New York State Callege of Agriculture At Gornell University Ithaca, N. B. Library RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. Flora of the northwest coast, including t Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001318322 PLORA OF “THE NORTHWEST COAST INCLUDING THE AREA WEST OF THE SUMMIT OF THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS FROM THE FORTY-NINTH PARALLEL SOUTH TO THE CALAPOOIA MOUNTAINS ON THE SOUTH BORDER OF LANE COUNTY, OREGON. BY CHARLES V. PIPER PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, 1893-1903. AND KRU REN] BEATILE PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, 1903-1912 PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING CCMPANY LANCASTER, PA. 1915 Copyright, 1915, by €. V. Pieper anp R. Kent BEATTIE @1772%5 Issued November ro, 1915 INTRODUCTION. The region covered by this flora is that lying between the summit of the Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean from the 49th parallel of latitude across the southern portion of Vancouver Island, south to the headwaters of the Willamette River or, more specifically, to the southern boundary of Lane County, Oregon, marked in part by the Calapooia Mountains. In the. Umpqua Valley just south of these mountains, many California plants reach their northern limits; while in the Rogue River Valley, the next southward, the flora is predominantly Californian. The northern boundary chosen is, from a botanical standpoint, purely artificial. Naturally, as marked by the northern limit of the characteristic lowland trees, it would extend to about latitude 54°, that is, nearly to the southernmost extremity of Alaska. In general the flora below 5,000 feet altitude is characterized by dense coniferous forests, the commonest tree being the Douglas spruce. Along the narrow river valleys, however, the tree flora is in large part made up of de- ciduous trees, such as alder, cottonwood, and maple. The only break in this continuous forest cover consisted originally of a series of prairies extending from the upper Willamette Valley northward to Vancouver Island. North of the head of Puget Sound, however, these prairies are small and are limited in the main to the extremities of points and to a portion of the islands in the Sound. In Washington these prairies are all gravelly and are mainly the deposit of glacial streams. In the Willamette Valley they appear at least in part to have been due to the periodic burning of the dry grass by the Indians. The flora of the region may be classified into four life zones: The Humid Transition zone includes the great forests of Douglas spruce, as well as the included prairie regions. Other characteristic trees are giant cedar, red alder, broadleaf maple and Scouler willow. Along the seacoast the Sitka spruce is abundant, accompanied by other northern plants. This coastal strip may be looked upon as a southward extension of the Canadian zone rather than as typical Humid Transition. The Canadian zone is not sharply limited. Such trees as weatera white pine, amabilis fir, and Engelmann spruce mark it best. Western hemlock is particularly abundant in this zone but also descends to sea level. The Hudsonian zone is indicated by subalpine fir, Alaska cedar, black hemlock, and white-bark pine. At their extreme altitudinal limits all of these become prostrate mats of branches. The Arctic zone consists of the alpine flora above the limits of trees. From a botanical standpoint the region is of unusual interest on account of its magnificent coniferous forests, its wonderful mountain meadows, and the large percentage of species that are peculiar to its flora. The extensive iv INTRODUCTION. systems of high mountains within its limits contain a very varied flora and provide a wide field for further botanical explorations. Without doubt these mountains contain many species of plants new to botanists, while many others as yet are known from but single collections. The lack of a suitable handbook has doubtless deterred many from studying the plants of the region. If this book shall stimulate greater activity and interest in its flora, the authors will feel amply repaid for their labors. The material upon which this flora is based is mainly that contained in the herbarium of the State College of Washington. Thanks are due to the officials of that institution for encouragement and support in the preparation of this volume. ANALYTICAL KEYS TO THE FAMILIES. Plants with woody bundles, reproducing by spores. Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA, v. Plants with woody bundles, reproducing by seeds. Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA, v. Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA. Leaves few, large; stems mostly underground. Leaves 4-foliolate, clover-like; spore cases in closed pod-like sporocarps. MARSILEACEAE, 10. Leaves not 4-foliolate; spore cases not in sporo- carps. Spore cases in the tissue of a prominent and distinct fertile lobe of the leaf. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 8. Spore cases formed of outgrowths from the surface of the leaf. POLYPODIACEAE, 1. Leaves numerous, small; stems aerial and under- ground. Leaves whorled; stems jointed, hollow. EQUISETACEAE, 11. Leaves not whorled; stems not jointed, solid. Spore case in the enlarged base of the leaf; stems short, corm-like. ISOETACEAE, 15, Spore case in the axil of the leaf; stems elongated. Spores all alike. LycopopDIAcEae, 13. Spores of two kinds, large and small. SELAGINELLACEAE, 14. Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA. Ovules and seeds not in a closed cavity, usually on the face of an open scale- leaf; stigmas none. Class GYMNOSPERMAE, v. Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity surrounded by one or more closed and modified leaves forming an ovary; stigmas present. Cotyledon one; stem with no distinction into bark, wood and pith (endog- enous); leaves usually parallel-veined; parts of the flowers nearly always in threes. Sub-class MONOCOTYLEDONES, v. Cotyledons two; stem (with rare exceptions) of bark, wood and pith (exogenous); leaves usually net-veined; parts of the flower in fours, fives or sixes, never in threes. Sub-class DICOTYLEDONES, vi. CLass GYMNOSPERMAE. Fruit a cone. PINACEAE, 17. Fruit drupe-like. TAXACEAE, 16. Ciass ANGIOSPERMAE. Sub-class MONOCOTYLEDONES. Plants small, floating, with no distinction of stem and leaves. LEMNACEAE, 86. Plants with normal foliage. vi KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Inflorescence a fleshy spadix. Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix. Perianth none, or of bristles, chaffy scales or a hyaline envelope. Flowers in the axils of chaffy bracts. Stems mostly hollow, jointed; leaves 2-ranked. Stems solid; leaves 3-ranked. Flowers not in the axils of chaffy bracts. Perianth herbaceous or none. Carpels 1-5, separate. Carpels 3 or 6, united into a com- pound ovary. Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Flowers in terminal cylindrical spikes. Flowers in axillary globular heads. aT present, the parts glume- or petal- ike. Perianth of glume-like segments. Perianth at least in part petal-like. Carpels distinct. Carpels united. Ovary superior. Flowers more or less irregular, surrounded by a spathe. Flowers regular, without a spathe. Ovary inferior. Aquatic plants; flowers dioe- cious or polygamous. Terrestrial plants; flowers perfect. Flowers regular. Flowers irregular. ARACEAE, 85. POACEAE, 31. CYPERACEAE, 65. NAJADACEAE, 25. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, 29. TYPHACEAE, 23. SPARGANIACEAE, 24. JUNCACEAE, 87. ALISMACEAE, 30. PONTEDERIACEAE, 86. LILIACEAE, 92. HyYDROCHARITACEAE, 30. IRIDACEAE, 104. ORCHIDACEAE, 106. Sub-class DICOTYLEDONES. I. Perats DIsTINCT TO THE BASE OR WANTING. A. Petals None. Plants parasitic or saprophytic and usually with- out chlorophyll. Flowers dioecious; stamens 2-6. Flowers perfect; stamens 10. Plants neither parasitic nor saprophytic but hav- ing chlorophyll. Trees or shrubs, Leaves small, linear or scale-like; plants heath-like. Leaves large; plants not heath-like. Leaves opposite. Leaves silvery-scurfy. Leaves not silvery-scurfy. Fruit a drupe. Fruit a samara. LORANTHACEAE, 122. Allotropa, 271. EMPETRACEAE, 232. ELAEAGNACEAE, 244, Garrya, 269. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. vii Fruit 2-celled, a double sa- mara. Fruit 1-celled, a single samara. Leaves alternate. Flowers not in aments. Flowers or some of them in aments. Staminate flowers in aments; pistillate flowers 1-3 in a cluster. Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled; calyx not present. Ovary 1-2-celled, each cell 1-ovuled. Pistillate flowers 2-3 un- der each scale of the ament; fruit not waxy; calyx present. Pistillate flowers 1 under each scale of the ament; fruit waxy; calyx not present. Herbs (sometimes woody at base). Leaves opposite. Flowers monoecious. Ovary 1-celled; stamens 2-5. Ovary more than 1-celled; stamen 1. Ovary 4-celled. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers perfect. Leaves fleshy. Leaves not fleshy. Style 1. Calyx petal-like. Calyx not petal-like. Styles 2-5. Disk conspicuous; ovules on 2 parietal placentae. Disk not conspicuous, if present; ovules on a basal or central placenta. Leaves not opposite. Leaves whorled. Calyx present, closely investing the ovary. Calyx none. Leaves not whorled. * Flowers monoecious. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Flowers with scarious bracts. Flowers bractless, or, if bracted, the bracts not scarious. Flowers perfect or dioecious. Pistils more than one. ACERACEAE, 235. OLEACEAE, 287. Rhamnus, 236. FAGACEAE, 121. SALICACEAE, 112. BETULACEAE, 119. Myricace4g, 118. URTICACEAE, 122. CALLITRICHACEAE, 231. EUPHORBIACEAE, 230. Glaux, 285. NYCTAGINACEAE, 135. Isnardia, 247. Chrysosplenium, 193. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141. HALORAGIDACEAE, 253. CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 151. EUPHORBIACEAE, 230. AMARANTHACEAE, 134. CHENOPODIACEAE, 132. viii Stamens perigynous. Stamens hypogynous. Pistil one. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Anthers not opening by up- lifted valves. Ovary more than 1-celled. Ovary 2-celled. Ovary more than 2- celled. Ovary 6-celled. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovary 1-celled. Ovary partly inferior. Flowers on a scape. Flowers on a leafy stem. Ovary superior. Fruit an akene. Akene enclosed in the re- ceptacle. Akene not en- closed in the receptacle. Fruit not an akene. Fruit a utricle. Fruit a capsule. Stamens 8. Stamens 5. B. Petals Present. 1. Stamens numerous, at least more than ten sepals or calyx-lobes. Calyx free and separate from the ovary. Pistils more than one. Ovaries cohering in a ring around a central axis. Ovaries separate, or, if united, not cohering in a ring around a central axis. Stamens perigynous. Stamens hypogynous. Aquatic plants; leaves not dissected. Terrestrial plants, or, if aquatic, the submersed leaves dissected. Pistil one, with one to several styles and stig- mas. a minutely punctate with pellucid ots. Leaves not punctate with pellucid dots. Ovary simple. Stamens hypogynous. Stamens perigynous. Ovary compound. EY TO THE FAMILIES. Rosaceae, 197. RANUNCULACEAE, 151. Achlys, 164. CRUCIFERAE, 166. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 124. AIZOACEAE, 136. Heuchera, 196. SANTALACEAE, 124. RosackEak, 197. POLYGONACEAE, 125. CHENOPODIACEAE, 132. Chrysosplenium, 193. Claytonia, 139. and more than twice the MALVACEAE, 238. ROSACEAE, 197. NYMPHAEACEAE, 150. RANUNCULACEAE, 151. HYPERICACEAE, 239, RANUNCULACEAE, 151. RosAcEAk, 197. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. 1x Ovary 1-celled with a central pla- centa. Ovary several-celled. Ovary 5-celled. Ovary 10-20-celled. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the compound ovary. Ovary more than 1-celled. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Ovary 1-celled. Placenta basal; plants leafy. Placenta parietal; plants leafless or with minute leaves. PORTULACACEAE, 136. OXALIDACEAE, 229. NYMPHAEACEAE, 150. RosacEak, 197, Philadelphus, 188. PORTULACACEAE, 136. CacTACEAE, 244, 2. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Stamens opposite the petals. Ovary 2-4-celled. Ovary 1-celled. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Anthers not opening by uplifted valves. Stamens not opposite the petals. Ovary at least half inferior. Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell of the ovary. Ovules and seeds but one in each cell of the ovary. Petals 5. Trees or shrubs; flowers in corymbs. Herbs; flowers in umbels or heads. Petals 2 or 4. Stamens 4; fruit a drupe. Stamens 2 or 8; fruit indehiscent and nut- or bur-like. Style 1; stigma 2—4-lobed. Styles or sessile stigmas 4. Ovary wholly superior. Ovaries two or more. Ovaries somewhat united at the base, separate above. Trees. Herbs. Ovaries entirely separate. Stamens hypogynous. Carpels numerous. Carpels 4 or 5. Stamens perigynous or epipetalous. Stamens just twice as many as the pistils. Stamens not just twice as many as the pistils. Leaves without stipules. Leaves with stipules. Ovary only one. Ovary 3-5-lobed and beaked with a united style. RHAMNACEAE, 236. BERBERIDACEAE, 163. PORTULACACEAE, 136. ONAGRACEAE, 246. Crataegus, 200. UMBELLIFERAE, 255. CORNACEAE, 268. ONAGRACEAE, 246. HALORAGIDACEAE, 253. ACERACEAE, 235. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184. RANUNCULACEAE, 151. CRASSULACEAE, 182. CRASSULACEAE, 182. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184. ROSACEAE, 197. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Carpels 5; stipules present. Carpels 2-4; stipules none. Ovary neither lobed nor beaked. Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta. Ovary compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentae, styles or stigmas. Ovary 1-celled. Corolla irregular. Stamens 6; petals 4. Stamens and petals 5. Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule 1. Shrubs or trees. Herbs. Ovules more than 1. Placenta central basal. Placentae parietal. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. Leaves not punc- tate. Plants not green, parasitic or saprophytic. Plants green, neither parasitic nor sapro- phytic. Leaves with bristly glandular hairs, forming in- sect traps. Leaves with- out bristly glandular hairs. Ovary 2-several-celled. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs. Stamens 2. Stamens more than 2. Herbs. Stamens 6, tetradyna- mous. Stamens 5, regular. Stamens either just as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell of the ovary. or GERANIACEAE, 228. LIMNANTHACEAE, 232. LEGUMINOSAE, 212. PAPAVERACEAE, 164. VIOLACEAE, 241. ANACARDIACEAE, 233. CRUCIFERAE, 166. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141. HYPERICACEAE, 239. PYROLACEAE, 270. DROSERACEAE, 182. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184. OLEACEAE, 287. ACERACEAE, 235. CRUCIFERAE, 166. BALSAMINACEAE, 236. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. xi Herbs. Shrubs or trees. Leaves _ pinnately- veined; shrubs. Leaves palmately- veined; trees. Ovules several-many in each cell of the ovary. Leaves opposite, with stipules. Leaves, when opposite, without stipules. Stamensonthecalyx. Style 1. Styles 2 or 3. Stamens free from the calyx. Style 1. Herbs. Shrubs. Styles 2-5. Stamens and calyx uni- ted to the ovary. Stamens and calyx free from the ovary. Leaves trifolio- late. Leaves simple. GERANIACEAE, 228. CELASTRACEAE, 234. ACERACEAE, 235. ELATINACEAE, 241. LYTHRACEAE, 245. SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184. PYROLACEAE, 270. ERICACEAE, 275. ARALIACEAE, 254. OXALIDACEAE, 229. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141. II. Petars More or Less UNITED INTO ONE PIECE. Stamens more numerous than the corolla-lobes. Ovary 1-celled. White or reddish chlorophyll-less parasitic or saprophytic herbs. Green chlorophyll-bearing herbs, not para- sitic nor saprophytic. Ovary with 1 parietal placenta. Ovary with 2 parietal placentae. Ovary 3—many-celled. Stamens united with the base of the corolla. Stamens free from the corolla. Chlorophyll-less parasitic or saprophytic herbs. Chlorophyll-bearing herbs, not parasitic nor saprophytic. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes or fewer. Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes. Style 1; fruit a several to many-seeded capsule. Styles 5; fruit a 1-seeded utricle. PYROLACEAE, 270, LEGUMINOSAE, 212. PAPAVERACEAE, 164. MALVACEAE, 238. PYROLACEAE, 270. ERICACEAE, 275. PRIMULACEAE, 283. PLUMBAGINACEAE, 286. xil Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes or fewer. Ovary inferior. Tendril-bearing herbs. Tendrils none. Flowers in an involucrate head on a common receptacle. Anthers united into a ring or tube (syngenesious). Anthers not united. Flowers not in an involucrate head nor on a common receptacle. Stamens on the ovary. Stamens on the corolla. Stamens 1-3. Stamens 4 or 5. Leaves opposite or whorled, when opposite with stip- ules. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Ovary superior. Corolla more or less irregular. Ovules solitary in the cells of the ovary. Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. Ovary not lobed, the style rising from its apex. Ovules 2 or more, usually numerous, in each cell. Ovary and pod 2-celled. Ovary and pod 1-celled. Chlorophyll-less _ terrestrial herbs. Chlorophyll-bearing aquatic herbs. Corolla regular. Stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes. Trees or shrubs. Herbs. Corolla scarious. Corolla not scarious. Style 2-lobed. Style simple. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Ovaries 2, separate. Ovary 1. Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. Leaves alternate. Leaves opposite. Ovary not deeply lobed. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves entire, opposite. Leaves alternate or basal, rarely en- tire. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. CUCURBITACEAE, 341. CoMPosITAE, 345. DIPSACACEAE, 341. CAMPANULACEAE, 342. VALERIANACEAE, 339. RUBIACEAE, 334. CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 336. LABIATAE, 306. VERBENACEAE, 305. SCROPHULARIACEAE, 315. OROBANCHACEAE, 330. LENTIBULARIACEAE, 332. OLEACEAE, 287. PLANTAGINACEAE, 333. Lycopus, 307. Veronica, 322. APOCYNACEAE, 290. BORAGINACEAE, 299. Mentha, 308. GENTIANACEAE, 287. KEY TO THE FAMILIES. Corolla — conspicu- ously bearded on the upper sur- face. Corolla not conspic- uously bearded. Ovary 2 or more celled. Stamens free from the corolla. Stamens on the corolla- tube. Stamens 4. Stamens 5. Fruit a many- seeded pod or berry. Fruit a _ few- seeded pod. Style 3-lobed. undi- vided or 2- cleft. Whitish or yel- low chloro- phyll- less plants. Green plants. Style xili MENYANTHACEAE, 289. HyDROPHYLLACEAE, 297. ERICACEAE, 275. PLANTAGINACEAE, 333. SOLANACEAE, 314, POLEMONIACEAE, 292. CUSCUTACEAE, 291. CONVOLVULACEAE, 290, FLORA OF THE NORTHWEST COAST PHYLUM I. PTERIDOPHYTA. Fern PLants. Plant containing woody tissue and vessels in the stem and producing spores asexually which, on germination, develop very small structures called prothallia, on which are borne the sexual reproductive organs from which the asexual plant is developed. The sexual plant is rarely collected, and the classification is based mainly on the characters of the asexual plant. Class I. FILICINEAE. Plant highly organized, vascular, with green usually large leaves; spores borne within the tissue of, or in modi- fied hairs on, modified or unmodified foliage leaves; stem solid, underground (in ours). Family 1. POLYPODIACEAE. Fern Famity. Sporangia stalked, surrounded by a more or less complete vertical annulus and bursting transversely; fruit dots on the backs or the margins-of the leaves, with or without indusia. Indusium none. Fruit dots usually linear, obscured by a powder on the under surface of the leaf. 1. CEROPTERIS, 2. Fruit dots roundish, not obscured by a powder. Leaves entire or simply pinnate. 2. PoLypopium, 2. Leaves bipinnatifid or ternate. 3. PHEGOPTERIS, 3. Indusium present. Fruit dots with marginal false indusia formed of the more or less altered edge of the leaf. Sporangia on a marginal vein which connects the ends of the lateral veins. 4, PTERIDIUM, 4. Sporangia at or near the ends of unconnected veins. False indusium continuous. 5. CRYPTOGRAMMA, 4. False indusium not continuous. Fruit dots large, on a reflexed portion of the margin of the leaf. 6. ADIANTUM, 4. Fruit dots minute, finally running together and covering the leaf- 2 I 2 POLY PODIACEAE. segments which are small and bead- like (in ours). 7. CHEILANTHES, 5. Fruit dots on the lower surface or margin of the leaf, each with a special indusium. Fruit dots linear or oblong; indusium more than twice as long as broad. Fruit dots all parallel with the midribs. Veins free. 8. STRUTHIOPTERIS, 5. Veins forming a network. 9. WoopwARDIA, 5. Fruit dots all oblique to the midribs. Fruit dots straight, on the upper side of the veins. 10. ASPLENIUM, 6. Fruit dots curved, often crossing the vein 11. AtHyrRium, 6. Fruit dots roundish; indusium less than twice as long as broad. Indusium conspicuous, centrally attached. Indusium rotund and attached at its center. 12. PoLysticHuM, 6. Indusium heart-shaped and attached at the middle of the sinus. 13. DryopTERIs, 7. Indusium inconspicuous, not attached at the center. Indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner side partly under the fruit-dot, early withering. 14, Fivix, 8. Indusium rotund or star-shaped, at- tached under the fruit-dot. 15. Woopsta, 8. 1. CEROPTERIS. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, following the course of the vein- lets, and like them simple, forked, pinnate or variously anasto- mosing, obscured by a yellowish or white powder on the back of the leaf (in ours); indusia wanting. Ceropteris triangularis (Kaulf.) Underw. (Gymnogramme triangularis Kaulf.) Gold-back Fern. Stalks tufted, slender, dark brown, shiny, 15-30 cm. long; blades triangular or pentagonal, 5-12 cm. broad and long, pinnate; 1ower divisions largest, bipinnatifid, the others pinnately lobed; under surface of the leaf covered with a yellow powder. Crevices of rocks, mostly near the sea coast. Vancouver Island to Cali- fornia and Arizona. Nanaimo, Mount Finlayson, Victoria, San Juan Island, Port Angeles, Eatonville. More common on the Oregon coast. 2. POLYPODIUM. Fruit dots round, without indusia, on the back of the leaf, in one or more rows on each side of the midrib, or irregularly scattered; petioles jointed to the root-stock. Leaves leathery; veins more or less netted. P. scouleri. Leaves membranous; veins free. Leaflets attenuate, acute or acuminate. P. occidentale. Leaflets short, obtuse. P. hesperium. POLYPODIACEAE. 3 Polypodium scouleri Hook. & Grev. Leather-leaf Polypody. Rootstock stout, scaly, not licorice-flavored; leaves large, fleshy, 6-30 cm. long, 5-15 cm. wide; divisions obtuse, the lower ones largest. On trees and rocks along the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to California. Polypodium occidentale (Hook.) Maxon. (P. falcatum Kellogg.) Licorice- root Fern. Leaf-stalks pale green, 10-20 cm. long; blades thin, 20-40 cm. long, 8-12 cm. wide, divided to the midrib; divisions lanceolate, broadest at the base, sharply serrate, attenuate-acuminate; veins mostly 4-branched. Common in moss on rocks, logs and trees, Alaska to California. The rootstocks taste much like licorice, and are eaten by children. Occasionally the divisions of the leaf are deeply cleft. Polypodium hesperium Maxon. Leaves small, 5-15 cm. long, including the stalk; divisions few, short and obtuse. In crevices of rocks, especially in the mountains. British Columbia to Montana and Arizona. The rootstocks taste like licorice. 3. PHEGOPTERIS. BrrcuH FERN. Medium sized or small ferns; leaves twice to thrice pinnate or ternate; leaf-stalk continuous with the rootstock; fruit dots small, round, without an indusium, borne on the backs of the veins below or near their ends; veins free or reticulate. United by some botanists with Dryopteris. Plant densely tufted; leaves oblong-lanceolate, tripinnatifid. P. alpestris. Plant spreading by rootstocks; leaves triangular. Leaves bipinnatifid; rachis winged. P. phegopteris. Leaves ternate, the stalked divisions pinnate or bipinnate; rachis wingless. P. dryopteris. Phegopteris alpestris (Hoppe) Mett. In crown-like tufts; rootstock short, stout; leaf-stalks 10-25 cm. long, bearing a few brown scales; blades oblong-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, tripinnatifid; ultimate divisions ovate- lanceolate, doubly incised and toothed. Common in rock talus in the mountains at 1500-2000 m. elevation. British Columbia to Montana and California. Eurasia. Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) Keyserling. Rootstocks creeping; leaf-stalks 15-20 cm. long; blades triangular, longer than broad, 10-20 cm. long, pubes- cent on the veins beneath; divisions lanceolate, pinnately parted into many oblong obtuse lobes or segments. Alaska to Greenland, south to Washington, Iowa and Virginia. Rare in our limits. Monte Cristo, Misses Coffin & Goodspeed. Gorge of the Columbia River, Skamania County, Suksdorf. Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee. Rootstock slender, horizontally creeping; petioles 15-25 cm. tall, pale straw-colored, shiny, bearing a few brownish scales toward the base; blades broadly triangular in outline, 10-20 cm. wide, ternate, the lateral primary divisions bipinnate, the terminal usually tripinnate, all naked at the base; pinnae oblong, 2-5 cm. long, glabrous, pinnately-cleft or divided into 15-25 obtuse lobes; fruit dots near the margin, on the ends of free veins. In woods, especially at 400-1000 m. elevation, but occasionally near sea level. Alaska to Oregon; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. 4 POLY PODIACEAE. 4, PTERIDIUM. Large, mostly coarse ferns, with variously divided leaves; fruit dots marginal, linear, continuous on a slender thread-like receptacle which connects the tips of free veins; false indusium membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf. Pteridium aquilinum pubescens Underw. Bracken or Brake. Root- stock stout, black, subterranean, horizontally-creeping; petioles 30-120 cm. high, erect, pale-green or straw-colored; leaf-blades 60-120 cm. long, 30-90 cm. wide, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, ternate, the three branches each bipinnate; ultimate segments oblong, acutish, mostly entire, the uppermost coalescent, the lower more or less lobed. Common and difficult to eradicate from newly tilled land. In rich woods this fern is sometimes eight feet tall. British Columbia to California and Arizona. 5. CRYPTOGRAMMA. Spore-cases on the back of the free forking veins, forming oblong or roundish fruit-dots, which at length run together and cover the backs of the smallest subdivisions of the leaf; indusium continuous, formed of the membranous somewhat altered margin of the leaf, at first reflexed along the two sides and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat. Margins of the fertile leaflets scarious, forming a false indus- ium; ultimate segments of the sterile leaves linear-lanceo- late, acute. C. densa. Margins of fertile leaflets not scarious; ultimate segments of the sterile leaves ovate, obtuse. C. acrostichoides. Cryptogramma densa (Brack.) Diels. (Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook.) Densely tufted, 10-20 cm. high; petioles dark brown, longer than the blades; blades 3-6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, tripinnate; leaflets crowded, linear- lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long, mucronate, entire on the fertile leaves, serrate on the sterile ones. In rock crevices in the mountains, British Columbia to Montana and California. Rare in our limits, Olympic Mountains, Clallam County, Wash- ington, Elmer; Mt. Finlayson, British Columbia, Macoun. Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. Stalks tufted, straw-colored; blades of two sorts, the outer sterile ones on shorter stalks, the ovate or obovate ultimate segments crenate or incised; the inner fertile ones long-stalked, the ultimate segments elliptic or oblong, pod-like. Common among boulders at low elevations in the mountains, Alaska to Lake Superior, Colorado and California. First collected by Menzies at Nootka Sound. 6. ADIANTUM. Marpen Harr Fern. Fruit-dots marginal, short, covered by the reflexed portion of the more or less altered margin of the leaf which bears spore- cases on its under side from the tips of the free forking veins. Adiantum pedatum aleuticum Rupr. Maidenhair. Leafstalks dark brown or black, polished, 30-40 cm, high; blades nearly circular, the principal POLY PODIACEAE. 5 divisions 10-25 cm. long; ultimate divisions numerous, oblong or ovate, obtuse, lobed on the outer margin. Wet banks and woods, not uncommon. Alaska to California. 7. CHEILANTHES. Mostly pubescent or tomentose rock-loving and small ferns with much divided leaves; fruit dots on or near the ends of the veins, at first small and distinct, afterwards crowded; sporangia often concealed in the scales or hairs which in many species cover the segments. The species occurring within our limits has the ultimate segments of the leaflets very small and circular in form and the false indusia formed by the incurving of the whole of the leaf margin. Cheilanthes gracillima D.C. Eaton. Lace Fern. Petioles densely tufted, shining brown, 4-8 cm. high, bearing a few scattered lanceolate scales; blades 2-8 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate; leaflets numerous, crowded, pin- nately divided into 5-9 oval mostly entire segments, glabrate above, pubescent beneath with rusty matted woo.. Common in rock crevices in the mountains at 1000-1500 m. altitude. British Columbia to Idaho and California. Common in the Olympic Moun- tains and on Vancouver Island. 8. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Fruit-dots in a continuous band next the midrib of the con- tracted ultimate segments of the spore-bearing leaf, covered until mature by an elongated indusium parallel to and within the margin; veins of the sterile leaf segments oblique to the midrib, simple or forked and free; leaves pinnate, of two kinds, the spore- bearing commonly much contracted. Struthioperis spicant (L.) Weiss. Deer Fern. Tufted; sterile leaves short-stalked, linear-lanceolate in outline, 15-60 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide, the numerous segments oblong and obtuse; fertile leaves taller, longer-stalked and more erect, the segments longer, narrower and less crowded. In wet places in woods, Alaska to California. Also in the Old World. 9. WOODWARDIA. Fruit dots oblong or linear, sunk in cavities in the leaf, ar- ranged in a chain-like row parallel and near to the midribs of the leaf-segments; indusium fixed by its outer margin to a vein and covering the cavity like a lid; veins more or less in a network. Woodwardia spinulosa Mart. & Gal. Rootstock stout, covered with pale-brown scales; leaves in a round cluster, long-stalked, ovate-oblong, pinnate, leathery, 1-2 m. long; principal divisions lanceolate, 10-40 cm. long, deeply pinnatifid, the lobes spinulose-serrate, acuminate. In woods, British Columbia to Mexico. Near Tacoma, Flett; Texada Island, Anderson. More common southward. 6 POLY PODIACEAE. 10. ASPLENIUM. SpLreENWoRT. Fruit dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; indusium straight, attached to the upper side of the vein; veins free. Rachis of the leaf brown; leaflets oval, slightly crenate. A. trichomanes. Rachis of the leaf green; leaflets ovate, deeply crenate. A, viride. Asplenium trichomanes L. Common Spleenwort. Leaf-stalks tufted, dark-brown, shiny; blades simply pinnate, linear in outline, 6-20 cm. long; leaflets oval or oblong, unsymmetrical, obscurely crenate, 15-30 pairs, firm and evergreen, with a brown rachis. Mossy rocks, rare in our limits. Alaska to Arizona. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Asplenium viride Huds. Much like A. trichomanes, but the thinner paler leaflets deeply crenate and the rachis of the leaf green. Mount Baker, Washington, Flett; Ucluelet, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun. A rare but widely distributed fern. Alaska to Washing- ton, Colorado and New England. Eurasia. 11. ATHYRIUM. Large or small ferns with simple, lobed, 2—3-pinnate or pin- natifid leaves; fruit dots oblong or linear (nearly round when young), oblique, separate; indusium more or less curved, some- times horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the outer or lower side of the vein; veins free. Athyrium cyclosorum Rupr. Rootstock creeping, short, densely covered by the bases of the petioles; petioles tufted, 20-30 cm. long, straw-colored or brownish; blades delicate, glabrous, broadly oblong-lanceolate or oblong- ovate, acuminate at the apex, 30-90 cm. long, bipinnate to tripinnatifid; ‘leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long; ultimate segments oblong, obtuse, obscurely 9-13-lobed, the lobes serrate; terminal segments confluent; fruit dots short, straight or curved. In swampy places, common. Very similar to the more eastern Lady-fern, A. filix-foemina. Alaska to Arizona and Nebraska. 12. POLYSTICHUM. Large or medium sized ferns, mostly with firm evergreen leaves, pinnate, bipinnate or bipinnatifid, the leaflets serrate and usually auricled at the base on the upper side; veins free; indusium orbicular and peltate, depressed in the center and attached by a stall to the middle of the fruit dot; fruit dots round. Leaflets, at least the lower ones, lobed. P. scopulinum. Leaflets all simple. Leaf-stalk short; segments triangular or broadly lanceolate. P. lonchitis. Leaf-stalk long; segments linear-lanceolate. P. munitum. Polystichum scopulinum (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Leaves lanceolate in outline, short-stalked, 15-25 cm. long; divisions ovate, obtusish, serrate, the lower ones usually pinnately lobed. In loose rocks in the mountains, rare. Eatonville, Flett; Mount Adams, Henderson. Washington and Idaho to California and Utah. POLYPODIACEAE, iA Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth. Holly Fern. Leaves densely tufted, 20-40 cm. long, very short stalked, pinnate; divisions broadly lanceolate, auricled on the upper side, spinulose-dentate, 2-4 cm. long, the lowest ones much shorter and triangular. In rocky places in the mountains. Alaska to Quebec, Colorado and Cal- ifornia. Eurasia. Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl. Pacific Christmas Fern. Leaves simply pinnate, 60-120 cm. long, forming a crown; petioles stout, chaffy with numerous brown scales; rachis also chaffy; leaflets linear or lanceolate-linear, acuminate, very sharply and often doubly serrate, sometimes chaffy on the midvein beneath, 3-10 cm. long; fruit dots abundant, arranged in a row on each side of the midrib half-way to the margin. Very common in the woods. Alaska to Idaho and California. Polystichum munitum imbricans (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Like the species but smaller, the leaves 20-40 cm. long; divisions much overlapping each other, oblique to the rachis and cuspidate at the apex. Among rocks in the mountains at 1000 to 1700 m. elevation. British Columbia to California, rather rare. Polystichum munitum inciso-serratum (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Differs from the species mainly in the leaflets being deeply incised and the lobes serrate; the base of the leaflets usually conspicuously auriculate. Rare, British Columbia to California. 13. DRYOPTERIS. Sure_p Fern. Fruit-dots round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of the veins; indusium flat or flattish, heart-shaped and attached at the middle of its sinus; veins nearly always free. Veins simple or once forked; leaves glandular. D. oreopteris. Veins freely forking; leaves not glandular. Leaves bipinnate, thin and delicate. D. spinulosa. Leaves tripinnate, firm, half-evergreen. D. rigida. Dryopteris oreopteris (Sw.) Maxon. Tufted; leaf-stalks short, scaly at base; leaves bipinnatifid, broadly lanceolate, glandular, 60-90 cm. long; ultimate segments oblong, nearly entire; indusia delicate, toothed on the mar- ins. In the mountains, Alaska to Washington. Eurasia. Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Bridge Creek, Okanogan County, Elmer. Very rare south of Alaska. Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata (Hoffm.) Underw. Wood Fern. A tufted delicate fern; leaf-stalks 15-40 cm. long with slender dark brown scales; blades tripinnate or tripinnatifid, broadly ovate in outline, 30-40 cm. long; ultimate divisions oblong-lanceolate, the lowest ones longest, spinulose-toothed; indusia minutely glandular ciliate. In rich woods, common. Alaska to Newfoundland, south to California, Montana and Virginia. Eurasia. Dryopteris rigida arguta (Kaulf.) Underw. Leaf-stalks clustered; blades firm, half-evergreen, 30-90 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate; ultimate segments oblong, incised and spinulose; indusia bearing stalked glands. Principally in rocky places. Alaska to California, more common south- ward. Victoria, Anderson; Sauvies Island, Oregon, Howell. 8 POLYPODIACEAE. 14, FILIX. Delicate rock-ferns; leaves 2—3-pinnate or pinnatifid; leaf- stalks slender; fruit-dots round, borne on the backs of the veins; indusium attached by a broad base on the inner side partly under the fruit dot, early opening and withering away. Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Bladder Fern. Rootstock short; petioles 10- 20 cm. long; blades thin, oblong-lanceolate, only slightly tapering below, 10-25 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, 2-3-pinnatifid or pinnate; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, irregularly pinnatifid with bluntly or sharply-toothed segments along the mar- gined or winged rachis; texture membranous. On moist cliffs in the mountains, rare in our limits. Alaska to California, eastward to Labrador. Eurasia. 15. WOODSIA. Small or medium sized ferns, growing in rocky places; leaves once or twice pinnate or pinnatifid; fruit dots round, borne on the backs of simply forked free veins; indusium attached under the fruit dot, round or star-shaped, delicate, early withering. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; lobes of the indusium hair-like. W. oregana. Leaves viscid-puberulent; lobes of the indusium broader at base. W. scopulina. Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short; petioles glabrous, not jointed, brownish below; blades glabrous or slightly roughened, 5—28 cm. long, elliptic-lanceolate, the sterile shorter than the fertile; pinnae triangular- oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid; lower leaflets reduced in size and somewhat remote from the others; rachis straw-colored; segments oblong or ovate, dentate or crenate, the teeth often reflexed and covering the fruit dots; indusium deeply cleft into hair-like segments. Cowichan River, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Commoneast of the Cascade Mountains. Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. Densely tufted, whole plant puberulent with minute white jointed hairs and stalked glands; blades pinnate, 10-20 cm. long, the numerous ultimate divisions oblong-ovate, acutish, deeply cleft into 5-7 pairs of short obtuse lobes; indusium deeply divided into segments that are broader at base. On moist cliffs, rare in our limits. Victoria, Anderson; Cape Horn, Colum- bia River, Piper. British Columbia to Ontario, Arizona and California. Family 2. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ApprErR’s ToNGUE FAMILY. Plant consisting of an underground stem bearing one or more leaves which rise above ground and are divided usually into two parts, a fertile portion and a sterile portion, the latter being the foliage part of the leaf; frequently the fertile portion lacking in some of the leaves; sporangia borne within the tissue of the fertile portion, ringless, opening by a transverse slit. Sterile portion of leaf simple. 16. OPHIOGLOsSUM, 9. Sterile portion of leaf compound. 