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ALBERT R. MANN
LIBRARY

New YorK STATE COLLEGES
OF
AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS

AT

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

Cornell Universit

iminary report on the Hymeniales

Cornell University

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http:/Awww.archive.org/details/cu31924001321383

State of Connecticut

State Geological and Natural History Survey
BULLETIN No. 3

A PRELIMINARY REPORT

ON THE

HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT

By
EDWARD ALBERT WHITE, B.S.

Professor of Botany, Forestry, and Landscape Architecture, Connecticut
Agricultural College

Dtate of Gonnecticut
PUBLIC DOCUMENT No. 47

State Geological and Natural
History Survey

COMMISSIONERS

HENRY ROBERTS, Governor of Connecticut (Chatrman)

ARTHUR TWINING HADLEY, President of Yale University

BRADFORD PAUL RAYMOND, President of Wesleyan University

FLAVEL SWEETEN LUTHER, President of Trinity College (Secretary)
RUFUS WHITTAKER STIMSON, President of Connecticut Agricultural College

SUPERINTENDENT
WILLIAM NORTH RICE

BULLETIN No. 3

HARTFORD PRESS

The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company
1905

A Preliminary Report

on the

Hymeniales of Connecticut

By
EDWARD ALBERT WHITE, B.S.

Professor of Botany, Forestry, and Landscape Architecture, Connecticut
Agricultural College

Hartrorp Press
The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company
1905

Preface.

For several years, work along the line of investigations in
fleshy and woody fungi has been carried on in many states,
but little has ever been reported on Connecticut species. The
establishment of the State Geological and Natural History
Survey has made possible the contributing of some knowledge
regarding fleshy and woody fungi of this state, and for this~
purpose the following preliminary report on the Hymeniales
of Connecticut has been prepared.

The aim in the preparation of this report has not been to
prepare original keys, monographs of different groups, or tech-
nical descriptions of species; the time since the organization of
the Survey has been too short for such original work; but the
aim has been to compile as far as possible a complete and ac-
curate list of native species, together with notes regarding the
characteristics of the genera. To make the report more com-
prehensible, technical terms have been avoided when it has been
possible to do so without detriment to accuracy of description.

The collecting this year has been done largely in the vicinity
of Mansfield, representing the northeastern section of the state,
from which section two hundred and seventy-five species, in-
cluded in fiftv-five genera, are reported. Four hundred and
twenty-five numbers were collected.

The writer fortunately has had access to several excellent
collections previously made in various sections of the state,
making possible a much more complete list of native species.

These collections are Mr. C. C. Hanmer’s of East Hartford,
representing the species found in central Connecticut; that of
Dr. L. M. Underwood, Professor of Botany, Columbia Uni-
versity, New York City, whose collection made in Goshen rep-
resents the western Connecticut species; and that of Dr. G. P.
Clinton, Botanist of the Connecticut Experiment Station at
New Haven, representing the species of southwestern Con-
necticut.

From Mr. Hanmer’s collection have been listed one hun-

6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. Hist. suRvEY. [Bull.

dred and eighty species, included in fifty genera; from Dr.
Underwood’s, eighty species, in twenty-seven genera ,; and
from Dr. Clinton's, thirty-four species, in twenty-two genera.
The species found in the different sections of the state are the
same in many cases, as is shown in the list appended. The
total number of different species listed is three hundred and
seventy-five, included in sixty-five different genera.

The mushrooms collected under the writer’s supervision
have been carefully dried, pressed, and preserved, forming
the basis of a state herbarium of fleshy and woody fungi. The
number of each specimen in this herbarium is inserted with the
species reported, and thus the plant may be easily referred to.
A card catalogue accompanies this herbarium.

The specimens in the other collections mentioned are also
carefully and systematically preserved and are accessible: Mr.
Hanmer’s private collection at East Hartford, Dr. Under-
wood’s in the cryptogamic herbarium of Columbia University,
and Dr. Clinton’s in the herbarium of the Connecticut Experi-
ment Station.

Saccardo’s “ Sylloge Fungorum” has been adopted as a
basis for nomenclature.

Every effort has been made to have correctly named all
specimens collected, and men who have had long experience
in determining species have very willingly aided in the work.
Nearly all specimens have been submitted for accuracy of de-
termination to Professor G. F. Atkinson of the Department of
Botany, Cornell University, and to Dr. C. H. Peck, the New
York State Botanist. Mr. C. H. Kauffman of the University
of Michigan has very kindly identified many specimens of Cor-
tinarius. Mr. I. W. Patterson, a student at the Connecticut
Agricultural College, has assisted greatly in collecting, drying,
pressing, and classifying specimens. The services of all of
these gentlemen are greatly appreciated. We are indebted to
the libraries of the Massachusetts Agricultural College and of
the Connecticut Experiment Station for the loan of scientific
literature.

The writer wishes especially to express his appreciation of
the assistance of Dr. Charles Thom, Mycologist for the United
States Department of Agriculture in dairy investigations at

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 7

the Storrs Experiment Station. Dr. Thom has aided much in
the determination of species and in manuscript reading. Mr.
C. C. Hanmer of East Hartford has also shown a deep interest
in the work, and has heartily cooperated in every way possible.

The writer spent several weeks in the laboratories of Pro-
fessors Atkinson, Peck, and Underwood, studying their type
specimens and consulting the excellent American and foreign
literature in their libraries.

The photographs for illustration were taken by the writer
from specimens collected in Mansfield during the past summer,
with the exception of Plates III and VI, which were loaned by
the Connecticut Experiment Station, and Plates V, VII, XII,
XXIV, XXV, and XXVI, loaned by Professor G. F. Atkinson,
and for these additions the writer feels deeply grateful. The
keys which are used have been largely compiled and revised
to suit Connecticut genera.

As it has not been possible to prepare original monographs
of any of the genera, this report is to be regarded as prelimi-
nary to further investigations. It would be highly desirable,
in the event of the State Geological and Natural History Sur-
vey being continued for a number of years, if each year addi-
tions were made to the list already published, and some group
or groups monographed. Reports of this nature would rap-
idly increase the literature of the Connecticut species of fleshy
and woody fungi.

Contents.

Hymeniales
Agaricacee
Polyporaceze
Hydnacez
Clavariaceze
Hypochnaceze

General Index

Tee Op IS DECLES ca ac ote nen on a eae Sea ae see ees SUA UR TI A

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. Il

HYMENIALES (Hymenomycetineae).

HYMENIUM OR MEMBRANE FUNGI.

The Hymeniales are members of a large class of Fungi
whose reproductive bodies, or spores, arise from cells of defi-
nite shape, known as basidia. Because of these basidial cells
these fungi are classed as BasipiomyceTes. These basidia
are microscopic, and are usually more or less club-shaped, with
lateral branches, known as sterigmata, extending from the
larger end. Within the basidia two nuclei unite, and, upon
subsequent division, each portion of the divided nucleus passes
through the sterigmata into a developing basidiospore.

In Hymeniales, the sterigmata are usually four in number
on each basidium, but in some species there may be two, six,
or eight, each bearing at the tip the reproductive body or spore.
These spores, upon germination, reproduce the particular
species of fungi upon which they were borne.

In the higher orders of Basidiomycetes, as in Hymeniales,
these basidia are borne upon a more or less conspicuous fruit-
ing-body, or sporophore, which constitutes the visible portion
of what is commonly spoken of as the mushroom, or fleshy
fungus. The older writers did not include in Basidiomycetes
the lower orders, such as Ustilaginales and Uredinales, be-
cause of the absence of the complex fruit-body, but careful
research by later scientists has proved the development of the
spore from the union of the nuclei of the basidia; this fact has
seemed to some writers to justify their classification as lower
forms of Basidiomycetes.

Because of the varying methods of nuclear fusion in the
basidial cells, their subsequent division and subdivision, and
the further development of the sporophore, or fruit-body,
this class is sometimes divided into four sub-classes: HEmi-
BASIDIOMYCETES, /ECIDIOMYCETES, PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES, and
EvuBasIDIOMYCcETES. In Hemibasidiomycetes are included
such plants as the wheat and corn smuts, and in A®cidiomy-
cetes the various rusts affecting agricultural crops. The Pro-

12 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. Hist. suRVEY. [Bull.

tobasidiomycetes and Eubasidiomycetes are considered the
true Basidiomycetes; the first sub-class including Auricula-
riales (Auriculariinee) and Tremellales (Tremellinez) ; the
second sub-class including Dacryomycetales (Dacryomyceti-
nee), Exobasidiales (Exobasidiinee), and Hymeniales (Hy-
menomycetinee). The Auriculariales include plants of a gela-
tinous or cartilaginous consistency, and are more or less ear-
shaped; the Tremellales are jelly-like when moist, becoming
hard, tough, and horny when dry. The first order of Eubasi-
diomycetes includes such plants as Guepinia; the second order
includes azalea apples and other plants which are parasitic in
the tissues of living plants, often deforming them; the third
order, Hymeniales, constitutes the subject of this report.

The following key to the families of Hymeniales is adopted,
with a few changes in the phraseology and in the system of
notation, from Engler and Prantl’s ‘* Die Natiirlichen Pflanzen-
familien.”

Plants mold-like, or spider-web-like, consisting of
interwoven hyphze; basidia clustered. ..uyPOCHNACE%

Plants of firmly interwoven hyphe ; fruiting-surface
consisting of basidia arranged in a palisade-like

IMTATINGT = “ake -oeia sea cataus sseahsrecred stone trey saesee ee a ctl nee I
1. Fruiting-surface smooth, only slightly roughened or

Wriikled tir some PGES: <x cus ass eres neveeww x > 2
Fruiting-surface uneven, with prominent elevations

in the form of warts, spines, folds, tubes, ete..... 3

2. Fruit-body mostly of membranaceous, leathery, or
woody consistency, funnel-form, capitate or
rai Cl eG? i 2k tar enone nicer en nara Noe THELEPHORACE.E

leathery consistency, upright, club-shaped, capitate

Or branchved sesteneee 2 erie Naty eee oe CLAVARIACE.E

3. Fruiting-surface with warts, interrupted folds,
spines, or crested warts or plates......... TYDNACE.E
Fruiting-surface of other shapes................. 4

4. Fruiting-surface with regular tubes, or with folds or
more or less leaf-like plates, which partly or com-
pletely unite by running together irregularly in a
honey-combed manner, or are united into labyrin-
CIPO RMPassa SES niee Ose a area Gt POLY PORACE.E

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 13

Fruiting-surface of prominent folds (gills), or with
evident leaf-like expansions or plates, which are
free or regularly forked, or are united by running
together irregularly only at the base or point of at-
tachment-to: thepileus 2.44 Sees crea ee AGARICACE

AGARICACEZ Fries. GILL-BEARING FUNGI.

This family contains by far the largest number of species
of mushrooms. They are distinguished by a more or less flat-
tened pilews, or cap, which may become convex, bell-shaped,
or funnel-shaped; the stem, or stipe, is generally attached to
the center, or nearly so, of the under side of the pileus; or the
point of attachment may be at one side, when the pileus be-
comes shelving; the stem may be absent and the pileus at-
tached directly to the mycelium (sessile).

The spore-bearing surface is usually on the under side of
the pileus, and consists of radiating gills, prominent folds, or
veins. Microscopical examination shows these fruiting-sur-
faces to be covered with peculiar reproductive cells, or basidia.
From each of these basidia, one-celled spores, usually four in
number, are produced.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSHROOMS.

In order that the various parts of a mushroom may be
clearly understood, the following explanation is given.

The fleshy fruit-body of the Agaricaceze is known as the
pileus, or cap. Microscopical examination shows it to differ
considerably from the fruit-bodies of the higher plants. There
is no cellular tissue, but the structure is composed of inter-
woven hollow tubes, technically termed hyphe. These hyphe
serve to conduct the food substances from the basal threads,
which resemble the hyphz, to the more highly specialized re-
productive cells, the basidia. These hyphal threads which
run through the center of the fruit-body, stem, cap, and gills,
constitute what is technically known as the trama. When
these hyphal threads approach the outer part of the gills, cer-
tain specialized cells arise which are spoken of as the sub-
hymenial layer, and from these cells the reproductive cells, or
basidia, develop. The basidia, placed closely side by side, con-

14 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [ Bull.

stitute the Aymenium, from which the name Hymeniales is de-
rived.

Certain other cells are frequently found among the basidia,
which resemble them closely, but lack the sterigmata and
spores; these are sterile basidia, termed paraphyses. Still
other cells are found in the species of the Agaricacez, which
project beyond the basidia. These cells are usually large, in-
flated, and in some species contain coloring matter which gives
the gills characteristic colorings; these are the cystidia. These
cystidia sometimes secrete moisture, which collects in drops
on their tips.

The caps of the different species have characteristics which
distinguish them from each other. Frequently the thick-
walled threads which constitute the outer surface of the cap
are filled with coloring matter which gives to species charac-
teristic colorings. The green and red tints of Russula, the
violet shades in many species of Cortinarius, and the distinctive
colors of the different species of Amanita are due to this fact.
These thick-walled, hyphal threads are termed the cortex, or
cuticle. In many species, these threads excrete viscid or slimy
substances which are peculiarities of species. In many species
of Cortinarius it is necessary to know the viscidity of the speci-
men before it can be placed in its proper group. In some cases
the outside, cortical layer of the hyphal threads ceases to grow
as the cap increases in size; consequently it becomes torn into
fine hairs, fibers, or scales of various sizes. The abundant
scales of Pholiota squarrosoides arise from this source, as do
the scales and tomentum on many other species.

The gills are the folds, or plates, on the lower surface of
the cap, which radiate in various ways from the stem to the
margin of the cap.

For accurate determination of genera and species, the tech-
nical terms descriptive of the gills, employed by most scientific
writers, must be carefully studied and understood. These
terms are so frequently met with in text-books that detailed
definitions are hardly necessary in this report.

Upon the character and shape of the stem depend many
of the distinguishing features in the identification of species.

In the larger number of Agarics, the stem is situated in the

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 15

center of the cap, giving these species an umbrella-like shape;
but in some species the stem is attached at the side of the cap,
when it is said to be eccentric. If the stem is entirely absent,
the cap is sessile.

In some genera, the stem is fleshy and in others it is carti-
laginous. The fleshy stems are usually more or less fibrous
and somewhat spongy when broken, while the cartilaginous
stems snap readily when bent, resembling somewhat the break-
ing of a pipestem. The outer surface of the stem is often
covered with hairs or scales which arise from similar causes
as those on the surface of the cap. The interior of stems va-
ries much, being often solid throughout, but frequently hol-
low or stuffed with pithy substances. In shape, the stems vary
in the different species ; often they are large and bulbous at the
base as in many species of Amanita and Cortinarius; some-
times they are cylindrical throughout, and again they taper
decidedly, either toward the apex or toward the base. All of
these characteristics need to be carefully considered in noting
the distinct features in each specimen collected, for no two
specimens are alike in every respect, even of the same species.

The veil and the resulting volva, or cup, and the annulus,
or ring, are peculiar to certain Agarics, and need to be care-
fully observed, for the nature and location of these parts indi-
cate frequently the edibility or non-edibility of the species.

In the young stage, the mushrooms exist as small knobs,
or “buttons,” of mycelium on the substratum. At this stage,
the margin of the cap lies closely against the stem, and in some
genera, as Collybia and Mycena, the margins simply expand,
never having been united to the stem by any special structure.
In other genera, like Agaricus or Amanita, the margins of the
cap are closely united to the outer layer of the stem by a more
or less compact net-work of fibers, termed the veil. This veil
remains firm for a time, but after a while the expansion of the
cap causes it to rupture. After the veil is ruptured, a part per-
sists for a time on the cap, giving it various margins, and a
part remains on the stem in the form of a ring, or, as it is
technically termed, the annulus. The remnants on the cap
and stem vary as to the length of time they remain. The more
delicate the veil the more quickly it disappears, and it is

16 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. suRVEY. [Bull

seldom found on certain species at maturity. On other spe-
cies, the veil is well developed and persists both on the margin
of the pileus and on the stipe for a considerable length of time.
In many species of Amanita, Agaricus, and Lepiota, this per-
sistent ring remains, while in some species of Cortinarius the
delicate membrane quickly disappears. In Lepiota procera
the ring is quite thick and persistent and easily movable on
the stem. In some species of Amanita, this membrane makes
a delicate curtain which completely covers the hymenial layers
on the gills, and which drops around the stem, when ruptured
from the margin of the cap. This veil is usually spoken of as
the partial veil.

The genus Amanita possesses both a veil and a volva. A
layer of fungus threads completely surrounds the fruit-body in
the immature mushroom, forming what is known as the volva,
or, as it is sometimes called, the wiiversal veil. As the stem
lengthens and the cap expands, this universal veil ruptures in
various ways according to the species. In this rupturing, a
more or less well defined ‘“ cup” is left at the base of the stem,
differing in various species. In some cases, the universal veil
becomes torn, and persists on the cortex of the cap in differ-
ently shaped “‘ warts”’ of floccose scales. In Aimanita, for ex-
ample, the remnants of the ruptured outer veil are white, floc-
cose, rather compact scales, which may disappear entirely in
the mature plant, while in Amanita solitaria, the scales are
found to be thick and conical, but easily rubbed off, and in
Amanita cesarea, frequently no indications of the ruptured
veil can be found on the surface of the pileus.

