracts. Stamens unequally inserted on
the slender funnelform corolla.

C. linearis Nutt. Stem 6-12 inches high, minutely pubescent; at length
much-branched; leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate; corolla slender, varying
from purplish to white, limb smail. Dry soil; May-August; infrequent; De-
eatur and Lyon counties. (Gilia linearis Gray).

HYDROPHYLLACEAE Jindl. WatTER-LEAF FAMILY.

_ Herbs, with alternate or basal, lobed or pinnate leaves, and perfect
regular blue or white, solitary, cymose or racemose flowers. Calyx 5-
cleft, persistent, free, often appendaged. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 3,
inserted on thecorolla-tube. Styledeeply 2-cleft. Ovary entire, 1-celled,
rarely 2-celled, with 2-parietal placentae.

HYDROPHYLLUM. Stamens exserted; calyx not enlarged in fruit.
ELuIsia. Stamens included; calyx enlarged in fruit.

HYDROPHYLLUM L. Warkr-Lear. Perennials. Leaves cut-toothed,
mostly pinnate. Flower clusters coiled when young. Calyx 5-parted. Cor-
olla campanulate, 5-cleft, nectariferous down the inside of the tube. Stamens

112 BORAGINACEAE,

usually exserted, anthers linear. Ovary 1-celled, hairy. Capsule 1-4-seeded.
* Calyx not at all or scarcely appendaged in the sinuses.

H. virginicum L. Stem 12-20 inches high, sparingly pubescent, becoming
glabrate; leaves pinnatifid, leaflets ovate or oblong, pointed, cut-toothed,
often incised, the upper confluent; peduncles longer than the petioles,
forked; flowers pale blue, in a roundish cluster; calyx not appendaged, its
lobes linear, ciliate; stamens and style exserted. Rich woods; May-June:
common.

H. macrophyllum Nutt. Stem hairy; leaves ovate-oblung, pinnatifid,
cut-toothed; peduncles shorter than the petioles; flowers white, in dense
globose cymes; calyx-lobes lanceolate, filaments exserted. Rich woods;
June-July; rare; Johnson county; reported from Scott county.

*%* Calyx with short reflered appendages in the sinuses.

H. appendiculatum Mx. Stem 1-2 feet high, hairy, weak; leaves broad-
ly ovate, base. rounded, long-petioled, palmately 5-lobed. lowest pinnately
divided; lobes pointed, widely toothed; calyx with short appendages, its lobes
triangular-lanceolate; stamens slightly if at all exserted; flowers blue. Rich
woods, near the base of cliffs; May-June; common in the eastern counties,
rarer westward; Winneshiek, Jackson, Muscatine, Des } Moines, Lee, Henry,
Johnson, and Boone counties; reported from Fayette county.

ELLISIA L. Delicate annual, at length much-branched. Leaves pinnately
parted, divisions linear-oblong or lanceolate, incised or toothed. Flowers
solitary, whitish. Calyx 5-parted, becoming large and foliaceous in fruit,
not appendaged. Corolla narrowly campanulate, about the length of the
calyx, tube with 5 small appendages within. Stamens included.

E. nyctelea L. Stem weak, somewhat hairy; leaves petioled, lower oppo-
site. upper alternate; peduncles slender, axillary or opposite the leaves.
Rich soil; May-July: fields and woods; common. (Mucrocalyx nyctelea (1.)
Kuntze).. ;

BORRAGINACKEAE. Lindl. Borace Faminy.

Annual biennial or perennial herbs, with round stems, andalternate en-
tire exstipulate leaves. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, imbricated in
the bud, convolute in Myosotis. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the
ccrolla. Style 1; stigmas 1 or 2, Ovary deeply 4-lobed, in ours separat-
ing into + one-seeded nutlets, style rising from their midst. Flowers in
slender bracted or bractless racemes.

* Nutlets armed with prickles,

CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnelform; nutilets attached near the apex, much produced

backwards.
ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla salverform, nutlets erect or ascending.

** Nutlets uncermed,
MERTENSIA. Corolla trumpet-shaped. purplish blue.
Myosotis. Corolla tubular or salverform, lobes rounded, throat closed.
LIvHOSPERMUM. Corolla funnelform or salverform, yellow. limb spreading. throat
naked or appendaged.
OnosmMopIUM. Corolla tubular. hirsute, whitish. erect, unappendaged,
EcHium. Flowers irregular; stamens exserted,

CYNOGLOSSUM L. Coarse strong-scented herbs, with alternate entire
leaves, and blue or white flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnelform,
about equalling the calyx, throat closed by convex scales, lobes rounded.
Nutlets depressed, attached near the apex to the hase of the style, the 4-nut-

Borace FAMILY. 113

lets giving a broad pyramidal outline, outer surface covered with short
hooked prickles.

C. officinale L. Hound's Tonyue. Biennial; stem 1-2 feet high, silky-
pubescent; lower leaves petioled, upper sessile, oblong-lanceolate; flowers in
slender panicled racemes, -bracted only at the base; corolla reddish-purple;
nutlets rather flattened on the broad upper surface. Pastures and waste
places; June-July; infrequent; Allamakee, Scott, Muscatine, Des Moines,
Henry, Lee, and Fremont counties; reported from Fayette county.

ECHINOSPERMUM Lehm. Annual} biennial or perennial herbs, more or less
hirsute or canescent, with bracted racemes, and small blue or white flowers.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, salverform, lobes obtuse, imbricated in the
bud, throat closed by 5 short concave scales. Stamens included. Nutlets
erect, smooth on their inner faces, armed on the back with 1-3 rows of barbed
prickles.

* Racemes bracted; fruiting pedicels erect or spreading.

E. lappula Lehm. Annual; stem 1-2 feet high, erect, strict, bristly-hairy;
leaves linear, lanceolate or the lower spatulate; corolla blue, longer than the
calyx; nutlets with two rows of spines on the margin or scattered over the
entire surface. Waste places; June-August; frequent. (Lappulau lappula (L.)
Karst).

E.texanum Scheele. Annual; similar to the preceding, 6-20 inches high,
branched; leaves linear or linear-oblong, obtuse; nutlets with a single row of
spines on the margins, papillose-tuberculate on the back. Dry soil; May-
August; infrequent; Winneshiek, Johnson, and Woodbury counties. (Lap-
pula tecana (Scheele) Britton. E. redowski occidentalis Watson, of Gray’s
Manua}).

* * Raccmes bracted at the hase; fruiting pedicels deflexed.

E. virginicum Lehm. Beggar's Lice. Biennial; stem 2-4 feet high, much-
branched, rough-pubescent; leaves large, oval or ovate-oblong, acuminate,
narrowed to the base; racemes slender, widely diverging; flowers small,
white; nutlets armed all over the back with double-barbed prickles. Dry
soil, waste places; June-September; common. (Lappula viryiniana (L.)
Greene).

E. americanum (Gray). Annual; stem 4-10 inches high, hairy; leaves
linear-oblong to lanceolate; flowers small, blue, in a lax raceme; nutlets
pyramidal, prickles only on the margins. Dry soil; May-August: infrequent;
reported from Iowa.

MYOSOTUS L. Flowers small, in naked racemes, sometimes bracted at
the base. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla tubular or salverform, convolutein the bud,
the tube about the length of the calyx, the throat closed by 5 short concave
appendages. Stamens included. Nutlets ovate, smooth, compressed.

M. verna Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem 4-7 inches high, bristly-hairy;
lower leaves spatulate-oblorg, the upper obtuse; linear-oblong; raceme leafy
at the base; calyx deeply 5-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped, hispid; corolla small,
white, pedicels in fruit rather shorter than the calyx. Dry soil; May-July;
infrequent; Muscatine, Johnson, and Linn counties; reported from Benton
county. (M. virginica (L.) B.S. P.

MERTENSIA Roth. Glabrous or pubescent perennials, with alternate
leayes, and blue or purple flowers in cymes, panicles, or racemes. Calyx
short, 5-cleft. Corolla-tube cylindrical, limb somewhat campanulate, 5-cleft,
throat naked or with 5 small folds alternate with the stamens. Stamens in-

114 BORAGINACEAE.

serted at the top of the tube, anthers oblong. Style filiform, long. Nutlets
ovoid, smooth or wrinkled.

M. virginica (L.) DC. Blue-bells. Lunywort. Virginia Cowslip. Stem a-
bout one foot high, usually smooth; leaves thin, pale, entire, oval, oblong or
obovate, obtuse, upper sessile, lower petioled, long; flowers in a corymbose
raceme; corolla trumpet-shaped, much exceeding the calyx, blue or purplish
blue, limb nearly entire, throat naked; filaments slender, exserted. Damp
soil along streams; April-May; frequent; Winneshiek, Scott, Muscatine.
Johnson, Des Moines, Van Buren, Page, and Polk counties; reported from
Fayette and Story counties. : “

M. paniculata (Ait.) Don. Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, scabrous; leaves thin,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, the upper sessile. the lower petioled;
calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear; corolla usually 2-3 times the length of the
ealyx, 5-lobed, purple-blue, throat crested, filaments broad and short.
Woods; June-August; infrequent; Winneshiek county.

LITHOSPERMUM L. Mostly perennials, with thickish descending roots,
usually containing a red dye, sessile or short-petioled leaves, and blue, yel-
low or white flowers in leafy-bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted or
5-eleft, the lobes narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform, limb 5-lobed,
throat open, appendages sometimes present. Anthers 5, included, oblong,
nearly sessile. Nutlets 4, smooth, white, shining, or brown and wrinkled.

* Corolla yellowish or white; its tube shorter than or only equalling the calyx.

+ Nutlets brown, wrinkled and pitted.

L. arvense L. Annual or biennial; stem 1-2 feet high, usually branched;
leaves linear, linear-oblong or lanceolate: flowers sessile, in spikes; nutlets
brown, wrinkled, pitted. Waste places; May—August; reported from Musea-
tine and Lee counties.

+ t Nutlets smooth, shining, ivory white.

L. officinale L. Gromwell. Perennial; puberulent; stem 2-4 feet high,
leafy, branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute; flowers yel-
lowish-white; nutlets white, ovoid. Waste places; May-August; reported
from Fayette county.

L.latifolium Mx. Perennial; stem erect, simple or branched, rough-
pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering both ways, rough on the upper
surface, soft-pubescent beneath; flowers small, pale yellow; corolla shorter
than the calyx, throat with 5 appendages. Upland woods; May; infrequent;
Winneshiek, Webster, Pottawattamie, and Shelby counties; reported from
Fayette and Story counties.

** Corolla yellow, its tube longer than the calyx; nitlets white. smooth, shining.
t Corolla-tube not more than twice the length of the calyx.

L. hirtum Lehm. Hutiry Puccoon, Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, covered with
stiff hairs: leaves lanceolate or linear, rough, obtuse; flowers veduncled, yel-
low: corolla twice the length of the calyx, woolly at the base inside. Sandy
soil, woods; April-June; frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Floyd, Johnson,
Lyon, and Emmet counties; reported from Fayette, Scott. and Muscatine
counties. (f. gmelini (M-x.) Hiteheoel).

L. canescens (Mx.) Lehm. Hocry Puccoon. Erect, simple, 6-15 inches
high, soft canescent; leaves obtuse, linear or linear-oblong; flowers orange-
yellow, sessile; corolla-tube twic2 the length of the calyx, naked at the basa
inside. Wields and prairies; May-June; common; Winneshiek, A‘lamakee,
Scott, Museatine, Johnson, Henry, Decatur, Page, Pottawattamie. Calhoun.

Mornina auory FAMILY. 115

and Shelby counties; reported from Fayette, Story. and Woodbury counties.
+ + Corolla-tube 2-4 times the length of the calyx.

L. angustifolium Mx. Stem erect or suberect, 6-14 inches high, hoary;
leaves linear; flowers of two kinds, pedicelled, the early ones showy; corolla-
tube about one inch in length, cylindrical, the lobes 5, rounded, denticulate;
the later flowers small, inconspicuous and with pale corollas. Dry or sandy
soil, prairies; widely distributed, common in the western counties, infre-
quent in the eastern counties; Winneshiek, Fayette, Floyd, Delaware, Linn.
Pottawattamie, Shelby, and Emmet counties; reported from Scott, Story, and
Woodbury counties. :

ONOSMODIUM Mx. Hirsute or hispid perennials, with alternate en-

tire leaves, and greenish or greenish yellow flowers in spike-like one-sided *

racemes, Calyx 5-parted, segments linear. Corolla cylindrical, 5-lobed; an-
thers sessile, included, oblong-linear or arrow-shaped, mucronate. Style
slender, much exserted. Fruit a bony nutlet, shining, ovoid.

O. molle Mx. Plant pale, soft hirsute; stem 1-2 feet high; leaves sessile,
oblong-lanceolate, acutish, prominently veined; corolla about twice the
length of the calyx, hirsute externally; nutlets ovoid-globose. Prairies and
pastures: May-July; common in the western counties, infrequent eastward;
Winneshiek, Allamakee, Webster, Johnson, Union, Adams, Montgomery,

Page, Fremont, Pottawattamie, Shelby, Cerro Gordo, Lyon, and Dickinson .

counties; reported from Fayette, Scott, Muscatine, Story, and Woodbury
counties. (0. carolinianwm var. molle Gray.) The hirsuteness varies from
short and soft to rather long and somewhat shaggy, and some forms closely
resemble the next.

O. carolinianum (Lam.) DC. Similar to the preceding, usually taller.
green, shaggy-hirsute; nutlets ovoid. Probably belongs to our flora.

ECHIUM L. A biennial bristly-hairy herb, with alternate sessile oblong
linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate leaves, and rather large blue violet flowers
in short leafy-bracted one-sided spikes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a
funnelform tube, the limb unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the
lower portion of the tube. .

E. vulgare L. Viper’s Bugloss. Blueweed. Reported from Story county. .
g > y y

CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. Mornine-arory FAamIny.
Trailing or twining herbs, with alternate, petioled, exstipulate leaves,
and peduncled axillary flowers. Flowers showy, solitary or cymose; ped-

uncles frequently 2-bracted. Calyx imbricated, of 5 sepais. Corolla ‘

moncpetalous, 5-plaited or 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5,
alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary
free, 2-celled, or sometimes apparently 4-celled. Capsule globular, 2-6-
seeded.