17. BorrycuHium, 9, OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 9 16. OPHIOGLOSSUM. AppER ToNGuE. Rootstock erect and fleshy, with slender fleshy roots; sterile part of leaf somewhat fleshy, simple, entire; veins reticulated; fertile segment simple, unbranched, with two rows of sessile connate sporangia; spores numerous, sulphur-yellow. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Plant 5-40 cm. high, the leaf usually solitary; sterile segment of leaf sessile, oblong to ovate, obtuse, 5-9 cm. long; veins forming a loose network. In moist meadows, rare. Falcon Valley, Mount Adams, and in Skamania County, Suksdorf. 17. BOTRYCHIUM. Grape FERN. Rootstock very short, with clustered fleshy roots; sterile part of the leaf ternately or pinnately divided or compound; veins free; fertile segment 1-3-pinnate, each pinnule bearing a double row of sessile sporangia; spores numerous, sulphur-yellow. Bud in a cavity at one side of the base of the stem; leaves thin, ternate, then pinnately much divided. B. virginianum. Bud inelased in the base of the stalk; leaves thickish, rather eshy. Sterile portion of leaf arising near the base of the rather large leaf stalk; buds pilose. B. silatfolium. Sterile portion of leaf arising near the middle of the usually small leaf stalk; buds glabrous. Green part of leaf oblong, its segments fan-shaped. Segments truncate at base, overlapping. B. lunaria. Segments cuneate at base, distant. B. onondagense. Green part of leaf triangular or ovate, the segments not fan-shaped. Segments lanceolate, acute; midvein continuous. _B. lanceolatum. Segments ovate-oblong, obtuse; midvein dissipated. B. ramosum. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. Plant 15-60 cm. high; sterile portion of the leaf above the middle of the stalk, triangular in outline, sessile, delicate in texture, ternate; ultimate divisions numerous, oblong, cut-toothed near the apex. : Borders of wet meadows, rare in our limits. Botrychium silaifolium Pres]. Stout, rather fleshy, 10-35 cm. high; stem very short and stout, swollen with the contained bud of the succeeding season; leaves one or two, their petioles stout, 2-12 cm. long; sterile blades 8-20 cm. wide, scarcely as long, ternate, the primary divisions tripinnate or quadri- pinnatifid; ultimate segments obliquely ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, thick, entire or wavy, the veins few, obscure; sporophy]l erect, the petiole stout, the fruiting portion quadripinnate below, gradually simpler above; sporangia numerous, crowded, bright yellow. Borders of wet meadows, infrequent. First found by Haenke at Nootka Sound. This is very closely allied to B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. and is perhaps better referred asa subspecies to that species which is very variable and occurs throughout the north temperate zone. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort. Plant 5-20 cm. high; sterile portion of leaf not stalked, oblong, simply pinnate. In mountain meadows, very rare in our limits. Mount Rainier, Smith; Mount Adams, Swksdorf. Io OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Botrychium onondagense Underw. In habit like B. Junaria; leaf-segments 7-9, not overlapping, broadly wedge-shaped. Moist meadows, Olympic Mountains. Probably only a variant of B. lunaria to which it is reduced by some botanists. Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstroem. Plant 8-30 cm. high; sterile portion of the leaf sessile near the top, triangular, twice pinnatifid, rather thin; ultimate segments lanceolate, acute, toothed. In the mountains, very rare. Mount Rainier, Allen; Olympic Mountains, Flett. Botrychium ramosum (Roth) Ascherson. Somewhat fleshy, 10-25 cm. high; sterile segment of the leaf pinnate or bipinnatifid, short-petioled; ultimate segments oblong to ovate-oblong, obtuse; sporophyll bipinnate or tripinnate, erect on a long petiole. Agassiz, B. C., Macoun; Mount Adams, Suksdorf. The American plant is sometimes considered distinct from that of the Old World under the name B. neglectum Wood. Family 3. MARSILEACEAE. Plant perennial, herbaceous, rooting in the mud, with slender creeping rootstock and 4-foliolate or filiform leaves; sporangia borne within closed receptacles (the sporocarps) which arise from the rootstock near the leafstalks or are consolidated with them; spores of two kinds, large ones (megaspores) and small ones (microspores), both contained in the same sporocarp. 18. MARSILEA. Marsh or aquatic plants; leaves slender petioled, quadri- foliolate, commonly floating on the surface of shallow water; sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, peduncled and rising from the petiole or from the rootstock at the base of the petiole, com- posed of two vertical valves having several transverse com- partments (sorz) in each valve; also provided inside with a ring which at the opening of the valves swells and tears the sori from their positions; sori composed of both megasporangia and micro- sporangia. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Rootstock slender, creeping; leaves more or less pubescent with white hairs; petioles slender, 4-12 cm. long; leaflets deltoid-obovate, 4-12 mm. long, mostly entire; sporocarps solitary on the stalks, 4-8 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, with a short raphe, a short blunt lower tooth, and an acute upper one, densely pubescent with white appressed hair- like scales; sori 6-11 in each valve. Rare in our limits. Reported as common on Menzies Island opposite Fort Vancouver, Washington. Class II. EQUISETINEAE. Plants rush-like with hollow jointed stems rising from subterranean rootstocks; sterile leaves reduced to scales, MARSILEACEAE. II whorled, forming sheaths at the joints; fertile leaves forming a short spike terminating the stem; epidermis rough. Family 4. EQUISETACEAE. Horserait Famity. Branches when present, whorled; sporangia 1-celled, clus- tered under the scales of the terminal cone-like spikes; spores of but one kind furnished with narrow ribbon-like appendages (elaters) attached at the middle, coiling around them when moist and spreading in the form of a cross when dry and mature; epidermis impregnated with silica, rough. 19. EQUISETUM. MHorsEralv. Perennial plants with extensively creeping rootstocks; stems simple or with whorled branches, furrowed lengthwise, mostly hollow; sporangia adhering on the under side of the shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side; spores of one kind, with elaters. Stems annual; spikes not mucronate at summit. Stems of two kinds; the pale brown fertile ones appearing in spring before the green branched sterile ones. Fertile stems branched and green when old, only the top withering. . E. pratense. Fertile stems dying after fruiting. Sterile stems 6—19-furrowed, 30-60 cm. high. E. arvense. Sterile stems 20-40-furrowed, 60-120 cm. high. E. telmateia. Stems all similar, green, naked, branched, fruiting in summer. Sheaths closely appressed; branchlets not wing- angled. E. fluviatile. Sheaths loose, especially the upper one; branchlets wing-angled. E. litorale. Stems perennial; spikes mucronate at summit, fruiting in summer. Plant tall and stout; stems many-grooved. Branches numerous, regularly whorled. E. ramosissimum. Branches irregular, few or wanting. E. hyemale. Plants tufted, slender; stems 5-10-grooved. Sheaths 5-10-toothed; stems hollow. E. variegatum. Sheaths 3-toothed; stems solid. E. scirpoides. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Stems annual, of two kinds, the fertile appear- ing before the sterile, 15-30 cm. high; fertile stems at length green and branched like the sterile ones; sterile stems with 8-20 ridges and furrows, the slender branches in whorls, mostly 3-angled; sheaths cylindric or somewhat broadened at top, those of the stem with 10-12 teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed. Vancouver Island, Macoun. Equisetum arvense L. Common Horsetail. Aerial stems annual, of two kinds, the fertile pale-brown and short-lived, appearing in early spring before 12 EQUISETACEAE. the sterile; fertile stems 10-20 cm. tall, simple, terete, bearing about four loose scarious distant sheaths, these whitish with about 12 brownish acuminate teeth; sterile stems pale green, 10-40 cm. tall, marked with 6-19 furrows, with numerous whorls of mostly simple solid branches, these 4- angled or rarely 3-angled, the sheaths with as many teeth; spike 2-3 cm. long. Common in low ground. In rare cases fruiting spikes are found on green branched plants. Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Sterile stems stout, 60-120 cm. high, 20-40- furrowed, with numerous whorls of long spreading 4 or 5-angled branches; fertile stems 30-40 cm. high, pale-brown, the sheaths loose, often longer than the internodes and deeply 20-30-toothed; spikes stout, 3-5 cm. long. Very common in moist soil and difficult to eradicate. Rarely spikes are found on the green branched plants. Equisetum fluviatile L. Pipes. Stems 60-90 cm. high, rather soft, smooth, simple or with few branches; central cavity of the stem large; air- cavities under the grooves wanting; sheaths closely appressed, the teeth rigid and acute; branches 4—6-angled, hollow, not wing-angled. In shallow water at the margins of lakes and ponds. Equisetum litorale Kuhlewein. Stems 30-90 cm. high, simple or with few or many branches; air cavities under the grooves present; sheaths loose, especially the upper, the teeth not rigid, membranous at margin, acute; branches 3—5-wing-angled, the smaller solid. Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Agassiz, British Columbia, Macoun. The spores of this species are said usually to be abortive and the elaters wanting. These facts combined with the erratic occurences of the plant lead to the suspicion that it is a hybrid. Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Stems 6-26-grooved; sheaths dilated, the leaves more or less distinct, each with 3-4 ridges which do not extend into the teeth; branches 4-angled. Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun. , Equisetum hyemale L. Scouring Rush. Aerial stems evergreen, all alike, 40-120 cm. tall, 5-20 mm. thick, marked with 20-48 furrows; ridges roughened usually with a single series of siliceous tubercles; sheath short, commonly marked with a black girdle at the base and another at the base of the early- falling teeth; spike nearly sessile in the uppermost sheath, 2-3 cm. long, tipped with a rigid point. Common and variable. Several subspecies have been described but they are not clearly separable. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. Stems slender, tufted, ascending, 15-40 cm. high, each 5-10-furrowed; sheaths loose, green below, black above, with 5-10 bristle-tipped white-margined teeth; central cavity of stem small. Vancouver Island, Macoun, and probably farther south as it occurs in Klickitat County in eastern Washington. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Stems tufted, very slender, flexuous, 6-15 cm. long, each 6-furrowed; sheaths with 3 bristle- tipped teeth; central cavity of stem wanting. Hastings, British Columbia, Macoun, and probably to be found in our limits. Class III. LYCOPODINEAE. Plant moss-like; stems branched, solid, with numerous small leaves; sporangia solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper surface. LYCOPODIACEAE. 13 Family 5. LYCOPODIACEAE. Plant somewhat moss-like in appearance, evergreen, usually branching; stem solid; leaves small, numerous, not whorled; spore-cases on the upper surfaces or in the axils of the leaves; spores of one kind. 20. LYCOPODIUM. GrouND-PINE. Perennial, terestrial plants, with evergreen 1-nerved leaves, arranged in 4-16 ranks; spore-cases flattened, 1-celled, in the axils of ordinary leaves or of bracts arranged in spikes; spores abundant, minute, sulphur-yellow. Sporangia in the axils of ordinary leaves. Sporangial leaves forming a terminal spike. L. inundatum. Sporangial leaves subterminal, the terminal leaves sterile. Stems rigid; leaves all alike, ascending. L. selago. Stems not rigid; leaves spreading, of two sorts, long and short. Sporangia in the axils of modified leaves which are crowded in spikes. Sterile branches flattened, the leaves on the under side reduced. Stems of the fruiting branches leafy to the spikes or nearly so. L. obscurum. Stems of the fruiting branches with much reduced leaves. L. complanatum. Sterile branches not flattened, the leaves uniformly spreading. Stems of the fruiting branches nearly naked. L. clavatum. Stems leafy up to the spikes or nearly so. Leaves 6-8-ranked, spreading. L. annotinum. Leaves 5-ranked, appressed. L. sitchense. . lucidulum. i Lycopodium inundatum L. Stems creeping close to the earth, 3-12 cm. long; fertile branches erect, 2-10 cm. high, bearing solitary spikes; sporangial leaves like the sterile, lanceolate or awl-shaped, with thin margins. In bogs, Olympia, Henderson; Spanaway Lake, Flett; Vancouver, British Columbia, Macoun. Lycopodium selago L. Stems ascending or erect, rigid, not creeping, 6-10 cm. high; leaves all alike, broadest at the hollowed base, acuminate or mucron- ate, closely appressed, some of them commonly bearing a bulblet in the axil; terminal leaves sterile, those just below bearing spore-cases. Common in the mountains at 1500-2800 m. elevation. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Stems decumbent at base, 10-30 cm. high, simple or sparingly branched; leaves spreading or deflexed, linear-obovate, denticulate, acute, in alternate zones of longer and shorter leaves, the latter most commonly bearing the sporangia. In deep woods, rare. Lycopodium obscurum L. Stems erect, branched above, arising at inter- vals from subterranean rootstocks; leaves 6-ranked, linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, the lateral with spreading tips, the two upper and the lower ranks 14 LYCOPODIACEAE. smaller and closely appressed; fruiting branches with leaves like the sterile, each bearing 1-3 spikes. Known in our limits only from a station 23 miles northeast of Snoqualmie, Washington, L. A. Nelson. Lycopodium complanatum L. Stems widely creeping, with suberect irregularly forked fan-like flattened branches; leaves 4-ranked, very small, closely appressed, the lateral with spreading tips, the dorsal and ventral smaller, wholly appressed; fruiting branches with much reduced leaves, each bearing 1-3 cylindric spikes. Not definitely known in our limits but abundant at Lake Keechelus near the summit of the Cascade Mountains. Lycopodium clavatum L. Running-pine. Stems prostrate, creeping, often very long; sterile branches similar but ascending; leaves pale green, awl- shaped, bristle-tipped; fertile branches with minute leaves, erect, bearing 2-4 fruiting cones. In woods, not common. Lycopodium annotinum L. Stems creeping, often 1 m. long; leaves dark green, linear-lanceolate, spreading, minutely serrate; fruiting cones solitary, sessile at the tips of ordinary branches. In mountain woods, not common. Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. Stems creeping, often half-buried, with erect forked branches, 5-7 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, acute, 5 mm. long, 5- ranked; fruiting cones on very short nearly naked penducles. Common in wet meadows at 1200-1800 m. altitude. Family 6. SELAGINELLACEAE. Terrestrial, annual or perennial moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform, or four-ranked and of two kinds spreading in two planes;sporangia 1-celled, solitary in the axils of leaves which are so arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes; spores of two kinds, some sporangia (megasporangia) containing four megaspores, others (microsporangia) containing numerous microspores. 21. SELAGINELLA. Sporangia solitary in the axils of leaves forming terminal cone- like spikes; sporangia minute, subglobose, opening transversely; megaspores globose, four in each megasporangium; microspores small, numerous. Leaves of two sorts, 4-ranked. S. douglasti. Leaves all alike, many-ranked. Stems slender, elongate; leaves loosely imbricated. S. struthioloides. Stems short; leaves closely imbricated. S. rupestris. Selaginella douglasii (Hook.) Spring. Stems reclining, 10-40 cm. long, pinnately branched; lateral leaves oval, oblique, obtuse, 2 mm. long; upper leaves half as long, oval, cuspidate, acuminate. On wet rocks, local; abundant in the Cascade gorge of the Columbia River. SELAGINELLACEAE. 15 Selaginella struthioloides (Presl) Underw. Stems weak, soft, 30-180 cm. long, often more or less pendent, much branched; leaves about 1 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, loosely imbricated, not bristle-tipped. On trees along the coast, often hanging in great masses; Vancouver Island to the southern boundary of Oregon. First found at Nootka Sound. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. Stems loosely tufted, 10-25 cm. long, prostrate or ascending, much branched; leaves closely imbricate, narrowly lanceolate, ciliate margined, channeled on the back, each tipped with a slender white awn, 0.3-0.5 mm. long; spikes quadrangular, 1-1.5 cm. long; bracts like the leaves but the awns shorter and the margin more ciliate. On rocks, often very abundant. Hieronymus has recently distinguished from true S. rupestris numerous new species and subspecies. The formcommon in our limits is S. sartorit oregonensis Hieronymus. Family 7. ISOETACEAE. Quititwort FAmIty. Plant aquatic, usually submersed or sometimes growing on moist soil, consisting of a short, two or three-lobed fleshy stem with adense tuft of fibrous roots and a compact cluster of rush- or grass-like leaves; sporangia in small lobes enclosed in the bases of the leaves; spores of two kinds, large (megaspores) and small (microspores). 22. ISOETES. QuvuILLWwort. Stem a fleshy corm rooting just above the base, surrounded above by the swollen bases of the awl-shaped linear leaves; sporangia large, enclosed in the bases of the leaves, those of the outer leaves with megaspores, those of the inner with micro- spores; the sides of the sporangia more or less covered with a fold of the inner side of the leaf base (velum). Plants terrestrial, in muddy places; leaves with stomata. Stems 3-lobed; leaves setaceous; velum complete. I. nuttallii. Stems 2-lobed; leaves stout, rigid; velum incomplete. I. maritima. Plants aquatic, often in deep water; stems bilobed. Stomata none; leaves rigid. I. pipert. Stomata present; leaves slender. I. echinospora. Isoetes nuttallii A. Br. Growing in wet places; leaves 15-50, slender, bright green, 6-20 cm. long; megaspores grayish, warty or rarely nearly smooth; microspores brown, papillose. Vancouver Island to Oregon. Apparently rare, but quite inconspicuous. Isoetes maritima Underw. Terrestrial in salt marshes; trunk slightly bilobed; leaves 8-15, rigid, 2-5 cm. long; megaspores densely spinulose, the spines blunt but rarely confluent; microspores smooth, white. Known only from salt marshes at Alberni, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Isoetes piperi A. A. Eaton. Leaves 10-20, 5-8 cm. long, somewhat spread- ing, rigid; velum incomplete; megaspores with low distinct warts; microspores smooth or nearly so. ~ Green Lake, Seattle, Piper. 16 ISOETACEAE. Isoetes echinospora braunii (Duricu) Engelm. Leaves 10-20, slender, spreading, not rigid, 6-15 cm. long, with stomata present near the tips; spor- angia broadly elliptic, spotted, more than half covered by the broad velum; -macrospores spinulose but the spines often united into jagged crests; micros- pores smooth. In quiet lakes and ponds, with muddy bottoms. Isoetes echinospora flettii A. A. Eaton. Differs from I. echinospora brauni mainly by its spinulose microspores. Spanaway Lake, Pierce County, Washington. PHYLUM II. SPERMATOPHYTA. SeEeEp PLANTS. Highly organized plants, mostly producing flowers and always producing seeds, each of which contains a young plant (embryo) usually composed of a stem-like structure (caulicle or hypocotyl), one or more rudimentary leaves (cotyledons) and a terminal bud (plumule or epicotyl); megasporangia (ovules) usually borne on the side or face. of an open or closed modified leaf (carpel); microsporangia (anther-sacs) on the end or side of a modified leaf ( filament) and bearing numerous microspores (pollen grains). Class IV. GYMNOSPERMAE. Ovules (megasporangia) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, usually on the face of an open scale but sometimes on the axis, in which case the scale is rudimentary or wanting; stigmas none; cotyledons mostly several in a whorl, oc- casionally only two; perianth none. Family 8. TAXACEAE. YeEw Famicy. Trees or shrubs with evergreen linear leaves; flowers dioecious, the staminate of a few scaly bracts and a few naked stamens, the ovule-bearing of an erect ovule which in fruit becomes a bony seed surrounded by a fleshy disk. 23. TAXUS. YeEw. Evergreen trees or shrubs with spirally arranged, short- petioled linear flat leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked; aments very small, axillary and solitary, sessile or nearly so; staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8 stamens; ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by a fleshy TAXACEAE. 17 ring-shaped disk; fruit consisting of the red fleshy dish which has become cup-shaped and nearly encloses the bony seed. Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Western Yew. Small tree, 4-10 m. high, some- times much larger, the bark loose and reddish; branches slender, horizontal or drooping; leaves horizontal, 1-2 cm. long, linear, acuminate, cuspidate, with revolute margins, shiny green above, glaucous beneath, abruptly narrowed at the base into a short petiole; staminate aments globose, 3 mm. broad; fruit bright red, insipid in taste; stone broadly ovate, acute, somewhat flattened, 3—4 mm. long. Quite common, especially along mountain streams. Very large trees become 75 cm. in diameter. Extreme southern Alaska to Tulare County, California and eastward to the Blue and Bitterroot Mountains. Family 9. PINACEAE. PINE Famity. Resinous trees or shrubs mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale-like leaves; flowers in aments, usually monoecious, rarely dioecious; ovules solitary or several together on the sur- face of a scale, which in most genera is in the axile of a bract; fruit a cone with numerous several or few woody papery or fleshy scales; seed wingless or winged. Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf-buds naked; leaves mostly scale-like. Cone modified into a fleshy, drupe-like fruit. 24, JUNIPERUS, 17. Cone composed of dry scales. Scales of the globose cone peltate. 26. CHAMAECYPARIS, 18. Scales of the oblong cone not peltate. Cone-scales 8-12, rather thin, imbricate. 26. THuja, 18. Cone-scales 6, thick, valvate. 27. LiBocEeDRUus, 19. Scales of the cones numerous; leaf-buds scaly; green leaves needle-like. Cone-scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a sheath. 28. Pinus, 19. Cone-scales thin; leaves linear, scattered or clustered, not in sheaths. Cones erect; scales deciduous. 29. Axpizs, 20. Cones pendent; scales persistent. Branchlets smooth; bracts 3-toothed. 30. PszuporsuGa, 21. Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf-bases. Leave sessile, pungent-pointed. 31. Picea, 22. Leaves petioled, not pungent. 32. Tsuca, 22. 24. JUNIPERUS. Juniper. Evergreen shrubs or small trees; leaves scale-like or needle-like, opposite or in whorls of three; flowers dioecious or monoecious, small and lateral; anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale; ovule-bearing aments ovoid, of 3-6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming a bluish- black berry. 3 18 PINACEAE, Prostrate shrub; leaves uniformly awl-like. J. sibirica. Erect shrub or tree; leaves of two forms, some scale-like, others awl-like. J. scopulorum. Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. Mountain Juniper. A prostrate shrub; leaves linear-subulate, sharp-pointed, glaucous on the upper side, arranged in whorls of three; fruit dark blue, as large as a pea. Common in the mountains at 900-1000 m. elevation. Many botanists consider this a subspecies of J. communis L. under the name of J. communis montana Ait. Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mountain Juniper. A shrub or scraggly tree, 1-6 m. high, much branched, the branches often drooping; foliage often glaucous; leaves small, acute, each with a linear indistinct gland on the back; berries blue-black with a thick whitish bloom, maturing the second year; seeds usually 2, grooved longitudinally. On the islands and mainland about the Gulf of Georgia and the northern part of Puget Sound. Not elsewhere known west of the Cascade Mountains but common from these mountains eastward to the Black Hills. 25. CHAMAECYPARIS. Evergreen trees with flattened 2-ranked branchlets and small scale-like leaves; aments terminal; staminate small, globose, with shield-shaped filaments; pistillate erect, with 6-10 very thick scales in pairs; cones small, globose, maturing the first year; seeds few, at the base of each scale, angled or more or less winged. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Lamb.) Spach. Alaska Cedar. Medium sized tree, 20-30 m. tall, 30-100 cm. in diameter; bark thin, pale gray; leaves small, sharply acute; cones globose, 8 mm. in diameter. Common in the mountains at 1200-1800 m. elevation. Alaska Cedar ranges from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to Mount Hood, Oregon. It is not known to occur east of the Cascade Mountains. The tree first became known to botanists from specimens collected at Nootka Sound. 26. THUJA. Arsor VITAE. Evergreen trees or shrubs; leaves small or minute, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4-ranked; flowers monoecious, both kinds terminal, the staminate globose, the ovule-bearing ovoid or oblong, small, their scales opposite, each bearing 2, rarely 3-5 erect ovules; cones ovoid or oblong, mostly spreading or recurved, their scales 6-10, coriaceous, opposite, dry, spreading when mature. i Thuja plicata Donn. Giant Cedar. Handsome pyramidal tree, 30-59 or even 80 m. high, 1-5 m. in diameter, the trunk rapidly tapering from the large base; branches usually somewhat drooping; bark pale grayish, thin fibrous, longitudinally fissured; wood soft, the heart-wood reddish, odorous; leaves oblong-ovate, bright green, rapidly tapering to an acuminate cuspidate apex; staminate aments minute, dark purple; pistillate aments usually crowded near the tips of the branchlets; cones oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, light colored, con- sisting of about 6 pairs of scales, these elliptical, mucronate on the back near the apex. PINACEAE. 19 A common lowland tree, especially in moist soil, ranging from Alaska to northern California. Found originally by Menzies at Nootka Sound. The northernmost station known is the head of Lynn Canal, Alaska. 27. LIBOCEDRUS. Resinous trees with scaly bark and spreading branches; leaves scale-like, dimorphic, opposite, persistent; flowers naked, monoe- cious or dioecious, terminal, solitary; stamens numerous; anther- cells usually 4; scales of pistillate cone 4 or 6, acuminate; ovules 2; fruit maturing in one season. Libocedrus decurrens Torr. Incense Cedar. Tree, 30-50 m. high; bark fibrous, loose; leaves opposite, adnate, the acute tips spreading; cones 20-30 mm. long. In the mountains, Clackamas County, Oregon, and southward to Lower California. 28. PINUS. PINE. Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves; the primary ones scale-like with deciduous tips; the secondary ones forming the ordinary foliage, needle-like, arising from the axils of the former in clusters of 2-5; ovule-bearing aments solitary or clustered, each composed of numerous minute bracts, each with an ovule- bearing scale in its axil; ament, upon maturing, becoming a cone, the scales elongating and becoming woody; seeds two on the base of each scale. Leaves 5 in each fascicle; scales of the cones unarmed. Cones ovoid to subglobose, 4-8 cm. long; wing of seed shorter than the body. P. albicaulis. Cones cylindric-oblong; wing of seed longer than body. Seeds 5-7 mm. long; cones usually 10-20 cm. long. P. monticola. Seeds 9-12 mm. long; cones usually 20-30 cm. long. _——P.. lambertiana. Leaves 2 or 3 in each fascicle; scales of the cones thickened, each armed with a sharp spine on the back. Leaves in twos; cones small, 4-5 cm. long. P. contorta. Leaves in threes; cones larger. Cones persistent for several years, formed well below the apex of the shoot; small tree. P. attenuata. Cones falling after the second year, formed subter- minally on the young shoot; large tree. P. ponderosa. Pinus albicaulis Engelm. White-bark Pine. Scraggly tree, 20-30 m. high; bark nearly white; leaves 4-7 cm. long; cones oval, 5-7 cm. long, the scales much thickened; seeds large, edible. British Columbia to Montana and California. In our limits only in the Cascade Mountains at 1500-2100 m. elevation. Pinus monticola Dougl. Western White Pine. Tree 50-100 m. high, 1-2 m. in diameter; bark gray, rather smooth, longitudinally cracked; leaves pale green, in fascicles of five, 4-7 cm. long; cones narrowly cylindrical, 15-30 em. long, about 4 cm. thick. This tree usually occurs in colonies along with the red fir. It ranges from the sea level to 1700 m. altitude and extends from British Columbia to Montana and California. It does not extend farther north than Vancouver Island. 20 PINACEAE. Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine. Tree 50-100 m. high, 2-6 m. in diameter; bark brown, splitting into small plates; leaves 8-10 cm. long; seed wings less than twice as long as broad. In the mountains at 400-1000 m. elevation, Clackamas County, Oregon, and southward to Lower California. First found by Douglas in the mountains near the present site of Roseburg, Oregon. Pinus contorta Dougl. Lodgepole Pine. Small tree, 10-20 m. tall, the dark bark usually deeply checked; leaves 4-8 cm. long, dark green: cones small, ovoid, 4-5 cm. long; scales thickened at the apex, each armed witha stout point. Common in sterile gravelly soil. It also occurs occasionally in peat bogs. In the mountains it often forms dense pure growths of small trees whence the name ‘lodgepole.’ The tree ranges from Alaska to the Black Hills, Colorado and California. Douglas’s original specimens came from near the mouth of the Columbia River. Pinus attenuata Lemmon. Knobcone Pine. Small pyramidal tree, 5-10, rarely 20-25 m. high; bark thin, pale brown, scaly on the old trunk; leaves pale, 8-16 cm. long; cones pale, narrowly ovate, unsymmetrical, reflexed, 7-12 cm. long, the scales on the outer side much thickened, each armed with a spine. Lane County, Oregon, and south to southern California, in the mountains at 300-2000 m. elevation. The cones usually in whorls persist for many years and give the trees a very characteristic appearance. Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Yellow or Bull Pine. Large tree, 30-80 m. tall, 1-4 m. in diameter, the reddish bark thick and deeply furrowed; leaves in fascicles of three, 15-25 cm. long, minutely serrulate; staminate aments cylindric, somewhat flexuous, 4-6 cm. long, crowded at the base of young shoots; pistillate aments 1-6, greenish or purplish, borne near the apex of the shoots of the season; cones brown, ovoid, 7-10 cm. long, 5-6 cm. thick, fre- quently in clusters of 3-5; scales much thickened near the apex, each bearing a stout sharp point. Gravelly prairies, Pierce County, Washington, and southward. Abundant in the interior but rare along the coast. The timber of this tree is quite differ- ent from the true yellow pine of the interior. The coast tree has been consider- ed a distinct species, P. benthamiana ‘‘Oregon Committee.” 29. ABIES. Fir. Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spread- ing so as to appear 2-ranked but in reality spirally arranged, commonly quite persistent in drying; staminate aments axillary; ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect; ovules two on the base of each scale, reflexed; scale shorter than or exceeding the thin papery bract; cones erect, subcylindrical or ovoid, their orbicular or broader scales deciduous from the persistent axis. Cones with conspicuous exserted reflexed bracts. A. nobilis. Cones with the bracts concealed. Cross section of leaf showing the two resin ducts surrounded by green tissue. A. lasiocarpa, Cross section of leaf showing the resin ducts close to the lower surface. Cones purple, large; bracts long attenuate at apex. A, amabilis. Cones usually green, medium sized; bracts not attenuate at apex. PINACEAE. ZI Leaves green and shiny above with stomata only on the lower side. A. grandis. Leaves pale above and below and with stomata on both sides. A. concolor. Abies nobilis Lindl. Noble Fir. Very large tree, 70-100 m. high, and 1-2 m. in diameter; leaves of the upper branches curved upwards, short, rigid, mostly acute, channeled above; cones 12-20 cm. long, nearly covered by the large reflexed bracts. In the mountains from Mount Baker and the Olympic Mountains to near the southern boundary of Oregon. Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir. Narrowly conical usually densely branched trees, 20-30 m. high and 20-40 cm. in diameter; bark pale, rather smooth but with large resin blisters; leaves 3-5 cm. long, acute, usually sharp-pointed, with abundant stomata on the upper leaf surface; cones narrowly barrel-shaped, usually dark-purple, puberulent, 5-10 cm. long; bracts lacerate, usually not exserted. Alaska southward in the mountains to Oregon and Colorado. In the Cas- cade Mountains the southern limit is near Crater Lake, Oregon. It commonly occurs at 1500-2500 m. altitude. In the Olympic Mountains, there is a form with the bracts exserted. This tree was first found by Douglas, probably in the Blue Mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon. Abies amabilis (Loud.) Forbes. Amabilis Fir. Graceful tree, 30-50 m. high; leaves with few or no stomata on the upper surface, those of the lower branches flat, obtuse or retuse, those of the upper branches curved upward, mostly acute; cones dark-purple, 8-15 cm. long, puberulent. In the mountains mostly at 1000-1500 m. altitude, ranging from extreme southern Alaska in the Cascade Mountains to Crater Lake, Oregon, and in the Coast Mountains to Saddle Mountain, near Astoria, Oregon. Abies grandis Lindl. White Fir. Large tree, sometimes 100 m. tall and 2 m. in diameter, with thin, dark gray, rather smooth bark; branches hori- zontal or the lower drooping; leaves linear, obtuse or notched, shining green above, marked beneath by two white lines, 18-30 mm. long, usually arranged in two ranks, giving the foliage a flattened appearance; cones cylindric-oblong, 7-10 cm. long, dark green, more or less covered with drops of resin; scales broader than long, entire; bracts small, deeply notched, each sometimes bearing a short point. Common in moist land at low altitudes, from the northern end of Vancouver Island to Sonoma County, California, and eastward to Montana and Wyoming. Abies concolor (Gord.) Parry. Large tree, reaching a height of 50-70 m. and a diameter of 1-2 m.; bark ash-gray, deeply furrowed; leaves pale, those of the lower branches 2-ranked, flat, obtuse or retuse, 5—7 cm. long, those of the fruiting branches curved upward and acute; cones olive green or yellowish, sometimes purple tinged, 8-10 cm. long; bracts small, narrowly oblong, truncate or slightly notched, sometimes bearing a short point. In the Cascade Mountains of Oregon from Mount Jefferson southward through California; also in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah and Ariz- ona. 30. PSEUDOTSUGA. Very large trees, at first pyramidal and spruce-like, often in age more spreading; leaves linear, flat, somewhat 2-ranked by a twist at the base; aments from the axils of the leaves of the preceding year; staminate aments clustered in an oblong or 22 PINACEAE, cylindrical column, surrounded or partly enclosed by numerous, conspicuous, rotund bud-scales; ovule-bearing aments with the scales much shorter than the broadly linear acutely 2-lobed bracts; cones maturing the first year; scales persistent. Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. Red Fir. Douglas Spruce. Very large tree, 50-100 m. high, 1-4 m. in diameter; bark thick, reddish within, deeply cracked longitudinally; branches usually short and horizontal; leaves linear, obtusish, 20-30 mm. long, narrowed at the base, dark green above, paler beneath; staminate aments light brown, oblong-cylindric, 1 cm. long, half enclosed in the large bracts; pistillate aments green or purplish; cones pendent, cylindric-ovoid, 6-10 cm. long, the tridentate bracts conspicuously exceeding the scale. The common forest tree of the region. Subalpine forms have the cones uniformly shorter and thicker. Red fir ranges from British Columbia to Mexico. It does not extend northward quite to the Alaska boundary. The first knowledge of the tree was Lewis’s description of it as it occurs at the mouth of the Columbia River. 31. PICEA. Spruce. Evergreen conical trees, with linear sharp pointed short four- sided leaves, spreading in all directions, falling away from the twig in drying, leaving it covered with small projections; leaf- buds scaly; staminate aments axillary, nearly sessile; ovule- bearing aments terminal, ovoid or oblong; ovules two on the base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into two more or less winged seeds; cones ovoid or oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales numerous, spirally arranged, thin, obtuse, persistent. Leaves distinctly flattened; lowland tree. P. sitchensis. Leaves quadrangular; subalpine tree. P. engelmannt. Picea sitchensis Carr. Sitka or Tideland Spruce. A very large tree, 50-70 m. tall, and 2-3 m. in diameter; bark dark gray, scaly; twigs glabrous; leaves 10-15 mm. long, distinctly flattened, very sharp pointed; cones oblong or oval, pale brown, 3-6 cm. long, the oblong-ovate scales denticulate. Common along the seacoast and on low river bottoms, ranging from Kodiak Island, Alaska, to Mendocino County, California. It was first found at Sitka by Mertens. Picea engelmanni Parry. Engelmann Spruce. Handsome pyramidal tree, 30-40 m. tall, the bark gray and scaly; branchlets pubescent; leaves dark- green, quadrangular in cross section, very sharply pointed, 1.5-2 cm. long; cones cylindric-ovate, 3-6 cm. long; scales ovate, truncate, rounded or retuse, crenulate. From the Yukon to New Mexico and Arizona, mainly in the interior but occuring in the Cascade Mountains at 300-1000 m. altitude from British Columbia to the southern boundary of Oregon. 32. TSUGA. HeEMLock. Evergreen trees with flat or angled leaves which appear 2-ranked; branchlets rough from persistent leaf-bases; staminate aments in subglobose clusters from the axils of leaves of the pre- PINACEAE, 23 vious year; ovule-bearing aments terminal on year-old {branch- lets; bract somewhat shorter than the cone-scale; cones maturing the first year, pendulous. Leaves 8-18 mm. long; cones 2 cm. long. T. heterophylla. Leaves 12-25 mm. long; cones 5-7 cm. long. T. mertensiana, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock. Handsome tree, 30-60 m. tall and 50-200 cm. in diameter; branches slender, usually bent down- ward; leaves linear, flattened, unequal in length, 8-18 mm. long; cones oblong, 10-16 mm. long. A common forest tree, most abundant at about 1000 m. altitude. It ranges from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to Marin County, California. It was enenelly described by Lewis and Clarke from the mouth of the Columbia iver. Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain or Black Hemlock. ‘Tree 30-50 m. high and 50-200 cm. in diameter; leaves 1-2 cm. long, acutish, convex above, bearing stomata on both surfaces; cones oblong, dark purple, 5-7 cm. long. Common in the mountains at about the limit of trees; at the highest altitude it becomes a prostrate shrub. The Black Hemlock ranges from Prince William Sound, Alaska, where it occurs at sea level, southward in the moun- tains to Montana and California. It was first found by Mertens on the moun- tain at Sitka. Class V. ANGIOSPERMAE. Ovules (megasporangia) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary) formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel), or of several such leaves joined together, in which the seeds are ripened; stigmas present; cotyledons one or two, very rarely want- ing; perianth present or wanting. Sub-class I MONOCOTYLEDONES. Embryo of the seed with but a single cotyledon, that is with the first leaves of the germinating plantlet alternate; stem composed of a mass of soft tissue in which the woody bundles appear in cross section to be irregularly imbedded, there being no distinction into bark, wood and pith; leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate and entire, commonly sheathing the stem at the base and often with no distinction of blade and petiole; parts of the flowers mostly in threes. Family 10. TYPHACEAE. Cart Tair Famiry. Marsh or aquatic herbs with creeping rootstocks and linear flat sheathing leaves; stems erect, terete; flowers monoecious, 24 TYPHACEAE. densely crowded ina terminal spike, often subtended by spatha- ceous bracts; ovary one, 1— or 2-celled, with as many persistent styles; fruit nutlike. 