The vegetative portion of the mushroom is seldom seen by
the casual observer. A mass of hyphal threads composing
the reproductive or fruiting body is the part noticed, the vege-
tative portions being hidden beneath decaying leaves, or rami-
fying within the cell structure of the host plant.

Key for the Analysis of Connecticut Genera of Agaricacee.
The Agaricacee are subdivided into five divisions: these
divisions depending upon the color of the spores when depos-
ited upon an opaque surface. After collecting, place the
mushrooms, gills down, on opaque paper for a while, and an

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 17

abundance of spores will accumulate, making possible the fol-
lowing divisions:

1. White Spores. Spores pure white, with an occasional
slight tinge of yellow or pink.

2. Ochre Spores. Spores yellow-brown or rust color.

3. Rosy Spores. Spores pink or some shade of pink.

4. Brown Spores. Spores dark brown or purple-brown.

5. Black Spores. Spores black, showing no tinge of
brown or purple.

Key to the IVhite-Spored Group.*

Margin of the erllsactitey wus aetacann ere ees 6 I
Margin of the gills longitudinally split or grooved.. 17
1. Mushrooms soon decaying or shrivelling.......... 2

Mushrooms leathery, woody or corky, rigid when dry 15
2. Gills not attached to the stem; ring, volva or both

Present som therStenie savas saris ateaeete'g 3

Gills attached to the stem but not extending down it
Cadnateorwadinex ed ire a2 ceren beta ere als wis Biel 4

Gills attached to the stem and extending down it
(GCECUEECHE)) | arse aeetades, Mabe oy Binatone hae Nee 10
3: Volva and ring present <auvinaw cane seus cee Amanita
Volva: present; ring absent...0 4 cen Sa Amanito psis
Volv@ absent title’ présents....c0ccnee renters Lepiota
4; Wolya absent s ring preseniti.a wae seas sans Arnullaria
Volva\-and ging’ absent sone cecewnes veo eee Se 5

5. Plants tough, membranaceous or leathery, drying
quickly but reviving when moistened...... Marasmius
PI BrtS HES Yi e hss it ous Spon tt ee tonsa oe aee ears 6
6. Cap and gills very crisp and brittle............... 9
Cap and gills not: crisp.and brittle... .e.c..yeeees 7

7. Gills attached to the stem by a small, sudden curve
CSI AteH) Ss scene scour aechlusdserienriins a vale eras ss Tricholoma
Gills: TOE: Sindtes. .. tact ae haan ea 8
8. Margin of cap inrolled when voung........... Collybia

Margin of cap straight against the stem when young ;
cap: slender, bell-shaped: <2 ces ein Mycena

* Genera not reported from Connecticut are omitted from these keys.

2

18

9.

10.

Il.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17:

1S)

w

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. suRVEY. [Bull.

Juice of plant milky..........some species of Lactarius

Juice of plant notmilkyn.. cased Sew Russula

Stem attached at one side of the center of the cap
(eccentric), or at its margin (lateral) ; growing

OT WOO. anys sea Wig var a entra SM A ean ee esenete Pleurotus
Stem: Centhal chs Mo re te ee Sa II
Cap and gills very crisp and brittle; juice of plant

TOO nI Uc aro ace meee i err some species of Lactarius
Capp arid soil Way sees Sear teass rite, Sores Wieland ae 12
Cap mote or less frm and féshy «csc eins iene aE}
Plants parasitic on other fungi; gills blunt......Nyctalis
Plants not parasitic on other fungi; margin of gills

thin, but thickened at union with cap....Hygrophorus
Gills thick and fold-like, margins blunt..... Cantharellus
Gills: thin, margins acutes ow s.g4. si weds aries a toes 14

Fresh stems breaking with clean, sharp ends. ..Omphalia
Fresh stems breaking with fibrous, ragged ends. Clitocybe
Plants leathery in texture; gills extending down the
stem (decurrent) ; plants reviving when moistened 16
Plants woody or corky in texture; stem absent. .Lenzites

Marein-of-pills toothed) sak acta vad eels Lentinus
Marsincotonlls not toothed yiicendis haus yen Oona Panus
Margin of gills split into two, revolute; growing
ON WOOT rc acad ae aerate uit asm y ees Schizophyllum
Margin of gills somewhat crisped, gills resembling
folds, or swrinklesi. niece he ina bec ba Trogia

Key to the Ochre-Spored Group.

Gills not separating easily from the cap........... I
Gills separating easily from the cap........... Paxillus
Young plants covered by a cobwebby veil; ring frag-

tle Wen; PRESeHtem ates n deve sted tes Cortinarius
Plants not covered by a cobwebby veil............ 2
Ring present on: the Stem iris ca cnacaynaene pes Pholiota
Ramg; absendchrom thie “Stents. jsuert occa desta 3
Stem attached at one side of the cap or absent. Crepidotus
SS LGIIPACEIN ia lees eather acta toot rh ea eee hd 4

Gills dissolving into a mucilaginous condition at ma-
turity ; cap thin, soft and pliable............ Bolbitius
Gills not dissolving at tnaturity. 61. .<.5cie-.0 0s 5

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 19

5. Gills with a small, sudden curve where joined to the
stem (sinuate) ; cap usually covered with minute
scales or fibers; stem fleshy, fibrous on the outside

Inocybe
Gils not sinateiee:.. fue hain: wena aoe 6

6. Stem fleshy, fibrous; cap fleshy; gills joined squarely

to the stem (adnate), or running down stem (de-

CUTEETE) sce ties tutn ne. te teehee bee evoees Flammula

Stem: brittle, or cartilaginous... orca heesies fe 7

7. Margin of cap inrolled in young plant......... Naucoria
Margin of cap straight against the stem in young

Darts ete as eae peer a eee oneaeeeeae co ante eee Galera

Key to the Rosy-Spored Group.

Gills not attached to the stem (free).............. af
Gills slightly attached to the stem (adnate or ad-
EXEC) cei taccsarokee nein aeesh ie Maria hia aerate ee 2
Gills attached and running down the stem (decur-
GENIC) eke cost ey acess ayn inten uaa Shams are ence ears Nneare 3
1. Ring absent; volva present.................-. Volvaria
Ringwand “volvas absenty 1 ctss0.5 oiensieeie here Pluteus

2. Stem brittle; gills soon separating from stem...Leptonia
Stem not brittle; gills with a small, sudden curve

near the stem) (sintiate): sass. .ceavesosens Entoloma
3. Stem at one side of the cap, minute or absent. .Claudopus
SES CO MEr Als Fue: Sane oc ca alco Suse celeste tae dow enn nome te thay aha 4

4. Stem fibrous; margin of cap inrolled when young..
Clitopilus
Stem brittle; cap with a central depression....... Eccilia

Key to the Brown-Spored Group.

Gills attached to the stem (adnate, adnexed, or de-

GUBFENE)) acura earn atoa eee Pelton na teh cua een eae I

Gills not attached to the stem (free).......... Agaricus

1. Ring present; volva absent............. ....Stropharia
Ring and volva absent, but veil remains attached to

the marci OF THe sCap cco aes a eee Aypholoma

Ring, volva and veil absent.................. Psilocybe

20 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. Hist. suRvEY. [Bull.

Key to the Black-Spored Group.

Gills more or less dissolving at maturity....... Coprinus
Gills not dissolving at maturity..............+206, I
1. Substance of fruit-body waxy...........-. Gomphidius
Substance of fruit-body fleshy and fibrous......... 2
2. Margin of cap striate; gills not variegated. ..Psathyrella
Margin of cap not striate; gills somewhat variegated 3
3. Ring present on the stem............++-+- 544 Anellaria

Ring absent, but veil often present............ Pancolus

AMANITA Pers.

A name given to some esculent fungi by Galen, perhaps
from Mount Amanus.

The young plant in all species of Amanita is covered with
a universal veil, as explained in the characteristics of mush-
rooms. As the cap expands, this veil ruptures, leaving a
more or less well-defined margin on the stem, which is tech-
nically termed the volva.

The partial veil in the immature specimen extends from
the stem to the margin of the pileus, enclosing the gills, and
when ruptured falls around the stem in a veil-like ring. The
persistency of this ring varies in the different species. The
pileus is fleshy, convex, expanding with age. It separates
easily from the stem, and differs from it considerably in sub-
stance. The stems are long and usually taper somewhat to-
wards the top. The gills are not attached to the stem; spores
white.

The Amanitas are nearly always found growing on the
ground, usually in open woods, but are seldom found in open
fields and pastures. They possess perhaps the most striking
characteristics of any of the fleshy fungi, and when once
learned they are seldom mistaken for other genera. The pure
white form of 4. phalloides is sure to attract the attention of
even the most inexperienced collector, and its seeming purity
appeals to persons seeking varieties adapted for table use.
Nevertheless it contains the most violent of the poisons found
in the whole group of fleshy fungi.

The colors of Amanita vary from pure white, through the
various tints of orange, crimson, and scarlet to the dull red

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 21

and brown tints. Because of a few species which contain
deadly poison, the whole group is viewed with suspicion by
the amateur collector, yet many of them are listed as edible.
However, it is unsafe to class any specimens of Amanita in the
edible list, unless one is positively sure of the botanical char-
acteristics of each individual specimen. It is better to adhere
very closely to edible species which cannot be mistaken for
non-edible, than to be less cautious. The amateur collector
should make a careful botanical study of this group before
venturing far in his search for edible fungi. The variations
in each species should be carefully noted so there may be no
mistaking their identity.

Frequently it is said that all poisonous forms possess a cup-
like volva at the base of the stem, but this cannot be depended
upon as a reliable means of identification, for often the uni-
versal veil ruptures in such a manner that few remnants are
left on the stem.

In this locality the Amanitas are seldom found in any quan-
tity before June 15th, and are very abundant from that date
until the early autumn frosts. They seem especially plentiful
in the chestnut sprout-lands of the state.

Mcllvaine reports twenty-seven species as occurring jn
the United States. Eleven were collected in Tolland County
during the past summer, and one in Hartford County.

Amanita bisporiger Atk. (two-spored).
Mansfield, Aug. (89).
A new species, the description of which will soon be
published by Professor Atkinson.
Amanita candida Pk. (shining white).
South Windsor, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood; Mans-
field, July, Aug. (296). Edible (MclI.).
Amanita czsarea Scop. (imperial).
Mansfield, July (79). Edible qualities uncertain.
Amanita flavo-conia Atk. (flavus, yellow; conis, cone; in
allusion to color and shape of cap).
Mansfield, Aug. (87).
Amanita Frostiana Pk.
Mansfield, July (183). Poisonous.

22 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. suRVEY. [Bull

Amanita muscaria Linn. (musca, a fly). Fly Amanita.

Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July, Aug. (276).
Poisonous. Plate I.

Amanita muscaria_ Linn., var. alba Pk. White Fly Amanita.

Mansfield, July, Aug. (92). Poisonous.

Amanita phalloides Fr. (phallus-like).

Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July, Aug. (171).
Poisonous.

Variable in color from white to dark brown. Pilate II.

Amanita rubescens Fr. (becoming red).

Mansfield, Aug. (83). Edible (MclI.).

Amanita strobiliformis Vitt. (having shape of a pine cone).

Rockville, Hanmer. Edible (Pk.).

Amanita verna Fr. (vernal).

Mansfield, July (166). Poisonous.

Resembles white form of 4. phalloides closely, but dif-
fers in the manner of rupturing the universal veil, at base
of stem.

Amanita velatipes Atk. (velatus, veiled; pes, foot; veiled
stem).

Mansfield, July.

AMANITOPSIS Roz.

apavira, Amanita; ofc, appearance; resembling Amanita.

Like Amanita, the young plants of Aimanitopsis are cov-
ered with a universal veil, which, when ruptured, leaves rem-
nants upon the surface of the cap and at the base of the stem.
The plants of this genus, therefore, possess a volva, or cup,
at the base of the stem, but the ring on the upper part of the
stem is absent. In this way they are distinguished from
Amanita. Formerly these plants were included with the
Amanitas, but the closely sheathing volva and the absence of
a ring, place them in a separate genus. All species of Amani-
topsis thus far determined are reported edible, but some spe-
cies so closely resemble poisonous Amanitas that extremely
careful examination should be made, to be certain that no trace
of a ring is present on the stem.

A. vaginata is the most common species in this vicinity,
and is usually found in open woods, growing among the leaf-

aya seaiods | sa Iyue. SULBIBLU pue asEq je Snog|nq Wa}s | U1} ‘}JOS
AIOA SUI | SJIVA I Bue Udy SurmeyyA ‘ated
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=
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Pratre Il. dmancta phalloutes lly Amanita. (Natural size.)

Cap white, yellowish-brown or blackish-brown, viscid in moist weather ;
stem smooth or flo bulbous, with a distinct volva, or with a narrow
margin on the bulb; ring near top of stem, entire.

\

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 23

mold. Its characteristic sheathing volva and deeply striate
pileus distinguish it from other species. A. volvata is also
quite abundant.

Ten species of American Amanitopsis have been reported.
Four are reported in Connecticut.

Amanitopsis farinosa Schw. (mealy).
Mansfield, July (78).
Amanitopsis strangulata (Fr.) Roz. (choked).
East Hartford, Rainbow, Hanmer.
Amanitopsis vaginata (Bull.) Roz. (having a sheath).
Mansfield, July, Aug. (147); East Hartford, Hanmer.
Amanitopsis vaginata (Bull.) Roz. var. livida. Pers.
(livid).
Mansfield, July (88).
Amanitopsis volvata (Pk.) Sacc. (having a volva).
Mansfield, July, Aug. (259) ; Suffield, Sept.

LEPIOTA Fr.
demic, a scale.

This genus is distinguished from Amanita and Aianitop-
sis, by the absence of a definite volva. These plants have a
more or less persistent ring on the stem, but the volva is not
present. The cap is generally scaly from the rupturing of
the cuticle and the remains of the veil. The gills are not at-
tached to the stem, but are joined to a cartilaginous collar
which surrounds the stem. The substance of the stem is dif-
ferent from that of the cap, and the two are joined in a socket-
like manner, so that the cap is easily separated from the stem.
The ring in some species is easily movable on the stem when
the specimens are mature. Many species are edible.

The Lepiotas are more frequently found in gardens, hot-
beds and lawns, than in the woodlands. L. procera is some-
times found in thin chestnut sprout-land, or where the timber
growth is young. The white spores, absent volva, scaly cap,
and somewhat movable ring on the stem easily distinguish this
species.

Lepiota Americana Pk.
East Hartford, Hanmer; New Haven, Clinton. Edi-
ble (Pk.).

24 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. Hist. suRVEY. [Bull.

Lepiota asperula Atk. (slightly rough).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Lepiota clypeolaria Bull. (shield-shaped).
Manchester, Hanmer.
Lepiota cristata A. & S. (crested).
South Windsor, Hanmer; New Haven, Clinton; Mans-
field, July (154). Edible (Pk.).
Lepiota farinosa Pk. (mealy).
South Windsor, Hanmer. Edible (Pk.).
Lepiota granulosa Batsch. (granular).
South Windsor, Hanmer.
Lepiota illinita Fr. (smeared over).
Mansfield, Aug. (231). Edible (Mcl.).
Lepiota metulespora B. & Br. (having obelisk-shaped
spores).
Mansfield, July, Aug. (214).
Lepiota naucinoides Pk.
East Hartford, Hanmer. Edible (Pk.).
Lepiota procera Scop. (tall). Parasol Mushroom.
East Hartford, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood; New
Haven, Clinton; Mansfield, July, Aug. (95). Edible
(McI.). Plate ITI.

ARMILLARIA Fr.
Arimilla, a ring.

This is a small genus which closely resembles some species
of Amanita and Lepiota, but differs by having the gills attached
to the stem. The substance of the stem and pileus is also sim-
ilar and continuous, while in the other genera the stem and
cap easily separate. In 4. iellea the cap is honey-colored or
somewhat brown with dark scales. The inner veil is present
and forms a distinct ring on the stem. Often the plants are
found attached to the roots of living trees, and are considered
harmful parasites. The plants are clustered, and the bases
are connected by a rope-like strand of mycelium.

Armillaria mellea Vahl. (honey-colored).

Goshen, Underwood; New Haven, Clinton; Mansfield,
July (164). Edible (Atk.). Plate IV.

“aTQvAOUL WUIY ‘YOY, Bult | TepNqny ‘]ye} uso ‘YySual Ut

ATUBLIVA WA}S |SIfCOS UMOAG YPM Pa1oaod ‘WAOIG JO epBYS SuLOs Ajpeusn ‘Iojoo ui ajqeuiea deg
(paonpay) ‘woorysnyy foseaeg V4e701F vporgo] WT AN 1d

— Prate lV. Armillaria mel/ea. Honey-colored Armillaria. (Natural size.)
Cap covered with minute tufts of brown or blackish hairs, sometimes glabrous ,
flesh white or whitish.

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 25

MARASMIUS Fr.
papaivw, to become completely dry.