_ CoNVoLVuLus. Style undivided or 2-cleft: stigmas 2, linear or oblong.

“Tpomora. Style undivided; stigma capitate or 2-3-lobed.
BREWweRIA. Style 2-cleft; stigmas capitate.

CONVOLVULUS L. Brinpweep. Corolla funnelform or companulate, in-
eluding the stamens. Style 1; stigmas 2, narrowly linear to ‘ovate.

C. sepium L. Trailing or climbing extensively, glabrous or somewhat :
pubescent, leaves slender-petioled, triangular-sagittate, pointed, auricles *

angulately-lobed or entire; ealyx with 2 ovate acute bracts below: corolla

large, white or tinged with rose color. Rich soil, fields and thickets: June-
August; common.

116 CUSCUTACEAE.

C. spithamoeus L. Stem simple erect or ascending, tomentose, 4-12 in-
ches high; leaves short-petioled, oblong, with a somewhat sagiltate or cor-
date base. Stigmas oval; bracts ovate. Dry soil; May-August; infrequent;
Johnson county.

C. arvensis L. Mostly prostrate; leaves narrowly sagittate or hastate:
calyx bractless; corolla small, pink or whitish; peduncles with 2 small bracts
near the base; styles slender. Tields and waste places; May-September; in-
frequent; Muscatine. Johnson, Henry,.Decatur, Taylor, and Fremont coun-
ties; reported from Fayette and Scott counties.

IPOMOEA L. Moryine Grory. Calyx of 5-sepals, outer sepals usually -
larger, no bracts at the base. Corolla funnelform to campanulate. Stamens
included. Style undivided; stigma capitate.

* Ovary 2-celled, stiyma entire or 2-lobed.

I. pandurata (L.) Meyer. Perennial; stems from a large tuber, trailing
or twibing, smooth; leaves cordate, acuminate; peduncles longer than the
petioles, 1-5-flowered; sepals ovate, obtuse; corolla 2-3 inehes long, white,
purple inside. Dry soil, thickets and in fields; May-September; Winneshiek,
Muscatine, Louisa, Johnson, Henry, Lee, Des Moines, Van Buren. Decatur,
and Lyon counties.

I. lacunosa L. Annual, roots fibrous; glabrous, pubescent or hairy; pedun-
cles 1-3-flowered, shorter than the petioles; sepals lanceolate, pointed, mar-
gins ciliate; corolla about one-half inch long, white. limb purple, 5-lobed.
Moist soil: July-September; infrequent; along the Mississippi river; Musca-
tine county.

** Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3-

|. hederacea Jacq. Annual, hairy; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, lobes ‘ovate,
acute or acuminate, peduncles long, 1-3-flowered, sepals narrowly lanceolate.
lower part hairy; corolla white. bluish or purple. Waste grounds; August—
September; Johnson, Henry, and Lee counties; reported from Scott county.

I. purpurea (L.) Roth. Annual, stem, sepals and flowers similar to the
preceding but leaves cordate, entire. acuminate. Escaped from cultivation;
July-September; Johnson, Henry and Decatur counties; reported from Fay-
ette, Scott. and Story counties. :

BREWERIA R. Br. Perennials; for the most part similar to the two pre-
ceding genera. Style 2-cleft; stigmas capitate.

B. pickeringii (Curtis} Gray. Pubescent to glabrate; leaves-linear-spat-:;
ulate to narrowly linear, short-petioled.or almost sessile; peduncles about
the length of the leaves, with 1-3 small white flowers; bracts large, leaf-like;
filaments united to or above the middle, exserted. Sandy soil, along the rail-
way; June-August; Muscatine county. ;

CUSCUTACEAE Dumort. Dopprr FAmiby.

Annuals, with dextrorsely twining whitish or yellow stems. minute
alternate scales instead of leaves, and mostly 5-parted flowers. The
young plants attach themselves to various herbs or shrubs by means of
suckers, the root and lower portion soon perishing. Flowers mostly
white, small, in cymcse clusters. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft or 5-parted or
of 5 distinct sepals. Corolla 5-cleft, with 5 fimbriate or crenulate scales
in the tube. Stamens 5, alternate with the corolla-lobes, inserted above
the scales, exserted or included. Ovary globose or oblong, 2-celled,
4-ovuled; styles 2, terminal, usually separate. Represented by the genus
Cuseuta L.

Potato FaMminy. 117

* Calyx gaumosepalous.
}+ Flowers nearly sessile; corolla persistent at the base of the capsule.

C. arvensis Beyrich. Stems low. pale. slender; flowers small; ecalyx-lobes
obtuse, those of the corolla acuminate; scales ovate, deeply fringed all
around. Rare; growing on Artemisia and. other herbs: July-August; Lyon,
Emmet, and Decatur counties.

C. chlorocarpa Englm. Stems low, coarse, orange-yellow, branching;
flowers white, short-pedicelled or sessile; calyx and corolla with four or five
acute lobes; scalés usually wanting or small and 2-cleft, or of a few teeth.
Ou Polygonums and various herbs; July-September: forms from Emmet,
Johnson, Henry, and Muscatine counties have been referred to this species.
(C. polygonorum Engim.)

+ + Flowers pedicelled; corolla-lobes incurred.

C. inflexa Englm. Flowers pedicelled; calyx and corolla 4—5-parted, lobes
of the corolla acute. erect, inflexed. crenulate; scales a few teeth; capsule
brown, capped by the remains of the corolla. Thickets, on Corylus, ete.:
rare; Decatur county; reported from Fayette, Poweshiek, and Story counties.
(C. coryli Englm.)

1 + + Flowers pedicelled: carolla-lobes spreading.

C. tenuiflora Englm. Stems coarse, yellow, climbing high: flowers some-
times in 4's, in compound cymes. pedicels thick; calyx-lobes and corolla-lobes
oblong, obtuse; scales included, fringed; styles longer than the ovary. Low
grounds: July-August; frequent, on Vernonia. Solidago, Xanthium, Salix.
Urtiea, ete.; Emmet, Winneshiek, Johnson, and Decatur counties; reported
from Fayette, Benton, Story, and Lee counties. (C. cephalanthii Engim).

C. gronovii Willd. Flowers more or less densely panicled, 5-parted; cor-
olla-tube campanulate, exceeding the calyx; lobes obtuse. entire, spreading;
seales much fringed above, sparingly along the sides. Most soil; July-
August; frequent; Story, Muscatine, and Lee counties; no doubt more gener-
ally distributed than our present information indicates.

* * Calyx of 5 distinct sepals, subtended by similar bracts.

C. glomerata Choisy. Flowers sessile, white. in dense rope-like twists:
the stems slender, decaying early between the flower masses; calyx of 5 dis-
tinct sepals, subtended by oblong scarious imbricated bracts; corolla-lobes
obtuse, oblong-lanceolate, recurved or spreading. Low grounds, mostly on
Compositae; July-September; frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Jackson,
Johnson, Muscatine, Henry, Decatur, Taylor, Emmet, Dickinson, and Lyon
counties; reported from Fayette, Scott, Story. and Woodbury counties. (C.
paradora Raf.)

SOLANACEAE Pers. Potato FAaMIty.

Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice. alternate, rarely opposite. exstipu- ,
late leaves, and regular 5-parted flowers. Calyx persistent. Corolla im-
bricate or valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, equal, inserted on the corolla
and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled. Style and stigmal. Fruit
a capsule or a berry. usually 2-celled, rarely 3-5-celled. An order with
rank-scented leaves and poisonous or narcotic fruits: a fewas the tomato.
potato, etc., are edible.

Fruit a berry.
SoLANUM. Anthers connivent, opening apically by two pores.

PHYSALIS. Anthers separate: calyx becoming inflated: ovary 2-celled.
NicANDRA. Anthers separate: calyx much inflated in fruit; ovary 3-5-celled,

118 . SOLANACEAE.

=* Pruit a nearly dry berry; calyx unaltered.
LYctumM. Shrubby: berry small. 2-celled.
¥* * Fruit a spiny capsule.
DATURA. Flowers large: stamens included.

SOLANUM L. Corolla rotate, with a short tube, 5-cleft. Anthers erect.
longer than the filaments, connivent or connate around the style. opening
apically by two pores or chinks. Fruit a 2-celled berry.

* Glibrous or pubescent, not prickly.

S. nigrum L. Nightshade. Annual, rarely perennial; stem 1-2 feet high,
erect or spreading. smoothish; leaves ovate, thin, angulately toothed; flowers
small, white, in drooping axillary umbel-like clusters; peduncle long and
slender; berry globose, black. Fields and waste places; July-September; .
common.

S. tuberosum L. The common potato, occasionally an escape, but not
persistent.

S. triflorum Nutt. Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent; stem 1-3
feet high, branched; leaves pinnatifid; peduncles with 1-3 small whité flow-
ers; berry globose, green. Reported from Fayette county.

* * Stellate-prubescent and prickly plants.
{+ Berry smooth, not covered by the calyx. *

S.caroliniense L. Horse-Nettle. Perennial, with stellate-pubescence and
seattered yellow prickles on the stem and veins; leaves angulately lobed; .
flowers white, racemose; anthers large, equal; berry spheroidal, naked, yel-
low. Waste grounds, fields; June-August; common in the west counties,
spreading eastward and frequent in many localities.

S. torreyi Gray. Perennial, hoary with stellate-pubescence, prickly;
leaves ovate sinuately 5-7-lobed, the lobes entire or undulate, obtuse; flow-
ers showy; corolla violet: berry globose, yellow. Reported from southern
Towa.

+ + Berry covered by the spiny ealyx.

S. rostratum Dunal. Send Bur. Annual; pubescence stellate; stem and
veins thickly beset with long prickles; leaves sinuately lobed or pinnatifid;
flowers yellow; calyx prickly, enclosing the fruit; stamens and style declined,
lower stamen longer. Waste places; May-September; frequent in the west
counties, infrequent eastward, spreading. This species has been found in
fifty-one counties. A noxious weed of the worst type.

S. heterodoxum Dunal. Annual, glandular-pubescent, somewhat stel-
late-pubescent on the leaves, armed with yellow subuiate prickles; leaves
bipinnatifid; flowers violet; four of the stamens yellow, the fifth violet and
longer. Reported from Fayette county. 4

PHYSALIS L. Grounp Cikrry. Annual or perennial herbs, with entire
or sinnately toothed leaves. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, reticulated, at length
inflated and enclosing the fruit. Corolla yellowish, campanulate-rotate, tube
short, obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens 5, connivent; anthers opening lengthwise.
Pedunceles axillary, 1-flowered. Fruit a 2-celled berry.

* Amruals with fibrous roots. perennial in P. philadelphica.
+ Plants more or less pubescent; fruiting calyx sunken at the base.

P. pubescens L. Stem 1-2 feet high, branched, at length decumbent,
pubescent, sharply angled; leaves ovate or cordate, varying from entire ta |
angulately-toothed; calyx 5-angled: corolla spotted: anthers purplish. Damp
soil; July-September: frequent.

Potato FAmItLy. 119

P. pruinosa L. Stem stout, usually erect, hairy, obtusely angled; leaves
ovate, cordate, usually oblique at the base, more or less deeply sinuately
toothed; fruiting calyx rounded; anthers yellow or tinged with purple.
Fields; July-September; reported from Iowa; probably confused with the
preceding.

+ + Plants glabrous; fruiting calyr not sunken at the base.

P. angulata L. Stem erect, 1-3 feet high, glabrous, angular; leaves ovate,
with long acuminate teeth, thin, base more or less cuneate; anthers some-
what purplish. Fields; July-September; infrequent; Fremont county; forms
from Johnson and Taylor counties have been referred to this species.

P. philadelphica Lam. Annual or perennial; stem 2-5 feet high, angled,
branched, glabrous, orslightly pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, entire or repand-denticulate, usually thin; corolla yellow or yellowish.
throat purplish; anthers somewhat purplish; fruiting calyx 10-angled; berry
red or purple, filling or bursting the calyx. Fields and waste places; July-
September: infrequent; Page and Fremont counties; forms have been re-
ferred to this species from Winueshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Jones, Des
Moines, Lee. Story, Calhoun, and Pottawattamie counties.

**® Perennials by short and thick or mominy rootstucks.
+ Puhescence little or none; fruiting calyx scarcely sunken at the base.

P. longifolia Nutt. Perennial, rootstock thick, stem 1~3 feet high, slight-
ly angled, branched, glabrous; leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear, re-
pand or nearly entire; corolla yellow, with a dark center; anthers yellow;
fruiting calyx ovoid; berry yellow. Prairies and open woods; July—Septem-
ber; infrequent; Allamakee county. (P. lanceolata var. laevigata Gray.)

P. lanceolata Mx. Perennial, stem 4-16 inches high, more or less pubescent
with simple or 2-3-forked hairs; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, usually
entire, rarely undulate or angulately toothed; anthers yellow: berry reddish.
Fields and prairies; June-September; common.

+ + Pubescence sparce; fruiting calyx deeply sunken. at the base.

P. virginiana Mill. Rootstock thick, somewhat fleshy; stem 1-3 feet high,
erect, branched. angular, somewhat strigose-hairy; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
tapering both ways. more or less sinuately-dentate; corolla sulphur-yellow,
with purplish spots; anthers yellow; fruiting calyx pyramidal-ovoid, 5-
angled, base sunken; berry reddish. Rich soil; June-September: infrequent:
Decatur county: reported from other localities but probably confused with
the following. ’

+ + + Pubeseence dense, more or less viscid or glandular.

P. heterophylia Nees. Rootstock slender, creeping; stem 1-3 feet high,
erect, at length decumbent and spreading, villous, viscid and glandular;
leaves broadly cordate, acute, sinuately toothed or nearly entire; corolla
greenish yellow, with a brownish or purplish center; anthers usually yellow:
berry yellow Rich soil; July-September: common. (P. virginia Mill. of Gray's
Manual but not of Miller). Thisisa very variable species and the folowing vari-
eties have been.recognized as belonging to our flora. The variety AMBIGUA
(Gray) Rydberg, upright, long-villous, scarcely viscid; flowers larger than those
of the type; anthers purplish. The variety Nycraginea (Dunal) Rydberg. leaves
dark green, firm. acuminate, nearly subentire. pubescent mainly on the veins
beneath.