33. TYPHA. Flowers in a dense cylindrical spike; staminate and pistillate portions of the spike contiguous; stamens with very short con- nate filaments, mixed with numerous long hairs; ovary long- stalked, 1-celled, surrounded by numerous bristles and rudi- mentary ovaries; fruit minute, usually splitting on one side. Typha latifolia L. Cat-tail. Stout, 1-3 m. tall; leaves flat, sheathing at base, 1-2 cm. wide; pistillate and staminate portions of the spike close to- gether, each 8-30 cm. long, the pistillate dark brown; stigmas rhombic- spatulate; pollen grains in fours. Margins of lakes and ponds, abundant. Family 11. SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-rEED FAMILY. Marsh or pond herbs with creeping rootstocks and erect or floating stems; leaves linear, alternate, 2-ranked, sessile, sheath- ing at the base; flowers monoecious, densely crowded into globose heads which are in a raceme on the upper parts of the stem and branches, the staminate above; spathes linear; perianth of a few chaffy scales; stamens usually 5; fruit mostly 1-celled, nut-like. 34. SPARGANIUM. Bur ReEeEp. Characters of the family. Heads all axillary; inflorescence branched. S. androcladum. Heads, or at least some of them, supra-axillary. Leaves, or at least the larger ones, keeled; plants usually terrestrial. S. simplex. Leaves not keeled; floating aquatics. Beak of fruit short-conical; stigma oblong. S. minimum. Beak of fruit slender; stigma linear. S. angustifolium. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Stems stout, 40-100 cm. high; leaves 5-12 mm. wide, dark green; inflorescence branched, the branches strictly axillary, each bearing 3-7 staminate heads and usually 1 or 2 pistillate heads; fruiting heads 2-2.5 cm, in diameter; fruit dull, the fusiform body 5-6 mm. long, the beak about 3 mm. long. Margins of ponds and lakes, common. Sparganium simplex Huds. Stems rather stout, 30-60 cm. high; leaves thin, 6-15 mm. broad, scarious-margined below; inflorescence simple; fruiting heads 12-25 mm. in diameter, some of them supra-axillary; fruit fusiform. somewhat shiny, the body 3-4 mm. long, tipped with a beak about as long; stalk 1-2 mm. long; stigmas linear. More common than S. androcladum and occurring in similar places. SPARGANIACEAE, 25 Sparganium minimum Fries. Aquatic; stems very slender, 10-40 cm. long; leaves thin and grags-like, 2-4 mm. broad, floating; inflorescence simple; heads sessile or nearly so, the pistillate about 1 cm. in diameter when mature; nutlets smooth, ovoid, conically short-beaked, easily detached. In mountain ponds and lakes. San Juan Lake, Vancouver Island, Rosen- dahl & Brand; Mount Rainier, Piper. Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Aquatic; stems slender, 30-100 cm. long; leaves very long and narrow, rather firm, 2-4 mm. wide; inflorescence simple; heads sessile or the lower peduncled, the pistillate 15-20 mm. in di- ameter when mature; nutlets abruptly slender-beaked, firmly attached. In ponds and lakes; Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Family 12. NAJADACEAE. PonDWEED FaAMILy. Submersed or floating fresh-water or marine aquatic herbs “or marsh plants; leaves flat or filiform, opposite, alternate or whorled; flowers unisexual or perfect, mostly small, solitary axillary or in spikes; perianth none or sheath-like; stamens 1-4; carpels 1-5, each 1-ovuled. Flowers perfect; stamens more than one. Perianth of 4 sepals; stamens 4; fruit sessile. 35. POTAMOGETON, 25. Perianth none; stamens 2; fruits stalked. 36. Ruppia, 27. Flowers monoecious or dioecious; stamen solitary. Leaves many, opposite; flowers axillary, sessile. Monoecious; pistils 2-5, in a cup-shaped invo- lucre; stigmas short. 37. ZANNICHELLIA 27. Dioecious; pistil solitary, naked; stigma slender. 38. Najas, 28. Leaves alternate, rather few. Stigma capitate; fertile flowers in an exserted - naked spike; fresh water or marsh plant. 39. LILaga, 28. Stigma linear; fertile flowers on an enclosed spadix; marine plants. Monoecious; fruit rounded at base. 40. ZOSTERA, 28. Dioecious; fruit cordate at base. 41. PHYLLospapix, 28. 35. POTAMOGETON. PonDWEED. Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of two kinds, the submersed mostly linear, the floating lanceolate, ovate or oval; spathes enclosing the young buds, usually perish- ing soon after expanding; flowers small, perfect, spicate, green or red; perianth of 4 sepals, valvate in bud; stamens 4, opposite the sepals; ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Leaves of two kinds, the floating ones thickish, the submersed thin and of different form. Submersed leaves linear. Floating leaves subcordate at base; stipules long. P. natans. Floating leaves acute at base; stipules short. P. epihydrus. Submersed leaves lanceolate or oval. Floating leaves oval, 30-50-nerved. P. amplifolius. Floating leaves narrowly elliptic, 10-20-nerved. 26 NAJADACEAE. Stipules acuminate; fruiting spike 4-5 cm. long. P. americanus. Stipules obtuse; fruiting spikes 2-3 cm. long. P. heterophyllus. Leaves alike, all submersed. Leaves lanceolate to oblong. Not clasping at base. P. heterophyllus. Half clasping at base. Apex boat-shaped or hooded. P. praelongus. Apex acuminate, not hooded. P. richardsonit. Leaves linear. Stipules free from the base of the leaf. Leaves tape-like; spike cylindric; fruit large. P. zosterifolius. Leaves very narrow; spike not cylindric; fruit small. P. puszllus. Stipules adnate to the base of the leaf. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 4-8 mm. wide, ciliate, many-nerved. P. robbinsit. Leaves linear-setaceous, 1 mm. wide, not ciliate, ; 1-nerved P. pectinatus. Potamogeton natans L. Floating leaves ovate or elliptical, somewhat cordate at base, 5-8 cm. long; upper submerged leaves with a lanceolate blade, the lower linear and grass-like; upper stipules long, acute; spike 3-5 cm. long, emersed. Common in still ponds and lakes. Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. (P. nuttallii C. & S.) Stems simple or branched, compressed, 60-120 cm. long; floating leaves oblong, obtuse or acutish, each attenuate into a short petiole; submersed leaves numerous, linear, thin, 5-7-nerved, with a coarse cellular reticulation between the inner nerves; stipules short, obtuse; spikes 1-4 cm. long, on stout peduncles; fruit obovoid, apiculate, 2-3 mm. long, 3-keeled when dry. Frequent in lakes and quiet rivers. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Stem stout, simple or branched; floating leaf-blades oblong-oval, acute, rounded at the base, 5-10 cm. long, long-petioled; submersed leaves mostly linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, the uppermost frequently oval or oblong; stipules large, 5-10 cm. long, acute; spike stout, dense, 2-4 cm. long, stout peduncled; fruit large, 4-5 mm. long, with a broad beak. Rarely collected in our limits; Coupeville, Gardner; Whatcom County, Washington, Suksdorf. Potamogeton americanus C. & S. (P. lonchitis Tuckerm.) Stems slender, flaccid, branched, 50-100 cm. or more long; floating leaves narrowly elliptic, pointed at each end, 5-10 cm. long, many-nerved, narrowed at base into a petiole about as long; submersed leaves lanceolate; stipules narrow, 3-8 cm. long; spike dense, 2—4 cm. long, on rather stout peduncles; fruit about 3-4 mm. long. In ponds and streams, not common. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Floating leaves thin, obtuse, 9-15- nerved, 3-5 cm. long; submersed leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-7- nerved; stipules obtuse; fruit small, subglobose. Victoria, Macoun, and common eastward. Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. Leaves all submersed, numerous, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, half-clasping at base, 5-20 cm. long; peduncles usually very long; spikes 2-5 cm. long, thick, loosely flowered; fruit sharply keeled when dry, 4-5 mm. long. In lakes, rare in our limits. NAJADACEAE. 27 Potamogeton richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. Leaves all submersed, lanceo- late, acuminate, cordate and clasping at base, 6-10 cm. long; stipules large, often split into shreds; peduncles rather short, thicker upward; spikes loose, 1-1.5 cm. long. Very common in lakes and ponds. Potamogeton zosterifolius Schumacher. Stems branching, flattened; leaves grass-like, clasping at base, 3—nerved; stipules obtuse; spikes cylindric, 12-15-flowered, shorter than the peduncles. Quiet waters, rare. Potamogeton pusillus L. Stems very slender, flattened, usually much branched; leaves all submersed, narrowly linear, 2-5 cm. long, each bearing two glands at the sessile base; stipules obtuse, early disappearing; spikes in- terrupted, 5—8-flowered. Common in still lakes. Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes. Stems stout; leaves numerous, all submer- sed, linear or lanceolate, minutely serrulate, 8-12 cm. long, 2-ranked; stipules obtuse; fruit obovoid, sharp beaked, conspicuously keeled. In quiet lakes, very local and seldom fruiting; abundant in Lake Cushman, Mason County, Washington. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Stems filiform, branched, 30-90 cm. long; leaves narrowly linear, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved, 2-10 cm. long; ped- uncles slender; flowers in whorls; fruit obliquely ovoid, compressed, turgid, 3.5-4.5 mm. long; style straight or nearly so. Columbia River, Scouler, Suksdorf; occurs most commonly in brackish water but rare in our limits. 36. RUPPIA. Slender submersed branching herbs growing in salt or brackish water with thread-like stems and with thread-like alternate leaves broadly sheathing at the base; flowers perfect, two or more near each other on a spadix enclosed in the sheathing base of a leaf, later being thrust out; perianth none; stamens 2, ses- sile; ovaries 4, at first sessile, in fruit stalked. Ruppia maritima L. Stems slender, much branched, leafy; leaves narrowly linear, 2-8 cm. long; spikes small, 2~8-flowered. In brackish shallow water on the seashore. A polymorphous species, of which at least two subspecies occur in our limits. Ruppia maritima intermedia (Thed.) Aschers. & Graebn. Carpels ovoid, slightly oblique but not curved, bluntly and inconspicuously beaked. Seattle, Piper. Ruppia maritima rostrata Agardh. Carpels strongly oblique or curved and conspicuously beaked. ; Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Seattle, Piper & Smith. 37. ZANNICHELLIA. Submersed herbs; leaves small, opposite, linear; flowers unisexual, in axillary clusters, each composed of one staminate and 2-5 pistillate flowers; staminate flower naked; pistillate flowers enclosed in a funnel-shaped undivided involucre; style short; stigma disk-shaped or bilobed; ovary flask-shaped. 28 NAJADACEAE. e Zannichellia palustris L. Horned Pondweed. Stems slender, branching, leafy, 10-60 cm. long; leaves thin, filiform, 1-nerved, 5-8 cm. long; fruit nearly sessile, flattened, somewhat incurved, often more or less toothed on the back, 2-3 mm. long, about twice as long as the style. In ponds and quiet streams, rare in our limits. 38. NAJAS. Submersed aquatic herbs with slender branching stems; leaves numerous, short, opposite or in threes, linear; flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary axillary, the staminate en- closed in a membranaceous sheath; stamen 1; carpel 1, with a short style and a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary. Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Stems slender; leaves numerous, linear, acute or acuminate, 1-2 cm. long, minutely serrulate, the sheath broadly- oblong; fruit 3 mm. long, oblong-linear, tipped with the persistent style; seed pale-brown, shining. ; In lakes and slow streams, common and widely spread. 39. LILAEA. Marsh or freshwater grass-like plant with fibrous roots; leaves alternate; flowers monoecious, naked, in separate spikes or intermixed; staminate floret a solitary nearly sessile 2-celled anther subtended by a distinct bract; pistillate florets consisting of naked sessile ovaries; styles short in the upper florets, elongated in the lower ones; stigma cuspidate; ovule solitary. Lilaea subulata HBK. (Heterostylus gramineus Hook.) Leaves grass- like, 15-30 cm. long, 2~4 mm. broad, thin; peduncles shorter than the leaves; spikes crowded; spathe boat-shaped at base; styles of the lower flowers long and filiform, gradually reduced upwards; akenes elliptical, acute, wing- ebeined! lower ones largest and with a lateral tooth on each side at the base of the style. In ponds, rare. Sumas River, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Oregon, Scouler, Howell. 40. ZOSTERA. Submersed marine perennial herbs with creeping and rooting stems or rootstocks; leaves alternate, entire, ribbon-shaped; flowers monoecious; perianth none; flowers of single stamens and ovaries alternately in rows on a leaf-like spadix enclosed in the membranous base of a leaf. Zostera marina L. Fel-grass. Leaves tape-like, obscurely 3—-7-nerved, 50-100 cm. long. Very common along the seashore just at low tide mark but very seldom flowering. There are perhaps two species on our coast. 41. PHYLLOSPADIX. Perennial submersed marine herbs with thick rootstocks and slender stems; leaves elongated, linear; flowers dioecious; per- ianth none; staminate flower a single sessile 1-celled anther; SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 29 pistillate flowers of sessile carpels in two vertical rows on the face - a broadly linear sessile spadix enclosed in a boat-shaped spathe. Leaves 2-2.5 mm. wide; spathes solitary or rarely two. P. scoulert. Leaves 1-1.5 mm. wide; spathes several, on short lateral peduncles. P. torreyz. Phyllospadix scouleri Hook. Stems stout, 2-5 cm. long, bearing a single spathe; leaves strongly 3-nerved, 1-2 m. long, 2-5 cm. broad. _On rocky seacoasts, Vancouver Island, British Columbia to California. First found at the mouth of the Columbia River by Scouler. Phyllospadix torreyi Wats. Stems slender, bearing one or two axillary peduncles at each joint; leaves narrow, 2 mm. wide, 1-nerved or faintly 3- nerved, often a meter or more long. Vancouver Island to California, on rocky shores. Family 13. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Arrow Grass FAMILY. Swamp plants with narrow leaves and terminal racemose or spike-like inflorescences; flowers perfect or unisexual, naked or with a usually evanescent bract-like perianth; stamens 2 or 3; carpels 3-6, each 1—2-ovuled, more or less united till maturity, dehiscent or indehiscent. Leaves all basal; flowers numerous, in spikes or racemes, on scapes. 42. TRIGLOCHIN, 29. Stem leafy; flowers few, in a loose raceme. 43, SCHEUCHZERIA, 29. 42. TRIGLOCHIN. Arrow Grass. Flowers small, perfect, in a terminal spike-like raceme borne on a naked scape; perianth segments 3-6, greenish, evanescent; stamens 3-6; anthers 2-celled, on very short filaments; carpels 3-6, united into a compound pistil; ovules solitary; capsule, when ripe, splitting into 3-6 carpels with a persistent central axis. Triglochin maritima L. Scapes subterete, 20-40 cm. high, exceeding the leaves; leaves thickish, narrow; raceme elongate, 15-40 cm. long; fruit ovoid, angled, 5-6 mm. long; carpels usually 6, sometimes 3. Common in marshes along the seashore. 43. SCHEUCHZERIA. Rush-like bog perennials with creeping rootstocks and erect leafly stems; flowers small, in racemes; perianth 6-parted, regular, in two series. Scheuchzeria palustris L. Stems flexuous, 15-20 cm. high, exceeded by the leaves; raceme loose, few-flowered; bracts sheathing; carpels ovoid, divergent in fruit. In sphagnum bogs, widespread but infrequent. Near Seattle, Piper; Tacoma, Flett. 30 ALISMACEAE. Family 14. ALISMACEAE. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. Aquatic or marsh herbs with fibrous roots, scape-like stems and basal long-petioled leaves; inflorescence a raceme or panicle; flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious; pedicels whorled and subtended by bracts; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, deciduous; stamens 6 or more; ovaries numerous or rarely few, 1-celled, usually 1-ovuled; carpels becoming akenes in fruit; endosperm none. Carpels in a ring upon a small flat receptacle; leaves ovate (in ours). 44, Avisma, 30. Carpels crowded in many series upon a large convex re- ceptacle; leaves sagittate (in ours). 45, SAGITTARIA, 30. 44. ALISMA. Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or floating leaves; inflorescence a panicle or umbel-like panicle; flowers perfect, small, numerous, on unequal pedicels; petals small; stamens 6 or 9; ovaries few or many, more or less in one whorl on a small flat receptacle. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Water Plantain. Scapes stout, 30-100 cm. tall; leaves all radical, erect or floating, the petioles usually long, the blades ovate or oblong, acute, rounded or subcordate at the base, 5-15 cm. long, 5-7- nerved; flowers in a large panicle composed of 3-6 whorls of branches, these again branched once or twice; flowers on pedicels 1-5 cm. long; petals white, hardly exceeding the sepals; akenes obliquely obovate, compressed. Common in ponds and wet places. 45. SAGITTARIA. ARROWHEAD. Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs with basal long-petioled leaves; flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summits of the scapes in whorls of 3, the staminate usually uppermost; petals usually conspicuous; stamens usually numerous; ovaries numerous, crowded in globose heads. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Wappato. Leaves sagittate, but varying greatly in width, 10-20 cm. long, long-petioled; petals white, 1-1.5 cm. long; akenes flat, each with a thin margin and bearing a stout lateral beak; rootstock tuberous. Common in shallow water on the margins of lakes, the tubers eaten by the Indians. In lakes and rivers where the European carp is introduced the plant has become very rare as the fish eat the tubers. Family 15. HYDROCHARITACEAE. Froc’s Bir Famity. Aquatic mostly perennial herbs with opposite or whorled leaves (in ours); flowers dioecious or polygamous, sessile or peduncled, surrounded by a membranous spathe; perianth HYDROCHARITACEAE. 31 regular, of 3 or 6 segments, these united and tubular at base; stamens 3-12; stigmas 3 or 6, bifid; ovary inferior; fruit inde- hiscent. 46. ELODEA. Perennials with opposite or whorled 1-nerved leaves; flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile in the axils; spathe tubular, 2-cleft; perianth of the staminate flowers with 3 nearly separate sepals and 3 or more narrower petals; perianth of the pistillate flowers with a long scarious tube adherent to the ovary and a 6-parted limb; stamens 3-9, the short filaments united at base; stigmas 3-6, bifid. Elodea canadensis Michx. (Anacharis canadensis Planch.) Waterweed. Stems 10-100 cm. long; leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, oval or oblong, acute, usually serrulate. In ponds, not common in our limits. Family 16. POACEAE. Grass Famity. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs or trees; stems (culms) generally hollow; nodes closed; leaves 2-ranked, sheathing, the sheaths usually split to the base on the side opposite the blade; a scarious or membranous appendage (ligule) borne at the opening of the sheath, rarely obsolete; inflorescence a spike, a raceme or a panicle, consisting of spikelets composed of two to many 2-ranked imbricated bracts; the lowest two (glumes) without flowers or rarely wanting; one or more of the upper (lemma) containing in its axil a flower, which is usually enclosed by a bract-like, generally 2-keeled, awnless organ (palea) oppo- site the lemma and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet; lemma sometimes bearing a hard thickening (callus) at the base; flowers perfect or sometimes monoecious or dioecious, subtended by 1-3 minute hyaline scales (lodicules); stamens 1-6, usually 3; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 1-3, commonly 2 and lateral; stigmas hairy or plumose; fruit a seed-like grain (caryopsis) or rarely a utricle; endosperm starchy. Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers. Spikelets sessile on the rachis; inflorescence a spike. Tribe 8. HorDEAE. Spikelets pedicelled; inflorescence a panicle, spike- like panicle or raceme. Lemma shorter than the glumes, usually with a bent awn rising from the back. Tribe 5. AVENEAE. Lemma longer than the glumes, awnless or with a straight apical awn. Tribe 6. FESTUCEAE. 32 POACEAE. Spikelets with one perfect flower. Spikelets with a staminate or neutral flower in » addition to the perfect one. Rachilla jointed below the glumes which fall with the seed. Tribe 1. PANICEAE. Rachilla jointed above the glumes which do not fall with the seed. Imperfect flower below the perfect. Arrhenatherum in Tribe 5. AVENEAE. Imperfect flower above the perfect. Holcus in Tribe 5. AVENEAE. Spikelets with only one flower. Rachilla jointed below the glumes which fall with the seed. Spikelets compressed dorsally or terete; glumes 2. Tribe 1. PANICEAE. Spikelets compressed laterally; glumes none. Tribe 2. OryZEAE. Rachilla jointed above the glumes which do not fall with the seed. First two lemmas empty, variously modi- fied, the third with a flower. Tribe 3. PHALARIDEAE. First lemma flower-bearing. ‘ Spikelets crowded in two rows in one- sided spikes. Tribe 7. CHLORIDEAE. Spikelets not in one-sided spikes. Spikelets in two opposite rows. Hordeum in Tribe 8. HorbDEAg. Spikelets not in two opposite rows. Tribe 4. AGROSTIDEAE. Tribe 1. PANICEAE. Spikelets in clustered racemes or spikes. 47, ECHINOCHLOA, 34. Spikelets not in clusters. Inflorescence a dense spike-like panicle; pedicels bristly. 48. CHAETOCHLOA, 35. Inflorescence a loose panicle; pedicels not bristly. Lemma one; spikelets in two rows on a flat- tened rachis. 49. PaspaLum, 35. Lemmas two; spikelets not in two rows ona flattened rachis. 50. Panicum, 35. Tribe 2, ORYZEAE. Spikelets perfect; glumes none; lemmasawnless. -51. HOMALOCENCHRUS, 36. Tribe 3. PHALARIDEAE. First and second lemmas narrow, bristle-like; glumes strongly compressed. 52. PHALaRIs, 36, First and second lemmas broadly ovate or oblong; glumes not strongly compressed. Glumes very unequal; first and second lemmas much shorter than the glumes, awned. 53. ANTHOXANTHUM, 37. Glumes nearly equal, scarcely exceeding the first and second lemmas which are awnless or short-awned. 54. HIEROCHLOE, 37. POACEAE. Tribe 4. AGROSTIDEAE. Lemma with a long terminal awn and closely en- veloping the grain, Fruiting lemma thin and membranaceous. 59; Fruiting lemma firm and indurated. 56. Lemma awnless or short-awned and loosely en- veloping the grain. Inflorescence a dense spike-like raceme or panicle. Lemma awnless. Rachilla prolonged behind the floret. 59. Rachilla not prolonged behind the floret. Siz Lemma awned. Glumes awned. 58. Glumes awnless. Glumes saccate at base; palea none. 59, Glumes not saccate at base; palea present. 60. Inflorescence not spike-like. Palea 1-nerved; stamen 1. 61. Palea 2-nerved; stamens 3. Glumes none; plant very small. 62. Glumes 2; plant larger. Callus with a tuft of long hairs at the base. 63. Callus naked. 64. Tribe 5. AVENEAE. Perfect flower only one, the other staminate. Lower flower perfect, awnless; upper stami- nate, awned. 65. Lower flower staminate, long awned; upper perfect, awnless. 66. Perfect flowers two or more. Rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper flower. 67. Rachilla prolonged beyond the upper flower. Awn of lemma from between the two ter- minal teeth. 68. Awn of lemma dorsal or none. Spikelets large, more than 15 mm. long. 69. Spikelets small, less than 15 mm. long. Lemma erose-truncate. 70. Lemma 2-toothed. TAs Tribe 6. FESTUCEAE. Lemma 3-nerved, rarely I-nerved. 33 MUHLENBERGIA, 37. STIPA, 38. GASTRIDIUM, 39. PHLEuM, 38. PoL_ypocon, 39, GASTRIDIUM, 39. ALOPECURUS, 39. Cinna, 40. CoLEANTHUS, 40. CALAMAGROSTIS, 41. AGrostTIs, 42. Ho cus, 44. ARRHENATHERUM, 45. Arra, 45. DANTHONIA, 45. AVENA, 46. DESCHAMPSIA, 46. TRISETUM, 47. Panicle loose; spikelets usually many-flowered. 72. ERAGRostIs, 48. Panicle dense, spike-like; spikelets 2—-4-flowered. Spikelets of two kinds in the same inflores- cence, perfect and sterile. 73. Cynosurus, 48. Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence. 74. KOELERIA, 48. 4 34 é POACEAE. Lemma 5-nerved or more. Keels of the palea winged. 75. PLEUROPOGON, 49. Keels of the palea not winged. Spikelets with the upper florets sterile and folded about each other. 76. MELICcA, 49. Spikelets with the upper florets perfect, or narrow and abortive. Spikelets cordate: lemmas cordate at base. 77, Briza, 49. Spikelets not cordate; lemmas not cordate at base. Stigmas arising below the apex of the ovary. 78. BRomus, 50. Stigmas arising at the apex of the ovary. Lemmas compressed and keeled. Lemma awn-pointed. 79. DactTyLis, 52. Lemmas pointless. Glumes 1-3-nerved. 80. Poa, 52. Glumes 5-nerved or more. 81. DISTICHLIs, 56. Lemmas convex or rounded on the back. Lemmas acute or awned. 82. Festuca, 56. Lemmas obtuse and scarious at apex. Lemmas prominently 5-7- nerved 83. PANICULARIA, 58. Lemmas obscurely 5-nerved. 84. PUCCINELLIA, 59. Tribe 7. CHLORIDEAE. Spikelets not in digitate clusters. Spikelets much flattened; glumes unequal, keeled. 85. SPARTINA, 60. Spikelets subterete; glumes equal, convex. 86. BECKMANNIA, 60. Spikelets in terminal digitate clusters. Spikelets 1-flowered; stems creeping. 87. Cynopon, 60. Spikelets several-flowered; stems not creeping. 88. ELEUSINE, 61. Tribe 8. HoRDEAE. Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis. Spikelets with one edge against the rachis; empty glume 1. 89. Lotium, 61. Spikelets with their sides against the rachis; empty glumes 2. 90. AGROPYRON, 61. Spikelets 2 to 4 at each notch of the rachis. Rachis not readily breaking into joints; spikelets 1-7-flowered, 2-4 at each joint. 91. ELtymus, 62. Rachis readily breaking into joints. Spikelets 1-flowered, three at each joint, only the central one perfect. 92. Hordeum, 63. Spikelets 1—-5-flowered, 2-4 at each joint, all perfect. 93. SITANION, 64. 47. ECHINOCHLOA. Coarse annuals with long leaves; spikelets 1-flowered, with sometimes a staminate flower below, nearly sessile in panicled POACEAE. 35 1-sided spikes or racemes; glumes unequal, hispid, mucronate; sterile lemma similar and usually awned from the apex. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass. Glabrous; stems stout, branching at the base, 30-120 cm. tall; panicle dense, 10-20 cm. long, composed of many ascending or spreading racemes; spikelets green or purple, 3 mm. long, densely crowded in 3 or 4 rows; sterile lemma awned or in some forms awnless. Introduced from Europe, a weed in moist ground. 48. CHAETOCHLOA. Annual grasses with erect stems and flat leaves; spikelets with one perfect flower and rarely also a staminate one, in spike-like panicles; pedicels bearing bristles; glumes and lower lemma membranous, the latter often containing a palea and rarely a staminate flower; upper lemma papery with a similar palea and a perfect flower. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. Green Foxtail. Annual, usually tufted, green; stems 30-90 cm. high; leaf-blades flat, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; spikes green, 3-5 cm. long, the rachis villous; bristles 1-3, upwardly barbed, 6-12 mm. long; spikelets 2 mm. long; fertile lemma faintly wrinkled. Sparingly introduced. 49. PASPALUM. Perennials with 1-flowered spikelets in 2 rows along one side of a rachis forming racemes; lower glume usually wanting; lemma hard and firm, its margin inrolled; palea firm; grain oblong, inclosed within the hardened glume and palea. Paspalum distichum L. Stems ascending from a creeping base; leaves 4— 12 cm. long; spikes in terminal pairs, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets acute, 2.5-3 mm. long. On overflowed river banks, especially along the Columbia River; probably introduced. 50. PANICUM. Spikelets with one perfect flower, often with a staminate one below it; glumes 2, membranous; lemmas 2, the lower empty or including the staminate flower, the upper indurated, shining, enclosing a similar palea and the perfect flower; awns none (in ours) ; fruit a caryocist, the free grain enclosed in a box formed by the hardened lemma and palea. Annual; panicle very long-rayed; spikelets acute. P. barbipulvinatum. Perennial; panicle rather short-rayed. — ‘ Basal leaves like the stem leaves; spikelets acute. P. agrostoides. Basal leaves different from the stem leaves, usually forming a rosette; spikelets obtuse. Spikelets 3 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so. P. scribnerianum. Spikelets 2 mm. long, pubescent. ; Leaves glabrous on upper surface. P. occidentale. Leaves pubescent on upper surface. P. pacificum. 36 POACEAE. Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash. Annual; stems erect or decumbent at the base, 15-50 cm. tall, mostly simple; leaf blades 5-30 cm. long, pubescent; sheaths villous; panicle 10-20 cm. long, the capillary branches solitary or in twos, ascending, branched and spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets 3 mm. long, ovoid, usually on peduncles as long or longer. In dry soil. This species has commonly been confused with the eastern P. capillare L. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Tufted perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stems 40-100 cm. high, branched; leaf blades flat, 5-10 mm. wide; panicles 10-30 cm. long with ascending rays bearing densely flowered branchlets mostly on the under side; spikelets 2 mm. long; first glume half the length of the spike- let; pedicels bearing a few hairs. Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Not otherwise known in our limits. Panicum scribnerianum Nash. Perennial, the stems 10-50 cm. tall, erect or ascending, simple or branched above; stem leaves about 6, the blades lance- olate, 4-10 cm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, stiff, ascending, glabrous or sometimes pilose below; sheaths usually pilose, loose; panicles oblong or pyramidal, 3-8 cm. long, loose, exserted or the smaller ones included; spikelets turgid, ovoid, 3 mm. long. Dry prairies. Panicum occidentale Scribn. Stems 20-40 cm. high; sheaths somewhat hairy; blades smooth above, usually hairy beneath; panicle well exserted; spikelets 2 mm. long. Rocky banks and prairies. Vancouver Island to Idaho and California. Panicum pacificum Hitchc. & Chase. Very similar to P. occidentale, but more pubescent throughout, and the stems more leafy. Vancouver Island to California and Arizona. 51. HOMALOCENCHRUS. Perennials with rough leaves and open panicles; spikelets with but one flower which is perfect; glumes none; lemmas awn- less; grain closely enveloped by the glume. Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Panicle loose, the branches spread- ing; spikelets narrowly oblong, 4-5 mm. long, loosely arranged; lemma his- pidulous, the keel strongly ciliate. Lake margins, infrequent in our limits. Seattle, Piper. 52. PHALARIS. Annuals or perennials with spike-like or narrow panicles; spikelets crowded, 1-flowered; glumes 2, about equal, compressed; lemmas 3, the first two much reduced and sterile, the third enclosing a palea and a perfect flower; stamens 3. Perennial; panicle branched; glumes wingless. P. arundinacea. Annual; panicle very dense, ovoid; glumes wing-keeled. Keel of glumes entire. P. canariensis. Keel of glumes toothed. P. minor. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass. Stout tufted perennial, 50-200 cm. tall; leaves flat, green, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle erect, 6-15 em. long; spikclets lanceolate, 5 mm. long. Margins of lakes and rivers, in wet ground. POACEAE. 37 Phalaris canariensis L. Canary-grass. Annual, pale green, erect, 30-70 cm. high; inflorescence ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2-3 cm. long; spikelets ovate, 5-6 mm. long; glumes white with green veins, the keel not toothed. Introduced in waste places. Phalaris minor Retz. Annual; stems erect, 30-80 cm. high; inflorescence oblong to oblong-ovoid, 2-5 cm. long; glumes oblong, pale, a green stripe on each side of the toothed keel. On ballast, Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, Macoun. 53. ANTHOXANTHUM. Aromatic annuals or perennials with narrow spike-like pan- icles; spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed; glumes 2, unequal, awnless or mucronate-pointed; lemmas shorter than the glumes, the first and second empty, 2-lobed, clothed with brown hairs and awned below the back; the third lemma fertile, shorter, hyaline, broadly obtuse, awnless; grain free. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernal-grass. Spikelets crowded, 8 mm. long, usually brownish; first sterile lemma hairy, long-awned; second sterile lemma short-awned. In pastures. Introduced from Europe. Sweet-scented on drying. 54. HIEROCHLOE. VANILLA-GRAsS. Fragrant perennial grasses with flat leaves and usually rather small and pyramidal terminal panicles; spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate; rachilla jointed above the empty glumes; glumes 2, nearly equal, about as long as the spikelet, acute, smooth; the first and second lemmas awnless or short-awned; the third lemma enclosing the perfect flower, becoming somewhat indurated in fruit; stamens in the staminate flowers 3, in the perfect flower 2; styles distinct; stigmas plumose; grain free. Panicle and spikelets greenish; glumes and lemmas obtuse A. macrophylla. Panicle and spikelets brownish; glumes and lemmas acute. JH. odorata. Hierochloe macrophylla Thurb. Stems 1 m. or less tail; leaves 30- 40 cm. long, 10-15 mm. broad, rough; panicle greenish, loose, the branches in pairs; glumes obtuse; fertile lemma obtuse, ciliate-margined, pubescent at the apex. From the Columbia River southward. Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahlenb. Stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves 10-20 cm. long, 2-6 mm. broad; panicle brownish, pyramidal, usually compact; glumes acute; fertile lemma acute. Near Comox, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Reported from Nootka Sound by Hooker. A widespread northern grass. 55. MUHLENBERGIA. Perennial grasses with small 1-flowered spikelets; glumes usually unequal and shorter than the lemma, acute or sometimes awned; lemma narrow, 3-5-nerved, with a straight awn from the apex or from between the teeth. 38 POACEAE. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Stems 30-90 cm. high, simple or nearly so; panicle narrowly oblong, 5-8 cm. long, spike-like and usually inter- rupted; glumes bristle-tipped; lemma very acute. Sumas Prairie, 49° latitude, Lyall, and eastward. 56. STIPA. Tufted grasses; inflorescence a panicle; spikelets 1-flowered, narrow; floret with a bearded and pointed callus at base; lemma 1, indurated, bearing a twisted or bent awn which is articulated at the base; grain narrow, free, tightly closed in the lemma. All in our limits are perennials. Awn 10-20 times as long as its lemma. S. comata. Awn 4-7 times as long as its lemma. Callus very short, obtuse; glumes 8-12 mm. long. S. lemmoni. Callus acute; glumes 6-8 mm. long. S. minor. Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Tufted, pale green, 40-80 cm. high; blades involute; ligule 4-5 mm. long, conspicuous; panicle open, 20-30 cm. long, often included at base, the branches spreading and few-flowered; glumes 5- savy stl subequal, 15-25 mm. long; lemma 10-12 mm. long; awn 10-15 cm. ong. Vancouver Island, Macoun, and common east of the Cascade Mountains. Stipa lemmoni Scribn. (5S. columbiana Macoun.) Stems 60-90 cm. high; leaf blades flat or involute, firm; sheaths smooth; ligule 1 mm. long; panicle narrow with erect branches, 2-5 cm. long; glumes subequal, scarious, lanceolate, acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; lemma short-pubescent, the body about 6 mm. long; awn 15-20 mm. long, pubescent to the second bend. In dry ground, British Columbia to California. Stipa minor (Vasey) Scribn. Tufted, 50-100 cm. tall, dark green; leaf- blades involute, long-attenuate, 10-30 cm. long, scabrous; sheaths shorter than the internodes, loose, smooth; ligule very short; panicle erect,rather dense, 8-20 cm. long, narrow, its base included in the uppermost sheath, the branches mostly in pairs; spikelets 8-12 mm. long, purple-tinged; lemma sparsely appressed-hairy, the awns 20-30 mm. long, bent near the middle, below which they are pubescent. In dry ground, infrequent except in the interior. 57. PHLEUM. Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a spike-like raceme; spike- lets 1-flowered; glumes membranous, compressed, keeled, the apex obliquely truncate, the mid-nerve produced into an awn; lemma much shorter; grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the lemma and palea. Spike-like racemes cylindric; awns of glumes short. P. pratense. Spike-like racemes ovoid-oblong; awn as long as body of glume. P. alpinum. Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Tall, erect, 60-150 cm. tall; leaf blades 15-20 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, smooth or scabrous; spike-like raceme nar- rowly cylindrical, erect, 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 2-5 mm. long; empty glumes ciliate on the keels which are prolonged into awns 1 mm. long. Cultivated and running wild. POACEAE. 39 Phleum alpinum L. Mountain Timothy. Stems 20-60 cm. high; leaf blades flat, rather short; spike-like raceme usually purple, cylindric, 2-3 cm. long; awns of glumes 2 mm. long. Common in mountain meadows, and along the seacoast to [northern California. 58. POLYPOGONJ Annual grasses; inflorescence a spike-like panicle; spikelets 1-flowered; glumes each extended into an awn; lemma smaller, generally hyaline, short-awned; palea shorter than the’*lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea. Glumes notched at the apex, their awns 2-3 times as long; panicle dense, cylindric. P. mons peliensis. Glumes attenuate into awns of equal length; panicle lobed or interrupted. P. littoralis. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual, with erect or ascending stems, 8-30 cm. high; leaf blades flat, more or less scabrous; sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes; spike-like panicle densely flowered, oblong, rarely inter- rupted, 2-7 cm. long; glumes elliptic, notched at the apex, about 2 mm. long, each bearing a terminal awn 3 or 4 times as long; lemma truncate, 1 mm. long, bearing a terminal awn somewhat longer. Moist places, especially where somewhat saline. Polypogon littoralis (With.) Smith. Panicle dense, narrowly oblong, lobed or often interrupted. Along the seashore, not common. Tacoma, Filett; Port Angeles, Elmer; Victoria, Vancouver Island, Macoun. : 59. GASTRIDIUM. Annual erect grasses with flat leaves; panicle dense, spike-like; spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, shiny; rachilla produced beyond the floret; glumes saccate at base, much longer than the lemma; lemma hyaline, awnless or awned from just below the apex. Gastridium lendigerum (L.) Gaud. Tufted; stems 15-50 cm. high, erect; blades flat, scabrous, 3-5 mm. wide; panicle pale green, shining, spike-like, 5-12 cm. long; glumes very acute; lemma hairy. ; Umpqua Valley and southward, introduced. Perhaps not in our limits. 60. ALOPECURUS. Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a spike-like panicle; spike- lets 1-flowered, flattened; glumes acute, sometimes short-awned; lemma 3-nerved, awned on the back; palea usually present. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; panicle slender, 4 mm. thick. A. geniculatus. Spikelets larger; panicle stouter, 6 mm. thick. Anthers white; spikelets 4 mm. long. A. saccatus. Anthers orange; spikelets more or less than 4 mm. long. Spikelets 5 mm. long. A. pratensis. Spikelets 3 mm. long. A. californicus. Alopecurus geniculatus fulvus (Smith) Sonder. Pale green and glabrous or nearly so; stems decumbent and branched at base, 15-60 cm. long; leaf 40 POACEAE. blades flat, somewhat scabrous above; sheaths little inflated; panicles slender, erect, 3-7 cm. long; spikelets 2.5 mm. long; glumes ciliate on the keels; lemma shorter than the glumes, bearing a short awn. In wet places, common. Alopecurus saccatus Vasey. Pale green, glabrous, simple or tufted, 10-30 cm. high, erect or geniculate at base; sheaths much inflated, about as long as the internodes; ligule well developed; blades short, 2-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. broad; panicles usually exserted, 2-5 cm. long, thick, pale green or purplish; glumes strongly ciliate on the keels; lemma shorter than the glumes and bearing a divergent awn 6-7 mm. long. In moist ground, rare, and local; near Yale, British Columbia, Macoun; Barlow Gate, Oregon, Howell. Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. Perennial, glabrous; stems 30-70 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades flat, 4-10 cm. long; spike stout, 4-6 cm. long; glumes united at base, equal, acute, ciliate on the keel; lemma obtuse, glabrous, shorter than the glumes, bearing from near the base a slightly exserted straight awn. Sparingly introduced; native to Europe. ’ Alopecurus californicus Vasey. (A. pallescens Piper.) Perennial, tufted, pale green, the smooth stems 30-50 cm. tall, erect or slightly geniculate at the base; stem leaves 3; sheaths rather loose and inflated, shorter than the internodes, smooth; blades flat, 6-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acuminate, strongly scabrous above, less so beneath; ligule scarious, 3-5 mm. long; panicle usually well exserted, pale and silvery, 2-7 cm. long, about 5 mm. thick, erect, straight or somewhat flexuous; glumes 2-5 mm. long, nearly equal, strongly ciliate on the keels, obtuse; lemma hyaline, 2—4-nerved, as long as the glumes, obtuse, bearing from near the base a stout geniculate awn, 5 mm. long, scabrous above the bend. In wet places, rare in our limits; Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Medford, Oregon, Howell. A. howellii Vasey is apparently indistinguishable. 61. CINNA. Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves, conspicuous hyaline ligules and usually many-flowered nodding panicles; spikelets 1-flowered; rachilla articulated below the glumes and prolonged behind the palea into a minute bristle; glumes narrow; lemma 3-5-nerved; palea 1-nerved; stamen 1. Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Stems solitary or few, erect, 60-120 cm. high; leaf blades flat, green, 1-1.5 cm. broad, scabrous; panicle pale green, drooping, 10-30 cm. long; glumes subequal, scabrous, 4 mm. long; lemma shorter, scabrous, bearing a short straight awn; palea 2-nerved. Along streams and in swamps, common. 62. COLEANTHUS. Small annuals with short leaves and umbel-like panicles; spikelets 1-flowered; glumes none; lemma ovate, keeled, usually with a short straight awn; grain free. Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidel. Very small purplish grass, 2-5 cm. high; sheaths loose and dilated; blades 1 cm. long; panicle 1-3 cm. long, often partly included in the upper sheath. On the muddy banks of the Columbia River. POACEAE. 4I 63. CALAMAGROSTIS. Tall perennial grasses with small spikelets in many-flowered terminal panicles; spikelets 1-flowered, the pubescent rachilla prolonged behind the palea; glumes subequal, longer than the lemma which is hyaline and obtuse, and bears a dorsal awn; callus copiously hairy; palea shorter than the lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma. Awns strongly geniculate; callus hairs much shorter than than the lemma. Awn shorter than or little exceeding the glumes; glumes strongly keeled; tall sea-shore plant. C. aleutica. Awn greatly exceeding the glumes. Panicle loose; leaves nearly as long as the stems. C. howellit. Panicle dense; leaves shorter than the stems. C. vaseyt. Awns straight; callus hairs not much shorter than the lemma. Panicle loose and open. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. C. scabra. Spikelets 2-4 mm. long. C. canadensis. Panicle narrow, rather close. Panicle not spikelike. C. inexpansa. Panicle dense, spike-like. Glumes subcoriaceous, ovate, acute; panicle 4-6 cm. long. C. crassiglumis. Glumes membranous, acuminate; panicle 5-20 cm. long. C. hyperborea. Calamagrostis aleutica Trin. Very tall, 1-2 m. high; panicle pale, large and loose; glumes lanceolate, acuminate; callus hairs half as long as the lemma. Along the ocean coast, Alaska to California. Calamagrostis howellii Vasey. Densely tufted; stems 25-50 cm. high; basal leaves numerous, loosely involute; panicle 8-10 cm. long; glumes strongly keeled, subequal, 5-6 mm. long. Abundant on the rocky cliffs in the gorge of the Columbia River. Calamagrostis vaseyi Beal. Stems tufted, 15-40 cm. high; panicle purple, rather close, 6-10 cm. long. In rocky places, in the mountains, at about 2000 m. altitude. Calamagrostis scabra Presl. Blwetop. Stems about 1 m. high; panicle loose, dark purple or rarely pale greenish; glumes sharp-acuminate; awn longer than the lemma. Common in alpine meadows. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Stems tufted, slender, 60-120 cm. high; leaves flat, somewhat involute, pale green, 15-25 cm. long; panicle 10-20 cm. long, purple, pyramidal, the slender branches in fives; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; glumes equal, acute, hardly larger than the lemma; awn short, straight. In wet meadows and along streams. Calamagrostis canadensis acuminata Vasey. Spikelets larger, 4-5 mm. long. With the species in wet meadows and along streams. Calamagrostis inexpansa barbulata Kearney. Stems about 1 m. high; leaves stiff; panicle purple, rather stiff; awn very short or wanting; callus- hairs nearly as long as the lemma. In bogs, near Union City, Mason County, Washington, Pzper. 42 POACEAE. Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurb. Stems 10-20 cm. high; panicle dense, 3-5 cm. long; glumes ovate, acute; callus hairs nearly as long. Vancouver Island to California. Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange. Stems tufted, 40-90 cm. high, stiffly erect; leaves stiff, erect, scabrous, somewhat involute; panicle erect, narrow, densely flowered, 8-12 cm. long; glumes scabrous, acute, 44.5 mm. long. Vancouver Island and eastward. 64. AGROSTIS. BENT-GRASS. Annual or usually perennial grasses with small 1-flowered spikelets, usually in diffuse panicles; glumes membranous, keeled, acute; lemma shorter, obtuse, hyaline, sometimes bearing a dorsal awn; palea shorter than the lemma, sometimes minute or want- ing; grain free, enclosed in the lemma. Rachilla prolonged behind the palet. Spikelets 3 mm. long, usually purple. A. aequivalvis. Spikelets 2 mm. long, usually pale. A. thurberiana. Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet. Palet evident, 2-nerved. Palet one-fourth the length of the lemma; panicle con- tracted. A. glomerata. Palet about one-half the length of the lemma. Panicle contracted, usually lobed. A. stolonifera. Panicle not contracted. Plants with extensive creeping stolons, these bearing short leaves. A. maritima. Plants erect or decumbent, but without exten- sive creeping stolons. Tall, 30-90 cm. high. A, alba. Dwarf, alpine, 10-20 cm. high. A, humilis. Palet wanting or minute and nerveless. Plants spreading by rhizomes. Hairs at base of lemma 1-2 mm. long. A, hallii. Hairs at base of lemma minute or absent. Panicle contracted. A. pallens. Panicle open. A. foliosa. Plants without rhizomes. Panicle narrow, some of the branches short and spikelet-bearing to the base. Lemma awned. A. microphylla. Lemma awnless. Panicle 5-30 cm. long; lowland plant. A, exarata. Panicle 3-6 cm. long; alpine plant. A, rossae. Panicle open, usually without short branches spike- let-bearing to the base. Awn of lemma attached near the base. A, howellit. Awn of lemma, if present, attached at or above the middle. Lemma awnless. Panicle very diffuse. A. hyemalis. Panicle loose but not diffuse. A. oregonensis. Lemma awned. Awn straight, included or but slightly exserted. . melaleuca. Awn exserted, bent. A. longiligula. POACEAE. 43 Agrostis aequivalvis Trin. Tufted; stems slender, 30-60 cm. high; blades narrow, 1 mm. wide; panicle open with slender branches; glumes equal, acute; lemma obtuse, awnless. Alaska to Oregon. Agrostis thurberiana Hitchc. Stems tufted, 20-40 cm. high; blades 2-4 mm. wide; panicle narrow, loose, usually drooping; glumes equal; lemma obtuse, 5-nerved. us in wet places in the mountains, rare. British Columbia to California and tah. Agrostis glomerata (Presl.) Kunth. (A. inflata Scribn.) Perennial; stems erect, 20-30 cm. high, scabrous near the panicle; leaf sheaths striate, often inflated; blades 2-8 mm. wide; panicle spike-like, 2-7 cm. long, often lobed; spikelets 3 mm. long; glumes equal, scabrous on the keel, sharp-pointed; lemma 2 mm. long, awnless or with a short awn from the middle of the back; callus hairs short. Along the seacoast, rare; Vancouver Island to northern California; probably only a subspecies of A. exarata Trin. Agrostis stolonifera L. (A. verticillata Vill.) Stems 20-80 cm. high, often decumbent at base, sometimes stoloniferous; leaf blades pale, acute, 3-4 mm. wide; panicle dense, verticillate or lobed, 3-10 cm. long, usually pale green; branches floriferous to the base; glumes equal, obtusish, 2 mm. long; lemma 1 mm. long, awnless, truncate and toothed at the apex; palea nearly as long as the lemma. In wet places, sparingly introduced from Europe. Agrostis maritima Lam. Tufted, the stems decumbent or spreading; leaves numerous, very short; ligules 2-3 mm. long; panicle narrow, 2-5 cm. long; lemma obtuse, the midvein protruding in a minute point. In moist places near the seashore. Agrostis alba L. Redtop. Perennial with creeping rootstocks; stems erect, 50-100 cm. tall; leaf blades flat, usually scabrous, the sheaths smooth; panicle 7-25 cm. long, open at first, then contracted, greenish or purple; palea present, one-third to one-half the length of the lemma. Common in fields and meadows, especially in wet places. Agrostis humilis Vasey. Stems 10-40 cm. high; panicles narrow, 2-8 cm. long, usually purple; glumes equal; lemma awnless. At high elevations in the mountains. Agrostis hallii Vasey. Stems erect, 60-80 cm. high; blades rather broad; ligule elongate; panicle narrow, 10-12 cm. long; spikelets pale; glumes acumi- nate, about 4 mm. long; lemma awnless, the hairs at the base nearly half as as long. Oregon and California. Agrostis pallens Trin. Stems 30-90 cm. tall; blades rather narrow; panicle narrow, loose or in seashore forms contracted, pale green; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; glumes equal; lemma awnless or with a minute awn. Not common, but very variable. Agrostis foliosa Vasey. Very similar to A. pallens Trin. but stems taller, 50-120 cm. high; panicle open, with stiff ascending branches; lemma awnless or with a straight or bent awn. . i In open places, British Columbia to California. Agrostis microphylla Steud. (A. ampla Hitchc.) Stems 30-90 cm. tall; blades flat, 2-8 mm. wide; panicle narrow, compact, pale green; glumes acute, subequal; lemma one-third shorter. In open ground, not common. 44 POACEAE. Agrostis exarata Trin. Perennial, tufted, the stems 30-90 cm. tall; leaves erect, the blades flat, 2-6 mm. broad, 5-10 cm. long, scabrous, the upper distant from the panicle; panicle strict, pale green, spike-like or interrupted, the short branches appressed and spikelet-bearing to the very base; glumes 2.5-3.5 mm. long, usually scabrous on the back. Variable and very common. Agrostis rossae Vasey. Tufted, 10-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, 2-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, flat or folded; panicle narrow, erect, 3-6 cm. long, green or purple; glumes 2 mm. long, not scabrous. In alpine meadows, common. Agrostis howellii Scribn. Stems 40-60 cm. high; blades very long, 3-5 mm. wide; panicle very loose; spikelets clustered near the tips of the branches; glumes acuminate, equal; lemma acute, awned from the back. In rocky places in the Columbia Gap. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Annual, tufted, 15-90 cm. tall; leaves flat or involute, narrow, very scabrous; panicle very loose, 15-30 cm. long; branches in whorls of 2-12, capillary, 5-15 cm. long, branched above the middle and spikelet-bearing only near the tips. In moist places, common. Agrostis oregonensis Vasey. Stems slender, 60-80 cm. high; blades narrow; panicle pyramidal, nodding, open, the branches capillary; glumes subequal, scabrous on the keel; lemma shorter, obtuse, awnless. In marshes, rare. Agrostis melaleuca (Trin.) Hitchc. Perennial from creeping root- stocks, not tufted; stems erect, 30-50 cm. high, leafy; leaf blades 1-3 mm. wide; panicle oblong, 5-15 cm. long; glumes subequal, copper-colored, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute, smooth; lemma nearly as long, bearing from the middle of the back a short straight scarcely exserted awn; palea minute or wanting. In sphagnum marshes, Garibaldi, Oregon, Hitchcock; north to Alaska. Agrostis longiligula Hitchc. Stems tall, 60-80 cm. high; leaf blades flat, scabrous, 3-4 mm. wide; ligule 5-6 mm. long; panicle purple, rather dense, 10-18 cm. long; glumes 3-4 mm. long, acute, scabrous on the keel, hispidulous on the back, the upper a little shorter; lemma 2.5 mm. long, scabrous on the nerves, bearing a bent awn 2.5 mm. long; palea minute. Alaska and Vancouver Island, Macoun, to northern California. 65. HOLCUS. Annual or perennial grasses with densely-flowered terminal panicles; spikelets deciduous, 2-flowered, the lower flower perfect, the upper staminate; glumes membranous, keeled, the lower 1- nerved, the upper 3-nerved and often short-awned; lemmas 2, papery, that of the upper floret bearing a bent awn; palea narrow; grain oblong, free, enclosed in the lemma. Holcus lanatus L. Velvet-grass or Mesquite. Perennial; the whole plant downy with pale pubescence; stems erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaf blades flat, rather broad and short; sheath loose, shorter than the internodes; panicle pale purplish, 5-10 cm. long, rather densely-flowered, the branches in twos or threes; spikelets 4-6 mm. long; upper glume short-awned near the apex; lemma of the staminate flower with a hook-like awn. Abundantly introduced in fields and waysides. POACEAE. 45 66. ARRHENATHERUM. Tall perennials with long narrow panicles; spikelets 2-flowered, lower flower staminate, upper perfect; rachilla extending beyond the flowers; glumes thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or awn-pointed, unequal, persistent; lemmas 2, rigid, 5-7-nerved, deciduous, the first bearing a long bent and twisted dorsal awn inserted below the middle, the second unawned; palea hyaline, 2-keeled; grain ovoid, free. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Beauv. Tall Oat-grass. Glabrous perennial, 100-150 cm. high; stem leaves 3, the blades flat, minutely scabrous, the sheaths shorter than the internodes; panicle shining, 15-25 cm. long, rather narrow, the branches suberect; lemmas 6-7 mm. long, the lower bearing a long dorsal geniculate awn. Naturalized from Europe. 67. ATRA. Delicate annuals with narrow leaves; spikelets small, 2-flowered; flowers perfect; rachilla jointed below the lemmas and not pro- longed beyond the upper one; glumes nearly equal, awnless, acute, longer than the lemmas; lemmas each with a twisted awn on the back; grain usually adherent to the lemma and palea. Panicle loose; lemma 2.5—3 mm. long. A. caryophyllea. Panicle dense; lemma 3.5-4 mm. long. A. praecox. Aira caryophyllea L. Hair-grass. Stems 10-20 cm. high; panicle very loose; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, silvery, shining. Introduced from Europe; common in dry soil. Aira praecox L. Stems 5-10 cm. high; panicle small and rather dense; spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, yellowish, shining. Very sparingly introduced; a native of Europe. 68. DANTHONIA. Flowers solitary or few in a small raceme or panicle; spikelets 3 to many-flowered, the flowers all perfect or the upper staminate; rachilla pubescent, extending beyond the flowers; glumes keeled, acute, subequal, persistent, generally extending beyond the uppermost lemma; lemmas rounded on the back, 2-toothed, deciduous, the bent awn flat and twisted at the base, arising from between the acute or awned teeth; palea hyaline, 2-keeled near the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed; grain free, enclosed in the lemma. Spikelets ascending in a close panicle. Callus very short, not hairy. D. pinetorum. Callus elongate, densely hairy. D. intermedia. Spikelets spreading, in a loose panicle or solitary. Sheaths smooth. D. californica. Sheaths hairy. D. americana. 46 POACEAE. Danthonia pinetorum Piper. Densely tufted; leaves pale, narrow, involute, often curled; spikelets nearly sessile, pale; lemma loosely hairy, the apex bifid into 2 slender subulate teeth; awn 7 mm. long. In pine woods, Mason County, Washington, Piper; Nanaimo and Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Very near the eastern D. spicata (L.) Beauv. Danthonia intermedia Vasey. Stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves bright green, soft, flat or involute; sheaths glabrous or sparsely hairy; spikelets 3-12, usually purple, nearly sessile; lemma broadly lanceolate, 2-toothed. In alpine meadows, British Columbia to Quebec, south to California and New Mexico. Danthonia californica Boland. Erect, 50-100 cm. tall; leaf blades flat, scabrous; sheaths loose, shortly retrorse-pubescent, and with a tuft of hairs at the throat; spikelets 1-2 cm. long, 3-5 in a raceme, rarely more numerous or even solitary, usually long-pedicelled; lemma abruptly acuminate, long- ciliate below the middle, 2-cleft at apex, bearing an awn of about equal length. In meadows, not common in our limits. Danthonia americana Scribn. Much like D. californica but not so tall; spikelets usually 2 or 3; sheaths hairy; lemmas attenuate-acuminate. In meadows, British Columbia to California. 69. AVENA. Oat. Annuals with large spikelets; inflorescence a panicle; spike- lets 2—-many-flowered; lower flowers perfect, the upper often staminate; glumes somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent; lemmas deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing a dorsal awn; apex often 2-toothed; palea narrow, 2-toothed; grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the lemma and palea, free or sometimes adherent to the latter. Avena fatua glabrata Peterm. Smooth Wild Oat. Stems stout, pale, smooth, 50-100 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades broad and flat, the sheaths about equalling the internodes; panicle loose 15-30 cm. long; spikelets, including awns, 3.5—4 cm. long, erect or drooping, on slender branches; lemma smooth, except the scabrous apex and the ring of stiff white hairs at the base, bearing on the back a geniculate, stout, twisted awn below the 2-cleft apex. Sparingly introduced. The common wild oat, A. fatua L., has bristly red hairs on the lemma. It may also be expected in our limits. 70. DESCHAMPSIA. Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a contracted or open panicle; spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the hairy rachilla extending beyond the flowers as a bristle or rarely termin- ated by a staminate floret; glumes keeled, acute, membranous, shining, persistent; lemmas of about the same texture, deciduous, each bearing a dorsal awn, the apex erose-truncate; palea narrow; grain oblong, free, enclosed in the lemma. Lower glume 1-nerved. Glumes not longer than the florets. D. caespitosa. Glumes longer than the florets. D. atropurpurea. POACEAE. 47 Lower glume 3-nerved. Annual; glumes 5—7 mm. long. D. calycina. Perennial; glumes 3-4 mm. long. D. elongata. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Silver-top. Densely tufted perennial; stems 60-150 cm. high, much exceeding the numerous basal leaves; stem leaves 3, the blades narrow, involute, 5-12 cm. long, scabrous, the smooth sheaths shorter than the internodes; panicle 10-30 cm. long, usually open, the capillary branches in whorls of 2-5, flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets shining, greenish or purplish, 2-3 mm. long; lemma hairy at the base, erose-toothed at the apex, bearing a slender awn near the base. In moist soils, common. A very variable widespread grass. Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Scheele. Perennial; stems 30-90 cm. high; leaves broad and flat; panicle rather close, purple; spikelets broad, flat, 5-6 mm. long. In mountain meadows, common. Deschampsia calycina Pres]. Annual; the slender stems erect, 15-40 cm. tall; leaves narrow, involute, the blades 2-6 cm. long; panicle very loose, 7-20 cm. long, with subequal branches mostly in twos, these capillary, branched above and bearing spikelets near the tips; spikelets pale green, sometimes purple-tingled, about 7 mm. long; lemma long-hairy at the base, minutely toothed at the apex, bearing a geniculate awn three or four times as long. In dry soil. Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro. Stems densely tufted, smooth, 30-90 cm. tall; leaves filiform, commonly involute, smooth; panicle narrow, 15-45 cm. long, somewhat nodding; branches very unequal, ascending or appressed, very slender, naked below; spikelets pale green, usually purple- tinged near the apex; lemmas hairy at base, shining,irregularly toothed at apex, bearing a slender awn about twice as long. Common in open places. 71. TRISETUM. Ours all cespitose perennials; inflorescence a spike-like or open panicle; spikelets 2—4-flowered, the flowers all perfect or the uppermost staminate; rachilla glabrous or with long soft hairs, extending beyond the flowers; glumes unequal, acute, persistent; lemmas 2-4, usually shorter than the glumes, decidu- ous, 2-toothed, bearing a dorsal awn below the apex or sometimes awnless; palea narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed; grain free, enclosed in the lemma. Panicle dense and spike-like. T. spicatum. Panicle loose and spreading. Rays long and drooping; sheaths smooth. T. cernuum. Rays shorter, erect; sheaths hairy. T. canescens. Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter. Densely tufted, 10-40 cm. high, pubes- cent to glabrous with the sheaths pubescent; panicle oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, shining and often brownish-purple; glumes ciliate on the keels, the lower short; lemma 5-6 mm. long, its awn divergent and about as long. In mountain meadows at 1500-2000 m. altitude. Trisetum cernuum Trin. Stems 60-100 cm. tall, erect, the nodes pale; leaf blades flat, merely scabrous, 15-20 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle 48 POACEAE. 10-15 cm. long, loose, nodding; branches in distant whorls, capillary, cernuous, flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 6-7 mm. long without the awn; lemma 3-4 mm. long, bearing an awn of about twice its length. In open woods, common. Trisetum canescens Buckl. Much like 7. cernuum, the leaf blades and sheaths pubescent; nodes usually dark; panicle erect, 7-16 cm. long; lemma 7 mm. long. In coniferous woods. 72. ERAGROSTIS. Annual or perennial grasses; inflorescence a contracted or open panicle; spikelets many-flowered, more or less flattened; glumes unequal, shorter than the lemmas, keeled, 1-nerved; lemmas membranous, keeled, 3-nerved, awnless; palea shorter than the lemmas, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually persisting on the rachilla after the lemma has fallen; grain free, loosely enclosed in the lemma and palea. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Stems prostrate, creeping, much branched from the base, forming dense circular mats; leaf blades 2-3 cm. long, somewhat pubescent; sheaths loose, inflated, hairy; panicles very numerous, pale green, dense, 2-4 cm. long, usually with their bases included in the upper- most sheaths; spikelets oblong, 4-7 mm. long. On river banks, widely distributed; rare in our limits. 73. CYNOSURUS. Annual or perennial cespitose grasses with flat leaves; spikelets of two forms in small fascicles which form a dense somewhat unilateral spike-like panicle; terminal spikelets of each fascicle 2-4-flowered, perfect, its rachilla jointed; lower spikelets sterile, with many empty lemmas; glumes 2, narrow lanceolate, acute; lemmas broader, membranous, 1—3-nerved, mucronate or awn- pointed; empty lemmas of sterile spikelets spreading, subequal, linear, 1-nerved; styles distinct, short; stigmas loosely plumose. Cynosurus cristatus L. Crested Dogstail. Stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves firm, 1-4 mm. wide, glabrous; panicle spike-like, 5-10 cm. long; spike- lets both fertile and sterile in each cluster, the terminal one fertile; sterile spikelet larger, the glumes and lemmas much narrower and very scabrous. Sparingly introduced from Europe. Seattle, Piper; Victoria, Fletcher. 74, KOELERIA. Tufted perennial grasses with narrow leaves and densely flowered spike-like panicles; spikelets 2-4-flowered; rachilla articulated between the lemmas; glumes acute, subequal, keeled, scarious on the margins; lemmas 3-nerved, keeled, acute; palea hyaline, acute; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Perennial, the erect stems densely tufted, 30-70 cm. tall, usually glabrous; leaves narrow, commonly involutc; panicle clense, greenish or purplish, shining, 5-15 cm. long, often more or less inter- rupted; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 2—4+-flowered. Dry soil, infrequent in our limits. A very variable widespread grass. POACEAE. 49 75. PLEUROPOGON. Soft erect annuals or perennials with rather large spikelets in terminal racemes; spikelets with 8-15 perfect flowers; rachilla jointed above the glumes and between the flowers; glumes 2, 1-nerved, or the second imperfectly 3-nerved, awnless, unequal; lemmas longer than the glumes, 7-nerved, entire, or somewhat 2-toothed at the apex, with the midnerve extending into a short awn; keel of palea with a distinct crest or wing-like appendage; grain free. Pleuropogon refractum Gray. Stems about 1 m. high; leaves flat, 6-8 inm. wide; raceme slender; spikelets 2-4 cm. long, horizontal or refracted, loosely flowered. Along streams in moist woods, rare. Washington to California. 76. MELICA. Perennial grasses with simple stems; inflorescence a contracted or open panicle; spikelets 1-several-flowered, often one-sided; rachilla extending beyond the flowers and usually bearing 2-3 empty club-shaped or hooded lemmas twisted around each other; glumes membranous, the lower 3—5-nerved, the upper 5—9-nerved; lemmas larger, rounded on the back, 5—7-nerved, awnless, the margins more or less scarious; palea broad, shorter than the lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea. Lemmas acuminate at apex; stems bulbous at base. M, subulata. Lemma notched at apex; stems not bulbous. Awns short or none. M. harfordiz. Awns long. M. smithii. Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Glabrous; stems tufted, usually few, bulbous at base; blades flat, shining; panicle narrow and rather loose, suberect, 10-20 cm. long; spikelets 3—-5-flowered; glumes unequal, usually purplish; lemmas pubescent, 12 mm. long. In open woods, frequent. Alaska to California and Wyoming. Melica harfordii Boland. Stems tall, tufted, the bases not bulbous; lemmas obtuse and notched at apex, 8 mm. long, ciliate with long hairs for most of its length. In dry rocky places, Vancouver Island to California. Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey. Glabrous; stems tufted, usually few, not bulbous at base; blades flat; panicle loose, the solitary branches at length spreading or reflexed; spikelets 3—-6-flowered; glumes unequal; lemmas glabrous, 10 mm. long, the straight awns half as long or less. | Sumas Prairie, Lyall; and eastward. 77. BRIZA. Annuals or perennials with flat or convolute leaves and loose and open or narrow and spike-like panicles; spikelets many- flowered, round-ovate or cordate; rachilla jointed above the glumes and between the florets; florets crowded, the upper usually 5 50 POACEAE. imperfect; glumes 2, subequal, membranaceous with broad scari- ous margins, rounded on the back, shorter than the flowers; lemmas S—many-nerved, cordate at base, awnless; palea much smaller than the lemma, obtuse; styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Briza media L. Perennial, tufted; stems erect, of various lengths, 10-60 cm. high on the same plant; leaf blades scabrous; panicle loose, pyramidal, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets ovate to cordate, 6-8 mm. long, 5-9-flowered. Sparingly introduced from Europe. Reported from Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, Macoun. 78. BROMUS. BroMeE-crass. Annuals, biennials or perennials with flat leaves and terminal panicles of large spikelets; peduncles thickened at the summit; spikelets few—many-flowered; glumes unequal, acute; lemmas rounded on the back, or sometimes compressed-keeled, 5-9- nerved, the apex usually 2-toothed, generally bearing an awn from just below the summit; palea shorter than the lemma; grain adherent to the palea. Spikelets strongly flattened; perennials. Awns less than 7 mm. long; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, not pilose. B. marginatus. Awns more than 7 mm. long. Panicle very broad, the longest rays 15-25 cm. long, drooping. B. sitchensis. Panicle large but the rays not drooping. B. hookerianus. Spikelets subterete, not strongly flattened. Native perennials mostly with loose and drooping panicles; lemma usually more or less long-hairy. Panicle narrow, erect or nearly so. B. vulgaris. Panicle broad, drooping. Lemma evenly pubescent. B. pacificus. Lemma unevenly pubescent. B. richardsontt. Introduced annuals or biennials. Awns much longer than the body of the narrow lemma, Lemma pubescent or rarely glabrous; awns 13-15 mm. long. B. tectorum. Lemma not pubescent; awns 18-45 mm. long. Awns 35-45 mm. long B. maximus. Awns less than 30 mm. long. Panicle a dense head-like cluster. B. rubens. Panicle loose. B. sterilis. Awns shorter than or scarcely exceeding the broad lemma. Panicle dense, small. B. hordeaceus. Panicle loose, open. Margins of the lemma inrolled in fruit. B. secalinus. Margins of the lemma not inrolled in fruit. B. commutatus. Bromus marginatus Nees. Perennial, tufted; the stout stems about 1 m. high; leaf blades coarse, sparsely pubescent; panicle 15-25 cm. long, rather narrow, the branches in whorls of 2-4, about 7 cm. long, and bearing two spikelets; spikelets 2.5-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, compressed and keeled, POACEAE. aT 7-9-flowered; lemma rough-pubescent, 11-14 mm. long, 2-toothed at apex, and bearing a stout awn 4-7 mm. long. A variable species, rare in our limits. Bromus sitchensis Bong. Stout grass, 1-1.5 m. high, smooth or nearly so; panicle large, loose, drooping, 25-35 cm. long; lemma smooth or scabrous, 12-14 mm. long. Moist banks, along the seashore. Bromus hookerianus (Thurb.) Shear. Much like B. sitchensis but smaller; panicle erect, the branches not drooping; lemmas scabrous. In open places, common. Bromus vulgaris eximius Shear. Perennial; stems slender, 80-100 cm. tall; leaf blades 15-25 cm. long, glabrous or sparsely pilose; sheaths pilose with spreading or reflexed hairs; ligule truncate, fringed, 3-5 mm. long; panicle sparse, more or less nodding, 8-12 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 cm. long, 2—4 mm. wide; lemma 8-10 mm. long, sparsely pubescent on the back, some- what ciliate on the margin, the awn 6-9 mm. long. Common in open woods. Bromus vulgaris robustus Shear. Lemma pilose on the keel and margins near the base; leaves and leaf sheaths pubescent. Infrequent. Bromus pacificus Shear. Stems stout, about 1 m. tall; leaf-blades large, 8-11 mm. broad; panicle large, drooping; lemmas pubescent, 11-12 mm. long. Moist banks and copses, especially along the coast. Bromus richardsonii pallidus (Hook.) Shear. Stems 60-120 cm. high; leaf blades broad, scabrous above, smooth beneath; panicle large, loose, droop- ing; spikelets pale, 6—-11-flowered, 2~3 cm. long; lemma 12-15 mm. long, villous at the margins of the lower half. In mountain bogs, rare in our limits. Bromus tectorum nudum Klett & Richter. Annual; stems 30-60 cm. high; leaf blades pubescent; panicle loose, one-sided, drooping, the branches slender; spikelets 15-20 mm. long; glumes acute, the lower about half the length of the upper; lemma lanceolate, smooth, 11-13 mm. long, bearing at the apex two narrow hyaline teeth and a straight awn 13-15 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Seattle, Piper. Typical B. tectorum with the lemma scabrous to pubescent occurs at Puyallup, Washington. Bromus maximus Desf. Stems 20-40 cm. high; sheaths and blades pilose; panicle erect, 5-10 cm. long, somewhat one-sided, the branches rather short and erect or nearly so after flowering. Sparingly introduced from Europe. Bromus rubens L. Annual, tufted; stems 20-50 cm. high, erect; sheaths and leaf blades pubescent; panicle ovoid, compact, 4-7 cm. long, reddish at maturity; spikelets 7-11-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long; glumes narrow, acuminate, subequal, lower i-nerved, upper 3-nerved; lemma lanceolate, pubescent, 13-16 mm. long, the apex cleft into two long hyaline teeth; awn straight, 18-22 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. Bromus sterilis L. Annual, the stout stems 50-100 cm. high, usually decumbent at base; panicle 10-20 cm. long, loose and drooping, its branches in whorls of 2-6, long and slender, usually bearing but one spikelet; spikelets drooping, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 5—-10-flowered; lemma narrowly lanceolate, 17-20 mm. long, bearing a stout rough awn, 20-30 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. 52 POACEAE. Bromus hordeaceus L. Annual, erect, 20-60 cm. tall; leaf blades pilose or smooth, the sheaths pubescent with retrorse hairs; panicle narrow, dense, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets erect, 12-15 mm. long, 5—12-flowered; lemma pubes- cent, bearing a stout straight or somewhat twisted awn 6-9 mm. long. Common in waste places; introduced from Europe. Bromus secalinus L. Chess or Cheat. Annual, erect, 30-70 cm. tall; leaf blades 10-20 cm. long, sparsely hairy above, smooth beneath; sheaths glabrous; panicle 8-18 cm. long, pyramidal, erect at first, in fruit somewhat drooping; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, turgid in fruit, 10-18 mm. long; lemma glabrous or nearly so, 6-8 mm. long, its margins involute in fruit, tipped with an awn 2-5 mm. long; palea nearly equal to the lemma. Introduced from Europe. Bromus commutatus Schrad. Very similar to B. secalinus; panicle more drooping; lemma broader, not inrolled in fruit, tipped with a stout straight awn 7-8 mm. long. Introduced from Europe. 79. DACTYLIS. Perennial grasses with flat leaves; inflorescence a densely clustered or interrupted panicle; spikelets 3—5-flowered, short- pedicelled, in small fascicles, the flowers all perfect or the upper staminate; glumes thin, membranous, keeled, unequal, mucro- nate; lemmas larger than the glumes, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled, the midnerve extending into a point or short awn; palea shorter than the lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard-grass. Perennial, tufted, the stout stems 60-150 cm. tall; leaf blades flat, scabrous, 6-8 mm. broad; sheath scabrous, exceeding the internode; panicle 3-10 cm. long, pyramidal-ovate, greenish or purplish; branches solitary, ascending, spikelet-bearing above; lemmas con- spicuously ciliate on the keels. Escaped from cultivation. 80. POA. BLuE-GRAss. Annual or perennial grasses with simple stems and narrow usually flat leaves; inflorescence a contracted or open panicle, spikelets 2—6-flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous; flowers perfect or rarely dioecious; glumes membranous, keeled, 1-3-nerved; lemmas membranous, keeled, awnless, longer than the glumes, generally with a tuft-of cobwebby hairs at the base, 5—7-nerved, the marginal nerves usually pubescent, often also the dorsal one; palea a little shorter than the lemma, 2-nerved or 2-keeled; grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palea. Annual; lemma without cobwebby hairs at base. P. annua. Perennial. Plants with creeping rootstocks. Stem flattened, 2-edged; panicles small. P. compressa. Stem cylindric. Lemma webbed, that is with a tuft of long hairs at the base. POACEAE. 53 Dioecious, seashore plant; spikelets 10-15 mm. long. P. macrantha. Perfect; spikelets 4-5 mm. long. P. pratensis. Lemma not webbed. Low seashore plant with narrow involute leaves and small panicle; spikelets close. P. confints. Taller grass, not maritime, with flat or folded leaves; spikelets loose. P. nervosa. Plants tufted, without rootstocks. Lateral nerves of lemmas prominent; web present. P. trivialis. Lateral nerves of lemmas not prominent. Web present at base of lemma. Leaves flat or folded, not soft and flaccid. Panicle short pyramidal; spikelets 6-7 mm. long; low alpine plant. P. arctica. Panicle ample, spreading; spikelets 3-4 mm. lo P. triflora. ng. Leaves flat, rather short, soft and flaccid. Panicle lax and spreading; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; florets not early deciduous. P. leptocoma. Panicle narrow, the rays usually erect; florets early deciduous. Lemma glabrous or nearly so. P. bolanderi. Lemma pubescent. P. howellit. Web absent, no tuft of hairs at base of lemma. Nerves of the lemma pilose below. Alpine plant; leaf blades flat, green, broad. P. alpina. Maritime plant; leaf blades narrow or folded, glaucescent. P. pachypholis. Nerves of the lemma not pilose. Stems low, 5-20 cm. high; grasses of the highest mountains. Leaves soft; panicle purple, very short; plants 5-10 cm. high. P. lettermant. Leaves rather rigid; panicle pale, narrow, elongated; plant 10-20 cm. high. P. suksdorfit. Stems taller, usually 20-40 cm. high, mostly grasses of rupestrine habitat. Panicle close, erect; leaves flat. Lemmas pubescent at base; leaves rather narrow, sometimes folded. PP. sandbergit. Lemmas glabrous; leaf blades broader. P. paddensis. Panicles loose; leaves narrow, flat or involute. . Ligules of the sterile shoots obsolete; of the stem leaves short and trun- cate. P. multnomae. Ligules well developed on all the leaves. Rays of the panicle in about 5 series; ligules 2-5 mm. long P. alcea. Rays of the panicle in fewer series; ligules 1-2 mm. long. Panicle close; . glumes firm; blades flat. P. saxatilis. Panicle loose; glumes thin; blades involute. P. gracillima. 54 POACEAE. Poa annua L. Annual Blue-grass. Annual, the compressed stems 5-15 cm. tall; leaves glabrous, the blades short and soft; panicle pyramidal, some- times 1-sided; spikelets 3-7-flowered, crowded, 4 mm. long; lemma 3-3.5 mm. long, not hairy at base. Introduced; common along waysides and in cultivated ground. Poa compressa L. Canada Blue-grass. Usually low, spreading by root- stocks and forming dense mats, the much compressed stems 15-40 cm. high, decumbent at base, glabrous; panicle 3-7 cm. long, contracted, the branches spikelet-bearing to the base or nearly so; spikelets 3-9-flowered; lemmas ob- scurely nerved, the nerves slightly pubescent below. Sparingly introduced. Poa macrantha Vasey. Pale green; rootstocks extensively creeping, stout; leaves involute or folded; panicle 5-10 cm. long; staminate spikelets yellowish, 10-15 mm. long; pistillate smaller. Common in sand dunes along the coast. Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Blue-grass. Perennial with conspicuous run- ning rootstocks, the terete stems 30-90 cm. tall; panicle pyramidal, open, 6-20 cm. long, the ascending or spreading branches in whorls of 3-5, spikelet- bearing above the middle; spikelets 3-5-flowered; lemmas 3-5 mm. long with prominent intermediate nerves, silky-pubescent on the midnerve and margins, cobwebby at the base. Meadows and pastures everywhere. Poa confinis Vasey. Stems 5-15 cm. high; leaves numerous, very narrow, involute; panicle 1-3 cm. long, the short branches in pairs; spikelets 3-5- flowered; lemmas broadly ovate. High sea beaches; common on the ocean coast. Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey. Stems weak, 30-40 cm. high; leaves soft, green, flat or folded; panicle lax, 6-10 cm. long; spikelets pale green, compressed, the 4-7 florets distant; lemma thin, lanceolate, scabrous. On moist wooded banks, rare. Nootka Sound, British Columbia, Scouler; Cape Horn, Washington, Piper; Multnomah Falls, Oregon, Pzper. Poa trivialis L. Rough Meadow-grass. Stems 30-60 cm. high; sheaths and flat blades scabrous; ligule well developed; panicle rather loose; spikelets mostly 3-flowered; lemma 5-nerved, the nerves very prominent. Sparingly introduced. Poa arctica R. Br. Perennial by creeping rootstocks; stems slender, 2-3-jointed, erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves green, flat or folded, 2-5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide; panicle loose, pyramidal, erect or somewhat nodding, 3-8 cm. long, the slender rays mostly in twos; spikelets oblong-obovate, 3—-6-flowered, 6-7 mm. long; glumes ovate, acute, subequal; lemma purplish, ovate, ob- tusish, pubescent on the keel and lateral nerves below the middle, 3-4 mm. long, the tuft of hairs at base nearly as long. Mount Rainier, Piper, Allen; our form is not typical and has been mistaken for P. laxa Haenke. Poa triflora Gilib. Fowl! Meadow-grass. Tufted, the stems 60-90 cm. high; leaves narrow, linear, smooth and soft; ligule conspicuous; panicle usually purple, 10-30 cm. long, the branches mostly in fives; spikelets 2—5-flowered; lemma obscurely nerved. In wet places, common. Poa leptocoma Bong. Glabrous, bright green; stems slendcr, erect, 20-40 cm. high; leaves flat, flaccid, 5-12 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; panicle lax, 5-10 cm. long, more or less nodding, the capillary branches mostly in twos POACEAE. 55 and 2-5 cm. long; spikelets compressed, 5-6 mm. long, 3-flowered; glumes slightly unequal, the upper longer and broader; lemma lance-ovate, acute, 3-4 mm. long, with a tuft of hairs at base and long-villous on the keel and marginal nerves below the middle. Boggy places in the mountains. Poa bolanderi Vasey. A glabrous, loosely tufted, short-lived perennial, 30-50 cm. high, erect; leaf blades few, thin, soft, rather short; panicle erect, narrow, 10-12 cm. long, the branches few at the well separated nodes and usually remaining erect; spikelets 1-3-flowered, 2-3 mm. long; lemma smooth, the basal web scanty. Vancouver Island to California. Poa howellii Vasey. Very similar to P. bolanderi; lemma acute, pubes- cent; florets dropping very readily. In dry woods, not rare. Vancouver Island to California. Poa alpina L. Stems 15-30 cm. high; blades short, linear, flat, 3-6 mm. wide; panicle usually purple, short pyramidal; spikelets broadly ovate, 3-9-flowered; lemma villous on the midrib and nerves below. In the mountains, Alaska to Washington. Poa pachypholis Piper. Densely tufted, 15-30 cm. high; leaves glaucous, the blades narrow and involute; panicle short, thick, very close; glumes and lemma thick and firm; lemma pubescent on the lower half of the nerves. Ocean Bluffs at Ilwaco, Washington. Poa lettermani Vasey. Very dwarf, tufted, only 5-10 cm. high; panicle purple, 1-2 cm. long, oblong, quite dense; spikelets 2—4-flowered; lemma oblong, acutish, glabrous. Mount Rainier, at 3000 m. altitude. Poa suksdorfii Vasey. Pale green, densely tufted, 10-20 cm. high; blades folded or involute, rather numerous; panicle narrow and spike-like, 3-8 cm. long; spikelets 1-3-flowered; lemma ovate, thin and papery, 4-5 mm. long. In loose gravel in the mountains at high elevations. Poa sandbergii Vasey. Perennial, glabrous, not glaucous, tufted; the stems 15-50 cm. tall; basal leaves numerous, the blades 5-10 cm. long, linear; stem leaves 2, low down, the blades 1~2 cm. long, the sheaths often purple; panicle 4-10 cm. long, narrow, the ascending branches in whorls of 2-5, spikelet-bearing near the top; spikelets 2—4-flowered, usually purplish; lemmas oblong, 3.5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent above, villous near the base. In dry places in the mountains, rare; common in the interior. Poa paddensis Williams. (P. purpurascens Vasey.) Densely tufted; stems 15-30 cm. high; blades flat or loosely involute, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle erect or spreading, dark purple, rather close; spikelets thick, 3—5-flowered; glumes ovate, acutish; lemmas ovate, sparsely scabrous. In alpine meadows, common. Vancouver Island to Oregon. Poa multnomae Piper. Densely tufted, 10-30 cm. high; basal leaves numerous, very narrow, smooth, folded; panicle loose; spikelets ovate-lan- ceolate, 3—5-flowered, 5-7 mm. long; lemma ovate, acutish, puberulent at base, scarious at apex. On rock cliffs along the Columbia. Poa alcea Piper. Much like P. multnomae but taller; ligules conspicuous; spikelets oblong, 6-9 mm. long, mostly 5-flowered. On moist rock cliffs, Elk Rock, near Portland, Oregon, and southward. Poa saxatilis Scribn. & Williams. Densely tufted alpine perennial, 20-30 cm. tall; basal leaves numerous, green, the blades 2-6 cm. long, flat, slightly 56 POACEAE. scabrous, about 2 mm. broad; stem leaves 2; ligules well developed; sheaths ioose, becoming scarious; panicles green or purple, erect, rather loose, 4-7 cm. long, the rays mostly in twos; spikelets lanceolate, 6-9 mm. long, loosely 3—5- flowered; glumes subacute, smooth, subequal, about 4 mm. long; lemma ob- scurely 5-nerved, oblong, subacute, scabrous on the back, puberulent at base and on the keel, 4—4.5 mm. long. Rocky places at high altitudes. Poa gracillima Vasey. Very similar to P. saxatilis which may not be distinct; leaf blades involute; panicle loose; spikelets 7 mm. long; lemma thin, scabrous on the back, pubescent at base, scarious at apex. On cliffs in the mountains. 81. DISTICHLIS. Rather rigid erect grasses springing from creeping bases, with dense panicles of rather few large and compressed spikelets, which are usually more numerous and less crowded in the stami- nate than in the pistillate plants; spikelets 8-—16-flowered, dioecious; glumes 2, keeled, acute, shorter than the lemmas; lemmas 3—many-nerved, acute; grain free. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. Salt-grass. Extensively creeping; leaves rather rigid, smooth, involute; spikelets ovate or oblong, 8-16 mm. long, smooth, 6—12-flowered. Along the seashore, common. 82. FESTUCA. FEscuE. Annuals or perennials with terminal panicles, sometimes reduced to racemes; spikelets 2-many-flowered; glumes more or less unequal, acute, keeled, the lower 1-, rarely 3-nerved, the upper 3-, rarely 5-nerved; lemmas lanceolate, firm in texture at least near the base, narrow, rounded on the back or slightly keeled, always 5-nerved, acute or usually awned; palea usually about equalling the lemma; grain glabrous, elongated, often adherent to the palea. Annuals. Spikelets densely 8—13-flowered. F. octoflora. Spikelets loosely 1-6-flowered. Branches of the short panicle divergent. Florets 3-5 in each spikelet; only the principal rays divergent. F. pacifica. Florets 1-3 in each spikelet; all the spikelets diver- gent. F. reflexa. Branches of the elongated panicle erect or appressed. Lemma ciliate. F. megalura. Lemma not ciliate. First glume one-third as long as second. F. myuros. First glume two-thirds as long as second. F. bromozides. Perennials. Callus and auricles conspicuously hairy. F. aristulata. Callus and auricles glabrous. Leaves very narrow, mostly involute. POACEAE. 57 Plant with creeping rootstocks. F. rubra. Plant tufted; rootstocks none. Tufts separable with difficulty; lemmas acute, not awned. F. viridula, Tufts easily separable; lemmas awned. Panicle loose; lemmas long-awned. F. occidentalis. Panicle close; lemmas not long-awned. F. ovina. Leaves rather broad, flat. Lemma firm, not at all keeled, awnless. F, elatior. Lemma rather thin, keeled above the middle, awned. Floret with a narrow stalk-like base. F. subuliflora. Floret not stalk-like at base. F. subulata, Festuca octoflora Walt. Tufted annual, 8-30 cm. tall; panicle 2-6 cm. long, rather dense, often one-sided; spikelets 6-10 mm. long, 7-13-flowered; lemmas 3-4 mm. long, scabrous, attenuate into an awn about as long. In dry open places. Festuca pacifica Piper. Annual; stem single or a few in a loose tuft, 5-30 cm. tall; panicle 4~-10 cm. long; branches mostly solitary, longest below, all erect at first but becoming spreading or reflexed by means of a prominent pulvinus at the base; spikelets 2-6-flowered; lemma 6-7 mm. long, the awn two to three times as long. In prairies, rare west of the Cascade Mountains. Festuca reflexa Buckl. In habit like F. pacifica; panicle 5-12 cm. long, the rays solitary; spikelets at length all spreading; lemma lanceolate, glabrous or scabrous, bearing a short or long awn. Dry open places, Vancouver Island to California. Festuca megalura Nutt. Tufted annual, 30-40 cm. tall, smooth; panicle spike-like, elongated, flexuous, 5~25 cm. long, pale-green; spikelets 4—5-flow- ered, 2—2.5 cm. long, including the awns; lemma lanceolate, scabrous, the body 5 mm., the awn 10-15 mm. long. Along roads and streets, native, but appearing as if introduced. Festuca myuros L. Mouse-tail Fescue. Very similar to F. megalura, but the panicle usually smaller; lemma not ciliate; first glume very short. Sparingly introduced; native of Europe. Festuca bromoides L. Glabrous; stems 10-30 cm. high; panicle usually dense, 5-10 cm. long; rays solitary; glumes subequal, the lower shorter. Waysides, introduced from Europe. Festuca aristulata (Torr.) Shear. (F. californica Vasey.) Coarse tufted grass, 60-120 cm. high, scabrous throughout; junction of sheath and blade white-hairy; panicle large and very loose; spikelets 5-flowered; lemma 8-10 mm. long, lanceolate, scabrous. ; ; Dry ground, upper Willamette Valley to California. Festuca rubra L. Perennial, with short running rootstocks; the whole plant smooth; stems 60-100 cm. tall, slender; leaves narrow, involute, 10-20 cm. long; panicle narrow, erect, about 10 cm. long, the short erect branches in twos, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets frequently purplish, 10-12 cm. long, 5—6-flowered; lemma smooth, 5-6 mm. long, tipped with an awn 3-4 mm. long. Mostly along the seashore. F. rubra kitaibeliana (Schult.) Piper is a subspecies distinguished by having pubescent lemmas. Festuca viridula Vasey. Densely tufted, dark green, smooth; stems 50- 100 cm. high; leaves narrow, erect, soft, 7-nerved, the basal ones involute; 58 POACEAE. panicle loose and open, suberect, 10-15 cm. long; spikelets 3—-6-flowered; lemma firm, keeled toward the apex, 5-nerved, acute or sometimes mucronate, smooth or nearly so, 6-7 mm. long. Common in alpine meadows. Festuca occidentalis Hook. Densely tufted, the whole plant smooth and bright green; stems 30-60 cm. high; leaf blades smooth, becoming longitudi- nally grooved when dry; panicle narrow, loose, 8-20 cm. long, often drooping at the summit; spikelets green, 3—5-flowered; lemmas scabrous near the apex or smooth, 5-6 mm. long, bearing a slender awn of equal length. In open woods, common. Festuca ovina supina (Schur) Hack. Plant densely tufted, usually smooth; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves firm, involute, not shrinking when dry; panicle strict, narrow, 2-4 cm. long; lemmas short-awned; ovary not hairy at apex. In the mountains at high altitudes. Festuca elatior L. Meadow Fescue. Perennial; the stout stem 100-150 cm. tall, smooth and glabrous throughout; leaves flat, dark green, 7-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; panicle narrow, erect, 10-25 cm. long, the branches soli- tary or in twos; spikelets rather crowded, lanceolate-oblong, 12-18 mm. long, 5--10-flowered; lemma scarious-margined, acute, awnless. A native of Europe, escaped from cultivation. Festuca subuliflora Scribn. Stems 60-80 cm. high; leaves broad, flat or loosely involute; panicle broad, the spreading rays mostly solitary; spikelets large, loose; lemmas long awned, each narrowed at base into a stalk-like structure, so that the rachilla is apparently jointed between the florets. In open woods, not common. Festuca subulata Trin. Loosely tufted, glabrous or nearly so; stems 40— 120 cm. high; leaf blades flat, thin, 3-10 mm. broad; panicle very loose and somewhat drooping, 15-40 cm. long, rays in 3-5 sets; spikelets pale green, 3-5-flowered, 7-12 mm. long; lemma membranaceous, narrowly lanceolate, keeled its entire length, 5-7 mm. long, with an awn 5~20 mm. long. In moist woods, common. 83. PANICULARIA. Tall aquatic perennial grasses with terminal panicles; spikelets few-many-flowered, terete, or somewhat flattened; glumes un- equal, obtuse or acute, 1-3-nerved; lemmas membranous, obtuse, rounded on the back, 5—9-nerved, the nerves disappearing in the hyaline apex; palea scarcely shorter than the lemma, rarely longer; grain smooth, enclosed in the lemma and palea, free, or when dry slightly adhering to the latter. Spikelets linear, 10-20 mm. long. Lemma scabrid only on the nerves; glumes 2-3 mm. long. P. borealis. Lemma scabrid all over the back; glumes 1-2 mm. long. Spikelets 10-15 mm. long; lemma 3 mm. long, truncate. P. Jeptostachya. Spikelets 18-20 mm. long; lemma 5-6 mm. long, acut- ish. P. occidentalis. Spikelets ovate or oblong, 2-8 mm. long Lemma with 5 prominent nerves. P. pauciflora. Lemma with 7 prominent nerves. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long. P. nervata. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. P. americana. POACEAE. 59 Panicularia borealis Nash. Stems weak, erect, glabrous, 50-100 cm. tall; leaf blades 8-20 cm. long, pale green, nearly smooth; sheaths loose, longer than the internodes; panicle lax, 15-30 cm. long, the branches single or in twos, usually short and erect; spikelets linear, 10-15 mm. long; lemmas thin, 3.5-4 mm. long, 7-nerved, the nerves minutely hispid. In shallow ponds and ditches. Panicularia leptostachya (Buckl.) Piper n. comb. (Glyceria leptostachya Buckl.; Panicularia davyi Merrill.) Much like P. borealis; sheaths scabrous; spikelets 10-16 mm. long; lemma scabrous all over the back, truncate; glumes very short. In ponds, rare. Panicularia occidentalis Piper n. sp. Pale green, flaccid, 60-90 cm. high; sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes; ligules large, 4-8 mm. long; blades flat, scabrous above, smooth beneath, 5-9 mm. broad, 8-20 cm. long; panicle loose, spreading, usually enclosed at base, 30-50 cm. long; branches in about 7 series, scabrous, a long one and one or two short ones at each joint; spikelets 18-20 mm. long, 6-9-flowered; rachilla slender, cernuous; glumes hyaline, the lower broadly ovate, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, the upper oblong, acutish, 3 mm. long; lemma firm, strongly nerved, 5-6 mm. long, acutish, narrowly hyaline-margined, scabrous-puberulent all over the back. Type specimen collected at Vancouver, Washington, C. V. Piper no. 4905, June 5, 1904; also collected at Sauvies Island, Oregon, Thos. Howell, May 1881; Salem, Oregon, E. Hall, no. 630, in 1871. Most nearly related to P. leptostachya (Buckl.) Piper; differing in its broader leaf-blades, smooth sheaths and larger spikelets and florets. Panicularia paucifiora (Presl) Kuntze. Stems 50-100 cm. high, smooth; leaf blades 10-20 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. broad, acute, scabrous; sheaths nearly equalling the internodes; panicle loose, 15-20 cm. long, usually purplish, its base included in the upper sheath; branches slender, spreading, 2-5 at a node, flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 4-6-flowered; lem- mas prominently 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved. Common in springy places. Panicularia nervata elata (Nash) Piper. Stems 60-90 cm. high; leaves linear, dark-green, 15-30 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle loose, at length drooping; spikelets 2-4 mm. long. In wet places, common. Panicularia americana (Torr.) MacM. Reed Meadow-grass. Stems stout, 100-150 cm. high; leaf blades 6-15 mm. wide; panicle large and loose, 20-40 cm. long, nodding at the top; spikelets 4~7-flowered; upper glume 2—2.5 mm. long. In wet places, not common in our limits. 84. PUCCINELLIA. Tufted perennial grasses of seacoast or alkaline regions; spikelets as in Panicularia, but lemmas firmer, usually smaller, often sub-acute and minutely pubescent at base, the nerves obscure. Panicle narrow, its base usually inclosed in the upper sheath, erect or the short lower branches sometimes divergent. P. angustata. Panicle well exserted, the branches becoming divaricate or re- ; flexed. P. distans. 60 POACEAE. Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Nash. Creeping by stolons; stems low, slender; leaves somewhat fleshy, narrow, involute; spikelets 3-7-flowered; first glume usually 1-nerved. Salt marshes along the coast. Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. (Poa nutkaensis Presl.) Not stoloniferous; stems geniculate, 20-60 cm. high; blades not fleshy, flat or folded; panicle branches usually in fours or fives, spreading or reflexed; spikelets 3—-6-flowered; first glume usually 3-nerved. Seashores; very variable. Forms with the panicle narrow and the branches ascending have been referred perhaps correctly to the European P. festucae- formis (Host) Parl. 85. SPARTINA. Corp-GRass. Coarse perennial grasses with strong creeping rootstocks, rigid simple stems and long tough leaves; inflorescence of 1-sided spreading or erect alternate spikes; spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with the very short pedicels below the glumes; glumes keeled, very un- equal; lemma keeled, equalling or shorter than the second glume; palea often longer than its lemma; grain free. Spartina michauxiana Hitchc. Stems 1-2 m. tall, simple, smooth; leaf blades flat, keeled, long-acuminate, involute in age, scabrous on the margins; spikes 5-20, 5-12 cm. long, ascending, sometimes peduncled; spikelets closely imbricated; glumes very scabrous on the keels, awn-pointed; lemma scabrous on the midrib, which terminates below the 2-toothed apex. Cascades of the Columbia River, Hall, perhaps in our limits. 86. BECKMANNIA. Tall erect perennials; inflorescence a terminal panicle of erect spikes; spikelets 1-2-flowered, globose, compressed; glumes mem- branous, saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute; lemmas 1 or 2, narrow, thin-membranous; palea hyaline; grain oblong, free, enclosed in the lemma. Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host. Perennial, the stems stout, 60—- 90 cm. tall, glabrous throughout; leaf blades 10-30 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous, the loose sheaths exceeding the internodes; panicle narrow, 10-30 cm. long, the densely-flowered branches mostly solitary and erect; spikelets nearly orbicular, flattened, 2 mm. long. In wet meadows, rare West of the Cascade Mountains. Victoria, Van- couver Island, Macoun; Colquitz River, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Wil- lamette Valley. 87: CYNODON. Low creeping perennials with short flat leaves and slender spikes digitately arranged at the ends of the branches; spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, sessile in two rows along one side of a slender rachis, forming unilateral spikes; rachilla jointed above the glumes and prolonged behind the palea into a slender bristle; glumes 2, narrow, keeled, usually acute; lemma broader, usually a little longer than the glumes, obtuse, more or less pilose on the keel POACEAE. 61 and margins; palea as long as the glume; styles distinct; grain free. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda-grass. Low, 5-30 cm. high, loosely branched and extensively creeping by rootstocks or stolons, glabrous; leaf blades flat; ligules very short but bearing a ring of white bristles; branches of the umbel 4-6; spikelets 2 mm. long. Sparingly introduced. 88. ELEUSINE. Tufted annuals with rather stout unilateral spikes digitately arranged at the tip of the stem; spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in 2 rows along one side of the rachis; rachilla jointed above the glumes; lemmas compressed, keeled, thin but rigid, obtuse; palea a little shorter than the lemma, compressed; seed finely striated. Eleusine indica Gaertn. Goose-grass. Glabrous annual; stems flattened, erect or decumbent, 15-60 cm. high; sheaths overlapping; spikes 3-8 cm. long, 2-10 in an umbel, bearing the 3—5-flowered spikelets on the lower side. Introduced from the oriental tropics. 89. LOLIUM. Annuals or perennials with simple erect stems and simple terminal spikes; spikelets several-flowered, solitary and sessile in alternate notches of the rachis, one edge of the spikelet against the rachis; glume 1 (2 in the terminal spikelet), on the side away from the rachis, shorter or longer than the lemmas which are rounded on the back and 5-7-nerved, with an obtuse, acute or awned apex; grain smooth, adherent to the palea. Glumes longer than the spikelet. L. temulentum. Glumes shorter than the spikelet. Lemmas awned; young leaves involute. L. multiflorum. Lemmas awnless; young leaves folded. L. perenne. Lolium temulentum L. Darnel. Annual; spikelets 5—8-flowered; lemma awnless or short-awned. Sparingly introduced. Lolium multiflorum Lam. Jtalian Rye-grass. Glabrous, tufted; stems erect, 60-90 cm. high; sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; blades 3-8 mm. wide, involute in the bud; ligule short, truncate; spikes 20-30 cm. long; spikelets 7—-9-flowered; glumes shorter than the spikelet; lemma narrowly elliptic, the awn as long as the body. Introduced from Europe. Lolium perenne L. English or Perennial Rye-grass. Perennial; young leaves folded; spikelets 8-15-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; lemmas 5-6 mm. long, awnless or short-awned. . Naturalized from Europe. 90. AGROPYRON. WHEAT-GRASS. Perennials with simple stems and terminal spikes; spikelets 3-many-flowered, sessile, single and alternate at each notch of 62 POACEAE. the usually continuous rachis, the side of the spikelet, that is the edge of the glumes, toward the rachis; lemmas rigid, rounded on the back, 5—7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex; palea often with hairy keels; grain pubescent at the apex. Plants tufted, without rootstocks; spikelets subcylindric. A. tenerum. Plants with creeping rootstocks. Spikelets compressed, spreading; leaves pale, rough on the back. A. occidentale. Spikelets subcylindric, erect; leaves green, smooth on the back. A. repens. Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Slender Wheat-grass. Perennial, tufted; stems erect, 30-100 cm. high, rather slender, glabrous; stem leaves 3 or 4, the blades becoming involute, scabrous on both sides, the sheaths glabrous and shorter than the internodes; spike 10-20 cm. long, narrow, the spikelets densely crowded; lemmas linear-oblong, 5-nerved, scabrous, acuminate or short-awned. Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; common in the interior. Agropyron occidentale Scribn. (A. smithii Rydb.) Bluestem. Whole plant pale or glaucous; stems erect, 30-100 cm. high; leaves firm, the nerves thick and prominent; spike 8-15 cm. long, compact; spikelets 7—13-flowered, 12-20 mm. long, glabrous; lemma firm, awn-pointed, the nerves faint. High sea-beaches, rare; common in the interior. Agropyron repens L. Couch or Quack-grass. Stems erect, 100-150 cm. high; leaf blades green, pilose above, the nerves not prominent; spike 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 5-flowered; lemma glabrous or nearly so, strongly nerved, usually awn-pointed. Sparingly introduced; a very pernicious weed. 91. ELYMUS. RveE-Grass. Perennial or annual grasses with spike-like inflorescences which do not readily break up into segments; spikelets 1—7-flowered, 2-4 at each joint of the rachis or rarely solitary; glumes entire, equal, rigid, narrow; lemmas acute, acuminate or awned, entire. Glumes subulate, obscurely nerved. Annual; glumes awned. E. caput-medusae. Perennial plants with creeping rootstocks; glumes not awned. Lemma glabrous, often glaucous; glumes not hirsute. E. triticoides. Lemma scabrous-puberulent; glumes sparsely hirsute. E. vancouverensis. Glumes lanceolate, distinctly nerved. Culms very stout, 1-2 m. tall; plants with rootstocks. E. arenarius. Culms slender, seldom 1 m. tall; plants without root- stocks. Lemma not ciliate. E. glaucus. Lemma ciliate. Awns long. E. hirsutus. Awns short. E. virescens. Elymus caput-medusae L. Glabrous annual; stems 20-50 cm. high, erect or geniculate at base; leaves 1-2 mm. broad, becoming involute; spike stout, erect, green or becoming purplish, 1-4 cm. long without the awns; POACEAE, 63 spikelets 2 at each node, 1- or rarely 2-flowered; glumes subulate, rigid, 2-2.5 cm. ae lemma lanceolate, very scabrous, tipped with a stout awn 5~10 cm. long. Introduced from Europe; abundant in the upper Willamette Valley. Elymus triticoides Buckl. Stems erect, about 1 m. tall, not densely tufted; leaves 4—6 mm. wide, sometimes scabrous; panicle spike-like or with some of the lower branches elongated, usually purplish, rather loose; lemma acuminately short-awned. Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; common in the interior. Elymus vancouverensis Vasey. Stems stout, 60-90 cm. high; leaves thick, involute; spike dense, 10-12 cm. long; spikelets crowded; lemma scab- rous-puberulent, mucronate or awn-pointed. On high sandy beaches, rare. Near Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Coupeville, Washington, Gardner; Seattle, Piper, Howell. Elymus arenarius L. Culms stout, 1-2 m. tall; spikes 10-20 cm. long, dense, erect; spikelets 2-3 cm. long, appressed, 3—7-flowered; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, awnless; lemma scabrous to hairy, cuspidate at tip. On high sea-beaches. Typical E. arenarius has the upper part of the culm and the glumes glabrous and does not occur in our limits. The common plant of the Alaska coast extending southward to Vancouver Island having sessile spikelets and pliant villous glumes is E£. arenarius mollis Piper. n.comb.(£. mollis Trin.). The plant of the Puget Sound region having pedicelled spike- lets and stiff hispid to glabrate glumes is E. arenarius compositus (Abromeit) St. John. Both these subspecies have the culm pubescent near the top. Elymus glaucus Buckl. Stems 50-100 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades spreading or drooping, 10-30 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; spike-like panicle narrow, erect or rarely nodding above, 5-15 cm. long, greenish or purplish, glaucescent; spikelets usually appressed, mostly in pairs, 3-6-flowered; glumes lanceolate; lemma not pubescent but rough near the apex, tipped with an awn about twice as long. Common and variable. Elymus hirsutus Presl. (E. borealis Scribn.) Much like E. glaucus but bright green; spike looser or interrupted, often nodding; lemma ciliate. Alaska southward to the Olympic Mountains. Elymus virescens Piper. Green and glabrous; stems 30-60 cm. high; spike dense, erect, 6~8 cm. long; glumes 3-nerved, lanceolate; iemma lanceolate, obtusely cuspidate. Olympic Mountains, head of Duckaboose River, in moist coniferous woods. 92. HORDEUM. Witp BarLey. Cespitose annuals or perennials with terminal cylindrical spikes; spikelets 1-flowered, usually in threes at each joint of the rachis, the lateral generally short-stalked and imperfect; rachilla produced beyond the flower; glumes rigid, the lower ones often reduced to awns and forming an apparent involucre around the spikelets; lemmas rounded on the back, 5-nerved at the apex, awned; palea scarcely shorter than the lemma; grain usually adherent to the lemma, hairy at the summit. Floret of the central spikelet pedicelled; glumes ciliate. HA. murinum. Floret of the central spikelet sessile; glumes not ciliate. 64 POACEAE. Glumes not all subulate. Glumes of middle spikelet lanceolate. Hi, pusillum. Glumes of middle spikelet setaceous. A. gussoneanum. Glumes all alike, subulate. Lateral florets long-awned. Awns 4-6 mm. long. HA, jubatum. Awns 2-3 cm. long. Hi. caespitosum. Lateral florets not awned. Lateral florets neutral. HT. nodosum. Lateral florets perfect. H. boreale. Hordeum murinum L.. Wall Barley. Stems 15-30 cm. tall; leaf blades 2-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; spikes 5-10 cm. long, thick; spikelets mostly in threes, all stalked; both glumes of the central spikelet and the inner glume of the lateral spikelets ciliate and flattened, bearing awns 20-25 mm. long; outer glumes of lateral spikelets neither flattened nor ciliate; lemma scabrous at the apex, long-awned. A weed in waste places. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Stems 15-30 cm. high; spikes 3-8 cm. long; both glumes of the central spikelet lanceolate and the inner ones of the lateral spikelets dilated. Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, perhaps introduced. Com- mon eastward. Hordeum gussoneanum Parl. Annual, glabrous, 10-30 cm. high; upper sheath inflated; spike cylindrical, green, 2-5 cm. long; lemma 2-2.5 cm. long, including the stiff straight awn. Sparingly introduced from Europe. Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel Tail. Annual, tufted, erect, 30-60 cm. high, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; leaf blades flat, becoming involute, the sheaths shorter than the internodes; spike-like panicle pale green or yel- lowish, 7-10 cm. long, readily breaking apart; central spikelet sessile, fertile, the lateral ones peduncled and sterile; glumes all subulate, 3-6 cm. long. In salt marshes, not common. Hordeum caespitosum Scribn. Much like H. jubatum but the spikes more slender and the awns shorter. Tacoma, Leckenby; perhaps introduced. Hordeum nodosum L. Annual or perennial, 30-90 cm. high, erect, leaf blades flat or involute, the sheaths smooth or hairy; panicle spike-like, 3-8 cm. long, narrow, usually flexuous, readily separating into joints; central spikelet sessile, fertile, the lateral ones peduncled and sterile glumes all subulate, 2 cm. or less in length. In moist meadows and along the seashore. Hordeum boreale Scribn. & J.G. Smith. Similar in every way to ZH. nodosum except for the perfect lateral florets. In moist ground, Alaska to Oregon; perhaps only a form of H. nodosum. 93. SITANION. Cespitose perennials, with spikes which readily break up into segments; spikelets 2-3 at each joint of the rachis, rarely solitary, 1--5-flowered; glumes subulate and entire, or lanceolate and bifid, or parted into several long-awned lobes; lemmas lanceolate and POACEAE. 65 acute, or those of the lowest floret sterile and subulate, entire with a single awn, or trifid and three-awned. This genus is hardly distinct from Elymus. Glumes 2-nerved; inflorescence 2-8 mm. long. Awns of lemmas 3-4 cm. long. S. rigidum. Awns of lemmas 4-5 cm. long. S. glabrum. Glumes 3-5-nerved; inflorescence 10-15 cm. long. Leaves glaucous, 5-8 mm. broad. S. planifolium. Leaves green, 2-5 mm. broad. S. rubescens. Sitanion rigidum J. G. Smith. Stems 10-20 cm. high; leaf blades green or slightly glaucous, rigid, 2-5 mm. wide, flat or at length involute; spike green, 2-8 cm. long, erect or nearly so, often included at base in the upper sheath; glumes or glume divisions 4 and entire or 6, that is the lateral ones divided to the base, all awned; lemma 7-9 mm. long, tipped with a stout awn 3-4 mm. long. In rocky soil in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude. Sitanion glabrum J. G. Smith. Pale or somewhat glaucous, tufted; leaves flat, 2-5 cm. wide; spike 5-8 cm. long; glumes bifid, 6-8 cm. long. Dry rocky places in the mountains, at high altitudes. Sitanion planifolium J. G. Smith. Tufted, 50-60 cm. high, more or less glaucous; leaf-blades 5-8 mm. wide, flat, glabrous; spike suberect, purplish, 6-9 cm. long; glumes 6-7 mm. long, entire or bifid, tipped with an awn about 2 cm. long; lemma 10 mm. long, lancolate, minutely scabrous, bearing an awn 3-4 cm. long. Olympic Mountains, Elmer; Mount Adams, Suksdorf. Sitanion rubescens Piper. Stems tufted, 50-70 cm. high; leaves flat; spikes erect, flexuous, 10-15 cm. long, purplish; glumes 4, entire or rarely bifid, 3-nerved; lemma tipped with a slender awn about 4 cm. long. Dry rocky slopes of Mount Rainier. Family 17. CYPERACEAE. SrEpGE FAaMILy. Grass-like or rush-like herbs; stems slender, solid (rarely hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened; leaves narrow with closed sheaths; flowers perfect or unisexual in spikes or spikelets, one in the axil of each scale (glume or bract) ; spikelets solitary or clustered, 1 to many-flowered; scales two- ranked or in a spiral, persistent or deciduous; perianth hypogy- nous, composed of bristles or scales or wanting; stamens 1-3, rarely more; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style 2 or 3-cleft; fruit a lenticular or triangular akene; endosperm mealy; embryo minute. Flowers unisexual, borne in the same or more com- monly separate spikelets. 94. CAREX, 66. Flowers of the spikelets all perfect, rarely partly aborted; spikelets all alike. Spikelets with scales in two ranks. Perianth none; spikelets in solitary or um- belled terminal heads. 95. CypErRus, 81. Perianth of 6-9 bristles; spikelets axillary. 96. DuLICHIUM, 82. 6 66 CYPERACEAE. Spikelets with scales spirally arranged and over- lapping all around. Spikelets 1-4-flowered, some of the flowers imperfect. , 97. RyNcHospoRA, 82. Spikelets with several-many perfect flowers. Style swollen at the base, persistent on the akene. 98. ELEOCHARIS, 82. Style not swollen at the base, deciduous. Spikelets 1-many; bristles 1-6, short, rarely none. 99. ScirPUS, 83. Spikelets 1 or a few; bristles 6-many, soft, smooth, very long, slender, much exserted. 100. Er1oPHoRUM, 84, 94, CAREX. SEDGE. Grass-like plants, perennial by rootstocks; stems mostly triangular; leaves 3-ranked, the upper (bracts) elongated or very short and subtending the spikes of flowers, or wanting; flowers solitary in the axils of bracts (scales), monoecious or dioecious; spikes either wholly staminate, or pistillate, or sometimes androgynous; perianth none; staminate flowers of 3 stamens; pistillate flower of a single pistil with a style and 2-3 stigmas borne in the axil of a second bract (the perigynium) which com- pletely encloses the akene; akene 3-angled, lenticular or plano- convex. Key To SECTIONS. Spikes solitary, terminal. I, PRIMOCAREX. Spikes several. Spikes all alike. II. VIGNEA. Spikes of two sorts. II]. Eucarex. Section I. PRIMOCAREX. Spike solitary, terminal. Perigynia pubescent; plant dioecious. C. stenochlaena. Perigynia glabrous; plant not dioecious. Spike ovoid, brown; perigynia thin and inflated. Perigynia 6-7 mm. long, much exceeding the scales; stems longer than the leaves. C. brewert. Perigynia 5 mm. long, slightly exceeding the scales; stems shorter than the leaves. C. paddoensis. Spike not ovoid nor brown; perigynia not bladder-like. Perigynia reflexed when fully mature, fusiform, beaked, stipitate at base. Perigynia few, 3-5; scales pale. C. pauciflora. Perigynia more numerous; scales colored. Scales dark purple; spikes 8-10 mm. thick; leaves flat, 3-4 mm. wide. C. nigricans. Scales brownish; spikes 3-4 mm. thick; leaves involute, 2 mm. wide. C. pyrenaica. Perigynia not becoming reflexed; not stipitate (ex- cept C. circinata). CYPERACEAE. Scales much longer than the few, 1-6, perigynia. C. geyert. Scales not longer than the several to numerous perigynia. Perigynia broadly obtuse, beakless. C. leptalea. Perigynia narrowed to the bidentate apex. Scales as long as or longer than the peri- gynia. C. hepburn. Scales shorter than the perigynia. C. circinata. Section II. VIGNEA. 67 Spikes sessile, all alike, bearing the inconspicuous staminate flowers at the base, at the top, or rarely scattered; stigmas 2, rarely 3; perigynia mostly plano-convex; akenes lenticular. j When the staminate flowers are below the pistillate, the base of the spike is commonly contracted; when above the pistillate, the upper scales are empty at maturity. Staminate flowers borne at the top of the spike. Perigynia plump, nearly terete, pale green. C. tenella. Perigynia strongly compressed. Beak of perigynium much longer than the body. C. stipata. Beak of perigynium shorter than the body. Spikes somewhat paniculate; perigynia brown, biconvex. C. cusickit. Spikes aggregated into a head. Stigmas 3; perigynia 12 mm. long. C. macrocephala. Stigmas 2; perigynia much smaller. Leaves equalling or exceeding the stem; head interrupted, 5-8 cm. long. C. vicaria. Leaves shorter than the stem; head densely ovoid. Beak and top of perigynium rough on the angles. C. hoodit. Beak and top of perigynium smooth. Perigynia elliptic, narrowly wing- margined; seashore plant. C. pansa. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, not wing-margined; alpine plant. C. vernacula. Staminate flowers at the base of each spike or rarely scat- tered. Margins of perigynia not thin or winged. Spikes crowded into a dense head. Head pyramidal, 5-10 mm. long; perigynia smooth on the margins. C. illota. Head oblong to ovoid, 15-30 mm. long; peri- gynia strongly serrulate. C. arcta. Spikes scattered. Perigynium 4~-4.5 mm. long. C. bolanderi. Perigynium 2-2.5 mm. long. Perigynium not minutely puncticulate with white dots, somewhat spongy at base. C. laeviculmis. Perigynium minutely puncticulate with white dots, not spongy at base. Herbage glaucous; perigynia many, as- cending, obscurely beaked. C. canescens. Herbage green; perigynia few, spreading, distinctly beaked. C. brunnescens. 68 CYPERACEAE. Margins of perigynia thin or winged. Perigynia spongy at base, spreading when mature. C. stellulata. Perigynia not spongy at base, ascending or ap- pressed. Spikes crowded into a dense head, rarely one or two of the lower ones separate. Bract leaf-like, longer than the head. C. athrostachya. Bract not leaf-like, shorter than the head. Perigynia brown, the margins very nar- row and smooth. C. illota. Perigynia straw-colored, the margins winged and serrulate. Head ovoid-pyramidal, very dense. C. pachystachya. Head looser, some of the lower spikes often separate. C. presi. Spikes distinct, scattered or approximate, mostly oblong or ovoid. Spikes scattered, silvery green. C. feta. Spikes approximate, straw-colored or brown. Leaves involute or folded; heads often nodding; perigynia lanceolate. C. phaeocephala. Leaves flat; heads erect. Heads straw-colored or pale-brown- ish; perigynia lanceolate. C. scoparia. Heads darker. Scales ferruginous, dull; perigynia 4-4.5 mm. long, reddish at the tip, the orifice not conspicuously white-hyaline. C. leporina. Scales chestnut, shiny; perigynia 6 mm. long, chestnut at the tip, the orifice conspicuously white- hyaline. C. pipert. Section III, EucaRrex. Spikes of two sorts, the lower wholly pistillate, sessile or stalked, the upper one or two slender and wholly staminate, or sometimes bearing pistillate flowers at base or apex; stigmas 3 and akenes 3-angled, or if stigmas 2 and akenes lenticular the lower spikes stalked. Perigynia pubescent, the beak bidentate. Cauline leaves present; bracts sheathing at base; peri- gynia ovoid, not stipitate; spikes dense, many- flowered. Spikes loosely-flowered, approximate; stem not tall and slender. C. oregonensis. Spikes densely-flowered, scattered; stem tall and slender. Leaves flat, 2~5 mm. broad. C. lanuginosa. Leaves involute, less than 2 mm. broad. C. fuliformis. Cauline leaves none, the radical numerous; bracts sheath- less; perigynia 3-angled or subglobose, stipitate; spikes few-flowered. Plant tufted; some of the flowering stems short and and hidden among the leaves; spikes pale. Stems shorter than the leaves; lowest bract reddish and auricled at base; perigynia 1-4. C. brevicaulis. CYPERACEAE. Stems equalling or exceeding the leaves; lowest aang not colored nor auricled at base; perigynia Plant stoloniferous; none of the flowering stems short and hidden among the leaves; spikes dark. Perigynia obovoid, whitish. Perigynia ellipsoid, brown at base. Perigynia glabrous or merely granular-roughened. Beak of membranaceous somewhat inflated perigynium deeply bidentate, the long teeth sharp and rigid; leaves conspicuously nodulose. Pistillate spikes drooping. Pistillate spikes erect or ascending. oe shiny, ascending, much inflated, 10 mm. ong. Perigynia not shiny, spreading, not much inflated, 4-8 mm. long. Beak of perigynium wanting or if present entire or merely emarginate, or if bidentate the teeth short; leaves not conspicuously nodulose. Stigmas 3 and akenes 3-angled. Spikes narrowly cylindrical, 6-10 cm. long; peri- gynia granular, spreading; leaves 1-2 cm. broad. Spikes not so long and slender; perigynia smooth; leaves not so broad. Perigynia spreading, the beak bidentate. Perigynia not spreading, the beak entire or emarginate, scarcely bidentate. Terminal spike pistillate above, staminate below. Spikes erect; scales obtusish; perigynia inflated, 3 mm. long. Spikes more or less drooping; scales sharp-pointed; perigynium not inflated. Scales acute or acuminate; perigynia nerveless, 3.5 mm. long. Scales mucronate; perigynia nerved, 5 mm. long. Terminal spike wholly staminate. Pistillate spikes slender peduncled, usually drooping. Scales acute or cuspidate, about as long as the perigynia. Staminate spike linear; scales pale; leaves 1-3 mm. broad; rootstock creeping. Staminate spike oblong-cylindric; scales dark; leaves 4-8 mm. broad, tufted. Scales cuspidate or aristate, much longer than the perigynia. Perigynia broadly ovate to orbi- cular. Perigynia elliptic-lanceolate. Pistillate spikes erect. Scales brown; leaves 2-5 mm. broad. Scales pale. AQ 69 . YOSSI. . vespertina. . verecunda. + comosa, . exsiccata, C. utriculata. CG; C. G C. amplifolia. '. oedert. . accedens. atrata. mertensit. . limosa. . spectabilis. paupercula. macrochaeta. ablata. 