The species of Marasmius are small plants which resemble
Mycena and:Collybia, but which differ from these groups in
having properties which enable them to revive after drying, if
moisture is applied; in many instances they resume their nor-
mal form. The cap is tough, thin, and more or less regular
in shape. The gills are thin also and pliant. The stem is
somewhat brittle and of a different substance from the pileus.

The members of this group are very numerous in the
woods and fields, but possess little food value, because they
are usually small. Several have a strong flavor of garlic.
The species most plentiful during the past season were J.
oreades, the “ fairy-ring mushroom,” J. rotula and M. co-
herens. The plants are found on decaying leaves, rotten
wood, and on the ground.

Marasmius coherens (Fr.) Bres. (holding together).
Mansfield, July, Aug. (189).
Synonymous with Mycena coherens Fr., Collybia lach-
nophylla Berk., Collybia spinulifera Pk.
Marasmius elongatipes Pk. (long-stemmed).
Mansfield, June(24).
Marasmius oreades Fr. (mountain nymphs). Fairy-Ring
Mushroom.
Goshen, Underwood; New Haven, Clinton; Mansfield,
Aug. (210). Edible (Pk.).
Marasmius retiphyllus Atk. (rete, net; phyllon, leaf; refer-
ring to the netted gills).
Mansfield, July, Aug. (205).
Marasmius rotula (Scop.) Fr. (wheel).
Mansfield, June (3).
Marasmius scorodonius Fr. (garlic-smelling).
Mansfield, June, July; Suffield, Aug. (4). Used for
flavoring (Cooke).
Marasmius semihirtipes Pk. (having stem half-hairy).
Mansfield, June, July (9).
Marasmius varicosus Fr. (varicose).
Mansfield, June, July (51).

26 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. suRvEY. [Bull.

TRICHOLOMA Fr.
Opié, a hair; Adpa, a fringe.

The veil is wholly wanting in most species of Tricholoma,
therefore the ring and volva on the stem are absent. In some
few species a minute veil is manifest by cobwebby down on
the margin of the pileus. In this genus the gills are joined to
the stem, and are more or less strongly notched at the point of
union. The pileus is fleshy, and similar in substance to the
short, stout stem.

The species are usually found in moist woodland, growing
on the ground among decaying leaves, but occasionally they
occur in open pastures. Many are edible, but some few spe-
cies are said to be poisonous.

Tricholoma albi-favidum Pk. (vellow-white).

South Windsor, Hanmer; Mansfield, July (68).
Tricholoma album Scheff. (white).

Mansfield, July (85). Taste bitter (Pk.).
Tricholoma equestre Linn. (eques, knight).

South Windsor, Hanmer. Edible (Pk.).
Tricholoma personatum Fr. (masked).

Manchester, Hanmer. Edible (Atk.). Plate V.
Tricholoma portentosum Fr. (portentous).

East Hartford, Hanmer. Edible (MclI.).
Tricholoma rutilans Scheff. (reddish).

South Windsor, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (226).

Edible (MclI.).

Tricholoma sejunctum Sow. (disjoined).

South Glastonbury, Hanmer.
Tricholoma transmutans Pk. (changing).

Rainbow, Hanmer. Edible (Pk.).
Tricholoma terreum Scheff. (earthen).

Rainbow, Hanmer. Edible (Pk.).

COLLYBIA Fr.
KdAAv/ 0c, A COIN.

The cap is fleshy and usually thin, and in the young plant
the margin is inrolled, thus differing from Jfycena which this
genus resembles.

Prat Vi Trecholoma personatum. Masked Tricholoma.
(Natural size, often larger.)
Cap variable in color, generally pallid, tinged with lilac or
violet ; stem thick, solid, somewhat bulbous,

Prater VIL Cofdvira radiata, Rooted Collybia, (Reduced)
Cap variable, usually brown with erayish shades, sometimes almost white,
wlutinous when moist; flesh thin, white, elastic, stem tapering upward; root
extending deeply into carth, tapering, ported.

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 27

The stem is rather brittle on the outside, but is frequently
stuffed with fibers within. The ring and volva are wanting
from the stem, and the gills are mostly attached to it.

This genus also strongly resembles Marasmius, but the
plants lack the leathery consistency, and do not revive when
once dried.

They are abundant throughout the entire season, growing
on stumps, logs, decaying leaves, in soil, in woodlands and
open fields.

Many of the fleshy species are desirable for food, and for-
tunately are abundant and have a long season of growth.
Many of the more fleshy species are often infested with larvee,
and need careful examination before preparing for the table.
None of the species as yet reported have been found poisonous.

Collybia acervata Fr. (heaped).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, July (124). Edi-
ble (MclI.).
Collybia butyracea Bull. (butter-like).
Mansfield, July (64).
Collybia confluens Pers. (flowing together).
Mansfield, July (82).
Collybia dryophila Bull. (oak-loving).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, July (10).
Collybia esculenta Wulf. (esculent).
East Hartford, July, Hanmer. The best edible Colly-
bia (Cooke).
Collybia lacerata Lasch. (torn).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Collybia maculata A. &S. (spotted).
East Hartford, Sept., Hanmer.
Collybia platyphylla Fr. (wAaric, broad; ytddov, leaf; refer-
ring to the broad gills).
East Hartford, May, Hanmer; New Haven, Clinton;
Mansfield, June (47). Edible (MclI.).
Collybia radicata Relh. (rooted).
East Hartford, Aug., Hanmer; New Haven, Clinton;
Mansfield, July (151). Edible (Curtis). Plate VI.
Collybia strictipes Pk. (short-stemmed).
Mansfield, June (53).

28 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Collybia velutipes Curt. (having a velvety stem).

East Hartford, Sept., Hanmer; Mansfield, May (345).
Collybia zonata Pk. (zoned).

Bolton, July, Hanmer.

MYGENA. Fr:
poxne, a fungus.

This genus is composed mostly of delicate plants growing
on wood, decaying stumps, among decaying leaves, and on the
ground. :

The cap is more or less conical, and in the immature plant
the margin lies flat against the stem, in contrast with the in-
curved margin of Collybia. The stem is frequently long and
slender, it snaps easily when bent, and is usually hollow. In
some species a colored or watery juice exudes from the stem
when it is broken. The gills are attached to the stem. Spores
white.

Af{ycena occurs abundantly in woodlands and occasionally
in grasslands. The plants promise little food value because
of their small size and thin substance.

Their smallness makes the determination of species rather
difficult. A few, however, have characteristic odors which
aid in establishing their identity.

Mycena cyanothrix Atk. (blue-haired).
Mansfield, June (26). Plate VII.
Mycena epipterygia Scop. (ér, upon; zrepiyor, little wing).
Mansfield, July, Aug. (230).
Mycena galericulata Scop. (galericulum, a small peaked
cap).
Mansfield, June (6).
Mycena hematopa Pers. (bloody-stemmed, referring to
juice).
Mansfeld, July, Aug. (65).
Mycena pelianthina Fr. (redwe, livid: toc, flower).
Mansfield, Aug. (261).
Mycena vulgaris Pers. (common).
Mansfield, Aug. (5).

Pirate VIL. Jfyeena cyanothriv. Blue-haired Mycena.
(Natural size.)
Cap viscid when young, blue, becoming pale and whitish in ave,
and fuscous in center; stem clothed with blue hairs at base

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 29

LACTARIUS Fr.
Lac, milk; milk producing.

This group resembles Russula in some respects, but is eas-
ily distinguished by the abundance of milky juice which ex-
udes from all parts of the plant when it is broken. The cap
is rigid, somewhat sunken in the center, and often marked on
its surface with concentric zones. The stem is stout, solid,
and frequently marked with peculiar blotches. The gills are
attached to the stem, and often extend down it in decurrent
lines. The species are determined largely by their character-
istic coloring, taste, and nature of milk. The colors vary
greatly, and the taste in many species is peppery and acrid.
These qualities, however, disappear in cooking, and many of
the peppery species are classed among esculent mushrooms.
The color of the milk in most species is white, but it often
changes rapidly when exposed to the air. For example, in
L. theiogalus the milk quickly changes to a sulphur yellow.
In L. indigo the color of the milk is a deep indigo blue. These
characteristics must be carefully noted when the fresh speci-
mens are collected, otherwise their determination becomes
difficult.

Many members of this group are desirable for their food
value. The writer has enjoyed many meals of L. volemus,
and L. deliciosus. L. corrugis is said to be equally desirable,
but it does not occur in Mansfield in sufficient quantities to be
of much value. They are remarkably free from larve of all
kinds. Nearly all species grow on the ground and occur
abundantly. During August of the past season, the woods in
the vicinity of Mansfield contained immense quantities of L.
deceptivus. L. volemus was also plentiful throughout the
season.

Lactarius aquifluus Pk. (watery).
South Windsor, Hanmer. Edibility uncertain.
Lactarius blennius Fr. (slimy).
South Windsor, Hanmer. Edibility uncertain.
Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.) Fr. (having an odor of
camphor).
East Hartford, South Windsor, Hanamier.

30 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Lactarius chrysorrheus Fr. (flowing with gold).
Mansfield, Aug.(258).
Lactarius corrugis Pk. (wrinkled).
Rockville, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield,
Aug. (244).
Lactarius chelidonium Pk. (referring to the Celandine, a
flowering plant with yellow acrid juice).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield.
Lactarius deceptivus Pk. (deceitful).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, Aug. (319). Plate
VIII.
Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Fr. (delicious).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July (208).
Lactarius fuliginosus Fr. (sooty).
Mansfield, Aug. (202).
Lactarius fumosus Pk. (smoky).
Mansfield, July (188).
Lactarius griseus Pk. (gray).
Mansfeld, Aug. (198).
Lactarius hygrophoroides B. & C. (resembling Hygro-
phorus).
East Hartford, South Windsor, Hanmer.
Lactarius indigo (Schw.) Fr. (blue).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, Aug. (321).
Lactarius luteolus Pk. (yellowish).
South Windsor, Hanmer.
Lactarius lignyotus) Fr. (dy1ée, a smoke).
East Hartford, Hanmer. Edible (MclI.).
Lactarius pallidus (Pers.) Fr. (pale).
Manchester, Hanmer. Edible (Cooke).
Lactarius pergamenus (Schw.) Fr. (pergamena, parch-
ment).
South Windsor, Hanmer. Edible (Cooke).
Lactarius piperatus (Scop.) Fr. (peppery).
Fast Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, July (90). Plate
IX.
Lactarius pyrogalus (Bull.) Fr. (wup, fire; ydé\a, millc).
Goshen, Underwood.
Lactarius subdulcis (Bull.) Fr. (sweetish).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July (41)

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No '35] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 31

Lactarius subpurpureus Pk. (purplish).
Goshen, Underwood.
Lactarius theiogalus (Bull.) Fr. (@ciov, brimstone; ydaAa,
milk).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, Aug. (315).
Lactarius torminosus (Scheff.) Fr. (producing gripes).
Goshen, Underwood.
Lactarius trivialis Fr. (common).
Goshen, Underwood, Mansfield, July (157).
Lactarius vellereus Fr. (fleecy).
Mansfield, July (91).
Lactarius volemus Fr. (volema, a large pear).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July (141). Edible
(Fr.). Plate X.

RUSSULA Pers.
Russulus, reddish.

The variations in coloring in the species of Russula make
their determination difficult, but the distinct generic character-
istics seldom allow them to be confused with other genera.
The cap is regular, with a more or less prominent depression,
and somewhat rigid. The tissue constituting the cap and gills
is composed of large cells which easily separate, giving this
tissue a more or less mealy appearance when crushed. The
stem is short, stout, brittle, very smooth without and spongy
within. The veil is wholly lacking, so there are no indications
of a ring or volva on the stem. The spores, when viewed
under a microscope, are roughened or warty, and are white or
of a yellowish tint when collected on a dark surface.

The species of Russula resemble closely Lactarius, but lack
the milky juice. They occur abundantly during the summer,
and until the severe frosts of autumn they are found in nearly
every woodland. All species grow on the ground. Many
species are reported edible, but the one considered the most
desirable for food is R. virescens, the “ green russula.”

All edible species must be in a perfectly fresh condition
when cooked, or the taste is strong and offensive. Many spe-
cies have a characteristic taste and some a characteristic odor,

32 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

so their identity is revealed at once. When R. fetens is once
known it is rarely forgotten, and the strong, acrid taste of R.
emetica makes a lasting impression on the collector.

Russula aurata (With.) Fr. (aurum, gold).
Mansfield, Aug. (305).

Russula adusta (Pers.) Fr. (scorched).
Manchester, Hanmer.

Russula atropurpurea Pk. (dark purple).
South Windsor, Hanmer.

Russula brevipes Pk. (short-stemmed).
Bolton, Hanmer.

Russula citrina Gillet (citron-colored).
Mansfield, July (115).

Russula compacta Frost (close-grained).
South Windsor, Hanmer.

Russula depallens Fr. (becoming pallid).
Mansfield, July (72).

Russula flavida Pk. (yellow).
Rockville, Hanmer.

Russula foetens (Pers.) Fr. (stinking).
Mansfield, July, Aug. (172). Plate XI.

Russula fureata (Pers.) Fr. (forked).
Mansfeld, July (141).

Russula lepida_ Fr. (elegant).
Mansfeld, Aug. (313).

Russula roseipes (Secr.) Bres. (red-stemmed).
Mansfield, Aug. (328).

Russula sanguinea (Bull.) Fr. (blood-red).
Mansfield, July (77).

Russula virescens (Scheff.) Fr. (becoming green).
Mansfield, July (35). Edible (Pk.).

PLEUROTUS Fr.
mXevpa, a rib.
The pileus, or cap, is irregular, more or less fleshy, and in
some species becomes membranaceous but never w oody. The

stem is fleshy and of the same consistency as the pileus; in
many species it is not distinct from it. The stem is attached

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No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 33

at one side of the center, at one edge of the pileus, or in some
species it is lacking; the pileus being then attached directly to
the substratum.

When the stem is present, the gills usually extend down it
for a greater or less distance.

This group is usually found growing on wood either dead
or alive. It contains many edible species. The well known
oyster pleurotus and elm pleurotus are among the most desir-
able of these species. As in Collybia, these mushrooms are
very frequently infested with larve.

Pleurotus lignatilis Fr. (woody).
Mansfield, July (81).
Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. (oyster-like).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (217). Edi-
ble (Pk.). Plate XII.
Pleurotus petaloides Bull. (like a petal of a flower).
Mansfield, July (158). Edible (Cooke).
Pleurotus sapidus Kalchb. (savory).
South Windsor, Hanmer; Mansfield, Nov. (366).
Edible (Pk.).
Pleurotus serotinus Schr. (late).
South Windsor, Hanmer.
Pleurotus ulmarius Bull. (pertaining to the elm).
East Hartford, Hanmer. Edible (Atk.).

NYCTALIS-Fr.
vué, night; from inhabiting dark places.

This is a small genus of mushrooms, but interesting from
the fact that the only American species is found living upon
decaying mushrooms of other genera. Some of the species of
Russula seem the most frequent host-plant. The cap is white
or grayish white, fleshy; stem short; gills blunt, distinct, thick,
and juicy.

Nyctalis asterophora Fr. (star-bearing; from the star-
shaped bodies in the dust on the pileus).
South Windsor, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood.

34 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. Hist. sURVEY. [Bull

HYGROPHORUS Fr.
bypdc, Moist ; gopéw, to bear.

This genus includes many species which are highly colored
and quickly attract the eye of the amateur collector, but the
species, as a rule, are difficult for the beginner to determine.

The plants must be studied while fresh, for many distin-
guishing characters disappear upon drying. The pileus is
rather fleshy and generally moist or viscid. The gills are,
perhaps, the most distinguishing feature about this group of
plants. They are very sharp or acute at the edges and are
gradually thickened as they approach the pileus, making a dis-
tinct V-shaped appearance when a cross section is made. They
also have a peculiar, watery appearance, and are of a waxy
consistency. Usually the gills are attached to the stem and ex-
tend down it in decurrent lines, frequently branching consid-
erably.

Hygrophorus caprinus (Scop.) Fr. (caper, goat).
Mansfield, Aug. (274.)

Hygrophorus calophyllus Karst. (having beautiful leaves).
Rainbow, Hanmer.

Hygrophorus ceraceus (Wulf.) Fr. (waxy).
Rainbow, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (254).

Hygrophorus chlorophanus Fr. (greenish yellow).
Mansfield, June (23).

Hygrophorus conicus (Scop.) Fr. (conical).
Mansfeld, July (130). Plate XIII.

Hygrophorus coccineus (Scheff.) Fr. (scarlet).
Rainbow, Hanmer. Edible (Cooke, Pk.).

Hygrophorus erubescens Fr. (becoming red).
Rainbow, Hanmer. Edible (Cooke).

Hygrophorus Laure Morgan.
Manchester, Hanmer.

Hygrophorus miniatus Fr. (red),
Mansfield, June (35). Edible (Pk.).

Hygrophorus miniatus Tr. var. lutescens (yellowish).
Mansfield, July (109).

Hygrophorus nitidus B. & C. (shining).
Mansfeld, July (175). Edible (Mcl.).