NICANDRA Adans. An erect glabrous annual, with alternate petioled
thin sinuate-dentate or lobed leaves, and solitary axillary nodding flowers.

320 SCROPHULARTACEAR.

Calyx 5-parted, much inflated in fruit, its segments ovate, sagittate at the
base. Corolla obscurely 5-lobed, light blue, campanulate. Stamens 5, in-
eluded. Ovary 3-5-celled: style slender; stigma 3-5-lobed. Berry globose,
nearly dry.

N. physaloides Gaertn. Apple-of-Pert. Stem 2-5 feet high, angled:
leaves ovate or oblong. Fields and waste places: JulySeptember; infre-
quent; Muscatine and Fremont counties.

LYCIUM L. Represented with us by a smal! shrub. Leaves smal’, alter-
nate, entire. Calyx campanulate, 3-5-lobed, not enlarged in fruit, persistent.
Stamens 5, slightly exserted. Ovary 2-celled; style slender. gerry oval,
orange red.

L. vulgare Dunal. Matrimony Vine. A low shrub, with long slender re-
eurved branches, lanceolate oblong or spatulate leaves. and greenish-purple
flowers. Frequent in cultivation but rarely escaped to roadsides and waste
places; May-August; Muscatine, Henry. Des Moines, Lee. Appanoose, Deca-
tur, and Page counties.

DATURA L. Ill-scented annuals. with ovate angulately toothed leaves.
and large axillary short-peduncled flowers. Calyx prismatic, deciduous in
fruit by a transverse scission near the base. Corolla funnelform. the limb 5-
toothed. Stamens 5, perfect. included. Style 1; stigma 2-lipped. Fruit @
spiny capsule. globular, 2 celled at the top. below 4-celled by a false partition.

D. stramonium L. Jimson-weed. Thorn-Apple. Stem green, 1-5 feet
high; corolla white. Waste grounds: June-September: frequent.

D. tatula L. Stem purple; corolla bluisn-white. With the preeeding:
June-September; frequent.

Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. The common tomato, is rarely found as
an escape in waste places. (Lycopersicon lyeopersicon (L.) Karsten).

SCROPHULARIACEAE Jiud?. Fiaworr Faminy.

Ours herbs, with alternate or opposite exstipulate leaves, and irregular
mostly 5-parted flowers. Leaves variously modified. Corolla imbricated
in the bud, 2-lipped or nearly regular. Stamens 2-5. inserted on: the
tube of the corolla, didynamons or equal, 1-3 of them usually rudimenta-
ry. Ovary free, 2-celled; style 1, stigma 2-lobed. Fruita 2-celled many-
seeded capsule.

Sub-order ANTIRRHINIDEAE Bentham. Upper lip of the eorolla usually
eovering the lower. ;

Tribe Verbasceae. Leaves alternate: flowers spieate or racemose: eorolla
rotate, its lobes subequal.

VERBASCUM. Stamens 5. all antheriferous.

Tribe Antirrhineae. Leaves opposite: flowers racemose: corolla tubular,
spurred below.

LiNnARIA. Corolla with a slender spur: stamens 4; capsule opening near the summit.

Tribe Cheloneae. Leaves opposite; flowers in evmose or umbel-like elus-
ters, often colleetively paniculate; eorolla tubular or irregular. 2-lipped. not.
saccate or spurred; stamens 4 and a rudimentary fifth.

SCROPHULARIA. Corolla small. globose. ¢ of its lobes ercet. the fifth reflexed: fifth sta-
men 2 scale from the upper lip.

PENTSTEMON. Corolla tubular: fifth stamen as long as the others: seeds angular, wing-
less.

CHELONE. Calyx with three braets at the base: corolla tubular. inflated. fifth stamen °

shorter. seeds winged.
CoLLINSIA. Corolla bluc and white. 2-cleft, saccate above. fifth stamen gland-like.

Fraewort FAMILY. 121

Tribe Gratioleae. Leaves mostly opposite; flowers solitary, axillary; sta-

mens with anthers 2-4. fifth stamen wanting.
‘ Mimuccs. Leaves simple; calyx 5-angled, 5-toothed. corolla elongated: stamens 1.
HeRpEStiIs. Leaves simple: calyx-segments unequal, the upper one the largest; sta-
mens 4.
CONOBEA. Leaves pinnately parted; calyx 5-parted; corolla short; stamens 4
GRATIOLA. Letves simple: stamens with anthers 2. the sterile short or wanting.
ILYSANTHES. Leaves simple; stamens with anthers 2; the sterile exserted.

Sub-order RHINANTHIDEAE Benth. Under lip or the lateral lobes cover-
ing the upper lip in the bud.

Tribe Digitaleae. Leaves alternate, opposite, verticillate or basal: flow-
ers racemose; calyx 4-parted; stamens 2-4; anthers 2-celled.

VERONICA, Leaves opposite or verticillate, corolla rotate or salverform, nearly regular:
stamens 2.
SYNTAYRIsS. Leaves alternate and basal; corolla campanulate. 2-4-lobed, irregular:
stamens 2 +. :

Tribe Gerardieae. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate; stamens 4, in

pairs; anthers 2-celled.
GERARDIA. Stamens didynamous, included.
SEYMERIA. Stamens nearly equal. scarcely if at all exserted,

Tribe Euphrasieae. Leaves alternate or opposite; flowers racemose or
spicate; corolla tubular, 2-lipped. upper lip arched or curved; stamens didyn-
amous.

CASTILLEJA. Leaves alternate; anther-cells unequal, separate; capsule many-seeded.

PeEvICULARIS. Leaves alternate or opposite: anther-cells equal, not separate; capsule
miuny-seeded. é

MELAMPYRUM. Leaves opposite: anther-cells equal; capsule 1-4-seeded.

VERBASCUM L. Mullein. Biennial, with alternate leaves, and ephem-
eral racemose or spicate flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, with 5 sub-
equal lobes. Stamens 5, perfect, 3 or 5 filaments bearded.

V. thapsus . Common M. Woolly throughout; stem 2-5 feet high, rarely
branched; leaves entire, oblong-ovate, decurrent; flowers in a dense spike,
yellow; the 3 upper stamens bearded. Tields and waste places; July-August;
common.

V. blattaria L. Moth MW. Stem 2-4 feet high, simple or branched, smooth-
ish; leaves oblong, ovate or lanceolate. clasping, coarsely dentate, lower
leaves often lyrate, petioled, doubly serrate, laciniate or pinnatifid: flowers
in a loose raceme, yellow or white with a purplish tinge: stamens bearded
with violet hairs. Waste places; July-August; frequent; Johnson and Van
Buren counties; reported from Museatine and Story counties.

LINARIA Juss. Caiyvx 5-parted. Corolla spurred at the base, 2-lipped, up-
per lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed; throat almost closed by a prominent palate.
Stamens +. Style slender: stigma scarcely lobed. Capsule thin, many-seed-
ed; opening irregularly near the summit.

L. vulgaris Mill. Butter «ud Eyys. Perennial; stem 1-3 feet high, glabrous:
leaves alternate, linear. entire, sessile; flowers yellow, in a dense raceme,
spur long, slender: seeds winged. Fields and roadsides; July-September: in-
frequent throughout the eastern half of the state; Winneshiek. Clayton, Louisa,
Jobhnsou, Henry. Des Moines, Lee, Wapello, Van Buren, Appanoose, Decatur,
Page. Clark, and Webster counties; reported from Fayette. Muscatine, and
story counties. (LD. linaric ( L.) Karst. ) )

L. canadensis (L.) Dumort. Annual or biennial; leaves linear or linear-
oblong: flowers blue and white. in a long slender raceme; spur filiform, curv-

ed, Sandy soil: June-September: reported by Arthur from Linn and Benton

counties.

122 SCROPHULARIACEAE.

SCROPHULARIA L. Coarse perennials, with opposite leaves, and small

greenish purple cymose flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, 5-lobed, 4

lobes erect, the fifth reflexed; tube globose. Stamens included, 4, and a rudi-
mentary fifth on the upper side of the throat of the corolla.

S. marylandica L. Figwort. Stem 3-7 feet high, 4-angled, glabrous,
branching: leaves large, ovate or ovate-lancevlate, thin, acuminate, sharply
serrate; cymes ina slender terminal thyrse-like panicle; corolla brownish,
purple within; sterile stamen deep purple. Woods; June-August; common.

PENTSTEMON Solander. BEARD-TONGUE. Perennials, simple or branch-
ed-from the base. Leaves opposite, the upper sessile, the lower petioled.
‘Flowers thyrsoid or racemose-panicled, showy. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tub-
ular, often inflated or campanulate, usually 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower
3-lobed. Stamens 5, 4 antheriferous, declined below, ascending above, the
5th sterile. Capsule ovoid-conical, with many angular seeds.

P. pubescens Solander. Stem 1-3 feet high, downy-pubescent; leaves ob-
long to lanceolate, denticulate or entire, radical leaves ovate or oblong: flow-
ers in a narrow panicle; corolla pale-purple, gradually dilated, throat nearly
closed by 2-bearded folds from the lower lip; sterile filament bearded. [ills
and bluffs; June; frequent; Muscatine, Henry, Appanoose, and Lyon coun-
ties; reported from Scott county. (P. hirsutus (.) Willd.)

P. digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Stem 2-5 feet high, glabrous; leaves ovute-
lanceolate, usually serrulate; the basal oval or oblong; corolla white, in-
flated, campanulate, throat open, beardless; sterile filament thinly bearded.
Woods; June; frequent; Muscatine, Louisa, Lee, Johnson, Appanoose, and
Lyon counties.

P. gracilis Nutt. Stem 6-18 inches high, glabrous or nearly so below:
basal or lower leaves linear-oblong or spatulate, denticulate or entire, the
upper linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, denticulate; inflorescence glandular-
pubescent; corolla purple. Prairies; May-June; infrequent; Lyon county.

P. grandiflorus Nutt. Stem 2-3 feet high, glabrous, glaucous; cauline
leaves oblong or oval. thick, entire clasping or perfoliate; the basal obovate;
corolla large, campanulate, nearly regular, lavender-blue; sterile fllament in-
curved at the apex, puberulent. Sandy soil; June-August; not common;
Muscatine, Louisa, Fremont. Pottawattamie, and Lyon counties; reported
from Dubuque, Delaware, Black Hawk, and Woodbury counties.

CHELONE L. Turrie-neav. Erect perennials, with angled stems, and
opposite petioled leaves. Flowers axillary, nearly sessile, in clusters; ealyx
with three bracts, 5-parted, segments ovate or lanceolate. Corolla tubular,
inflated, 2-lipped. much longer than the calyx; upper lip arched, notched at
the apex or entire, lower lip 3-lobed, bearded in the throat. Stamens 4, with
woolly filaments and anthers, fitth stamen rudimentary. Seeds with a mem-
branous wing.

C. glabra 1. Stem slender, 1-5 feet high: leaves sessile or short-retioled,
narrowly lanceolate, tapering both ways. appressed serrate; flowers cluster-
ed, white or roseate, bracts not ciliate. Wet places; infrequent; July-Sep-
tember; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Dubuque, Muscatine, and Johnson counties;
reported from Fayette county.

C. obliqua L. Stem slender, 1-4 feet high; leaves broadly lanceolate or ob-
long, incisely serrate; flowers rose-purple, bracts ciliolate. Wet grounds, in
thickets; August-September; infrequent; Muscatine, Des Moines, and Jeffer-
son counties.

Fiawort FAMIny. 123

COLLINSIA Nutt. Low delicate annuals or biennials, with opposite
leaves, and axillary or terminal umbellate flowers. Calyx 5-eleft. Corolla
2-lipped, upper lip 2-cleft, lower lip 3-lobed: tube saccate. Stamens 4, and
a rudimentary gland-like fifth.

C. verna Nutt. Stem 6-18 inches high, branched, glabrous or puberulent:
leaves clasping, ovate or ovate-lanceolate; peduncles slender; whorls, of 2-6
tlowers; corolla blue and white. twice the length of the narrow calyx-teeth.
April-May; freqnent locally; Jefferson county; reported from Lee county.

MIMULUS L. Monxkey-FLowER. Stems square. prostrate or erect. Leaves
simple, opposite. [Tlowers peduncled, axillary, solitary. Calyx 5-angled,
5-toothed, the upper tooth the largest. Corolla ringent, 2-lipped; upper lip
2-lobed, the lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule many-
seeded.

* Corolla violet, rarely white. ;

M. ringens L. Perennial; stem 1-3 feet high, glabrous; leaves lanceolate.
sessile, acuminate, entire or serrate, base cordate-clasping: peduncle ionger
than the calyx: calyx-teeth nearly equal: corolla violet. rarely white, throat
closed by prominent folds. Along ditches and in wet grounds: July-August:
common. a
' M. alatus Solander. Perennial, glabrous; stem narrowly winged at the
angles; leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong. acuminate, conspicuously
serrate, margined-petioled; peduncle shorter than the calyx; corolla violet.
Wet woods; July: Appanoose and Decatur counties.

** Corolla yellow.

M. jamesii T. & G. Perennial by stolons; stems spreading. diffuse. rooting,
smooth; leaves roundish, obscurely serrate, sessile or petioled, palmately-
veined: calyx ovate, oblique, upper tooth longest, inflated in fruit: edrolla
yellow, lower lip bearded, throat open. Calcareous springs, wet ravines:
May-June; Winneshiek and Des Moines counties.

CONOBEA Aubl. Oursanannnual herb, with opposite pinnately parted
leaves, and small greenish-white axillary mostly solitary flowers. Calyx 5-
parted. the segments narrow, equal. Corolla irregular, tube cylindric, the
limb 2-lipped; upper lip 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included. Capsule narrowly ovoid, glabrous, many-seeded.