70 CYPERACEAE. Leaves 4-7 mm. wide; spike very loose. Leaves 2 mm. wide; spike dense. Perigynium beakless; leaves glaucous. Perigynium with a beak half as long as body; leaves not glaucous. Stigmas 2 and akenes lenticular. Perigynium plump, not angled, beakless. Mature perigynia subglobose or pyriform, not stipitate, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, trans- lucent, strongly nerved. Mature perigynia obovoid, stipitate, pulveru- lent, not fleshy nor translucent. Perigynium compressed, plano-convex or biconvex, the beak entire or emarginate. Scales pointed, longer than the perigynia. Perigynia granular-roughened, 2-5 mm. long; pistillate spikes slender, ascending, often cernuous; scales a little longer than the perigynia. Perigynia not granular-roughened, 3 mm. long; scales much longer than the peri- gynia. Pistillate spikes nodding; perigynia el- liptic, pale, dull, not turgid. Pistillate spikes ascending or erect; peri- gynia nearly orbicular, dark, shiny, turgid. Scales not longer than the perigynia; spikes erect. Lowest leaves of the flowering stems reduced to sheaths. Perigynia ovoid, 2 mm. long; scales pale; pistillate spikes often very loose at base. Perigynia ellipsoid, 3 mm. long; scales dark; spikes dense. Lowest leaves of the flowering stems bearing blades. Perigynia obscurely nerved; scales dark purple. Beak of perigynium bent to one side. Beak of perigynium straight. Scales as long and broad as the perigynium. Scales shorter and narrower than the perigynia. Perigynia strongly nerved; scales purple. Scales not obtuse, about as long as the perigynia. Spikes 1.5—2.5 cm. long; perigynia strongly biconvex and brown when mature. Spikes 3-4 cm. long; perigynia compressed, straw-colored. hendersont. livida. californica. C. aurea. C. celsa. . sttchensis. . cryptocarpa. . magnifica. C. interrupta. C. nudata. C. scopulorum. C. rigida. C. gymnoclada. G; aperta. angustata CYPERACEAE. ra Scales obtuse or obtusish, purple with broad green midrib and pale margins; perigynia green or straw-colored. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; staminate spikes often 2. C. dives. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide; staminate spike solitary. Perigynium 2 mm. long. C. kRelloggit. Perigynium 2.5-3 mm. long. Spikes scattered; perigynia straight, appressed. C. lenticularis. Spikes aggregated; _peri- gynia curved, spread- ing. C. hindsit. Carex stenochlaena (Holm) Mackenzie. Tufted, glabrous, dioecious; stems erect, 15-40 cm. high; leaves flat, 1-3 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; spike solitary, cylindric, erect, densely-flowered, 20-30 mm. long; perigynia lanceolate, pubescent, 2-nerved, the short beak entire; scales dark brown, strongly ciliate, nearly as long as the perigynia. In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. Carex breweri Boott. Tufted; culms 10-40 cm. high, smooth; leaves numerous, narrow, stiff, shorter than the stems; spike solitary, ovate to globular, obtuse, brown, 10-25 mm. long; staminate flowers at the top, few; perigynium ovoid, very thin, much inflated, finely nerved, short-beaked, 6-7 mm. long, the whitish orifice oblique; scales ovate, acute, hyaline-margined, shorter than the perigynium. At high altitudes, Mount Hood and southward. Carex paddoensis Suksdorf. Very similar to C. breweri; stems 10-15 cm. high; leaves filiform, stiff, mostly exceeding the stems; heads solitary, dark- brown, ovoid and acute, about 1 cm. long; perigynia elliptic-lanceolate, thin, not much inflated, obscurely nerved, 5 mm. long, short-beaked; scales ovate- lanceolate, acuminate, not hyaline-margined, about as long as the perigynia, firm, the tips spreading. Mount Adams (by some called Mount Paddo), Suksdorf; abundant on Mount Rainier at,2700 m. altitude, Piper, Allen. Carex pauciflora Lightf. Rootstocks elongated; stems slender, 10-40 cm. high; leaves shorter than the stem, flat, very narrow; spikelet solitary, few-flowered, staminate above; perigynia lanceolate, acuminate, obscurely nerved, green, 6-8 mm. long, strongiy reflexed and readily deciduous when mature; stigmas 3. In bogs, rare in our limits. Carex nigricans C. A. Mey. Rootstock creeping; stems 5-40 cm. high; leaves flat, 2 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; spike solitary; staminate flowers many in the upper half of the spike; perigynia lanceolate, stipitate, spreading; scales dark brown, acute, about as long as the perigynia. Common in the mountains above timber line. Carex pyrenaica Wahlenb. Tufted; stems 5-15 cm. high; leaves filiform, involute, longer or shorter than the stems; spike solitary, oblong, pale to dark brown; staminate flowers few at the summit of the spikes; perigynia lanceolate, stipitate, shiny, appressed; scales brown, acute, equalling the perigynia. Common in the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude. Carex geyeri Boott. Densely tufted, 30-45 cm. high; leaves flat, rigid, very scabrous, 2 mm. wide, about as long as the stems; inflorescence a single 72 CYPERACEAE. terminal straw-colored spike, the upper and larger portion of which is stami- nate; pistillate flowers several, usually but one maturing; perigynium smooth, oblong, with a very short entire beak, 1-nerved on each side; scales pale or rusty, elongated, acuminate, exceeding the perigynia. In dry pine woods. Carexleptalea Wahlenb. Tufted, glabrous; stems very slender, erect, 15-50 cm. high; leaves filiform, mostly shorter than the stems; spike solitary, linear, green, 5-15 mm. long; perigynia ellipsoid, contracted at base, many-nerved, smooth, beakless and obtuse; scales pale, ovate, cuspidate, about as long as the perigynia. In bogs, not common. Carex hepburni Boott. Densely tufted; stems filiform, erect, 5-20 cm. tall; leaves numerous, rigid, filiform, erect, mostly longer than the stems, their brownish sheaths persistent; spike solitary, 6-15 mm. long, 5 mm. thick, brown; perigynium 4 mm. long, lanceolate, pale, narrowed into a short serru- late bidentate beak; scales brown, obtuse, as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2 or 3. In the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude. Very closely related to the European C. nardina Fries. Carex circinata C. A. Mey. Tufted, glabrous; stems 5-20 cm. high, usually curved; leaves filiform, firm, mostly curved, about as long as the stem; spike solitary, erect, 1-3 cm. long; perigynium linear-oblong, faintly nerved, gradually attenuate into a 2-lipped scabrous-margined beak; scales linear, obtuse, purple except the white midrib; stigmas 2 or 3. Olympic Mountains, 2000 m. altitude, Elmer; otherwise known only in Alaska. Carex tenella Schkuhr. Loosely tufted; stems very slender, 20-50 cm. high; leaves flat, soft, 1-2 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; spikes small, 1-6-flowered; bracts minute or wanting; perigynia ovoid, plump, many-nerved, smooth, the short beak entire; scales hyaline, ovate, acute, shorter than the perigynia. In bogs, not common. Carex stipata Muhl. Stems 50-100 cm. tall, sharp-angled; leaves flat, 6-8 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; sheaths somewhat rugulose on the inner side; inflorescence a dense ovoid head of many crowded spikes, 3-5 cm. long, straw-colored or olivaceous, commonly exceeded by the slender lowest bract; perigynia spongy at base, spreading, triangular-ovoid, many-nerved, each tapering into a stout 2-toothed serrulate beak, longer than the body; scales ovate, acuminate, much shorter than the perigynia. Common in wet places in the woods. Carex cusickii Mackenzie. (C. teretiuscula ampla Bailey.) Densely tufted, the slender stems 90-120 cm. high; leaves narrow, 2-4 mm. broad, most- ly shorter than the stems; spikes 6-20, brown, in elongated often nodding usually branched inflorescences, 5-12 cm. long; terminal florets staminate; perigynia spreading, ovoid, stipitate, nerved at the base on both sides, 3 mm. long, the serrulate beak as long as the thick body; scales brown, ovate, cuspidate, as long as the perigynia. In wet places, common. Carex macrocephala Willd. (C. anthericoides Presl.) Dioecious; root- stocks extensively creeping, covered with the fibers of the old sheaths; stems stout, 3-angled, 15-30 cm. high; leaves firm, 3-10 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the stems; bracts shorter than the head; heads dense, brown, ovoid, erect, 5-7 cm. long; perigynia spreading, lanceolate, brown, strongly nerved, margined, irregularly serrulate, 12 mm. long, the deeply bidentate beak as CYPERACEAE. 73 long as the body; scales lanceolate, erosely denticulate, attenuate-acuminate, brown with a paler midrib, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. In sand dunes along the ocean coast. Carex vicaria Bailey. Tufted; stems erect, slender, 30-90 cm. high; leaves about as long as the stems, 2-5 mm. wide, their sheaths rugulose; lower bracts filiform, 1-4 cm. long; spikes rather loosely-flowered, 4-8 mm. long, many ina narrow head 5-8 cm. long; perigynia yellow, broadly ovate, stipitate, indis- tinctly nerved on the innerface but conspicuously so on the back, the beak deeply bidentate, as long as the body; scales awn-pointed, brownish, shorter than the perigynia. In wet meadows; very closely related to C. vulpinoidea Michx. Carex hoodii Boott. Slender, erect, tufted, very smooth, 30-60 cm. high; leaves many, pale, 2-3 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; spikes 6-10, densely crowded into an ovoid or oblong head, 1-2 cm. long; perigynia spread- ing, lanceolate, rather thick, 5 mm. long, dark when mature, obscurely nerved, narrowly wing-margined, somewhat stipitate at base, narrowed into a rough- margined beak nearly as long as the body; scales lance-ovate, acuminate, scarious margined, brownish, as long as the perigynia. In moist places, not common. First found along the Columbia River by Douglas and by Scouler. Carex pansa Bailey. Rootstocks horizontal, creeping; stems 15-30 cm: high, erect, smooth except near the top; leaves pale, 2-3 mm. broad, half the length of the stems; head ovoid, dark brown, consisting of 6-10 closely aggre- gated spikes; perigynia brown, elliptic, stipitate, flattened, smooth, narrowly winged, 4 mm. long, the emarginate beak half as long as the body; scales ovate, acuminate, dark brown, scarious margined. On old sand dunes along the ocean coast. First collected by Henderson at Clatsop, Oregon, and Ilwaco, Washington. Carex vernacula Bailey. Stems 10-40 cm. high, erect, scabrous; leaves flat, 2-4 mm. wide, long-pointed, shorter than the stems; bract leaf-like; spikes compacted into a globose or ovoid brown head, 1-4 cm. long, or rarely one or more of the lower spikes distinct; perigynia membranaceous, lance- olate-ovate, shortly stipitate, narrowed into a stout bidentate beak; scales brown, acute or mucronate, shorter than the perigynia. Mount Hood, Oregon, Howell. Carex illota Bailey. Stems slender, erect, 15-40 cm. high; leaves flat, 1-2 mm. wide, shorter than the stems; spikes 3-6, compacted into an ovoid to globular brown head, 5-8 mm. in diameter; perigynia pale, plump, ovate, stipitate, strongly nerved, marginless, narrowed into a brown serrate bidentate beak shorter than the body; scales brown, obtuse, shorter than the perigynia. In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude. Carex arcta Boott. Loosely tufted, pale green; stems 20-60 cm. high, smooth or nearly so; leaves pale green, 2.54 mm. wide, usually longer than the stems; head ovoid-oblong, green or brownish, of 5-12 crowded spikes; spikes oblong or ovoid, 6-8 mm. long; perigynia spreading, ovate, somewhat cordate, gradually tapering into the serrulate beak, strongly nerved on the outer face, 2~3 mm. long; scales hyaline, often brownish, acute, shorter than the perigynia. In open rather dry woods. Carex bolanderi Olney. Tufted, pale green; stems 20-100 cm. long, rather slender, weak and spreading; leaves soft, smooth, 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than the stems; inflorescence of 4-10 scattered spikes; spikes oblong, 10-15 mm. long, sessile or nearly so; perigynia lanceolate, faintly nerved, 4 mm. long, the body gradually tapering into the nearly equal serrulate deeply 2-toothed beak; 74 CYPERACEAE. scales white, scarious, with a broad green midvein, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate- cuspidate, as long as the perigynia. In moist woods, common. Carex laeviculmis Meinsch. Glabrous throughout, tufted; stems very slender, 30-50 cm. high; leaves numerous, flat, 1-1.5 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; spikes 3-7, sessile, 3-5 mm. long, separate, the lower ones distant; bract solitary, usually shorter than the inflorescence; perigynia spreading when mature, lanceolate, shortly stipitate, strongly curved, flat above, convex beneath, pale green, short-beaked, faintly 7-nerved on each face, 2.5 mm. long; scales ovate, obtuse, brownish, hyaline except the midrib, shorter than the perigynia. In moist shady places in the mountains. Carex canescens L. Loosely tufted, pale, somewhat glaucous; stems 15-50 cm. high; leaves flat, soft, 2-4 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the stems; spikes 4-9, subglobose to cylindric, sessile, usually scattered in a loose inflorescence; perigynia oval to ovate, usually serrulate toward the tip, short-beaked; scales ovate, hyaline, shorter than the perigynia. In moist places. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Tufted; stems slender, 15-50 cm. high, green; leaves flat, 1-3 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; spikes 3-7, small, 4-10-flowered, scattered or approximate; lower bract bristle-like; perigynia ovoid, serrulate above, distinctly beaked, spreading when mature; scales ovate, brownish, shorter than the perigynia. In open rather dry places in the mountains. Carex stellulata Good. Tufted; stems very slender, 30-90 cm. high; leaves narrow, 1-4 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the stems; inflorescence narrow, of 3-9 usually scattered spikes; spikes green, 12—40-flowered, the peri- gynia soon strongly reflexed; perigynia narrowly ovate, spongy at base, faintly nerved on the inner face, the margin thin but narrow, 3-4 mm. long; scales brownish, ovate, acute, shorter than the perigynia. In shady woods along streams; varies much in the size and proximity of the spikes. Carex athrostachya Olney. Stems tufted, 30-60 cm. tall; leaves 2-3 mm. wide, shorter than the stems; inflorescence a dense ovoid straw-colored head composed of 5—20 crowded spikes, these staminate below; lower bracts 2-5 cm. long, exceeding the head; perigynia lanceolate, spongy at base, the long beak 2-toothed, its margins serrulate; scales acuminate, about equalling the peri- gynia. Rare in our limits but common east of the Cascade Mountains. Reported from Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun. Carex pachystachya Cham. Stems tufted, 30-90 cm. tall; leaves flat, flaccid, 3-4 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; inflorescence a dense ovoid head 10-12 mm. long, composed of 6-12 crowded sessile brownish spikes; perigynia spreading, ovate-lanceolate, flat, about 4 mm. long, the beak bi- dentate, serrulate on the thin margins; scales acutish, equalling the perigynia. Very common in wet meadows. Carex preslii Steud. (C. multimoda Bailey.) Very similar to C. pachy- stachya but the head less dense, one or more of the lower spikes clearly separate or if crowded the head oblong; perigynia indistinguishable. Common in wet places up to 1500 m. altitude. First collected by Haenke at Nootka Sound, British Columbia. Carex feta Bailey. Stems slender, 60-80 cm. high; leaves flat, 1-2 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; spikes 3-8, oblong, 5-10 mm. long, distinct; CYPERACEAE. a5 perigynia broadly ovate, broad-winged, serrulate above, nerved, loosely arrang- ed, 1.5 mm. long; scales lanceolate, acutish, narrower than the perigynia but nearly as long. In wet meadows, rare. Carex phaeocephala Piper. Densely tufted, smooth throughout, pale green; stems 10-40 cm. high; leaves mostly folded or involute, 2-3 mm. wide, shorter than the stems, tough in texture and persistent when dry; bracts short, scarious; spikelets 3-7, distinct but crowded into an oblong-lanceolate erect or slightly nodding brown head 1-3 cm. long, the lower spike often separated and short-peduncled, the other sessile; perigynia brown, lanceolate, wing-margined, the serrulate bidentate beak as long as the body; scales brown, acute, as long as the perigynia. In rocky or sandy soil in the mountains, at about 2500 m. altitude. Carex scoparia Schkuhr. Stems erect, slender, 30-80 cm. high; leaves flat, 2-3 mm. wide, much shorter than the stems; bracts filiform; spikes 3-10, usually close together but distinct, oblong, pointed, straw-colored or brownish, 6-12 mm. long; perigynium thin, appressed, broadly lanceolate, narrowly wing- margined, gradually tapering into a broad bidentate serrulate beak; scales acute or acuminate, shorter than the perigynia, pale brown. In moist places, not common. Carex leporina L. Tufted, slender, erect, 15-40 cm. high, scabrous near the top; leaves shorter than the stems, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts very small or absent; spikes 3-7, oblong-ovoid, dark brown, staminate at base, each 8-15 mm. long, crowded into a head; scales lanceolate, acute, shining, brown with a scarious margin, about as wide and long as the perigynia; perigynia 4 mm. long, ascending, narrowly ovoid, compressed, wing-margined, the roughish tapering 2-toothed reddish-tipped beak as long as the body; orifice not at all or but minutely hyaline. Seattle, Piper; East Sound, Washington, Henderson; rare in our limits. Carex piperi Mackenzie. (C. pratensis furva Bailey; C. furva Piper not Webb.) Stems slender, smooth, terete, stiffly erect, 40-60 cm. high; leaves pale green, flat, 2-3 mm. broad, much shorter than the stems; lower bract slender, shorter than the head; spikes 3-6, chestnut-brown, ovoid, acutish, 10-15 mm. long, close together in a head; scales chestnut-brown, shiny, lance-ovate, acute, thin margined, just exceeding the perigynia; perigynia ascending but not appressed, lanceolate, narrowly margined, 6 mm. long, pale brown with chestnut-tipped 2-toothed beak and white hyaline orifice; beak gradually narrowed, as long as the body. Damp meadows, Vancouver Island to Oregon. Carex oregonensis Olney. Creeping with short rootstocks, glabrous, pale green; stems 30-40 cm. high, smooth; leaves flat, 2-4 mm. broad, pale, firm, scabrous on the margins, usually longer than the stems; bracts leaf-like with thin white auricles at base, the lower about as long as the inflorescence; spikes 4-7, erect, short-peduncled, close together, the upper 1-3 staminate; perigynia paler, ovoid, prominently nerved, pubescent, each gradually narrowed into the bidentate beak; scales pale, ovate, cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia, brown, except the hyaline margins and pale midrib. In sandy ground in pine woods, mostly on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains. Carex lanuginosa Michx. Stems erect, slender, 30-60 cm. tall, rough- angled; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. wide, as long or nearly as long as the stem; stami- nate spikes 1-3, sometimes pistillate at base; pistillate spikes 1-3, mostly long-peduncled, 18-30 mm. long; perigynia oval, densely pubescent, each with a short 2-toothed beak; bracts acute or acuminate, about equal to the perigy- nium. 76 CYPERACEAE. In wet meadows. Very similar to C. filiformis but stouter and with broader leaves. Carex filiformis L. Stems slender, erect, 60-90 cm. high, smooth, usually reddish at base; leaves involute, a narrow, scabrous on the margins, shorter than the stems; staminate spikes 1 -3; pistillate 1-3, erect, sessile or short- peduncled, 1-5 cm. long; perigynia ovoid, densely short- pubescent, each with a short bidentate beak; scales ovate, thin, obtuse to acute, nearly as long as the perigynia. In shallow water or wet meadows. Carex brevicaulis Mackenzie. Loosely tufted, glabrous; stems 5-10 cm. high, rough-angled; leaves 2-3 mm. wide, flat, longer than the stems; bracts auricled and colored at base; spikes 3-5, the terminal one staminate; the lower pistillate spike long-peduncled, the upper one or two sessile; perigynia pubes- cent, stipitate, globose, each abruptly contracted into a slender serrulate bi- dentate beak; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, reddish brown, narrower and shorter than the perigynia. In dry. ground, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California; rare. Carex rossii Boott. Densely tufted, the stems 20-40 cm. tall; leaves pale, flat, scabrous, 1-3 mm. wide, commonly equalling the stems; bracts not auricled at base; inflorescence of 1-4 spikes, the uppermost staminate; stamin- ate spike slender, 3-8 mm. long, pale, nearly sessile; pistillate spikes 1-3, distinct, loosely few-flowered; perigynia obovoid, pubescent, each with a 2-toothed beak; scales purple with hyaline margins, or greenish, sharply acuminate, shorter and broader than the perigynia. In stony soil, especially in the mountains. Carex vespertina (Bailey) Howell. Rootstocks stout; stems erect, 20-50 cm. high, rough-angled; leaves pale, 2-3 mm. wide, firm, shorter than the stem; spikes 2-4, the uppermost staminate, linear, 2-3 cm. long, the others much smaller, sessile and separated; lower bract leaf-like, 1-3 cm. long; perigynia pale, obovoid, pubescent, the stout beaks deeply bidentate. In rocky soil, Vancouver Island to Oregon; rather rare. Carex verecunda Holm. (C. inops Bailey.) Rootstocks slender; stems erect, rough-angled, about 30 cm. high; leaves narrow, rigid, much shorter than the stems; spikes 3 or 4, sessile near the top of the stem, the terminal staminate, the others shorter and staminate at the top; perigynia pubescent above, ellipsoid, each abruptly narrowed into the slender deeply bidentate beak; scales brown with scarious margins, acute, about as long as the peri- gynia. Known only from Mount Hood, Oregon, where it was first collected by Henderson. Carex comosa Boott. Tufted, the stem stout, 50-150 cm. high, rough and sharply angled; leaves broad, 6-15 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; spikes 4-6, drooping on slender peduncles, the uppermost staminate, lincar, brown- ish, 3-9 cm. long, often partly pistillate; pistillate spikes pale green, cylindric, about 1.5 cm. thick, densely flowered, often partly staminate; perigynia spread- ing, firm, lance-ovate, strongly many-nerved, each attenuate into a long 2-toothed beak, the teeth 1-2 mm. long and spreading; scales brownish, awned, about as long as the perigynia. Usually in shallow water. Carex exsiccata Bailey. Glabrous; stems 60-100 cm. high, rough-angled; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad, about as long as the stems; sheaths fibrillose; upper 3-4 spikes staminate; lower 2-4 spikes pistillate, nearly sessile, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long; perigynia straw-colored or brownish, slightly inflated, strongly ' CYPERACEAE. a nerved, ascending, lance-ovate, gradually narrowed into the bidentate beak; scales narrow, acute or acuminate, much shorter than the perigynia. In swamps and often in shallow water; common. Carex utriculata Boott. Glabrous; stems 40-100 cm. high, stout, smooth- ish, the angles obtuse; leaves flat, 2-10 mm. wide, prominently nodulose, usually exceeding the stems; bracts similar; upper 2-4 spikes linear and stam- inate; lower 2-4 spikes pistillate, cylindric, erect, densely-flowered, peduncled, 3-12 cm. long; perigynia narrowly ovoid, somewhat inflated, each gradually narrowed into a slender bidentate beak, straw-colored or brownish, 5-10 mm. long; scales lanceolate, acute or the lower awn-pointed. In swamps; common. By some botanists united with the European C. rostrata Stokes, from which it is scarcely distinct. Carex amplifolia Boott. Stems 30-90 cm. tall, scabrous on the sharp angles; leaves flat, 12-20 mm. broad, longer than the stem; spikes 5-7, the uppermost staminate, 5-8 cm. long; pistillate spikes narrowly cylindrical, straight or curved, 6-10 cm. long, dark olivaceous, the lower ones long-ped- uncled; perigynium subglobose, glabrous, the beak with an oblique entire orifice, spreading, rusty; scales purple with a green midrib, shorter and narrow- er than the perigynia. In wet places in woods;common. First collected by Douglas on the Colum- bia River. Carex oederi Retz. (C. flava recterostrata Bailey). Glabrous, tufted; stems 10-40 cm. high, erect; leaves 1-3 mm. wide, often exceeding the stems; bracts leaf-like; spikes 3-10, the uppermost staminate; pistillate spikes sessile or short-peduncled, often close together, 5-15 mm. long, the upper ones often staminate at the top; perigynia spreading, plump, broadly oval, each narrowed at base and contracted into a bidentate beak much shorter than the body; scales ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the perigynia. In wet places, not common. Carex accedens Holm. (C. spreta Bailey.) Glabrous; stems 40-50 cm. high, erect, scabrous; leaves flat, 2-4 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, oblong to ovoid, about 1 cm. long, sessile, contiguous; perigynia broadly ellipsoid, thin, green, nerveless, minutely punctate, the very short beak entire; scales black with white nerves, obtuse, not as broad as the perigynia. In wet meadows, especially where overflowed; notcommon. First collected near Portland, Oregon, by Howell. Carex atrata L. Tufted; stems erect or nodding above, 20-40 cm. high; leaves flat, 3-4 mm. wide, shorter than the stems; lowest bract nearly as long as the inflorescence; spikes 3-5, close together, oblong, densely-flowered, 1-2 cm. long, the terminal one staminate at the base, all peduncled; perigynia oval or obovate, yellowish sprinkled with purple, each contracted at base and abruptly narrowed into a short bidentate beak; scales ovate, acute, dark purple with hyaline margins, longer than the perigynia. Mount Rainier, Allen; Mount Adams, Flett. Carex mertensii Prescott. Stems 40-90 cm. high, sharply angled; leaves flat, 3-7 mm. broad, much shorter than the stems, conspicuously sheathing; bracts leaf-like, sheathless or nearly so, the lower exceeding the inflorescence; spikes 5-8, 2-5 cm. long, densely flowered, drooping on slender peduncles, more or less staminate at base, the upper one sometimes entirely staminate; perigynia broadly ovate, winged, very flat, pale, few-nerved, appressed; scales dark purple with pale midrib, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. Along streams in the mountains, 1000-1500 m. altitude. A very handsome species, first found by Mertens at Sitka, Alaska. 78 CYPERACEAE. Carex limosa L. Stoloniferous; stems rough-angled, slender, 15-40 cm. high; leaves somewhat glaucous, mostly shorter than the stems, 1-3 mm. wide; bracts shorter than the inflorescence; terminal spikes staminate, erect, linear; pistillate spikes 1-3, drooping on slender peduncles, 0.5—2 cm. long; perigynia ovoid, flattened, narrowed at base, very short-beaked, glaucous; scales brown- ish, ovate, acute or short-cuspidate, slightly exceeding the perigynia. In sphagnum bogs. Carex spectabilis Dewey. (C. invisa Bailey.) Glabrous; stems tufted, slen- der, 40-60 cm. high, erect, sharp-angled; leaves flat and smooth, 4-8 mm. broad, nearly as long as the stems; bracts leaf-like, 4 mm. wide, without sheaths, nearly equalling the inflorescence; spikes 3-6, short-cylindric, erect or nodding, sessile or the lower ones variously peduncled, the upper one staminate; pistillate spikes cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long, often loosely flowered at base, sometimes staminate at tip; perigynia ovate-elliptic, green with purple specks, few-nerved, flat, the short beak emarginate at orifice; scales dark-purple with white midvein, mucronate, shorter than the perigynia. Common in high mountain meadows. Carex paupercula Michx. Stems slender, 20-60 cm. high, the angles sharp and usually rough; leaves flat, 2-4 mm. wide; usually shorter than the stem; bracts leaf-like, the lowest usually longer than the inflorescence; terminal spike staminate; lateral spikes 1-4, pistillate, slender-peduncled, sometimes drooping, 1-2 cm. long; perigynia ovoid, flattened, constricted at each end, glaucous; scales ovate-lanceolate, aristate, much longer than the perigynia, usually brownish. Vancouver Island, Macoun. A widely spread species that has usually been referred to C. magellanica Lam. Carex macrochaeta C. A. Mey. Loosely tufted, glabrous; stems 30-60 cm. high, mostly rough-angled; leaves flat, firm, 2-4 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the stems; spikes 3-5, the lower ones nodding on slender peduncles, the upper one or two staminate and erect; pistillate spikes often staminate at top, cylindric, 2-3 cm. long; perigynia elliptic, each with a very short entire beak, pale sprinkled with purple dots, 4-5 mm. long; scales black, the white midrib prolonged into a long awn; stigmas 2 or rarely 3. Multnomah Falls, Oregon, Piper. Rare in our limits. Carex ablata Bailey. Stems slender, 30-60 cm. high, smooth; leaves pale, flat, 2-5 mm. wide, much shorter than the stems; bracts sheathing at base, usually much shorter than the inflorescence; spikes usually 5-7, approximate, sessile, the lower ones often distant, the upper pistillate spikes cylindric, 1-2 cm. long; perigynia lanceolate, obscurely nerved, pale green, glabrous, bident- le apex; scales acutish, shorter than the perigynia, brown with a green midrib. Common in the mountains at 2000 m. altitude. Carex hendersoni Bailey. Tufted, glabrous; stems slender, smooth, 60-90 om. high; leaves flat, 4-7 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; bracts leaf-like, exceeding the inflorescence; terminal spike linear, staminate, about 2 cm. long; pistillate spikes about 4, loosely-flowered, the upper one sessile, the lowest one distant and long-peduncled; perigynia 5—6 mm. long, triangular-ovoid, stipitate, green, strongly nerved, each tipped with an oblique beak half as long as the body; scales with a broad scarious margin, cuspidate, pale, shorter than the perigynia. In rich woods. Named after Professor L. F. Henderson who found it near Portland, Oregon. Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. Creeping with long stolons; herbage glau- cous; stems 15-50 cm. high; leaves folded or involute, about 2 mm. wide, shorter CYPERACEAE. 79 than the stems; bracts short, the lower about equalling the inflorescence; spikes 1-4, the upper staminate; pistillate spikes sessile or the lower one stalked, erect; perigynia ovoid, narrowed at each end, faintly nerved, beakless, pale; scales ovate, obtuse, brownish, shorter than the perigynia. In bogs, Alaska to Oregon. Port Renfrew, Vancouver Island, Brand & Rosendahl. Carex californica Bailey. Glabrous; stems arising from stout rootstocks, erect, 30-40 cm. high, sharp-angled, smooth, the leafless basal sheaths purple; leaves flat, narrow, 2 mm. wide; bracts sheathing, the lowest not equalling the stem; spikes 2 or 3, the upper 1, rarely 2, staminate; pistillate short-peduncled, 2-3 cm. long; perigynia green, oblong-ovoid, each with a short entire beak; scales brownish, mostly obtuse, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3. . rane Skamania County, Washington, Suksdorf, to Mendocino County, alifornia. Carex aurea Nutt. Stems arising from long horizontal rootstocks, 10-30 cm. high; leaves flat, pale green, 3-4 mm. wide, usually overtopping the stems; bracts mostly exceeding the stem; spikes 3-6, all stalked, the uppermost stam- inate and linear, or rarely androgynous, the rest pistillate, narrowly cylindrical, loosely flowered, 1-3 cm. long; perigynia globose, very minutely beaked, red- dish when mature, strongly nerved; scales brownish, ovate, obtuse, acute or cuspidate, mostly shorter than the perigynia. In low meadows, not common. Carex celsa (Bailey) Piper n. comb. (C. aurea celsa Bailey; C. hassei Bailey.) Very similar to C. aurea; spikes rather compactly flowered; perigynia obovoid, faintly nerved, short-stipitate, beakless; scales ovate, mostly obtuse, brown with a pale midrib, shorter than the perigynia. In wet meadows, not common. Very similar to the European C. bicolor All. Carex sitchensis Prescott. (C. howellit Bailey.) Glabrous; stems stout, 1-2 m. high, rough angled; leaves 5 mm. broad, nearly as long as the stems; sheaths becoming brown and papery; staminate spikes 2 or 3, erect, peduncled; pistillate spikes 3-5, cylindric, densely flowered, 5-10 cm. long, usually cernu- ous, peduncled, the upper ones often staminate at top; perigynia elliptic, granular, nerved, each narrowed into a short entire beak; scales linear-lance- olate, a little longer than the perigynia, acuminate, brown with a white hyaline tip. Peas the ocean coast in marshes, Alaska to Oregon. Carex cryptocarpa C. A. Mey. Somewhat tufted, glabrous; stems 30-90 cm. high, sharp-angled, rough above; leaves flat, 2~5 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; spikes 3-5, all more or less drooping on slender peduncles; staminate spikes 2 or 3; pistillate spikes mostly staminate at apex, 2-5 cm. long; perigynia elliptic or oval, scabrous on the margins above, straw-colored, each with a short entire beak; scales dark, oblong-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the perigynia. Abundant in marshes near the seashore. Carex magnifica Dewey. Tufted, glabrous; stems stout, very sharp-angled and rough, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves pale, harsh and stiff, strongly keeled, 3-6 mm. broad; spikes 5—7, dark purple, usually ascending, 2-6 cm. long; upper one or two wholly staminate, the others mainly pistillate but usually staminate at top; perigynia firm, brownish, nearly orbicular, nerveless, very short beaked, 2.5 mm. long; scales dark purple, acute, much longer than the perigynia. Very common especially in the marshes near the seashore. In most botanical works it has been taken for the very different C. sitchensis Prescott. 80 CYPERACEAE. Carex interrupta Boeckl. Stoloniferous; stems 40-50 cm. high, slender, smooth; leaves 2-3 mm. broad, flat, shorter than the stems; sheaths fibrillose; lowest bract leaf-like, nearly as long as the inflorescence; terminal spike and sometimes the next one staminate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, narrowly cylindric, sessile or short-pedicelled, erect, 1-7 cm. long, densely flowered near the top, but often very loosely scattered toward the base; perigynia green or straw-colored, ovate, 2 mm. long, smooth or with a few teeth near the top, the beak short and bidentate; scales ovate, obtuse, pale or brown- ish, longer than the perigynia. Wet meadows and stream banks. First collected by Scouler on the lower Columbia River. Carex nudata W. Boott. Tufted, glabrous; stems slender, 30-40 cm. high, scabrous on the angles; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad, shorter than the stems, their sheaths slightly fibrillose; bracts with purple auricles at base, sheathless, the lower rarely equalling the inflorescence; spikes 4 or 5, cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long, erect, peduncled, mostly contiguous; perigynia narrowly ellipsoid, straw- colored or often purple at tip, faintly nerved, finely punctate, quickly decidu- ous, 3 mm. long; scales dark purple, mostly oblong and obtuse, about equalling the perigynia. Along mountain streams, infrequent. Carex scopulorum Holm. Stoloniferous, glabrous; stems 10-40 cm. high, erect, scabrous, leafy at the base; leaves flat, shorter than the stems; bracts with black auricles, the lower nearly as long as the inflorescence; spikes 2-7, cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, ascending, the upper ones contiguous; terminal spike mostly staminate; perigynia stipitate, obovoid, turgid, 2-nerved, granular and purplish toward the tip, the short entire beak bent to one side; scales ovate, acute, black with a pale midrib; stigmas 2. Wet mountain meadows, abundant. Carex rigida Good. Rhizomes stout, rather short; stems 30-50 cm. high, stiff, erect, scabrous; leaves flat, 3-5 mm. broad, mostly crowded near the base, shorter than the stem; bract black-auricled at base; spikes nearly black; staminate linear, 5-15 mm. long; pistillate 2, rarely 3, short-cylindric, sessile, erect, the lower in the axil of the bract, the upper often partly staminate; perigynia firm, nerveless, elliptic to obovoid, plano-convex, short-beaked, speckled with black near the tip, 2.5-3 mm. long; scales black, obtuse, as long as the perigynia. A variable species; common in wet alpine meadows at about 1700 m. altitude. Carex gymnoclada Holm. Stoloniferous, glabrous; stems 30-50 cm. high, erect, scabrous, leafless; leaves narrow, flat, as long as the stems; bracts sheath- less, the lower nearly as long as the inflorescence; spikes usually 3, cylindric, about 1 cm. long, sessile or nearly so, erect, the terminal one staminate: peri- gynia ovate to oval, stipitate, faintly 2-nerved, pale-green, the short beak en- tire; scales oval, acutish, black with a pale midrib, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 2. In mountain bogs, rare. Carex aperta Boott. (C. bovina Howell.) Tufted, smooth throughout; stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves flat but keeled, 4-6 mm. broad, rather shorter than the stems, pale green; spikes 3 or 4, the terminal staminate, mostly short peduncled, erect; pistillate spikes 1-3 cm. long, densely flowered, 5 mm. thick; scales equalling the perigynia, acuminate, purple with a green midrib, divaricate at maturity; perigynia 2 mm. long, turgid, broadest at the middle, tapering to each end, brown when mature, the two or three angles pale; beak short and entire. This is the common “‘hay sedge” of the Columbia Rivcr bottoms where it was first collected by Douglas. CYPERACEAE. 