Prate NIL. A/yyrophorus conicus. Conical
Hygrophorus. (Natural size.)
Cap conical, acute, often lobed, yellow or tinged
with crimson

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No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. a5

Hygrophorus pratensis (Pers.) Fr. (pertaining to a
meadow).
Mansfield, July (108). Edible (Cooke).
Hygrophorus puniceus Fr. (purplish red).
East Windsor, Hanmer. Edible (Cooke).
Hygrophorus virgineus (Wulf.) Fr. (virgo, a virgin).
Rainbow, Hanmer. Edible (Cooke).

CANTHARELLUS Adanson.
Cantharus, a cup; from form of cap.

The members of this genus are more or less funnel-shaped
at maturity, or at least quite deeply depressed in the center.
The pileus is fleshy with a rather thick, blunt margin. The
characteristic feature of the genus is the blunt gills, which are
usually narrow, and in many species they resemble veins or
wrinkles. They frequently branch and join by net-like veins.
The number of Connecticut species is not large, and their
characteristic features are so distinct that their identification
is not as difficult as in many genera. Several are considered
excellent for the table. Cantharellus cibarius is thought the
most desirable species. It is widely distributed and is found
abundantly.

Cantharellus brevipes Pk. (short-stemmed).
Rainbow, Hanmer. Edible (Mcl.).
Cantharellus cibarius Fr. (edible).
Mansfield, Aug. (218). Edible (Pk.). Plate XIV.
Cantharellus cinnabarinus Schw. (having the color of
dragon’s-blood).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July (232).
Cantharellus dichotomus Pk. (dividing by pairs).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Cantharellus floccosus Schw. (woolly).
Mansfield, Aug. (224).
Cantharellus infundibuliformis (Scop.) Fr. (funnel-form).
Mansfield, Aug. (94). Plate XV.
Cantharellus lutescens Fr. (yellowish).
Manchester, Hanmer.

36 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Cantharellus rosellus Pk. (rosy).
South Windsor, Hanmer.

OMPHALIA Fr.
ougadrcs, navel.

These plants strongly resemble Afycena and Collybia, but
differ from them by having a brittle stem, with the gills run-
ning down it, and by the pileus being more or less depressed
in the center, frequently becoming funnel-form. They are
usually found growing on wood, especially rotten stumps in
swamps and damp localities. The most common species in
eastern Connecticut is O. campanella, which occurs in immense
numbers. The specimens photographed for illustration grew
on a rotten stump in a swamp in Mansfield. This is the only
species thus far reported in Connecticut.

Omphalia campanella_ Batsch. (bell-shaped).
East Hartford, Hanmer, Mansfield, Aug. (134). Plate
XVI.

CLITOCY BE. Er:
KAurve, slope ; cua, head.

This group contains a large number of species whose indi-
vidual characteristics vary so much that their identification
is puzzling even to the experienced collector. It belongs to
the white-spored series of Agaricacez, and in all species the
ring and volva are absent. The pileus is generally fleshy,
thicker in the center and narrowed toward the margin. The
stem is similar to the pileus in consistency, is somewhat hollow,
and is held by fibers on the outside so that it does not break
easily when twisted or bent.

The gills are joined squarely to the stem (adnate), or in
many species extend down the stem (decurrent). They occur
usually growing on the ground, and frequently are found in
large groups. C. illudens is often found grouped in large
numbers about the bases of stumps of old trees, and C. odora
is equally abundant in decaying leaves. This latter species 1
interesting because of its fragrance, which resembles that o
water-lilies.

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No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 37

Clitocybe amethystina Bolt. (amethystine).
East Hartford, Manchester, Hanmer.
Clitocybe clavipes Pers. (club-footed).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Clitocybe odora Bull. (fragrant).
Mansfield, Aug. (275). Plate XVII.
Clitocybe illudens Sch. (mocking).
Mansfield, July (159). Not edible (Atk.). Plate
XVIII.
Clitocybe infundibuliformis Sch. (funnel-form).
Mansfield, Aug. (197). Plate XIX.
Clitocybe ochro-purpurea Berk. (ochreous purple).
Mansfield, Aug. (326).
Clitocybe trullissata Ellis. (scoop-shaped).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Clitocybe laccata Scop. (made of lac, a resinous sub-
stance).
Mansfield, June (77).
Synonymous with Laccaria laccata.

LENZITES.
After Lenz, a German botanist.

In Lenzites, the substance of the pileus is leathery and
corky. It is usually horizontal, more or less zoned, and re-
sembles several genera belonging to the Polyporacee, with
which it is commonly classed. The gills are leathery and
tough, unequal, simple or branched. All species grow on
wood.

Lenzites betulina (L.) Fr. (pertaining to the birch).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood; New
Haven, Clinton.
Lenzites flaccida (Bull.) Fr. (flaccid).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, Feb. (342).
Lenzites sepiaria Fr. (sepes, a fence or hedge).
= Sesia hirsuta (Scheeff.) Murrill.
South Windsor, Hanmer; New Haven, Clinton.
Lenzites vialis Pk. (roadside).
= Sesia pallido-fulva (Berk.) Murrill.
Goshen, Underwood.

38 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

LENTINUS Fr.
Lentus, tough or plant.

The pileus, or cap, of these plants is fleshy and leathery
in consistency, becoming very tough and hard at maturity.
The gills are of the same general character, and thin on the
margins, which are toothed. The gills extend down the stem
in more or less decurrent lines.

The stem in the different species is attaclied in various ways
to the pileus. It may be central, or attached at one side of the
center (eccentric), or it may be attached at one edge of the
pileus (lateral), giving it a shelving appearance. Several spe-
cies are exceedingly injurious to wood; the mycelium, or vege-
tative portion of the plant, inhabits the woody tissue, and in
many different ways brings about destruction of the cell struc-
ture, causing decay. L. lepideus is usually found on railroad
ties and is destructive to them.

Lentinus chrysopeplus_ B. & C. (golden-cloaked).
Mansfield, June (52).

Lentinus Lecomtei_ Fr.
Mansfield, June (1).

Lentinus lepideus_ Fr. (scaly).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, July (238).

Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. (tiger-spotted).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

Lentinus vulpinus Fr. (hairy like a fox).
Mansfeld, July (237).

PANUS Fr.
The name of a fungus growing on trees, described by Phiny.

This group very closely resembles Lejtinus, and by many
authors the species are classed in that genus. The general
characters are the same, but the margins of the gills are en-
tire, thus differing from the toothed margins of the gills of
Lentinus.

Panus farinaceus Schum. (mealy).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

Panus rudis_) Fr. (rough).
South Windsor, Hanmer.

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 39

Panus stipticus (Bull.) Fr. (astringent).
Mansfield, Aug. (220).

Panus salicinus Pk. (pertaining to the willow).
New Haven, Clinton.

Panus torulosus Fr. (torulus, a tuft of hair).
Mansfield, June (21).

SCHIZOPHYLLUM Fr.

oxifu, to split; gvAdov, a leaf; referring to the split gills.

This group is separated easily from the other white-spored
Agarics by the peculiar split gills, their dense, white, woolly
covering, and general revolute appearance. Only one spe-
cies is found in this locality. The appearance of the plant,
especially when growing in abundance upon a log, is very at-
tractive, and once learned it is rarely forgotten. The pileus
is small, thin, and covered with a dense, hairy coat. It is
variously attached to the substratum, generally at the side
(lateral), or it may be attached at or near the center of the
top. If collected during the winter months and placed under
a bell-jar in a warm room, the pileus quickly expands.

Schizophyllum commune Fr. (common).
Mansfield, Oct. (203).
Synonymous with Schizophyllum alneum Schr.

TROGIA Fr.
After Trog, a Swiss botanist.

This small genus contains but one species reported from
Connecticut. It is commonly found on decaying logs and
branches, and is distinguished by the characteristic vein-like
gills, which are somewhat curled.

Trogia crispa (Pers.) Fr. (crisped or curled).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield (225).
PAXILLUS Fr.
Paxillus, a small stake.

In Paxillus, the gills and pileus are easily separable, and
the gills are so intricately connected by veins that many of the
species closely resemble those in Polyporacece.

40 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. Hist. suRVEY. [Bull.

When the stem is present, the gills usually extend down it
(decurrent), and the edges are entire and acute. The pileus
is fleshy, inrolled in the immature specimens, and more or less
viscid on the surface. The spores are ochre-colored. These
plants are found singly or in tufts, growing on wood or on the
ground.

Paxillus aurantiacus Ellis (orange-colored).
Mansfield, July (234).
Paxillus atro-tomentosus (Batsch) Fr. (having black
down).
South Windsor, Rainbow, Hanzer.
Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. (involute).
Mansfield, July (118). Edible.
Paxillus panuoides Fr.
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, July (200).

CORTINARIUS Fr.
Cortina, a veil.

This genus contains plants puzzling to the amateur col-
lector, and difficult of determination even by the more expe-
rienced. Because of the peculiar nature of the plant it is
necessary to have specimens in all stages of development,
otherwise the identification is almost impossible. When young,
the plants are covered with a cobwebby veil which is distinct
from the cuticle of the cap, but in the more mature specimens
this veil entirely disappears, except in some species where a
fragile ring is perceptible upon the stem, or minute particles
may be seen on the surface and margin of the pileus. The
plants are mostly fleshy throughout, and are variously colored;
many have beautiful violet tints. but the majority are yellow
or brown.

The gills in the mature specimens are usually densely pow-
dered with spores. The number of species is large, and many
are found only in the fall, for they seem adapted to a cooler
season of the year, although some are found during the early
summer.

The specimens collected by Mr. C. C. Hanmer and the
writer were sent to Mr. C. H. Kautfman of the Department of
Botany, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for identification. Mr. Kauft-

Py Pay Nak (ary LAPP ES CELE IDOE TES. NON Ce Hie Sia vas Capnameon-
colored Cartinatius (Reduced one-th

Cap ciinsvisnee olor. covered with fibrils whe yor wlabrous whea matyre

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 41

man has made a special study of this genus, and his opinion re-
garding the accuracy of determination of species is valuable.

Cortinarius armillatus Fr. (ringed).
Rainbow, Hanmer.
Cortinarius bolaris (Pers.) Fr. (bolus, a clod of red clay;
allusion to color).
Mansfeld, Aug. (308).
Cortinarius collinitus (Pers.) Fr. (besmeared; referring to
glutinous surface).
Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (184).
Cortinarius corrugatus Pk. (corrugated).
East Hartford, South Windsor, Rainbow, Hanmer;
Mansfield, Aug. (285).
Cortinarius cinnabarinus Fr. (having the color of dragon’s
blood).
Mansfield, July (136).
Cortinarius cinnamomeus (L.) Fr. (cinnamon-colored)
var. semi-sanguineus.
East Hartford, South Windsor, Hanmer; Mansfield,
July. Plate XX.
Cortinarius iodes B. & C. (violet).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Cortinarius lilacinus [Pk. (lilac-colored).
Mansfeld, Aug. (178).
Cortinarius turbinatus (Bull.) Fr. (top-shaped).
Rockville, Hanmer.

PHOLIOTA Fr.
pois, a scale.

The members of the genus Pholiota are fleshy both in cap
and stem, and the substance of the two is similar. The
volva, or cup, is absent from the base of the stem, but a dis-
tinct ring is persistent near the top, and in immature specimens
the gills are covered by the partial veil. The color of the
spores serves to separate the genus from Armillaria of the
white-spored.group and Stropharia of the brown-spored group.
The spores of Pholiota are a rusty-red with a yellow tinge
when collected in quantity, and in some species are light red.

42 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

The gills are closely joined to the stem, and are often rusty-
brown in mature specimens because of an accumulation of
spores upon them. They resemble some of the species of Cor-
tinarius of this same group, but the ring is stouter and more
persistent. The species of Cortinarius have a fine cobweb-like
veil surrounding the immature plants, which ruptures with
growth, often leaving a delicate ring on the stem, which quickly
disappears.

Pholiotas are found on tree trunks, old stumps, decaying
wood of all kinds, as well as on the ground. Several are edi-
ble, and the writer has found Pholiota squarrosoides to have
an especially fine flavor. Several species which have been
tested have been found bitter and tough.

Pholiota eruginosa Pk. (erugo, verdigris).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Pholiota curvipes Fr. (curve-stemmed).
Mansfeld, July (45).
Pholiota caperata Pers. (wrinkled).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Pholiota pracox Pers. (early).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, June (15).
Pholiota squarrosa Mull. (scurfy). °
East Hartford, Hanmer; New Haven, Clinton. Edible
(Curtis).
Pholiota squarrosoides Pk. (resembling the species squar-
rosa).
Mansfield, Aug. (269). Edible (MclI.). Plate XXI.

CREPIDOTUS Fr.
Kenric, a boot.

The species of this genus are usually found growing on
decaying stumps and fallen logs in woodland swamps and
other damp, shady places. In their habit of growth and gen-
eral appearance they strongly resemble Pleurotus, but are
usually smaller and differ in the ochre color of the spores.

Crepidotus applanatus Pers. (made level),
Mansfield, July (146).

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No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 43

Crepidotus crocophyllus Berk. (kpdxoc, saffron; wiAdor, leaf;
referring to color of gills).
Mansfield, July (127).
Crepidotus malachius B. & C. (mallow-colored).
Mansfeld, Aug. (96). Plate XXII.
Crepidotus dorsalus Pk. (dorsum, back).
Mansfield, July (126).

BOLBITIUS Fr.
BodPirov, dung; referring to place of growth.

This small genus is interesting because of a peculiarity of
the gills, which dissolve as the plant reaches maturity, but do
not deliquesce into a watery substance, as do the species of
Coprinus. The cap is fragile, yellowish in color, and usually
very mucilaginous in consistency, especially in moist weather.

As the generic name signifies, these plants usually grow on
dung, but are sometimes found growing on decaying leaves.
B. varicolor was found abundantly under shrubs which had
been heavily manured the previous fall.

The spores are of a rusty-red color, and collect in large
numbers upon the mature gills. But two species are reported.
Bolbitius fragilis (L.) Fr. (fragile).

East Hartford, Hanmer.
Bolbitius variicolor Atk. (variously colored).
Mansfield, May (22).

INOCYBE Fr.
te, fiber ; xv/37, head; fibrous cap.

The surface of the cap of the plants in this genus is more
or less thickly coated with fine hairs or fibrils, the remnants
of a universal veil. The gills are joined to the stem by a small,
abrupt curve, but in some species they are joined squarely to
the stem, and they may also extend down it, thus becoming
decurrent. Only one number was identified during the past
season.

Inocybe lanuginosa Bull. (downy).
Mansfield, July (133).

44 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

FLAMMULA Fr.
Flamima, a flame.

The generic name of this group signifies the brilliant color-
ing of the pileus of many of the species. The plants are fleshy
throughout, and the gills are variously attached to the stem,
but are never free from it. The spores are yellow with a
brown tinge. The majority of these plants grow on wood,
but a few are found on the ground.

Flammula alnicola Fr. (inhabiting alders).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

Flammula flavida Pers. (light yellow).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

Flammula fusus Batsch. (spindle-shaped).
Mansfield, July (1096).

Flammula hybrida_ Fr. (hybrid).
South Windsor, Hanmer.

Flammula magna Pk. (large).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

NAUCORIA Fr.
Naucwm, a nut-shell.

The Naucorias are small plants with a more or less fleshy
cap, which is cone-shaped or convex when young, becoming
expanded when old. The margin of the young cap is always
rolled, which distinguishes the genus from Galera. The gills
are usually free from the stem, but in some few species are at-
tached, though they never run down it. N. semi-orbicularis
is the only species vet reported, and grows abundantly on the
lawns in this vicinity. The spores are of a brown rust color.
In form N. semi-orbicularis closely resembles Stropharia semu-
globata of the brown-spored group; but, aside from the differ-
ence in color of the spores, the ring on the stem of S. semti-
globata distinguishes it.

Naucoria semi-orbicularis Bull. (half-round).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, June. Edible
(Atk.).

No. 3.] ; HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 4S

GALERA Fr.
Galerus, a cap.

The cap, or pileus, is more or less membranaceous in char-
acter, and resembles Mycena of the white-spored group.
When young the margin of the pileus lies flat against the
stem, and is not incurved as in Naucoria. The stem is brittle,
hollow, and fragile. Two of the few species were collected.

Galera hypnorum Batsch. (/rypiitm, moss).
Mansfield, Thom.

Galera tenera Scheff. (tender).
Mansfield, June (16).

VOLVARIA Fr.
Volva, a wrapper.

The plants of this genus somewhat resemble Amanita of
the white-spored group. When the plants are young, they are
covered by a universal veil which bursts as the plants develop,
leaving a distinct, persistent volva, or cup, at the base of the
stem. The stem separates easily from the pileus, and the gills
are not attached to the stem. Growing on stumps commonly,
sometimes in soil. Ring entirely absent.

Volvaria bombycina (Pers.) Fr. (silken).
East Hartford, Hanmer. Edible (Curtis).

PEULEUS: Fr
Pluteus, a shield; from conical shape of the pileus.

The relationship between this genus and Volvaria is very
marked. They resemble each other in all respects except the
volva. The species are generally found growing on decaying
logs or stumps of trees. P. cervinus is plentiful throughout
the season, and somewhat resembles Collybia platyphylla in
habit af growth and coloring; but in P. cervinius the gills are
closer together, and the plant lacks the general coarseness
which is characteristic of C. platyphylla.