C. multifida (Mx.) Befth. Stem 4-8 inches high, at length diffusely
branched: leaves petioled, segments linear or linear-oblong. obtuse, entire or
incised. Shores of strearas and rivers: July-September; reported from Fay-
ette, Muscatine, and Lee counties.

HERPESTIS Gaertn. Ours a perennial by stolons, with opposite entire
leaves, and small blue peduncled axillary flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla
2-lipped: upper lip 2-iobed, lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, in-
eluded. Capsule oblong, obtuse, many-seeded.

H. rotundifolia (Mx.) Pursh, Stems creeping, spreading, simple or
branched: villous-pubescent: leaves obovate to orbicular, palmately veined;
flowers 1 or 2 in the axils. Muddy shores: .June-September: reported from
Seott county. (Monnicrea rotundifolia Mx.)

GRATIOLA L. Low herbs, with opposite sessile leaves. and solitary axil-
lary peduncled flowers. Calyx 2-bracted near the base. 5-parted, divisions
slender, nearly equal. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 2-eleft, lower
3-cleft. Stamens included, 2 antheriferous, posterior, the anterior 2 rudi-
mentary and sterile or wanting. Capsule 2-celled, +-valved, many-seeded.

124 SCROPHULARIACHAE.

G. virginiana L. Stem 4-7 inches high, much-branched, glandular-puber-
ulent; leayes oblong or oblong-lanceolate, remotely toothed; peduncles slen-
der, as long as the leaves; bracts leaf-like, equaling the calyx; flowers white
or pale yellow; sterile filaments minute or wanting. Low grounds, fields
and woods; June-August; frequent; Winneshiek, Fayette, Johnson. Musca-
tine, Henry, Appanoose, Wayne, Decatur, and Ringgold counties.

ILYSANTHES Raf. Annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and small pur-
plish axillary flowers on slender naked pedicels. Calyx 5-parted, divisions
nearly equal. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lower spreading
3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2; sterile stamens 2, forked, one division glandular.
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate or oblong, about equaling the calyx, many-
seeded.

|. riparia Raf. Stem 3-7 inches high, branched, spreading or erect; leaves
ovate, ovate-oblong, or the lower obovate, obscurely toothed. River hanks,
July-August; frequent; Fayette, Johnson, Van Buren, Decatur, Ringgold,
Emmet. Chickasaw, and Sioux counties; reported from Muscatine, Story, and
Woodbury counties. (lL. grativluides (L.) Benth.)

VERONICA L. Spreepwenr. Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite
alternate or verticillate leaves, and solitary racemose or spicate flowers.
Calyx usually 4-parted. Corolla rotate or salverform, usually 4-lobed, rarely
5-lobed; lower segments usually narrow. Stamens 2, exserted. Style slen-
der; stigma capitate. Capsule flat or compressed, obtuse or obcordate, many-
seeded.

* Perennials; leaves verticillate; flowers in terminal spikes.

V. virginica L, Culver’s-root. Stem 2-6 feet high, smooth or somewhat
downy; leaves 3-6 in a whorl, lanceolate, short-petioled, pointed, serrate;
flowers in terminal panicled spikes; parts sometimes in 5's; curolla small,
white or bluish; stamens and style much exserte]; capsule oblong, obtuse.
Woods and prairies; July-August; common. (Leptundra virginica (L.) Nutt.)

** Perennials; flowers in axillary racemes.

V. anagallis L. Water Speedwell. Stems fleshy, 1 foot high, smooth, de-
cumbent and rooting, then erect; leaves opposite, sessile,” clasping entire;
racemes from opposite axils; flowers smal], corolla bluish; capsule orbicular,
slightly notched. Springs and brooks; June—July; frequent; Emmet, Winne-
shiek, Allamakee, Louisa, Johnson. Lyon, Winnebago, and Appanoose coun-
ties; reported from Fayette and Story counties. (1. «nagallis-aquatica L.)

V.americana Schwein, Similar to the preceding, stoloniferous, glabrous;
stem branched, decumbent; leaves ovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, peti-
oled, serrate, bases truncate, rounded, or subcordate, apex acutish or obtuse.
Swamps and streams; April-September; reported from Lee county.

*** Annuals; flawers solitary in the axils of the leaves.

V. peregrina L. Stem 4-10 inches high, smovuthish, ascending, branched;
lower leaves petioled, oval-oblong. toothed. upper sessile. oblong-linear. en-
tire; flowers short-pedicelled. solitary; corolla white, shorter than the calyx;
capsule obcordate. Moist soil; May—September; common; Winneshiek. John-
sou, Henry, Lee, Decatur, Dallas, and Shelby counties; reported from Fay-
ette, Scott, Muscatine, and Story counties.

V. arvensis L. Corn Speedwell. Stem hairy, 3-9 inches high, simple or
diffusely branched; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate, the upper sessile,
ovate or lanceolate, entire; flowers very small, axillary; capsule obovate, ob-
cordate. Grassy places in a cultivated soil and open woods; May-September:

Fiawort Famiy. 125

frequent; Muscatine, Johnson, and Henry counties; reported from Winne-
shiek, Scott, Lee, and Story counties.
**#** Perennial; flowers tir spicate racemes.

V. serpyllifolia L. Glabrous or puberulent; stems slender, decumbent, the
branches 2-10 inches high, erect; leaves opposite, petioled, or the uppermost
sessile, ovate, oval, or oblong, entire or crenulate; flowers in short spicate
raceines, corolla pale blue or whitish; capsule broader than long, notched at
the summit. Fields; April-August; reported from Johnson county.

SYNTHYRIS Benth. Ours a pubescent perennial herb, with ovate or orbic-
ular petioled basal leaves, sessile bract-like alternate cauline leaves, and
greenish yellow flowers in a terminal bratteate spike. Calyx 4-5-parted,
bracts oblong or linear. Corolla usually 2-lobed, sometimes 3-4-lobed. Sta-
mens usually 2, sometimes 4. Ovary 2-3-celled; style slender; stima capitate.
Capsule compressed, emarginate, many-seeded.

S. houghtoniana Benth. Stem 1-2 feet high, basal leaves truncate or
cordate at the base, crenulate, 5-7-nerved, cauline leaves small, somewhat
elasping, crenulate. Sandy open woods; May-July; infrequent or rare; Mus-
eatine county; reported from Fayette and Scott counties. (Wulfenia houyh-
toniana (Benth.) Greene.)

GERARDIA L. Annual or perennial erect and branched herbs, with oppo-
site or alternate leaves, and showy racemose paniculate or solitary and
axillary rose-purple varying to white or yellow flowers. Calyx campanulate,
5-toothed or 5-lobed. Corolla tubular, varying to campanulate or funnel-
form, limb 5-lobed, the 2 upper lobes usually smaller and somewhat united.
Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style slender, thickened at the apex.
Capsule globose or ovoid, pointed, many-seeded.

* Corolla yellow, the tube woolly; anthers awned at the base; leaves rather large,
more or less incised or pinnatifid; perenrials.

G. grandiflora Benth.. Stem minutely downy, 2-4 feet high, branched;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, incisely cut ur pinnatifid; pedicels about the length
of the ealyx; corolla about 2-inches long, yellow. Open woods; July-August;
frequent; Muscatine, Henry, Van Buren, Jefferson, and Appanoose counties.
(Dasystoma grandiflora (Benth.) Wood.)

G. flava L. Downy grayish: stem 2-4 feet high, usually simple; leaves
lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, entire or the lower sinuate-toothed or
pinnatifid, short-petioled or the upper sessile. Woods and thickets; July-
August; forms from Clinton, Jones, Johnson, and Henry counties have been
referred to this species. (Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood.)

** Anthers awitless; flowers pedicelled, purple or pink; annuals.
+ Pedicels shorter or scarcely lonyer than the calyx and capsule.

G. aspera Dougl. Stem somewhat branched, 1-2 feet high, hispidulous-
scabrous; leaves narrowly linear, rough-hispid; pedicels equaling or about
twice the length of the calyx; calyx-lobes triangular-Janceolate, shorter than
the tube; corolla 1 inch long, purple. Prairies; August-September; infre-
quent; Delaware, Henry, Decatur, and Lyon counties; reported from Fayette,
Scott, Story, and Emmet counties.

_G. purpurea L. Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous, branched; leaves narrowly

linear, rough-margined; flowers racemose, purple, pedicels usually shorter
than the calyx. Fields and meadows; August-September; infrequent; Em-
met county; reported from Fayette and Hamilton counties.

126 SCROPHULARIACEAE.

+ + Pedicels slender, uswilly.excecding the corolla; anther-sacs mucroniute at the base.

G. tenuifolia Vahl. Stemabout 10 inches high, glabrous, paniculately
branched; leaves narrowly linear; pedicels exceeding the corolla, often
longer than the leaves, slender; calyx small, with 5 short acute teeth; corolla
light purple. about one-half inch in length; capsule globose, scarcely exceed-
ing the calyx. Low grounds in fields and woods; August-September; com-
mon; Winneshiek, Delaware, Johnson, Washington, Jefferson, Henry, Des
Moines, Emmet, and Lyon counties; reported from Fayette, Scott, Muscatine,
Story, and Harrison counties. i

G. besseyana Britton. Similar to the preceding, stouter; leaves larger,
scabrous; corolla purple; calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, about one-third
the length of the tube; capsule globose, exceeding the calyx. Dry soil; July—
September; reported from Fremont and Pottawattamie counties. (G. tenti-
folia var. macrophylla Benth. of Gray’s Manual.)

*** Plyowers sessile; anthers pointless. those of the shorter stamens symrtller.

G. auriculata Mx, Annual, rough-hairy; stem 1-2 feet high, simpie or
branched above; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile. en-
tire, many with an oblong or lanceolate lobe on one side at the base; flowers
solitary, sessile, purple. Low prairies; July-September; frequent; Johnson,
Henry, and Decatur counties; reported from Fayette, Scott, Story, and Em-
met. counties.

SEYMERIA Pursh. Erect branching perennials, with opposite dissected
or entire leaves, and yellow flowers. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla-
tube short and broad; limb of 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal spreading lobes.
Stamens 4, nearly equal. :

S macrophylla Nutt. Mullein Forglove. Stem 3-6 feet high, pubescent to
glabrate; lower leaves pinnatifid, divisions lance-oblong, incised, upper

‘lanceolate, serrate or entire; flowers short-pedicelled, axillary, in a leng in-
terrupted spike; corolla woolly inside: filaments woolly; style short: capsule
globose or ovoid, flat mucronate pointed. many-seeded. Woods near water
courses; July-August; frequent; Muscatine, Johnson. Des Moines, Van Buren,
Decatur, and Page counties. (Afzelia macrophyllu (Nutt.) Kuntze.)

CASTILLEJA Mutis. Roots parasitic. Leaves alternate, sessile, entire or
cut-lobed, the floral often colored. Flowers in leafy bracted spikes. Calyx
2-4-eleft. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip long, linear, arched and keeled: lower
lip short, 3-lobed; corolla-tube short, included by the calyx. Stamens 4,
didynamous, enfolded by the upper lip. Anthers 2-celled; cells oblong-
linear, unequal, outer cell suspended. inner pendulous.

C. coccinea (L.) Spreng Annual or biennial, hairy, stem 8-16 inches
high; radical leaves clustered, obovate or oblong, entire; cauline leaves in-
cisely cut into segments; floral bracts 3-5-cleft, scarlet; calyx 2-cleft; corolla
scarcely longer, pale yellow. Sandy soilin open woods; May-July: frequent:
Winneshiek. Delaware, Johnson, Appanoose, and Cerro Gordo counties; re-
ported from Fayette, Scott. and Muscatine counties.

C. sessiliflora Pursh. lerennial: stem 6-14 inches high, grayish pubes-
cent; leaves oblong-linear, entire or 5-cleft, divisions narrow, diverging:
floral leaves similar; calyx deeply cleft; corolla long. Prairies; frequent
westward; May-July; Emmet, Delaware, Story, Hardin, Hamilton. Shelby.
and Lyon counties; reported from I'ayette and Woodbury counties. ;

PEDICULARIS L. Lousewort. Perennials, Leaves pinnatifid. Horal
bract-like. Flowers yellow, spicate. Calyx inflated, 2-5-cleft. Corolla

Broom RAPE FAMILY. 127

2-lipped: upper lip vaulted, covering the 4-stamens; lower lip spreading,
3-lobed. Anther-cells equal.

P. canadensis L. Common L. Hairy, stems usually tufted, 6-12 inches
high; leaves alternate. petioled. pinnatifid, segments toothed; flowers ina
dense spike; calyx incised in front, oblique; upper lip of corolla hooded, in-
eurved, with 2 teeth. Capsule flattish, sword-beaked. Fields and woods;
May-July; common; Winneshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Johnson, Decatus,
Story, Pottawattamie, Shelbv, Calhoun, Hancock, Cerro Gordo, Dallas,
Emmet, and Lyon counties; reported from Fayette, Scott, and Muscatine
counties. : :

P. lanceolata Mx. Stem 1-2 feet high, somewhat hairy or glabrous;
leaves mostly opposite, lance-oblong, doubly crenate-toothed; spike dense;
calyx 2-lobed; upper lip of the corolla larger, covering the lower; capsule
ovate, about the length of the calyx. Swampy places; August-September;
frequent; Winneshiek,. Johnson, Winnebago, Hancock, Emmet, and Lyon
counties; reported from Fayette, Seott, and Story counties.

MELAMPYRUM L. Ours a small branching annual herb. with opposite
entire petioled lanceolate or linear- lanceolate leaves, and small white or

whitish flowers solitary,in the upper axils or more or less Spicate. Calyx 4-
toothed. Corolla ir regular, 2 -lipped: upper lip obtuse or emarginate, lower
lip 3-toothed. Stamens 4, diagnanions, Capsule flat, oblique, 2—-4-seeded.

M. americanum Mx. Cow-Wheat. Puberulent; stem 6-18 inches high, ob-
securely 4-sided; leaves short-petioled, the tloral ovate or lanceolate, with a
few bristle-pointed teeth near the base: ecalyx-teeth subulate; corolla thrice
the length of the calyx. lower lip yellow. Dry woods; May-August; reported
from Lee county. ;

OROBANCHACEAR J/nd/. BrooM-RAPE FAMILY.