8I Carex angustata Boott. (C.acutina Bailey.) Tufted, glabrous, pale green; stems 50-60 cm. high, usually scabrous above; leaves flat, thin, equalling or shorter than the stems; lower bract as long as the inflorescence; spikes 4 or 5, cylindrical, erect, approximate, 3-7 cm. long, the upper one or two staminate; perigynia oval or elliptic, thin, straw-colored, granular, faintly nerved, the short beak entire; scales obtuse, almost as long as the pergynia, not divaricate at maturity. Infrequent; Portland, Oregon, Kellogg & Harford; Mount Hood, Oregon, Henderson. -Carex dives Holm. Stems 30-60 cm. high, erect, very rough; leaves flat, broad, as long as the stems; bracts sheathless, leaf-like, the lowest exceeding the inflorescence; spikes 6-7, the uppermost one or two staminate, the others pistillate, densely flowered, 4-10 cm. long, peduncled, the lowest nodding; perigynia oval, compressed, granular, 2-nerved, denticulate above, 2.5 mm. long, pale green with purplish blotches, the beak short and entire; scales oblong, purple with green midvein; stigmas 2. In swamps, British Columbia to California; rare. Carex kelloggii Boott. Stems tufted, slender, 15-40 cm. tall, erect; leaves numerous, flat, 2-3 mm. wide, commonly as long as the stem, some- times longer; spikes 4-15, the bracts commonly exceeding the stem; staminate spike usually single, slender, purplish; pistillate spikes 3-many, mostly sessile or nearly so, greenish, dense, 2-4 cm. long, 3 mm. thick; perigynia ovate, plane, promptly deciduous, 2 mm. long, smooth, flattened, 3- or 4-nerved on the outer face, stipitate at the base, short-beaked, the beak emarginate; scales green with purple margins, obtusish, shorter than the perigynia. On wet stream banks and lake shores, common. Carex lenticularis Michx. Glabrous, tufted; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high; leaves 1-3 mm. wide, equalling or exceeding the stems; lower bract sheathing, exceeding the spikes; spikes 3-8, narrowly cylindric, 1-4 cm. long, erect, close together, sessile or the lower short-peduncled; perigynia ovate, minutely granulate, faintly nerved, pale green or the nerves brownish, each with a very short entire beak; scales obtuse, green with broad hyaline margins, much shorter than the perigynia. Rare in our limits. Carex hindsii Clarke. Very similar to C. kelloggiz; pistillate spikes 3 or 4, stouter, 1-3 cm. long, 5 mm. thick; perigynia pale green, lanceolate, stipitate, curved and spreading, smooth, 7-nerved on the back, 5-nerved on the anterior face, flat and empty above, the short beak entire, 3 mm. long; scales obtuse, purple with the midrib and margin pale. Along the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to Oregon. First found at the mouth of the Columbia River by Hinds. 95. CYPERUS. Annual or perennial; stems simple, 3-angled, leafy near the base, and with one or more leaves at the summit which form an involucre for the simple or compound umbellate or capitate inflorescence; rays of the umbel sheathed at the base, usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes commonly sessile; spikelets flat or roundish, few to many-flowered; scales concave, 2-ranked, all but the lower one flower-bearing; flowers perfect; perianth none; stamens 1-3; akene lenticular or 3-angled. Rachis wingless; scale tipped with a recurved awn. C. inflexus. Rachis winged; scale merely mucronate. C. erythrorhizos. 7 82 CYPERACEAE. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Annual; stems 1-15 cm. tall, ascending; leaves about 1 mm. wide, often curved, about as long as the stems; bracts much longer than the inflorescence; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, in dense heads, umbellately arranged on unequal rays; scale green or brownish, the awn-like tip strongly recurved; stamen 1. On river banks, rare. Somas Falls, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Kalama, Washington, Piper. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual; stems usually 15-60 cm. tall, sometimes much smaller; leaves flat, commonly 2-4 mm. broad, shorter than the stem; involucral leaves 4-8, broad at base, far exceeding the inflorescence; spikelets bright chestnut, linear, 5-6 mm. long, densely crowded into flattened spikes, 1-3 cm. long, the latter umbelled on the unequal branches of the primary umbel; scales oblong, keeled, the green midrib prolonged into a short mucro- Bate tip; wings of the rachis separating to the base, forming pairs of small scales. River banks, rare in our limits. Vancouver, Washington, Sheldon. 96. DULICHIUM. Tall perennials with cylindrical jointed stems, leafy to the top; lower leaves reduced to sheaths; spikes axillary, peduncled, simple or compound; spikelets 2-ranked, flat, linear, many- flowered; scales 2-ranked; flowers perfect; perianth of 6-9 back- wardly barbed bristles. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Stems stout, 30-90 cm. tall, leafy; spikelets linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, 6—10-flowered. Borders of lakes and ponds, common. 97. RYNCHOSPORA. Mostly leafy perennials with rootstocks, erect, 3-angled or cylindrical stems and flat or inrolled leaves; spikelets variously clustered; scales thin, overlapping all around; upper flowers imperfect, the lower perfect; perianth of 1-20, mostly 6, barbed bristles, or none. Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. Stems slender, 15-40 cm. high; leaves filiform, shorter than the stem; spikelets white, in 1-3 densely crowded corymbs; akene oblong-obovoid, tipped with a flattened triangular tubercle about half as long; bristles longer than the akene. In sphagnum bogs, rare in our limits. 98. ELEOCHARIS. Spike Rusu. Annual or perennial; stems simple, triangular, quadrangular, terete, flattened or grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest very rarely blade-bearing; spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended by an involucre; scales concave, in a spiral; perianth of 1-12 bristles usually barbed; stamens 2 or 3; akene 3-angled or biconvex; base of the style persistent on the summit of the akene forming a terminal tubercle. CYPERACEAE. 83 Styles 2-cleft; akenes biconvex. Tubercles constricted basally; perennial with rootstocks. FE. palustris. Tubercles not constricted basally; annual, tufted. E. obtusa. Styles 3-cleft; akenes 3-angled. Tubercles broad and short; akenes ribbed. E. acicularis. Tubercles subulate; akenes smooth. E. rostellata. _ Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. Rootstocks extensively creep- ing; stems 30-70 cm. tall; spike lanceolate-oblong, 1-2 cm. long; bristles 4, usually exceeding the obovate smooth biconvex akene; tubercle obtuse, contracted at its junction with the akene; style 2-cleft. Abundant in wet ground and in shallow water. ° Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. Stems erect or ascending, densely tuft- ed, 5-7 cm. high; spikelets brownish, ovoid, obtuse, 2-13 mm. long; bristles 6-8, exceeding the brown shining akene; tubercle very short and broad, deltoid, acute. In wet places, quite common. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. Perennial by creeping root- stocks, usually forming extensive mats; stems very slender, 7-15 cm. tall, erect; spikes 3-10-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; bristles 3 or 4, shorter than the akene or wanting; akene oblong or obovoid, somewhat 3-angled, marked with 9-12 longitudinal ribs, with very numerous cross-lines between them; tubercle broad, contracted at its junction with the akene; style 3-cleft. Abundant on the margins of ponds often forming a sward. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Perennial, the sterile shoots decumbent and rooting at the tips; fertile erect, wiry, 30-60 cm. high; spikelets fusiform, 12-20-flowered; bristles longer than the akenes. In marshes, rare. Vancouver Island, Macoun; Skamania County, Suksdorf. 99. SCIRPUS. Annual or perennial; stems leafy or the leaves reduced to basal sheaths; spikelets terete (in ours), solitary, or in a terminal cluster which is subtended by a 1-several-leaved involucre; scales in a spiral, usually all fertile, one or two of the lowest sometimes empty; flowers perfect; perianth of 1-6 bristles, or sometimes none; stamens 2 or 3; style 2 or 3-cleft, not swollen at the base; akene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex. Spikelets solitary, terminal. Involucral bract wanting. S. nanus. Involucral bract present. Bract 2-3 times as long as the spikelet. S. subterminalis. Bract not longer than the spikelet. Perianth bristles none. S. riparius. Perianth bristles 6, smooth. S. cespitosus. Spikelets several-many, rarely solitary. Stems terete; inflorescence umbellate. Akenes 2.5-3 mm. long, the scales one-fourth longer. Akenes 2 mm. long, the scales little longer. Stems three-angled. S. occidentalis. S Involucral leaf solitary. S. americanus. S§ S . validus. Involucral leaves several. Spikelets 1-2 cm. long. Spikelets 3-5 mm. long. . robustus. . microcarpus. 84 CYPERACEAE. Scirpus nanus Spreng. Densely tufted, the stems flattened and grooved, 1-6 cm. high; roots with minute tubers; spikelet ovoid, greenish, bearing 2-4 or rarely more florets; scales acutish, the lowest usually larger; bristles when present longer than the smooth shining akene. Common on brackish shores, but rarely blooming. Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Usually aquatic; stems 30-90 cm. high; bract appearing like a constriction of the stem; bristles 6, barbed, shorter than the akene. In mountain ponds, rare. Mount Mark, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Mount Adams, Howell, Suksdorf. Scirpus riparius (R. Br.) Spreng. Stems tufted, 5-15 cm. high; spikelets oblong-ovate, 3-5 mm. long, pale brown; akenes obovoid, 3-angled, smooth dark-brown, 1 mm. long. In marshy places along the seashore. Seattle, Piper; Whidby Island, Gardner. Scirpus cespitosus L. Densely tufted, the stems 10-30 cm. high; spikelets oblong-ovate, pale brown, about 4 mm. long; akenes oblong, 3-angled, smooth, brown, exceeded by the 6 smooth bristles. Sub-alpine bogs, rare. Scirpus occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Western Bulrush or Tule. Stems 1-2 m. high, from stout scaly rootstocks; panicle loose, the suberect slender branches 1-9 cm. long, slender; spikelets mostly in clusters of 2-7, pale brown, subcylindric, 10-20 mm. long; scales oblong-ovate, viscid near the apex, aristate. In shallow water along lake margins, very common and abundant. Scirpus validus Vahl. Very similar to S. occidentalis; spikelets ovoid, 5-10 mm. long; scales broadly ovate, mucronate, somewhat pubescent; akene obovoid, plano-convex, 2 mm. long. ae in our limits, reported from Vancouver Island, Macoun; common east- ward. Scirpus americanus Pers. Stems sharply 3-angled, 20-90 cm. high, from stout elongated rootstocks; leaves 1-4, shorter than the stem, channeled; bract 2-10 cm. long, pointed; spikelets 1-6, ovoid, closely crowded; scales brown, ovate, 2-cleft at apex and often awned; bristles 2—6, shorter than the plano-convex smooth akene. In brackish marshes, infrequent. Scirpus robustus Pursh. Stems stout, often 1 m. tall; leaves about as long as the stem; spikelets brown, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, acutish, 10-20 mm. long; scales ovate, notched and awned. Along the seashore, quite common. Scirpus microcarpus Presl. Perennial, the stout stems about 1 m. tall; leaves 8-10 mm. broad, smooth beneath, rough on the margins and upper surface of the midvein, the upper leaf usually exceeding the stem; inflorescence a two to three times compound umbel, the primary rays 3-10 cm. long, unequal; bracts leaf-like, about equalling the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid, numerous, dark green, 3-5 mm. long, in heads of 3-12 or more; scales broadly ovate, acute; stamens 2; styles bifid; bristles 4; nutlet white, oblong-lenticular, very short-beaked. : Common in wooded swamps. 100. ERIOPHORUM. CortTon-GrRass. Bog perennials with rootstocks and erect triangular or nearly cylindrical stems; leaves linear or one or two of the upper ones ARACEAE. 85 reduced to bladeless sheaths; spikelets terminal, solitary, or in heads or umbels, with or without a 1-several-leaved involucre; scales in a spiral, overlapping; flowers perfect; perianth of 6 or numerous thread-like smooth soft bristles which project much beyond the scales at maturity. Spikelets solitary; involucral bracts wanting. Bristles copper-colored. E. chamissonis. Bristles white. E. chamissonis albidum. Spikelets several, subtended by 1 or more bracts; bristles white. Leaves 3-sided; bract solitary; akene linear. E. gracile. Leaves flat; bracts 2 or 3; akene obovoid. E. polystachion. Eriophorum chamissonis C. A. Mey. Stems solitary, 20-40 cm. high; leaves very narrow, 3-angled, channelled; spikelet erect; akenes oblong, acute; bristles 2-3 cm. long, rusty or cinnamon-colored. In sphagnum bogs, not rare. Eriophorum chamissonis albidum (Nyl.) Fernald. Bristles white. Vancouver Island and eastward. Eriophorum gracile Koch. Stems very slender; leaves very narrow, 3-angled, channelled; scales mostly blunt at the tip; bristles white, 1.5-2 cm. long. In sphagnum bogs. Eriophorum polystachion L. Stems rather stout; leaves linear, flat; spikelets several, nodding; scales acute; bristles white, 2-3 cm. long. In bogs, especially in the mountains. Family 18. ARACEAE. Arum FAamIty. Plants with acrid or pungent juice and simple or compound leaves; flowers crowded on a spadix, perfect, monoecious or dioecious; spathe present or none; perianth of 4-6 sepals or none; fruit usually a 1-4-celled 1-seeded berry. 101. LYSICHITON. Acaulescent swamp herbs with large leaves from a_ thick horizontal rootstock; spathe sheathing at base, with or without a broad colored lamina, at first enveloping the cylindrical spadix which later becomes exserted on a stout peduncle; flowers per- fect, crowded, covering the spadix; perianth 4-lobed; stamens 4, opposite the perianth-segments; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled; fruits fleshy, somewhat immersed in the rachis and coalescent. Lysichiton camtschatcense (L.) Schott. Yellow Skunk Cabbage. Leaves large, 30-90 cm. long, oblong, acute or acutish, narrowed at base into a short margined petiole; spathe golden-yellow, the blade boat-shaped, acute, narrowed into a sheathing petiole; peduncle stout, 20-30 cm. long; spadix cylindric, in fruit 5-12 cm. long. : In swamps, common. Root very pungent. 86 PONTEDERIACEAE. Family 19. LEMNACEAE. DuckWwEED FamILy. Very small thallose plants floating free on the water, propagat- ing by the division of the thallus; flowers 1-3, monoecious, from the edge or upper surface, rare; fruit a 1-7-seeded utricle. Thallus 1-5-nerved, with a single rootlet. 102. LEMNA, 86. Thallus 5-12-nerved, with several rootlets. 103. SPIRODELA, 86. 102. LEMNA. Thallus 1-5-nerved, producing a single rootlet beneath; flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the thallus, usually 3 together, surrounded by a spathe, two staminate, each of a single stamen, the other pistillate of a single pistil; ovary 1-celled. Thalli oblong, separate or soon separating. L. minor. Thalli oblong, each narrowed into a sheath-like base, remaining connected. L. trisulca. Lemna minor L. Thalli round to elliptic-ovate, 2-5 mm. long, very ob- scurely 3-nerved; seed oblong-obovate, amphitropous, each with a prominent operculum. Very common onstill ponds, often mixed with Spirodela. Lemna trisulca L. Thalli thin, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, attenuate into a stalk-like base, usually several, remaining connected, each faintly 3- nerved; seed ovate, amphitropous, with a small round operculum. Still ponds and ditches, rare. 103. SPIRODELA. Very similar to Lemna but rootlets several and with axile vascular tissues; anther-cells divided by a vertical partition and dehiscing longitudinally. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Thallus round-obovate, 3-8 mm. long, thick, purple and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately mostly 7-nerved. Common on the surface of still ponds. Family 20. PONTEDERIACEAE. Ponpweep Famity. Aquatic herbs with perfect more or less irregular flowers, sur- rounded by a spathe; perianth of 6 petal-like segments free from the 3-celled ovary; stamens 3 or 6, unequal or dissimilar, on the throat of the perianth; style 1; fruit a 1-3-celled capsule or 1-celled utricle. 104. HETERANTHERA. Low herbs living in mud or shallow water, with a 1-few- flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole; perianth-limb somewhat equally 6-parted; stamens in the throat, usually unequal; capsule 1- or incompletely 3-celled. JUNCACEAE. 87 Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Stems slender, branched, leafy, 30- 100 cm. long; leaves sessile, linear, acute; spathe terminal, 1-flowered; flowers small, pale yellow, the tube very slender, 3-6 cm. long; capsule 1-celled, 6-8 mm. long. In ponds, rare in our limits. Sauvies Island, Oregon, Howell. Family 21. JUNCACEAE. RusH Famity. Grass-like, usually tufted herbs mostly perennials; inflorescence a compound panicle, corymb or umbel, with the flowers singly or loosely clustered or aggregated into spikes or heads, rarely reduced to a single flower; flowers small, regular, with or without bract- lets; perianth 6-parted, the parts glumaceous; stamens 6, rarely 3; pistil superior, tricarpellary; ovary 3-celled, or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; ovules 3—many; stigmas 3; fruit a loculicidal capsule; seeds 3-many, small. Leaf-sheaths open; capsule 1- or 3-celled, many-seeded; placentae parietal or axial. 105. Juncus, 87. Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded; placen- tae basal. 106. JUNCOIDES, 91. 105. JUNCUS. Rusu. Annual or perennial plants; stems leaf-bearing or scapose; leaves glabrous, cylindrical, flat or channeled; inflorescence a panicle or corymb, often one-sided, bearing its flowers either singly and with 2 bractlets or in heads and without bractlets, but each head in the axil of a bract; stamens 6, rarely 3; ovary 1-celled or 3-celled; placentae parietal or axial; seeds several to many. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence appearing like a continua- tion a the stem, the inflorescence therefore seemingly lateral. : Flowers in compound panicles, usually numerous. Stamens 3; leaf of the inflorescence much shorter than the stem. J. effusus. Stamens 6. : Flowers 3-4.5 mm. long. J. balticus. Flowers 5-6 mm. long. J. lescurit. Flowers few, 1-3 in each cluster. Inner sheaths bristle-tipped; capsule retuse. J. subtriflorus. Inner sheaths leaf-bearing; capsule acute. J. parryi. Lowest leaf of the inflorescence not appearing like a con- tinuation of the stem. Leaves not provided with cross-partitions, either flat and grass-like or terete and channelled. Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads. Perianth shorter than the capsule; heads several- many, 3—-5-flowered. J. covillei. Perianth longer than the capsule; heads solitary or few. 88 JUNCACEAE. Seeds not tailed. J. falcatus. Seeds tailed. J. regelit. Flowers bracteolate, loosely scattered or somewhat congested but not in heads. Annuals; stems branched, leafy. J. bufontus. Perennials; stems simple. Perianth segments 2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse. J. gerardt. Perianth segments 3.5-5.5 mm. long, sharp- pointed. Auricle at summit of sheath, short and cartilaginous. J. dudleyi. Auricle at summit of sheath, elongated and scarious. Panicle loose; flowers pale green. J. tenuis. Panicle close; flowers fuscous. J. occidentalis. Leaves provided with distinct cross-partitions. Blades of the leaves equitant. Heads pale, numerous; stamens 6. J. oxymeris. Heads brown or black; stamens 3, rarely 6. J. ensifolius. Blades of the leaves cylindric or only slightly com- pressed. Stamens 3. Plant aquatic, some of the leaves floating. J. supiniformis. Plant not aquatic. Heads small, pale, several-many. J. acuminatus. Heads large, dark, few. J. bolandert. Stamens 6. Capsules subulate; heads large; outer perianth segments longer. J. torreyi. Capsules not subulate. Heads solitary, dark. J. mertensianus. Heads several—many. Capsule much longer than the peri- anth. J. oreganus. Capsule shorter than the perianth. Perianth segments brown, acute. J. nevadensts. Perianth segments pale, obtuse. J. alpinus. Juncus effusus L. Densely tufted, about 1 m. high, forming tussocks in swamps; panicle compound, many- flowered; perianth- segments lanceolate, acuminate, as long as the obovate obtuse capsules. A polymorphic species, of which three sub-species occur in our limits. Juncus effusus pacificus Fernald & Wiegand. Panicle loose; perianth- segments pale, 2.5-3.5 mm. long. Everywhere common in wet ground. Juncus effusus hesperius Piper. Panicle compact; perianth segments dark brown, 2.4-2.9 mm. long; upper sheath loose, membranous, dull, greenish- drab above. Often occurring with J. effusus pacificus but blooming about a week earlier; common near the seacoast. Juncus effusus gracilis Hook. Very similar to J. effusus hesperius but upper sheath close, coriaceous, shiny, usually chestnut-colored. In swamps, not common. Juncus balticus Willd. Stems erect, terete, naked, 30-60 cm. tall, from stout horizontal rootstocks; leaves consisting only of sheaths; panicle appar- JUNCACEAE. 89 ently lateral, the elongated bract appearing like a continuation of the stem; panicle simple or compound, 1-10 cm. long; perianth segments lanceolate, acute, or obtusish, about 4 mm. long, usually brown; stamens 6; capsule acutely angled and short-beaked; seeds oblong, the surface reticulated. Common in wet places, often in brackish marshes. _ Juncus lescurii Boland. Stems stout, 30-100 cm. high, naked; flowers in a dense panicle; outer perianth segments 5-6 mm. long, lanceolate, acumin- ate, longer than the obtuse inner ones; capsule not beaked. In drifting sand along the ocean coast from Alaska to California. Juncus subtriflorus (Meyer) Coville. Tufted; stems slender, 10-25 cm. high; inner leaf-blades reduced to bristles; bract as long as or longer than the inflorescence; perianth segments acute or acuminate, brownish, the outer longer, exceeding the brown oblong retuse capsule. In the mountains at 1500-2000 m. altitude. Juncus parryi Engelm. Densely tufted; stems 20-40 cm. high; inner leaf blades not reduced; bract much exceeding the inflorescence; perianth segments brown, acute, the outer 7 mm. long, slightly exceeding the inner; capsule oblong, acute, exceeding the perianth. Growing in similar situations and often with J. subtriflorus. British Columbia to California and Colorado. Juncus covillei Piper. Stems low, 10-20 cm. high; leaves flat, pale; panicle small, the heads 3—5-flowered; perianth segments brown with green midvein, shorter than the capsule. On sandy lake shores, Vancouver Island to California. Juncus falcatus Meyer. Stems usually 10-20 cm. high; leaves flat, 2-3 mm. wide; flowers crowded into a single globose head, or rarely 2 or 3; outer perianth segments acuminate, 6 mm. long, exceeding the inner obtuse ones; capsule oblong, retuse. Along the coast, Vancouver Island to California. Juncus regelii Buch. Perennial, stoloniferous, pale green; stems smooth or minutely scabrous, 12-50 cm. high, erect; leaves flat, 1.5-2 mm. broad; head solitary or sometimes 2 or 3, globose, many-flowered; outer perianth seg- ments lanceolate, acute; inner ovate, obtuse; all rough, brown with pale margins; stamens 6; capsule longer than the perianth; seeds linear, tailed at each end. In springy places in the mountains, Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Utah. Juncus bufonius L. Annual, branching from the base, 5-30 cm. tall; leaf blades flat or involute, slender; flowers loosely scattered, usually on but one side of the long branches of the panicle; perianth segments pale, scarious- margined, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 6; capsule narrowly oblong, with a short blunt beak; seeds very finely reticulate. Very common everywhere. Juncus gerardi Loisel. Loosely tufted, 30-60 cm. high; leaves erect, usually flat; sheaths covering half the stem or more; panicle small, rather close, 2-7 cm. long; perianth greenish-brown, the outer segments linear, the inner oval. Salt marshes, Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland, Macoun. Not otherwise known in the Pacific coast but common on the Atlantic coast. Juncus dudleyi Wiegand. Densely tufted, stiffly erect, 30-50 cm. high; leaves short, usually less than half as long as the stems; auricles yellowish; panicle rather close, 2-7 cm. long; perianth segments spreading, pale, 4-5 mm. long, slightly exceeding the 1-celled ovoid capsule. : Cape Horn, Columbia River, Suksdorf. Easily distinguished by the cartil- aginous auricles, go JUNCACEAE. Juncus tenuis Willd. Densely tufted, 15-30 cm. tall; leaves flat or some- what involute, narrow, shorter than the stems; auricles whitish, 1-1.5 mm. long; panicle loose, seldom exceeded by the slender bract; perianth segments spread- ing, lanceolate, pale, 3-4 mm. long; capsule ovoid, thin-walled, round at the apex, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; seeds minutely reticulate. In moist places, common. Juncus occidentalis (Coville) Wiegand. In habit like J. tenuis, but stouter; , panicles denser, sometimes glomerate; perianth yellowish, the segments erect, 4-5 mm. long; capsule ovoid, the walls firm. Rare in our limits. Victoria, Macoun; Coupeville, Washington, Gardner. Juncus oxymeris Engelm. Stems flattened and two-edged, 60-100 cm. high, from stout rootstocks; leaves 5-8 mm. broad; panicle compound, locse, 8-20 cm. long; perianth segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, pale, shorter than the capsule; stamens 6. In marshy places, notcommon. Vancouver Island to California. Juncus ensifolius Wiks. Rootstocks thick, creeping; stems leafy, 15-30 cm. high; heads few, globose, dark brown or nearly black; perianth segments lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm. long; stamens 3, rarely 6; capsule 3-angled, acute, barely exceeding the perianth. Very common, Alaska to Calitornia. Juncus ensifolius major Hook. Differs from the species in being larger, 30-60 cm. high, and in bearing more numerous smaller pale brown heads. Common in wet places. Juncus supiniformis Engelm. Tufted, with very short rhizomes; stems many, 3-10 cm. high, shorter than the leaves; leaves septate, very narrow, terete or somewhat compressed, the floating ones very slender, the emersed ones erect, rigid; heads several, 2—5-flowered, umbellate; perianth segments greenish or purplish, oblong-lanceolate, acute, equal in length; stamens 3; capsules 3-angled, mucronate, longer than the perianth. In water, Vancouver Island, Macoun, and northern California. Juncus acuminatus Michx. Stems tufted, 30-60 cm. tall; stem leaves 1-3, with prominent partitions; panicle loose, with ascending stout stiff branches; heads pale, 5—20-flowered; perianth segments subequal, lanceolate- subulate, shorter than the acute capsule; stamens 3. Rare in our limits, but widely spread, British Columbia to Maine and south- ward to Oregon and Georgia. Juncus bolanderi Engelm. Stems 60-100 cm. high; leaves not flattened, the ligules very large; heads few, subglobose, 9-12 mm. in diameter, many- flowered; perianth brown, the segments subequal, narrow and aristate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long; stamens 3; capsule obtuse, equalling or exceeding the perianth. Vancouver Island to northern California, near the coast, rather rare. Juncus torreyi Coville. Stems 20-80 cm. high, bearing 2 or 3 slender leaves; flowers crowded into 1-20 pale heads, each 10-15 mm. in diameter; perianth segments subulate, the outer longest. Very rare in our limits. Coupeville, Washington, Gardner. Juncus mertensianus Bong. Stems terete, weak, crowded, 10-30 cm. high, from short creeping rootstocks; leaves 5-15 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; ligules scarious; heads solitary, globose, dark brown, about 1 cm. broad; perianth segments lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm. long, exceeding the obtuse capsule. In the mountains at 1500-2500 m. clevation, common. JUNCACEAE. gI Juncus oreganus Wats. Stems slender, spreading, 15-20 cm. high; panicle loose; flowers in small heads; perianth segments chestnut-brown, with green midrib, the outer acute, the inner rather obtuse and a little longer; stamens 6; capsule brown, acute and mucronate, exceeding the perianth. In bogs along the coast, rare. Ilwaco, Piper, Henderson; Seattle, Frye; International Boundary, Lyall; Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Juncus nevadensis Wats. Loosely tufted; stems slender, 10-40 cm. high, much exceeding the leaves; lowest leaves reduced to sheaths, the others with terete septate blades; cauline leaves 1 or 2; inflorescence umbellate, the hemi- spherical heads 3-10-flowered; perianth segments pale brown, equal, lanceolate, acute or mucronate, the inner hyaline-margined, 4 mm. long; stamens 6; capsule 3-angled, mucronate, shorter than the perianth. Vancouver Island to California. Juncus alpinus affinis (R. Br.) Aschers. & Graebn. (J. richardsonianus Schult.) Stems erect, 15-40 cm. high, bearing 1 or 2 leaves; leaves terete, with conspicuous internal cross partitions; panicle sparse, the straight branches bearing scattered heads of 3-12 flowers; perianth segments pale green the outer longer than the obtuse inner ones; capsule acute, longer than the perianth. Shores of lakes and streams, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Whatcom County, Washington, Gardner, Suksdorf. 106. JUNCOIDES. Woop Rusu. Perennial, with glabrous or sparingly pubescent herbage; stems leaf-bearing; leaf sheaths with united margins; blades grass-like; inflorescence umbellate, paniculate or congested into head-like clusters; flowers always bracteolate; ovary 1-celled with 3 basal ovules. Flowers congested into 1-several spike-like or head-like clus- ters. Inflorescence nodding, nearly always of a single spike-like cluster. J. spicatum. Inflorescence erect, of 2-12 globose or oblong clusters. Spikes loosely flowered, solitary or few, in a narrow pan- icle. J. subsessile. Spikes densely flowered, several to many, umbellate. J. campestre. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 or solitary in an open panicle. Leaves 10-12 mm. broad; perianth brown, 3-3.5 mm. long. J. glabratum. Leaves 6-8 or 10 mm. broad; perianth 1.5-2.5 mm. long. Panicle rays divaricate; leaves without pilose hairs. J. divaricatum. Panicle rays drooping; leaves with a few pilose hairs at base. Flowers and capsules pale green; leaves thin, shin- ing; seeds brown, ellipsoid. J. parviflorum. Flowers and capsules dark brown; leaves thick, dull; seeds yellow, constricted at each end. J. majus. Juncoides spicatum (L.) Kuntze. Tufted; stems 10-40 cm. high; leaves narrow, folded, sparsely villous; perianth segments acuminate, brown with hyaline margins; capsule acute, shorter than the perianth. In the mountains at high elevations. Juncoides subsessile (Wats.) Piper n. comb. (Luzula comosa subsessilis Wats.) Loosely tufted; stems suberect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves 3-4 mm. 92 JUNCACEAE. broad; inflorescence narrow, erect, the lowest spike often long-peduncled; bracts ciliate, equalling or longer than the inflorescence; perianth segments lanceolate, acute, subequal, 3-3.5 mm. long, brown with scarious margins, the inner slightly broader and tridentate-mucronate at apex. Known from Vancouver Island, Macoun, and California. Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze. Stems tufted, 15-40 cm. tall, the whole plant loosely villous; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad, 5-15 cm. long; flowers in short spikes, these cymose; longest bract usually exceeding the inflorescence; spikes oblong, 5-15 mm. long, on peduncles 1-5 cm. long, erect or nodding; perianth segments straw-colored or brownish, lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm. long; capsules obtuse, short-beaked, equalling the perianth. Common in open woods; a widespread and very variab!e species. The following subspecies occur in our limits. Juncoides campestre comosum (Meyer) Kuntze. Inflorescence usually loose; spikes elongate; perianth segments 3--4.5 mm. long, as long as the cap- sule; bracts ciliate. In open woods. Juncoides campestre congestum (Thuill.) Piper n. comb. (J. congestum Thuill.) Inflorescence dense, the heads congested; perianth 3.5-4 mm. long, much exceeding the capsule. In open woods. Juncoides campestre multiflorum (Ehrh.) Sheldon. Inflorescence of several subglobose heads; perianth 2.5-3.5 cm. long, pale brown, usually a ittle longer than the capsule. Common in open woods. Juncoides glabratum (Hoppe) Sheldon. Glabrous throughout; stems 30-50 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks; leaves dark green, flat, 10-20 cm. long, 10-12 mm. broad, acute; panicle loose and nodding; bracts small; perianth segments dark brown, lance-ovate, acute, shorter than the apiculate nearly black capsule. In open woods at moderate elevations in the mountains, greedily eaten by horses. Juncoides divaricatum (Wats.) Coville. Tufted; stems 15-30 cm. high; leaves flat; panicle loose, broadly pyramidal, stiff; perianth segments brownish, shorter than the capsule. At high elevations, Mount St. Helens and southward. Considered by Buchenau to be a subspecies of J. spadiceum. Juncoides parviflorum (Ehrh.) Coville. Very similar to J. glabratum but taller and more slender; leaves usually with a few long hairs at base; panicle very loose; perianth segments straw-colored, lanceolate, acuminate, hardly equalling the straw-colored capsule. In moist places, very common. Juncoides majus (Hook.) Pipern.comb. (Juncoides piperi Coville; Luzula arcuata major Hook.) Densely tufted, 10-35 cm. high; leaves pale, firm, flat or revolute, 2-4 mm. broad; perianth segments acute, shorter than the capsule. 4 At high elevations in the mountains. British Columbia to Idaho and regon. Family 22. LILIACEAE. Lity Famity. Terrestrial herbs or sometimes woody plants; stems usually from bulbs, corms, or more or less thickened rootstocks; flowers LILIACEAE. 93 mostly perfect, regular; perianth not glumaceous, of 6 separate or united segments free from the ovary; stamens 6, opposite the perianth-segments; ovary 3-celled; fruit a few to many- seeded 3-celled capsule or berry. Plants with bulbs or corms. Flowers in umbels. Perianth-lobes united, funnelform; stamens on the throat. 107. Hooxera, 94. Perianth-lobes not at all or but slightly united; stamens on the bases of the lobes. 108. ALLIUM, 95. a solitary, or in racemes, cymes, or pan- icles. Perianth-segments unlike, the outer nar- rower. 109. CaLocHorTUs, 96. Perianth-segments all alike or nearly so. Leaves or some of them on the stem. Bulbs scaly; anthers versatile. Nectary a linear groove; perianth not campanulate. 110. Lit1um, 96. Nectary a:shallow pit; perianth campanulate. 111. Fritivarta, 97. Bulbs corm-like; anthers not ver- satile. Leaves only two, rather broad. 112. EryTHronium, 97. Leaves several, narrow, grass- like. 113. Lioypia, 98. Leaves all linear, basal. Flowers large, blue or white. 114. Quamasia, 98. Flowers small, greenish-white or purplish. Flowers erect; perianth-segments gland-bearing at base. 115. ZIGADENUS, 99. Flowers nodding; perianth- segments glandless. 116. STENANTHIUM, 99. Plants with rootstocks. Leaves reduced to scales; branches thread- like, green. 117. ASPARAGUS, 99. Leaves not reduced to scales; branches normal. Leaves all basal. Leaves equitant. 118. TorieLprA, 100. Leaves not equitant. 119. Curntonia, 100. Leaves cauline, at least in part. Leaves in whorls of three below the flower, 120. TriLLtum, 100. Leaves not in whorls. Leaves opposite. 121. ScoLtopus, 101. Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary. Perianth rotate. 122. KruusEA, 101. Perianth narrowly campanu- late. 123. Streptopus, 101. Flowers terminal. Leaves linear, rigid. 124. XEROPHYLLUM, 102. Leaves broader, not rigid. Flowers umbelled or soli- tary terminal. 125. Disporum, 102. 94 LILIACEAE. Flowers racemed or panic- led. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, rather large. 126. VERATRUM, 103. Flowers perfect, small. Perianth-segments : 127. Vacnera, 103. Perianth-segments 128. Unirotium, 104. 107. HOOKERA. Usually erect scapose herbs from a membranous-coated corm; leaves linear; inflorescence a several-bracted umbel of few to many flowers on jointed pedicels; perianth funnel-form not contracted at the throat, blue, purple, yellow or white, the seg- ments united; stamens 3, on the throat opposite the inner lobes and alternate to the sterile stamens, or 6 in one or two rows; ovary stalked or sessile, 3-celled, each cavity containing 3-8 seeds. Anther-bearing stamens 3. Flowers in umbels, long-pedicelled. H. coronaria. Flowers nearly sessile, in a very short raceme. HI. pulchella. Anther-bearing stamens 6. Stamens in one row; flowers whitish. HI. hyacinthina. Stamens in two rows; flowers blue or purplish. Filaments of inner stamens narrow. HZ. douglasit. Filaments of inner stamens broad. H, howellii. Hookera coronaria Salisb. Scapes 10-20 cm. high, about as long as the narrow leaves; umbel with elongate spreading unequal rays; flowers deep blue, 2-4 cm. long; sterile stamens flat, erect, white, entire. In gravelly prairies, Vancouver Island to California. Hookera pulchella Salisb. Scapes 60-100 cm. high, much exceeding the keeled glaucous leaves; flowers purple-blue, in a dense often elongated cluster; sterile stamens deeply cleft. In dry prairies, Washington to California. Hookera hyacinthina (Lindl.) Kuntze. Scapes 30-70 cm. tall; leaves linear-lanceolate, shorter than the stem, 5-8 mm. broad; flowers numerous; perianth open- -campanulate, white, each lobe with a green midvein, the tube about half as long as the lobes; stamens in one row, the filaments broadly dilated, equal; capsule subglobose. In low meadows, Vancouver Island to California. Hookera douglasii (Wats.) Piper. Wild Hyacinth. Scape tall; corm globose, the outer coats coarsely fibrous; leaves 2 or 3, shorter than the stem, 2-4 mm. broad; flowers blue, usually numerous, in a dense umbel; pedicels 2-30 mm. long; perianth tubular-campanulate, 2-3 cm. long, the tube longer than the lobes; stamens in two rows, the upper and longer ones on the petals; filaments naked; capsule oblong-ovoid, short-stipitate. In the vicinity of Victoria, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Common east of the Cascade Mountains to Wyoming and Utah. LILIACEAE, 95 Hookera howellii (Wats.) Piper. Scapes 30-90 cm. tall, much exceeding the leaves; flowers blue, in a rather loose umbei; stamens 6, in 2 rows, the fila- ments of the inner ones dilated. In open prairies; a rare species found originally in Klickitat County, Washington. Whidby Island, Gardner; Tacoma Fiett. 