P. cervinus is edible; but, like many of the fleshy forms, is
frequently infested by larvae, and needs careful examination
before being prepared for the table. This species varies con-

46 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. suRVEY. [Bull.

siderably in general characters; some writers recognize sev-
eral distinct varieties.

Pluteus admirabilis Pk. (admirable).
Mansfield, July (116). Edible (Mcl.).

Pluteus cervinus Scheff. (cervus, a deer).
Mansfield, July (20, 225). Edible (MclI.). Plate

XXIII.

Pluteus cervinus Scheff. var. albipes (white-stemmed).
South Windsor, Hanmer.

Pluteus umbrosus Pers. (shady; from the dark color).
South Windsor, Hanmer.

LEPTONIA Fr.
Aenréc, slender.

The Leptonias are generally found growing on the ground
in dry pastures, but may be found in mossy swamps, and are
distinguished by their slender habit of growth, thin pileus de-
pressed in the center, margin inrolled when the plant is young,
and the brittle character of the stem.

They belong to the rosy-spored group, and many species
are brilliantly colored.

Leptonia formosa Fr. (handsome).
Mansfield, July (145).

ENTOLOMA Fr.
évrdc, Within ; Aya, a fringe.

This genus is a suspicious one as regards poisonous char-
acters, and the species should not be collected and eaten indis-
criminately. The fungi are fleshy throughout, the volva and
ring are absent from the stem, and in many other respects the
species resemble Tricholoma. The color of the spores when
collected in quantity serves, however, to identify the genus as be-
longing to the rosy-spored group. The spores when examined
under a microscope are distinctly angular. The gills are at-
tached to the stem by a sudden curve (sinuate), which fact
separates this genus from the other rosy-spored genera. The
determination of species is difficult even for the experienced

-asoa saiads | popMols JEYMALUOS ‘prold sys + UAN
‘pAl-9uo paonpay) ‘snayn,q par

GSIABIS LO YSLMVo]pad ‘ABLE Ws des
SHUI2L2? SHANI "TT INN Iv

(

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 47

collector, and careful notes need to be made regarding the
color and viscidity of the cap, and other evanescent characters
of the plant, before accurate determination is possible.

Entoloma grande Pk. (large).
Mansfield, July (162).
Entoloma Grayanum Pk.
Mansfield, July (161).
Entoloma rhodopolium [r. (rosy-gray).
South Windsor, Hanmer.
Entoloma strictius Pk. (constricted).
South Windsor, Hanmer; Mansfield, July (58).

CLITOPILUS. Fr

khirvc, declivity ; widoc, cap; referring to the depression in cap.

The cap in Clitopilus is usually depressed, and in this re-
spect resembles Eccilia, but the stem is less brittle, being more
fleshy and fibrous in substance.

The species grow on the ground. Mcllvaine says, “ Some
of the best of edible kinds are within this genus; a few are un-
pleasant raw, none poisonous.” The attachment of the gills
to the stem should be carefully noted, so that the genus be not
confused with Entoloma of this same rosy-spored group.: In
the latter genus the gills are sinuate, and in Clitopilus they are
more or less squarely joined to the stem or run down it.

Clitopilus abortivus B. & C. (abortive).
New Haven, Clinton.
Clitopilus micropus Pk. (short-stemmed).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Clitopilus noveboracensis Pk. (New York Clitopilus) var.
tomentosipes Pk. (downy-stemmed).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Clitopilus noveboracensis Pk. var. umbilicatus Pk.
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Clitopilus Orcella Bull.
Mansfield, Aug. (216). Edible (MclI.).
Clitopilus popinalis Fr. (belonging to a cook-shop; refer-
ring to its edible qualities).
Mansfield, Aug. (262).

48 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Clitopilus tardus Pk. (late).

East Hartford, Jan., greenhouse, Hanier.
Clitopilus unitinctus Pk. (one-colored).

East Hartford, Hanmer.

ECCILIA Fr.
éyxoudog, hollowed out.

This small genus has characters similar to those of Om-
phalia of the white-spored group. The pileus is depressed in
the center, and when young the margin is inrolled. The stem
is brittle as in Entoloma, but the gills differ by extending down
the stem (decurrent).

Eccilia carneo-grisea LB. and Br. (grayish flesh-colored).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

AGARICUS Linn.
"Ayapecdy, a name for a fungus.

This genus is one of the most interesting in the Agari-
caceze because of the economic importance of many of the
species. It contains some of the best known species, and
their marked characters prevent their being confused with
poisonous or harmful mushrooms. The entire plant is more
or less fleshy, and the stem has a distinct ring; in some spe-
cies it disappears as the plant matures, but in the young plant
it is quite distinct, and is formed by the rupturing of the veil,
which at first encloses the gills. The gills are free from the
stem, which easily distinguishes the genus from Stropharia,
and the abundance of brown spores which are formed on the
under surface of the gills in mature plants, together with the
presence of a ring upon the stem, prevent its confusion with
other genera. The species strongly resemble some of the
Lepiotas of the white-spored group. As far as known, no spe-
cies are poisonous. A. campestris occurs in considerable
quantities in the vicinity of Mansfield, and its long season of
growth makes it a valuable species. It is one of the most fa-
miliar species, and nearly every one, even the most inexpe-
rienced collector, is familiar with “ those toadstools which are
pink or brown on the under side.” This common field or pas-

Pirate NNIV. chearicus campestres, ield Mushroom Edible Mushroom,
(Natural size.)
Cap white, light or dark gray. smooth or silky foccose ; gills at rst pink, then
dark brown ; ring often disappearing in mature specimens; spores brown,

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 49

ture mushroom varies much in its size and coloring, but the
principal distinguishing characters remain the same. This
is the species ordinarily cultivated. All members of the genus
grow on the ground, and by far the larger number grow in
open, cultivated fields or meadows, but some are found in the
woods.

Agaricus abruptus Pk. (abrupt, referring to the abrupt
termination of stem).
Manchester, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (201).
Agaricus arvensis Scheff. (belonging to cultivated
ground). Plowed-land Mushroom. Edible (Pk.).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Agaricus campestris L. (campus, a field).
New Haven, Clinton; Mansfield, Aug. Edible. Plate
XXIV.
Agaricus placomyces Pk. (a flat fungus).
East Hartford, Hanmer. Edible (Miller).
Agaricus Rodmanii [k.
East Hartford, Hanmer. Edible (Pk).

STROPHARIA Fr.
arpopiov, a belt; referring to the ring.

This genus is separated from Agaricus by the attachment
of the gills to the stem. When young the plants are covered
by a partial veil, which leaves a distinct ring on the stem when
it bursts. The cap and stem are fleshy, and the plants are
considered edible by some writers and poisonous by others.
Growing on the ground or on dung.

Stropharia semi-globata Batsch. (hemispherical).
Mansfield, June (13).

Stropharia stercoraria [r. (pertaining to dung).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

HYPHOLOMA Fr.
ioc, a web; Adpa, a fringe.

Hy pholoima is quite easily separated from the other genera
of the brown-spored group, by the veil which covers the gills

4

50 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

in the young specimens, the remnants of which remain at-
tached to the margin of the cap in the matured plants. The
whole plant has a fleshy consistency, and many species are
edible. The plants are found more abundantly as winter ap-
proaches, and the writer has collected them during November
after the most severe frosts. The plants grow singly or in
groups, but more frequently they are thickly clustered on the
surface of decaying logs or stumps.

Hypholoma appendiculatum Bull. (provided with a small
appendage).
Mansfield, June (2). ‘
Hypholoma fasciculare Huds. (fasciculus, a small bundle).
North Bloomfield, Hanmer.
Hypholoma perplexum Pk. (perplexing).
East Hartford, Hanmer. .
Hypholoma sublateritium Scheff. (almost brick-colored).
Mansfield, Oct. Plate XXV.
Hypholoma rugocephalum Atk. (having a wrinkled head).
Rainbow, Hanmer.

PSILOCY BE Er
Wire, naked; «v/34, head.

This small genus is distinguished by the absence of the
veil which occurs in the other genera of the brown-spored
group. In the young plants, the margins of the pileus are in-
rolled. The stem is more cartilaginous than in other genera.

Psilocybe foenisecii Pers. (fanisicia, mown hay).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

COPRINUS Pers.
xéxpoc, dung; referring to the place of growth.

The distinguishing characters of this genus are so evident
that the plants cannot be confounded with other genera, even
by the most inexperienced collector. The plants are common
on lawns and on decaying manure, but are sometimes found
on decaying stumps and logs. The caps spring up quickly
and disappear just as rapidly. Some of the more fragile spe-

‘Speos-asooaoy ways ! Ate] Jo pas-xoriq dey
(aSavy mojo ‘azis fermen) “emopoydApy doy sors, reserp242gv7gus puojoydAfT “\NN WV 1g

Prark NXVL Coprenus comatus, Shaggy-mane Mushroom.
(Natural size.)
Cap white, covered with shaggy scales, oblong when young, expanding
when mature ; vills at first white, then tinged with pink, finally dark purple

or black ;

spores black. Plant deliquescing at maturity.

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 51

cies last for only a very short time. Several times during col-
lecting trips, species of this genus have been gathered, and
before reaching the laboratory they have almost entirely dis-
solved into a black fluid. This fluid is colored by the abun-
dance of inky-black spores which are formed on the mature
gills.

The plants vary from minute forms found on manure heaps
to the “shaggy mane” which often grows to a considerable
size. The species are usually clustered and occur in consid-
erable quantities where found.

In July of the past summer, the writer found a very rotten
maple stump with several large clumps of C. atramentarius
growing at its base. Knocking the stump to pieces the in-
terior was found crowded with well developed caps. These
were cooked and were very tender and deliciously flavored.
The plants mature so quickly, especially in moist weather, that
it is necessary to keep a careful watch for them if they are to
be gathered while fresh.

Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.) Fr. (inky).
Mansfield, July. Edible (Atk.).
Coprinus comatus Fr. (hairy).
East Hartford, Hanmer; New Haven, Clinton. Edible
(Atk.). Plate XXVI.
Coprinus micaceus (Bull.) Fr. (granular).
Mansfield, Aug. (314). Edible (Mcl.).
Coprinus plicatilis Fr. (folded).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

GOMPHIDIUS Fr.

yoppos, a Peg.

Gomphidius includes a small number of species which pos-
sess marked characteristics. The color of the spores, however,
is often misleading. Atkinson says, “The spores in some
species are blackish, and for this reason the genus has been
placed by many with the black-spored Agarics, while its true
relationship is probably with the genus Hygrophorus or Pax-
adits.”

When the plants are young, they are covered by a gluti-

52 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

nous, universal veil, which gives them a slimy appearance.
The gills are soft and mucilaginous in consistency, and extend
down the stem, prominently decurrent. But one species is
reported.
Gomphidius rhodoxanthus Schw. (yellowish-red).

South Windsor, Hanmer.

PSATHYRELLA Fr.
Wabupoc, fragile.

In Psathyrella the pileus is very thin, membranaceous and
striate. The gills are not spotted as in Pancolus and Anellaria,
and at maturity become black by the accumulation of spores
upon their surface. P. disseminata was found in immense
quantities in the greenhouses of A. N. Pierson at Cromwell,
Connecticut.

Psathyrella disseminata Pers. (dissemino, to scatter;
widely spread).
Cromwell, March.

ANELLARIA Karst.
Anellus, a little ring.

The relationship between this genus and Pancolus is very
close, but in the latter genus the ring is wanting, while in
Ancellaria it is either persistently present or forms a zone
around the stem.

Anellaria separata (L.) Karst. (distinct, separate).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

PANAEOLUS Fr.
mavatooc, Variegated.

This genus has distinct characters, and when once deter-
mined it is not easily confused with other genera. It lacks
the dissolving qualities of Coprinus and the ringed stem of
Anellaria, but possesses a veil which often remains on the mar-
gin of the pileus. Mcllvaine says, ‘ Pan@olus in its entirety
has a precise-looking membership. If the gills were cut from
cardboard and fixed by machinery, they could not be more

youl Adload Satods § plpos SoPLpAy SCOOUIS Lays | OyLlpAr dey
(*pallQy-9uo Papay) SNLOMUL ET PAULL AYS=PlLLOS cs MfLplyos SHJOPUI f [RANGER SEY eh

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 53

correct. Some of the species are among the earliest arrivals
at toadstool lawn partigs, and some are the last to leave.”

During the past season P. retirugus was exceedingly abun-
dant in the flower beds on the campus at the Connecticut Agri-
rultural College, and could be collected almost any day
throughout the entire season. P. solidipes is an attractive
looking plant. Its large size, pure white color, and symmetri-
cal shape give it a pleasing individuality.

Panzolus campanulatus Linn. (bell-shape).
Mansfield, June (17).

Panzolus retirugus Fr. (rete, a net; ruga, a wrinkle).
Mansfield, June (14).

Panzolus solidipes Pk. (solid-stemmed).
Mansfield, July (229). Plate XXVII.

POLYPORACE Fr. Tube-bearing Fungi.

The Polyporacee are in most cases easily distinguished
from members of other families by the characteristic spore-
bearing surface, which is composed of more or less regular,
distinct tubes, with conspicuous or inconspicuous mouths.

The substance of the fruit-body in some genera is similar
to the fruit-body of the Agaricacez, but the spores are pro-
duced within pores on the lower surface of the cap. In some
genera these pore-bearing surfaces are variously convoluted
and ridged so that they resemble the gill-bearing Agarics; in
other genera they are more or less torn, somewhat resembling
genera of Hydnaceze. The family is a large one, and contains
many edible species, especially in the Boletus group, but, as in
many of the Agaricacez, they are frequently too badly infested
by larve to be used for food.

The plants are found abundantly in all sections of the state,
growing on trees either in a parasitic or saprophytic manner,
and many, especially the fleshy forms, are found on the ground,
in decaying leaves or other vegetable substances.

The plants vary much in their consistency, some being
fleshy, others leathery or woody. Some are annuals, others
are perennials, adding new layers of growth each year. In
many species of Fomes, the new spore-bearing surface grows

54 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

directly over the growth of the previous year, and distinct
zones of annual growth are thus formed.

Some members of this family form thin plates of spore-
bearing bodies over the surface of logs, or decaying wood, and
resemble the other species so slightly that they are frequently
not recognized by the inexperienced collector as fungi of the
same family. Examples of this manner of growth may be
found in Trametes, and such plants are spoken of as resupinate
forms, which means that the spore-bearing surface hes upon
its back, the pores always pointing outward, then downward.
No classification based upon the color of the spores has yet
been made, but the divisions depend principally upon the tex-
ture of the cap and the arrangement of the pores.

Dr. W. A. Murrill of the New York Botanical Gardens,
Bronx Park, New York City, has done much research work in
this group, especially in the genera Polyporus, Foes, and
Polystictus, and the results of his investigations may be found
in the publications of the Torrey Botanical Club. Dr. Murrill
very kindly identified specimens collected by Mr. C. C. Han-
mer. As the nomenclature adopted in this report is that of
Saceardo’s “Sylloge Fungorum,” the writer considered it
better to follow a uniform system, but the nomenclature of
Dr. Murrill is appended wherever his determination varies
from the Saccardo list.

Key for the Analysis of Connecticut Genera of Polyporacce.

Pores free from each other though standing closely
side by side, and appearing as though joined. . Fistudina

Pores more or less closely united......... Gee ages I
1. Pores easily separable from the cap............... 2
Pores not easily separable from the cap............ 4
2. Cap covered with large scales............ Strobilomvyces
Cap not covered with large scales............0... 3

3. Pores in radiating lines, tubes often adhering to cap
Boletinus
Pores not-in-radiatine lines. <. aos. c in cuwceeea wn Boletus

4. Pores large at first, radiating from a central stem or
lateral attachment; substance of cap tough and
NGAUS TA ie eceshie totes pean yee Mey tan eae Nan ha ca Favolus

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 55

Pores gill-like in concentric circles.......... Cyclomyces

Pores: olutinOlis sesso eraiten.s vache Mite deeon 3 Gleoporius

Pores: snvall and mounds cu wanes utes ese eee 5

5. Pores immersed in flesh of cap, of uneven depth.... 6
Pores not immersed in flesh of cap, not of uneven

Ce pth fe cwieniitn | wid lees ghee SAGs Site iter ion 8

6. Pores in intricate and serpentine lines............. 7

Pores not in intricate and serpentine lines; substance
of the cap corky, cap often lying upon its back....
Trametes

7. Lines deep and distinct; plants corky.......... Dedalca
Lines shallow; plants somewhat gelatinous..... Merulius
8. Substance of fruit-body in distinct annual layers
EStRATOSE)) Se WiOOGy sca tat tM Week d be cote ar sale seicue Fomes
Substance of fruit-body not in distinct annual layers. 9
g. Plants membranaceous or leathery.......... Polystictus
Plants fleshy and tough, often becoming woody....
Polyporus

FISTULINA Bull.
Fistula, a pipe.

This genus is a small one with but one species reported
from Connecticut. Its characteristics are very marked, so
the plants are not easily confused with other genera. The
tubes, or pores, are separate or distinct, but are thickly crowded
on the under side of the cap, having the appearance of being
united.