Herbs, destitute of green foliage, with parasitic roots, alternate scales
in place of leaves. and solitary or spicate flowers. Calyx 4-5-cleft or 4-
5-toothed, persistent, free from the ovary. Corolla irregular, tubular, 2-
lipped, withering-persistent. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the
tube of the corolla; anthers. 2-celled. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, with 2-
parietal placentae. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded.

APHYLLON Mitchell. Brownish or whitish plants with perfect flowers.
Calyx of 5 regular teeth. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed: lower 3-lobed.
Capsule with 2 or 4 placentae.

A. uniflorum Gray. Nuked Broom-rape. Stem short, scaly, mostly subter-
ranean; flowers solitary, on bractless scapes which are 3-6 inches high, pur-
plish or yellowish; calyx-lobes subulate; corolla-lobes large, obovate.
Prairies or woods; May-June; infrequent: Johnson. Jefferson. and Decatur
counties; reported frora Story and Lée counties. (Thilesia unifora (L.) Brit-
ton.)

A. ludovicianum Gray. Stems 3-10 inches high, solitary or elustered:
glandular-pubescent, branched; flowers in ‘a dense terminai: spike; calyx
usually with 2 bracts at the base: calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate: corolla
longer, slightly curved, upper lip but little if any 2-cleft; placentae appar-
ently 2. Dry soil; Juue-August; infrequent: Lyon county. (Orobanche tnuido-
viciana Nutt.)

128 BIGNONIACEAE.

LENTIBULARIACEAE JZindl. BLappERWoRT FAMILY.

Terrestrial or aquatic herbs with showy solitary or racemose scapose
flowers. Calyx 2-lipped, inferior. Corolla 2-lipped, irregular; upper lip
entire or 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed, with a prominent usually bearded
palate, spurred below. Stamens 2, included, inserted on the upper lip;
anthers l-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta, becoming
a globular many-seeded capsule.

UTRICULARIA L. Aquatic or rooting in the mnd, stems and dissected
foliage bladder bearing. Scapes 1-few-flowered. Lips of the calyx nearly
equal, nearly entire. Upper lip of the corolla erect. Filaments incurved.
Stigma 2-lamellate. The species of this genus are often propagated by win-
ter buds.

U. vulgaris L. Greater Bladderwort. Perennial; immersed stems 1-3 feet
jong; leaves many, with many bladders, 2-3-pinnately divided; scapes naked
or with a few scales, 3-20-flowered, 5-12 inches high; corolla yellow. closed;
spur conical, shorter than the lower lip; pedicels recurved in fruit. River
sloughs and ponds; June-August; infrequent; Muscatine, Louisa, Linn,
Decatur, Fremont, Story, Winnebago, and Emmet counties; reported from
Fayette and Sioux counties.

U. biflora Lam. Scape 2-5 inches high. 1-3-flowered; leaves at the base of
the scape root-like, capillary, bearing numerous bladders; corolla yellow,
spur oblong, obtuse, equaling the lower lip; pedicels erect. Ponds; reported
from Muscatine county. Associated with Briusenia peltuta Pursh.

U. intermedia Hayne. Scape capillary, 1-4-flowered; leaves 2-ranked,
crowded, 4-5 times forked, divisions linear-subulate, rigid; bladders infre-
quent, on leafless branches; corolla yellow, spur conical, acute. Shallow
water; June-August; reported from Emmet county.

BIGNONIACEAE Pers. TRUMPET CREEPER FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite simple or pinnate exstipulate leaves,
and large showy tlowers. Calyx entire, 2-lipped or d-cleft. Corolla tub-
ular or campanulate, 5-lobed, irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous Stamens
5, inserted on the corolla, 1-3 sterile or rudimentary. Anthers 2-celled.
Ovary free; style long; stigma 2-lobed. Cupsule woody, 2-valved, with
many winged flat seeds.

TECOMA. Leaves pinnate.
CATALPA. Leaves simple.

TECOMA Juss. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnelform. limb
with 5 nearly equal lobes. Tertile stamens 4, didynamous, the 5th rudiment-
ary. Capsule flattish at right angles to the partition, 2-valved.

T. radicans (l.) DC. Trumpet Creeper. With us a glabrous woody vine:
leaflets 7-11, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate; corolla large, orange and
searlet; stamens included. Waste places; July-September; becoming a fre-
quent escape; Muscatine, Louisa, and Lee counties

CATALPA Scop. Calyx »-parted. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, 2-lipped.
Fertile stamens 2, occasionally 4, rudimentary or sterile stamens 3 or 1.
Capsule terete, long, ¥-celled, opening at right angles to the valve.

C. speciosa Warder. Catawba Tree. Laryer Indian Bean. Leaves large, long-
petioled, cordate, acuminate, sometimes angulately lobed, pubescent beneath;
corolla large. white, slightly spotted, tube obeonieal, limb slightly oblique.

ACANTHUS FAMILY. 129

lower lobe emarginate; capsule 1 foot long, nearly one inch in diameter. Rich
soil; June-July; frequent in cultivation, rarely an escape.

C. bignonioides Walt. Catalpn. Indian Bean. Similar to the preceding
species; leaves strong-scented; lower lobe of the corolla emarginate; capsule
smaller, thinner. Infrequent in cultivation, probably not an escape. (C.
eatalpa (L.) Karst.)

MARTYNIACEAE Zink. UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY.

Ours a densely glandular-pubescent annual herb, with opposite broadly
ovate or orbicular leaves, and perfect irregular whitish or yellowish race-
mose flowers. Calyx 4-5-cleft or 4-5-parted or cleft on the lower side.
Coroila-tube oblique; the limb slightly 2-lipped, of 5 nearly equal lobes.
Stamens with anthers 4, didvnamous. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal
placentae, or 4-celled by the extension of the placentae in fruit. Repre-
sented with us by the genus Martynia L.

M. proboscidea Glox. Unicorn-Plant. Stem much branched, stout, the
branches prostrate or ascending, 1-3 feet long; leaves entire, undulate or re-
pand, apex rounded, base cordate; calyx with 1-2 oblong or linear deciduous
bractlets at the base; corolla mottled with purple; fruit 4-6 inches long, body
straightish; beaks 2, long and strongly recurved. Alluvial soil and in waste
places; July-September; infrequent; Jefferson, Lian, Taylor, and Emmet
counties; reported from Harrison county. The species is a native of the Mis-
sissippi valley. Of late years it seems to assume the nature of a weed and
appears by the waysides and in cultivated fields.

ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil, Acantaus Famizy.

Mostly herbs, with opposite simple entire exstipulate leaves, and per-
fect bracted flowers. Calyx 41-5-parted. Corolla tubular, limb 5-lobed,
or 2-lipped, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, or only 2.
inserted on the corolla. Style slender; stigma 2-cleft. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit a capsule, 2-celled, $-12-seeded.

RUELLIA. Corolla convolute in the bud, nearly regular; stamens 4.
DIANTHERA. Corolla imbricated in the bud, strongly 2-lipped; stamens 2.

RUELLIA L. Perennials with tumid joints, and showy axillary flowers,
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted; segments slender. Corolla funnelform, limb spread-
ing, nearly equally lobed. Stamens 4, included, didynamous; anthers 2-
celled. Capsule narrow, somewhat flattened.

R. ciliosa Pursh. Stem 8-30 inches high, clothed with whitish hairs:
leaves sessile or nearly so, oval or ovate-obloug; flowers clustered or solitary,
2-bracted, nearly sessile, blue; calyx-segments filiform; corolla-tube 11,-2
inches in length or about twice the length of the calyx-segments, throat
short, limb ample. Fields and borders of woods; June-September; common.

R. strepens L. Stem 1-4 feet high, glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves
ovate to oblong, petioled; calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate. Wooded ravines:
June—July; infrequent; Decatur. Appanoose, and Henry counties.

DIANTHERA L. Ours a perennial glabrous herb, with short-petioled or ses-
sile lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. leaves, and pedunculate capitate-spicate
violet or whitish flowers. Calyx,4—5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla-tube
slender, short; limb 2-lipped, upper lip entire or 2-dentate, lower lip 3-cleft,
spreading. Stamens 2, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Cells of the

130 VERBENACEAE.

ovary each with 2 ovules. Capsule contracted below into a long stipe, 4-
seeded.

D. americana L. Stem mostly simple, 1-3 feet high, peduncles axillary,
‘slender; bractlets linear-subulate. Wet places; May-August; Henry county.

VERBENACEAE J. St. Hil. Vervarn Famivy.

Herbs, with opposite exstipulate leaves, and perfect more or less irreg-
ular flowers. Calyx 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped or regular.
Stamens 4, didynamous or only 2. Fruit dry or drupaceous, usually
splitting into as many 1-seeded nutlets as the ovary has cells.
* Ovary 2-4- celled.
Vv ERBENA. Flowers spicate or in heads; nutlets 4, 1-sceded.
Lippia. Flowers spicate or in heads: nutlets 2
** Ovary 1-celled.
PHRYMA. Flowers in slender spikes; fruit an achene.

VERBENA L. Vervain. Annuals or perennials, with sessile bracted flow-
ers arranged in solitary or panicled spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of
the teeth frequently shorter. Corolla ‘tubular, limb somewhat unequally 5-
cleft. Stamens 4, included, upper pair sometimes abortive. Style slender;
stigma usually 2-lobed. _

: * Perennial; spikes rather thick and densely flowered; bracts small. r

V. hastata L. Blue V. Stem 3-6 feet high, pubescent; leaves lanceolate

to oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, coarsely serrate, petioled, the
lower often lobed or hastate; spikes linear, many-flowered. erect, corymbed
or panicled; flowers blue, sometimes roseate. Waysides and waste places;
July-September; common. —
_V. stricta Vent. Huary V. Whole plant whitish-hirsute; stem 1-2 feet
high, simple or branched; leaves sessile, oval, obovate, or oblong, unequally
serrate; spikes dense; flowers blue, varying to whitish. Dry soil; July—-Sep-
tember; common. : 8

V. angustifolia Mx. Stem 1-2 feet high, simple or branched, sparingly
hirsute; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, serrate, tapering to the base,
sessile; spikes few or solitary, slender; flowers purple or blue. Sandy soil;
June-July; frequent; Allamakee, Scott, Muscatine, Johnson, Henry, Cerro
Gordo, and Lyon counties. ,

He Perenniel; spikes filiform; bracts small. P

Vv. urticcefolia lL. White V. Stem 3-5 feet high, hirsute to glabrate;
leaves ovate to obiong-lanceolate, thin, petioled, serrate; spikes terminal and
axillary, slender, loosely fowered; flowers small, white. Waste grounds,
fields and woods; July-August; common. ;

*** Annual; spikes thick, leafy-bracted.

V. bracteosa Mx. Stem much branched from the base, diffuse or decum-
bent, hirsute; leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, base cuneate, usually tapering
to a short margined petiole, laciniately cut or 3-cleft; flowers small, blue or
purple, in short thick spikes. Pastures and waysides; June-September: fre-
quent.

**** Perennial; flowers shorcy, spicate.

V. canadensis (L.) Britton. Low, branching, ascending, hirsute to nearly
glabrous; stem 8-15 inches high; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, incisely
toothed, lobed. or 3-cleft; flowers showy, in pedunculate spikes. purplish or
blue. Cultivated, reported from Story county as an escape. (i. aubletia L.
of Gray’s Manual.)

Mint FamMILy. 131

LIPPIA L. Ours a perennial herb, with opposite leaves, and small bracted
flowers. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla funnelform, 2-lipped; upper lip notched;
lower larger, 3-lobed. Stamens didynamous, included. Fruit a dry drupe,
2-celled, 2-seeded.

L. lanceolata Mx. Fog-fruil. Stem 4-angled, suberect, from an exten-
sively creeping base; leaves obovate to ovate, base cuneate, mostly tapering
into a petiole, serrate, pinnately veined, veins passing tothe sinuses; flowers
pale blue. in closely bracted heads which are on long axillary peduncles.
River banks; July-September; frequent in the eastern counties but extending
westward across the state; Clayton, Dubuque, Clinton, Scott, Muscatine, Lou-
isa, Lee, Henry, Johnson, Van Buren, Wapello, Linn, Story, Chickasaw, and
Fremont counties.

PHRYMA L. Perennial, with coarsely toothed ovate petioled leaves, and
small purplish or roseate opposite flowers arranged in slender terminal
spikes. Calyx 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed; the lower 2-toothed. Corolla
2-lipped; upper lip emarginate; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens included. Fruit
dry, oblong, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

P. leptostachya Ll. Lopseed. Stem 2-3 feet high, somewhat pubescent,
with slender branches; leaves thin, acute or acuminate, lower long-petiolea,
upper nearly sessile; flowers on very short 2-bracteolate pedicels, erect at first,
deflexed infruit. Rich open woods, thickets: June-August; common.

LABIATAE B. Juss. Minv FaMiny.

A large and natural order consisting of annual or perennial herbs, with
square stems, opposite aromatic exstipulate leaves, and axillary cymose
flower clusters which are frequently collected into terminal racemes,
spikes, or heads. Calyx usnally nerved, persistent, regular or 2-lipped,
5-lobed or 5-toothed, rarely 4-toothed. Corolla usually 2-lipped; upper
lip 2-lobed or rarely entire, external in the bud; Jower 3-lobed. Stamens
4. didynamous, or only 2, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary
superior, deeply 4 lobed, forming it fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets or
achenes. Style solitary, central, 2-lobed ahove.

A. Ovary 4-lobed, the style not basal; nutlets rugose reticulated, attached
laterally.

Tribe Ajugoideae. Calyx 5-10-nerved; stamens 4, parallel, ascending,
mostly exserted from the upper Side of the corolla; nutlets obovoid, dry.

ISANTHUS. Corolla of 5 nearly equal lobes; stamens scarcely if at all exserted.

TRICHOSTEMA. Corolla-lobes nearly equal, declined; stamens exserted.