108. ALLIUM. Ownron. Pungent herbs with the characteristic odor of the onion, the leaves and usually scapose erect stem from a coated bulb; leaves narrowly linear, or rarely lanceolate or oblong, sheathing; in- florescence a terminal simple umbel, in the axils of 2 or 3 mem- branous, separate or united bracts; pedicels slender, not jointed; flowers white or pink; perianth-segments 6, separate or united by their very bases; stamens 6, one on the base of each perianth- segment; ovary sessile or nearly so, completely or incompletely 3-celled; ovules 1-6 in each cavity. Bulbs oblong, cespitose, more or less rhizomatous. Rhizome stout; flowers erect. A. validum. Rhizome scarcely developed; flowers nodding. A, cernuum. Bulbs globose to ovoid, loosely cespitose or solitary, not rhi- zomatous. Bulb coats fibrous, A. geyeri. Bulb coats not fibrous, usually reticulate. Leaves flat, rather broad; reticulations wanting; scape flattened, with crenulate edges. A. crenulatum. Leaves narrow; reticulations polygonal, distinct; scape terete. A. acuminatum. Allium validum Wats. Bulb on the tip of a stout elongated horizontal rhizome; scape 25-60 cm. tall, angled below, 2-edged above; leaves nearly flat, 5-20 mm. broad, about equalling the scape; umbel dense; flowers a deep rose-color; perianth-segments 6-8 mm. long, narrow, acuminate. In wet mountain meadows, Washington to California and Nevada. Mount Rainier, Flett. Allium cernuum Roth. Bulbs elongated, often clustered on a short rhizome; leaves several, flat or channelled, 2-8 mm. broad; scapes 20-40 cm. high, usually exceeding the leaves; umbel loose, the pink flowers on nodding pedicels; perianth-segments 4-6 mm. long, acute. Common on rocks. Allium geyeri Wats. Stems slender, 15-30 cm. tall; bulbs elongate, the coats fibrous; leaves 2-4, slender, blunt, 10-20 cm. long; flowers a pale rose- color; bracts broad; perianth segments ovate, acute or acuminate; ovary crested. Vancouver Island, Macoun. Common east of the Cascade Mountains. Allium crenulatum Wiegand. Bulbs globose or ovoid, the coats not reticulated; leaves flat, curved, 5-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; scape flattened, with margined often crenulate edges, about as long as the leaves; umbel small, the flowers deep red; perianth segments lanceolate, acute. At high altitudes, in the Olympic Mountains, Piper, Flett. Perhaps only a form of A. tolmiet Baker. Allium acuminatum Hook. Stems 10-20 cm. tall; bulbs globose, the outer coats finely reticulate; leaves terete, narrow, shorter than the stem; 96 LILIACEAE. flowers many, pink, on pedicels 2-3 cm. long; perianth segments ovate, acum- inate, 10-12 mm. long; ovary only obscurely crested. In stony open places, British Columbia to California and Utah. 109. CALOCHORTUS. Mariposa Liny. Branched or simple herbs with coated corms; leaves narrowly linear; flowers large, showy, peduncled; perianth-segments sepa- rate, spreading, whitish, purplish or variegated, the three outer sepal-like, narrow, the three inner petal-like, gland-bearing, and bearded or spotted within; stamens 6, hypogynous; ovary 3- celled; ovules numerous. Sepals each with a conspicuous pit at base; anthers apiculate. Pit round; anthers as long as the filaments. C. subalpinus. Pit linear; anthers shorter than the filaments. C. lobbit. Sepals without a pit at base; anthers acute. Gland of each petal covered by a scale. C. purdyi. Gland of each petal naked. C. tolmiet. Calochortus subalpinus Piper. Stems flexuous, 15-20 cm. high; leaf 3-8 mm. wide; sepals lance-ovate with a conspicuous round purple pit at base; petals cream-colored, sparsely bearded, except near the tip, the gland bordered above by a narrow entire scale; anthers long-apiculate, equalling or longer than the filaments. In subalpine meadows, Mount Adams and southward. Calochortus lobbii (Baker) Purdy. Very similar to C. subalpinus; pit at base of each sepal linear; petals bearded to the tip; anthers apiculate, shorter than the filaments. Cascade Mountains of Oregon; perhaps not distinct from C. subalpinus. Calochortus purdyi Eastwood. Stems 20-40 cm. tall, usually branched; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, 10-12 mm. broad; sepals narrowly ovate, acumin- ate; petals broadly obovate, dirty-white or purple-tinged, bearded on the inner surface, the shallow honey-pit covered by a densely hairy narrow scale. In grassy meadows, rare. Seattle, Piper, and in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Calochortus tolmiei Hook. & Arn. Stems about 30 cm. high, simple or branched; leaves 10-12 mm. broad; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; petals yellowish, tinged with purple, bearded, the deep gland near the base without a scale, but bordered above by a fringe of reflexed hairs; anthers acute. Willamette Valley, Oregon. It is not clear that C. tolmiet and C. purdyi are really distinct. 110. LILIUM. Perennial herbs with scaly bulbs and simple stems with numer- ous alternate or whorled narrow sessile leaves; flowers one to several, large, showy, erect or nodding; perianth funnelform or bell-shaped, the 6 segments spreading or recurved; anthers linear, versatile; style elongated; stigma 3-lobed; capsule sub- cylindric; seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell. Flowers orange with purplish dots. L. columbianum. Flowers white, becoming purplish. L. washingtonianum. LILIACEAE. 97 Lilium columbianum Hanson. (L. parviflorum (Hook.) Holzinger.) Stems 30-100 cm. high; leaves oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, mostly in whorls; flowers one or several, on curved or spreading pedicels; perianth segments orange, with numerous purple-brown spots. Frequent in open woods and meadows. Lilium washingtonianum Kellogg. Stems 1-2 m. tall; leaves oblanceolate, acute, 5-12 cm. long, mostly in whorls of 6-12; flowers white, becoming pur- plish, 2-20 in a raceme; perianth-segments clawed, 7-10 cm. long. From the Columbia River southward. 111. FRITILLARIA. Bulbous herbs; stems simple, leafy; inflorescence of rather large nodding solitary or racemed leafy-bracted flowers; perianth mostly campanulate, of 6 separate and nearly equal oblong or ovate segments, each with a nectar-pit or spot at the base; stamens 6, hypogynous; ovary nearly or quite sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity. Capsules acutely angled; flowers much mottled. F. lanceolata. Capsules obtusely angled; flowers obscurely mottled. F. camtschatcensis. Fritillaria lanceolata Pursh. Stems 30-90 cm. tall, glaucous; leaves in two or three whorls of 4-6, lanceolate, sessile, 5-12 cm. long; flowers 1-6, brown-purple with greenish-yellow spots; segments oblong-lanceolate; nec- taries conspicuous; capsule 2-3 cm. long, with 6 broad wings. On open banks and prairies, Vancouver Island to California, eastward to Idaho. Fritillaria camtschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl. Indian Rice. Much like F. lanceolata, the leaves rather broader; flowers often numerous; nerves of the sepals broadened into lamellae which bear scattered glands; capsule obtusely 5-angled. Alaska to northern Washington, near the coast. The small bulblets are numerous and resemble rice-grains. They are eaten by the Alaska Indians. 112. ERYTHRONIUM. AppEr’s TONGUE. Low herbs, from deep membranous-coated corms; stem simple; leaves but one pair, broad or narrow, usually below the middle of the stem where it rises from the ground and thus appearing basal; flowers large, nodding, bractless, solitary or several; perianth-segments separate, lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate; stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth; ovary sessile, 3-celled; ovules numerous or several in each cavity. Leaves mottled; perianth-segments narrow, cream-colored. £. giganteum. Leaves not mottled. Perianth-segments broad, white. E. montanum. Perianth-segments narrow, yellow. E. parviflorum. Erythronium giganteum Lindl. Leaves lanceolate, usually broad, beauti- fully brown mottled; perianth segments cream-colored or nearly white, narrowly lanceolate, strongly recurved, each with a yellow and orange spot at the base. In open meadows and prairies, Vancouver Island to Oregon. E. revolutum: Smith is an older name for probably the same plant. 8 98 LILIACEAE. Erythronium montanum Wats. Leaves broadly lanceolate or ovate, usually abruptly narrowed at base, not mottled; perianth-segments broadly lanceolate, white, little recurved, each with an orange spot at base. Common in alpine meadows of Washington and Oregon. Erythronium parviflorum (Wats.) Goodding. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, not mottled; perianth-segments becoming recurved, bright yellow, with a pale spot at the base of each; anthers white. In subalpine meadows, British Columbia to Oregon and Colorado. 113. LLOYDIA. Low perennial herbs with slender coated bulbs and grass-like leaves; flowers small, white; perianth funnelform, the segments lanceolate, recurved; style short, entire; capsule obovoid, with small oblong seeds. Lloydia serotina (L.) Sweet. Stems 5-12 cm. high; leaves very narrow, linear, equalling the stem; flower usually solitary; perianth segments oblan- ceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, white. High mountains, rare. Tami Hy Mountain, Macoun; Mount Baker, Flett: Olympic Mountains, Flett, Conard. 114. QUAMASIA. Camas. Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated edible bulbs; leaves linear, basal; inflorescence a terminal raceme; flowers large, blue or white, bracted; pedicels jointed at the base of the flower; perianth-segments 6, separate, equal, spreading, persistent, 1—9- nerved; stamens at the bases of the perianth-segments; ovary 3-celled, sessile; ovules numerous in each cavity. Perianth-segments narrowly lanceolate, irregular, one turning downward, the other upward, each twisting separately after blooming. : Q. quamash. Perianth-segments broader, regularly disposed, connivent and twisting together after blooming. Q. leichtlinii. Quamasia quamash (Pursh) Coville. Scape stout, 30-70 cm. tall; leaves several, mostly- shorter than the stem, 5-10 mm. broad, sometimes glau- cous; raceme elongated, 10-30-flowered, the pedicels short; bracts narrowly lanceolate, about equalling the flowers; flowers dark blue or rarely white; perianth-segments unequally spreading, lanceolate, acute, 2 cm. long, all 3- nerved, all 5-nerved or alternately 3- and 5-nerved; capsule oblong-ovate, somewhat 3-angled, 10-12 mm. long; seeds black, shining. In wet meadows; the bulbs used by the Indians as food. Quamasia leichtlinii (Baker) Coville. (Q. azwrea Heller). Very similar to Q. quamash; perianth segments cream-colored or bright blue, regular, 2-3.5 cm. long, becoming connivent and inter-twisted in age and falling to- gether, all 3-nerved, 5-nerved, or 7-nerved or alternately 3 and 5 or 5 and 7-nerved; capsule rather sharply 3-angled, 15 mm. long. In grassy meadows, Vancouver Island to California. Typical Q. leicht- linit has cream-colored flowers, while the original specimens of Q. azurea are oe but both color forms occur growing together. The bulbs are edible. LILIACEAE. 99 115. ZIGADENUS. Glabrous erect perennial herbs from coated bulbs each crowning a very short rhizome, and with leafy stems; leaves linear; inflo- rescence a terminal panicle or raceme; flowers perfect or polyga- mous, greenish, yellowish or white; perianth-segments lanceolate or ovate, separate or united below, sometimes adnate to the lower part of the ovary, each with one or two glands or a spot just above the narrowed base; stamens free from the perianth- segments, about equalling them in length; ovary 3-celled; ovules several or numerous in each cavity. Petals 8-10 mm. long; gland obcordate. Z. elegans. Petals 6-8 mm. long; gland obovate. Inflorescence raccmose; petals obtuse. Z. venenosus. Inflorescence paniculate; petals acute. Z. paniculatus. Zigadenus elegans Pursh. Stems 15-60 cm. tall; leaves flat, 4-12 mm. wide, very glaucous; flowers greenish, panicled; perianth segments lanceolate, short-clawed, 8-10 mm. long, united to the base of the ovary. In the mountains, rare in our limits. Olympic Mountains, Flett. Zigadenus venenosus Wats. Death Camas. Stems 30-50 cm. tall, from ovoid, dark-coated bulbs; leaves several, linear, keeled, 3-5 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; raceme many-flowered, 5-10 cm. long, much longer in fruit; flowers yellowish, on pedicels 5-10 mm. long; bracts awl-shaped; perianth- segments clawed, elliptical, the blade obtuse; nectaries with thick margins. Common in meadows and in hillsides, Vancouver Island to California. Bulbs poisonous. Zigadenus paniculatus Wats. Similar to Z. venenosus but stouter and often taller; bulb larger, often elongate; leaves 6-15 mm. broad, usually all sheathing; panicle many-flowered; flowers whitish; perianth segments deltoid-ovate, acute, abrup24 davies wins 325 DIPSACACEAR: .... chsa5 yes Gn aes 341 DipSaCuSiig..s csuneeaks vanes B68 409 DispordMie : saccade cones mace pea 102 Drstichlise ase tance ge biaes 56 DOCK, os gerne ones bs SmtPes Gate 127 BUablehns ve coheed BEES GS 128 MGM OU 2 cinta wre ites ehntaiewe 128 DODD ER oc So esp etn 8 lush eal bk 292 Dodder Family................ 291 Dodecatheon................. 283 DO BDO E ix srse eins s Rte trs ihe EOS 290 Dogbane Family............... 290 Dog: Fennel nies ak Gea snit'g aang 380 Dogwoods..ecainncaaeeyeieauss 269 Dogwood Family.............. 268 PONG 2 soctse- seh’ dia asst e eecae ae 132 Douglasiay:. <2 2 aco6due Gavod d Kany five 284 Douglas SPrUCE~ ues avon sans 22, DRAB As isan shack a4 apes ek Ds 177 Dracocephalum............... 310 Dragon Head .. ws cwsansawauws an 310 Drosera is: 2.224: ans neces shea electp ass 182 DROSERACEAE..........5.-+-- 182 DryasSicexsci revenge eteys bes 206 Drymocallisy ss. cgeasacdeaa 402 211 DEVOpPteris s viru n esas peti eeh = 7 Duckweed Family.............. 86 Dulich iin. os ences teed Sie ONS 82 Dwarf Maple................. 239 Echinochloa 25% 525 naxaoedaens 34 Echinopanax..............0.. 255 Bel 708805654 Qing a gieeinn wale 28 EVAPAGNACEAB s 264 02.5 sas e0%% 244 ELATINACEAB sg .254 422334454: 241 FlatinGin, sas ceed sence ee 241 PGE ee acttide Ud ca. Bicypn Bysiord fates 336 PCCUMPONE ss oe gcdce odin oid ine 393 Eleocharis sss scan sean 82 Eleusin@ss is acnee ctw naga ore ee 61 ENMEras. waccar.wrke axes hae eee 196 El Ode ale. epis gating! eq artes ais a Hise ars 81 Bly imuses seseoioeewihites selva 62 EMPETRACEAB: <5 i704 o4es om use 232 Bmpeéetiim 4.152 caaseses Hoe et 232, Enchanter’s Nightshade......... 246 Engelmann Spruce............. 22 English Rye-grass.........0... 61 EBpilobiutie:. acnacvedeaean ea 246 Elpipactists scecene sou aaren 4 2ana 834 112 EQUISETACEAE.............--. 14 EQUISETINBABS sae aac eabwalnne 10 Equisetam :¢ 2. 2208 ctey es yds 11 BragrostiS:a-.g.cus53 aengen Sees 48 ERICACHABY 5 wei sep tee wba ag ne 275 EIQ EPOM ose oes Seok eeu Rhea cue be 366 EriOGOnuMic :cesccs gene sande 125 Eriophorum: s2 i2:6 ce neaaes oe 84 Eriopb yams gis eacespeiee sey nlaw 378 410 FOPOGiUiis:a eas ants Sos im Gwe Henk 229 TY NSU, sw eldeds nad Gane seein as 257 ErysimuMiass s aes save ave dower 173 Erythronitim.. i ics secccs wees 97 Eschseho lata siis3 s.260 sncae suane ae 82 165 FRUGATE Seis vos acke sO een eaes 66, 68 BHucéephaluse: + aoces4cas 244 ators 370 EBuOnynius.s 52 .ccsacs aes gee aeen s 234 EUPATORIEAE.............-0.- 347 PUpatOrnim 4.q-428scs asin: o\gip tiie 28 361 Euphorbias ..cesssvegecees rene 230 EUPHORBIACEAE.............. 230 Buithainia:. 2c. crs eqns aoe ees 366 Evening Primrose............. 253 Evening Primrose Family....... 246 Evergreen Blackberry........... 204 PCTIOSHTNE x. 56 aco mak eee Be eR 392 RAGAGEAB: nice ak teed awe as 121 HOUSE VDE aes ie ae ele, bPoeecohhh ds 181 False Hellebore: cvs vcs cnasia cus 103 False Mermaid Family......... 232 False Pimpernel............... 420 False Solomon's Seal........... 103 FCPM DB COC, cies os ctcduacs Sra ate desk acl 3 BIGOGGH s & gcse a sates ty ORs 8 DCC otra corsa Biche ite aha ee 5 GOlEZOGER ccd aun nate tort a4 he 2 GUO DE iin g ca sia btn. w qd psoas i 9 FLOM Masten Sn hitb ocala ada alias ih LOCC ie 422-4 eine ean dA FEES 5 LEY 0 vp 5 8 kek ERY BREA 6 Lncovice-root. 6... ee 3 Maiden Hair............. 4 Pacific Christmas.......... 7 Rattlesnake.... 0.0.0... 9 i ee 7 WOOO streets Doe eN 7 Fern FOMUY ss waste waa ak ews 3% I LOR PIGS x '0 4 dt Gina Sia eo cans 1 PCsCules venueequh beioae Oe eens 56 Meadows: :5a8-: se5 nes ees 58 Mouse-tatl..........0.000. 57 BieSt Wai og dak donot cuore S82 Gon veers 56 FESTUGBAB.. 0.0 ennus ne eae Base 39 LOS WORE cla tayte a sictiab abe ce fe ARR REO 319 Figwort Family... 2.0. 0..0.04. 315 TU ORC eo AG Sarna deste Pree a aie 229 FRIBAGING 2B ag ole isha eon a annie 1 HI Say ok sone: Waxy denis one 8 TDP a then ot eis pay Bea ig Rap yee 20 ATGDIHIS oo 5 cbs ke nee 21 IN OODLE Sass Stank Ktacer bec a hie ehd AO 21 UREO TA ca fanatical erhGeass 4s 22 SUDOIDITN Cbs 9 oe ph ainsi nee 21 WW Girne bce cs speert tirsy ee etteaeta i 21 TORO WOCD orcs oso ncadd i aiken tARNA ee 248 INDEX. PIGK POISE: gti id he weed don, haat PNECDDON Gr. aise din soa alate t-ald qeeahaanee & FIGGEKEd ca iwaw ee seh eeeDe a was 4 Forget-me-not. 6.0.0.0... 0c eee Four O'Clock Family........... Fowl Meadow-grass............ POU DI OUG 5. ris50 its Sat URS Race pCR Foxtail, Green.... 0.0... cee HraPariai :nzgn peer aka wipes da nat HraxiNUSs scaen vb ad Seances 4e4 Gaertneria.. 2.0... 0.00.00 nee, GOle, SW ns ie ere nog tke Beek Gaillar di ate. ic 2 ccc Senses crcaectee niet Galltvirmiine ss sf sree tenes xt casdaye gs Gativancs ieenahd ec aoe eeectnrens Goris OCs ain shee nave ss: Gastridiiin pose 3n gas eee ob ae GODOT inses ines te dy 8 eh BIBS se locce hn ee Gentian Family. .............. GBERANIACEAB.. 63: sage age duds Geranivita yon: 4 seedy ragegaed Walden os eg eB Sa eg hs AGM, 3 hasceic Sie eer soe a hows bows Gillan wasacnges ee eee GIN Beh WANE aie mc Samrat mala eiateiats Ginseng Family. ......... me 3 Githopsis . (CUNGTe | ene oo or ea GOOSCBELT I cca nener nance’ sons’ GOOSE]OObs a ivady &tmcpavraites drinsqnaes Goosefoot Family............., GOOSC=O° ESS «fice a diau asses ah Gormaniar cas di88 twas sone os GORSE scare a WH} ees Gourd Family................. INDEX. Grape Fern... . 0. ccc eee 9 Grass, Barnyard..........0..45 35 CO Tas 9) 5h 3, ed a Sig ide ae a 102 BeMth: se twing asta cued oe Sen 42 BOrMUdes «iste venawanax se 61 Bluévrs os eee peyaes teh 52 Blue-eyed. . 62... 0... esa 105 BrOMEe si bia 3 aod asin bab 8 50 COMOT Ys, oe ee Shie cued Ole Re 37 COP G55 Na RARER ROHR IOLA 60 COON) «Aca cee eden exis 84 COUCH air esetenaes Paceln Aide Neds 62 Tel, wanda tiowmeenian a Sava Maya ta 28 Finglish Ry@s 2 ws eisea canes 61 Fowl Meadow............. 54 OOS ise Scasecdauts Giese Mae egitek 61 PLGA io ciices b ei wa Bahan mavee 45 HOMGHERVE. aii 3 Godel 61 Kentucky Blue............ 54 OW GH GIG aisha rn oh deat eso 52 Perennial Rye............ 61 OQUGER iciee dene s aernes< 62 Reed: Cana? yeaa cad awe aes: 36 Reed Meadow............. 59 Rough Meadow............ 54 RVG. i eu dasc bothacwat bo etek dont OS 62 UIE Aes Petes sagt Ae Deak 56 Slender Wheat............ 62 Sweet Vernal............. 37 POM OG. etka ack en qos ane 45 Vantllan sonveaNoroihcs wae 37 Viclveticna sine gst is 683 e803 44 WHERE ca cn yak to A ES 61 Grass POMUG ii cca ce in ise 31 GratiOla.. a. .sae of pncbladse cis dans beni 320 Green Foxtatl. .... 00... cc eee 35 Green Hellebore. ............. 103 Grindelia « i.0 «saci wea waeacdes etal 362 Gromwell......... Pita tye area acer 303 Ground Ivy.......... ope see 311 Ground-pine.... 0.0.00 e eee 13 Guth: PIGHE oss se Gon 8 Moe Git 362 Gymnogramme...........00005 2 GYMNOSPERMAE.............-+ 16 TL QUY SO OSS iene es BR REO ee AO 45 HALORAGIDACEAE............. 253 Harrimanella., oso. cen eca vc vaes 280 PTGwWRWeEE os ccs waa EE ERR Les 356 PLOW LWONIES. saci enhance hateepe e tis 200 PL GRE AGE os. os secey ws Qantedeutain esto neae sa 120 EAT AW og. ce se ne Bice ariel aay 311 Heather Family. .............. 275 Hedge Hyssop.... 0.0.00. .00005 320 Hedge Mustard................ 175 Hedge Nettles 0 cbse en cas aac ias 313 Hedysarumt:. 44 02e0reviad shad GROOMS foo ied ak bowl BRS Weesteritic soc ciukpbehimin cece Heracleum................... TleSperis a), seven bate ee mans ame Hesperogenia................. Heteranthera...........,..... Heterocodon................. Feterostylus.s- 1 cee wis eat etek ROS Heucherats «dex no4 ag eee seed aed FIP PUrisi. ence vgoyis aieleond Gana LL OWS PORN 3.05 3 3.43 34 ee a arc Bion THOOGISCUS% $6.0, Sy. ¢ Seawe. esse grate lees LTONENSUCRI Bie oh nee dee An wale 2 yRs Honeysuckle Family........... Hoorebekias coe 34-200 wuss gor x ITORDEABY, 2 cuit 4 aes Wiese Sa-ker HOrd@iits, oss icacma cx adie towd orn wothaisnca iene d seen WR Hee 4 Hornwort Family.............. FA OP SEUGU a oot sae ed 2 a cic ot Bh Horsetail Family. ............. HOSACKI A is sia daar ears a Howelliain enue ay: ceynes @ asghe’ae ee Hualseav x. sh 2 Sen ee eses eae Pees Hyacinth, Wild........0..0.04 Vvdastylitse cao mais dn awa he HYDROCHARITACEAE........... Hydrocotylesac cast. seu side gauss HYDROPHYLLACEAE............ Hydrophyllum............... HYPERICACEAE............0.0-. 412 Ay perictims .si4es ees waren een Hy popitys:.< g2eke see aureetan: Hy pochaetis.... 02 csas.0s eee aes [hiding a saaeniane aaeiae ce es ThysanthéSi.2¢s.na ces ne cone ats Impatiens: cc crtecwma angie es Encense CeO tes iia ccacavacion pew ain 8 Indian Paint Brush...........- LOS: HOMILY see cee 2 ACNE BR Aag NaS DROW MOOD ex inte dice ce Ra BE OS Isnardia . ISOETACEAR Wf oh og. eneen ou aces [soetesisws cay sa agas ee can acer. ISOpyrumt; cc ¢058 pac See ged oe Os Italian Rye-grass...........45. Loy, GROUND sce doa ded ERS JAUMCA iss act aneemaas aa atales Jerusalem Artichoke........... SOwelweed . hic vkideiarancawawens SUS On: Weed. se void, gan eeuase Rocky Mountain.......... JuMIperUs:: 0% siceee eee cae eui do Kalmiiais san aciiacs awake Somithe oe Kentucky Blue-grass........... Knntkiniitehing » ves Ss sean es % EWOLMDCED So big Gots Goh SEREBRAG Feoeleriass ta ik5endae tact tae JRTMNSEA Ms, 2 pGleda wbusn hoind ua eae LAABTATABR:. ess gua ta data on ose Labrador Tea... 1.0.2... .0 000s TOGO: PERI: nei Bihar Bin oie acts ieee ESOGUUCG 88 re dig qigong ges He acento DGG =F a 5 cere Gx oes Ke aes Lady's Slipper LGdy'S TRUM nc os BA BRS AREER Lagopliy la iis2.3 26 tw aanae eee be Lamb's Quarters... 0.0.00. .0 eee Liat Tie a x. 50a a Ae ede HS Lappula’s¢ occes ages LaPSanaic.echeradewkn eth acento INDEX. LGPRS DUPE Ricca sedan weed 159 Lathyrusics scan cas excercise 223 LGUr el, SHUCRM sees soos Re S pane 237 Leadwort Family.............. 286 Leather-leaf Polypody.......... 3 Léditm,:3..33 te steeeeens shee 280 LEGUMINOSAE. ss 250 ceho40%48 212 We TMTTA eis Phos Ged olde heualag Bases 86 LEMNACEAE.......-.-...05+55 86 LENTIBULARIACEAE............ 332 TLL@OMUEUS 2 a4 sey See eng eae 312 eepareyreaalend na cans ener dec 244 Lepidiums oes ewse sus y ome athe on 179 Léptarthénas.3o2¢c24 eusacas vs 188 L@ptaxish, nc 'ascnsse eo hare mets 195 Leptotaeiid sia ccce kaw eed 263 Lésquéréllas i. ueisnacuigae ais 176 RO WISIAd cas cee oe nee e aed a oe 137 LibOCedTusSxidancs ceamsacemects 19 Licorice-root Fern............55 266 LUG, COM fOrniGs eee usr nai tens 238 LalB@a yx. ga: hove ooh eek BG-2'5e 28 Lila@Opsis’. ¢ ood vees aces pha 265 LIGIACEAR? s apaukGedaane ee ek e4 92 PETA caida dosed pel ddeeed. Rages ase 96 EDD: OUI oc. 5. eh 8 ace ged se tioh oo Behn 92 LIMNANTHACEAE...........-.. 232 Limnanthes's «ii accor sy eaace ea 233 Limnorchis’: es scace adi anyetree oie 109 Limosellaw.cnanccasgeeawadies a 323 Litiaria.d 4337 derrets 68 ee ewes 316 Leiina@a 5.) a.6 he oho es we ee 338 Lithospermum................ 303 TNO ig 6 oe dy tea. aid ewe aein 98 LOA GE POLE PIR, wire. aca ine ban. gator 20 LOMUMs. 4c ccd oneness nee dean 61 | Do) v kee} ce 338 LOO SESE APE see yect teu $0 & stra sane 286 Loosestrife Family............. 245 LORANTHACEAE: « sc gupcagaeees 122 LiOUSCWOTE 5.5 6 sb5. 8% Sag ee ERE 326 TOUDIO sos igh eh bahia toe 266 TWINS: 6a cee dues ate nes enone 383 LUPINE 2s beg RE GR s 213 ISWIDLTUS Ss a Awe eas Sag ke Re 213 Ts 1HtheGatea, ssi ayarachsc-e e-apsalauper st sien 201 Mensano dak nome aca a son ashe oo 144 LYCOPODIACEAE............... 12 LYCOPODINEAB) =: 204 4ye¢e40053 12 Ly COpodiUttiys. 6 iu scan danke ado ek x 13 TiyiCO PUSis Se s-pierins conch aczomlenemes geleln 307 LeySlash: 44a dn oes Ge Sie gen cae 11 LYSIChitOtt., crateaaasenres ayes 85 Lysimachiagucs xecieg sxe dey ees 286 LYTHRACHAB, « cc.6 cau cunaneont 245 Lythriitity igi ge easter eat aad 245 Madder Family............... 334 Wie Ciel ce te tt tn conte A IR oes ae ce 372 MGOP OM i 5g coi Bera en dae toy ace 279 Mad ronella:. isc cats aces eae nes 309 Maiden Hair Fern............. 4 VEG O00 eee acronis e ase tiene ernst 239 NEUES Pease cosas eran peat al sient ieeds 239 Mallow Family................ 238 Web ate oe is eed hep oats bes tog ed 239 MALVACEAE...............--. 238 Manzanita... ..0..00.....00... 279 TVA PRK se bocu 5 esi .ose katt ere goin 235 DWAR ina wed eae wae 235 WOME te esses is settee RES 235 MGH els TOdis ssi sain ans ods ae 254 Mariposa: GUY aise csigig a4 seein 96 Marrubtumi..925 4 cs 24 ede che ede 311 Marsh Marigold............... 161 Marsilea’ ss: 362.5500 ences aw Eee 10 MARSILEACEAE............... 10 MiattiCaTrial.... cea occicweadh ace ncesias 380 MCD CET, 60) halen cael ne bo eaiaen 8 380 Meadow Fescue..............- 58 Meadow Foxtail............... 40 Meadow Rué............. 0000 154 Medicago: .vce0 25 Monee caelons 222 Megalodont@:s o2% s25ce40usen09% 375 MeliCais cet oye ge hah ph 4k oS 49 Melilotus.................4.. 222 MS ME aii h.8. eta gue ual dee ne hiues oad 308 MENYANTHACEAE............. 289 Menyanthes.................. 289 Menziesia...............00005 282 Mle rtenislaticdal ecsity eraser thesaia a sead tena 301 Me SQUUE sat ist h s Gen aee Ae oe 44 Micrampeliss say cce4e cas dynes 341 MLC GHthes so ogee ea PEE ARE ES 191 Micromeria.................-. 309 Microseris... coe eee 354 MP OU se 5 RA ok VT ee orm 379 Weber as 43h3 ase e tee whe eR 254 MART WASHES ontca wite anesanios eae 394 MiimuluSi 3 aces ece aetna «pete 323 Mabe: gis enn Rie ar el wns Cee Be 308 WG oo oo Bad nee Ste a Was eS 308 MECH PONS 8 a oe Seiekss wed aks wh 306 Mistletoe Family. .......0..4.. 122 MICE lais: x 5a. ccncin aah auth ou evades 194 WME WOE ceed ae eonse yeas BRE SS 194 Moehringiaiicse j: < eeie wha deas en 150 Mollugoy, cess avve owe reg eu s 136 Moneses= +s. uae vedas cay Ree 273 Monkey Flower...........0..4. 323 Moneywort........-..0.0 0000 286 Monkshood.,............+++-- 160 MOoNOCOTYLEDONES...........- 23 Monotropa............... 271, 272 413 MoOrtiag. 2 secu to. eee Se 138 IMOOHWOTE sce. csc sm aw BB '6 dred dS 9 Morning Glory................ 291 Morning Glory Family......... 290 Moss Campion............00... 143 M Other Wort so .ccsicscase caste go istot 312 Moth Mullein.............0.4... 316 Mountain Ash................ 201 Mountain Daisy.............. 369 Mountain Hemlock............ 23 Mountain Juniper............. 18 Mountain Sorrel............... 127 Mountain Timothy............. 39 Mouse-ear Chickweed.......... 146 Mouse-ear Cress..........4204. 175 MOUSE Path vice. jets asia eoaidmena, 8 etbiine 154 Mouse-tatl Fescue............. 57 Mid worten races zas oh obea bass 323 Muhlenbergia................. 37 MU ea pis io ces casts ikecceasst iy het 4 sok 316 COMMON: «Hig sieges CERES edo 316 WV OPM i 2c ath in ys, Oh Gites. fete oh 316 MEUM Ct PAAR sie 2.5/0 sh e4 ee 144 Musk Mallow................. 239 AVE DS Fes PMO bi, soul, Ss teatsloslaote eatin 325 Mustard, Black............... 175 HOG GO ahs oy aia gas Bee 175 TUMbIING <5 254 Guedes aeee 176 Nabaltisicasucciee ree oehGe ee 359 NAJADACEAE................-. 25 IN AjaSas Aah aaa ap Aan ctore ss: 28 Napa Thistle... 00.0.0... 0000. 394 Naumburgidiiccc 2s navn ee nay oe 286 INAV AIT Cb lal. eurdton. Selatan Si arepwace aie 295 Nemophilacnaits avis xt new ees 299 Nepetaind sick eisenkaycdes 654s 310 Nephrophyllidium............. 289 Neb 6 og co ate d8 ea ice Gee ee Ses 122 PD) COG 5. sista th 3 BEd aA Bice 312 PT OD Chie siren eh see, aN ind 313 Netile Family...........0..... 122 Néwhberty a. weiss access sate es 270 Nicotiana 14-259 dewcuns aoe eked sce 315 Nightshade. 2ssvs% ah conan es 314 Nightshade Family............. 314 Namevorhs.s<2 455244 8abe8s Bass 201 Nipple-wort... 0.00.0. c eee 352 INO DLE: FR ss. sors che este bag Baante 8 21 NYCTAGINACEAE... ........--.- 135 Nymphaea................... 151 NYMPHAEACEAE.............-- 150 OG Ras 3 Gass dois wile ovo el wale es ele etek 121 California Black.......... 122 GOP ck, asin toca ta cater car 122 POS Os iesnise x sec icity has naee aie 234 414 OG en tcden tk BERRA RRS EAAEAS 46 Smooth Wild.............. 46 Oatordss: Dallis wists 5iit tes wet 45 Otedn-SPray. c13e dundee op oe 202 QOenanthes «cas seven as et els 265 QOendthera: 22 eee ceved i hers 253 Old Man Root...............55 342 QOERAGEAB.. 2 chee cneu er nbedd 287 Oleaster Family. ........0..04. 244 Olive BONUS ic eines a iacn an Ca ae 287 OlsynivMms te ao 9 ses caee ioe wawrdants 106 ONAGRACEAE pscc.504 ch 24 na aes 246 ONG: io oe005-60 RE SOS ABR B RS St 95 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE............. 8 Ophioglossum................. 9 OPHEVS ss 5 changing Gibise Boreas 109 Opulastels 22 4uieinanee dtace o4 201 Oputtlare. ss cmisccameccnanued 244 OPChGrd Sr OSS. icv ana ec nomen es §2 ORCHIDACEAE.............--5- 106 Orchid: Pomily sc sah pears ts 106 OPEL OW ASH con tak ay eae ¢ bes 287 Oregon Grapes aos vesaekieg tans 164 Oreostemma...............0-. 370 OROBANCHACEAE.............. 330 Orobanche... a sicce cases eed anes 331 Qrogenias i520 99 ates os Cake 267 Orthocarpus.........-.-....-. 329 ORVZRAB sn ice donnag tee ace ans 32 OSMATONIA sd « orice sche ese eee 199 Osmorhizannvsiiventasvaneness 259 OXALIDACEAEB: 23 ¢a5 a4 es Ob 25 229 OxaliS ci .hes cab hoh4 Met ee ewes s 230 ONCE DOSY ca. as goin sae BS 380 ORV COCEUSK sacsis. iar bene debe Gundy G6 277 ORV Malina dhs Ap apn ae Aceteds 126 ORYtTOPIS ics wakes ocean a4 Meld 227 Onister: Plait fonate sate atti ate eatin 3 353 OZOMELES 35 oecs. Min oan toe Ala tres toile 195 Pachistiianyeses ecw ydee iiss 234 Pacific Christmas Fern......... ‘a PAGODA ss c3.4 dee 6 o4ae BESS 161 Paint Brush, Indian........... 327 PONCE CUD: oss doloatundale-outon 327 Pariiétlaria :..522c4cc.ceacerse 38 PANIC BAB ce dicie qpacnely beeen ee 32 Pani titi 2cicneGee aeeedaaa ae 35 PAPAVERACEAE...........-.5- 164 Parnas laine >< av eeahs vee ne oa 188 Parsley Fomilyies 3 s.83e80038 3% 255 PGOTSUID Gola tigi NS egos ER 262 COW 25 ct tiga Lelie at iuhis a 260 Pasapalutiiy, «5's 44.0 ceed eae 35 POSQte FLOWER 6 ie iccncae ces acini 154 PASTIMAGA: j jos fuw.2/deeencen aice ye cement 262 Pear Prickly ites warathpens eds ha 244 INDEX. POGPIWONE 066 Scag Le BRERA ORE 148 Pediculanis. 5.54 uvss eeeoceneenee 326 PCM GEG rind Lie venience ston, Behe Big 4 Penny Cress sos cavnaa we tea ne oe 181 Pentacdena: ac: csiceauee hee s4 144 Pentstemoty): 223 seus apc euckns 317 POU «2 36 035 $6 2228S BER Re SS 161 Pepper grass soni as texce cess Se x 179 Peramiamt.. 2 see sae eee 111 Perennial Rye-grass............ 61 POtasites:22 nhc adeacaennoaeunns 382 Phaceliasc.cndaasence wcaes aes 297 PHALARIDEASR « ¢ 4 cceiustanr a ae toe 32 Phallarisss sion, cxquns a ean aati 36 Phegopteris. sis e.ncseaenenw bs 3 Philadelphus:, « . 44: csaa0ceceus 188 Philetimics. vce chee oe eos SRR ES 38 PROX ji Gotcgcheand aps bard dug enanddave < 293 PHLOG POHANG. x5. ocis0 ean, Ba done 292 Phoradendron................ 123 Phyllodoceiss ac ease scene eabe s 281 Phyllospadix: ...< ccauvic eink vatrees 28 Physostegia.................. 312 ICCA occ mn tee g's ge aes 4 whis 22 PagWeed 52 52 243 eR EE EES 134, 135 PUM DOPED sia cea hie ie gest sess Linon 285 PGISC cis Ge AGA Lan Rade oso S 320 PINRCEAB ceed ohoacncaacsGues 17 PUNE occa mish aunt Rach toe alanine % 19 BAU 35. ws aie 8 int ast RRO GG ota 20 GROWN Drenig:cc atta tue Bih ode ae 13 TENOD CONG a Sos, leon ine ene aesees 20 LOdgepolé, vic sashacna sues 20 RUNNING 5 3 G8 485 SH23540R8 14 UDO ae ante tas an cas eatets 6 20 Western White............ 19 Wiite-Dark®.. ioc saa ckanes 19 VOU Oi sinc ste D2 ean aan ed 20 Pine: PAM cqcradigie seme agate ee 17 PUNO LAY carga os Re pae en eae 102 Pingiiietla: acrid hnemvaleyan aes 332 PUN Ris wikis «wi iile bog aos e865 eRe 142 Depyords. wee oe iw hoes 2 142 DHAUO Ms creto.at 2 tis Goes a0 halebd 327 MAT CTHE, oo fate ete Pek naan 144 PARR GMS) ga. otek bah BRA eee ek 141 PAN US as. cne s are ae pane daa nena anes 19 Pipetia. sp abounds rgen sperma 110 PUPesads waver maw anes penoM se 12 PUPsiSSewWOs <5 4103 486 BAH $4 TEES 273 Pis@abia ocd 2 34 dias sie oe ase vee 8 231 PitVODUSiés dei wsiesl bie d dedge tee 271 Plagiobothrys................ 304 Platystigina.s...n05 26100 amace goa 165 PLANTAGINACEAE............. 333 Plantagois sacha ce vawsaeswuees 333 PHO ROIS ern awe eG Rerein 8 Wee ek 333 INDEX. 415 saa Ratilesnake.......... a re yg eke Bh ath ARS Gal pier 98 QR as cccraare ct dnern nae il x UCTCUS i ic. sa qo ede eet Gees 121 Plantain Family.............. 333 Quillwort. 00. i cece 15 Fleuricosora Basa Ge eaitale albdete eh Quillwort Family.............. 15 CULOPOEONerweilsn’hee mae ea we’ P Ditto etsy Petes bo. an ae Ear Clover............ 2 ELAS AOE LIA os VEU is adidulaso.ccladnecaamaxasaey IO Dace Reale ach gi eat a Radish. LOGE Cae de aan ear ee's 168 BOAGBAR us cis cassia d Ag Aan tea 31 OOS bog Ce a ee POISON: OGR aie cx csp seas Busee se ad 234 RaNUNCULACEAE.............. 151 POLEMONIACEAE.............. DOR. (Re ounailien ck oh oe 156 Polemonium.................. 294 Raphanus................00-- 168 POLYGONACEAE | 2200200000) cn ea Holes oni ELAS SR TATE ts 128 Rattlesnake Plantain........... 112 Padi gt Resbmclaleya es eeu i Polypody, Leather-leaf.......... 3 Red Clover Beet eet: 220 BOO EN we oacu anscanss ons eee Pond bay valle DLP rere ees 1 a ead Currant.......... Me pecie CO Wey dete gee S Sure ODS sess lguask vale ate uate aidstyirees P bares 7 eA anaes on epionine: Reed Canary-grass............- 36 Popbiead Fay cas cs, EO) ee es ae PONTEDERIACEAE............. BGs VR Hae sitige cei ates es canle ees 236 Poppy, California. 2 USS pi a Poe amily... 2.2.6... 22 se ie Rhododendron.... .......... 282 Portulaca... acc sesciraxadawees 137 Pe ath ceca atin, Cet ee base pe PORTULACACBAE || 2000.20 6 Sh a ieee y ee Potamogeton................. BP: BOI Aac sass dupa iene eu soos oe 173 Pristly Lethice, 00202 02., 360 Rocky Mountain Juniper... .. a Prickly Pear............0..... Mile Se er ee ee 204 PHIMOCATER os os sect sae mee end 66 ROSAGHAB co.cc cesecscuc nan 197 Primrose, Evening............. 253 Rose Be ays pein Wns oe OE Primrose’ Family. 0.0.01 ee PRIMULACEAE.«-- 2.0.5.5 BBS ST otalaes ex tawut ona oosea waa 246 Hs ae Pee wear gla aye ase RUS Et on Rough Meadow-grass........... 54 Pee acacia le Ore Psilocarphusess 53 on ives 390: “Rudbaekiac «cc ees siecccc nuns 375 Pele oi es Bi ee es 1 Pteridium...............2.0., 4 Running-pine........0000...0. 14 PTERIDOPHYTA..............-. 1 : RUPPids escniew gy ve p ae sick a na ea's 27 PterOsporaie.icxexesat aah yod ear 272 Rush 37 Puccinellia... 2.20... s see 59 pS eee aeoaee e Pulsatillaws:¢s2ise secre wanes 154 ee ee 82 Pulse Family.......0.......5: 212 ls Oc aa ee sd a PUPSIONES 16352. cocasdciesd Gausdsecsgee INA re fy ieee exhale 37 Purslane Family.............. 136 ESTE TILLY hbo ag Se Ge orice Pyrola: voalis alertaneegsosncn. 974 Russian Thistle............... 133 PYROLACEAE..............-55 270) 0 -Rye-grass. 06. eee cee, 62 Pyrola Family. ............... 270 DT ee eee 61 Pynusiscotioets cates Bem pna scion fan 200 Ttalian... 6.0... 61 Perennial... ............. 61 416 INDEX. SOLCOTUS Hie ses dct. ask Syn Rema ae eS SS. SitaniOny wyinatko ag seus oer Shade & SOGIN Ar ssc weirs Gor Sac sent ase ah dee TAS: SURES PIUCC se cect cae sen Sagittariaied 14 shige cae salh seer 30) “Siti atone e code Sent 4 SOA sss a cea Pen dee PeuRee es DQIS SRuUNMCA piu. ia aravae aicieee anh se SALICACEAE.,. 4 saa: ee ae 4 a bees 112. Skunk Cabbage, Yellow......... SAlCOR NIA ae.a.tisd Baie Sox hese aes 1382 Skunk Weed: sions caae rica tends Salix. ig Wise Saag S bared abd beers 113. Slender Wheat-grass............ Salmon-berry........... iwkes 204. Smpartweeds a. coce ccc si cd wie wee ve OLSEN Se: xk. Gd arte iad cee dete Heated 393 ‘Smelowskia., a0 e.6cidoceeie oe Salsolatinsc cin vam otne sedate atenin 133. Smooth Wild Oat.............. GUD US Hic fronsegie. head p vsealtee nae mippate's 133 SpeppersSs. a ccaciseicaiaeaka 6 SUL-OTOSS a eck vata ee weneeees 50: SHOWDEITY o634.a capa ehmar es SAMbuUCUSs: 202 ekekede eve y oes $36. -SOLANACEAB asec esa ea wes DOMOD NUR Ce ck cock Gate nates Be gra arc Soe 2 133. -Solanuimis 2654 2adeideeeees Sandalwood Family............ 124. “Solidago:: oc ¢e.5 oy nev pee tenes SOMA WOME «5: tniduina sik dasised deere tylenina 149 Solomon’s Seal, False.......... Sanieiisorbas i aciedancdvasaawne 206 Sorrel, Mountain.............. Saniculas¢s4cccecanemegamaas 254 SCE Dis ce.9 Geacs ch sesalpe sonst @ImAH aS SANTALACEAB as -aac des vga hase es 124 WOOO ee spin aeaiantne 3 Gin SRE Saussuneas's.cceae ge gta, eee tens 396) Sow Thistles.: + sase interns een sie Saxilrayd sa crnateesg rye awd 189 SPARGANIACEAE..............- SAXIFRAGACEAE........-....45 184 SparganiumM s.5.sc00cesesonees SOGUTOSE oo 5 sch CSE EB EEES BOS EA 189 ‘Spartina secxcysee oes eeneb ote Saxifrage Family..........0.... PSE. SPC as occt SS PEO BR Scheuchzeria «0. eos oe cee sds 29' ‘Speculatiac2 4 .c.p ssa Gkewads we SCHEUCHZERIACEAE........... 29) SPCCMAWE cogs visemes bene eds SClHpUSis: ax caed naa RHROR EAA Ba 83 ‘Spéreula cscs aay cancers cerns ScoliopuSé.n i254 coven epememeae 101 SPERMATOPHYTA.............. Scorzonellars. oii. cscs cs mai oe . 353 Sphaerostigma........ Fe oer Gee Scouring Rush... cc. cece 12 SPIRERUSNeecatscg sn we nein Serophulariay.s s.esee ser ee vas 319" (Spitaeas os. sacey es evigiece Gees SCROPHULARIACEAE............ 315 Spirodéla.e: sso sexdasies Sones Scutellarians so. 404 terse aaa 309: Spleenworts «cao ec caved ens 2 ¥% SCO=DAIES stars Gand oe sinas BANE Cae hae 132 COMMON a. 5.3 aie ated aae COPE. ATP as Wiad Aa Dae Oe sa As 660:° (SpragMeaii. uel ea eden dawson Sedge FAMUY . ces n neat OS. SDR Cosa cali dariguce hia aware DCOMMedacp tenn any ap eus ee aay 183 POUL OS. apie x risus Sa eck tis ste CCE PLANES sie Ske i hincous caters: Ss denies 0 16 Engelmann............... Selaginellaios 3. ag<.c:ae. neeeea saa 14 SUMED dee, titer g-srenvedneeo abeeha- Aes SELAGINELLACEAE «065655 0000s 14 LAdClGnd 5. onen gay aever tes SENEClIOs ony sah gayadarers9 14% 386 SPU Boia oa nus 3. hd aie pees SENECIONEAE........000..0005 347 = Spurge Family. . ............ SELiCOCALPUS) 2s) sade wb hws yee WS 969 SPURLON see ico macies Sf ly eile eich SOPUICE BRP Y oi seca as doin, inbonsnenetahbes ZOO) aSQUaevel ROADS 320388 diet a.cce eins 08 SCD SOPH a oo 5.44 wk BA PLY 127°. NStAGh Sines ko adnan reawanapactest Shepherd's Purse............4. 181 = Stafftree Family............... Sherardta a. sssvccsiegens a teaataciedeas B34, Starsflowe rs scicaic a sis ssuins ceo Hon A Shield hernie' hee A-sar-cibsizcal ee xa 7 Starwort, Water............... 232 SAOOUMNE Star octsea se canes ees 283;- JStatiGess says ea sedG3 SEES EES Sibbaldia, acs4.0544542628e 343 240 « 4Stellarigiec eck sey bas ead 6 Hew Sidale@aie face aa a ota eae 238 Stenanthium.....c0c00¢02000% SICVETSIAs..c A-Gigisdow gdb ex de aee bane 207 Steky Laurels 5. a seccses x susane a vs Silene, i alepodlassawewbad aeaw has TAD. StPaiae a3 6.4 eae ae ae aie s appreetnacs DSUVTHOD ocx eiy whee Reena AT St. JONNSWOPE 5 eos aoe ow noe ea ee SilybtMedspex sneer saw ydea ues 394 St. Johnswort Family.......... SisyMbriuM inser segtongiede 105: . \Stonecropy a csv. sed Ghernergess Sisyrinchiwim. ¢ 92558 sesso eens 105 = Stonecrop Family.............. INDEX. SHOWbErIYs . caG named oawedeeaters 210 Streplopusy sag uke gaweVendehls 101 Struthiopteris................ 5 Subalpine Fir... .. 0. cece eee 21 Subularia.............. Catia age! 178 SUBOE PONE. ist te Beck big web age bok Aches 20 SUlNVaTtl4 acc .g woniee ake ams 192 SUMO 4.9. alee 2.3 ania cae anes Seda 182 Sundew Family. ... 0.0.4... 60. 182 SWECEDI TOP 23 iesd nits asice varius aia is 2 205 Sweet Cicely......... rales & 259 Sweet ‘Clover’. «27 os pee eee 689 ae 222 Sweet Coltsfoot................ 382 WEEE GOI hie ccs casendinansnee’ Gob ees a 119 Sweet Gale Family............. 118 Sweet Vernal-grass............. 37 Symphericarpos....... ne a 338 Synth yrisic cies ea eva eoe hein coe wha 321 VFO BOah ese ciithen' wie tics ees eget Aelia weeds 188 Tall Oat-grass.............004. 45 Tanacetum.................-. 381 DOTS ok avs Gia d ASE SMe. BUNS ERE Th 381 PAPARACUIM wiese. isang deca ean ed 68 355 DIGI OS ncaa 5 ails 8 6 USN ee UT eee 223 TGP WORD sc 3 sess Been cre Boke 303, 372 WDAXACEAR G55 Abe hheedes tees 1 MPAXUSieg cee Ga cgckdls tees eee aga di 16 LeGsel nn vi ge yageecergiag ys awe 341 Teasel Family... ............. 341 Weimar sss. ccs eel sertage-e oars 194 Walesa 3.5052 Sud. he ccc Bede Suet 3311 "THANCERUM « piace da dy aude ee 154 Thelypodium................. 173 Thermopsisw: sscccasscegunrieas 213 Therofoms i: gg cls ne caw eee av 192 Ehamble Berens 2 3 a0 aeons hdl eaess 204 TASH On. sc8 vice cite nein es Lea iNhee be 394 BUI 3 git sesi a Goee wok a DG ER 395 ING DO aod sia Sibi Bucetnd haba BE 394 WREUSSIOM wis lec dn conks eRe ea 133 DOW swe eee tse alec aa 360 Dhlaspt. wince pie gadotersareee 180 DROP Mes ule m asrnth tog. sits wae pak ton! y 200 Vhitifbecse seen hee og te weet Maes 287 Thijas-: os caavetes taxteseu nes 18 Thysanocarpus..............- 169 Tia rela xcs okt wan hie eae RG 193 Tideland Spruce..........-0055 22 Dilla Caiscsties, cencntes teed hoe 8 & 183 PUM OY or acts cs ings asian aten Ba & 38 Mountattes ois o3 ss 45 sree os 39 Tipton-weed....... 00. eee aee 240 TISSAS iwiae jae eae Se Cae oS 145 DT ODOCCO ogi) Studs 1c es Vy BERENS 315 TOE Gtaicisid cls ehioad dies spade a 100 Tonellase occas canoe we Seance ds 320 417 Touch-me-nol «.4 6see5 cab ean 236 TPtagopogoOns 2 ca s67 cecwedas vind 352 Trautvetteria................. 154 Tveforl : VOW OW isco oeiesa ceca 4 be 222 Trichostema.................. 307 ARFIEN CAN Shy a, acd see een oo aoe 285 LEMON <. sx genie nce. era cre Bate 218 righoGhite «