F. hepatica, the beefsteak mushroom, is considered edible;
but its strong, acid taste makes it objectionable to many. Dur-
ing the past season the plants were found abundantly on chest-
nut stumps in the vicinity of Mansfield. They are dark red in
color, and when young are very soft and juicy. From a short
lateral stem the fruiting-body expands into a broad, fleshy cap
which becomes very moist and sticky in wet weather.

Fistulina hepatica Fr. (resembling the liver).
Mansfield, Aug. (257).

56 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT, HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

STROBILOMYCES Berk.
orpdfsdoc, a pine cone; pvene, a fungus.

This genus resembles Boletus, but is easily distinguished
by the large, rough scales which cover the top of the cap and
thickly clothe the stem, also by stronger adhesion between the
pores and the cap. The plants receive their generic name
from a fancied resemblance to a pine cone. They are incon-
spicuous in their habitat, and are frequently overlooked by a
casual observer, because of the dark colored caps with many
brown tints which closely resemble the colors of fallen leaves.
S. strobilaceus was frequently found during the past season,
being by no means rare in the vicinity of Mansfield.

Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop.) Berk. (cone-like).
Goshen, Underwood; New Haven, Clinton; Mansfield,

Aug. (311).

BOLETINUS Kalchb.
A diminutive of Bolctus.

This genus strongly resembles Boletus, but the pores do
not as easily separate from the substance of the cap, and they
are larger, more angular, and radiate from the stem. The
plants are fleshy throughout. They are found growing on the
ground in open fields, in swamps and woods. Some species
occur quite abundantly in Mansfield. They are especiaily
plentiful during rainy weather, and their season of growth is
long. B. porosus was frequently collected from under apple
trees growing on the campus of the Connecticut Agricultural
College. Their appearance was attractive, and they have
been pronounced edible, but a strong disagreeable odor re-
pelled any desire to prepare them for food.

Boletinus pictus Pk. (painted).
Mansfield, Aug. (307).

Boletinus porosus (Berk.) Pk. (porous).
Mansfield, Aug. (213). Plate NNVIII.

BOLETUS Dill.
Bodine, a Name given edible fungi.

Boletus comprises the largest number of fleshy species of
any of the genera of Polyporacee. The generic characters

j NXAVIIL /odedenus fporesus Beceutrie-stemmed Boletinus. (Reduced one-hall.)
Cap fleshy, chestnut colored, viscid when moist; Mesh yellow; pores large, angular.

“Lopua|s Lays
Sous-yspyurd ‘mops oped ysoy ! Sunod worpar
(* pAlt{}-9lo MPA) Syopoe, UV

\\ plosta Alaa ‘UIqy
NINN WIV]

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 57

are quite distinct, but the varying specific characters are so
confusing that the plants are exceedingly difficult to classify.
Dr. C. H. Peck has probably done more careful work on this
genus than has any other American mycologist, and his illus-
trations and keys, published in “ Reports of the New York
State Botanist,” are valuable. Anyone especially interested in
mushrooms should have his reports, for his long experience
with the fleshy and woody fungi has given him a standing
foremost among mycology students. The writer considers it
fortunate that he was enabled to have Dr. Peck examine the
specimens collected for the Survey herbarium. No doubtful
species have been reported.

The greater number of the plants in the genus grow on the
ground, mostly in woods, and occur in large numbers, es-
pecially during damp weather. The caps and stems are fleshy,
quickly decaying, and are frequently attacked by larve. They
are eagerly devoured by cattle, and the writer spent an inter-
esting hour feeding the different species to a herd of cattle.
They eagerly devoured them all, even the intensely bitter B.
felleus, at the same time positively refusing the peppery Lac-
tarius.

Many of the species exhibit characteristic changes in col-
oring when the flesh is wounded, and these characters are of
valuable assistance in their identification.

The genus is so large that it might easily furnish material
for a complete report, therefore only the most striking char-
acters are noted.

Boletus affinis Pk. (related).
Mansfield, July (260).
Boletus albellus Pk. (whitish).
South Windsor, Hanmer.
Boletus albus Pk. (white).
Goshen, Underwood.
Boletus Americanus Pk.
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield July, Aug. (130, 50).
Plate XXIX.
Boletus zstivalis (Paul.) Fr. (summer).
Mansfield, July (279).

58 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Boletus auriporus Pk. (golden-pored).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July, Aug. (252).
Boletus bicolor Pk. (two-colored).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July, Aug. (253).
Plate XXX. ‘
Boletus brevipes Pk. (short-stemmed).
Goshen, Underwood.
Boletus calopus Fr. (beautiful-stemmed).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July (148).
Boletus castaneus Bull. (chestnut-colored).
Mansfield, July (155).
Boletus chrysenteron Fr. (having golden entrails).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July (54).
Boletus chrysenteron Fr. var. albo-carneus Pk. (whitish
flesh-colored).
Manchester, Hanmer.
Boletus chrysenteron Fr. var. deformans Pk. (ill-shaped).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Boletus chromapes Frost. (yellow-stemmed).
Mansfield, July (112). Plate XXXI.
Boletus cyanescens Bull. (bluish).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July (295).
Boletus edulis Bull. (edible).
Goshen, Hanmer; Mansfield, July (181).
Boletus eximius Pk. (select).
Rockville, Manchester, Hanmer; Mansfield, July, Aug.
(177, 138).
Boletus felleus Bull. (bitter).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, Aug. (300). Plate
XXXII.
Boletus firmus Frost. (firm).
Mansfield, July (173).
Boletus flavidus Fr. (light yellowish).
Mansfield, July (117).
Boletus Frostii Russell.
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July (163, 170).
Boletus gracilis Pk. (slender).
South Windsor, Hanmer; Mansfield, July (212).

Fis hake

yrous, chark-red :

a
ww, slowly chan
alo top

(ee

blue where

PLrare XXXL. Boletus chroméipes. VYellow-stemmed Boletus. (Reduced
one-third.)
Cap pale-red, slightly tomentose, flesh white, unchangeable; tubes
more or less depressed around the stem, white or whitish, becoming brown
stem rough-spott hrome-yellow at the base, both without and within

“Palopoo-Ysay SULA ATP “ABTS UP sO slay] “ways ayy punoiv passaidop saqnyz | yee osey
‘ OUEEM Ysayl \

DOZIS UL OfQUNUA “avoypad oped to JNU Sayo WATE -YSIPPal UMOA-YSEATLS “LOpod UL oyquLBAa ‘snoigers deg
CUPEY-AUH poonpoy) Tsnqopodq Aoyeep swoyzoe su pryey VINX XN Aaw ld

Prave NNNULL. Loletus piferafus. Peppery Boletus. (Natural size.)
Cap vlabrous, slightly viseid when moist, yellowish, cinnamon, or red-

dish-brown ; flesh white or vellowish: taste acrid. peppery. tubes large

angular, reddish rust-color, stent slender, tawny-vellow, bright yellow at base

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 59

Boletus granulatus L. (granulated).
Rainbow, South Windsor, Hanmer; Goshen, Under-
wood.
Boletus griseus Frost. (gray).
Mansfeld, Aug. (304).
Boletus indecisus Pk. (undecided).
Mansfield, July (169).
Boletus luridus Scheff. (lurid).
Mansfield, June (37, 97).
Boletus miniato-olivaceus Frost. (reddish-olive).
Mansfield, July (137).
Boletus mutabilis Morgan. (changeable).
Mansfield, June (73).
Boletus ornatipes Pk. (ornate-stemmed).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July (143).
Boletus pallidus Frost. (pale).
Manchester, Hanmer.
Boletus parasiticus Bull. (parasitic).
Hartford, Hanmer.
Boletus Peckii Frost. (after C. H. Peck).
Manchester, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (299).
Boletus piperatus Bull. (peppery).
Manchester, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (215). Plate
XX XIII.
Boletus punctipes Pk. (dotted-stemmed).
South Glastonbury, Hanmer.
Boletus purpureus Fr. (purple).
Mansfield, July, Aug. (123, 176).
Boletus Roxane Frost.
Mansfield, July (242).
Boletus Russellii Frost.
Mansfield, Aug. (277).
Boletus scaber Fr. (rough).
Mansfield, June (28).
Boletus scaber Fr. var. alutaceus (al/uta, a soft leather).
Mansfield, Aug. (317).
Boletus scaber Fr. var. areolatus (areola, a little area,
referring to the cuticle cracking into small squares).
Manchester, Hanmer.

60 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Boletus scaber Fr. var. mutabilis (changeable).
Mansfield, July, Aug. (132, 263).

Boletus scaber Fr. var. niveus (snowy).
South Windsor, Hanmer.

Boletus scaber Fr. var. olivaceus (olive-colored).
Mansfield, Aug. (373).

Boletus scaber Fr. var. testaceus (brick-colored).
Mansfield, June (27).

Boletus speciosus Frost. (handsome).
Manchester, Hanmer.

Boletus striapes Secr. (having a striate stem).
Mansfield, July (195).

Boletus subaureus Pk. (almost golden).
South Windsor, Manchester, Hanmer.

Boletus subglabripes Pk. (having the stem somewhat

glabrous).

Rockville, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (327).

Boletus subluteus L. (yellowish).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

Boletus subtomentosus L. (somewhat downy).
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, June, July, Aug. (70,

325).
Boletus subvelutipes Pk. (having a somewhat velvety
stem.

Mansfield, July (140).

Boletus vermiculosus Pk. (wormy).
Mansfield, July (293).

Boletus vermiculosus Pk. var. Spraguei.
Manchester, Hanmer.

Boletus versipellis Fr. (changing its skin or aspect).
Mansfield, July (306). 7

FAVOLUS Fr.
Favis, honeycomb.

The plants of this small genus are frequently found on de-
caying trees. The large-mouthed, radiating pores give the
under surface of the cap a peculiar honeycombed appearance.
The substance of the cap is tough and leathery in texture.

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 61

Favolus canadensis Klotz.
= Hexagona alveolaris (D. & C.) Murrill.
Goshen, Underwood; New Haven, Clinton; Mansfield,
July (119).

CYCLOMYCES Kunz & Fr.
kukdos, a circle; pvens, fungus.

The characters of this genus are distinct from other Poly-
poracee. The cap is fleshy, leathery, or membranaceous, and
upon the lower surface are the plate-like bodies which re-
semble the gills of Agaricaceze, but which are composed of
minute pores. These pore-bodies are borne in concentric cir-
cles, giving the lower surface a peculiar appearance. C.
Green is the only species reported, and this is not uncommon
in Connecticut.

Cyclomyces Greenii Berk.
== Cycloporus Greenii (Berk.) Murrill.
Goshen, Underwood, Mansfield, July (270).

GLEOPORUS Mont.
yrotdc, gluten ; mopoc, POTe.

The plants of this genus have a leathery or woody cap
and a trembling, gelatinous, spore-bearing surface which is
somewhat elastic. The pores are round.

Gleeoporus conchoides Mont. (shell-like).
East Hartford, Hanmer.

TRAMETES Fr:
Trama,; the generic distinction depending on the trama.

The characteristic difference between Trametes and other
genera in this family is the unequal depth of the tubes, or
pores, which are sunken into the flesh of the cap. It differs
from Dedalea by having the pores more distinct and not ar-
ranged in serpentine lines. The plants grow on wood, and
are woody or corky in texture, becoming hard with age.

Trametes cinnabarina (Jacq.) Fr. (having the color of
dragon’s-blood).

62 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

= Pycnoporus cinnabarinus.
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Trametes odora Fr. (scented).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Trametes sepium Berk. (cjjrw, to become rotten).
Poquonock, Hanmer.

D/EDALEA Pers.
éaddAeoc, Curiously wrought.

The plants belonging to this genus are found growing on
wood, many being especially abundant upon decaying stumps.
The peculiar, convoluted appearance of the under surface of
the cap is due to the serpentine formation of the pore struc-
ture. These pores are rather deep, and the lines somewhat
distant. The pore substance is not unlike the cap substance,
both being corky in texture. D. quercina is perhaps the most
common species and occurs abundantly on decaying stumps,
especially oak. The distinct character of the pores always
identifies it at a glance. The substance of the cap is very
closely united with that of the fungus tissue within the wood,
and the plant is removed from the host with difficulty. Some
few species are attached to the feeding substance by the back
of the cap (resupinate), that is, the back of the cap lies flat
against the log, the pore surface pointing outward.

Deedalea confragosa Pers. (rough, rugged).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood; New
Haven, Clinton. Plate XXXIV, at the right.
Mansfield, Feb. (36r).
Dedalea quercina (L.) Pers. (pertaining to the oak).
Goshen, Underwood; New Haven, Clinton; Mansfield,
Mar. (363). Plate NXXIV, at the left.
Dedalea unicolor (Bull.) Fr. (one-colored).
Goshen, Underwood; New Haven, Clinton; Mansfield,
Mar. (360).

MERULIUS Fr.
Merula, a blackbird; probably from the color of the fungus.

Merulius is a small genus whose species are somewhat

PrateNNNIV, At the left, edtaler guercina, Oak Dedalea
At the right, Duridialed confravosa, Rough Dedalea,

Poare NNNV. The upper specrmen, Lowes afplanalys,
Mlattened Fomes. (Reduced one-half )
The lower specimens, Somes fomentarézs, Smoky Fomes.
Colors of older growth dark wray, tinged with brow n, recent
wrowth light gray . substance of cap woody.

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 63

gelatinous in substance. The pore surface consists of serpen-
tine lines, but these lines are much more shallow than in
Dedalea, appearing as small pits. The plants are usually at-
tached to the substratum by the back of the cap (resupinate).

Merulius lachrymans Fr. (weeping; referring to the watery
drops on the pileus).
East Hartford, Hanmer; New Haven, Clinton.
Merulius tremellosus Sch. (resembling Tremella).
New Haven, Clinton.

FOMES. Fr.
Fomes, tinder.

The plants of this genus are separated from other genera
of the Polyporaceze by the hard and woody texture of the cap,
even in the young plants. This cap is covered by a hard,
rigid cuticle which is not zoned, but the plants are perennial
growers, adding a new layer of tissue over that of the preced-
ing year, making them distinctly stratose. In other words,
the substance of the cap is composed of layers of mycelium
and spore-bearing tissue. These layers may be seen if a
cross section be made. As the new mycelial tissue spreads
over the old, the latter dies, so that only the new growth is the
living substance of the plant.

The species of Fomes are classed by the older writers in
the genus Polyporus.

Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke. (aged).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Fomes applanatus (Pers.) Fr. (plano, to level).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, April. Plate
XXXV>; the upper specimen.
Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. (smoky).
= Elfvingia fomentaria (L.) Murrill.
Mansfield, March (350). Plate XXXV; the lower
specimens.
Fomes igniarius (L.) Fr. (fiery).
== Pyropolyporus igniarius (L.) Murrill.
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, May (351).

64 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Fomes lucidus (Leys.) Fr. (shining).
— Ganoderma, various species, Murrill.
East Hartford Hanmer; Mansfield, June; New Haven,
Clinton.
Fomes roseus (A. & S.) Fr. (rose-colored).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood.
Fomes salicinus (Pers.) Fr. (pertaining to the willow).
= Pyropolyporus conchatus (Pers.) Murrill.
Goshen, Underwood.

POLYSTICTUS Fr.
modtc, Many ; erexrde, punctate.

In this genus, the cap is leathery, membranaceous, rather
spongy, and with a thin cuticle. The tubes run to an equal
depth in the substance of the cap; this fact separates the genus
from Trametes, which it strongly resembles. The substance
of the cap is never fleshy or woody, and not stratose, thus
making it unlike Polyporus or Fomes.

The pileus is usually zoned, frequently velvety, but may
be rough with stiff hairs. The stem may be central, lateral,
or absent. The plants are classed by the older writers with
Polyporus.

Polystictus cinnamomeus Jacq. (cinnamon-colored).
= Coltricia cinnamomea (Jacq.) Murrill.
East Hartford, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood.
Polystictus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) Fr. (having color of
dragon’s-blood).
Goshen, Underwood; New Haven, Clinton; Mansfield,
May (352).
Polystictus conchifer Schw. (shell-bearing).
= Poronidulus conchifer (Schw.) Murrill.
East Hartford, Hanmer; New Haven, Clinton; Mans-
field, May (356).
Polystictus hirsutus§ Fr. (hairy).
Goshen, Underwood; New Haven, Clinton; Mansfield,
May (357).
Polystictus perennis (Linn.) Fr. (perennial).
= Coltricia perennis (Linn.) Murrill.
East Hartford, Hanmer.

Phare NXNANWIL Podystictis versmolor, Variegated Polystictus,
: (Natural sive )
Cap vatiogated with dillerently colored cones, leathery, thin, velvety ,
pores minute, round,

Phare NNNVUL Polrporis betulinus, Bireh Polyporus
; (Reduced one-half.)
Cap fleshy, then corky, hoof-shaped, coneless, smooth : Pores nunete.

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 65

Polystictus pergamenus Fr. (pergamena, parchment).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, June (359).
Polystictus velutinus Fr. (velvety).
Goshen, Underwood.
Polystictus versicolor (Linn.) Fr. (changeable in color).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood; Mans-
field, June (355); New Haven, Clinton. Plate XXXVI.
Polystictus zonatus Fr. (zoned).
Mansfield, Mar. (358).