TwucrRtuM. Corolla irregular, deeply cleft between the two lobes of the upper lip;
stamens exserted. ‘

B. Ovary 4-parted. the style basal; nutlets smooth or granulate, attached
by their bases.

Tribe Satureineae. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip galeate or concave;
stamens 4 or 2, not declined, the upper pair shorter or wanting; anthers 2-
celled.

; * Corolla nearly cqually 4-lobed; sterncns erect. distant.

MENTHA. Stamens +; aromatic fragrant herbs.
Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2, the upper pair of sterile filaments or wanting.

** Corolla more or less 2-lipped; wpoper lip erect, entire or notched.
PYCNANTHEMUM. Flowers indense capitate heads; stamens 4, lower pair a little shorter.
HEDBUMA. Flowers in axillary clusters: fertile stamens 2; the upper pair rudimentary

or wanting.”

132 LABIATAE.

Tribe Monardeae. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; fertile stamens 2, straight
or ascending; anther-cells linear-oblong, solitary or separated by a long con-
nective. :

SALVIA. Calyx 2-lipped; stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; connective
linear or filiform, transverse. ;

MONARDA. Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, 15-nerved; anther cells confluent into one.

BLEPHILIA. Calyx 2-lipped, 13-nerved; anther-cells confluent.

Tribe Nepeteae. Calyx about 1l5-nerved; stamens 4, all fertile; the upper

pair the longer; corolla 2-lipped. ;
LOPHANTHUS. Stamens exserted; anther-cells parallel.
NEPETA. Stamens not exserted; anther-cells divergent.
DRACOCEPHALUM. Stamens exserted; anther-cells divergent.

Tribe Scutellarineae. Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit, lips entire; corolla
2-lipped; stamens 4, all fertile, ascending, parallel, upper pair shorter.

SCUTELLARIA. Upper lip of the calyx with a helmet-like appendage.

Tribe Stachydeae. Calyx 5-10-nerved, 2-lipped only in Prunella; stamens
4, fertile, parallel, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla; upver pair
shorter.

* Calyx 2-lipped, not membriwnous, closed in fracit.
PRUNELLA. Calyx deeply 2-lipped, reticulate veiny.
* * Calyx 5-touthed, membranous, open in fruit.
PAYSOSTEGTA. Calyx 5-toothed, inflated in fruit.
*** Calyx 5-10-toothed, not membraious, 5-10-nerved.
+ Naturalized Old World species, yrowing in waste places.
MaRRuBIUM. Stamens and style included in the tube ofthe corolla.
Leonokrus. Leaves cleft or incised; calyx-teeth spiny-pointed and spreading when old.
LAMIuM. Leaves mostly cordate; calyx-teeth lanceolate, subulate-pointed.

GALEOPSIS. Stem swollen below the joints; calyx-teeth spinescent; anthers trans-
versely 2-valved.

+t + Native species, growing in damp soil.
STacHys, Stamens or only the lower pair often deflexed’to the side of the throat of the
corolla; nutlets obtuse.

ISANTHUS Mx. Annual, branched, with 3-nerved leaves, and 1-3-flow-
ered axillary peduncles. Calyx campanulate, equally 5-toothed. Coroila
equally 5-parted, segments ovate. Stamens 4, but slightly didynamous, in-
curved, ascending. Ovary deeply 4-lobed.

I. caeruleus Mx. False Pennyroyal. Stem 8-18 inches high, pubescent;
leaves lance-oblong, nearly entire; flowers small, pale blue; corolla but little
longer than the calyx. Dry soil; July-August; frequent; Winneshiek. Scott,
Muscatine, Henry, Johnson, and Lyon counties; reported from Fayette
county. (I. hrachiatus (L.) B.S. P.)

Trichostema dichotomum L. Annual, stem 6-20 inches high, viscid-
pubescent; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate. thin; flowers panieulate: ca-
lyx oblique, unequally 5-lobed; corolla blue, pink or white, nearly regular;
stamens long-exserted. Reported by Arthur, but the species seems not to
have been found by any other collector. As Iowa is out of the range of the
species its occurrence may be considered doubtful.

TEUCRIUM L. Perennials. Calyx nearly regular, 5-toothed. Corolla
5-lobed; lower lobe the largest, the upper four nearly equal. Stamens 4, ex-
serted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper petals.

T. canadense L_ Stem 1-3 feet high, simple, hoary-pubescent; leaves lan-
ceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or oyate-lanceolate, acute. serrate, short-petioled,
green above, whitish beneath; bracts linear-lanceolate, about the length of
the calyx: flower-whorls crowded into a long spike: calyx canescent, the upper

a

Mint FaAmI.y. 133

teeth obtuse; corolla purplish, varying to cream-color. Rich soil; July—Septem-
ber; common.

T. occidentale A. Gray. Similar tothe preceding, villous or pubescent;
leaves thin, slender petioled; calyx villous, the 3 upper calyx-teeth acute or
acutish. Moist soil; July-September. This species occurs near our western
and southwestern border and probably belongs to our flora.

MENTHA L. Strong-scented perennial herbs, usually spreading by creep-
ing rootstocks. [Flowers small, white or purplish, glomerate. Calyx cam-
panulate, equally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube scarcely exceeding the calyx, limb
nearly equally 4-cleft. Stamens 4, erect, distant.

M. canadensis L. JFild Mint. Stem 1-2 feet high, simple or branched,
hoary-pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, tapering both ways, pet-
ioled, serrate; flower clusters shorter than the petioles; calyx hairy: stamens
exserted. Wet soil; July-September; common. ‘This species varies to almost
glabrous, with short-petioled leaves, the variety GLABRATA Benth.

M. viridis L. Spearmint. A glabrous perennial, 1-2 feet high, with lanceo-
late sessile or shurt-petioled serrate leaves, and whorls of small flowers co!-
lected into a terminal narrow interrupted spike. Waste places; July-Septem-
ber; infrequent; Muscatine aad Taylor counties; reported from Lee county.
( M. spicata Li. )

M. piperita L. Peppermint. Perennial, glabrous, 1-3 feet high, with lan-
ceolate petioled serrate leaves, and whorls of flowers in terminal dense or in-
terrupted spikes. Waste places; July-September; reported from Lee county.

LYCOPUS L. Perennials, with sharply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and
small mostly white flowers in dense axillary whorls. Calyx campanulate, 4-
5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, but little exceeding the calyx, about equally
4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant.

* Calyz-teeth mostly 4, ovate, shorter than the nutlets,

L. virginicus L. Buyle-weed. Stoloniferous: stem 1-2 feet high, obtusely
4-angled; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate both ways, short-
petioled, thin, toothed above the base. Moist shady places; July-August:
frequent; Johnson, Decatur, and Emmet counties; reported from Fayette,
Story, and Woodbury counties.

** Culyx-teeth usually 5, lanceolate or subitlate, longer than the nutlets.
+ Bracts very small; corolla twice the length of the calyx.

L. rubellus Moench. Stoloniferous; stem 1-3 feet high, obtusely 4-angled,
somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply ser-
rate in the middle, acuminate both ways, petioled; calyx-teeth 5, acute. Wet
soil; July-August; infrequent; Muscatine and Decatur counties; reported
from Story county.

+ + Bracts lanceolate or swhulite; corolla less than twice the length of the calyx.

L. sinuatus Ell. Not stolouiferous, perennial by suckers; stem 1-3 feet
high, acutely 4-angled, glabrous or minutely pubescent: leaves oblong or lan-
ceolate, acuminate, sinuate, incised or pinnatifid, tapering to a slender peti-
ole, calyx-teeth triangular-subulate and short-cuspidate. Low places; July-
September; common. (ZL. americanus Muhl.)

L. lucidus Turez. Stoloniferous, usually simple, leafy, 1-3 feet high:
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, sharply serrate; bracts
ovate or lanceolate, acuminate-subulate: calyx-teeth subulate-lanceolate.
Wet soil; July-September; forms from Woodbury county have been referred
to this species. (L. lucidus var. americanus A. Gray.)

134 LABIATAE.

PYCNANTHEMUM Mx. Perennials, corymbosely branched above, with
the flowers in dense capitate heads or cymes. Calyx tubular, striate, equally

-toothed, or the 3 upper teeth partially united. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip
entire or notched; the lower 3-lobed; lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4,
distant.

P. lanceolatum Pursh. Stem 1-3 feet high, glabrous or somewhat pubes-
cent; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, entire, ner-
vose-veined, bracts lanceolate or ovate; calyx-teeth ovate-deltoid, acute. Dry
soil; July-September; common; Winneshiek, Floyd, Jackson, Hancock, John-
son, Henry, Wapello, Appanoose, Decatur, Ringgold, Winnebago, Cerro Gor-
do, Dickinson, and Emmet counties; reported from Fayette and Story coun-
ties. ( Koellia viryiniana (Ll. ) MacM. )

P. linifolium Pursh. . Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, somewhat 8-nerved. entire, sessile or the lower short-petioled; heads
downy; bracts and calyx-teeth pungently awn-pointed. Dry soil; July—Sep-
tember; frequent; Jackson, Delaware, Muscatine, Louisa, Johnson, Appa-
noose, Decatur, Ringgold. and Fremont counties; reported from Seott county.
( Kvellia flecuosa({ Walt.) MacM. )

P. pilosum Nutt. Stem 1-3 feet high, hirsute or pilose; leaves lanceolate,
sessile or short-petioled, mostly entire; glomerules dense, terminal, hirsute- ;
eanescent or villous; bracts lanceolate; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate. Dry
sandy soil; July-September; reported from Muscatine, Lee, Linn, and Des
‘Moines counties.

KREDEOMA Pers. Small odorous annuals, with small opposite leaves, and
small blue or purple flowers in avillary clusters, collectively in oy
racemes. Calyx 13-nerved, gibbous at the base, bearded in the throat, 2
lipped; upper lip 3-toothed; lower 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect,
notched; lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, fertile, sometimes 2 sterile
stamens on the upper side.

H. pulegioides (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal. Stem 6-12 inches high,
erect, branching, pubescent; leaves petivled, obtong-obovate, somewhat, ser-
rate or entire; whorls ‘about 6-flowered; calyx-teeth of the upper lip triangu-
lar; corolla bluish; sterile filaments present. Oper upland woods; June-Au-
gust; frequent; Muscatine, Louisa, Des Moines, Lee, Van Buren, Henry, John-
son, Cerro Gordo, Decatur, Page, Calhoun, Fremont, and Lyon’ counties; re-,
ported from Fayette and Story counties.

H. hispida Pursh, Stem 2-5 inches high, branching, pubescent; leaves
sessile, linear, obtuse, entire: whorls about 6-flowered; Gales teeth subulate;
corolla bluish; sterile filaments minute or wanting. Dry soil: Jane—July;
common; Winneshiek, Fayette, Jones, Muscatine, Linn, Johnson, Decatur,
and Lyon counties; reported from Story and Woodbury counties.

SALVIA L. Sacs. Calyx striate, 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-toothed or en-
tire; lower 2-cleft; throat naked. Corolla 2-lipped, ringent; upper lip
straight or seythe-shaped, entire-or slightly notched; lower pendant or
spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 2; anther-cells widely separated, connective
transverse.

S. lanceolata Willd. Annual; stem 4-14 inches high, simple or branched,
puberulent or somewhat glabrous; leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate. obtuse,
entire or crenulate-dentate, siender petioled; inflorescence in spike-like
racemes; calyx strongly nerved, upper lip entire, lower 2-cleft, teeth ovate,
mucronate-acute; corolla blue, but little exceeding the calyx. Dry soil.

Mint FAMILY. 135

prairies; June-August; frequent in western Iowa; Page, Shelby, Fremont,
Polk, and Decatur counties; reported from Pottawattamie, Harrison, Story,
Fayette, and Muscatine counties.

S. pitcheri Torr. Perennial; stem 2-5 feet high, branched; leaves linear
or linear-oblong, sessile or short-petioled, entire or dentate; corolla-tube ex-
serted. Forms from Muscatine county have been referred to this western
species. (S. azurea var. grandiflora Benth.)

S. officinalis L. Shrubby; leaves lance-oblong, crenulate. This is the
garden sage; reported as an escape from Fayette county.

MONARDA L. Ours erect perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and
conspicuous flowers in bracted heads. Calyx elongated, cylindric, about 15-
nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, throat usually hairy. Corolla tubular,
elongated, strongly 2-lipped; upper lip linear, erect, entire or but little
notched; lower spreading or reflexed, 3-lobed. Stamens 2, ascending beneath
the upper lip, inserted on the throat of the corolla.

M. fistulosa L. Wild Beryamot. Stem 2-4 feet high, glabrate to soft-pube-
scent, branched above; leaves ovate-Janceolate, acuminate. serrate, petioled;
heads solitgey. terminal; calyx a little curved, hairy in the throat; corolla
exserted, 1-2 inches long, greenish-white, purple or purplish-dotted, upper
lip pubescent, linear, acute; stamens and style exserted from under the upper
lip. Prairies and opea woods; June-September; common.

M. punctata L. Horse-Mint. Stem 2-3 feet high, whitish-downy; leaves

lanceolate, somewhat serrate, petioled, downy beneath; floral bracts yellow-
ish and purplish, sessile, longer than the flowers; heads axillary and termi-
nal; calyx-teeth short, rigid, soon spreading; corolla-.smoothish, yellowish,
upper lip purple-spotted. Sandy soil; July-September; infrequent; Dubuque,
Muscatine, Louisa, Des Moines, Cedar, Johnson, Linn, and Jefferson coun-
ties. i‘
BLEPHILIA Raf. Perennials, with smail purplish or bluish flowers in
dense axillary or terminal globose heads. Calyx »2-lipped, 13-nerved; upper
lip 3-toothed, lower 2-toothed. Corolla about equally 2-lipped, throat in-
flated; upper lip short, erect, entire; lower spreading, unequally 3-cleft.
Stamens 2, ascending, exserted.

B. hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. Whole plant hairy; stem 1-3 feet high, widely
branched; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base rounded or sub-
cordate, rather long-petioled, slightly serrate; bracts lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate; calyx hairy; corolla pale, a little pubescent, purple-spotted. Rich
woods; June-August; infrequent; Winneshiek, Jones, Jackson, Johnson,
Henry, aud Dickinson counties: reported from Fayette and Story counties.