POLYPORUS: Fr.
moXvc, Many ; mopoc, pore.

These plants have a more or less fleshy texture when
young, becoming harder with age. The genus is distin-
guished from Fonves by its lack of stratose layers of tubes
within the cap. The pileus is not zoned, and it has a thicker
flesh than the species of Polystictus.

The members of this genus are numerous, and are varied
in their habit of growth. In some species the stem is central,
but more often it is attached at one side of the cap (lateral),
and sometimes it is wanting, the plants becoming sessile.

The species are commonly found growing on wood, in
nearly all sections of the state, and are decidedly varied in
their individual colors, shapes, and general habits of growth.
P. betulina is so abundant upon grey birch trees that it is fa-
miliar to the most inexperienced collector.

Polyporus adustus (Willd.) Fr. (scorched).
= Bjerkanderma adusta Murrill.
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, May (353).
Polyporus Berkeleyi Fr.
= Grifola Berkeleyi (Fr.) Murrill.
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Polyporus betulinus Fr. (pertaining to the birch).
= Piptoporus suberosus (L.) Murrill.
East Hartford, Hanmer; New Haven, Clinton; Mans-
field, Mar. (354). Plate XXXVII.

5

66 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Polyporus brumalis (Pers.) Fr. (belonging to winter).
= Polyporus Polyporus (Retz.) Murrill.
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, May (19).
Polyporus cesius (Schrad.) Fr. (bluish-gray).
Goshen, Underwood.
Polyporus chioneus Fr. (snow-white).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Polyporus elegans (Bull.) Fr. (elegant).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood; Mans-
field, July (36).
Polyporus fragrans Peck. (fragrant).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Polyporus frondosus Fr. (leafy).
== Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) (S. F. Gray) Murrill.
Mansfield, Aug. (370).
Polyporus galactinus Berk. (milky-white).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Polyporus gilvus Schw. (pale yellow).
= Hapalopilus gilvus (Schw.) Murrill.
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Polyporus hispidus (Bull.) Fr. (hispid).
= Inonotus hirsutus (Scop.) Murrill.
East Hartford, Hanmer; New Haven, Clinton; Mans-
field, Apr. (368).
Polyporus leucomelas (Pers.) Fr. (\eusdc, white; pedde.
black; allusion to change of color).
New Haven, Clinton; Mansfield, Aug. (337).
Polyporus rutilans (Pers.) Fr. (reddish).
= Hapalopilus rutilans (Pers.) Murrill.
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Polyporus Schweinitzii Fr.
= Romellia sistotremoides (A. & S.) Murrill.
East Hartford, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood.
Polyporus semipileatus Peck. (half-capped).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Polyporus sulphureus (Bull.) Fr. (sulphur-yellow).
== Letiporus speciosus (Batarr.) Murrill.
Goshen, Underwood; Mansfield, July (369).
Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. (scaly).
Kast ITartford, Hanmer; Tolland, July (368).

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 67

HYDNACE Fr. Spine-bearing Fungi.

The members of this family are easily recognized because
of the distinct, spiny, spore-bearing surface of the cap; yet
their varying generic and specific characters are puzzling to
the amateur collector. The plants vary widely in their habits
of growth; some are found growing in a shelving position
from trunks of trees, thus resembling certain Polyporacez ;
others grow on the ground, closely resembling Agaricacez ;
still others attach themselves very closely to the bark of trees,
in the peculiar way described in the family characteristic of
Polyporacez, as resupinate. In these resupinate forms, only
the spiny, spore-bearing surface is visible; the spines always
growing directly towards the ground, which distinguishes the
group from the Clavariaceze in which the spiny projections
are vertical.

Most of the species have the typical mushroom form; that
is, they have a more or less expanded cap, with a central, well
defined stem; but in some species the stem is wanting, and the
caps are attached directly to the substratum (sessile).

A few species are edible, but as a rule the plants are tough
and leathery in consistency.

There are several distinct genera in this family, but only
two are reported.

Key for the analysis of Connecticut Genera of Hydnacee.

Spines springing from folds or ridges which may branch
irregularly; cap thin, spread out over the surface of the
WOOd: {Crestipinate ii creer Say eee aioe aioe Irpex

Spines springing from an even surface, distinct at base;
cap fleshy; stem central, attached at one side of the cap,
or absent; plants often resupinate............... Aydnum

IRPEX Fr.

Irpex, a harrow.

The plants of this genus are all resupinate, that is, they
spread themselves over logs, the teeth extending outward and
downward. The spines are less sharply pointed and awl-
shaped than in Hydnwm, and are more or less connected at the

68 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

base into ridges, which somewhat resemble the convolutions
of the fruiting-surface of Dedalea. The substance of the
fruit-body is leathery.

Irpex cinnamomeus_ Fr. (cinnamon-colored).
Goshen, Underwood.
Irpex lacteus Fr. (milk-white).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood.
Irpex mollis B. & C. (soft).
Mansfield, May (347).

HYDNUM Linn.
tévov, a kind of fungus.

In-Hydnum, the fruiting-surface consists of distinct spines
which are often somewhat branched at the tips. They vary
greatly in form, and the species are difficult of determination
because of a lack of technical American literature upon this
group. They grow on the ground or upon wood, usually in
woodlands. They are especially frequent as fall approaches,
and many of the earth-growing species are overlooked by the
collector because of their resemblance in color to fallen leaves.
Several of the wood-growing plants are beautifully tufted into
coral forms, thus resembling Clavariacez, but their spines al-
ways point downward, never upward as do the Clavarias.

Many species are listed as edible.

Hydnum adustum Schw. (scorched).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood; Mans-
field, July, Aug. (165, 324).
Hydnum albidum Pk. (white).
Mansfield, Aug. (309).
Hydnum albo-nigrum Pk. (albus, white; niger, black; allu-
sion to change of color).
South Windsor, Hanmer; Mansfield, July (219).
Hydnum aurantiacum A. & S$. (orange-colored).
Ledyard, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (338).
Hydnum caput-ursi Fr. (bear’s head).
South Windsor, Hanmer. Edible (Curtis).
Hydnum compactum Pers. (compact).
Goshen, Underwood.

Prare NNNNVUTL //tdnwm seplentrionaée, Northern Wydnum.
(Redueed one-hall.)
Caps white, Neshy-fbrous, imbricated ; spines very crowded, slender, equal.

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 69

Hydnum coralloides (coral-like).
East Hartford, Hanmer. Edible (Curtis).
Hydnum ferrugineum (Scop.) Fr. (rust-colored).
Rockville, Hanmer. Edible (Mcl.).
Hydnum graveolens Del. (strong-smelling).
Ledyard, Hanmer.
Hydnum imbricatum L. (imbricated).
North Glastonbury, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (45).
Edible (Curtis).
Hydnum ochraceum Pers. (ochre-yellow).
Poquonock, Hanmer.
Hydnum repandum L. (bent backward).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, July (239). Edi-
ble (Curtis).
Hydnum rufescens Pers. (reddish).
Mansfield, July (160). Edible (Curtis).
Hydnum scabrosum Fr. (rough).
Mansheld, Aug. (231).
Hydnum scrobiculatum Fr. (scrobiculus, a little trench;
from the slightly pitted cap).
Rainbow, Hanmer.
Hydnum septentrionale Fr. (northern).
South Windsor, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. Plate
XXXVIIL.
Hydnum squamosum Scheff. (scaly).
Mansfield, July (247).
Hydnum umbilicatum Pk. (umbilicate).
Rainbow, Hanmer.
Hydnum vellereum Pk. (fleecy).
Mansfield, Aug. (310).
Hydnum zonatum [Batsch. (zoned).
Mansfield, June (100).

THELEPHORACE: Pers.

This family contains plants similar in appearance to other
families described, but they are generally distinguished by a
perfectly plane fruiting-surface. In some few genera, how-
ever, this surface may be radiately wrinkled, or velvety from
minutely projecting cystidia. The reproductive spores are
borne as in other families.

7O

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Key for the analysis of Connecticut Genera of Thelephoracee.

Spores colored, substance of plant leathery, dry and

fibrous, fruiting-surface wrinkled......... Thelephora
DPOFes: COLOTIESS sce sper wsieee Seas eels ee Ree Wee ea RR I
Fruiting-surface minutely velvety, with rigid,

smooth, colored, projecting cystidia....Hymenochete
Pruitime+surtace: smi0othac4 werk vere eeena en 2
Plants funnel-shaped or cup-shaped.............. 3
Plants not funnel-shaped or cup-shaped........... 4
Plants large, funnel-shaped, substance fleshy or

MembranaceOuss t.4.83 sit wie oh cena Craterellus
Plants small, cup-shaped, substance thin....... Cyphella
Surface of cap velvety, fruiting-surface not cracked

Ti SUTIN Ger et hen user erate near escane ws lege cites Stereum

Plants smooth throughout, waxy, polished, entirely
resupinate, fruiting-surface cracked when dry..
Corticium

THELEPHORA Ehrh.

Ondh, a teat; dopéw, to bear.

In this genus, the substance of the fruit-body is dry and

fibrous, somewhat leathery in texture, and lacks a distinct
cuticle. The fruiting-surface is slightly wrinkled and bears
colored, minutely warted spores. Many species are soft and
elastic but never gelatinous.

Thelephora anthocephala (é16oc, flower ; xepary, head).

Goshen, Underwood.

Thelephora intybacea Pers. (resembling chicory).

Hartford, Hanmer.

Thelephora pallida Pers. (pale).

Waterbury, Hanmer.

Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr. (palmate).

Glastonbury, Hanmer.

Thelephora radiata Fr. (radiated).

East Hartford, Hanmer.

Thelephora terrestris | Ehrh. (pertaining to the earth).

East Hartford, South Windsor, Hanmer.

Prate XNNIX. Cratercl/us cornuceprondtes. Cornucopia Craterellus. (Natural size.)
Cap dark gray or brown, becoming black with age, funnel-shaped, mouth wavy,
split or in folds ; Nesh thin, brittle or tough ; fruiting surface slightly uneven.

No. 3] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 71

HYMENOCHA-TE Lev.
vpyy, membrane; yairn, a bristle.

In Hymenochete, the cap may be attached to the sub-
stratum by a central stem, at one side, or upon its back (re-
supinate). The distinguishing character of the genus is the
velvety or bristly appearance of the fruiting-surface, due to
smooth, projecting, thick-walled cells (cystidia or set).

Only one species was collected during the past season, but
this was found abundantly upon decaying chestnut stumps.

Hymenochete rubiginosa (Schr.) Lev. (rusty).
Mansfield, May (344).

CRATERELLUS Fr.
Crater, a bowl.

Craterellus very closely resembles Cantharellus of the Aga-
ricaceze family, but is distinguished by a smooth fruiting-sur-
face, while in Cantharellus the fruiting-surface is composed
of thick blunt gills. The plants are very common in the
autumn. They are funnel-shaped, and of a fleshy, waxy, or
membranaceous consistency.

Craterellus cantharellus (Schw.) Fr. (a small vase).
New Haven, Clinton.
Craterellus conucopioides (L.) Pers. (resembling a horn
of plenty).
Mansfield, Aug. (245). Plate XXXIX.

CYPHELWA: Fr,
kupedov, an ear-like depression.

The plants of this genus are small, cup-like, and resemble
Peziza of the Discomycetes. Some species are similar to
Corticium, but are distinguished by being attached to the sub-
stratum at a central point, and not by the whole sterile surface.
Then, too, the fruiting-surface has a tendency to turn down-
ward away from the light, while in Corticiuim it turns towards
the light.

Cyphella muscigena (Pers.) Fr. (growing on moss).
South Windsor, Hanmer.

72 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

STEREUM Pers.
orepedc, Solid, hard.

Stereum is distinguished by the smooth, plane, fruiting-
surface and the velvety or hairy upper surface of the cap.

In some species the plants have a well-defined central stem,
in others the side of the cap is attached to the substratum,
while in still others the cap les upon its back (resupinate). °*

Stereum complicatum Fr. (complicated).
Mansfield, July (364).
Stereum fasciatum Schw. (bundled).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Stereum gausapatum Fr. (gausapa, a shaggy woolen
cloth).
East Hartford, Haniner.
Stereum hirsutum (\V.) Fr. (hairy).
New Haven, Clinton.
Stereum sericeum Schw. (silky).
Bolton, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (365).

CORTICIUM Fr
Cortex, bark or rind.

These plants are always resupinate, the caps lying upon
their backs, closely attached to the surface of the bark of logs.
The edges are frequently free and curl outward. The fruit-
ing-surface is perfectly smooth and often polished. When
dry, the fruiting-surface is often cracked, due to the contrac-
tion of the mycelial tissue of the cap. The genus, in many
ways, resembles Stereiim, but the latter genus is often shelv-
ing, the surface of the cap velvety, and the fruiting-surface
uncracked when dry.

Corticium incarnatum (Pers.) Fr. (flesh-colored).
Goshen, Underwood.

Corticium salicinum Fr. (pertaining to the willow).
Goshen, Underwood; New Haven, Clinton.

Corticium vagum B. & C. (uncertain) var. Solani.
New Haven, Clinton.

No. 3.] HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT. 73

CLAVARIACEZ. Coral Fungi.

This is a family very unlike most families of mushrooms.
There is no distinct cap; but, true to their name, the plants re-
semble coral formations. The substance of the plants is simi-
lar throughout, and the spores are borne over their entire
upper surface. They are upright growers, and are frequently
variously branched, but may be simple and club-shaped. They
have striking characters not easily mistaken. The majority
of the species are edible, though some are tough and leathery.

The plants are very common and occur abundantly
throughout the season. They grow mostly in soil or in de-
caying leaves, but some few species grow on decaying wood.
They are distinguished from the coral forms of Hydnacez by
their upright habit of growth, the tips of the branches point-
ing away from the earth, while in Hydnacez the spines point
downward. Some of the branched forms resemble certain
species of Thelephoracez, but in Thelephoraceze the tips of the
branches are more or less flattened or blunt and bear no fruit-
ing-bodies, while in Clavariaceze the tips of the branches are
acute and fertile.

The fruiting cells are not unlike those of Agaricacez and
other Hymeniales. Over the entire surface of the fruit-body,
the club-shaped basidia may be found by microscopical exami-
nation, and from these cells sterigmata arise, each bearing at
its tip the basidiospore, or reproductive body.

Saccardo lists nine genera in this family, but only two are
reported from Connecticut.

Key for the analysis of Connecticut Genera of Clavariacce.

Plants: fleshy, ‘stnpleor branched: o.vnsiec ees Clavaria
Plants leathery, branched, tomentose......... Lachnocladium

CLAVARIA Vaill.
Clava, a club.

The plants in this genus are more or less fleshy in con-
sistency. They may be variously branched, but in many spe-
cies they are simple and club-shaped. The branches are typi-
cally round, and are acute at the tips. The species are diff-

74 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull

cult to determine. The plants vary in their colorings; some
are white, others red, yellow, or violet, and these colors, with
the color of the spores, form a basis for the determination of
the species. The spores are white, ochre-colored, or cinna-
mon.

Clavaria aurea Scheff. (golden).
Mansfield, July (61).
Clavaria cinerea Bull. (ashy).
East Hartford, Hanmer; Mansfield, Aug. (256).
Clavaria flava Scheff. (yellow).
Mansfield, June, Aug. (30, 250). Plate XL.
Clavaria fusiformis Sow. (spindle-shaped).
Waterford, Hanmer; Goshen, Underwood.
Clavaria Schafferi Sacc.
Mansfield, July, Hanmer.
Clavaria pyxidata Pers. (box-like).
South Glastonbury, Bolton, Hanmer; Mansfield, July
(186).
Clavaria pulchra Peck. (beautiful).
East Hartford, Hanmer.
Clavaria rugosa Bull. (wrinkled).
Rainbow, Haniier.
Clavaria vermicularis (Scop.) Fr. (wormy).
Rainbow, Hanmer.

LACHNOCLADIUM Lev.
Adxvoc, fleece; kddog branch.

These plants are distinguished from Clavaria by the some-
what leathery tissue of the fruit-body. This tissue is some-
times brittle and cartilaginous. The plants are more or less
branched, and are found growing on the ground or on wood.
They are frequently covered with a close, soft pubescence.
Lachnocladium Micheneri B. & C.

East Hartford, Hanmer.

Lachnocladium odoratum Atk. (odorous).
Mansfield.

A new species, soon to be described by Professor Atkinson.

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ah

No. 3.] HYMENTALES OF CONNECTICUT. 75

HYPOCHNACES.

The plants of this family are mold-like or spider-web-
like in substance, and lack the close, membranaceous charac-
ter of other families. The tufts of basidia are placed closely
side by side over the surface of the mycelial tissue.

No plants belonging to this family have been reported.

General Index.

Agaricacez, 13.

Agaricace, key to genera of, 16.

Agaricus, 19, 48, pl. xxiv.
Amanita, 17, 20; pls. i, 11.
Amanitopsis, 17, 22.

Anellaria, 20, 52.

Armillaria, 17, 24; pl. iv.
Basidiomycetes, ITI.
Black-spored agarics, key to, 20.
Bolbitius, 18, 43.

Boletinus, 54, 56; pl xxviil.
Boletus, 54, 56; pls. xxix-xxxiil.

Brown-spored agarics, key to, 19.
Cantharellus, 18, 35; pls. xiv, xv.

Clavaria, 73; pl. xl.

Clavariacez, 12, 73.

Clavariaceze, key to the genera
Of 73:

Clitocybe, 18, 36; pls. xvii-xix.

Clitopilus, 19, 47.

Collybia, 17, 26; pl. vi.

Coprinus, 20, 50; pl. Xxvi.

Corticium, 70, 72.

Cortinarius, 18, 40; pl. xx.

Craterellus, 70, 71; pl. xxxix.

Crepidotus, 18, 42; pl. xxii.

Cyclomyces, 55, 61.

Cyphella, 70, 71.

Deedalea, 55, 62; pl. xxxiv.

Eccilia, 19, 48.

Entoloma, 19, 46.

Favolus, 54, 60.

Fistulina, 54, 55.

Flammula, 19, 44.

Fomes, 55, 63; pl. xxxv.

Galera, 19, 45.

Gleeoporus, 55, 61.

Gomphidius, 20, 51.

Hydnacez, 67.

Hydnace, key to the genera
of, 67.

Hydnum, 67, 68; pl. xxxviii.

Hygrophorus, 1&, 34; pl. xiii.

Hymeniales, tr.

Hymeniales, key to the families
of, 12.

Hymenocheete, 70, 71.

Hypholoma, 19, 49; pl. xxv.

Hypochnacez, 12, 75.

Inocybe, 19, 43.

Irpex, 67.

Lachnocladium, 73, 74.

Lactarius, 18, 29; pls. viii-x.

Lentinus, 18, 38.

Lenzites, 18, 37.

Leptonia, 19, 46.

Lepiota, 17, 23; pl. iii.

Marasmius, 17, 25.

Merulius, 55, 62.

Mycena, 17, 28; pl. vii.

Naucoria, 19, 44.

Nyctalis, 18, 33.

Ochre-spored agarics, key to, 18.

Omphalia, 18, 36; pl. xvi.

Panzolus, 20, 52; pl. xxvii.

Panus, 18, 38.

Paxillus, 18, 39.

Pholiota, 18, 41; pl. xxi.

Pleurotus, 18, 32; pl. xii.

Pluteus, 190, 45; pl. xxiii.

Polyporacex, 12, 53.

Polyporacez, key to the genera
of, 54.

Polyporus, 55, 65; pl. xxxvii.

Polystictus, 55, 64; pl. xxxvi.

Psathyrella, 20, 52.

Psilocybe, 19, 50.

Rosy-spored agarics, key to, 19.

Russula, 18, 31; pl. xi.

Schizophyllum, 18, 30.

Stereum, 70, 72.

Strobilomyces, 54, 56.

Stropharia, 10, 49.

Thelephora, 70.

Thelephoracez, 12, 60.

Thelephoracex, key to the genera
of, 70.

Trametes, 55, 61.

Tricholoma, 17, 26; pl. v.

Trogia, 18, 30.

Volvaria, 10, 45.

White-spored agarics, key to
the, 17.

Index to Species.

abortivus (Clitopilus)........ 47 bicolor (Boletus)............
abruptus (Agaricus)........... 49 bisporiger (Amanita).........
acervata (Collybia).......... 27 blennius (Lactarius).........
admirabilis (Pluteus)......... 46 bolaris (Cortinarius).........
adusta (Russula)............ 32 bombycina (Volvaria).......
adustum (Hydnum)......... 68 brevipes (Boletus)...........
adustus (Polyporus)......... 65 brevipes (Cantharellus)......
zruginosa (Pholiota)........ 42 brevipes (Russula)..........
zstivalis (Boletus)........... 57. brumalis (Polyporus)........
affinis: (CBoletus) + scious conse 57 butyracéa-(Colly bia) ac. ccnces
albellus (Boletus)............ 57 cesarea (Amanita)..........
albidum (Hydnum).......... 68 cesius (Polyporus)..........
albi-flavidum (Tricholoma).. 26 calophyllus (Hygrophorus)...
albo-nigrum (Hydnum)...... 68 calopus (Boletus)............
album (Tricholoma).......... 26 campanella (Omphalia)......
albus (Boletus).............. 57 campanulatus (Panzolus)....
alnicola (Flammula)......... 44 campestris (Agaricus).......
Americana (Lepiota)........ 23 camphoratus (Lactarius).....
Americanus (Boletus)....... 57. canadensis (Favolus)........
amethystina (Clitocybe)..... 37. candida (Amanita)..........
annosus (Fomes)............ 63 cantharellus (Craterellus)....
anthocephala (Thelephora)... 70 caperata (Pholiota)..........
appendiculatum (Hypholoma) 50 caprinus (Hygrophorus).....
applanatus (Crepidotus)..... 42 caput-ursi (Hydnum)........
applanatus (Fomes)......... 63 carneo-grisea (Eccilia).......
aquifluus (Lactarius)........ 2 castaneus (Boletus)..........
armillatus (Cortinarius)..... 41 ceraceus (Hygrophorus).....
arvensis (Agaricus)......... 49 cervinus (Pluteus)..........
asperula (Lepiota)........... 24 cervinus (Pluteus) var. al-
asterophora (Nyctalis)....... 33 bipes..... nan
atramentarius (Coprinus).... 51 Sielitiontia iach. eerie
atro-purpurea (Russula)..... 32 chioneus (Polyporus)..
atro-tomentosus (Paxillus)... 40 chlorophanus (Hgeromhonisy.
aurantiacum (Hydnum)....... 68 chromapes (Boletus).........
aurantiacus (Paxillus)....... 4o chrysenteron (Boletus)......
aurata (Russula)............ 32 chrysenteron (Boletus) var.
aurea (CClavaria)) cme wom 74 BUbO-CATHEUS Ala eee cieadd ihn ey
auriporus (Boletus).......... 58 chrysenteron (Boletus) var.
Berkeleyi (Polyporus)....... 65 GefOrmanss24 24 week nes
betulina (Lenzites).......... 37. chrysopeplus (Lentinus).....

betulinus (Polyporus)......... 65 chrysorrheus (Lactarius).....

78 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.
cibarius (Cantharellus)...... 35 equestre (Tricholoma).......
cinerea (Clavaria)........... 74 erubescens (Hygrophorus)...
cinnabarina (Trametes)....... 61 esculenta (Collybia).........
cinnabarinus (Cantharellus).. 35 eximius (Boletus)...........
cinnabarinus (Cortinarius)... 41 farinaceus (Panus)..........
cinnabarinus (Polystictus)... 64 farinosa (Amanitopsis)......
cinnamomeus (Cortinarius) farinosa (Lepiota)...........
var. semi-sanguineus....... 41 fasciatum (Stereum).........
cinnamomeus (Irpex)........ 68 fasciculare ae a whege
cinnamomeus (Polystictus)... 64 felleus (Boletus)..
citrina, (Russula)...ccss.60e> 2 ferrugineum (adam).
clavipes (Clitocybe)......... 27 firmus: (CBoletus) 1 ciaescasocns
clypeolaria (Lepiota)........ 24 flaccida (Lenzites)...........
coccineus (Hygrophorus).... 34 flava (Clavaria).............
cohzrens (Marasmius)........ 25 flavida (Flammula)..........
collinitus (Cortinarius)...... 41 flavida (Russula)............
comatus (Coprinus)......... 51 flavidus (Boletus)...........
compacta (Russula).......... 2 flavo-conia (Amanita).......
compactum (Hydnum)....... 68 floccosus (Cantharellus).....
complicatum (Stereum)...... 72 fcenisecii (Psilocybe)........
commune (Schizophyllum)... 39 fcetens (Russula)............
conchifer (Polystictus)...... 64 fomentarius (Fomes)........
conchoides (Gleeoporus)..... 61 formosa (Leptonia)..........
confluens (Collybia)......... 27 fragilis: “CBolbitis) a.vadecse es
confragosa (Dedalea)....... 62 fragrans (Polyporus)........
conicus (Hygrophorus)...... 34 frondosus (Polyporus).......
coralloides (Hydnum)....... 69 Frostiana (Amanita)........
cornucopioides (Craterellus). 71 Frostii (Boletus)............
corrugatus (Cortinarius)..... 41 fuliginosus (Lactarius)......
corrugis (Lactarius)......... 30 fumosus (Lactarius).........
erispa> ClrOgiay cag teen ees 39° furcata- (CRusstila)..w esos iss
cristata (Lepiota)............ 24 fusiformis (Clavaria)........
crocophyllus (Crepidotus).... 43 fusus (Flammula)...........
curvipes (Pholiota).......... 42 galactinus (Polyporus).......
cyanescens (Boletus).......... 58 galericulata (Mycena).......
cyanothrix (Mycena)........ 28 gausapatum (Stereum).......
deceptivus (Lactarius)....... 30: gilvus (Polyporus) oe. ccen cs
deliciosus (Lactarius)........ 30 gracilis (Boletus)............
depallens (Russula).......... 32 grande (Entoloma)..........
dichotomus (Cantharellus)... 35 granulatus (Boletus).........
disseminata (Psathyrella).... 52 granulosa (Lepiota).........
dorsalus (Crepidotus)........ 43 graveolens (Hydnum).......
dryophila (Collybia)......... 2 Grayanum (Entoloma).......
edulis. CBoletus)s.4s.40.0.0 §8 ~-Greenil «(Cyclomyces) oic5. 0%
elegans (Polyporus)......... 66 griseus (Boletus)............
elongatipes (Marasmius)..... 25 griseus (Lactarius)..........
epipterygia 28

GCM yeild). oa ccucte

hematopa (Mycena).........

[Bull.

No. 3.]

hirsutum (Stereum).........
hirsutus (Polystictus)........
hispidus (Polyporus).........
hepatica (Fistulina).........
hybrida (Flammula).........
hygrophoroides (Lactarius)..
hypnorum (Galera)........ os
igniarius (Fomes)...........
illinita (Lepiota)............
CClitGey be): ob. cca
imbricatum (Hydnum).......
incarnatum (Corticium)......
indecisus (Boletus)..........
indigo: (Wactarius ssi. os cae
infundibuliformis (Cantharel-

illudens

lus)..

fadundabdtotnite 7 Cltseine)
intybacea (Thelephora)......
involutus (Paxillus).........
iodes (Cortinarius)..........
laccata (Clitocybe)..........
lacerata (Collybia)..........
lachrymans (Merulius)......
lactets) ((irpexy aos ates ae ness
lanuginosa (Inocybe)........
Laure (Hygrophorus).......
Lecomtei (Lentinus).........
lepida (Russula)............
lepideus (Lentinus)..........
leucomelas (Polyporus)......
lignatilis (Pleurotus)........
lignyotus (Lactarius)........
lilacinus (Cortinarius)........
licidus ‘CFomes)'ss4.sp000 aes s
luridus (Boletus)............
luteolus (Lactarius).........
lutescens (Cantharellus).....
maculata (Collybia).........
magna (Flammula)..........
malachius (Crepidotus)......
mellea- (Armillaria) so .s<so%

metulespora (Lepiota)..
micaceus (Coprinus)..
Micheneri (iachageaidim<
micropus (Clitopilus)..
miniato-olivaceus (Boletus).

miniatus (Hygrophorus).....

35
37
7O

HYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT.

miniatus (Hygrophorus) var.

NitESCENS Sis. c acm euuahs
MOIS) CLEP EX) ces ua.e ses wissoneenes
muscaria (Amanita).........
muscaria (Amanita) var. alba
muscigena (Cyphella)........
mutabilis (Boletus)..........
naucinoides (Lepiota)........
nitidus (Hygrophorus).......

noveboracensis (Clitopilus)

var. tomentosipes..........

noveboracensis (Clitopilus)

var. umbilicatus............
ochraceum (Hydnum).......
ochro-purpurea (Clitocybe)..
odora (Clitocybe)............
odora. “CTrametes)). «ec es .2 ceks
odoratum (Lachnocladium)..
Orcella (Clitopilus)..........
oreades (Marasmius)........
ornatipes (Boletus)..........
ostreatus (Pleurotus)........
pallida (Thelephora).........
pallidus (Boletus)...........
pallidus (Lactarius).........
palmata (Thelephora).......
panuoides (Paxillus)........
(Boletus)........
Peckii (Boletus).............
pelianthina (Mycena)........
perennis (Polystictus).......
pergamenus (Lactarius)......
pergamenus (Polystictus).....
perplexum (Hypholoma).....
personatum (Tricholoma)....
petaloides (Pleurotus).......
phalloides (Amanita)........
pictus (Boletinus)...... eisacs
piperatus (Boletus).........
piperatus (Lactarius)........
placomyces (Agaricus).......
platyphylla (Collybia)........
plicatilis (Coprinus).........
popinalis (Clitopilus)........
porosus (Boletinus)..........
portentosum (Tricholoma)...
precox (Pholiota)...........

parasiticus

80 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

pratensis (Hygrophorus).....
procera (Lepiota).........-.
pulchra (Clavaria)..........-
punctipes (Boletus)..........
puniceus (Hygrophorus).....
purpureus (Boletus).........
pyrogalus (Lactarius)........
pyxidata (Clavaria)..........
quercina (Dedalea)..........
radiata (Thelephora)........
radicata (Collybia)..........
repandum (Hydnum)........
retiphyllus (Marasmius).....
retirugus (Panzolus)........
rhodopolium (Entoloma).....
rhodoxanthus (Gomphidius) .
Rodmanii (Agaricus)........
roseipes (Russula)...........
rosellus (Cantharellus)......
LOSES: (CROMES) xsncesee oasis
rotula. (Marasmius): vetseccen
Roxane (Boletus) c..accc.5«s
rubescens (Amanita)........
rubiginosa (Hymenochete)...
TTGIS? ACE AMUSE has Saas As
rufescens (Hydnum).........
rugocephalum (Hypholoma)..
rugosa (Clavaria)...........
Russellii (Boletus) ...........
rutilans (Polyporus).........
rutilans (Tricholoma).......
salicinum (Corticium).......
salicinus (Fomes)...........-
salicimus: <CRanusiigasn nsneaan 4
sanguinea (Russula).........
sapidus (Pleurotus).........
Staber «CBOs cc cian tenccris

scaber (Boletus) var. alutaceus
scaber (Boletus) var. areolatus
scaber (Boletus) var. mutabilis

scaber (Boletus) var. niveus.

scaber (Boletus) var. olivaceus
aber (Boletus) var. testaceus

sc
scabrosum (Hydnum)........
Schafferi (Clavaria).........
Schweinitzii (Polyporus).....
scorodonius (Marasmius)....

scrobiculatum (Hydnum)....
sejunctum (Tricholoma).....
semi-globata (Stropharia)....
semi-hirtipes (Marasmius)...
semi-orbicularis (Naucoria)..
semi-pileatus (Polyporus)....
separata (Anellaria).........
sepiaria (Lenzites)...........
sepium (Trametes)..........
septentrionale (Hydnum)....
sericeum (Stereum)..........
serotinus (Pleurotus)........
solidipes (Panzolus).........
speciosus (Boletus)..........
squamosum (Hydnum).......
squamosus (Polyporus)......
squarrosa (Pholiota).........
squarrosoides (Pholiota).....
stercoraria (Stropharia).....
stipticus: (CRamus:) san. sine
strangulata (Amanitopsis)...
strizepes (Boletus)....2.52.555
strictius (Entoloma).........
strobilaceus (Strobilomyces) .
strobiliformis (Amanita).....
subaureus (Boletus).........
subdulcis (Lactarius)........
subglabripes (Boletus).......
sublateritium (Hypholoma)..
subluteus (Boletus)..........
subpurpureus (Lactarius)....
subtomentosus (Boletus).....
subvelutipes (Boletus).......
sulphureus (Polyporus)......
tardus (Clitopilus)...........

tenera: CGalenays wa fceancscs

terrestris (Thelephora)......
terreum (Tricholoma).......
theiogalus (Lactarius).......

tigrinus (Lentinus)..........
torminosus (Lactarius)......
torulosus (Panus)...........
transmutans (Tricholoma)...
tremellosus (Merulius)......
trivialis (Chactarius)c.. awe:
trullissata (Clitocybe)........
turbinatus (Cortinarius).....

[Bull

69
26

49

No. 3.] ILYMENIALES OF CONNECTICUT.

ulmarius (Pleurotus)........
umbilicatum (Hydnum)......
umbrosus (Pluteus)..........
unicolor (Deedalea)..........
unitinctus (Clitopilus).......
vaginata (Amanitopsis)......
vaginata (Amanitopsis) var.
ley ale eee aaa erent ee ina
varicosus (Marasmius).......
variicolor (Bolbitius)........
velatipes (Amanita).........
vellereum (Hydnum)........
vellereus (Lactarius)........
velutinus (Polystictus)......
velutipes (Collybia).........
vermicularis (Clavaria)......

33
69
40
62
48
23

vermiculosus (Boletus)......
vermiculosus (Boletus) var.

SPRAGUE Dame igmmantehe. eer
werna CAmanita)inwessiseces
versicolor (Polystictus)......
versipellis (Boletus).........
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(Hydnum).........
(Polystictus)........

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