B. ciliata (L.) Raf. Stem 1-2 feet high, simple or branched, downy;
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, obscurely serrate, short-
petioled or the upper sessile; leaves of the sterile shoots, ovate or oval, slen-
der-petioled, crenate-denticulate; outer bracts ovate, acute, colored, ciliate;
corolla hairy. Dry woods; June-August; infrequent; Henry county.

LOPHANTHUS Benth. Erect perennials, with serrate petioled leaves, and
small flowers in dense sessile glomerules which are collected into continuous
or interrupted spikes. . Floral leaves of short ovate acuminate bracts. Calyx
oblique, 15-nerved, 5-toothed, upper teeth longer. Corolla 2-lipped; upper
lip nearly erect, 2-lobed; lower spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe crenate.
Stamens 4, exserted; upper pair declined; lower pair shorter, ascending, sur-

passing the upper pair.

136 LABIATAE.

L. screphulariaefolius (Willd.) Benth. Giant-Hyssop. Stem 3-6 feet
high, obtusely 4-angled, pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate,
base cordate, more or less pubescent; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute; corolla
conspicuous. purplish; spikes mostly interrupted. Open woods; July—-Sep-
tember; frequent; Winneshiek. Johoson, Henry, Appanoose, Decatur, Fre-
mont, Story, Winnebago, Dickinson, and Emmet counties; reported from
Fayette, Muscatine, Hamilton, and Woodbury counties. (Agustache scrophular-
inefolia (Willd.) Kuntze.)

L. nepetoides (L.) Benth. Stem 3-6 feet high, sharply 4-angular, gla-
brous or slightly puberulent; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate,
ecrenate-serrate, base cordate; spikes linear, cylindrical, continuous; bracts
many, ovate, acute; calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse; corolla inconspicuous, pale
greenish-yellow. Open woods; July-August; less frequent than the preced-
ing which it closely resembles; Winneshiek, Des Moines. Johnson. Henry,
Van Buren, Decatur, Ringgold, Page, Fremont, Story, and Emmet counties;
reported trom Fayette and Scott counties. (Ag«stache nepctoides (L.) Kuntze.)

NEPETA L. Perennials, Calyx tubular, obliquely 3-toothed, 15-nerved.
Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed; lower spreading, 3-cleft.
the middle lobe the largest, 2-lobed or entire; throat dilated. Stamens 4, as-
cending, not exserted, lower pair shorter.

N. cataria L. Catnep. Catmint. Stem 2-3 feet high, erect, branched, .
downy; leaves ovate to oblong, coarsely crenate. whitish downy beneath,
base cordate; floral leaves small and bract-like: flowers in cymose clusters
which are collected into interrupted spikes or racemes; corolla whitish, dot-
ted with purple. Waste places; July-September; common.

N. glechoma Benth. Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-ground. Stems procumbent
or creeping, somewhat pubescent or glabrous; leaves all alike. long-petioled,
reniform, coarsely crenate, green on both sides; flowers 2-3 in the axils of the
Jeaves; corolla light blue, twice the length of the calyx. Waste places neur
dwellings; April-June; frequent. (Glecoma hederacen L.)

DRACOCEPHALUM L. Perennials, with serrate or incised leaves, and
blue or purple flowers in axillary and terminal bracted clusters. Calyx tubu-
lar, 15-nerved, 5-toothed in ours, the upfer tooth the largest. Corolla 2-
lipped; the upper lip emarginate; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4. didynamous.

D. parviflorum Nutt. Annual or tiennial, glabrous or somewhat pube-
scent, 6-20 inches high; leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, petioled; flowers
in dense terminal spikes or in the upper axils; corolla but little exceeding
the calyx. light blue. Sterile soil; May-August; reported from Iowa by
Arthur. The species probably occurs near our northern border.

SCUTELLARIA L. Sxuric:p. Perennials, not aromatic. with axillary
opposite solitary or racemose flowers. Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped, closed
after flowering; lips entire, the upper with a helmet-like appendage. Corolla
2-lipped; upper lip arched, entire or slightly notched; lower lip spreading,
notched; lateral lobes more connected with the upper lip, tube loug-exserted,
throat dilated. Stamens 4, ascending beneath the upper lip; anthers ciliate
or bearded; lower l-celled, upper 2-celled. Nutlets rough-granulate.

S. versicolor Nutt. Stem 1-3 feet high, erect, soft-pubescent: leaves
ovate, cordate, petioled, obtuse, crenate-toothed, rugose; the floral bracts
ovate, entire; flowers rather large, in terminal simple racemes: corolla-lips
nearly equal, upper bright blue, lower whitish, lateral lobes distinet. Rich
woods; June-July; frequent; Winneshiek, Allamakee. Louisa, Des Moines,

Mint FamIty. 137

Lee, Henry. Johnson, Van Buren, and Decatur counties: reported from Fay-
ette, Scott, and Muscatine counties. (S. cordifolia Muhl.)

S. parvula Mx. Stem erect, 3-10 inches high, glabrous or pubescent,
branching from the base, filiform subterranean stolons bearing a stiing of
tubers; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a slightly cordate or trun-
cate base, lower petioled, obtuse, entire or obscurely toothed; flowers solitary
axillary, pedicelled; corolla violet, pubescent, 2-3 times the length of the
ealyx. Sandy prairies; May-June; frequent throughout the state; Winne-
shiek, Allamakee, Scott, Henry, Wapello, Johnson, Appanoose, Wayne, Deca-
tur, Ringgold, Pottawattamie, Shelby, Chickasaw, Emmet, and Lyon coun-
ties; reported from Fayette, Muscatine, Story, and Woodbury counties.

S. galericulata L. Stem 1-3 feet high, erect, glabrous or slightly pubes-
cent, simple or branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, thin.
acute, serrate or nearly entire, sessile or short-petioled, base slightly cordate;
flowers few, rather large, short-pedicelled, axillary; corolla blue. Wet
places; July-August; infrequent; Fayette, Story, Emmet, Hancock, Winne-
bago, and Cerro Gordo eounties: reported from Scott and Hamilton counties.

S. lateriflora L. Mad-doy Skulleap. Stem 1-3 feet high, glabrous, much
branched; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, long-petioled, acumi-
nate, coarsely serrate, base rounded, the lower floral leaves sitailar; flowers
small, in axillary or termioal small 1-sided racemes; corolla blue, rarely
white, lips short and equal. Moist places; July-August; frequent and
widely distributed; Winneshiek, Jackson, Muscatine, Louisa, Lee, Johnson,
Story, Appanoose, Decatur, Winnebago, Emmet, and Lyon counties; reported
trom Fayette, Scott, Monona, and Woodbury counties.

PRUNELLA L. Perennial herbs, with simple or branched stems, and 3-
flowered sessile axillary clusters collected into terminal heads or spikes.
Calyx tubular, about 10-nerved, 2 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed; lower 2-cleft.
‘Corolla ascending, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, arched, entire; lower reflexed-
spreading, 3-cleft, middle lobe denticulate. Stamens 4; filaments 2-toothed,
the 2-celled anther on the lower oe Usually spelled Brunella.

B. vulgaris L. Self-hewl. Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous; leaves ovate, ob-
long or oblong-lanceolate, entire or ‘podthed, petioled; floral bracts round-
ovate, nervose, pointed, spikes dense, oblong-ovoid; calyx purplish; corolla
longer, violet to purplish. Open upland woods; June-September; common.

PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. Glabrous erect perennials, with sessile lanceolate
serrate leaves, and large showy rose-colored or purplish flowers in leafless
terminal spikes. Calyx campanulate, about equally 5-toothed. Corolla ex-
serted, funnelform, throat inflated, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower
spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe notched. Stamens 4.

P. virginiana (L.) Benth. Fulse Dragon-head. Stem 1-4 feet high; spikes
terminal, solitary or panicled; flowers opposite, in the axils of small bracts.
Moist woods; August-September; frequent; Winneshiek, Jones, Linn, John-
son, Des Moines, Decatur, Fremont, Stery, Winnebago, and Lyon counties;
reported from Fayette, Muscatine, and Woodbury counties.

MARRUBIUM L. Ours a white-woolly aromatic perennial, with petioled
round-ovate crenate leaves, and the many flowers in remote axillary whorls.
Calyx tubular, 5-10-ribbed, nearly equally 5-10-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped;
upper lip erect, notched; lower spreading. 3-cleft. Stamens 4, included.

M. vulgare L. White Hoarhound. An Old World species, escaped from
gardens into waste places; Fremont county; reported from Fayette and Jack-

son counties.

138 LABIATAE.

LEONURUS L. Ours a perennial. Flowers in close axillary whorls.
Calyx 5-nerved, with 5 spine-tipped teeth. Corolla 2-lipped; upper oblong,
arched, entire; lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending under the
upper lip. Nutlets truncate, 3-angled.

L. cardiaca L. Motherwort. Stem 2-5 feet high, more or less pubescent;
leaves petioled, palmately 3-5-cleft. lobes cut-toothed or incised, base cuneate
to cordate; corolla purple, pink or white, upper lip bearded. Waste places
near dwellings; June-September; frequent in the eastern counties; Winne-
shiek, Johnson, Des Moines, Appanoose, Decatur, and Fremont counties;
reported from Payette, Scott, Muscatine, and Story counties.

LAMIUM L. A decumbent herb, with mostly cordate incised or dcubly-
toothed long-petioled or sessile leaves, and small purplish flowers in axillary
clusters. Calyx 5-nerved, 5-toothed, awl-pointed. Corolla dilated in the
throat, 2-lipped; upper lip oblong, arched, galeate; lower spreading, 3-lobed,
middle lobe emarginate. Nutlets truncate at the apex.

L. amplexicaule L. Dead-Netile. An Old World weed reported from Lee
county. 7

GALEOPSIS lL. Annual, with spreading branches, and many-flowered
axillary whorls. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, spinescent.
Corolla 2-lipped, throat dilated; upper lip arched, nearly entire; lower spread-
ing, 3-cleft, middle lobe obeordate, palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Sta-
mens 4, ascending under the upper lip. exserted.

G. tetrahit L. Hermp-Nettle. Stem 1-3 feet high, hispid, swollen below the
joints; leaves ovate, thin, acuminate, coarsely serrate, petioled; corolla pur-
plish, twice the length of the calyx. Waste places; June-Sept2mber; infre-
quent; Winueshiek county.

STACHYS L. HepeEe-Netrie. Ours perennials, with the whorls 2-many-
flowered, collected into a terminal raceme or spike. Calyx tubular-campanu-
late. 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip arched, entire, pubes-
cent; lower spreading, 3-lobed; throat not dilated. “Stamens 4, ascending,
often defiexed to the sides of the throat. Nutlets obtuse.

S. aspera Mx. Stem 1-4 feet high. retrorsely hispid to nearly glabrous;
leaves thin, oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely serrate,
distinctly petioled; flowers in a slender interrupted spike; calyx glabrous or
with a few bristles; corolla red-purple. Low places; July-September; com<
mon; Winneshiek, Johnson, Henry, Union, Montgomery, and Shelby counties;
reported from Fayette, Story, Emmet, Sioux, and Woodbury counties.

S. palustris L. Stem 1-4 feet high, densely hirsute with spreading or
reflexed hairs or roughish-hirsute on the angles; leaves ovate-lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, acuminate, sessile or short-petioled, hairy
or pubescent especially beneath; calyx pubescent or hirsute. Low places:
June-August; frequent; Dubuque, Jackson, Johnson, Appanoose; Decatur,
Ringgold, and Story counties; reported from Fayette and Scott counties.

PLANTAGINACEAE Jind?. PLantain Famity.

Low herbs, witb radical leaves, and regular 4-merous flowers in scapose
spikes. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube and alternate with its
lobes, exserted or sometimes included. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Fruit a
membranous capsule.

PLANTAGO L. Puanratin. Annuals or perennials with ribbed leaves.
Calyx of 4 membranous imbricated persistent sepals. Corolla withering-per-

PLANTAIN FAMILY. 13)

sistent, 4-parted, secarious. Stamens 4 or rarely 2. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-
t-celled. Capsule in ours 2-celled, cirecumscissile, with one to several seeds in
each eell.

P. rugelii Decaisne. Leaves ovate to oblong, thinnish, pale, smooth, base
of the petioles purple: spike 1-2 feet long, apex attenuated and sometimes
branched; capsule acutish, line of dehiscence much below the middle and
hidden by the calyx: seeds oval-oblong, not reticulated. Moist soil; June-
September: common.

P. major [. Common P. Leaves similar to the preceding but thicker.
often pubescent, base of the petioles green, spike 4-5 inches long, obtuse,
densely flowered: capsule ovate. obtuse, line of dehiscence near the middle
above the calyx: seeds angled, reticulated. Waste places near dwellings:
June-September; less common than the preceding.

P. lanceolata L. Enylish P. Biennial or perennial: leaves narrowly ob-
long-lanceolate, acuminate both ways; scape angled, longer than the leaves;
‘spike ovate or cylindric; bracts and sepals scarious, brownish. Waste places,
streets; May-September: infrequent; Decatur county: reported from Story.
Fayette. and Van Buren counties.

P. aristata Mx. Annual, loosely villous or glabrate; leaves narrowly
lanceolate to linear. green: bracts conspicuous. narrowly attenuate, more than
twice the length of the flowers; spike dense, cylindrical or oblong; sepals ob-
long. obtuse, scarious-margined: corolla-lobes spreading, broadly ovate. Prai-
ries and waste places: May-September; common and spreading; Decatur, Appa-
noose, Van Buren, Lee. Henry, Museatine, Winneshiek. Calhoun. Ringgold,
Montgomery, and Pottawattamie counties; reported from Story county.
(P. patayonied var. aristata Gray.)

P. gnaphalioides Nutt. Annual, canescently villous, the wool often
tloccose and deciduous: leaves linear: bracts invouspicuous. oblong or linear-
lanceolate, scarcely Jonger than the calyx: flowers similar to those of the
preceding species. Waste places; May-August; infrequent; Lyon. Emmet.
Bremer, and Fremont counties; reported frum Sioux, Humbolt. and Fayette.
counties. (P. purshii R. & 8. P. patagonica var. gniphalivides Gray.)

P. virginica L. Winter annual or a fibrous-rooted biennial, soft-pubescent
or hairy: leaves spatulate or obovate-oblong, entire or repand-denticulate, 3-
5-nerved, short-petioled or nearly sessile: scape 2-8 inches high; spike rather
dense. 2-4 inches long; capsule usually 2-4-seeded. Sandy soil: May-Septem-
ber; infrequent: Muscatine and Lee counties.

APPENDIX.

Atragene americana Sims. Purple Viryin’s Bower. Perennial trailing or
twining vine. with opposite petioled trifoliolate leaves, and large solitary
axillary tlowers: leatlets ovate, acute, entire or toothed, somewhat cordate:
sepals large. purplish biue: petals small. spatulate: stamens many; styles
persistent, plumose. Open rocky woods: May-June; rare; Winneshiek
county. (Clematis verticilluris DC.)

Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers., Didiplis linearis Raf.,and Ammannia
coccinea Rottb. were collected in Appanoose county during the season of
1suy.

Myriophyllum scabratum Mx. Decatur county.

Rhamnces alnifolia L’Her. and Rubustriflorus Richard , were received
from Winneshiek county.

140 APPENDIN.

Tribulus terrestris L. A pubescent prostrate or ascending annual, with
pinnate petioled stipulate leaves, and solitary peduncled flowers. Stamens
10. Fruit 5-angled, spiny, splitting into 5 3-5-angled segments. An intro
duced plant belonging to the caltrop family. (Zy@orpHyLLAcEAE Lindl.) Re-
ported as occuring near Fruitland, Muscatine county by Prof. Pammel.

Prunus chicasa Mx. Chickasaw Plum. A small tree; leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrulate; flowers small, in lateral umbels; drupe
red, thin-skinned. Reported from Dubuque (Macbride) and Muscatine (Rep-
pert) counties. (P. angustifolia Mx.)

Viburnum pubescens petiolum n. var. A low shrub, 3-5 feet high,
with slender grayish branches, opposite leaves, and cymose flowers. The
leaves are broadly oval to nearly orbicular, acuminate, sharply and some-
what irregularly dentate, velvety-pubescent beneath, glabrous above, base
cordate, petioles one-half an inch to an inch in length; fruit oblong or oblong-
oval, 3-4-tenths of an inch long by 2-tenths of an inch wide; stone mostly
plane on one side and convex on the other, two-grooved on both surfaces.
Rocky woods; May, fruit ripe in September; infrequent; Johnson and Jeffer-
son counties.

Viburnum prunifolium L. and Sambucus racemosa L. Reported from
Dubuque county.

Sicyos angulatus L. Decatur county

Apocynum pubescens R. Br. Decatur county, one specimen collected
in July, 1897.

Conringia perfoliata Link. An erect glabrous annual herb; stem 1-3
feet high; leaves elliptic or ovate, entire, sessile and cordate; flowers yellow-
ish white, racemose; siliques long-linear, angled, valves 1-3-nerved; seeds in
1 row in each cell. Waste places, introduced; reported from Lyon and
Story counties. (CRUCIFERAE.) (C. orientalis (L.) Dumort.)

Vicia sativa L. Annual, pubescent or glabrate; spreading, ascending or
climbing; stem 1-3 feet long; stipules broad, toothed; leaflets varying from
obovate to oblong or oblanceolate, apex obtuse, truncate or retuse, mueron-
ate; flowers bluish-purple, 1 or 2 in the axils; pod linear-oblong, glabrous.
Waste places; May-August; infrequent; Winneshiek county.

Cornus circinata L'Her. Reported from Dubuque and Muscatine eoun-
ties.

January 1, 1900.

ACANTILACEAB
Acanthus Family 129

Acerates 109
Achilleia 91
Actinomeris so
aldapogorn 97
Adoxa 69
ADOXACEAE 69
al fzelia 126
Ayastache 136
Ajugoideae 131
Ambrosia 96
AMBROSIACEAB 95
Ammannia 139
Anagalis 105
Anaphalis 83
Androsace 104
Antennuaria 83
Authemis OL
Anthemideae 73
Artichoke SY
Antirrhineae 120.
Antirrhinideae 120
Aphyllon 127
Aplopappus 76
APOCYNACEAR 106
Apocynum 107, 140
Appendix 140
Apple-of-Peru 120
Arctium 94
Arrow-wood 69
Artemisia 92
ASCLEPIADACEAE 107
Asclepias 107
Ash 106
Aster 79-82
Astereae 72
Atragene 139
Beard-tongue AM

Bedstraw i
Begegar-ticks 90
Bell-flower 101
Bell-flower Family 101
Bergamot. Wild 135
Bidens 90
3IGNONIACEAE 128
Bindweed 115
Black-eyed Susan 86
Bladderwort 128
Bladderwort Family 128
Blazing-Star 75
Blephilia 135
Blae-bells 114
Bluets, Least 70
TBlueweed 115
Boltonia 738
Toneset 75
Borage Family 112
BORRAGINACKAT 112
Brauneria 86
Breweria 116
125

Broom-rape .
Broom-rape Family 127

INDE X.

Brown-eyed Susan 86

Buckbean 110
Bugle-weed $4
Butter and eggs 121
Button-bush ri)
Cacalia OF
Campanula 101
CAMPANULACEAE 101
CAPRIFOLIACEAK 67
Cardinal-flower 102
Cards 95
Castilleja 126
Catalpa 128, 129
Catawba Tree 128
Catnep 136
Catmint 136
Cephalanthus 70
Chamomile, Corn 91
Chelone 122
Cheloneae 120
Chicory oF
Chicory Family 07
Chimaphila 103
Chrysanthum. 91
Uhrysopsis 76
CICHORIACEAE 97
Cichorium 97
Chickasaw Plum 140
Clematis 140
Cnicus 05
Cocklebur 96
Collinsia 128
Collomia 111
Compass-plant 84
COMPOSITAE ae
Cone-flower 86
Conobea 123
Convolvulaceae’ 115
Convolvulus 115
Coral berry 67
Coreopsis 89, 90
Coringia 140
Corn Speedwell 124
Cornus 140
Corpse-plant 103
Cowslip, Virginia 114
Cow-Wheat 17
Cranberry-tree 69
CRUCIFERAE 140
Culver’s-root 124
Cup-plant 85
Cuseuta 116, 117
CuscuTACKAE 116
Cynareae v

Cynoglossum 112
Daisy, Ox-eye 92
Daisy, White 92
Dasystorna 125
Datura 120
Nead-Nettle 138
Dianthera ‘ 129

Didiplis 139
Diervilla 68
Digitaleae 121
Diospyros 105
Dodder Family 116
Dodecatheon 104
Docllingyeric 83
Dogbane 107
Dogbane Family 106
Dog-fennel 91
Dracocephalum 136
Dragon-bead, False 137
Dysodia 91
EBENACRAR 105
Ebony Family 105
Echinacea 86
Echinospermum 113
Eehium 1s,
Eclipta 8S
Elder, Common 68
Red-berried 63
Marsh 96
Elecampane R4
Ellisa 112
English Plantain 134
ELuthamia iE
Erechtites 94
Erigeron 83
Erivearpum T6
Eupatorium G4
Euphrasieae 121
Fever-wort 67
Figwort 122
Figwort Family 120
Fireweed 94
Vleabane 83
Fog-fruit 131
Fraxinus 106
Galeopsis 138
Galium a0, Fh.
Gaylussacia 104
Gentian 109
rentiana 109
GENTIANACEAE 109
Gentian Faraily 109
Gerardia 125
Gerardieae 121
Giant-Hyssop 136
Gilia 111
Gill-over-the-ground 136
Gnaphalium 84
Goat’s-beard 98
rolden-rod Tt
Gratioleae 121
Gratiola 123
Grindelia 76
around Cherry 118
Ground Ivy 136
Ground Pink 111
Gromwell 114

Guelder-rose, Wild 69

142
-Harebell 1o1
Haw, Black 69
ilawkweed 98
Hedeoma 134
Hedge-Nettle 138
Helenieae 93
Helenium ey
Heliantbeae 73
Helianthus 87, 88, 89
Heliopsis 35
Hemp-Nettle 138
Herpestis 123
Hieracium Os
Hoarhound 1
Jloneysuekle 68
Bush 68
Honeysuckle Family 67
Horse Gentian 67
Horse- Mint Wy
Horse-Nettle 118
Horse- weed 83
Hound's Tongue 113
Houstonia TO
HypROPHYLLACEAE 111
Hydrophyllum L111
Huckleberry 104
Huekleberry Family 103
Ilysanthes 124
Indian Bean — 128, 129
Indian Currant 67
Indian Hemp 107
Indian Pipe 103
Inula 84
Inuleae fig
Ipomoea 116
Iva O65
Tron-weed 74
Isanthus 132
Jimson-weed 120
Joe-Pye Weed Td
Doellic 134
Krigia 97
Kuhnia 75
LABIATAE a1
DLieinara 76
Lactuca 99, 100
Lamium 138
Lappile 113
Leqouzica 102
LENTIBULARIACEAK 128
Leonurus 138
Lepachys 86
Leptilon 83
Liatris tal
LIGULIFLOKAE oT
Lilae 106
Linaria 11
Linnaea 67
Lippia 131
Liquorice, Wild 70
114

Lithospermum

INDEX.

Lobelia
Lonicera
Lonicereae
Lophanthus
Lopseed
Lousewort,
Lungwort
Lyciuin
Lyecopersicum
Lycopus
Lygodesmia
Lysimachia.
Madder Family
Marigold, Fetid
Marigold, Water
Martynia
MARTYNIACEAE
Marrubium
Matrimony Vine
May weed
Melampyrum
Mentha
MENYANTIACKAE
Menyanthes ~
Mertensia
Mesadenic
Milfoil
Milkweek
Milkweed Family
Milkweeds, Green
Mimuius
Miat Fataily
Mint, Wild
Mist-flower
Macerocalyx
Monarda
Monardeae
Monkey-flower
Monniera
Monotropa
MONOTROPACEAE
Morning Glory
Morning-glory
Family
Moschatel
Moscatel Family
Moss Pink
Motherwort
Mullein
Mullein Foxglove
Musk-root
Myosotis
Myriophyllum

Nbalus
Wieembtryia
Nepeta
Nepeteae
Nelumbo
Nicandra
Nightshade
Nothoculais

OLBACK AT

107,

Olive Family
Onosmodium
Orohanche
OROBANCHACEAE
Ox-eye, Rough
Oyster-plant

Parthenium
Pedicularis

Pevayroyal. Ameri-

can

Pennyroyal, False

Pentstemon
Peppermint
Persimmon
Phlox

Phlox Family
Phryma
Physalis
Physostegia
PLATAGINACE\E
Plantago
Plantain
Plantain Family
POLEMONTACKAE
Polemonium .
Potato

Potato Family
Polymnia
Prairie Dock
Prenanthes
PRIMULACEAE
Prunella
Prunus
Puccoon
Pyenanthemum
Pyrola
PYROLACEAB

Ragweed
Ragwort, Golden
Rutibida ;
Rhamaus
Rhinanthideae
Robin's Plantain
Rosin-weed
LUBIACBAK
Rubus
Rudbeekia
Ruellia

Sage

Salvia

Sand Bur
Sambuceae
Sambueus
Satureineae
Serophularia

SCROPHULARLACEAE

Seutellaria
Seutellarineae
Self-heal
Senecio
Senecioneae

INDEX. 143
Seymeria 1260) Thalesia — © 27 | Verbascum 121
Sheep-berry 69 | Thistle 95 | Verbena 130
Shin-leaf 103 | Thistle Family 72 | VERBENACEAE 130
Shooting Star 104 | Thorn-Apple 120 | Verbesina 89
Sicyos 140 | Tickseed 89 | Veronica 124
Silphium 84+ | Tobacco, Indian 102 | Vernonia T+
Skulleap 136 | Tomato j20 | Vernonieae ae
Mad-dog 137 | Tragopogon 97 | Vervain 130
Snakeroot, Button 75 | Tragopogon 98 | Vervain Family 130
Sneezeweed 0! | Tribulus 140 | Viburnum 69, 140
SOLANACEAL 117 | Trichostema 132 Sweet 69
Solanum 118 | Triosteum 67 | Vicia 140
Solidago 77, 78 | Troximon 49 | Viper’s Bugloss 115
Sonchus 101 | Trumpet Creeper 128 | Virginia Cowslip 114
Spearmint 133 | Trumpet Creeper Virgin’s Bower 139

Specularia 101 Family 128
Speedwell 124 | Turtle-head jo» | Water-leaf : 111
Stachydeae 132 Water-leaf Family 111
Stachys 138 | Unicorn-Plant 129 | Water Speedwell 124
Steironema 104 | Unicorn-plant White Hoarhound = 137
Sunflower 87 Family 120 | White Snake-root 7)
Symphoricarpos 67 | Utricularia 1s Wild Mint eo) 133
Sy tos nue O4 Wintergreen Family 102
= xe 9; | VACCINIACEAR 103 | Wolfberr 67
py mbhgats 1 | Vaccinium 104 as gn
Syringa 106 - Wormwood 92
Valerian 71) Wutfenia 125

Tanacetum 92 | Valeriana 71
Tansy GQ? eee el aa 71 | Nanthium 96

Yaraxacum yo | Valerianella 72
teenie j28 | Venus Looking- Yarrow 91
Teuerium 132] _.Blass 102 | ZyqornyLLACEAE — 140

Verbasceae 120

ERRATA.

Page is. lines 5, 10, and 22 for Pottawattomie read Pottawattamie. The

same mistake occurs several times in Part 1.
Page 74, last line for gounds read grounds,
Page 90, line 27 for D, counata read B. coninuta.
Page 98, line 15 for lowers read flowers.

Page 113, line 38 for Myosotus read Myosotis.
Page 127, line 7 for Decatus read Decatur. 7